text:
Talk:Russian Constituent Assembly

A few problems with this page
A few problems with this page;

1 "A motion by the Bolsheviks that should have made the assembly powerless was voted down."

True but the motion was in effect saying the Assembly was subservient to the Soviets. I propose chaning it to

"A motion by the Bolsheviks that would have made the Assembly subservient to the Soviets was voted down."

2. "A peaceful demonstration in support of the assembly was shoot at and dispersed by troops loyal to Bolsheviks."

This happened after the Assembly was close so will just move it down a few lines.

3. "The Bolsheviks then before the next meeting declared the Constitution Assembly dissolved and instead created a counter-assembly"

No, the 'counter-assembly' was the soviets which existed before the Assembly. I think it should just read

"The Bolsheviks and their allies then walked out and later the same day declared the Constitution Assembly dissolved."

4. "They gave themselves and their allies over 90% of the seats, and maintained a coalition government with a fraction from the Socialist-Revolutionary Party"

Reads a bit silly. They did not give themsevles over 90% of the seats. They had won fair and free elections to the Soviets. Also out of the 649 delegates election to the All Russian Congress of Soviet, 390 were Bolshevik, about 100 were Left SR's.(http://www.marxists.org/glossary/events/a/arcs.htm#october-1917). This gives them over 75%. I propose changing the section to.

"The Bolsheviks and their allies proceeded to form a government from the Soviets in which they had already won an overwhelming majority in elections"

Any objections? TheInquisitor 21:11, 30 Sep 2005
 * Please do not use a Marxist website as a reference. See Richard Pipes The Russian Revolution 1899-1919. For example, the Mensheviks and the SRs declared the Second Congress illegal and unrepresentative. For example, the Bolsheviks allowed one Soviet with 1500 members that supported them to send 5 delegates, which was more than Kiev. p 475-6. Ultramarine 21:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Why not? It contains primary documents and a vast encycolpedia. Its not a 'party political' website and is purley for research. Does Pipes mention the population who elected the Kiev Soviet and elected the 'mysterious' other Soviet? Was this 'mysterious' Soviet an urban or rural soviet? (actually I should take out 'fair' from my suggested change, a rural Soviet was allowed 1 delegate per 125,000 voters, an urban soviet was allowed 1 delegate per 25,000 voters). Does Pipes provide any evidence that 2 urban (or 2 rural, like with like) Soviets that had the same voting populations sent a different amount of delegates? If so does he provide evidence this was widespread? If not, and I'm not saying Pipe's isn't a valid resources, you cant include his material. The Mensheviks and SRs declaring the Second Congress illegal would be good to put in, but it would be useful if you could add a reason. Though to make it balance I would then have to put in why the Bolsheviks and Left SR regarding the Assemnly as unrepresentitive.

Regards TheInquisitor 12:20, 1 Oct 2005

 * Marxists.org is partial, biased site. It has, for example, no mention of the many documented statements by Lenin where he demands terror and hangings. The only source it has regarding this matter is Trotsky who is obviously biased. Pipes lists numerous sources for his statements. His sources for this is Izvestiia. Ultramarine 12:11, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Marxists.org is not partial or biased. While I am sure the list is not complete (due to finding correct translations, factual texts etc) they have virtually everything Lenin wrote and/or said. These include many speeches were he calls for the use of terror and such. Regardless. I see we disagree over point 4. What do you think of Points 1, 2 and 3?

 * On Point 4. Trotsky is not their source for that info, its just a comment they've put in. One dubious example of one Soviet sending one more delegate than another un-named Soviet is no proof they Bolsheviks 'gave' themsevles and their allies 90% of the seats. Lets try to reach a compromise;

 * A. Does Pipes (or another source you have) say the Bolsheviks and their allies got over 90% of the seats?
 * B. Does Pipes (or another source) say the Bolseviks 'gave' themsevles and their allies the seats?

 * If not we have to take those sections out. Of course this does not mean my proposed edit should replace them.

 * So we have 3 options, 1. Provide sources for the 90% and 'gave' bits 2. Take these bits out if no evidence can be produced 3. Take these bits out and replace them.

 * ps. that would be Richard Pipes the famed anti-soviet and anti-communist crusader?. Not sure how that makes his sources valid and Marxists.org not?

Regards TheInquisitor 13:30, 1 Oct 2005

1. I disagree since the motion did not say that.

 * It did say that but I wont labout the point. The original while not perfect will suffice.

2. The demonstration had some 50,000 thousand participants and was shot at before the assembly. Lenin only opened the assembly after news reached him that it had been dispersed. That is why it opened so late. p. 551-552

 * According to Marcel Lieberman (Leninism under Lenin), p55 the only demonstration was a pro-assembly demonstration after it was closed down.

3. No, the counter-assembly was the "Third Congress of Soviets" who opened two days later, on January 8. They gave themselves and the left SRs 94 % of the seats. p 555

 * thats misunderstanding the Soviet system, the 2nd Congrees (from October) had already formed a Soviet government. They Bolsheviks and their allies returned to this. I cannot accept they 'gave' themselves anything without proof. That Pipes said it is not proof. I redirect you to my earlier comments about urgan/rural soviets etc. I understand you disputing Marxists.org so I found the same info in Lieberman's book (p98-100). This confirms the 390 Bolshevik delegation but not exact data on the SR, it says 160 delegates were SR but no breakdown between Right SR and Left SR.

4. Trotsky is the only source I can see in the link you gave and is certainly biased in his attempt to glorify himself. Pipes is more reliable since he lists all his sources. I think you have heard only one side of the story. May I suggest that you read Pipes and return? Ultramarine 13:04, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Many would say Pipes is biased, but of course I would never use Trotsky as a source. He's not the source of the article. Having read his book mentioned in the article it does not include any data about the size of the Soviet delegations.

TheInquisitor 15:28, 1 Oct 2005

I found the exact quote from Pipes that gave you the info;

"T]he Bolsheviks opened their counter-Assembly, labeled "Third Congress of Soviets." Here no one could obstruct them because they had reserved for themselves and the Left SRs 94 percent of the seats, more than three times what they were entitled to, judging by the results of the Constituent Assembly"

This could only written by someone who does not know how the Soviets were elected. The reason for the disparity is that the Assembly is elected by one man-one vote while the in practive the Soviets worked at 1 worker-6 votes 1 peasant-1 vote. (1 delegate per 25,000 workers. 1 delegate per 125,000 peasants. Cant use Pipes on this single issue if doesn't know this basic info.

TheInquisitor 15:40, 1 Oct 2005

Leninism under Lenin is an old book from 1975. Much has been revealed since the Soviet achieves was opened. Again, I see no other sources than Trotsky for the linked article. Claims without sources are of little value and thus the same for the article. Compare too Pipes who lists thousands of referenced sources in his book for all his statements and was written with help of the opened achieves. Unfortunately your own opinion does not count in Wikipedia. Please read Reliable sources and No original research Ultramarine 14:45, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Pipes doesn't seem to have bothered to find out why the Soviets and Assembly had different compositions. 'Leninism under Lenin' is a valid source which covers this area in some detail, and at your insistance I am happy to solely use this as my reference. Now unless Pipes has any evidence that the infomation in Leninism under Lenin is wrong I dont see what your problem is?

TheInquisitor 15:53, 1 Oct 2005

 * Pipes is a respected scholar who has written an extensive book with thousands of references. It is more reliable than an old book from 1975. Again, read the Wikpedia policies that I linked. Ultramarine 14:58, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have read those links and am not disputing Pipes as a source generally (personaly I wouldn't trust a word the guys says but thats just me). I have not done original research. The quote from Pipes (which is your source) shows exactly why he cannot be used on this subject. Marcel Lieberman is a respected author too.

 * You should show an external source that invalidates Pipes book, written by another respected scholar. Until then, Pipes work is more recent and written after the achieves opened. Therefore, more reliable. Ultramarine 15:53, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have, Marcel Liebermans book goes into detail about the Soviet elections and how the Soviets operated. It invalidates Pipes section which purely states "T]he Bolsheviks opened their counter-Assembly, labeled "Third Congress of Soviets." Here no one could obstruct them because they had reserved for themselves and the Left SRs 94 percent of the seats, more than three times what they were entitled to, judging by the results of the Constituent Assembly". Pipes does not give the dates of the election, the size of delegations and clearley does not know how the 2 institutions operate. TheInquisitor 17:03  1 Oct 2005

 * Your are doing original research. Again, find an external source by a respected scholar that invalidates Pipes. Also, you are ignoring Pipes source. You may also be interested in Orlando Figes A People's Tragedy, another recent book. He states the same thing. Look in the index to find the page. Ultramarine 16:12, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * How am I? I have simply provided an external source with detailed information (Marcel Lieberman - Leninism under Lenin) which is superior to the rather vague, and easily proved false, information provided by Pipes.

 * No, for this you need to access the original source that Pipes refer to. Then you publish it outside Wikipedia. Then come back. Two well-known recent books about the Russian revolution, published after the achieves opened, state the same thing. Ultramarine 16:20, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Even so we have Pipes on one side and Marcel on the other. I accept you supporting Pipes but I equally can support Lieberman. The only neutral way out of this would be for us to remove the offending material "They gave themselves and their allies over 90% of the seats". My orignal suggestion would cover what we can both agree on;

 * "The Bolsheviks and their allies then walked out and later the same day declared the Constitution Assembly dissolved." This keeps the definite facts, removes disputed facts&figures and then the reader can look further into the issue to decide who is right. TheInquisitor

 * Again, Liberman is an inferior source. I have presented two recent ones by respected scholars. And your statement above is factually incorrect, it was dissolved the next day, on January 6. Ultramarine 16:32, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * And again its not your place to judge which source is more valid. Lets change it to;
 * "The Bolsheviks and their allies then walked out and the next day declared the Constitution Assembly dissolved."
 * You can put your version in with your reference. I will put in my version with my two references and explain the difference. Please also read POV pushing. Ultramarine 16:49, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I do not take kindly to saying I am pushing a POV. I have simply tried to make the article more accurate and am more than happy to accept your opinions and references. I will make the agreed changes and then you can add your bit. Last point, the source on the article is listed as http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/his1d.htm. This is biased and silly site. Make sure you change the reference to Pipes and not that site. Thankyou TheInquisitor

You cant say the Soviet elections were not democratic. TheInquisitor
 * That is what the books state. Ultramarine 17:36, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, sorry I was solely going from the quote, will just clarify it and add Marcels info into my section TheInquisitor

Actually reading the article its now becoming about what diffrent books say happend completely contradict each other. The whole lot, including my stuff has to go. And we have to take out the disputed material. And you have to remove that POV source. Use Pipes as the source, not that silly website. Cant believe you complained about Marxists.org (a reference site) and continue to put a rabid right-wing rant site up as a source. TheInquisitor
 * I will take out the webpage, but not the referenced material. Note that the webpage cite sources, Pipes book. Ultramarine 17:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thankyou, anyone reading that site will think Pipes is a lunatic. However we cant have "Pipes says this, Lieberman says that". Its making the article ridiclous.TheInquisitor

 * This is an encyclopedia and referenced facts are encouraged. Read verifiability. Ultramarine 18:02, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * We cant have 2 versions of the same events. Either one is right or one is wrong. Since you wont accept Lieberman version and I wont accept Pipes version the only fair thing to do is to take out the dispute material. TheInquisitor

 * This is not how Wikipedia works. Read NPOV. Views should not be hidden. Ultramarine 18:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In that case we must change the material to state they are views of the author and not facts.

 * I see no problems with the current version that says "state". Ultramarine 18:11, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I do, espesially as yours is worded like its more accurate when theres no way we can judge that. I think it would be best if we had a sub-section outlining the dispute between our references. In essence just moveing the said material down under a sub heading and leaving the main article with just the undispute material TheInquisitor

I'll show you what I mean TheInquisitor

Historical Duisputes
Ok, its good to see this Stub getting worked on, however its a getting a bit problematic. As Ultra states its perfectly acceptable and in fact it is encourgaed to have different view points (even contradictory ones).

However that is based on the fact that perception and interpretation of factual events often shifts and people take different views. You cant however have two opposing facts, if a `fact` is disputed or cant be clearly proved them both of you have a responsiblity to `open the field`, put down what is known for sure, and then on anything which isnt clear cut;

-Put the varying `facts`/views on the talk board, cite sources and either see if the `fact` can be proven/uproven by others/yourselves.

The Bolsheviks and Left-SR (post split) either got 94% of the Third Congress seats or they didnt.

-If it cant be then youll have to simply put the various views/facts (and holes there in) in the articles and let readers make up their own minds.

The Bolsheviks `gave themselves` the seats is clearly going to be more subjective (were the elctions free, were rules fair...after all the Bolsheviks help set up the Soviets and it is rather curious that they happen to be stronger in Soviets which have more delegates to the All Russian Soviet).

Good hunting chaps.

--Mazzarin 21:28, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Note to Inquisitor; always write an edit summary, stating what you have done in your edit (grammar, removed `blah blah` and why, added `section` etc etc).

Its so users can skip `clean up` edits, see the major changes and see whos doing what.

--Mazzarin 21:45, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Use of Lettish and Chinese troops to disperse the Assembly
Over at Talk:Chinese in the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War, we have been discussing the charge made by both White Russians and socialists of the Second International that the Bolsheviks used Lettish and Chinese troops to disperse the Assembly. Can anyone comment on whether this charge is true or not? --Richard 04:39, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I would put the question differently. Are there any scholarly sources which have studied and discussed the use of force during this period, to disperse the Constituent Assembly?
 * Do such sources consider the ethnic composition of such forces? Whether they were Lettish, and/or, Chinese? --Ludvikus 00:11, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

How can people say the soviet elections were democratic?
I don't see how this person can argue that the soviet elections were democratic, when a peasant had 1/10th the vote of a worker. He just blips right over that, and then blithely goes on to argue that Pipes is wrong. I have no great love of CIA man Richard Pipes, but facts are facts, and Pipes seems to have them at his fingertips. Democracy is one vote per person, period. this is the way Marx, Engels, and Luxemburg defined the term. And if the Assembly didn't have a recall feature in its operations, why not just have insisted that they put one in?! Lenin and the Bolsheviks were far closer to Karl Schapper's position within the Communist League in 1850: just our worker party will take power in Germany: in a country with a peasant majority. Marx thought that was "idealist" and "nationalistic" The Bolsheviks played fast and loose with the definitions, and with "democracy" itself. The Left--even the Trotskyist Left--has to get over it. And by the way, it's Liebman, not liebermann.

We don't need Richard Pipes for serious doubts and scholarship about Lenin's alleged commitment to "democracy" after the revolution. Neil Harding is very good on Lenin's strengths as a revolutionary leader, as well as his weaknesses. He's also written "Lenin's Political Thought" and most recently a work on Leninism as Philosophy.

This passage from his work, Leninism, (see below) reminded me very much of the following from Marx's own life: his conflict with Karl Schapper, whose ideas resembled that of Blanqui, in the Central Committee of the Communist League:

From the Communist League London Central Authority, Meeting Minutes, dated September 15, 1850 http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1853/revelations/ch01.htm,

Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne by Karl Marx 1853

In support of his motion calling for separation, Marx said inter alia the following which is given here verbatim:

“The point of view of the minority is dogmatic instead of critical, idealistic instead of materialistic. They regard not the real conditions but a mere effort of will as the driving force of the revolution. Whereas we say to the workers: ‘You will have to go through 15, 20, 50 years of civil wars and national struggles not only to bring about a change in society but also to change yourselves, and prepare yourselves for the exercise of political power’, you say on the contrary: ‘Either we seize power at once, or else we might as well just take to our beds.’ Whereas we are at pains to show the German workers in particular how rudimentary the development of the German proletariat is, you appeal to the patriotic feelings and the class prejudice of the German artisans, flattering them in the grossest way possible, and this is a more popular method, of course. Just as the word ‘people’ has been given an aura of sanctity by the democrats, so you have done the same for the word ‘proletariat’. Like the democrats you substitute the catchword of revolution for revolutionary development,” etc., etc.

Herr [Karl] Schapper’s verbatim reply was as follows:

“I have voiced the opinion attacked here because I am in general an enthusiast in this matter. The question at issue is whether we ourselves chop off a few heads right at the start or whether it is our own heads that will fall.” (Schapper even promised to lose his own head in a year, i.e. on September 15, 1851) “In France the workers will come to power and thereby we in Germany too. Were this not the case I would indeed take to my bed; in that event I would he able to enjoy a different material position. If we come to power we can take such measures as are necessary to ensure the rule of the proletariat. I am a fanatical supporter of this view but the Central Authority favours the very opposite,” etc., etc.

From Neil Harding [British socialist, intellectual biographer of Lenin and Leninism], LENINISM, p. 253:

[While the suppression, rather than the further democratization (insisting upon recall, frequent elections, and devolution of power to local universally elected assemblies), of the Constituent Assembly and assembly system was defended on the basis of the soviets being a "higher form of democracy"] Lenin's words at the end of September [1917, were as follows] "even tomorrow events may put us in power and then we will not let it go." On 30 October, Sovnarkum unilaterally arrogated to itself legislative powers simply by promulgating a decree to this effect. This was, effectively, a Bolshevik coup d'etat that made clear the government's (and party's) pre-eminence over the soviets and executive organs. Increasingly, the Bolsheviks reled upon the appointment from above of commissars with plenipotentiary powers and they split and reconstituted fractious Soviets and intimidated political opponents. Within six weeks of the October revolution, Gorky's paper NOVAYA ZHIZN lamented the rapidity with which life had run out of the Soviet movement. "The slogan "All power to the soviets",' it concluded, 'had actually been transformed into the slogan "All power to the few Bolsheviks". . . The Soviets decay, became enervted, and from day to day lose more of their prestige in the ranks of democracy." The initial heroic stage--the stage of mass involvement and unsullied dreams--was already over. It was unambiguously Lenin who (with Trotsky now as his most strident supporter) rejected coalition, rejected power-sharing and rejected the democratic road. His ruthlessness with political opponents, his refusal to acknowledge the legitimacy of their alternative formulations of public policy, and his destruction of the public forums in which they might be expressed was, undoubtedly, one of the precipitants of the civil war. The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was viewed by many as the first blow struck in this war--the Bolshevik declaration of the commencement of hostilities against the Russian people. It was of course, out of civil war that the brutalization of public life spread, infected the party and the state apparatuses and created a milieu, a style of work and an attitude of mind in which Stalinism could live and thrive.--Tom December 9, 2007 12:29 p,

Lies about the Duma
The statements that "The final election law written by the government after the second dissolution on June 3, 1907 favoured poor and the working classes" and "The Duma was therefore widely seen as representative of the lower working classes, and the demands for a Constituent Assembly that would be elected on the basis of wealthy class universal suffrage continued unabated. " are blatant lies. The electoral laws were, conversely, heavily biased in favour of wealthy classes, with a single vote of a landowner being equal to 2 votes of bourgeoisie, 15 votes of peasants, and 45 votes of workers. 217.67.117.64 (talk) 11:05, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

This massive mistake has been in this article for more than two years. Can we please get someone to change it? --86.142.116.107 (talk) 22:04, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

550,000 for the Bund ??
I read the various online references mentioning the election resultats, nowhere did I read that the 550,000 "nationalist - Jewish" votes went to the Bund, the same error appears on the German wikipedia article, but definitely not in the references. I'd rather think these votes were for the whole array of Jewish parties. --Pylambert (talk) 00:15, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Rename
Should we rename this page to All Russian Constituent Assembly? --BiH (talk) 22:44, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

Left and Right Socialist Revolutionaries
The current article has separate lists for the Socialist Revolutionaries and Left Socialist Revolutionaries. However, the Right and Left Socialist Revolutionaries had not yet split into separate parties, and usually ran on the same slate, so it is misleading to split these figures and give only a small proportion to the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. 74.96.172.110 (talk) 15:00, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Russian Constituent Assembly


text:
Clausenengen FK

Clausenengen Fotballklubb (CFK) is a football club located in Kristiansund, Norway. Many famous players have played at this club, including Ole Gunnar Solskjær, Øyvind Leonhardsen, Trond Andersen, Jan Erlend Kruse, Andre Flem, Arild Stavrum and Ola Lyngvær. Until 2003, the club played their home games at Atlanten Stadion.

In 2003, the two rivals Kristiansund FK and CFK agreed to establish a new elite team called Kristiansund BK. Clausenengen continued to play in lower divisions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clausenengen FK


text:
The Truth (Prince song)

"The Truth" is a song recorded by American recording artist Prince for his twenty-first and eponymous studio album, The Truth (1998). The track was released as the record's lead single by NPG Records on February 14, 1997. Being issued as a CD single, the recording was paired with previously unreleased track "Don't Play Me". "The Truth" was solely written and produced by Prince, who also provided the track's entire instrumentation. Musically, the recording is an acoustic rock and folk song that lyrically has Prince claiming that there is "no more truth" left in the world.

"The Truth" received generally positive reviews from music critics, who noticed Prince's change of artistry through the recording, which was perceived positively. The song was minimally promoted, including the singer performing "The Truth" live for the only time at a promotional concert venue in 2002.

Release and composition
Crystal Ball (1998), a box set featuring Prince's twentieth and twenty-first studio albums, was originally announced in 1987, but delayed due to contract issues with Warner Bros. Records. After being released on March 3, 1998, Prince stated that the collection contained material "recorded over the period of a decade". Subsequently, "The Truth" was physically released on February 14, 1997, as a CD single via mail-order through Prince's fan club exclusively. The material on the CD consisted of the album version of the single, in addition to previously unreleased "Don't Play Me", which would later be included on the fourth disc of Crystal Ball. The release's liner notes hinted the then-upcoming box set, and encouraged fans to "call 1-800-NEW-FUNK" for future merchandise distributed solely by Prince's fan club.

"The Truth" was written and produced solely by Prince. The singer also provided all instrumentation for the recording, while musician HM Buff handled the track's engineering. Described as an acoustic rock and folk song, Prince provides vocals which are reminiscent of Tracy Chapman's works. Lyrically, the single portrays Prince responding to questions regarding "responsibility and honesty", in addition to him announcing that "there is no more 'truth'" left. Furthermore, he expresses themes of salvation, spirituality, and sexuality, and also reveals that anyone can be in "control over one's own creativity".

Reception and promotion
"The Truth" was positively received by music critics. Alexis Petridis from The Guardian wrote, "An interesting single from Prince's artistically lean years, primarily because it took him somewhere new. Stark, acoustic and blues-influenced, performed solo and boasting a great vocal performance, The Truth didn't sound like any Prince single before it." Also Chris Nelson from MTV News positively noted the singer's evolution of artistry, which he also found evident on album tracks "Don't Play Me" and "Third Eye". Rolling Stone's James Hunter applauded the track for being unlike "his usual musical constructs", a tactic which he found "interesting". Hunter went on finding the recording reminiscent of the music on Prince's seventeenth studio album, The Gold Experience (1995). "The Truth" was performed live for the first and only time on June 24, 2002, alongside American singer and songwriter Norah Jones. The promotional concert was featured as part of promotion for Prince's twenty-sixth studio album, Xpectation (2003).

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Truth.

 * Prince – vocals, lyrics, production, instruments
 * Hans Martin Buff – sound engineer
 * Parke – design

title: The Truth (Prince song)


text:
Stawell Gift

The Stawell Gift is Australia's oldest and richest short-distance running race. It is the main event in an annual carnival held on Easter weekend by the Stawell Athletic Club, with the main race finals on the holiday Monday, at Central Park, Stawell in the Grampian Mountains district of western Victoria. the carnival encompasses events for both men and women of all ages and abilities, across distances from 70 to 3,200 metre.

The final of the iconic main race is run on grass over 120 metre up a slight gradient. Competitors are handicapped according to their form, with each competitor "marked" by between 0 and 10 m or more to theoretically reach the finish line at the same time. This process is administered by the Victorian Athletic League (VAL). Due to the relatively short handicap limit, the class of runners that can potentially win the event is limited compared to other Gifts in Australia.

The winner is, hypothetically, the runner who can best "rise to the occasion" and perform better than their previous form, although the key can often be to perform slightly below their best in lead-up events and thus receive a favourable handicap. In 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia the race was postponed, but in May the race was cancelled, the first time since World War 2. In 2021, branded as the "Powercor Stawell Gift", the race was run at its usual Easter long weekend dates on 3–5 April.

History
The Stawell Gift began in 1878 at the end of the gold rush, as the "Easter Gift" of £24 (several thousands in today's dollars) conducted by the Stawell Athletic Club in a program of seven races, most run in multiple heats. It has been raced every year since, except for four years during the Second World War, and in 2020 due to the world-wide COVID-19 pandemic. Originally it was the townspeople putting together an entertainment package to happen over Easter, complete with 'special trains' to the event. Today it is the most prestigious footrace in Australia, with a $40,000AUD first prize. The finals are televised live around Australia, and internationally.

The event was historically run over 130 yd. In 1973 the race converted to the metric system, and the distance was altered to 120 m, essentially an identical distance. Electronic timing was introduced in 1982 thus allowing higher precision in race results.

In July 2009 the city of Ballarat made a bid to "poach" the Gift. They offered the Stawell Athletic Club A$1.25 million to host the race from 2010, for five years. At this time the Gift had financial difficulties. The offer was withdrawn later in July. The Victorian state government "ruled out" providing monetary assistance.

In 2010 the Gift track was found to be around 3 metres too long, with times much slower than expected during the heats.

In 2019 the Gift was having trouble attracting sponsors. This resulted in a reduction in prizemoney. In 2018 the prize pool for the men's and women's Gift was A$40,000 each race, which was reduced by A$15,000 in 2019. The Northern Grampians Shire Council offered assistance. It has been estimated that the Gift contributes A$5 million to the local economy. In 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic the race was initially postponed. The Stawell Athletic Club was considering "… options to run the event later in the year". In May the 2020 race was cancelled, the first time since World War 2.

Powercor Australia are the naming rights sponsor for five years, starting in 2021.

The 2021 Gift, branded as the "Powercor Stawell Gift" and the 139th event, ran on its usual Easter long weekend dates of 3–5 April. It was won by Edward Ware of Victoria, and the women's event was won by Hayley Orman from South Australia.

Format
On Easter Saturday the heats are conducted, with the winner of each heat going through to the semi-finals along with the next best fastest times. On Easter Monday, the six semi-finals are run approximately two hours before the final, with only semi-final winners advancing to the final. Six semi-finals were first run in 1988, before which there were only five semi-finals.

The Gift is run on a 120 m grass track in front of the 100-year-old Stawell Grandstand, and the athletes run in lanes that are separated by lane ropes rather than painted lines.

The idea of the handicap system is that all runners should, theoretically, cross the line at the same time. The handicapper works out what mark or handicap the runner will have according to their previous performances in sprint events. Currently the maximum handicap is 10 metres, although this is occasionally increased to 11.

Each metre in handicap denotes approximately a tenth of a second in time. Race winners are often those that are able to "beat the handicapper", in that they need to perform well enough to qualify for the event and the finals, but below what they are truly capable of, so that they receive a handicap that gives them the best chance of a victory. The handicapping system often ends up pitting local runners against international professionals.

Gambling is allowed in the venue, and there is an extensive bookmaker's compound.

While the Stawell Gift is the feature race, the meeting also includes many other races, with more than sixty events taking place over the three-day meeting. The Women's Gift has run since 1989. In 2015, the Women's Gift had equal prizemoney with the men's for the first time.

Winners - Men's Stawell Gift
The list of winners of the Stawell Gift: Notes: * Commenced electronic timing in 1982.
 * 1) Converted to metric distances in 1973.

 * Jacob Despard (2018) is formerly from Tasmania

1878: First winner
The inaugural winner was William J. "Bill" Millard (1855–1939), a farmer from Condah, Victoria, who reputedly trained by chasing kangaroos. Millard, running off 3 yards, won the race when the leading runner, W.J. Lambell, of Birregurra, running off 11 yards, fell two yards before the finish of the race. In 1889, aged 34, he won the 220 yards handicap at Stawell, running off 18 yards; and, at the same meeting, having been run out in the Gift's heats, he came third (off 11 yards) in the consolation race, the 120-yard Jubilee Handicap. Millard married twice, had 22 children, and died in 1939. His great-grandson, Daniel Millard, won the Stawell Gift in 1997.

Winners from scratch
Only two people have ever won the men's race running from scratch (0 m handicap):
 * Multiple time Malagasy Olympian Jean-Louis Ravelomanantsoa in 1975. Due to winning from scratch, Ravelomanantsoa also technically holds the fastest ever time of 12.0 seconds.
 * Athens 2004 and London 2012 Olympian and multiple Australian 100m and 200m champion Joshua Ross in 2005.

Multiple winners
Three sprinters have won the race more than once:
 * Bill Howard (1966, 1967) (the only back-to-back winner);
 * Barry Foley (1970, 1972);
 * Joshua Ross (2003, 2005).

Stawell Gift Olympians
Four Australian Olympians have won the Stawell Gift:
 * Dean Capobianco (1990) – 1992 Olympics, Barcelona & 1996 Olympics, Atlanta
 * Steve Brimacombe (1991) – 1996 Olympics, Atlanta
 * Andrew McManus (1992) – 2004 Olympics, Athens (Squad only, did not compete)
 * Joshua Ross (2003, 2005) – 2004 Olympics, Athens and 2012 Summer Olympics, London

VFL winners
The following Gift winners also played senior VFL football:
 * 1897: George Stuckey, Essendon; won in 12.2 seconds, running off a handicap of 12 yards, and was also captain of Essendon's 1897 premiership team.
 * 1899: Norman Clark, Carlton; won in 11.8 seconds, running off a handicap of 14½ yards.
 * 1900: Dave Strickland, St Kilda, father of Shirley Strickland; won in 12 seconds, running off a handicap of 10 yards.
 * 1902: Alf Tredinnick, Melbourne; won in 12.2 seconds, running off 11½ yards.
 * 1914: Billy Robinson, Carlton; won in 11.8 seconds, running off 12 yards.
 * 1924: Bill Twomey, Sr., Collingwood and Hawthorn, father of Bill Twomey Jr, Pat Twomey, and Mick Twomey, and grandfather of David Twomey; won in 12.1 seconds, running off a handicap of 8½ yards.
 * 1929: Clarrie Hearn, Essendon; won in 11 and fifteen sixteenths of a second, running off a handicap of 10 yards.
 * 1936: Ron McCann, Collingwood; won in 12 and 4 sixteenths of a second, running off a handicap of 6½ yards.
 * 1938: Jack Grant, Geelong and Fitzroy; won in 11 and eleven-sixteenths seconds, running off a handicap of 11½ yards.
 * 1952: Lance Mann, Essendon; won in 11 and fourteen-sixteenths seconds, running off a handicap of 7¼ yards.
 * 1956: Bill Williams, Richmond; won in 11.8 seconds, running off a handicap of 12 yards.
 * 1971: Treva McGregor, Fitzroy; won in 11.7 seconds, running off a handicap of 7¼ yards.

Relocation
On a number of occasions there has been discussions about relocating the Stawell Gift for economic reasons.

On 14 February 2001, after much discussion about moving the event to Docklands Stadium in Melbourne, Premier Steve Bracks announced on ABC Local Radio that the Gift would be staying in Stawell and the State Government's $40,000 contribution would continue.

On 14 July 2009, it was announced that Ballarat had offered the Stawell Athletic Club more than $1 million in cash and incentives, including a $20,000 grant to the Stawell Gift Hall of Fame, to relocate the Gift from Central Park in Stawell to Ballarat City Oval for five years. The Club released a statement through Secretary Ian Lawrie stating they were considering the offer but the "decision is, without question, the most difficult ever undertaken by the Committee of the Stawell Athletic Club". He said the club would investigate and exhaust all other options to ensure the survival of Australia's most famous footrace.

On 16 September 2009 Victorian Premier John Brumby announced more than $300,000 State Government funding to keep the Stawell Gift in Stawell.

Winners - Women's Stawell Gift

 * Race was 100m from 1989 to 2005, and over the traditional gift distance of 120m since 2006.

title: Stawell Gift


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fuz Fon

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 08:50, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Fuz Fon
Band stub, no claim to notability. Bordering on A1 speedy. Ilmari Karonen 20:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * September 30th was an exceptionally busy AfD day. So this debate among several got almost no attention. Relisting in hope of some tender, loving debate this time around. -Splash talk 00:00, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom Justin Bacon 00:27, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN.  --A D Monroe III 01:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 02:05, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete but not speedily (there seems to be some context here). Andrew pmk | Talk 16:49, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fuz Fon


text:
User talk:CarbonCopy

3RR on Cindy Sheehan
You stated that I am endanger of the three revert rule pertaining to the Cindy Sheehan article. I assume this is in reference to the deletion of "The next day, Bush began his five-week vacation." This line has no purpose and should be placed under George Bush's article. By placing it directly after Two things in Bush's speech "enraged" Sheehan: "We have to honor the sacrifices of the fallen by completing the mission," and "The families of the fallen can be assured that they died for a noble cause." makes GWB seem callous, thus violating the NPOV rule.

We all know that Bush took a five week vacation, and that he has surpassed Ronald Reagan as the President who has spent the most time away from the White House, but the fact remains that this information belongs under his page not Sheehan's.

I apologize for my constant edits. I am only trying to make sure that the article maintains a NPOV.

Again, sorry for any inconvenience this may have caused you. (above unsigned 3 December 2005 User:68.33.224.69)

West Azarbaijan
Thank you. Finally, someone noticed. Thanx. --TimBits 18:52, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Stanley Williams
Thank you, that page desperately needed protection, constant edit conflicts and no way to keep up with the vandals. CarbonCopy 19:08, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The "stacked vandalism" had become serious enough of a problem that the rollback tool was proving to be ineffective. A proposal has been made for semi-protection for situations such as this one, please refer to Semi-protection policy and the respective talk page if you have not already.  Hall Monitor 19:21, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Middle East Technical University
Thank you for reverting the vandalism on the page of METU. Atilim Gunes Baydin 21:24, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Ron Karenga

 * 1) I am editing at Ron Karenga
 * 2) I am editing anonymously to avoid fights with partisan fanatics
 * 3) I am being careful to edit factually and avoid POV
 * 4) Please do not call my edits vandalism.
 * 67.15.76.111 22:33, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * On reviewing the edit history in more detail, I agree that this is a content dispute, not vandalism. My apologies for so labelling it.  I can't say I agree as the the NPOV of the edits, but I'll leave that issue up to the other editors who work on that page. CarbonCopy (talk) 22:48, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Sock puppets on Jehovah Witnesses page
Greetings, I am attempting a mediation of the Jehovahs Winesses page. I noticed a statement from you on Mediation Cabal/Cases/27 12 2005 Jehovah's Witnesses, "I gave up on the page when an obvious pack of sock puppets showed up a few weeks ago." Does this mean that you know of a single individual who is "sock puppeting" under several names? Or something else. Thanks, SteveMc 21:40, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
 Pgk's RFA

Thanks for your support on my request for adminship.

The final outcome was (80/3/0), so I am now an administrator. I was flattered by the level of support and the comments, so I'm under real pressure not to disappoint, thus if you have any queries, suggestions or problems with any of my actions as an admin then please leave me a note --pgk( talk ) 11:41, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Albanians
Hello mate! I am really surprised to see an Englishman (or at least a native speaker of English) show immense curiosity in the Albanian case. However, I strongly dissagree in the matter of religious conflicts between Albanians. Once again, thank you for your interest. --Pjetër Bogdani jr. 02:19, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

RFM/KM
You commented on Kelly Martin's second RfC. it is up for archival. you may vote at Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_comment/Kelly_Martin. CastAStone|(talk) 03:45, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Edit war at WP:AUTO
There's currently an edit war going on at WP:AUTO, with Democritus trying to insert the language he proposed in the Deborah McGuinness case, despite a lack of consensus for it. We've started a section to discuss his language on the talk page. Please contribute your opinion if you're interested. Thanks. -- BrianH123 04:30, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Articles For Deletion
Hi, one or both of the following situations applies to you, and you may therefore be interested in related discussions.
 * You expressed an opinion about the proposed deletion of an article concerning one of the first 200 verses of the Gospel of Matthew. Would you therefore like to join a centralised discussion about the other 199 articles at Centralized discussion/200 verses of Matthew
 * You expressed an opinion about the proposed deletion of an article concerning one of the first 19 verses of the 20th Chapter of the Gospel of John. Would you therefore like to join a centralised discussion about the other 18 articles at Centralized discussion/Verses of John 20

You may also be interested in a discussion of whether or not the entire text of a whole bible chapter should be contained in the 6 articles concerning those specific chapters, and whether or not they should only use the translations favoured by fundamentalists. This is being discussed at Centralized discussion/Whole bible chapter text.

--Victim of signature fascism | Don't forget to vote in the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee elections 18:02, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Re:
Sorry, but I´m a user of wikipedia pt, and I don´t remember that I remove content of pages. I think this IP is used by other users too. bye.. 200.158.46.152 00:30, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

WP:CVU status
The Counter-Vandalism Unit project is under consideration to be moved to and/or  status. You have been identified as a project member and your input as to this matter would be welcomed at WT:CVU. Thank you. Delivered on behalf of user:xaosflux 03:08, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:CarbonCopy


text:
User:Yvesdesprit

Hi, I'm Yves~huwiki from Hungarian Wikipedia.

title: User:Yvesdesprit


text:
National Research Universal reactor

The National Research Universal (NRU) reactor was a 135 MW nuclear research reactor built in the Chalk River Laboratories, Ontario, one of Canada’s national science facilities. It was a multipurpose science facility that served three main roles. It generated radionuclides used to treat or diagnose over 20 million people in 80 countries every year (and, to a lesser extent, other isotopes used for non-medical purposes). It was the neutron source for the NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre: a materials research centre that grew from the Nobel Prize-winning work of Bertram Brockhouse. It was the test bed for Atomic Energy of Canada Limited to develop fuels and materials for the CANDU reactor. At the time of its retirement on March 31, 2018, it was the world's oldest operating nuclear reactor.

History
The NRU reactor design was started in 1949. It is fundamentally a Canadian design, significantly advanced from NRX. It was built as the successor to the NRX reactor at the Atomic Energy Project of the National Research Council of Canada at Chalk River Laboratories. The NRX reactor was the world's most intense source of neutrons when it started operation in 1947. It was not known how long a research reactor could be expected to operate, so the management of Chalk River Laboratories began planning the NRU reactor to ensure continuity of the research programs.

NRU started self-sustained operation (or went "critical") on November 3, 1957, a decade after the NRX, and was ten times more powerful. It was initially designed as a 200 MW reactor, fueled with natural uranium. NRU was converted to 60 MW with highly-enriched uranium (HEU) fuel in 1964 and converted a third time in 1991 to 135 MW running on low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel.

On Saturday, 24 May 1958 the NRU suffered a major accident. A damaged uranium fuel rod caught fire and was torn in two as it was being removed from the core. The fire was extinguished, but a sizeable quantity of radioactive combustion products had contaminated the interior of the reactor building and, to a lesser degree, an area of the surrounding laboratory site. The clean-up and repair took three months. NRU was operating again in August 1958. Care was taken to ensure no one was exposed to dangerous levels of radiation and staff involved in clean-up were monitored over the following decades. A corporal named Bjarnie Hannibal Paulson who was at the clean up developed unusual skin cancers and received a disability pension.

NRU's calandria, the vessel which contains its nuclear reactions, is made of aluminum, and was replaced in 1971 because of corrosion. The calandria has not been replaced since, although a second replacement is likely needed. An advantage of NRU's design is that it can be taken apart to allow for upgrade and repair.

In October 1986, the NRU reactor was recognized as a nuclear historic landmark by the American Nuclear Society. Since NRX was decommissioned in 1992, after 45 years of service, there has been no backup for NRU.

In 1994, Bertram Brockhouse was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his pioneering work carried out in the NRX and NRU reactors in the 1950s. He gave birth to a scientific technique which is now used around the world.

In 1996, AECL informed the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (then known as the Atomic Energy Control Board) that operation of the NRU reactor would not continue beyond December 31, 2005. It was expected that a replacement facility would be built inside that time. However, no replacement was built and in 2003, AECL advised the CNSC that they intended to continue operation of the NRU reactor beyond December 2005. The operating licence was initially extended to July 31, 2006, and a 63-month licence renewal was obtained in July 2006, allowing operation of the NRU until October 31, 2011.

In May 2007, the NRU set a new record for the production of medical isotopes.

In June 2007, a new neutron scattering instrument was opened in NRU. The D3 Neutron Reflectometer is designed for examining surfaces, thin films and interfaces. The technique of Neutron Reflectometry is capable of providing unique information on materials in the nanometre length scale.

2007 shutdown
On November 18, 2007, the NRU reactor was shut down for routine maintenance. This shutdown was voluntarily extended when AECL decided to install seismically qualified emergency power systems (EPS) to two of the reactor's cooling pumps (in addition to the AC and DC backup power systems already in place), as required as part of its August 2006 operating license extension by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC). This resulted in a worldwide shortage of radioisotopes for medical treatments because AECL had not pre-arranged for an alternate supply. On December 11, 2007, the House of Commons of Canada, acting on what the government described as "independent expert" advice, passed emergency legislation authorizing the restarting of the NRU reactor with one of the two seismic connections complete (one pump being sufficient to cool the core), and authorizing the reactor's operation for 120 days without CNSC approval. The legislation, C-38, was passed by the Senate and received Royal Assent on December 12. Prime Minister Stephen Harper accused the "Liberal-appointed" CNSC for this shutdown which "jeopardized the health and safety of tens of thousands of Canadians". Others viewed the actions and priorities of the Prime Minister and government in terms of protecting the eventual sale of AECL to private investors. The government later announced plans to sell part of AECL in May 2009.

The NRU reactor was restarted on December 16, 2007.

On January 29, 2008, the former President of the CNSC, Linda Keen, testified before a Parliamentary Committee that the risk of fuel failure in the NRU reactor was "1 in 1000 years", and claimed this to be a thousand times greater risk than the "international standard". These claims were refuted by AECL.

On February 2, 2008, the second seismic connection was complete. This timing was well within the above 120-day window afforded by Bill C-38.

2009 Shutdown
In mid-May 2009 a heavy water leak at the base of the reactor vessel was detected, prompting a temporary shutdown of the reactor. The leak was estimated to be 5 kg (<5 litres) per hour, a result of corrosion. This was the second heavy water leak since late 2008. The reactor was defuelled and drained of all of its heavy water moderator. No administrative levels of radioactivity were exceeded, during the leak or defuelling, and all leaked water was contained and treated on site.

The reactor remained shut down until August 2010. The lengthy shutdown was necessary to defuel the reactor, ascertain the full extent of the corrosion to the vessel, and finally to effect the repairs — all with remote and restricted access from a minimum distance of 8 metres due to the residual radioactive fields in the reactor vessel. The 2009 shutdown occurred at a time when only one of the other four worldwide regular medical isotope sourcing reactors was producing, resulting in a worldwide shortage.

Decommissioning
On March 31, 2018, following government direction to shut down operations, NRU was permanently shut down ahead of decommissioning scheduled to start in 2028.

Production of isotopes
With the construction of the earlier NRX reactor, it was possible for the first time to commercially manufacture isotopes that were not commonly found in nature. In the core of an operating reactor there are billions of free neutrons. By inserting a piece of target material into the core, atoms in the target can capture some of those neutrons and become heavier isotopes. Manufacturing medical isotopes was a Canadian medical innovation in the early 1950s.

The NRU reactor continued the legacy of NRX and until it was decommissioned March 31, 2018 produced more medical isotopes than any facility in the world.
 * Cobalt-60 from NRU is used in radiation therapy machines that treat cancer in 15 million patients in 80 countries each year. The NRU produced about 75% of the global supply. The decay of Cobalt-60 results in the emission of high energy photons.
 * Technetium-99m from NRU used in the diagnosis of 5 million patients each year represented about 80 per cent of all nuclear medicine procedures. The NRU produced over half of the world's total supply. Technetium-99m emits less energy as it decays than most gamma emitters, roughly as much as the X-rays from an X-ray tube.  This can act as an in situ source for a special camera that creates an image of the patient called a SPECT scan.  NRU actually produced the more stable parent isotope, molybdenum-99, which is shipped to medical labs.  There it decays into technetium-99m, which is separated and used for testing.
 * NRU produced xenon-133, iodine-131 and iodine-125, which are used in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
 * Carbon-14 produced in NRU was sold to chemistry, bioscience and environmental labs where it is used as a tracer.
 * Iridium-192 from NRU is used in several industries to inspect welds or other metal components to ensure they are safe for use.

The core of the NRU reactor was about 3 m wide and 3 m high, which is unusually large for a research reactor. That large volume enabled the bulk production of isotopes. Other research reactors in the world produce isotopes for medical and industrial uses, for example the European High Flux Reactor at Petten in the Netherlands, Maria Reactor in Poland, and the OPAL reactor in Australia which began operation in April 2007.

NRU was originally scheduled to shut down in October 2016. With no stable isotope manufacturer ready to step in until 2018, the Canadian Government allowed the NRU to produce Isotopes until March 2018.

Neutron beam research
The NRU reactor is home to Canada's national facility for neutron scattering: the NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre. Neutron scattering is a technique where a beam of neutrons shines through a sample of material, and depending on how the neutrons scatter from the atoms inside, scientists can determine many details about the crystal structure and movements of the atoms within the sample.

An early pioneer of the technique was Bertram Brockhouse who built some of the early neutron spectrometers in the NRX and NRU reactors and was awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in physics for the development of neutron spectroscopy.

The NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre continues that field of science today, operating as an open-access user facility allowing scientists from across Canada and around the world to use neutrons in their research programs.

It is common for a developed country to support a national facility for neutron scattering and one for X-ray scattering. The two types of facility provide complementary information about materials.

An unusual feature of the NRU reactor as Canada's national neutron source is its multipurpose design: able to manufacture isotopes, and support nuclear R&D at the same time as it supplies neutrons to the suite of neutron scattering instruments.

The NRU reactor is sometimes (incorrectly) characterized as simply a nuclear research facility. Neutron scattering however is not nuclear research, it is materials research. Neutrons are an ideal probe of materials including metals, alloys, biomaterials, ceramics, magnetic materials, minerals, polymers, composites, glasses, nano-materials and many others. The neutron scattering instruments at the NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre are used by universities and industries from across Canada every year because knowledge of materials is important for innovation in many sectors.

Nuclear power research and development
The NRU reactor has test facilities built into its core that can replicate conditions inside a large electricity-producing reactor. NRU itself does not generate steam (or electricity); its cooling water heats up to approximately 55 degrees Celsius. Inside the test facilities though, high temperatures and pressures can be produced. It is essential to test out different materials before they are used in the construction of a nuclear generating station.

The fundamental knowledge gained from NRU enabled the development of the CANDU reactor, and is the foundation for the Canadian nuclear industry.

title: National Research Universal reactor


text:
Declan O'Rourke

Declan O'Rourke (born April 26, 1976) is a singer-songwriter from Kinvara, Ireland.

Early career to 2010
At the age of 13, when living in Australia with his family, O'Rourke was given his first guitar by a priest in Kyabram who recognised his potential and love for music, hence the title of his debut album Since Kyabram, released in October 2004.

The album's launch took place over three sold-out nights in Whelan's of Wexford St, Dublin and was broadcast live on national radio. Since Kyabram entered the official Irish album charts at Number 5 and was the only new Irish entry in the Top 75 album chart that week. Since Kyabram quickly went gold, then achieved double-platinum status. Since the release of the album, O'Rourke has completed multiple sell-out nationwide Irish tours, the second of these culminating in a full capacity show in Dublin's Olympia Theatre in March 2005.

O'Rourke has been among the few solo performers selected to appear on both the second and third TV series of Other Voices. O'Rourke tracks were included on the No. 1 selling compilations Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 2 and Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 3 in aid of The National Children's Hospital in Tallaght and Tsunami Relief Fund.

O'Rourke performed at the first Irish Woodstock in Inistioge, Kilkenny. He has played guitar on stage with Bic Runga on her European tour, Snow Patrol on the UK and Irish legs of their 2006 tour, including performances at Wembley Arena and their sold-out December performance at the old Point Theatre in Dublin. O'Rourke opened multiple shows for Planxty during the come-back concerts at Vicar Street, Dublin. He performed on the same bill as Bob Dylan for three consecutive shows while playing guitar with Paddy Casey. O'Rourke played guitar for Snow Patrol during their Oxegen Festival performance in Ireland in July 2007. Snow Patrol's lead singer, Gary Lightbody, gave a very positive review of O'Rourke's second album, a preview copy of which, he revealed, the band had been listening to backstage.

O'Rourke attracted praise from Paul Weller for his song "Galileo (Someone Like You)" (co-written by Seamus Cotter) which he cited in an interview with Q Magazine as the song he most wished he'd written from the past twenty years; he later included O'Rourke's recording of the song on an album of his favourite songs included with a special edition of the magazine dedicated to him. Weller invited O'Rourke to perform at the 100 Club in London. And, on his recent mini-residency at the Olympia Theatre, Dublin, Weller invited O'Rourke on stage as a special guest to perform a duet of "Galileo". Other notable fans of O'Rourke are Rolling Stones guitarist, Ronnie Wood, Chris Rea, and Paul Brady who describes O'Rourke as a "most talented singer-songwriter... [possessing] a rich, soulful, musical voice and a brilliant instrumental ability". Eddi Reader once said that he was "one of the finest songwriters on the planet".

In October 2007 Declan released his second album, Big Bad Beautiful World after performing selected tracks on Irish radio. Big Bad Beautiful World beat its forerunner by debuting at number 4 in the Irish charts, but unlike Since Kyabram it was released in Ireland alone. O'Rourke released two singles from the album, the title track 'Big Bad Beautiful World' and 'Whatever Else Happens', both of which are performance standards for him. Following the album release, O'Rourke was nominated for Best Irish Male at the 2008 Meteor Ireland Awards. O'Rourke completed limited tours of South-Eastern Australia in 2008 and 2009, finishing the latter tour with a sold-out performance at Sydney's The Basement venue, which was filmed for later broadcast by ABC Australia.

In October 2010, O'Rourke was invited to open shows for American singer-songwriter John Prine in Virginia. Since 2006, in addition to Prine and Snow Patrol, O'Rourke has completed tours with Paulo Nutini, Paul Weller, Paul Brady, The Cardigans, and Nizlopi, among others.

Mag Pai Zai to Arrivals
In April 2011, O'Rourke released his third studio album. Mag Pai Zai under his own label, Rimecoat Records. It topped the success of his first two albums, holding its own in Ireland's Top 10 Album Charts for four consecutive weeks, and made 'Album of the Week' on BBC Radio Scotland and RTE Radio 1. 'A Little Something,' the album's first single climbed to no. 2 in Today FM's Top 40 Singles Charts. Mag Pai Zai also made it into The Irish Times' ‘101 Irish Albums to Hear Before You Die.' The album title is the phonetic representation of 'Magpie's Eye', a term that appears in the track, Langley's Requiem. It is based on the true story of the Collyer brothers, a pair of hermits in New York, who in the 1940s were found dead amid mountains of rubbish they had hoarded in their Harlem brownstone.

In 2013, Mag Pai Zai was released in the US, becoming O'Rourke's first release stateside. The album garnered attention from national media outlets, The Wall Street Journal, Spin, American Songwriter, Travel & Leisure, NPR’s World Café and USA Today. American Songwriter streamed the entire album upon its release.

From Oct 2014 to Sept 2015, O’Rourke decided to try something completely new, releasing a brand new track every month exclusively to subscribers of his mailing list and followers on social media platforms. He called the project Howlin’ Lowly Moons.

O’Rourke released his fourth studio album Gold Bars in the Sun in late 2015. The album was the artist's first Vinyl release. Gold Bars in the Sun was largely composed of songs featured in the Howlin’ Lowly Moons project, and included ‘Lets Make Big Love’ a duet with John Prine.

In October 2016 O'Rourke released, In Full Colour, the culmination of his previous work spanning a dozen sold-out concerts over 10 years, performing with the accompaniment of a full Orchestra. The fifth studio album consists of 16 tracks, all backed by the RTE Concert Orchestra. It reflects the evolution, and journey his songs have taken as a result of these highly energised, sold-out concerts, and includes re-imagined, re-recorded, versions of some of the artist's most popular material, along with brand new songs including the acclaimed ‘Children of 16’. The record, released on the ‘Maiesta Music’ record label, and distributed by Warners, reached the highest chart position yet for O’Rourke in the Irish charts, climbing as high as number 3.

In October 2017, a song cycle 15 years in the making was released, chronicling stories of the great Irish famine. A culmination of 25 books on the history of Irish workhouses and one of Ireland's darkest histories, Chronicles of the Great Irish Famine featured some of the best musicians the Irish traditional music world has to offer. Mick McGoldrick, Dermot Byrne, Floriane Blancke, Jack Maher, Chris Herzberger, Catriona Frost, Rob Calder and John Sheahan all feature on the album.

Notable recordings by other artists
Scottish singer Eddi Reader recorded "Galileo (Someone Like You)" for her 2007 album Peacetime and O'Rourke's anthem "Love is the Way" on her 2009 album Love is the Way. Jacqui Dankworth, daughter of Jazz legends Cleo Laine and the late Sir John Dankworth recorded O'Rourke's "Galileo (Someone Like You)" for her 2009 album Back To You. Swedish pop singer Peter Jöback recorded O'Rourke's "(I Can See) A Little Something" for his eleventh studio album East Side Stories released in 2009. Josh Groban recorded "Galileo (Someone Like You)" on his fifth studio album Illuminations released in November 2010. In November 2011 the album This is the Moment recorded by Paul Byrom, formerly of Celtic Thunder, included "Galileo (Someone Like You)."

In 2016, Christy Moore interpreted Declan's song, 'Lightning Bird Wind River Man' featuring the track on his album, 'Lily' released by Sony Records.

Personal life
O'Rourke married to stuntwoman Eimar O'Grady in 2015.

Discography

 * Since Kyabram (2004)
 * Big Bad Beautiful World (2007)
 * Mag Pai Zai (2011)
 * Howlin’ Lowly Moons (One Song Per Month Project) (2014)
 * Gold Bars in the Sun (2015)
 * In Full Colour (2016)
 * Chronicles of the Great Irish Famine (2017)
 * Arrivals (2021)

title: Declan O'Rourke


text:
Talk:UBS Global Asset Management

Phil Gramm
Sen. Phil Gramm removed from article, because he did not work for UBS Global Asset Management, but rather UBS Warburg, which is a different unit of UBS AG and unrelated to GAM. MCB 20:14, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:UBS Global Asset Management


text:
National Hurling League

The National Hurling League is an annual inter-county hurling competition featuring teams from Ireland and England. Founded in 1925 by the Gaelic Athletic Association, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation within the league system.

The league has 35 teams divided into six divisions, with either five or six teams in each division. Promotion and relegation between these divisions is a central feature of the league. Although primarily a competition for Irish teams, teams from England – currently Lancashire, London and Warwickshire – also take part, while in the past New York also fielded a team for the latter stages of the league. Teams representing subdivisions of counties, such as Fingal and South Down have also participated at various times.

The National Hurling League has been associated with a title sponsor since 1985. Ford, Royal Liver and Church & General have all served as sponsors of the league since then. The competition is currently sponsored by Allianz and is officially known as the Allianz Hurling League.

The league season runs from January to March with each team in the group playing each other once. Division 1 of the league features the top twelve hurling teams split into two divisions of six. A knock-out stage follows for the four top-placed teams in each division. The winners of the Division 1 title are awarded the Dr Croke Cup and are officially regarded as the National Hurling League champions.

The National Hurling League title has been won by 10 different teams, 9 of whom have won the title more than once. The all-time record-holders are Tipperary and Kilkenny, who have won the league on 19 occasions. Clare won the 2024 title.

Creation
Since 1887, the All-Ireland Championship had been steadily growing in interest and in participation. The championship, however, was largely confined to the summer months, resulting in a lack of top class inter-county action between September and April. Inter-county tournament games were popular as a way of filling the void, while some provinces organised their own pre-championship competitions, most notably the Thomond Feis in Munster. Several counties had also organised inter-club leagues as a means of supplementing the county championship by providing more games. While these had proved successful, it was decided to create a national senior inter-county league to provide games during the winter and spring months.

Beginnings
The inaugural National Hurling League began on 27 September 1925 and ended on 16 May 1926. Seven teams - Cork, Dublin, Galway. Kilkenny, Laois, Limerick and Tipperary - competed in a six-game single round-robin format. At the end of the group stage the top two teams contested the league final. Cork won the 1925–26 league following a 3–7 to 1–5 defeat of Dublin in the final.

Development
While no league took place during the 1926–27 season, the 1926–27 league featured nine teams. A single round-robin format was once again used, with each team playing eight games. The second league featured no final, with Tipperary being declared champions after securing 14 points from their group stage games.

The 1928-29 league featured twelve teams divided in two groups based on geographical position. The Eastern Division comprised five teams from the province of Leinster, while the Southwestern Division had seven teams from the province of Munster and Galway. The top teams in each division played off in the final to determine the champions. This format was used on a number of occasions until the 1934–35, when the league reverted to a straightforward one-group league with the top-placed team being declared the champions. This format was used again during the leagues in 1935–36 and 1936–37.

Ten teams entered the 1937–38 league, with two groups of five teams competing. A third group was added in 1938–39 as the number of teams increased to thirteen. These formats were regularly used over the following seasons, depending on the number of teams participating.

Between 1941 and 1945 the league was suspended due to the Emergency.

The 1955–56 league saw the introduction of a major change in format. As a result of a lack of interest from defeated first-round teams in recent years, Central Council introduced a two-division league featuring a new system of relegation and promotion. Division 1 was confined to ten teams in two groups of five. The bottom-placed team in each group would play off to decide which of the two teams would be relegated. Division 2 was made up of the 'second tier' hurling teams and featured eight teams divided into two groups. Limerick became the first team to be relegated, while Antrim became the first team to gain promotion under the new system.

Schedule
In the 20th century, National League fixtures were played during inter-county windows in the later and early months of the calendar year, while the SHC occupied the inter-county window during those months that made up the middle of the year, e.g. May, August. Club competitions of lesser importance occurred alongside the inter-county games so as to provide meaningful game time for players possessed of insufficient ability to compete at the higher (inter-county) level.

From 1997, National League fixtures were played during the early months of the calendar year, preceding the SHC, which remained in the traditional mid-year position. An April club window allowed inter-county players to return to their clubs to participate in some early rounds of the more important club competitions, i.e. championship fixtures.

This arrangement was disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the impact of the pandemic on Gaelic games, the 2020 National League was suspended in March and all Gaelic games ceased until the middle of the year, when club fixtures were first to resume. The National League was then completed in October, ahead of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (which was completed in December). This led to a motion (passed at the 2021 GAA Congress) to adopt a "split season" model, whereby club competitions would occupy one part of the calendar year and inter-county fixtures the other part.

Sponsorship
Since 1985, the National Hurling League has been sponsored. The sponsor has usually been able to determine the league's sponsorship name.

History
Division 1 has existed in its current form since the 2012 league. Prior to this, Division 1 had existed as a single division of eight teams. The new division, comprising two groups, was created using the final rankings from the 2011 league. The top six teams from that year's Division 1 were added to the new Division 1A. The bottom two teams from Division 1 and the top four teams from Division 2 were added to the new Division 1B.

In 2012 and 2013, the top two teams in Division 1B contested a final, with the winners joining the top three teams from Division 1A in the semi-finals of the league proper. This format was abandoned when the quarter-final stage was introduced during the 2014 league.

Format
There are currently seven teams in Division 1A.

During the course of a season (from February to March) each team plays the others once (a single round-robin system) for a total of 21 games. Teams receive two points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Where two teams are level on points, the team that wins the head-to-head match is ranked ahead. If this game is a draw, points difference (total scored minus total conceded in all games) is used to rank the teams. Where three or more teams are level on points, points difference is used to rank them.

The top two teams in Division 1A contest the National Hurling League final. The bottom two teams in Division 1A are relegated to Division 1B.

2025 Teams
The following seven teams are competing in Division 1A during the 2025 league.

Attendances
Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Central Council and for the teams involved. For the knock-out stages of the 2017 league, average attendances were 12,474 with a total aggregate attendance figure of 87,321 for the seven games.

Group stage
The league is operated using a home and away basis every second year. Fixtures in the five group stage rounds of the league are played at the home ground of one of the two teams involved. Each team is guaranteed at least two home games.

Quarter-finals
The quarter-finals of the league are usually played at the home venue of one of the teams involved. The team which receives home advantage is decided by using the home and away agreement or by a coin toss.

Semi-finals
The semi-finals of the league are usually played on the same day at the same venue as part of a double-header of games. Semple Stadium, Nowlan Park and the Gaelic Grounds have all been used as the venues for the semi-finals.

Final
Since 2000, Semple Stadium has been used on ten occasions as the host venue for the league final. The Gaelic Grounds, Nowlan Park and Croke Park have also been used as the final venue during this time.

Managers

Managers in the National Hurling League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and sourcing of players from the club championships. Their influence varies from county-to-county and is related to the individual county boards. From 2018, all inter-county head coaches must be Award 2 qualified. The manager is assisted by a team of two or three selectors and an extensive backroom team consisting of various coaches. Prior to the development of the concept of a manager in the 1970s, teams were usually managed by a team of selectors with one member acting as chairman.

 * Notes

By decade
The most successful team of each decade, judged by number of National Hurling League titles, is as follows:

 * 1920s: 1 each for Cork (1926), Tipperary (1928) and Dublin (1929)
 * 1930s: 5 for Limerick (1934-35-36-37-38)
 * 1940s: 3 for Cork (1940-41-48)
 * 1950s: 6 for Tipperary (1950-52-54-55-57-59)
 * 1960s: 5 for Tipperary (1960-61-64-65-68)
 * 1970s: 3 for Cork (1970-72-74)
 * 1980s: 3 for Kilkenny (1982-83-86)
 * 1990s: 2 each for Kilkenny (1990–95), Limerick (1992–97), Cork (1993–98) and Tipperary (1994–99)
 * 2000s: 5 for Kilkenny (2002-03-05-06-09)
 * 2010s: 4 for Kilkenny (2012-13-14-18)
 * 2020s: 2 for Limerick (2020–23)

Gaps
Top ten longest gaps between successive league titles:
 * 72 years: Dublin (1939–2011)
 * 44 years: Waterford (1963–2007)
 * 38 years: Clare (1978–2016)
 * 31 years: Clare (1946–1977)
 * 29 years: Kilkenny (1933–1962)
 * 26 years: Cork (1998–present)
 * 24 years: Galway (1951–1975)
 * 24 years: Limerick (1947–1971)
 * 22 years: Limerick (1997–2019)
 * 21 years: Tipperary (1928–1949)

History
Division 1B has existed in its current form since the 2025 league. Prior to this, Division 1B teams competed in Division 1 and Division 2A. The new division was created using the final rankings from the 2024 league.

Format
There are currently seven teams in Division 1B.

During the course of a season (from February to March) each team plays the others once (a single round-robin system) for a total of 21 games. Teams receive two points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Where two teams are level on points, the team that wins the head-to-head match is ranked ahead. If this game is a draw, points difference (total scored minus total conceded in all games) is used to rank the teams. Where three or more teams are level on points, points difference is used to rank them.

The top two teams in Division 1B contest the final and are promoted to Division 1A. The bottom two teams in Division 1B are relegated to Division 2.

2025 Teams
The following seven teams are competing in Division 1B during the 2025 league.

History
Division 2 has existed in its current form since the 2025 league. Prior to this, Division 2 teams competed in Division 2A and Division 2B. The new division was created using the final rankings from the 2024 league.

Format
There are currently seven teams in Division 2.

During the course of a season (from February to March) each team plays the others once (a single round-robin system) for a total of 21 games. Teams receive two points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Where two teams are level on points, the team that wins the head-to-head match is ranked ahead. If this game is a draw, points difference (total scored minus total conceded in all games) is used to rank the teams. Where three or more teams are level on points, points difference is used to rank them.

The top two teams in Division 2 contest the final and are promoted to Division 1B. The bottom two teams in Division 2 are relegated to Division 3.

2025 Teams
The following seven teams are competing in Division 2 during the 2025 league.

History
Division 3 has existed in its current form since 2025. Prior to this, Division 3 had existed as 2 divisions of six teams each. The new division was created using the final rankings from the 2024 league.

Format
There are currently seven teams in Division 3.

During the course of a season (from January to March) each team plays the others once (a single round-robin system) for a total of 21 games. Teams receive two points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Where two teams are level on points, the team that wins the head-to-head match is ranked ahead. If this game is a draw, points difference (total scored minus total conceded in all games) is used to rank the teams. Where three or more teams are level on points, points difference is used to rank them.

The top two teams in Division 3 contest the final and are promoted to Division 2 the following season.

The bottom two teams in Division 3 are relegated to Division 4 the following season. Their place in the division is then taken by the Division 4 champions and runners-up, who gain automatic promotion.

2025 Teams
The following seven teams are competing in Division 3 during the 2025 league.

2025 Teams
The following seven teams are competing in Division 4 during the 2025 league.

Broadcasting rights
Setanta Sports broadcasts live matches in Australia. Setanta Sports also provides matches from the National Hurling League in Asia. In Ireland TG4 shows live matches each week on Sunday afternoon, with deferred coverage of a second match shown straight after. Setanta Sports broadcasts matches live on the Saturday evening slot. Highlights for all the games are shown at 7:00pm on League Sunday on RTÉ2.

title: National Hurling League


text:
User talk:Yvesdesprit

Please use my talk page in the Hungarian Wikipedia to leave me a message.

title: User talk:Yvesdesprit


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Parenticide

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Rx StrangeLove 04:26, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Parenticide
An unnecessary and unimaginative neologism, loaded up with pop-psychology piffle. DavidWBrooks 20:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC) &Keep, cleanup, and de-POV it as per Angr. Sadly there's enough notable examples of this for an article to be justified. 23skidoo 04:10, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, this suggests its been in Websters since 1913. I presume an article can be written about this, so keep. Splash talk 23:52, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but cleanup and NPOV. It's not a neologism, according to the OED the word has existed in English since the mid-17th century. --Angr/undefined 00:43, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Either Merge with "Patricide" or move to "Parricide", which is the proper term, not "Parenticide"! --MacRusgail 12:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a valid, though obscure, term. --WyldStallionRyder 14:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
OMN

OMN or omn may refer to:
 * Oman, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code
 * Oromia Media Network, an Oromo news channel headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
 * OMN, the FAA LID code for Ormond Beach Municipal Airport, Florida, United States
 * OMN, the IATA code for Osmanabad Airport, Maharashtra, India
 * omn, the ISO 639-3 code for Minoan language, Crete

title: OMN


text:
PLW

PLW may refer to:
 * Palau, country code
 * Mutiara Airport (IATA Code PLW), an airport near Palu, Indonesia
 * Pelaw Metro station (Tyne and Wear Metro station code PLW), a railway station in Gateshead, England
 * PLW Entertainment, an Australian music production company
 * Power League Wrestling, an American independent professional wrestling promotion

title: PLW


text:
NZL

NZL may refer to:

 * New Zealand
 * Zhalantun Chengjisihan Airport, IATA code NZL

title: NZL


text:
Talk:Rattlesnake Island (Lake Erie)

Untitled
I am a newbie at wikipedia, and am not yet familiar with all the correct editing procedures. I have repeatedly attempted to edit the rattlesnake island entry, but have not been successful in securing deletion of a posting in the history of this article. Can anyone tell me how to secure speedy deletion of an article on the basis of the author requesting its deletion?

 * That's not a valid criterion for speedy deletion. If you want it deleted, follow the procedure defined at Articles for deletion.  You'll need to cite a reason as defined in Deletion policy. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 20:26, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rattlesnake Island (Lake Erie)


text:
File:Gossip1.gif

Summary
Screen shot provided by Chris Crawford of his game Gossip.

Rationale
In Gossip (computer game): only way to show the game's graphics. No free replacement is possible, due to game's copyright.

title: File:Gossip1.gif


text:
Kuma River (Japan)

The Kuma River (球磨川) is a river in Kumamoto Prefecture, central Western part of Kyūshū, Japan. It is sometimes referred as Kumagawa River. It is the longest river in Kyushu, with the length of 115 km long and has a drainage area of 1,880 km2. The river's estuary was designated part of Japan's 500 Important Wetlands.

It is considered to be one of the three most rapid rivers of Japan (the other two being the Mogami River and the Fuji River). The Kuma River is classified as class A river, under the management of the Japanese government.

The Kuma River is a popular tourist spot; about 70,000 people visit every year. Tourists are attracted to Ayu fish or sweetfish which inhabits at the Kuma river and some of its tributaries, where many people especially enjoy “shaku-ayu”. The river is also used for fishing, mainly in June, and for irrigation of nearby rice fields. It then empties into the Yatsushiro Sea at Yatsushiro.

The Kuma river is also known in relation to the Arase dam due to its removal project being the first dam removal in not only Japan but the whole of Asia. In 2020, the flooding of the Kuma River was a major incident in which a number of people from nearby areas were killed or seriously injured.

Geography
The Kuma River and its watershed covers nearly 25% of the entire area of Kumamoto Prefecture, and it is the largest river in the prefecture. The Kuma River begins its course from Mount Choushigasa flowing primarily through Kumamoto prefecture, leading to the Yatsushiro Bay. It is the only major and the largest river connected to the Yatsushiro sea. Before flowing into the Yatsushiro sea, where a large tidal flat is formed at its river mouth. Before flowing into the Yatsushiro sea, the Kuma River flows through the Hitoyoshi city, the Kuma village and the Yatsushiro city. The Kuma River flows through the Shimanto terrane and mainly through the Chichibu terrane. The Kuma River has 80 tributaries with its combined total length of 434 km. One of the major tributaries of Kuma River is Kawabe River, joining Kuma river at Hitoyoshi city, Kumamoto prefecture. The sediments of Kuma River originate from the Chichibu terrane and the Higo volcanic.

The round shape of the Kuma River basin assists with water and sediment transport function. The upper stream of the Kuma River run through a steep gradient which later changes to medium gradient. It splits into multiple channels before flowing to the Yatsushiro Sea. The Kuma River is given the nickname of “Abaregawa” (meaning raging river) by the local Japanese people, due to its fast-flowing nature. It is recognized as the three most rapid rivers in Japan, along with the Mogami River in Yamanashi prefecture and Fuji River in Nagano, Yamanashi and Shizuoka prefecture.

Other major tributaries of the Kuma River include: Kudagiri River, Yoshio River, Imo River (Japan), Mae River, Mune River, Hatomune River, and Ogawauchi River.

History
Since as early as the Edo period (1603-1868), the Kuma river had a pivotal role in providing drinking water and as a source of food. Despite maintaining much of its natural landscape, the Kuma River and especially its basin area was largely impacted by human activities for economic and social development.

The landscape of the Kuma river basin was subject to change from the later 17th century for economical and social development of its neighbourhood. During this time, the Kuma river was utilised as an important site for transportation in association to business, connecting the Yatsushiro city and the Hitoyoshi city. The Kuma River was actively used by the local feudal lords (daimyo). From these periods up until the 1900s, residents of the Kuma River neighbourhood often managed woodlands which created agricultural landscapes. Starting from approximately the Meiji era (1868-1912), slash-and-burn agriculture was active, in order to produce crops, including Japanese millet, azuki beans, sweet potato and taro. Until the late 20th century, wet rice cultivation of the primary factor of forming landscapes in the lower areas of the Kuma River. People often relied on the Kuma River for wet rice cultivation.

Later in the 20th century, the landscapes of the Kuma river started to change due to constructions of large dams, including the Ichifusa dam, the Setoishi dam and the Arase dam for the purpose of controlling water-related issues such as flood.

In 1896, Japan implemented the River Act for management of water. In 1964, it was renewed for further control of water and its use, aiming to manage rivers in Japan including the Kuma River. The Kuma River is categorised as one of the A-class rivers, strictly regulated under the Japanese government. The national level administrations of Ministry of land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are in charge of management of the rivers of Japan.

In 1951, The Kuma River General Development Project, also known as The Kuma River comprehensive development plan was enacted by the government of Kumamoto Prefecture. The purpose was to control the use of hydropower by setting up 7 dams and 10 plants. 3 dams were built on the Kuma River. During the 1950s, the Kuma River gained attention of the Kumamoto prefecture when dealing with the issues the shortage of electricity supplies. The Kuma River and its watershed had a great role for developing the economy of the region by stabilising power supply.

Natural Environment
The Kuma River has always been the habitat of many species by maintaining its natural landscapes, although there have been cases of serious damage of the natural environment. These include construction of dams damaging the habitats of natural species, as well as deforestation of the Kuma river basin due to paper industry.

Species
Despite being the habitat of various goby species, human activities have largely impacted to an extent in which many are threatened with extinction. These goby species include, as suggested by Japanese Red List, Taeniocides cirratus, Gymnogobius cylindricus, Gymnogobius scrobiculatus, Apocryptodon punctatus, Gymnogobius macrognathos, Periophthalmus modestus, Eutaeniichthys gilli.

Fisheries
The Kuma River has always been famous for the catching of Ayu, also known as sweetfish. The average length of Ayu in the Kuma River is 22.7 cm, with the weight at an average of 122g. However, the Ayu inhabiting around the dams have an average of 22 cm in length, and weighed 103g while Ayu inhabiting in the other sections of the river had an average length of 22 cm and weighed 103g. it is said that the number of Ayu in the area has decreased drastically due to human influences such as the constructions of the dams. Generally, from early March to May, Ayu swim into the Kuma River from the Yatsushiro Sea. The Kuma River and its tributary Kawabe River is known for its “shaku-ayu”, a very large Ayu having a length of 30 cm which attracts many of its tourists. Fishing of Ayu is generally done from early summer to fall, economically assisting the locals in the surrounding of Kuma River especially for those running inns and restaurants.

Freshwater eels, donko (Odontobutis obscura), as well as gane crabs (Eriocheir japonica) were also popular for fishing prior to the construction of dams on the Kuma River. The local fishermen have also mentioned that the weather loach (Misgrunus anguillicaudatus), the Chinese soft-shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) and the Japanese rice fish (Oryzias latipes) were often seen in the Kuma River before the construction of dams. The changes of water flow, water levels and the pollution of water caused the freshwater eels to leave the Kuma River areas.

Dams
In the past, there have been constructions of three dams on the mainstream of Kuma River, which are, in the order from the estuary, the Arase dam, the Setoishi dam and the Ichifusa dam. The completion of the Arase dam was in 1955, the Setoishi dam in the 1958, and the Ichifusa dam in the 1959. The Arase dam was constructed as the first step of the Kuma River General Development Project in 1951. The Arase dam was built on the Kuma River for the purpose of hydropower generation and control of water levels and flooding. Setoishi dam was constructed by an electric power company, at the upper stream of the Kuma River. Ichifusa dam was built by the Kumamoto Prefecture government, also at the upper stream of the Kuma River for water supplies of its neighbourhood.

Due to severe impacts on the environment of the river, such as the disappearance of particular species, there have been debates over dam constructions from the 20th century. In 1999, fish ladders were built at the Arase dam and Setoishi dam but it did not lead to solving issues of decrease in the number of species along the Kuma River.

After the construction of the Arase dam on the Kuma River, local residents were not only stressed due to the reduction of Ayu fish, but also the noises, water quality deterioration, as well as the uncomfortable smell it was producing at times. The ground vibration caused by the discharging of water led to the damages of houses along the dam site on the Kuma River. Difficulty to catch the Ayu fish also led to relocation of local residents around the Kuma river. The number of residents of Sakamoto Village (located near the Arase dam), was once nearly 20,000, however, decreased to less than 5000. There were also issues of cost maintenance of the Arase dam and the decline in the need of hydropower. As a result, the removal of the Arase dam was decided in 2019, and its removal process began in early 2012, gaining much of its attention as the first ever dam removal in Japan. The removal of the Arase dam was completed in September 2017. Along with the decision to remove the Arase dam, a new dam construction on one of the tributaries of the Kuma river (Kawabe river) was also cancelled.

Tourism
The Kuma River and its surrounding areas are also enjoyed as a popular tourist site. Number of people visit the Hitoyoshi city to enjoy recreations at the Kuma River (urban tourism). There are number of transportation available to access the Kuma River. The ecosystem services of the Kuma River largely contribute to the tourism industry of its neighbourhood which includes hot springs and riverboat recreation.

The Kuma River and its tributary Kawabe river is known for its “shaku-ayu”, a very large ayu having a length of 30 cm which attracts many of its tourists. Fishing of ayu is generally done from early summer to fall, economically assisting the locals in the surrounding of Kuma river especially for those running inns and restaurants.

Flood
In July 2020, there was massive overflowing of the Kuma river bank due to heavy rain, causing flooding in large areas of Kumamoto prefecture. At least 50 people were found dead and 11 people missing due to this flood. Among the 50 deaths, 14 deaths were the residents of a nursing home located in the Kuma village, near the Kuma river. One of the areas nearby was flooded up to a depth of 4.3m.

Shinzo Abe, Japanese prime minister at the time, responded to the flooding of the Kuma river by visiting the areas affected and assessing the aid needed. Financial aid for the areas with crucial damage, as well as restoration of highways and other damages caused by the Kuma river flooding was outlined. Prime Minister Abe assigned the aid of 400 billion yen as a support for repairing any damages as well as businesses affected by the flood.

The Kuma River have also badly flooded in 1965, caused by heavy rainfall. It is also said that this flooding was worsened by the dams built along the Kuma River mainstream. Local residents have commented that flooding have become worse after the construction of dams, where flooded water became more muddy or polluted.

title: Kuma River (Japan)


text:
Talk:Kevin Martin (FCC)

[Personal attack removed.] GChriss <always listening>  <c> 05:06, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Untitled
There are unconfirmed rumors within FCC that Cathie Martin is a close relative of VP Cheney. This would be useful information if it is factual. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.10.238.132 (talk) 20:47, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Legacy
"including one promoting broadband" One what? 71.164.128.167 (talk) 13:57, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Kevin Martin (FCC). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071012031003/http://www.wileyrein.com/news_release.cfm?press_release_id=1225 to http://www.wileyrein.com/news_release.cfm?press_release_id=1225
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071012030450/http://www.wileyrein.com/news_release.cfm?press_release_id=1318 to http://www.wileyrein.com/news_release.cfm?press_release_id=1318
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071012110542/http://www.wileyrein.com/practice.cfm?practice_id=29 to http://www.wileyrein.com/practice.cfm?practice_id=29
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130722203328/http://www.xtera.com/en-US/Company/Board-of-Directors.aspx to http://www.xtera.com/en-US/Company/Board-of-Directors.aspx/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081212042257/http://energycommerce.house.gov/images/stories/Documents/PDF/Newsroom/fcc%20majority%20staff%20report%20081209.pdf to http://energycommerce.house.gov/images/stories/Documents/PDF/Newsroom/fcc%20majority%20staff%20report%20081209.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:02, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kevin Martin (FCC)