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Frederick Madison Roberts

Frederick Madison Roberts (September 14, 1879 – July 19, 1952) was an American newspaper owner and editor, educator and business owner; he became a politician, the first known man of African American descent elected to the California State Assembly. He served there for 16 years and became known as "dean of the assembly." He has been honored as the first person of African-American descent to be elected to public office among the states on the West Coast.

Roberts was a great-grandson of Sally Hemings of Monticello and President Thomas Jefferson.

Early life and education
Roberts was born on September 14, 1879, in Chillicothe, Ohio, the son of Andrew Jackson Roberts (1852–1927), a graduate of Oberlin College, and Ellen Wayles Hemings (1856–1940), the daughter of Madison Hemings and Mary Hughes McCoy, a free woman of color. Ellen was 5'10" with blue eyes, and the granddaughter of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson. When the Jefferson biographer Fawn Brodie saw a family photo of Ellen, she said that she could see the strong resemblance to Jefferson. A. J. Roberts was a businessman.

When Frederick was six, his family moved in 1885 to Los Angeles, where his father established the first black-owned mortuary in the city. The Robertses had a second son, William Giles Roberts. They and their descendants became prominent in the Los Angeles area, with a strong tradition of college education and working in public service. Frederick Roberts attended Los Angeles High School and became its first known graduate of African-American descent.

Roberts began college at the University of Southern California (USC) where he majored in pre-law. He continued at Colorado College, from which he graduated. He also attended the Barnes-Worsham School of Embalming and Mortuary Science.

Career and civic life
In 1908, Roberts started editing the Colorado Springs Light newspaper. While in Colorado, he also served as deputy assessor for El Paso County. He went to Mound Bayou, Mississippi, where he served some years as principal of Mound Bayou Normal and Industrial Institute, one of a number of schools founded for African Americans in the segregated state system.

In 1912, Roberts returned to Los Angeles, where he founded The New Age Dispatch newspaper (later called New Age), which he edited until 1948. When he partnered with his father in the mortuary business, they named it A.J. Roberts & Son. Eventually he took it over.

Roberts, a newspaper editor and business owner, emerged as a prominent figure in the burgeoning African-American community of Los Angeles. During the 20th century, he witnessed the influx of people migrating from the South to various Northern, Midwestern, and Western states, known as the Great Migration. Additionally, Roberts actively participated in the Methodist church and held memberships in two influential organizations, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Urban League. These associations, established in the early 20th century, aimed to advocate for the political and civil rights of black people.

Marriage and family
In 1921, Roberts married Pearl Hinds, who had studied at the Boston Conservatory of Music. They had two daughters: Gloria, who became a professional classical pianist, and Patricia, who lived in Los Angeles.

Political career
In 1918, Roberts was elected to the California State Assembly from the 62nd District as a Republican in a hard-fought campaign, during which his chief rival made racial slurs against him. While in office, Roberts sponsored legislation to establish the University of California at Los Angeles and improve public education, and proposed several civil rights and anti-lynching measures. In June 1922, he welcomed Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey of the UNIA to Los Angeles and rode in his parade car.

Roberts was re-elected repeatedly and served a continuous total of 16 years, becoming known as the "dean of the assembly." He was a friend of Earl Warren, governor of California who became Chief Justice of the United States. In the 1934 mid-term elections, after the election of Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt as president two years previously in the midst of the Great Depression, Roberts was defeated by a Democratic African-American candidate, Augustus F. Hawkins. Following his 1934 California State Assembly defeat, Roberts ran unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives on two occasions.

Beginning in the late 1930s and the early 1940s, the second wave of the Great Migration brought tens of thousands of African Americans from the Southern United States to the Los Angeles area for jobs in the growing defense industries. In 1946, Roberts campaigned for the 14th Congressional District against incumbent Helen Gahagan Douglas, but she kept her seat. A few years later, Douglas lost a hotly contested U.S. Senate race to Republican Richard M. Nixon.

On the evening of July 18, 1952, a few days after attending the 1952 Republican National Convention, Roberts sustained serious injuries when the car he was driving was struck by another vehicle near his Los Angeles home. He died the following afternoon at Los Angeles County General Hospital. Roberts is interred at Evergreen Cemetery. He was survived by his wife and two daughters.

Legacy

 * 1957 - The city of Los Angeles dedicated Frederick M. Roberts Park, 4700 Honduras St., in his memory.
 * February 25, 2002 - The California State Senate honored Frederick Madison Roberts for his contributions and service to the State of California, with a unanimous vote for Senate Resolution 26, authored by Senator Ray Haynes (R-Riverside).
 * February 2006, Mervyn M. Dymally of the California State Legislature featured the biography of Frederick M. Roberts on his website to honor early political leaders as part of Black History Month.

title: Frederick Madison Roberts


text: User talk:203.124.0.247

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:203.124.0.247


text:
Grievous Angel

Grievous Angel is the second and final solo studio album by Gram Parsons, compiled from summer 1973 sessions and released four months after his death from a morphine and alcohol overdose in September 1973. Prominently featuring a young Emmylou Harris, Grievous Angel received great critical acclaim upon release but failed to find commercial success, a fate shared with Parsons’ previous efforts solo and with The Flying Burrito Brothers. Grievous Angel peaked at number 195 on the Billboard charts. Despite its modest sales, it is viewed as a successful example of the hybrid between country and rock and roll Parsons called "Cosmic American Music".

It was voted number 324 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). In 2012, the album was ranked number 425 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

Background
After a ramshackle tour in the spring and summer of 1973, Gram Parsons again convened with his singing partner Emmylou Harris, various members of Elvis Presley's "Taking Care of Business" band, including James Burton and Glen Hardin and the occasional guest (such as Bernie Leadon and Linda Ronstadt) to record his second solo album for Reprise Records. Unlike his previous album GP, Grievous Angel was a planned affair with several arrangements having been worked out on the road.

Recording and composition
The sessions for Grievous Angel took place at Wally Heider Studio 4 in Hollywood with Parsons producing. In a 2013 Uncut cover story about Parsons' solo work, acoustic guitarist Herb Pedersen recalls to David Cavanagh that when the singer showed up he was a mess: "He came in late. Emmy brought him to the studio.  She was kind of minding him.  We'd already tracked four or five tunes, and he was not in any kind of shape to record with us.  He was generally out of it for the most part."

Parsons, who was battling heroin addiction and alcoholism, would rally, however, with bassist Emory Gordy recalling in David N. Meyers' 2007 Parsons biography Twenty Thousand Roads, "Gram played us each of the songs that he had ready...We took it from there. It was loose as far as formal arranging was concerned – we played what we thought was right for the song, and it all seemed to fall together...He was in good shape, Gram.  There was a lot of energy going on in the studio for the whole of that album.  Gram was bouncing all over the place and Emmy was bouncing around him.  They were great, happy sessions."

In the 2004 documentary Fallen Angel, however, manager Phil Kaufman claims Parsons was still drinking like he had been during the recording of GP, "but not as bad. He was hiding what he was doing.  In other words, before he was more blatant in his drinking and his drugs."

Lacking much-needed new material, Parsons quickly wrote two songs during the sessions ("Return of the Grievous Angel", with lyrics by Boston-based poet and Parsons fan Thomas Brown, and "In My Hour Of Darkness", arranged by Harris) and looked to songs rejected from previous albums and to standard country songs to fill out the LP. In regards to the original material, "Brass Buttons" dated from Parsons' brief stint as a Harvard-based folksinger in the mid-1960s; "Hickory Wind" had already been recorded with The Byrds; "$1000 Wedding", about Parsons' aborted plan to wed the mother of his daughter in ostentatious style, had been recorded with the Flying Burrito Brothers circa 1970; "Ooh Las Vegas" had been rejected from GP. "Medley Live from Northern Quebec" is a fake live recording featuring canned applause and ersatz concert ambiance which combines the Louvin Brothers's "Cash on the Barrelhead" with his own "Hickory Wind". Writing in Twenty Thousand Roads, David Meyers praises Harris' increased role on the album, noting that the duet "Love Hurts" contains "a lovely high whine, a mourning, keening reach for the suffering in the song. Neither overdoes it – they feel the pain, they show it to us, they make us feel every bit, but never go too far.  Their sustain on the final 'love hurts' demonstrates how far they'd come together in emotion and technique."

In spite of the dearth of new material, the album expanded the format of "Cosmic American Music". After mixing the album at Capitol Studios in Hollywood, Parsons set off for Joshua Tree, California, where he would fatally overdose on September 19, 1973, officially declared deceased in nearby Yucca Valley.

Posthumous changes
Parsons' widow, Gretchen, who had never cared for Harris' relationship with her husband, removed Harris from the front cover of the album (which was originally credited to "Gram Parsons with Emmylou Harris" and featured a photograph of the two of them) and relegated her to a credit on the back cover. Additionally, she removed the original title track, "Sleepless Nights", and replaced the cover with an image of Parsons in a sea of blue. The rearranged album was released in January 1974. The three tracks recorded during the sessions that had gone unreleased, "Sleepless Nights", "The Angels Rejoiced in Heaven Last Night", and "Brand New Heartache", were released on the posthumous 1976 Parsons/Flying Burrito Brothers album Sleepless Nights.

Reception
Grievous Angel was released in January 1974 and peaked at a disappointing 195 on the Billboard 200. Critically however, the album received much interest and was deemed an artistic triumph. Allan Jones of Melody Maker wrote, "Both GP and Grievous Angel need no analysis. There are no words to describe the sense of desperation and the haunting quality of these last works.  They just need to be listened to." Tom Russell of Helix concurred, writing, "His influence on bringing country music to rock and roll is as important as Bob Dylan's combining folk lyrics with rock." Mark Deming of AllMusic writes that the LP "may not have been the finest work of his career, but one would be hard pressed to name an artist who made an album this strong only a few weeks before their death – or at any time of their life, for that matter." When Uncut compiled Parsons' "20 Greatest Tracks" in their February 2013 issue, the top three – "Hickory Wind," "Brass Buttons," and "$1000 Wedding," all appear on Grievous Angel.

Personnel

 * Gram Parsons – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
 * Emmylou Harris – vocals (all songs except "Brass Buttons")
 * Glen D. Hardin – piano, electric piano on "Brass Buttons"
 * James Burton – electric lead guitar
 * Emory Gordy Jr. – bass
 * Ron Tutt – drums
 * Herb Pedersen – acoustic rhythm guitar, electric rhythm guitar on "I Can't Dance"
 * Al Perkins – pedal steel

Guests

 * Bernie Leadon – acoustic guitar on "Return of the Grievous Angel", electric lead guitar on "Hearts on Fire", dobro on "In My Hour of Darkness"
 * Byron Berline – fiddle on "Return of the Grievous Angel", "Medley Live from Northern Quebec" & "In My Hour of Darkness", mandolin on "Medley"
 * N.D. Smart – drums on "Hearts on Fire" and "In My Hour of Darkness"
 * Steve Snyder – vibes on "Hearts on Fire"
 * Linda Ronstadt – harmony vocal on "In My Hour of Darkness"
 * Kim Fowley, Phil Kaufman, Ed Tickner, Jane & Jon Doe – "Background blah-blah" on "Medley Live from Northern Quebec"

title: Grievous Angel


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WCDC

WCDC may refer to:

 * WCDC (AM), a radio station (950 AM) licensed to serve Moncks Corner, South Carolina, United States
 * WCDC-TV, a defunct television station (channel 36) formerly licensed to serve Adams, Massachusetts, United States
 * Wan Chai District Council, the district council for the Wan Chai District in Hong Kong

title: WCDC


text:
2005 Chinese Grand Prix

The 2005 Chinese Grand Prix (officially the 2005 Formula 1 Sinopec Chinese Grand Prix) was the nineteenth and final Formula One motor race of the 2005 Formula One season which took place on 16 October 2005 at the Shanghai International Circuit. This was the second Chinese Grand Prix to be held since the event's 2004 inception.

The race was won by the new World Champion, Renault's Fernando Alonso. McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen was four seconds behind in second position, a reflection of their season long duel for the championship. Toyota driver Ralf Schumacher was third. Renault won the Constructors' Championship at this race.

This was the final race for Antônio Pizzonia and the BAR, Minardi and Jordan teams, although all three teams continued into 2006 under different names (Honda, Toro Rosso and Midland respectively). This was also the last win for a car equipped with a 6-speed gearbox and with a V10 engine.

Friday drivers
The bottom 6 teams in the 2004 Constructors' Championship were entitled to run a third car in free practice on Friday. These drivers drove on Friday but did not compete in qualifying or the race.

Background
After the Japanese Grand Prix, Fernando Alonso led the drivers' standings with 19 points ahead of Kimi Räikkönen and 61 points ahead of Michael Schumacher. Renault led the constructors' championship by 2 points ahead of McLaren and 76 points ahead of Ferrari.

Qualifying
Alonso took pole ahead of his teammate Giancarlo Fisichella. Raikkonen finished third ahead of Jenson Button and Juan Pablo Montoya.

Race
During warmup, as the cars ran from the pits to line up on the grid, a slow-moving Michael Schumacher pulled left into the path of Christijan Albers who was at speed. The cars collided causing considerable damage to each, earning Schumacher a reprimand from the stewards after the race. Both drivers changed to their teams' spare cars and started the race from the pitlane, along with Narain Karthikeyan. Alonso dominated the race, taking a lights-to-flag victory, capping a best-ever season for Renault which included victories in both titles. McLaren's bid for the constructors' championship effectively ended on lap 5, when Montoya's engine failed, ending his race, having also sustained damage from running over a loose drain cover.

Renault's number two driver Giancarlo Fisichella's chances of making the podium ended when he received a drive-through penalty for obstructive driving in the pits during the second safety car period. He ended the race less than a second behind Ralf Schumacher. Red Bull's Christian Klien had a career-best drive to take fifth position with Felipe Massa, Mark Webber and Jenson Button completing the point-scoring finishers. Räikkönen recorded the race's fastest lap, a record-equalling tenth for the season.

Qualifying
Qualifying took place on October 15.

Race

 * Notes
 * – Michael Schumacher, Narain Karthikeyan and Christijan Albers started from the pit lane.

Championship standings after the race

 * Bold text and an asterisk indicates the World Champions.

 * Drivers' Championship standings

 * Constructors' Championship standings

 * Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

title: 2005 Chinese Grand Prix


text:
Sanmina Corporation

Sanmina Corporation is an American electronics manufacturing services (EMS) provider headquartered in San Jose, California that serves original equipment manufacturers in communications and computer hardware fields. The firm has nearly 80 manufacturing sites, and is one of the world’s largest independent manufacturers of printed circuit boards and backplanes. , it is ranked number 482 in the Fortune 500 list.

History
Sanmina was founded by Jure Sola and Milan Mandarić in 1980 as a printed circuit board manufacturer. It was named after Milan Manadarić's daughters Sandra and Jasmina. During the 1980s, it expanded into manufacturing backplanes and subassemblies for the telecommunications industry. During the 1990s, the company grew, producing complete products for major OEM companies and completing a number of acquisitions. Jure Sola became CEO and Chairman of Sanmina in 1991. The company completed an initial public offering on NASDAQ in 1993.

Merger and name changes
In December 2001, Sanmina merged with SCI Systems of Huntsville, Alabama, for $6 billion in cash, stock, and debt. Although Sanmina was only half as large as SCI at the time, it was in a better cash position because its core telecommunications business was performing well, whereas SCI's lower-margin businesses such as personal computer manufacturing, were struggling. Shortly after, Sanmina-SCI bought E-M Solutions, a bankrupt Fremont, California electronics manufacturer, for $110 million in cash. Then in early 2002, Sanmina acquired Rancho Santa Margarita-based Viking Interworks for $15 million ($10.9 million in cash and 390,000 shares of Sanmina stock worth $10.26 per share at the time).

On November 15, 2012, the company changed its name to Sanmina.

On July 2, 2015, the company announced that it had acquired the CertainSource Technology Group.

Change of Leadership
Bob Eulau replaced co-founder Jure Sola becoming the CEO effective October 2, 2017. After this change, Sola assumed the role of Executive Chairman of the Board. Hartmut Liebel assumed the role of CEO in October, 2019. Jure Sola returned again as CEO in August 2020.

Operations
In 2015, the San Jose, California-based company had 38,417 employees in over 27 countries on six continents. It serves clients in the fields of communications, computing, multimedia, semiconductors, defense, aerospace, medical applications, and automotive technology. It provides consulting, design, engineering, logistics, new product introduction, assembly, machining, and fabrication, to produce printed circuit boards, backplanes, electrical cables, injection-molded plastics, enclosures and frames, optics.

On May 11, 2018, Ather Energy, announced it had entered into an agreement with the company to develop and manufacture key components for its maiden scooter and production would take place in the company's facility in Chennai, India.

On March 3, 2021, Astrotech Corporation announced that its Astrotech Technologies, Inc. subsidiary has entered into an agreement with Sanmina Corporation to manufacture its mass spectrometry products. As part of the relationship, Sanmina will manufacture 1st Detect’s TRACER 1000. They have also agreed to manufacture AgLAB’s AgLAB-1000 and BreathTech’s BreathTest-1000 once those products are officially released.

Lawsuits
In 2023, it became known that Sanmina was engaged in ongoing litigation with its former partner, Dialight, concerning the termination of their manufacturing services agreement.

In 2024, the claims against Sanmina for fraudulent inducement proceeded to trial after a New York court rejected Sanmina’s bid to dismiss  Dialight’s fraud allegations.

title: Sanmina Corporation


text:
Luigi Tarisio

Luigi Tarisio (Fontaneto d'Agogna (Novara) - 21 June 1796 – Milan - 1 November 1854) was an Italian violin dealer and collector.

Early life
He was of humble parents and is said to have trained as a carpenter, playing violin as a hobby.

Career
He developed an interest in violins themselves, and as a connoisseur with a natural talent for business he began to acquire and resell some of the many fine instruments that were lying unused in the towns and villages of northern Italy.

From 1827 to 1846, he brought a large number of genuine Amati, Stradivari and Guarneri violins from Italy to London and Paris. His first journey to Paris, in 1827, was evidently profitable for him and for the dealers there, who gave him every encouragement.

In 1828 he made his greatest coup, acquiring a number of violins from Count Cozio of Salabue, including a 1716 Stradivari in unused condition. This violin was Tarisio's treasure, and as he spoke of it on every visit to Paris but never actually brought it with him; it came to be known as the 'Messiah'.

Tarisio searched indefatigably for violins and had a true love of them. The novelist Charles Reade, who knew him, wrote:"'...'The man's whole soul was in fiddles. He was a great dealer, but a greater amateur, for he had gems by him no money would buy'."

There was an insatiable demand in northern Europe for what nobody wanted or appreciated in the south, and the absence of much competition gave him unique opportunities. By bringing his stock to Paris, the only place where the art of restoration was at all advanced, he rescued many great instruments for posterity.

Legacy
After his death it was the turn of Jean Baptiste Vuillaume, the leading Parisian dealer, to make the greatest purchase of his life. At a small farm near Fontaneto d'Agogna, where Tarisio's relatives lived, were the six finest violins of the collection, including the celebrated 'Messiah'; and in a dingy attic in Milan, where Tarisio's body has been found, were no fewer than 24 Stradivaris and 120 other Italian masterpieces.It is not certain that the entire collection was sold by the heirs of Tarisio.

The auction house for valuable instruments, founded in 1999 in New York and London, is called Tarisio.

Biography

 * The Violin Hunter: The Life Story of Luigi Tarisio the Great Collector of Violins by William Alexander Silverman

title: Luigi Tarisio


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Nullarbor Nymph

The Nullarbor Nymph was a hoax perpetrated in Australia between 1971 and 1972 that involved supposed sightings of a half-naked woman living amongst kangaroos on the Nullarbor Plain.

Events
The first report on 26 December 1971 was by professional kangaroo shooters from Eucla in Western Australia, near the border with South Australia. They claimed to have seen a blonde, white woman amongst some kangaroos, and backed their story with grainy amateur film showing a woman wearing kangaroo skins and holding a kangaroo by the tail. After further sightings were claimed, the story was reported around the world, and journalists descended upon the town of Eucla which had a population of 8 people at the time.

Unveiling of the hoax
The incident was eventually revealed as a hoax, initiated as a publicity stunt. The girl on the film turned out to be a 17-year-old model named Janice Beeby. She did appear in a photograph taken later, as an evidence of the Nullarbor Nymph, but the woman in the original photograph used by the media to disseminate the hoax was Geneice Brooker, the partner of Laurie Scott, one of the kangaroo-shooter hoaxers. Scott admitted to Murray Nicoll of The News that the hoax was created by a publicist Geoff Pearce, of Melbourne, who happened to be in the Eucla Hotel and had contacts within the media.

Influence
Nullarbor Nymph sculptures by Dora Dallwitz were shown in 1994 at an exhibition held for students graduating from their Master of Visual Arts degree in Sculpture, and in 2000 and 2004 at Top Floor Gallery in Adelaide. Her main sculpture After the Nullarbor Nymph, which was cast into bronze, was exhibited in front of the South Australian Museum for three months, was selected in the 2004 Sculpture by the Sea exhibition in Sydney, and is now on display in front of the Flinders Medical Centre in Adelaide.

In 1994 an installation at the Australian National Gallery referred to the myth. The issue is raised as an urban myth periodically.

In 2012 a low-budget movie titled The Nullarbor Nymph was produced out of Ceduna, South Australia and written and directed by Mathew J. Wilkinson. The mockumentary depicts the Nymph as tormenting men who travel across the Nullarbor. The film premiered in Ceduna on 3 March 2012 and then across Australia in following months. The film received much hype thanks to radio announcer Merrick Watts of Triple M's Merrick and The Highway Patrol show which aired across Australia. A Sydney premiere was held on 22 May 2012 and the film received positive reviews given its $25,000 budget.

title: Nullarbor Nymph


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User:Genericdave

I am genericdave. That is all.

title: User:Genericdave


text:
Arthur Phillip High School

Arthur Phillip High School (abbreviated as APHS) is a coeducational public high school, located in Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia. The school was established in 1960 in its own right, in buildings which had been used continuously as a school since 1875, and is named for Arthur Phillip, the first governor of the state of New South Wales and the founder of the city of Sydney.

History
Parramatta South Public School opened in 1873, and in 1875 moved to Smith Street. In 1887 it became a "Superior Public School" offering both primary and post-primary courses. In 1907 it was renamed Parramatta. For many years, boys' and girls' post-primary classes were taught separately in the adjacent buildings. In 1944, they were combined into a Central School. At the start of 1958, the primary school moved to Macquarie Street, where it remains today. In 1960, the secondary classes were separately established as Arthur Phillip High School. At the front of the main side of its two-part campus the Old School House building, now a museum, is situated and contains photos and items pertaining to education in Australia's early colonial era and beyond. The Old School House is the oldest continuously used educational building in Sydney.

Campus
The campus is located at the corner of Smith Street and Macquarie Street in Parramatta's central business district, on both sides of Macquarie Street. The architectural front and main entrance of the school faces Smith Street, however it is rarely used and is an artefact of a different structure which has now changed due to the building's numerous appendages. The school has a central courtyard around which the main classroom buildings are arranged, and additional sports grounds which have gradually decreased in size due to an increase in demountable classrooms.

Social initiatives
Arthur Phillip High School has a Refugee Transition Program which engages with the wider migrant and refugee community in Western Sydney.

Terrorism event
In 2015, 15-year-old student of the school, Farhad Khalil Mohammad Jabar, was the perpetrator of the 2015 Parramatta shooting.

Another student was arrested after he encouraged terrorism after this shooting.

Student stabbing attack
On 23 November 2020, the school went to lockdown after a stabbing attack on a 14 year old male student, NSW Police was alerted at 8:30 am and searched around the area. However, no arrests were made after the investigation. Officers from Parramatta Police Area Command established a crime scene and investigated how the boy was stabbed. The boy suffered serious injuries after multiple stab wounds on his body and was taken to hospital soon after, however, classes were resumed after the incident unfolded.

title: Arthur Phillip High School


text:
Benylin

Benylin is a brand name owned by Kenvue for a range of cough, cold and flu medications. Some Benylin products also contain codeine, which is used to treat pain, cough and diarrhea.

The flagship cough syrup and cold care brand is marketed in several countries as Benylin DM, for its active ingredient, dextromethorphan. However, the range of products available in both solid dosage and liquid forms have formulations with multiple ingredients including pseudoephedrine, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and guaifenesin.

In 2016, it was one of the biggest-selling branded over-the-counter medications sold in the United Kingdom, with sales of £36.8 million. The brand was sold by Pfizer to Johnson and Johnson in 2008.

title: Benylin


text:
User talk:Genericdave

Oh baby, a place where people can talk about me. This is gonna be so popular it'll crash the internet.

title: User talk:Genericdave


text:
Talk:Tour Down Under

Terminology
Does the terminology belong on this page, isn't there another page where it's more appropriate ? Oliyoung 03:00, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * A link in See also to bicylcing terminology would be more appropriate, it's not necessary in the article. --Maelgwn 12:53, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Good work Scott. Thumbs up :-) ...maelgwntalk 11:29, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Picture
Somebody out there must have a picture of actual racing, not the be-active tour? ...maelgwntalk 07:26, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I did, but, it's not very good and I'd be happy to have it replaced with something better. talk 18 February 2006.

2009 Tour Down Under
Has anybody else out there spotted the error in the official program? Carlos Sastre's picture on the profile of Gerd Steegmans Rather amusingly dreadful.  YellowMonkey  ( click here to vote for world cycling's #1 model! ) 08:43, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Tour Down Under. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070116131209/http://www.tourdownunder.com.au/node/48 to http://www.tourdownunder.com.au/node/48
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title: Talk:Tour Down Under


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Talk:Yahya Khan

Untitled
THE PHOTO FOR AYUB KHAN AND YAHA KHAN IS THE SAME. SEE THAT ARTICLE. I DONT KNOW WHICH ONE IS CORRECT. PLEASE CHANGE!!! --203.197.115.38 05:32, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

The first paragraph in "Character as an Officer" is remarkably POV. I'm not knowledgeable on the subject, but someone should fix it or it should be deleted. Impaciente 06:08, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You mean this: "Yahya was from a reasonably well to do family, had a Grammar school education and was directly commissioned as an officer. He was respected in the officer corps for professional competence." ? I don't see any POV it blandly states where he studied and commissioned and the respect he gaine (obviously without which he wouldn't have risen to the topmost post). Idleguy 06:24, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Apologies, I meant the second paragraph under the same heading. The first seems fine by all means.
 * Yahya was a hard drinking soldier approaching the scale of Mustafa Kemal of Turkey and had a reputation of not liking teetotallers. Yahya liked courtesans but his passion had more to do with listening to them sing or watching them dance (His affair with Pakistan's most legendary singer Noor Jehan was quite scandalous at its time). Thus he did not have anything of Ataturk’s practical womanising traits. Historically speaking many great military commanders like Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Eftikhar Khan and General Grant were accused of debauchery and womanising. These personal habits still did not reduce their personal efficiency and all of them are remembered in military history as great military commanders.
 * I don't think this is as encylopedic as it could be. Again, I don't know much about the subject, but someone that does should rephrase that section. Impaciente 01:17, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Tx 4 the tipoff. It sounded like it had been cut and paste and lo and behold it was. Infact the entire article is a cut and paste job from . The final para is from TIME magazine . Even the image copyrights (except one) are listed as fairuse without mentioning why or how. It's pretty alarming that I find these blatant copyvios across many Pakistani articles and images. I'm going to list this article for deletion and setup a subpage with only the lines that have not been taken from the sites. Unfortunately it seems only the intro para is original. A shame that many have to resort to these paste jobs, especially on a fairly well known figure of the past. Idleguy 02:10, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Yahya was a power hungry mongrel
During the 1971 war, Kamrul Hasan, a Bengali painter, designed a poster for campaign for Liberation which depicted his face as caricature.

 * I do understand your feeling Mr. Ashraf! So I would like to call upon all sensible Pakistanis to stop highlighting Yahya Khan for the sake of humanitarinism and for lasting Bangladesh Pakistan friendship. As no present day sensible German stands beside Hitler, no present day educated Pakistani should also not stand beside yahya's legacy and rather denounce him strongly.Murad67 05:41, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Copyvio
Idleguy pointed this out a few years ago and fixed it, but it's come back -- huge chunks of this article are again lifted from this site. I don't have time to fix it immediately but someone should look at it. Shayborg (talk) 20:05, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Requires edit
I don't have any idea what this means: "However dissolution of one unit did not lead to the positive results that it might have led to in case "One Unit" was dissolved earlier." Is this something like, "Dissolving the unit later was not so beneficial as dissolving it earlier might have been"? Hughdbrown (talk) 23:40, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

How clever, dear Englishman - of course it means that! Why do you bother to ask, instead of getting on with the editing straightforwardly and without fuss? It is your language after all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.36.4.246 (talk) 16:47, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

I knew it was not idiomatic or clear English, but I couldn't replace it without knowing what the author really meant. Or, as the OP himself might have phrased it, "Being that rephrasing it of now was not being as forthrightly for the moment, editing without clarifying or repurposing fully meant none of the benefit positively." Hughdbrown —Preceding undated comment added 15:21, 17 August 2011 (UTC).

Anon comment
The main article has a clear pro bangladeshi bias especially evident in the ridiculous figure of 3 million civilians having been allegadly murdered by the west pakistani army and 400,000 raped. This figure is from the realms of obscene fantasy and suprise suprise it doesnt carry any sources or posting of evidence. Sharmila Bose the Indian BC correspondant put the death figure at 300,000 and claimed the observed figure of 300,000 was mistranslated in bengali into 3 million (Times Magazine January 1972). This figure also included the ethnic cleansing and murder of loyal east pakistanis and ethnic biharis by the mukhti bahini. These facts should be included to present a more balanced account in this pivotal event in the protaganist Yahya Khans life. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.202.218.32 (talk) 15:56, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Bose's claims have been debunked in scholarly publications (see N. Mukherjee et al. 2006). The genocide of 1-1.5 million has been reported by multiple independent sources. But of course, feel free to come up with your references if there are any. --Ragib (talk) 16:30, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Possible copyright violations in article
As has been mentioned previously, much of the text of this article is identical to text here. I've deleted all the verbatim material. In the unlikely event that defencejournal.com plagiarized Wikipedia rather than the other way around, my apologies and please revert.--Wikimedes (talk) 00:23, 24 December 2011 (UTC) Identical text follows: Yahya Khan was commissioned from Indian Military Academy Dehra Dun on 15 July 1939. An infantry officer from the 4/10 Baluch Regiment, Yahya saw action during World War II in North Africa where he was captured by Axis Forces in June 1942 and interned in a prisoner of war camp in Italy from where he escaped in a third attempt.

In 1947 he was instrumental in not letting the Indian officers shift books from the famous library of the British Indian Staff College at Quetta, where Yahya was posted as the only Muslim instructor at the time of partition of India.[8]

Yahya became a brigadier at the age of 34 and commanded the 105 Independent Brigade, which was deployed on the ceasefire line in Kashmir in 1951-52. Later Yahya, as Deputy Chief of General Staff, was selected to head the army's planning board set up by Ayub to modernise the Pakistan Army in 1954-57. Yahya also performed the duties of Chief of General Staff from 1958 to 1962 from where he went on to command an infantry division from 1962 to 1965.

Yahya energetically started reorganising the Pakistan Army in 1965. The post 1965 situation saw major organisational as well as technical changes in the Pakistan Army. Till 1965 it was thought that divisions could function effectively while getting orders directly from the army's GHQ. This idea failed miserably in the 1965 war and the need to have intermediate corps headquarters in between the GHQ and the fighting combat divisions was recognised as a foremost operational necessity after the 1965 war. In 1965 war the Pakistan Army had only one corps headquarter (i.e. the 1st Corps Headquarters).

Soon after the war had started the U.S. had imposed an embargo on military aid on both India and Pakistan. This embargo did not affect the Indian Army but produced major changes in the Pakistan Army's technical composition. US Secretary of State Dean Rusk well summed it up when he said, "Well if you are going to fight, go ahead and fight, but we're not going to pay for it".[10]

Pakistan now turned to China for military aid and the Chinese tank T-59 started replacing the US M-47/48 tanks as the Pakistan Army's MBT (Main Battle Tank) from 1966. 80 tanks, the first batch of T-59s, a low-grade version of the Russian T-54/55 series were delivered to Pakistan in 1965-66. The first batch was displayed in the Joint Services Day Parade on 23 March 1966. The 1965 War had proved that Pakistan Army's tank to infantry ratio was lopsided and more infantry was required. Three more infantry divisions (9, 16 and 17 Divisions) largely equipped with Chinese equipment and popularly referred to by the rank and file as "The China Divisions" were raised by the beginning of 1968. Two more corps headquarters i.e. 2nd Corps Headquarters (Jhelum-Ravi Corridor) and 4th Corps Headquarters (Ravi-Sutlej Corridor) were raised.

When Ayub handed over power to Yahya Khan, Yahya inherited a two-decade constitutional problem of inter-provincial ethnic rivalry between the Punjabi-Pashtun-Mohajir dominated West Pakistan province and the ethnically Bengali Muslim East Pakistan province. In addition Yahya also inherited an 11 year old problem of transforming an essentially one man ruled country to a democratic country, which was the ideological basis of the anti-Ayub movement of 1968-69. As an Army Chief Yahya had all the capabilities, qualifications and potential. But Yahya inherited an extremely complex problem and was forced to perform the multiple roles of caretaker head of the country, drafter of a provisional constitution, resolving the One Unit question, satisfying the frustrations and the sense of exploitation and discrimination successively created in the East Wing by a series of government policies since 1948. All these were complex problems and the seeds of Pakistan Army's defeat and humiliation in December 1971 lay in the fact that Yahya Khan blundered unwittingly into the thankless task of fixing the problems of Pakistan's political and administrative system which had been accumulating for 20 years.

The American author Lawrence Ziring observed that, "Yahya Khan has been widely portrayed as a ruthless uncompromising insensitive and grossly inept leader...While Yahya cannot escape responsibility for these tragic events, it is also on record that he did not act alone...All the major actors of the period were creatures of a historic legacy and a psycho-political milieu which did not lend itself to accommodation and compromise, to bargaining and a reasonable settlement. Nurtured on conspiracy theories, they were all conditioned to act in a manner that neglected agreeable solutions and promoted violent judgements".[11]

Yahya Khan attempted to solve Pakistan's constitutional and inter-provincial/regional rivalry problems once he took over power from Ayub Khan in March 1969. The tragedy of the whole affair was the fact that all actions that Yahya took, although correct in principle, were too late in timing, and served only to further intensify the political polarisation between the East and West wings.

He dissolved the one unit restoring the pre-1955 provinces of West Pakistan

Promised free direct, one man, one vote, fair elections on adult franchise, a basic human right which had been denied to the Pakistani people since the pre-independence 1946 elections by political inefficiency, double play and intrigue, by civilian governments, from 1947 to 1958 and by Ayub's one man rule from 1958 to 1969.

However dissolution of one unit did not lead to the positive results that it might have led to in case "One Unit" was dissolved earlier. Yahya also made an attempt to accommodate the East Pakistanis by abolishing the principle of parity, thereby hoping that greater share in the assembly would redress their wounded ethnic regional pride and ensure the integrity of Pakistan. Instead of satisfying the Bengalis it intensified their separatism, since they felt that the west wing had politically suppressed them since 1958. Thus the rise of anti West Wing sentiment in the East Wing.

Yahya announced in his broadcast to the nation on 28 July 1969, his firm intention to redress Bengali grievances, the first major step in this direction being, the doubling of Bengali quota in the defence services. --Wikimedes (talk) 00:23, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

Terrible, terrible terrible
This is a man accused of genocide and crimes against humanity. It's astonishing that this article has no information on the war crimes allegations against him, especially his "kill 3 million of them" remark. What has Wikipedia come to. All 1971 articles have been hijacked by the nationalist thugs of Pakistan.--ChaudhryAzan (talk) 04:39, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

This article is time and again being taken away from objectivity with dishonest attempt to glorify an all time warmonger demagogue that Pakistan had ever produced. No mention of the fact that he unilaterally stopped the National Assembly session that was summoned to start at Dhaka on 3rd March 1971. This was the starting point of all crisis that ended up in disintegration of Pakistan. Murad67 (talk) 03:44, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

persian or pathan origin of yahya khan? Can anyone provide sources to his pathan or persian qizilbash origin.
these two sources mention him as of persian origin through nadir shah who was a qizilbash. though they are persianized turks

i will post more sources for his persianized turkic qizilbash origin soon.

 * Virtually every source around there has always showed him as being of Pathan/Pashtun descent. Pashtuns/Pathans are one of the largest ethnicities in that region after all, so its nothing strange. The sources that were already present on this very article, have always showed him as of being of Pathan origin too.
 * Here some more sources that confirm this again, that he's an ethnic Pathan.   There are many many more, but I don't see the reason as for why we should add more undue weight and having like 10 sources sticked behind the sentence.

 * And here this fine quote again of Time magazine, which layed emphasis on this as well again, that he was of nothing but Pathan/Pashtun descent.

"Few Pakistanis knew anything about Yahya Khan when he was vaulted into the presidency two years ago. The stocky, bushy–browed Pathan had been the army chief of staff since 1966..."

 * Bests - LouisAragon (talk) 01:11, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

first of all not every khan is a pathan or pashtun. You have many sources which say he was pathan not pashtun. Also i have given you two main sources that confirms he was through nadir shah lineage who was not a pashtun or pathan .He himself has Agha in his name which no pathan has. As its a disputed kind of situation there is no need to mention his ethnciity as people know him as a general not because of his pathan or persian roots.Saladin1987 04:31, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

some more sources which prove that he was qizilbash and not pathan. We should either leave his ethnicity or else put it like this that he was qizilbash but was pathan culturally [] []

Established fact he was traditionally Pashtun
All sources say he was traditionally Pashtun so the article must reflect on that. Pashtun is not a family tree or bloodline but a confederation of various tribes who come from different backgrounds, i.e., Turks, Persians, Arabs, Hindus/Indus (those in Pakistan), so on and so on.--Krzyhorse22 (talk) 23:49, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Continuous disruption by user Saladin1987
Saladin has attempted many times before to push in the same type of pseudo-historical revisionism by using completely non-WP:RS sources (e.g Wikipedia mirrors, blogspots, and what-not).------. He has been reverted on every attempt, while being presented with a clear rationale and told to cease these disruptive additions, yet unfortunately he still continues (now months later) to re-add the same stuff. This is pure disruption on multiple fronts. I suggest to report him the next time directly to ANI. - LouisAragon (talk) 16:04, 16 May 2016 (UTC)

The largest muslim country?
Pakistan was never the largest muslim country nor now, and we must not mention Pakistan as a muslim-nation as islamic rules are not imposed officially in this country like Saudi Arabia or UAE. Abdullah Khan Bishal (talk) 10:42, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Pakistan exists as a separate entity solely because it self identifies as Islamic. When India gained independance it divided into two nations on religious grounds. IdreamofJeanie (talk) 10:49, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
 * okay, thanks. Abdullah Khan Bishal (talk) 11:26, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
 * even if not largest, they might've been confused with strongest muslim country during yahyas time. PreserveOurHistory (talk) 16:01, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Yahya Khan


text: User talk:158.182.1.30

title: User talk:158.182.1.30


text:
Zhang Xianzhong

Zhang Xianzhong (張獻忠 or Chang Hsien-chung; 18 September 1606 – 2 January 1647), courtesy name Bingwu (秉吾), art name Jingxuan (敬軒), was a Chinese peasant leader who led a peasant rebellion from Yan'an wei, Shaanxi (today Yulin, Shaanxi province) during the Ming-Qing transition. He conquered Sichuan in 1644, and named himself king and later emperor of the Xi dynasty. His rule in Sichuan was brief, and he was killed by the invading Qing army. He is commonly associated with the massacres in Sichuan that depopulated the region. However, the extent of his killings is disputed.

Early life
Zhang was born in Liushujian (柳树涧; literally 'willow spring', modern Dingbian, Shaanxi province), into a poor family. He was described as tall in stature, had a yellow complexion and a "tiger chin" (虎頷), and hence was given the nickname "Yellow Tiger". He served in the Ming army, and while in the army he was sentenced to death for violations of military rules, but was reprieved after an intervention by a senior officer who was impressed by his appearance.

As rebel leader
Towards the end the Ming dynasty, drought, famines and epidemics broke out in various parts of China. In the late 1620s, peasants revolted in Shaanxi, resisting attempts by the Ming government to collect grains and taxes. They coalesced into rebel armies called "roving bandits" (liúkòu 流寇) because of their highly mobile nature, and spread into other parts of China. Zhang deserted from the army, joined the rebel forces in Mizhi County in 1630, and established himself as a rebel leader, styling himself Bada Wang (八大王, Eighth Great King). His mobile forces would conduct raids along the western edge of Shaanxi, plundering swiftly and hiding out in the hills. Later he moved into other provinces, moving from place to place raiding towns and cities. He was defeated at various times by the Ming forces; Zhang would also surrender when it was expedient for him to do so, for example in 1631 and 1638, but would then later regroup and resume the rebellion.

In 1635 he joined a larger confederation of bandits that included another rebel leader, Li Zicheng (Li would later capture Beijing and end the Ming rule there). They devastated Henan and pushed into Anhui. After they had burnt the Ming ancestral temple at Zhongdu (Fengyang) in Anhui and ravaged the area, the rebel armies broke up and Zhang headed to Hubei. In 1637, joined by other rebels and with an army now reaching a size of 300,000 men, he again pushed into Anhui, then to Jiangsu, and almost down to Nanjing, auxiliary capital of Ming. But he was immediately defeated there and he retreated back to Hubei. In 1638, he surrendered to Ming supreme commander Xiong Wencan (熊文燦) and was allowed to serve as a regional Ming commander. However, he reneged on the agreement in 1639 and rebelled, and later defeated the Ming forces led by the Ming general Zuo Liangyu (左良玉). In 1640, he suffered defeats at the hand of Zuo and had to flee with his few remaining followers into the mountains of Eastern Sichuan. In 1641 he emerged from Sichuan and attacked Xiangyang, capturing and executing the imperial prince there.

In 1643, he took Macheng in Hubei, and his army swelled to some 57,000 after incorporating the city's rebels. He then captured the provincial capital of Wuchang, killed the imperial prince there, and proclaimed himself "Xi Wang" (King of the West). Wuchang however was soon recaptured by Ming forces, and for a while Zhang stayed at Changsha where he controlled much of Hunan and part of Jiangxi.

Conquest of Sichuan
In 1644, Zhang decided to abandon Hunan and led 100,000 of his troops towards Sichuan. His army converged on Chongqing from two directions and surrounded the city. After several days of fighting, his army managed to blast a hole through the city wall and captured the city on 25 July 1644. He was said to have cut off the hands of the city's defenders and massacred a large number of people.

The conquest of some other parts of Sichuan was made easier after he promised not to harm the local population if they seized their officials, took possession of the storehouse and surrendered without resistance. He took Chengdu on 9 September 1644, and met no real opposition in the rest of Sichuan afterwards. He then set up court in Chengdu, which he renamed Xijing (西京, Western Capital), and declared himself king of the Xi dynasty (大西王朝, Great Western dynasty). In the 10th lunar month of 1644 he declared himself as emperor with the reign title Dashun.

Rule in Sichuan
In Sichuan he attempted to set up a civil administration and initially gained considerable support. According to an account by Gabriel de Magalhães, a Portuguese Jesuit who was working in Sichuan with another Jesuit Lodovico Buglio (but both pressed to serve as astronomers to Zhang), "he began his rule with such liberality, justice and magnificence by which he captivated all hearts that many mandarins, famous both in civic as in military affairs whom fear was keeping concealed, left their hideouts and flew to his side."

However, resistance to his rule did not cease, and Chongqing was retaken by Ming loyalists in the spring of 1645. Zhang then embarked on a campaign of terror, which was well under way by the middle of 1645, to stamp out the remaining resistance in Sichuan. In November 1645, according to de Magalhães, Zhang, after hearing that "a huge and powerful army was coming against him", announced that "the people of his kingdom had a secret pact with the enemy and planned an uprising; because of this he was determined to kill any suspected resistors". The Jesuits, who now "understood the evil of this man", reported that while they managed to save a few of their Jesuit brothers who were taken, the rest were killed. Zhang's policy of terror increased in intensity, especially in 1646 after he had decided to abandon Sichuan. By then, Zhang's government had virtually disintegrated, all but three of his principal officials had either committed suicide or were executed.

Death
The Manchu Aisin Gioro founded the Qing dynasty in 1636 and advanced through the Great Wall after the fall of the Ming dynasty to rebels of Li Zicheng in 1644. In 1646 the Qing sent out a force under the leadership of Haoge intending to attack Zhang's domain in Sichuan. In October 1646, Zhang decided to abandon Sichuan, and headed towards his homeland in Shaanxi. However, the Qing army was also approaching from Shaanxi, and in January 1647, Zhang and the Qing forces met in Xichong where Zhang had set up camp, and he was killed in the confrontation. According to one account, he was betrayed by one of his officers, a native of Sichuan named Liu Chin-chung (Liu Jinzhong) who resented his policy of terror in Sichuan. Zhang was alerted to their presence and decided to confront them with only 8 to 10 men. Liu pointed Zhang out to the Qing when Zhang rushed out from his tent on learning of the betrayal, and he was then shot and killed by a skilled Manchu archer. The Draft History of Qing has an entirely different account of his death and says he was killed by Oboi during a battle.

Devastation of Sichuan
The events surrounding Zhang's rule and afterwards devastated Sichuan, where he was said to have "engaged in one of the most hair-raising genocides in imperial history". Lurid stories of his killings and flayings were given in various accounts. According to Shu Bi (蜀碧), an 18th-century account of the massacre, after every slaughter, the heads or skulls were collected and placed in several big piles, while the hands were placed in other big piles, and the ears and noses in more piles, so that Zhang could keep count of his killings. In one incident, he is said to have organized an imperial examination ostensibly to recruit scholars for his administration, only to have all the candidates, who numbered many thousands, killed. In another, to give thanks for his recovery after an illness, he was said to have cut off the feet of many women. The severed feet were heaped in two piles with those of his favorite concubine, whose feet were unusually small, placed on top. These two piles of feet were then doused in oil and set alight to become what he called "heavenly candles".

He was reported to have ordered further massacres before he abandoned Chengdu in advance of the Qing armies. The massacres, a subsequent famine and epidemic, attacks by tigers, as well as people fleeing from the turmoil and the Qing armies, resulted in a large-scale depopulation of Sichuan. The worst affected areas are believed to be Chengdu and its surrounding counties (mainly in Chengdu Plain), and places on the path of Zhang's retreat from Chengdu to Shaanxi.

Seven Kill Stele
A popular account of his life has it that he erected in Chengdu a stele, which came to be known as the Seven Kill Stele (七殺碑), with the following inscription:

There are, however, considerable doubts that this account is accurate. In 1934, a stele thought to be this very one was found by a missionary – its reverse side contains an added inscription by a Southern Ming general commemorating Zhang's numerous victims whose bones he had collected and buried in 1646. While the first two lines of the poem on this stele are similar, the line with the seven kills is absent in this stele. Instead the actual line reads: "The spirits and gods are knowing, so reflect on this and examine yourselves" (鬼神明明，自思自量). Many therefore considered the story to be a distortion from the Qing era.

Deaths
The actual number of people killed by Zhang is not known and is disputed. Official Ming dynasty history Ming Shi recorded a figure of 600 million deaths due to Zhang's activities, an obvious exaggeration, since the total population of China at that time was less than 150 million, perhaps much lower. According to an assessment by a modern historian, "the death toll is reputed to have been enormous, possibly one million out of a total provincial population of three million, before he was eventually killed by the Manchus." The combination of deaths from the massacres and other causes as well as flight of people from the province resulted in a sharp drop in the population of Sichuan. The population has been estimated to have dropped by as much as 75%, with fewer than a million people left in Sichuan, most of whom were clustered in the peripheral areas. The last Ming census figure for Sichuan in 1578 (more than 60 years before Zhang entered Sichuan) gave a population of 3,102,073. However, by 1661, only 16,096 adult males were registered in Sichuan, and Chengdu was said to have become a virtual ghost town frequented by tigers. A later figure for Sichuan was from the 1720s, which is over 70 years after Zhang's death and long after the resettlement of Sichuan had begun, and it recorded 634,802 households (which one estimate calculated to be around 2.5 million individuals).

Many, while acknowledging the massacres committed, do not believe that Zhang was responsible for the greater part of the population collapse in Sichuan, and thought that the greatest loss happened after his death due to the continuing turmoil, famine and diseases. Some argued that while a great many died, Sichuan did not become virtually depopulated as recorded. Some modern Chinese historians considered him a proto-revolutionary, maintaining that accounts of the massacres were exaggerated, or were committed by others including the Qing armies, that his victims were Ming nobles, rich landlords, and other "counter-revolutionary" elements, and that his heinous reputation was the result of "Qing slanders" and "reactionary propaganda".

Aftermath
Before he had abandoned Sichuan, Zhang divided his forces into four divisions, each led by one of his four generals (Li Dingguo, Sun Kewang, Liu Wenxiu, Ai Nengqi). These remnants of his army, as well as Ming loyalists, held out in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou after Zhang's death, and most of Sichuan did not come under control of the Qing until a dozen years or so later, and fighting only finally ended in eastern Sichuan in 1664.

Resettlement of Sichuan
In order to fill up the depopulated regions of Sichuan, a massive resettlement program was initiated during the Qing dynasty, starting around 1670 or 1671 and lasting more than two centuries. Millions of people from Hubei, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Shaanxi and other provinces were resettled in Sichuan. Some of the early immigrants were those who returned after fleeing Sichuan (including the ancestors of Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping), but some were also coerced. A large number of the migrants came from Huguang (now Hubei/Hunan), and the migration was therefore described by 19th century scholar Wei Yuan as "Huguang filling Sichuan". By the 1720s, 70–80% of the population of Sichuan was reportedly non-native, and as much as 85% a century later.

Modern references
In 2021, after several consecutive random killings in China, Zhang Xianzhong became popular as a political symbol and Internet meme on the Chinese Internet, used to refer to suicidal attackers who were desperate for society and implied an expectation of "accelerationism".

title: Zhang Xianzhong


text:
User talk:70.189.195.127

Welcome from EWS23
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Proposed deletion of Distribution deal

The article Distribution deal has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No sources to pass the notability guidelines, stub without any sources for 13 years! Nothing changed since 2005."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. 2A02:C7F:963F:BA00:75B9:439B:3023:BBD3 (talk) 14:07, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.189.195.127


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WHTX

WHTX may refer to:

 * WKST-FM, a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania radio station that carried the calls from 1983 until 1991.
 * WAKZ, a Youngstown, Ohio station that carried the calls from 1992 until 1994.
 * WHTX-LP, a Springfield, Massachusetts low-power repeater station for Hartford CT TV station WUVN.
 * WHTX (AM), a Warren, Ohio station that has used the calls since January 2011, formerly WANR.

title: WHTX


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User:HistoryBuff!

New to this type of media, I am an amateur history buff, but have enjoyed reading Wikipedia for some time. Indeed, the use of computers may well change our definition of history, recording for all time events from television news, movie footage, photos, etc. Future generations will have a much greater depth of understanding of what life was like from the mid twentieth century onwards. Wikipedia's goal of containing the sum total of human knowledge may seem ambitious now, but is well within the realm of possibility.

title: User:HistoryBuff!


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User talk:HistoryBuff!

New editor to Wikipedia. Any suggestions would be helpful.

title: User talk:HistoryBuff!


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Merric Boyd

William Merric Boyd, known more as Merric Boyd (24 June 1888 – 9 September 1959), was an Australian artist, active as a ceramicist, sculptor, and extensive chronicling of his family and environs in pencil drawing. He held the fine mythic distinction of being the father of Australian studio pottery.

The Boyd family of many generations includes painters, sculptors, architects and other arts professionals, commencing with Boyd's parents Arthur Merric Boyd and Emma Minnie a'Beckett Boyd. Boyd's brothers were Penleigh, a landscape artist, and Martin, a writer. His sister Helen Read, a navy wife, enjoyed taking to painting late in life. He and his wife, Doris, raised noted Australian artists, painters Arthur and David, and sculptor Guy.Their eldest daughter Lucy's ceramic painting benefited greatly from her unique inheritance. Subsequent generations of Boyds are or have enjoyed their rightful approaches in the arts perceived around them.

Background
The second of five children of Arthur Merric Boyd (1862–1940) and Emma Minnie à Beckett (1858–1936), both established painters, Merric Boyd was born on 24 June 1888 in the Melbourne suburb of St Kilda, in Victoria. Arthur Merric Boyd and family were supported financially by Merric's maternal grandmother Emma à Beckett. It was Emma's fortune, inherited from her father John Mills, an ex-convict who founded the Melbourne Brewery, that allowed their family to live comfortably. Boyd lived in Sandringham where he was educated at Haileybury College until he was eight. The family moved permanently to the family farm at Yarra Glen and Boyd attended Dookie Agricultural College with aspirations of turning his hand to farming; and then he considered entering the Church of England as a clergyman, spending time studying at St John's Theological College, Melbourne; later Martin Boyd's good available material for his award-winning 1955 novel, A Difficult Young Man.

Career

In 1908 at Archibald McNair's Burnley Pottery, Boyd enjoyed successfully throwing his first pot. Boyd established a studio workshop on his home property at Murrumbeena and pottery kilns were established there in 1911 with the support of his family. He studied under Bernard Hall and Frederick McCubbin at the National Gallery School and where he took up ceramics as a path to sculpture, but settled on pottery as his medium. He held his first exhibition of stoneware, fired in McNair Bros kiln, at the Centreway in Melbourne in 1912 and his second exhibition at Besant Lodge soon afterwards.

In 1915 he married Doris Lucy Eleanor Bloomfield Gough, a fellow student and painter and they settled at Murrumbeena in the house and its surround entitled "Open Country". Before enlisting for WW1, Boyd was employed by Hans Fyansch of the Australian Porcelain Works, Yarraville. Boyd joined the Australian Flying Corps but was discharged later in England before returning to Australia in September 1919. Before so he undertook six months training in pottery technique at Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, Stoke-on-Trent, and studying in the diploma under Dr. Mellor at Stoke Technical School, and kiln construction under Mr. S. T. Wilson, former President of the English Ceramic Society.

Boyd's best works were produced between 1920 and 1930; mostly pieces for domestic use, often decorated by Doris, and some pottery sculptures. He and Doris often used Australian flora and fauna as decorative motifs, their concession to creating works that would most likely sell well. The Boyd's Murrumbeena pottery was destroyed by fire in 1926. Boyd worked commercially and was able to provide for his family as he and Doris raised painters Arthur and David, and sculptor Guy and their two daughters Lucy and Mary. Mary, the youngest, married artists John Perceval, and later Sidney Nolan.

Subject to epileptic fits and somewhat a recluse in his latter years with a strong interest in Christianity, Merric Boyd died at his home at Murrumbeena on 9 September 1959. His wife, Doris, died within the same dwelling alone nine months later. They were buried side-by-side at Brighton General Cemetery.

title: Merric Boyd


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Shaun King (American football)

Shaun Earl King (born May 29, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Tulane Green Wave and was selected in the second round of the 1999 NFL draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. King was also a member of the NFL's Arizona Cardinals, Indianapolis Colts, and Detroit Lions, as well as the Las Vegas Gladiators of the Arena Football League (AFL), and Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

After his playing career, he was an assistant college coach for the South Florida Bulls. He later became an afternoon co-host on the Las Vegas sports wagering channel, VSiN.

College career
After graduating from Gibbs High School in 1995, King played college football at Tulane University from 1995 to 1998, leading Tulane to an undefeated season and a win over Brigham Young University in the Liberty Bowl, in the process setting the then single-season NCAA Division I-A record for passing efficiency in 1998 of 183.3. In the same year he became the first player in NCAA history to both pass for 300 yards and rush for 100 yards in the same game against Army on November 14. His quarterback coach was Rich Rodriguez and his head coach was Tommy Bowden. He finished 10th in voting for the 1998 Heisman Trophy. King is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. King co-captained the 1998 12-0 Green Wave along with right tackle Dennis O'Sullivan. The style of offense that King ran at Tulane under Bowden was the Spread offense which is now a very popular style in NCAA football.

College Football Statistics
 * 1997: 199/363 (54.8%) for 2577 yards and 24 TD vs. 14 INT. 124 carries for 511 yards and 5 TD.
 * 1998: 244/364 (67.0%) for 3495 yards and 38 TD vs. 6 INT. 156 carries for 633 yards and 11 TD.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
King was drafted in the second round of the 1999 NFL Draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, his hometown team. Near the midpoint of the 1999 season, quarterback Trent Dilfer suffered a season-ending injury, thrusting King into the starting quarterback role.

King took over the offense, and helped rally the team to the NFC Central title, and a victory over the Redskins in the divisional playoffs. A week later, the team fell just short of Super Bowl XXXIV when they lost the NFC Championship 11–6 to the St. Louis Rams with King at the helm.

King's best professional season was in 2000, when he started all sixteen regular-season games for the Buccaneers. A thrilling rematch against the Rams on Monday Night Football proved to be one of King's most memorable games. Trailing 35–31 with 1:21 remaining, Tampa Bay faced a 4th and 4 at the 29-yard line. King was tripped up, but scrambled 6 yards for a first down. Four plays later, Tampa Bay scored the game-winning touchdown, the seventh lead change of the game, and clinched a playoff berth. A win in week 17 would clinch a second consecutive division title and a first-round bye in the playoffs, potentially propelling Tampa Bay to their first Super Bowl appearance. King did his part leading the offense into position for a game-winning field goal at the end of regulation. However, the usually reliable Martín Gramática missed the kick. The Buccaneers fell in overtime to the Green Bay Packers, and ultimately lost to the Eagles in the wild card round. King did have an extremely productive season for a young QB leading his team to a 10–6 record and throwing for 18 tds (with only 13ints) and rushing for 5 more.

After the disappointing end to the 2000 NFL season, King was replaced by Brad Johnson for 2001 and relegated to a backup role for the following three seasons. In the 2002 season, Brad Johnson was injured and missed a game against the Carolina Panthers. Rob Johnson started at quarterback, but struggled to lead the offense, which managed to tie the game at 9-9 late in the fourth quarter. After a hard hit, Rob Johnson had to sit out a play on the final drive, prompting a cold-off-the-bench Shaun King to run in suddenly and throw an unexpected and decisive first down. A few plays later, Martín Gramática scored the game winning field goal.

A few weeks later, starter Brad Johnson was injured once again, and King was placed as the starter against the Pittsburgh Steelers on Monday Night Football. After some fanfare, King had a dismal first half, falling behind 14–0 after two quick turnovers. King was benched, and Rob Johnson salvaged a 17–7 loss. King would not play another down for the Buccaneers that season, as they advanced to the postseason. He suited up as the #3 quarterback for Tampa Bay's victory in Super Bowl XXXVII, but did not play in the game. King returned as the backup quarterback in 2003, but only appeared in three games, starting none. His final game as a Buccaneer was in the final week against the Titans. The Buccaneers, already eliminated from playoff contention, had fallen behind early, and King took over in the second half to wind up the disappointing season.

After Tampa Bay
In 2004, King signed with the Arizona Cardinals as a free agent, he started only two games and was released at the end of the season. In his first start against the Carolina Panthers he threw for 343 yards which was a season high for the Cardinals.

King signed a free agent contract with the Detroit Lions in spring 2006, but asked to be released after the Lions signed Josh McCown and Jon Kitna. On Friday June 2, 2006, he signed a free agent contract with the Indianapolis Colts, but was then released as a free agent on September 3.

On Friday November 29, 2006, King signed with the Las Vegas Gladiators of the Arena Football League. He threw 10 touchdowns against the Grand Rapids Rampage on March 8, 2007, but was released by the team after a 1–5 start on April 10 of the same year.

On May 30, 2007, King signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League. King was released eighteen days later, so he could pursue a career in broadcasting.

Post-playing
The Shaun King Foundation, headquartered in Winter Haven, Florida, is the principal supporter for the Kings Kids program in partnership with Boys & Girls Clubs of the Suncoast, St. Petersburg, Florida

King has worked as an NFL and college football analyst for NBC Sports and Yahoo. In July 2008, King, working as an ESPN analyst, commented that it was "outside of normal" that recently released African-American NFL quarterbacks like Daunte Culpepper, Aaron Brooks, Byron Leftwich and himself were not signed to new teams.

He is married and has two daughters and a son with his wife, Faith King.

In 2016, King joined the coaching staff of the South Florida Bulls a member of the American Athletic Conference. In 2016 as quarterback coach, he helped Quinton Flowers to his best season and AAC player of the year recognition. In 2017, Charlie Strong arrived and King was moved to coach the running backs at USF. where he helped D'Ernest Johnson to his best collegiate season. 247 Sports named King as Recruiter of the Year.

In 2021, King started to work as a host for VSiN, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He co-hosts the show, "The Night Cap," with Tim Murray weeknights from 10 pm to 1 am ET.

King also works as an analyst next to play-by-play man Ben Wilson on the television broadcasts of the Vegas Knight Hawks of the Indoor Football League.

title: Shaun King (American football)


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National Physical Laboratory

National Physical Laboratory can refer to:
 * National Physical Laboratory of India
 * National Physical Laboratory (Israel)
 * National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)

title: National Physical Laboratory