text:
Talk:Tritium radioluminescence

Decay rate

 * It has a half life of about twelve and a half years. Thus, any traser will lose half its brightness every twelve and a half years.

This seems logical enough, but it assumes the relationship between the number of tritium atoms and the brightness is linear. Is it? - furrykef (Talk at me) 15:32, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It is very close to linear. +sj + 07:14, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

It is a linear relation. Every tritium atom has the possibility of decaying, so the number of decays is directly proportional to the number of atoms - bar tiny statistical variations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.168.48.161 (talk) 16:41, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Very close to linear is more correct. The visible light results from excitation and spontaneous emission of phosphor (or other suitable material). Since the amount of phosphor in any device is finite, the relation isn't truly linear, but for most devices, I assume we are near the linear limit. 86.145.250.191 (talk) 21:16, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Actual half life in terms of luminescence will always be less than twelve and a half years. This is due to two basic factors. Firstly tritium is introduced to the GTLS by evacuation of air from the GTLS capsule then introduction of tritium usually by heating a bed of uranium tritide in a vacuum system. Economically it is not feasible to evacuate the phosphor coated GTLS capsule to less than 0.0000001mm Hg. This leaves sufficient oxygen for some interaction of tritium (a hydrogen isotope) to water; although in minute quantities. But this will also cause a second factor that phosphors are sensitive to water and their performance also degrades. This second factor is dependent on the phosphor type. The typical green phosphors are based on copper infused zinc sulfide which tends to have higher resilience than orange/yellow cadmium infused zinc sulfide phosphors. Realistically a ten year half life for a well produced green GTLS would be matched by seven years for an orange/yellow device. There are many other factors that have some influence on performance of GTLS's such as the decay product for tritium is helium-3 and the associated volume relationship (1 atom of tritium decays to two atoms of helium-3)etc. As author I worked in a technical capacity for a manufacturer of GTLS's for 20 years — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.160.121.223 (talk) 15:41, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

LEC
"light-emiting capacitor" do these exist? this page is the only google link for it —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.169.118.97 (talk • contribs)

See the following links:
 * E-Lite Technologies Inc
 * LightPanel
 * Energy Exit — ACF NewSource

— Johan the Ghost seance 09:25, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * "LEC" is a term used by the Ceelight company to describe their flat panel lighting products. They make Electroluminescent derived lighting products, but strongly object to the products being called electroluminescent. I think of this as being a marketing decision, but figure they can call their product what they want.  I was rather surprised to see the phrase tucked into the traser article, since they are not self powered and have absolutely nothing to do with the article.--Ken McE 17:21, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Similiar lamps filled with Krypton 85 or using Promethium
There are similiar lamps filled with Krypton 85 or using Promethium compounds as radioactive source. Who knows more about them? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.49.75.207 (talk • contribs)

--Ken McE 17:23, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You can use any beta emitter to make a traser. H3 get used a lot, probably because it is the least deadly if spilled.

Tritium
This entire page is about tritium. Why is it called "Self-powered lighting"? I couldn't imagine a more vague and less descriptive article name.

 * That phrase is in public use to describe this technology. It denotes equipment that contains its own power and needs nothing from the outside world. If you have a clearer phrase, please feel free to post it here.--Ken McE 17:26, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Patent ref removed
Removed reference to a specific patent relating to a product not currently in production, as this appeared to be advertising. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.168.48.161 (talk) 16:28, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Traser
The article titled "Traser" redirects to this page. This page doesn't explain anything to do with Traser. It doesn't even contain the string "Traser" anywhere on the page. Why is this?

 * The google definition shows that a previous wikipedia article had a proper definition, but it has since been vandalized: http://www.google.ca/search?hl=en&q=define%3A+traser

 * ::The author "UninvitedCompany" did an edit on 19:10, 24 March 2006, it appears that he considers the word "Traser" to be copyrighted. I had thought the word dated back to NATO in the 1960's, and that they used it as a generic description of the technology.--Ken McE 17:31, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Regulation
Because these devices are radioactive, in some places (in the US) their use is restricted or prohibited. There may be special disposal requirements, as hazardous waste. Proper disposal may be expensive. EXIT signs are commonly offered using this technology, and reading about them is a good way to learn about possible restrictions and costs. Please add information about regulation in various countries and states.-69.87.201.141 11:03, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Personal research, in health section
This was in the 'health' section, and really shouldn't have been, for lots of reasons:

Quote: Tritium presents no external radiation threat when encapsulated in non-hydrogen-permeable containers. This is not strictly true. I have observed someone testing my Tritium keyring with a hand-held X-ray detector. It gave an indisputable reading. The explanation - electrons hitting a target create X-rays. Unfortunately, I don't have the actual reading and I can't go back to repeat it. Perhaps someone could test this and supply the facts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.116.67.106 (talk) 10:19, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I noticed this effect even with an expired lamp. Still glows a bit, maybe made in the mid 1990s. I am testing it with a heatshrink wrapped glass mantle tube of the type used in older model dosimeter, at a reduced voltage. 78.111.195.1 (talk) 08:31, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

Reference 4 has a dead link.

Beta lights
Theyre aka beta lights, so this term should be slotted in there somewhere. Tabby (talk) 01:01, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

NRC Regulation Document
Maybe someone can interpret this more clearly for me, but according to NRC 10 CFR §30.19, a reference which I have just added to the article, tritium "used in products primarily for frivolous purposes or in toys or adornments" are not exempt from nuclear licensing requirements. Therefore, tritium-powered keychans, zip pulls, and other such devices would technically be illegal US-wide if bought without the respective license application. So I think that means the sentence that asserts "[tritium products] are readily sold and used in the US" should be removed. In addition, at least one Australian seller on eBay refuses to ship his wares to the U.S. for fear of repercussions. Luinfana (talk) 18:20, 19 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Tritium products that are not primarily for frivolous purposes or in toys or adornments ARE readilly sold in the US. They are just not permitted in toys and the like.  I am uncertain whether a tritium impregnated zipper pull would be considered frivolous. Of more concern to me is that the citation you placed does not address the request for citation you removed.  The request for citation was next to and therefore referencing the assertion that devices containing tritium are illegal for export from the US. Your citation does not reference that at all and so I have reverted the article to its previous state.  Pzavon (talk) 02:39, 20 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah, I apologize then. I'm still not crystal clear on what that regulation entails, but I thought it at least addressed the export laws. If it doesn't, then you're right, it shouldn't replace the request for citation. However, I do believe tritium zip pulls, keychains, and the like are considered "frivolous uses," not because they are "toys," but because they are "adornments." Luinfana (talk) 17:22, 20 December 2008 (UTC)
 * After reading the citation you provided (it is only 3 paragraphs) it was very clear that it did not cover exports since the word "export" never appeard there. I am not certain whether a zipper pull would be considered frivolous, either.  But I could make an argument that it is not simply an adornment as the flourescence makes it easier to find in the dark.  In either case, a citation that it would be considered frivolous should have been included with your example if that is the case.  Pzavon (talk) 16:23, 21 December 2008 (UTC)
 * FYI, Theodore Gray (an expert on elements, of "Periodic Table Table" fame) contends that tritium keychains and the like are indeed illegal in the U.S. unless the owner certifies that they will be permanently affixed in a stationary location. It would seem, then, that such a restriction invalidates the very purpose of such devices. Noir (talk) 03:49, 28 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, I could argue with your characterization of him as an "expert on elements", at least on the basis of his biographical article in Wikipedia, but it really doesn't matter. What is needed is an expert in NRC regualtions, and he is clearly not that.  So you have the opinion or one non-expert (Gray) and another non-expert (me) saying that an agrument could be made on the contrary side - which it could.  I'm not asserting that such an argument would necessarily succeed.  That requires the expert on NRC regs, or better yet an interpretation from NRC.  Going further in your comment, restrictions that invalidate the purpose of a device are not uncommon.  That is what you do when you say such a device cannot be used.  Pzavon (talk) 01:58, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh, I agree with you on almost every point. You're absolutely right, a NRC interpretation would be required to fully comprehend this. If you're interested in Mr. Gray's status as an expert on elements, though, I suggest you take a tour of his website rather than the Wikipedia article, which is quite limited and doesn't give much information about him. He also authors a monthly Popular Science column and has appeared on National Public Radio, etc. Mainly I think his comments are relevant because he claims to have actually went through the process of registering his periodic table as a permanent location for a traser sample. But again, yes, a NRC guru would be the real expert. Noir (talk) 18:36, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Moved to Tritium illumination
Sorry to be so abrupt but hopefully the move summary will explain: 1. Self-powered lighting doesn't appear in the sources and tritium illumination does. 2. Self-powered lighting is too vague as it could also mean Chemiluminescence among other possibilities. Anynobody(?) 04:47, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Proposal to merge with Radioluminescence
Should probably be rejected because there is more than one source of radioluminescence. For example Radium and arguably Čerenkov radiation. Anynobody(?) 04:55, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I've taken off the tag. Radioluminescence can also talk about radium watch and clock dials. --Wtshymanski (talk) 07:46, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

That there is more than one type of radioluminescence isn't an argument for not classifying an example of a type of radioluminescence as radioluminescence. The radioluminescence of Tritium is not a unique case, and it would be sensible to classify it with similar examples. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.168.48.161 (talk) 16:32, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Use of non-gaseous tritium
The article does not seem to make any mention of tritium paint in which a non-gaseous tritium compound (such as a tritiated polymer) is mixed with a phosphor (such as ZnS). It is unclear if the watch face illustrated uses a paint of this type, or if the lights are tiny vials of gaseous tritium. The discussion of night sights is similarly unclear. As I understand it from perusing various websites, this sort of paint is in use for these purposes, so presumably it is not the same stuff as is described under "Self-luminous microspheres" (of which "no actual paint is known to have been produced yet"). Clarification of these points would be good. If the article is supposed to include the use of non-gaseous tritium for illumination then the opening sentence ("is the use of gaseous tritium") needs changing. 86.161.42.61 (talk) 20:54, 19 March 2010 (UTC).

 * I know I'm replying to something years old, and I'm using personal research, but for the benefit of future generations who pass this way: basically every watch you find these days that has tritium illumination, uses the tiny vials, not the paint. Including the watch (currently) pictured in the article; looking at the largest version of the image, you can see that the tubes have a thickness, and a flattened-round cross section - you can see the "end" of some of the tubes clearly.

 * I imagine that at least part of the reason the tube approach is more popular is that there would be much less regulatory paperwork to go through (the watch manufacturer is simply incorporating sealed GTLS vials that already have some sort of certification, rather than painting radioactive - however minute the quantity - paint onto their dials and watch hands and then having to get each watch body design certified as a proper container for the radioactive paint's emitted radiation). They also wouldn't have the difficulties of dealing with an open source of radiation - the paint - in the factory and manufacturing process, which would likely include sealed systems for applying the paint and some sort of decontamination and storage/containment process for the various delicate parts (watch dials and hands) coming out of the painting system. The paint would also be (technically, at least), a hazard, and regulatory problem, to anyone opening the watch for service (thus, "need a new battery? have to send it back to the factory and their secure/clean-room facilities"). In a lot of ways, the GTLS vials have made tritium-illuminated watches practical (in a world that concerns itself with the hazards/consequences of the materials used - for enlightening/frightening reading on pre-concern days, look into the Radium Girls). (And no, I have no connection to the related industries - I just have a watch with tritium illumination - an old Traser P5902 - and I find the technology fascinating.) CarlRJ (talk) 01:23, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, it would be good to have the article confirm that all these products, including the pictured watch, use the encapsulated gas. Are there regulations that prohibit non-gaseous tritium products ? Some indication of who makes these tubes, and how would be interesting. Rod57 (talk) 12:33, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Oh, and there's also mention in some places of vials of liquid T2O... 86.161.42.61 (talk) 21:12, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Bremsstrahlung causing possibly harmful ionizing x-rays
Hey there. In the discussion to the corresponding article in de.wikipedia.org has been mentioned briefly: While the beta-rays may be not harmful, the resulting bremsstrahlung would partially be in the ionizing x-ray spectrum. These x-rays probably would probably escape the housing and may be harmful on the long run. I unfortunately cannot confirm any of this, but maybe some geek could to the math. --92.201.69.64 (talk) 00:21, 31 August 2011 (UTC)
 * It should be no worse than a 18 kV x-ray tube, with the current of ~ 10 nano amperes for each Curie of tritium (calculated by multiplying the decays per second by electron charge, and by two for both inner and outer bremsstrahlung). Overall it ought to be less dangerous than a CRT TV, but I am not sure how much thick lead glass used in CRTs helps with the shielding. 78.60.253.249 (talk) 17:27, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth (as personal research/unsubstantiated hearsay), a friend of mine got a keychain fob that consisted of a hard plastic tube containing a tritium vial. Her husband, whose work involves machinery for detecting minutes trace of radiation, took it to work and scanned it with said machines. He then returned it to her, unconcerned that it would pose any hazard. I don't recall what, if anything, was detected, but it was clearly not at any level that could present a problem. CarlRJ (talk) 01:35, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Either that or he took out a large life insurance policy on her :) 116.231.75.71 (talk) 08:32, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

Citations Removed
Why has my citations been removed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sabastian130 (talk • contribs) 10:08, 29 May 2013 (UTC)
 * You have already been told why and you are pretending you haven't heard. --Epipelagic (talk) 17:04, 29 May 2013 (UTC)

/* Safety */ Deleted description of HTO reacting with skin oil
"Persons working with the gas face another hazard: tritium reacts with the oxygen in air, forming tritiated water. This moisture is readily ingested by the body. When in contact with any hydrocarbon the tritium atom replaces the natural hydrogen.  This can even occur with the natural oil on a person's skin."

The body will excrete HTO, it doesn't accumulate. HTO is not fat soluble but has the same chemical properties as H2O. Science blessCircuitboardsushi (talk) 02:42, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

Phosphorescence
"The tritium in a gaseous tritium light source undergoes beta decay, releasing electrons that cause the phosphor layer to fluoresce." Wouldn't the phosphor layer—per definitionem—phosphoresce rather than fluoresce? Fwbeck (talk) 06:26, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

 * See: Persistent luminescence. Aspro (talk) 14:24, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

GTLS experiments
Some expired tritium GTLS lamps with an unusual geometry (pinched off rather than laser sealed) can respond to RF standing waves similar to a neon or argon tube causing the light output to increase by a factor of 10, with the latter effect being part of an experimental quantum sensor due to the advantageous location of the 1.5 to 1.6 GHz self resonance being in the range of most SDR units if the lamp is placed in a silver resonance chamber open at one end. This is as of yet impossible to replicate but mentioned here in the hopes of further experimentation by researchers. 78.111.195.1 (talk) 02:24, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tritium radioluminescence


text:
Albert Kemp (rugby league, fl. 1926–27)

Albert E. Kemp was a professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played at club level for Castleford (Heritage No.).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Albert Kemp (rugby league, fl. 1926–27)


text:
Waldenström macroglobulinemia

Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a type of cancer affecting two types of B cells: lymphoplasmacytoid cells and plasma cells. Both cell types are white blood cells. It is characterized by having high levels of a circulating antibody, immunoglobulin M (IgM), which is made and secreted by the cells involved in the disease. Waldenström macroglobulinemia is an "indolent lymphoma" (i.e., one that tends to grow and spread slowly) and a type of lymphoproliferative disease which shares clinical characteristics with the indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas. It is commonly classified as a form of plasma cell dyscrasia, similar to other plasma cell dyscrasias that, for example, lead to multiple myeloma. Waldenström macroglobulinemia is commonly preceded by two clinically asymptomatic but progressively more pre-malignant phases, IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia. The Waldenström macroglobulinemia spectrum of dysplasias differs from other spectrums of plasma cell dyscrasias in that it involves not only aberrant plasma cells but also aberrant lymphoplasmacytoid cells and that it involves IgM while other plasma dyscrasias involve other antibody isoforms.

Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a rare disease, with only about 1,500 cases per year in the United States. It occurs more frequently in older adults. While the disease is incurable, it is treatable. Because of its indolent nature, many patients are able to lead active lives, and when treatment is required, may experience years of symptom-free remission.

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of Waldenström macroglobulinemia include weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and chronic oozing of blood from the nose and gums. Peripheral neuropathy occurs in 10% of patients. Enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and/or liver are present in 30–40% of cases. Other possible signs and symptoms include blurring or loss of vision, headache, and (rarely) stroke or coma.

Causes
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is characterized by an uncontrolled clonal proliferation of terminally differentiated B lymphocytes. The most commonly associated mutations, based on whole-genome sequencing of 30 patients, are a somatic mutation in MYD88 (90% of patients) and a somatic mutation in CXCR4 (27% of patients). CXCR4 mutations cause symptomatic hyperviscosity syndrome and high bone marrow activity characteristic of the disease. However, CXCR4 mutation is not associated with splenomegaly, high platelet counts, or different response to therapy, questioning the relevance of CXCR4 in treating patients. An association has been demonstrated with the locus 6p21.3 on chromosome 6. There is a two- to threefold increased risk of Waldenström macroglobulinemia in people with a personal history of autoimmune diseases with autoantibodies, and a particularly elevated risk associated with liver inflammation, human immunodeficiency virus, and rickettsiosis.

There are genetic factors, with first-degree relatives of Waldenström macroglobulinemia patients shown to have a highly increased risk of also developing the disease. There is also evidence to suggest that environmental factors, including exposure to farming, pesticides, wood dust, and organic solvents, may influence the development of Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

Genetics
Although believed to be a sporadic disease, studies have shown increased susceptibility within families, indicating a genetic component. A mutation in gene MYD88 has been found to occur frequently in patients. Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells show only minimal changes in cytogenetic and gene expression studies. Their miRNA signature however differs from their normal counterpart. It is therefore believed that epigenetic modifications play a crucial role in the disease.

Comparative genomic hybridization identified the following chromosomal abnormalities: deletions of 6q23 and 13q14, and gains of 3q13-q28, 6p and 18q. FGFR3 is overexpressed. The following signalling pathways have been implicated:
 * CD154/CD40
 * Akt
 * ubiquitination, p53 activation, cytochrome c release
 * NF-κB
 * WNT/beta-catenin
 * mTOR
 * ERK
 * MAPK
 * Bcl-2

The protein Src tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells compared with control B cells. Inhibition of Src arrests the cell cycle at phase G1 and has little effect on the survival of Waldenström macroglobulinemia or normal cells.

MicroRNAs involved in Waldenström: MicroRNA-155 regulates the proliferation and growth of Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells in vitro and in vivo, by inhibiting MAPK/ERK, PI3/AKT, and NF-κB pathways.
 * increased expression of miRNAs-363*, -206, -494, -155, -184, -542–3p.
 * decreased expression of miRNA-9*.

In Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells, histone deacetylases and histone-modifying genes are de-regulated. Bone marrow tumour cells express the following antigen targets CD20 (98.3%), CD22 (88.3%), CD40 (83.3%), CD52 (77.4%), IgM (83.3%), MUC1 core protein (57.8%), and 1D10 (50%).

Pathophysiology
Symptoms including blurring or loss of vision, headache, and (rarely) stroke or coma are due to the effects of the IgM paraprotein, which may cause autoimmune phenomena or cryoglobulinemia. Other symptoms of Waldenström macroglobulinemia are due to hyperviscosity syndrome, which is present in 6–20% of patients. This is attributed to the IgM monoclonal protein molecules increasing the viscosity of the blood by forming aggregates to each other, binding water through their carbohydrate component and by their interaction with blood cells.

Diagnosis
A diagnosis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia depends on a significant monoclonal IgM spike evident in blood tests and malignant cells consistent with the disease in bone marrow biopsy samples. Blood tests show the level of IgM in the blood and the presence of proteins, or tumor markers, that are the key signs of Waldenström macroglobulinemia. A bone marrow biopsy provides a sample of bone marrow, usually from the lower back of the pelvis bone. The sample is extracted through a needle and examined under a microscope. A pathologist identifies the particular lymphocytes that indicate Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Flow cytometry may be used to examine markers on the cell surface or inside the lymphocytes.

Additional tests such as computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan may be used to evaluate the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, particularly swelling of the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. A skeletal survey can help distinguish between Waldenström macroglobulinemia and multiple myeloma. Anemia occurs in about 80% of patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia. A low white blood cell count, and low platelet count in the blood may be observed. A low level of neutrophils (a specific type of white blood cell) may also be found in some individuals with Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

Chemistry tests include lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, uric acid levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), kidney and liver function, total protein levels, and an albumin-to-globulin ratio. The ESR and uric acid level may be elevated. Creatinine is occasionally elevated and electrolytes are occasionally abnormal. A high blood calcium level is noted in approximately 4% of patients. The LDH level is frequently elevated, indicating the extent of Waldenström macroglobulinemia–related tissue involvement. Rheumatoid factor, cryoglobulins, direct antiglobulin test and cold agglutinin titre results can be positive. Beta-2 microglobulin and C-reactive protein test results are not specific for Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Beta-2 microglobulin is elevated in proportion to tumor mass. Coagulation abnormalities may be present. Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen tests should be performed. Platelet aggregation studies are optional. Serum protein electrophoresis results indicate evidence of a monoclonal spike but cannot establish the spike as IgM. An M component with beta-to-gamma mobility is highly suggestive of Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation studies help identify the type of immunoglobulin, the clonality of the light chain, and the monoclonality and quantitation of the paraprotein. High-resolution electrophoresis and serum and urine immunofixation are recommended to help identify and characterize the monoclonal IgM paraprotein. The light chain of the monoclonal protein is usually the kappa light chain. At times, patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia may exhibit more than one M protein. Plasma viscosity must be measured. Results from characterization studies of urinary immunoglobulins indicate that light chains (Bence Jones protein), usually of the kappa type, are found in the urine. Urine collections should be concentrated. Bence Jones proteinuria is observed in approximately 40% of patients and exceeds 1 g/d in approximately 3% of patients. Patients with findings of peripheral neuropathy should have nerve conduction studies and antimyelin associated glycoprotein serology.

Criteria for diagnosis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia include:

 * 1) IgM monoclonal gammopathy that excludes chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma
 * 2) Evidence of anemia, constitutional symptoms, hyperviscosity, swollen lymph nodes, or enlargement of the liver and spleen that can be attributed to an underlying lymphoproliferative disorder.

Treatment
There is no single accepted treatment for Waldenström macroglobulinemia. There is marked variation in clinical outcome due to gaps in knowledge of the disease's molecular basis. Objective response rates are high (> 80%) but complete response rates are low (0–15%). The medication ibrutinib targets the MYD88 L265P mutation induced activation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. In a cohort study of previously treated patients, ibrutinib induced responses in 91% of patients, and at 2 years 69% of patients had no progression of disease and 95% were alive. Based on this study, the Food and Drug Administration approved ibrutinib for use in Waldenström macroglobulinemia in 2015.

There are different treatment flowcharts: Treon and mSMART.

Patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia are at higher risk of developing second cancers than the general population, but it is not yet clear whether treatments are contributory.

Watchful waiting
In the absence of symptoms, many clinicians will recommend simply monitoring the patient; Waldenström himself stated "let well do" for such patients. These asymptomatic cases are now classified as two successively more pre-malignant phases, IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia. But on occasion, the disease can be fatal, as it was to the French president Georges Pompidou, who died in office in 1974, six years after the discovery of his cancer. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, also had Waldenström macroglobulinemia, which resulted in his ill-fated trip to the United States for therapy in 1979, leading to the Iran hostage crisis.

First-line
Should treatment be started it should address both the paraprotein level and the lymphocytic B-cells.

In 2002, a panel at the International Workshop on Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia agreed on criteria for the initiation of therapy. They recommended starting therapy in patients with constitutional symptoms such as recurrent fever, night sweats, fatigue due to anemia, weight loss, progressive symptomatic lymphadenopathy or spleen enlargement, and anemia due to bone marrow infiltration. Complications such as hyperviscosity syndrome, symptomatic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, systemic amyloidosis, kidney failure, or symptomatic cryoglobulinemia were also suggested as indications for therapy.

Treatment includes the monoclonal antibody rituximab, sometimes in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs such as chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, or vincristine or with thalidomide. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, may also be used in combination. Plasmapheresis can be used to treat the hyperviscosity syndrome by removing the paraprotein from the blood, although it does not address the underlying disease. Ibrutinib is another agent that has been approved for use in this condition. Combination treatment with ibrutinib and rituximab showed significantly higher disease progression free survival than with just rituximab treatment.

Autologous bone marrow transplantation is a treatment option.

Zanubrutinib, another BTK inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of adults with Waldenström macroglobulinemia. For patients experiencing hyperviscosity syndrome, plasmapheresis is used to rapidly reduce IgM levels in the blood.

Salvage therapy
When primary or secondary resistance invariably develops, salvage therapy is considered. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation can induce durable remissions for heavily pre-treated patients.

Drug pipeline
As of October 2010, there have been a total of 44 clinical trials on Waldenström macroglobulinemia, excluding transplantation treatments. Of these, 11 were performed on previously untreated patients, 14 in patients with relapsed or refractory Waldenström. A database of clinical trials investigating Waldenström macroglobulinemia is maintained by the National Institutes of Health in the US.

Patient stratification
Patients with polymorphic variants (alleles) FCGR3A-48 and -158 were associated with improved categorical responses to rituximab-based treatments.

Prognosis
Current medical treatments result in survival of some longer than 10 years; in part this is because better diagnostic testing means early diagnosis and treatments. Older diagnosis and treatments resulted in published reports of median survival of approximately 5 years from time of diagnosis. Currently, median survival is 6.5 years. In rare instances, Waldenström macroglobulinemia progresses to multiple myeloma.

The International Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia is a predictive model to characterise long-term outcomes. According to the model, factors predicting reduced survival are: The risk categories are: Five-year survival rates for these categories are 87%, 68% and 36%, respectively. The corresponding median survival rates are 12, 8, and 3.5 years.
 * Age > 65 years
 * Hemoglobin ≤ 11.5 g/dL
 * Platelet count ≤ 100×109/L
 * B2-microglobulin > 3 mg/L
 * Serum monoclonal protein concentration > 70 g/L
 * Low: ≤ 1 adverse variable except age
 * Intermediate: 2 adverse characteristics or age > 65 years
 * High: > 2 adverse characteristics

The International Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia has been shown to be reliable. It is also applicable to patients on a rituximab-based treatment regimen. An additional predictive factor is elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

Epidemiology
Of cancers involving the lymphocytes, 1% of cases are Waldenström macroglobulinemia. A rare disorder, there are fewer than 1,500 cases occurring in the United States annually. The median age of onset is between 60 and 65 years, with some cases occurring in late teens. Notable victims of the disease include dancer/choreographer Gower Champion, who died of the disease in 1980, aged 61; and former French President Georges Pompidou.

History
Waldenström macroglobulinemia was first described by Jan G. Waldenström (1906–1996) in 1944 in two patients with bleeding from the nose and mouth, anemia, decreased levels of fibrinogen in the blood (hypofibrinogenemia), swollen lymph nodes, neoplastic plasma cells in bone marrow, and increased viscosity of the blood due to increased levels of a class of heavy proteins called macroglobulins.

For a time, Waldenström macroglobulinemia was considered to be related to multiple myeloma because of the presence of monoclonal gammopathy and infiltration of the bone marrow and other organs by plasmacytoid lymphocytes. The new World Health Organization (WHO) classification, however, places Waldenström macroglobulinemia under the category of lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas, itself a subcategory of the indolent (low-grade) non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Since the 1990s, there have been significant advances in the understanding and treatment of Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

title: Waldenström macroglobulinemia


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Makimachi Misao

Makimachi Misao (巻町 操), in the Media Blasters dub, is a character from the fictional Rurouni Kenshin universe created by Nobuhiro Watsuki.

Misao is a 16-year-old girl and the youngest member of the ninja group called Oniwabanshū. She leaves her home to find her missing leader Shinomori Aoshi, but instead she encounters with Himura Kenshin during her journey to Kyoto alone. She soon proves herself a valuable ally and temporarily makes it to the status of leader. She develops strong romantic feelings for Aoshi.

Character
Misao is a kunoichi (female ninja) from the Oniwabanshū clan of onmitsu (spies/ninja) previously based in Edo. Her weapon of choice is the kunai. She is about sixteen years old when she is first introduced. In the work, Misao is often compared to a weasel.

Creation and conception
Misao was introduced because Watsuki believed that the Kyoto needed an extra heroine character to interact with Kenshin, since Kenshin and Kaoru were separate. He created Misao to be as "bright" as possible since the story was scheduled to be "in a dark direction." Watsuki added that "It's though Yahiko + Kaoru / 2 = Misao." The author of Rurouni Kenshin gave her an association with the Oniwabanshū, stemming from the reader suggestion of an Oniwabanshū kunoichi. To prevent additional complications in the storyline, Watsuki wanted Misao as a character who would not develop romantic feelings for Kenshin. Her design originates from Nakoruru in Samurai Shodown (Samurai Spirits); according to Watsuki he received criticism for this. Watsuki believes that she is closer to Mai Shiranui and Yuri Sakazaki from another SNK "battle-game." According to Watsuki the setup of the physical design occurred quickly as he "fussed" with an Oniwabanshū ninja outfit "a bit." Watsuki intended for Misao's face and body to resemble that of a young man. While Misao is 16, Watsuki wanted her to appear like a 13-year-old. Watsuki argued with his editors about the inclusion of Misao's braid. Ultimately it was kept since it added emphasis to Misao's movements. Watsuki said that he added the cloak "just for fun." The creator of Rurouni Kenshin intended for her to have a "painful" encounter with Aoshi in the future, but that Misao would "keep going strong." Watsuki said that he enjoyed drawing Misao. Her family name originates from a place where Watsuki lived in Niigata.

Background
Misao is the granddaughter of the former Okashira of the Oniwabanshū. She was in the care of the last leader of the Oniwabanashū, Shinomori Aoshi, until Aoshi, Han'nya, Shikijō, Beshimi, and Hyottoko left her to Kashiwazaki Nenji, also known as Okina of the Oniwabanashū, when she was eight. She and Okina had a strong bond, though in Misao's mind, Aoshi remained the best. She also had a special affection for Han'nya, who was always the one to take care of her and taught her how to fight. When she heard that Aoshi was in Tokyo, she went to search for him and ran into Himura Kenshin on the way back to Kyoto.

Kyoto Arc
While resting in a forest on the way to Kyoto to defeat Shishio Makoto, Kenshin notices a teenage girl, Misao, defeat four bandits and take their goods. He interrupts her midway through the altercation, but she views him as a bum. She attempts to take his sword but Kenshin easily avoids her attacks. She and Kenshin then began traveling to Kyoto together. They stop near Shingetsu Village, where they meet a young boy. He tells them that his village is under the control of Shishio Makoto. Misao and Kenshin, later accompanied by Saitō Hajime, free the village. As the story progresses, Misao, who has become rather attached to Kenshin, becomes angry at him for not depending on anyone else. After Kenshin leaves, she met Kamiya Kaoru and Myōjin Yahiko. She recognizes a picture of Kenshin posted on the wall of a restaurant called Shirobeko. Misao takes Kaoru and Yahiko to Kenshin at his Hiko Seijūrō's home. On the way back, Yahiko remembers that he forgot to warn Kenshin about Aoshi, who he had seen in Kyoto a few days before, and says it out loud. Misao had heard of this and demands to know about Aoshi; Kaoru complies, grateful for the chance to see Kenshin again.

Misao was shocked at the news of Han'nya's and the others' deaths, and she runs back to Aoi-Ya for clarification from Okina. She discovers that Okina went to fight Aoshi, and leaves immediately. She arrives too late to stop the fight and finds Okina barely alive; Aoshi declares he never wishes to see Misao again. She was also given a letter written by Okina in case he was to die, telling her that she should forget about Aoshi and Oniwabanshu so she can lead a normal life. She has difficulty accepting Aoshi is the one who attempted to kill Okina. She declares herself as the new Okashira of the Oniwabanashū, refusing to recognize Aoshi as the clan's head any longer.

Misao becomes close friends with Kenshin, Kaoru, and Yahiko, helping them fight the agents of Shishio Makoto. Before leaving for the final battle with Shishio, Kenshin promises Misao that he will bring Aoshi back home to Aoi-Ya, because he does not believe that Aoshi has lost himself completely. She was overwhelmed with this knowledge and cannot stop her own tears, especially because before Kenshin made his statement, Okina had asked him to kill Aoshi.

During the fight with members of the Ten Swords outside Aoi-Ya, Misao is knocked unconscious after fully receiving a hit from Honjō Kamatari's weapon. Han'nya appears before her in a dream and tells her that Kenshin has kept his promise and is bringing Aoshi back. She wakes up and helps Kaoru defeat Kamatari. She also knocks Kamatari out when he attempts to kill himself to atone for his defeat; she says she cannot truly understand the feelings of a homosexual man but was touched by his loyalty to Shishio. After all of the Ten Swords present are defeated, they are saved by Hiko Seijūrō and wait for Kenshin, Sanosuke, Saitō, and Aoshi to return.

Kenshin stays in Kyoto for about another month but decides to finally leave with Kaoru. Misao is sorely disappointed when her new friends decide to return to Tokyo, though Kenshin attempts to cheer her up by assigning her to get Aoshi to smile. Her attempts at comedy have little effect on Aoshi, though she does not have any intention of giving up.

Revenge Arc
Misao later returns in the Jinchū arc of the story when Kaoru writes to her asking her to deliver Yukishiro Tomoe's diary to Tokyo before her brother Yukishiro Enishi can exact Jinchū on Kenshin.

She and Aoshi arrived with the diary just after Enishi has taken his revenge. Kaoru was dead and Kenshin has suffered a breakdown, going off to a village of lost men. Sagara Sanosuke attempts to reach Kenshin, but his friend is completely lost in his grief and Sano wanders away from Tokyo in despair. Misao and Yahiko also visit Kenshin and try to revive his spirit, but their efforts are useless, and they leave him. They swear to find Enishi, make him read Tomoe's diary, and beg for forgiveness at Kaoru's grave.

Aoshi deduces that Kaoru may not be dead. He exhumes Kaoru's grave and cuts open the body, proving that it is not Kaoru but an elaborate doll, one that could fool even Takani Megumi's medical expertise. Misao and Yahiko begin a search to find Kaoru. Sanosuke returns to the clinic to see Megumi and Kenshin has a dream in which Tomoe tells him that Kaoru is still alive. He also returns and gathers his friends, including Saitō.

They travel to Enishi's island, where Kaoru is being held. Guided by Aoshi, Misao sets off the bombs in the water surrounding the island, allowing the group to land safely. After Enishi is defeated, Aoshi decides to head back to Kyoto. Misao realizes Aoshi wants to leave so early because he wants to rebury Han'nya and the others in a "place with more sunlight". Misao is now happy to go home with "everyone", and Aoshi finally smiles.

In a bonus comic in Kenshin Kaden, Aoshi and Misao both attended a picnic where everyone is reunited. The only one who is not present is Sanosuke; who sends a letter from Mongolia that he is returning to Japan to be with his friends and Saitō; who is on assignment in Hokkaidō.

Live action films
Misao has been played by Tao Tsuchiya in the three live-action sequels to the 2012 Rurouni Kenshin film.

Reception
Watsuki stated that he received negative feedback letters regarding Misao and received some positive feedback letters "in response." Capsule Monsters Nevertheless, the critic praised the work of Meg Bauman as Misao's actress. Mania.com noted her Misao "provides a lot of comedic relief when it's needed, though her obsession with Aoshi borderlines on scary." Nevertheless, Mania enjoyed how the plot changes when she allies with Kenshin. Similarly, Misao's portrayal in the live-action was portrayed for balancing a dark narrative with her optimism. Nevertheless, the writer found that Misao's journey to find Shinomori might give her a grim fate as result of what happened to her friends. Kotaku claimed that despite the liveactions have a large cast, Misao and her allies from the Oniwabanshu are well developed. EfilmCritic felt that Misao's dynamic with Kenshin was a departure from the series' status quo of Kenshin being affiliated with the Kamiya Kasshin Ryu Dojo but still felt all characters were properly addressed. Decider praised the focus on Misao and Saito as the play a major role in Rurouni Kenshin: The Final.

title: Makimachi Misao


text: User talk:208.247.49.2

title: User talk:208.247.49.2


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Barry Barker

Barry Barker is a British Contemporary Art curator and gallerist. He is head of the Centre for Contemporary Visual Arts at the University of Brighton.

Previously, Barker worked with Nigel Greenwood and was exhibitions officer at the Institute of Contemporary Arts London and the John Hansard Gallery before becoming Director of the Arnolfini in Bristol 1986-1991 overseeing a refurbishment of the gallery. Following this, Barker was briefly with the South Bank Centre before becoming a Director of the Lisson Gallery. Barker's main areas of interest have been conceptual art and minimal and he had an influential role in many artists' careers of the last thirty years, especially Anish Kapoor. In 1986, he was co-curator of "Falls the Shadow" with Jon Thompson at the Hayward Gallery.

Recent publications

 * La costrucció de la vida de…/ The Making of the Life of... in El que vols que digui…Jo ja sóc mort/ What you want me to say… I'm already dead/ Lo que quieres que diga…Yoya estoy muerto. Edited by V.I. Brichs. Publisher: Fundació Joan Miró 2006, ISBN 84-934730-1-4.
 * [re]imaging the world, the work of Jane and Louise Wilson in Jane and Louise Wilson. Editors: F. J. Panera. Publisher: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2003. ISBN 84-7800-705-9.

Major exhibitions curated

 * 'Our Magic Hour (Ugo Rondinone)'. Photographic exhibition University of Brighton Gallery, 7 October – 2 November 2002.
 * David Austen film Crackers, the central feature of the David Austen exhibition at the Milton Keynes Gallery, 10 February – 23 March 2007.

title: Barry Barker


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Bessy Bell and Mary Gray

Bessy Bell and Mary Gray are "twa bonnie lassies", the subject of one of the Child Ballads, based on a true story. The two young women sought refuge from the plague in 1645 in a remote spot away from habitation. The story has been much embellished in a poem and ballad that were written many years later.

According to the ballad, Bessy and Mary were daughters of two Perthshire gentlemen, who in 1666 built themselves a bower to avoid catching a devastating plague. The girls were supplied with food by a lad in love with both of them; the lad caught the plague and gave it to them, and all three sickened and died.

The supposed site of Bessie Bell and Mary Gray's bower, and of their grave, is recorded in a c.1860 Ordnance Survey name book, with the following comments:

 * This grave is situated on the north side of the Almond, and about half a mile West of Lynedoch house. Bessie Bell, according to the common tradition, was daughter to the Laird of Kinvaid, and Mary Gray, of the Laird of Lynedoch. Mutually attached in strong and tender friendship they lived together at Lynedoch, when the plague broke out in 1645; and to avoid it they retired to a romantic spot called Burn Brae, and there lived in a Bower in complete seclusion. A young gentleman of Perth, an admirer of both, visited them for the purpose, it is said, of supplying them with food, but unhappily he communicated to them the very pestilence from which they had fled. Falling victims to the disease, they were, according to custom, refused sepulture, in the ordinary burying-ground, and slept together as they had latterly lived

The site of bower and grave is on the banks of the River Almond and east of Burn Brae. (56.4436°N, -3.5789°W)

Two similar hills near Omagh, County Tyrone (Northern Ireland) were named after Bessy Bell and Mary Gray by Scottish immigrants who went to Ireland to make their passage to America. Sliabh Troim ('mountain of elder') is the original Irish name of Bessy Bell, also recorded as Sliab Toad. There also exist twin hills in Staunton, Virginia which were named after the girls by Scottish immigrants. Two adjacent volcanic cones in the Auckland volcanic field, New Zealand, (Otara Hill and Green Hill) were referred to by 19th-century European settlers as Bessy Bell and Mary Gray (See 1859 map).

Recordings

 * Ewan MacColl on "The English & Scottish Popular Ballads Vol 2" (1956)
 * Martin Carthy on "Shearwater" (1972)
 * Lal and Norma Waterson on "A True Hearted Girl" (1977)
 * Steeleye Span on "Tempted and Tried" (1989)
 * Steeleye Span on "The 35th Anniversary World Tour 2004" DVD (2005)
 * Maddy Prior on "Ballads and Candles" (2000) (as "Betsy Bell and Mary Gray)
 * Cherish the Ladies on "Woman of the House" (2005)
 * The Foxglove Trio on "Like Diamond Glances" (2013) (as "Betsy Bell and Mary Grey")

title: Bessy Bell and Mary Gray


text: Category:Keith Jarrett albums

title: Category:Keith Jarrett albums


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Charm bracelet

A charm bracelet is a type of bracelet which carries personal jewelled ornaments or "charms", such as decorative pendants or trinkets. The decorative charms usually carry personal or sentimental attachment by the owner.

History
The wearing of charms may have begun as a form of amulet or talisman to ward off evil spirits or bad luck.

During the pre-historic period, jewellery charms would be made from shells, animal-bones and clay. Later charms were made out of gems, rocks, and wood.

For instance, there is evidence from Africa that shells were used for adornments around 75,000 years ago. In Germany intricately carved mammoth tusk charms have been found from around 30,000 years ago. In ancient Egypt charms were used for identification and as symbols of faith and luck. Charms also served to identify an individual to the gods in the afterlife.

During the Roman Empire, Christians would use tiny fish charms hidden in their clothing to identify themselves to other Christians. Jewish scholars of the same period would write tiny passages of Jewish law and put them in amulets round their necks to keep the law close to their heart at all times. Medieval knights wore charms for protection in battle. Charms also were worn in the Middle Ages to denote family origin and religious and political convictions.

Charm bracelets have been the subject of several waves of trends. The first charm bracelets were worn by Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and Hittites and began appearing from 600 – 400 BC.

For example, Queen Victoria wore charm bracelets that started a fashion among the European noble classes. She was instrumental to the popularity of charm bracelets, as she “loved to wear and give charm bracelets. When her beloved Prince Albert died, she even made “mourning” charms popular; lockets of hair from the deceased, miniature portraits of the deceased, charm bracelets carved in jet.”

In 1889, Tiffany and Co. introduced their first charm bracelet — a link bracelet with a single heart dangling from it, a bracelet which is an iconic symbol for Tiffany today.

Despite the Great Depression, during the 1920s and 1930s platinum and diamonds were introduced to charm bracelet manufacturing.

Soldiers returning home after World War II brought home trinkets made by craftsmen local to the area where they were fighting to give to loved ones. American teenagers in the 1950s and early 1960s collected charms to record the events in their lives. Screen icons like Elizabeth Taylor and Joan Crawford helped to fuel the interest and popularity of charm bracelets.

Although interest and production waned through the latter part of the 20th century, there was a resurgence of popularity after 2000 and collectors eagerly sought out vintage charms. Inspired by the movie Pirates of the Caribbean, bracelets with little charms of swords, crosses and skulls were introduced as a fashion trend during winter 2006.

Italian charm bracelet
An Italian Charm bracelet, also known in the USA as a Nomination bracelet, is a series of individual modular links hooked together on a stretchy band to form a single charm bracelet. A typical Italian charm bracelet comprises eighteen charm links. Each link features a charming face (design or image) soldered onto the actual charm link.

In 1987, an Italian jewelry company Nomination, based in Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, introduced the Composable line, featuring modular bracelets made of stainless steel. It had later become known as the “Italian charm bracelets”. People would add links to update their bracelets with symbols that told the story of the important events, milestones, and achievements in their lives, as well as hobbies and goals. In the 1990s, American tourists noticed the style and brought it to the United States. And in the late ‘90s and early 2000s, Italian charm bracelets became popularized in the US.

By 2023, Italian charm bracelets reclaimed popularity, notably adorned by "Love Island" Season 9's Anna-May Robey and creating buzz on TikTok.

Nomination stood out for its customizable bracelets, composed of modular charms that snugly interconnect, akin to a stretch band, lying flat on the wrist. These pieces, often crafted from stainless steel and adorned with materials like 18k gold, 9k gold, 925 silver, and an array of gemstones, catered mainly to young women, though men's models were also available.

title: Charm bracelet


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Mary Gray

Mary Gray may refer to:
 * Bessy Bell and Mary Gray, ballad subjects
 * Mary Augusta Dix Gray (1810–1881), American missionary to Nez Perce people in the Oregon Territory
 * Mary Gray (socialist) (1854–1941), British socialist activist and founder of the first Socialist Sunday School
 * Mary L. Gray, American anthropologist and author
 * Mary Tenney Gray (1833–1904), American editorial writer, philanthropist, and suffragette
 * Mary W. Gray (born 1938), American mathematician

Fictional characters

 * Mary Gray, in the 1926 US silent comedy film The American Venus, played by Esther Ralston

title: Mary Gray


text: Talk:President's Choice Financial

title: Talk:President's Choice Financial


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Relativity (TV series)

Relativity is an American drama television series which followed a twenty-something couple, Isabel Lukens (played by Kimberly Williams) and Leo Roth (played by David Conrad), and the lives and loves of their friends and siblings in Los Angeles. The short-lived ABC series was the product of thirtysomething producers Edward Zwick and Marshall Herskovitz (who also produced Once and Again and My So-Called Life, two other critically acclaimed series). The series ran on ABC from September 24, 1996 until April 14, 1997; it was canceled after 17 episodes due to low ratings. The first open-mouth kiss between two women on prime time television occurred on the show in 1997.

Cast

 * Kimberly Williams as Isabel Lukens
 * David Conrad as Leo Roth
 * Jane Adams as Karen Lukens
 * Randall Batinkoff as Everett
 * Cliff De Young as David Lukens
 * Lisa Edelstein as Rhonda Roth
 * Adam Goldberg as Doug
 * Devon Gummersall as Jake Roth
 * Robert Katims as Hal Roth
 * Poppy Montgomery as Jennifer Lukens
 * Richard Schiff as Barry Roth
 * Mary Ellen Trainor as Eve Lukens

title: Relativity (TV series)


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John White (Ontario politician)

John Howard White (August 16, 1925 – September 5, 1996) was a Progressive Conservative cabinet minister in Ontario, Canada, and Member of Provincial Parliament for London South from 1959 to 1975. He served as provincial treasurer from January 1973 to January 1975.

Background
White was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1925 to Howard White and Margaret Johnson. He was educated at the University of Western Ontario earning a bachelor of arts, a business diploma and a master of arts in economics. After graduation he joined the Royal Canadian Navy in 1944 and served for two years during World War II. He worked for the Steel Company of Canada and he had owned small businesses in London, Ontario, the Canadian Industrial Supply Co Ltd, and, later, the Canada Financial Leasing Company. He was married to Beatrice Ivey and together they raised two daughters.

Politics
In 1959, White was elected as the Progressive Conservative candidate in the riding of London South. He served as a backbench supporter in the Leslie Frost Government. He was re-elected in London South three more times before retiring before the 1975 election.

In May 1968 he was appointed chair of the Select Committee on the Report of the Ontario Committee on Taxation. The report that he tabled in September recommended a taxation plan that would have replaced the welfare system with a guaranteed annual income. In October 1968, he was appointed to Cabinet as the Minister of Revenue. As part of the first Davis cabinet he was named Minister of University Affairs in March 1971. After the 1971 election, his role in Cabinet was expanded and he served as Minister of Colleges and Universities (1971–1972), then, simultaneously, as Minister of Trade and Development and Minister of Tourism and Information (1971–1972), then those two Ministries were consolidated and he served as Minister of Industry and Tourism (1972–1973). His final role in Cabinet was as the provincial Treasurer (1973–1975). He served as a government MPP in Progressive Conservative governments under Premiers Leslie Frost, John Robarts and Bill Davis.

In those various Ministerial positions, White was responsible for a variety of initiatives and policies. In May 1968, Premier John Robarts assigned White the job of Chairman of the Select Committee on Taxation, an assignment to review the large of number of tax reform recommendations coming from Lancelot Smith’s Committee on Taxation. The Smith Committee was established in 1962 as a parallel study group to Progressive Conservative Prime Minister Diefenbaker’s Royal Commission on Taxation. Reporting in September 1968, it was during this period that White developed a reputation as a policy innovator predisposed to social engineering. White helped to introduce new policy instruments such as tax rebates and tax credits, which had been initiated by the Smith Committee and recommended by his special legislative committee on tax reform.

As Minister of Trade and Development then Minister of Industry and Tourism, White pressed his interest in small business by participating in the expansion of government services to small manufacturers. He also established twelve "exploratory policy groups" composed of private and public sector representatives, which he assigned to report on small business issues and the Ontario economy. Before White was able to act on their recommendations, in January 1973 Premier William Davis appointed him Treasurer.

As Treasurer, White promoted energy conservation, a controversial energy tax, and an assortment of "Red Tory" policies and programs.

As Chairman of Cabinet in 1975, White regularly turned back expansive government regulation-making of Ontario businesses by such Ministries as Consumer and Commercial Relations.

John White was a close confidant of Premier John Robarts and supported Bill Davis in his successful leadership bid to become Premier in 1971. He retired from political life in 1975.

Later life
After leaving elected office, he was appointed as the President of the Ontario Heritage Foundation. He chaired the board of trustees of First Canadian Funds and AngloGibraltar Insurance Group. He was a founder of the Canadian Development Corp. He died in London, Ontario, aged 71.

title: John White (Ontario politician)


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Category:Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford

Fellows and Provosts of Worcester College, Oxford.

See also former students.


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Frank W. Rollins

Frank West Rollins (February 24, 1860 – October 27, 1915) was an American lawyer, banker, and Republican politician from Concord, New Hampshire. His father, Edward H. Rollins, had represented New Hampshire in the United States Senate. Frank served New Hampshire in the state's Senate (as its president in 1895) and as the 47th governor from 1899 to 1901. Rollins and others founded the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests in 1901, a private organization to protect the forests now known as the "Forest Society." A shelter was built in his honor at Lost River in Kinsman Notch, New Hampshire in 1912, and remains there.

As governor of New Hampshire, he invented and founded "Old Home Week" intended to remind New Hampshiremen to return to their hometowns. This was in response to the large numbers of people moving to the Midwest (Minnesota in particular) because of the slow economy in the northeast at the time. He and his father started the investment banking firm of E.H. Rollins and Sons, which became one of the largest in the country by the crash of 1929. After the crash, it was very diminished and finally closed in the 1940s. New research shows that Rollins and Senator John Weeks collaborated on the founding of the National Forest Act of 1911, signed by the President William Howard Taft.

Frank W. Rollins died at the Hotel Somerset in Boston on October 27, 1915.

Rollins' 1890 mansion, the Gov. Frank West Rollins House on North State Street in Concord, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

title: Frank W. Rollins


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Tiffin Girls' School

Tiffin Girls' School is a girls' selective school in Kingston upon Thames, Southwest London, England; it moved from voluntary aided status to become an academy in 2011.

History
The Tiffin name is borrowed from Thomas and John Tiffin, prosperous brewers in the early seventeenth century, who left money in their wills for the education of the poor. The money was first used for scholarships for one or two boys to attend an existing private school but, thanks to investment and donations from other local benefactors, nearly 100 children were benefiting from the charitable fund by the 1820s.

By 1869, when the charity schools had closed and the money was no longer needed by the Public Elementary School, the Trustees proposed to dedicate the Tiffin money exclusively to Kingston Grammar School. The dispute that ensued went on until 1872 when it was ruled that the Grammar School should not receive more than a quarter of the income from charities. In 1874, plans were drawn up for two new schools, a Tiffins' School for boys and one for girls, each to take 150 pupils. The Tiffin Girls' School was originally called The Tiffin's Girls' School, but the name was changed as it caused some confusion.

The single building by "The Fairfield" (now recreational cricket ovals), which housed both schools, was completed in 1879 and opened in 1880. Rhoda Ward Fysh was appointed as the girls' school's first headmistress. After fifty years in a previous building in Richmond Road, the school moved to its present site, also in Richmond Road, in 1987. The building had previously been occupied by The Tudor School which was closed by the local authority in 1986.

In 1999, the school benefited from a £500,000 Sport England Lottery Fund Grant. This, combined with fundraising from the school, enhanced the sports facilities for both school and community use. Improvements included a floodlit all-weather astro turf for hockey, floodlit netball/tennis courts and refurbished changing facilities as well as a community sports development programme for after school, weekends and holidays.

On 15 December 2003, a fire caused by a short circuit due to a leak in the roof burned down a large portion of the main building. The Tiffin Fire Appeal raised a significant amount of money for rebuilding.

The new part of the school was completed in 2006. The new wing was named the Holdsworth Wing after the retired Chair of Governors, Sandra Holdsworth. The construction of a new drama studio was completed in 2007. The school raised money for a new music studio, which opened in September 2009.

The school became an academy on 1 April 2011.

Present day
There are approximately 1,200 pupils aged between 11 and 18, including approximately 300 in the sixth form. They are split into six houses – Bebbington (Red), Flavell (Yellow), Schofield (Blue),  Watson (Green), Orford (Orange) and Nicolle (Purple). All are named after former headmistresses of the school. Prior to 2012 pupils were split into house groups according to their forms (i.e. 10A, 11B etc.) until sixth form. From 2012 to 2016, forms were made up of girls of different houses. From 2016, the form system has reverted to girls of the same house. Pupils earn points towards the house competition in events such as the school birthday (last day before February half term) and sports day.

The house competition used to run throughout one academic year, but in 2008 was changed to run from Easter to Easter in order to allow the current House Officers to enjoy their victory. The house with the most points wins the Belitha trophy (donated by Edward Belitha).

Curriculum
Pupils in Years 7–9 study Maths, English, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Religious Studies, Spanish, French, Latin, Design and Technology, Art, Computing, Music, Geography, History, PE and Drama. There is also one period of PSHE and Citizenship each week.

In Years 10 and 11, pupils continue 10 subjects to GCSE level. All GCSEs are sat at the end of Year 11. English Language, English Literature, Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Maths are compulsory. This leaves four options to be chosen, of which one must be a modern language (French or Spanish). Girls also take core PE lessons and have one period a week for PSHE and Citizenship.

In Year 12, pupils choose four subjects to begin their A level studies. Subjects follow A Level specifications with the exception of Music which follows the Pre-U course. At the end of Year 12, girls drop one subject, taking forward three subjects to A level.

Admissions
Entry into the school is by academic selection, using a Mathematics and English test and the school prioritises girls from its catchment area. Prior to 2012, the tests were both verbal and non-verbal reasoning, with a Mathematics and English test being added that year. From 2015 both rounds of tests were in Mathematics and English and the school added further priority to girls with pupil premium funding from its catchment area. 180 children are admitted to the school each year, this number being increased from 150.

Notable former pupils

 * Elspeth Attwooll, Lib Dem MEP for Scotland
 * Sophie Bray, British field hockey player who competed for Team GB at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
 * Alison Cooper, businesswoman, chief executive of Imperial Tobacco
 * Jan Etherington, writer and producer
 * Lisa Faulkner, actress
 * Barbara C. Freeman, author and illustrator
 * Jill Gascoigne, actress
 * Phyllis Ginger, artist
 * Chloe Hayward, fashion model
 * Amy Hoggart, comedian and actress
 * Kim Ismay, actress
 * Asha Leo, model/presenter
 * Ingrid Oliver, comedian and actress
 * Katherine Parkinson, actress
 * Sophy Ridge, Sky News presenter
 * Rosianna Halse Rojas, Youtuber
 * Lynne Truss, author
 * Lorna Watson, comedian and actress
 * Sarah Winckless, bronze medal winner at 2004 Olympics in women's double sculls

title: Tiffin Girls' School


text: User talk:64.8.81.117

title: User talk:64.8.81.117


text:
Edmund Blair Bolles

 * not to be confused with journalist E. Blair Bolles (1912–1990)

Edmund Blair Bolles (born 1942) is an American humanist and author. Bolles argues that human free will and originality are real and natural, deriving from animal memory systems. He developed this doctrine in three books written in the 1980s.

Bolles is the grandson of Wisconsin congressman Stephen Bolles.

Work
His major work includes:

 * So Much to Say (1980), regarding the language of children from birth to age five. It proposes that children are driven to talk because they have "something to say," have private emotions and thoughts to report.
 * Remembering and Forgetting (1986), which opens with the sentence, "Remembering is an act of imagination."  Bolles makes a sharp distinction between computer memory (storage) and human remembering (recreating sensory experiences).
 * A Second Way of Knowing (1991), about perception, which Bolles defines as knowing the meaning of what the senses present. The book contrasts the sensory-based knowledge of animal and humans with a view of symbolically based computation available to computers.

title: Edmund Blair Bolles


text:
Category:Fellows of Pembroke College, Oxford

Fellows and Masters of Pembroke College, Oxford.

See also former students.


text: User talk:70.149.86.100

title: User talk:70.149.86.100


text: User talk:67.32.30.240

title: User talk:67.32.30.240


text:
Talk:KPRC-TV

Untitled
KPRC is also the call sign of a radio station in Houston. Some of the articles referencing the radio station link instead to this page.

"On August 30, 2004, KPRC started to air Passions given the fact that NBC does not tolerate their local affiliates of pre-empting their programs at all."

NBC might not like it, but they have to tolerate it. Under FCC rules, stations can pre-empt network programming anytime they want, since they are the ones that have to answer to the FCC. Now, when it comes time for affiliation renewal, the network may bring up excessive pre-emptions as a reason to deny renewal, but that doesn't happen very often.

KPRC's callsign meaning
According to smecc.org, KPRC's callsign meaning was originally taken from its former owner and newspaper, Houston Post. Now this is what puzzles me: if it originally meant Kotton Port Rail Center, where was this place located because I never really heard about that?? --GETONERD84 18:27, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

It may be like the situation of radio station KHCB having both meanings. —SirChan 07:06, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Clarity?
This sentence makes no sense: When the NBC soap opera Sunset Beach debuted in 1999, KPRC -- along with its sister station WDIV -- preempted the show; both stations also had preempted the earlier soap opera Sunset Beach.

Since I do not watch soap operas on this station, I cannot guess what was meant. Anyone else have an idea? I don't want to cut it if someone knows what was originally meant.-- Firsfron of Ronchester 04:57, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

They were the only NBC affiliate holdouts. — SirChan 07:05, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

The first Sunset Beach in that sentence should have read "Passions debuted in 1999."

Former Anchors/Reporters
Seems like a decent idea; though, Cynthia Hunt and Cindy Garza aside, I cannot recall any others. OriginalGuest 12:40, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Sourcing in Newscasts
"KPRC was also hit with a boycott by black civil rights activists following the demotion of two African-American anchors, a decision that had nothing to do with race. " According to whom? This sentence needs to be properly qualified.--Jteague82 06:57, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Local 2 logo.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 12:39, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:KRPC-TV1998.gif
Image:KRPC-TV1998.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 13:18, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Merger Proposal
I propose that we merge the page On-air staff of KPRC-TV into this article. The list is not very long, and most other TV stations maintain the information on the same page. The only real reason to have the pages separate is if the main page is so long that it is cumbersome to read/load, or if there is some reason why the other page may be independently searched for. Neither seems to be the case here. Any other thoughts? Qwyrxian (talk) 02:36, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with the proposed merger, the last time I read this article the section was still part of the main KPRC article. It just doesn't make much sense to put the on-air staff in a separate article. (TVtonightOKC (talk) 08:07, 27 September 2010 (UTC))
 * Since it's been about 10 days, I'm going to go ahead and merge. Qwyrxian (talk) 06:40, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. While I was at it, I alphabetized all of the lists so it as no longer necessary to say for some "arranged in alphabetic order."  Also, some of the current staff, but not all, had the year they started listed after their names; since it wasn't consistent or sourced, I took that out. Qwyrxian (talk) 06:50, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:KPRC-TV


text: Category:Theatres in France

title: Category:Theatres in France


text:
Category:Fellows of Hertford College, Oxford

Fellows and Principals of Hertford College, Oxford.

See also former students.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Khoi vo

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ryan Norton T 20:02, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Khoi vo
Unverifiable. This user has contributed nonsense bordering on vandalism recently, and I doubt his credibility as well as that of the article. Google gets two hits for "Khoi Vo"+"Vietnam War", one of which gives this little factoid: "Tuan Anh Ho, leader of the Committee of Just Cause for Free Vietnam, was taken by an employee of his sign shop to Garden Grove Hospital, where he was treated and released. Ho was kicked in the stomach and groin about 9:20 a.m. as he stood outside his shop on Moran Street and snapped photos of protesters and their signs, said Westminster police Sgt. Darrick Vincent. Tho Ngoc Pham, 41, and Khoi Vo, 70, both of Westminster, were arrested on suspicion of assault and battery, Vincent said." Delete. Scimitar parley 15:46, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unverifiable. -- Kjkolb 02:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dottore So 11:43, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Khoi vo


text:
User:Who/Test2

] in libraries (WorldCat catalog).

title: User:Who/Test2


text: Category:Theatres by country

title: Category:Theatres by country


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rock music 1971

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE.  Rob e  rt  01:09, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Rock music 1971
This seems to be a spam claim for past royalties due Spenny 15:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete personal diatribe, POV, non-encyclopedic. It was extremely hard to read... anyone know whom the author is claiming ripped off the dead guy?  Just curious.--Isotope23 18:15, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete that moaning essay. -Hapsiainen 18:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and gets its author a Prozac. --Jacquelyn Marie 21:46, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. the wub  "?!"  22:43, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete is a bad opinionated article. Mystcat
 * This is the user's second edit, unless he has edited as unregistered, too. -Hapsiainen 19:22, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lesches, Seine-et-Marne

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. How refreshing to see sensible sock puppets. -- RHaworth 19:22, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Lesches, Seine-et-Marne

 * This article seems to be pure nonsense. 84.130.4.210 15:48, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It does not only seem to be nonsense, it is nonsense. The article should be deleted as soon as possible.82.83.61.109 16:26, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Entire page history is edits from various IPs.  Article has already been deleted twice.  Also incomprehensible.  Jkelly 16:34, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the article was written by a couple of idiots who think it's funny... Tomorrow at the latest they'll lose their fun. 82.83.61.109 17:00, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * well i know that this article is just nonsense b/c i know the people who wrote it. It has to be deleted b/c wikipedia is a very very good encyclopedia, where stupid articles like this shouldnt be placed

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.