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Crypsis

In ecology, crypsis is the ability of an animal or a plant to avoid observation or detection by other animals. It may be a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation. Methods include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle and mimicry. Crypsis can involve visual, olfactory (with pheromones) or auditory concealment. When it is visual, the term cryptic coloration, effectively a synonym for animal camouflage, is sometimes used, but many different methods of camouflage are employed by animals or plants.

Overview
There is a strong evolutionary pressure for animals to blend into their environment or conceal their shape, for prey animals to avoid predators and for predators to be able to avoid detection by prey. Exceptions include large herbivores without natural enemies, brilliantly colored birds that rely on flight to escape predators, and venomous or otherwise powerfully armed animals with warning coloration. Cryptic animals include the tawny frogmouth (feather patterning resembles bark), the tuatara (hides in burrows all day; nocturnal), some jellyfish (transparent), the leafy sea dragon, and the flounder (covers itself in sediment).

Methods

Methods of crypsis include (visual) camouflage, nocturnality, and subterranean lifestyle. Camouflage can be achieved by a wide variety of methods, from disruptive coloration to transparency and some forms of mimicry, even in habitats like the open sea where there is no background.

As a strategy, crypsis is used by predators against prey and by prey against predators.

Crypsis also applies to eggs and pheromone production. Crypsis can in principle involve visual, olfactory, or auditory camouflage.

Visual

Many animals have evolved so that they visually resemble their surroundings by using any of the many methods of natural camouflage that may match the color and texture of the surroundings (cryptic coloration) and/or break up the visual outline of the animal itself (disruptive coloration). Such animals, like the tawny dragon lizard, may resemble rocks, sand, twigs, leaves, and even bird droppings (mimesis). Other methods including transparency and silvering are widely used by marine animals.

Some animals change color in changing environments seasonally, as in ermine and snowshoe hare, or far more rapidly with chromatophores in their integuments, as in chameleon and cephalopods such as squid.

Countershading, the use of different colors on upper and lower surfaces in graduating tones from a light belly to a darker back, is common in the sea and on land. It is sometimes called Thayer's law, after the American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer, who published a paper on the form in 1896 that explained that countershading paints out shadows to make solid objects appear flat, reversing the way that artists use paint to make flat paintings contain solid objects. Where the background is brighter than is possible even with white pigment, counter-illumination in marine animals, such as squid, can use light to match the background.

Some animals actively camouflage themselves with local materials. The decorator crabs attach plants, animals, small stones, or shell fragments to their carapaces to provide camouflage that matches the local environment. Some species preferentially select stinging animals such as sea anemones or noxious plants, benefiting from aposematism as well as or instead of crypsis.

Olfactory
Some animals, in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, appear to camouflage their odor, which might otherwise attract predators. Numerous arthropods, both insects and spiders, mimic ants, whether to avoid predation, to hunt ants, or (as in the large blue butterfly caterpillar) to trick the ants into feeding them. Pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus) may exhibit chemical crypsis, making them undetectable to frogs and insects colonizing ponds. Trained dogs and meerkats, both scent-oriented predators, have been shown to have difficulty detecting puff adders, whose strategy of ambushing prey necessitates concealment from both predators and prey.

Auditory
Some insects, notably some Noctuid moths, (such as the large yellow underwing), and some tiger moths, (such as the garden tiger), were originally theorized to defend themselves against predation by echolocating bats, both by passively absorbing sound with soft, fur-like body coverings and by actively creating sounds to mimic echoes from other locations or objects. The active strategy was described as a "phantom echo" that might therefore represent "auditory crypsis" with alternative theories about interfering with the bats' echolocation ("jamming").

Subsequent research has provided evidence for only two functions of moth sounds, neither of which involve "auditory crypsis". Tiger moth species appear to cluster into two distinct groups. One type produces sounds as acoustic aposematism, warning the bats that the moths are unpalatable, or at least performing as acoustic mimics of unpalatable moths. The other type uses sonar jamming. In the latter type of moth, detailed analyses failed to support a "phantom echo" mechanism underlying sonar jamming, but instead pointed towards echo interference.

Effects
There is often a self-perpetuating co-evolution, or evolutionary arms race, between the perceptive abilities of animals attempting to detect the cryptic animal and the cryptic characteristics of the hiding species. Different aspects of crypsis and sensory abilities may be more or less pronounced in given predator-prey species pairs.

Zoologists need special methods to study cryptic animals, including biotelemetry techniques such as radio tracking, mark and recapture, and enclosures or exclosures. Cryptic animals tend to be overlooked in studies of biodiversity and ecological risk assessment.

title: Crypsis


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Talk:Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary

Corrections
I am glad to see that such an extensive article has been prepared about this dictionary. I corrected some figures (48,000 to 480,000 and the like) and made various other changes, including toning down some of the fulsome praise for the dictionary that appeared in the previous version of the article. (Disclosure: I am one of the dictionary's editors.) Tomgally 22:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Proposed changes
The history of the dictionary is largely missing. We know from the list at the very end that the first edition was 1918, but how important was it when it first appeared? What has driven each successive new edition (which have appeared at fairly long intervals)? What are the chief changes in each edition? Is the “Summary” section necessary? Shouldn’t the introductory paragraph be the summary? The first section should be a history, and there should be an entry specifically on the 5th edition giving the statistics. It should not be described as “recent”: such terms should not be used for articles expected to last, since it won’t be “recent” much longer. Jb05-Hds2 03:14, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Requested move 6 March 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved as requested. Dekimasu よ! 07:03, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary → Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary – The original English name does not contain "ū" Fumiko Take (talk) 16:47, 6 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Support. There will be a redirect anyway. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 22:00, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Arthur Matheson

Arthur James Matheson (December 12, 1845 – January 25, 1913 ) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served as a Conservative Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario for Lanark South from 1898 to 1913, and was provincial treasurer from 1905 to 1913.

He was born in Perth, Canada West in 1845, the son of Roderick Matheson, and educated at Upper Canada College and Trinity College, Toronto. Matheson studied law, was called to the bar in 1870 and set up practice in Perth. He was mayor of Perth in 1883 and 1884. Matheson served in the local militia, including service during the Fenian raids, and became lieutenant-colonel in 1886. Other than serving as provincial treasurer, Matheson was member of various house committees, including the Standing Committee on Public Accounts. He died in office in 1913.

The geographical township of Matheson, part of Black River-Matheson Township, was named after Arthur Matheson.

title: Arthur Matheson


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Talk:St John's Roman Catholic Cathedral, Norwich

Should be deleted in favor of St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich


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File:Grace budd.gif

Summary
Grace Budd in an image circulated after she went missing.

Source

 * http://www.fhj.nl/Odysseussept05/Seriemoordenaars/website/Kannibalen/content_albert_fish.htm

Rationale for fair use in article Albert Fish
This image is believed to be fair use in the article Albert Fish:
 * It is one of the few photos taken during her life.
 * It is used here for purely encyclopedic and informational purposes.
 * It does not harm the copyright owner commercially.
 * No free or public domain images have been located to represent this subject.

title: File:Grace budd.gif


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Talk:Nazi Germany paramilitary ranks

Comparing Ranks
Were the ranks of the SA, SS, and Waffen SS essentially the same? There should be a page comparing all ranks of Nazi Germany, both military and paramilitary.

Those Wacky Nazis...
One can (and should) say many bad things about the Nazis, but boy could those guys invent ranks and distinctions - and both in a very orderly, repetitive and logical fasion.

 * I found this sentiment highly interesting: Nazi Germany had by this account a rank such as Dai-Gensui to the Japanese or Dae Wonsu to the North Koreans: (a God-rank in the military): Hoheren Sinnestrager as per this source - ...The terminology is quite suggestive. To call God a Hoheren Sinnestrager meant linguistically to give him some place in the military hierarchy, since the Nazis had changed the military... the 'God-believers' (don't call them 'Christians'!, "God" is a teutonic rooted word, etc, etc) had a rank for God in Nazi Germany it appears? (I wonder where this term is actually used however) 65.102.40.8 (talk) 06:38, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Wehrmacht doesn't fit in here
The Wehrmacht was the German armed forces - not quite a PARAmilitary but a very military institution indeed. Boeing720 (talk) 21:51, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

Supreme commander of the Wehrmacht (all armed frorces)
Was before december 1941 Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch, and after the defeat outside of Moscow Adolf Hitler himself. Commander of OKW was Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel. I do not see how Hermann Göring fits in here. However Heinrich Himmler was the only RFSS, Reichsführer der SS, and ought to stand at top level under SS. And all SS-officers should move up one step. Oberstgruppenfüher came second (after Himmler) then Obergruppenführer (both ranks were Field Marshals, Generalfeldmarschall, and Gruppenfüher eaqualed General. The Wehrmacht ranks were not invented by NSDAP by the way Boeing720 (talk) 22:07, 1 May 2013 (UTC)
 * In the book by historian, Chris McNab, The SS: 1923-1945 he states that after 1934, Reichsführer-SS became the highest rank of the SS and was considered on paper the equivalent of a Generalfeldmarschall in the German Army. However as Himmler's position and authority grew in Nazi Germany, so did his rank in a "de facto" sense to the equivalent of Reichsmarshall. McNab, pp. 9, 17, 26-27, 30, 46-47. But with that said, Himmler's rank on paper was still equivalent to a Field Marshal in the German Army. Again, Himmler (from 1942 I would say and other's point to 1943) carried more weight but that was due to the fact he was Reichsführer-SS, Chief of the German Police and from 1943 forward, Minister of the Interior. But this chart is going by the SS rank on paper, so to speak. Kierzek (talk) 23:15, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

 * You're absolutly true about Himmler's growing power. What I ment was that his SS-title "RFSS, Reichsführer der SS" was a rank that only one person had. But "Generalfeldmarschall" or Field Marshal was a title that was held by rather many. I do not doubt the sources You mention, but reguardless of "on paper"-conciderations (so to speak), I still think that it wouldn't be wrong to put him at highest possible rank (excluding only "der Führer"). But that's only my subjective opinion. Boeing720 (talk) 02:52, 6 June 2013 (UTC)

HJ Children Ranks
Putting the HJ children ranks into the hierarchy actually skews the table pretty badly. For instance, a Bannfuhrer was more like a lieutenant or captain - certainly not a colonel and the HJ children ranks were not equatable to senior NCOs in the German Army. Rather the opposite, even the highest HJ child rank would have been outranked by a German Corporal or even Private. I've never heard of a single case where HJ minors commanded active duty German soldiers. I believe the table should be changed. -OberRanks (talk) 12:56, 19 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree. Kierzek (talk) 13:09, 19 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I added a disputed tag as the problem persists even three years later. -O.R.Comms 14:19, 21 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I agreed back in 2015, and still do today with your points. If there is no object posted, you should go ahead and remove them after a week or so. Kierzek (talk) 15:35, 21 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nazi Germany paramilitary ranks


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Battle of Shelon

The Battle of Shelon (Шелонская битва) was a decisive battle between the forces of the Grand Principality of Moscow under Ivan III (r. 1462–1505) and the army of the Novgorod Republic, which took place on the Shelon River on 14 July 1471. Novgorod suffered a major defeat and ended with the de facto unconditional surrender of the city. Novgorod was absorbed by Muscovy in 1478.

Background
The clash between the Muscovy and the Novgorod Republic was a continuation of the conflict between them going back into the late 14th century. This particular episode was caused by Novgorod's violation of the Treaty of Yazhelbitsy (1456) signed between Grand Prince Vasily II and the Novgorodian delegation headed by Archbishop Evfimy II. In particular, the treaty limited Novgorod's ability to conduct its own foreign affairs and gave the Grand Prince of Moscow more control over the city (he controlled the city's seals and became the court of higher instance for the Novgorodian courts). When the Novgorodians turned to Poland–Lithuania for help in limiting Moscow's growing power, Ivan III and the metropolitan accused them not only of political treachery, but of attempting to abandon Eastern Orthodoxy and go over to the Catholic Church. A draft treaty between Novgorod and the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, Casimir IV Jagiellon (r. 1440–1492), said to have been found in a cache of documents after the battle of Shelon, made it clear that the Lithuanian Grand Prince was not to interfere with the election of the archbishop of Novgorod or the Orthodox faith in the city (by building Catholic churches in the city for example.)

Battle
The battle took place in the morning of 14 July on the left bank of the Shelon River, which flows into Lake Ilmen southwest of Novgorod. It is believed to have taken place about 30 km from the mouth of the river and just to the east of the town of Soltsy, possibly, near the village of Skirino. The location indicates that the Muscovite army was advancing on Novgorod along the western shore of the lake to come up on the city from the southwest. After an accidental encounter of the Muscovite forces (around 5,000 men) under the command of Prince Daniil Kholmsky with the army of Novgorod (20,000 to 40,000 men), the badly organized army of Novgorod was not able to withstand the pressure of the princely forces. Indeed, the Novgorodian Fourth Chronicle reports that Feofil, Archbishop-Elect of Novgorod, ordered his cavalry to not attack the Muscovites, but only the Pskovian forces, thus limiting their room to maneuver. The Battle of Shelon lasted for two hours and ended with Novgorod's defeat. According to Muscovite sources, more than 12,000 Novgorodians were killed during the battle and the subsequent pursuit. Some 2,000 men were taken prisoners. It is, however, difficult to say how accurate these figures are as the size of the Novgorodian army at this time are almost impossible to determine, and the number seems quite high given that the city of Novgorod itself probably had a population of only about 40,000 people, although the army could have been drawn from the rural population as well. That being said, the numbers may have been inflated to add to the Grand Prince's prestige and cast Novgorod in an even worse light.

Aftermath
On 24 July Ivan III executed the Novgorodian commander, Dmitry Isaakovich Boretsky, one of the Boretsky clan which, led by Marfa Boretskaya, had championed the city's opposition to Moscow. In the longer term, the defeat at Shelon severely weakened the Novgorodian Republic. According to some sources, Ivan III confiscated significant amounts of land from the archiepiscopal administration and several of the largest monasteries immediately after the battle (although most sources date these confiscations to 1478), thus weakening the independence of the Novgorodian church. He also returned to the city several times in the 1470s and arrested important boyars or entire boyar clans. However, he only took direct control of the city-state in January 1478 after further strained relations with Archbishop Feofil and Novgorodian boyars led him to send his armies against the city in the winter of 1477–1478.

title: Battle of Shelon


text: Talk:John Howard Yoder

title: Talk:John Howard Yoder


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Talk:Berta language

Comments
the article needs to give at least a little info on the people who speak the language.

Gringo300 04:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

is the language related to the berti language in Sudan? it belongs to the same family (Nilo-Saharan languages)

Berta speakers in Sudan brittanica source
Hey I added the number of speakers of the Berta language in Sudan by total number of speakers not monolinguals. That's why i said "and 22,000 speakers in Sudan" to distinguish the number of speakers in Sudan from monolinguals. Cookiemonster1618 (talk) 18:01, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Berta language


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KXHT

KXHT (Hot 107.1) is a mainstream urban radio station licensed to Marion, Arkansas and serves the Memphis, Tennessee, area. The Flinn Broadcasting outlet operates at 107.1 MHz with an ERP of 2.75 kW. The station's studios are located in Southeast Memphis, and the transmitter site is in West Memphis, Arkansas along the west shore of the Mississippi River.

History
The station began targeting the Memphis area in the late 1980s with an All-Blues format. In 1996 it flipped to a Mainstream Urban direction, but it wouldn't be until 1997 when it shifted to a Rhythmic Contemporary Hits direction and adopted the KXHT calls and the "HOT 107.1" moniker. Today the station focuses mostly on Hip-Hop product (they phased out most of the vocal-driven R&B hits, especially the slow songs), complete with non-stop mixes and capitalizing on the Southern Rap genre, especially the Crunk tracks.

In August 2006, Nielsen BDS had moved KXHT from the Rhythmic Airplay panel to the Urban Contemporary Airplay panel, but by May 2007 it placed the station back on the Rhythmic panel, as their direction and playlists reflected what was currently being played on the BDS-monitored Rhythmic chart rather than Urban. By April 2014, BDS returned KXHT to the R&B/Hip-Hop panel after adjusting its playlist and direction.

title: KXHT


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Rock Harbor (Michigan)

Rock Harbor is the main access point for visitors landing on Isle Royale in northern Lake Superior. It sits 4 mi from the northeastern end of the 45 mi island, the whole of which is protected as Isle Royale National Park. Two structures in Rock Harbor—the Rock Harbor Light and the Edisen Fishery—are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Rock Harbor name is properly applied to the 11 mi inlet from Moskey Basin to Scoville Point along the southern shore of the easterly part of Isle Royale. This inlet is screened from the open waters of Lake Superior by a number of offshore islands, including Mott Island, the site of the park headquarters.

Travel to Rock Harbor from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan is by the Ranger III park service ferry, operating from Houghton, Michigan, the Isle Royale Queen IV out of Copper Harbor, Michigan, and seaplane service. The Voyageur II operates out of Grand Portage, Minnesota; it circumnavigates the island with stops at Ozaagaateng Ranger Station in Washington Harbor on the west end of the island and other points along the shore.

The ferry boats land at Snug Harbor, which also has berths for private watercraft, a campground, the visitor center, and a lodge that predates the national park.

Rock Harbor is the eastern end and terminus of the Greenstone Ridge Trail.

Rock Harbor is also listed by the Geographic Names Information System as a populated place named Rock Harbor Lodge. Although there is no permanent population, the area includes the Rock Harbor Lodge, restaurant, resorts, several boat docks, and campgrounds. Rock Harbor also contained its own summer post office from 1924 to 1958.

title: Rock Harbor (Michigan)


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Nang Keo Phimpha

Nang Keo Phimpha (ນາງແກ້ວພິມພາ) (1343–1438), an epithet meaning literally "The Cruel", was Queen regnant of Lan Xang in 1438, taking the regnal name Samdach Brhat-Anya Sadu Chao Nying Kaeva Bhima Fa Mahadevi(ສົມເດັຈ ພຣະຍາ ສາທຸເຈົ້າຍິງ ແກ້ວພິມພາມະຫາເທວີ). She is also known by her title Maha Devi, and may have been the only reigning female sovereign of the kingdom of Lan Xang. According to some chronicles, she briefly occupied the throne for a few months, before she was deposed and killed at ninety-five years old. Her brief reign was the culmination of a ten-year period of regicide, which she orchestrated through a series of puppet kings.

The true identity of the Maha Devi is a matter of dispute both in the chronicles of later periods, and among current scholars. She has variously been described as the eldest daughter, younger sister, principal wife, or step-mother  of Samsenthai. Of the few solid clues to her identity, her title as Maha Devi or "Great Goddess," was reserved for only the senior queen of a ruling monarch. Scholars including Martin Stuart-Fox and Amphay Dore, point out that both her age at the time of execution and title as Maha Devi indicate her true identity to be Keo Lot Fa the Queen Consort of Fa Ngum from Ayutthaya who would have assumed the title of Maha Devi after the death of Queen Keo Kang Nya in 1368, shortly before Fa Ngum was deposed in 1371. Although her identity remains a mystery, the consensus among the royal chronicles remains that she was the de facto ruler during a brutal succession dispute between court factions from the death of Lan Kham Deng to the accession of Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo.

Court factions and succession
Beginning with the premature death of Lan Kham Deng, the period from 1428 to 1438 in Lan Xang was marked by a prolonged succession crisis created by rival court factions. Court chronicles disagree on the exact sequence of events, or even the exact reigns of the kings. It was during this period of confusion, allegedly orchestrated by the Maha Devi, which witnessed the deaths of seven successive monarchs: It is unclear exactly how many factions existed at court during this period. One faction included the old nobility of Muang Sua who had opposed Fa Ngum when he consolidated his rule in 1354 and founded the kingdom of Lan Xang through military conquest. Another faction included the Lao and Khmer supporters of Fa Ngum during his conquests and subsequently rose to key administrative positions within the kingdom. Yet another faction included outside influencers from Ayutthaya and Lan Na, rival kingdoms which stood to gain from political weakness within Lan Xang.
 * Phommathat (1428–1429) assassinated after 10 months
 * Yukhon (1429–1430) assassinated after 8 months
 * Khon Kham (1430–1432) assassinated after 18 months
 * Kham Tam Sa (1432) assassinated after 5 months
 * Lusai (1432–1433) assassinated after 6 months
 * Khai Bua Ban (1433–1436) assassinated after 3 years
 * Kham Keut (1436–1438) possibly poisoned after 2 years

Biography
Le Boulanger in his Histoire du Laos Français identified the Maha Devi as the eldest daughter of King Samsenthai. The Lao historian Sila Viravong believed she was Samesenthai's younger sister. Michel Oger argued she was the principal wife of Samsenthai, mother of his son and successor Lan Kham Deng. Amphay Dore and Martin Stuart-Fox have argued she was in fact Fa Ngum's queen Keo Lot Fa, daughter of Ramathibodi I. Each based his identification on different versions and analyses from the Lao chronicles of later periods.

Each plausible theory for the identity of Maha Devi raises additional questions about the factional dispute at court. Le Boulanger and Manich Jumsai identify the Maha Devi as Nang Keo Phimpha, daughter of Queen Bua Then Fa whose father may have been Chao Fa Kham Hiao the uncle who Fa Ngum deposed when he conquered Muang Sua. If so, Maha Devi would have been a scion of the old nobility of Muang Sua. Sila Viravong identified her as Keo Ketkesy, the sister of Samsenthai, daughter of Fa Ngum's Khmer Queen Keo Kang Ya who had been given in marriage by Jayavarman Paramesvara. If she was Keo Ketkesy, she would have likely led the Khmer faction at court. The theory put forward by Amphay Dore and Martin Stuart-Fox asserts that Maha Devi was in fact Keo Lot Fa the Ayutthayan Queen promised to Fa Ngum by Ramathibodi I. The theory suggests that Keo Lot Fa would have arrived at court either too late to marry Fa Ngum, or that she was his widow, and implicates that Samsenthai may have married instead to maintain a political balance. If Samsenthai married his own stepmother, it is possible that Queen Keo Lot Fa and Queen Keo Yot Fa are in fact the same person, and either through confusion or intentional misrepresentation were given separate identities in later chronicles. The various theories bear important consequences for describing the politics of the succession dispute which followed each of the so-called "ill-fated" kings, and the entire period from Fa Ngum's removal to the accession of Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo.

Regardless of her identity, both historians and the chronicles agree that later in life the queen married a much younger politician, who as the power behind the throne she was able to raise to the station of Sen Luang or the Chief Minister of the court. Together the Chief Minister and Maha Devi would have been capable of manipulating the various factions at court through intimidation and regicide. To what extent the Chief Minister or Maha Devi were individually responsible for each of the ill-fated kings deaths is unknown, however the chronicles clearly implicate the Maha Devi as the primary political force for most if not all of the subsequent assassinations.

From Phommathat to Kham Keut, as many as seven kings fell victim to assassination. It is noted in some chronicles that after the death of Kham Keut the Maha Devi herself came to the throne and reigned for a few months. However, the Court tired of abuses of the queen, ordered her capture along with Chief Minister Xieng Lo. The two were taken to a place called Pha Dieo on a riverbank opposite the Xieng Thong palace, were bound together and abandoned to the elements as an offering to the naga in 1438. With the death of the Maha Devi and the refusal to take the throne of the only descendant of royal blood, the prince Vang Buri, the aristocracy of the court ruled that a council of State chaired by two prelates Phra Maha Satthathiko and Phra Maha Samudhakhote, assisted by four members of the armed forces, who ruled for three years. In 1441 Prince Vang Buri, for many years governor of Vientiane, accepted the offer of the prelates and became the new king of Lan Xang with the royal name Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo.

title: Nang Keo Phimpha


text:
Midwest Roadside Safety Facility

The Midwest Roadside Safety Facility (commonly referred to as Midwest and abbreviated as MwRSF) is a research organization in Lincoln, Nebraska that conducts automotive crash testing. MwRSF is operated by the University of Nebraska–Lincoln (NU) and researches highway design and safety with a particular emphasis on safety performance evaluations of roadside appurtenances. Since its establishment in 1974, the facility has evaluated existing barriers and frequently developed new design concepts and technologies for use on public roadways.

MwRSF engineers designed and tested the SAFER barrier, an energy-absorbing "soft wall" system installed at all high-speed oval race tracks used by NASCAR and IndyCar.

History
Roadside safety research at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln began in 1974, when Edward Post left the Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) and joined the Civil Engineering department at NU. In its early years, Post's research organization was made up of a handful of graduate students and was primarily funded by the Nebraska Department of Roads (now the Nebraska Department of Transportation (NDOT)). As more state agencies and the Federal Highway Administration began supporting the program, it was formally titled the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility and hired a number of full-time staff. When Post died in 1991, MwRSF hired Dean Sicking, also from TTI, to lead the program. Sicking served as MwRSF's director until 2012, when he left NU to take a teaching position at the University of Alabama at Birmingham; longtime MwRSF engineer Ronald Faller was named program director upon Sicking's departure.

MwRSF has worked on hundreds of roadside safety projects since its inception, many of which are used on highways nationwide. These include the SKT, FLEAT, and BEAT energy-absorbing guardrail end terminals; many variations of W-beam and thrie-beam guardrails, including the complete design and development of the Midwest Guardrail System; and the SAFER barrier. The facility receives funding from the National Cooperative Highway Research Program and frequently presents at the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting.

Though it is headquartered at the Prem S. Paul Research Center just east of NU's main campus, MwRSF uses an approximately quarter-mile stretch of runway at the Lincoln Airport to conduct its crash tests. In 2021, MwRSF tested an 80,000-lb tank truck at fifty miles per hour impacting a sixty-two inch tall constant-slope concrete barrier; because of the immense costs associated, this was the first test of its kind in over thirty years. The barrier was believed to be a suitable replacement for the much larger and more costly ninety-inch barrier used as standard to divide highways and prevent large trucks from encroaching into oncoming lanes.

Pooled Fund
The University of Nebraska–Lincoln and NDOT, along with the Kansas Department of Transportation and Missouri Department of Transportation, formed the Midwest States Regional Pooled Fund Program in 1991; the Iowa Department of Transportation and Minnesota Department of Transportation joined soon after. The Pooled Fund was created as a way for states with similar geographic layouts to combine resources and optimize roadside safety research efforts. The program has since expanded to include twenty-one states from across the country. In 2021, the Pooled Fund received $1.235 million in funding from its member departments of transportation and completed twelve projects, including compliance testing for the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

SAFER barrier
In 1998, MwRSF was contracted by NASCAR, the Indy Racing League (now IndyCar), and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway to develop an energy-absorbing, partially deformable "soft wall" to mitigate the forces involved with high-speed wall impacts. MwRSF engineers tested nearly one hundred materials for optimal effectiveness, cost, and replaceability before settling on Owens Corning FOAMULAR as the primary energy-absorbing mechanism in the barrier. The closed-cell, polystyrene foam was used to partially fill the thirty-inch gap between the existing concrete wall and the steel face of the barrier. During the design and testing of the new barrier, a number of high-profile deaths in NASCAR involving wall impacts, including that of Dale Earnhardt, dramatically increased scrutiny of the United States' most popular racing organization and its efforts to protect drivers.

The system was officially named the Steel And Foam Energy Reduction Barrier (abbreviated to "SAFER" barrier); it was first installed at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 2002. It was soon implemented in some capacity at every high-speed oval race track used by NASCAR and IndyCar, and there have been no subsequent driver fatalities in any of NASCAR's top-flight series (the Cup Series, Xfinity Series, and Craftsman Truck Series). Many racing stars, notably Jeff Gordon, have praised the inertia-dampening performance of the SAFER barrier; Gordon suggested "SAFER barriers should be on every wall, every track."

MwRSF engineers Ronald Faller, Jim Holloway, John Reid, John Rohde, and Dean Sicking were presented with the Louis H. Schwitzer Award for Engineering Innovation and Excellence at the 2002 Indianapolis 500 in recognition of their development of the SAFER barrier.

title: Midwest Roadside Safety Facility


text:
Talk:Charmane Star

Untitled
charmane star double penetration: does anyone know what video\DVD charmane star did a double penatration scene in ? what is the title of film? what is the video company`s and distributors name? what year did movie come out?

Charmane Star did a double penetration scene in a dvd named, "Nymph Fever", made in 1999 by Anarchy Videos(?). The boy/girl/boy scene was very good, as you would expect with any scene with Charmane, but disappointing in as much as there was no anal sex (unless you consider one of the male performers probing her anus with one of his fingers, anal sex). So if you are looking for this dvd to see Charmane in a anal/vagina double penetration scene, you won't find it in this one. Still, watching Charmane perform with 2 guys at the same time is memorable, and is worth the time to see, and the expense of the dvd. Charmane also has a hot, but brief encounter with Randy West in the last scene.

If you wish to see Charmane in anal scenes, I would suggest these dvd's: Asian Street Hookers #3-In this one her sister also performs under the name of Sade. Asian Street Hookers #17, 18 & Nasty #7, Weapons of Ass Destruction #3, Up & Cummers #64

Removed contested information
There is a piece of contested information I have commented out of the article. Basically, it has to deal with whether or not she has ever participated in an on-screen double penetration. If we can prove or disprove this using a verifiable source of information -- and not personal research -- then that would be wonderful. Until such time, the information shouldn't be added into the article. Thanks. -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. Think out loud 21:51, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Birthdate
While most sources list her birth year as 1980, I suspect this was done for "stage" purposes only. As I have seen her passport, I can verify her year of birth as 1979. 70.26.122.101 04:54, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Unless you have any other evidence that can be verified, your verification of the date from her passport constitutes original research which cannot be verified at this time. Due to this issue, I have reverted the article to a previous edit.
 * If you find something in a reputable magazine article or other resource open to everyone that supports this claim, then it should be fit to be added to the article. Thanks. -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. Think out loud 14:08, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Point taken. Quick search revealed these sites which corroborate my claim...
 * Site 1
 * Site 2
 * Site 3
 * 70.26.122.101 17:12, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Off.Web Site is

http://www.charmanexxx.com/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.76.79.34 (talk • contribs)

 * The official website is in the information box, which is to the right of the article. :) -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. Think out loud 17:52, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Major Edit Taking Place
I'm doing a major overhaul on her page, based on interviews I have done with Charmane. I will cite references. This overhaul could take a few weeks so please be patient. Thanks! Rohurley (talk) 01:03, 22 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Careful, just remember to comply with the policy prohibiting original research. This means your interviews should have already been published by a reliable source before they can be cited in Wikipedia. Morbidthoughts (talk) 01:39, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Ok I'm done for now. I might add more information later if I can verify references. Rohurley (talk) 18:25, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

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Charmane Star is now retired and lives in France
Charmane Star is now retired from porn and lives with a dude in France her official website which also shows her blog confirms. She will not be present at her induction ceremony. This is her website blog section http://blog.charmanestar.com/ 47.202.17.249 (talk) 11:56, 22 January 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Charmane Star


text:
Talk:Midwest Roadside Safety Facility

Co far at least, this is a cut and paste from here; http://mwrsf.unl.edu/

Let's give it time to see if it develops. Paul, in Saudi 04:35, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Midwest Roadside Safety Facility


text:
User talk:Egunnink

Eric Gunnink. Is a man, not no superman. As of now he is just a student, but someday hopes to achieve greatness.

title: User talk:Egunnink


text: Category:Mid-South radio stations

title: Category:Mid-South radio stations


text:
Kenneth M. Curtis

Kenneth Merwin Curtis (born February 8, 1931) is an American attorney, Democratic politician, and diplomat. He was the Maine Secretary of State from 1965 to 1966, the Governor of Maine from 1967 to 1975, and the United States Ambassador to Canada from 1979 to 1981. Curtis is a member of the Democratic Party and is currently Of Counsel at the Curtis Thaxter law firm in Portland, Maine, which he founded in 1975.

Early life and education
Curtis was born in Curtis Corner, Leeds, Maine to Archie, a fifth-generation farmer of the family land there, and Harriet (Turner) Curtis. He attended Cony High School in Augusta and graduated in 1949. He then attended Maine Maritime Academy and received a Bachelor of Science in 1952.

Curtis served in the United States Naval Reserve from 1953 to 1955 and was a lieutenant commander in the Korean War before leaving the Navy to pursue a law degree. He was admitted to the Maine Bar in 1958 and received a LL.B. from Portland University School of Law in 1959 and a LL.D. from Bates College in 1981.

Career

Curtis's political career began in 1956 when he worked for James Oliver's Democratic campaign for Maine's 1st congressional district. Oliver lost to Robert Hale in 1956 but won in 1958 with Curtis serving as campaign manager. Curtis worked as Oliver's assistant from 1959 to 1961.

In 1963, Curtis was appointed Maine Coordinator for the Area Redevelopment Administration by President John F. Kennedy and served in that position until 1964 when he campaigned for the 1st district seat but lost to Stan Tupper.

Curtis served as the Maine Secretary of State from 1965 to 1966.

In 1966, Curtis defeated Carlton Reed, the Maine Senate President and former Speaker of the House, in a primary election to challenge incumbent Republican Governor John Reed. In the 1966 Maine gubernatorial election, with campaign help from Robert F. Kennedy, Curtis defeated Reed 53%-47%.

First term, 1967–1971
Curtis was the 68th Governor of Maine and the youngest governor in the United States at the time.

In 1968, Curtis merged the University of Maine at Orono with five teachers' colleges throughout the state, creating the University of Maine System. In 1969, Curtis and the Republican legislature enacted Maine's first income tax, which as of 2021 still provides the bulk of the state's revenue. The administration also enacted several notable environmental protection measures, such as the Site Location of Development Act, and created the Department of Environmental Protection.

Curtis chaired the New England Governors’ conference from 1969 to 1970 and was Chairman of the Environmental Task Force of the National Governors' Conference in the early 1970s.

In January 1970, Curtis strongly pledged support for an oil refinery at Machiasport. Environmentalists, as well as the Maine Times – a recently established newspaper – opposed this proposal.

Curtis proposed gun control legislation, which would deny ownership to convicted felons, drug addicts, and those in mental institutions. This was quite controversial and irritated gun owners throughout the state of Maine.

In the 1970 Maine gubernatorial election, Curtis was narrowly reelected. Defeating Maine Attorney General James Erwin by a margin of only 890 votes to win a second term.

Second term, 1971–1975
Curtis was the first Maine governor to serve two four-year terms. (or 8 years). In 1971 Curtis made an 11th‐hour appeal urging voters to reject a referendum aimed at repealing the state's two‐year‐old income tax. In 1972, he reorganized the Maine state government to cabinet system, replacing 150 independent agencies with 16 departments. The heads of these departments would be appointed by each currently-serving governor, whereas previously they had remained in their positions after being appointed by former governors.

in 1973 Curtis signed a bill that eliminates the state's criminal penalties for knowingly being present where marijuana is kept. Conviction under the law is punishable by a fine of up to $1,000, or imprisonment of up to 11 months, or both.

According to the Maine Historical Society, Curtis was "one of a few sitting governors to climb Mt. Katahdin and canoe the Allagash River." Curtis asked James B. Longley to lead a state government commission called The Maine Management and Cost Survey Commission, which was intended to make government more efficient, and cut costs. After some initial reluctance, Longley accepted the position and pursued the job with vigor.

Longley made several recommendations that were projected to save the state in excess of $24 million. One of his major proposals included restructuring the Maine university system, which he felt was grossly inefficient.

Post-gubernatorial career
In 1975, Curtis founded the Curtis Thaxter law firm with several colleagues, and he served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1977 to 1978.

Curtis served as the United States Ambassador to Canada from 1979 to 1981. His tenure coincided with the Iran hostage crisis and the Canadian Caper, and Curtis handled communication regarding the status of six American diplomats being sheltered by Canadian embassy staff in Tehran and eventually rescued by the CIA.

Curtis served as the 11th president of Maine Maritime Academy from 1986 to 1994.

Family
Curtis met Pauline "Polly" Brown while they both worked at Sears Roebuck in downtown Portland. They were married in 1956.

The Curtises had two children, Susan (born 1959) and Angela (born 1961), both of whom were born with cystic fibrosis. On Tuesday, July 20, 1970, Susan died at Central Maine General Hospital in Lewiston of respiratory failure. She was 11 years old. Since Ken Curtis was serving his first term as governor, the family received numerous monetary donations in Susan's name, and friends and political supporters encouraged the Curtises to start a nonprofit organization with the funds. After researching specific needs throughout Maine, the newly-formed Susan L. Curtis Foundation opened Camp Susan Curtis in Stoneham, Maine in 1974 to serve economically disadvantaged Maine children.

The Curtises' second daughter, Angela Curtis Hall, who was also born with cystic fibrosis, died in 1996. She was 34.

The Curtises semi-retired to Florida from 1997 to 2017 and then returned to Maine. As of January 2021, they live in Scarborough. Curtis is Of Counsel at Curtis Thaxter, the Portland law firm he founded in 1975.

title: Kenneth M. Curtis


text:
User talk:Boo Destroyer

Hello, Please don't start articles that exist only to disparage their subject. Please see Tutorial - cohesion | talk 04:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Boo Destroyer


text: User talk:71.111.136.253

title: User talk:71.111.136.253


text: User talk:68.85.25.181

title: User talk:68.85.25.181


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Talk:Nihon Shoki

Fabricated Foreign Relations in Chronicles of Japan
Nihonshoki fabricated or exaggerated a considerable amount of its contacts with Korea and China - this is a proven fact. There is a list of examples with claims that Gaya (Minama) being a Japanese colony, the Korean kingdom of Baekje paying tribute to the Yamato court being prime cases.--Jh.daniell 00:42, 25 May 2006 (GMT+9:00-Tokyo)

 * Proven by Mr. Choe Yong-shik? Who the heck is he anyway? --Saintjust 16:05, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Proven by Sokichi Tsuda, Namio Egami, Hong Won-tack, Taro Sakamoto, and W.G. Aston. Ecthelion83 (talk) 00:15, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Here are some sources: Kojiki and Nihongi, Japanese history chronicles, state that the Yamato kingdom had always influenced events in Korea by sending in troops, sometimes as many as 100,000, and maintained an outpost in Korea. They also state that the Kammu's mother's clan was given the status of a retainer under the emperor after the Baekje kingdom fell. These claims are viewed by many different scholars as unsupported propaganda. Many Koreans, Westeners and some Japanese raise questions about the completeness, objectivity, and reliability of the surviving version of these Japanese sources. They argue early parts of Kojiki and Nihongi were fabricated or exaggerated by the Yamato court to legitimize its rule.

Some Japanese historians and most Korean scholars agree that the Kojiki and Nihongi cannot be read as complete historical truth. Tsuda Sokichi, a Japanese scholar, concluded that the earlier sections of these histories were made up to justify imperial rule. Thus, a myth that Jingu conquered parts of Korea in the Kojiki is rejected as fairy tale inserted by Yamato scholars because of later tense relations between Silla and Yamato. Most scholars agree that the founding date of Japan as 660 B.C.E. and the first thirteen emperors of Japan are mythical and not based on historical fact. Additionally, the Nihongi attributes dates two sexagenary cycles or 120 years of history before they actually happened to make the relatively young Yamato state as respectable as contemporaneous Korean and Chinese states which shows another evidence of bias of the writers. (A sexagenary cycle of sixty years was used to keep a measure of time on a calendar.). Although the Nihongi and Kojiki state that Korean Kingdoms paid tribute to Yamato, it is not believed by most historians. . .

The Nihongi is partly based on Korean history books which have now been lost. . . Korean sources used in the Nihongi are the Baekje-gi (Record of Baekje), Baekje Sinch'an (New Record of Baekje), and Baekje Pon'gi (Original Record of Baekje). Records written in Baekje may have been the basis for the quotes in the Nihongi but textual criticism shows that scholars fleeing the destruction of the Baekje Kingdom to Yamato wrote these histories and the authors of the Nihongi heavily relied upon those sources. . The use of Korean place names in Nihongi is another piece of evidence that the history used Korean sources.

Many of the myths of these two histories also have many similarities with traditions in China, Manchuria, and Korea. . Tortfeasor 17:50, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Nihon Shoki have another known fabricated section on Himiko. Apparently Japanese scholars have removed 200 years from Nihon Shoki to fill out 200 years of non-Yamato factional rule. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.7.9.34 (talk) 04:41, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Chronicles?
While it may be a logical and/or literal translation, I cannot imagine that anyone would find "Chronicles of Japan" to be more recognizable than "Nihonshoki". I looked at the title of this article and I assumed that it concerned either (a) some fictional series called Chronicles of Japan, like a novel series or an anime, or (b) an umbrella article encompassing Nihonshoki, Nihongi, Kojiki, Heike Monogatari, Heiji Monogatari, Taiheiki and a whole bunch of others. I propose moving this to Nihonshoki, the far more common and more recognizable name of this document. LordAmeth 19:57, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Support - move to Nihonshoki. --Endroit 20:19, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support move to Nihonshoki. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e  23:56, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support - Nihonshoki is more commonly used. --Sir Edgar 01:30, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support Concur with above. Tortfeasor 03:09, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support Agree with Sir Edgar's statement --Jh.daniell 13:11, 25 May 2006 (GMT+9:00-Tokyo)
 * Support And if only to fight drive-by page moving. ~ trialsanderrors 06:07, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment - If you search "nihonshoki" in Google Scholar or Google Books, Goolge suggests "nihon shoki" as an alternative spelling. The number of hits for "nihon shoki" is greater than that of "nihonshoki" in Google web search, Google Scholar, Google Books. --Kusunose 06:15, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * So, shall we take a vote as to one or the other? Nihonshoki vs Nihon Shoki? LordAmeth 11:14, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The title of this article has always been "Nihonshoki" until May 24, when somebody moved it to "Chronicles of Japan". I believe that we should move it back to "Nihonshoki" first before discussion the move to "Nihon shoki".--Endroit 17:01, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, well I'm moving it back then. Certainly seems to me there's enough consensus here. LordAmeth 20:44, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move, obviously. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 12:03, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Nihon Shoki
As I have commented above, Nihon Shoki is more common than Nihonshoki; about 41,600 hits vs about 30,300 hits on Google Web Search, 2520 pages vs 525 pages on Google Books, about 626 vs about 206 on Google Scholar. Also note that when you search "nihonshoki", Google says "Did you mean: nihon shoki". I propose moving this page to Nihon Shoki per Naming conventions (common names). --Kusunose 07:58, 29 May 2006 (UTC) P.S. If you exclude 'wikipedia' from Google Web Search, results are about 37,000 vs about 13,700 --Kusunose 08:00, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * While I myself have edited "Nihon Shoki" to "Nihonshoki", I can agree with your point. "Nihon Shoki" appears to be the more common usage. Even though I have always known it as "Nihonshoki" that doesn't make it right. In addition, there is the common use of "Samguk Sagi", not "Samguksagi". In reality, "Nihon" and "Shoki" are two kanji words, but placed together. But then again "Nihonjin" is not "Nihon Jin", is it? And what about "Nihonjinron"? I would say it should remain at "Nihonshoki" until conclusive evidence shows it should be moved.--Sir Edgar 05:02, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Based on the evidence presented by Kusunose, I support moving this article to Nihon Shoki. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e  21:11, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Support - Per Kusunose & Nihonjoe. Also, in Google Book Search, a search for "nihon shoki" gives 2520, and a search for "nihonshoki" gives you 525.--Endroit 21:48, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Have you put a notice for this proposed move? It must follow proper procedures. The article was just moved to "Nihonshoki". There must be good reasoning for another move to "Nihon Shoki".--Sir Edgar 00:38, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I have formally requested this move. --Kusunose 02:20, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Nihonshoki → Nishon Shoki – The latter is more common than the former, see above. --Kusunose 02:18, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with  ~

 * Support (above discussion) Tensaibuta 02:21, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Support per what I said above.--Endroit 02:56, 11 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Support per above and evidence below. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e  20:20, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

Can we get a list of credible, major sources that use the two different forms and compare? My research so far indicates:

"Nihonshoki"
 * Akita prefecture: http://www.pref.akita.jp/tiiki/wg2001/eng/sports/sumo.html
 * Embassy of Japan (in Morocco): http://www.ma.emb-japan.go.jp/francais/donnes_historiques.html not in English
 * National Diet Library of Japan: http://ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/history/02_index1.html

"Nihon Shoki"
 * BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1684975.stm
 * Britannica: http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9319650
 * Encarta: http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefEdList.aspx?refid=210027407.
 * Columbia Encyclopedia: http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/J/Japan-lit.asp
 * National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara http://www.nabunken.go.jp/english/chr.html

I think this is important as we've already moved the article once recently and to do it again so soon would, in my opinion, require careful research and judgement. Please add to above list. No need to sign. --Sir Edgar 01:24, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There was a unilateral move from "Nihonshoki" to "Chronicles of Japan" and we voted to move it back. But that's irrelevant to the currently proposed move to "Nihon Shoki".--Endroit 15:34, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I have added National Diet Library of Japan, Encarta, Columbia Encyclopedia and National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara. --Kusunose 07:22, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Was there any notice given to time period of this poll?
Did the starter of this poll inform everyone that there was a deadline for voting? No. I resent the fact that there was all this uproar about no time period given for the poll in Talk:Dokdo and yet nobody is screaming foul here. Personally, I thought we were still looking at the list of credible sources using "Nihonshoki" and "Nihon Shoki". I was waiting to see conclusive results prior to casting my vote. Five votes (two of which were placed in an improper fashion) hardly forms a "consensus", in my opinion.--Sir Edgar 01:30, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Nothingness
I find this part completely unnecessary: "This does not necessarily imply that the persons referred to did not exist, merely that there is insufficient evidence to conclude that they existed or can be assigned to a particular period of history. It is much more likely that they were chieftains, or local kings, and that the polities they ruled would not have encompassed all, or even most, of Japan." Huh? Not only are there no evidence but to believe that someone lived 100+ years and was born from a Sun goddess doesn't seem credible to me. It is not even likely they were chieftains that ruled all or even most or even remotely most or even more than a household. It is like saying "even though there is absolutely no evidence for King Arthur, he probably existed but was more like a regional ruler than a king". Complete garbage. 66.171.76.237 04:34, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. I would love to know who keeps placing this junk everywhere. Angry bee (talk) 16:34, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Grounds for Caution Notes on Mythological Characters and All Historical Records
In the Korean Samguk Sagi, there is very little mention of Goguryeo or Baekje. This is because the author, Kim Bu-sik wrote the record as that of the successor state to Silla, a traditional rival of both Goguryeo and Baekje. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that some bias has taken place in the Samguk Sagi with regards to the two other nations, and this is an example of bias in historical documents, and it is not the only bias.

The veracity of the Book of Song is disputed because of its missing sections and the tone with which it is written, as well as its treatment of surrounding nations and ethnic groups. In addition, at the time when the record was written, the Liu Song dynasty was on friendly terms with Baekje only; when it established ties with Yamato Japan, the nations listed (except for Baekje) are diplomatically unknown entities.

Namio Egami (I will use the first name, last name format for all names) notes in 1964 that it may look very strange that the names of six or seven states listed in the self-claimed titles included Chin-han and Ma-han which had preceded, respectively, the states of Silla and Paekche. Perhaps the King of Wa had included the names of six or seven south Korean states in his title merely to boast of the extent of his rule. But Wa Kings could not have included the names of nonexistent states. One may then conclude that the remnants of Chin-han or Ma-han existed as other members of the Kaya Federation by the time Wa Kings sent their embassies to China in the fifth century, because according to the Samguk Sagi, Silla established the first contact with the Southern Chinese Dynasties in A.D. 521 by sending an envoy to the Court of Liang along with the Paekche envoy.

In Nihongi book 1, page 263, in the 16th year of Ojin's reign, King Ahwa (same as King Asin) died. King Ahwa reigned in Baekje from AD 392-405 (i.e. he was in his 14th year when he died), so this means Ojin's reign begins in AD 390 (two years before King Ahwa of Baekje, although because of Nihongi's time system Ojin's reign is listed as starting in AD 270, exactly 120 years, or two 60-year cycles, before it actually began). In that record, Emperor Ojin sends Baekje Prince Työnchi (Cheonji) back to Baekje, saying to effect: "return to your country and continue the royal line." Then Ojin granted the prince the territory of the Eastern Han. This record indicates that Ojin formally renounced all claims to Baekje territory. This record also shows that Yamato Japan and Baekje were very close.

Aston says about Nihongi: "Even so late as the beginning of the 5th century the chronology can be shown to be wrong in several cases by no less an interval than 120 years.... The first date in the Nihongi which is corroborated by external evidence is A.D. 461, but the chronology is a little vague for some time longer. Perhaps if we take A.D. 500 as the time when the correctness of the Nihongi dates begins to be trustworthy, we shall not be very far wrong."

In addition, Sokichi Tsuda wrote that when writing of matters related to Paekche, Silla and Kara, they (referring to the authors of the Japanese histories, in this case Nihongi and Kojiki) applied the writing method of uplifting the current authority in the fashion of Chinese and Confucian ideologies. Tsuda states that those were the authors’ ideologies, and had nothing to do with realities. It is possible that they were written in this way because of the tensions between Silla and Yamato at the time they were written.

All of this shows that historical texts and what they say must be considered carefully and what they say, especially in the print versions (as they were all written by one or a limited number of individuals) cannot all be taken as literal truth.

 * 1) "Book of Song." Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Song
 * 2) "Five Kings of Wa." Baekche of Korea and the Origins of Yamato Wa of Japan. http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/paekche/eng/hi5-5.pdf p.255
 * 3) "Five Kings of Wa." Baekche of Korea and the Origins of Yamato Wa of Japan. http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/paekche/eng/hi5-5.pdf p.256
 * 4) Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese. W.G. Aston. http://books.google.com/books?id=1IJrNAKBpycC&dq=aston+nihongi&pg=PP1&ots=MHQwccyV_A&sig=R1mo5I2d7VSgLrkEcrJNxdkEejQ&hl=en&prev=http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Aston+nihongi&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail#PPR16,M1 p.xvii-xviii
 * 5) "History Texts." ML (Machine-Learning) Shopping. http://www.ml-shopping.com/wiki/Yamato_period.html
 * 6) "History Texts." ML (Machine-Learning) Shopping. http://www.ml-shopping.com/wiki/Yamato_period.html

Ecthelion83 (talk) 00:01, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

More justification, if you care to read it
Records written in Baekje may have been the basis for the quotes in the Nihongi but textual criticism shows that scholars fleeing the destruction of the Baekje Kingdom to Yamato wrote these histories and the authors of the Nihongi heavily relied upon those sources. [See [http://books.google.com/books?id=7jDuhnI6r9UC&pg=PA41&sig=ylSiwxh55FEQVqURBn8yXSumWJw&vq=%22Naka+no+Ohoye+sent+Abe,+Kosobe+no+Omi,+and+Sahekibe+no+Komaro,+these+two,+with+a+force+of+thirty+men%22&source=gbs_quotes_r#PPA40,M1 Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). The Six National Histories of Japan, p. 40.]]

This, in and of itself, is a perfect reason why Nihongi and other old (not just Japanese either, but Korean and Chinese too) records must not be assumed to always be the literal truth. It is clearly a conflict of interest for Yamato, later a rival of Silla, to rely upon the historical records of Baekje, a vanquished rival of Silla, as the major source for a history of northeast Asia. --Ecthelion83 (talk) 00:01, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). The Six National Histories of Japan, John S. Brownlee, tr. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 10-ISBN 0-774-80379-7; 13-ISBN 978-0-774-80379-3 (cloth) ... Click link for limited preview of text
 * Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). The Six National Histories of Japan. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. 10-ISBN 4-130-27026-5; 13-ISBN 978-4-130-27026-7 (cloth)

 * I modified the in-line citation and bibliographic notes for improved clarity. I'm interested in the translator's work in historiography; and therefore, I'm interested in a discussion of issues related to Rikkokushi, which he translated.  --Ooperhoofd (talk) 18:43, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Exaggeration of reign lengths
This thread thread began in response to a minor edit by Elvenscout742, whose attention was drawn to the first sentence in the first paragraph of the "Exaggeration of reign lengths" section:
 * "Most scholars agree that the purported founding date of Japan (660 BCE) and the first thirteen emperors of Japan are mythical."
 * (cur) (last) 16:27, 31 January 2008 User:Elvenscout742 (Talk | contribs) (12,256 bytes) (→Exaggeration of reign lengths - [[This certainly wasn't true a hundred years ago, and I have seen few primary or secondary sources cited to say it's true today.) (undo)
 * (cur) (last) 17:19, 31 January 2008 User:Ooperhoofd (Talk | contribs) (12,248 bytes) (Undid revision 188172863 by Elvenscout742 (talk) not "wrong" in context of sentence) (undo)
 * (cur) (last) 20:12, 31 January 2008 User:Ooperhoofd (Talk | contribs) (12,476 bytes) (→Exaggeration of reign lengths - adding in-line citation -- 660 BC is generally believed to be legendary or mythical date'') (undo)

 * Elvenscout742 -- I think you mis-construed the reference to 660 BC. The gravamen of this section explains that what was once assumed to be "fact" is now believed to be mythical.  Your mis-reading suggests that this paragraph was not written well enough, but I don't quite see how an in-line citation will help.  What did you have in mind?  Maybe I'm the one who's missing the point?

 * As I understand it, in 1872, the Meiji government proclaimed that February 11, 660 BC in the Gregorian calendar would be considered the foundation day of Japan. This mythical date was commemorated in the holiday Kigensetsu ("Era Day") from 1872 to 1948.  The concept was resurrected in 1966 as the national holiday Kenkoku Kinen no hi ("National Foundation Day").
 * See ...Rimmer, Thomas et al. (2005). The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature, p. 555 n1.
 * See also National Foundation Day and Emperor Jimmu
 * How would you propose we might improve this section of Nihon Shoki? --Ooperhoofd (talk) 19:43, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * My suggestion was simply to cite a source that states that "most scholars" dismiss the first several Emperors. Most of the sources I have seen (The Japan Encyclopedia, The Story of Japan, to a lesser extent Japan - A Short Cultural History), while somewhat cynical about the dates and even existence of many of the early Emperors, still adhere to the full canonical list starting with Emperor Jinmu, and so seem to disagree with this statement. elvenscout742 (talk) 00:57, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Elvenscout742 -- Yours is a nuanced point of view, but it encompasses a subtle post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy. Given the current status of Wikipedia and of Nihon shoki, I admit that the informed points I might otherwise want to make are relatively unimportant. However, in a different context -- in a 1940 context, for example -- with much more at stake, the "conservative" point-of-view you would seem to espouse becomes significant, meaningful, worrisome. If you have an interest in issues which have become inextricably linked with any discussion about the legendary founding of the Japanese Imperial dynasty in 660 BC, I'd like to suggest you consider the following:

 * National Foundation Day
 * Imperial Order of Meiji ... see diploma text: "2,589th year from the accession to the throne of Emperor Jimmu (1929)"

 * Brownlee, John S. (1997) Japanese historians and the national myths, 1600-1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jimmu. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-0644-3 Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 4-13-027031-1 ... Click here for limited preview of book's text -- engage book-specific search for "1940"
 * See Brownlee's Chapter 11: "Eminent Historians in the 1930s:The Betrayal of Scientific History," pp. 131-179.
 * See also Brownlee's Chapter 12: "The Commission of Inquiry into Historical Sites Related to Emperor Jimmu, 1940," pp. 180-185.
 * Brownlee, John S. (1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-889-20997-9 ... Click here for limited preview of book's text

 * Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo

 * By all means, if you would prefer to substitute a different in-line citation for the one I have added, or if you would like to augment this section with other in-line citations, I'm happy to encourage you. If you choose to re-write the entire section, that would be welcome. In due course, perhaps we'll figure out a way to work together to move beyond a plausibly trivial dispute which can only remain unresolved for the time being. --Ooperhoofd (talk) 18:37, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Nihon Shoki could be work of Japanese POV, not basis on actual history or recorded texts.Korsentry 03:26, 10 December 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by KoreanSentry (talk • contribs)

Move?
The article was recently moved to The Chronicles of Japan, but I have moved it back because I have never seen that title used except when indicating what the title meant in English. Anyone else want to chime in on this issue? I'm fine with moving it back if there is sufficient evidence to show it is better know by the English title. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 05:06, 6 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I just restored the first sentence too. Personally, I am constantly irritated by superfluous bits of foreign language -- entries like Eikaiwa school, or Kyoyasai, for example -- but when we are giving the proper name of a person or artistic work, then I think the original has to be primary. This was all discussed above (several years ago), and I think this stands.
 * I also think the second sentence of the introduction is not helpful: having (correctly, and helpfully) said that 日本書紀 (written as two "words" nihon shoki) is often translated as "(the) Chronicles of Japan", and (correctly) that it is also known as 日本紀, (written as one "word" nihongi) to say that this is "literally" "Japan Chronicles" is not helpful. Of course anyone who can read Japanese can skip over it, but anyone who doesn't is not going to understand anything from it. Why is the four character version two "words" and the three character version one "word"? What is the relation between shoki and gi? Doesn't removing a character change the meaning (more than just rearranging the English words)? And so on. I think the text would be improved by removing this second gloss, unless it is explained by a mini-lecture on basic facts about Japanese (or Chinese): that many two-character compounds are formed from characters with largely the same meaning; dakuon; and that Japanese does not have "words", so any spacing in the romanisation is purely conventional. But if I just remove it, experience suggests that someone will replace it and lecture me about not "dumbing down" or similar. Imaginatorium (talk) 06:06, 6 February 2016 (UTC)
 * You're right about Japanese not having spacing. However,itmakesitmucheasiertoreadinEnglishifspacingisadded. That's why there is spacing. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 09:22, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20050903011203/http://kodaishi-db.hp.infoseek.co.jp:80/ to http://kodaishi-db.hp.infoseek.co.jp/

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Classical Chinese
If the book is Classical Chinese, shouldn't the Classical Chinese title and transliteration be in the lead? Or is the title a modern invention? The same about the chapter titles, why are they in Japanese instead of Classical Chinese? --Error (talk) 14:08, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

 * See Kanbun. Thibaut (talk) 08:25, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nihon Shoki


text:
User talk:Luis A.

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 04:40, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
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Ban on editors involved in Bogdanov Affair
All user accounts used by participants in the external controversy (involving the Bogdanov Affari) are banned from Wikipedia pending resolution of this matter. The criteria for determining external involvement shall be a review of their edit history, it being presumed that if the vast majority of their edits were to the Bogdanov Affair and related pages such as this arbitration that they are not Wikipedia editors but persons involved in the external dispute. This group includes:, , , , ,. ,, , , and all others who meet the criteria. , a regular Wikipedia editor, and, a new editor who has edited other areas, are banned from editing Bogdanov Affair, pending resolution of this matter.

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title: User talk:Luis A.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boston Red Sox Stupid Losses 2005

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete (unanimous).--Scimitar parley 19:31, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Boston Red Sox Stupid Losses 2005
This page was created by an anon ip. Unless there are third party references, it is inherently POV. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 04:40, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: POV to the max, and who's going to look up an article with that title anyway? Also, a sole contribution from an IP. Saberwyn 05:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above & per nom.--PooterCobb 05:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, sports-cruft. Only of interest to people who miss their friends' weddings so that they can watch Boston Red Sox games. — J I P | Talk 12:17, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. POV, unencyclopedic, and why should only the Red Sox have a page like this? Nick Bush 22:26, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please, don't encourage them. Also, Delete.  Colin Kimbrell 07:16, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete This article should be eliminated faster that the Red Sox in the ALDS. Youngamerican 23:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rhobite 13:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Dont know alot about the Boston Red Sox, but i know this article is not fit for Wikipedia. Try a Sports fourm for a place to vent anger. - Bwfc 17:28, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Hepatitis F virus

Hepatitis F is a hypothetical virus linked to viral hepatitis. Several hepatitis F candidates emerged in the 1990s; however, none of these claims were substantiated.

In 1994, Deka et al. reported that novel viral particles had been discovered in the stool of post-transfusion, non-hepatitis A, non-hepatitis B, non-hepatitis C, non-hepatitis E patients. Injection of these particles into the bloodstream of Indian rhesus monkeys caused hepatitis, and the virus was named hepatitis F or Toga virus. Further investigations failed to confirm the existence of the virus, and it was delisted as a cause for infectious hepatitis.

A subsequently-discovered virus thought to cause hepatitis was named Hepatitis G, though its role in hepatitis has not been confirmed and it is now considered synonymous with GB virus C. It is an "orphan virus" with no causal links to any human disease.

title: Hepatitis F virus


text:
List of child prodigies

In psychology research literature, the term child prodigy is defined as a person under the age of ten who produces meaningful output in some domain to the level of an adult expert professional.

Mathematics

 * Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher who wrote a treatise on vibrating bodies at the age of nine; he wrote his first proof, on a wall with a piece of coal, at the age of 11 years, and a theorem by the age of 16 years. He is famous for Pascal's theorem and many other contributions in mathematics, philosophy, and physics.
 * John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) was a British philosopher and economist. At the age of eight, Mill began studying Latin, the works of Euclid, and algebra. At about the age of twelve, Mill began a thorough study of the scholastic logic. In the following year he was introduced to political economy and studied Adam Smith and David Ricardo.
 * Norbert Wiener (1894–1964) was an American philosopher and mathematician. He graduated from Ayer High School at 11 years of age. He was awarded a BA in mathematics in 1909 at the age of 14.
 * Lev Landau (1908–1968) was a Soviet physicist who mastered calculus by age 13. He graduated from the Baku Gymnasium aged only 13 as well. Landau is today best known for his work in superconductivity and a series of textbooks he co-authored with Evgeny Lifshitz.
 * John von Neumann (1903–1957) was a "mental calculator" by the age of six years, who could tell jokes in classical Greek. Von Neumann went on to make numerous contributions to mathematics, economics, physics, and computer science. (Note: Several mathematicians were mental calculators when they were still children. Mental calculation is not to be confused with mathematics. This section is for child prodigies largely or primarily known for calculating skills.)
 * Terence Tao (1975–) A child prodigy, Tao exhibited extraordinary mathematical abilities from an early age, attending university-level mathematics courses at the age of 9. He is one of only three children in the history of the Johns Hopkins Study of Exceptional Talent program to have achieved a score of 700 or greater on the SAT math section while just eight years old; Tao scored a 760. Julian Stanley, Director of the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth, stated that Tao had the greatest mathematical reasoning ability he had found in years of intensive searching.
 * Erik Demaine (1981–) is a Canadian-American professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a former child prodigy From the age of 7, he was identified as a child prodigy and spent time traveling across North America with his father.

Medicine

 * Sho Yano (1990–) is an American physician. Yano is a former child prodigy. He entered Loyola University at age 9 and graduated summa cum laude just three years later. At 13, he went on to the University of Chicago's Pritzker School of Medicine.

Literature

 * William Cullen Bryant published his first poem at the age of 10; at the age of 13 years, he published a book of political satire poems.
 * Minou Drouet caught the notice of French critics at the age of eight, leading to speculation that her mother was the true author of her poetry. She later proved herself to be the author.

Visual arts

 * Edmund Thomas Clint (1976–1983) was an Indian child prodigy. He is known for having drawn over 25,000 paintings, though he lived to be just six years and 11 months old.
 * Ace-Liam born on 16 July 2022 is a 23 month old baby from Ghana who has become the world's youngest male artist, as confirmed by Guinness World Records

Chess
See Chess prodigy for details of child prodigies at chess.

Go

 * Sumire Nakamura was competing in national Go tournaments in Japan by the time she was seven, and became the youngest professional go player at age 10 in 2019.

Other
Some children become famous and are called a prodigy although it is questionable whether they have produced meaningful output to the level of an adult expert professional.

 * Arden Hayes (born 2008) who as a five-year old appeared in newspapers and television shows because of his ability to memorize information about certain topics.

title: List of child prodigies


text: Template:History of Turkey timeline

title: Template:History of Turkey timeline


text:
User talk:Pearlgirrl

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 04:42, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Pearlgirrl


text: User talk:71.141.149.106

title: User talk:71.141.149.106


text:
User talk:Icaristhec

Im amazing
I like the government and programming and DNA seqenecing. More to be arriving here soon.

title: User talk:Icaristhec