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Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent

Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent is a 2006 stealth game developed by Ubisoft Milan and Ubisoft Shanghai, and published by Ubisoft. The Splinter Cell series, endorsed by American author Tom Clancy, follows Sam Fisher, an agent employed by a black-ops division of the National Security Agency (NSA), dubbed Third Echelon. The game was released for GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox and Xbox 360 in October 2006. The Wii and Windows versions were released in November 2006. A PlayStation 3 version was released in March 2007.

There are two separate versions of Double Agent. The first version was made by Ubisoft Montreal (Splinter Cell and Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory) and was released for GameCube, PlayStation 2, Wii, and Xbox. The second version was made by Ubisoft Milan and Ubisoft Shanghai, developers of Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow, and was released for PlayStation 3, Windows and Xbox 360.The Ubisoft Milan and Shanghai version features a completely custom engine while the Ubisoft Montreal version plays more like the classic Splinter Cell games. The games share the same general plot but feature different storylines, plot twists and levels. They do however, share the same background music, a few cutscenes and all voice actors. Another separate version for mobile phones was developed by Gameloft.

Splinter Cell: Double Agent received positive reviews from critics for most platforms. A sequel, titled Conviction, released in 2010.

Plot
The two main versions of the game feature different plot lines. They share many of the same locations, but with completely different level designs and in a different order.

Before the events of Splinter Cell: Essentials, Sam Fisher must deal with the recent loss of his daughter to a drunk driving crash. But he has little time to mourn, as he soon has to go on an undercover assignment which requires him to pose as a criminal in order to infiltrate a terrorist group based in the United States. This new mission forces Fisher into a new and very dangerous gray area, where the line between right and wrong is blurred even beyond what Fisher is used to, and thousands of innocent lives are in the balance.

Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version
In September 2007, Sam Fisher and rookie field agent John Hodge are being flown to Iceland to investigate suspicious activities at a geothermal plant, which is also Hodges' training mission. After he averts a missile strike by terrorists during which Hodge is killed, he is met by Colonel Irving Lambert aboard the V-22 Osprey, who bears bad news: Sarah Fisher, Fisher's only child, has died after being hit by a drunk driver. Overcome with grief, he is pulled out of active service.

Lambert offers him a job as a nonofficial cover operative, hoping that it will help him refocus. The NSA stages multiple bank robberies and killings to set up Fisher to infiltrate a domestic terror organization known as John Brown's Army (JBA). He is planned by the CIA to be sent to Ellsworth Prison in Kansas where he is placed in the same cell block as Jamie Washington, a JBA member, and begins digging a tunnel for escape. By February 2008, Fisher helps Washington escape, and is welcomed into the JBA.

At their compound, Emile Dufraisne, the leader of the JBA, gives Fisher the order to shoot Cole Yeager, the pilot of the helicopter used to escape the prison, affecting Fisher's standing between the JBA and NSA. He is then sent on a mission to take over a Russian oil tanker in the Sea of Okhotsk, while receiving radio contact from Enrica Villablanca, the JBA's weapons expert. Fisher needs to take over the tanker so that JBA ally Massoud Ibn-Yussif can use it to deliver one of Emile's bombs.

As soon as Fisher is finished, he is quickly flown to the Jin Mao Hotel in Shanghai. CIA operative Hisham Hamza, who has infiltrated Yussif's organization, orders him to record a meeting between Emile and a Pakistani nuclear scientist, Dr. Aswat. During the meeting, Aswat sells Emile several kilograms of red mercury, an explosive material that can detonate with the force of a thermonuclear bomb. With Third Echelon on high alert, Fisher is told to collect a sample from the safe in the meeting room. While he does this, Carson Moss, the JBA's head of security, radios in and orders him to steal notes from Aswat's hotel room. The NSA then orders Aswat's assassination.

With both the red mercury and Dr. Aswat's notes, the JBA constructs a bomb which they wish to test. Emile sends Fisher to Cozumel to blow up a cruise ship. The success of the bomb is determined by the player and is therefore the first of the three major events. Fisher can choose to either let the bomb detonate, maintaining his cover with the JBA, prevent the explosion by jamming the signal, or framing Enrica by using her disarm code, if the player acquires it from her office during the third JBA HQ mission. Jamming the signal makes player lose JBA trust, while framing Enrica maintains both NSA and JBA trust. In both of these cases, non-detonation causes Dufraisne to kill Enrica in a fit of anger.

Emile then goes to a meeting in Kinshasa with Yussif and Alejandro Takfir, another ally of the JBA. Fisher bugs the meeting and finds out that the three terrorist leaders each have Red Mercury bombs. They plan to destroy Mexico City, Los Angeles and New York City. During the meeting, Hisham's cover is blown.

Emile orders Fisher to kill Hisham, who has fled to the Congolese presidential palace in a war-torn Kinshasa. Fisher takes up a position from the top of a radio tower with a sniper rifle. Fisher may shoot Hisham, or spare and extract him.

When Fisher returns to the headquarters, he is ordered to shoot Lambert, who was captured sneaking around the complex. The player can decide to either shoot Lambert or Washington. Shooting Lambert will maintain the JBA's trust, while shooting Washington will send the JBA into high alert and reveal Fisher as a traitor. Enrica, if she is still alive, discovers Fisher's NOC status, but allows him to pass into the labs underneath the HQ, even giving him his equipment if he does not have it already. When Fisher arrives at the labs, he manages to kill Emile (and Washington if he did not kill him earlier) and disarms the bomb. A SWAT team then storms the compound, crashing in through the ceiling. This version of Double Agent is canon to the series' storyline.

Multiple endings
The ending depends upon completion of the following objectives: saving the cruise ship, Hisham and Lambert.
 * If Fisher fails all three, or fails two with the NSA standing below 33%, he initially surrenders to the SWAT team, but immediately escapes using a smoke grenade.
 * If Fisher fails two with the NSA standing above 33%, or completes two or three with the NSA standing below 33%, he is captured, charged with murder and conspiracy to commit terrorism, and pleads "not guilty". After the trial, however, Fisher breaks out of prison and is on the run.
 * If Fisher completes two or three objectives with the NSA standing above 33%, he evades capture and escapes the compound by incapacitating a SWAT officer and donning his stolen uniform. In the unlocked bonus level, he boards a stolen Coast Guard vessel that Carson Moss is using to deliver the last bomb. Fisher kills Moss, disarms the bomb and escapes seconds before Third Echelon destroys the vessel. This ending is the only one that finishes with "To be continued..."

Canonically, Fisher saves the cruise ship, saves Hisham and shoots Lambert to maintain his cover.

Xbox, PlayStation 2, GameCube and Wii version
In January 2008, Sam and CIA agent Hisham Hamza are being flown to Iceland to investigate suspicious activities at a geothermal plant. However, the mission is aborted, with Irving Lambert activating a two-man Splinter Cell team to destroy the plant. Sam is met by Lambert aboard the Osprey to deliver bad news. Sarah Fisher, Sam's only child, has died after being hit by a drunk driver. Overcome with grief, he is unable to concentrate on his work and is pulled out of active service.

Lambert offers Sam a job as a non-official cover operative, hoping that infiltrating John Brown's Army (JBA) will help Sam refocus. Acting in multiple staged bank robberies and killings, Fisher becomes an infamous criminal and is incarcerated in Ellsworth Prison, Kansas, where he befriends cellmate Jamie Washington, a JBA member. With indirect assistance from a Splinter Cell team, Fisher helps Washington escape, and is welcomed into the JBA.

At their compound in New Orleans, Sam finds an e-mail written by JBA member Cole Yeager describing his intentions to take over JBA. If he chooses to send this information to the NSA, they briefly extract Yeager for interrogation; the information can also be sent to JBA, in which case Yeager is killed by the terrorists. Sam is then sent to hijack a train in Grand Central Station, carrying a large sum of money, gold and jewelry. Because Lambert pretends to be an arms dealer for the JBA, Sam has access to his NSA equipment and is easily briefed.

After the JBA constructs a bomb using red mercury, Emile sends Fisher to Cozumel, Mexico to test it by blowing up a cruise ship. If the player chooses to sabotage the bomb detonation, Sam and Enrica are severely beaten. If the detonator is left operative, the bomb will go off with many victims. Unlike the other version, this decision does not affect the ending of the game.

Sam is then sent on a mission to take over a Russian oil tanker in the Sea of Okhotsk. Two computers on the tanker have an e-mail to Emile from an anonymous sender who intends to blow Lambert's cover as an arms dealer. Emile then goes to a meeting in Kinshasa with Alejandro Takfir and Massoud Ibn-Yussif, allies of the JBA, to buy more red mercury. He orders Fisher to kill Hisham and, depending on the player's actions, Sam will be reprimanded by Emile or Lambert. Fisher uncovers information that sets up a mission for a Splinter Cell team to sabotage a chemical bunker owned by Takfir. An e-mail on Massoud's computer reveals that there is a mole inside the NSA.

When Fisher returns to the headquarters, he discovers that Lambert has been taken hostage, and the terrorists are about to send off the Red Mercury. Sam must alter server information to confirm or deny Lambert's NSA ties; the choice either causes Lambert's death, or costs Sam significant JBA trust (respectively). Additionally, players can choose to disarm two of the red mercury bombs prior to their transportation, allowing Sam to prevent their detonation.

Regardless of player choices, the JBA discovers Sam is a spy during their final operation in New York. Assistant Director Williams authorizes the Fifth Freedom and orders Sam to kill all the top-ranking members of the JBA, while another Splinter Cell team disarms various Red Mercury bombs headed for Los Angeles by tanker. Enrica, unable to kill Fisher, assists Sam. Sam kills Emile and disables the last bomb on the rooftop. Enrica comes looking for Sam, but is shot and killed by a Splinter Cell agent. Enraged, Sam ambushes and kills the agent, leaving as he removes his cochlear implant using his knife. He accuses Williams of murdering Enrica and vows revenge; Williams says that they will find him first.

During the credits, a breaking news report is shown: any bombs Sam did not sabotage are detonated, killing thousands; however, any deactivated bombs are reported as being discovered. Additionally, if the Nashville bomb explodes, it is noted that the President has been killed during a visit, and he is succeeded by his vice president.

Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version
Upon joining the game, the player selects one of two sides: the Spies of Third Echelon or the Mercenaries of Upsilon Force. The choice of side affects the player's mission objectives, equipment, and overall play style.

 * Third Echelon Spies. The Echelon Spies are extremely fast and agile, much more so than the Mercenaries. The Spies have a variety of almost superhuman acrobatic maneuvers that allow them to navigate the map and infiltrate areas that their opponents cannot reach on foot. The mission objective of the spies is to retrieve two encrypted files from four terminals scattered around the map. The spies use their wrist computer to hack the terminal. The closer the spy is to the terminal, the faster it can be hacked. All progress made whilst hacking any terminal is cumulative for that particular spy until he is killed, when the information will be lost. To win the game, the spy team must retrieve 2 files and return them to their starting point. The spy team can also win by killing all of the Upsilon Force members, but this method is risky and not advised, unless highly skilled in doing so. The whole mission takes place in less than 20 minutes, otherwise Upsilon wins the match.
 * Mercenaries of Upsilon Force. The Mercenaries of Upsilon Force are heavily armed with a variety of ways to neutralize intruders. They have a melee attack that knocks their opponents to the ground and temporarily stuns them. They have the ability to sprint for a limited period of time, reducing their turning and aiming accuracy. Mercenaries can also sprint into a spy, knocking them down and stunning them temporarily. They can rappel down certain surfaces, allowing them to move to lower floors quickly. The mission objective of the Mercenaries is to defend the four terminals from attack by the Spies. The Mercenaries win when they kill all of the Spies or when the timer runs out before the Spies can successfully return two files. Mercenaries receive an audio and visual alert whenever a terminal is being hacked and also can see which Spy is currently hacking and how much of the file has been retrieved.

PlayStation 2 and Xbox version
The Xbox and PlayStation 2 versions have a Spy vs. Upsilon mode, with players able to play as Echelon Spies or the Upsilon agents, and also has a co-op mode intertwined with the single player portion of the game.

There are 6 Game Modes in these Spy vs. Spy matches: Team Hack, Deathmatch, Team Deathmatch, Key Run, Sam Vs. All, and Countdown. Team Hack has players trying to retrieve data by hacking into enemies' computers and securing their own computers, similar to "Capture the Flag". Deathmatch and Team Deathmatches pit players against each other. Key Run is similar to Team Hack, except retrieving a Key to hack into the other team's computer is the main item to capture. Sam Vs. All is reminiscent to Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence's Sneaking Mission game mode, in which one player who is Sam Fisher must play as a lone wolf and hack into computers defended by an Upsilon spy team. However, the key difference is that Fisher lacks the equipment from the single-player mode, and is nearly identical to normal spies. Countdown is similar to Deathmatch, except players must outlast each other by getting more kills to extend their time limit.

Co-op
Like Chaos Theory, cooperative missions are available that tie in directly to the storyline. They have the spies provide covert support for Fisher, either helping him with his objectives or acting on intelligence he has gathered. The first mission takes place in Iceland shortly after Sam is pulled out. The spies are sent in to complete Fisher's mission by blowing up the plant. Next, the spies go to Ellsworth Prison to start a riot, providing a distraction to allow Fisher and Jamie Washington to escape. Thanks to intelligence provided by Fisher, the spies are able to sabotage the chemical bunker in Kinshasa owned by Tafkir and Massoud, as well as getting valuable intel. The last mission happens in conjunction with Fisher taking down the JBA. The Splinter Cell duo, under the command of Assistant Director Williams, sabotages multiple Red Mercury bombs on a cargo ship heading for Los Angeles.

Soundtrack
Michael McCann (under the alias Behavior) was lead composer for the game's soundtrack. For the Ubisoft Shanghai version, McCann composed all music, except the Main Theme, which was composed by veterans Cris Velasco and Sascha Dikiciyan. McCann released the majority of the body of music composed for the game via his website for free. For the Generation Six version, McCann handled all music except the cinematics, which were composed by Velasco and Dikiciyan.

Reception
Reception of the game ranged from positive to mixed. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 89.31% and 89 out of 100 for the Xbox version; 85.12% and 85 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version;  84.40% and 84 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version;  81.32% and 80 out of 100 for the PC version;  78.94% and 78 out of 100 for the PlayStation 3 version;  64% and 64 out of 100 for the GameCube version;  and 61.36% and 61 out of 100 for the Wii version.

The Sydney Morning Herald gave the X360 version all five stars and said it "could be a contender for game of the year." The Times gave it a very favorable review and called it "sweaty-palmed fun, teaming the adult joys of a well-paced thriller with the childish delight of playing hide-and-seek in the dark." USA Today gave the game nine stars out of ten and said, "Regardless whether he's the hero or villain, Sam Fisher is impressive, and should have fans yearning for another sequel."

Hyper's Dylan Burns commended the game for its great looks, "moral ramifications [and] branching objectives". However, he criticised it for the "same old trial and error gameplay, it's over too quickly".

In 2021, PC Gamer listed the PC version of Double Agent as one of the worst PC ports.

Awards and nominations

 * Received IGN's award for Best Xbox Action Game of 2006
 * Received IGN's award for "Best Original Score of 2006" for the Xbox 360
 * Nominated by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences for "Action/Adventure Game of the Year", "Outstanding Achievement in Character Performance - Male" (Michael Ironside as Sam Fisher), "Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design", and "Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition" at the 10th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards
 * Won TeamXbox's "Best Action Game" and "Game of the Year" for the Xbox version
 * Won GameSpy's "Game of the Year" and "Best Action Game" for the Xbox version
 * Won Official Xbox Magazine's Action-Adventure Game of the Year - February 2007
 * Won Official Xbox Magazine's Co-op Game of the Year - February 2007


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Timmy Smith

Timothy LaRay Smith (born January 21, 1964) is an American former professional football player who was a  running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins and the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football for the Texas Tech Red Raiders. Smith rose to fame after setting a rushing record in Super Bowl XXII.

Early life
Smith attended Hobbs High School, where he played football and basketball. He graduated with the state of New Mexico record for rushing yards (2,306 yards) and rushing touchdowns (31).

He accepted a scholarship from Texas Tech University. As a sophomore, he led the Red Raiders in rushing with 164 carries for 711 yards. The next season, he rushed for 97 yards on 7 carries and 2 touchdowns in the season opener against the University of New Mexico, until he was hit after scoring his second touchdown, which resulted in a knee injury that kept him out of action for most of the year, finishing with 26 carries for 140 yards and 3 touchdowns.

As a fifth year senior, he suffered a fractured foot and ankle during an early-season practice, that sidelined him again for most of the season, posting 7 carries for 19 yards. He finished his college career after appearing in 28 games, with 292 carries for 1,313 yards and 8 touchdowns.

Washington Redskins
Smith was selected by the Washington Redskins in the fifth round (117th overall) of the 1987 NFL Draft, because of his combination of size and athletic ability. During his first season, although starter George Rogers was limited with different injuries, Smith had only carried the ball in four games.

In the Divisional playoff game against the Chicago Bears, Rogers wasn't playing well, so after he had only 6 carries for 13 yards, combined with an ineffective performance by his backup Kelvin Bryant, Smith was inserted into the game and responded with 66 yards on 16 carries, including 7 carries to run out the clock. In the NFC Championship game against the Minnesota Vikings he had 72 rushing yards on 13 carries, contributing to a narrow 17-10 win.

After his playoff performances, head coach Joe Gibbs made the decision to start Smith in the Super Bowl, but only told this to starting quarterback Doug Williams and a few of his assistant coaches, in order to avoid rookie Smith being overwhelmed by the pressure. Smith was told about this decision before the pregame warmups.

In Super Bowl XXII, Smith set a Super Bowl rushing record in his first career start, gaining 204 yards and scoring 2 touchdowns. His efforts helped lead the Redskins to a 42-10 victory over the Denver Broncos. It was his only significant achievement as an NFL player, even receiving recognition from the NFL Films as the #2 one-shot wonder in league history. His career was plagued with injuries and suspicions of drug use.

In 1988, he didn't participate in offseason workouts and training camp, while his agent told Washington that Smith deserved a new contract that would have made him the highest-paid running back in the league. The team told Smith they would not give him a new deal, and he eventually reported to camp. But Smith was 25 pounds overweight when he did return to the team, and he had an up and down season, losing his starting position after the eighth game and not having a single carry for Washington's final 4 games of the season. Smith finished 1988 with 155 carries for 470 yards and 3 touchdowns.

In 1989, he was no longer seen as a good fit and was left unprotected—eligible to sign with any team under Plan B free agency.

San Diego Chargers
In the 1989 offseason, Smith turned down a $100,000 offer from the Miami Dolphins, failed a physical with the Phoenix Cardinals and eventually signed with the San Diego Chargers for $250,000 on April 1. Smith suffered a severe left ankle sprain in training camp and was seen with a suspected drug dealer, leading to his release on September 5.

Dallas Cowboys
In May 1990, he was signed after having a tryout with the Dallas Cowboys. In that offseason, the Cowboys also acquired running backs Terrence Flagler from a trade and future Pro Football Hall of Famer Emmitt Smith in the 1990 NFL draft. Because of the competition at the position, the Cowboys also tried him at fullback. On September 4, he was cut the same day the Cowboys traded for running back Alonzo Highsmith. He was brought back to play in the season opener, but was released on September 11, after rushing for only 6 yards on 6 carries.

Baltimore Stallions (CFL)
In 1994, he was signed by the Baltimore Stallions of the Canadian Football League, but was released before the start of the season.

Personal life
In 2005, he was arrested for allegedly trying to sell cocaine to an undercover police officer in Denver. Smith pleaded guilty in March 2006 for conspiring to distribute cocaine, and was sentenced to two and a half years in federal prison that May. Smith was released from federal prison on March 3, 2008.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Timmy Smith


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User talk:Ledalim

Re: Sexercise: Erotic combination of dance and exercise derived from exotic dance with stylized, controlled, soft, curvy, and flowy movements. - this has been speedily deleted because it is reposted content that was deleted through our copyright system at Copyright problems. If you want it brought back please use Votes for undeletion: re-posting the content will just result in it being deleted again. -- Francs2000 23:36, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ledalim


text: User talk:129.44.226.70

title: User talk:129.44.226.70


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/James Werken

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 08:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

James Werken
Elaborate hoax - nothing in Google on this NeilN 23:38, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't we ask the author to verify his sources before we delete it? Ben D. 23:41, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Never mind, he posted a link to an obviously fake picture at: Http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v211/dragonar/jameswerken.jpg Ben D. 23:45, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The author has all the time they need in the 5 days of the AfD. We don't need to wait around for them. -Splash talk 23:50, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete silly hoax. Did the concept of "negativity" exist then, and did kids have attitudes? Please. -Splash talk 23:50, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as per nom Pete.Hurd 22:36, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Spanish imperial eagle

The Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti), also known as the Iberian imperial eagle, the Spanish eagle or Adalbert's eagle, is a species of eagle native to the Iberian Peninsula. The binomial commemorates Prince Adalbert of Bavaria. Due to its distinct "epaulettes", old literature often referred to this species as the white-shouldered eagle.

Formerly, the Iberian imperial eagle was considered to be a subspecies of the eastern imperial eagle, but is now widely recognised as a separate species due to differences in morphology, ecology, and molecular characteristics.

Description

This is a large raptor and quite large eagle, broadly similar in size to its cousin, the eastern imperial eagle, which is found in a considerably different distributional range. Compared to sympatric largish booted eagles, it is somewhat smaller than the golden eagle and somewhat larger than the Bonelli's eagle. Spanish imperial eagle can weigh from 2.5 to 4.8 kg. The average weight of males in a sample of 10 was 3.19 kg while that of 17 females was found to be 3.43 kg. Meanwhile, another sample of 10 unsexed adults weighed an average of 3.93 kg. Thus, the Spanish imperial eagle weighs about 10% more on average than the eastern imperial eagle and rivals the considerably longer-winged and longer-tailed wedge-tailed eagle as the third heaviest member of the Aquila genus behind the golden and Verreaux's eagles. This species has a total length of 72 to 85 cm and a wingspan of 177 to 220 cm. A typical wingspan for a male is reportedly about 190 cm while for a female may be about 210 cm.

The adult resembles the eastern imperial eagle and can superficially suggest the golden eagle (especially when distantly seen), but is overall a darker color than either, a rich blackish-brown which extends all the way from the throat down to the belly. Like the eastern imperial, the adult has a broad distinctive white band on the shoulder and leading edge of the wing, which is even more pronounced in the Spanish than in the eastern species, and a much paler tawny color on the nape and crown, unlike the golden-yellow color on a similar area in the golden eagle. The juvenile Spanish imperial eagle is very different from adults and other large raptors in this range, being overall a uniform pale straw-sandy colour, contrasting with broad black bands on both the upper and lower sides of the wings. It has a relatively longer neck, and generally much flatter wing profile in flight than the upturned dihedral typical of a golden eagle.

Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in central and south-west Spain and adjacent areas of Portugal, in the Iberian peninsula. Its stronghold is in the dehesa woodlands of central and south-west Spain, such as in Extremadura, Ciudad Real and areas in the north of Huelva and Seville's Sierra Norte. The Spanish imperial eagle is a resident species, unlike the partially migratory eastern imperial eagle. Stable occurrence in Morocco is disputed but immature birds during the dispersion period regularly visit Morocco.

Rising numbers of vagrant birds born in Spain and then electrocuted in Morocco have been noted; some areas used by the species in Morocco could be becoming sort of a "drain" in terms of the species recovery and this is due to the fact that the country stands in a similar situation as Spain was in the early 1980s when it comes to insulation of transmission towers. Vagrant birds have even reached Mauritania and Senegal. North of its natural range, vagrants have reached as far as the Netherlands in one rare occasion.

Breeding
Nesting habitat is usually dry, mature woodlands, which they utilize for nesting and seclusion, but nests are most often fairly close to shrubby openings and wetland areas where prey is more likely to be concentrated. A shy species toward man, they normally nest only where human disturbance is quite low. Like most raptors, they are highly territorial and tend to maintain a stable home range. Spanish imperial eagles nest from February to April. The nesting pair will construct a nest of as much as 1.5 m across when first built, which will increase in time, especially in mature cork oaks (Quercus suber) or pine trees. Clutch size is usually two to three eggs, with an incubation period of about 43 days, but on average about 1.23-1.4 fledglings are produced per nest. Nestling mortality is usually due to human disturbance and destruction and nest collapses, secondarily due to predation and siblicide. Fledging is reached at 63–77 days of age but juveniles can linger for an extremely long period, to at least 160 days after fledging.

Food and feeding
The Spanish imperial eagle feeds mainly on European rabbits, which comprised about 58% of this species' diet before myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease greatly reduced the rabbit's native Iberian population. As rabbit population crashed they have been recorded feeding on a wide range of vertebrates with varied success depending upon prey populations and may become semi-specialized hunters of water birds especially Eurasian coots, ducks and geese, also taking some numbers of partridges, pigeons and crows and any other bird they happen to encounter that is vulnerable to ambush. More than 60 bird species are known in be included in their prey spectrum. Several mammals may also be taken including various rodents, hares, mustelids, hedgehogs and even other large predators such as red foxes or—rarely, since they are not typically present in the eagle's habitat—domestic cats and small dogs. Rarely, reptiles or even fish may also be preyed upon. The largest prey taken by this species may easily exceed 3.3 kg, such as foxes, greylag geese or white storks, but mean prey mass is relatively low, especially in areas with fewer rabbits. One study reported mean prey mass as 450 g locally, though a larger average prey size has also been reported.

The Spanish imperial eagle is one of several rabbit-favoring birds of prey in Spain along with the similarly specialized Iberian lynx. This species is largely segregated by habitat from other eagles that specialize on rabbits here to lessen direct competition, as the imperial eagle favors woods, whereas the golden and Bonelli's eagles tend to dwell in much rockier areas. However, Spanish imperial eagles frequently quarrel over food with various raptors, even much larger vultures, and the raptors may at times try to kill the young of one another. In one case, in protection their own nest, an adult Spanish imperial eagle even killed a cinereous vulture, the largest accipitrid in the world. Healthy, free-flying Spanish imperial eagles are apex predators, being mostly free of natural predators themselves but they do sometimes kill each other in conflicts and rarely interspecies conflicts may too be fatal. When protected from human persecution and far from threats such as powerlines, adult mortality can be as low as 3–5.4% annually.

Conservation

The species is classified as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Threats include loss of habitat, human encroachment, collisions with pylons (at some point in the early 1980s, powerlines were responsible for 80% of deaths among birds in their first year of life) and illegal poisoning. There has also been a decline in the species' main prey: rabbits have been kept at bay or even declined in some of the areas where the eagle is or could be present as a result of myxomatosis and, most recently, rabbit haemorrhagic disease.

By the 1960s it had become a critically endangered species, with only 30 pairs remaining, all located in Spain. Following conservation efforts, recovery began in the 1980s at a rate of five new breeding pairs per year up to 1994. Imperial eagles were nearly wiped out. In 2011, the species's global population had increased to 324 pairs, with 318 pairs in Spain. The species recolonised Portugal in 2003, after an absence of breeding activity for over 20 years, and has been slowly increasing since, with six breeding pairs located in 2011 and nine located in 2012. The population in Spain showed an average annual increase of around 7% between 1990 and 2011. These positive trends are largely attributed to mitigation measures to reduce mortality associated with powerlines, supplementary feeding, reparation of nests, reintroductions and decreases in the disturbance of breeding birds, although some of the observed increases may be due to more thorough searches within its range.

title: Spanish imperial eagle


text: User talk:198.108.196.254

title: User talk:198.108.196.254


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Peshawbestown, Michigan

Peshawbestown is an unincorporated community in Suttons Bay Township of Leelanau in the U.S. state of Michigan. In historical documents, the name is spelled variously as Peshabetown, Peshabatown, Pshawbatown, Preshabestown.

The community is on M-22 about 10 mi south of Northport, 4 mi north of Suttons Bay, and about 20 mi north of Traverse City. It is on the east side of the Leelanau Peninsula on the western shore of the Grand Traverse Bay.

Peshawbestown occupies about 12.5 acre of the federally recognized Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians reservation. The primary economic base of the community is tourism, with the main feature being the Leelanau Sands Casino. Other notable feature include the historic Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic Church, dedicated to the first Native American saint in the Roman Catholic Church, who was canonized in 2012. She was a Mohawk woman who converted to Catholicism in New York in the French colonial period, later moving to Kahnawake near Montreal. The tribe holds the annual Peshawbestown Pow-Wow, which takes place each August with native foods, tribal art, and dancing.

History
The community developed from a Franciscan Catholic mission, beginning about 1850, to the Chippewa and Ottawa peoples of the area and appears to have been named for a chief of the indigenous people. In 1911 the village was described as "two long rows of log cabins, built in 1849," in a February 12, 1911, Detroit Free Press article quoted by Powers. He refers to the place as Pshawbatown, and said that Father Ignatius Mrak brought a group of Chippewa from Sault Ste. Marie to here in 1849 when he established the mission.

But the Catholic Encyclopedia says that from 1849 to 1851, Mrak was assisting Father Francis Pierz in Arbre Croche, a former French colonial settlement near Harbor Springs on Little Traverse Bay.

Romig says the mission was begun in 1852 by Belgian-born Fr. Angelus Van Praemel. Mrak, who referred to it as Eagletown, succeeded him in 1855. Romig writes that Mrak's successor, the "Rev. Philip Zorn, calls it as Peshaube, after its ruling chief Peshaba; from 1895 on, Rev. Bruno Torka, O.F.M., who was next in charge, calls it Peshawbeston.

title: Peshawbestown, Michigan


text:
Fort Mill Ridge Wildlife Management Area

The Fort Mill Ridge Wildlife Management Area is located on 217 acre two miles (3 km) southwest of Romney in Hampshire County, West Virginia. Fort Mill Ridge WMA is owned by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. The Fort Mill Ridge Civil War Trenches are located at the top of the Fort Mill Ridge access road.

Fort Mill Ridge WMA is located atop Mill Creek Mountain's Fort Mill Ridge and is bound to its west by Mill Creek and its tributary Core Run and bound to its east by the South Branch Potomac River. The South Branch Valley Railroad runs along the WMA's eastern side, parallel to the South Branch. Fort Mill Ridge WMA ranges in elevation from 680 ft to 1100 ft. Its forests consist primarily of various oaks and Virginia pines. The primary game species are deer and squirrel. Fishing for warmwater species is available on the South Branch via an access road on the eastern side of the WMA. Camping is not permitted.


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User talk:Echodreamvc

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Echodreamvc


text:
New Albanian Party of Labour

The New Albanian Party of Labour was a communist party in Albania. It was legalized in 1998, as the third communist party to obtain legal recognition post-1991. It was led by radio journalist Agim Xheka.

On 5 June 1999 the party merged into the Party of United Communists of Albania.

title: New Albanian Party of Labour


text:
Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes

Lucy Noël Martha Leslie, Countess of Rothes (née Dyer-Edwardes; 25 December 1878 – 12 September 1956) was a British philanthropist and social leader. She was seen as a heroine of the Titanic disaster, famous for taking the tiller of her lifeboat and later helping row the craft to the safety of the rescue ship Carpathia.

The countess was for many years a popular figure in London society, known for her blonde beauty, bright personality, graceful dancing and the diligence with which she helped organise lavish entertainments patronised by British royalty and members of the nobility. She was long involved in charity work throughout the United Kingdom, most notably assisting the Red Cross with fundraising and as a nurse for the Coulter Hospital in London during the First World War. Lady Rothes was also a leading benefactor of the Queen Victoria School and The Chelsea Hospital for Women, known today as Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital.

Childhood and married life
Born in her parents' townhouse in Kensington, London, on Christmas Day 1878, she was the only child of Thomas and Clementina Dyer-Edwardes. Her maternal grandmother was Lucy Sale-Barker. She was brought up at her parents' residences, Prinknash Park in Gloucestershire and Chateau de Retival in Normandy and a townhouse in Kensington, London.

Noël Dyer-Edwardes married Norman Leslie, 19th Earl of Rothes (pronounced "Roth-is") on Primrose Day, 19 April 1900 at St Mary Abbots in Kensington, London. Although wedding announcements in The Sketch and other London papers spelled the bride's name "Noëlle," and she periodically adopted this spelling herself, the family today prefers "Noël," as it appears on her birth certificate.

The Countess's husband held one of the oldest peerages in the United Kingdom, dating to before 1457, and was elected a Scottish representative peer, a position he held between 1906 and 1923. The Leslie family earldom was also one of the few which recognized the right of descent through female heirs. The Clan Leslie motto is "Grip Fast." Lord Rothes was a captain in the Fife Royal Garrison Artillery Militia, a lieutenant in the Royal Highland Regiment, known as the Black Watch, and a lieutenant-colonel in the Highland Cyclist Battalion.

The Leslies resided in England until 1904 when they took possession of the 10,000-acre family seat in Scotland, Leslie House in Leslie, Fife. Although the couple kept homes in England, including a townhouse in Chelsea, London, they lived most of each year at their Scottish estate. The earl and countess shared a wide range of sporting interests, from hunting to cricket, and were active socially, attending royal and other social functions. They were frequently mentioned in the daily press, and Noël Rothes, in particular, was often photographed in the illustrated weeklies in London.

Lord and Lady Rothes had two children:
 * Malcolm George Dyer-Edwardes Leslie, Lord Leslie (later 20th Earl of Rothes) (1902–1975), married Beryl Violet Dugdale, daughter of Captain James Lionel Dugdale and Maud Violet Woodroffe, on 17 July 1926.
 * The Honourable John Wayland Leslie (1909–1991).

In 1916 the earl was wounded in action in France during the First World War and recovered at the Coulter Hospital in London. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in 1918.

Philanthropy, society and politics
She became well known for her prolific charitable work in England and Scotland. One of her first projects was helping arrange the Royal Caledonian Ball which annually benefited the Royal Caledonian Schools. The countess was also active for a number of years in fundraising for the Queen Victoria School, the Randolph Wemyss Memorial Hospital and the Chelsea Hospital for Women.

In addition, she served on the organizing or fundraising committees for such agencies as the Princess Mary Scholarship at Cedars College for Blind Girls, the YMCA Bazaar, The Children's Guild, the Deptford Fund and the Village Clubs Association. She also assisted the Duchess of Sutherland in planning costume balls and garden parties in aid of the National Milk Hostels which provided "wholesome milk for poor families." Noël was joined in her charity work by other leading figures in London society, including Lady Londonderry, the Duchess of Devonshire, the Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Juliet Duff.

In 1911 Noël began her long association with the Red Cross, establishing a branch in Leslie and endowing it with three ambulances. This led to a larger ambulance corps serving Fife, called the Countess of Rothes Voluntary Aid Detachment. That year she also underwent training herself as a nurse. Despite her busy work for national charities, Noël remained devoted to the welfare of local citizens. Along with holding village Christmas parties in Leslie, she established a club for young girls employed in Falkland factories, funded a clinic in the parish of Kinglassie, and planned parties for the 2nd Battalion of the Highland Light Infantry.

Noël's success as a patroness of philanthropic causes owed to her energetic personality and organizational skills but also to her popularity as a hostess, her beauty, and her friendships with members of the British Royal Family and aristocracy, including H.R.H. Princess Louise and the Duchess of Wellington. She was an exceptionally adept dancer and amateur actress which she demonstrated at the entertainments she either hosted or organized for charity. Among these were a 1910 pageant at Falkland Palace, which she not only directed but appeared in; the "Tally Ho!" Ball the following year at Edinburgh's Musical Hall, where she danced in a special quadrille reel named for her; and the Coronation Garden Party later in 1911 at Devonshire House where she performed in a minuet that opened the festivity.

The countess was politically active. Although a Conservative, she supported the women's suffrage cause as a member of the Women's Unionist Association, chairing local chapters of the group at Markinch and in Leslie. She also opposed socialist initiatives and the proposed reform of Irish Home Rule.

Perhaps her finest achievement in service to others was nursing soldiers during the First World War, first at Leslie House, a wing of which she converted into a hospital for troops invalided out of the conflict, and then at the Coulter Hospital in London. There she nursed her own husband after he was wounded in battle in 1916. She found the work fulfilling and stayed on for two years. During her time with the Coulter Hospital, Noël helped produce the Hurlingham Fete, Fair and Sports, benefiting wounded soldiers, in 1918.

Titanic disaster
Noël Rothes is best known as a heroine of the 1912 Titanic tragedy, helping to command her lifeboat, in concert with Able Seaman Thomas William (Tom) Jones. Noël handled the tiller of the boat, steering it clear of the sinking liner, and later assisted in rowing it to the rescue ship, all the while encouraging other survivors with her calm decisiveness and optimism. She embarked at Southampton on 10 April with her parents, Thomas and Clementina Dyer-Edwardes, her husband's cousin Gladys Cherry, and her maid Roberta Maioni. Her parents disembarked at Cherbourg, while the others continued, en route for New York and possibly Vancouver, British Columbia to meet the Earl of Rothes who was already visiting the U.S. and Canada on business. Before the Titanic left Southampton, Noël granted an interview to a London correspondent for The New York Herald in which she explained she was going to the U.S. to join her husband. She admitted they were also personally interested in purchasing an orange grove on the west coast. Asked by the reporter how she felt about "leaving London society for a California fruit farm," Noël replied, "I am full of joyful expectation."

While Noël and Gladys were originally installed in a basic first class cabin, C-37, it is believed they upgraded to a more commodious suite, C-77. In an American press interview, Rothes was quoted as saying she and Cherry occupied stateroom B-77. The women were in their beds when the Titanic collided with an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. on the night of 14 April. The pair was awakened by the crash and went up on deck to investigate. They were instructed by Captain E.J. Smith, the Titanic's commander, to return to their cabin and don lifejackets.

Noël, Gladys and Noël's maid were rescued in lifeboat 8, which was lowered at approximately 1:00 a.m., over an hour after the collision. The boat was launched simultaneously with Lifeboat 6 but reached the water first, making it the first lifeboat afloat on the port side of the ship. Tom Jones, the Able Seaman placed in charge of the boat by Captain Smith, later said Rothes "had a lot to say, so I put her to steering the boat," a roundabout compliment to her leadership abilities. She took charge of the tiller, steering for over an hour before asking Gladys to take over while she stopped to comfort a young Spanish newlywed, María Josefa Peñasco y Castellana, whose husband was lost in the sinking. There she remained for the duration of the night, rowing all the while and helping to boost the morale of other women until their lifeboat was picked up by the RMS Carpathia early the next morning.

When the Carpathia was sighted, cheers went up and several in their boat started to sing the Philip Bliss hymn "Pull for the Shore." Afterwards, Noël suggested "Lead, Kindly Light": "Lead, kindly light, amid the encircling gloom/Lead thou me on!/The night is dark, and I'm far from home/Lead thou me on!"

Once aboard the rescue vessel, she devoted herself to the care of steerage women and children from the Titanic. As an account in the London Daily Sketch would record: "Her Ladyship helped to make clothes for the babies and became known amongst the crew as the 'plucky little countess.'" The newspaper added that a stewardess told Noël, "You have made yourself famous by rowing in the boat," to which she replied, "I hope not. I have done nothing."

Noël did not welcome the publicity that proclaimed her a heroine, insisting it was the cool-headed leadership of Seaman Jones and the combined aid of her cousin-in-law and other occupants in the boat that night that deserved praise. As a token of her esteem, she presented Jones with an inscribed silver pocket watch; she also gave one to Steward Alfred Crawford in recognition for his assistance at the oars, rowing "doggedly for five hours." Jones later returned the largesse by gifting her the brass number plate from their lifeboat. Noël wrote to Jones every Christmas, and the two maintained a correspondence until her death. The number plate is now in the possession of the Countess' grandson Alastair Leslie. The family also re-acquired Jones' watch when it was auctioned by his family after his death.

The Royal National Lifeboat Institution’s Fraserburgh Lifeboat, introduced to service in 1915, was christened Lady Rothes. The lifeboat was provided as a gift from Thomas Dyer-Edwardes, the countess' father, in gratitude for his daughter's rescue from the Titanic.

In 1918 an exhibition at the Grafton Galleries in London, benefiting the Red Cross, included a pair of pearls from the 300-year-old heirloom necklace Noël wore when she escaped the Titanic.

Later life and second marriage
After Norman Rothes died on March 29, 1927, Noël remarried on 22 December 1927, to Colonel Claud Macfie, DSO, in the courthouse in Chelsea, London. The countess retained her title. The couple had no children. While Noël and Claud maintained a home in Hove, Sussex, they lived most of the year at the Macfie estate, Fayre Court in Fairford, Gloucestershire.

In her last years Noël was interviewed by author Walter Lord for his account of the Titanic disaster, A Night to Remember, which brought her story to a new generation on its publication in 1955.

Noël, Countess of Rothes died in her home in Hove, Sussex, on 12 September 1956, having suffered for some time from heart disease. She was buried next to her first husband in the Leslie vault at Christ's Kirk on the Green Churchyard in Leslie, Fife. A memorial plaque was erected in her honor on the west wall of the chancel of St Mary's Church in Fairford. It reads: "Noëlle, Widow of the 19th Earl of Rothes, and Beloved Wife of Col. Claud Macfie D.S.O. of Fayre Court, Fairford, At Rest 12 Sept. 1956. Holiness is an infinite compassion for others. Greatness is to take the common things of life and walk truly among them. Happiness is a great love and much serving."

Legacy
Noël was portrayed in the 1979 television movie SOS Titanic by Kate Howard; in James Cameron's 1997 film Titanic by Rochelle Rose; and in Julian Fellowes's 2012 mini-series Titanic by Pandora Colin.

She is also mentioned in the first episode of the British TV series Downton Abbey (also produced by Julian Fellowes) as having spent some time with the Crawley family shortly before boarding the Titanic. Upon hearing of the disaster, the character of Cora, Countess of Grantham remarks; "Isn't this terrible? When you think how excited Lucy Rothes was at the prospect.'"

title: Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes


text:
User talk:SnakeEater64

You have been blocked indefinitely for your personal attack on User:Android79 and for evading an existing block. Please see WP:SOCK for more information. -- Francs2000 23:42, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SnakeEater64


text:
El Paso Times

The El Paso Times is the newspaper for the US city of El Paso, Texas. The paper is the only English-language daily in El Paso (after the El Paso Herald-Post, an afternoon paper, closed in 1997), but often competes with the Spanish-language El Diario de El Paso, an offshoot of El Diario de Juárez which is published across the Rio Grande in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.

History
The paper was founded in 1881 by Marcellus Washington Carrico. The Times first published April 2, 1881. It originally started out as a weekly but within a year's time, it became the daily newspaper for the frontier town.

Gannett bought the Times in 1972. In 2003, Gannett and MediaNews Group formed a partnership between the Times and MediaNews' New Mexico papers, with Gannett as the managing partner. In December 2005, Gannett became a minority partner in the El Paso Times, handing the majority of the partnership and management to Denver-based MediaNews Group. In 2015, Gannett acquired full ownership of the Texas-New Mexico Newspapers Partnership from MediaNews successor Digital First Media. Later that year, Gannett split into two, with one having broadcasting and digital properties (Tegna) and another with newspapers (the new Gannett). The latter retained the Times.

Barbara Funkhouser served as editor of the El Paso Times from 1980 to 1986, the first woman to hold that position. Zahira Torres became the editor of the paper in 2017, making her the second woman and first Latina to lead the El Paso Times.

Sections
The El Paso Times prints news in several sections:
 * A-section: all-local news cover page, with national, Mexico and international news in the inside pages
 * Borderland: the metro news page has an all-local cover page as well as neighborhood, New Mexico and Texas news
 * Sports: local and national sports, with an emphasis in high school and University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) coverage
 * Business: local and national business news
 * Living: local and national feature stories including rotating sections covering senior citizens, religion, popular culture, the arts, books, health, home decor, entertainment news, local music and fashion
 * Tiempo: a weekly entertainment guide, published on Fridays, which includes concerts, movies, galleries, restaurant reviews and other entertainment related stories
 * Hot Ticket: published every Wednesday

Other publications
The El Paso Times publishes several other weekly, biweekly and monthly publications:
 * El Paso y Más: bi-weekly Spanish news coverage
 * TV y Más: weekly television guide and Spanish entertainment magazine
 * Cars & Trucks: weekly auto trader guide

Notable people

 * Steve Almond, American short story writer and essayist
 * Paul Salopek, American journalist and writer
 * W. E. "Pete" Snelson, sports editor (1940–1943), later member of both houses of the Texas State Legislature from Midland

title: El Paso Times


text: User:FRivar

title: User:FRivar


text:
User talk:MSkon

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
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Also please do not create articles about yourself in Wikipedia namespace. Your article has been moved to User:MSkon. -- Francs2000 23:44, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:MSkon


text:
User talk:Tracy Hall

Welcome from Private Butcher
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Private Butcher 23:45, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
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August 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, your addition of one or more external links to the page Fake blog has been reverted. Your edit here was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to remove unwanted links and spam from Wikipedia. The external link you added or changed is on my list of links to remove and probably shouldn't be included in Wikipedia. The external links I reverted were matching the following regex rule(s): rule: '\bblogspot\.com' (link(s): http://seriouslysoblessed.blogspot.com/). If the external link you inserted or changed was to a blog, forum, free web hosting service, or similar site, then please check the information on the external site thoroughly. Note that such sites should probably not be linked to if they contain information that is in violation of the creators copyright (see Linking to copyrighted works), or they are not written by a recognised, reliable source. Linking to sites that you are involved with is also strongly discouraged (see conflict of interest).

If you were trying to insert an external link that does comply with our policies and guidelines, then please accept my creator's apologies and feel free to undo the bot's revert. Please read Wikipedia's external links guideline for more information, and consult my list of frequently-reverted sites. For more information about me, see my FAQ page. Thanks! XLinkBot (talk) 06:51, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tracy Hall


text: User talk:70.176.235.108

title: User talk:70.176.235.108


text:
Imitation (music)

In music, imitation is the repetition of a melody in a polyphonic texture shortly after its first appearance in a different voice. The melody may vary through transposition, inversion, or otherwise, but retain its original character. The intervals and rhythms of an imitation may be exact or modified; imitation occurs at varying distances relative to the first occurrence, and phrases may begin with voices in imitation before they freely go their own ways.

Imitation helps provide unity to a composition and is used in forms such as the fugue and canon.

"The near universality of imitation in polyphonic styles in Western music (and its frequency in homorhythmic, homophonic, and other textures) is evidence enough of its paradoxical value in asserting the individuality of voices."

Definitions
When a phrase recurs exactly as before (except perhaps transposed), it is called strict imitation. A round is thus an example of strict imitation. Repetition is defined as the repetition of a phrase or melody often with variations in key, rhythm, and voice.

Different authors define imitation somewhat differently: "Real imitation[:] An imitation with no modifications except for the usual diatonic adjustment of half and whole steps. The exact transposition of a melody at different pitch levels." "Imitation: the repetition of a motive or a fragment in a different voice." "Imitation[:] The repetition of a melody or melodic group in close succession, but in a different voice; the repetition of a melody at a different pitch level in a polyphonic texture." "Imitation[:] The restatement in close succession of melodic figures in different voices in polyphonic textures." "homodirectional imitation...contradirectional...contrarhythmic imitation...contraintervallic imitation...free imitation...strict imitation...rhythmic imitation...contour imitation"

The point of imitation, "marks the beginning of a series of imitative entries in a contrapuntal composition." In counterpoint, imitation occurs in a second voice, usually at a different pitch. A short phrase treated imitatively is called an attacco.

Use in various musical styles
In European classical music, imitative writing was featured heavily in the highly polyphonic compositions of the Renaissance and Baroque eras. A more improvisatory form of imitation can be found in Arab and Indian vocal music where the instrumentalist may accompany the vocalist in a vocal improvisation with imitation.

In pop music a much clichéd form of imitation consists of a background choir repeating – usually the last notes – of the lead singer's last line. See: fill (music).

Examples in Classical Music
Imitation featured in both instrumental and vocal music of the Renaissance. In the following passage from a Ricercar by Andrea Gabrieli, the instruments at first imitate at a distance of two beats. Towards the end of the episode, bars 11–12, the imitation becomes closer, at a distance of only one beat: The fugues of J.S.Bach contain a variety of examples of imitation. The fugue in B♭ minor BWV 867, from Book 1 of the Well-tempered Clavier opens with a subject that is imitated at the interval of a fifth higher and at a distance of four beats: Later, the theme is imitated through all five parts at the distance of just one beat: This type of closely followed imitation is characteristic of fugues as they build towards a conclusion. It is known as stretto.

In the minuet of Mozart's Kegelstatt Trio K498, there are intricate passages that gain in interest and coherence through use of imitation. Starting at bar 76, the clarinet is followed at a distance of three beats by the viola, then by the piano's right hand and finally, the left. In bars 84–6, the piano creates an even closer chromatic weave, where the imitation is at the distance of only one beat: A more straightforward example of close imitation occurs later in the same movement at bars 94–100. This is the linking passage that heralds the return of the opening of the Minuet. The clarinet plays a sustained pedal note while the three lines played by the viola and the pianist's two hands express a single harmony, the dominant seventh (F7), to prepare for the return of the minuet in the key of B flat major, the tonic key: The whole movement can be heard on:

title: Imitation (music)


text: User talk:80.111.78.1

title: User talk:80.111.78.1


text:
User talk:Vritchey

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title: User talk:Vritchey


text:
User:Ganaaaa

I'm a recent college graduate with expertise in music, biology, and molecular biology. I'am also a fair writer, and am trying to get my feet wet as a wikipedia contributor.

Current tasks:

- Molecular Biology: add new techniques, add to discussion of bioremediation, etc

- Mallet Assembly: This page recently got deleted for copyvio and NPOV problems - probably rightly so. However, I think Mallet is big enough, interesting enough, and known to enough people that it deserves at least a small wiki entry. In the past, some well-meaning current Mallet members have dumped stuff directly from their official webpage and discussed adding things that really shouldn't be in wikipedia. For anyone currently connected to an association to edit a wiki entry about that association is by definition violating some core principles of vanity and NPOV.

You can contact me at ganaaaa@gmail.com.

title: User:Ganaaaa


text: User talk:68.44.84.88

title: User talk:68.44.84.88


text:
Sassnitz

Sassnitz (, before 1993 in Saßnitz) is a town on the Jasmund peninsula, Rügen Island, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The population as of 2012 was 9,498.

Sassnitz is a well-known seaside resort and port town, and is a gateway to the nearby Jasmund National Park with its unique chalk cliffs. The decommissioned British submarine HMS Otus was purchased by a German entrepreneur and towed to Sassnitz to be a floating museum. The Sassnitz area is most popular for its famous chalk rocks (Kreidefelsen), which inspired artists like Caspar David Friedrich.

Geography
The borough of Sassnitz lies in the northeastern part of the island of Rügen, covering the eastern part of the Jasmund peninsula as far as the sand bar of Schmale Heide to the south. The countryside there is renowned especially for its chalk cliffs. In addition, ice age depositions dominate the landscape. Its depressions have frequently been filled by small lakes. The most striking chalk cliff is the 118 m-high Königsstuhl. Large parts of the borough are covered by various types of trees with their typical habitats. One feature is the forest on the coastal slopes. Here there are rare trees like wild pear, wild apple, and yew. The town lies on the coastal slopes at the southern end of the Stubnitz, a 7.5 km-long and up to 4 km-wide beech forest. The remaining land areas consist of moors, beach, meadows, pastureland, and settlements. In the south of the borough, near Mukran, are the Wostevitz ponds, a boggy depression that is protected as a nature reserve. The small stream of Steinbach flows through the built-up area of the town.

Near the Königsstuhl lies another lake, the Herthasee, which has a diameter of about 150 m and is up to 11 m deep.

Subdivisions
The borough of Sassnitz is divided into the following municipalities: Blieschow, Buddenhagen, Dargast, Drosevitz, Dubnitz, Klementelvitz, Mukran, Neu Mukran, Rusewase, Sassnitz, Staphel, Stubbenkammer, Werder, and Wostevitz.

Geology
The original landscape on the Jasmund is geologically very young. Its formation began with the end of the Weichselian glaciation about 12,000 years ago, when the ice sheet left behind there a Young Moraine landscape. As a result of thawing inland ice the underlying land and rose and hollows were filled with water. The predecessor to what later became the Baltic Sea, the Ancylus Lake, was formed.

Next, a cold steppe spread across the region. Later, birch and pine forests emerged, followed by oak forests. During the last 1,000 years, beech forests dominated the area. Lakes formed in the endorheic depressions, some of which silted up and became bogs. About 6,000 years ago, the sea level rose to its present level, leaving upland areas to form the Jasmund. As a result of the erosive action of waves and currents created, steep shores were formed that still characterise the landscape.

History
It was not until 1906 that the farming and fishing village of Crampas and the fishing village of Sassnitz were merged into the municipality of Sassnitz. Fishing was (and is) important. The desire of many city dwellers to relax by the sea led, at the end of the 19th century, to a rapid and strong growth on the shores of the Baltic and North Sea, as well as on Rügen itself. As early as 1824, it is recorded that the family of the Berlin theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher went on a beach holiday to Sassnitz.

Theodor Fontane, in his book Effi Briest, named her lover, Major von Crampas, after the fishing village on Rügen. He also wrote about the Herthasee lake and coined the phrase in his book: "To travel to Rügen is to travel to Saßnitz." Johannes Brahms and Kaiser Wilhelm were other illustrious visitors to Sassnitz.

In 1871, the road to Sassnitz was upgraded, in 1891 the town was connected to the railway network from Bergen; in 1878 there was a boat service to Stettin; in 1889 to the port in Sassnitz and, soon thereafter, sea links to Rønne (Bornholm), Trelleborg and Memel (now Klaipėda). The new links enabled the place to grow rapidly. The chalk industry expanded, fish and now fish products as well characterised working life, and tourism grew, even though other places with beaches were better developed.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the beach promenade was built. The typical resort architecture with bed and breakfasts and hotels stamped the appearance of the place at this time. After establishing ferry and mailboat services Sassnitz also became an administrative centre with the appropriate new homes.

Sassnitz was not given town rights until 1957. The fishing industry was expanded around that time; the B&B houses, however, fell increasingly into dilapidation. In 1984, a new port was built in the subdistrict of Mukran for the railway ferry between East Germany and the Soviet Union. After 1991, Sassnitz Ferry Port was rebuilt for services to the entire Baltic Sea region.

The official spelling of Sassnitz was "Saßnitz" until 2 February 1993. It was the spelling used in the letter of authority for town rights dated 23 November 1956.

From 1991, the historic town center was thoroughly renovated as part of the plan to promote urban development; the town's appearance improved considerably. The houses in the resort architecture style were renovated and most of them painted in a uniform white colour. The old town port was included in the municipal renovation plan in 2000.

In July 2007, a 274 m suspension bridge for pedestrians was inaugurated, which links the center of Sassnitz between the station, Rügen Gallery, spa hotel and main street with the port of Sassnitz.

Demographics
With its rise as a seaside resort and ferry port, the population of the municipality of Sassnitz grew steadily from 332 in 1885 to 3,987 in 1925 and 7,826 in 1939. The further expansion of Sassnitz, now elevated to the status of a town, as a ferry and fishing port in 1957, resulted in another sharp population increase (1971: 13,676; 1981: 14,944) Since the late 1980s, the population has again declined, however, to 11,985 in 1998 and 10,366 by end 2010.

Town council
The town council of Sassnitz consists of 25 councillors. The local elections of 7 June 2009 produced the following division of seats on the council:
 * Die Linke: 11
 * FDP: 5
 * CDU: 4
 * Alternative Freie Wählergemeinschaft (AFW): 2
 * SPD: 2
 * Independent: 1

Coat of arms
The coat of arms was adopted by the town council in 1959 and notified by a resolution of the town council on 1 November 1994. The emblem is registered under No. 17 in the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern coat of arms register.

Blazon: "The coat of arms shows a red and silver lighthouse on a blue field emitted silver beams of light. It rises from a gap in the top row of a red, brick wall with silver mortar".

Flag
The town flag has three vertical stripes: blue, white and blue. The blue stripes occupy two ninths of the flag height. The white stripe take up five ninths of the height and is emblazoned in the centre with the town's coat of arms. The ratio of the height of the coat of arms to the height of the bunting is 4:9. The ratio of height to length of the flag is 3:5.

Twin towns – sister cities
Sassnitz is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Cuxhaven, Germany
 * 🇨🇳 Huai'an, China
 * 🇷🇺 Kingisepp, Russia
 * 🇱🇹 Klaipėda, Lithuania
 * 🇺🇸 Port Washington, United States
 * 🇸🇪 Trelleborg, Sweden

Culture and sights
The town of Sassnitz is the most important tourist destination in the Jasmund National Park, Germany's smallest national park by area. The Königsstuhl is the top tourist magnet in the park. At 118 m, it is also the highest point on the chalk cliffs in the national park.

Since March 2004, the national park has had a national park centre at Königsstuhl, which has two exhibitions offering visitors an insight into the natural world, the chalk, the Baltic Sea and the beech forests of the park.

On the edge of the Jasmund National Park lies Sassnitz Wildlife Park, the only one of its kind on the island of Rügen. The Gummanz Chalk Museum (Kreidemuseum Gummanz), the only chalk museum in Europe, lies not far from Sassnitz near Sagard on the terrain of an old chalk pit, worked from 1855 to 1962, and uses an open-air area with original implements as well as photographic and textual information boards, that describe the geological relationships, the mining and working of chalk on Rügen. In summer there is a regular briefing on archaeological discoveries for fossil collectors.

Harbour area
The "glass station" has lost its function as a result of the expansion of the new Sassnitz Ferry Port and today houses an exhibition and events hall as well as the Museum for Underwaterarchaeology. Here there are several exhibits of the Ralswiek boat discovery.

The Fishing and Harbour Museum documents the history of fishing on Rügen and the old Sassnitz harbour. Amongst the exhibits is the Havel fishing smack (Fischcutter). In the harbour, as well as excursion and fishing boats, is the British submarine HMS Otus, a museum piece, as is the coastal sailing cargo boat, Annemarie, which was converted in 2007 into a passenger boat.

The Alaris Butterfly Park in Sassnitz has been open since July 2003. The park is home to hundreds of free-flying butterflies in a tropical environment.

Since 2000, the club Lichtspiele has run a programme of revival house films in the Grundtvighaus.

The E-WERK youth project sees itself as a centre for ideas and projects aimed at testing and implementing meaningful and welfare-oriented jobs in the main labour market for socially disadvantaged youth and young adults. In 1995 the "Sassnitz Company" was launched to provide a lasting social network for the Rügen region. From one hundred-year-old Sassnitz power station a youth, culture, services and events centre was built with an event hall, an accommodation block, a youth hostel floor, and much more.

The municipal and evangelical church community centre at Gerhart-Hauptmann-Ring 50, founded in February 2000 as a meeting place for older people, has now merged with various other projects, such as the "Kiek in" cafe, the Spinnstube, the Klönstube of CJD Garz, the Klönclub, the clothes market, various self-help groups (Alcoholics Anonymous, etc.), ESV Sassnitz (weight training for everyone) and the church youth club, Saskia.

Cultural groups include De Jasmunder Plattdänzer, a folk dance group of girls and boys (aged 6–18), the Sassnitz youth brass band, the Sassnitz People's Choir, formed in 1964, and the Sassnitz Carnival Club, founded in 1975.

Buildings
In Dwasieden Forest there also is a grave mound.
 * Sassnitz has the longest outer mole in Europe with a length of 1450 m. Construction started in 1889 and it was finally completed in 1912.
 * The present town hall was designed by Berlin architect, Gustav Bähr, and opened in 1910 as a heated baths and community centre for members of the united parish of Sassnitz. On the main entrance a picturesque glass mural recalls its former function as a public bath.
 * On the edge of the Dwasieden Forest is the old people's centre of the Workers' Welfare Association (AWO). It consists of a nursing home, and managed apartments with flats for the elderly and disabled, which were completed in 2005. In collaboration with artists, a sensory garden was created. In it there is a trail along which people with dementia can move freely without getting lost.
 * The "Glass Station" (Glasbahnhof) and ferry terminal at the port of Sassnitz recall the over 100-year tradition of ferry services to Sweden and Northern Europe.
 * Sassnitz's old town is near the town hall. In Karlstraße is the oldest house in Sassnitz, clearly visible from its blue and white exterior. Because of their architecture, Haus Seerose (Ringstraße 5) and Villa Hertha are worth seeing.
 * The Evangelical St. John's Church stands on a hill between Sassnitz and Crampas on Stubbenkammerstraße. Its construction was begun in 1880 to plans by city architect Adolf Gerstenberg from Berlin. Its inauguration took place three years later.
 * The 274-metre-long suspension bridge that, since 2007, has connected the town centre, between the railway station, Rügen Gallery, the spa hotel and the high street, to the port of Sassnitz.
 * Schloss Dwasieden is set in a park in the Dwasieden Forest. Its ruins give an idea of the varied history of this once magnificent building. The top Aachen banker, Adolph von Hansemann purchased the property in the mid-19th century from Baron Eduard von Barnekow. The mansion was built in 1873–1876 following a concept by Friedrich Hitzig in Italian Neo-Renaissance style. In 1947 the building was blown up at the order of the GDR government, only parts of the one-storey arcade wings survived. In 2007, there were plans to rebuild the castle in a historically incorrect way and to extend it to a 'spa town' with 3,000 beds. Fortunately, in the eyes of many, these plans were abandoned and a more sensitive plan for a faithful reconstruction of the castle and a gentle extension are prepared.

Historical monuments

 * Memorial by sculptor, Reinhard Schmidt, erected in 1973 in the Park gegenüber dem Rathaus to the victims of fascism
 * Memorial grave at the woodland cemetery (Waldfriedhof) with monument to the social democrat mariner, Hermann Bebert, who was murdered in 1945 for being a conscientious objector. Since 1970 the special needs school in Stubbenkammerstraße has been named after him
 * Memorial stone in honour of Lenin, who stopped at Sassnitz on his way back to Russia from his Swiss exile in 1917. The monument is located at Rügenplatz and was restored in 2017.

Sport

 * The SG Empor Sassnitz has about 700 members and is the largest sports club on the island of Rügen. It has sections for football, handball, volleyball, tennis, table tennis, badminton, light athletics, judo, bowling, veterans and athletics.

Regular events

 * The Sassnitz Carnival Club (Sassnitzer Karnevalclub, SKC) holds its main carnival every year at the Dwasieden Sports Hall
 * Children's Festival in the wildlife park with pony rides, music and entertainment on the Sunday nearest to Children's Day
 * The Midsummer Fire (Mittsommerfeuer) is an event based on Swedish tradition with guests from the twin town of Trelleborg.
 * The High Street Festival (Hauptstraßenfest) is celebrated by the town together with its traders since 2001 on the last weekend in June.
 * Summer concerts in St. John's Church, Sassnitz, regularly from June to September
 * The annual Rügen Harbour Days (Rügener Hafentage) take place on the second weekend in July for three days in the town harbour.
 * The Sassnitz Mole Soiree (Sassnitzer Molensoiree) takes place on the Sassnitzer Mole in the evening on the first Saturday in August
 * Summer Festival in the wildlife park with pony rides, music and entertainment in mid-August
 * Sassnitz Sail in Sassnitz Ferry Port on the third weekend in August
 * Circus at the entrance to the place alternating between Julius Renz and Barlay on the last weekend in August
 * The Promenade Revue on the beach promenade and pier on the last weekend in August
 * Advent Market in the old town in Sassnitz in the first advent week

General

 * Town hall, Hauptstraße 33
 * Sassnitz Volunteer Fire Service founded in 1903, Bachstraße 24
 * Sassnitz Police Station, Bahnhofstraße 3
 * Sassnitz Criminal Investigation Branch
 * River Police Station, Hafenstraße 12
 * Sassnitz Maritime Search and Rescue Service Station, Hafenstraße 12

Schools

 * Ostseeblick primary school, Schulstraße 5
 * Regional School, Geschwister-Scholl-Straße 8
 * General Special Needs School, Mukraner Straße 5
 * Rügen Vocational School, Straße der Jugend 7
 * Ostsee-Gymnasium was a secondary school from 1953, a polytechnic secondary school from 1959/60 and from 1991 until it closed in 2008, grammar school.

Social, culture, sport

 * An der Brücke nursery run by People's Solidarity (Volkssolidarität)
 * Lütt Matten nursery of People's Solidarity
 * Kunterbunt nursery of People's Solidarity
 * 8. März nursery run by the Evangelical parish of St. John
 * Dwasieden sports field on the edge of the Dwasieden Forest, 400 metre cinder track and 2 long jump pits.
 * Dwasieden sports hall with handball markings and four smaller sports halls.
 * A skateboard area on the path to the Dwasieden sports hall

Economy
The economy of Sassnitz is dominated by tourism and the port.

Chalk quarrying near Klementelvitz, not far from Sassnitz, is a traditional industrial activity on the island. As early as 1840, chalk was quarried here in open pits. The chalk is not just used to manufacture gypsum, but is also used by power stations for their filtration plants, due to its high quality. Rügen Chalk (Rügener Kreide) is also used for curative and preventative medicines.

The firm of Neue Rügenfisch is located in the town harbour. The company, which was modernised after Germany's reunification, employs around 200 people and produces a large range of tinned fish.

Sassnitz Ferry Port in the subdistrict of Mukran is the easternmost deep water port in Germany. This location has the shortest sea links from Germany to Sweden, Denmark (Bornholm), Finland, Russian and the Baltic states. The port lies on the bay of Prorer Wiek immediately on the open sea and it is therefore easy for ships to dock here. Water depths of 10.50 m make the port accessible to all classes of ship in the Baltic Sea region. Its flexible railway track system has enabled the ferry port of Sassnitz to develop into a special harbour for combined goods traffic. Today about 70,000 wagons are transferred onto the Scandlines Line to and from Trelleborg and around 7,400 wagons on the shipping lines to and from the Baltic states. Numerous industrial and trading firms are based in Sassnitz Ferry Port.

As Sassnitz Port serves as an important point of operations to the controversial Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline construction, Senators Ted Cruz, Tom Cotton, and Ron Johnson authored a personal threat to mayor Frank Kracht, announcing economic and legal sanctions should the port continue its function in the project.

At Fischwerk Mukran, owned by the Dutch company Parlevliet & Van der Plas, about 30,000 tons of herring per year are processed for the fish industry into herring pieces (Heringslappen), fillets and frozen goods. A large proportion is supplied by fishermen from Sassnitz and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, who deliver their catches at agreed fixed prices from their own cutters, using rented fish tanks or by truck to the pier of the modern fish processing centre. The rest comes from Schleswig-Holstein, Denmark and Sweden.

The firm of INVO Bauplanung from Ribnitz-Damgarten wants to build a stone factory for 36 million euros on the former railway yard in the area of the ferry terminal because of its favourable location in terms of the delivery and collection of raw materials or finished goods by sea.

Transport
Sassnitz is the end of the Bundesstraße 96 federal road and the Stralsund–Sassnitz railway.

Rail
In addition to Sassnitz station there is the ferry station of Mukran. Even before the First World War, Sassnitz Hafen railway station was established in Sassnitz as a ferry terminal for the so-called Kings Line from Germany to Sweden (Trelleborg). In the 1980s, a new ferry terminal with broad- and standard gauge tracks was built in the subdistrict of Mukran. From Mukran there are ferries to and from Klaipėda in Lithuania, to Bornholm and St. Petersburg. On the ferry to Sweden, railway wagons are transported in addition to road vehicles. As well as the Berlin to Malmö night train, with sleeping and couchette cars, there were about 60,000 wagons in 2004.

In 1984 a new ferry service was inaugurated between Neu Mukran and Klaipėda, providing a route between the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic which bypassed Poland. It was equipped with rail ferries fitted with five parallel Russian 1,520mm gauge tracks. Wagons had their bogies swapped for onward travel, or were unloaded, at extensive railway yards in Neu Mukran. This link eased the supply of Russian troops in Germany in a period when Poland had become less supportive politically and wished to quadruple the transit fees it was paid. Ironically in 1994 the ferry was used to ship Russia's nuclear missiles out of Germany.

Ports

 * New Mukran ferry port (Ferry lines to Trelleborg (Sweden), Klaipeda (Lithuania), Baltijsk (Russia), Rønne (Denmark) )
 * Fishing port
 * Marina

Notable people

 * Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834) sent his wife and children in 1824 to Sassnitz for a long time. This year is seen as the birthday of Sassnitz as a seaside resort.
 * Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840), was inspired in 1818 by the chalk cliffs on the steep coastline of the Jasmund near Sassnitz and painted his famous work Chalk Cliffs on Rügen.
 * Theodor Fontane (1819–1898) collected in Sassnitz in 1895 ideas for his novel Effi Briest
 * Johannes Brahms (1833–1897) spent a long time in Sassnitz in 1876. He composed there the last movement of his 1st symphony in C minor.
 * Empress Augusta Victoria (1858–1921) spent a long summer holiday in Sassnitz in 1890 together with the prince. They stayed in Villa Martha right on the cliff-top above the Kurplatz.
 * Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924) in 1917 travelled from Switzerland via the Sassnitz–Trelleborg ferry to Finland and Saint Petersburg.
 * Steffi Nerius (born 1972), javelin thrower and Olympic medalist, received her basic light athletics training at the SG Empor Sassnitz.

Legend
The Königsstuhl also takes its name from a story in the legendary past. Whomsoever wished to be king, had to climb up the cliffs from the seaward side.

Another legend has it that the notorious pirate Störtebeker was born on Jasmund in 1340 at Ruschvitz manor house. The Pirates' Gorge (Piratenschlucht) in Sassnitz not far from the old town is supposed to have been one of the many hiding places for Störtebeker and his Victual Brothers in the Baltic Sea area. Since 1993, the Störtebeker Festival has taken place in the summer months on the open-air stage at Ralswiek.

title: Sassnitz


text:
Cypriot First Division

The Cypriot First Division (Πρωτάθλημα Α΄ Κατηγορίας), known as the Cyta Championship for sponsorship reasons, is the top-tier football league competition in Cyprus, run by the Cyprus Football Association.

The league is contested by 14 teams and runs from August to May, with the three lowest-placed teams being relegated to the Cypriot Second Division, and replaced by the top three teams in that division.

History
Football was introduced to Cyprus early in the 20th century by the British. Initially played in the island's schools, it proved hugely popular and a number of clubs were duly formed.

Anorthosis Famagusta FC was founded in 1911, after which many other clubs were established. In 1932, the annual Cypriot Championship began, at first unofficially. Every season, the championship was organised by a different football club, which caused conflict among some of the teams.

As football became more established, the clubs were united in agreeing that an official body was needed to regulate the sport. In September 1934, the Cyprus Football Association (CFA) was formed and the Cypriot Championship and Cup began to take place annually. The first Champions of Cyprus were Trust in 1935, but the club folded three years later. The 1930s were dominated by APOEL, who won five championships in a row until 1940. Like other championships throughout the world, the Cypriot Championship was interrupted due to World War II from 1941 until 1945.

In 1955, Çetinkaya Türk S.K., who had been the only Turkish Cypriot team playing in the Cypriot First Division since 1934–35, withdrew from the Championship and, along with other Turkish Cypriot teams, established the Cyprus Turkish Football Association, with its own competitions. The reason behind this was political, as the Turkish Cypriots were opposed to the anticolonial struggle of EOKA and union with Greece (enosis). However, this federation was never recognised, and none of its teams was permitted to play in international competitions.

Cypriot independence in 1960 was followed by full UEFA membership for the Cyprus Football Association in 1962. From 1963, the champions of Cyprus could compete in the European Cup and the Cup winners in the European Cup Winners Cup. The runners-up in the Greek Cypriot First Division began to compete in the UEFA Cup in 1971. From 1967 until 1974, the Greek Cypriot Champions were promoted to the Greek First National Division. Greek Cypriot teams were relegated every season from the Alpha Ethniki, apart from 1973–74, when APOEL managed to remain in the Greek Championship, which meant that Cyprus would have two teams in Greek top tier. However, due to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus that year, APOEL and Omonia (the 1973–74 Cypriot champions) withdrew from the League.

Current format
As of the 2022-23 season, 14 clubs compete in the league, and are ranked based on the point system described below. Each club plays the other sides twice, home and away, for a total of 26 games for each club. This is referred to as the first round of the league. In the second round, the teams are divided into two groups; the teams ranked 1st to 6th play off for the title and European spots in Group A, while the bottom eight teams battle to avoid relegation in Group B. Group A is often referred to as the Championship Play-offs, while Group B is referred to as the Relegation Play-offs. Each team's points and criteria, such as goal difference, goals scored, etc. are retained during the transition from first to second round. Similarly to the first round, every club plays the other sides twice, for a total of 10 or 14 games for each club, in Group A and Group B respectively.

At the end of the second round, the club ranked 1st in Group A is declared the winner of the league. The champion qualifies for the UEFA Champions League, while the second and third placed teams enter the UEFA Europa Conference League. If the cup winners finish in third or above, the fourth placed team also enters the UEFA Europa Conference League. Meanwhile, the bottom three teams in Group B are relegated to the Second Division.

Previous formats
From 2007–08 until 2012–13 season, in the second round, the first 12 (out of 14) teams were separated into three groups of four teams according to their position at the end of the first round. For the 2013–14 season, in the second round, the first 12 (out of 14) teams were separated into two groups of six teams according to their position at the end of the first round. The last two teams of the first round were relegated directly to the B1 Division and the bottom two teams of the relegation group also. The points from the first round were carried to the second round and the teams played each other twice.

Point system
The point system of the Cypriot First Division has changed throughout the years: In the event that two or more teams have the same amount of points, they are ranked based on:
 * 1) From 1934–35 until 1959–60, teams were awarded two points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a defeat.
 * 2) From 1960–61 until 1969–70, teams were awarded three points for a win, two points for a draw and one point for a defeat.
 * 3) From 1970–71 until 1990–91, teams were awarded two points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a defeat.
 * 4) Since the 1991–92 season, teams are awarded three points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a defeat.

 * 1) Points gained in games between the teams, in both rounds.
 * 2) Goal difference in games between the teams, in both rounds.
 * 3) Most away goals scored in games between the teams, in both rounds.
 * 4) Goal difference across all games, in both rounds.
 * 5) Most goals scored across all games, in both rounds.

Appearances in the top division
The below table indicates the total number of seasons each club has participated in the Cypriot First Division, up to and including the 2023/24 season.

45 teams have played at least one season in First Division.

Teams in bold are participating in the 2024-25 Cypriot First Division.

 * The 1963–64 Cypriot First Division, where the championship was abandoned, is not included in the table.
 * Çetinkaya total includes 12 when competing as Lefkosa Turk Spor Kulubu
 * APEP Pitsilia total includes one as APEP Limassol

All-time Cypriot First Division table (1934–35 until 2017–18)
The All-time Cypriot First Division table is a ranking of all Cypriot football clubs based on their performance in the Cypriot First Division. The points are the sum of the points of all seasons, despite the point system of the season. The 1963–64 Cypriot First Division season is not included because the championship was abandoned.

title: Cypriot First Division


text:
Nukata Prefecture

Nukata Prefecture (額田県) was a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan, comprising the former Mikawa Province and the Chita Peninsula. It was merged into Aichi Prefecture on November 27, 1872.

title: Nukata Prefecture


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pull my finger

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash talk 23:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Pull my finger
(no vote). Someone tagged, but not listed. mikka (t) 23:48, 30 September 2005 (UTC).
 * Keep, well known prank. --Angr/undefined 00:45, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoary old prank. No expandability. -- Grev -- Talk 01:09, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. That particular meme isn't endemic around here, and I find it rather perplexing.  An explanation of how it came to be and why it persists could be interesting. Ilmari Karonen 01:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Bill Clinton in Beavis and Butthead. -- BD2412 talk 01:58, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Traditional prank. Crypticfirefly 04:15, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well-known, has references in popular culture. Punkmorten 22:17, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - dicdef, nothing of real interest here. And why's it a psychology stub? ---MacRusgail 12:58, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep In fact, the reference to "pull my pudwhacker" should be re-added to this page.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.