text:
Roxanne Wars

The Roxanne Wars were a well-known series of hip hop rivalries during the mid-1980s, yielding perhaps the most answer records in history. The dispute arose over a failed appearance at a radio promotional show. It was an iconic moment for hip hop in that it was probably one of, if not the first ever "rap beef" between two artists. There were two Roxannes in question, Roxanne Shanté and The Real Roxanne.

History
In 1984, the hip-hop trio U.T.F.O., produced by the R&B group Full Force, released a single titled "Hanging Out", which did not do well. However, it was the single's B side, "Roxanne, Roxanne", a song about a woman who would not respond to their advances, that gained much attention and airplay.

Soon afterwards, 14-year-old Lolita Shanté Gooden walked outside a New York City housing project called Queensbridge, when she heard Tyrone Williams, disc jockey Mr. Magic, and record producer Marley Marl talking about how U.T.F.O. had canceled an appearance on a show they were promoting. Gooden offered to make a hip-hop record that would get back at U.T.F.O., with her taking on the moniker Roxanne Shanté, after her middle name. The three took her up on the idea, with Marley producing "Roxanne's Revenge". The single was released in late 1984, taking the original beats from an instrumental version of "Roxanne, Roxanne". It was confrontational and laced with profanities, but was an instant hit that sold over 250,000 copies in the New York area alone. The original issue of the "Street Version" was recorded on tape in Marley Marl's apartment, entirely free-styled by Gooden in seven minutes and in only one take. The recording was pressed onto 100 copies which were rushed out onto the streets to combat U.T.F.O.'s "Roxanne, Roxanne" release. Select Records claimed copyrights on the instrumental which led Pop Art Records to negotiate an agreement where all future copies of "Roxanne's Revenge" would feature a different track. It was subsequently re-released in early 1985 with new beats, re-rapped and the obscenities removed.

Following this, U.T.F.O. and Full Force decided to release their own answer record. While not directly aimed at Roxanne Shanté, this record featured Elease Jack, who took on the moniker of The Real Roxanne (and was soon replaced by Adelaida Martinez). This also was a hit, but it may have also produced an undesired result: while there had been answer records before (such as the semi-disco song "Somebody Else's Guy" and "Games People Play"/"Games Females Play"), they usually ended with the second recording. But in this saga, with a third record in airplay, a whole new trend began. Roxanne Shanté responded back by releasing "Bite This" and "Queen of Rox (Shanté Rox On)". The airwaves so became occupied with the "Roxanne" records that other MCs decided to get into the act. Over the next year, anywhere from 30 to over 100 answer records (according to different claims) were produced, portraying Roxanne's family, or making various claims about her. The ones that were more well-known were the following:

 * "Sparky's Turn (Roxanne, You're Through)" by Sparky D
 * "Roxanne's Doctor – The Real Man" by Dr. Freshh,
 * "Do the Roxanne" by Dr. Rocx & Co.
 * "The Parents of Roxanne" by Gigolo Tony & Lacey Lace, which answered both U.T.F.O. and Sparky D. It drew references from both "Roxanne's Revenge" and "The Real Roxanne" as if both represented the true Roxanne.
 * "I'm Lil Roxanne" by Tanganyika, was a record by the then young artist named Tanganyika stating that she was the younger version of the original Roxanne.
 * "Yo, My Little Sister (Roxanne's Brothers)" by Crush Groove (no connection to Krush Groove), which answered U.T.F.O., Sparky D, and Dr. Freshh.
 * "Rappin' Roxy: Roxanne's Sister" by D.W. and the Party Crew featuring Roxy, which reuses several lines from "The Real Roxanne" and attacks both U.T.F.O. and Sparky D.
 * "Ice Roxanne" by Little Ice Another record answering Roxanne Shanté by a young female, who citing a line in "Roxanne's Revenge" tells Roxanne to "make up her mind" if she wanted a man or not.
 * "Roxanne's a Man (The Untold Story—Final Chapter)" by Ralph Rolle, which claimed that Roxanne was actually a man who had been raped in prison, and then having "lost his manhood", turned himself into a woman after his release; and insulted U.T.F.O. for not realizing this.
 * "The Final Word – No More Roxanne (Please)" by the East Coast Crew, the final record that told the world to end it all. East Coast Crew contained regulars from the '80s USA Network TV show Dance Party USA.

title: Roxanne Wars


text:
User:Dusso Janladde

My username is the name of the main character from Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Tommy Vercetti, translated into the Al Bhed code language.

I founded WikiProject Roller Coasters. Anyone interested in roller coasters is encouraged to join.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Dusso Janladde


text:
Category:Elementary schools in Alberta

In Alberta an elementary school normally teaches grades K-6, though this may vary.

title: Category:Elementary schools in Alberta


text:
Template talk:Yamanote Line

reverts
I have reverted the edits made to the template, pending a discussion and resolution here.

Please comment regarding the circle-style template or the list-style template. Comments from other perspectives is really helpful, although I don't know if this talk page is going to seen by anyone who isn't already somewhat familiar with Tokyo and the trains there in general. I've also started a list of reasons to choose one style or the other, based on my understanding on the complaint. Neier 11:46, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

The case for the circle

 * Yamanote is famous for its loop... why not show it?
 * Graphically, it is easier to see that Shinagawa is close to Tokyo, and not so close to Shinjuku. Without counting stations on the list, it is difficult to see that.
 * Is this an argument that is better suited for travel wiki?
 * To anyone familiar with Tokyo, and wanting to quickly navigate around the stations in wikipedia, the circle is much more natural.
 * Avoid "why does the line start there and not here" questions.

The case for the list

 * Standardize with templates for other lines
 * Standardize with Japanese wiki
 * Circle is too large
 * Terminal stations are Shinagawa and Ōsaki only (often Ikebukuro). --Izumi5 04:16, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Circle would not fit for the Hide/Show. --Izumi5 04:16, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Need not to be a circle if the first and the last of list are the same. --Izumi5 04:20, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Comments
I liked the circle better, personally... -William McDuff 03:22, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I also like the circle, which is why I didn't use the same template for Yamanote that I had been using for the other lines.

Somewhat off-topic, but I'm confused by the order of the list, even though it matches the Japanese page. Starting with Shinagawa is one matter, and I think we can beat that argument to death, but at the end of the day, it's still the first station. But, I always thought Ōsaki was the defacto end of the line, since that's where the trains are taken out of service each night (I've been stuck there a few times, waiting for the next train to take me on around). Why is clockwise chosen? Neier 11:46, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I modified the Yamanote Line template to use a template like the Japanese ones. The railway line pages are getting too long with the line templates as is so I modified the Yamanote line one to be a simple list (with Shinagawa the zero point listed twice) rather than a circle. I also removed the background colour. I think you'll find this much nicer. By using a template it's also much easier to get the formatting consistent.Softgrow 01:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC). Thinking further about this I don't think showing the structure of the line belongs on an article about the station. The circle is something that the line has but as far as each station goes, it is connected to two others, only. I prefer the list.Softgrow 11:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Personally, I think it's only about a line or two of text taller, so size isn't really that much of an issue, is it? However, Softgrow is right in that it doesn't much look like the other templates. Perhaps a compromise? Can you make the title more like the other templates, with yellow bars on each side, and switch the background color to white? And Softgrow, with a circular line like this, having a circular list of stations actually is clearer, as the connection to each station remains, merely clockwise or anti-clockwise, which is how it is. I'd be curious to see how JR lists it officially, however. -William McDuff 13:20, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I prefer the circle simply because the Yamanote is a circle and that's how the trains move along it. Actually it's two circles: the clockwise outer circle and the counterclockwise inner circle. (Note that the "why start here" as an official answer from JR: Osaki is the official shuten.) As it is, the table does look a bit clunky, but that means it should be improved, not eliminated. Vincent 00:29, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

If we can get the station names to line up better, I like the reduced height version. Tried to do a version with stripes, with mediocre success. -William McDuff 01:23, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Actually, the reduced height one is a bit less clear. Hard to follow. Still like to have the stripes in there somehow. -William McDuff 01:25, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Could someone please add notation as to which direction is the inner loop and the outer loop? It would make interpreating schedules and identifying platforms easier. -Jeremy Theil 01:58, 1, November 2007 (MST)

title: Template talk:Yamanote Line


text:
SCU Leavey School of Business

The SCU Leavey School of Business is one of the professional schools at Santa Clara University, a private academic institution in the San Francisco Bay Area. The School of Business was founded in 1923 and accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business thirty years later. Located in the heart of Silicon Valley, the Leavey School of Business provides undergraduate, graduate, and executive education.

History

 * 1851 Santa Clara College established
 * 1923 School of Business and Administration established
 * 1953 Business School accredited by Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
 * 1957 Executive Development Center established
 * 1959 MBA program created
 * 1963 Graduate program recognized through AACSB accreditation
 * 1975 Combined JD/MBA program created
 * 1983 Dedication of the Dorothy and Thomas Leavey School of Business
 * 1999 Executive MBA program created
 * 2008 Lucas Hall business facility dedicated

Academics
The Leavey School of Business, which serves over 2,000 undergraduate and graduate students, has six academic departments including Accounting, Economics, Finance, Management, Marketing, and Operations Management and Information Systems.

 * Bachelor of Science in Commerce (BSC)
 * Degrees in Accounting, Accounting & Information Systems (AIS), Economics, Finance, Management, Marketing, Operations and Management Information Systems (OMIS)

 * Master of Business Administration (MBA)
 * Different methods of completing the degree Full-Time, Part-Time (Evening and Saturdays), or Executive program
 * -Joint-degree with School of Law JD/MBA

 * Master of Science in Business Analytics
 * Master of Science in Finance
 * Master of Science in Information Systems (MSIS)
 * -Joint-degree with School of Law JD/MSIS

 * Master of Science in Supply Chain Management

Centers & Institutes
"Centers and institutes in the School of Business provide scholars and organizations an interdisciplinary approach to business issues."

 * Ciocca Center for Innovation & Entrepreneurship (CCIE)
 * Silicon Valley Executive Center (SVEC)
 * My Own Business Institute (MOBI)
 * Retail Management Institute (RMI)

Ranking
U.S. News & World Report ranked the Leavey School of Business 25th in the U.S. among part-time MBA programs in the "Best Graduate Schools 2018" ranking. This ranking, up from No. 37 the previous year, places the Leavey School of Business 2nd in the Bay Area, 2nd among Jesuit Schools, and 4th in California.

Graduates of the MBA program earn the 9th highest salaries in the nation compared with other MBA graduates according to a PayScale study published in 2016.

The Master's in Finance program was ranked 3rd on the West Coast and 29th nationally in the 2017 Best Finance Program Rankings by The Financial Engineer (TFE) Times.

The undergraduate business program was ranked 63rd in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report in 2017. Bloomberg BusinessWeek ranked it 51st in the U.S. for 2016, and in 2013 ranked its macroeconomics sub-specialty 4th in the nation among undergraduate business schools.

For 2021, Santa Clara University was ranked #53 in National Universities. Schools are ranked according to their performance across a set of widely accepted indicators of excellence by U.S. News & World Report.

Leadership
The Leavey School of Business is led by Dean Ed Grier, appointed July 1, 2021.

Previous deans and their tenure:
 * Naren Agrawal, interim dean (2020-2021), currently Benjamin and Mae Swig Professor of Information Systems and Analytics
 * Caryn Beck-Dudley, dean (2015-2020), President and CEO of AACSB
 * S. Andrew Starbird, interim dean (2009-2010), dean (2010-2015), currently director of the My Own Business Institute at SCU
 * Barry Z. Posner (1996-2009), professor of leadership and best-selling co-author of The Leadership Challenge
 * Alexander Field, acting dean (1995–1996), currently Orradre Professor of Economics
 * James L. Koch (1990–1995), currently Don C. Dodson Distinguished Service Professor
 * Albert Bruno, acting dean (1988–1989), currently Cleary Professor of Marketing
 * Andre Delbecq (1978–1988), currently McCarthy Presidential Professor
 * Charles J. Dirksen (1941–1978)

Lucas Hall
Lucas Hall is among the newer buildings on the Santa Clara University campus and is home to the Leavey School of Business. Construction began in May 2007 and the building was formally dedicated on September 14, 2008, in honor of Donald L. Lucas, veteran Silicon Valley venture capitalist.

At approximately 86000 sqft, the facility is two and a half times the size of the former home of the Business School, Kenna Hall. The three-story building contains 12 classrooms (two dedicated to executive education), 102 faculty offices, 16 team project rooms, six large executive-style conference rooms, and a 100-seat seminar room. The center core of the facility contains the Dukes Business Services Center and the Cadence CyberCafe.

Notable alumni

 * Donald Barbieri (1968), former CEO WestCoast Hospitality Corp
 * Mary Bitterman (1966), president, James Irvine Foundation, former CEO, KQED Broadcasting
 * William Dallas (1987), founder and owner, Dallas Capital
 * David Drummond (Google) (1985), vice president and general counsel, Google
 * Thomas Fanoe (1968), former president, Levi's USA and Joe Boxer Corp.
 * Robert J. Finocchio Jr. (1973), retired director of Informix and former president, 3COM
 * Fred Franzia (1965), owner of Bronco Winery and maker of Charles Shaw wine
 * John Fry (1978), president and co-founder, Fry's Electronics
 * Michael L. Hackworth (1963), chairman, Cirrus Logic
 * Richard Justice (1971), senior vice president of worldwide field operations, Cisco Systems
 * Walter Kaczmarek (1974), president, CEO, and director, Heritage Bank
 * Jack Kuehler (1954), former president of IBM
 * Thomas A. Lacey (MBA 1988), CEO and chairman of International Display Works, former VP of Intel
 * Thomas E. Leavey (1922), co-founder of Farmers Insurance
 * Mike Maciag (1987), CEO, Electric Cloud
 * Chris Malachowsky (M.S. 1986), co-founder and senior VP of engineering and operations, NVIDIA
 * Rodney Moore (1985), president of the National Bar Association
 * David Mooring (1980), former president and director, board member, Rambus
 * Peter Oppenheimer (MBA 1987), CFO and senior vice president of Apple Computer
 * George Reyes (MBA 1979), CFO, and former senior vice president, Google
 * Stephen Schott (1960), former owner of the Oakland Athletics
 * John A. Sobrato (1960), billionaire owner and chairman, Sobrato Development Companies
 * Thomas D. Terry (S.J.), president of Novitiate Wines
 * Richard P. Wallace (M.S. 1989), CEO of KLA-Tencor Corporation
 * Steffan Tomlinson (MBA 2002), CFO of Stripe, Inc.. Former CFO of Palo Alto Networks
 * Joe Allanson (1985), Former Chief Accounting Officer at Salesforce
 * Steve Sordello (1990, MBA 1992), Former CFO of LinkedIn
 * Steve Foster (1984), Former Partner at TPG
 * Court Showerman (2001, MBA 2005), CFO of Quora
 * Gisel Ruiz (1992), Former Executive Vice President, Chief Operations Officer at Sam’s Club
 * Lewis Chew (1984), Former CFO of Dolby Laboratories
 * Suku Krishnaraj Chettiar, Chief Marketing Officer at Sumo Logic
 * Michael Falcon (MBA 1979), COO at Netgear
 * Gordon Lee (2000), Chief Accounting Officer at DoorDash
 * Adhir Mattu (MBA 2000), Chief Information Officer at NXP Semiconductors
 * David Sangster (MBA 1999), COO at Nutanix
 * Ingrid Estrada (MBA), Chief Administrative Officer at Keysight Technologies
 * Flavia Pease (MBA 1999), CFO at Charles River Laboratories

title: SCU Leavey School of Business


text:
Nikola Gruevski

Nikola Gruevski (Никола Груевски, pronounced ; born 31 August 1970) is a former Macedonian politician who served as Prime Minister of Macedonia from 2006 until his resignation, which was caused by the 2016 Macedonian protests, and led the VMRO-DPMNE party from 2004 to 2017.

Under the Pržino Agreement mediated by the European Union, Gruevski agreed to resign and left his post on 18 January 2016.

In May 2018 he was sentenced to two years in prison on corruption charges. In November 2018 he was ordered to serve his sentence but failed to check-in with authorities and instead fled to Hungary, where he sought and was granted political asylum. He has been accused of promoting the controversial identity politics called antiquization. Under his leadership the country which had pro-European and pro-NATO policy, has changed sides to pro-Russian, pro-Serbian and anti-Western one. He has opposed treaties with Bulgaria in 2017 and the Prespa agreement signed with Greece in 2018.

In April 2022, he was added to the US Treasury's Specially Designated Nationals List of individuals facing Balkans-related sanctions and the US Department of State's corruption related sanctions. Also in April, he was sentenced in Skopje to 7 years in prison on charges of money laundering and illegal acquisition and concealment of state property.

Personal life
Born in Skopje in 1970, Gruevski was brought up in a family that was neither privileged nor poor. His father worked in furniture and design and his mother was a nurse. After his parents' divorce, he was raised by his mother. At the age of four, however, she went to work in Libya, like thousands of other Yugoslav citizens, and took him with her. After their return, he completed primary and secondary education in Skopje. Having graduated from the Faculty of Economics at the St. Clement of Ohrid University in Bitola in 1994 (where he dabbled in amateur theatre and boxing) he entered the nascent finance sector, and was the first person to trade on Skopje's stock exchange. During 1995 he worked as director of department in Multigroup owned Balkanbank, and became its exhibitioner till 1998. In 1996 he also acquired qualifications for the international capital market from a London Securities Institute. He founded the Brokerage Association of Macedonia in 1998 and made the first transaction on the Macedonian Stock Exchange.

On 12 December 2006, he obtained a master's degree from the Faculty of Economics at the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje. He divorced his first wife and was married again in May 2007 to Borkica Gruevska with whom he has two daughters: Anastasija and Sofija.

Gruevski's paternal grandparents came from the Ottoman Macedonia village of Krušoradi, where his grandfather Nikolaos Grouios (Nikola Gruev) (1911–1940) was born. Until the official Greek annexation after the Second Balkan War in 1913, it was under the jurisdiction of the Bulgarian Exarchate. The Greek administration later practised an assimilative anti-Bulgarian campaign, changing the names of local villagers to the corresponding Greek names. The village itself was renamed by the Greek authorities to Achlada in 1926. Gruevski's grandfather fought in the Greco-Italian War, where he lost his life. His name is mentioned on the war memorial in Achlada among the names of the locals who were killed during World War II. Years later, during the Greek Civil War, Gruevski's grandmother and father fled north to what was then Yugoslav Macedonia, where they changed their family name to Gruevski in order to gain citizenship through assimilation, as was the Yugoslav policy at the time.

His mother Nadežda is from Štip. She is a sister of the first Minister of the Interior of the Republic of Macedonia - Jordan Mijalkov. During the administration of Nikola Gruevski, his first cousin, Sašo Mijalkov was the director of the Administration for Security and Counterintelligence of the Republic of Macedonia.

Moreover, Gruevski also released a book in 2018 called "Experiences for the Future: Economic Effects of Different Types of International Capital Flows, With Particular Reference to the Republic of Macedonia"

Minister of Finance (1999–2002)
The government under Ljubčo Georgievski sold the Macedonian Telecom to Hungarian Matáv and the OKTA oil refinery to Hellenic Petroleum. Gruevski also implemented financial reforms, including the reform of the payment system and the value added tax of 18%, requiring fiscal receipts for all Macedonian businesses, which was a program designed to fight tax evasion.

Party leader (2003–2017)
Gruevski is the leader of the nationalist ruling party VMRO-DPMNE. After VMRO-DPMNE was defeated in the 2002 parliamentary election, there was a period of infighting within the party. Gruevski emerged as the pro-EU leader, and he was elected as leader of the party after Ljubčo Georgievski left the position. Ljubčo Georgievski after he left VMRO-DPMNE he set up his own party (VMRO-People's Party), but VMRO-DPMNE retained most of the party's supporters.

Prime Minister (2006–2016)
The VMRO-DPMNE won the July 2006 parliamentary election, and on 25 August 2006 he constituted the new government. His government had many new faces, mostly in their 30s, in key ministries and other positions. In the election Gruevski earned the distinction of becoming the first elected European head of government born in the 1970s.

In June 2007, Gruevski attended a meeting in Tirana, Albania, along with President of the United States George W. Bush, Prime Minister of Albania Sali Berisha, and Prime Minister of Croatia Ivo Sanader.

The coalition led by his party, VMRO-DPMNE, won the 1 June 2008 parliamentary election, their second electoral victory in a row, winning more than half of the seats in the parliament. The polling was marred by a number of violent incidents and allegations of fraud in some ethnic Albanian dominated municipalities. Gruevski created a government with the ethnic Albanian political party Democratic Union for Integration.

The coalition led by his party, VMRO-DPMNE, won the 5 June 2011 parliamentary election, their third electoral victory in a row, winning 56 out of the 123 seats in the parliament. Objections of misuse of state resources, including the blackmail of over one hundred thousand public servants to act as agitators were neglected, and the elections were declared valid. Gruevski formed the new government, again in coalition with the Democratic Union for Integration.

On 6 January 2012, Gruevski opened the triumphal arch "Porta Macedonia" in Skopje as a monument to 20th anniversary of Macedonian independence, and admitted that he personally has been the instigator of the Skopje 2014 project.

On 27 April 2014, VMRO-DPMNE won the parliamentary election, providing Gruevski another term as prime minister.

In 2014, Gruevski began to rush plans through Parliament to create a tax-free autonomous trade zone that falls outside the purview of both domestic and international regulators. The move raised alarm among Parliament members. The European Union's Venice Commission commented that "If all laws (other than criminal laws) are to be enacted and enforced by a managing body rather than the constitutionally recognised lawmaker and executive, this zone becomes a sort of a 'State within a State' separate from the existing constitutional structure" and could become "a haven for 'dirty money.'" In 2015 the former prime minister and founder of the VMRO-DPMNE, Ljubčo Georgievski accused Gruevski's government it had a goal to serbianise the country, finally joining it to Serbia.

Wiretapping scandal and resignation
In May 2015, protests occurred in Skopje against Gruevski and his government. The demonstrations began following charges being brought against Zoran Zaev, the opposition leader, who responded by alleging that Gruevski had had 20,000 Macedonian officials and other figures wiretapped, and had covered up the murder of a young man by a police officer in 2011. A major protest occurred on 5 May, with violent clashes between activists and police, causing injuries on both sides. In the days following, the opposition claimed that more anti-government actions would occur, which they did later that month. Several ministers, including the interior minister, resigned. Gruevski initially refused to step down, saying on 16 May that "if I back down it would be a cowardly move ... I’ll face down the attacks." However, on 15 January 2016, Emil Dimitriev was nominated as prime minister and he assumed office on 18 January, following the arranged pre-electoral resignation of Gruevski from the position, as part of the Przino Agreement.

Post-premiership (since 2017)
In July 2017, a Macedonian court ordered the seizure of the passports of Gruevski and four other officials of his party, including former interior minister Gordana Jankuloska and former transportation minister Mile Janakieski, in connection with the wiretapping case.

In December 2017, Gruevski resigned as leader of the VMRO-DPMNE, following the party's major defeat by the Social Democratic Union in local elections.

Trial
In January 2017 the Macedonian Special Prosecutor's Office launched the 'Tank' investigation in which two individuals were accused of using their official position and authority in the period from February to October 2012 to complete an illegal public procurement of an armoured Mercedes-Benz car worth €600,000 and "fulfil the wishes" of Gruevski who was prime minister at the time. On 23 May 2018, Gruevski was sentenced to two years in prison for unlawfully influencing government officials in the purchase of the luxury bulletproof car.

On 9 November 2018, the Skopje Criminal Court rejected Gruevski's appeals for a postponement of his prison sentence and on 10 November he did not appear for the start of his two-year sentence. He had been last seen in Macedonia on 8 November at a hotel in Skopje. The Macedonian authorities issued an arrest warrant against the fugitive. VMRO-DPMNE's leader, Hristijan Mickoski defended Gruevski and described the arrest warrant and police search against him as "political persecution" and a "witch-hunt", adding that VMRO-DPMNE was "under police siege".

Fugitive
On 13 November, Gruevski announced through his Facebook account that he had fled to Hungary, where he applied for political asylum. Gruevski was seen as having particularly close relations with the right-wing national conservative Fidesz's head, and Prime Minister of Hungary, Viktor Orbán, who opposed the Prespa agreement between Greece and Macedonia and supported VMRO-DPMNE's hardline position against it. Orbán has reportedly described Gruevski's escape as "an interesting story, exciting, like all crime stories".

Despite his passport having been confiscated, Gruevski successfully escaped and concerns arose that he probably used a Bulgarian one. However, according to Bulgarian authorities, Gruevski has never applied for Bulgarian citizenship. It was later confirmed by Albanian police that, with the aid of the Hungarian government which escorted him using Hungarian diplomatic vehicles, Gruevski had passed through Albania, Montenegro and Serbia before arriving in Hungary.

Interpol alerted that Gruevski is wanted under an international arrest warrant and the Macedonian government filed a formal extradition request. Hungary's opposition parties are calling on the Hungarian government to arrest and quickly extradite the fugitive former prime minister back to Macedonia.

On 20 November 2018, Gruevski was granted political asylum by the Hungarian authorities.

Gruevski has condemned the Prespa agreement and stated that Prime Minister Zoran Zaev "scammed" and "tricked" the Macedonian people over the name change of the country and that Greek politicians imposed an unfavourable deal upon Macedonia that outlines exclusive claims over "antique history" by Greece.

On 27 June 2019, Gruevski appeared handcuffed in a court in Budapest on a hearing closed for the public for his extradition requested by North Macedonia. Later that day the court in Budapest announced that his extradition was rejected. According to judge Éva Várhegyi the conditions needed for his extradition were not fulfilled.

On 21 July 2020, Gruevski's position as an honorary president of VMRO-DPNME was taken away, along with other changes that were made to democratize the party. Furthermore, in October 2020, Gruevski was named in a new money laundering probe launched by the authorities in North Macedonia.

Tobias Zech lobbying scandal
On 19 March 2021, German politician Tobias Zech resigned from the Bundestag due to allegations that he received a large sum of money to campaign for former Macedonian PM Nikola Gruevski. After Gruevski escaped to Hungary, Zech continued business relations with North Macedonia through cannabis-related company PharmCann Deutschland AG in partnership with Zlatko Keskovski, a former counter-intelligence officer of North Macedonia.

Recognitions

 * 2014: Order St. Nicholas – Highest Award of Štip
 * 2015: Order Baptist (Preteca) from Saint Jovan Bigorski Monastery

Awards

 * Vienna Economic Forum award – for contribution to national and regional economic development (2011)

title: Nikola Gruevski


text:
User:Miyuki

About
If you can't remember the password to this username, chances are, you are not the owner.

title: User:Miyuki


text:
Category:Former Class I railroads in the United States

Former Class I railroads that may or may not still exist in a smaller form.


text:
List of programs broadcast by TelevisaUnivision networks

The following is a list of original programming currently, formerly, and soon to be broadcast by TelevisaUnivision owned television networks. TelevisaUnivision owns six broadcast television networks: Las Estrellas, Canal 5, FOROtv and Nu9ve in Mexico, and Univision and UniMás in the United States.

Las Estrellas

 * Dramas
 * La rosa de Guadalupe (February 5, 2008)
 * Como dice el dicho (February 1, 2011)
 * Esta historia me suena (May 13, 2019)
 * Vivir de amor (January 29, 2024)
 * El amor no tiene receta (February 19, 2024)
 * Esmeralda (April 3, 2024)
 * La historia de Juana (June 3, 2024)

 * Comedies
 * La familia P. Luche (August 7, 2002)
 * Vecinos (July 10, 2005)
 * Nosotros los guapos (November 8, 2016)
 * 40 y 20 (November 9, 2016)
 * Renta congelada (August 31, 2017)
 * Relatos macabrones (August 31, 2020)
 * Me caigo de risa: Gala disfuncional (March 28, 2021)
 * ¿Tú crees? (July 31, 2022)
 * Tal para cual (October 13, 2022)
 * ¿Es neta, Eva? (April 18, 2023)
 * Bola de locos (May 13, 2023)
 * El príncipe del barrio (July 2, 2023)
 * ¡Chócalas Compayito! (July 8, 2023)
 * Está libre (October 5, 2023)

 * Reality/non-scripted
 * Pequeños Gigantes (March 27, 2011)
 * ¿Quién es la máscara? (August 25, 2019)
 * El retador (August 15, 2021)
 * La casa de los famosos México (June 4, 2023)

 * Game shows
 * 100 mexicanos dijieron (2001)
 * Minuto para ganar VIP (2013)
 * Veo cómo cantas

 * Talk/Late-night shows
 * Cuéntamelo ya (April 16, 2016)
 * + NOCHE (August 25, 2018)

 * News and information
 * Hoy (August 3, 1998)
 * Las Noticias (August 22, 2016)
 * Despierta (August 22, 2016)
 * Al aire con Paola Rojas (August 22, 2016)
 * En punto con Denise Maerker (August 22, 2016)

 * Sports
 * Liga MX
 * Acción (1979)
 * La jugada (1993)
 * Más deporte (1997)

Canal 5

 * Me caigo de risa (March 4, 2014)
 * Reto 4 elementos (March 19, 2018)
 * Inseparables: amor al límite (May 27, 2019)
 * La casa de los famosos México (June 5, 2023)
 * Cero ruido (March 4, 2024)
 * ¿Quién caerá? (March 4, 2024)
 * Vence a las estrellas (May 6, 2024)
 * La caja de los secretos (May 6, 2024)

Nu9ve

 * Talk/reality shows
 * Reventón musical
 * ¡Despierta América! (July 9, 2018)
 * Enámorandonos (September 13, 2021)

 * News/public affairs programming
 * Aquí y Ahora
 * Domingo de tercer milenio

 * Sports
 * Hazaña el deporte vive
 * Lucha Libre AAA

FOROtv

 * Agenda Pública
 * A las tres
 * Creadores Universitarios
 * En 1 hora
 * Es la hora de opinar
 * Estrictamente Personal
 * Foro Global
 * Fractal
 * Historias por Contar
 * Las Noticias
 * Major League Baseball
 * Matutino Express
 * Noticias CDMX
 * Paralelo 23
 * Si me dicen no vengo
 * Sin Filtro

Comedies

 * Albertano contra los mostros (2022)
 * Alma de ángel (2019)
 * Ay María qué puntería (1998)
 * Cepillin (1977)
 * El Chavo del Ocho (1970)
 * Chespirito (1970; 1980–1995)
 * El Diablito
 * Foro Loco
 * El Grosero (Bad Language Show)
 * La Hora Azul (1992)
 * Incógnito (2005)
 * Julia vs. Julia (2019)
 * Lorenza (2019–2020)
 * La Matraca
 * Mi Barrio (1991–1994)
 * Mi querida herencia (2019–2021)
 * Mi lista de exes (2018)
 * Odisea Burbujas
 * Operacion Ja Ja
 * La parodia (2002–2020)
 * Perdiendo el juicio (September 27, 2021–July 18, 2022)
 * Los Polivoces
 * ¡Qué madre tan padre! (2006)
 * Según Bibi (2018)
 * Simón dice (2018–2019)
 * S.O.S.S.A
 * Tic Tac Toc: El reencuentro (2021)
 * Todo de Todo (1991–1994)
 * Un Criada Bien Criada
 * Y sin embargo se mueve (1994)
 * Con permiso (1996)
 * Dr. Cándido Pérez (1987–1993)

Game shows

 * Siempre en domingo (1969-1998)
 * XE-TU (1982-1987) & XE-TÚ Remix (1996)
 * Atinale al Precio (The Price Is Right) (1997–2000), (2010)
 * Nuevas Tardes (1996)
 * ¡Llévatelo! (Take It!) (1993-1995)
 * La Rueda de la Fortuna (1994 - 1996)
 * ¡Pácatelas! (1995 - 1997)
 * Picardía Mexicana (1997 - 2000)
 * Mucho Gusto (1999) Con Laura Zapata
 * En Familia con Chabelo (1967-2015)
 * Fantastico Amor (1999)
 * Vida TV Moved to Vida TV, El Show
 * Club 4TV & El Club (2001 - 2003)
 * Nuestra Casa (2002 - 2007) 4TV & Canal 2
 * La Botana (1997 - 2000)
 * Se vale (2006 - 2012)
 * Arriesga TV (2009)
 * Al Mediodía AMD (2005 - 2006)

Talk/news programming

 * 1N Primero Noticias (1999 - 2002), (2004 - 2016)
 * 24 Horas (1970-1998)
 * En Contacto Directo
 * 60 minutos
 * Adal, el Show (2015)
 * Al Despertar (1992-1998)
 * Al Aire (1992-1993), (2016)
 * Aquí entre 2 (2000) finals
 * A Través del Video (1995 - 1998)
 * Chapultepec 18 (1998), (2016).
 * Duro Y Directo (1997 - 1999)
 * Economía de Mercado
 * El Mañanero
 * El Noticiero con Guillermo Ortega (1998-2000)
 * El Noticiero con Joaquín López Dóriga (2000-2016)
 * El Noticiero con Lolita Ayala (1998-2016)
 * En Concreto (1997)
 * En Contraste (2002 - 2004)
 * En 1 Hora
 * Fuera de la Ley
 * Hora 21
 * Hoy Mismo
 * Las Noticias por Adela
 * Muchas Noticias (1987–1998)
 * Noticias ECO (1988–2001)
 * Nuestro Mundo (1986–1988)
 * Otro Rollo (1995–2007)
 * Respuesta Opportuna
 * Todo se vale (1999)
 * Versus

Reality/non-scripted

 * DL & Compañía (2020)
 * Doble sentido (June 4, 2016 – August 18, 2018)
 * Está cañón
 * El coque va
 * Familias frente al fuego (July 14, 2019 – August 18, 2019)
 * Furia Musical (1993)
 * Miembros al aire
 * Mira quién baila (2018)
 * La tradición Sábados de Box
 * TV de Noche
 * Siempre en domingo (1969-1998)

Sports

 * ¿A quién le vas? (2016–2018)


text:
User:Titoxd/Status/Away

 As of , is Away. Due to a real-life situation, I won't be actively participating or editing until.

title: User:Titoxd/Status/Away


text:
Talk:Whitefriars College

Both pages were written by the same author, therefore the page does not constitute an infringement of copyright. The Wikipedia entry was a school sanctioned action.

 * Can you provide better evidence of this. Unsigned anonymous entries on talk pages don't count for much.  One good way would to be put up a secret message on the website involved noting that permission is granted.  Morwen - Talk 13:26, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * And then tell us here, where and what the message is! (Exactly my policy too.) -- RHaworth 22:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Homosexual students?
I find that the comment about the vast majority of Whitefriars Students being homosexual is incorrect and could be viewed by many as offensive. As a student at the school I can assure the writer of that sentence which I have just deleted that there are no more homosexual students at Whitefriars than there are at any other school. Joseph romeo 08:30, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Lindorf
Was there any real necessity to remove the mention of Kevin Lindorf? Unless there is strong dissatisfaction I will put it back.--Qwertychooka 04:07, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 10:42, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whitefriars College


text:
User:Furlong

Interests

 * Computer security
 * Ultimate
 * Cycling
 * Wikipedia and wikis

title: User:Furlong


text:
IIED

IIED can be an abbreviation of:

 * International Institute for Environment and Development
 * Intentional infliction of emotional distress

title: IIED


text:
User:DTemail

dervishtsaddik at yahoo.com

title: User:DTemail


text: User talk:69.71.160.107

title: User talk:69.71.160.107


text:
Talk:Zack Fair

Former Page
I'm reverting this article back to it's old glory, but I don't want the current info to be lost. I'm posting it here.

Zack (ザックス) was a SOLDIER 1st Class from Gongaga. Though laid back and a flirt, Zack follows a moral code of loyalty to his friends, striving to protect people above all else, and fighting those who have no respect for life. While stationed in Midgar, he met and dated Aerith. Five years prior to the start of the game, he is sent, along with Cloud, Sephiroth and some other soldiers, to investigate reports of monsters causing disruptions in the vicinity of the Mt. Nibel mako reactor. After Sephiroth's massacre of Nibelheim's villagers, Cloud and Zack are taken prisoner in the basement of the Shinra Mansion and used as test subjects for Hojo's Sephiroth "Clone" Project, an experiment designed to test Hojo's Jenova Reunion Theory by injecting subjects with Jenova cells. However, after four years, Zack breaks out of his confinement and carries the incapacitated Cloud with him during their escape. Zack's ability to escape from his imprisonment is due to the fact that he — being an individual full of self-confidence, and, as a result, a strong will — was unencumbered by the potentially negative side-effects of mako treatment (known as "mako poisoning") and had handled the treatment before when being infused with mako as part of the procedure to become a member of SOLDIER. He gives Cloud some of his clothes and gets them transport to Midgar, where he hopes to become a mercenary. However, before arriving in Midgar, they are ambushed by Shin-Ra soldiers. Zack is shot to death, while Cloud, too sick to move, is simply left to die on his own. Subsequently, Cloud takes Zack's persona — either due to his mako poisoning or a side-effect of the Jenova cells Hojo injected into him as part of the Sephiroth "Clone" Project — and Buster Sword. Zack essentially lives on in Cloud for much of the game, the latter having adopted many of his memories and character traits. After the events of Final Fantasy, Cloud planted the Buster Sword around where Zack died, serving as his friend's gravemarker.

Zack is a playable character in Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII, where more of his past may be revealed. He also appears in flashbacks and accompanies Aerith in Advent Children, in which he is voiced by Kenichi Suzumura in Japanese version and Rick Gomez in the English version.

Zack the Wolf
Should it be noted on this page that Zack seems personfified as a wolf in FF:AC? The wolf constantly appears in places, either with Cloud, or in areas important to Zack. He appeared in Clouds dreams, so it can't be a normal wolf, and I remember it being said he was Zack...should this be added? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.131.181.182 (talk) 21:53, 22 January 2007 (UTC).

 * The wolf is a manifestation of Cloud's guilt, not Zack. This has been stated officially to be the case. The wolf appears in locations where Cloud's feelings of guilt are rooted; the gravemarker where Zack died, Aerith's church, and the place where he put Aerith to rest.

Crisis Core?!
Anyone mind redoing that section when the game comes stateside? I highly doubt that most of that info is true, and even if it was, it's too specific. A more condensed version would be nice. ChromeWulf ZX 02:12, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

I edited the Crisis Core section yesterday for about an hour, cutting out unnecessary details and changing things that were poorly written. Someone added them back in today, so that section of the article needs to be watched and maintained at a reasonable size. Nanten 20:51, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ZackandCloudLastOrder.jpg
Image:ZackandCloudLastOrder.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:09, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Crisiscore2.jpg
Image:Crisiscore2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:14, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Out of Order
After reading and looking at the article, it has come to my attention that this article needs to be rewritten so that it wouldn't look like it's out-of-order. Suggestions? Objections? 71.57.74.109 (talk) 13:49, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Order isn't that important. Just check the other articles; they all explain their original role in FFVII, and then go to their other appearances. If anything, the article just needs to have the "Related Appearances" comply with the release dates of the games; it also helps the article keep a more 'out of universe' style. That being said, I'll go through it and make sure it's in that order.WhiteArcticWolf (talk) 15:09, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Fictional Biography
It said that working under Angeal, Zack eventually becomes a 2nd class SOLDIER. Actually he IS 2nd class and gets promoted to 1st class, so I changed that. However this is stated later in the article under "Related Final Fantasy VII Appearances". It seems redundant. Can I suggest either deleting "Fictional Biography" and having his information under the "Crisis Core" paragraph of "related appearances", or taking out the Crisis Core paragraph and making it his Fictional Biography since that really is his main story. One or the other, but it seems unecessary to have both. Anyone else? 206.226.255.59 (talk) 14:42, 16 May 2008 (UTC)kris
 * I concur. The fictional biography explains things not said in the appearances section, but Zack never really had a background, except that short sentence. The difference with Aerith and Sephiroth and the like is that they have a past that would make the 'Appearances' section too long. Plus people keep coming and making it huge and explaining the entire game. Just delete it. The way things are now, with the exception of that bit, is because it's more 'out-of-universe', with things going in order of their release.WhiteArcticWolf (talk) 21:48, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Zack's Swords
It says that Zack's original weapon was a katana, and then a broadsword. But in Crisis Core, his original weapon was a one-handed broadsword, and then Angeal's Bustersword. I am changing it to state that. --Seb0910 (talk) 17:27, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

2. Appearances
I am not a full fledged gamer as i was as a young kid, but since I'm playing the game again, I'm trying to find active material for the game. Reading the second section '2. Appearances' of the Zack Fair wiki page, i noticed what appeared to be a flaw in the first paragraph. I don't have a source off the top of my head(other than multiple playthroughs  of the game, including a somewhat perfect file)so feel free to refute whatever I say, but I dont recall Cloud ever fighting Sephiroth in Nibelheim when it was burned by Sephiroth. I recall seeing them face off in Jenovas chamber of the Mt. Nibel reactor, but they dont fight. Considering in the flashback, cloud is a measly level 6, with 100 hp, and equipped with none other than his handy buster sword and a preemptive materia, that he tells Sephiroth that'he cant wait to use'?...what a noob. Anyway, how did he beat Sephiroth? Not being picky, nitty, or a prick, i just want to know if im the one confused?

A sidenote, I thought Zack wasn't there in Nibelheim 5 Years ago, or in Cloud's original flashback story he wasn't, but it is cleared up later that Zack was there at the Mt Nibel reactor and fought Sephiroth instead of Cloud? Because Cloud did tell Zack's stories as if they were his own. Wasn't Cloud actually one of the flunky soildiers in the blue, specifically the one that was told to keep an eye on Tifa?

Anyway, maybe I will get a response Zpsny51491 (talk) 05:44, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I changed "when" to "after," so as to clarify the actual time frame. Zack was in Nibelheim (though originally not to in Cloud's memories), not just at the Mt. Nibel reactor. He is the one who really fights Sephiroth, though Cloud does as well--he impales Sephiroth and they have a brief conflict, ending with Sephiroth tossed into the reactor core. In any case, it's still a fight, just not to the degree that Zack's battle was. And yes: Cloud, for the time he was in Nibelheim, was a flunky just accompanying Zack and Sephiroth. WhiteArcticWolf (talk) 17:05, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Thank you. I still don't see where Cloud could have added much to the fight at that point, necessarily.(just a video game i know).Prompt response considering we are talking about a 13 year old game! Amazing.Zpsny51491 (talk) 23:18, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

 * You're welcome :) In truth, Cloud didn't add much in terms of the actual battle. The main point of the scene was Cloud's response and getting Sephiroth into the reactor (the catalyst for several events, and an overall important part of Cloud's false memory). If we were talking about defeating Sephiroth without knocking him off the platform, Zack would have contributed more and came closer to actually defeating him. But, as this article's focus is on Zack as a character, there isn't a real need to expand on Cloud and Zack's individual roles. WhiteArcticWolf (talk) 23:56, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Needs more lists
And a cowbell. --Niemti (talk) 08:05, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

 * ...Because?Tintor2 (talk) 15:56, 10 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Because there are many. --Niemti (talk) 16:39, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

 * The article already has four paragraphs of reception. There is already an established notability and no reviewer asked for more. It will just become a mess to read like Chun-Li unless there is good flow, trim and rearrangements.Tintor2 (talk) 17:10, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Chun-Li also needs an expansion. --Niemti (talk) 06:50, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

 * This article doesn't need one at all. Expanding will not help at all if the flow is poor like Chun-Li.Tintor2 (talk) 16:51, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Jesus Christ Denton
"The info" in the article is popularity worldwide, including: JP, US/NA, AU/NZ, UK/EU. And this is an illustration, a pic from Singapore and from Commons. --Niemti (talk) 19:38, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Calm down. The image has nothing to do with the article. Cosplays are not popularity worldwide. They are cosplays. The image is only necessary if the actual article talked about the cosplays involving Zack because that would illustrate actual content described in the article.Tintor2 (talk) 20:01, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

 * It's a cosplay of the character Zack Fair and as such it's related to the article Zack Fair. Gaming/men's zines don't post galleries of dude cosplays, they post chicks because no homo (yes, I know most Zacks are crossdressing Chicks anyway, but that's how it is), but anyway you failed to give me (cite & link) a relevant rule/guideline/anything regarding what is "only necessary". Warm up. --Niemti (talk) 21:32, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

 * You also failed to tell me how is this relevant. Images are supposed to illustrate featured content from the article such like VPICS used to tell. It is related but that's an ambiguous reason. A lot of other stuff such as merchandising are also relevant. If websites' writers are homophobics then there is nothing we can do about it. As of right now, Zack's Birth By Sleep design is more relevant to the article than a cosplay since there is actual content about his BBS design.Tintor2 (talk) 00:38, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Good luck with finding public domain "other stuff such as merchandising". (Even if you make the photo it will be deleted from Commons because of the subject.) It's not really they're homophobic, apparently their audience's rather interested in girls dressed as girls, preferably hot, and not guys or girls dressed as dudes and so this is what they provide. (I'm sure cosplay magazines are different but I don't read any.) --Niemti (talk) 07:19, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Zack Fair. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/65bs5otRD?url=http://www.1up.com/news/ffvii-advent-children to http://www.1up.com/news/ffvii-advent-children
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6kfzkVA1n?url=http://www.1up.com/previews/crisis-core to http://www.1up.com/previews/crisis-core
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/5sb1C6bP1?url=http://www.1up.com/news/snake-beats-mario-coolest-video to http://www.1up.com/news/snake-beats-mario-coolest-video
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131226221908/http://palgn.com.au/sony-psp/11870/crisis-core-final-fantasy-vii-review/ to http://palgn.com.au/sony-psp/11870/crisis-core-final-fantasy-vii-review/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:26, 5 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zack Fair


text:
User talk:Jasonuhl

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Pamri • Talk 03:31, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Fermi paradox
This band 3 discs is probably a curious miscelanious anacdote ,because they made 3 discs on the smae suject. regardless of notability maybe she should'nt be under "see also" ,rather under miscelanious or Other...-- Procrastinating@ talk2me 13:14, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The article is about the scientific paradox, not the album. The album has an article of its own.  Despite them having the same name, the scientific article isn't the right place for information about the band.  --Jasonuhl 21:24, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jasonuhl


text:
Yseult

Yseult may refer to:

Places

 * Yseult Island, a small rocky Antarctic island east of Tristan Island and north of the east point on Cape Jules

Persons

 * Yseult (singer), (born 1994) French singer
 * Yseult Gervy (born 1979), Belgian swimmer
 * Sean Yseult (born 1966), American rock musician

title: Yseult


text:
RockTenn

RockTenn was an American paper and packaging manufacturer based in Norcross, Georgia. In 2015, it merged with MeadWestvaco to form the WestRock company.

It was one of North America's leading producers of corrugated and consumer packaging and recycling solutions, with annualized net sales of approximately $10 billion. The company employed approximately 26,000 people and operated more than 245 facilities in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Chile, Argentina and China.

Company history
RockTenn Company was formed in 1973, the product of a merger between Tennessee Paper Mills Inc. and Rock City Packaging, Inc. Its origins date back to 1898, when the Rock City Box Company of Nashville, Tennessee, was founded. Among its customers in the mid-1940s were a local boot factory, a local candy manufacturer, a hosiery company, and several shirt manufacturers. The owners, Joe McHenry and A.E. Saxon, who also operated several other business ventures, wanted to sell out and retire. Rock City was attractive to Arthur Newth Morris, owner of the Southern Box Company, not least for its bank account of $60,000. Morris purchased the company in 1944 for $200,000, making a cash down payment of $50,000.

The 25-year-old Morris had been a printer and part-time Presbyterian minister when he went to work in 1926 for Edwin J. Schoettle, a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, industrialist who owned a group of box and printing companies that bore his name. For a monthly salary of $350 Morris was expected to manage several hundred employees, some of them more than twice his age. He also traveled along the eastern seaboard, explaining to meat packers his discovery that they could avoid shrinkage of their hot dogs by putting them in Schoettle's boxes instead of stringing them up like bananas.

By 1935, Morris was making a salary on which he could comfortably support his wife and four children, but he wanted to go into business for himself. Armed with life savings of $5,000 and a $7,500 investment by his boss, he moved to Baltimore, Maryland. There he managed the J.E. Smith Box & Printing Co. during the day, while running the Southern Box Company, a company he founded in 1936, at night. Using Smith's presses, die-cutters, and other box making equipment during the evening, Morris began servicing two anchor customers who knew him from his Philadelphia days.

Only six months after Morris had left Philadelphia, Schoettle came to Baltimore to offer him a promotion and a $25,000 salary. When Morris refused, Schoettle offered to sell Morris his own majority share of Southern Box for $25,000. A bank loan to Morris made the deal possible. He moved to new quarters for $200 a month, left day-to-day management to one of his employees, and devoted himself to finding new accounts. In its first year the company made a few thousand dollars on sales of $60,000.

By 1942, Morris was doing well enough to open a corrugated box plant and to buy another Baltimore enterprise, the King Folding Box Co., where he installed a corrugated sheet cutter. Morris sold corrugated partitions to major glass companies, which needed them to separate the bottles and glasses they shipped. The following year the name of his enterprise was changed to Newth Morris Box Company. In 1944, another branch was opened in Jacksonville, Florida, where the company produced cardboard anti-radar devices for World War II American troops and popcorn boxes for movie theater owners. Following Morris's purchase of Rock City Box Co. that same year, he changed the name of Newth Morris Box Co. to Rock City Box Sales Company.

Morris's purchase of Rock City Box Co. put him in contact with one of its suppliers and his future merger partner: Tennessee Paper Mills. Andrew M. Tomlinson and John Stagmaier, two of Tennessee Paper's three founders, were Athens, Tennessee, businessmen who already owned box factories. The company's third founder was A.M. Sheperd of Vincennes, Indiana, a boxboard manufacturer. Tennessee Paper Mills was incorporated in 1917 with Stagmaier as president, Tomlinson as vice-president, and Sheperd as general manager. With $300,000 raised from stock offerings, the three men established a paperboard factory in Chattanooga, where operation began in July 1918. By the end of the year the new company had made a net profit of $23,367 on sales of $165,799.

Although the founders originally planned to make board from wheat straw, they turned instead to wastepaper as the primary raw material; thus Tennessee Paper became the first recycled paperboard mill in the South. To reduce its electric bill, the company installed its own steam generating plant in 1926. Paperboard production averaged 20 tons a day in the early years, reaching an average of 56.77 tons in 1930, the same year that the company produced a record 15,557 tons of product. This figure would not be matched for some time because of the Great Depression; production dropped to 11,995 tons in 1934. The company remained profitable, however, although only modestly so. As the nation's economy slowly recovered, Tennessee Paper's volume of business increased to meet renewed demand. During 1939 the factory operated at 85 percent capacity, compared with the industry average of 71 percent. In 1941, it operated a record 305 days. Sales volume exceeded $1.7 million in 1945. A second papermaking machine doubled the mill's capacity in 1949.

Beginning in 1954, however, Tennessee Paper began losing customers to companies manufacturing lower-cost folding cartons and corrugated and plastic containers. The trend in the business was toward vertical integration. Many paperboard companies acquired – or merged with –  their customers. Typically profits were made at the mill level, by selling boxes virtually at cost. The effect on boxmakers was so severe that by 1957 Tennessee Paper was extending credit and loans to its customers in order to keep their accounts.

One of these customers was Rock City. Its consumption of Tennessee Paper's board grew from about 1,000 tons in 1944 to about 37,000 tons in 1972, when it took 44 percent of Tennessee Paper's total boxboard production. Between 1965 and 1968 Tennessee Paper bought 29.5 percent of Rock City's common stock, preparing the way for the eventual merger of the two companies. By then Rock City owed Tennessee Paper more than $4 million in loans.

Morris's burgeoning industrial empire grew both by acquisitions and by establishing new companies. Among the former was the Parks Box & Printing Co., located on a leased 11-acre tract in Norcross, Georgia. This land was purchased in 1957 and gradually became the focal point for management of all the Morris companies. A new 30,000-square-foot warehouse was added to the Norcross facility in 1960.

Each of the Morris companies operated as a separate and virtually autonomous profit center. Rock City opened not only small set-up and folding carton plants but also facilities in Livingston and Milan, Tennessee, to meet the packaging needs of shirtmakers. A set-up box division was established in 1955. Rock City Waste Paper Co. collected, sorted, and baled wastepaper for sale to paper mills. Other Morris companies and plants sprouted throughout the South. Sales grew from $8 million in 1959 to $12.9 million in 1967, when all the companies were consolidated into Rock City Packaging, Inc. Morris became chairman of the board and a son-in-law, Worley Brown, became president. Sales volume reached $23 million in 1972.

Meanwhile, in order to meet the competition, Tennessee Paper began buying customers to assure continued markets for its paperboard products. In 1964, it acquired Knoxville Paper Box Co., Inc., a manufacturer of folding and set-up boxes, for about $1 million. In 1969, Tennessee Paper acquired wastepaper factories in Knoxville and Atlanta, and in 1972 it built another wastepaper plant in Chattanooga.

Formation of RockTenn in 1973
The merger of Rock City Packaging and Tennessee Paper Mills in 1973 gave Morris, Brown, and others who held stock in the former companies a controlling interest in the new corporation, RockTenn Company. Most Tennessee Paper common stockholders received preferred stock in the new company that earned them triple the dividends they had been receiving. Some shareholders, however, opted for cash instead. The president of Tennessee Paper, W. Max Finley, and his immediate family, received common stock in the new company. Finley was elected chairman of the board and Brown became president and chief executive officer.

Reorganization did nothing to slow down expansion. The Crescent Box & Printing Co. of Tullahoma, Tennessee, was acquired in 1973 and Clevepak Corporation's Conway, Arkansas, folding carton plant in 1974. By 1976 the company had 29 divisions. Sales in 1974, the first fiscal year after the merger, reached $47.7 million. In 1978 Bradley Currey, Jr., a veteran officer of the Trust Company of Georgia who had helped effect the merger, became president and chief operating officer of RockTenn. Brown became chairman of the board while remaining chief executive officer. Finley moved to senior chairman of the board. Morris remained chairman of the executive committee until his death in January 1985. Currey later became RockTenn's chairman (in 1993) and CEO (in 1989) as well as its president.

Acquisition-fueled growth in the 1980s and 1990s
In 1982 RockTenn's sales volume reached $133 million and its production of recycled paperboard peaked at 180,000 tons, most of which it used itself in the manufacture of folding cartons and containers and corrugated boxes. Its many customers included Coca-Cola, DuPont and Kentucky Fried Chicken, which it serviced from facilities in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas with a workforce of 1,700 people. In a 1983 Atlanta Constitution interview, Currey attributed the decade-old company's growth to "luck, chance, and circumstance ... but the success of any company depends on its people." He added that the company had gone to great lengths "to make sure the workers know that we care" – a group of senior executives took a month each year to travel to each of the company's facilities in order to talk to employees and present service awards.

RockTenn made its biggest acquisition yet in 1983, when it paid $40 million to buy 11 Clevepak Corporation plants, seven of which were making partitions to protect glass and plastic containers. Currey said the acquisition would allow RockTenn to capture about one-fourth of the partition market, raise annual revenue to more than $200 million, and increase production of recycled paperboard to 235,000 tons. In 1989, net sales had reached $515.9 million, and net income was $31.1 million. The following year the company dedicated to Chairman of the Board Finley a 33,000-square-foot office building behind its headquarters in Norcross.

In 1990, RockTenn acquired Allforms Packaging Corp. of Long Island, New York, and Box Innards Inc. of Orange, California. The next year it purchased the former Specialty Paperboard Inc. mill in Sheldon Springs, Vermont, and Ellis Paperboard Products Inc. of Scarborough, Maine, a manufacturer of folding cartons and solid-fiber partitions. The Ellis purchase included its Canadian subsidiary, Dominion Paperboard Products Ltd. With these additions RockTenn controlled 60 manufacturing and distribution operations, including eight mills with a total annual production capacity of 607,000 tons of recycled paperboard products. RockTenn now ranked sixth among U.S. producers of recycled paperboard, with market share of 5.7 percent.

Net sales rose from $564.1 million in 1991, ending September 30, 1991, to $655.5 million in 1992, but dipped to $650.7 million in 1993. Net income rose from $25 million in 1991 to $33.2 million in 1992 before dipping to $25.5 million in 1993. The 1993 figure included unusual after-tax expenses of $5.8 million. Production in 1994 was 700,000 tons of recycled paperboard, of which 182,000 tons was clay-coated recycled paperboard.

The first public offering of RockTenn stock, amounting to about 14 percent of the shares outstanding, was made in March 1994. A handful of shareholders offered about 3.6 million shares of Class A common stock, while the company itself offered about 900,000 shares. An analysis in Barron's described RockTenn's balance sheet as "attractive" and said the company was "more soundly financed than many in its field," noting that long-term debt of $51.6 million was only one year's cash flow. Although calling the offering somewhat pricey at $16.50 a share, it noted that "RockTenn's emphasis on recycling makes it well-suited to customers wishing to appear environmentally responsible, and could also prove profitable if use of woodlands is restricted." Officers and directors of RockTenn still controlled about 71 percent of the combined voting power of Class A and B common stock after the offering.

In December 1993, RockTenn paid $35 million for Les Industries Ling, a Canadian company that used recycled paperboard to make folding cartons. The newly acquired plant, which was to serve as the principal supplier of recycled clay-coated paperboard for RockTenn's Vermont mill, became the company's second largest folding carton facility. A year later, RockTenn agreed to acquire Olympic Packaging, an Illinois-based manufacturer of folding cartons, and Alliance Display and Packaging Co. of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, maker of corrugated displays. The purchases, which boosted RockTenn's acquisitions of manufacturing operations to 17 in a decade, cost about $75 million.

By the middle of the 1990s, RockTenn had 59 facilities in 19 states and Canada. Net sales reached $705.8 million during 1994, constituting an 11.8 percent compounded annual growth rate for the past decade. Net income came to a record $37.5 million. Late in 1995 COO Jay Shuster was named president of RockTenn, with Currey retaining the posts of chairman and CEO.

In January 1997, RockTenn consummated the largest acquisition in its history, purchasing Waldorf Corporation for $239 million in cash and the assumption of $170 million in debt. Based in St. Paul, Minnesota, Waldorf operated six folding carton plants and three paperboard mills in Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina and Wisconsin; the firm had revenues of $377 million during 1996. The acquisition propelled RockTenn into the number two position among producers of folding cartons in North America and also made the company the leading manufacturer of recycled paperboard in the United States. RockTenn followed up with two smaller deals in mid-1997, adding Wright City, Missouri-based Rite Paper Products, Inc., a producer of laminated recycled paperboard products primarily for the furniture industry, and the Davey Company, a manufacturer of high-density recycled paperboard mainly used in book covers and binders that operated mills in Aurora, Illinois; and Jersey City, New Jersey. Also in 1997, RockTenn and Sonoco Products Company created a fiber partition joint venture called RTS Packaging, LLC, with RockTenn holding a 65 percent stake and Sonoco the remaining 35 percent. The venture combined RockTenn's eight partition plants with the seven that had been owned by Sonoco.

Although the purchase of Waldorf pushed RockTenn's revenues past the $1 billion mark for the first time in 1997, difficulties in the integration process resulted in a depressed profit figure of $16.1 million. Some of the profit shortfall was attributable to costs stemming from plant closings, and the company closed additional plants in the next two fiscal years as profit levels recovered somewhat.

Increasing focus on packaging and merchandising displays: early 2000s
In October 1999, RockTenn went outside its ranks for a new CEO, hiring James A. Rubright, who had previously been the head of the pipeline group and energy services business of Sonat, Inc. Currey handed over the chairmanship to Rubright as well in January 2000. Later in 2000, Shuster, having been passed over for the CEO position, left the company. Rubright accelerated the pace of restructuring at RockTenn through the closure of a number of under-performing plants. He also shifted the company's emphasis away from the slow-growing recycled paperboard side and toward the areas with higher growth potential: the folding carton and plastics packaging businesses, as well as the burgeoning merchandising display operation, which by the early 2000s was the U.S. leader in point-of-purchase displays.

During 2000, RockTenn closed one laminated-paperboard products plant and three folding carton plants, resulting in 550 employee terminations and charges of $61.1 million – and a net loss for the year of $15.9 million. Seven more plants were closed over the next three years, resulting in the loss of 450 more jobs and an additional $19 million in charges.

Meantime, in February 2000 the company formed a joint venture with Lafarge Corporation called Seven Hills Paperboard, LLC, which was charged with producing gypsum paperboard liner for the U.S. drywall manufacturing plants of Lafarge. RockTenn owned 49 percent of the venture. RockTenn also beefed up its merchandising display business, its fastest-growing segment, through two acquisitions costing a total of $25.4 million.

In November 2001, Advertising Display Company, a producer of both temporary and permanent point-of-purchase displays, was acquired. In March of the following year RockTenn bought Athena Industries, Inc., a Burr Ridge, Illinois, manufacturer of permanent point-of-purchase displays, with an emphasis on wire displays.

On December 20, 2001, RockTenn Company announced revised historical segment operating income results, because it had changed its presentation of certain segment operating income data for fiscal 2002.

Acquisition activity continued in 2003 with the purchase of Cartem Wilco Group Inc., a privately held Canadian maker of folding cartons and specialty packaging, for $65.3 million. The deal accelerated RockTenn's expansion into the growing pharmaceutical and health and beauty packaging market. Cartem Wilco, which operated plants in Montreal and Quebec City, also produced folding cartons for food packaging and consumer products. In August 2003 RockTenn paid about $16 million for Pacific Coast Packaging Corp., located in Kerman, California. RockTenn secured its first folding carton operation on the West Coast through this acquisition, gaining a manufacturer of folding cartons for the fast-food, in-store deli, and gift box markets.

Smurfit-Stone acquisition
In 2010–2011, RockTenn made a successful bid for Smurfit-Stone Container, the world's-largest producer and recycler of paperboard. The acquisition deal closed in May 2011, making the combined company North America's second largest producer of containerboard.

MeadWestvaco acquisition
Rock-Tenn Co. agreed to acquire U.S. rival MeadWestvaco Corp. in a deal valued at about $9.2 billion to create the world’s second-largest packaging company.

title: RockTenn


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Japan/Bibliography task force

The bibliography task force of WikiProject Japan seeks to develop a comprehensive group of articles describing Japanese bibliographical resources, including reference works, libraries, and research institutions. Many of the resources are in the Japanese language, but we hope that even those who do not read Japanese can learn from the descriptions of the resources.

This project was launched in fall 2005 by members of the "Japanese Bibliography" seminar at Columbia University. We hope that others will join in to help expand and improve the articles that constitute the project.

Columbia University

 * Ramona Bajema User: Jb05rtb (talk)
 * Adam Bronson User:Jb5apb (talk)
 * Michael Chan User:Jb05mtc (talk)
 * Chad Diehl User:Jb5crd, User:Jb05-crd (talk)
 * Robert Hewitt User:Jb05-rsh (talk)
 * Misako Kitaoka User:Jb05-mk (talk)
 * Patrick Luhan User:Jb05 - PL (talk)
 * Robin Orlansky User:Jb05-rjo (talk)
 * Nate Shockey User:Jb05-nps (talk)
 * Henry Smith User:Jb05-Hds2 (talk)
 * Mika Takahashi User:Jb05-mt (talk)
 * Zane Torretta User:Jb05-zpt (talk)
 * Robert Tuck User:Jb05rjt (talk)
 * Jonathan Twombly User:Jbib05jdt15 (talk)
 * Tim Yang User:Jb05-tmy (talk)
 * Hitomi Yoshio User:Jb5-hy (talk)

Others

 * Tyciol (talk) 20:07, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Structure/Hierarchy
NOTE: The name of the project member responsible for tracking the article is given in parentheses. Anyone, of course, is encouraged to edit any of the articles.

General Bibliography

 * Electronic Japanese dictionary (Robin Orlansky)
 * Japanese books (Zane Torretta)
 * Japanese dictionaries (Rob Tuck)
 * Japanese encyclopedias (Jonathan Twombly)
 * Japanese era names (Misako Kitaoka & Hitomi Yoshio)
 * Japanese newspapers (Tim Yang & Robin Orlansky)
 * Researching Japanese Names (Robin Orlansky & Chad Diehl)

Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

 * Dai Kan-Wa jiten (Chad Diehl)
 * Dictionary of Sources of Classical Japan (Tim Yang)
 * Encyclopedia Nipponica (Mika Takahashi)
 * Heibonsha World Encyclopedia (Zane Torretta)
 * Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary (Tim Yang)
 * Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan (Ramona Bajema)
 * Kojien (Rob Tuck)
 * Kokushi Daijiten (Nate Shockey)
 * Kokusho somokuroku (Nate Shockey)
 * Nihon Kingendaishi Jiten (Misako Kitaoka)
 * Nihon kokugo daijiten (Robert Hewitt)
 * Nippo Jisho (Robert Hewitt)
 * Nichigai WHO (Mika Takahashi)

Maps and Atlases

 * Japanese Maps (Nate Shockey & Mika Takahashi)
 * Japanese Historical Maps (Michael Chan)
 * Researching Japanese place names (Mika Takahashi & Nate Shockey)

Libraries and Research Institutions

 * Japanese studies outside the United States (Robin Orlansky)
 * Nara Research Institute for Cultural Properties (Patrick Luhan)
 * National Diet Library (Jonathan Twombly)
 * National Institute of Informatics (Zane Torretta)
 * Oya Soichi Bunko (Mika Takahashi)
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Library (Nate Shockey)
 * Tokyo Research Institute for Cultural Properties (Patrick Luhan)
 * The University of Tokyo Library (Hitomi Yoshio)
 * Waseda University Library (Robert Hewitt)
 * Zasshi Kiji Sakuin (Misako Kitaoka)

Museums

 * Bizen Museums (Ramona Bajema)
 * Daimyô Collections (Ramona Bajema)
 * Fujita Art Museum (Ramona Bajema)
 * Independent Administrative Institution (Patrick Luhan)
 * Kanazawa Bunko (Ramona Bajema)
 * Kyoto National Museum (Michael Chan)
 * Nara National Museum (Ramona Bajema)
 * Nezu Art Museum (Ramona Bajema)
 * Ôhara Art Museum (Ramona Bajema)
 * Prefectural Museums (Ramona Bajema)
 * Sen'oku Hakkokan (Ramona Bajema)
 * Shôsôin (Ramona Bajema)
 * Tokiwayama Collection, Kamakura (Ramona Bajema)
 * Tokyo National Museum (Hitomi Yoshio)
 * Tokyo National Museum of Modern Art (Ramona Bajema)
 * Waseda Theatre Museum (Patrick Luhan)

Professional Organizations and Journals

 * The Association for Asian Studies (Michael Chan)
 * The Association of Teachers of Japanese (Rob Tuck)
 * Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Zane Torretta)
 * H-Japan (Robin Orlansky)
 * Historiographical Institute, the University of Tokyo (Shiryō hensan-jo) (Tim Yang)
 * Nichibunken (Adam Bronson)
 * Japan Art History Forum (Ramona Bajema)
 * Japanese Language and Literature (Rob Tuck)
 * Journal of Asian Studies (Misako Kitaoka)
 * Journal of Japanese Studies (Adam Bronson)
 * Monumenta Nipponica (Tim Yang)
 * The National Institute of Japanese Literature (Robert Hewitt)
 * Pre-Modern Japanese Studies Mailing List (Patrick Luhan)
 * Shigaku zasshi (Adam Bronson)
 * University of Virginia Japanese Text Initiative (Rob Tuck)

Other

 * /Imperial Japan and its colonies

Upcoming Articles

 * Yomiuri shimbun (Robin Orlansky)
 * Japanese studies outside the United States (Robin Orlansky)
 * Japanese Journal of Religious Studies (Chad Diehl)
 * Asahi shimbun (Tim Yang)

Templates
Please add to the top of the talk page for any article which fall under this task force. It will yield the following:


text:
User talk:Overone

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions, or the ones you have yet to make! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.
 * User:Redwolf24/Bootcamp My own personal summarized Bootcamp.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 03:32, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Overone


text: User talk:204.101.117.74

title: User talk:204.101.117.74


text:
Fuel fleas

Fuel fleas are microscopic hot particles of new or spent nuclear fuel. While small, they tend to be intensely radioactive. The fuel particles, the size about 10 micrometers, are a strong source of beta and gamma radiation and a weaker source of alpha radiation. The disparity between alpha and beta radiation (alpha activity is typically 100–1000 times weaker than beta, so the particle loses much more negatively charged particles than positively charged ones) leads to buildup of positive electrostatic charge on the particle, causing the particle to "jump" from surface to surface and easily become airborne.

Fuel fleas are typically rich in uranium-238 and contain an abundance of insoluble fission products. Due to their high beta activity, they can be detected by a Geiger counter. Their gamma output can allow analysis of their isotope composition (and therefore their age and origin) by a gamma-ray spectrometer.

Fuel fleas can be very dangerous if they become embedded within a person's body, but are generally not considered more dangerous than an equal amount of radioactive material evenly distributed throughout the body. An exception would be if the flea was embedded in a particularly vulnerable organ such as the cornea of the eye or inhaled into the lungs.

The most likely cause of fuel fleas is when the cladding surrounding the nuclear fuel becomes ruptured or cracked (known as "fuel pin failure"), allowing the fuel particles to escape and allowing the coolant to enter the fuel rod, further accelerating the process. In water-cooled reactors, this can be due to the reaction of the zirconium alloy cladding with the cooling water, which produces hydrogen. The hydrogen can be absorbed into the cladding material, resulting in hydrogen embrittlement. Embrittled cladding is less ductile and more susceptible to cracking. This process is avoided in modern reactors by carefully monitoring the fuel assemblies, limiting operating lifetime of the fuel, and by using alloys developed to resist hydride formation.

title: Fuel fleas


text:
User talk:DTemail

See also Dervish Tsaddik (Tsaddik, different spelling of Tzadik)

DT/TD might be restored
User:John_Kenney said he was going to unblock you. Cheers.

Marsden 15:33, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DTemail