text:
User:Tenks/monobook.css

a.printable { text/*
 * Mediawiki 'monobook' style sheet for CSS2-capable browsers.
 * Copyright Gabriel Wicke - http://wikidev.net/
 * License: GPL
 * Loosely based on http://www.positioniseverything.net/ordered-floats.html by Big John
 * and the Plone 2.0 styles, see http://plone.org/ (Alexander Limi,Joe Geldart & Tom Croucher,
 * Michael Zeltner and Geir Bækholt)
 * All you guys rock :)
 * All you guys rock :)

/* editted by tenks?

width: 100%; float: right; margin: 0 0 0.6em -12.2em; padding:0; }   margin: 2.8em 0 0 12.2em; padding: 0em 1em 1.5em 1em; background: White; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right: none; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; z-index: 2; } /* the left column width is specified in class .portlet */
 * 1) column-content {
 * 1) content {
 * 1) column-one { padding-top: 160px; }

/* Font size:
 * We take advantage of keyword scaling- browsers won't go below 9px
 * More at http://www.w3.org/2003/07/30-font-size
 * http://style.cleverchimp.com/font_size_intervals/altintervals.html

body { font: x-small sans-serif; background: #f9f9f9 url("http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/headbg.jpg") 0px 0px no-repeat; color: Black; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

/* scale back up to a sane default */ font-size:127%; width: 100%; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .visualClear { clear: both; }
 * 1) globalWrapper {

/* general styles */

table { font-size: 100%; background: White; } a { text-decoration: none; color: #002bb8; background: none; } a:visited { color: #5a3696; } a:active { color: Orange; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } a.stub { color: #772233; } a.new, a.new:visited,
 * 1) p-personal a.new { color:#ba0000; }
 * 1) p-personal a.new:visited { color:#a55858; }

img { border: none; vertical-align: middle; } p { margin: 0.4em 0em 0.5em 0em; line-height: 1.5em; }

p img { margin: 0; }

hr { height: 1px; color: #aaaaaa; background-color: #aaaaaa; border: 0; margin: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0; }

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { color: Black; background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; } h1 { font-size: 188%; } h2 { font-size: 150%; } h3, h4, h5, h6 { border-bottom: none; font-weight: bold; } h3 { font-size: 132%; } h4 { font-size: 116%; } h5 { font-size: 100%; } h6 { font-size: 80%; }

ul { line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0 0 1.5em; padding:0; list-style-image: url("bullet.gif"); } ol { line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0 0 3.2em; padding:0; list-style-image: none; } li { margin-bottom: 0.1em; } dt { font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em; } dl{ margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } dd { line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; }

fieldset { border: 1px solid #2f6fab; margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; } legend { background: White; padding: 0.5em; font-size: 95%; } form { border: none; margin: 0; }

textarea { border: 1px solid #2f6fab; color: Black; background-color: white; width: 100%; padding: 0.1em; overflow: auto; } /* hide this from ie/mac and konq2.2 */ @media All { head:first-child+body input { visibility: visible; border: 1px solid #2f6fab; color: Black; background-color: white; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0.2em; } } input.historysubmit { padding: 0 0.3em 0.3em 0.3em !important; font-size: 94%; cursor: pointer; height: 1.7em !important; margin-left: 1.6em; } input[type="radio"], input[type="checkbox"] { border:none; } select { border: 1px solid #2f6fab; color: Black; vertical-align: top; } abbr, acronym, .explain { border-bottom: 1px dotted Black; color: Black; background: none; cursor: help; } q { font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; } /* disabled for now blockquote { font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; }*/ code { background-color: #f9f9f9; } pre { padding: 1em; border: 1px dashed #2f6fab; color: Black; background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 1.1em; }

/*
 * the main content area

font-size: 84%; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0 0 1.4em 1em; color: #7d7d7d; width: auto; } span.subpages { display: block; }
 * 1) siteSub { display: none; }
 * 2) contentSub {

/* Some space under the headers in the content area */ margin-bottom: 0.3em; } .firstHeading { margin-bottom:0.1em; }
 * 1) bodyContent h1, #bodyContent h2 { margin-bottom:0.6em; }
 * 2) bodyContent h3,
 * 3) bodyContent h4,
 * 4) bodyContent h5 {

/* user notification thing */ .usermessage { background-color: #ffce7b; border: 1px solid #ffa500; color: Black; font-weight: bold; margin: 2em 0em 1em 0em; padding: 0.5em 1em; vertical-align: middle; }   text-align: center; font-size: 95%; padding: 0 0.9em 0 0.9em; } .error { color: red; font-size: larger; }   border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; } /* currently unused, intended to be used by a metadata box in the bottom-right corner of the content area */ .documentDescription { /* The summary text describing the document */ font-weight: bold; display: block; margin: 1em 0em; line-height: 1.5em; } .documentByLine { text-align: right; font-size: 90%; clear: both; font-weight: normal; color: #76797c; }
 * 1) siteNotice {
 * 1) siteNotice p { margin: none; padding: none; }
 * 1) catlinks {

/* emulate center */ .center { width: 100%; text-align: center; }   margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } /* small for tables and similar */ .small, .small * { font-size: 94%; } table.small { font-size: 100% }
 * .center * {

/*
 * content styles

/*border:1px solid #2f6fab;*/ border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px; font-size: 95%; }   margin-top: 0.7em; font-size: 94%; }
 * 1) toc {
 * 1) toc .tocindent { margin-left: 2em; }
 * 2) toc .tocline { margin-bottom: 0px; }
 * 3) toc p { margin: 0 }
 * 4) toc .toctoggle { font-size: 94%; }
 * 5) toc .editsection {

/* images */ div.floatright, table.floatright { clear: right; float: right; margin: 0; position: relative; border: 0.5em solid White; border-width: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; } div.floatright p { font-style: italic; } div.floatleft, table.floatleft { float: left; margin: 0.3em 0.5em 0.5em 0; position: relative; border: 0.5em solid White; border-width: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; } div.floatleft p { font-style: italic; } /* thumbnails */ div.thumb { margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-style: solid; border-color: White; width: auto; } div.thumb div { border:1px solid #cccccc; padding: 3px !important; background-color:#f9f9f9; font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; } div.thumb div a img { border:1px solid #cccccc; } div.thumb div div.thumbcaption { border: none; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0.3em 0 0.1em 0; } div.magnify { float: right; border: none !important; background: none !important; } div.magnify a, div.magnify img { display: block; border: none !important; background: none !important; } div.tright { clear: right; float: right; border-width: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; } div.tleft { float: left; margin-right:0.5em; border-width: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; } .urlexpansion, .hiddenStructure { display: none; } img.tex { vertical-align: middle; } span.texhtml { font-family: serif; }

/*
 * classes for special content elements like town boxes
 * intended to be referenced directly from the wiki src

/* /* table standards */ table.rimage { float:right; position:relative; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em; text-align:center; } .toccolours { border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px; font-size: 95%; } div.townBox { position:relative; float:right; background:White; margin-left:1em; border: 1px solid Grey; padding:0.3em; width: 200px; overflow: hidden; clear: right; } div.townBox dl { padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0.3em 0; font-size: 96%; } div.townBox dl dt { background: none; margin: 0.4em 0 0 0; } div.townBox dl dd { margin: 0.1em 0 0 1.1em; background-color: #f3f3f3; }
 * User styles

/* .special li { line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
 * edit views etc

/* Page history styling */ /* the auto-generated edit comments */ .autocomment { color: gray; } margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0.4em; }   background-color:#f9f9f9; border:1px dashed #aaaaaa; } /* table.diff { background:white; } td.diff-otitle { background:#ffffff; } td.diff-ntitle { background:#ffffff; } td.diff-addedline { background:#ccffcc; font-size: smaller; } td.diff-deletedline { background:#ffffaa; font-size: smaller; } td.diff-context { background:#eeeeee; font-size: smaller; } span.diffchange { color: red; }
 * 1) pagehistory span.user {
 * 1) pagehistory span.minor { font-weight: bold; }
 * 2) pagehistory li { border: 1px solid White; }
 * 3) pagehistory li.selected {
 * Diff rendering

/*    background: url(external.png) center right no-repeat; padding-right: 13px; } .link-https { background: url("lock_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 16px; } .link-mailto { background: url("mail_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; }   background: url("news_icon.png") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } .link-ftp { background: url("file_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } .link-irc { background: url("discussionitem_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } /* disable interwiki styling */ color: #3366bb; background: none; padding: 0; } /* this can be used in the content area to switch off special external link styling */ background: none !important; padding: 0; } /*
 * keep the whitespace in front of the ^=, hides rule from konqueror
 * this is css3, the validator doesn't like it when validating as css2
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="http://"],
 * 2) bodyContent a[href ^="gopher://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="gopher://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="https://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="mailto:"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="news://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="ftp://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="irc://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a.extiw,
 * 2) bodyContent a.extiw:active {
 * 1) bodyContent a.external { color: #3366bb; }
 * 1) bodyContent .plainlinks a {
 * Structural Elements

/* .portlet { border: none; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0em; float: none; padding: 0; width: 11.6em; overflow: hidden; } .portlet h4 { font-size: 95%; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap; } .portlet h5 { background: transparent; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0.5em; text-transform: lowercase; display: inline; font-size: 91%; height: 1em; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap; } .portlet h6 { background: #ffae2e; border: 1px solid #2f6fab; border-style: solid solid none solid; padding: 0em 1em 0em 1em; text-transform: lowercase; display: block; font-size: 1em; height: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap; } .pBody { font-size: 95%; background: White; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 0.8em 0.3em 0.5em; } .portlet h1, .portlet h2, .portlet h3, .portlet h4 { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .portlet ul { line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url("bullet.gif"); font-size:95%; } .portlet li { padding:0; margin: 0 0 0 0; margin-bottom: 0; }
 * general portlet styles (elements in the quickbar)

/*
 * Logo properties

z-index: 3; position:absolute; /*needed to use z-index */ top: 0; left: 0; height: 155px; width: 12em; overflow: visible; }   display: block; height: 155px; width: 12.2em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 35% 50% !important; text-decoration: none; }
 * 1) p-logo {
 * 1) p-logo h5 { display: none; }
 * 2) p-logo a,
 * 3) p-logo a:hover {

/*
 * the navigation portlet

position:relative; z-index:3; }
 * 1) p-nav {

/*   position:relative; z-index:3; }       text-align: center; } input.searchButton { margin-top:1px; padding: 0 0.4em !important; font-size: 95%; cursor: pointer; background-color: White; border: 1px solid #2f6fab; }   border: 1px solid #2f6fab; width:10.9em; margin: 0 0 0 0; font-size: 95%; }   padding: 0.5em 0.4em 0.4em 0.4em; }
 * Search portlet
 * 1) p-search {
 * 1) p-search {
 * 1) p-search .pBody {
 * 1) searchInput {
 * 1) p-search .pBody {

/*
 * the personal toolbar

width:100%; white-space:nowrap; padding:0 0 0 0; margin:0; position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; z-index: 0; border: none; background: none; overflow: visible; line-height: 1.2em; }
 * 1) p-personal {

display:none; }   padding:0; margin:0; border: none; z-index:0; overflow: visible; background: none; } /* this is the ul contained in the portlet */ border: none; line-height: 1.4em; color: #2f6fab; padding: 0em 2em 0 3em; margin: 0; text-align: right; text-transform: lowercase; list-style: none; z-index:0; background: none; }   z-index:0; border:none; padding:0; display: inline; color: #2f6fab; margin-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; background: none; }   text-decoration: none; color: #005896; padding-bottom: 0.2em; background: none; }   background-color: White; padding-bottom: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; }
 * 1) p-personal h5 {
 * 1) p-personal .portlet,
 * 2) p-personal .pBody {
 * 1) p-personal ul {
 * 1) p-personal li {
 * 1) p-personal li a {
 * 1) p-personal li a:hover {

/* the icon in front of the user name, single quotes in bg url to hide it from iemac */ li#pt-userpage, li#pt-anonuserpage, li#pt-login { background: url('user.gif') top left no-repeat; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-left: 20px; text-transform: none; }

/*   position:absolute; top: 1.3em; left: 11.5em; margin: 0; white-space:nowrap; width: 76%; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: visible; background: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding-left: 1em; list-style: none; font-size: 95%; }   list-style: none; }   display: inline; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: none; padding: 0 0 0.1em 0; margin: 0 0.3em 0 0; overflow: visible; background: White; }   border-color: #fabd23; padding: 0 0 0.2em 0; }   background-color: White; color: #002bb8; border: none; padding: 0 0.8em 0.3em 0.8em; text-decoration: none; text-transform: lowercase; position: relative; z-index: 0; margin: 0; }   z-index: 3; text-decoration: none; }   padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; } /* offsets to distinguish the tab groups */ li#ca-talk { margin-right: 1.6em; } li#ca-watch, li#ca-watch { margin-left: 1.6em; }
 * the page-related actions- page/talk, edit etc
 * 1) p-cactions {
 * 1) p-cactions {
 * 1) p-cactions .hiddenStructure { display: none; }
 * 2) p-cactions ul {
 * 1) p-cactions li {
 * 1) p-cactions li.selected {
 * 1) p-cactions li a {
 * 1) p-cactions .selected a { z-index: 3; }
 * 2) p-cactions .new a { color:#ba0000; }
 * 3) p-cactions li a:hover {
 * 1) p-cactions h5 { display: none; }
 * 2) p-cactions li.istalk { margin-right: 0; }
 * 3) p-cactions li.istalk a { padding-right: 0.5em; }
 * 4) p-cactions #ca-addsection a {

/*   position:relative; z-index:3; }
 * the remaining portlets
 * 1) p-tbx,
 * 2) p-lang {
 * 1) p-lang {

/*   background-color: White; border-top: 1px solid #fabd23; border-bottom: 1px solid #fabd23; margin: 0.6em 0em 1em 0em; padding: 0.4em 0em 1.2em 0em; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; }   display: inline; margin: 0 1.3em; } /* hide from incapable browsers */ head:first-child+body #footer li { white-space: nowrap; } margin: 0 8px; position: relative; top: -2px; /* Bump it up just a tad */ }   float: right; height: 1%; }   float: left; height: 1%; }
 * footer
 * 1) footer {
 * 1) footer {
 * 1) footer li {
 * 1) f-poweredbyico, #f-copyrightico {
 * 1) f-poweredbyico {
 * 1) f-copyrightico {

/* js pref toc */ float: left; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; width: 13em; }   background-color:#f9f9f9; border:1px dashed #aaaaaa; }   display: block; color: #0014a6; }   clear: both; float: left; margin-top: 1em; } div.prefsectiontip { font-size: 95%; margin-top: 1em; } fieldset.operaprefsection { margin-left: 15em }
 * 1) preftoc {
 * 1) preftoc li { border: 1px solid White; }
 * 2) preftoc li.selected {
 * 1) preftoc a,
 * 2) preftoc a:active {
 * 1) prefcontrol {

/* /* tabs: border on the a, not the div */ border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: none; } /* footer icons need a fixed width */ overflow-x: auto; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 25px; }
 * IE/Mac fixes, hope to find a validating way to move this
 * to a separate stylesheet. This would work but doesn't validate:
 * @import("IEMacFixes.css");
 * > html #p-cactions li { border:none; }
 * > html #p-cactions li a {
 * > html #p-cactions li.selected a { border-color: #fabd23; }
 * > html #f-poweredbyico,
 * > html #f-copyrightico { width: 88px; }
 * > html #bodyContent,
 * > html #bodyContent pre {

/* more IE fixes */ /* float/negative margin brokenness */ display: inline; margin-bottom: 0; }
 * html #footer {margin-top: 0;}
 * html #column-content {
 * html div.editsection { font-size: smaller; }
 * 1) pagehistory li.selected { position: relative; }

/* Mac IE 5.0 fix; floated content turns invisible */ float: none; }   position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; }   margin-left: 13.2em; }
 * > html #column-content {
 * > html #column-one {
 * > html #footer {

.printfooter { display: none; }

.sharedUploadNotice { font-style: italic; }

/* make a few corners round, only supported by moz/firefox/other gecko browsers for now */ -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; } div.pBody { /*-moz-border-radius-topright: 1em;*/ -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; border:solid 1px #aaa; border-left:0px; }
 * 1) content {

@import url("common.css");

body { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: black; } background: #DDEEFF; border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: 2; } width: 140px; top: 18ex; padding: 2px; visibility: visible; z-index: 99; } font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; color: black; } padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; margin-top: 1ex; margin-bottom: 0; } p, pre, td, th, li, dd, dt { line-height: 12pt; } textarea { overflow: auto; }
 * 1) specialform { display: inline; }
 * 2) content { top: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
 * 3) topbar { padding: 0px; }
 * 4) powersearch {
 * 1) quickbar {
 * 1) article, #article td, #article th, #article p {
 * 1) article p {

font-family: Times, serif; color: white; font-weight: normal; font-size: 32pt; line-height: 32pt; } td.top { background-color: #6688AA; color: white; margin-top: 4px; margin-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; text-transform: uppercase; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; } td.top a { font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #6688AA; color: white; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10pt; } td.bottom { font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0; } font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; color: black; font-size: 9pt; } font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: bold; color: black; padding-top: 0; } font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; line-height: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; color: black; padding: 0; margin-top: 0; }
 * 1) footer { padding: 4px; }
 * 2) footer form { display: inline; }
 * 3) sitetitle {
 * 1) pagestats {
 * 1) sitesub {
 * 1) quickbar {
 * 1) quickbar a { color: #446688; }

font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; line-height: 12pt; text-decoration: none; color: #666666; padding: 0; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 6px; }
 * 1) quickbar h6 {
 * 1) quickbar form { padding: 0; margin-top: 0; }

h1 { font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold; line-height: 21pt; } h1.pagetitle { padding-bottom: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } color: #666666; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 1ex; } a { color: #223366; } a.external { color: #336644; } a:visited { color: #8D0749; }-decoration: underline; } a.stub { color:#772233; text-decoration:none; } h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { margin-bottom: 0; } small { font-size: 75%; }
 * 1) article p.subtitle {

title: User:Tenks/monobook.css


text:
User:Asari~enwiki

Hi, I'm Asari!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Asari~enwiki


text:
User:WikIham

My name is WikIham.

I am from Melbourne Australia.

I have been using Wikipedia a lot for my University research of late so I thought it was time to get more involved.

title: User:WikIham


text: Template:Taiwan-university-stub

title: Template:Taiwan-university-stub


text:
User talk:Rodrigo paixao

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Merovingian (t) (c) ( e ) 02:01, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:535.jpg
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title: User talk:Rodrigo paixao


text:
User talk:Chihuy

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Merovingian (t) (c) ( e ) 02:02, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Chihuy


text:
Olami–Feder–Christensen model

In physics, in the area of dynamical systems, the Olami–Feder–Christensen model is an earthquake model conjectured to be an example of self-organized criticality where local exchange dynamics are not conservative. Despite the original claims of the authors and subsequent claims of other authors such as Lise, whether or not the model is self organized critical remains an open question.

The system behaviour reproduces some empirical laws that earthquakes follow (such as the Gutenberg–Richter law and Omori's Law)

Model definition
The model is a simplification of the Burridge-Knopoff model, where the blocks move instantly to their balanced positions when submitted to a force greater than their friction.

Let S be a square lattice with L × L sites and let Kmn ≥ 0 be the tension at site (m,n). The sites with tension greater than 1 are called critical and go through a relaxation step where their tension spreads to their neighbours. Through analogy with the Burridge-Knopoff model, what is being simulated is a fault, where one of the lattice's dimensions is the flaw depth and the other one follows the flaw.

Model rules
If there are no critical sites, then the system suffers a continuous drive, until a site becomes critical:

K_\max = \underset{(i,j)\in S}{\max} K_{ij} \, $$

K_{ij} \leftarrow K_{ij} + (1-K_\max) \, $$

else if the sites C1, C2, ..., Cm are critical the relaxation rule is applied in parallel:

K_{C_i} \leftarrow 0 ,\quad i=1,\ldots,m \, $$

K_j \leftarrow K_j + \alpha K'_{C_i}\, \forall\, j\in \Gamma_{C_i} ,\quad i=1,\ldots, m $$

where K'C is the tension prior to the relaxation and ΓC is the set of neighbours of site C. α is called the conservative parameter and can range from 0 to 0.25 in a square lattice. This can create a chain reaction which is interpreted as an earthquake.

These rules allow us to define a time variable that is update during the driving step

t \leftarrow t + (1 - K_\max) \, $$

this is equivalent to define a constant drive

\frac{dK_i}{dt} = 1 \,\forall\, i \in S $$

and assume the relaxation step is instantaneous, which is a good approximation for an earthquake model.

Behaviour and criticality
The system's behaviour is heavily influenced by the α parameter. For α=0.25 the system is conservative (in the sense that the local exchange is conservative, as there is still tension loss in the borders) and clearly critical. For values α<0.25 the dynamics is very different, even in the limit α → 0.25, with greater noise and much greater transients. For low α, there are less possibilities of chain reactions which could lead to cut-offs in the earthquake size distribution, implying the model is not critical. Also, for α = 0, the model is trivially not critical.

These observations lead to the question of what is the value αc where the system makes the transition from critical to non-critical behaviour, which is still an open question.

title: Olami–Feder–Christensen model


text:
User talk:Ricadus

In a Silent Way cover
I reverted your upload for this cover; the quality was just hideous, and it probably has little to do with it being the original LP cover, as the images for the LP releases of the album at Discogs are in good quality. Dan56 (talk) 22:44, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:TripleTimeDance.jpg
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 02:51, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Henning Schmitz

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title: User talk:Ricadus


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Gettysburg Address/archive1

Gettysburg Address
self-nom. I conducted research and then substantially rewrote this article earlier this year. I'm rather new to Wikipedia and would welcome constructive advice on this article's further improvement. Ideally, I would like this article to be the Featured Article on or about November 19th, the 142nd anniversary of the speech. BartBenjamin 02:12, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I've only glanced at the article so far, but the thing that jumps out at me is all the external links in the text. These need to be turned into footnotes. The actual address set in bold is rather jarring. Since it is already set off from the rest of the text, the use of bold is unnecessary, IMHO. —Wayward 02:23, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. References need to be put in a seperate section even if they are external links. And this article is also quite quote-heavy. If you're looking for constructive criticism, it might be a good idea to try peer review first. - Mgm|(talk) 10:06, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Looking good. OmegaWikipedia 12:46, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the input. I did not know about peer review status. I have changed the designation of the article to reflect standard practice. BartBenjamin 15:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aron milberg

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was   Speedily deleted by User:RHaworth in 2005. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 04:20, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Aron milberg
Vanity Page. Minimal meaningful or encyclopedic content. Cpaliga 02:05, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm wondering if we can speedy it- "a dawn of hope" may or may not be a claim to notability; it depends on to how many people.  That sentence could mean he has hope about himself, or he's a powerful image to the world at large.  Either way, notability not established.  CanadianCaesar 02:11, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Caesar, I think it would be good if it were deleted more quickly. But I don't know what part of CSD it would fall under. Cpaliga
 * See Criteria for speedy deletion A7- real person without a claim to notability. New rule.  CanadianCaesar 02:26, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * *You're right, I'll go ahead and put in a Speedy DeleteCpaliga

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
George Reddy

George Reddy (15 January 1947 – 14 April 1972) was an Indian student leader and social activist. He was a Gold medallist (PhD) in nuclear physics at Osmania University, Hyderabad. His untimely death led to the formation of the Progressive Democratic Students Union (PDSU), a student body on the campus of the university that took its name from the "PDS" imprint he had used to publish pamphlets.

Biography
He was born in Palghat (now Palakkad) on 15 January 1947, just before India's independence, in the then Madras Presidency. His father Challa Raghunath Reddy was from Chittoor, while his mother Leela Varghese was a Malayali from Travancore. They met while studying at the Presidency College, Madras. The family later moved to Andhra Pradesh from where George did his early schooling; at St. Gabriel's High School, Warangal and St. Paul's High School, Hyderabad. He ultimately got his intermediate degree from the Nizam College in Hyderabad.

He was known for his helping nature, and was also a kickboxer.

His enthusiasm for nuclear physics earned him a university gold medal during his postgraduate studies at Osmania University.

His brother Cyril Reddy (died 2016), was also an activist in Hyderabad. A lawyer, Cyril was a part of the legal team led by Bojja Tharakam. Cyril's wife, Gita Ramaswamy, is a social activist and writer.

Student politics
Reddy is now primarily known for his promotion of Marxist ideas and his opposition to social discrimination and economic inequality. According to a student friend, he was inspired by "the emerging Black Panthers, started in 1966 in the US, the Vietnamese people's struggle against US imperialism and the peasant uprisings in Naxalbari and Srikakulam."

Reddy was stabbed to death in an attack at his college campus on 14 April 1972.

Reddy's student activist movement was a part of a string of student protests against the Indira Gandhi government during the 1970s in India. After his death other student protests cropped up across the country such as the Navnirman Andolan (Gujarat) and the Bihar Movement. The latter of which lead to The Emergency and eventually to the ouster of the Indira Gandhi government in 1977.

Legacy

 * Crisis on the Campus (1971) is a short documentary film directed by Fali Bilimoria. In 2012, at an event marking his fortieth death anniversary, the film was premiered and a book titled Reminiscences of George Reddy was released.
 * Alajadi is a 1990 film by Bharadwaja Thammareddy. The lead character named Ravi, based on Reddy, is played by Bhanu Chander.
 * Mani Ratnam's movie, Aaytha Ezhuthu/Yuva was loosely based on his story and Suriya/Ajay Devgan played his character in the respective Tamil and Hindi film versions.
 * Jeena Hai To Marna Seekho: The Life and Times of George Reddy by Gita Ramaswamy (Reddy's sister in law), a 152-page book named was published in 2016 by the Hyderabad Book Trust.
 * George Reddy is a 2019 biopic by B. Jeevan Reddy. Sandeep Madhav portrays George in the film.

title: George Reddy


text:
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User talk:Keithrk

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Daniel Cady

Daniel Cady (April 29, 1773 – October 31, 1859) was an American lawyer, politician and judge in upstate New York. While perhaps better known today as the father of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Judge Cady had a full and accomplished life of his own. He served one term as a U.S. representative from New York.

Life
Cady was born in that part of Canaan, Columbia County, New York which was later split off to form Chatham, New York. He was a son of Eleazer Cady (1745–1819) and Tryphena (née Beebe) Cady (1749–1839). His siblings included Typhema Cady (1768–?), Zilpha Cady Halsey (1770–1858), Eleazer Cady (1775–1856), Ruth Cady (1777–?), and Sally Cady Eaton (1780–1816).

He was uncle to John W. Cady (1790–1854), who was also a U.S. representative from New York.

Career
He learned the shoemaker's trade, but accidentally injured an eye and lost the sight of it at age 18. He then studied law, first in Canaan with Judge Whiting, then in Troy with John Woodworth at the Albany Law School. Cady was admitted to the bar in 1795, and commenced practice in Florida, Montgomery County.

After a year in Florida, he moved to Johnstown, then the county seat. As a young lawyer, he worked with such notables as Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr, and toward the end of his career, he served on a case with Abraham Lincoln, where they each represented clients in a land dispute associated with Beloit College.

Public office
Cady was elected as a member of the New York State Assembly in 1808, serving three consecutive terms in the 32nd, 33rd and 34th New York State Legislatures beginning on July 1, 1808, and continuing until June 30, 1811. From February to April 1813, Cady again served in the Assembly, this time the 36th New York State Legislature, while he was also the District Attorney of the Fifth District, which comprised Albany, Saratoga, Montgomery, Schoharie and Schenectady counties.

Cady was elected as a Federalist to the 14th United States Congress, holding office from March 4, 1815, to March 3, 1817. He was not a candidate for renomination and after serving in the U.S. Congress, returned to the practice of law.

From June 7, 1847, to January 1, 1855, Cady was a justice of the New York Supreme Court (4th D.) until he retired and resigned. Cady also served as an ex officio judge of the New York Court of Appeals in 1849 and 1853.

In 1856, Cady was a presidential elector on the Republican John C. Fremont ticket. Cady presided over the New York electoral college, which cast 35 votes for Fremont who lost the election to Democrat James Buchanan.

Legacy
He is considered by some the father of Fulton County, virtually engineering the county's creation in 1838 after the Montgomery county seat was moved from Johnstown to Fonda, New York. The newly established county was named after Robert Fulton, a cousin of Cady's wife.

Personal life
On July 8, 1801, Cady was married to Margaret Livingston (1785–1871), the daughter of Col. James Livingston, an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution who fought at Saratoga and Quebec, and assisted in the capture of Major John Andre at West Point. Five of their children died in early childhood or infancy. A sixth child, a son named Eleazar, died at age 20 just before his graduation from Union College in Schenectady, New York. Only five daughters lived well into adulthood and old age. Their surviving children included:

 * Tryphenia Cady (1804–1891), who married Edward Bayard (1806–1889), a Union College classmate of Eleazar and son of James Bayard, a U.S. Senator.
 * Eleazer Livingston Cady (1806–1826), who died at age 20 just before his graduation from Union College.
 * Harriet Elizabeth Cady (1810–1894), who married Daniel Cady Eaton (1804–1855), a son of Amos Eaton and brother of General Amos Beebe Eaton, and her first cousin.
 * Elizabeth Smith Cady (1815–1902), who married Henry Brewster Stanton, brother of Robert L. Stanton, in 1840.
 * Margaret Chinn Cady (1817–1901), who married Duncan McMartin (1817–1894), son of Duncan McMartin Jr., a New York State Senator.
 * Catherine Henry Cady (1820–1899), who married journalist and railroad executive Samuel Wilkeson (1817–1889), son of Samuel Wilkeson, a Mayor of Buffalo.

His wife was an unusually tall woman for her time, had a commanding presence, whom their daughter Elizabeth described as "queenly." Margaret was said to have been emotionally devastated by the loss of so many children and fell into a depression, which prevented her from being fully involved in the lives of her surviving children.

Cady died in Johnstown on October 31, 1859. He was buried at Johnstown Cemetery.

Descendants
Daniel Cady's wife's sister Elizabeth, who married Peter Gerrit Smith, was the mother of Gerrit Smith, the prominent abolitionist who was married to Ann Carroll Fitzhugh. Gerrit Smith was a candidate for President of the United States in 1848, 1856, and 1860.

Through his daughter Elizabeth, Daniel Cady was the grandfather of Daniel Cady Stanton (1842–1891), Henry Brewster Stanton, Jr. (1844–1903), Gerrit Smith Stanton (1845–1927), Theodore Weld Stanton (1851–1925; a prominent journalist), Margaret Livingston Stanton Lawrence (1852–1930), Harriot Eaton Stanton Blatch (1856–1940; also a suffragist), and Robert Livingston Stanton (1859–1920).

Through his daughter Harriet, he was the grandfather of Daniel Cady Eaton (1834-1895), professor of botany at Yale College from the 1860s and the first Governor of the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut.

title: Daniel Cady


text:
GE Commercial Finance

GE Commercial Finance was a unit of GE Capital, (one of five major operating divisions of General Electric). Headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut, United States, it plays a role in over 35 countries and had assets of over US$335 billion at year end 2007.

As part of GE Capital, it offers products such as revolving lines of credit, floorplan finance, equipment leasing of various forms, real estate services, and car fleet management. The industries served include healthcare, manufacturing, fleet management, communications, construction, energy, aviation, infrastructure and equipment, as well as many others. Operations of GE Commercial Finance were eventually merged directly into GE Capital.

GE Commercial Finance acquired the Dutch financial institution Banque Artesia Nederland N.V. in December 2006 which now trades under the name GE Artesia Bank.

title: GE Commercial Finance


text:
Bak–Sneppen model

The Bak–Sneppen model is a simple model of co-evolution between interacting species. It was developed to show how self-organized criticality may explain key features of the fossil record, such as the distribution of sizes of extinction events and the phenomenon of punctuated equilibrium. It is named after Per Bak and Kim Sneppen.

The model dynamics repeatedly eliminates the least adapted species and mutates it and its neighbors to recreate the interaction between species. A comprehensive study of the details of this model can be found in [http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRE/v53/p414 ''Phys. Rev. E'' 53, 414–443 (1996)]. A solvable version of the model has been proposed in [http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v76/p348 ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 76, 348–351 (1996)], which shows that the dynamics evolves sub-diffusively, driven by a long-range memory.

An evolutionary local search heuristic based on the Bak–Sneppen model, called extremal optimization, has been introduced in The Bak–Sneppen model has been applied to the theory of scientific progress.

Description
We consider N species, which are associated with a fitness factor f(i). They are indexed by integers i around a ring. The algorithm consists in choosing the least fit species, and then replacing it and its two closest neighbors (previous and next integer) by new species, with a new random fitness. After a long run there will be a minimum required fitness, below which species don't survive. These "long-run" events are referred to as avalanches, and the model proceeds through these avalanches until it reaches a state of relative stability where all species' fitness are above a certain threshold.

title: Bak–Sneppen model


text:
User talk:69.137.44.144

Nomination of Cobra Island for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Cobra Island is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Cobra Island until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Hog Farm (talk) 20:35, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Laura Sinclair

The article Laura Sinclair has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. TTN (talk) 17:14, 22 April 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of Elora Danan for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Elora Danan is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Elora Danan until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Neocorelight (Talk) 16:02, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.137.44.144


text: File:15 - Do It! Now.jpg

title: File:15 - Do It! Now.jpg


text: User talk:69.158.32.89

title: User talk:69.158.32.89


text:
Whittier Narrows

The Whittier Narrows is a narrows or water gap in the San Gabriel Valley of Los Angeles County, California, United States, between the Puente Hills to the east and the Montebello Hills to the west. The gap is located at the southern boundary of the San Gabriel Valley, through which the Rio Hondo and the San Gabriel River flow to enter the Los Angeles Basin. The Narrows is located near the convergence of Interstate 605 (the San Gabriel River Freeway) and California State Route 60 (the Pomona Freeway).

History
The Tongva village of Shevaanga was located in the northern areas of the Whittier Narrows. The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolá expedition, traversed Whittier Narrows on its return journey to San Diego. He wrote that the natives "presented us fish, hare, nuts, pine nuts, acorns, and other seeds prepared after their fashion". On the outbound journey, the party had followed San Jose Creek, reaching the San Gabriel River north of the Narrows. Franciscan missionary Juan Crespi noted in his diary, "We started out in the morning through the gap of the valley of San Miguel [now San Gabriel], which is very full of trees. We traveled a long while to the southwest on the edge of the stream, which, rising from a copious spring of water in the same gap, merits now the name of river; its plain is covered with willows and some slender cotton woods."

From the exploration Mission Vieja was built at Whittier Narrows in 1771. A flood in 1776 caused Mission Vieja to move to Mission San Gabriel Arcángel in San Gabriel. Whittier Narrows was the meeting point for boundary corners of several land-grant ranchos, created during the Spanish-Mexican era, including the Rancho Paso de Bartolo.

On October 1, 1987 at 7:42 a.m. PDT, the 5.9 Whittier Narrows earthquake affected the Greater Los Angeles Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe).

In October 2008, a proposed new interpretive center drew controversy over the potential destruction of a large amount of existing wildlife habitat.

Whittier Narrows Recreation Area
The Whittier Narrows Recreation Area is a 1500 acre multi-use facility, mostly in an unincorporated part of Los Angeles County, containing North Lake, Center Lake, and Legg Lake (where radio-controlled model speedboats may be operated), a rifle and pistol shooting range, numerous softball and soccer fields with picnic tables, a paved airstrip for radio-controlled hobby aircraft, a tether car race track, a USA BMX race track, and a connector trail between the Class I Rio Hondo bicycle path and the San Gabriel River bicycle path.

The park is roughly bordered by Garvey Avenue and San Gabriel Blvd to the north and west and Durfee Avenue and Santa Anita/Merced Avenues to the south and east. A convenient point of access is the Rosemead Blvd (State Route 19) exit south from the Pomona (60) Freeway.

Within the Recreation Area is the Whittier Narrows Nature Center, which contains exhibits about the plants and animals of the river environment, including live displays. The center offers public programs, lectures, ranger tours and education programs.

Dragon sculptures by Benjamin Dominquez can be seen here; others are at Laguna de San Gabriel Nautical Playground at Vincent Lugo Park in San Gabriel.

Whittier Narrows Dam
The Whittier Narrows Dam is a flood control and water conservation project constructed and operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District. It collects runoff from the uncontrolled drainage areas upstream along with releases from the Santa Fe Dam, and can redirect flows into the Rio Hondo or the downstream San Gabriel. It was completed in 1957.

title: Whittier Narrows


text: User talk:69.220.130.11

title: User talk:69.220.130.11


text:
Park Hotel Shanghai

Park Hotel, historically the Shanghai Joint Savings Society Building, is an Art Deco hotel on Nanjing West Road, Shanghai, China. It was the tallest building in Asia from its completion in 1934 to 1963.

History

The Shanghai Joint Savings Society Building, located at No.170 Nanjing Road West, was named after the Joint Savings Society, founded in 1923 by the merger of Yienyieh Commercial Bank, Kincheng Banking corporation, the China and South Sea Bank, and the Continental Bank. It was built as a competitor for the Cathay Hotel. The building was designed by the Hungarian-Slovakian architect László Hudec in March 1931 and construction was completed in December 1934. The building is 83.8 metres tall and contains 22 stories above ground and another 2 stories underground. Built by Voh Kee Construction Company, the piling project was finished by a Danish Company established by Corrit.

Strongly inspired by the American Radiator Building, it is among the well known building from Hudec in Shanghai. It remained the tallest building in China until 1966, and in Shanghai until 1983.

On February 23, 1938, G.H. Thomas wrote: "I stayed at the Park Hotel on Bubbling Well Road, where I had a great room and bath. The appointments, the bath and the service are just like in any first-class hotel in New York. A single room such as mine costs $8 a day without food."

It was built overlooking the horse racing course owned by the Shanghai Race Club, one of the most prestigious locations in Shanghai at the time. The Shanghai Race Course and the Shanghai Recreation Ground that it enclosed was later turned into the People's Park by the Shanghai Government. Originally the Park Hotel accommodated the Joint Savings Society Bank in its lower two floors, and the hotel on the upper floors.

Exterior
The first three floors are finished with polished black granite from Shandong Province. The upper floors are clad with dark brown brick and ceramic face tiles. The exterior has had two major changes: there is a banking entrance on one corner, and a marquee was added that masks the unique silhouette of the top floors.

Interior
In 1935, the outdoor garden on the 13th floor was converted into the 14th floor banquet space and surrounded by windows and covered with a retractable roof. That roof is now a back-lit glass panel set into a ceiling.

Most of the interior was changed by the government in the 1950s because they disliked the existing bourgeois style. The building was renovated again in the 1980s to partially refurbish into the original style. In 1997, American designer George Grigorian remodeled some the interior using an Art Deco style. American architect Christopher Choa restored the Art Deco lobby in 2001.

title: Park Hotel Shanghai


text:
User talk:AmyYasha

Image:SonicXSTH.jpg
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 * Ditto for Image:OmegaSH.jpg, Image:Metal Knuckles.jpg, Image:Ash.jpg, Image:Emerl.jpg. Thanks again! --Jtalledo (talk) 02:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Image source/licensing for Image:Ash.jpg
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title: User talk:AmyYasha


text:
User talk:Mikeishigaki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Karmafist 02:13, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Copyright problems with Image:080070.jpg
An image that you uploaded, Image:080070.jpg, has been listed at Copyright problems because it is a suspected copyright violation. Please look there if you know that the image is legally usable on Wikipedia (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), and then provide the necessary information there and on its page, if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 01:09, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mikeishigaki


text: User talk:66.159.200.58

title: User talk:66.159.200.58


text:
Do It! Now

"Do It! Now" is the 15th single of J-pop idol group Morning Musume and was released July 24, 2002,. It sold a total of 310,600 copies.

Overview
This single also marked the last appearance of Maki Goto before she graduated from Morning Musume and pursued a solo career within Hello! Project. This song broke the string of #1 hits originating from 1999's Love Machine, receiving a #3 position on Oricon.

An English-language cover was recorded by Mylin for the album ''Cover Morning Musume Hello! Project!''.

Track listing

 * 1) "Do It! Now"
 * 2) "Chotto Ikashita Pure Boy" (ちょっとイカしたPure Boy)
 * 3) "Do It! Now (Instrumental)"

Members at time of single

 * 1st generation: Kaori Iida, Natsumi Abe
 * 2nd generation: Kei Yasuda, Mari Yaguchi
 * 3rd generation: Maki Goto (last single)
 * 4th generation: Rika Ishikawa, Hitomi Yoshizawa, Nozomi Tsuji, Ai Kago
 * 5th generation: Ai Takahashi, Asami Konno, Makoto Ogawa, Risa Niigaki

title: Do It! Now


text:
Radiolysis

Radiolysis is the dissociation of molecules by ionizing radiation. It is the cleavage of one or several chemical bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy flux. The radiation in this context is associated with ionizing radiation; radiolysis is therefore distinguished from, for example, photolysis of the Cl2 molecule into two Cl-radicals, where (ultraviolet or visible spectrum) light is used.

The chemistry of concentrated solutions under ionizing radiation is extremely complex. Radiolysis can locally modify redox conditions, and therefore the speciation and the solubility of the compounds.

Water decomposition
Of all the radiation-based chemical reactions that have been studied, the most important is the decomposition of water. When exposed to radiation, water undergoes a breakdown sequence into hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen radicals, and assorted oxygen compounds, such as ozone, which when converted back into oxygen releases great amounts of energy. Some of these are explosive. This decomposition is produced mainly by alpha particles, which can be entirely absorbed by very thin layers of water.

Summarizing, the radiolysis of water can be written as:

Corrosion prediction and prevention in nuclear power plants
It is believed that the enhanced concentration of hydroxyl present in irradiated water in the inner coolant loops of a light-water reactor must be taken into account when designing nuclear power plants, to prevent coolant loss resulting from corrosion.

Hydrogen production
The current interest in nontraditional methods for the generation of hydrogen has prompted a revisit of radiolytic splitting of water, where the interaction of various types of ionizing radiation (α, β, and γ) with water produces molecular hydrogen. This reevaluation was further prompted by the current availability of large amounts of radiation sources contained in the fuel discharged from nuclear reactors. This spent fuel is usually stored in water pools, awaiting permanent disposal or reprocessing. The yield of hydrogen resulting from the irradiation of water with β and γ radiation is low (G-values = <1 molecule per 100 electronvolts of absorbed energy) but this is largely due to the rapid reassociation of the species arising during the initial radiolysis. If impurities are present or if physical conditions are created that prevent the establishment of a chemical equilibrium, the net production of hydrogen can be greatly enhanced.

Another approach uses radioactive waste as an energy source for regeneration of spent fuel by converting sodium borate into sodium borohydride. By applying the proper combination of controls, stable borohydride compounds may be produced and used as hydrogen fuel storage medium.

A study conducted in 1976 found an order-of-magnitude estimate can be made of the average hydrogen production rate that could be obtained by utilizing the energy liberated via radioactive decay. Based on the primary molecular hydrogen yield of 0.45 molecules/100 eV, it would be possible to obtain 10 tons per day. Hydrogen production rates in this range are not insignificant, but are small compared with the average daily usage (1972) of hydrogen in the U.S. of about 2 x 10^4 tons. Addition of a hydrogen-atom donor could increase this about a factor of six. It was shown that the addition of a hydrogen-atom donor such as formic acid enhances the G value for hydrogen to about 2.4 molecules per 100 eV absorbed. The same study concluded that designing such a facility would likely be too unsafe to be feasible.

Spent nuclear fuel
Gas generation by radiolytic decomposition of hydrogen-containing materials has been an area of concern for the transport and storage of radioactive materials and waste for a number of years. Potentially combustible and corrosive gases can be generated while at the same time, chemical reactions can remove hydrogen, and these reactions can be enhanced by the presence of radiation. The balance between these competing reactions is not well known at this time.

Radiation therapy
When radiation enters the body, it will interact with the atoms and molecules of the cells (mainly made of water) to produce free radicals and molecules that are able to diffuse far enough to reach the critical target in the cell, the DNA, and damage it indirectly through some chemical reaction. This is the main damage mechanism for photons as they are used for example in external beam radiation therapy.

Typically, the radiolytic events that lead to the damage of the (tumor)-cell DNA are subdivided into different stages that take place on different time scales:
 * The physical stage ($$ 10^{-15}~s$$), consists in the energy deposition by the ionizing particle and the consequent ionization of water.
 * During the physico-chemical stage ($$ 10^{-15}~\text{-}~ 10^{-12}~s $$) numerous processes occur, e.g. the ionized water molecules may split into a hydroxyl radical and a hydrogen molecule or free electrons may undergo solvation.
 * During the chemical stage ($$ 10^{-12} ~\text{-}~ 10^{-6}~s $$), the first products of radiolysis react with each other and with their surrounding, thus producing several reactive oxygen species which are able to diffuse.
 * During the bio-chemical stage ($$ 10^{-6}~s$$ to days) these reactive oxygen species might break the chemical bonds of the DNA, thus triggering the response of enzymes, the immune-system, etc.
 * Finally, during the biological stage (days up to years) the chemical damage may translate into biological cell death or oncogenesis when the damaged cells attempt to divide.

Earth's history
A suggestion has been made that in the early stages of the Earth's development when its radioactivity was almost two orders of magnitude higher than at present, radiolysis could have been the principal source of atmospheric oxygen, which ensured the conditions for the origin and development of life. Molecular hydrogen and oxidants produced by the radiolysis of water may also provide a continuous source of energy to subsurface microbial communities (Pedersen, 1999). Such speculation is supported by a discovery in the Mponeng Gold Mine in South Africa, where the researchers found a community dominated by a new phylotype of Desulfotomaculum, feeding on primarily radiolytically produced H2.

Pulse radiolysis
Pulse radiolysis is a recent method of initiating fast reactions to study reactions occurring on a timescale faster than approximately one hundred microseconds, when simple mixing of reagents is too slow and other methods of initiating reactions have to be used.

The technique involves exposing a sample of material to a beam of highly accelerated electrons, where the beam is generated by a linac. It has many applications. It was developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s by John Keene in Manchester and Jack W. Boag in London.

Flash photolysis
Flash photolysis is an alternative to pulse radiolysis that uses high-power light pulses (e.g. from an excimer laser) rather than beams of electrons to initiate chemical reactions. Typically ultraviolet light is used which requires less radiation shielding than required for the X-rays emitted in pulse radiolysis.

title: Radiolysis


text:
Row Lewis

Row Lewis is a Grenadian activist, teacher, life coach, vocalist, and liberation theologian. She is the founder of Liberty Fellowship Center, a non-profit ministry, where she serves as the Executive Director and Spiritual Advisor.

Early life
The daughter of a Pentecostal Pastor, Rev. Raymond Lewis of the True Vine Church, Row Lewis is an ordained minister with academic studies in Comparative Religion, World Religion, Psychology, Counseling, and Journalism from the University of Florida and Hope Theological Seminary. She has enjoyed a career in television broadcasting for over a decade, winning Associated Press Awards (1998, 2001) for interviews with former U.S. Secretary of Defense, William Cohen, and recording artists, The Baha Men.

Born into a musical family, Row took the stage singing and performing at age 5, but still feels she has more to accomplish:

 * "I have tested the physical constraints of my body from a young age…defying time, space, and circumstance on track fields, basketball courts, martial art arenas. I have pushed and prodded my intellect on academic as well as home fronts…always seeking…always yearning…always pressing for more…more…and more still.  I am more than well aware of what it's like to achieve and succeed, but now view 'success' in very different constructs...I still have much work to do."

Row says her focus now is stayed on the human condition.

 * "My message is one of liberation...It's my desire to bring healing to all oppressed people. I want to encourage a higher state of spiritual vibration in this world...and bring us all back to a greater connectedness to our Creator Source and thus to each other."

Career
In 1994 Row started the music group, Fresh Fire, with her brother (Attorney and Music Producer, Esmond Lewis) and sister (Entrepreneur, Rachel Lewis) serving as lead vocalist. Her band toured and shared stages with such gospel artists as: Kirk Franklin, Yolanda Adams, Cece Winans, Donnie McClurkin, T-Bone, Hezekiah Walker, and Vicki Winans. Fresh Fire recorded two albums, including the acclaimed, Summer of '94. Fusing jazz, calypso, folk, reggae, soul and blues with inspirational lyrics, the group enjoyed several crossover hits.

In 2003 through 2004, Row took the stage as a solo artist and performer, of original musical and spoken word pieces, under her "Soul Connection" label. Currently, Row is working on a new project entitled, "The Poet Speaks", where she takes on the issues of race, class, gender, religion, and social justice.

Personal life
Row Lewis is originally from the Island of Grenada, born to her Trinidadian mother Yvonne, and her Grenadian/Vincentian father, Raymond. She is the fourth of seven children. Row currently resides in Raleigh, North Carolina.

title: Row Lewis


text:
Talk:John Wright (cardinal)

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title: Talk:John Wright (cardinal)


text:
Talk:Let it Be (song)

Remove page?
The song is detailed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_%28song%29 Why not simply remove this page?

title: Talk:Let it Be (song)