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Pomona, Queensland

Pomona is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It is about 135 kilometres north of Brisbane. The town was originally called Pinbarren Siding from 1890-1900 as a subsidiary to Pinbarren.

In the, the locality of Pomona had a population of 2,931 people.

Geography
The locality of Pomona is bounded to the south by the Bruce Highway and along most of its northern boundary by Six Mile Creek.

The township of Pomona is surrounded by rural residential acreage properties and small farms. A significant portion of the locality is within Yurol State Forest, a legacy of days past when the town once was a centre of forestry activities. The forest is now preserved as koala habitat.

Mount Cooroora is in the south-west of the locality (-26.3713°N, 152.838°W), rising to 439 m. It is a high intrusive volcanic plug within the Tuchekoi National Park. It is approximately 2 km south-west of the town. The surrounding area is of high importance to Aboriginal people and there are many sites of Indigenous cultural importance across the region. Mount Cooroora has significant landscape, social and economic values to the town, while its vertical columns are an attraction to geologists. It is a popular site in the cooler months for visiting tourists climbing to the summit to appreciate excellent views looking east to the Sunshine Coast and west into the Mary Valley. Hikers, horse riders and mountain bike riders use the excellent trail network at its base.

Pomona is within the Noosa Biosphere recognised by the United Nations Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2007 as a World Biosphere Reserve.

Early to present
Pomona was first settled by Europeans in the late 1880s, but had been home to the Kabi Kabi/Gubbi Gubbi indigenous peoples for thousands of years before that. Early settlers collected timber from the area.

Pomona was renamed in 1900, after the Roman goddess of fruit, following the government rejection of the names Pinbarren and Cooroora. Its name avoided confusion with the neighbouring towns of Cooroy and Cooran and reflected the fertile nature in the area.

The state electoral district to which Pomona was part of from 1912 until 1992 was named Cooroora. The seat was renamed Noosa following the 1991 electoral district's re-shuffle. Pomona is in the Wide Bay federal electoral division.

Railway

The railway to Pomona commenced operation in 1891, with the first station being a small wooden structure of about 12’x10’ and was under the supervision of Mrs. J. Kelleher who had to look after the general business of the Department

The construction of the railway stationed opened gave farmers the ability to sell their goods over a wide reaching area. In 1925, Pomona district farmers sent 14,924 cases of bananas alone to Brisbane and southern markets.

The Pomona station sat at the northern end of the Yurol State Forest with Yurol railway station being built in 1912 at the southern end of the Forest. The gradient within the forest was exceptionally steep and the Yurol station was the highest station in Queensland above sea level at the time.

Post Office
The first post office was run out of the main office of the railway station with Mrs. J. Kelleher conducting the duties from 1897.

Majestic Theatre

The Majestic Theatre was built in 1921 as a social hall and was later used as a movie theatre. The theatre is now the oldest silent movie theatre still operating and features a still functional rare 1936 Compton organ.

Noosa Council

The town became the administrative centre of the Noosa Shire Council when it was established in 1910. However, on 1 December 1980 the Council chambers moved to Tewantin. The original headquarters for the Shire, which were constructed in 1911, are now used by the Cooroora Historical Society and Noosa Shire Museum. Colonial buildings are also a feature of the town and can be viewed along a signed history walk.

Emergency services
The first Pomona Fire and Rescue Station was commissioned in 1956 next to the Subway which often meant it was flooded during moderate to major storms. in 2015 it was replaced with a new station next to the Ambulance Station, this features a quad bay shed, indoor and out door training facilities.

On 17 July 1917, the Pomona branch of the Queensland ambulance service transport brigade (QATB) was established with the opening of Ambulance House in Ambulance Street, where the local Superintendent operated from. The same year this was joined by the construction of an ambulance shed within the grounds of the Pomona railway station. In 1921, the for ease of access, the shed was moved next to Ambulance House where it stayed in operation until 1951. In 1951 with the completion of the Pomona Ambulance Centre, both the superintendents residence and sheds operations were moved into town. The new centre was built next door to the ES&A building. On the day of its 100th anniversary, the Queensland Ambulance Service held an open day hosted by the district assistant commissioner. On 17 April 1971, Sir Thomas Hiley, at a public ceremony handed over a new Valiant Ambulance to the station.

The first Pomona police station opened on 23 July 1927, located at 1 Railway Parade, and today still stands as a private residence. Between 1927-1934, the Pomona Memorial Schools of Arts was used as the shire courthouse. In October 1934, the second police station was opened along with the new shire court house next door. The new station included a new cell block. In 2004, the third and current police station was opened exactly between the first and second police stations and the 1934 court house. The second police station is now solely used as the sergeants residence.

Religion
Pomona Methodist Church opened on 26 March 1921 by the Reverend Henry Youngman. In 1925, the Methodist Church building at Kareewa was relocated to behind the Pomona Methodist Church to be used as the church hall. In 1977 the Methodist Church amalgamated into the Uniting Church in Australia and the church in Pomona became the Pomona Uniting Church.

The St Patrick’s Catholic Church was established on 26 March 1922. On 30 March 1949 Archbishop James Duhig laid the foundation stone for St Patrick's Catholic Primary School, located next to the Catholic Church. (-26.3664°N, 152.8517°W). Duhig returned on 30 November 1947 to bless and open the school, which was operated by the Presentation Sisters. The school closed in 1971.

The Anglican Church of Pomona was established on 31 March 1974, with the foundation stone being laid by the district Archbishop.

Education
Pinbarren Provisional School opened on 1 August 1897 and was originally located on Reserve Street near the business centre of the town, in what is now called Stan Topper Park. On 1 January 1909, it became Pomona State School and from 1945 the school included a secondary department (Grades 8-10). In 1976 the primary school was relocated to the Ellis Estate to join the Pomona High School.

In 1945 the secondary department was established next door to the primary school. The department was moved in 1970 to the Ellis Estate as the Pomona High School, and joined later by the primary school in 1976. In 1995, the high school was moved again to its current location on Summit Road and renamed Cooroora Secondary College. On 25 September 2006, Cooroora Secondary College was made a campus of Noosa District State High School, with year 10 students forcibly transferred to the Cooroy campus from 2 September 2007. On 15 May 2007, a town meeting saw 687 Pomona residents sign a petition to cancel to the transfer of year 10 to Cooroy, cancel the transfer of the school to be under Noosa District State High School and to add years 11 and 12 to the school. Ultimately the town meeting and petition was unsuccessful. In June 2023, a A$13 million upgrade of the school, including the addition of a hall was announced.

Banks
7 October 1970, the Commercial Bank of Australia closed down It was originally built in April 1909 near the hall and was defined as "a fine building". The English, Scottish & Australian Bank building was opened in 1936, the ES&A bank became the ANZ Bank in 1970, however in October 2014 the ANZ Bank Pomona branch closed down and in the same year that the Bendigo Bank opened its Pomona branch opposite the Old railway station art gallery. The Bendigo Bank closed down on 1 April 2022.

Parks and memorials
The Pomona Memorial School of Arts as formally opened on 4 September 1926 by the Lieutenat-Governor of Queensland the honourable William Lennon, however construction began in 1922.
 * School of Arts

The Rotunda and Soldiers Memorial Park were officially dedicated on 24 June 1939 as a tribute and monument to the memory of King George V and to those from the District who died in service or were killed in action during the Great War. The war memorial was built over several years by the Pomona Branch of the RSSILA, the structure was built as the feature of the 'Soldiers Memorial Park', controversially renamed 'Joe Bazzo Park' by Noosa Council. The structure is described as "octagonal stone rotunda with a diameter of about ten feet. The base and pillars comprise stone obtained from, local quarries, and the structure is finished with a red tile roof. The floor is cemented and the ceiling of the rotunda is of asbestos sheeting painted white. An electric point is situated underneath an ornamental covering, and this will be utilised to provide an eternal flame when the North Coast electricity scheme has been extended to Pomona."
 * War memorial

In 2018 a community effort saw the rotunda restored after the Council suggested the memorial be converted into a bus stop. The former electric light was restored and replaced with a modern 'eternal' flame style flame light that is automatically turned on every night. The surrounding gardens were cleaned up and restored by the Noosa and District Land Care. On remembrance Day 2018, the memorial was rededicated by Major General John Cantwell with approximately 250 people attending the ceremony with plans for future ANZAC Day and Remembrance Day services.

The Cooroora Creek Park was established in 1988, centrally located is designated as an off-leash dog park with free public use exercise equipment and walking/running paths.
 * Cooroora Creek Park

Disasters
The main streets of the town were devastated by two separate fires in 1939 and 1942. Many buildings were re-constructed with brick or in the "Art Deco" architectural style of the era.

In 2014 a major bushfire resulted in Mount Cooroora and the surrounding Touchikoi National Park burning for a week.

The 2022 South East Queensland flood saw significant flooding around Pomona. 450mm of rainfall was recorded from 24–25 February, the second-highest in the state; it reached 786mm later on 25 February, and more than 1,000mm by 26 February.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Pomona had a population of 2,910 people.

In the, the locality of Pomona had a population of 2,931 people.

Heritage listings
Pomona is Noosa Shire's 'living heritage town'. It has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

 * Majestic Theatre, 3 Factory Street (-26.3655°N, 152.8576°W)
 * Courthouse & former Pomona Police Station, Residence & Lockup, Red Street (-26.3634°N, 152.8541°W)
 * Cooroora Masonic Temple, 9 Station Street (-26.3671°N, 152.8569°W)

Economy
Hinterland agri-business is fostered by Country Noosa, whose aim is to promote sustainable agriculture, horticulture and other rural enterprises in the area.

As lifestyle industries continue to establish and flourish, a gin-making facility has opened in the town. Pomona hopes to grow as a centre for mountain biking, along the trails surrounding Mt Cooroora, which lies a short walk from the business centre. The Cooroora Trail between Cooran and Pomona was upgraded recently at a cost of $1.6 million. Pomona has been named the Noosa Biosphere Trails 'hub town'.

Amenities
The Shire of Noosa operates a library service on a weekly schedule at the corner of Reserve Street and Memorial Avenue.

There is a community swimming pool (currently closed) at the primary school, squash and tennis courts, a lawn bowls club and a full range of retail facilities in town, including a chemist. Ambulance and fire stations sit adjacent to each other at the centre of town.

Cooroy Pomona Uniting Church is at 27 Factory Street (-26.3635°N, 152.8562°W).

Events
The 100 km Noosa Trail Network of walking tracks through the surrounding forests, farmlands and villages is popular with visitors, but especially every second October when the Great Noosa Trail Walk is held. Visitors may also walk to the top of Mount Cooroora, the solidified lava plug of an ancient volcano worn away over time. Every July, thousands of people cheer 100 runners who race to the top of the mountain and back in under 30 minutes in the annual King of the Mountain. In the past, those not fit enough to race up the mountain participated in 'billy cart' races or the world thong throwing championships (thongs of the footwear variety) with the rules stating that a size 10 thong, or larger, was required. As at 2010, the record throw was 42.8 metres.

In 2024, the Cooroy-Pomona Lions Club, organisers of the King of the Mountain Race, announced that the event will no longer be held, due to restrictions imposed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. The club said it will continue to conduct the associated annual Family Fun Day in Stan Topper Park.

The district's rural roots are celebrated every September with the staging of the annual "show" (county fair). The Noosa Country Show has been a local institution since 1909.

Local food and craft markets are held every Saturday morning. Every month, environmentally aware enthusiasts collect and distribute seeds of native plants. A weekly swap of home-grown food is another activity enthusiastically embraced, as is permaculture.

Attractions
Pomona is notable for three things: a relaxed streetscape of distinctive timber and art deco buildings, the heritage-listed Majestic Theatre and the annual King of the Mountain race up the nearby Mount Cooroora in the Tuchekoi National Park. The Majestic, built in 1921, is claimed to be the world's oldest continuously operating silent movie theatre built for that purpose. However, it is not the first theatre in the world in which silent films were screened. The Majestic has been a community-owned enterprise since October 2006.

Australian musician Darren Hanlon's album "Fingertips and Mountaintops" was entirely recorded in the Majestic Theatre.

The Noosa Shire Museum contains objects, photographs and historic documents that explain much of the early history of the area. It is also a Keeping Place of indigenous sacred objects. The old Pomona Railway Station has been moved to the other side of the railway tracks to become the Railway Station Art Gallery.

Geographical points of interest

 * Former Pomona Hospital (-26.3663°N, 152.8531°W)
 * Pomona Post Office (-26.3656°N, 152.8535°W)
 * Former ANZ Bank (-26.3659°N, 152.8546°W)
 * Former Pomona State School location, Current Pomona Kindergarten and main town park (-26.3667°N, 152.8541°W)
 * Soldiers Memorial Park & King George V Memorial (-26.3657°N, 152.855°W)
 * Former Railway Hotel location (-26.3659°N, 152.8573°W)
 * Pomona Hotel (-26.3663°N, 152.8559°W)

title: Pomona, Queensland


text:
Talk:High-performance liquid chromatography

5.7 Autosamplers
We have published an open access 3D printed device that connects to an autosampler and allows for continuous stirring. Do you think it is relevant to add to this page?  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Omermar 18:09, 3 December 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Omermar (talk • contribs)

Suggestions
Some subtopics (e.g. particle diameter, pore size) could be expanded upon for examples and benefits/drawbacks for each. Also discussing trends in terms of how that effects the resulting chromatogram and throughput for the instrument. References could also be added throughout the article as HPLC is a well-studied analytical instrument. Tvanneel (talk) 05:38, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

C18 has been the traditional choice for purification of peptides, but recent work has trended toward the use of C4.
The processes of peptide synthesis involve small molecules and produces by products that are also small molecules. These compounds partition rather than adsorb to the surface of C18. Partitioning moecules will elute much later on C18 than on C4. Larger molecules, such as peptides (>5mer) and proteins, adsorb rather than partition. These by-products with may coelute with peptides on C18 will be widely separated on C4. Peptide elution changes very little. PRABHUSANKAR, RESEARCH OFFICER SHASUN DRUGS AND CHEMICALS,CHENNAI

false
It is actually called "High Presure Liquid Chromatography"! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.41.157.41 (talk) 19:20, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

The irony is that HPLC can be successfully run at relatively low pressures. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.85.190.227 (talk) 03:54, 3 December 2013 (UTC)

 * right, but historically at the beginning any pressure above gravity or back pressure against a peristaltic pump was considered to be "high". That's why it was corrected to "formerly"  Shulalevin (talk) 10:06, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

article hard to understand
I read the entry for High performance... and found it hard (as a student who is not familiar with analytical methods) to understand. The terminology was not explained. A diagram (or two) would have been helpful. I am sure that someone who already knows the material might find it well written. ahandel

I agree that the introduction of the article is a little too technical after the second paragraph. I think the easiest solution would be to relocate technical and theory tips from the preamble (first two to three paragraphs)to the operation section. It might also help the article's organization to add a "Theory" section early in the article. Hero of Ludi (talk) 03:02, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

The first paragraph is pretty simple for layman to follow. The second paragraph should probably be stripped of the "retention time" and "phases" jargon and just diagram what a HPLC looks like and how it separates molecules. E.g. HPLC instruments consist of a solvent pump(s), solvent reservoirs, separation column, and detector. HPLCs usually use a UV spectroscopy based (or PDA) detector, but can be in-line with other instruments such as a mass spectrometer. E.g. HPLC like all chromatography, separates solutions into specific compounds based on relative chemical attraction for solvents and the column; if a compound is highly attracted to the column, it will "stick" to the column and elute very slowly, while if the compound is attracted to the solvent, it will tend to not stick to the column. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hero of Ludi (talk • contribs) 03:09, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

A B? Really? I found this article to be a hodgepodge of simplification and information-dense jargon surely worthy of inclusion. Considering the ever-decreasing attention spans of us humans, the article seems rather useless; those capable of understanding its finer points would surely consult peer-reviewed journals or at least textbooks anyway. In any case, it seems unlikely to me that any given reader of this article would have significantly increased their knowledge of HPLC, given that its current revision scares off the general reader.

Perhaps the article would be best served by a reconstruction that reads like an actual wikipedia article; this level of jargon is fine for physics or mathematics or ontology where the abstraction is too great to discuss otherwise. But perhaps with pages on other types of spectrometry in mind, the article can be constructed with the decidedly difficult material constituting its own section. It seems that piece by piece editing would be exceedingly time-consuming; a shame since I wouldn't claim fault with any of the words or sentences therein.

-

Hmmmm well it is hard to read about science without learning a degree in jargon in the process (even grade school cell biology). And although wikipedia is an encyclopedia, this article is in the realm of the chemistry project so it at least has to be considered scientific encylopedia grade. I agree the article needs some more rewriting, but could you give specific criticism i.e. highlight or rewrite phrases that are too jargon prone? Do you feel that the introduction has too much jargon in it? Could you highlight what terms you think should be linked out or further explained?

Also consider that the topic of HPLC is rather specialized and advanced form of chromatography that happens to be important topic just because of popularity and convenience. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hero of Ludi (talk • contribs) 03:23, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

error
I believe sensitivity has been confused with limit of detection(LOD). Sensitivity is defined as the change in instrument output per unit change in concentration of analyte. LOD is the concentration of analyte that can be detected above the noise with reasonable certainty. Therefore, a sharper peak increases the signal to noise ratio and the limit of detection is decreaseed(better)Therese for limit of detection can be improved by enhancing the analyte signal and reducing the detector noise

Agreeing with the above, i added a clean up tag, maybe someone will fix it...

Effort to improve the article
I have reworked the beginning. I have corrected the error pointed out, added some general easy to understand language at the definition and split the previous language into Isocratic and Gradient HPLC. These two sections could still use some improvement. Perhaps they need to be further split into definition and practical example subsections. On the sensitivity error: this error is an exceptionally common error as to almost be acceptable. I chose not to use LLOD because it is not always relevant; however, signal to noise is always what is being spoken about when people say sensitivity (except when using the term correctly).--Nick Y. 21:23, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Added ion exchange chromatography section.--Nick Y. 23:00, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Bead size
Bizarrely in the 10 years I've worked with LC I've never come across the term "Bead" or "bead size" - it has always been referred to as particle or particle size. I wonder if this is a regional thing (I work in a UK university lab)?

138.37.170.200 I presume bead size is a term mainly used in low pressure chromatography, or pellicular methods? I tend to agree that particle size is the usual terminology for modern HPLC.
 * Well, I have heard the term somewhat frequently from people who actually manufacture stationary phases ( I am one of them). Not sure why. Could be a historic reason. I agree that in all HPLC literature we refer to it as particles.--Xenofonos 00:16, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

UPLC
UPLC is a Waters trademark. These systems are now available from a number of other manufacturers.

True, but it looks likely that UPLC will become the "generic" name - like Hoover, Kleenex etc.. Other comapnies are calling them different things but usually with the word Ultra, or Ultra-high pressure/performance LC - which I am hearing more and more as "UPLC". --Daeve 22:16, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

@Daeve: I don't agree. It's not a good idea using trademarks and brandnames to describe general methods and techniques. This applies to an encyclopedia as well as to scientific publications. Everytime naming it "UPLC", would mean an infringement of Waters' rights and would require to mention in any publication that it is a trademark of the company. In analogy to "ultra high temperature" (UHT) compared to "high temperature" (HT) and "ultra high frequency" (UHF), compared to "high frequency" (HF), the term "ultra high performance liquid chromatography" and its acronym (UHPLC) would be the correct one compared to "high performance liquid chromatography" (HPLC) and should be used instead. "UHPLC" cannot be easily turned into a trademark by any company, because it's systematically deducted and lacking any uniqueness. --Chemist at work 04:20, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Another possible error (?)
In the Reversed phase chromatography section one can read the following sentence:
 * ... Eluent time is increased by addition of less polar solvent.

Although I'm not sure what Eluent time means, I think this deduction is wrong. In a RPLC the stationary phase is non-polar. Addition of a less polar solvent will make the solvent compete for the stationary phase with the analyte, thus freeing it more quickly, which, in turn, decreases the time needed for a substance to elute. jοτομικρόν (talk, email) 23:00, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Corrected. There were a series of edits a while back that suffered from imprecise and somewhat confusing language. They did however make some valid point as is the case here, which is why they were not reverted. Adding polar solvent to the mobile phase does indeed increase retention time. But "less polar solvent...increasing elutant time" is definately wrong however you slice it but seems very close to correct on first look. E.g. change the unusual phrasing of "retention time" as "elution time" to the more common phrase "elution rate". Anyway I have ment to clean the whole thing up but was hoping the contributor of these additions would do so himself. Feel free to improve the article as you see fit. Someday I will give it a thorough cleaning but some other good editing would be appreciated before I tackle it.--Nick Y. 18:25, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * For some reason I went ahead and cleaned up the article. Any feed back is good though. --Nick Y. 20:35, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

"high performance"
The article states that the term "high pressure liquid chromatography" has been deprecated in favor of "high performance liquid chromatography". The word "performance" was introduced as part of an advertising campaign for high-pressure liquid chromatographs, where the advertisers said that "the P in HPLC stands for performance". Evidently, the scientists who bought the machines were naive enough to believe them. But if the P stands for "performance", what the heck is MPLC? "Medium performance liquid chromatography"? Please, let's reject this advertising-induced nonsense and restore the original, meaningful term. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Rbgros1 (talk • contribs) 14:05, 31 January 2007 (UTC).

 * My understanding is different. Although pressure and performance are frequently interrelated performance is not fundamentally connected to pressure. The most obvious example is that performance will drop dramatically at too high of a pressure for the system when the kinetics break down. Pressure drives optimal flow rate and generally increases with surface area which is the first order determinant of performance. This is the reason for the change to performance somewhere around twenty years ago. Pressure is still used by some and is not entirely unacceptable; however it is not the primary explanation of the acronym in the IUPAC gold book . We should follow the IUPAC convention. It is probably a good idea to revisit our naming convention however since there is a dash between high and performance.--Nick Y. 19:42, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

I am with Nick on that one. The introduction of smaller particles was the driving factor in improving performance. The down side was the need for much higher pressures. The pressure is a result of the improved performance and not vice versa.--Xenofonos 17:58, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It should be pointed out the what the Wikipedia audience thinks it *should* be called is completely irrelevant. Names need not be descriptive. One can argue that the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (the official name of North Korea) is in truth neither democratic, nor a republic, nor "of the people" - yet it still gets the moniker "Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Likewise, what WP users say HPLC "should" stand for is irrelevant - what matters is what it *is* called, and what term is accepted as "official" by experts in the field. The IUPAC link that Nick gives shows that "Performance" is the preferred term, but "Pressure" seems to be given as an acceptable alternative.

 * The OP brings up a good point, though, which isn't covered in the current article: What's the history of the Performance/Pressure split? Where did it come from? Which was the "original" term? Why does the split persist? Is there any commercial/administrative forces which were at work vying for one side or the other? Who were the players in standardizing on "performance" as the preferred term, and why? It is a fact that both terms are/have been used, and the reason for the differing terms is an encyclopedic topic that should be covered, if appropriate references can be found. -- 17:24, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that the split in terms is an encyclopedic topic which is worthy of coverage. I think you agree that we should use "Performance" as it is the most common today and recommended by harmonizing bodies. To my understanding pressure came first. I don't think the work of researching the evolution of the name has been done and would require looking at historical usage in the primary literature. That would be bordering on original research but not really?--Nick Y. (talk) 23:34, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

I reverted and edit by an anonymous user who removed the "high-pressure liquid chromatography" from the first sentence of the article. Googling "high-pressure liquid chromatography" yields several hits, and although high performance is probably more common, it seems as though the consensus was that both terms should be discussed or noted at the very least. Pdcook (talk) 15:49, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Manufacturers sections
Please keep this section a resource deserving the name "manufacturers". Thus, any company not designing and manufacturing HPLC systems or instruments, should not be named in the "chromatographs" section and companies not manufacturing HPLC columns and supplies should not be listed in the "columns and accessories" section. Otherwise this list will become as irrelevant as many other lists published by magazines, buyers guides and so on. The instrument manufacturers list on "Links for Chemists (part of the WWW Virtual Library)" maintained by the Liverpool University (UK) is a relevant one, but not limited to chromatography. Letters a-j:, letters k-z: .--Chemist at work 13:30, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see why an encyclopedia needs a buyers guide of manufacturers at all. This type of section begs for advertising like contributions, so I propose we delete them.Heckendorf 21:17, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Although I see value to these links, I also think that the section is a little out of hand and turning into somewhat of a spamvertisement section. I might suggest that we turn all of them into internal links only, and then only those with articles of at least stub size that is properly referenced and claims and demonstrates notability as a manufacturer. I may proceed with this if I don't hear any other suggestions.--Nick Y. 17:18, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm a Wiki writer newbie and want to agree to Nick Y.'s opinion to just keep internal links to real manufacturers, not resellers. What means stub in this respect? -- guest —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.191.232.11 (talk) 10:37, 11 May 2007 (UTC).

I added HP (Hewlett Packard) to the list of manufacturers as they do make HPLC products, including the one used in my lab.--76.105.4.141 (talk) 02:40, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * But they don't - they used to, but they spun their instrument operations (including HPLC stuff) off as Agilent in 1999. Agilent is already listed. -- Jaeger5432 | Talk 16:53, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

I added Advanced Materials Technology, Inc. they are the inventors of Fused-Core Technology and manufacture the Halo brand columns. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jayjay02 (talk • contribs) 22:21, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

I added Knauer, a HPLC equipment manufacturer based in Germany. Will write up an article for them later.--89.212.75.6 (talk) 22:50, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Principle
The first paragraph previously started with "In isocratic HPLC..." but has been changed to "The basic operating principle of HPLC is...". Although the first sentence is clearly generic, other sentences in the first paragraph describe isocratic HPLC. Specifically the sample being retarded as it traverses the column is very isocratic. In gradient elution one might say that the analyte is retained by the column until the solvent composition changes to bring the analyte into solution and traverse the column freely.--Nick Y. 17:12, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Added infobox
I am testing a new infobox Infobox chemical analysis. Comments? --Kkmurray 19:15, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

RPC
I don't agree that RPC is a commonly used abbreviation for reversed-phase HPLC. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.45.237.9 (talk) 14:56, August 27, 2007 (UTC)
 * I guess if I saw the abbreviation RPC within the context of HPLC, I would assume it had something to do with reversed phase chromatography. However, if someone said merely I do a lot of RPC at work, I'd have no idea what they meant unless given a context. It's probably best to say reversed-phase HPLC. Pdcook (talk) 19:25, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Deleted sentence (solvent polarity and retention time)
I deleted the sentence "An investigator can also decrease retention time by adding a polar solvent to the mobile phase, or increase retention time by adding a more hydrophobic solvent." from the section on Reversed Phase chromatography. This claim or its reverse seems to be controversial, eg see this edit, the section "Another possible error (?)" above, and in particular this archived thread at Wikiproject Chemistry. Rather than risk error, it seems safest to omit the sentence entirely, at least until we can cite a clear, authoritative source. Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 07:22, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Not a bad move. However, it is not at all controversial and has been established for half a century. Simply either a bad edit from a mistaken person or an intentional effort at subtle vandalism. The previous version is correct and essential to how RP-HPLC works.--Nick Y. (talk) 18:03, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I have reintroduced the information since it is fundamental to the technology but explained and clarified the statement to avoid confusion and future mistaken editing. --Nick Y. (talk) 18:13, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

selectivity in gradient elution, is this right?
The article contains the following mysterious statement:

"In isocratic elution, the selectivity does not change if the column dimensions (length and inner diameter) change - that is, the peaks elute in the same order. In gradient elution, the elution order may change as the dimensions or flow rate change.[citation needed]"

I am struggling to think of a situation where I could reverse peak-order in a gradient elution merely by changing the flow rate. If no one else can think of such a situation, and no one can cite anything, perhaps this line should be removed? 149.155.96.5 (talk) 16:39, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

I also think this statement should be removed; however, I do think that it is a nominally correct statement. It is not exactly an important or general statement however. I believe the statement is addressing issues with scaling that are not so much theoretical as practical. Scaling generally results in a change in the gradient shape, regardless of programming. I.e. no pump delivers perfect gradients that turn on a dime and the relationship between what you ask for and what you get does change with scale. Dwell times increase, linear diffusion changes etc. It is possible to get a reversal of retention times because of such effects, particularly when you are working with a method that is not purely homogeneous in retention mechanism and such peaks are early in the gradient or at a sharp turn. Here's and example which would make a suitable reference. A more general statement about the scaling of gradient based methods would be better.--Nick Y. (talk) 18:51, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Simple English article?
To someone with a poor understanding of chemistry this article is entirely unintelligible. Could a simplified explanation be added or a simple English article be created? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.57.19.140 (talk) 00:09, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

I have rewritten the first line in a simpler way but I agree, the rest of the article is not easy to read - even for a Graduate chemistry student! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.33.98.97 (talk) 21:15, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

212.12.181.151 (talk) 05:01, 4 April 2011 (UTC)THIS ARTICLE IS OK FOR A BONAFIDE RESEARCHER212.12.181.151 (talk) 05:01, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

This article is intended for professional chemists/lab techs, the difficulty is due to lack of sufficient education. This is not intended to be understood by all but for professional information. Otherwise, the machine is open for abuse.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_manual.2C_guidebook.2C_textbook.2C_or_scientific_journal If this article is intended for professional chemists, this article may be written incorrectly. --- For beginners learning about HPLC, I recommend this site. Briancady413 (talk) 17:53, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

The article is easy to understand, but you do need some chemistry backround; if you are not familiar with the terms, it means you only need to understand the basics of HPLC, explained in the first line. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.169.94.228 (talk) 16:14, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

-

Possible reference for first HPLC article in peer-reviewed journal
There's a request in the article for a citation that Dr. Czaba invented the HPLC or at least "isocratic" terminology. I suspect there are earlier theory-based articles by other authors, but I think the following journal article is a candidate for a proper citation: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac60256a003. It is titled, "Fast Liquid Chromatography..." authored from Yale University (note there are three authors, and it is unclear if there was a primary author for the article). The article is from 1967. I do not have full access to the article currently. Perhaps someone could read the full article and verify that it is the "first" practical article on HPLC? Hero of Ludi (talk) 02:51, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Why delete a typical professional jargon?
@User:Sphilbrick

Hello, I started editing the theory of chromatography related to HPLC, which was lacking in this page, and it was deleted without warning, due to possible copyright issue.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-performance_liquid_chromatography&diff=1181081317&oldid=1181078856

I am not sure where exactly there was a copyright breach, because the materials referenced are almost 50 years old, and I used a common wording of a typically used theoretical jargon among the professionals in HPLC. It is a bit strange to use copyright claim on commonly acceptable definitions of theoretical parameters. Please clarify. Thanks  Shulalevin (talk) 09:45, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

 * When you say:
 * I am not sure where exactly there was a copyright breach, because the materials referenced are almost 50 years old
 * You leave the impression you think this is obviously not a copyright breach due to the age. However, the age at which something is out of copyright is complicated depends on the type of medium in the country but it's highly unlikely something almost 50 years old will be out of copyright.
 * I don't know which country governed the source you use but if it's the US please see copyright:
 * In the United States, all books and other works, except for sound recordings, published before 1928 have expired copyrights and are in the public domain.

 * In some countries its life of the author +70 years. You're welcome to track down which country your source is copyrighted and but I will be stunned if there is a country where this would be in public domain due to its age S Philbrick  (Talk)  15:00, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello@Sphilbrick
 * Thanks for your reply. I mentioned the age of the text just for the sake of discussion, just to show that this is a theory used daily for a long time. I did not copy anything from there anyway, I just used similar chromatography theoreticians' jargon, as a theoretician myself. It is not a problem for me to revised and simplify the text as much as I can, and re-edit the session, because it is part of my bigger effort to edit this theory session. So, I hope it would be OK with everyone if I re-edit this part with a revised wording. However, the equations must remain the same, as they are part of the widely acceptable theory.  Shulalevin (talk) 05:58, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Understood S Philbrick  (Talk)  13:20, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello@Sphilbrick
 * I found my own old sources that have been used by others, and now they invoke copyright flags for my edits of this article and other related.
 * "High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in the Pharmaceutical Analysis"
 * in Chapter: Analysis and Pharmaceutical Quality
 * Shulamit Levin
 * First published: 25 June 2010
 * https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470571224.pse407
 * A draft of this article was published in my old open-source website, which was shut down only last year because of budget issues, and can be found in the internet's archives here:
 * Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20180502104241/http://shula-lc.co.il/
 * Graphs which others used from it:
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20201225063537/http://shula-lc.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/HPLC_overview_handouts2002.pdf
 * http://shula-lc.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Quantitative_Validation2010_QP.pdf
 * Texts that others used from it:
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20180504021835/http://shula-lc.co.il/1396-2#Introduction
 * So, basically the copyright is in fact mine, and the flags will be coming in as I edit more and more, from students and researchers who used my materials, mostly without credit or permission.
 * That's a pity if my materials will not be open to the public in Wikipedia. Shulalevin (talk) 06:44, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Air Gear

Air Gear (エア・ギア) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Oh! great, serialized in Kodansha's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Magazine from November 2002 to May 2012, with its chapters collected in 37  volumes. Air Gear revolves around the life of Itsuki Minami "Ikki or Crow", also known as "Baby Face", "Lil (and Little) Crow", and his friends. The story follows their use of Air Gear, an in-universe invention derived from inline skates. Initial sections of the plot carries out the introduction of characters that eventually join Ikki. As the story progresses, it focuses on their roles as Storm Riders and their quest to be on the top of the Trophaeum Tower, the pinnacle that all Storm Riders hope to reach.

Air Gear was adapted into a 25-episode anime television series by Toei Animation, which aired on TV Tokyo from April to September 2006. A three-episode original video animation (OVA), titled Air Gear: Break on the Sky, produced by Satelight, was released from November 2010 to June 2011.

Air Gear had over 18 million copies in circulation by August 2020. It won the 31st Kodansha Manga Award for the category in 2006.

Plot
A new fad by the name of "Air Treks" (a futuristic evolution of aggressive skating) has swept the nation's youth and all over gangs are being formed that compete in various events using their A-Ts. Ikki is a middle-school boy who is the toughest street-fighting punk on the east side of town and part of the gang "The East-Side Gunz". He lives with four adopted gorgeous sisters who took him in when he was a kid. But what Ikki does not know is that the girls are part of one of the most infamous A-T gangs, "Sleeping Forest". It does not take long before Ikki finds out about the world of Air Treks and is propelled into a fate he had not foreseen, learning about his past and making a number of storm riding allies on the way.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Oh! Great, Air Gear was serialized in Kodansha's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Magazine from November 6, 2002, to May 23, 2012. Kodansha collected its 357 individual chapters into 37 volumes, published under its Shōnen Magazine Comics imprint, from May 16, 2003, to July 17, 2012. A one-shot chapter was published in the magazine on December 22, 2015.

The manga was licensed for release in North America by Del Rey Manga and the first volume was released on July 25, 2006. Kodansha USA published the series under the Kodansha Comics imprint after Del Rey's shut down.

Anime
An anime adaptation covering 12 volumes of the manga was produced by Toei Animation, Marvelous and Avex Entertainment and directed by Hajime Kamegaki, with Chiaki J. Konaka handling series composition and writing episode scripts, Masayuki Satō designing the characters and skankfunk, Wall5 Project and Masaki Sakamoto composing the music. ADV Films announced over the October 20, 2006 weekend at Oni-Con that they had licensed the anime for release in the United States; the anime in its entirety reportedly cost $780,000. Though few of the actual artists and inside creators of Air Gear were actually there. The few that were there included Loa Mitsoyagi (Ikki), Ian Miller (Agito), Jason Remmings (Kazuma), and the ADV representing team. The first volume was released on February 6, 2007. ADV released the uncensored Japanese home video version, rather than the broadcast version. On January 3, 2007, IGN released a special sneak peek of Episode 1 of the English dub. In 2008, Air Gear became one of over 30 ADV titles transferred to Funimation. In Australia and New Zealand, the series is licensed by Madman Entertainment.

Avex released one single and two albums covering all the songs and themes used for the anime adaptation. The opening theme single "Chain" performed by Back-on was released on June 7, 2006 and peak ranked 139th on Oricon singles chart. The two albums Air Gear original soundtrack: What a Groovy Tricks!! and Air Gear original soundtrack 2: Who wants more Groovy Trick!!?? were released on August 23, 2006 and February 28, 2007, respectively.

Original video animation
In July 2010, it was announced that a new Air Gear original video animation (OVA) would be released alongside the limited edition of the manga's 30th volume. Animation studio Satelight animated the OVA instead of Toei with Shinji Ishihira as director, Atsushi Maekawa as script writer, Osamu Horiuchi as character designer and Stanislas Brunet as mechanical design. Nobuhiko Okamoto plays Ikki, Haruka Tomatsu plays Ringo, and Yukari Fukui plays Kururu.

The first OVA was released on November 17, 2010 and adapted the confrontation between Ikki and Ringo from volume 16 of the manga. The second OVA was released on March 17 and the final third OVA was released on June 17, 2011. The latter two OVAs adapt the legendary battle between Kogarasumaru and Sleeping Forest from volumes 24 and 25 of the manga.

Musical
Air Gear was adapted into a musical called Musical Air Gear, which made its debut on January 7, 2007 and ran until January 21, 2007. The musical is loosely adapted from the manga and all female roles are eliminated from the plot. The cast featured Kenta Kamakari, KENN, and Kenjiro Tsuda reprising their roles from the anime respectively as Ikki, Kazu, and Spitfire with Masaki Kaji (who had also starred with Kenta and KENN in the Prince of Tennis musicals), Run&Gun, etc. as their co-stars. In the musical, team Kogarasumaru opposes team Bacchus, whose names all come from works of Shakespeare. (Romeo, Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth and Puck).

Due to the success and popularity of the musical's first run, the musical had a rerun in May, 2007 titled, Musical Air Gear vs. Bacchus Super Range Remix (ミュージカル｢エア·ギア｣vs.バッカス Super Range Remix) with the entire cast, except for Kenta Kamakari due to illness, reprising their roles. Ryuji Kamiyama (originally Romeo) replaced Kamakari, subsequently Kosuke Yonehara (originally Hamlet) took over the role of Romeo and a new actor was brought in to play Hamlet.

In April, 2010 there was a third run of the musical, It was titled 'Musical Air Gear vs. Bacchus Top Gear Remix.' Many cast members reprise their roles, Kenta Kamakari returning as Ikki. Remarkably, Agito's actor was replaced by a younger actor and the original actor now played the part of Juliet. The role of Spitfire was replaced by Aeon Clock.

Reception
By August 2020, Air Gear had over 18 million copies in circulation. It won the 2006 Kodansha Manga Award in the category.

Both the manga and anime have gained a lot of popularity, both in the east and the west and now has quite a large fan base. BlogCritics said "It mixes this action and comedy quite well with a storyline that doesn't fail to leave a reader wanting more." The anime has often been criticized for not remaining true to the manga, story and skipping parts, but is praised for its soundtrack. The English dub has received positive reviews since its release. AnimeOnDVD said "The concept of the show is one that is pure anime though and something that visually can be done very well". The anime's ending was cited as underwhelming despite its mostly positive reviews.

title: Air Gear


text:
Talk:Jeff Malone

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title: Talk:Jeff Malone


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Category:Smallville characters

Fictional characters appearing in the WB/CW television series Smallville.

title: Category:Smallville characters


text:
Chizhou

Chizhou is a prefecture-level city in the south of Anhui province, China. It borders Anqing to the northwest, Tongling and Wuhu to the northeast, Xuancheng to the east, Huangshan to the southeast, and the province of Jiangxi to the southwest. Its population was 1,342,764 as of the 2020 census, of whom 615,274 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Guichi District. Mount Jiuhua (Jǐuhuáshān), located in Qingyang county, is one of the four sacred mountains of Chinese Buddhism.

In May 1949, the Chizhou Special Administrative Region was established under the jurisdiction of the people's Administrative Office of Southern Anhui and the Chizhou Special Administrative Office in Guichi county.

From February 1952 to May 1965, Chizhou Special Area was abolished, and the counties under its jurisdiction were divided into Anqing Special Area, Huizhou Special Area, and Wuhu Special Area, respectively.

From May 1965 to January 1980, the Chizhou special zone was set up, directly under Anhui province.

From January 1980 to August 1988, Chizhou Special Area was abolished and the counties under its jurisdiction were incorporated into Anqing Special Area, Xuancheng Special Area, and Huizhou Special Area.

In August 1988, the Chizhou area was relocated to Anhui province.

On 26 June 2000, Guichi District, Dongzhi County, Qingyang County, Shitai County, Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area, and Chizhou Economic and Technological Development Zone were withdrawn and built.

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Chizhou administers four county-level divisions, including one district and three counties.

 * Guichi District (贵池区)
 * Dongzhi County (东至县)
 * Shitai County (石台县)
 * Qingyang County (青阳县)

Transport
Chizhou is served by Chizhou railway station on the Nanjing–Anqing intercity railway and the Tongling–Jiujiang railway. Chizhou Jiuhuashan Airport was opened in August 2013, serving Tongling and Mount Jiuhua.

title: Chizhou


text:
Redemptoris Mater (seminary)

Redemptoris Mater (Mother of the Redeemer) is the name for certain diocesan Roman Catholic seminaries which operate under the auspices of the Neocatechumenal Way and have as their mission the formation of diocesan priests for the "New Evangelization". These seminaries are distributed worldwide.

History and development
Redemptoris Mater seminaries are a fruit of the Second Vatican Council, as well as a product of the initiative of Pope John Paul II. The Second Vatican Council's decree on the ministry and life of priests, Presbyterorum ordinis, says:

Let priests remember, therefore, that the care of all churches must be their intimate concern. Hence, priests of such dioceses rich in vocations should show themselves willing and ready, with the permission of their own ordinaries, to volunteer for work in other regions, missions or endeavors which are poor in numbers of clergy. ... To accomplish this purpose there should be set up international seminaries ... by means of which, according to their particular statutes and always saving the right of bishops, priests may be trained and incardinated for the good of the whole Church.

Pio Laghi, then Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education, said:

The decree Presbyterorum Ordinis (n. 10) considers that to resolve the problem of the great shortage of priests in certain regions, "it is appropriate also to institute international seminaries". This idea has found application in the Redemptoris Mater seminaries which prepare diocesan priests for the new evangelization according to the programme of the Neo-Catechumenal Way.

The first of these seminaries was started in Rome in 1988. It was canonically erected by Ugo Poletti, who was at that time the Vicar General of Rome.

Characteristics
Redemptoris Mater seminaries are diocesan seminaries, erected according to canon law by the diocesan bishop, and the students who undergo formation at these seminaries are ordained to the secular clergy of the diocese. The specific characteristics of Redemptoris Mater seminaries are:

 * an international character, i.e., with vocations coming from different nations;
 * a missionary spirit, i.e., that upon ordination, the priests are available to go wherever the ordinary sends them; and
 * that they have a connection to the Neocatechumenal Way.

Although the students receive the same theological formation as the other seminarians of the diocese, they go on mission for about two years during formation. After ordination, the ordinary of their diocese may appoint them to a parish or for any other service in the diocese; he may also send them to serve in other dioceses of the world where bishops have asked for help. In the latter case, the ordinary and the requesting bishop would formalise their agreement according to canon law.

These seminaries have a direct relationship to the Neocatechumenal Way, which sees its formation as fostering an "adult faith": the Neocatechumenal Way prepares and awakens its vocations in many young people before they enter the seminary. It accompanies them during their time of formation; once ordained as priests it continues to sustain them in their permanent formation, which then becomes a means of evangelization for the "far away", an instrument for the implantatio ecclesiae.

Worldwide locations
In 2013, with seven new seminaries opened, the number Redemptoris Mater seminaries worldwide rose to a hundred. In 2019, the number of seminaries rose to about 120.

In Africa:
 * Ivory Coast (Yopougon)
 * Angola (Luanda)
 * Cameroon (Douala)
 * Zambia (Kitwe)
 * Democratic Republic of Congo (Goma)
 * Madagascar (Morondava)
 * Gabon (Libreville)
 * Tanzania (Dar es Salaam)
 * South Africa (Cape Town)
 * Uganda (Kampala)

In Asia:
 * China (Macau )
 * India (Bangalore, Ranchi, Pune)
 * Israel (at Domus Galilaeae)
 * Taiwan (Kaohsiung)
 * Philippines (Manila)
 * Lebanon (Beirut)
 * Pakistan (Karachi)
 * South Korea (Seoul)

In Australia:
 * Australia (Perth, Sydney),

In Europe:
 * Italy (Rome, Macerata, Padua, Cosenza, Pinerolo, Florence, Trieste, Campobasso)
 * Belgium (Namur, Brussels)
 * Spain (Madrid, Castellón, Córdoba, Granada, Oviedo, Murcia, León, Pamplona, Burgos)
 * Poland (Warsaw, Łódź )
 * Germany (Berlin, Cologne/Bonn)
 * Hungary (Eger)
 * Slovakia (Žilina)
 * Czech Republic (České Budějovice)
 * Romania (Satu Mare)
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo)
 * Croatia (Pula)
 * Switzerland (Lugano)
 * France (Strasbourg, Marseille, Avignon, Paris, Bayonne)
 * Denmark (Copenhagen, )
 * Netherlands (Amsterdam/Haarlem, Roermond)
 * Austria (Vienna)
 * Albania (Lezhë)
 * Portugal (Lisbon, Porto, Évora, Beja)
 * United Kingdom (London)
 * Ireland (Dundalk, Armagh Diocese)
 * Finland (Helsinki)
 * Estonia (Tallinn)
 * Ukraine (Kyiv, Vinnitsa, Uzhhorod)
 * Latvia (Rīga)

In North America:
 * Canada (Toronto, Québec, Vancouver).
 * Costa Rica (San José)
 * Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo)
 * El Salvador (San Salvador)
 * Jamaica (Kingston)
 * Mexico (Mexico D.F., Guadalajara)
 * Nicaragua (Managua)
 * United States (Newark, Brooklyn, Denver, Washington D.C., Boston, Dallas, Miami, Philadelphia, Bridgeport )

In South America:
 * Bolivia (La Paz)
 * Brazil (Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Belém)
 * Colombia (Medellín, Bogotá),
 * Ecuador (Esmeraldas in Quito)
 * Paraguay (Asunción)
 * Perú (Callao, Arequipa)
 * Venezuela (Caracas, Carupano)
 * Uruguay (Montevideo)

Football tournaments
In 2007, 2009 and again in 2010, Redemptoris Mater Sydney seminary team won first place in the Clericus Cup football tournament. In the year 2008 they won second place. At the end of July, 2018, Corpus Christi College of Melbourne won an inter-seminary soccer tournament for the first time after beating Holy Spirit Seminary of Brisbane 1 - 0 in the final.

title: Redemptoris Mater (seminary)


text:
Erica, Victoria

Erica is a town in Victoria, Australia, on Rawson Road, in the Shire of Baw Baw.

The area was generally known as Upper Moondarra in the early 1900s, the township of Erica beginning to grow after construction of the railway line from Moe to Walhalla, which passed through the area. When the station opened in 1910 it was named Harris, but had been renamed Erica after a nearby mountain by 1914. As a consequence, the Post Office opened on 14 July 1910 as Upper Moondarra and was renamed Erica in 1914.

The township of Erica lived mainly from forestry and agriculture, and owing to Walhalla's decline by the 1920s was the largest town on the Moe-Walhalla railway. The section of line past Erica closed to traffic in 1944, save for occasional goods services to Platina station, and the line from Moe to Erica closed completely in 1954.

The Erica Court of Petty Sessions closed in 1968.

Erica still maintains agricultural and timber industry connections, as well as being a service town for local tourist destinations such as the Thomson Dam, the Walhalla Goldfields Railway, Mount Baw Baw and Mount St Gwinear.

The history of the town and surrounding area is the focus of the Erica and District Historical Society, located in the old Rawson Police Station.

At the 2011 census, Erica and the surrounding area had a population of 324. The newer town of Rawson is located a few kilometres away.

title: Erica, Victoria


text:
Massacre (experimental band)

Massacre was founded in 1980 in New York City by guitarist Fred Frith, bassist Bill Laswell and drummer Fred Maher as an improvising and experimental rock band. They performed live for just over a year and recorded a studio album, Killing Time (1981). Frith and Laswell reformed Massacre in 1998 with drummer Charles Hayward, and released four more albums, Funny Valentine (1998), Meltdown (2001), Lonely Heart (2007) and Love Me Tender (2013). The last three albums were recorded live, the first in London, and the others at European festivals between 1999 and 2008.

The BBC described Massacre as "an unholy union of The Shadows, Captain Beefheart, Derek Bailey and Funkadelic".

History
Guitarist Fred Frith, who was a co-founder of the English avant-rock group Henry Cow, moved to New York City in 1979 after Henry Cow split up. There he met and began performing with bassist Bill Laswell and drummer Fred Maher, both of the jazz ensemble Material. In 1980, when Peter Blegvad was looking for an opening band for his Valentine's Day concert at Soundscape in New York, Frith volunteered and invited Laswell and Maher to join him as a power trio they called Massacre. The band was well received and soon began performing at venues all over New York City.

Massacre was a high-energy experimental rock band, manipulating rhythm and timbre freely. They intended to recapture the raw energy of early rock and roll, adding elements of improvisational jazz. Frith told DownBeat magazine in 1982 (after Massacre had split up):

[Massacre] was formed to play the kind of loud and energetic racket that you hear in clubs. The group was a direct response to New York. [It was] a very aggressive group, kind of my reaction to the whole New York rock club scene.

Their live sets consisted of both composed and improvised numbers, often short but always loud. They toured the United States and Europe in 1980 and 1981, and their performances at progressive rock venues in France were well received.

In 1981 Massacre released their only album Killing Time, comprising studio recordings made at Martin Bisi's studio in Brooklyn, New York City, in June 1981, and live recordings from their Paris concerts in April 1981. They also featured on part of Frith's 1981 solo album Speechless. Massacre's farewell performances took place at Manhattan's Inroads performance space over the course of a July 4 weekend in 1981 (July 2–4), after which Maher left and the band split up.

In 1983 what was left of Massacre joined The Golden Palominos, founded by drummer Anton Fier. The closest thing to another Massacre performance came at a concert, Two Against One, in Boston in February 1985, when The Golden Palominos performed with only three members: Frith, Laswell and Fier on drums. They played as if they were Massacre, including a number of pieces from Killing Time in their set. This unit also played in Tokyo around the same time.

Massacre reformed in 1998 when Frith and Laswell asked This Heat's drummer Charles Hayward to join them. The new line-up released Funny Valentine (1998), culled from studio improvisations, and three live albums, Meltdown (2001), a largely unedited concert recorded at Robert Wyatt's 2001 Meltdown Festival in London, Lonely Heart (2007), arranged from live recordings made in 2003 in Paris and Denmark, and Love Me Tender (2013), recorded in 1999 and 2008 in Europe. All four albums were released on John Zorn's Tzadik label.

Members

 * Fred Frith – guitar, Casio, radio, voice, World War II pilot's throat microphone
 * Bill Laswell – 4 and 6 string bass guitars, pocket trumpet
 * Fred Maher (1980–1981) – drums, percussion
 * Charles Hayward (1998–2008) – drums, voice, melodica

Discography

 * Killing Time (1981, LP, Celluloid Records, France)
 * Funny Valentine (1998, CD, Tzadik Records, U.S.)
 * Meltdown (2001, CD, Tzadik Records, U.S.)
 * Lonely Heart (2007, CD, Tzadik Records, U.S.)
 * Love Me Tender (2013, CD, Tzadik Records, U.S.)

In 1993 RecRec Music reissued Killing Time on CD with six extra tracks (one of them coming from Frith's Speechless album).

In 2005 Fred Frith released a remastered version of Killing Time on CD on his own label, Fred Records with the six extra tracks from the RecRec reissue, plus two previously unreleased tracks, "Third Street" and "F.B.I." (live Paris 1981). This edition includes the following note: "In contrast to previous CD and LP versions, the Killing Time LP cuts are heard here as originally intended, at the correct speed and pitch and without added reverb."

title: Massacre (experimental band)


text: Category:Tourism in Lithuania

title: Category:Tourism in Lithuania


text:
User:Manishchoudhary

this is manish.and i want to know and get aproject on programmable logic circuits. please help me. thanks.

title: User:Manishchoudhary


text:
Windows Media Center

Windows Media Center (WMC) is a digital video recorder and media player created by Microsoft. Media Center was first introduced to Windows in 2002 on Windows XP Media Center Edition (MCE). It was included in Home Premium and Ultimate editions of Windows Vista, as well as all editions of Windows 7 except Starter and Home Basic. It was also available on Windows 8 Pro and Windows 8.1 Pro as a paid add-on. It was discontinued as of Windows 10 and the operating system also removes all of Windows Media Center during an upgrade from previous versions of Windows, although it can reportedly be unofficially reinstalled using a series of Command Prompt commands.

Media Center can play slideshows, videos and music from local hard drives, optical drives and network locations. Users can stream television programs and films through selected services such as Netflix. Content can be played back on computer monitors or on television sets through the use of devices called Windows Media Center Extenders. It is also possible to watch and pause live TV. Up to six TV tuners on a tuner card are supported simultaneously. Both standard- and high-definition unencrypted video are supported through DVB-T and ATSC standards. It is possible to view encrypted cable television channels by using an internal or external tuner that supported CableCARD.

Shortly after Windows 7's 2009 release, Microsoft disbanded the Media Center development team, thus abandoning any further software developments. Consequently, the Media Center interface remained unchanged for Windows 8 and 8.1 users. In May 2015, Microsoft announced that Windows Media Center would be discontinued on Windows 10, and that it would be removed when upgrading; but stated that those upgrading from a version of Windows that included the Media Center application would receive the paid Windows DVD Player app for free to maintain DVD playback functionality.

Windows XP Media Center Edition
Windows Media Center, codenamed "Freestyle", was first included with Windows XP Media Center Edition.

Windows Vista
A new version of the WMC was included in the Home Premium and Ultimate Windows Vista editions. The user interface was redesigned and tailored for the 16:9 aspect ratio. Support for multiple tuners was added in later releases and varies depending upon the version of the operating system purchased. Support for many Windows Media Center Extender hardware devices, that had been released pre-Vista, was also dropped leaving many owners out of luck if they did not upgrade to one of the supported Windows Vista versions from the Windows XP Media Center Edition. Also introduced to U.S. users was Internet TV, which allows access to streaming content through WMC. It also allows video game content.

Each button in the main menu, which contains sections such as "Music", "Videos", and "TV", gets encased in a box when selected, and for each selection, a submenu comes up, extending horizontally. When any of the options is selected, the entries for each are presented in a grid-like structure, with each item being identified by album art, if it is an audio file, or a thumbnail image if it is a picture, a video or a TV recording, and other related options, such as different views for the music collection if "Music" is selected, extend horizontally along the top of the grid. Similarly, other items are identified by suggestive artwork. The grid displaying the items is also extended horizontally, and the selected item is enlarged compared to the rest. Other features of the WMC include:
 * Support for two dual-tuner cards.
 * Native DVD/MPEG-2 support.
 * Addition of Movies and DVD button which lists all the movies on the hard drive and DVD.
 * Tasks button that provides access to jobs such as setting up and configuring a media center extender device.
 * Any video playing is overlaid on the background of the user interface, if the UI is navigated while the video is still playing.
 * Support for high-definition (HD) content, and CableCARD support.
 * Uses the .NET 2.0 CLR.

Microsoft later updated WMC with a feature pack known as TV Pack 2008. This release, codenamed "Fiji", was only made available via OEMs for new computers that came preinstalled with the update. It is not available as an update for existing WMC users. The update tweaked the user interface, added support for digital subchannels, QAM, DVB-S and MHEG, and increased the total number of each type of tuner allowed. It used .wtv files instead of .dvr-ms. Beta versions also supported H.264 format but this feature was removed upon release to manufacturing.

Windows 7
An updated version of the WMC was included in all the Windows 7 editions except Starter and Home Basic. Much of the functionality added with TV Pack 2008 was included with the version of Media Center included in Windows 7, along with an update to the user interface.

The WMC has retained much of the design and feel of its predecessor, but with a variety of user interface shortcuts and browsing capabilities. Playback of H.264 video both locally and through a Media Center Extender (including the Xbox 360) is supported.

Some notable enhancements in the WMC include a new mini guide, a new scrub bar, the option to color code the guide by show type, and Internet content that is more tightly integrated with regular TV via the guide. All Windows 7 versions now support up to four tuners of each type (QAM, ATSC, CableCARD, NTSC, etc.).

When browsing the media library, items lacking album art are shown in a range of foreground and background color combinations instead of using white text on a blue background. When the left or right remote control buttons are held down to browse the library quickly, a two-letter prefix of the current album name is prominently shown as a visual aid. The Picture Library includes new slideshow capabilities, and individual pictures can be rated.

Also, while browsing a media library, a new column appears at the top named "Shared." This allows users to access shared media libraries on other Media Center PCs from directly within Media Center.

For television support, the Windows Media Center "TV Pack" released by Microsoft in 2008 is incorporated into the WMC. This includes support for CableCARD and North American (ATSC) clear QAM tuners, as well as creating lists of favorite stations.

A gadget for the WMC is also included.

The Public folder also contains a hidden Recorded TV library that appears in the Windows Explorer side pane when TV is set up in Media Center for the first time.

Windows 8 and 8.1
The WMC was not included with any of Windows 8 editions. Instead, it was part of a Windows 8 Media Center Pack add-on available only for retail versions Windows 8 Pro, and Windows 8 Pro Pack that upgrades Windows 8 to Windows 8 Pro available through the Add features to Windows 8 service. The Windows 8 Pro Pack was available for US$69.99, while the Windows 8 Media Center Pack was available at no charge from October 26, 2012, until January 31, 2013, as a promotion to encourage users to upgrade to Windows 8. After the promotion, the price of the Windows 8 and 8.1 Media Center Pack changed to US$9.99, until it was discontinued on October 30, 2015.

The WMC cannot run on startup or on top of other windows because of "new Windows OS requirements and behaviors".

Windows 10 Technical Preview
On Windows 10 Technical Preview builds, adding Windows Media Center using a purchased Windows 8.1 product key would result in the system subsequently identifying itself as "Windows 8.1 Pro with Media Center", along with a warning that the OS has not been activated. The issue also prevented users from getting updates, patches and future preview builds.

Discontinuation
During the 2015 Build developers' conference, a Microsoft executive confirmed that Media Center, with its TV receiver and PVR functionality, would not be updated for or included with Windows 10; thus the product would be discontinued. Those upgrading to Windows 10 from a version of Windows that included the Media Center application would receive the paid Windows DVD Player app for free to maintain DVD playback functionality after the first Windows Update.

Some users who wanted Microsoft to provide an official port of the Windows Media Center for Windows 10 created two change.org petitions and sent thousands of requests to Microsoft via their Windows Feedback app included with Windows 10. Despite all efforts, only the community maintains apps and support for the feature.

Electronic Program Guide
In early July 2015, Microsoft announced that the Electronic Program Guide (EPG) for Windows Media Center was being updated on July 7, 2015 with new video data packages. This update to the EPG changed the service provider from Zap2It to Rovi. Since the update a large number of reports have been posted to the Microsoft Media Center Feedback page indicating that the EPG data feed from Rovi has significant data quality issues relating to incorrect channel lineups, outdated and incorrect program data and failure to download the EPG data from Rovi through Microsoft's servers. This update was not given to the early Insider Preview builds of Windows 10 even though they included the WMC.

Program Guide Data Service
Support for Electronic Program Guide service officially ended on January 14, 2020, coinciding with the end of support for Windows 7. This applies to all versions of WMC including users running WMC on discontinued products such as XP and Vista. Despite the announcement, EPG data continued to be updated until the first week of April 2020. Alternatives exist that acquire program information and load it into the WMC EPG data base. Some use fee-based subscription services to obtain the information. Some require multiple processing steps but are generally automatable.

Some alternate TV listing providers are:
 * epg123 (free software that lets WMC get EPG data from other sources)
 * WebGrab+Plus (standalone EPG software)
 * SchedulesDirect (provides EPG data for software like EPG123, at a cost of $25 per year)
 * EPG Collector (open-source software to insert over-the-air EPG data into Windows Media Center 7)

Some DVR-like alternatives to WMC that support Program Guide Data:
 * Emby DVR – cost $5 per month, $55 for 1 year or $119 for lifetime
 * Plex – cost $5 per month, $39 for 1 year, or $119 for Lifetime
 * SiliconDust Dvr – $35 per year
 * JRiver – Windows license $60
 * MediaPortal – unknown

Features
Media Center uses TV tuner devices to play back and record TV shows from standard antenna, cable or satellite signals. Users can record television programs manually or schedule recording via the electronic program guide. Recordings can be burned to Video DVD or, barring copy restrictions, be transferred to a portable media player. Media Center supports both analog and digital tuners and allows up to six of each tuner type (analog, digital terrestrial, Clear QAM, CableCard) to be configured. All the tuners use the same guide data but it can be edited and configured to include additional channels such as Clear QAM not found or included in most Titan Guides. While playing live television, the program keeps a buffer that allows users to rewind or pause live TV and skip commercials. A third party program MCEBuddy allows automatic commercial skipping on recorded programs.

Media Center can stream both live and recorded contents to Windows Media Center Extenders such as the Xbox 360 console, but other Windows computers can just access recorded content. Playback of content on television is possible through Media Center Extenders or by directly connecting a computer running Windows Media Center to a television. The menus of Windows Media Center are displayed in a 10-foot user interface suitable for viewing on large screen televisions and can be navigated using various remote controls. Windows Media Center PCs require a sensor to be able to interact with the remote control. To advertise Media Center support, remote controls must also have certain buttons such as the Green Media Center logo Start button and buttons for navigation, playback and volume controls, power and channel flipping.

Media file support
Windows Media Center organizes and displays videos and music found on both local and networked computers. Music albums are arranged with accompanying album art that can be downloaded off the Internet automatically or added manually into Media Center. Users can create playlists of different songs or albums as well. While playing music, the user can pause and fast forward songs and view visualizations. Analog FM radio support is also available if the user's TV tuner supports it.

Media Center allows users to browse pictures and play them in slideshows, as well as play video files. Media can be categorized by name, date, tags, and other file attributes. In addition, users can organize and play films through the "Movie Library" feature introduced in Windows Vista Media Center. Through the "Internet TV" feature, users can also stream television and web shows from select content providers.

CableCARD support
Windows Vista Media Center introduced support for CableCARD devices. However, CableCARD was only supported on OEM hardware that had been certified by CableLabs. Windows 7 Media Center supports adding CableCARD to existing hardware, provided the hardware meets certain requirements. Shortly after the release of Windows 7, Microsoft released the Digital Cable Advisor tool to verify that the requirements are met before activating CableCARD support.

Portable devices
Windows Media Center allows synchronization with certain portable devices. These devices include Windows Mobile Pocket PCs, smartphones, Portable Media Centers and other players that can sync with Windows Media Player. Microsoft's Zune cannot use the sync function, but can play Media Center recorder TV files when they are copied to a Zune monitored folder.

While synchronizing television shows, Windows Media Center encodes the shows using Windows Media Encoder to a Windows Media Video format at a lower quality than the original format used for viewing on the desktop media center. This is to complement the limited storage space and processing power of such portable devices. Optionally, music can also be re-encoded to a smaller file size upon synchronization.

Application development
Windows Media Center was designed as a programmable platform; other programs can tie into the Media Center UI using the WMC API, which is provided as a managed API. The functionality of Windows Media Center can be extended by three different types of applications:

Presentation Layer Applications
These are managed applications written using the WMC API and packaged as CLI assemblies. Presentation Layer applications can have full access to both the .NET Framework as well as the Windows Media Center API, with the latter exposing a managed object model to access and manipulate the current states of the media management and playback, live television, video recording as well as the presentation capabilities of Windows Media Center. Presentation Layer applications are rendered using the bitmap-based Windows Media Center Presentation Layer, the user-input and presentation system of WMC. Presentation Layer includes support for animations, dynamic layout, keyboard/mouse as well as remote navigation. Presentation Layer applications can be streamed over RDP to Windows Media Center Extenders; so Presentation Layer applications run on the extenders without any modification. Presentation Layer, however, exists only in the Windows Vista version of WMC.

Presentation Layer applications are created using an XML based declarative markup language, known as Media Center Markup Language (MCML). MCML is used to define the user interface, with animation, text input, navigation, data binding, and local storage support available from the markup itself. If custom code or other functionality is required to implement a certain feature, CLI assemblies can be referred. Any CLI language can be used to write the code-behind assemblies that implement the required functionality. An MCML document defines the interface as a collection of  elements, each exposing four attributes:   which defines what that UI element will display,   to control the presentation aspects of the element,   which enumerate the set of private state data for the element, and   which allow the attributes to be modified based on certain triggers. By modifying these attributes at runtime, either from markup or code behind classes, the interface is generated.

Presentation Layer applications can either be locally installed, or downloaded from the web as necessary. However, in the latter case, the code is untrusted; only the .NET classes that are marked as safe for use by Internet-originating code can be used. Before an application can be used, it has to be registered with Windows Media Center. An application can either register itself as a top-level menu item, in any of the sub-menus (depending on the type of application), as an autoplay handler, into the Program Library (the menu category for all programs), or as a background application without a user interface running as long as a WMC session continues.

XAML Browser Application
WMC can also act as host for XAML Browser Applications (XBAP), which are rendered in the WMC UI itself. XBAPs are rendered using the vector-based resolution-independent Windows Presentation Foundation component of .NET Framework 3.0. XBAPs have their UI written in XAML with code behind in any .NET language. XBAPs are also limited to Windows Vista. WMC provides limited support for streaming XBAPs to Windows Media Center Extenders. XBAPs have been declared deprecated in Windows Media Center SDK version 5.3.

Hosted HTML Applications
WMC can host Internet Explorer within its own UI (using WMC UI widgets) and can display web pages and web applications. This feature is supported in both Windows XP and Windows Vista. Web applications written specifically for being hosted in WMC can use a subset of the WMC API which is exposed via JavaScript. HTML applications are also not fully supported for streaming to extenders.

title: Windows Media Center


text:
William John Little

William John Little (1810–1894) was an English surgeon who is credited with the first medical identification of spastic diplegia, when he observed it in the 1860s amongst children. While spasticity surely existed before that point, Little was the first person to medically record the condition in writing. Thus, for many years, spastic diplegia was known as Little's Disease; only later did the name change. Also, Little founded the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital of London.

Life
Little was born at the Red Lion Inn in Whitechapel. His parents John and Hannah little were the inn's proprietors.

Little did not have any spasticity himself, but he suffered childhood poliomyelitis with residual left lower-extremity paraparesis, complicated by severe talipes. This undoubtedly sparked his special interest in lower-extremity mobility impairments, as well as his medical-orthopedic inclinations more generally. As a youth he was an apothecary's apprentice, surrendering his indentures at the age of 18 and entering medical school at the London Hospital. He was admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons in 1832.

Little is also known for his doctoral dissertation in 1837 on tenotomy, the first monograph on the subject ever published, and Little became the known source of this operation, intended for the correction of skeletal deformity secondary to neuromuscular disorders.

Little later travelled to Germany to study the technique of subcutaneous tenotomy with its originator, Louis Stromeyer, who subsequently corrected Little's deformed foot by this method. Among his many publications was "On the Deformities of the Human Frame" (1853) in which he first described pseudo-hypertrophic muscular dystrophy, preceding Guillaume Duchenne's paper on the same condition by eight years.

The techniques originated by Stromeyer and applied by Little are used today in the surgical management of quite a few neuromuscular conditions today, although obviously in modern times they are quite a bit more advanced due to technological progress and improvements in surgical concepts and methods. Little was one of the first to bridge the gap between neurology and orthopaedics, and his important work continues to impact both of these fields, including the fact of continually-increasing cooperation between orthopaedic surgeons and neurosurgeons in today's management of spastic cerebral palsy and similar neuromuscular disabilities.

Little died and was buried in the Kent village Ryarsh.

Family
He had eleven children including Edward Little, who was also a surgeon, and Archibald Little. Archibald married Alicia Little, a writer who campaigned against foot binding in China.

title: William John Little


text:
JRTC

JRTC may refer to:

 * James R. Thompson Center, a building in Chicago, Illinois
 * Joint Readiness Training Center, a U.S. Army training center at Fort Johnson, Louisiana
 * Jacksonville Regional Transportation Center at LaVilla, a transit station in Jacksonville, Florida
 * Jackie Robinson Training Complex, part of the Historic Dodgertown athletic center

title: JRTC


text:
Preventive detention

Preventive detention is an imprisonment that is putatively justified for non-punitive purposes, most often to prevent further criminal acts.

Preventive detention sometimes involves the detention of a convicted criminal who has served their sentence but is considered too dangerous to release.

Remand or pre-trial detention and involuntary commitment are sometimes considered a form of preventive detention.

Australia
Australia laws authorize preventive detention in a variety of circumstances.

In New South Wales, preventive detention regimes, such as Serious Crime Prevention Orders ('SCPOs'), allow the state to detain, continuously monitor, and limit particular activities of those convicted of serious sexual and violent offences. A range of state officials may apply to the NSW courts to create an SCPO consisting of conditions deemed appropriate, such as an obligation to report to a police station and prohibitions on travelling beyond a certain region. Failure to comply with an SCPO carries a maximum penalty of five years' imprisonment.

SCPOs have been described as a "watershed extension of state power in New South Wales" by legal academics, and were strongly opposed by the legal community when they were introduced.

Costa Rica
In Costa Rica, the 1998 Criminal Proceedings Code allows for a pre-trial remand of 12 months if the person is considered a "flight risk". If the case is considered complex in nature, the detention can be increased to up to three and a half years or more of imprisonment. As of 23 May 2013, over 3,000 people were in pre-trial detention.

Denmark
In cases that connected to riots or other situations involving public safety risks, the police can detain a person for up to twelve hours without involving the courts. Until 2009, the limit was six hours. This change was part of the so-called Lømmelpakke (da).

Germany
In Germany, preventive detention (German: Sicherungsverwahrung) is an indeterminate sentence that follows regular imprisonment, imposed as part of a criminal sentence.

Sicherungsverwahrung is imposed in the original judicial sentence. It could formerly be subsequently imposed under certain circumstances, but the practice of subsequent incapacitation was ruled a violation of Art 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights by the European Court of Human Rights. The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany also issued a verdict on Sicherungsverwahrung in May 2011, deeming it unconstitutional. In response, a new law regulating Sicherungsverwahrung was passed in November 2012.

In 2023 27 supporters of Last Generation (climate movement) were preemptively imprisoned after the group announced protests of the International Motor Show Germany.

India
In India, preventive detention is for a maximum period of three months, a limit which can be changed by the Parliament. According to Preventive Detention Act 1950, it can be extended beyond three months up to a total of twelve months, only on the favourable recommendation of an advisory board, made up of High Court judges or persons eligible to be appointed High Court judges.

Preventive detention in India dates from British rule in the early 1800s, and continued with such laws as the Defence of India Act, 1939 and the Preventive Detention Act 1950.

The controversial Maintenance of Internal Security Act was originally enacted by the Indian parliament early during Indira Gandhi's prime ministership in 1971. However it was amended several times during "The Emergency" (1975–1977), leading to human rights violations. It was subsequently repealed after Indira Gandhi lost the election in 1977, and the new government took over.

India's National Security Act of 1980 empowers the Central Government and State Governments to detain a person to prevent him/her from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of India, the relations of India with foreign countries, the maintenance of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community it is necessary so to do. The act also gives power to the governments to detain a foreigner in a view to regulate his presence or expel from the country. The act was passed in 1980 during the Indira Gandhi Government. The maximum period of detention is 12 months. The order can also be made by the District Magistrate or a Commissioner of Police under their respective jurisdictions, but the detention should be reported to the State Government along with the grounds on which the order has been made. The National Security Act along with other laws allowing preventive detention have come under wide criticism for their alleged misuse. The act's constitutional validity even during peacetime has been described by some sections as an anachronism.

Japan
In Japan, pre-trial detention of a suspect can be for up to 23 days without charge. The length of detention, up to the maximum period, is at the discretion of the public prosecutor and subject to the approval of local courts. It can also be extended.

Malaysia
In Malaysia the Internal Security Act 1960 (ISA) was a preventive detention law that was enacted after Malaysia gained independence from Britain in 1957. The ISA allowed for detention without trial or criminal charges under limited, legally defined circumstances. The ISA was invoked against terrorism activity and against anyone deemed a threat to national security. On 15 September 2011, Najib Razak, the then Prime Minister of Malaysia, said that this legislation would be repealed and replaced by two new laws.

On 17 April 2012, the Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 (SOSMA) was approved by the Malaysian Parliament as a replacement for the ISA. It was given the royal assent on 18 June 2012 and gazetted on 22 June 2012.

New Zealand
New Zealand has two types of preventive detention. The one called "preventive detention" is an indeterminate sentence of imprisonment. The other is called a "public protection order" and is a civil detention.

"Preventive detention" is an indeterminate sentence of imprisonment, similar to life imprisonment and second only to it in terms of seriousness. It may be given to offenders aged 18 or over who are convicted of a qualifying sexual or violent offence, and the court is satisfied that the person is likely to commit another qualifying sexual or violent offence if they were given a determinate sentence of imprisonment. Preventive detention has a minimum non-parole period of five years in prison, but the sentencing judge can extend this if they believe that the prisoner's history warrants it. A total of 314 people were serving terms of preventive detention in 2013, of whom 34 were on parole. Alfred Thomas Vincent was in prison on preventive detention for 52 years from 1968 to 2021.

A public protection order is a civil detention order for someone who has finished a finite prison sentence and still poses a very high risk of serious sexual or violent reoffending. The person is detained in a secure civil residence inside the perimeter of a prison.

Singapore
In Singapore, preventive detention is a special type of imprisonment reserved for recalcitrant offenders at least 30 years old with at least three previous convictions since turning 16. This detention order, which may last between seven and 20 years, does not allow remissions for good behaviour. It is usually used to detain offenders are deemed a threat to society, with the purpose of isolating them for the protection of society.

For example, in 2004, Chong Keng Chye was sentenced to 20 years of preventive detention for abusing a child to death and for various cheating offences. He had several past convictions for cheating and violent crimes since he was 16. In another case, Rosli Yassin, was sentenced in 2012 to 12 years preventive detention for culpable homicide and cheating, before the detention order was increased to 20 years upon the prosecution's appeal. Drug trafficker Abdul Kahar Othman served ten years of preventive detention from 1995 to 2005 due to a lengthy criminal record of drug offences.

In February 2024, Singapore passed a dangerous offenders law where dangerous offenders can be held indefinitely even after they have completed their sentences for certain offences such as rape, culpable homicide and abuse of minors. The law will apply to those from the age of 21 and above and will be assessed on an annual basis.

South Africa
Under Apartheid, the government of South Africa used preventive detention laws to target its political opponents. These included, notably, the Terrorism Act of 1967, which gave police commanders the power to detain terrorists—or people with information about terrorists—without warrant.

United States
Section 1021 and 1022 of the legislation enacted policies described by The Guardian as allowing indefinite detention "without trial [of] American terrorism suspects arrested on U.S. soil who could then be shipped to Guantánamo Bay".

title: Preventive detention


text:
Marr & Holman

Marr & Holman was an architectural firm in Nashville, Tennessee known for their traditional design. Notable buildings include the Nashville Post Office (now known as the Frist Art Museum) and the Milliken Memorial Community House in Elkton, Kentucky.

The firm was formed in 1913 with Joseph Holman (1890–1952) and Thomas Marr (1866–1936) as principals.

A number of their works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Works include (with attribution):
 * East Nashville High and Junior High Schools (built 1932), 110, 112 Gallatin Rd. Nashville, Tennessee, NRHP-listed
 * Estes Kefauver Federal Building and United States Courthouse (1948–52), 801 Broadway, Nashville, NRHP-listed in 2016

 * Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 226 N. 3rd Ave., Nashville, NRHP-listed
 * Franklin County Courthouse, Public Sq. Winchester, Tennessee, NRHP-listed
 * James A. Cayce Homes, housing project in East Nashville
 * James Robertson Hotel, 118 N. 7th Ave., Nashville, NRHP-listed
 * Lauderdale County Courthouse, Town Sq. Ripley, Tennessee, NRHP-listed
 * Madison County Courthouse, Public Sq. Jackson, TN, NRHP-listed
 * Middle Tennessee State Teachers College Training School, 923 E. Lytle St. Murfreesboro, TN, NRHP-listed
 * Morgan School, Built 1919 - Petersburg, Tennessee
 * Nashville Municipal Auditorium
 * Noel Hotel, 200-204 N. 4th Ave., Nashville, NRHP-listed
 * Obion County Courthouse, jct. of Third and Washington Sts. Union City, Tennessee, NRHP-listed
 * Pickett County Courthouse, Town Sq. Byrdstown, Tennessee, NRHP-listed
 * Rich-Schwartz Building, 202-204 N. 6th Ave., Nashville, (with local contractor), NRHP-listed
 * Tennessee Supreme Court Building, 401 Seventh Avenue North, Nashville, built in 1937 by Rock City Construction; NRHP-listed
 * Union City Armory, 415 W. Main St., Union City, Tennessee, NRHP-listed
 * United States Post Office (Nashville, Tennessee), 901 Broadway, Nashville, NRHP-listed
 * One or more works in Tennessee School for the Deaf Historic District, 2725 Island Home Blvd. Knoxville, Tennessee, NRHP-listed
 * One or more works in Fifth Avenue Historic District, Roughly bounded by Church and Union Sts., 4th, 5th, and 6th Aves., Nashville, NRHP-listed
 * One or more works in Tennessee State University Historic District, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd., Nashville, (Marr & Holman, et al.), NRHP-listed

title: Marr & Holman


text:
Alegría-Dulantzi

Alegría-Dulantzi (Alegría, Dulantzi ), formerly known in Spanish as Alegría de Álava, is a village and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. It is located at some 14 km from the provincial capital, Vitoria-Gasteiz.

The Battle of Alegría de Álava took place here in 1834.

Administrative subdivisions
Alegría-Dulantzi is divided into 2 villages, both of them organized as concejos. By far the larger of the two is the municipal centre and township of Alegría-Dulantzi itself, which accounts for some 95% of the municipality's population. The other one is Egileta, an exclave located to the southeast.

title: Alegría-Dulantzi


text:
File:Bernes cover.jpg

Summary
en:Mark Bernes

Cover of his memoir.

title: File:Bernes cover.jpg