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Libertas Schulze-Boysen

Libertas "Libs" Schulze-Boysen, born Libertas Viktoria Haas-Heye (20 November 1913, Paris – 22 December 1942, Plötzensee Prison) was a German Prussian noblewoman, who became a resistance fighter against the Nazis. From the early 1930s to 1940, Schulze-Boysen attempted to build a literary career, first as a press officer and later as a writer and journalist. Initially sympathetic to the Nazis, she changed her mind after meeting and marrying Luftwaffe officer Harro Schulze-Boysen. As an aristocrat, Schulze-Boysen had contact with many different people in different strata of German society. Starting in 1935, she utilized her position to recruit left-leaning Germans into discussion groups which she hosted at her and Harro's apartment, where they sought to influence her guests. Through these discussions, resistance to the Nazi regime grew, and by 1936, she and Harro began to actively resist the Nazis. During the early 1940s, whilst working as a censor for the German Documentary Film Institute, Schulze-Boysen began to document atrocities committed by the Nazis from photographs of war crimes forwarded by soldiers of the Sonderbehandlungen task force to the Film Institute.

By 1940, the couple came into contact with other Berlin-based anti-fascist resistance groups and collaborated with them. The most important of these was run by Arvid Harnack. From April 1941, their underground resistance group became an espionage network that supplied military and economic intelligence to the Soviet Union. That organisation became known as the Red Orchestra ("Rote Kapelle") by the Abwehr. Schulze-Boysen was fully aware of her husband's espionage activities and became one of his most active agents, working as a courier, a writer of seditious pamphlets and a recruiter for the group. When Harro was not present she deputised as the groups leader. When her husband was arrested in August 1942 by the Gestapo, she made a valiant attempt to destroy evidence of their work and warn other members of the group, but it was to no avail. Schule-Boysen was arrested in September 1942, a month after her husband Harro, and both were executed on the same day in Plötzensee Prison.

Life
Libertas Schulze-Boysen was the youngest of three children. Her father was the Heidelberg-born Otto Ludwig Haas-Heye (1879–1959), couturier to the aristocracy, and her mother was noted pianist, Countess Viktoria Ada Astrid Agnes zu Eulenburg (1886–1967). Libertas's parents married in Liebenberg Castle on 13 May 1909 and lived for a time in London and Paris. They were Protestants who believed in providing a religious foundation for their children. Despite her upbringing, Libertas never became overtly religious, although many of her early poems and later letters show Christian roots. Her sister was Countess Ottora Maria Douglas-Reimer (1910 -2001), who married Count Carl Ludvig Douglas (1908 - 1961), a Swedish diplomat. The couple had four children: Count Gustav Archibald Sigvart Douglas (1938–2023), a stockbroker, Princess Elisabeth Christina Douglas (b. 1940), Rosita Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (b. 1943), an artist, and their youngest son, Carl Philipp Morton, a civil engineer. Libertas's older brother, (1912 - 2008), was a journalist and diplomat.

Her mother was known as "Thora"—spelled "Tora"—and came from an old Prussian noble family. She was the youngest of the eight children of the Prussian diplomat and composer Prince Philipp zu Eulenburg and his Swedish wife, Countess Augusta Constantia Ulrike Charlotte Sandels. Philipp zu Eulenburg was a close friend of Kaiser William II, German Emperor. Eulenburg and William II were allegedly lovers. This allegation was published as a series of articles by influential journalist Maximilian Harden in the Berlin newspapers between 1907 and 1909. It ran so long that it became known as the Eulenburg affair.

In 1921, when Libertas was eight years old, her parents divorced (unusual at the time) and her grandfather died. Libertas spent part of her childhood at Eulenburg's country estate, Liebenberg Castle (near Berlin). She was taught initially by a governess.

In 1922, she began attending a school in Berlin while living with her father, who headed the fashion department of the Kunstgewerbemuseum. Later, a co-worker of her father (artist Valerie Wolffenstein) supervised her during a summer in Switzerland in 1924, where Libertas learned to draw. Between 1926 and 1932, Schulze-Boysen was sent to be educated at boarding schools in Paris, London and Switzerland.

Education
In 1932, Schulze-Boysen completed her Abitur at a girls' finishing school in Zurich, followed by a 9-month stay in Ireland and the United Kingdom. After returning in January 1933, Schulze-Boysen attended a Nazi torchlight procession that marched past the Reich Chancellery. Though not totally understanding the new and powerful German Youth Movement, she was impressed enough with them to join the Nazi Party with member number 1 551 344, in March 1933, and at the same time the League of German Girls (German: Bund Deutscher Mädel).

As a press officer
In May of the same year, Schulze-Boysen moved to Berlin after being hired by the motion picture company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) as a press officer. The position consisted of writing reviews to inform the media and public about new cinematic releases. During the spring of 1933, the film studio had sacked all its Jewish employees, leaving it short-staffed and making openings for non-Jewish workers. Initially, Libertas worked on press copy for the American films Sons of the Desert and Dancing Lady, both of which were immediate successes. In May 1933, when the studio started to feel the effects of Nazi censorship, it was forced to drop Herman Mankiewicz's screenplay The Mad Dog of Europe, a film meant to illuminate the worsening treatment of Jews in Germany at that time. Mankiewicz would later go on to write the screenplay for Citizen Kane.

In April 1934, Libertas met Harro Schulze-Boysen while they were both sailing on the Wannsee. Harro Schulze-Boysen had been the publisher of the left-liberal magazine Der Gegner (English: "The Opponent") between 1932 and 1933. It was closed down when he was arrested by the Sturmabteilung in April 1933. He was badly beaten and lost half his ear, and was only released due to the influence of his mother. Besides the mutilation of his ear, the attack left Harro with damaged kidneys. His Jewish friend Henry Erlanger, who was arrested at the same time, did not survive the beating.

Harro was in the habit of bringing his work friends from Der Gegner together with his other friends and colleagues for social evenings in his apartment, during which they discussed philosophical and political questions of the day. To protect themselves from persecution, the couple surrounded themselves with a group of politically incorruptible friends who were left-leaning anti-fascists, among them artists, pacifists and communists.

In October 1934, the couple moved in together to an apartment in Hohenzollerndamm, in the Wilmersdorf district of Berlin. On 15 January 1935, Schulze-Boysen left to join the Reich Labour Service for female youth (Freiwilligen Arbeitsdienst für die weibliche Jugend) for six months' voluntary work near Glindow, close to Potsdam. On 18 July 1935, she completed her six months of voluntary service, she returned to work at MGM. Her lack of enthusiasm for her voluntary service was such that she decided to write a book that was brutally honest, that described the daily fight for assertion, the status of women in the community and the fight for ideals. She submitted the manuscript to the writer Ernst von Salomon, a family friend who worked at the Rowohlt publishing house for review. Salomon believed it was good enough to publish, but had doubts as to whether the Reich Labour Service would allow it. Rowohlt wanted to publish it for precisely for that reason. Libertas intended to submit the manuscript for review to the Reich Labour Service, but whether that actually happened, is unknown. Salomon heard nothing further on that point. The nature of her work at MGM—the tedious cycle of film promotion and censor work—made Libertas restless.

Starting in July 1935, Schulze-Boysen began working on Harro's magazine Wille zum Reich ("Will to Empire") as an editor and translator. The magazine dealt with cultural and political issues, but with the goal of undermining the Nazi movement with the magazine's own themes. In August 1935, Harro was given permission by the Ministry of Aviation (Luftfahrtministerium) to attend a series of lectures on the League of Nations in Geneva, and Libertas accompanied him. On the way home, the couple stopped at the Château de Muzot to visit the last home of the Bohemian-Austrian poet and novelist Rainer Maria Rilke as well as visit his tomb.

In the spring of 1936, Schulze-Boysen applied to leave the Nazi party by submitting a resignation request to the Reichsleitung der NSDAP in Munich.

Marriage
During Easter in 1936, the couple were engaged and lived together for a year before getting married on 26 July 1936. The wedding took place in the chapel of Liebenberg Castle under a painting of Guido Reni, with Hermann Göring giving away the bride. For their honeymoon, the couple visited Stockholm in Sweden, where Harro was introduced to Libertas's Swedish relatives, her sister Ottora and her sister's husband Count Douglas. Harro was on duty during the short honeymoon that the couple took between 27 July and 9 August 1936. He had arranged a language study trip from his employer and he had submitted a confidential report upon his return, that detailed the description and the constitution of the crafts in the bays. At the time, Libertas was unprepared for the fact that Harro spent more time looking at the military installations and the ships in the harbour than at her. Schulze-Boysen considered herself a libertine and the couple had an open marriage.

First mission
In August 1936, the journalist Evan James, an English friend of Libertas's from her 1933 stay in England, lodged with the couple to report on the 1936 Summer Olympics. At the time, Harro wanted to give James the details on prisoner numbers from the Spanish Civil War, compiled from situation reports his office received, so he could get them published by the BBC. However James refused, stating the source would be too easy to identify. Instead, Libertas translated the bombastic words from the first page of Mein Kampf, to warn him, to show him, that there would be war. However, James did not want to hear. Instead the couple showed James the anti-Jewish notices in the shops but what is so obvious to them, that the Nazi consolidation of power will lead to war, was not so obvious to James. At the time Harro was dumbfounded at James' attitude but gradually realised that his position in the Air Ministry could give him access to valuable information but to access the most valuable and sensitive information, he would need to rise in the ranks. They decided to invite Göring to the Liebenberg estate, to hunt deer, on 6 September 1936. Göring's country estate of Carinhall was next to Liebenberg Castle. In essence it was a charm offensive, led by Libertas, to get Harro noticed. Libertas was successful as Göring made an enquiry to Hans-Jürgen Stumpff, who reported the Harro Schulze-Boysen was considered unreliable due to his political involvements before 1933. Göring replied that the "...old things should be left alone" and that Harro should be sent on a pilots course, enabling his career advancement.

On 1 October 1936, the couple moved into an apartment at 2 Waitzstraße in Charlottenburg. At the same time, their marriage ran into trouble. Due to pain in Harro's kidneys and the Swastika carved into his leg when he was arrested, he found lovemaking difficult. After sex, his urine would turn red. Libertas realised the marriage was in trouble and influenced by the views of her husband, returned her Nazi membership booklet.

Picnic meetings
During 1937, they held their first public picnic evenings and held further meetings every other week on Thursday nights. Their first picnic evening of the year was held on 21 January 1937. Among the 30 odd guests were Gisela von Pöllnitz and a doctor, Elfriede Paul who was the girlfriend of Walter Küchenmeister who had been invited on the advice of Elisabeth Schumacher—wife of Kurt Schumacher who also attended. Among the other guests were Heinrich Karbe, a journalist for the Essen National Newspaper (Essen), the actor Werner Dissel and the Rowohlt editor Ernst von Salomon.

Resistance

The Spanish Civil War galvanised the inner circle of the group in their discussions. Kurt Schumacher demanded that action should be taken and a plan, that took advantage of Harro's position at the ministry was formed. In February 1937, Harro compiled a short information document about a sabotage enterprise planned in Barcelona by the German Wehrmacht. The information was from "Special Staff W", an organisation established by Luftwaffe general Helmuth Wilberg to study and analyse the tactical lessons learned by the Legion Kondor during the Spanish Civil War. The unit also directed the German relief operations that consisted of volunteers, weapons and ammunition for General Francisco Franco's FET y de las JONS. The information that Schulze-Boysen collected included details about German transports, deployment of units and companies involved in the German defence. The group around Schulze-Boysen did not know how to deliver the information, but discovered that Schulze-Boysen's cousin, Gisela von Pöllnitz, was planning to visit the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne that was held in Paris from 25 May to 25 November 1937. In November, Pöllnitz fulfilled her mission and placed the letter in the mailbox of the Soviet Embassy on the Bois de Boulogne. Unfortunately the Gestapo were watching the location and she was arrested. The couple, fearing instant retribution from the Gestapo, decided to leave Berlin for several weeks. On 27 September 1937, Harro left for a treatment for kidney stones at a sanatorium in Bad Wildungen, while Libertas arranged a sea trip via a friend, on the cargo ship SS Ilona Siemers (1923) that left from the Hamburg port of St. Pauli, transporting coal to the Black Sea. During the journey, she filled her journal on stories of her travels. She returned on Christmas Day 1937.

In late 1937, Schulze-Boysen met the playwright Günther Weisenborn who had been friends with Harro since 1932. in what was their first illegal meeting that was attended by Kuchenmeister and Schumacher. On 12 January 1938, Weisenborn was introduced to Libertas. In February 1938, the Schulze-Boysens learnt that von Pöllnitz had been arrested the month before. Their apartment at 2 Waitzstraße was searched by the Gestapo but nothing was found as the couple had spent several days feverishly clearing the place of any evidence of wrongdoing. After Harro was cleared by the Air Ministry, their plans to flee to Amsterdam, where Johannes Haas-Heye was stationed, were abandoned. As the year progressed Libertas and Weisenborn relationship blossomed and eventually consummated in an open affair. In the same month, they collaborated in writing a play Die guten Feinde (The Good Enemies) about the German physician Robert Koch and his competition with Max Pettenkofer and their search for the causes of tuberculosis.

In July 1938, von Pöllnitz was released from prison and was seriously ill with a tuberculosis infection. Libertas and Elfriede Paul began caring for her cousin, ensuring she was able to attend a sanatorium first in Sommerfeld in the Brandenberg sands and then later in Switzerland. The Gestapo visited and searched their apartment as they were associates of von Pöllnitz. The visits along with von Pöllnitz's illness led Schulze-Boysen to suffer from a general malaise that caused her to flee to Zurich, a city she felt safe in. On 6 August 1938, she was introduced to the author Thomas Mann and spoke about her difficulties. Mann recorded the meeting in his diary. When Libertas returned in August, she worked with Weisenborn to arrange the premier of the play at a theatre in Bremen in November 1938, that was delated but finally held on 1 March 1939 at the Theater Bremen. At the same time, Schulze-Boysen had signed a contract with Deutschlandsender for a production of a radio play that was broadcast on 3 March 1939. On 9 November, the couple went on a 2-day holiday together to Venice Italy, the first time the couple had been together for months, that was due to the demanding need for overtime at the Air Ministry. When the couple returned they witnessed Kristallnacht. At the end of 1938, looking to determine her fortune, Schulze-Boysen became a client of Anna Krauss, a well-known clairvoyant and fortune-teller. Through Krauss, Libertas met Toni Graudenz, a neighbour and they became friends. Her husband was John Graudenz. Schulze-Boysen introduced both Krauss and Graudenz into the resistance group.

In April 1939, the couple moved into their new apartment at Altenburger Allee 19 in Charlottenburg, now the Westend. In the summer of 1939, Schulze-Boysen visited the town of Nidden on the Curonian Spit. While there, she photographed a ship laden with Jewish passengers desperate to reach Latvia. She was immediately arrested, but refused to say anything and was permitted to leave.

Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group
In September 1939, the Schulze-Boysens met the writer and playwright Adam Kuckhoff and his wife, the socialist Greta Kuckhoff at a dinner party hosted by the film producer Herbert Engelsing and his wife Ingeborg at their house in Bettinstraße in Grunewald. The free exchange of ideas and opinion was expected. Herbert Engelsing was planning to produce a film on Adam's book, "Der Deutsche von Bayencourt (The German from Bayencourt) that had been published in 1937 and became prominent. The party at the Engelsings, who were close friends of the Schulze-Boysens, was the ideal way to gauge the political stance of the Kuckhoff's. The Kuckhoffs were impressed by the Schulze-Boysens and shared the same political views. Libertas and Greta Kuckhoff became close friends. In 1939, Kuckhoff's decided that their close friends, the literary historian, translator Mildred and Marxist economist Arvid Harnack should be introduced to the Schulze-Boysens. Greta decided that it would be the women who should meet first and in late 1939, brought Mildred and Libertas together while on holiday in Saxony.  The Harnak's also held group meetings with a preplanned agenda, where they debated the political and economic perspectives of the time but were considered rather austere compared to Libertas and Shulze-Boysen's fun filled nights of music and dancing.The initial meeting of the women gave rise to a licentious image of the group that persisted for decades after the war, based primarily on Gestapo and Abwehr reports. In his 1967 book, L'orchestre rouge, Gilles Perrault states that Mildred and Libertas were lesbians, quoted from an unnamed source. However, industrialist Hugo Buschmann, who was an informant and couples close friend, stated that the group lived dangerously, but there was no evidence for Perrault's conclusion Certainly Libertas and Mildred were good friends. Other friends who joined their parties and who became staunch anti-Nazis, included the actor Werner Dissel who they met in 1935 as well as Albrecht Haushofer, Kurt Schumacher and his wife Elisabeth Schumacher, Elfriede Paul, Walter Küchenmeister,  the writer Günther Weisenborn, the dancer and sculptor Oda Schottmüller as well as the actor Marta Husemann and her husband, Walter Husemann who was an editor.

In the same month, Schulze-Boysen was informed that her cousin, Gisela von Pöllnitz, had died on 14 September 1939 in a Swiss sanatorium. In the following month, Harro fell ill with Kidney stone disease. The couple spent their Christmas in 1939 apart. The stress of the war, combined with Harro's illness, the start of rationing and the double life they led, lead to what Shulze-Boysen considered the most desolate period in her life.

At the beginning of 1940, the blackout led to the group meeting less often due to the difficulty of walking home in the darkness. Schulze-Boysen arranged to drive their friends home for her apartment, although it involved a considerable risk to herself of being followed. In early 1940, the group was joined by Heinrich Scheel along with Hans and Ina Lautenschläger. Elfriede Paul stated that in early 1940, they discussed the opening of concentration camps in Poland and the military supply organisation known as Organisation Todt. In the spring of 1940, Harro began to study foreign policy at the newly opened Institute of International Studies, part of the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik of the Humboldt University of Berlin for a doctorate, in an attempt to attain the position of Regierungsrat or government councillor.

Writer and journalist
From July 1940 to 13 November 1941, Libertas wrote film reviews for the culture section of the National-Zeitung. The task was difficult as she could not write freely or criticize, as the paper was censored by Joseph Goebbels' propaganda ministry. Beginning in May 1939, on a weekly basis each editor received a copy of the Zeitschriften-Dienst, a confidential newsletter from the ministry that described various directives as to what could be published and the particular theme the Nazi Party wanted to see in use. Libs decided to cooperate in order to express herself and maintain influence. To bypass the censors, she varied her tone, for films she liked, she would often write extravagantly, or in the form of a love letter. In other films that did not find favour, she would write in a strict and formal manner. Originally a temporary position, it became permanent in the summer of 1941, but she became unsettled and decided to leave to try to achieve a film career. Her last article Resurrection the mask in art dance introduced the dancer Oda Schottmüller, to the general public and her successor as film critic was Adam Kuckhoff. Both were her and Harro's friends and both resisted the Nazis.

Espionage
In October 1940, Greta and Libertas finanlly managed to convince Harro Schulze-Boysen to meet with Arvid Harnack. A meeting was held in Adam's and Greta Kuckhoff apartment at Wilhelmshöher Allee 19 in Friedenau. At the meeting of the new combined political faction, Schulze-Boysen, Harnack and Kuckhoff discussed the current situation openly and what they could do to further resistance. Harnack tells the group that he was introduced to Soviet agent Alexander Korotkov who used the alias Alexander Erdberg and had already told Erdberg on 26 September 1940, that Germany was in the planning stages of an invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of that first meeting, both Schulze-Boysen and Kuckhoff had agreed to be informants to Harnack. From that point forward, their combined undercover political faction, developed from a resistance organisation into an espionage network, from a small cadre of close friends, that began to collaborate with Soviet intelligence.

In December 1940, Harro was put on a war footing in preparation for the invasaion of the Soviet Union, moving to a barracks in a forest in Potsdam. At the beginning of 1941 (sources vary) Harro had begun an affair with Stella Mahlberg, a stage actress. Harro informed Libertas of the affair. As they had an open marriage they promised when they married not to deceive each other. In January 1941, Schulze-Boysen attended the wedding of Günther and Joy Weisenborn. While there she was surrounded by her friends but was deeply unhappy over the affair. Their arguments led her friend Ingeborg, who viewed the marriage as being in a critical state, to see them less and less as the summer progressed. In April 1941, Schulze-Boysen gave up the idea of turning her ship journal into a novel. This was a result of a shortage of paper, and the fact that novels were no longer published unless for propaganda purposes.

Hochverrat
In March 1941, Harro met with Korotkov directly in Harnack's apartment and he agreed to provide military information to Korotkov. Korotkov asked Schulze-Boysen to curtail his resistance activities, he replied as a German patriot he wished to create a "counterpublic" to the Nazis and his resistance would work needed to continue.

In April 1941, in an attempt to increase the influx of intelligence, the Soviets ordered Korotkov to create a Berlin espionage operation and Harnack was asked by Korotkov to run it. Korotkov was instructed by Soviet intelligence to provide a person in Berlin that could be contacted via radio in the event of war. Harnack refused to be contacted in that manner and agreed only to collect and encipher the material in his own apartment, but the transmission would take place somewhere else. Instead Adam Kuckhoff would be the radio contact. In June 1941, with Harnack's approval, Korotkov delivered a wireless transmitter to Greta Kuckhoff during a meeting at an underground railway station. However the radio was damaged by Erdberg before delivery. Adam Kuckhoff arranged with Harnack to return the damaged radio back to Erdberg. A Luftwaffe report consisting of the Russian city names and their railway stations that were to be bombed during the initial attack of Operation Barbarossa had to be manually transcribed to Erdberg, instead of being transmitted. Greta Kuckhoff was unable to accurately remember the place names written in the Cyrillic alphabet, so instead Libertas along with Adam Kuckhoff met Erdberg in the Potsdamer Platz station to manually whisper the list of cities to Erdberg, repeating the names to Erdberg so  he would remember them while they walked back and forward along the station, over several hours.

In August 1941, during a dinner party that Karbe and his wife held with the Schule-Boysens, he described how Libertas had blurted out the fact they were in the resistance, while they were discussing Harro working for Hermann Göring. This led Karbe to describe the consequences of their actions should they be discovered, which made Libertas scream. At the time. the daily fear of discovery was palpable and made the days run slow. They knew that the groups actions were considered treasonous, specifically Hochverrat or "High Treason" and punishable by death, but could do little to change it. Karbe was never part of the resistance and he believed that Libertas has little understanding of the danger they were currently in. In the same month, Karbe put the couple in touch with Anna Krauss, a fortune-teller, who became an important part of the group.

In September 1941, Schulze-Boysen met Cato Bontjes van Beek while on an assignement at the Leipzig Trade Fair and became friends. Van Beek was an ardent anti-Nazi  and agreed to collaborate with her, by helping her write up the Nazi crimes in her archive. In the autumn of 1941, Cato rented two rooms from Schulze-Boyson that were part of her very large apartment at 2 Waitzstrasse. Van Beek's lover, the journalist and poet Heinz Strelow rented on the rooms directly from Van Beek.

Documenting war crimes
In August 1940, the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda created the Deutsche KulturfilmZentrale (German Documentary Film Institute) whose purpose was to organise the production of ten to twenty minute long cultural films, that were to be shown in German film theatres, before the start of the main film, for the purpose of propaganda Libertas applied for a position in the department of Kunst, deutsches Land und Volk, Völker und Länder (Art, German Land and People, Peoples and Countries) and was appointed on 1 November 1941. In the position she acted as a censor, reviewing film scripts to determine if they adhered to Nazi Party ideology. Those that did not she would reject; filmmakers who she found to be trying to be innovative were passed. On her first day at work, she found her desk piled high with envelopes filled with photographs containing images of the work of the Sonderbehandlungen task forces. Joseph Goebbels had ordered the collection of photographs from the front so they can be used by Libertas to define themes for new cultural films. As part of her job, she had to continue requesting pictures from soldiers on leave.

For a long while Schulze-Boysen did not know how to react to the material as it was so shocking. She decided to start gathering pictorial evidence of Nazi war crimes, in anticipation of using them after the war to show the extent of the genocide.

AGIS leaflets
In December 1941, the Schulze-Boysens met the psychoanalyst John Rittmeister and his wife Eva. Through Rittmeister, several people who attended the Heil'schen Abendschule Abendgymnasium ("Berliner Städtische Abendgymnasium für Erwachsene") (BAG) in Schöneberg including Rittmeister's wife, Eva, who became part of the espionage group. This included the lawyer Maria Terwiel and her fiancée, the dentist Helmut Himpel as well as the factory worker Friedrich Rehmer and the student Ursula Goetze. Rittmeister was happy to hear from the reports that informed him of the German military setback on the Eastern Front and convinced Schulze-Boysen that the reports should be shared with the German people, which would destroy the myth of German propaganda. The group decide to write a series of reports known as "AGIS", a name chosen by Libertas who named in reference to the Spartan King Agis IV, who was a social reformer who fought against corruption. Rittmeister, Schulze-Boysen, Heinz Strelow, and Küchenmeister among others, wrote them with titles like The becoming of the Nazi movement, Call for opposition, Freedom and violence and Appeal to All Callings and Organisations to resist the government.

By 15 February 1942, Schulze-Boysen had written a six-page pamphlet titled Die Sorge Um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk! ("The Concern for Germany's Future Goes Through the People!"). Co-authored by Rittmeister, the master copy was arranged by Van Beek, and the pamphlet was written up by Terwiel on her typewriter. One copy survives today. The pamphlet posited the idea of active defeatism, which was a compromise between principled pacifism and practical political resistance. It stated the future for Germany lay in establishing a socialist state that would form alliances with the USSR and progressive forces in Europe. It also offered advice to the individual resistor: "do the opposite of what is asked of you". The group produced hundreds of pamphlets that were spread over Berlin, left in phone boxes, in eating establishments and sent to selected addresses, for example universities. Producing the leaflets required a small army of people and a complex approach to organisation to avoid being discovered.

Fears and protests
The couple spent Christmas holidays 1941 apart with Libertas spending Christmas in Liebenberg Castle with her cousin Ingeborg von Schoenebeck, who had a strong dislike of Harro and tried to convince Libertas that she should divorce. By 1942, the unrelenting stress of the resistance work began to tell. In early 1942, Van Beek and Strelow realised the terrible danger they were in, and began to withdraw from the group and their resistance activities. In the spring of 1942, Schulze-Boysen confided in Günther Weisenborn that for five years she had worked to resist the Nazis on behalf of Harro, but she found that she could not face the fear any longer. She yearned simply to live, in love and peace.

On 16 May 1942, she visited Vienna for four days to conduct a meeting with the Wien-Film film company. While she was away, the group protested the Nazi propaganda exhibition called The Soviet Paradise (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies") in Lustgarten, that had the express purpose of justifying the invasion of the Soviet Union to the German people. The protest took the form of small stickers with a message Permanent Exhibition, The Nazi Paradise, War, Hunger, Lies, Gestapo, How much longer? that were pasted up in several German neighbourhoods. On 18 May 1942, Herbert Baum led a group to commit an arson attack on the exhibition. While the arson attack was not reported, 500 Berlin based Jewish men were rounded up and deported to concenctration camps in a reprisal.

When she returned from Vienna, she discovered Harro in flagrante with the actor Stella Mahlberg with whom he had been having an affair since April 1941. She immediately demanded a divorce stating she would seek legal advice from Herbert Engelsing but Harro convinced her to stay, informing her that they knew too much about the resistance effort. Harro Schulze-Boysen continued the affair until August 1942. Libertas found the lack of emotional support highly distressing.

Letters from the Eastern Front
Through 1941 and 1942, Schulze-Boysen continued working with the Deutsche KulturfilmZentrale. In January 1942, she wrote to her mother-in-law Marie Louise, where she described the work, which she completes at home and spoke of how it made her deeply unhappy and melancholic. In May 1942, Schulze-Boysen met Alexander Spoerl who held similar political views. Spoerl was the son of the German author Heinrich Spoerl. At a party at the Engelsings and in an open conversation, she suggested that Spoerl become her assistant at the KulturfilmZentrale, to help her organise the pictures into an archive. However, the number of pictures in envelopes continued to increase. Schulze-Boysen decided to answer some of the letters she received, in an effort to collect more details for after the war. In one photograph she archives, it contains an image of a little girl next to her older brother, mother and a baby. All of them are to be shot. In another letter she received, a soldier spoke in lyrical terms of certain insects that he loved and could not harm, one was the potato beetle and included a photograph of him about to hurl a small baby against the wall. Libertas along with Adam Kuckhoff and the journalist John Sieg use some of the letters material to write a fictional letter to fictional police captain that stated:

 * "Would I otherwise write to you if I did not assume that you have not lost the ability and courage to follow the compulsion of conscience where it comes into conflict with such an obviously bestial "duty" as the ordered assassination of the Soviet population? In the state hospital in [...] I recently visited some police comrades who had been brought in from the East because of nervous breakdowns, all of them. You know the hospital atmosphere, this special kind of peace, the room was also enlivened with flowers, the sick were allowed to listen to music, and this ridiculously simple requiem of emotional healing was joined by, almost novelistic, literally, a few rays of sunshine. By the way, there is a department there about which my comrades told me with almost shy relief that the even worse nervous breakdowns were there: the powerful police officers from the past just keep moving along hopping, like kangaroos, you know, and others crawl on all fours, shaking carefully as they do so their heads, their hair falls disheveled over their faces, and their gaze is, someone repeated imploringly, “like a St. Bernard dog". I experienced many terrible things from my comrades; the calm in the room was deceptive, the furies were raging in it. In whispers, with eyes wide open and hoping for a word of redeeming justification from me, I was told about mass shootings of the civilian population in Russia, selected atrocities, about blood and tears without measure, the ultimate character of the beastly SS orders, the incomprehensible equanimity of helpless victims, yes, and of course there was a lot about the partisan struggle, which interested me immensely politically and tactically. Of course, I didn't say a word of consolation to any of the sick people that would have been of help to them in the horror-tormented twilight hours of their evenings, which made them all the more eager to reveal their deeds. Should I of all people give a kind of absolution to someone who subsequently, albeit in agony confess that he shot 50 people morning after morning on orders, so to speak, as a daily routine for months"

The letter was duplicated in a hectograph machine. Kurt Schumacher took several copies when he returned to his unit in Poznan and the group hoped for a snowball effect in its distribution, to see the letter pass up the chain of command.

Discovery
The discovery of the illegal radio transmissions by Soviet agent Johann Wenzel by the German radio counterintelligence organization Funkabwehr and his capture by the Gestapo on 29–30 June 1942 eventually exposed the group and led to the arrest of the Schulze-Boyzen's. Wenzel decided to cooperate after he was tortured. His exposure of the radio codes enabled Referat 12, the cipher bureaux of the Funkabwehr, to decipher Red Orchestra message traffic. The unit had been tracking Red Orchestra radio transmissions since June 1941 and had located Wenzel's house in Brussels. When it was raided by the Gestapo it was found to contain a large number of coded messages. When Wilhelm Vauck, principal cryptographer of the Funkabwehr, the radio counterintelligence department of the Abwehr, received the ciphers from Wenzel, he was able to decipher some of the older messages. On 15 July 1942, Vauck managed to decrypt a message dated 10 October 1941that gave the locations of the Kuckhoff's and the Schulze-Boysen's apartments.

Arrest
On 31 August 1942, Harro Schulze-Boysen was arrested in his office in the Ministry of Aviation. Libertas had received a puzzling phone call from his office several days before. She was also warned by the women who delivered her mail that the Gestapo were monitoring it. Libertas's assistant Alexander Spoerl also noticed that Adam Kuckhoff had gone missing while working in Prague. On 7 September 1942, the Harnacks were arrested while on holiday.

On the same day Libertas returned to an empty apartment after a short business trip and called Harro's secretary to try and locate him. She suspected that Schulze-Boysen was arrested and contacted the Engelsings. Herbert Engelsing tried to contact Kuckhoff without result. Libertas and Spoerl both started to panic and frantically tried to warn others. They destroyed the darkroom at the Kulurefilm center and Libertas destroyed her meticulously collected archive. At home, she packed a suitcase with all Harro Schulze-Boysen's papers and then tried to fabricate evidence of loyalty to the Nazi state by writing fake letters. She sent the suitcase to Günther Weisenborn in the vain hope that it could be hidden, and he tried to contact Harro Schulze-Boysen in vain. On the same day, she was informed by Horst Heilmann that Harro had been arrested.

On 8 September, while on a train to visit friends in the Moselle Valley, Libertas was arrested. She was taken to the basement cells (German:Hausgefängnis) in the most dreaded address in all of German-occupied Europe, Reich Security Main Office headquarters at 8 Prinz-Albert-Straße (Prince Albert street) containing department AMT IV, the Gestapo and put into protective custody (Schutzhäftlinge) by them.

In prison, Libertas met Gertrude Breiter, the secretary for Libertas's interrogator, Kommissar Alfred Göpfert. Libertas believed that Breiter was hostile to her superiors, seeing her more as a friend than an agent provocateur Breiter told Libertas that Göpfert did not have any serious evidence against her and due to her family connections with Hermann Göring, her life would be safe. Libertas decided to confide in Breiter and talked with her more than a dozen times. In the course of their furtive conversations, Libertas told Breiter what she knew of the other prisoners, asked Breiter to deliver letters to her mother and asked for additional favours, primarily in the form of a typewriter to write poetry. In the three months Libertas was in prison, she wrote a number of remarkable letters and poems to her mother and friends.

When the Gestapo informed her of Breiter's betrayal, Libertas was overwhelmed with remorse, stating in a letter to her mother, "I had to drink the bitter cup for now I learn that the person whom I had given my complete trust Gertrude Breiter had betrayed me." Her mother believed that Libertas had betrayed a number of the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group. However, in an unpublished interview with David Dallin after the war, Manfred Roeder, the advocate who prosecuted the Schulze-Boysens in the Reichskriegsgericht, stated that Libertas never betrayed anybody. Roeder credited the Funkspiel operation the Abwehr ran against the Red Orchestra radio operators for providing the necessary clues to identify the resistance members.

On 15 November 1942, Gurevich was brought back to Berlin where he was asked by the Gestapo on 22 November 1942 to identify the name of a woman in a picture. He identified her immediately as Libertas Schulze-Boysen. This provided definitive proof to the investigators that she was actively involved in the work of her husband.

Trial and execution
She and her husband were brought before trial in the Reichskriegsgericht ("Reich Court Martial"). She was charged with "preparation" to commit high treason, helping the enemy and espionage. Her husband was charged with preparation to commit high treason, wartime treason, military sabotage and espionage. The trial ended on 19 December 1942 with death sentences for both her husband and her. Libertas Schulze-Boysen was executed by guillotine about 90 minutes after her husband on 22 December 1942 at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin.

Honours

 * The German writer Alexander Spoerl dedicated his 1950 novel, Memoiren eines mittelmässigen Schülers (Memoirs of a Mediocre Student) to Libertas Schulze-Boysen.
 * In the Berlin borough of Lichtenberg in 1972, a street was named after the Schulze-Boysens.
 * The Libertas Chapel in Liebenberg Castle, where she married her husband Harro, is dedicated to her. Since 2004, a special exhibition by the Memorial to the German Resistance on the life of Libertas and the joint resistance within the Red Orchestra against Nazism has been on display here – documented with photographs and extensive writings.
 * In 2017, two Stolpersteine (stumbling stones) each for Libertas and her husband Harro were laid in front of the steps of the entrance to the Liebenberg Castle.

title: Libertas Schulze-Boysen


text:
Uptown Saturday Night

Uptown Saturday Night is a 1974 American action comedy and crime comedy film, written by Richard Wesley and directed by and starring Sidney Poitier, with Bill Cosby and Harry Belafonte co-starring. Cosby and Poitier teamed up again for Let's Do It Again (1975) and A Piece of the Action (1977). Although Cosby's and Poitier's characters have different names in each film, the three films are considered a trilogy. Uptown Saturday Night premiered on June 15, 1974, at the Criterion Theatre in New York and opened to positive reviews.

The plot of the film revolves around efforts to retrieve a stolen wallet, which contains a winning lottery ticket.

Plot
While enjoying themselves at Madame Zenobia's club on Saturday night, Steve Jackson and Wardell Franklin are held up by robbers who raid the club and steal Steve's wallet. When they realize that a winning lottery ticket worth $50,000 is in the wallet, Steve and Wardell set out to find the crooks themselves with the help of gangster Geechie Dan Beauford, who wants to defeat his rival Silky Slim. Steve and Wardell devise a plan to recover the ticket.

Cast
Main cast
 * Sidney Poitier as Steve Jackson, a steel-mill worker and tame family man. He is confident and flirtatious, and he will often take up challenges posed by his best friend Wardell. His wallet was stolen by Silky Slim at Madame Zenobia's.
 * Bill Cosby as Wardell Franklin, a taxi driver and Steve's best friend. He has a carefree attitude, and will often act impulsively when presented with thrilling and exciting situations. He persuades Steve to go to Madame Zenobia's, and later to visit Sharp Eye Washington.
 * Harry Belafonte as Dan "Geechie Dan" Beauford, a short-tempered gangster. Although he is tough and stubborn, he is also easily persuaded when money is involved. His rival is Silky Slim.
 * Calvin Lockhart as "Silky Slim", a lead gangster and rival of Geechie Dan. Driven by money, he and his crew rob everyone at Madame Zenobia's estate and steal cash and jewelry, including Steve's wallet.

Supporting cast
 * Flip Wilson as The Reverend
 * Richard Pryor as "Sharp Eye" Washington
 * Rosalind Cash as Sarah Jackson
 * Roscoe Lee Browne as Congressman Chesley Lincoln
 * Paula Kelly as Peggy "Leggy Peggy" / Mrs. Lincoln
 * Lee Chamberlin as Madame Zenobia
 * Johnny Sekka as Geechie's Henchman
 * Lincoln Kilpatrick as Slim's Henchman #1
 * Don Marshall as Slim's Henchman #2
 * Ketty Lester as Irma Franklin
 * Harold Nicholas as Seymour "Little Seymour"
 * Paul Harris as Police Officer
 * Richard L. Duran as Waldorf Patron (Uncredited)

Background
Uptown Saturday Night was produced by Warner Bros. in the midst of the blaxploitation film era along with films such as Cleopatra Jones and Black Belt Jones.

Throughout his career, Poitier was frustrated with Hollywood's portrayal of blacks in film and television, which motivated him to direct films during the blaxploitation era. The first film that he directed was Buck and the Preacher, in which he starred with Belafonte. Poitier then directed Uptown Saturday Night and its sequels, Let's Do It Again and A Piece of the Action.

Themes
The characters in the film, while different in their motives and demeanor, have a sophisticated and classy appearance in the black community (with the exception of Sharp Eye Washington). Poitier sought to represent black actors on screen in an elegant manner in contrast to the usual image of blacks in Hollywood. During his career, he refused roles that enforced negative stereotypes, and chose to play characters who were "dignified, proud, and ethical". Critics have noted this pattern: "In all his films, [Poitier] was educated and intelligent. He spoke proper English, dressed conservatively, and had the best of table manners".

Reception
Uptown Saturday Night grossed $7,400,000 in the US, surpassing its production cost of $2,500,000. It was on the list of top 50 highest-grossing films at #3, just three months after its release. The film received mixed-to-positive reviews upon release. Vincent Canby of the New York Times wrote that the film "is essentially a put-on, but it's so full of good humor and, when the humor goes flat, of such high spirits that it reduces movie criticism to the status of a most nonessential craft". Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 stars out of 4, calling it "an old-style comedy revue in which each actor has his chance to crack up the audience with one big scene ... [Poitier] derives natural comedy through the simplest of actions, simply because he's Sidney Poitier. Whether it's waiting for a bus or calmly listening to a boastful friend, Poitier grabs our attention by letting us see him as a regular guy". Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it "the funniest film since 'Blazing Saddles' and surely one of the year's most enjoyable movies, the old-fashioned kind that leaves you feeling good when it's over". Penelope Gilliatt wrote that Richard Wesley's script "has managed to say something farcical with courageous and truthful underpinnings about black ways of escape into a world that is full of far more fun than any that more privileged whites ever seem to create".

Among negative reviews, Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote that "while the film is a welcomed change from the many blaxploitation films of recent years, neither the vehicle nor the performers are able to get off the ground". Paul D. Zimmermann of Newsweek wrote: "Poitier is not an inventive comic talent — he is erratic behind the camera and amiable but not funny in front of it. When the funny set pieces stop, the film sputters — but not before delivering a carnival of fine comic characters". Variety called the film "uneven", opining that "too much of the time Uptown Saturday Night just lies there, impatiently waiting for more inventive comedy business and a zippier pace than the sober Poitier seems able to provide". Walter Burrell of Essence magazine wrote "one walks away a bit dissatisfied...One is left with the feeling these great talents could have used a vehicle more suited to their abilities". David McGillivray of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that "everyone tries so hard to affect a happy-go-lucky air, but the material is so feeble and Sidney Poitier's direction so uninspired that the performances of all but the urbane Roscoe Lee Browne look depressingly mediocre. It is difficult to see in Uptown Saturday Night anything but a colossal waste of talent".

Television pilot
Shortly after the film's release, NBC commissioned a television pilot for a sitcom version of Uptown Saturday Night, starring Cleavon Little and Adam Wade, playing the respective roles played by Cosby and Poitier in the film. The pilot did not sell, though it was seen on NBC during the summer of 1979 as part of Comedy Theater, one of many showcases featuring unsold pilots.

Sequels
Although indirect, the sequels are Let's Do It Again (1975), and A Piece of the Action (1977). They also garnered mixed reviews from critics, partly due to the fall of the blaxploitation era.

Let's Do It Again (1975) was written by Richard Wesley and directed by Poitier. The first sequel to Uptown Saturday Night features Poitier and Cosby again on the same screen as Clyde Williams (Poitier) and Billy Foster (Cosby). Many members of the previous film return and play different roles, including Lee Chamberlin and Calvin Lockhart. The film relies primarily on slapstick comedy, compared to Uptown Saturday Night which had verbal wit comedy. The film was met with mostly negative reviews. Stephen Klain of Independent Film Journal wrote: "As he did in the previous film, Poitier had given himself relatively little to do as an actor, preferring to let the camera linger on Cosby, who lets all stops out". Richard Eder of The New York Times opined that "the movie's main strength is Bill Cosby, who looks like a starved sheep in wolf's clothing, as is shifty and woebegone at the same time". In spite of reviews, it grossed $11,800,800 in North America, surpassing Uptown Saturday Night in revenue.

A Piece of the Action (1977) was written by Charlies Blackwill and directed by Poitier. Poitier and Cosby return as Manny Durrell and Dave Anderson. Like its predecessor, it primarily uses slapstick comedy. It gained fairly positive reviews from critics. David Ansen of Newsweek wrote: "Corny and hip, cynical and sentimental, formulaic and funky, A Piece of the Action may have a medicinal intent, but it goes down like ice cream soda". It grossed $6,700,000 domestically.

Soundtrack
The music for Uptown Saturday Night was written by composers Tom Scott and Morgan Ames. It was produced and arranged by Van McCoy. It was released in late 1974, with a duration time of 6 minutes and 23 seconds. The opening song, performed by Dobie Gray, is very upbeat, with themes of self-preservation and happiness. The recurring song throughout the film and credits convey self-determination, a motive that reflects the Black Power movement, with the lyrics "I gotta hold on".

Remake
In 2002, Will Smith and his production company, Overbrook Entertainment, bought the rights to the trilogy for remakes to star Smith and to be distributed by Warner Bros. Smith hoped to get Eddie Murphy, Martin Lawrence and other famous African-American stars for the films. In 2012, Adam McKay was attached to direct the remake, based on a script by Just Go with It screenwriter Tim Dowling, with Smith and Denzel Washington in the leads. There have been no updates since early 2014, when Nicholas Stoller was re-writing the screenplay, with McKay, Smith and Washington still attached. In 2018, Kevin Hart was attached to star in the remake with a script written by Black-ish creator Kenya Barris.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Uptown Saturday Night


text:
Joshua Clayton

Dr. Joshua Clayton (July 20, 1744 – August 11, 1798) was an American physician and politician from Mount Pleasant in Pencader Hundred, New Castle County, Delaware. He was an officer of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as Governor of Delaware and as U.S. Senator from Delaware.

Early life and education
Clayton was born near Wyoming, Delaware, son of John Clayton and Eleanor Edinfield. John Clayton was a miller and the grandson of another Joshua Clayton, a Quaker who came from Lincolnshire, England, in the late 17th century.

The younger Joshua Clayton attended medical school at what is now the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, from 1757 until 1762, and then began a medical practice in Middletown, Delaware. He became close friends with Richard Bassett, and in 1765, married his adopted daughter, Rachael McCleary.

Clayton acquired a portion of Bassett's Bohemia Manor estate, and in 1773 built their home, called Locust Grove. It is now known as the Dickey Farm, and is on the Choptank Road, two miles west of Mount Pleasant in Pencader Hundred, to the northwest of Middletown. There they had three children who lived to adulthood, Richard, James Lawson and Thomas. Their religious affiliation is unclear, but they were almost certainly members of the Bethel Methodist Church by the time of their deaths.

American Revolutionary War
During the American Revolution, Clayton served in the Bohemia Manor militia, where he had been commissioned a major. He was also an aide and surgeon to General George Washington at the Battle of Brandywine and at Valley Forge.

Delaware General Assembly
Following this Clayton served in the House of Assembly in the 1778–79 session, and again from the 1780–81 session through the 1783–84 session. He was back again in the 1785–86 session, and the 1787–88 session. He was chosen President of Delaware by the Delaware General Assembly on May 30, 1789, and served as President until January 15, 1793. Under the provisions of the new Delaware Constitution of 1792 he became the first popularly elected Governor of Delaware and continued to serve in that capacity until his term ended, January 19, 1796.

This new state Constitution was the major political development of these years. With the new U.S. Constitution in place, it was necessary to revise the somewhat experimental Delaware Constitution of 1776. Under the initial leadership of John Dickinson, delegates provided for a real Governor, elected by popular vote and no longer sharing executive authority with the Privy Council. The other major change was to expand the voting franchise by eliminating the property ownership requirement.

A New State House
During Clayton's tenure it was determined that a new courthouse was needed in Kent County. Since the General Assembly had moved from New Castle in 1777 it had shared the county courthouse with the county officials. They wished to continue to do so in the new building. The county commissioners responsible for erecting the building agreed, but asked for "an appropriation for the completion of the building." In response, on June 2, 1788, a committee of the General Assembly reported that "in their opinion such is the situation of the treasury, together with loud complaints of public creditors and their duty to constituents, that the prayer of the memorial cannot be complied with at this time."

A few days later, though, "all moneys arising from marriage and tavern licenses were appropriated to completing the court-house," and "on July 29, 1791, a bill introduced by Kensey Johns was passed providing for a lottery to raise one thousand pounds for furnishing the court-house."

However, when the building was nearly complete and being occupied by the General Assembly:

"on May 3, 1792, it is said that Sheriff John Clayton, by order of the Levy Court, entered the Assembly rooms with drawn sword, and demanded their use for the workmen. The General Assembly there-upon adjourned to the tavern of Thomas Hale, at Duck Creek Cross-Roads and continued their session."

The next day, the State House adopted the following resolution:

"Whereas, John Clayton, who declared he spoke the sentiments of the people of Kent County hath, as one of the Commissioners for completing the Court-House in Dover, insulted the Legislature of this State by denying them the use of the chambers heretofore occupied by the General Assembly for holding their sessions, requiring them to be delivered up for the use of workmen employed about the building, in consequences of which both houses have adjourned the sessions to Duck Creek Cross-Roads; therefore, "Resolved unanimously, That in the opinion of this General Assembly the Legislature of the State ought not to be subject to the caprice of any individual in the State, and that it will not be proper for them to hold their sessions in the town of Dover until the Levy Court of Kent County, or some other proper authority shall, by an explicit act, appropriate to their use the Chambers in the said Court-House agreeable to the intention heretofore expressed.

The State Senate failed to concur in the resolution, and pending further action the difficulty was reconciled, and beginning with the next session, November 1792, the General Assembly occupied the State-House, and have continued to the present time (1888)."

United States Senate
Two years after his term ended, Clayton was chosen by the Delaware General Assembly to fill the vacant seat in the United States Senate caused by the resignation of U.S. Senator John Vining. He began his term January 19, 1798, and served until his death on August 11, 1798, while still in office. During this term, he served in the Federalist majority in the 5th Congress, during the administration of U.S. President John Adams.

Death and legacy
Clayton died at Mount Pleasant in New Castle County after being stricken with yellow fever while at the United States Congress in Philadelphia. He was first buried at the Locust Grove Cemetery in Pencader Hundred, New Castle County. Later his remains were moved into the Bethel Church Cemetery at Chesapeake City, Maryland. They were moved again to another location in the Bethel Church Cemetery in 1965 upon a widening of the nearby Chesapeake and Delaware Canal.

Clayton's son, Thomas Clayton, was a U.S. Senator, and his nephew, John M. Clayton was also a U.S. Senator as well as U.S. Secretary of State. His great-grandson Henry Clayton built Woodside; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Almanac
Elections were held October 1 and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. State Assemblymen had a one-year term. The whole General Assembly chose the State President for a three-year term. The General Assembly also chose the U.S. Senators who took office March 4 for a six-year term. In this case he was completing the existing term, the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Vining.

Beginning in 1792 elections were held on the first Tuesday of October and members of the General Assembly took office on the first Tuesday of January. Also in 1792 the State Legislative Council was renamed the State Senate and the State House of Assembly became the State House of Representatives. The State President became the Governor and was popularly elected. He takes office the third Tuesday in January and had a three-year term.

Images

 * Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover

Places with more information

 * Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161.
 * University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831–2965.

title: Joshua Clayton


text: User talk:71.96.75.146

title: User talk:71.96.75.146


text:
Southern Islands

The Southern Islands is a planning area consisting of a collection of islets located within the Central Region of Singapore, once home to the native Malay islanders and sea nomads before they were relocated to the mainland for urban redevelopment and future use. The islands that form the planning area are Kusu Island, Lazarus Island, Pulau Seringat, Pulau Tekukor, Saint John's Island, Sentosa and the two Sisters' Islands. The islands encompass a total land area of about 5.58 km2. The Sentosa Development Corporation oversaw the development and maintenance of these offshore islands south of Singapore from 1976 to March 2017, when it handed it back to the Singapore Land Authority.

Southern Islands planning area is situated on the Singapore Straits, south of the mainland planning area of Bukit Merah. It also shares maritime boundary with the Western Islands planning area.

Development
As part of the Singapore Tourism Board's (STB) plan to develop the other Southern Islands after Sentosa, land reclamation was started in 2000 to link Pulau Seringat and Lazarus Island. The reclamation created a sand bank between the two islands, forming a lagoon that has an unobstructed seaview.

Pulau Seringat, which is now part of the extended Lazarus Island, now has an 800-metre stretch of beach. Thousands of cubic metres of sand, checked for sandfly eggs, was imported from Indonesia to make the beach. 1,000 mature coconut trees were also planted to add to the island feel of the place.

A causeway connecting Lazarus Island and Saint John's Island was also built to make the three islands more accessible and help attract more visitors.

Previously a shoal that was barely visible at high tide, Kias is now an island that houses an electricity generator with enough capacity to support the other three islands.

The reclamation took six years to complete and cost S$60 million. Another S$120 million was spent to bring water, electricity, gas and telecommunication infrastructure from Sentosa to the islands. The submarine services link consists of a 1.2-kilometre trench holding utility lines that lie 17 metres underwater. It links Sentosa Cove to Kias Island, and is protected underneath 50,000 tonnes of rock. It holds two 12-inch (30 cm) gas pipelines, two 12-inch (30 cm) water pipelines, four 22 kV power cables and four 96 core fibre optic cables for telecommunications.

The entire project cost nearly S$300 million and took about 15 years of planning.

Plans
In November 2006, the Singapore Tourism Board announced plans to develop the six islands off the southern tip of Sentosa into a tourist attraction. These islands include the Sisters' Island, Kusu Island, Lazarus Island and Saint John's Island, which draw at least 100,000 visitors a year. These are mainly pilgrims, campers, day-trippers and canoeists.

This, as STB's S$12 billion Sentosa master plan — which includes HarbourFront and the Southern Islands — is expected to be completed ahead of schedule in 2010. The STB intends to tap on the momentum of the Sentosa Integrated resort bid and extend investor interest to the islands nearby.

Over the years, there have been several suggestions on how to develop the islands, from turning them into a centre for water sports, to developing eco-tourism and promoting fishing. Even a retirement village was promoted. However, these plans did not materialise.

The STB reckoned that the time was ripe to attract investors to develop the islands, which lies about a 20-minute ferry ride from the Singapore Cruise Centre and 30 minutes from Marina South Pier.

Exploring the potential of developing land around the Marina Bay and Sentosa areas, the STB has concluded that enhancing the lush greenery and natural foliage of the Southern Islands will make them irresistible as a tourist destination. The Southern Islands currently has a Chinese temple, natural ecosystems and a resort-like atmosphere. Therefore, it is conceivable to turn some of them into a resort island, a cultural site or an interactive rainforest park.

There is also some potential for the Southern Islands to become a themed destination, mixing education and entertainment, that leverages on its natural resources. It has been said that the potential is similar to Italy's Isle of Capri, a marine village, or Dubai's The Palm islands, a development for the ultra-wealthy. However, it may be difficult to develop the islands as a mass tourist destination because they lack a land link to the main island. Instead, a plan is being considered to turn them into a getaway for the well-heeled who can afford the luxury and those who want to explore the rustic surroundings for the islands' flora and fauna, including 300 species of native wildlife.

With the completion of land reclamation works to link Pulau Seringat, Lazarus Island and Saint John's Island, the STB is setting its sights to develop the cluster by 2015, the year they plan to hit its target of 17 million annual visitors and S$30 billion in tourism receipts. The STB expects to announce details for the development of the Southern Islands and seek requests for concepts as early as March 2007.

However, in April 2007, STB announced that the plans for the Southern Islands have been put on hold. Industry sources said that the Government is considering housing a casino on the six-island cluster. STB met potential investors in January 2006 to gauge their interests and listen to ideas, but the results were apparently not very encouraging. To date, no decision has been made yet on the development concept, including whether a request for concepts exercise will be launched. It is the second time in three years that the authorities are rethinking plans for the Southern Islands.

title: Southern Islands


text:
Eugenia Davitashvili

Eugenia Yuvashevna Davitashvili, known as Djuna or Dzhuna (Georgian: ევგენია ჯუნა დავითაშვილი; Russian: Евге́ния Юва́шевна Давиташви́ли; née Sardis; 22 July 1949 – 8 June 2015) was a Russian faith healer, writer, painter and public figure of Iranian Assyrian descent who positioned herself as a healer, claiming the power to cure cancer, knit broken bodies, and prolong life beyond 100 years. She took her Georgian surname from her former husband.

Politics
In 1995, she participated in the Russian legislative election as the head of the Juna Davitashvili Bloc. Her 0.47% of votes were not enough to give her any seat in the State Duma.

Experiments
In 1983 and 1984, physicist and psi researcher, Russell Targ, his daughter Elisabeth Targ, and Keith Harary visited the Soviet Union as guests of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. In Moscow they were able to discuss remote viewing research with Russian scientists, visit psychics, including Davitashvili, and allegedly even carry out with her some remote viewing experiments between Moscow and San Francisco.

Death
Davitashvili died in Moscow on 8 June 2015, two days after she fell into a coma, according to her close friend and actor Stanislav Sadalsky. She was buried next to her son, who died in 2001.

title: Eugenia Davitashvili


text:
User talk:Broszak

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Pharos 01:13, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Broszak


text:
Talk:Toyman

Toyman in Animated DCU
Do we really need multiple, in-depth synopses of Toyman's appearances in the Animated DCU? It seems vastly disproportionate to the descriptions of his other TV appearances, and the summaries are sort of awkward in and of themselves. Pitr 01:12, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think we do, either; guessing some fan of the various Animated series probably tacked on the lengthy descriptions (which seem as long, if not longer, than the descriptions of his comic book appearances!). Anthony Dean 12:27, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if I should just compress the summaries (which would mean deleting almost all of that stuff), or make a new page for the animated Toyman. I mean, the latter seems ridiculous and unnecessary, but the former seems just plain rude.  Pitr 06:01, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just putting my two cents in here... I first wrote this article way back in June, and the Toyman bio (the big one about Winslow being the son of a toymaker, etc.) was what I got from Supermanica, in the link below. But then people changed the page around and stuck that bio on the animated Toyman bio, and I assumed that I was misinformed. From what I gather the bio is of the Golden Age Toyman, and I'm not sure why it was swapped around like that. UndeniablyJordan 10:26, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Why should you fault an article for having more depth? Instead of editing the bits about the ADCU, why not add to the print medium information? There is a ton of it out there... one only needs to do the research. BUT DO NOT EDIT stuff that is of value just because you privledge one medium over another. Jackbox1971 03:17, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

The Earth-2 Toyman
The E-2 Toyman had a cameo in Infinite Crisis#2 in fb.

Allegedly, the Soviets disguised landmines as children's dolls in Afghanistan. One wonders if they heard of this guy.

 * Stuff about variations in characters between the various DC "Earths" is of great interest to me. I wish article writers would take the time to include even a little information about E2 (or even other Earth) variants of DCU characters.Jackbox1971 03:20, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Batman--Chris Griswold 13:30, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Hiro
What happened to Hiro? I remember Lex Luthor or the new Toyman referring to him, but I do not have the comics in front of me.--Chris Griswold 13:24, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Nevermind. Toyman said he swiped some schematics from him. --Chris Griswold 13:29, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Has anyone else noticed the similarity between the names Hiro Okamura and Hiro Nakamura, the comic book geek who can bend time and space on Heroes? 69.255.68.142 04:29, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Hiro is a very common first name in Japan, and the "kamura" part of their names is also common... it's like pointing out that two men called John Johnson and John Jameson have similar names. Of course they have similar names, but it's just a coincidence, and not worth mentioning in an article about either of them; particularly when Okamura and Nakamura don't have similarp powers or personalities.--MaGnUs was here! (talk) 07:38, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

superman doomsday toyman
Any idea what he looks like —Preceding unsigned comment added by Supermike (talk • contribs) 16:26, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * To me, he looks like Tim Burton. (JoeLoeb (talk) 23:13, 14 February 2009 (UTC))

 * If you have seen the android Schlott built - along with other Toyman analogues, from what we've seen so far - it's a fairly accurate body double... that is, presuming the actual Hiro is still around.
 * I actually hope so, they could probably use this as a chance to explain the theft of the "metallo" super-alloy his grandfather created. This part of Hiro's background was probably intended as nod to Mazinger Z, both in regards to Super Alloy Z and the relationship between Juzo Kabuto and his grandson Koji (this was further explored in Shin Mazinger Shougeki! Z Hen). -- LukaTron (talk) 17:25, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Strange visitor from another planet?
The statement about the Superfriends Toyman having an "extraterrestrial origin" might be the result of confusion with another character, I think he was called the "Space Jester" or something similar. He wore a jester's cap and had a similar laugh to Toyman (voiced by the same guy?), along with magic powers. Noclevername (talk) 07:48, 10 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It may also be a misinterpretation of the description of the Legion of Doom in the opening of Challenge of the Superfriends: "Banded together from remote galaxies..." Although some of the L.O.D. are from outer space, some of them aren't (viz. Lex Luthor, Gorilla Grodd).  At no point in Challenge is Toyman described as having an extraterrestrial origin. --98.215.68.62 (talk) 19:31, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

In Other Media
Why does the top of the "In Other Media" section say "Classic Balls"? I'm assuming this is vandalism nobody's caught— or is "Balls" a nickname for the Jack Kimball version? I'm really not that familiar with Toyman. ManiacClown (talk) 04:23, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Tim Burton
Is it me or does Toyman from Superman: Doomsday look alot like Tim Burton? (JoeLoeb (talk) 04:16, 4 February 2009 (UTC))

The New Adventures of Wonder Woman (Season 2): "The Deadly Toys"

Frank Gorshin plays a toymaker named Orlick Hoffman in the second season of The New Adventures of Wonder Woman. Hoffman runs a toy shop in Georgetown called "Jungle King." He makes androids in an attempt to steal a government secret weapon, Project XYZ. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.208.246.98 (talk) 13:38, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

 * What are you talking about? (JoeLoeb (talk) 21:47, 17 February 2009 (UTC))

What the ?
You are telling me that Hiro, Nimball, and the psychopathic Schott are nothing more then androids? Oh jeez, that's awful. Why Geoff Johns? Aw well. (JoeLoeb (talk) 21:40, 18 May 2009 (UTC))

 * I think the only one who was really an android was the psychopathic Schott. There's nothing to suggest that the other androids were anything more than just copies of the real people. --DrBat (talk) 21:56, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Well that, and the 40's ToyMan, and his wife. Jesus, Schott is insane as Lex. (JoeLoeb (talk) 04:56, 23 May 2009 (UTC))

title: Talk:Toyman


text:
User talk:Ckamaeleon

I typically reply on YOUR talk page, since I don't know if you're a big watch-list person or not.

 * Archive 1 (Addressed before 1 May 2006) - My First Archive, I feel loved.
 * Archive 2 (Currently empty, but nice to have around)

New Stuff Goes at the Bottom!
Please leave your New Contributions at the bottom (unless you are following up, then put it at the bottom of the appropriate section). This keeps everything numbered in decending order. If it sweetens the deal, I'll make an an archive so that you don't have to scroll so much. Ckamaeleon ((T)) 17:09, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Columbine SpokenWiki Progress-Meter
(back to Main Project Page)

There is now a sandbox where I'm sorting through info for the second part's recording.

* Title -short * Intro -short * 1 Warning signs -short o 1.1 Crime, punishment, and retaliation -short o 1.2 Journals and videos -short * 2 Firearms -short  --proposed break-- pre-editing time: 13:48; final time: 9:36   --FINISHED and UPLOADED!-- * 3 April 20, 1999: shooting at Columbine High -short o 3.1 The shooting begins -long o (InfoBox: Injuries and deaths in initial incident) o 3.2 The library massacre -long o (InfoBox: Injuries and deaths in the library) o 3.3 Suicide of the shooters -short o (InfoBox: Deaths of the shooters) --proposed break-- pre-editing time: 37:45 o 3.4 The shooting ends -short * 4 Aftermath -short o 4.1 Third shooter theory -short * 5 Aftershock and the search for reasons -long --NEW proposed break-- pre-editing time: ??:??? * 6 Long-term impact -short * 7 Cultural impact -short * 8 Consult also -short (am with the camp that uses "consult" as less awkward term for recordings) (* 9 Notes -long) proposed omission * 10 References -short * 11 External links -med * Recording date + GFDL info -short --proposed break-- pre-editing time: ??:??;
 * TOTAL runtime before editing : 97:03 (mm:ss)

'''ALL RECORDED! .. but not all edited or processed, yet. Found several things to edit, but will add them later this week to the article talk page; nothing huge. '''

POST-PRODUCTION:- Estimated finish date: 20 May. Once back from wikibreak. I've even added it to Evolution under the category "Overdue Obligations"
 * 1) Discuss the end product: number of parts, how to intro/outro each
 * 2) Edit out retakes and extra silence
 * 3) Re-record any mis-pronounced names.
 * 4) Finish all cutting/pasting
 * 5) Process all (normalize, compress, remove ambient noise), then downmix and save
 * 6) UPLOAD, add file info to Wiki
 * 7) Place templates on page.

Columbine Changes
Hey, I just wanted to let you know that I revised the fatal injures of Daniel Rohrbough, both in the table and in the text. It turns out he was shot in the chest, not the head. I wanted to let you know now while you still can re-record (before posting the spoken version); it's no more than a few words, so I'm sure it won't be a big deal (hopefully). Thanks. -- PRueda29  / Ptalk29 / Pcontribs29 17:15, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * No prob. Thanks for keeping me in touch w/ the changes, since I'm reading from a printout for this article (to help me mark up the pronunciation) and I won't see changes on the page.Ckamaeleon 17:39, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hey, just wanted to let you know that I recently expanded the paragraph about the exachange with Bernall just a tiny little bit. I needed to clarify that the few students who still say the Bernall exchange took place did not witness the event occur, but rather heard it and that it could've mislead them since an exchange did occur with a surviving student.  Well, if you read the paragraph you'll know what I mean.  Also, if you possibly can, could you copyedit it?  Thanks. --  SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  03:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

... Don't wanna bug you or anything, but... just checking up. -- SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  06:11, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * LOL... yeah I understand about college. It's not as long as they tell you it should be!! ARGH.  That's great about the JET Program.  I wish I could go to Japan, maybe next year.  Sorry about jumping on you... LOL, I guess watchpages do make people groupies. HAH!!! --  SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  06:23, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that double sentence thing was done by a bot changing the a.m./p.m. format from AM/PM to the current style. -- SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  15:36, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It's shots, plural, Harris shot multiple times below the table, hitting three of the four people there, and killing one of them (dePooter). I will check through the edit history of the article and check to see what bot it was and if the bot is still doing that now.  Good luck with the recordings!!! --  SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  16:05, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * LOL, don't worry about the recording quality, I don't think it should matter very much as long as it suddenly doesn't change mid-sentence. I don't think many people will mind.  Hopefully, the article hasn't changed too much since your recording so that you don't have to re-record.  I know that since March there's been a few revisions, mostly of grammar and wording, but the generally information has always remained the same. --  SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  16:08, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You can never be too sure though, notice in the article that one bullet injured two people during the massacre... that always shocked me! -- SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  16:12, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Commons Editing
The English in the First Steps article on the Commons REALLY needs polishing. I can do it. But later. Ckamaeleon ((T)) 21:15, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Spoken article in progress template
I'm happy with the changes you've made so far. Actually, I think the date link is quite a good idea. As for the link to the original requester, I don't have a strong opinion. What if there is no original requester, though?

By the way, I'm not doing as much on Spoken Wikipedia (or Wikipedia in general) as I was earlier in the year, partly because of a new job I started a couple of weeks ago, so don't be surprised if I'm quite slow to interact with things happening on Wikipedia. T J McKenzie 06:06, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Spoken icon silly business
It's an unpleasant fact that there will always be a few editors who feel the need to act in a confrontational and sometimes spiteful manner whenever they encounter anybody who's work doesn't accord with their own views on how things should be done. This is not just my opinion, it's in the history for anyone who cares to look. All you can do is be tolerant and hope they'll eventually realise the damage they do to the Wikipedia ideal of good faith, and how much their actions and words sour the whole Wikipedia experience for many.

Spoken is a small, young project, not without problems, but people have done lots of great work there, and more are coming in. I've had personal experience with people outside of Wikipedia who like what the Spoken project is doing, and, over time, the usefulness of English Wikipedia spoken articles will be more apparent to more people. Until then, we'll only have a small support base of editors, and we may well get clobbered in matters like the current disagreement over article main page aesthetics no matter how informed and logical our arguments are.

I'm not, however, suggesting giving up. I take the long view. The Spoken Wikipedia project is not going away anytime soon, and attempts by some editors to reduce the Wikipedia's usefulness in order to satisfy their own particularly refined sense of aesthetics, whatever their outcome, won't change that. You and others have put up some excellent arguments, and this whole amusing business isn't over yet, but let's not forget why we're involved in this project. :) Good luck with the JET programme, BTW. -- Macropode 09:50, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Salut!
Je suis de retour! I took a bit of a vacation from WikiPedia (finals in Spring, took a group of high schoolers to France last month) but just thought I'd say hi and let you know I'm going to be a little more active in the future. I just recorded the spoken article for Rosetta Project; the quality is a lot better than my Thomas Pynchon file, which I probably should just re-record one of these days. Anyway, hope all is well wth you! --Chadley99 06:37, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Image:Wikimic.png
Hi, Jcornelius used your image to create a logotype for the Berlin Speakers Corner, a regular meetup in Berlin to create spoken Wikipedia files. As I try to vectorize the image, I would like to ask for your high definition version of the Wikimic image. Can you send it to me by mail? Just use the address ew_nospam (at) web (dot) de. Thank you very much! --elya 18:26, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Spoken article
Hi. I've noticed that you appear to have been working on converting the second, third and fourth parts of the article Columbine High School massacre into a spoken version for over six months now, according to your entry on the In Progress secton of Wikiproject Spoken Wikipedia. If you are no longer working on the article, please either remove yourself from the list, or notify me so I can do so, so other editors will know they can work on the article instead. If you don't reply within a week, I will assume you are no longer working on the article. Cheers, H4cksaw   (talk)  21:45, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

thank you
I listened to your audio recording of signature on wikipedia. Thank you! How did you do this? David dgranvilleus@yahoo.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.44.133.66 (talk) 12:55, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Simple Green
A tag has been placed on Simple Green, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. لenna vecia  17:39, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Quixotic plea
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Wikipediholism test. Thanks. —  04:36, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Spoken Wikipedia In Progress
Template:Spoken Wikipedia In Progress has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 19:00, 14 August 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ckamaeleon


text:
Ventimiglia (disambiguation)

Ventimiglia is a city in Liguria, Italy near the French border.

Ventimiglia may also refer to:

Places

 * Ventimiglia di Sicilia, a city in Sicily, Italy
 * Castle of Ventimiglia (or castle of Bonifato), ancient castle built at the end of the 14th century by the Ventimiglia family
 * Ventimiglia Vineyard, a winery in New Jersey
 * Genoa–Ventimiglia railway, railway running along the coast of the Liguria region of Italy
 * Marseille–Ventimiglia railway, 259-kilometre long railway line running between France and Italy

People

 * Ventimiglia family, an Italian noble family
 * Cesare Ventimiglia (1573–1645), Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Terracina, Priverno e Sezze (1615–1645)
 * Gerolamo Ventimiglia (1644–1709), Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Lipari (1694–1709)
 * Giovanni Ventimiglia, Italian Professor for Philosophy
 * Giovanni II Ventimiglia, 6th Marquis of Geraci (died 1553), 16th-century Italian nobility, Marquess of Geraci from 1436
 * John Ventimiglia (born 1963), Italian-American actor
 * Mario Ventimiglia (1921–2005), Italian professional football player, manager and chairman
 * Milo Ventimiglia (born 1977), Italian-American actor
 * Ugo Ventimiglia (died 1172), Italian cardinal

title: Ventimiglia (disambiguation)


text: User talk:210.55.230.121

title: User talk:210.55.230.121


text:
Talk:Franklin Clarence Mars

Horse Racing
would this site help? Milky Way Farms Booklet 72.148.31.114 (talk) 08:41, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Accuracy?
I have found many history sites that talk about Franklin C. Mars and have large discrepencies. He grew up in Minnesota for instance, and unless the grave stone I have personally have seen in Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis is wrong, he is not buried in Chicago. I think there are probably some other errors as well.

Any thoughts on this?

Grandeandy 01:18, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello (three years later). The Minnesota State Legislature keeps a list of famous Minnesotans, and their source, The Historical Society of Oak Park and River Forest has been added in part to the article just now. Sorry it is a bit of a mess to sort the cited from uncited sentences so I hope somebody else knows about this. The legislature also has a Harvard Business School link for Forrest Mars in case someone else has time. -SusanLesch (talk) 23:42, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

I do know that they did own a place in Pulaski, TN. but the Mars.com Site fails to mention all of this. 72.148.31.114 (talk) 08:33, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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External links modified
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A Lesson in Failure: The Rise of the Mars Candy Company
I found https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJJ4ORIGFXA A Lesson in Failure: The Rise of the Mars Candy Company-it's not citable, but it provides some interesting color to the story.--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 06:45, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Franklin Clarence Mars


text: Category:Road transport in Japan

title: Category:Road transport in Japan


text: User talk:129.219.6.59

title: User talk:129.219.6.59