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Maurice Leyland

Maurice Leyland (20 July 1900 – 1 January 1967) was an English international cricketer who played 41 Test matches between 1928 and 1938. In first-class cricket, he represented Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1920 and 1946, scoring over 1,000 runs in 17 consecutive seasons. A left-handed middle-order batsman and occasional left-arm spinner, Leyland was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1929.

Born in Harrogate, Leyland came from a cricketing family. After playing locally, he made his Yorkshire debut in 1920, and appeared intermittently in the following two seasons. Although not statistically successful, he impressed judges at the club, and was a regular member of the team from 1923. He steadily improved over the following seasons to reach the fringes of the England team and made his Test debut in 1928 against the West Indies. That winter, he toured Australia – a controversial decision as he replaced the famous batsman Frank Woolley – and scored a century in his only Test of the series. He remained in the side until 1930, but a loss of form in the next two seasons called his place into question. He recovered by scoring 1,000 runs in August 1932 to secure his inclusion in the team to tour Australia in 1932–33.

During that series, Leyland scored runs several times under pressure and by the time Australia toured England in 1934, he was a leading batsman in the team. He held his place until 1938 when he was replaced in the team by younger batsmen for the series against Australia. Recalled for the final match, he scored 187, his highest Test score in what became his last match. After military service in the Second World War, Leyland returned to the Yorkshire team for one season before announcing his retirement from regular first-class cricket. He maintained his connection with Yorkshire, and served as the county coach between 1950 and 1963. He died in 1967.

Although he was neither aesthetically nor technically among the best batsmen, Leyland had a reputation for batting well under pressure. He performed most effectively against the best teams and bowlers, and in difficult situations; his Test batting record is better than his first-class figures, and against Australia his average is even higher. Outside of Tests, he had some success with the ball, and had it not been for the depth of spin bowling in Yorkshire, he might have been a leading bowler. He was one of the first to bowl left-arm wrist-spin, and may have invented the name to describe such deliveries: "chinamen". Very popular with team-mates and spectators, Leyland had a reputation as a humorist, and many stories were told about him.

Early life and career
Leyland was born on 20 July 1900 in Bilton, an area of Harrogate, to Mercy (née Lambert) and Edward (Ted) Leyland. He was registered at birth as Morris Leyland but his name was usually spelt "Maurice". His father was a stonemason and a well-respected professional cricketer for Moorside in Lancashire. Leyland senior also acted as Moorside's groundsman, and in later years continued that role at Harrogate, Headingley Cricket Ground and Edgbaston. Leyland junior joined his father in the Moorside team in 1912, and by the age of fourteen had graduated to the Lancashire League. After army service in the First World War, he became a professional cricketer for Harrogate between 1918 and 1920. From there he made appearances for the Yorkshire Council, and Yorkshire's second team, for whom he bowled regularly; when he reached the first team, he bowled infrequently in his first seasons. Around this time, he also played football for Harrogate.

During the early 1920s, the Yorkshire committee was attempting to find players to replace those whose careers had ended with the First World War. Late in the 1920 season, Leyland made his first-class debut for Yorkshire, having played several times in the second team that summer. He played once, against Essex, scoring ten runs in his only innings, but this was his sole appearance that year. He had never previously attended a County Championship game. The following year, Leyland played in five first-team matches, scoring 52 not out against Leicestershire, averaging just over 19 for the season. In the latter part of the 1922 season he played more regularly, replacing Norman Kilner in the team. Although Leyland's batting figures were unimpressive, the summary of Yorkshire's season in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack said he "gave signs of promise as a forcing batsman and fielded very finely". His highest score in 14 matches was 29, but he was awarded his county cap, and critics within Yorkshire judged him to have great potential.

Established county cricketer
Leyland played regularly in the 1923 season and reached 1,000 runs in first-class cricket, a total he exceeded in each of the seventeen seasons between 1923 and the outbreak of war in 1939. In 1923, he scored seven fifties and averaged 27.89; Wisden suggested that he would become a leading left-handed batsman and that "his future seems assured". In his history of Yorkshire County Cricket Club, Anthony Woodhouse states that Leyland gained valuable experience as part of a successful batting side. During this period, Yorkshire won the County Championship in four successive seasons from 1922 to 1925. A later review of Leyland's career in Wisden suggested that this team was one of Yorkshire's strongest, but sometimes became over-competitive and aggressive. The review stated that this environment "was a hard school for a young cricketer, but Leyland thrived on such discipline, and he has never lost his laugh."

By the beginning of the 1924 season, Leyland was recognised in The Times as one of the most promising young professional batsmen in England; the newspaper's cricket correspondent said that Leyland "is fully expected, in Yorkshire, to develop into a first-rate left-handed batsman." He continued to improve that season, scoring 1,259 runs at 30.70. In August, he scored his first century in first-class cricket, hitting 133 not out in a drawn game against Lancashire; later in the month, he scored another century. Leyland further improved his record in 1925, hitting 1,572 runs at 40.30. Wisden commented: "Leyland still further increased the big reputation he had made in the previous summer and ought, if all goes well with him, to attain the highest distinction." By the end of the 1926 season, in which he scored 1,561 runs at 39.02 and hit five centuries, Leyland had established himself as one of the most reliable batsmen in the Yorkshire team.

Following the example of Wilfred Rhodes, several Yorkshire cricketers in the 1920s spent English winters coaching in India for the Maharaja of Patiala. Leyland coached in the winter of 1926–27, along with Arthur Dolphin, the Yorkshire wicketkeeper. That same winter, a Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) team toured India; although not chosen in the touring party, both Leyland and Dolphin played a handful of matches for the MCC. During the 1927 season Leyland scored 1,625 runs at 41.66, and, against Middlesex, scored his first double-century. Wisden suggested that he "was not so dependable as could have been desired", but batted in an entertaining fashion. In August, he was selected in a trial game to assess players who might represent England in Test matches (playing against the England team for a side named "The Rest") and scored 102. In the winter of 1927–28, Leyland once more coached in India for the Maharajah of Patiala.

Shortly after returning from India, Leyland married Constance (Connie) Russell in Harrogate on 29 March 1928. In later years, Connie looked after the children of Herbert Sutcliffe during Yorkshire matches at Harrogate when their behaviour became too much for their own mother. Sutcliffe's daughter later recalled Connie as "very stern and cross", and the only person who could control her and her brother: "I was frightened to death."

Test debut and selection for Australian tour

Like Leyland, the Yorkshire bowler Roy Kilner coached in India during 1927–28. However, in doing so Kilner contracted a fever and died shortly after returning to England. With a weakened bowling attack, and affected by injuries and loss of form, Yorkshire pressed Leyland into service as an occasional bowler in the 1928 season. He had done little bowling for Yorkshire at this point; the team possessed two slow left-arm spinners in Kilner and Rhodes, leaving Leyland with little opportunity. Having never bowled 50 first-class overs in a previous season, nor taken more than four wickets, he bowled more than 500 overs in 1928 and took 35 wickets at an average of 34.20. At this stage, the Yorkshire authorities thought that he might fully take on Kilner's bowling workload, or succeed Rhodes in the senior spinner's position. Leyland also had his most effective season with the bat. He scored 1,783 runs at an average of 54.03, and scored another double century. At the end of the season, Wisden commented: "[Leyland] can play both the games – the dogged defence when a bad position must be saved and a fine forcing game when it is necessary to make runs quickly. In the ordinary way his preference is for attack and he is a delightful batsman to watch."

During June 1928, Leyland was selected for another Test trial, playing for "The Rest" against England; then in mid-July he played for the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord's Cricket Ground. At the end of July, the MCC named the team to tour Australia for the 1928–29 Ashes series. Leyland was included in the team; according to The Times, it would have been difficult to leave him out and his presence lifted the fielding ability of the side. His selection was controversial in the south of England, and particularly in Kent, as he took the place that the veteran Kent batsman Frank Woolley was expected to fill. One Kent supporter wrote that Leyland was a "cross bat village-greener". Pelham Warner, a selector at the time, claimed that Leyland's superior fielding influenced the decision, but the cricket writer Alan Gibson suggests that the real choice was between Woolley and Phil Mead, two batsmen of similar age. In 1928, the West Indies toured England, playing their first Test matches. The team did not perform well, but the England selectors picked strong teams to provide practice for the players. Leyland was selected for the last of the three Test matches. Making his debut on 11 August 1928, he was dismissed for 0   by Herman Griffith in his only innings.

The MCC team which toured Australia was extremely strong in batting, and Leyland served as back-up to the main batsmen. The English batting line-up was settled for most of the series, leaving little opportunity for the reserves; although Mead played in the first Test, he was subsequently left out to strengthen the bowling. Playing in other first-class matches on the tour, Leyland scored centuries against South Australia and Queensland. With England 4–0 ahead in the series, Chapman stood down from the final Test; although it is not clear why he did so, one possibility is that he wished to give as many members of the team as possible a chance to appear in the Tests. Alternatively, he may have felt that his batting form did not warrant a place in the team. Whatever the reason, Leyland took his place. England lost the match, but Leyland was successful. He scored 137, his first Test century, and 53 not out. The report in Wisden said that he "distinguished himself by two really delightful displays   ... His exhibition of powerful, well-timed driving past cover-point will long be remembered by those who saw it." Overall, in first-class matches on the tour, he scored 614 runs at 43.85, but his bowling was ineffective on the hard pitches. Following his success in the last Test, Leyland was expected to become one of the leading English batsmen, and before the 1929 season he was named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year for his performances in the 1928 season.

Test regular
Leyland scored 1,931 runs at 42.91 in 1929, and took 50 first-class wickets in the season at an average of 30.26. In the match against Oxford University he took eight wickets and against Glamorgan he took five wickets in an innings for the first time in his career. Against Lancashire, in a match which Rhodes missed with injury, Leyland took the role of the main spinner and returned figures of seven wickets for 52 runs. After watching this performance, the cricket writer Neville Cardus judged that Leyland had bowled well and with spirit on a wet pitch which favoured spin bowling, but that he lacked the accuracy and flight required in left-arm spin bowlers and exemplified by Rhodes. In another game, Cardus observed that Leyland seemed to be attempting left-handed googly bowling. Following success in a trial game, Leyland kept his place in the Test team, playing all five matches against South Africa that summer to score 294 runs at an average of 42.00. In the Second Test, played at Lord's, he scored 73 and 102.

Leyland did not play in the first two matches of the 1930 Ashes series; Woolley replaced him in the team but was unsuccessful and Leyland came in for the final three games. Leyland was little more effective, and his highest score in the series was 44; England lost 2–1. More successful for Yorkshire, he scored five centuries for the county, and hit his highest score of the season against Lancashire, the eventual County Champions for 1930. At the time, Yorkshire v Lancashire matches were mainly dour, slow-scoring affairs, but Leyland played freely to score 211 not out in around 270 minutes. He hit two sixes in one over, and, according to Cardus, played "great and beautiful cricket". Leyland's best bowling performance that year came for the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord's, when he took seven for 94 in the first innings and nine wickets in the match. In all first-class matches in 1930, he scored 2,175 runs at an average of 50.58, the first time he reached 2,000 runs in a season, and took 53 wickets at 27.92. During the 1930–31 English winter, he toured South Africa with an MCC team. Owing to the absence of a regular opening batsman, Leyland opened the batting on several occasions and performed consistently during the tour. In first-class matches, he scored 774 runs at 36.85 and took nine wickets; in the Test series, he scored 300 runs at 42.85, twice passing fifty. In the second game, he took three for 91, his best bowling performance in Test matches.

Bodyline tour
Leyland struggled in the following two seasons. In 1931 he scored just one century as his aggregate and average (1,228 runs at 38.37) both fell, although his increasing habit of succeeding against the best opposition continued when he scored 96 for Yorkshire against the Rest of England. With the ball, he took 12 wickets at an average over 40. Despite his loss of form, Yorkshire won the County Championship for the first time since 1925; the team were also champions in the next two seasons and went on to win seven out of nine championships before the Second World War. Leyland played for the Players against the Gentlemen, but was not selected for any of the Tests in the three-match series between England and New Zealand. Wisden later suggested that he was "stale"; at the time, in reviewing candidates to tour Australia in 1932–33, the Wisden editor believed that "no reason exists why Leyland should not regain his best form".

At the beginning of the 1932 season, Leyland continued to struggle. Although he was chosen in two Test trial matches and scored 189 against Middlesex, he was left out of the England team for the only Test of the summer, and had little success in the first three months of the season. However, in August he made 1,013 runs at 84.14, scoring four centuries and two innings over 90. During this spell, Leyland shared a partnership of 149 runs in 55 minutes with Herbert Sutcliffe against Essex. That county had chosen two fast bowlers in an attempt to intimidate the Yorkshire batsmen. Ken Farnes and Morris Nichols bowled a succession of bouncers; Farnes attempted fast leg theory bowling, a tactic which developed into Bodyline during the MCC tour of Australia in 1932–33. Eventually, Sutcliffe began to hook the short ball and in six successive overs, he and Leyland added 102 runs, an unusually fast rate of scoring. Leyland faced little of the bowling, later remembering that he received only four deliveries in this period, hitting each for four. In total, he contributed only 45 runs to the partnership. Farnes was reduced to tears by the assault on his bowling, and these events possibly persuaded the MCC selectors to leave him out of the team for the 1932–33 tour. Leyland, on the other hand, was among the last names added to the touring party in mid-August. At the end of the season, he scored 105 against the Rest of England for Yorkshire, his team playing as County Champions. In total, he scored 1,980 runs at 52.10 and took 23 wickets at 20.86.

England won the 1932–33 Ashes series 4–1, but the cricket was overshadowed by controversy over the team's use of Bodyline tactics. Leyland was not particularly successful in statistical terms. However, assessing the tour in Wisden, Sydney Southerton wrote that Leyland "fared on the whole extremely well   ... he had batted finely in the Test matches at Adelaide and Brisbane". He scored 306 runs in the five Test matches at an average of 34.00; he began and ended the series with scores of 0, but played innings of 83 and 86 in the decisive third and fourth Test matches, with his team under pressure when he batted. Gibson points out that both his ducks came when England were in dominant positions. In all first-class matches on the tour, Leyland scored 880 runs at 44.00, including two centuries against state teams. The former Australian batsmen Charlie Macartney suggested that, although "a useful player", Leyland was hindered by his defensive approach. Going against his naturally aggressive approach made him seem "awkward", and never allowed him to play at his best. Other Australian commentators had a more favourable opinion.

Peak years
Returning from Australia, Leyland scored 2,317 first-class runs in the 1933 season, the highest seasonal aggregate of his career. Averaging 50.36, he scored seven centuries. With the ball, he took 37 wickets at 28.13. In a game against Leicestershire in August, he took ten wickets for 94 runs, the only time in his career he took ten wickets in a match. The West Indies team toured England that season, but Leyland played only in the first Test; he scored one run in his single innings. Leyland also scored over 2,000 first-class runs in 1934, at an average of 53.55. Playing all five Test matches of the series against the touring Australian team, he scored 478 runs at an average of 68.28. His three centuries were scored when England were in difficult situations. A Wisden review of his career written in 1943 stated: "In 1934 Leyland reached the height of his powers. Ripe in technique, rich in experience, like granite in battle, he was in this season England's greatest batsman."

England lost the series 2–1. The Australians were heavily dependent on the bowling of Clarrie Grimmett and Bill O'Reilly. At the time, O'Reilly was regarded as the best bowler in the world, and among the greatest of all time, but Leyland began a spell of relative dominance over him. In the second Test, Leyland scored 109 and shared a partnership of 129 with Les Ames; in the next match, he hit 153 runs, sharing large partnerships with Patsy Hendren and Ames, and in the final Test, he played an innings of 110. However, the rest of the England batting was unreliable; reviewing the season, the Wisden editor Sydney Southerton wrote: "In nearly every match either Hendren, Leyland or Ames, instead of being able to go in and play a free, confident game, had to save or remedy a position seriously damaged by the quick fall of two or three wickets." In addition to his batting successes, Leyland was generally the best outfielder in the England team. He also scored three centuries for Yorkshire, another for the Rest of England against Lancashire, the Champion County, and 80 for the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord's. With the ball, he took 33 first-class wickets. He was given a benefit match against Nottinghamshire; his benefit eventually raised £3,648, at the time the third highest amount raised for a Yorkshire player.

During the winter of 1934–35, Leyland toured the West Indies with an MCC team which lost the four-Test series 2–1. The English batsmen were overwhelmed by the pace bowlers of the West Indies team, and some MCC players complained that Learie Constantine, Manny Martindale and Leslie Hylton intimidated the visiting batsmen with short-pitched bowling. Leyland played three Tests but scored only 36 runs in six innings. More successful in other first-class games, he scored 347 runs at 21.68 overall, and took 11 wickets. He scored 1,815 runs at an average of 38.61 in 1935 and took 32 wickets at 25.46. He played in four of the five Tests against South Africa, missing the third with lumbago, to score 342 runs at 57.00. In the first and fourth Tests, he hit fifties, and in the final match scored 161 runs in 130 minutes, batting quickly throughout. However, England could not force a win, and having lost the second Test, were beaten 1–0 in the series.

After taking part in a tour of Jamaica by the Yorkshire team, on which he scored 115 and 75 in successive games, Leyland scored 1,790 runs at 45.89 in 1936. He hit seven centuries, including an innings of 263 runs against Essex in the season, the highest first-class score of his career. He played in two of the three Tests against India that season (he missed the second with injury) but only batted twice. In the first Test, he scored 60 runs against a strong bowling attack when England were in a difficult position. The home side won the series 2–0. During the season, Leyland was among the first players chosen to tour Australia with the MCC in the forthcoming winter.

The MCC team was captained by G. O. B. Allen who added Leyland to the team selection committee during the tour. The team won the first two Tests, but lost the next three to lose the series 3–2, and Wisden blamed a weakness in batting for the defeat. Leyland was one of the few batsmen excused: "Leyland, though very restrained, was one of the mainstays of the batting". Before the series, England were expected to struggle severely against the bowling of O'Reilly. According to Cardus, Leyland told O'Reilly before the first Test: "Ah can tell thi one thing now for certain   ... Ah's got thee where Ah wants thi, Bill – and Ah thinks tha knows it."

In the first Test, Leyland scored 126 after the team lost the first three wickets for 20 runs; many critics judged this to be his greatest innings. At this point, he had scored four centuries in seven Test innings against Australia. He played an effective defensive innings in the second innings, and another in the second Test, when he was criticised for slow scoring. Then in the third Test, on a pitch made exceptionally difficult for batsmen by rain, England could score only 76 for nine; Leyland scored 17 of those runs and, according to Wisden, "was the one real success for England   ... [He] never seemed in difficulties". In the second innings, he scored a century In total, in five Test matches, he scored 441 runs at an average of 55.12. Australian critics viewed Leyland as one of England's best batsmen, and gave him credit for England's strong showing early in the series. In all first-class games on the tour, he scored 902 runs at 50.11; he was unsuccessful in three games the team played in New Zealand on completion of the main tour.

Last years as a cricketer
Leyland missed a substantial amount of cricket in 1937 with a broken finger, barely playing in July, and missing the Test series against New Zealand. He scored 1,306 runs at 36.27 and took 19 wickets. Injuries continued to trouble him in 1938. He scored 1,884 first-class runs at 43.81, but a shoulder strain early in the season adversely affected his form. He was not selected for the first three Tests against Australia, not least as the England side contained several promising batsmen. However, he had his best season with the ball. A succession of hard, dry wickets gave fewer opportunities to orthodox spinners and Leyland took 63 wickets at 19.32. Early in the season, he took eight for 63 against Hampshire, the best figures of his career. Just as his batting form returned, and when he was likely to be recalled to the England side, Leyland broke his thumb in a match against Middlesex. However, he recovered in time to play in the final Test of the series. Australia's victory in the fourth Test had given the team a 1–0 lead.

Wisden commented: "The inclusion once again of Leyland was a move which yielded splendid results." Coming in to bat at number three, Leyland shared a partnership of 382 with Len Hutton, at the time a record English Test partnership for any wicket; it is still England's highest partnership for the second wicket, and the highest for any wicket against Australia. As there was no time limit on the match, Leyland batted very cautiously and scored 187 in around six-and-a-half hours before he was run out. Hutton went on to score 364, at the time the highest score in Tests. England had batted deliberately slowly to frustrate the bowlers, and Cardus expressed his frustration to Leyland during an interval in play. Cardus wrote: "'And even you, Maurice,' I complained, in sorrow not anger, 'even you won't hit the ball and give us some cricket.' 'Hey, wait a minute, Mr Cardus,' expostulated Leyland, as though pained at my protest, 'wait a minute – tha must remember that Ah'm playing for me place in team.'" England went on to win the match and level the series. Leyland's innings was his highest in Tests, but this was his final match for England. In 41 Tests, he scored 2,764 runs at 46.06 and took six wickets.

In 1939, the last season before the Second World War, Leyland scored 1,238 runs at 39.93 and took 23 wickets. He served in the army during the war: first as a sergeant instructor, and was later commissioned as lieutenant. Between his army duties, he played cricket in the Bradford League, and played for various wartime teams, including ones representing the army. In 1945, he played some non-first-class games for teams representing Yorkshire and a first-class game for Yorkshire against Lancashire. Choosing to continue his career after the war to help the Yorkshire team become re-established, Leyland played a last full season in 1946 when he scored 632 runs at 21.06, with a highest score of 88, and took 16 wickets at 14.70; against Warwickshire, he took seven for 36. During August 1946, he announced his retirement, but in the following two seasons, he appeared in some end-of-season first-class games. He ended his first-class career in 1948 with 33,660 runs at 40.50 and 466 wickets at 29.31.

Later life
After his retirement from the Yorkshire team, Leyland returned to play for Harrogate until 1950, when he became chief coach, along with Arthur Mitchell, at Yorkshire. Mitchell was a dour, serious man but the contrast with the cheerier Leyland made an effective partnership. Leyland also served as a representative of the paper manufacturers Thomas Owen. In 1949, he was among the first group of former professional cricketers to be awarded honorary membership of the MCC. He continued as a respected coach of Yorkshire until illness forced his retirement in 1963. Suffering from Parkinson's disease, he maintained some connections with Yorkshire cricket and always tried to attend matches played at Harrogate. In recognition of his achievements, the Harrogate grounds erected new gates which were named in his honour. Leyland died in a hospital at Knaresborough on 1 January 1967.

Style, technique and personality

As a batsman, Leyland generally batted in the middle order or occasionally opened. Early in his career, commentators suggested that his batting technique was faulty, even when he was statistically successful. His use of the cut shot was mistrusted by some Yorkshire critics, and they suspected that his preference for attacking play would be unsuccessful; he was a faster scorer and more aggressive batsman than most of his Yorkshire contemporaries. Cardus suggested that, instead, he was in the line of "humorous Yorkshiremen which the broad nature of his county produces from time to time as a contrast to and leavening of the generally dour lump. There was a twinkle in his eye and there was a twinkle in his bat, no matter how grimly and straight it may occasionally be obliged to defend a difficult situation in Yorkshire." The cricket writer E. W. Swanton observed that Leyland's bat was often not straight when he played his shots, contrary to orthodox technique, but the speed of his footwork and his ability to watch the ball closely made up for any lapses. Opposing bowlers suggested that the impression was an illusion and that his bat was straight when he hit the ball.

Although Leyland was not a stylish batsman, he was effective. Cardus described him as "a sturdy cricketer, not tall, but his sloping bottle-neck shoulders seemed to add inches to him and he had long arms of impressive thickness, veined with strength at the wrist; also he was broad in the beam, with a rubicund smile on his cheerful open countenance." He was a good driver of the ball, with a high backlift, and moved quickly and economically to reach the pitch of the ball. Cardus thought that his style of batting was representative of his character: "He put his nature into every stroke, and as soon as he had 'got bowling where he wanted it,' he didn't merely hit or drive it – he walloped it." At times, Leyland's desire to score quickly brought about his dismissal. However, when necessary, he defended strongly and used his pads as a second line of defence if he missed the ball with his bat.

Critics judged Leyland a better Test than county batsman. His first-class batting figures were not exceptional compared to other cricketers who played far fewer Test matches, but in Tests, his average is six runs an innings higher; against Australia, the strongest of England's opponents during his career, he averaged 56, a further increase of ten runs. Gibson suggests that he rose to the big occasions, and that he performed best against the toughest opponents. According to Leyland's obituary in The Times, "He was essentially a man for the big occasion, a batsman at his best in a crisis, and his favourite game was a Roses match or an Australian Test. England's supporters often breathed a sigh of relief to see his burly figure purposefully striding to the wicket." The writer R. C. Robertson-Glasgow suggested that Leyland in a Test match was like the "four-squarers of ancient or romantic times. He was Horatius on the tottering bridge; Hector, who alone stood between Troy and destruction. He was born to rescue. But he is more dangerous than those who are stubborn or grim. He has something of D'Artagnan in him; there is a gaiety besides the simplicity and strength; seen in the slight list of the cap, and in a certain jauntiness and optimism of gait."

Although he did not have to face top-class fast bowling in Test matches, he was successful against English fast bowlers such as Harold Larwood in county cricket, and he established his ascendancy over O'Reilly, the world's best bowler at the time. On one occasion, O'Reilly held his head in his hands when he saw Leyland come out to bat, and was heard to say: "Oh, it's that bloody Yorkshireman again!" In later years, O'Reilly vigorously denied that Leyland held the upper hand, responding to such suggestions by saying "You just check how many times I got him out!" The cricket historian David Frith points out that "the answer is nine times in 16 Tests, but with decreasing frequency. In their Test encounters Leyland made 1,412 runs at an average of 56." Robertson-Glasgow noted that Leyland was almost anonymous in good batting conditions under little pressure; he came to life in more difficult circumstances: "His element was foul weather. He would disappear into the haze of Bramall Lane, where a sterner sort of game was being played under the name of cricket, and entrench himself among the sawdust and smoke and off-breaks and appeals, and do his raw, tough work in silence."

Leyland was regarded by critics as a good fielder in almost any position. He bowled left-arm spin, but – contrary to the orthodox practice for a left-arm spinner to use his fingers to spin the ball – usually bowled the ball from the back of his hand, the delivery known as slow left-arm wrist-spin. He did not take bowling seriously, but enjoyed it. In this role, he was effective at times, but other players were used in the main spinner's role for Yorkshire in preference to him, and he was generally used as back-up, for example when the other bowlers had failed to dismiss well-set batsmen. His Wisden obituary suggests that, had he played for another county, he might have developed into a world-class all-rounder. His lack of opportunity prompted him to experiment with left-arm wrist spin, and he later said he originated the term "chinaman" to describe the delivery. Wisden suggests: "Whenever two batsmen were difficult to shift or something different was wanted someone in the Yorkshire team would say, 'Put on Maurice to bowl some of those Chinese things.' Roy Kilner explained, 'It's foreign stuff and you can't call it anything else.'" Another version was that Leyland believed that the particular delivery was only good enough "to get the Chinese out". However, there are several theories over how the delivery came to be named.

Leyland was noted as a humorist in his playing days; many stories are associated with him, although some are probably apocryphal. He told stories against himself. One story concerned his dismissal during a wartime match, in which he was out to a terrible delivery from a bowler who was badly out of practice. Leyland hit the ball in the air and was caught. He ruefully commented: "You know, I don't get much practice against that stuff". Another time, he described how he faced an over from O'Reilly, as related in his obituary in The Cricketer: "'First he bowled me an off-break, then he bowled me a leg-break; then his googly, then a bumper, then one that went with his arm   ...' 'But that's only five, Maurice. What about the last one?' 'Oh, that,' said Maurice deprecatingly. 'That was a straight 'un and it bowled me.'" Among his team-mates, Leyland was known as "Tonnip", or "Turnip", possibly a reference to his country upbringing. Robertson-Glasgow and Cardus wrote prolifically on Leyland; Gibson suggests that these pieces are among their best work. Leyland was popular with team-mates, opponents and spectators around the world. Swanton concluded his obituary of Leyland: "No more courageous or determined cricketer ever buckled on pads for England."

title: Maurice Leyland


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George Lynn Cross

George Lynn Cross (May 12, 1905 – December 31, 1998) was a botanist, writer, and the longest serving president of the University of Oklahoma (1943 to 1968). After he was appointed president at the age of 38, Cross helped peacefully integrate the university; built and oversaw the most winning college football program of the 1950s; spearheaded the expansion of numerous academic programs and facilities; and then helped lead the university through the 1960s protest period. After retiring as president, Cross wrote several books, the first of which, Blacks in White Colleges, described his personal experiences during the constitutional desegregation litigation that arose almost immediately after he became the university's young president.

Early life
Cross was born into a poor family in Woonsocket, South Dakota. Some of his half siblings had been affected by Huntington's Corea, which brought disrepute to his family in the small community. Due to these circumstances, attending college seemed unfeasible to Cross. Instead, he aspired to become a high school science teacher. However, his talent in athletics, particularly football, caught the attention of the football program at South Dakota State College. They helped him secure a dishwashing job in the women's dormitory, which enabled him to finance his education there. During his first day at school, Cross met Cleo Sikkink from Waubay, South Dakota, and the two embarked on a romance. Despite opposition from Cleo's family, who disapproved of Cross due to his poor prospects and family background, the couple eloped a few months later. Realizing the toll football was taking on his body and its limited future, Cross decided to shift his focus to academics as a prospective career. He pursued the study of botany and earned a master's degree in 1927. Subsequently, he pursued a Ph.D. in botany at the University of Chicago, which he completed at the age of 23.

Teacher and naturalist
Cross began his teaching career in South Dakota in the early 1930s. In the summer of 1934 at a biological station in Gothic, Colorado, Cross met and befriended one of the deans of ecology and conservation biology, Paul B. Sears, who was at that time teaching at the University of Oklahoma. Sears offered Cross a job and Cross, his wife Cleo and daughter Mary-Lynn moved to Norman, Oklahoma in 1934. Cross was offered a job as an associate professor. Before his death, Cross remarked that he largely took over Sears' teaching responsibilities, so that Sears could finish his watershed work, Deserts on the March, which is considered a classic of conservation biology.

Cross's academic specialty was botany, and George Lynn Cross Hall, which houses OU's department of botany and microbiology, was named in his honor and in tribute to this fact. While president, Cross prepared specimen slides that are still used in botany classes.

Presidency
Cross's popularity quickly grew amongst the faculty and staff, and when the university president at the time stepped down, he was named interim president while the board of regents searched for a new candidate. They eventually realized no better candidate existed and he remained president for 24 years.

Cross oversaw the college through a period of skyrocketing enrollment following World War II as thousands of veterans attended under the G.I. Bill. He saw the construction of 37 new buildings and the donation by the U.S. Navy, in May 1946, of 1400 acre to the campus. Cross also oversaw the integration of the University of Oklahoma and the student protests of the 1960s.

Seven years into his presidency, deciding on the George W. McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents appeal, the Supreme Court rejected the "Separate and Equal" policy imposed on African American students in University of Oklahoma. To balance between the university's position about Black students and the new rule, Cross improvised a solution by ordering the student to sit in a corner of the classroom where he could see and hear lectures but physically separated from the rest of the class.

Cross was known for his public speaking ability and quick wit. His most famous quote came at a budget meeting with state legislators. After a long presentation and 45 minute justification of the OU budget, a legislator asked him why the university needed more money. A frustrated Cross replied, "I would like to build a University of which the football team could be proud."

David L. Boren, who served as the university's president from 1994 to 2018, proclaimed that he wanted his time as president of the university to parallel that of Cross's.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: George Lynn Cross


text:
File:Divinities-12-dances-with-god.jpg

Summary
Album cover of Divinities: Twelve Dances With God (1995)

title: File:Divinities-12-dances-with-god.jpg


text:
Talk:Colles' fracture

Colles' fracture is an incomplete term for Distal Radius Fracture and should only be applied to a particular pattern of distal radius fractures. Smith's (volarly flexed extra-aticular), Barton's( dorsal or volar intra-articular marginal), and Hutchinson's(radial styloid marginal) fractures are also eponymous terms for distal radius fracture. In my opinion we should make a page for Distal Radius Fracture, move all the content to it and redirect from Colles' Fracture or put a very short description to honour the name of Colles

Suggested template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) is Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 05:34, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Also, 58 cm is ridiculous, because it is longer than the radius itself. should this be 58 mm, and why 58 mm? Bart —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.79.108.1 (talk) 09:49, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

58 cm is wrong, 58 mm isn't. With one or two exceptions - notably the USA general public, everyone else in the medical fraternity now uses the metric system, so 58 mm is right — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.244.55.57 (talk) 12:51, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colles' fracture


text:
Great dodecahedron

In geometry, the great dodecahedron is one of four Kepler–Poinsot polyhedrons. It is composed of 12 pentagonal faces (six pairs of parallel pentagons), intersecting each other making a pentagrammic path, with five pentagons meeting at each vertex.

Construction
One way to construct a great dodecahedron is by faceting the regular icosahedron. In other words, it is constructed from the regular icosahedron by removing its polygonal faces without changing or creating new vertices. Another way is to form a regular pentagon by each of the five vertices inside of a regular icosahedron, and twelve regular pentagons intersecting each other, making a pentagram as its vertex figure.

The great dodecahedron may also be interpreted as the second stellation of dodecahedron. The construction started from a regular dodecahedron by attaching 12 pentagonal pyramids onto each of its faces, known as the first stellation. The second stellation appears when 30 wedges are attached to it.

Formulas
Given a great dodecahedron with edge length $$ a $$. The circumradius of a great dodecahedron $$ C $$ is: $$C = {\frac{a}{4}}\left(\sqrt{10+2+\sqrt{5}}\right). $$ Its surface area $$ A $$ is: $$ A = 15a^2\left(\sqrt{5-2\sqrt{5}}\right). $$ Its volume $$ V $$ is: $$ V = {\frac{5}{4}}(\sqrt{5}-1)a^3. $$

Appearance
Historically, the great dodecahedron is one of two solids discovered by Louis Poinsot in 1810, with some people named it after him, Poinsot solid. As for the background, Poinsot rediscovered two other solids that were already discovered by Johannes Kepler—the small stellated dodecahedron and the great stellated dodecahedron. However, the great dodecahedron appeared in the 1568 Perspectiva Corporum Regularium by Wenzel Jamnitzer, although its drawing is somewhat similar.

The great dodecahedron appeared in popular culture and toys. An example is Alexander's Star puzzle, a Rubik's Cube that is based on a great dodecahedron.

Related polyhedra
The compound of small stellated dodecahedron and great dodecahedron is a polyhedron compound where the great dodecahedron is internal to its dual, the small stellated dodecahedron. This can be seen as one of the two three-dimensional equivalents of the compound of two pentagrams ({10/4} "decagram"); this series continues into the fourth dimension as compounds of star 4-polytopes.

A truncation process applied to the great dodecahedron produces a series of nonconvex uniform polyhedra. Truncating edges down to points produces the dodecadodecahedron as a rectified great dodecahedron. The process completes as a birectification, reducing the original faces down to points, and producing the small stellated dodecahedron.

It shares the same edge arrangement as the convex regular icosahedron; the compound with both is the small complex icosidodecahedron.

title: Great dodecahedron


text:
Talk:Pseudotensor

Tensor densities?
This entry needs some good examples.

Done --Michael C Price 11:34, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Aren't pseudotensors more general than tensor densities? Phys 22:05, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes! The terminology is muddled in the literature, but pseudotensor is often used in gtr to mean a tensorial like object which is not generally covariant, but which only makes sense in certain coordinate systems, such as pseudo-cartesian systems. ---CH 20:19, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The terminology is more than muddled, it's complete rubbish. The article is talking about tensor densities not pseudotensors.  I've changed it to reflect the distinction -- at some stage the two concepts should be given their own pages. --Michael C Price 11:34, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. Please do it.  (I could, but too busy trying to control bad edits in other physics/math topics.)---CH 23:14, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Already done. It was a learning experience :-(, but worth it.--Michael C Price 02:56, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Math or physics?
Math. BTW, Michael, WP discussion of this kind of confusion has been previously noted but none of the experts has taken the time to clear it up, so feel free to have a go. I think it is important to take advantage of existing math articles and to distinguish between math (tensor algebra/calculus) and applications to physics.---CH 23:13, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I spent some time looking over the maths and physics categories and the only firm conclusion I came to was that I wasn't going to be happy with which ever one I chose! Still, I think it better to produce half-finished and inappropriate stubs than none at all....--Michael C Price 02:56, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Sign flip
I believe that the term pseudotensor means different things in different contexts: in particle physics they may well gain a sign flip under an inversion but I don't believe this is true in general relativity. The article is currently inconsistent on this issue: I don't think the Landau-Lifshitz pseudotensor, for example, flips signs under an inversion. --Michael C. Price talk 08:12, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Pseudotensors flip sign also in general relativity. This is true for the Landau-Lifshitz pseudotensor, as well as for the Levi-Civita symbol. The issue is much more complex though. Pseudotensors are generalisation of axial vectors, just as ordinary tensors are generalisation of polar vectors. I am doing an extensive rewrite of the pseudotensor article, in which I will explain this issue through matrix algebra and show how the determinant of a pseudotensor can become -1 or +1 depending on the rotation (improper or proper). I also plan to rewrite the article on Landau-Lifshitz pseudotensor, and the empty entry Stress-energy-momentum pseudotensors (note the plural). However, I must first add some physics meaning in the article Covariant derivative because in the moment it is too math oriented and lacks some definitions which are helpful for explaining the energy conservation in general relativity. --Lantonov 08:43, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see why the LL pseudotensor flips sign under a spatial inversion. IOW readers badly need your explanation. --Michael C. Price talk 07:48, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

I am working on the explanation. As an example, this will include a simple pseudotensor, to show its general properties in a manner that is easy to grasp. As for the LL pseudotensor, I don't know whether any modern computer is up to the task of calculating its determinant (in 4D). Only after the determinant is calculated, it can be shown that it flips sign under improper rotation. My slowness is due to the fact that it is not easy for me to find what is explained already in wiki and where. I am afraid that I will duplicate material found in other articles and it is not easy for me to decide what to include in the explanation. --Lantonov 11:36, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm guessing here -- as you say, direct calculation would be very difficult -- but isn't there a good chance that the determinant sign flip will cancel since det appears both above and below? I realise that it may not be this simple, since one appears inside the bracket and is twice differentiated, whilst the other is outside. --Michael C. Price talk 12:04, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

I think that we are talking about 2 different determinants here. Maybe you have in mind g, the determinant of the of the metric tensor gαβ. g is fairly easy to calculate depending on the complexity of the metric of the space it is calculated in. However, g never flips sign because it is a det of true tensor. In LL g is defined to be always negative because all spaces can be made through transformations locally Galilean and Galilean frame in LL gives g = -2. J. Synge in his book makes another definition of the Minkowski space which differs in sign from LL, so Synge's g is always positive. The det of LL pseudotensor is something infinitely more complicated. We will have a 16 x 16 matrix, in which each of the 256 components is expressed by the formula (96,8) or (96,9) in the LL book. If we take into account the summation for the dummy indexes, the expression for each component may well expand to 2 pages. Think about calculating the determinant for such a monster where we have to multiply all the components. I feel dizzy just by the thought of it. As for cancelling the sign of g, yes, it does cancel because we can always take (-1) out of the differentiation operator. LL operates with (-g) instead of g because they have defined g to be negative. The same expression in Synge is with g in the place of (-g). --Lantonov 15:04, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You're correct, we're talking about two different determinants. My error. --Michael C. Price talk 20:06, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

When I slept on it, I figured that if I find a very simple metric for which $$g^{\alpha\beta},_{\mu} \neq 0$$ and make the calcs in 3D with a computer I might be able to prove the sign flip of LLP under improper rotation. --Lantonov 07:00, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Since the LL pseudotensor vanishes locally in any frame where the first derivatives of the metric vanish (which by the equivalence principle is always possible anywhere), doesn't it also follow that the sign flip can't encapsulate the definition of a pseudotensor? Adding a sign flip to a pseudotensor's transformation would not allow it to vaninh anywhere in anyframe.--Michael C. Price talk 06:02, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

You are perfectly right on this. However, the definition of pseudotensor is rigid and made in mathematics, not in physics, on the basis of coordinate transformations, contractions and relationships with pseudovectors (axial vectors) and pseudoscalars. Pseudotensors are also pivotal for the concept of dual tensors, vector products, and such. The more I read, the more I come to the conclusion that pseudotensor is a misnomer when applied to the grav SEM quantities like LL pseudo. All that Lan-Lif say on this is (ch. 96, after #96,8): "An important property of the quantities $$t^{ik}$$ is that they do not form a tensor; it can be seen by the fact that $$\partial{h^{ikl}}/\partial{x^l}$$ are composed of ordinary but not of covariant derivatives. However, $$t^{ik}$$ are expressed by the quantities $$\Gamma^{i}_{kl}$$ and those behave like tensors in respect to linear coordinate transformations (see ch. 85); it follows that the same is true in respect to $$t^{ik}$$." Now, the transformation rule for $$\Gamma^{i}_{kl}$$ is (LL,#85,15) and differs from the tensor rule by the presence of a monom with a second derivative (which disappears in linear transformations). Therefore, $$\Gamma^{i}_{kl}$$ is not a tensor but it is not a pseudotensor either because this transformation rule is different from that for a pseudotensor. There is no reason to expect that $$t^{ik}$$ will transform somehow differently than the Christoffel symbols. I think that the term pseudotensor is given here only to designate the fact that LLP is not a true tensor. In the newer literature, the SEM quantities for gravitation are called quasitensors; eg. Landau-Lifshitz quasitensor. I recently read an article with exactly this term, and the other SEM pseudos were also called quasitensors. I'll post a reference to this article when I find it in my messy folders. I still haven't read anything rigorous about quasitensors (definitions, properties etc) so I don't know if this is not another misnomer. However, I am almost certain that LLP is a very loose application of the term pseudotensor. --Lantonov 07:41, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You may well be right about the change in usage of the term "pseudotensor" from the days of Landau et al. I suspect that the new usage is more prevalent in QFT/particle physics than GR.  I have never heard of quasitensors, but the distinction you make is logical.--Michael C. Price talk 09:48, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Quasitensors
I read something further on quasitensors. They seem to be related to dual quasialgebras and quasi Hopf-algebras, and yes, some SEM (quasi?)tensors, eg Bergmann-Thompson quasitensor is mentioned in this respect. Need some more time to dip in this. --Lantonov 08:17, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Mostly they avoid the 'p' word in recent papers, preferring to speak about 'energy-momentum complexes' or 'energy-momentum formulations' of LL, BT, Møller, Papapetrou or whoever. --Lantonov 13:46, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

A Google web search gets the following hit counts: --Michael C. Price talk 11:50, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * "Landau-Lifshitz pseudotensor" = 455
 * "Landau-Lifshitz pseudo-tensor" = 40
 * "Landau-Lifshitz quasi-tensor" = 3
 * "Landau-Lifshitz quasitensor" = 0

Covariant vs Invariant
I changed the term covariant to invariant. Invariant is a more general term which refers to both covariant and contravariant tranformations. Although often covariant is used as a synonym of invariant this use is informal (see Covariance and contravariance of vectors). Lantonov 10:06, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Invalid claim about volume element?
This article contains the statement "On non-orientable manifolds, one cannot define a volume form globally due to the non-orientability, but one can define a volume element". However, this is a complete swizz (i.e. it is a fallacy), because the volume form can only be defined in terms of a basis, and usually a coordinate basis is assumed. No continuous basis field (whether this is a coordinate basis or not) exists globally on a non-orientable manifold, and consequently on cannot define a volume form globally on a non-orientable manifold. I am ware that a volume form such as the Levi-Civita symbol takes the same component form regardless of the choice of basis, but this does not change the fact that it is only defined where there is something to reference it to – either a basis, or a volume form, neither of which exist globally (in a continuous form) on a non-orientable manifold. —Quondum 04:15, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I think that the article is trying to indicate that, e.g., a Möbius strip has a definable total area. Furthermore, despite the lack of a volume form, one could define a mass density on a non-orientable manifold and then integrate it to get a total mass.  Whether the article is conveying these ideas properly is a separate question.  Leegrc (talk) 17:10, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Understood that defining an integrable quantity has value, but I'm not convinced that this construction is mathematically consistent: the definition of integration itself needs to be modified to ignore orientation of the volume element to achieve consistency. The problem becomes more obvious if you consider something like a charge density (i.e. something that can be positive and negative), and then try to integrate it globally. A simpler and more natural construction is to integrate an n-form defined on the double cover of the manifold.  My concern is to avoid the claim that a volume element is defined globally while a volume form is not.  The examples should also be separated into the two types (as per the lead's two definitions).  This is a tricky area, however.  —Quondum 17:38, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I think that charge density is not any harder than mass; I can imagine a Möbius strip with positive and negative charges on it and ask what is its net charge. I agree that the double-cover approach allows one to side-step this business of volume form vs. volume element, but I am still hopeful that there is a textbook way to accurately describe the volume element approach too. Leegrc (talk) 19:09, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I was overly cryptic. In a non-orientable Möbius strip universe (with a time dimension), switching the orientation by traveling around the loop changes the sign of the charge from the perspective of the flipped observer, so the net charge is inherently zero once you integrate twice round the strip.  This holds for any true density, with or without a time dimension.  I don't think there is any way around the conundrum, but would be happy to see a coherent account refuting this.  Or even a well-sources claim that a volume element can be integrated globally on a non-orientable manifold (in a way that does not always give zero). —Quondum 20:40, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

A pseudo-vector (aka axial vector) is not a pseudo-tensor
In fact, they are quite different. Therefore, a pseudo-scalar (e.g. a scalar product of an axial vector by a polar vector) is not a pseudo-tensor as well.
 * a pseudo-tensor gains an additional sign flip under some passive transform (e.g. a basis inversion),
 * a pseudo-vector gains an additional sign flip under some active transform (e.g. a space inversion).

If I am right, the sentence “This is a generalization of a pseudovector.” must be deleted. KharanteDeux (talk) 09:08, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pseudotensor


text:
Gonzaque Village

Gonzaque Village is public housing project located in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. It is operated by the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles. It was built in 1942 on 17.6 acres (71,200 m2) of flat land. Its 71 one-story buildings have 182 units housing 437 residents.

History
The housing project was originally known as Hacienda Village and was constructed in 1942. The project was exempt from World War II-related construction bans because low-income defense workers were slated to receive priority in the rental process. Due to war-related rations, the houses were constructed without many materials needed by the United States armed forces, particularly metal. The project was designed by Los Angeles architect Paul Revere Williams with eventual Beverly Hills mayor E. P. Dentzel acting as the general contractor. The project cost US$503206 and was completed in May 1942.

In December 2000, the project was renamed Gonzaque Village in honor of Ozie B. Gonzaque, a longtime South Central Los Angeles resident known for her volunteer work in the area.

Criminal activity
Over time, Gonzaque Village developed a reputation for its high frequency of gang-related crimes. The Los Angeles Times dubbed the Gonzaque Village project "one of the most dangerous in the nation." In a 1993 study conducted by the RAND Corporation think tank focusing on nine public housing projects in Los Angeles, Hacienda Village was found to have the most crime of the group and a higher overall crime rate than the citywide average.

Two rival gangs affiliated with the Gonzaque Village project are the Village Boys and the Hacienda Village Bloods; their territories are arbitrarily divided by the project's 106th Street.

In 1988, the city of Los Angeles established nine mobile homes in the Hacienda Village area to house homeless families. After one of the trailers was lit ablaze by an arsonist, the media purported an open hostility from the existing Hacienda Village residents towards the newcomers, and some perceived that Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley implied a Hacienda Village resident started the fire in his comments about the incident. Residents refuted the alleged disdain for the newcomers with many citing their similar experiences with poverty and others expressing appreciation for the initiative's goal of alleviating homelessness. After the incident, a 24-hour police watch was temporarily installed at the housing complex as the mobile homes were prepared for move-ins.

On the evening of January 13, 2017, Hacienda Village Bloods member Alonzo Melson confronted Samuel Navarette, a Village Boys affiliate who was sitting in his car with a Village Boys member and a third unaffiliated passenger. Melson asked the occupants of the car where they were from and proceeded to fire at least 15 rounds into the vehicle, killing Navarette but leaving the other two passengers uninjured. Casings found at the scene indicated that neither Navarette nor any of his passengers fired back at Melson. Melson was convicted of Navarette's murder, the attempted murder of the two passengers, shooting at an occupied motor vehicle, and being a felon in possession of a firearm. Melson received a combined 150 years to life for the several charges.

In 2021, Gonzaque Village's overall crime rate dropped 26.3% from 2020.

Police service
Los Angeles Police Department operates the nearby Southeast Community Police Station.

Education
The following Los Angeles Unified School District schools that serve the complex include:
 * Compton Avenue Elementary School
 * Markham Middle School
 * Jordan High School

title: Gonzaque Village


text: Category:Mountain passes of Canada

title: Category:Mountain passes of Canada


text:
Talk:Enchondroma

Suggested
Suggested template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) is Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 05:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Copyvio
I reverted the article to a previous (stub) version because this version was a copyright violation of. --mtz206 (talk) 11:54, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enchondroma


text:
Talk:Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

template for Orthopaedic Conditions
Suggested template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) is Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 05:38, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Statistics
This site says 2,500 have been reported (1 in 2,000,000) to date. The most recent date is April 23, 2006.

http://www.usbjd.org/projects/project_op.cfm?dirID=142

Stovetopcookies 08:35, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Site is incorrect. Number is based on projection based on world population. Registry maintained by IFOPA is considerably less. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.123.135.58 (talk) 05:58, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Qwantz
This disease was features in today's Qwantz would it be appropriate to create a Popular Culture section and mention it?

No. I came here because of the mention in Qwantz as well, but I don't think that nearly relevantNjerseyguy 20:20, 14 January 2007 (UTC).

Myositis ossificans
The article on myositis ossificans says that the ossification in the progressiva type of myositis ossificans (which this article refers to as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva) does not require injury, and develops in a predictable pattern, which seems to contradict this article. Can anyone help clear this up? Dancter 22:55, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * From what I remember from a friend that has FOP is that ossification can both occur because of injury, but injury does not always result in ossification and can also happen without an apparent cause. It also seems to vary somewhat from case to case with ossification occurring at vary different rates from person to person. Lonjers 01:24, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * My concern is that terminology may be used imprecisely, as it doesn't seem that the distinction between FOP and nonhereditary myositis ossificans is made clear among the two articles. I've tagged both with contradict-other tags to draw a little more attention to this. Dancter 04:44, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Of course FOP develops in a highly predictable manner. I quote Thomas Maeder, author of Children of Psychiatrists: "The researchers discovered that the age at which ossification began varied from one person to the next, but the sequence of joint involvement was almost always the same: first the neck and spine, then the shoulders, the hips and elbows, the knees and wrists, the ankles, and finally the jaw. Back to front, head to tail, trunk to appendages, proximal to distal—the pattern was hauntingly familiar, reminiscent of the sequence of endochondral bone formation in the embryo. The embryo models its skeleton by condensing undifferentiated mesenchyme cells into cartilage and then bone. In some mysterious and profoundly disturbing way the FOP body was recruiting existing connective tissue and transforming it into bone, bone that often retained the shape of the muscles or ligaments that it had once been". The Atlantic, 1992. So, yes, it is predictable. Emilio [[Image:Emisign2.jpg|37px]] 16:02, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm largely ignorant on this, so it's still a bit confusing to me, as a layman. This article characterizes the disorder by fibrous tissue becoming ossified "when damaged", but doesn't clearly address the claim in the other article about ossification occuring "without injury". That it develops in a predictable fashion would not in itself preclude the ossifications from having been precipitated by fibrous tissue damage, or "injury". I recognize that this may be a semantic issue, but it's one that tripped me up, and I suspect may have tripped up others who are coming to these articles to first educate themselves on these conditions. Since you seem to be very knowledgeable about FOP, if you can edit the articles to clarify this, it would be very much appreciated. Dancter (talk) 18:34, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I recall the condition being that it could occur on its own, but injury would often stimulate the progression of the condition (tarkana 4/2/08)

 * The definition of "injury" certainly comes into play. I happen to have FOP. My jaw fused likely due to a dental procedure. My knee (which happened AFTER my jaw) was due to an incident in Hawaii involving a minibus with a rental car company. My right leg is now going through an episode that does not correlate with any remembered injury or strain. (steve 5/27/08)

A quick but much better source to check out on emedicie.medscape.com re fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva or the hereditary form of myositis ossificans : http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1007104-overview. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kristalywiki (talk • contribs) 06:22, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Contradictory info from Discovery Health
Note that the info from Discovery disagrees with the 'Statistics' above. Until someone finds a published source, please stop reverting unconfirmable information you saw on cable. Cable show are not good sources for an encyclopedia. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Lord Kelvin (talk • contribs) 01:17, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

In the study by Gannon (entitled "Mast Cell involvment in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva") formation of lesions in this disease are linked to activation of inflammitory mast cells. This means any injury resulting in inflammation and therefore activation of mast cells can trigger the formation of bone. This disease is not however caused by injury and has usually been found to follow a classical endochondral ossification pathway found in developing embryo. For more info read the article "Transgenic Mice Overexpressing BMP4 Develop a Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva-Like Phenotype" by Lixin Kan. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.50.25.59 (talk) 23:46, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

misspelling of title
i have seen this spelled fibrodysplasia ossificans progessiva,

progessiva instead of progressiva. can anyone verify this?

Jbpanther20 00:00, 29 August 2006 (UTC)jbpanther20

Sounds to me like it's simply a misspelling.WizardofOskemen 22:24, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Yea, "progressiva" refers to the progressive nature of the disease. See the International Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Association webpage. Njerseyguy 20:23, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Excellent picture.
A haunting picture of Harry Eastwick appears side by side with his skeleton (post mortem) is available here (google image frame. The original page is here. Anyone with some time might want to add the photo or at least link to it. Njerseyguy

On a side note, I can't spell worth a damn Njerseyguy 20:27, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Spelling corrected and noted that the first shot is not a cadever

70.123.129.246 (talk) 22:34, 20 January 2008 (UTC)Steve Eichner70.123.129.246 (talk) 22:34, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

It can be seen full size here. Captain Gamma (talk) 18:44, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ NEVER MIND. all the image links above are dead. there, i saved you 5 minutes of life. Cramyourspam (talk) 21:17, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Mr. Eastlack's Case
The "cases" section of this article starts talking about someone named "Mr. Eastlack." The second paragraph starts referring to someone who can only move their lips, but never says their name. The third paragraph mentions a "Mr. Eastlack." Is Mr. Eastlack the person from the second paragraph? Does Mr. Eastlack have a full name? Is he worth mentioning? Please, REWRITE THIS SECTION.

(No, I'm not a real doctor)

Dr. Mordecai 01:48, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Harry Eastlack is the individual's name. The current Wiki entry inidicates this

70.123.129.246 (talk) 22:35, 20 January 2008 (UTC)Steve Eichner70.123.129.246 (talk) 22:35, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Documentary on FOP
Discovery Health Channel ran a documentary on FOP a few years ago, titled "Skeleton Key". It opened with video of Eastlack's deformed skeleton.

Referrences
The entire "Cases" section doesn't have any referrences. I would suggest citing the Mutter museum website, which has a brief description of the specimen and an image, but as I am inexperienced in Wiki formatting I'll leave that to someone else. The part about accounts in the 1800s might need to be removed--there's accounts of human petrification in the Bible, for one thing, and for another without any sources at all this seems irrelevant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.245.93.148 (talk) 22:02, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Injuries from falling...
"Injuries from falling can provoke the bone growth and should be avoided." Is this really necessary? I think 10 out of 10 doctors recommend not falling, even for those not affected by FOP. -- MacAddct  1984 (talk • contribs) 15:15, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The important part of the sentence is "Injuries from falling can provoke bone growth". This is an important statement since the disease affects children in an age range where falls and horseplay is quite common and considered normal behavior.  Children with FOP can not be allowed to 'play' like this as it increases the chance of injuries, which leads to bone growth.   -- ShinmaWa(talk) 14:48, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Why can't they destroy the BMP?
I don't understand why doctors can't just take some recombinant rat BMP4, mix it up in an adjuvant, and inject it into these people until they develop an autoimmune response. Is anyone working on this? Wnt (talk) 01:36, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Edit request
Please change the following sentence in the "Symptoms" paragraph: "The gene that causes ossification is normally deactivated after a fetus' bones are formed in the nutsack, but in patients with FOP, the gene keeps working." The word "nutsack" should be changed to "uterus."

Cchen91765 (talk) 16:01, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

Done Welcome and thanks for pointing this out. I returned the text to 'womb', since that was the text prior to the vandalism. If you would prefer 'uterus', let me know and I will change it. Celestra (talk) 16:33, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

What happened to the picture of Harry Eastlack's skeleton? 71.192.108.214 (talk) 00:40, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

Can someone find a better figure to use under genetics. To someone unfamiliar with that type of spectra like myself I found it very confusing that the peak colors didn’t match their assigned nucleotide and the most important base just looks like noise or a null peak. There are much more elegant and intuitive ways to visualize a point mutation and as a common phenomenon a more appropriate visual probably either already exists or would just take editing a couple letters.

Would a bone marrow transplant work?
In the "Skeleton Key" documentary it was stated that the white blood cells deposit BMP4 into sites of injury, which promotes conversion of tissue to bone. Seems to me the obvious treatment is to "nuke and pave" by destroying the source of the malfunctioning lymphocytes and replacing it, same as is done for other disorders caused by bad bone marrow. As has been done with leukemia, a method of sorting and culturing marrow cells without the defect would allow an autograft and no need for anti rejection drugs. Once the progression is stopped it woul be possible to do surgery to remove the bone growths. 174.145.244.98 (talk) 11:54, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

WP:MEDRS
This article has severe sourcing issues. News articles etc are not suitable. All medical content on wikipedia should be sourced per WP:MEDRS. I will tag the sources that need to go for now. Lesion ( talk ) 10:58, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

Do not link to ifopa.org
The IFOPA website has a problem, and I have removed all links to it from Wikipedia until the issue is resolved. See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Spam/2013 Archive Jan 1 for details. --Guy Macon (talk) 08:14, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

The ifopa’s website issue has long been resolved Eichners (talk) 06:06, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

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text:
Neuronal ensemble

A neuronal ensemble is a population of nervous system cells (or cultured neurons) involved in a particular neural computation.

Background
The concept of neuronal ensemble dates back to the work of Charles Sherrington who described the functioning of the CNS as the system of reflex arcs, each composed of interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In Sherrington's scheme, α-motoneurons are the final common path of a number of neural circuits of different complexity: motoneurons integrate a large number of inputs and send their final output to muscles.

Donald Hebb theoretically developed the concept of neuronal ensemble in his famous book "The Organization of Behavior" (1949). He defined "cell assembly" as "a diffuse structure comprising cells in the cortex and diencephalon, capable of acting briefly as a closed system, delivering facilitation to other such systems". Hebb suggested that, depending on functional requirements, individual brain cells could participate in different cell assemblies and be involved in multiple computations.

In the 1980s, Apostolos Georgopoulos and his colleagues Ron Kettner, Andrew Schwartz, and Kenneth Johnson formulated a population vector hypothesis to explain how populations of motor cortex neurons encode movement direction. This hypothesis was based on the observation that individual neurons tended to discharge more for movements in particular directions, the so-called preferred directions for individual neurons. In the population vector model, individual neurons 'vote' for their preferred directions using their firing rate. The final vote is calculated by vectorial summation of individual preferred directions weighted by neuronal rates. This model proved to be successful in description of motor-cortex encoding of reach direction, and it was also capable to predict new effects. For example, Georgopoulos's population vector accurately described mental rotations made by the monkeys that were trained to translate locations of visual stimuli into spatially shifted locations of reach targets.

Encoding
Neuronal ensembles encode information in a way somewhat similar to the principle of Wikipedia operation – multiple edits by many participants. Neuroscientists have discovered that individual neurons are very noisy. For example, by examining the activity of only a single neuron in the visual cortex, it is very difficult to reconstruct the visual scene that the owner of the brain is looking at. Like a single Wikipedia participant, an individual neuron does not 'know' everything and is likely to make mistakes. This problem is solved by the brain having billions of neurons. Information processing by the brain is population processing, and it is also distributed – in many cases each neuron knows a little bit about everything, and the more neurons participate in a job, the more precise the information encoding. In the distributed processing scheme, individual neurons may exhibit neuronal noise, but the population as a whole averages this noise out.

An alternative to the ensemble hypothesis is the theory that there exist highly specialized neurons that serve as the mechanism of neuronal encoding. In the visual system, such cells are often referred to as grandmother cells because they would respond in very specific circumstances—such as when a person gazes at a photo of their grandmother. Neuroscientists have indeed found that some neurons provide better information than the others, and a population of such expert neurons has an improved signal-to-noise ratio. However, the basic principle of ensemble encoding holds: large neuronal populations do better than single neurons.

The emergence of specific neural assemblies is thought to provide the functional elements of brain activity that execute the basic operations of informational processing (see Fingelkurts An.A. and Fingelkurts Al.A., 2004; 2005).

Neuronal code or the 'language' that neuronal ensembles speak is very far from being understood. Currently, there are two main theories about neuronal code. The rate encoding theory states that individual neurons encode behaviorally significant parameters by their average firing rates, and the precise time of the occurrences of neuronal spikes is not important. The temporal encoding theory, on the contrary, states that precise timing of neuronal spikes is an important encoding mechanism.

Neuronal oscillations that synchronize activity of the neurons in an ensemble appear to be an important encoding mechanism. For example, oscillations have been suggested to underlie visual feature binding (Gray, Singer and others). In addition, sleep stages and waking are associated with distinct oscillatory patterns.

Relatively simple neuronal ensembles operate in the spinal cord where they control basic automatisms such as monosynaptic tendon reflex and reciprocal innervation of muscles. (Manjarrez E et al. 2000 Modulation of synaptic transmission from segmental afferents by spontaneous activity of dorsal horn spinal neurones in the cat. J Physiol. 529 Pt 2(Pt 2):445-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00445.x) (Manjarrez E et al. 2002 Cortical neuronal ensembles driven by dorsal horn spinal neurones with spontaneous activity in the cat. Neurosci Lett. 318(3):145-8. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02497-1). These include both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Central pattern generators that reside in the spinal cord are more complex ensembles for coordination of limb movements during locomotion. Neuronal ensembles of the higher brain structures is not completely understood, despite the vast literature on the neuroanatomy of these regions.

Real-time decoding
After the techniques of multielectrode recordings were introduced, the task of real-time decoding of information from large neuronal ensembles became feasible. If, as Georgopoulos showed, just a few primary motor neurons could accurately predict hand motion in two planes, reconstruction of the movement of an entire limb should be possible with enough simultaneous recordings. In parallel, with the introduction of an enormous Neuroscience boost from DARPA, several lab groups used millions of dollars to make brain–machine interfaces. Of these groups, two were successful in experiments showing that animals could control external interfaces with models based on their neural activity, and that once control was shifted from the hand to the brain-model, animals could learn to control it better. These two groups are led by John Donoghue and Miguel Nicolelis, and both are involved in towards human trials with their methods.

John Donoghue formed the company Cyberkinetics to facilitate commercialization of brain-machine interfaces. They bought the Utah array from Richard A. Normann. Along with colleagues Hatsopoulos, Paninski, Fellows and Serruya, they first showed that neuronal ensembles could be used to control external interfaces by having a monkey control a cursor on a computer screen with its mind (2002).

Miguel Nicolelis worked with John Chapin, Johan Wessberg, Mark Laubach, Jose Carmena, Mikhail Lebedev and other colleagues showed that activity of large neuronal ensembles can predict arm position. This work made possible creation of brain–machine interfaces – electronic devices that read arm movement intentions and translate them into movements of artificial actuators. Carmena et al. (2003) programmed the neural coding in a brain–machine interface allowed a monkey to control reaching and grasping movements by a robotic arm, and Lebedev et al. (2005) argued that brain networks reorganize to create a new representation of the robotic appendage in addition to the representation of the animal's own limbs.

In addition to the studies by Nicolelis and Donoghue, the groups of Andrew Schwartz and Richard Andersen are developing decoding algorithms that reconstruct behavioral parameters from neuronal ensemble activity. For example, Andrew Schwartz uses population vector algorithms that he previously developed with Apostolos Georgopoulos.

Demonstrations of decoding of neuronal ensemble activity can be subdivided into two major classes: off-line decoding and on-line (real time) decoding. In the off-line decoding, investigators apply different algorithms to previously recorded data. Time considerations are usually not an issue in these studies: a sophisticated decoding algorithm can run for many hours on a computer cluster to reconstruct a 10-minute data piece. On-line algorithms decode (and, importantly, predict) behavioral parameters in real time. Moreover, the subject may receive a feedback about the results of decoding — the so-called closed-loop mode as opposed to the open-loop mode in which the subject does not receive any feedback.

As Hebb predicted, individual neurons in the population can contribute information about different parameters. For example, Miguel Nicolelis and colleagues reported that individual neurons simultaneously encoded arm position, velocity and hand gripping force when the monkeys performed reaching and grasping movements. Mikhail Lebedev, Steven Wise and their colleagues reported prefrontal cortex neurons that simultaneously encoded spatial locations that the monkeys attended to and those that they stored in short-term memory. Both attended and remembered locations could be decoded when these neurons were considered as population.

To address the question of how many neurons are needed to obtain an accurate read-out from the population activity, Mark Laubach in Nicolelis lab used neuron-dropping analysis. In this analysis, he measured neuronal read-out quality as a function of the number of neurons in the population. Read-out quality increased with the number of neurons—initially very notably, but then substantially larger neuronal quantities were needed to improve the read-out.

Luis Carrillo-Reid and colleagues has demonstrated that external activation of as few as two neurons in an ensemble could trigger resonant activation of a whole ensemble and cause the ensemble-related behavioral response in the absence of a sensory stimulus.

title: Neuronal ensemble


text:
Talk:Fibrous dysplasia of bone

Suggested
Suggested template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) is Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 05:38, 8 October 2005 (UTC) worst idea ever!

I don't agree with merging this page with Cherubism which is a specific genetic condition chiefly affecting the face whereas Fibrous Dysplasia is a widespread condition. McCune-Albright syndrome has different genetics. --Mylesclough 06:15, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

I think that if articles can be dedicated to specific record albums, instead of appearing solely on the arists page, than this article deserves to reamain independent. beyond that, the didease is so complicated, that it would be a severe digression to try and include it into a broader category of dieases.

-spencer

I have Fibrous dysplasia and I find it insulting that you would merge two genetic conditions that have nothing to do with eachother into one page. If you do this you may as well combine the Apple and orange page. -Michael

I have Fibrous Dysplasia and it sucks. Scientists working on Cancer and AIDS... they need to work on Fibrous Dyssplasia. They could probably cure it,but they don't have enough time. -The weird kid who limps and takes pain pills.

Are they even the same condition?
My first thought would be, are they even the same condition. From reading the above comments, it appears to be quesitonable. do not merge if that is the case. Roodog2k 20:09, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * They are not the same. Do not merge. - Dozenist  talk  16:10, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

According to Dr. Collins (et. al.) of the National Institute of Health (USA), the diseases ARE directly related. MAS and FD both incur the mutation of the protein Gsα (gene:GNAS). If this cell mass remains contained within the sketetal tissue during fetal development, FD occurs. If the mass proliferates to other organs (skin, endocrine organs, etc.), Macune-Albright Syndrome is developed. The mutant Gsα triggers anomolies such as cafe au lait spots and precocious puberty in the host organ.

So the same mechanism does, in fact, trigger both conditions. As such, the article is valid. By the way, my daughter suffers from this disease as well.

Collins' acknowledgements: NIH FD Studies – Pam Robey, Paolo Bianco, Shlomo Wientroub; NIH collaborators – Penelope Feuillan, Leopold Weinstein, Natasha Cherman, Jaime Brahim, John Butman,Ed FitzGibbon, Jeff Kim, Scott Paul, Clara Chen,Tom Shawker, Arabella Leet

12.1.210.225 (talk) 13:18, 4 March 2008 (UTC)Morgan, Joseph

title: Talk:Fibrous dysplasia of bone


text: Talk:List of storms named Ignacio

title: Talk:List of storms named Ignacio


text: Talk:List of storms named Ileana

title: Talk:List of storms named Ileana


text: Talk:List of storms named Irah

title: Talk:List of storms named Irah


text: Talk:List of storms named Irwin

title: Talk:List of storms named Irwin


text:
Talk:List of storms named Iselle

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Hurricane Iselle (2014) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 03:31, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of storms named Iselle


text: Talk:List of storms named Isis

title: Talk:List of storms named Isis


text:
Talk:List of storms named Ismael

Untitled
Give this guy an article! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by E. Brown (talk • contribs) 22:56, October 15, 2005 (UTC).

title: Talk:List of storms named Ismael


text: Talk:List of storms named Iva

title: Talk:List of storms named Iva


text:
Talk:Hurricane Iwa

Todo
More impact. Jdorje 08:01, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Wow...
http://www.dabase.net/iwa.jpg It's a messy, yet readable, picture of Iwa. Could we use this? (BTW: The source of the picture is at http://www.dabase.net/donteat.htmJake52
 * Why go with messy when there is an image with/from CLASS? =)  Thegreatdr 20:55, 17 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Could you check that link again? That doesn't work... :( Hurricanehink ( talk ) 02:55, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Grr... you have to buy a DVD of it... Oh well. That works. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 03:11, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * You don't have to buy a DVD. Just go through the interactive web page, select AVHRR, and you can grab an image.  After specifying latitude/longitude, hit one of the number buttons and at the bottom will be the image.  Thegreatdr 18:13, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, ok. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 02:52, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok that's it, obsessive chasing up of storm pictures for me now I guess! I'm concentrating collating a lot of that sort of stuff at the moment. One question though, the data files which you can download from CLASS - what do you need to read them?--Nilfanion (talk) 15:40, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * They're .GIFS. It should require nothing special.  Thegreatdr 17:38, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I know that - its just you can add the datasets to your cart and then get raw data available on the FTP server. For the purposes here the GIFs are all we need, but I was wondering what those files where (2MB as opposed to 10K...)--Nilfanion (talk) 19:38, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

GA Pass
Only minor and shouldn't take more then a minute or two to fix so pass. M3tal H3ad 04:59, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The twenty-third tropical storm and twelfth and final hurricane of the 1982 Pacific hurricane season, Iwa developed from an active trough of low pressure near the equator on November 19. Doesn't flow well
 * A triple space under see also

GA Sweeps Review: Pass
As part of the WikiProject Good Articles, we're doing sweeps to go over all of the current GAs and see if they still meet the GA criteria. I'm specifically going over all of the "Meteorology and atmospheric sciences" articles. I believe the article currently meets the criteria and should remain listed as a Good article. I have made several minor corrections throughout the article. Altogether the article is well-written and is still in great shape after it passed in 2007. Continue to improve the article making sure all new information is properly sourced and neutral. It would also be beneficial to update the access dates of the website sources. If you have any questions, let me know on my talk page and I'll get back to you as soon as I can. I have updated the article history to reflect this review. Happy editing! --Nehrams2020 (talk) 23:43, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

UTC?
Not once does the article specify it uses UTC. In the absence of a time zone, it's not unreasonable to assume the article is using local time. It should either be specified, or use local, and it needs to be sure to conform to one or the other. --Golbez (talk) 20:52, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I added a notice. ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 15:31, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * That doesn't help the reader. A reader comes along and sees that it says it hit the island on November 24, and obviously at least one reader has been confused by this as, locally, it hit on November 23. We can't assume everyone confused by this will edit the article and look at the comment. --Golbez (talk) 15:39, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * There, that should do it. --♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 16:19, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I repeat that comments do not help readers. We need a single solution that also tells readers when it happened. Or, we make it clear that it happened on one day local time, but then give the exact time in UTC. --Golbez (talk) 16:20, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Wait, how do comments not help readers? I think it's rather clear now. --♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 16:26, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Because readers don't see comments? They will only be seen if they edit. Why should someone feel the need to edit unless they think something is wrong? And why would they think it's wrong that the hurricane hit Kauai on November 24, Hawaiian time? It's certainly not unreasonable to assume the readers will assume, unless otherwise stated, that articles use local time. --Golbez (talk) 16:32, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * What do you suggest then? --♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 16:36, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Well maybe it should be brought up with WPTC, but otherwise my suggestion is we say it hit on November 23 local time, and then give the official time of landfall in UTC. But we can't assume readers will either know WPTC guidelines, or that there are comments specifying UTC. --Golbez (talk) 16:40, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Ooh, like we do in the timeline articles. I changed it to be like that. Think that works? --♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 19:51, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * That's definitely an improvement. Thanks! --Golbez (talk) 19:53, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hurricane Iwa


text:
Talk:Flatfoot

Suggested template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) is Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 05:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flatfoot


text:
Talk:Gas gangrene

note
Suggested template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) is Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 05:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.171.194.3 (talk) 02:41, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

The section on Pathophysiology doesn't really cover the pathophys. at all - it just details the organisms involved but doesn't really mention how gas gangrene comes about. Cheekyal (talk) 22:15, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

nursing foundation
gas gengrene 2402:8100:2860:F066:77B9:B1C:F23D:28F4 (talk) 05:36, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

Myonecrosis
Myonecrosis means death of muscle fibres which can be due to a variety of reasons other than infection with the bacteria Clostridium perfringens. Gas gangrene can cause myonecrosis, but not all myonecrosis is gas gangrene. I do not think that 'myonecrosis' should redirect to 'gas gangrene,' nor should gas gangrene be referred to as simply 'myonecrosis' rather than 'clostridial myonecrosis.'

It would perhaps be better if 'myonecrosis' were to redirect to Necrosis. WikEric7 (talk) 19:53, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gas gangrene