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Battle of Radzymin (1944)

The Battle of Radzymin was one of a series of engagements between the 1st Byelorussian Front of the Red Army and the Army Group Centre of the German Army. The battle was part of the Lublin-Brest Offensive between 1 and 4 August 1944 at the conclusion of Operation Bagration the Belorussian strategic offensive operation near the town of Radzymin in the vicinity of Warsaw, part of which entailed a large tank battle at Wołomin. It was the largest tank battle on the territories of Poland during the war.

The approach of the Red Army towards Warsaw served to initiate the Warsaw Uprising by the Home Army with expectation of help from the Red Army. The battle ended in a Soviet defeat and the encirclement and destruction of the Soviet 3rd Tank Corps; it is unclear to what extent this defeat contributed to the Soviet decision not to aid the Warsaw Uprising.

Before the battle
After crossing into Poland, the Red Army's 1st Byelorussian Front of Konstantin Rokossovsky continued its advance towards Warsaw. The 65th Army (12 divisions) together with the attached 1st Guards Tank Corps, was to advance towards the town of Serock and then outflank Warsaw from the north. The 28th Army (9 divisions) together with 1st Mechanized and 9th Tank Corps was advancing directly towards Warsaw and was separated from the 47th Army by the Siedlce-Mińsk Mazowiecki line, and from the 65th Army by the Sokołów Podlaski-Węgrów-Radzymin line. Both armies, additionally supported by the 2nd and 4th Guards Cavalry Corps, were destined to take part in repelling a German tactical counter-assault at Radzymin and Wołomin near Warsaw. At the same time, the 47th Army (10 divisions) was to seize the southern approaches to Praga, seize right-bank Warsaw and cross the river through the bridges in Warsaw or through a temporary bridge in Góra Kalwaria. The 70th Army (4 divisions) was to follow the 47th and serve as a tactical reserve.

At the same time the remaining forces of the front were to support the assault on Warsaw by crossing the Vistula south of it, near Magnuszew and outflanking the city from the South and West. The 8th Guards Army (9 divisions) together with the 1st Polish Army (3 divisions) and 69th Army (9 divisions aided by the 11th Tank Corps) were to cross the river at Magnuszew.

Battle
After the Soviet reconnaissance units reached Warsaw in late July, on 1 August 1944 the Warsaw Uprising started. Starting from an area south of Mińsk Mazowiecki, Major General Nikolai Vedeneev's 3rd Tank Corps (part of the Soviet 2nd Tank Army) thrust northwest through Okuniew and Wołomin to Radzymin, reaching an area only three miles (five kilometers) from the strategic bridge over the Narew River at Zegrze.

In response to Vedeneev's thrust, the Germans started a tactical counter-attack near Radzymin on 31 July. The offensive, carried out by 4 understrength Panzer divisions, was to secure the eastern approaches to Warsaw and Vistula crossings, and aimed to destroy the three tank corps of the Second Tank Army in detail. Under the leadership of German Field Marshal Model, the 4th, 19th, Hermann Göring, and 5th SS Panzer Divisions were concentrated from different areas with their arrival in the area of Wołomin occurring between 31 July and 1 August 1944. Although the 3rd Tank Corps gamely defended the initial assaults of the Hermann Göring and 19th Panzer Divisions, the arrival of the 4th Panzer and 5th SS Panzer Divisions spelled doom for the isolated and outnumbered unit.

Already on 1 August, the leading elements of the 19th and 5th SS Panzer Divisions, closing from the west and east respectively, met at Okuniew, cutting the 3rd Tank Corps off from the other units of the Second Tank Army. Pressed into the area of Wołomin, the 3rd Tank Corps was pocketed and destroyed on 3 August 1944. Attempts to reach the doomed tank corps by the 8th Guards Tank Corps and the 16th Tank Corps failed, with the 8th Guards Tank Corps taking serious losses in the attempt. Although Model had planned to attack the 8th Guards Tank Corps next, the withdrawal of the 19th and Hermann Göring Panzer Divisions to shore up the German defenses around the Magnuszew bridgehead forced the remaining German forces around Okuniew to go on the defensive.

For unknown reasons, on 2 August 1944 all armies that were to assault Warsaw had their orders changed. The 28th, 47th and 65th Armies were ordered to turn northwards and seize the undefended town of Wyszków and the Liwiec river line. The 2nd Tank Army was left in place and had to fight the Germans alone, without support of the infantry. Also, 69th Army was ordered to stop while the 8th Guards Army under Vasily Chuikov was ordered to halt the assault and await a German attack from the direction of Garwolin.

Further combat lasted until 10 August, when the Germans finally withdrew. Soviet losses were heavy, but not heavy enough to affect the overall course of their thrust to the vicinity of Warsaw. The 3rd Tank Corps was destroyed, the 8th Guards Tank Corps took heavy losses, and the 16th Tank Corps took significant losses as well. Overall, the Second Tank Army's losses were significant enough that it was withdrawn from the front lines by 5 August 1944.

Aftermath
Altogether, between 1 and 10 August, the 2nd Tank Army lost 409 killed in action, 1,271 wounded and 589 missing. In addition, it lost 284 tanks and self-propelled guns (40% of these losses were non-recoverable, amounting to 113 armored vehicles lost permanently) out of 679 available to the army on 30 July. After World War II, communist propaganda used the example of the Battle of Radzymin of 1944 as a proof that the German counter-attack prevented the Red Army from helping the Warsaw Uprising. However, it remains unknown why the Soviet assault was halted as some Russian archives are still closed to historians. Some Polish and Western historians argue that the Soviet assault was halted because Stalin wanted the Warsaw insurgents, loyal to the Polish government in exile (known for its anti-Soviet stance), destroyed.

The Soviet command apparently did not blame Lieutenant-General N. D. Vedeneev for the encirclement and destruction of the 3rd Tank Corps. Vedeneev survived the battle and remained in command. The 3rd Tank Corps was honored by being designated the 9th Guards Tank Corps in November 1944.

Order of Battle, 1st Belorussian Front on 1 August 1944

 * 8th Guards Army
 * 4th Guards Rifle Corps
 * 28th Guards Rifle Corps
 * 29th Guards Rifle Corps
 * 11th Guards Heavy Tank Brigade
 * 28th Army
 * 3rd Guards Rifle Corps
 * 20th Rifle Corps
 * 128th Rifle Corps
 * 22nd Artillery Division
 * 47th Army
 * 77th Rifle Corps
 * 125th Rifle Corps
 * 129th Rifle Corps
 * 60th Rifle Division
 * 48th Army
 * 29th Rifle Corps
 * 42nd Rifle Corps
 * 53rd Rifle Corps
 * 194th Rifle Division
 * 65th Army
 * 18th Rifle Corps
 * 46th Rifle Corps
 * 80th Rifle Corps
 * 105th Rifle Corps
 * 115th Rifle Brigade
 * 26th Artillery Division
 * 69th Army
 * 25th Rifle Corps
 * 61st Rifle Corps
 * 91st Rifle Corps
 * 68th Tank Brigade
 * 70th Army
 * 96th Rifle Corps
 * 114th Rifle Corps
 * 2nd Tank Army
 * 8th Guards Tank Corps
 * 3rd Tank Corps
 * 16th Tank Corps
 * Polish 1st Army
 * 1st Army Corps
 * 2nd Army Corps
 * 1st Tank Corps
 * 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps
 * 4th Guards Cavalry Corps
 * 7th Guards Cavalry Corps
 * 4th Breakthrough Artillery Corps
 * 1st Guards Tank Corps
 * 1st Mechanized Corps
 * 9th Tank Corps
 * 11th Tank Corps

German units present at the Battle of Wołomin

 * 73rd Infantry Division (facing Soviet 16th Tank Corps)
 * 19th Panzer Division (facing Soviet 3rd Tank and 8th Guards Tank Corps)
 * Hermann Göring Panzer Division (facing Soviet 3rd Tank Corps)
 * 4th Panzer Division (facing Soviet 3rd Tank Corps)
 * 5th SS Panzer Division (facing Soviet 3rd Tank and 125th Rifle Corps)

title: Battle of Radzymin (1944)


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Kalisch

Kalisch is the German name for Kalisz.

People with the surname Kalisch:
 * David Kalisch (1820–1872), German Jewish playwright and humorist
 * David Kalisch (economist) (born 1960), Australian economist and statistician
 * Isidor Kalisch (1816–1886), Polish-American rabbi and author
 * Ludwig Kalisch (1814–1882), Polish-German Jewish novelist
 * Marcus Kalisch (1828–1885), German-British Hebraist and Bible commentator
 * Paul Kalisch (1855–1946), German Jewish singer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kalisch


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Category:Macedonian politicians

This category contains articles about politicians from or related to North Macedonia.

title: Category:Macedonian politicians


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The Left Banke Too

The Left Banke Too is the second studio album by American baroque pop band the Left Banke, released by Smash Records in 1968. It would be the final album of the band's initial lifespan, with their next album not appearing until 1986.

Background
In between the release of the Left Banke's debut album Walk Away Renee/Pretty Ballerina and the making of this album, the original five-piece band had been whittled down to a trio after the departures of songwriter and keyboardist Michael Brown and guitarist Rick Brand. To replace them, the band brought in guitarist Tom Feher, who had written songs with Brown for the group's first album.

Half of the album, consisted tracks that had been issued as singles in the period since the release of the band's debut album in February 1967. "Desirée", released as a single in June 1967, barely scraped into the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 98. The band's next two singles, "Dark is the Bark", released in the summer of 1968, and "Goodbye Holly" following in November 1968, both failed to chart. Following the release of the album in November 1968, a fourth and fifth single were issued, "Bryant Hotel" b/w "Give The Man A Hand" and "Nice To See You" b/w "There's Gonna Be A Storm" respectively, but they also failed to chart.

Unlike its predecessor, The Left Banke Too contains a wide range of musical styles, including incorporations of psychedelic pop, sunshine pop, rock music, and arrangements influenced by baroque music. For recording, several additional contributions were made, including a pre-Aerosmith Steven Tyler, then known as Steve Tallarico, providing backing vocals to several songs on the album such as "My Friend Today" and "Dark is the Bark".

Releases
The entire album was at one time available on the 1992 compact disc There's Gonna Be a Storm: The Complete Recordings 1966–1969, but that compilation went out of print in the mid-1990s. On June 28, 2011, The Left Banke Too was reissued on Sundazed Records, remastered by Bob Irwin.

Track listing
Details are taken from the 1968 Smash Records release and might differ from other releases.

Personnel
The Left Banke
 * Steve Martin Caro – lead vocals; drums on "Goodbye Holly", tambourine on "Nice To See You", bass on "Bryant Hotel"
 * Tom Finn – bass, guitar, backing vocals; lead vocals on "Nice to See You" & "There's Gonna Be A Storm"
 * George Cameron – drums, percussion, backing vocals; lead vocals on "Goodbye Holly" and "Bryant Hotel"
 * Tom Feher – piano; guitar on "Sing Little Bird" & "Bryant Hotel"
 * Michael Brown – piano, organ on "Desirée" & "In The Morning Light"

Additional personnel
 * Steve Tallarico – backing vocals on "Nice to See You", "Give the Man a Hand", "Dark is the Bark" & "My Friend Today", tambourine on "Dark is the Bark"
 * Paul Griffin – keyboards on "Dark is the Bark"
 * Paul Leka – string arrangements; piano on "Bryant Hotel"
 * Rick Brand – banjo on "Bryant Hotel"
 * Hugh McCracken – guitar on "Desirée" & "Dark is the Bark"
 * Ralph Casale – guitar on "Dark is the Bark"
 * Marvin Potocki – guitar on "Give the Man a Hand"
 * Chet Amsterdam – bass on "Dark is the Bark"
 * Joe Mack – bass on "Desirée"
 * Bobby Gregg – drums on "Desirée"
 * Artie Schroek – vibraphone, drums, string arrangements on "Dark is the Bark"
 * John Abbott – horn arrangements on "In the Morning Light"
 * Ray Alonge – french horn on "Dark is the Bark"
 * Ray Desio – trombone on "Dark is the Bark"
 * Marvin Stamm – trumpet on "Dark is the Bark"
 * George Young – woodwinds on "Dark is the Bark"

Charts
Singles

title: The Left Banke Too


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Grivița strike of 1933

The Grivița strike of 1933 was a railway strike which was started at the Grivița Workshops, Bucharest, the Kingdom of Romania in February 1933 by workers of Căile Ferate Române (Romanian Railways). The strike was brought about by the increasingly poor working conditions of railway employees in the context of the worldwide Great Depression, which affected Romania significantly. As the workers occupied the workshops, the Romanian Army surrounded and sieged them. The fighting resulted in the death of 7 workers, including Vasile Roaită, a 19-year-old worker whose image was used by the early Communist regime.

Causes
As the Great Depression affected Romania, in 1932, the government began austerity measures, first reducing the clerks' salaries, then a reduction of blue collar workers' salaries by 25% and the cancellation of rent allowances. On January 20, 1933, the workers were announced that they would get paid only if they brought proof that they had paid all their taxes for the previous three years. The following day, the workers of the train wagon workshop (who worked under the open sky) were dismissed until the weather improved.

Toward the end of 1932, the Communists were able to create a "red union" (as opposed to the social-democratic unions that existed throughout the company) led by Panait Bogătoiu and Constantin Doncea, while Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (who later became the leader of People's Republic of Romania) was coordinating the connection to the Communist Party. Using couriers, Gheorghiu-Dej and Moscu Cohn kept in touch with other similar unions in the Cluj and Iași railway workshops.

The January 28 strike
On January 28, 1933, the union led by Bogătoiu decided to go striking. Initially, the strike started at the wagon workshop, where it had the support of 700 workers who had just been temporarily dismissed, submitting the employer a list of demands. As soon as they got the news, over 3000 workers from other workshops joined the strike.

The Minister of Communications, Eduard Mirto, entered in the negotiation process between the workers and the Administration Council of the Romanian Railroads. The minister approved all the economic demands of the workers: a minimum wage of 4000 lei and a re-introduction of the rent allowance. The leaders of the social-democratic union announced that they're content with the results of the negotiations.

February 2 strike
Despite the negotiations between the government and the unions, the situation was not calm at the Grivița workshops. On February 2, 1933, the communist union members spread manifests in the neighbourhoods, in which they announced that they believed that the government would not respect its promises and they asked for the recognition of "factory committees". Out of the 5000 workers, only 200 began working in the morning; soon after, they were convinced to stop, too. The unions announced the new demands: an "inflation allowance", a 40% increase in salaries and the recognition of the factory committees.

As the workshops were surrounded by the gendarmes and the Army, the social-democratic unions announced that they do not support these new demands and they accused the communists of creating unrest in the workers' movement. The authorities refused to negotiate and the workers stopped their strike.

February 15 strike
On February 12, the factory committees were banned by the government because they resembled the Soviets during the 1917 Russian Revolution, banned all communist unions and enacted the state of emergency. The following day, the communist union secretly organized a factory committee at the railroad workshops made out of 250 workers. On February 14/15 night, the authorities arrested the main leaders of the union, including Bogătoiu, Doncea and Gheorghiu-Dej.

The following morning, February 15, the workers refused to start working, demanding the release of the arrested union leaders, the recognition of the unions that were disbanded on February 12 and the removal of the state of emergency. The representative of the employer, engineer Atanasiu, refused to discuss with the workers, arguing he will only discuss with the officially sanctioned social-democratic unions. About 4000 workers barricaded themselves inside the workshops while the Army surrounded them within two hours of the beginning of the strike.

The workshop's siren brought a large crowd of supporters of the strike, among which were the workers of the following shift at the workshop. The crowd began throwing objects toward the police and, according to the government, a gun was used to shoot one street warden. Soon after, a stampede formed and the authorities were able to disperse the crowd.

Army's siege of the workshops
Early in the morning of February 16, the Army and gendarmes surrounded the workshops, the workers were summoned to surrender, threatening that they would shoot them unless they surrendered. A few workers did flee the workshop, but most remained inside. According to the government's account, the workers began shooting back. The Army sieged the workshop and within 15 minutes, all the workers surrendered.

The death toll was seven workers (three died on the spot, four in hospital) and 20 workers were wounded; two soldiers were killed. According to the account of Chivu Stoica, who participated in the event, one of the soldiers who died was in fact killed by an officer after pleading to fellow soldiers not to shoot the workers, because they "cannot be the killers of their own brothers".

Among the workers killed by the Army was Vasile Roaită, a 19-year-old worker whose image was used by the early Communist regime as a martyr. He was alleged to have been the worker who sounded the siren to announce the strike to the neighbourhood. However, in 1997, another worker, Constantin Negrea, said that he was in fact the worker who sounded it and that in 1944, Gheorghiu-Dej and Chivu Stoica asked him to give up his claim in order that Roaită is a hero after his death.

Sentences
Gheorghiu-Dej was sentenced to 12 years' forced labour by the courts of the Kingdom of Romania for his role in organising the Grivița strike. He escaped in 1944, and after the installation of the Communist regime in Romania in 1948, became the country's de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party.

title: Grivița strike of 1933


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Vesa Kanniainen

Vesa Lennart Kanniainen (born March 13, 1948, in Rovaniemi) is a professor of economics at the University of Helsinki.

Biography
Vesa Kanniainen studied at the London School of Economics in 1972–73, working within macroeconomic theory and monetary economics, topics that he was also teaching as Visiting Assistant Professor at Brown University and Washington State University in 1977–79. Most of his academic life, he has been working at the University of Helsinki. In research, he subsequently moved to dynamic investment models, including tax effects and he started to teach corporate finance. Later, he has given some courses at Uppsala University, University of Munich and at Hamburg University. He is a research fellow at CESifo in Munich.

Academic work
His most highly cited paper:
 * Kanniainen, V., & Keuschnigg, C. (2003). The optimal portfolio of start-up firms in venture capital finance. Journal of Corporate Finance, 9(5), 521-534.

has been cited 325 times according to Google Scholar.

His second most cited paper:
 * Kanniainen, V., & Keuschnigg, C. (2004). Start-up investment with scarce venture capital support. Journal of Banking & Finance, 28(8), 1935-1959.

has been cited 255 times.

Other works
He also writes and publishes short stories and poems:
 * Vaaroja Vapautta Viettelyksiä, VK World 2004, Yliopistopaino ISBN 952-99428-0-X, Helsinki 2004.
 * Jos voisin mä elämäni lauluksi laulaa. Nuoren miehen runoja ajalta, jolloin Suomi syntyi, poems by Juho Oskari Rautio (1885–1969), editing and preface Vesa Kanniainen, Yliopistopaino ISBN 952-91-3257-3, Helsinki 2001.

title: Vesa Kanniainen


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Dunsop Bridge

Dunsop Bridge is a village in the civil parish of Bowland Forest High, in the borough of Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England, 9 mi north-west of Clitheroe, 15 mi south-east of Lancaster and 24.5 mi west of Skipton. Historically, the village is part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, but was placed under the administration of Lancashire County Council on 1 April 1974.

It is often cited as the geographic centre of Great Britain, although the exact point is at Whitendale Hanging Stones, near Brennand Farm, 4+1/2 mi north of the village.

In 1992, BT installed its 100,000th payphone at Dunsop Bridge and included a plaque to explain its significance. The telephone box was unveiled by Sir Ranulph Fiennes. In BT's A1141 list of unique alphabetical Telephone Exchange codes, the code for Dunsop Bridge is DSB.

Geography
The village is at the confluence of the River Dunsop and the River Hodder before the Hodder flows south to join the River Ribble outside Clitheroe. The bridge from which the village takes its name consists of two simple arches which span the river.

On 8 August 1967, Dunsop Valley entered the UK Weather Records with the highest 90-min total rainfall at 117 mm. As of July 2006, this record remains. The village is surrounded on all sides by the rolling hills of the Forest of Bowland and is located within an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Nearby is the Salter Fell Track, a pass along which the Lancashire Witches are believed to have been taken to their trial at Lancaster Castle.

History
The rivers formed the easternmost boundary of the territory of Amounderness in the 9th century and are cited in a grant made by King Athelstan to Wulfstan of York in 934 AD.

The area is historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire (and was administered by West Riding County Council until the 1974 reorganisation of local government). From the late 11th century, Dunsop was part of the ancient Lordship of Bowland which comprised a Royal Forest and a liberty of ten manors spanning eight townships and four parishes and covered an area of almost 300 sqmi on the historic borders of Lancashire and Yorkshire.

Dunsop Bridge developed into a village in the mid 19th century as a result of lead mining in the area. Before that, there were only a few isolated houses and farms. Thorneyholme House, close to the village centre, was home to John Towneley, 13th Lord of Bowland, in the period up until his death in 1878. Before that, it had been home to Richard Eastwood, a breeder of racehorses and shorthorn cattle. Eastwood was land agent to the Towneleys and the last known Bowbearer of Bowland. He died in 1871 and is buried at St Hubert's, Dunsop Bridge.

In 2009, it was reported that Charles Towneley Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan, on behalf of the Towneley family, claimed the title of 15th Lord of Bowland. Previously, the lordship had been thought lost or in the possession of the Crown having disappeared from the historical record in late 19th century. The Towneleys had owned the Bowland Forest Estate from 1835 and it transpired that the title had been retained by an extinct family trust. Lord O'Hagan sold the Lordship of Bowland at auction. The 16th Lord of Bowland was revealed to be a Cambridge University don who specialises in the history of Lancashire, its place names and dialects and has ancestral links to the forest. The 16th Lord made an official visit to the village in April 2011. His Bowbearer, Robert Redmayne Parker, was in attendance, together with representatives from the Bowland Higher Division Parish Council, the Forest authorities, community leaders and other dignitaries.

St. Hubert's Church
The Roman Catholic Church church of St. Hubert's was built by Edward Pugin for Colonel Charles Towneley of Towneley Hall, Burnley. Local tradition claims that it was paid for from the winnings of Colonel Towneley's horse, Kettledrum, which won the 1861 Epsom Derby. The church was opened on 2 May 1865 by Richard Roskell the Roman Catholic Bishop of Nottingham, becoming part of the RC Diocese of Leeds. In 1988 parish was transferred to the RC Diocese of Salford. The medieval font came originally from the church at Burholme near Whitewell. The stained glass is by J. B. Capronnier of Brussels and dates from 1865. The middle west window depicts St. Hubert the patron saint of hunters. The Forest of Bowland was once a royal hunting forest.

title: Dunsop Bridge


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Cornus mas

Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.

Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.

Fruit
The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or to make beverages. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka. In Romania and Moldova, the berries are used to make an alcoholic beverage known as cornată. In Bulgaria the berries are widely used to make Kompot.

The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú and used to retain the jing.

Flowers

The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.

Wood
The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.

Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.

In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of corniolo.

Leaves
The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.

Name
Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal: "This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following."

Garden history
The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".

The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.

Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
 * 'Aurea' (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
 * 'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
 * 'Variegata' (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)

title: Cornus mas


text:
User talk:Carmen1973

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions (well, your thoughts about transliteration of Arabic). I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

--Gareth Hughes 11:47, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Re: MSA and the rest
Hi Carmen. Thanks for the message. Checking your very first edits in WP, I believe you are a very good contributor and hope you'd not feel stressed ;). So, I thought you may deserve a nice welcoming by awarding you a barnstar at your user page. Cheers -- Svest 23:50, 23 October 2005 (UTC) Wiki me up™
 * You are welcome. No worries for the translation if you need help. Afterall, we are here to contribute, help and exchange ideas and knowledge. Feel free to email me when I am not here. Cheers -- Svest 00:07, 24 October 2005 (UTC) Me again

Translation
Hard but interesting questions! Not that hard. ;-) Don't hesitate if you need more help. -- Cheers -- Svest 21:20, 24 October 2005 (UTC) Me again
 * The weather is too cold --> الطقس بارد أكثر مما ينبغي is accurate but it is better to use الطقس قاسي جدا)
 * The Eagle Scout is called الرائد الأكبر.
 * Master's of Divinity --> الماجستير في علم التوحيد. Deity = اللاهوت.
 * Interfaith Contemplative Minister -->   وزير التواصل الديني. (If I really understood the context)
 * Boy Scouts' Nature --> (in which context?)
 * World boyscout Merit Badge --> شارة الإستحقاق للكشافة الدوليّة.

Arabic Case Endings Table
An Arabic noun can take three cases: nominative, genitive and accusative, and three numbers:  singular, dual and plural. Normally, nouns take the ending –u(n) in the nominative, -i(in) in the genitive and –a(n) in the accusative. The case endings are only present in formal or literary language. Technically, every noun has such an ending, although it is not pronounced at the end of a sentence. These endings are summarized in the following table using the word kitāb "book":

Examples (the case endings are in red ):

 * katab-a l-walad- u risālat- un fī-l-maktaba    The boy wrote a letter in the library.
 * jalas-at ṭālibat- un bi-jānibī fī d-dars    A (female) student sat beside me in class.
 * ḏahab-a ilá l-masjid- i ams    He went to the mosque yesterday.
 * taḥḥdaṯ-tu maca rajul- in fī l-maṭār    I spoke with a man at the airport.
 * ištaray-nā l-qamīṡ- a min s-sūq We bought a shirt from the market

Carmen 01:49, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Carmen. Great work! I'd like to correct some stuff. I highlighted them.
 * ...risālat- an fī-l-maktabati
 * jalas-ati ṭālibat- u
 * ...l-qamīṡ- a min s-sūqi -- Svest 02:28, 29 October 2005 (UTC) Me again

Dear Svest:

Thanks so much for your comments!! I really enjoyed reading them, and they are very much appreciated :) I just have two points needing clarification:
 * 1) How would you write in transliteration "A (female) student sat beside me in class"? Isn't jalas-at ṭālibat- un bi-jānibī fī d-dars correct.  (My next question deals with the case endings below).  So, would we need the helping vowel ī after jalas-at since there wouldn't be three consonants in a row (jalas-at ṭālibat- un ) and not (jalas-ati ṭālibat- u, since "female student" isn't definite)?
 * 2) A previous editor mentioned that the short vowels are not present in pause, which is why I didn't put them at the end of the sentences. Is "at the end of the sentence" considered pause?

Please don't think I'm questioning your knowledge and expertise. I really respect you as a serious editor on Wikipedia.

 * Hi Carmen. Never worry!

NO IT'S NOT DEFINITE. THE ENDING SHOULD BE "un". -- Svest 03:56, 30 October 2005 (UTC) Me again YES AT THE END OF A SENTENCE IS CONSIDERED PAUSE, BUT VOWELS ARE STILL WRITTEN EVEN WHEN IN PAUSE.
 * 1) jalas-at ṭālibat-u bi-jānibī fī d-dars (definite)
 * 1) I couldn't understand the 2nd question.
 * Hello, Svest:

I will illustrate what I meant in Question 2 with an example:

ṡādaf-tu ṡadiqat- ī fī l-maktabat- i wa ḏahab-nā ilá l-maṭcam    I ran into my friend in the library, and we went to the restaurant. I know there is a kasra on al-maṭcam, but, since it is the last word in the sentence, would it be written (l-maṭcam- i )?

--Carmen 15:02, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Script on Coin
Hello,

I hope I have posted this question in the right place. A library patron at the Fresno County Library brought in what he thinks is a foreign coin. He would like to know the language on the coin. He did some research and looked through the sections for Arabic-speaking countries in the 2005 Standard Catalog of World Coins, but to no avail. In my opinion, the coin looks much older than to have been minted in recent years, but there appears to be no date on it. Also, several scholars in the field of Arab studies have looked at it and think the language may be Urdu, but they aren't sure. Both sides of the coin have been scanned and can be found here, along with a more lengthy description. Any information is very much appreciated.

--205.247.237.96 21:09, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It's a wee bit difficult to read, but the first side says something like rāj kūbsīwä, and the second says rāj ‘ās. This makes me think that it's Urdu, which I can't read. --Gareth Hughes 21:29, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Which sounds about right. You can try searching those in this Hindi/Urdu dictionary. Raj is of course royalty, reign or kingdom, and if it was raja, that's a king or ruler. kūbsīwä doesn't come up as anything for me, even kub as the start doesn't come up with much. Gareth, do you have any other ideas of what that might be? ās comes back as "as", so that may be something like "as (the) kingdom", etc. Based on the lack of numbers it is probably a medal of some sort. - Taxman Talk 13:12, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!!!

--Carmen 22:17, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

I have been on extended WikiVacation, and just saw this. There's an "a'in" or a "ghain" at the end of the first inscription that hasn't been commented on. And it could be three words, making it "Raj ko Basiyo'" or "Raj ko Basiyogh" or something. The thing is, even if this is from South Asia (India/Pakistan/Bangladesha area), there's a good chance it is in Persian--or a local title/phrase rendered in Persian/Farsi script.

Sorry I can't say much more.

—iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 19:13, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Carmen1973


text:
Nordsjællands Veterantog

Nordsjællands Veterantog (NSJV) was founded as Helsingør Jernbaneklub in 1958 as a model railway club in Helsingør, Denmark. The club had its ups and downs in the early years, but the big turning point was when it was decided to try and work with scale 1:1. In 1968, the first service was operated and soon the club had turned into a heritage railway rather than a model railway club.

Acitivies soon grew and kept doing so steadily over the years. In 1992 it was decided to reorganise activities, essentially creating a foundation to take care of "business" issues. This foundation is the proper hold of the name Nordsjællands Veterantog, which translations into Heritage Railway of North Zealand. The club was responsible for the maintenance and operations, and this was renamed in 1995 to Nordsjællands Jernbaneklub (Railway Club of North Zealand) in order to match the name of the foundation.

NSJV has never owned their own tracks. Instead, services are operated on regular railway tracks used by operators such as DSB and Lokaltog. Services run mostly in Northern Zealand, with scheduled services running on weekends and Wednesdays throughout the summer.

Activities are based around two locations: The old station in Græsted is the home of the foundation and the club and also houses maintenance for carriages and diesel locomotives, whereas Rungsted depot is the home of the steam locomotives. Operational locomotives include three steam locomotives, two diesel locomotives, and various shunting and service vehicles. Both depots are now owned by NSJV.

In 2009, restored steam locomotive DSB K-582 entered service after a long project to bring it back to life. It has been restored to the class K look with the new, larger boiler and round dome. While it is still air-braked and thus has a Knorr pump on the side, most components of the air braking system (including the tanks) have been hidden from view to get as close as possible to the vacuum-braked look.

The Rungsted depot is now being prepared for the next major project, the restoration of DSB S-740, which was featured in the James Bond movie Octopussy. Work still continues in the Græsted depot on the GDS L1 locomotive.

title: Nordsjællands Veterantog


text:
User talk:Silverback/archive2

testing archiving

title: User talk:Silverback/archive2


text:
Gunbatsu

Military Factions (軍閥) is a Japanese term having two separate meanings. Its first meaning is a reference to the Japanese military leadership which exploited its privileged status to vie against the civilian government for control over the nation's policies (particularly during the early Shōwa era). It also refers to competing political factions or cliques within the Japanese military itself. The term came into common use in the Taishō period (1912-1926).

Gunbatsu in terms of national policy
From the formation of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy following the Meiji Restoration, the military had a very strong influence over the civilian government. The early Meiji government viewed Japan as threatened by western imperialism, and one of the prime motivations for the Fukoku Kyohei policy was to strengthen Japan's economic and industrial foundations, so that a strong military could be built to defend Japan against outside powers. Almost all leaders in the military were ex-samurai or descendants of samurai, and shared a common set of values and outlooks.

A major factor in the political power of the military was its complete freedom from civilian control, as guaranteed under the Meiji Constitution. In 1878, the Imperial Japanese Army established the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff office, modeled after the Prussian General Staff. This office was independent of, and equal to (and later superior) to the Ministry of War of Japan in terms of authority. The Imperial Japanese Navy soon followed with the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff. These General Staff offices were responsible for the planning and execution of military operations, and reported directly to the emperor. As the Chiefs of the General Staff were not cabinet ministers, they did not report to the Prime Minister of Japan, and were thus completely independent of civilian oversight or control.

The Army and the Navy also had decisive say on the formation of (and survival of) any civilian cabinet. Since the law required that the posts of Army Minister and Navy Minister be filled by active-duty officers nominated by their respective services, and since the law also required that the prime minister resign if he could not fill all of his cabinet posts, both the Army and the Navy had final say on the formation of a government, and could bring down the cabinet at any time by withdrawing their minister and refusing to nominate a successor. Although this tactic was actually used only once (ironically to prevent General Kazushige Ugaki from becoming prime minister in 1937), the threat always loomed large when the military made any demands on the civilian leadership.

Between 1885 and 1945, generals and admirals held 15 of the 30 premierships, and 115 of the 404 civilian cabinet posts. The military also had a broad political power base via the Imperial Military Reservist's Association and other political organizations, including nationalist political parties and secret societies.

Gunbatsu in terms of internal issues within the military
From the time of its formation following the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese military was riven by numerous internal divisions.

Hanbatsu
One of the most serious issues facing the Japanese military was interservice rivalry created by residual feudal sentiments. The Army officer class was dominated by men from the former Chōshū domain, and the Navy was likewise dominated by men from the former Satsuma domain. This created two major issues: Chōshū and Satsuma were historically enemies, and their traditional enmity came to be reflected on the rivalry and lack of cooperation between the two main branches of the Japanese military.

With the senior officer class dominated by men who were not hesitant to use nepotism and favoritism, promising young officers from other parts of Japan were denied promotion and their skills and ideas were not heeded. This created tremendous resentment, leading to the formation of a secret society, The Double Leaf Society, whose avowed goal was to break the Chōshū stranglehold on the Army. It was not until the Taishō period that graduates from the Army Staff College and Imperial Japanese Army Academy began to undermine the Chōshū hold over the Army leadership.

Washington Naval Treaty
The Imperial Japanese Navy was slightly more open than the Army in terms of promotion of qualified senior staff. However, the major political issue within the Navy centered around the Washington Naval Treaty of 1923, which split the Navy down in the middle in terms of the pro-Treaty Treaty Faction and anti-Treaty Fleet Faction.

Political Factionalism
Just as the Army overcame issues with residual feudalism, problems began to arise between rival cliques of officers who claimed to represent the “true will” of the Emperor. In basic terms, these cliques fell under the Imperial Way Faction with many young activists who were strongly supportive of the hokushin-ron strategy of a preemptive strike against the Soviet Union and the opposing Control Faction, which sought to impose greater discipline over the Army and war with China as a strategic imperative.

Fundamental to both factions, was the common belief that national defense must be strengthened through a reform of national politics. Both factions adopted some ideas from totalitarian, fascist and state socialist political philosophies, and espoused a strong skepticism for political party politics and representative democracy.

However, rather than the confrontational approach of the Imperial Way Faction, which wanted to bring about a revolution (the Showa Restoration), the Control Faction foresaw that a future war would be a total war, and would require the cooperation of the bureaucracy and the zaibatsu to maximize Japan's industrial and military capacity. Although the Control Faction emerged dominant after the February 26 Incident of 1936, elements of both factions continued to dominate Army politics until the surrender of Japan and abolition of the imperial Japanese military in 1945.

title: Gunbatsu


text:
User talk:Jfallesen

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed nobody had said hi yet... Hi!

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

You might like some of these links and tips:
 * some General guidance.
 * Tutorial and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf melmac 11:48, 15 October 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Jfallesen


text:
List of people from Chester

A list of notable people from Chester, England.

 * See Category:People from Chester

A

 * Russ Abbot, actor, musician

B

 * Reg Barton, footballer
 * Diana Beck, neurosurgeon
 * Stan Bennion, footballer
 * Chris Blackburn, footballer
 * Emily Booth, actress
 * Grenville Booth, footballer
 * Sir Adrian Boult, orchestral conductor
 * Thomas Brassey, civil engineer, railway contractor
 * David Brett, footballer
 * Oswald Walters Brierly, Marine painter to Queen Victoria
 * Robert Butt, footballer

C

 * Hall Caine, (1853–1931), writer
 * Randolph Caldecott, illustrator and artist
 * Thomas E. Caldecott, politician
 * Ray Carter, footballer
 * Mark Cartwright, footballer
 * Hugh B. Cave, author
 * Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor, Duke of Westminster
 * Mike Cecere, footballer
 * Dave Challinor, footballer
 * Ron Chesterman, musician
 * Nigel Clutton, footballer
 * Danny Collins (footballer), footballer
 * Alec Croft, footballer
 * Brian Croft, footballer
 * Daniel Craig, actor (James Bond series)
 * Emma Cunniffe, actress

D

 * John Douglas, (1830–1911), architect

E

 * Simon Edge, novelist
 * Lloyd Ellams, footballer
 * David Evans (footballer)
 * David Evans (political official)
 * Robert Evans (footballer born 1885)

F

 * Tony Field (footballer born 1942)
 * Mike Fields, footballer
 * Graham, Paul, and Ron Futcher, brothers who all played professional football

G

 * Keith Griffiths, footballer

H

 * Albert and Les Harley, footballing brothers
 * Thomas Harrison, architect
 * Tom Heaton, footballer
 * Malcolm Hebden, actor
 * Joe Hewitt, footballer
 * Randle Holme - name shared by four successive generations of a family of herald painters
 * A. S. Hornby, lexicographer
 * Barry Horne, footballer
 * Robert Spear Hudson (businessman)
 * Tom Hughes, actor

I

 * Jerry Ireland, footballer

J

 * Eddie Johnson (English footballer)
 * Colin Jones (footballer)
 * Gary Jones (footballer born 1975)
 * Ray Jones (footballer born 1944)
 * Mike Jones (referee)

K

 * Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester

L

 * Lee Latchford-Evans, singer
 * Eric Lee (footballer)
 * Bert Lipsham, footballer
 * Hugh Lloyd, actor
 * Frank Eric Lloyd, author of Rhodesian Patrol

M

 * Levi Mackin, footballer
 * George Mainwaring, merchant, mayor and MP
 * Lucy Meacock, broadcaster
 * Bob Mills (comedian)
 * Helen Modern, actress
 * William Monk, etcher, woodcut engraver and painter
 * Steve Moore (footballer)
 * Alan Morris (footballer)
 * Jill Morris, diplomat
 * William De Morgan, potter and tile designer
 * Spangles Muldoon, DJ
 * Danny Murphy (footballer born 1977), footballer

O

 * Stephen Oliver, composer
 * Michael Owen, footballer

P

 * Mike Parry, broadcaster
 * Ronald Pickup, actor
 * John Port (the elder), judge
 * Gary Potter, footballer
 * Graham Pugh, footballer

R

 * Basil Radford, actor
 * Paul Raynor (footballer born 1957)
 * Bill Rigby footballer
 * L. T. C. Rolt, biographer, engineer, writer and canal enthusiast
 * Gary Roberts (footballer born 1984)
 * Gary Roberts (footballer born 1987)
 * Martin Roscoe (b. 1952), classical pianist
 * Adam Rickitt (singer and actor)

S

 * Ian Saltmarsh, cricketer.
 * Alex Sanderson, Rugby union player
 * Harry Smith, footballer
 * George Spruce, footballer
 * John Steiner, actor
 * Ryan Shawcross, footballer

T

 * John Thompson, cricketer
 * Anthony Thwaite, poet
 * Charles John Tibbits, journalist, newspaper editor, author, and legal writer
 * Beatrice Tinsley, cosmologist
 * Beth Tweddle, gymnast
 * Martin Tyler, football commentator

V

 * Danny Ventre, footballer

W

 * Robert Wilcox (martyr)
 * Helen Willetts, weather presenter and former international badminton player
 * Brian Woodall, footballer

title: List of people from Chester


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vance Lee

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Deletion review nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Gareth Hughes 21:24, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Vance Lee
Vanity. Parallel or Together? 11:48, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This musician does not seem to be particularly noteworthy. A google search turns up about 1,290 articles, but the majority have to do with different collaborators featuring these names (just "Vance Lee" turns up millions of pages featuring people with this name).  In addition, the article is copyvio.  -Parallel or Together? 12:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for the above reasons. Haeleth 12:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 09:29, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Talk:IUPAC numerical multiplier

Question I've asked several times before
Why has Latin nona- been adopted for 9 although the others are Greek?? Georgia guy 18:50, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Possibly due to the usual English language lack of consistency, infecting international standards bodies. In short, that's just the way it came out. ww 05:31, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

examples, please!
The article recounts the rules, but does so in a particularly opaque way. We are writing an encyclopedia article here, not preaching to the organic choir, and examples really do help Average Readers make sense of such material. ww 05:31, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Why does the IUPAC use greek numeral prefixes instead of latin ones?
Why does the IUPAC use greek numeral prefixes instead of latin ones? For example, why it is called Pentane and not "Quintane". Why do they use Icosa- instead of Viginti- for the prefix for 20. Why Tetra- instead of Quad- for the prefix of 4? Please, can someone tell me why? Thanks. 24.150.217.182 (talk) 13:40, 17 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Not too far above on this same talk page is why 9 is the opposite of this question. Georgia guy (talk) 13:42, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

13 trideca 14 tetradeca 15 pentadeca
13 trideca 14 tetradeca 15 pentadeca 49.146.44.1 (talk) 13:28, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:IUPAC numerical multiplier


text:
User talk:Masterson74

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed nobody had said hi yet... Hi!

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

You might like some of these links and tips:
 * some General guidance.
 * Tutorial and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf melmac 11:50, 15 October 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Masterson74


text: Category:Presidents of North Macedonia

title: Category:Presidents of North Macedonia


text:
Keith Greig

Keith Southby Greig (born 23 October 1951) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the North Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Red-haired and pale-skinned, Greig was regarded as one of the most graceful players of his era with superb ball-handling skills. His stamina and free-flowing running style made him a perfect wingman, but in his later years he was used more as a half back flanker. He is one of few players to win back-to-back Brownlow Medals and was an inaugural inductee in the Australian Football Hall of Fame.

Playing career
Greig played his junior football for Brunswick in the Victorian Football Association, and in 1968 he won the Gillon Medal as the best and fairest in the VFA Thirds competition. He was recruited to the VFL by, at the age of 19. From the beginning his technical brilliance did not go unnoticed, and he was picked for his first State Representative game after only having played nine senior VFL matches. Greig went on to represent the Big V 12 more times over his career, and was state captain in 1978.

In 1973, he won the Brownlow Medal with 27 votes. In 1974, he became the eighth player to win the Brownlow twice, again with 27 votes, and the fifth player to win it back-to-back. North played in the 1974 VFL Grand Final, their second appearance in a Grand Final. They lost to, but Greig was one of North's best players.

The following year, North won their first VFL premiership and again, Greig was among North's best players. Earlier in the year, he had been awarded membership of the Order of the British Empire for his services to football. With the retirement of Barry Davis, Greig was appointed club captain at the start of the 1976 VFL season. But it was a position he did not relish, and he resigned from the captaincy at the end of 1979, partly as a result of the relationship break down with coach Ron Barassi.

In Round 6 of the 1977 VFL season against, Greig injured his right knee in a collision. After six weeks on the sidelines, he played against but broke down the following week. Greig underwent surgery to repair the ligaments in the knee in July and subsequently missed out on the 1977 premiership. He was named an All-Australian in 1983. Greig's final VFL match was the 1985 semi-final against, which North Melbourne lost by 30 points.

Relationship with Ron Barassi
To many outside observers, the partnership between Greig as captain and coach Ron Barassi during the 1970s was among the best in the league. But in 2004, Greig revealed in an interview that the relationship became so strained that at the end of 1979 he resigned the captaincy and came close to leaving the club. Although Barassi was known for saying things he later regretted when in an angry mood, one particular insult hurt Greig deeply: "If it wasn't for football you'd be nothing but a shit plumber". (Greig worked as a plumber at a time when footballers had occupations outside of football).

It was not until a meeting at club secretary Ron Joseph's office had been arranged that an agreement between the now ex-captain and coach was reached. As Greig recalled:"I told Barassi if he left me alone and let me do my own thing we would be OK. And that's what happened – Barass didn't speak to me for the entire 1980 season and consequently I won the best-and-fairest that year. I had been with him for seven years but by the end of '79 I had become tired of his ways."

Greig and Barassi appeared to be reconciled: "Barassi told me later that the 'shit plumber' remark was the worst thing he'd said in footy. We were never good mates, never been close, but we get along OK now. I even went to his testimonial last year, so we're fine now."

Post-football life and honours
In the 1975 Birthday Honours, Greig was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to football.

In 1992, Greig returned to North Melbourne as chairman of selectors. He is a life member of North Melbourne, and was selected in the AFL Team of the Century as a wingman. In 1996, Greig was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. He was also named on the wing in North Melbourne's Team of the Century.

In 2019, Greig was named at #2 in North Melbourne's greatest ever players at a special function to celebrate the club's 150-year anniversary. He was also present at the newly renovated Arden Street Oval when North's VFL team played for their first league game since 1985, in which Greig had played his 290th game.

title: Keith Greig


text: User talk:86.136.126.55

title: User talk:86.136.126.55


text:
Talk:Weighted arithmetic mean

Merge Convex combination into Weighted mean?
Convex combinations and weighted means are, on a fundamental level, precisely the same things. The major difference between them seems to be the way they are written. In a weighted sum, a normalizing factor is written outside the sum sign; in a convex combination, it is absorbed into the coefficients, which then sum to 1. Is this notational distinction a big enough deal to warrant separate articles? Melchoir 02:12, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

While I wait, I'll add these articles to each others' categories. Melchoir 02:13, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It sounds to me like a "convex combination" is an application of the weighted mean. If this is true, it should contain a link to the weighted mean article for examples on how to do the calculations, but should remain a separate article (since the average person reading about the weighted mean will have absolutely no interest in the "convex combination" application).  StuRat 03:51, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, the more I think about it, the more I think they should stay separate. Partly because of the reasons you bring up, and partly because the formalism can actually be important at times. Well, I'll remove the tags in a bit if no one else speaks up. Thanks for commenting! Melchoir 06:14, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. StuRat 21:15, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * ...done. Melchoir 08:44, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Also there is a case when you don't want to normalize the weights (when you use "repeat"-type weights), because you want to be able to perform a Bessel correction to do an unbiased computation, because if you normalize you then can't compute the total sample size N anymore. Lrq3000 (talk) 11:11, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

Confusing Lead Sentance?
"The weighted mean, or weighted average, of a non-empty list of data with corresponding non-negative weights

at least one of which is positive, is..."

So at least one of which is positive? I assume it can't be the weights, since they are stated to always be non-negative, is it the data that always has to be positive, and why is that the case? CallipygianSchoolGirl (talk) 15:15, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It is the weights. There is a small difference between nonnegative and positive: zero is nonnegative but it is not positive. So what the text says is that not all the weights can be zero. However, it is a bit confusing so I reformulated it. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 17:13, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Covariance
The covariance section is confusing to me. It seems like the covariance of the mean of two independent random variables, X, and Y, should be
 * $$\operatorname{cov}(\frac{X+Y}{2},\frac{X+Y}{2}) $$
 * $$ = \frac{\operatorname{cov}(X,X) + \operatorname{cov}(X,Y) + \operatorname{cov}(Y,X) + \operatorname{cov}(Y,Y)}{4}$$
 * $$=\frac{\operatorname{cov}(X,X)+\operatorname{cov}(Y,Y)}{4}$$

Generalizing this, it seems like the covariance of a mean should be
 * $$\operatorname{cov}\left(\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n X_i}{n},\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n X_i}{n}\right)=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n \operatorname{cov}(X_i,X_i)}{n^2}$$.

Is this right? It seems different than the result of
 * $$\sigma^2_\bar{x}=(\mathbf{W}^T \mathbf{C}^{-1} \mathbf{W})^{-1},$$

listed on this page. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 15:02, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

 * That is the variance of the mean. Since cov(X, X) is the same as var(X), we have
 * $$ \operatorname{cov}\left(\frac{X+Y}{2}, \frac{X+Y}{2}\right) = \operatorname{var}\left( \frac{X+Y}{2}\right), $$
 * and
 * $$ \operatorname{cov}(X_i,X_i) = \operatorname{var}(X_i).\,$$
 * So what you've shown is the standard result that
 * $$ \operatorname{var}\left(\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n X_i}{x}\right) = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n \operatorname{var}(X_i)}{n^2}. $$
 * Michael Hardy (talk) 18:05, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
 * So what you've shown is the standard result that
 * $$ \operatorname{var}\left(\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n X_i}{x}\right) = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n \operatorname{var}(X_i)}{n^2}. $$
 * Michael Hardy (talk) 18:05, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Michael Hardy (talk) 18:05, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Michael Hardy (talk) 18:05, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

 * .... oh: you assumed independence, but of course the matrix result says clearly that that's a case where they're NOT independent. You relied on cov(X, Y) = 0.  But obviously cov(X, Y) would be the corresponding entry in the given covariance matrix. Michael Hardy (talk) 18:06, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

"Dealing with variance" and "Weighted sample variance"
Thank you for these and the preceding very useful sections. I have a few suggestions and a question. First, the starting sentence under "Weighted sample variance" is misleading, as this section is not about the uncertainty or error in the weighted mean, but is giving the formula for weighted variance of the sample. Second, the formula for the weights at the start of "Dealing with variance" assumes that the $$\sigma_i$$ are normalized already. I suggest instead $$w_i = \frac{\frac{1}{\sigma_i^2}}{\sum_i\frac{1}{\sigma_i^2}}$$ to make this plainer. Third, the reference at http://pygsl.sourceforge.net/reference/pygsl/node36.html is not formatted correctly -- I suspect it is old and should be http://pygsl.sourceforge.net/reference/pygsl/node52.html. Finally, my question: the last formula in "Dealing with variance" has a factor of $$\frac{1}{n-1}$$ in it. Given the use of $$V_2$$ elsewhere in the page, I am wondering if if the $$\frac{1}{n-1}$$ should be modified to use $$V_2$$ in some way? Stgaser45 (talk) 13:36, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I also found the "weighted sample variance" section misleading. The equation:

$$\sigma^2_\mathrm{weighted} \ = \sum_{i=1}^N{{w_i}\left(x_i - \mu^*\right)^2}$$

assumes normalized weights. It should be replaced with:

$$\sigma^2_\mathrm{weighted} \ = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^N{{w_i}\left(x_i - \mu^*\right)^2}}{\sum_{i=1}^N{w_i}}$$

Drdan14 (talk) 19:18, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

"Correcting for Over/Under Dispersion"
Does anyone have a reference for this section or a derivation of why the scaling by $$\chi_\nu$$ is correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.22.160.1 (talk) 13:08, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

References, literature, further reading
I think this article is brilliant, it addresses an important topic with much detail. However, it does neither supply (citeable) references nor hints to literature. Does anybody know a good book on this topic? (I am specifically interested in dealing with variance etc.) --Hokanomono ✉ 17:07, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

I have revamped the weighted variance section, added some references and added a new section about weighted covariance, you might take a look at it. And feel free to correct it if you find better equations! --89.83.73.89 (talk) 18:19, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Exponentially decreasing weights
This is shaping up to be a good article with treatment of a wide range of related problems. However, I can't get my head around this sentence in the last section: "at step $$(1-w)^{-1}$$, the weight approximately equals $${e^{-1}}(1-w)=0.39(1-w)$$, the tail area the value $$e^{-1}$$, the head area $${1-e^{-1}}=0.61$$". It seems to simply be missing some verbs, but I don't know enough on the topic to confidently correct it myself. Anyone know what's going on? Tomatoman (talk) 22:56, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Statistical properties
Mid of that para: For uncorrelated observations with standard deviations σi, the weighted sample mean has standard deviation \sigma(\bar x)= \sqrt {\sum_{i=1}^n {w_i^2 \sigma^2_i}}

would imply stdev of mean going up with n (simply assume w=sig=1)! missing a 1./(sum(wi))^2 under the sqrt? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.174.74.56 (talk) 11:58, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

 * The weights here wi sum up to 1. Dmcq (talk) 16:02, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

Notation for multiplication of specific numbers
As far as I can recall, I have never seen the notation (a)b before for multiplying specific numbers. I think the example at the top of the article would be more accessible to our readers if we instead used the more standard notation a × b, when a and b are specific numbers. (I've used Unicode there, which might not display properly on all browsers, because I don't know LaTeX very well. However, the LaTeX version should work on all browsers.)--greenrd (talk) 08:36, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Good point. I've changed the LaTeX accordingly. StuRat (talk) 04:25, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Unreadable for the Everyman
If your a mathematician then I'm sure this Wiki page is great. If your not, then this Wiki page leaves much to be desired. It gives absolutely no lay answer or examples, ergo, you need a math degree for it to be relevent. How about one of you Good Will Huntings start off the article by adding in a dumbed down section so that those who arent Math gods can actual understand what Weighted Mean actually means because this article in it's current state doesn't help me, nor I'm sure most people who find it. Thanks. :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Deepintexas (talk • contribs) 07:24, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

 * That's why I added the Weighted_mean section, which requires no math skills beyond division, and is enough material for the math newbie. Are you saying you can't understand that ?  (As for the rest, it really does get complex, so probably shouldn't be attempted by non-mathematicians.) StuRat (talk) 03:37, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Reverse calculate
So, if you know the original data points, and you know the data points produced by some method of weighted averaging, can you easily discover the method by which the weighted average data points were made?

I'm sure my question doesn't make sense, so I'll give an example. I have the following original data points: 98.2, 97.8, 97.7, 97.1, 97.5, 97.4, 97.6 97.3, 97.0.

The weighted average data points are as follows: 98.93276, 98.78197, 98.63793, 98.4332, 98.30897, 98.187965, 98.109695, 98.00191, 97.86853.

Is it possible to discover what weight I gave to each original data point to produce the weighted average data point? If so, how? And if it is possible, let's include it in the article.

 * Am I missing something ? Just divide the weighted data points by the unweighted ones to get the weights. StuRat (talk) 03:33, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Biased vs. Unbiased
The Weighted Sample Variance section emphasizes that the variance is "biased" without explaining. While the 'unbiased estimator' is linked and briefly mentioned, It seems like the concept of bias should be addressed explicitly.--All Clues Key (talk) 23:41, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I had the same feeling as you and thus I revamped the section a bit. You will now find the two unbiased estimators (one for "reliability"-like weights, and one for "repeats"-like weights). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.83.73.89 (talk) 18:21, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Explicitly describe the different types of weights
The article does not account for the different types of weights out there, which substantially change the equation one must use in order to take in account those weights.

For example, there are the "repeats"-type weights, which are integer values and represent the number of times an observation was observed. They can be normalized (which then represent the "frequency) or not, but basically the idea is that bigger the weight is, more importance will be given to this observation.

There are also the "reliability"-type weights, which are float values which represent the variance for each measurement for an observation. This is important in some control applications to better estimate which observations are more reliable and which aren't. Here, basically the idea is that smaller the weight is (smaller is the variance), more importance will be given to this observation.

As we can see, the type of the weights used in the dataset will drastically change the equation used to compute the mean, variance and covariance.

Maybe this should be better described in the introduction of this article?

--Lrq3000 (talk) 18:28, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

I reinstated frequency (aka repeats) type weights for covariance matrix calculation as another way to calculate an unbiased weighted estimator. Please refrain from removing it in the future before reading this discussion, and discussing it here (or using good references), thanks. Lrq3000 (talk) 03:42, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

Unclear passage
The section Weighted sample covariance currently says

 * the biased weighted covariance matrix $$\textstyle \mathbf{\Sigma}$$ is

 * $$ \Sigma=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N}w_i}{\left(\sum_{i=1}^{N}w_i\right)^2-\sum_{i=1}^{N}w_i^2}

\sum_{i=1}^N w_i \left(x_i - \mu^*\right)^2. $$

 * Note: $$(x_i - \mu^*)^2$$ is not an element-wise multiplication, but a matrix multiplication.

First, shouldn't the xi be boldfaced to conform with its previous vector notation, so it is conformable for subtraction with the vector μ*?

Second, I think the notation $$\left(x_i - \mu^*\right)^2$$ is non-standard given that the expression in parentheses is a vector, and the "Note" following it is unclear and would not be needed anyway if standard notation were used. Is this meant to contain something like $$\left(x_i - \mu^*\right)\left(x_i - \mu^*\right)^T$$ (with x bolded)? Duoduoduo (talk) 22:44, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I am the one who added this part of the article.
 * Yes exactly Duoduoduo, although I'm not sure if the transpose is to be put on the first or second term (it depends on the way X and mu vectors are shaped, column or line vector, and I don't know if there's a standard for this).
 * Feel free to edit the equations to standardize them, I'm quite new to LaTeX so that would be better than what I could do anyway :)
 * Lrq3000 (talk) 11:02, 13 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Feel free to edit the equations to standardize them, I'm quite new to LaTeX so that would be better than what I could do anyway :)
 * Lrq3000 (talk) 11:02, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank's Duoduoduo, I saw your changes and they are perfect.
 * Lrq3000 (talk) 23:22, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

Correcting for over- or under-dispersion
I have a question about your second formula in the paragraph "Correcting for over- or under-dispersion". You weight the formula with 1/n-1, which I find not compatible with the following statement that the case for equal weights leads to sigma/sqrt(n).

Should the 1/n-1 be dropped? or replaced by something like n/n-1?

Also, a textbook reference would help here.

Thanks!

Pierreb007 (talk) 14:29, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

Vector-valued estimates
The "Accounting for correlations" section should be outside the "Vector-valued estimates" section, since it doesn't address vector-valued estimates.

Normalized Weights vs Reliability Weights Merge?
The section "Mathematical definition" introduces the idea of a normalized weights, w'. The section "Weighted sample variance" introduces an equivalent idea but uses the term "reliability weights". The same variable, w, is used for both frequency weights and reliability weights. At present, the presentation is confusing. I recommending some editing to make these sections consistent. I also suggest using separate variables, with w indicating arbitrary weights (e.g., frequency weights, variance-based weighting), and w' to indicate normalized weights (aka reliability weights). Also it might be useful to find some agreed on terminology for the types of weighting. I found the following source, http://www.cpc.unc.edu/research/tools/data_analysis/statatutorial/sample_surveys/weight_syntax, useful in this regard. MuTau (talk) 16:55, 26 May 2018 (UTC)

Title: Weighted arithmetic mean --> Weighted Estimators
The content of this wiki page is much broader than the title "Weighted arithmetic mean". A more appropriate title might be "Weighted Estimators". MuTau (talk) 17:51, 26 May 2018 (UTC)

Consensus
The paper you're citing states that "Several expressions for SEM, have been proposed and used in varying degrees in the atmospheric chemistry literature. (...) There is no general consensus among precipitation chemistry researchers on which expression is preferable..." Wouldn't you think that statisticians might know better? You can't came to a statistics article saying everybody is wrong wagging a non-specialist paper. fgnievinski (talk) 16:00, 2 October 2018 (UTC)
 * If the "specialists" have citations to support their claims I'd be happy to accept it, but the previous equations were offered without proof of any kind.

Now on a more constructive tone. I've tried to merge your contribution for what it is new, which is the bootstrapping validation. I kept the notation consistent with the rest of the article. At the end you give a simplified expression. Could you try to relate it to one of the previous formulations, please? fgnievinski (talk) 16:00, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

Is the formula wrong for the variance?
Given data $$x_i$$ then I'm pretty sure that an error estimate for the weighted mean of $$x_i$$ is going to be a function of $$x_i$$, whereas in the text it is some undefined $$y_i$$. Maybe $$y_i$$ means $$x_i$$?

But then it is still wrong. For example, suppose that all of the $$w_i$$ are zero except for the first because it is known that the experiment went screwy after that first measurement, then why would the error estimate of $$x_i$$ depend on all the discarded data points?

So maybe $$y_i$$ means the subset of $$x_i$$ corresponding to nonzero $$w_i$$. Dunno. Either way, something is odd. Microsiliconinc (talk) 06:04, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Weighted arithmetic mean


text: Template:Wikimediameta

title: Template:Wikimediameta


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amaxment

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 02:17, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Amaxment
Vanity, but even if not, needs to be cleaned up and tf to WiktionaryStaffelde 11:54, 15 October 2005 (UTC) delete per nomination Staffelde 12:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   13:59, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom --Rogerd 09:30, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bangalore division

Bangalore Division, officially Bengaluru division, is one of the four divisions of the Indian state Karnataka. The division comprises the districts of Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Chikkaballapur, Chitradurga, Davanagere, Kolar, Ramanagara, Shimoga, and Tumakuru.The total area of the division is 49,936 km2. The total population as of 2011 census is 22,523,301, making it the world's fifth most populous sub-division.

People

 * Kenneth Anderson (writer)
 * Major General Richard Stewart Dobbs

title: Bangalore division


text:
South Malaita Island

South Malaita Island is the island at the southern tip of the larger island of Malaita in the eastern part of Solomon Islands. It is also known as Small Malaita and Maramasike for Areare speakers and Malamweimwei for more than 80% of the islanders. The island is referred to as Iola Raha. It is called "small" to distinguish it from the much larger sibling. It is part of Malaita Province. South Malaita came under effective control of the colonial administration after the Solomon Islands was declared a British Protectorate in 1893. During the colonial days, the island was divided by the colonial government and missionary establishments into the Asimeuri, Asimae, and Raroisu'u districts.

First settlers
The history of Mwalamwaimwei began with early migrants who settled in the coastal zone and later moved to the highlands. A revolution in the highlands led residents to return to the coastal zone.

Governance
The ruling chiefs inherit the chiefly bloodline and govern each Iola. The Ououinemauri is the elected high chief chosen to govern and administer the Council of Chiefs. The Iola are subdivided according to the tribes and clans across the island. Some Iolas have 2,3 or 4 chiefs.

Iolas
Other Iola in South Malaita are located within and share the boundary with others, organized by settlers.
 * Korutalau pwaine
 * Kalapea
 * Hoasiteimwane (Iola Raha)
 * Lou aatowa
 * Apuilalamoa
 * Korutalaumwaimwei)
 * Louatowa (Haitataemwane)
 * Ueniusu (Ero ueniusu)
 * Ououmatawa
 * Uenisu Unu
 * Roasi
 * A'ulutalau
 * Iolairamo
 * Hailadami

Language
South Malaita people follow 3 main dialects:
 * Sa'a - widely spoken by 75% of the population
 * Tolo (mix areare) - is spoken by 20% of the population.
 * Lau - is spoken by 5% of the people.

Culture
Mwalamwaimwei culture is based on the chiefly system. The island is subdivided according to kingdom (Iola). The division of each kingdom was done by the council of chiefs (Alahaouou) during the pre-colonial era and later during Ma'asina Ruru Movement.

Residents identify with their extended families and with members of their clan and tribe.

The people practise patrilineal descent. Women played a much lesser role in governance; however, they are equally respected in society.

Dolphin hunting
Dolphin are hunted in Malaita mainly for their meat and teeth, and also sometimes for live capture for dolphinaria. Dolphin hunting is practised by coastal communities around the world; the animals are herded with boats into a bay or onto a beach. A large-scale example is the Taiji dolphin drive hunt, made famous by the documentary film The Cove. The hunt on South Malaita Island is smaller in scale, and is almost exclusively practiced by the Walande and Fanelei peoples. The meat is shared equally between households. Dolphin teeth are used in jewelry and as currency.

title: South Malaita Island


text:
User talk:Melkart es

Welcome to Wikipedia!
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Pizarro
Solo una de las imágenes es mía - la de Madrid. Aunque subí muchas de la fotos de la procesión de Madrid, incluida las del Leopardo, no todas fuero subidas. Si quieres puedes usar cualquiera de estas fotos. http://modernwarstudies.net/viewtopic.php?t=183 JonCatalan 00:44, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Melkart es


text: User talk:84.69.54.2

title: User talk:84.69.54.2


text:
Talk:Sinhalese

A new talk page
This talk page was a redirect to Talk:Sinhalese people, dating back to an old page move. I have removed the redirect, so that this page can be for discussion of [[Sinhalese]].

I am merging the two disambiguation pages by redirecting this page to [[Sinhala]]. I'm sure some will argue the terms are not synonymous, but having disambiguated hundreds of links, I can say the overlap of the two is extreme. This will add dozens of links to my job of disambiguating this word. — Randall Bart (talk) 23:23, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sinhalese


text:
Talk:Boshin War

Featured article review needed
This Featured article was promoted in 2006, and is not at FA standards. There is a good deal of uncited text, and a MOS review is needed. Unless someone is willing/able to bring this article to standard, it should be submitted to Featured article review. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  01:45, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

Paragraphs needing references
In order to potentially save this article from being removed as a featured article, here's a list of the paragraphs (outside of the lead, which doesn't require references since everything in the lead should be in the body of the article) that have no references. I am dividing them by the sections where they can be found within the article.

Please make comments and suggested references within each section below so we can keep this organized. Any help is appreciated. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 00:35, 18 March 2020 (UTC)

Resistance of the Northern Coalition
Second paragraph: "In May 1868, the daimyō of Nagaoka inflicted high losses on the Imperial troops in the Battle of Hokuetsu, but his castle ultimately fell on May 19. Imperial troops continued to progress north, defeating the Shinsengumi at the Battle of Bonari Pass, which opened the way for their attack on the castle of Aizuwakamatsu in the Battle of Aizu in October 1868, thus making the position in Sendai untenable."
 * ✅ ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 22:11, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

Final losses and surrender
Second paragraph: "Imperial forces soon consolidated their hold on mainland Japan, and, in April 1869, dispatched a fleet and an infantry force of 7,000 to Ezo, starting the Battle of Hakodate. The Imperial forces progressed swiftly and won the naval engagement at Hakodate Bay, Japan's first large-scale naval battle between modern navies, as the fortress of Goryōkaku was surrounded with 800 remaining men. Seeing the situation had become desperate, the French advisers escaped to a French ship stationed in Hakodate Bay—Coëtlogon, under the command of Dupetit Thouars—from where they were shipped back to Yokohama and then France. The Japanese requested that the French advisers be given judgement in France; however, due to popular support in France for their actions, the former French advisers in Japan were not punished for their actions."
 * ✅ ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 22:10, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

Aftermath
First paragraph: "Following victory, the new government proceeded with unifying the country under a single, legitimate and powerful rule by the Imperial Court. The emperor's residence was effectively transferred from Kyoto to Edo at the end of 1868, and the city renamed to Tokyo. The military and political power of the domains was progressively eliminated, and the domains themselves were soon transformed into prefectures, whose governors were appointed by the emperor."
 * ✅ Ref added. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 18:27, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Fourth paragraph: "The Imperial side did not pursue its objective to expel foreign interests from Japan, but instead shifted to a more progressive policy aiming at the continued modernization of the country and the renegotiation of unequal treaties with foreign powers, later under the 'rich country, strong army' (富国強兵) motto."
 * ✅ Ref added. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 18:21, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Later depictions
Second paragraph: "Such Japanese depictions include numerous dramatizations, spanning many genres. Notably, Jirō Asada wrote a four-volume novel of the account, Mibu Gishi-den. A film adaptation of Asada's work, directed by Yōjirō Takita, is known as When the Last Sword Is Drawn. A ten-hour television jidaigeki based on the same novel starred Ken Watanabe. The 2001 Goryōkaku film is another jidaigeki highlighting the resistance in Hokkaidō. Among Japanese anime, Bakumatsu Kikansetsu Irohanihoheto in part dramatizes the Boshin War, while Rurouni Kenshin is set 10 years after. The Rurouni Kenshin OVA Trust & Betrayal is set during the Boshin War and depicts several events of the war (such as the raid on the daimyō of Satsuma's residence and the failed boarding of the Kōtetsu at the Battle of Miyako Bay)."
 * ✅ Refs added, removed The 2001 Goryōkaku film is another jidaigeki highlighting the resistance in Hokkaidō. Among Japanese anime, Bakumatsu Kikansetsu Irohanihoheto in part dramatizes the Boshin War, while Rurouni Kenshin is set 10 years after. The Rurouni Kenshin OVA Trust & Betrayal is set during the Boshin War and depicts several events of the war (such as the raid on the daimyō of Satsuma's residence and the failed boarding of the Kōtetsu at the Battle of Miyako Bay). as I was unable to find refs for these parts. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 03:00, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Third paragraph: "Western interpretations include the 2003 American film The Last Samurai directed by Edward Zwick, which combines into a single narrative historical situations belonging both to the Boshin War, the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion, and other similar uprisings of ex-samurai during the early Meiji period. The elements of the movie pertaining to the early modernization of Japan's military forces as well as the direct involvement of foreign (mostly French) forces relate to the Boshin War and the few years leading to it. However, the suicidal stand of traditionalist samurai forces led by Saigō Takamori against the modernized Imperial army relate to the much later Satsuma Rebellion."
 * ✅ ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 02:34, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Fourth paragraph: "The main campaign in the 2012 expansion to Creative Assembly's game Total War: Shogun 2: Fall of the Samurai depicts the Boshin War. Players can choose from various historical clans, such as the Imperial Satsuma or the shogunate Aizu."
 * ✅ ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 02:34, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Weapons
First paragraph: "The forces of Chōshū and Satsuma were fully modernized with Armstrong Guns, Minié rifles and one Gatling gun. The shogunate forces had been slightly lagging in term of equipment, although the French military mission to Japan (1867–68) had recently trained a core elite force. The shōgun also relied on troops supplied by allied domains, which were not necessarily as advanced in terms of military equipment and methods, composing an army that had both modern and outdated elements."
 * ✅ ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 01:42, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Individual guns
First paragraph: "Numerous types of more or less modern smoothbore guns and rifles were imported, from countries as varied as France, Germany, the Netherlands, Britain, or the United States, and coexisted with traditional types such as the tanegashima matchlock."
 * ✅ ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 01:42, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Warships
First paragraph: "In the area of warships also, some of the most recent ironclads such as the Kōtetsu coexisted with older types of steamboats and even traditional sailboats. The shogunate initially had a rather strong edge in warships, and it had the vision to order the state-of-the-art French-made Kōtetsu, although the ship was blocked from delivery by foreign powers on ground of neutrality once the conflict had started, and was ultimately remitted to the Imperial faction shortly after the Battle of Toba–Fushimi."
 * ✅ ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 18:38, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Uniforms
First paragraph: "Uniforms were Western-style for modernized troops (usually dark, with variations in the shape of the helmet: tall conical for Satsuma, flat conical for Chōshū, rounded for the shogunate). Officers of the shogunate often wore French and British uniforms. Traditional troops however retained their samurai clothes. Some of the headgear for some of the Imperial troops was quite peculiar, involving the use of long, colored, 'bear' hair. The 'red bear' (赤熊) wigs indicate officers from Tosa, the 'white bear' (白熊) wigs officers from Chōshū, and the 'black bear' (黒熊, koguma) wigs officers from Satsuma."
 * ✅ ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 22:09, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

Firearm image
This image is used in this article, both in the English and the Japanese versions. The English caption stated Guns of the Boshin War from top to bottom: a Snider, a Starr, a Gewehr, though I changed that to Guns of the Boshin War, from top to bottom: a Snider, a Starr, and an unknown musket. The Japanese caption states 戊辰戦争の銃はスナイドル銃、Starr carbine、ドライゼ銃. A ドライゼ銃 is a Dreyse needle gun. As I mentioned, I changed the caption because the firearm in the image is not labeled (the other two have labels from the museum clearly visible) and it looks nothing like any images I can find of the Dreyse needle gun. It appears to be a flintlock of some sort, but since it isn't labeled, it's hard to say what kind it is. I'm open to different wording. Thoughts? ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 02:06, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Removed parts
The following parts have been removed from the article because sources were unable to be located. They can be added again once refs are found. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 19:51, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

Individual guns

 * Removed from the end of the first paragraph: "These were aged and had limited capabilities, with an effective lethal range of about 50 meters, and a firing rate of about 2 rounds per minute."

Later depictions

 * Removed from the middle of the second paragraph: "Later Japanese depictions of the war tended to be highly romanticized, showing the shogunal side fighting with traditional methods, against an already modernized Imperial side."

title: Talk:Boshin War


text:
Talk:Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough

Requested move back to lowercase til

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. --BDD (talk) 23:17, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

Don& → Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough – The move that previously capitalized 'Til was ill-motivated, saying "The form with the capital seems to be more usual, & appears on publicity material." The former does not appear to be true, and neither is relevant, per MOS:CAPS, MOS:TM, and especially MOS:CT. Dicklyon (talk) 21:09, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Mild support; looks weird capitalized. Red Slash 23:17, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Support, although nom has wrong reasons to move. MOSTM doesn't apply and even though "until"/"til" is a preposition and CT applies, WP:COMMONAME may be a stronger argument like in Star Trek Into Darkness. Tb hotch .™ Grammatically incorrect? Correct it!  See terms and conditions.  04:58, 7 June 2013 (UTC)
 * COMMONNAME cannot override our manual of style, not least because they address different topics. COMMONNAME is how we decide what the title should be, and our MOS tells us how we render that title.  COMMONNAME has nothing to say on matters of style.  Powers T 18:56, 8 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Then if "into" is a four letters preposition, why Star Trek Into Darkness is not "Star Trek into Darkness"? Simple common name. Community consensus can override *any* guideline as they are not universally accepted: "It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply.", and it is what people cannot understand these days, being part of a MoS does not mean it is universally accepted and therefore universally applied. Tb hotch .™ Grammatically incorrect? Correct it!  See terms and conditions.  07:32, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Support per MOS:CT. Powers T 18:56, 8 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose - there's nothing in MOS:CT that speaks to words with an omitted letter replaced by an apostrophe. It does state that "every word is given an initial capital except for certain less important words" and _'til is not listed as an exception, in fact, until is listed as a preposition that should be capitalized..  Furthermore, the song is listed as "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" on sleeves for the Off the Wall album and the single itself, plus it's listed as such on most (if not all) articles on the album, including the wiki page on the album. So, bottom line, without any direction from MOS:CT telling us to not capitalize the word, I see no reason to break from the standard of capitalizing each word in a title. Robman94 (talk) 19:59, 10 June 2013 (UTC)
 * It is a preposition with fewer than five letters, and thus falls under the rule that says not to capitalize such prepositions. It doesn't have to be explicitly called out on the guideline page.  Powers T 23:44, 12 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Support "'til" is a proposition that has been abbreviated. It should 'ave been uncapitalised if it were spelt out in full, let alone now. --  Ohc  ¡digame!¿que pasa? 06:56, 13 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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