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Supreme Court of Sri Lanka

The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka (ශ්‍රී ලංකා ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය; இலங்கை உயர் நீதிமன்றம்) is the highest court in Sri Lanka and the final judicial instance of record. Established in 1801 and empowered to exercise its powers subject to the provisions of the Constitution of Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court has ultimate appellate jurisdiction in constitutional matters and takes precedence over all lower courts. The Sri Lankan judicial system is a complex blend of common law and civil law. In some cases, such as those involving capital punishment, the decision may be passed on to the President of Sri Lanka for clemency petitions. The current Chief Justice of Sri Lanka is Jayantha Jayasuriya.

History
The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created on 18 April 1801 with the "Royal Charter of Justice of 1801 of King George the 3rd establishing the Supreme Courts of the Island of Ceylon" by the British, who controlled most of the island at the time, excluding the inland territory of Kandy. This creation was repealed in 1833 and replaced by a new Charter covering the whole of the island. In 1948, the country gained its independence as the Dominion of Ceylon and adopted a new Constitution in 1972 after becoming a republic.

Until 1971, there was a right of appeal from the Supreme Court of Ceylon to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, which was terminated under the terms of the Court of Appeal Act No. 44 1971

A fire occurred at the building it was housed in on 15 December 2020 that was later doused by firefighters.

Size of the Court
The court consists of the Chief Justice of Sri Lanka and not less than six and not more than sixteen other judges, appointed by the President, upon the President's recommendation for such appointment to the Constitutional Council is approved by the Council.

The Chief Justice, The Justices of the Supreme Court and The Justices of the Court of Appeal are addressed as "Your Lordship" and receive the title "The Honourable Justice".

Appointment and confirmation
The President of Sri Lanka is responsible for the appointment and removal of all the judges of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court judges are appointed with the advice and consent of the Constitutional Council. From 3 October 2001 until 2011, with the 17th Amendment, the Constitutional Council had the task of advising the President on the appointment of judges. If the appointment is for a period less than fourteen days, this requirement will not apply. The Justices are not allowed to hold any other office without the consent of the Constitution or the President.

In the discharge of its functions relating to the appointment of judges of the Courts, the Council may obtain the views of the Chief Justice and of the Attorney General.

Tenure
Judges who hold office during good behaviour can serve until the retirement age for judges fixed at 65 years, as per the Constitution. They cannot be removed except by an order of the President made after an address to the Parliament and the support of the majority of its members. The order has to be presented to the President for removal on the ground of proven misbehaviour or incapacity.

A resolution for the presentation of the order of the President can be obtained by the Speaker or be placed on the Order Paper of Parliament only if notice of the resolution is signed by no less than one-third of the total number of Members of Parliament and sets out full particulars of the alleged misbehaviour or incapacity. Parliament is required to provide for all matters relating to the presentation of the address, including the procedure for the passing of the resolution, the investigation and proof of the alleged misbehaviour or incapacity, and the right of the judge to appear and to be heard in person or by a representative, by law or by Standing Orders of Parliament.

A judge is not permitted to perform or hold any other office, whether paid or not or accept any place of profit or emolument, except as authorized by the Constitution or by written law or with the written consent of the President.

Removal
A judge of the Supreme Court can only be removed by Parliament, however, if convicted of a criminal offence the judge may face a jail sentence. The 2015 indictment of Justice Sarath De Abrew was the first sitting Supreme Court judge has been indicted on a criminal offence.

Facilities

The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka is housed in the Hulftsdorp court complex.

Supreme Court Complex Fire
On 15 December at 4:45 pm a fire started in the waste material storage area on the ground floor of the Supreme Court Complex. Several fire trucks were dispatched to douse the fire. The incident prompted a police investigation. The fire only destroyed defective material, according to Police Media. No one was injured and there was no damage to any other building in the Supreme Court area.

Jurisdiction
Article 118 of the Constitution - the Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise original advisory and appellate judicial functions. It is also the final Court of Record and the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka. The Supreme Court has the following powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution:

 * Jurisdiction in respect of Constitutional matters (Articles 120 to 125)
 * Jurisdiction for the protection of fundamental rights (Article 126)
 * Final appellate jurisdiction (Article 127, 128)
 * Consultative jurisdiction (Article 129)
 * Jurisdiction in petitions relating to the election of President; petitions relating to the validity of a referendum; appeals from Orders/judgments of the Court of Appeal in other election petitions – Article 130 (as amended by the 14th Amendment)
 * Jurisdiction in respect of any breach of the privileges of Parliament (Article 132);
 * Jurisdiction in respect of other matters which Parliament may by law vest or ordain

Appeals from judgments, sentences and orders pronounced at a High Court Trial at Bar lie direct to the Supreme Court.

Independence
Sri Lankan judiciary was considered non-independent by some analysts during the time of President Mahinda Rajapaksa. It was proved right by the Impeachment of Shirani Bandaranayake. Shirani Bandaranayake the former chief justice was impeached by the parliament for rulings against the government, including one against a bill proposed by Basil Rajapaksa the minister for economic development and the brother of the president Mahinda Rajapaksa. Bandaranayake was replaced as chief justice by former Attorney General Mohan Peiris. Peiris is considered to be an ally of former President Rajapaksa and his appointment is seen by critics as further consolidation of power by the president and his family. Bandaranayake had refused to recognise the impeachment and lawyers groups had refused to work with the new chief justice. Bandaranayake's controversial impeachment has drawn much criticism and concern from within and outside of Sri Lanka.

After Maithripala Sirisena was elected as president the appointment of Mohan Peiris was considered null and void in law because Bandaranayake's sacking by the previous Government had no legal validity. Shirani Bandaranayake resumed office carrying a bouquet of flowers and being greeted by lawyers. After that, she lawfully retired and Kanagasabapathy Sripavan was appointed as the Chief justice

Landmark judgments
In one of the landmark judgements, the Supreme Court ruled that powers over land would continue to remain vested in the Central Government, and not the provincial councils.

The verdict assumes significance in the wake of the government's apparent reluctance to devolve land and police powers — stated in the 13th Amendment that followed the Indo-Lanka Accord of 1987 — to its provinces. It practically killed the 13th amendment.

Dress

Supreme Court judges wear scarlet gowns when attending court. On special ceremonial occasions (such as ceremonial sittings of the Supreme Court) they would wear a scarlet gown, barrister's bands and mantle and a long wig.

title: Supreme Court of Sri Lanka


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Organic-rich sedimentary rocks

Organic-rich sedimentary rocks are a specific type of sedimentary rock that contains significant amounts (>3%) of organic carbon. The most common types include coal, lignite, oil shale, or black shale. The organic material may be disseminated throughout the rock giving it a uniform dark color, and/or it may be present as discrete occurrences of tar, bitumen, asphalt, petroleum, coal or carbonaceous material. Organic-rich sedimentary rocks may act as source rocks which generate hydrocarbons that accumulate in other sedimentary "reservoir" rocks (see oil sands and petroleum geology). Potential source rocks are any type of sedimentary rock that the ability to dispel available carbon from within it (limestone is a classic example of a source rock). Good reservoir rocks are any sedimentary rock that has high pore-space availability. This allows the hydrocarbons to accumulate within the rock and be stored for long periods of time (a sandstone commonly makes a good source rock). Highly permeable reservoir rocks are also of interest to industry professionals, as they allow for the easy extraction of the hydrocarbons within. The hydrocarbon reservoir system is not complete however without a "cap rock". Cap rocks are rock units which have very low porosity and permeability, which trap the hydrocarbons within the units below as they try to migrate upwards.

Fossil organic carbon
Organic carbon is derived from ancient biological deposition of matter (kerogen is the name given to this by geologists), and this organic matter is buried with mineral and rock fragments into sedimentary rocks. The temperature and pressure of the burial conditions will affect the material's diagenetic processes, and determine whether or not the material will be transformed into petroleum. Fossiliferous organic carbon can alI BE sported throughout the modern environment, in rivers, soils, and eventually the oceans. This process occurs over a very large time scale, and acts as one of the major mechanisms for fossiliferous organic carbon to be released back into the environment.

Organic sediment production
For decades, it was thought that the majority of the organic-rich sedimentary beds deposited on the ocean floor was a byproduct of three environmental variables: the input of organic material, the rate of sedimentation, and the amount of deep-water oxygenation. These variables are linked on spatial and temporal scales by climate, ocean currents, and sea-level at the time of deposition. Any changes in the variables or the parameters that link them will result in different sedimentary deposits, as seen on the surface today. Knowledge of this information is valued among commercial companies, as its application can deduce which sedimentary deposits could be economically productive to exploit. By using the inverse of the previous methodology, these deposits can be used as proxies to infer information such as paleoclimate, previous ocean circulation cycles, past sea-levels, as well as the proportion of variables with relation to one another that caused the production of the deposit. This information can be very valuable to geoscientists, as it can help them reconstruct past processes that ultimately shaped the Earth to form its present state.

However, based upon more recent research, these outcomes are no longer completely viable. For example: In case studies of the Black Sea, a modern anoxic environment, it has been shown that anoxia within the lower-levels of the water column alone do not produce significant amount of organic-rich sediments, even though sufficient organic material was supplied to the region in the Holocene. Therefore, the new theory is that "primary producers" higher in the water column are responsible for the majority of the deposition of carbon-rich sediment in continental margin environments. Based upon a study conducted involving ocean-circulation models in the Cretaceous, it was found that although conditions were relatively similar to those today, the oceans had much harsher currents that influenced the water column. The new thought is that these ocean currents were slowed by blooms of microscopic marine primary producers, which allowed for the settlement of organic-rich sediments at the seafloor, producing many of the economically productive black shale beds that are present today. To this day it remains an intensely researched subject by scholars and commercial companies alike.

Role of bacteria in organic-rich sedimentary rocks
Bacteria are thought to be an important contributor to the creation of petroleum source rock. However, studies have shown that abundances of bacterial biomarkers do not always reflect relative contributions to sedimentary organic carbon. Bacteria in sedimentary rocks are now thought to only have minor contributions to the production of fossil fuels such as oil. As bacterial reworking of sedimentary debris is extremely important, its significance cannot be ignored. Certain bacteria can assist in the breaking down of organic material early in the sedimentary processes, although bacterial biomass itself may represent only a minor component of the total organic carbon in carbonaceous rocks. Many of the ideas of minimal bacterial contribution can be attributed to isotopic studies of the carbon in some sedimentary rocks. Studies of many and varied sedimentary sites are required to come to such conclusions; there are myriad bacterial species, and each organic source rock may have differing interactions with these bacteria. This is why not all bacterial influenced addition of carbon to sedimentary rocks can be excluded: each situation is unique, with varying bacteria, and varying settings. The combination of microscopic and molecular studies should be addressed when interpreting abundances of bacterial biomarkers present in a petroleum source and its influence on the total organic carbon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Organic-rich sedimentary rocks


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Talk:Vinderup Municipality

Vinderup Parish
Vinderup Parish - I thought Vinderup did (and does) belong to Sahl Parish? /Poul
 * Information about the parishes is copied out of the Danish Wikipedia. Any corrections should be made in both places.  Please cite your source for corrected information.  --SFDan 11:39, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vinderup Municipality


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Michał Urbaniak

Michał Urbaniak (born January 22, 1943) is a Polish jazz musician who plays violin, lyricon, and saxophone. His music includes elements of folk music, rhythm and blues, hip hop, and symphonic music.

History
He was born in Warsaw, Poland. Urbaniak started his music education during high school in Łódź, Poland, and continued from 1961 in Warsaw in the violin class of Tadeusz Wroński. Learning to play on the alto saxophone alone, he first played in a Dixieland band, and later with Zbigniew Namysłowski and the Jazz Rockers, with whom he performed during the Jazz Jamboree festival in 1961. After this, he was invited to play with Andrzej Trzaskowski, and toured the United States in 1962 with the Andrzej Trzaskowski band, the Wreckers, playing at festivals and clubs in Newport, San Francisco, Chicago, Washington, D.C., and New York City.

After returning to Poland, he worked with Krzysztof Komeda's quintet (1962–1964). Together, they left for Scandinavia, where, after finishing a couple of contracts, Urbaniak remained until 1969. There he created a band with Urszula Dudziak and Wojciech Karolak, which gained considerable success and was later to be the starting point for the Michał Urbaniak Fusion.

After Urbaniak returned to Poland and the violin (which he abandoned for the saxophone during the time in Scandinavia), he created the Michał Urbaniak Group, to which he invited, among others, Urszula Dudziak (vocals), Adam Makowicz (piano), Pawel Jarzebski – bass and Czeslaw Bartkowski – drums They recorded their first international albums, Parathyphus B, Instinct and played in many festivals, including Jazz Jamboree in 1969–1972. During the Montreux 1971 festival, Urbaniak was awarded "Grand Prix" for the best soloist and received a scholarship to the Berklee College of Music in Boston. After many triumphant concerts in Europe and the United States, in May 1973 he played for the last time before a Polish audience and emigrated with Urszula Dudziak on September 11, 1973, to the United States, where he now lives as a U.S. citizen.

Despite getting an award from Berklee, he did not study there. Recommended by John H. Hammond, Urbaniak signed a contract with Columbia Records, who published the West German album Super Constellation under the name Fusion. For the tour, he invited Polish musicians, including Czesław Bartkowski, Paweł Jarzębski and Wojciech Karolak. In 1974, Urbaniak formed the band Fusion and introduced melodic and rhythmic elements of Polish folk music into his funky New York-based music. With this band Urbaniak recorded another album for Columbia in New York: Atma.

Urbaniak followed his musical journey with innovative projects such as Urbanator (the first band to fuse rap & hip-hop in jazz),, Urbanizer (a project with his band and four-piece R&B vocal group, 1978) and UrbSymphony. On January 27, 1995, UrbSymphony performed and recorded a concert with a rapper and a 60-piece symphony orchestra.

Since 1970 Urbaniak has been playing his custom-made, five-string violin furnished especially for him, a violin synthesizer nicknamed "talking" violin; soprano, alto and tenor saxophones; and lyricon, an electric saxophone-like horn. His fusion with a hint of folklore was becoming popular among American jazz musicians. He started to play in well known clubs such as the Village Vanguard and Village Gate, in famous concert halls such as Carnegie Hall, Beacon Theatre, and Avery Fisher Hall.

Urbaniak has played with Billy Cobham, Buster Williams, Chick Corea, Elvin Jones, Freddie Hubbard, George Benson, Herbie Hancock, Joe Henderson, Joe Zawinul, Kenny Barron, Larry Coryell, Lenny White, Marcus Miller, Quincy Jones, Ron Carter, Roy Haynes, Vladyslav Sendecki, Wayne Shorter, and Weather Report. In 1985, he was invited to play during the recording of Tutu with Miles Davis.

In 2012, he acted in the Polish film My Father's Bike.

As leader

 * Urbaniak's Orchestra (1968)
 * Paratyphus B (1970)
 * Inactin (1971)
 * New Violin Summit with Don Harris, Jean-Luc Ponty (1972)
 * Super Constellation (and Constellation in Concert) (1973)
 * Polish Jazz (1973)
 * Atma (1974)
 * Fusion (1974)
 * Funk Factory (1975)
 * Fusion III (EMI, 1975)
 * Body English (1976)
 * The Beginning (Catalyst, 1976)
 * Tribute to Komeda (BASF, 1976)
 * Urbaniak (Inner City, 1977)
 * Ecstasy (Marlin, 1978)
 * Urban Express (EastWest, 1979)
 * Daybreak (Pausa, 1980)
 * Music for Violin and Jazz Quartet (1980)
 * Serenade for the City (1980)
 * Folk Songs: Children's Melodies (Antilles, 1981)
 * Jam at Sandy's (Jam, 1981)
 * My One and Only Love (SteepleChase, 1982)
 * The Larry Coryell and Michael Urbaniak Duo (Keynote, 1982)
 * Recital with Władysław Sendecki (1983)
 * A Quiet Day in Spring (Steeplechase, 1983)
 * Take Good Care of My Heart (Steeplechase, 1984)
 * New York Five at the Village Vanguard (1989)
 * Songs for Poland (Ubx, 1988)
 * Milky Way, Some Other Blues, Mardin (1990)
 * Cinemode (Rykodisc, 1990)
 * Songbird (SteepleChase, 1990)
 * Michal Urbaniak (Headfirst, 1991)
 * Manhattan Man (Milan, 1992)
 * Milky Way (L & R, 1992)
 * Burning Circuits, Urban Express, Manhattan Man (1992)
 * Urbanator (1993)
 * Friday Night at the Village Vanguard (Storyville, 1994)
 * Some Other Blues (Steeplechase, 1994)
 * Code Blue (1996)
 * Urbanator II (1996)
 * Live in Holy City (Ubx, 1997)
 * Urbaniax (1998)
 * Fusion (1999)
 * Ask Me Now (SteepleChase, 2000)
 * From Poland with Jazz (2002)
 * Urbsymphony (Ubx, 2003)
 * Decadence (Ubx, 2004)
 * Urbanizer (Ubx, 2004)
 * Urbanator III (2005)
 * Michal Urbaniak's Group (2005)
 * I Jazz Love You (Ubx, 2006)
 * Sax Love (Ubx, 2006)
 * Polish Wind (Minor Music, 2007)
 * Miles of Blue (2009)

As sideman
With Urszula Dudziak
 * 1976 Urszula
 * 1977 Midnight Rain
 * 1979 Future Talk
 * 1983 Sorrow Is Not Forever...But Love Is

With others
 * 1971 Swiss Suite, Oliver Nelson
 * 1974 Journey, Arif Mardin (Atlantic)
 * 1977 Tomorrow's Promises, Don Pullen
 * 1977 The Lion and the Ram, Larry Coryell
 * 1980 Swish, Michael Brecker
 * 1981 Stratus, Charly Antolini/Billy Cobham
 * 1984 Islands, Scott Cossu
 * 1986 Tutu, Miles Davis
 * 1987 Music from Siesta, Miles Davis/Marcus Miller
 * 1987 The Camera Never Lies, Michael Franks
 * 1989 Whispers and Promises, Earl Klugh
 * 1994 Rejoicing, Paul Bley
 * 1994 Mo' Jamaica Funk, Tom Browne
 * 1995 Present Tense, Lenny White
 * 2002 Glass Menagerie, Billy Cobham
 * 2003 Nevertheless, Bob Malach
 * 2004 Music for Planets, People, and Washing Machines, Randy Bernsen

title: Michał Urbaniak


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User:Sdrivas

Sdrivas is someone who loves to research and contribute to editorial, content and history sites.

His email address is: sdrivas@gmail.com

title: User:Sdrivas


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Freeway (video game)

Freeway is an action video game written by David Crane for the Atari 2600 and published by Activision in 1981. In the game, one or two players control chickens who cross a ten lane highway filled with traffic. The goal is to set a high score in an allotted time. Every time a chicken gets across a point is earned for that player. Depending on the difficulty mode, a chicken is forced back a lane or sent back to the bottom of the screen when hit by a vehicle.

Freeway was a new game developed by Crane for Activision, which had began releasing games independently in 1980. Crane stated the game was inspired by an incident involving Activision staff witnessing someone crossing Lake Shore Drive in Chicago. Crane's game initially involved a human being crossing the game, and was changed shortly before release to being a chicken.

Critics from Electronic Games praised the game on its release, with the publication giving the game an Honorable Mention for "Most Innovative Game" in 1982 at the Third Annual Arcade Awards. Other reviews compared it to the arcade game Frogger (1981) which was released around the same time.

Gameplay
Freeway is an action game. In the game, the player guides a chicken actross ten lanes of a freeway while avoiding traffic. The player can be played as a single player or two player simultaneously, with each player controlling a chicken. Each player can control their chicken moving up and down the screen. Each time the player moves their chicken across the freway they are awarded one point. Each game lasts two minutes and sixteen seconds with the player with the highest score being the winner.

If the difficulty switch is set to the A position on the system, your chicken returns to the curb when hit by a vehicle. If set to B, the player the chicken is only knocked back one highyway lane. Using the game selection switch, the player can change the game level based on freeways across the United States such as Lake Shore Drive in Chicago at 3 AM, Bayshore Freeway in San Francisco at midnight, and Long Island Expressway in New York at 3AM. These game play modes vary the speed of the vehicles and the amount of traffic on the roads.

Development
Freeway was developed by David Crane for Activision. Following disputes with the company Atari, Inc. over pay, several programmers for the company including Crane left the company to form Activision. In their first year, the company released four games, including two developed by Crane: Dragster (1980) and Fishing Derby (1980). Crane has given a few variations of a story that gave inspiration for Freeway. One variation published in 1981 involved Crane and his friends attempting to cross Chicago's busiest thoroughfare after exiting the wrong end of a building. When attempting to cross, one of his friends joked that this would make a great videogame. Game designer Larry Kaplan would later then be riding a bus and witnessed someone attempting to cross Lake Shore Drive. Kaplan would discuss the incident to Crane, which cemented the idea of developing it into a video game. In an interview with Retro Gamer published in 2011, Crane had a variation of the story that the game came from an experience at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Chicago. Crane said he spotted someone parking a mile from the convention center who scaled a fence and dodged several lanes of traffic on Lake Shore Drive, including a bus that Crane was riding in. Crane began developing the game shortly after basing it on the gameplay of the arcade game Space Race (1973).

Crane's game initially had two men competing to move from the bottom of the screen to the top as many times as possible in two minutes. Three days before the next CES show, Activision's CEO Jim Levy suggested to change the characters in the game into a chicken as he could market it with someone wearing a chicken suit at the convention center and that it would fit a theme of the Why did the chicken cross the road? joke. This was chicken costume in question was initially going to be the San Diego Padres' San Diego Chicken until plans fell through to use the mascot.

Freeway is often compared to the arcade game Frogger (1981). When asked which idea was developed first, Crane responded "The simple answer is neither. These two games were developed in secure laboratories 6,000 miles apart, right around the same time."

Release and promotion
Along with Kaboom! (1981), Freeway was published by Activision and shipped in July 1981.

In Electronic Games magazine, an anonymous reviewer praised the game for its originality, stating that "While most home video games are either re-workings of classic themes or translations of coin-operated winners. Freeway stands out as wonderfully, joyously original. Nothing else is quite like it." Another article in the publication attributed this as Activision's house style: unorthodox themes with cartoon-styled animation, specifically highlighting Fishing Derby and Freeway as examples.

Along with Asteroids, Freeway received an Honorable Mention for "Most Innovative Game" in 1982 at the Third Annual Arcade Awards. It lost to Quest for the Rings (1981) for the Magnavox Odyssey 2. Critics Bill Kunkel and Arnie Katz commented that Freeway was refreshing when so many new titles were just refinements of existing hits. In the December 1983 issue of Videogaming and Computer Gaming Illustrated, the staff writers stated that outside games developed for the Starpath Supercharger add-on, the best five games for the Atari 2600 were Adventure (1980), Kaboom! (1981) and Freeway, saying the latter game was "far more exciting and involving than Frogger." From retrospective reviews, Brett Alan Weiss of AllGame complimented that outside the chicken who he felt looked "a bit sickly", the graphics in Freeway were "crisp and clear" and noted the realistic sound design with the sound of a din of engines and horn sound effects. Weiss found the game enjoyable, particularly in the two-player mode, but said it was a less versatile game than Frogger with less obstacles to avoid and the lack of ability to move horizontally or jump.

title: Freeway (video game)


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Knee replacement

Knee replacement, also known as knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to replace the weight-bearing surfaces of the knee joint to relieve pain and disability, most commonly offered when joint pain is not diminished by conservative sources. It may also be performed for other knee diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. In patients with severe deformity from advanced rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, or long-standing osteoarthritis, the surgery may be more complicated and carry higher risk. Osteoporosis does not typically cause knee pain, deformity, or inflammation, and is not a reason to perform knee replacement.

Knee replacement surgery can be performed as a partial or a total knee replacement. In general, the surgery consists of replacing the diseased or damaged joint surfaces of the knee with metal and plastic components shaped to allow continued motion of the knee.

The operation typically involves substantial postoperative pain and includes vigorous physical rehabilitation. The recovery period may be 12 weeks or longer and may involve the use of mobility aids (e.g. walking frames, canes, crutches) to enable the patient's return to preoperative mobility. It is estimated that approximately 82% of total knee replacements will last 25 years.

Medical uses

Knee replacement surgery is most commonly performed in people with advanced osteoarthritis and should be considered when conservative treatments have been exhausted. Total knee replacement is also an option to correct significant knee joint or bone trauma in young patients, treat complex fractures in elderly, either due to previous symptomatic osteoarthritis or situations where internal fixation with plates and screws is deemed too hazardous. Similarly, total knee replacement can be performed to correct mild valgus or varus deformity. Serious valgus or varus deformity should be corrected by osteotomy. Physical therapy has been shown to improve function, and may delay or prevent the need for knee replacement. Pain often is noted when performing physical activities requiring a wide range of motion in the knee joint.

Pre-operative preparation
To indicate knee replacement in case of osteoarthritis, its radiographic classification and severity of symptoms both should be substantial. Such radiography should consist of weightbearing X-rays of both knees: AP, lateral, and 30 degrees of flexion. AP and lateral views may not show joint space narrowing, but the 30-degree flexion view is most sensitive for narrowing. Full-length projections also are used in order to adjust the prosthesis to provide a neutral angle for the distal lower extremity. Two angles used for this purpose are:
 * Hip-knee-shaft angle (HKS), an angle formed between a line through the longitudinal axis of the femoral shaft and its mechanical axis, which is a line from the center of the femoral head to the intercondylar notch of the distal femur.
 * Hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), which is an angle between the femoral mechanical axis and the center of the ankle joint. It is normally between 1.0° and 1.5° of varus in adults.

The patient is to perform range-of-motion exercises, and hip, knee and ankle strengthening as directed daily. Exercises that include strengthening of hip flexors, hip abductors and knee flexors helps to recover faster post operatively. Before the surgery is performed, pre-operative tests are done: usually a complete blood count, electrolytes, APTT and PT to measure blood clotting, chest X-rays, ECG, and blood cross-matching for possible transfusion. About a month before the surgery, the patient may be prescribed supplemental iron to boost the hemoglobin in their blood system. Accurate X-rays of the affected knee are needed to measure the size of components which will be needed. Medications such as warfarin and aspirin will be stopped some days before surgery to reduce the amount of bleeding. Patients may be admitted on the day of surgery if the pre-op work-up is done in the pre-anesthetic clinic or may come into hospital one or more days before surgery. As of 2017, there was insufficient quality evidence to support the use of pre-operative physiotherapy in older adults undergoing total knee arthroplasty. However, as of 2022, there has been renewed interest in improving patient outcomes and "prehab" has become standard practice.

Preoperative education is currently an important part of patient care. There is some evidence that it may slightly reduce anxiety before knee-replacement surgery, with low risk of detrimental effects.

Knee replacement referrals are often blocked if a person is overweight because it is believed they may benefit less from surgery. However, knee replacements have been found to reduce pain and improve function, regardless of people's weight. After 10 years, most people did not need repeat surgery. In addition, weight loss surgery before a knee replacement does not appear to change outcomes.

Technique
The surgery involves exposure of the front of the knee, with detachment of part of the quadriceps muscle (vastus medialis) from the patella. The patella is displaced to one side of the joint, allowing exposure of the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia. The ends of these bones then are cut accurately to shape, using cutting guides oriented to the long axis of the bones. The cartilages and the anterior cruciate ligament are removed; the posterior cruciate ligament also may be removed but the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments are preserved. Whether the posterior cruciate ligament is removed or preserved depends on the type of implant used, although there appears to be no clear difference in knee function or range of motion favoring either approach. Metal components are then impacted onto the bone or fixed using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement. Alternative techniques exist that affix the implant without cement. These cement-less techniques may involve osseointegration, including porous metal prostheses. Finally, stability and range of motion are checked, followed by irrigation, hemostasis, placement of hemovacs, and closure.

Femoral replacement
A round-ended implant is used for the femur, mimicking the natural shape of the joint. On the tibia the component is flat, although it sometimes has a stem that goes down inside the bone for further stability. A flattened or slightly dished high-density polyethylene surface is then inserted onto the tibial component so the weight is transferred metal to plastic, not metal to metal. During the operation any deformities must be corrected, and the ligaments balanced so the knee has a good range of movement, and is stable and aligned. In some cases the articular surface of the patella also is removed and replaced by a polyethylene button cemented to the posterior surface of the patella. In other cases, the patella is replaced unaltered.

Technology
In recent years, there has been an increase in technology assistance with implantation of total knee replacements. Traditionally, knee replacements were performed using mechanical jigs, not unlike those used in carpentry. These mechanical jigs rely on vision and human judgment. Using computer assistance to provide navigation, navigated knee replacements provide assistance in more accurate placement of implanted knee replacements based on mechanical axis. While these implants are placed more accurately, there has not been much improvement in long-term outcomes. Similarly, sensor-based guidance provides accurate feedback to demonstrate soft-tissue tension to assist in guidance of insertion of knee replacements. Robotic-assisted knee replacements take into account both mechanical axis and soft-tissue balancing in order to assist the surgeon in placement of a knee replacement. Short-term outcomes of robotic-assisted knee replacements are promising.

Post-operative pain control
The regional analgesia techniques (neuraxial anesthesia or continuous femoral nerve block or adductor canal block) are used most commonly. Local anesthesia infiltration in the pericapsular area using liposomal bupivacaine provides good analgesia in the post-operative period without increasing the risk for instability or nerve injury. Some benefits in femoral nerve blocks are a reduction in morphine consumption and a decrease in pain intensity. A combined approach of local infiltration analgesia and femoral nerve block to achieve multimodal analgesia is common.

Modified intervastus approach
Introduced in 2018, a modified intervastus approach to the anterior knee may be used for total knee arthroplasty. The procedure is intended to preserve the quadriceps tendon and vastus medialis.

Tourniquet use
To reduce blood loss, a pressurized pneumatic tourniquet may be used during this operation. The current body of evidence suggests if a tourniquet is used in knee replacement surgery, it probably increases the risk of severe side effects and postoperative pain. The evidence did not show any clear benefit on patient function, treatment success or quality of life.

Cemented or cementless
The femoral, tibial and patellar components of a total knee replacement are fixed to the bone by using either cement or cementless total knee replacement implants. Cemented fixation is performed on the vast majority of total knee replacements. However, short-term trials suggest that there may be relief of pain. There are concerns regarding tibial loosening after implantation, prohibiting widespread adoption of cementless knee replacements at this time.

Denervation of the patella
There is debate regarding denervating the patella. Anterior knee pain is thought to be related to the association of the patella and femoral component. Some surgeons believe that by using electrocautery to denervate the patella, it reduces the chance of anterior knee pain postoperatively.

Patella resurfacing
Many surgeons in the US perform patella resurfacing routinely, while many surgeons in Asia and Europe do not. Patella resurfacing is performed by removing the cartilage from the surface of the knee and replacing it with polyethylene. Surgeons who do not routinely resurface the patella do not believe that it is a significant contribution to pain, when there is no evidence of arthritis to the patellofemoral joint. Some surgeons believe it is not cost-effective routinely to resurface the kneecap and that routine patella resurfacing may lead to increased complications such as patella fracture. Other surgeons are concerned that patients with an unresurfaced patella may have increased pain postoperatively. A meta-analysis evaluating outcomes following patella resurfacing found that routine resurfacing more reliably relieves patient's pain.

Tibia polyethylene component
Polyethylene is the plastic component that is inserted between the femoral and tibial components. There are several different polyethylene component designs that have been published, including posterior stabilized (PS), cruciate retaining (CR), bicruciate retaining (BCR), medial congruent (MC) and mobile bearing.

Ligament retaining or sacrificing
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is important to the stability of the knee by preventing posterior subluxation of the tibia, reducing shear stress, increasing flexion and lever arm of the extensor mechanism by inducing femoral rollback upon flexion, and thus minimizing polyethylene abrasion through reducing stress applied to the articular surface. The PS implant uses a post that is built into the implant to accommodate for the loss of PCL. Proponents of retaining the PCL advise that it is difficult to balance a CR knee and unnatural physiologic loads may increase wear of the polyethylene. Multiple studies have demonstrated minimal to no difference between the two designs.

Medial congruent polyethylene and ligament retaining
MC knee replacements attempt to mimic a more natural knee motion by decreasing motion on the medial aspect of the knee and allowing for increased motion on the lateral aspect of the joint. This mimics the external rotation and abduction of the tibia that is seen during normal ambulation. While several studies have shown improved gait profiles, long-term studies are needed to demonstrate improved results. Conversely, the BCR knee retains the Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments to try to mimic the normal tension of the knee's ligaments. Concerns over increased revision frequency have led to some designs being pulled from the market.

Mobile bearing
A mobile bearing design allows for free motion of the polyethylene within the tibial component. Other component designs have the polyethylene member fixed to the tibial component, and only articulate at the femur/polyethylene junction. There is no strong evidence that this approach improves knee function, mortality, adverse events, or amount of pain, compared with a fixed bearing approach for total knee replacement. Mobile bearing designs are important to ensuring decreased wear rates in hinged knee arthroplasty.

Minimally invasive
Minimally invasive procedures have been developed in total knee replacement that do not cut the quadriceps tendon. There are different definitions of minimally invasive knee surgery, which may include a shorter incision length, retraction of the patella without eversion (rotating out), and specialized instruments. There are few randomized trials, with studies finding less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and shorter recovery times. These studies have not shown long-term benefits.

Partial knee replacement
Unicompartmental arthroplasty (UKA), also called partial knee replacement, is an option for some people. The knee is generally divided into three "compartments": medial, lateral, and patellofemoral. Most people with arthritis severe enough to consider knee replacement have significant wear in two or more of the above compartments, and are treated with total knee replacement (TKA). A minority of people with osteoarthritis have wear primarily in one compartment, usually the medial, and may be candidates for unicompartmental knee replacement. Advantages of UKA compared to TKA include smaller incision, easier post-op rehabilitation, better postoperative range of motion, shorter hospital stay, less blood loss, lower risk of infection, stiffness, and blood clots, but a harder revision if necessary. Persons with infectious or inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, psoriasis), or marked deformity are not candidates for this procedure.

Many studies demonstrate higher revision rates associated with partial knee replacements. There is significant variation in revision rates, depending on implant design and implantation technique.

Components and zones

Standardized zones around the components are used for specifying, for example, signs of loosening on radiographic follow-up. There are various classification systems for specifying such zones, including by KS (Knee Society) zones published in 2015.

Specific KS zones are as follows, with * meaning that the zone can be specified as "A" (anterior), "P" (posterior), "M" (medial) or "L" (lateral):
 * Femoral component (lateral view)
 * Zone 1 and 2: Anterior and posterior flange, respectively.
 * Zone 3: Central box/distal fixation region, where "A" and "P" designate the respective chamfers if visible*
 * Zone 4: Stem extension*
 * Zone 5: Stem

 * Tibial component:
 * Zone 1: Anterior on lateral view, medial on anteroposterior (AP) view.
 * Zone 2: Posterior on lateral view, lateral on AP view.
 * Zone 3: Central keel/stem/peg fixation region*
 * Zone 4: Stem extension*
 * Zone 5: Inferior aspect of keel or stem

Risks
Risks and complications in knee replacement are similar to those associated with all joint replacements. The most serious complication is infection of the joint, which occurs in <1% of patients. Risk factors for infection are related to both patient and surgical factors. Deep vein thrombosis occurs in up to 15% of patients, and is symptomatic in 2–3%. Nerve injuries occur in 1–2% of patients. Persistent pain or stiffness occurs in 8–23% of patients. Prosthesis failure occurs in approximately 2% of patients at 5 years.

There is increased risk of complications for obese people going through total knee replacement. The morbidly obese should be advised to lose weight before surgery and, if medically eligible, would probably benefit from bariatric surgery.

Smokers have a higher risk of surgical complications (deep wound infection, superficial wound infection, and wound dehiscence) compared with nonsmokers. They also have a higher risk of pneumonia after surgery.

Fracturing or chipping of the polyethylene platform between the femoral and tibial components may be of concern. These fragments may become lodged in the knee and create pain or may move to other parts of the body. Advancements in implant design have greatly reduced these issues but the potential for such an event is still present over the life span of the knee replacement.

Deep vein thrombosis
According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS), deep vein thrombosis in the leg is "the most common complication of knee replacement surgery... prevention... may include periodic elevation of patient's legs, lower leg exercises to increase circulation, support stockings and medication to thin your blood." Some medications used to thin the blood to prevent thrombotic events include direct oral anticoagulants (i.e. rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban), low-molecular weight heparins (i.e. dalteparin, enoxaparin), and the antiplatelet agent aspirin. Although it is suggested that aspirin is non-inferior to rivaroxaban, it is unclear if aspirin is appropriate for all patients. This is specifically the case for those people who have additional risk factors for venous thromboembolisms, and those people who are at risk of aspirin resistance.

Fractures
Periprosthetic fractures are becoming more frequent with the aging patient population and can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively. Depending on the location of the fracture and the stability of the prosthesis, these can be treated surgically with open reduction and internal fixation or revision of the prosthesis.

Loss of motion
The knee at times may not recover its normal range of motion (0–135 degrees usually) after total knee replacement. Much of this is dependent on pre-operative function. Most patients can achieve 0–110 degrees, but stiffness of the joint can occur. In some situations, manipulation of the knee under anesthetic is used to reduce post operative stiffness. There are also many implants from manufacturers that are designed to be "high-flex" knees, offering a greater range of motion.

Instability
In some patients, the kneecap dislocates to the outer side of the knee after surgery. This is painful and usually needs to be treated by surgery to realign the kneecap. However, this is quite rare.

Loosening
Loosening of the prosthesis can be indicated on X-ray by thin radiolucent spaces around the implant, or more obviously by implant displacement.

Infection
The current classification of AAOS divides prosthetic infections into four types.
 * Type 1 (positive intraoperative culture): Two positive intraoperative cultures
 * Type 2 (early postoperative infection): Infection occurring within first month after surgery
 * Type 3 (acute hematogenous infection): Hematogenous seeding of site of previously well-functioning prosthesis
 * Type 4 (late chronic infection): Chronic indolent clinical course; infection present for more than a month

While it is relatively rare, periprosthetic infection remains one of the most challenging complications of joint arthroplasty. A detailed clinical history and physical examination remain the most reliable tool to recognize a potential periprosthetic infection. In some cases the classic signs of fever, chills, painful joint, and a draining sinus may be present, and diagnostic studies are simply done to confirm the diagnosis. In reality though, most patients do not present with those clinical signs, and in fact the clinical presentation may overlap with other complications such as aseptic loosening and pain. In those cases diagnostic tests can be useful in confirming or excluding infection.

Modern diagnosis of infection around a total knee replacement is based on the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria. They are:

1. There is a sinus tract communicating with the prosthesis; or 2. A pathogen is isolated by culture from at least two separate tissue or fluid samples obtained from the affected prosthetic joint; or

Four of the following six criteria exist:

1.Elevated serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR>30mm/hr) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP>10 mg/L) concentration,

2.Elevated synovial leukocyte count,

3.Elevated synovial neutrophil percentage (PMN%),

4.Presence of purulence in the affected joint,

5.Isolation of a microorganism in one culture of periprosthetic tissue or fluid, or

6. Greater than five neutrophils per high-power field in five high-power fields observed from histologic analysis of periprosthetic tissue at ×400 magnification.

None of the above laboratory tests has 100% sensitivity or specificity for diagnosing infection. Specificity improves when the tests are performed in patients in whom clinical suspicion exists. ESR and CRP remain good 1st line tests for screening (high sensitivity, low specificity). Aspiration of the joint remains the test with the highest specificity for confirming infection.

The choice of treatment depends on the type of prosthetic infection.

 * 1) Positive intraoperative cultures: Antibiotic therapy alone
 * 2) Early post-operative infections: debridement, antibiotics, and retention of prosthesis.
 * 3) Acute hematogenous infections: debridement, antibiotic therapy, retention of prosthesis.
 * 4) Late chronic: delayed exchange arthroplasty. Surgical débridement and parenteral antibiotics alone in this group has limited success, and standard of care involves exchange arthroplasty.

Post-operative evaluation
Knee replacement is routinely evaluated by X-ray, including the following measures:

Post-operative rehabilitation and follow-up
The length of post-operative hospitalization is five days on average depending on the health status of the patient and the amount of support available outside the hospital setting. Protected weight bearing on crutches or a walker is required until specified by the surgeon because of weakness in the quadriceps muscle.

To increase the likelihood of a good outcome after surgery, multiple weeks of physical therapy are needed to help the patient return to normal activities, as well as prevent blood clots, improve circulation, increase range of motion, and eventually strengthen the surrounding muscles through specific exercises. Range of motion (to the limits of the prosthesis) is recovered over the first two weeks. Over time, patients are able to increase the amount of weight bearing on the operated leg, and eventually are able to tolerate full weight bearing with the guidance of the physical therapist. After about ten months, the patient should be able to return to normal daily activities, although the operated leg may be significantly weaker than the non-operated leg.

For post-operative knee replacement patients, immobility is a factor precipitated by pain and other complications. Physical immobility affects every body system and contributes to functional complications of prolonged illness. In most medical-surgical hospital units that perform knee replacements, ambulation is a key aspect of nursing care that is promoted to patients. Early ambulation can decrease the risk of complications associated with immobilization such as pressure ulcers, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), impaired pulmonary function, and loss of functional mobility. Promotion and execution of early ambulation on patients reduce the complications, as well as decrease length of stay and costs associated with further hospitalization.

Multiple rehabilitation protocols may be used for recovery of total knee arthroplasty. Continuous passive motion (CPM) is a postoperative therapy approach that uses a machine to move the knee continuously through a specific range of motion, with the goal of preventing joint stiffness and improving recovery. There is no evidence that CPM therapy leads to a clinically significant improvement in range of motion, pain, knee function, or quality of life. CPM is inexpensive, convenient, and assists patients in therapeutic compliance. However, CPM should be used in conjunction with traditional physical therapy.

Sling therapy is a therapeutic modality used postoperative in order to decrease stiffness and improve range of motion following the procedure. In sling therapy, the patient's leg is placed in a standard tubular bandage that is suspended from a cross brace fixed to the bed while lying on their back. Unlike CPM, the use of sling therapy allows the patient to perform active knee flexion and extension with their leg suspended, minimizing gravity's resistance. By actively mobilizing the joint using their own muscular strength instead of outside forces like in CPM, studies show that there are clinically relevant benefits. The use of this modality is convenient and easy to set up in a hospital setting along with being less expensive than the CPM machine. This treatment should be incorporated with traditional physical therapy in the postoperative acute setting.

Cryotherapy or 'cold therapy' is recommended after surgery for pain relief and to limit swelling of the knee. Knee edema appears in the hours or days following the operation. It reaches its maximum level 3 to 8 days after the surgery. On average, the volume increases by 35% compared to before the operation. Three months after the procedure, it is still increased by 11%. Cryotherapy involves the application of ice bags or cooled water to the skin of the knee joint. Stretching helps to improve range of motion as well during initial rehabilitation. Post surgery the range of motion is limited due to the immobilization, which leads to increased muscle stiffness. Hence, stretching helps to extend the shortened muscle and gradually improving the range of motion. Some physicians and patients may consider having ultrasonography for deep venous thrombosis after knee replacement. Neither gabapentin nor pregabalin have been found to be useful for pain following a knee replacement. A Cochrane review concluded that early multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs may produce better results.

Follow-up assessments are conducted to examine the need for revision surgery. This is because there is an increased risk of prosthesis failure over time due to factors such as the material used, infection, and dislocation. However, a UK study showed that only 5% of knee replacements needed a revision. Researchers recommended that routine follow-up may not be needed for up to 10 years. At this point, x-rays should be used to assess the joint, and there should be a clinical assessment of pain and mobility.

After the surgery, 88% of individuals regain their preoperative level of physical activity and sports. Even ten years later, 70% of them continue to engage in sports.

Frequency
With 718,000 hospitalizations, knee arthroplasty accounted for 4.6% of all United States operating room procedures in 2011—making it one of the most common procedures performed during hospital stays. The number of knee arthroplasty procedures performed in U.S. hospitals increased 93% between 2001 and 2011. A study of United States community hospitals showed that in 2012, among hospitalizations that involved an OR procedure, knee arthroplasty was the OR procedure performed most frequently during hospital stays paid by Medicare (10.8 percent of stays) and by private insurance (9.1 percent). Knee arthroplasty was not among the top five most frequently performed OR procedures for stays paid by Medicaid or for uninsured stays.

By 2030, the demand for primary total knee arthroplasty is projected to increase to 3.48 million surgeries performed annually in the U.S.

Fall risk after total knee arthroplasty
With osteoarthritis (OA) being the most common reason for total knee arthoplasty (TKA) surgery, it is important to understand that balance deficits significantly impact the quality of daily living in patients with knee OA and are also linked to greater risk of falling and poor mobility. Annually in the US, 40% of all patients with OA report a history of falls. TKA surgery has shown to decrease fall risk and fear of falling in pre-operative fallers with OA versus non-operative fallers by 54% following TKA.

title: Knee replacement


text:
User talk:Sdrivas

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Welcome!

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A tag has been placed on Answering the Call: Inside America's 9-1-1 Dispatch Centers, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be unambiguous advertising that only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the general criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item G11, as well as the guidelines on spam.

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title: User talk:Sdrivas


text: User:Crankshuick 2

title: User:Crankshuick 2


text:
Fakhr al-Dawla

Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Hasan, better known by his laqab of Fakhr al-Dawla ('فخر الدولة, "Pride of the Dynasty") (died October or November 997) was the Buyid amir of Jibal (976–980, 984–997), Hamadan (984–997) and Gurgan and Tabaristan (984–997). He was the second son of Rukn al-Dawla.

Early life
Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Hasan was born in 952; he was the son of Rukn al-Dawla and a daughter of the Dailamite Firuzanid nobleman Al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, who was the cousin of Makan ibn Kaki. Abu'l-Hasan received the title of "Fakhr al-Dawla" in 975.

Rise to power and deposition
In January of 976 Rukn al-Dawla met with his eldest son, 'Adud al-Dawla, who ruled in Fars. 'Adud al-Dawla consented to Rukn al-Dawla's request that Fakhr al-Dawla be made the ruler of Ray upon his death, while Hamadan would go to a third son, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, in exchange for a promise that both of them would recognize him as senior amir. Only eight months later, Rukn al-Dawla died and Fakhr al-Dawla succeeded him in Ray, and shortly had his cousin Ali ibn Kama executed.

Fakhr al-Dawla's reign was shortened by his attempts to repudiate 'Adud al-Dawla's authority over him. He allied with his cousin 'Izz al-Dawla, who ruled in Baghdad and was an enemy of 'Adud al-Dawla. When the former was defeated by 'Adud al-Dawla in 978, Fakhr al-Dawla struck up an alliance with the Ziyarid prince Qabus and asked for support from the Samanids. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, an ally of 'Adud al-Dawla, was entrusted by the senior amir to eradicate Fakhr al-Dawla's power. He marched into Fakhr al-Dawla's territory, forcing the latter to flee to the Ziyarids. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla continued his campaign, however, causing both Fakhr al-Dawla and Qabus to seek refuge in Samanid Khurasan. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla then ruled Ray as 'Adud al-Dawla's subordinate.

Return and height of power
The deaths of 'Adud al-Dawla in 983 and Mu'ayyad al-Dawla in 984 gave Fakhr al-Dawla the chance to recover his inheritance. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's vizier, Sahib ibn 'Abbad, held a gathering of the army in Gurgan and convinced it to accept Fakhr al-Dawla as his late master's successor. Fakhr al-Dawla, who was still in Khurasan, traveled to Gurgan, where he was proclaimed amir. This second ascension resulted in him actually possessing more territory than he had owned before his expulsion in 980. In addition to Ray, he now controlled Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's holdings of Hamadan, as well as the formerly Ziyarid lands of Gurgan and Tabaristan. Taking the title of Shâhanshâh, he made Sahib ibn 'Abbad his vizier, and took his advice not to restore Qabus to his former territory.

Fakhr al-Dawla managed to gain recognition as senior amir by Taj al-Dawla and Diya' al-Dawla, who had in the years following 'Adud al-Dawla's death become the rulers of Khuzestan and Basra respectively. This diplomatic success was of little consequence, however, as the two princes were relatively minor and were forced to seek refuge in Ray when Sharaf al-Dawla, who ruled in Fars, expelled them from their provinces. At the same time, Fakhr al-Dawla attempted to gain a footing in Samanid Khurasan, by supporting the Turkish rebel Tash in his attempts to recover the governorship of that province. This support did not help him, however, as he was defeated and forced to flee to Gurgan at the end of 987. Fakhr al-Dawla made him the governor of Gurgan, where Tash died in 988.

Sharaf al-Dawla, who had united Fars and Iraq in 987, had died in 988 and left his brother Baha' al-Dawla his empire. Another brother, Samsam al-Dawla, seized Fars, Kerman and Khuzestan, depriving Baha' al-Dawla of those areas. Fakhr al-Dawla attempted to take advantage of their rivalry by invading Khuzestan, with the goal of cutting off Iraq from Fars. This action failed due to the rough terrain and climate, and succeeded only in uniting the two brothers against him.

This threat did not last, however, as Samsam al-Dawla and Sharaf al-Dawla eventually resumed hostilities against each other. Only a few years later, Samsam al-Dawla recognized Fakhr al-Dawla as senior amir in an effort to secure his increasingly weak position. This marked the height of Fakhr al-Dawla's power; in addition to his own territories, he now had authority over Samsam al-Dawla, who ruled Fars, Kerman, Khuzestan, and Oman.

Campaign against Khurasan and death
Now the ruler of all of Buyid Iran, Fakhr al-Dawla, with the support of his vizier Sahib ibn 'Abbad, decided to undertake a campaign to seize Khurasan from the Samanids. In 994 or 995 he invaded the province, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Mahmud, the son of the Ghaznavid ruler Sebük Tigin, had been appointed by the Samanids as governor of Khurasan, causing the Ghaznavids to support the defenders. Despite his large army, Fakhr al-Dawla was forced to retreat.

In 995 Sahib ibn 'Abbad died. The vizier had played an important part in maintaining Fakhr al-Dawla's grip on Buyid Iran, and his loss was unfortunate. In 997 Fakhr al-Dawla himself died. His eldest son, Majd al-Dawla, succeeded him in Ray, while his younger son, Shams al-Dawla, succeeded him in Hamadan. Due to their youth, Fakhr al-Dawla's wife, Sayyida Shirin, assumed the regency. Fakhr al-Dawla's death marked the beginning of the decline of the Buyids in northern Iran; shortly afterwards Qabus managed to restore Ziyarid rule to Gurgan and Tabaristan.

title: Fakhr al-Dawla


text:
User talk:Jaymoon

Image copyright problem with Image:KLBM-Logo.png
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text:
Dioscorea communis

Dioscorea communis or Tamus communis is a species of flowering plant in the yam family Dioscoreaceae and is commonly known as black bryony, lady's-seal or black bindweed.

Description
It is a climbing herbaceous plant growing to 2–4 m tall, with stems that twine anticlockwise. The leaves are spirally arranged, heart-shaped, up to 10 cm long and 8 cm broad, with a petiole up to 5 cm long. It is dioecious, with separate male and female plants. The flowers are individually inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, 3–6 mm diameter, with six petals; the male flowers produced in slender 5–10 cm racemes, the female flowers in shorter clusters. The fruit is a bright red berry, 1 cm diameter. Its fairly large tuber is, like the rest of the plant, poisonous.

Distribution
Dioscorea communis is native and widespread throughout southern and central Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia, from Ireland to the Canary Islands, east to Iran and Crimea.

Habitat
Dioscorea communis is a typical plant of the forest understory, from the sea to the mountains, usually in dense woods, but it can also be found in meadows and hedges.

Uses
All components of the black bryony plant, including the tubers, are poisonous due to saponin content, so it is not typically used internally. However, it has been used as a poultice for bruises and inflamed joints. It has been suggested that black bryony be used topically with caution, due to a tendency for the plant to cause painful blisters.

Studies have isolated calcium oxalate deposits and histamines in the berry juice and rhizomes, which may contribute to skin irritation and contact dermatitis associated with black bryony.

Chemistry
The rhizome contains phenanthrenes (7-hydroxy-2,3,4,8-tetramethoxyphenanthrene, 2,3,4-trimethoxy-7,8-methylenedioxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxy-2,4,-dimethoxy-7,8-methylenedioxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxy-3,5,7-trimethoxyphenanthrene and 2-hydroxy-3,5,7-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene).

title: Dioscorea communis


text:
Wheelwright (disambiguation)

A wheelwright is a person who builds or repairs wheels.

Wheelwright may also refer to:

Places

 * Wheelwright, Kentucky, a city in Floyd County, Kentucky, USA
 * Wheelwright, Massachusetts, a village in the Town of Hardwick, Worcester County, Massachusetts, USA
 * Wheelwright, a city in General López Department, Santa Fe Province, Argentina

Other uses

 * Wheelwright (surname)
 * Piast the Wheelwright, legendary figure who founded the Piast dynasty of Poland
 * Wheelwright Hall, a dormitory at Phillips Exeter Academy named for John Wheelwright

title: Wheelwright (disambiguation)


text:
Steve Pfauter

Steve "Human" Pfauter (November 7, 1963 – June 12, 2022) was an American musician and set dresser and former bass guitarist for the punk rock band The Vandals, from 1980 until 1984.

Biography
Steve Pfauter was born to German immigrants and attended Los Alamitos High. He joined The Vandals in 1980 and played bass guitar on their debut EP, Peace thru Vandalism. Pfauter designed T-shirts for T.S.O.L. and created artwork for the Dead Kennedys. He also played bass in the original Los Angeles punk rock band Detox, making two full-length albums which featured six songs he wrote while touring the US and Canada. Later he joined Ken All Night Rocker. Human also roadied for T.S.O.L. on their first two nationwide tours in 1980-1982. Once known for T-shirt designs, he owned his own silkscreen shop at age sixteen. He worked in the film industry as a set dresser and worked on productions such as Leaving Las Vegas, High Crimes and Spider-Man 3.

The Vandals

 * Peace Thru Vandalism (1982)

Detox

 * Detox (1985)
 * We Don't Like You Either (1988)

title: Steve Pfauter


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User talk:Mganji~enwiki

Microsoft Corporation has released the most user friendly operating systems till now. But as we all know, there is always a trade off between security and accesibility. So, since the operating system has been designed for use mostly in home computers, they had to decrease the security level in this OS. So I think most of the security holes in Microsoft Windows operating systems that are compromised widely by worms, viruses and attackers have been caused of poor secure configuration of it. I personally believe that using all security features of Microsoft windows any body can be sure that he is protected enough against more than 90% of attacks.

Mansour Ganji Security Consultant

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:17, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mganji~enwiki


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List of PDF software

This is a list of links to articles on software used to manage Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. The distinction between the various functions is not entirely clear-cut; for example, some viewers allow adding of annotations, signatures, etc. Some software allows redaction, removing content irreversibly for security. Extracting embedded text is a common feature, but other applications perform optical character recognition (OCR) to convert imaged text to machine-readable form, sometimes by using an external OCR module.

Terminology

 * Creators – to allow users to convert other file formats to PDF.
 * Viewers – to allow users to open, read and print PDF files.
 * Editors – to allow users to edit or otherwise modify PDF files.
 * Converters – to allow users to convert PDF files to other formats.

Development libraries
These are used by software developers to add and create PDF features.

Creators
These create files in their native formats, but then allow users to export them to PDF formats.

Viewers
These allow users to view (not edit or modify) any existing PDF file.

Converters

 * Antiword: A free Microsoft Office Word reader for various operating systems; converts binary files from Word 2, 6, 7, 97, 2000, 2002 and 2003 to plain text or PostScript; available for AmigaOS 4, MorphOS, AROS x86
 * dvipdfm: a DVI to PDF translator with zlib support

Viewers

 * Xpdf: a multi-platform viewer for PDF files, Amiga version uses X11 engine Cygnix.

Converters

 * Collabora Online can be used as a web application, a command line tool, or a Java/Python library. Supported formats include OpenDocument, PDF, HTML, Microsoft Office formats (DOC/DOCX/RTF, XLS/XLSX, PPT/PPTX) and others.

Converters

 * deskUNPDF for Mac: proprietary application from Docudesk to convert PDF files to Microsoft Office, LibreOffice, image, and data file formats

Creators

 * macOS: Creates PDF documents natively via print dialog

Editors

 * Adobe Acrobat: Proprietary PDF authoring suite
 * PDF Expert: Proprietary PDF viewer and editor.
 * PDF Studio: Proprietary software to view and edit PDF documents.
 * PDF Signer: Proprietary; fills forms and embeds image signatures in PDF documents

Viewers

 * Safari: This bundled web browser has built-in support for reading PDF documents.
 * Firefox: Includes a PDF viewer
 * Google Chrome: Includes a PDF viewer
 * Preview: macOS's default PDF viewer; in Mac OS X v10.5 and later, it also can rotate, reorder, annotate, insert, and delete pages. It can also merge files, create new files from existing files, and move pages between files
 * Adobe Reader: Adobe Systems's reader which is also available for Macintosh; Safari plug-in available
 * Skim, an open-source (BSD licence) PDF reader and note-taker for macOS
 * Foxit Reader: Proprietary, freeware. Allows users to add elements to PDFs (e.g. arrowed comment boxes, text boxes, links, bookmarks, and images)

Converters

 * Adobe Acrobat: Can convert files into PDF or convert PDF files into other formats
 * ABBYY FineReader: Commercial PDF converter which converts PDF into Word (.doc), Excel (.xls), PowerPoint (ppt), and more
 * deskUNPDF: PDF converter to convert PDFs to Word (.doc, docx), Excel (.xls), (.csv), (.txt), more
 * GSview: File:Convert menu item converts any sequence of PDF pages to a sequence of images in many formats from bit to tiffpack with resolutions from 72 to 204 × 98 (open source software)
 * Google Chrome: convert HTML to PDF using Print > Save as PDF.
 * gDoc Fusion: Proprietary, shareware; PDF views, edits, converts documents into PDF, XPS or Microsoft Word document; after 30 days a watermark is placed on documents in shareware version
 * OmniPage: Converts to and from PDF and other formats with many options.
 * Nitro PDF Reader: (Freeware) Extracts Images in original resolution.
 * PDF-XChange: PDF Tools and PDF-XChange print driver allow conversion from many formats to PDF. A "lite" version of the print driver is free for non-commercial (home and academic) but places a watermark on documents
 * Qiqqa: Converts Microsoft Word document and Web Pages to PDF.
 * SWFTools: 'pdf2swf component converts PDF to SWF – command line with GUI wrapper
 * poppler-utils a collection of tools builds on poppler to convert PDF contents to everything
 * GraphicsMagick: Can convert PDF to PNG or other formats.

Viewers

 * ABBYY FineReader PDF Viewer
 * Adobe Reader: Adobe's PDF reader is free for personal use.
 * Evince: a free (GPL), open source PDF reader. Part of the GNOME desktop environment. A Windows port was available from version 2.28 to version 2.32.
 * Foxit Reader: Proprietary/freeware PDF reader, supports FDF import/export, saving filled forms; other extended functionality available via purchasable plugins.
 * gDoc Fusion: Proprietary/shareware to view PDF, XPS, Microsoft Word document, Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, Microsoft PowerPoint presentation or image files, included in the evaluation version of the product. Shareware version places a watermark on documents after 30-day eval.
 * Google Chrome: Includes a PDF viewer.
 * GSview: Open source software and Ghostscript's viewer for Windows.
 * Microsoft Edge: Includes a PDF viewer.
 * Microsoft Reader: A discontinued PDF viewer in Windows 8.1.
 * Mozilla Firefox: Includes a PDF viewer.
 * MuPDF: Free lightweight document viewer.
 * Nitro PDF Reader: Freeware (though proprietary) PDF reader and creator. Supports three methods (specifying the file within the reader's interface, or dragging-'n-dropping a file onto the reader's Windows desktop icon, or "printing" to a virtual printer driver) of PDF creation (Ghostscript not additionally needed), saving filled forms (AcroForms), text typewriter, markup/collaboration, and stamp signature (document signing).
 * PDF-XChange Viewer: Freeware viewer with free OCR, supports FDF/XFDF import/export, saving filled forms, extended markup and export to image capabilities.
 * Qiqqa: Freeware PDF reader, indexer, tagger and annotator. Supports OCR and export of PDF text and images.
 * Sumatra PDF: A free (GPL), open source PDF reader based on MuPDF. It also supports DjVu, XPS, CHM, Comic Book (CBR, CBT, CBZ and CB7Z) and eBook (EPUB, FB2, FB2Z, PBD, MOBI, PBR, TCR & ZFB2), TXT and image file formats (.tga, .gif, .jpg, .j2k, .png, .webp, .tiff). Supports automatic .pdfsync & .synctex reloading of PDF files so is well favoured as a LaTeX / pdfTeX viewer with forward - inverse synchronization. Using Ghost script it supports PostScript (.ps, .eps) files.
 * STDU Viewer: A freeware for non-commercial usage PDF reader. It also supports DjVu, Comic Book Archive (CBR or CBZ), XPS, TIFF, TXT and image file formats.

Creators

 * Collabora Online

Converters

 * Collabora Online supported formats include OpenDocument, PDF, HTML, Microsoft Office formats (DOC/DOCX/RTF, XLS/XLSX, PPT/PPTX) and others.
 * Zamzar: Online file converter
 * Smallpdf: Offers free (trial) online PDF conversion (PDF to other formats and vice versa)

Editors

 * PDFescape: an advertising and fee supported web service to view, create forms, fill out forms, and edit PDF documents from a web browser (requires JavaScript to be enabled)
 * PDFVue: a free web application that allows the user to view PDFs, comment and fill PDF forms from a web browser. Generates a watermark.
 * Smallpdf: Free (trial) web-based PDF software for editing, signing, compressing, merging, splitting, rotating, unlocking and protecting PDF files.

Viewers

 * A.nnotate: a web service which views PDF documents as HTML in the browser, with annotation features.
 * Docstoc: a web service which allows viewing PDF documents online.
 * Issuu: a web service which allows viewing PDF documents online.
 * Google Docs: a web service which views PDF documents as PNG images in the browser.
 * Scribd: a web service which renders PDF documents as HTML5 in the browser.
 * PDF.js: A Javascript-based library, with viewer, and browser extension.
 * PDFTron Systems: WebViewer. A free JavaScript viewer and annotator for self-hosting of web optimized PDFs.

title: List of PDF software


text: User:JCarriker/cabal

title: User:JCarriker/cabal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wisteria: The Story of Albert Fish

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:46, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Wisteria: The Story of Albert Fish
Blatant advert Secretlondon 07:26, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete per secret Anetode 07:48, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete per secret Neier 08:31, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination. utcursch | talk 11:43, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - per nom CLW 12:15, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete per nom.--Isotope23 17:55, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.