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Grand Mosque seizure

The Grand Mosque seizure in Saudi Arabia took place between 20 November 1979 and 4 December 1979, when the Grand Mosque of Mecca was besieged by up to 600 militants under the leadership of Juhayman al-Otaybi, a Saudi anti-monarchy Islamist from the Tribe of Otaibah. They identified themselves as "al-Ikhwan" (الإخوان), referring to the religious Arabian militia that had played a significant role in establishing the Saudi state in the early 20th century. As they took hostages from among the worshippers at the holiest Islamic site in the city of Mecca, the Ikhwan called for an uprising against the House of Saud and also declared that the Mahdi had arrived in the form of one of the militants' leaders: Muhammad Abdullah al-Qahtani. Juhayman alleged that the House of Saud had become corrupted, decrying their pursuit of alliances with "Christian infidels" and stating that the Saudi government's policies were betraying Islam by attempting to push secularism into Saudi society. Seeking assistance for their counteroffensive against the Ikhwan, the Saudis requested urgent aid from France, which responded by dispatching advisory units from the GIGN. After French operatives provided them with a special type of tear gas that dulls aggression and obstructs breathing, Saudi troops gassed the interior of the Grand Mosque and forced entry. They successfully secured the site after two weeks of fighting.

In the process of retaking the Grand Mosque, the Saudi military had killed the self-proclaimed messiah al-Qahtani. Juhayman and 68 of the militants were captured alive and later sentenced to death by Saudi authorities, being executed by beheading in public displays across a number of Saudi cities. The Ikhwan's siege of the Grand Mosque, which had occurred amidst the Islamic Revolution in nearby Iran, prompted further unrest across the Muslim world. Large-scale anti-American riots broke out in many Muslim-majority countries after Iranian religious cleric Ruhollah Khomeini falsely claimed over a radio broadcast that the Grand Mosque seizure had been orchestrated by the United States and Israel.

Following the attack, Saudi king Khalid bin Abdulaziz enforced a stricter system of Islamic law throughout the country and also gave the ulama more power over the next decade. Likewise, Saudi Arabia's Islamic religious police became more assertive.

Background
The seizure was led by Juhayman al-Otaybi, a member of the Otaibah family, influential in Najd. He declared his brother-in-law Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani to be the Mahdi, or redeemer, who is believed to arrive on earth several years before Judgment Day. His followers embellished the fact that Al-Qahtani's name and his father's name are identical to the Prophet Mohammed's name and that of his father, and developed a saying, "His and his father's names were the same as Mohammed's and his father's, and he had come to Makkah from the north," to justify their belief. The date of the attack, 20 November 1979, was the last day of the year 1399 according to the Islamic calendar; this ties in with the tradition of the mujaddid, a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity.

Juhayman's grandfather, Sultan bin Bajad al-Otaybi, had ridden with Ibn Saud in the early decades of the century, and other Otaibah family members were among the foremost of the Ikhwan. Juhayman acted as a preacher, a corporal in the Saudi National Guard, and was a former student of Sheikh Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz, who went on to become the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia.

Goals
Al-Otaybi had turned against Ibn Baz "and began advocating a return to the original ways of Islam, among other things: a repudiation of the West; abolition of television and expulsion of non-Muslims." He proclaimed that "the ruling Al-Saud dynasty had lost its legitimacy because it was corrupt, ostentatious and had destroyed Saudi culture by an aggressive policy of Westernization."

Al-Otaybi and Qahtani had met while imprisoned together for sedition, when al-Otaybi claimed to have had a vision sent by God telling him that Qahtani was the Mahdi. Their declared goal was to institute a theocracy in preparation for the imminent apocalypse. They differed from the original Ikhwan and other earlier Wahhabi purists in that "they were millenarians, they rejected the monarchy and condemned the Wahhabi ulama."

Relations with ulama
Many of their followers were drawn from theology students at the Islamic University in Medina. Al-Otaybi joined the local chapter of the Salafi group Al-Jamaa Al-Salafiya Al-Muhtasiba (The Salafi Group That Commands Right and Forbids Wrong) in Medina headed by Sheikh Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz, chairman of the Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas at the time. The followers preached their radical message in different mosques in Saudi Arabia without being arrested, and the government was reluctant to confront religious extremists. Al-Otaybi, al-Qahtani and a number of the Ikhwan were locked up as troublemakers by the Ministry of Interior security police, the Mabahith, in 1978. Members of the ulama (including Ibn Baz) cross-examined them for heresy but they were subsequently released as being traditionalists harkening back to the Ikhwan, like al-Otaybi's grandfather and, therefore, not a threat.

Even after the seizure of the Grand Mosque, a certain level of forbearance by ulama for the rebels remained. When the government asked for a fatwa allowing armed force in the Grand Mosque, the language of Ibn Baz and other senior ulama "was curiously restrained." The scholars did not declare al-Otaybi and his followers non-Muslims, despite their violation of the sanctity of the Grand Mosque, but only termed them "al-jamaah al-musallahah" (the armed group). The senior scholars also insisted that before security forces attack them, the authorities must offer them the option to surrender.

Preparations
Because of donations from wealthy followers, the group was well-armed and trained. Some members, like al-Otaybi, were former military officials of the National Guard. Some National Guard troops sympathetic to the insurgents smuggled weapons, ammunition, gas masks and provisions into the mosque compound over a period of weeks before the new year. Automatic weapons were smuggled from National Guard armories and the supplies were hidden in the hundreds of small underground rooms under the mosque that were used as hermitages.

Seizure
In the early morning of 20 November 1979, the imam of the Grand Mosque, Sheikh Mohammed al-Subayil, was preparing to lead prayers for the 50,000 worshippers who had gathered for prayer. At around 5:00 am he was interrupted by insurgents who produced weapons from under their robes, chained the gates shut and killed two policemen who were armed with only wooden clubs for disciplining unruly pilgrims. The number of insurgents has been given as "at least 500" or "four to five hundred", and included several women and children who had joined al-Otaybi's movement.

At the time the Grand Mosque was being renovated by the Saudi Binladin Group. An employee of the organization was able to report the seizure to the outside world before the insurgents cut the telephone lines.

The insurgents released most of the hostages and locked the remainder in the sanctuary. They took defensive positions in the upper levels of the mosque, and sniper positions in the minarets, from which they commanded the grounds. No one outside the mosque knew how many hostages remained, how many militants were in the mosque and what sort of preparations they had made.

At the time of the event, Crown Prince Fahd was in Tunisia for a meeting of the Arab League Summit. The commander of the National Guard, Prince Abdullah, was also abroad for an official visit to Morocco. Therefore, King Khalid assigned the responsibility to two members of the Sudairi Seven – Prince Sultan, then Minister of Defence, and Prince Nayef, then Minister of Interior, to deal with the incident.

Siege
Soon after the rebel seizure, about 100 security officers of the Ministry of Interior attempted to retake the mosque, but were turned back with heavy casualties. The survivors were quickly joined by units of the Saudi Arabian Army and Saudi Arabian National Guard. At the request of the Saudi monarchy, French GIGN units, operatives and commandos were rushed to assist Saudi forces in Mecca. An elite unit called "Rahbar" of the Special Service Group, the commando battalion of the Pakistan Army, headed by Major Pervez Musharraf, now a Retired General of Pakistan Army and Ex-President of Pakistan, was mobilized and SSG commandos were rushed to Mecca from Pakistan on Saudi Government's request..

By evening the entire city of Mecca had been evacuated. Prince Sultan appointed Turki bin Faisal Al Saud, head of the Al Mukhabaraat Al 'Aammah (Saudi Intelligence), to take over the forward command post several hundred meters from the mosque, where Prince Turki would remain for the next several weeks. However, the first task was to seek the approval of the ulama, which was led by Abdul Aziz Ibn Baz. Islam forbids any violence within the Grand Mosque, to the extent that plants cannot be uprooted without explicit religious sanction. Ibn Baz found himself in a delicate situation, especially as he had previously taught al-Otaybi in Medina. Regardless, the ulema issued a fatwa allowing deadly force to be used in retaking the mosque.

With religious approval granted, Saudi forces launched frontal assaults on three of the main gates. Again, the assaulting forces were repulsed. Snipers continued to pick off soldiers who revealed themselves. The insurgents aired their demands from the mosque's loudspeakers throughout the streets of Mecca, calling for the cut-off of oil exports to the United States and the expulsion of all foreign civilian and military experts from the Arabian Peninsula. In Beirut, an opposition organization, the Arab Socialist Action Party – Arabian Peninsula, issued a statement on 25 November, alleging to clarify the demands of the insurgents. The party, however, denied any involvement in the seizure of the Grand Mosque.

Officially, the Saudi government took the position that it would not aggressively retake the mosque, but rather starve out the militants. Nevertheless, several unsuccessful assaults were undertaken, at least one of them through the underground tunnels in and around the mosque.

According to Lawrence Wright in the book The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11:

"A team of three French commandos from the Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN) arrived in Mecca. The commandos pumped gas into the underground chambers, but perhaps because the rooms were so bafflingly interconnected, the gas failed and the resistance continued. With casualties climbing, Saudi forces drilled holes into the courtyard and dropped grenades into the rooms below, indiscriminately killing many hostages but driving the remaining rebels into more open areas where they could be picked off by sharpshooters. More than two weeks after the assault began, the surviving rebels finally surrendered."

However, this account is contradicted by at least two other accounts, including that of then GIGN commanding officer Christian Prouteau: the three GIGN commandos trained and equipped the Saudi forces and devised their attack plan (which consisted of drilling holes in the floor of the Mosque and firing gas canisters wired with explosives through the perforations), but did not take part in the action and did not set foot in the Mosque.

The Saudi National Guard and the Saudi Army suffered heavy casualties. Tear gas was used to force out the remaining militants. According to a US embassy cable made on 1 December, several of the militant leaders escaped the siege and days later sporadic fighting erupted in other parts of the city.

The battle had lasted for more than two weeks, and had officially left "255 pilgrims, troops and fanatics" killed and "another 560 injured ... although diplomats suggested the toll was higher." Military casualties were 127 dead and 451 injured.

Prisoners, trials and executions

Shortly after news of the takeover was released, the new Islamic revolutionary leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini, told radio listeners, "It is not beyond guessing that this is the work of criminal American imperialism and international Zionism." Anger fuelled by these rumours spread anti-American demonstrations throughout the Muslim world, noted occurring in the Philippines, Turkey, Bangladesh, eastern Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan. In Islamabad, Pakistan, on the day following the takeover, the U.S. embassy in that city was overrun by a mob, which burned the embassy to the ground. A week later, in Tripoli, Libya, another mob attacked and burned the U.S. embassy. Soviet agents also spread rumours that the U.S. was behind the Grand Mosque seizure.

Al-Qahtani was killed in the recapture of the mosque, but Juhayman and 67 other insurgents who survived the assault were captured and later beheaded. They were not shown any leniency. The king secured a fatwa (edict) from the Council of Senior Scholars which found the defendants guilty of seven crimes: On 9 January 1980, 63 rebels were publicly beheaded in the squares of eight Saudi cities (Buraidah, Dammam, Mecca, Medina, Riyadh, Abha, Ha'il and Tabuk). According to Sandra Mackey, the locations "were carefully chosen not only to give maximum exposure but, one suspects, to reach other potential nests of discontent."
 * violating the Masjid al-Haram's (the Grand Mosque's) sanctity;
 * violating the sanctity of the month of Muharram;
 * killing fellow Muslims and others;
 * disobeying legitimate authorities;
 * suspending prayer at Masjid al-Haram;
 * erring in identifying the Mahdi;
 * exploiting the innocent for criminal acts.

Policies
Khaled, however, did not react to the upheaval by cracking down on religious puritans in general, but by giving the ulama and religious conservatives more power over the next decade. He is thought to have believed that "the solution to the religious upheaval was simple: more religion." Initially, photographs of women in newspapers were banned, then women on television. Cinemas and music shops were shut down. School curriculum was changed to provide many more hours of religious studies, eliminating classes on subjects like non-Islamic history. Gender segregation was extended "to the humblest coffee shop," and religious police became more powerful. Not until decades after the uprising would the Saudi government again begin making incremental reforms towards a more permissive society.

title: Grand Mosque seizure


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Apeejay Public School

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the copyvio. In order to save the article a /temp version was created, and moved to Apeejay School (Sheikh Sarai, New Delhi), that article is kept due to no consensus. I am not sure if there are any more schools with this name in India (I'm rather inclined to think that there are), and if this is so a disambig should probably be placed at Apeejay Public School. But for now, I will place a redirect there. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:21, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Apeejay Public School
This page seems to have no more merit than a personal page. The school should probably have its own website for this info, which is irrelevant to the general public LadyAphelion 01:43, 5 October 2005 (UTC) Delete not notable .Dudtz 10/7/05 3:05 PM EST
 * Delete all public schools (and since this one's not US, I mean precollegiate). Gazpacho 01:52, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In what sense is this a "public school"? Kappa 02:12, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, not the US usage I guess. Vote withdrawn. Gazpacho
 * Keep per Schools/Arguments. Also this article helps to address systemic bias and not all users have the luxury of internet access. Kappa 02:12, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It was a copyvio. If anybody wishes to re-create a valid article, I suggest making a new one at Apeejay School (Sheikh Sarai, New Delhi) based on information at http://www.apeejay.edu/ and http://www.apeejay.edu/sheikhsarai/home.htm.  There seem to be multiple Apeejay Schools run by the Apeejay Education Society.  --rob 02:50, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Darn, I should have double-checked. Kappa 02:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Schools/Arguments. (Yeah, I'm tired of arguing these cases properly too now.) --Last Malthusian 13:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Schools/Arguments.--Isotope23 14:10, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Let's bring in a systemic bias against crummy articles on non-inherently-notable schools. Where it is in the world is irrelevant. Lord Bob 14:42, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The copyvio means the article will be deleted regardless.  The voting here will have no effect on that, and would not apply to a future article, on the same school, created under an appropriate name.  --rob 16:54, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Very true, but I take any chance I can get to get in snarky comments about systemic bias. Lord Bob 17:13, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as both copyvio and useless schoolcruft article.Gateman1997 17:58, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as the article has been rewritten at Apeejay Public School/Temp. Erase the copyvio as required by policy.  Silensor 19:00, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Question: Why is this being rewritten at Apeejay Public School/Temp?  There are multiple schools with the exact same name, run by the same organization.  Yet the rewrite talks about just one.  A new article should have been made at Apeejay School (Sheikh Sarai, New Delhi).  At best, this article should be a disambig page, but not a school article.  --rob 19:22, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this school.--Nicodemus75 20:22, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: As per the request of rob, I have moved the rewritten article to Apeejay School (Sheikh Sarai, New Delhi). What impact does this discussion hold on an article written on a temp page which has now been forwarded to somewhere else?  Are we discussing the copyvio, the potential creation of a disambiguation page, or the new article at Apeejay School (Sheikh Sarai, New Delhi)?  Silensor 22:24, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Thanks for the move.  Apeejay Public School has been listed on the copyright-problem page, and will be taken care of there (e.g. deleted in five days).  If somebody opposes Apeejay School (Sheikh Sarai, New Delhi), they'll have to make a separate nomination for that article.  In my opinion, this AFD is finally now over.  --rob 23:48, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - its student achievement stats give it some claim to notability. Denni ☯ 01:17, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Copyvio SchoolCruft --JAranda | yeah 02:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this please and thank you for rewrite silensor Yuckfoo 03:55, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Rewritten article avoids copyvio but still does not provide anything notable about the school. See also Delete per Schools/Arguments. --Johntex\talk 09:35, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite at the new page; create a disambiguation page here once the copyvio is deleted. Christopher Parham (talk) 03:22, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Redirect to the rewrite at Apeejay School (Sheikh Sarai, New Delhi).  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 06:05, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite. Good stub about a top-performing school. --Tony Sidaway Talk  22:12, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all schools. Klonimus 07:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and redirect to the well done rewrite.  Un  focused  06:57, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Path analysis (statistics)

Path analysis as a statistical tool requires a more detailed definition. (Person "199.196.144.13" from below fixed the typos in this one-sentence submission by another person, but person "199.196.144.13" agrees with this sentence. Meanwhile, here is person "199.196.144.13"s submission...)

Typographic error: failure to close parenthetical:

(the two dependent or 'endogenous' variables

should be

(the two dependent or 'endogenous' variables)

Substantive comments: While correct, what is written is too compact. Furthermore, it should be made explicit that Path Anlysis REQUIRES that one EXPLICITLY DEFINE ONE'S MODEL -- ALL THE ARROWS, ETC. This is done a priori. Path analysis then gives the magnitudes. Model plausability is secondary. ("The magnitudes of what?", you ask. Of direct effects, indirect effects, spurious effects, unanalyzed effects.  "What are all these?", you now ask.  Things that should have been discussed in the article but were not.)  Plausability, though secondary, can be appraised in any model that does not have direct connections "down the line" from every variable preceeding (I believe this is called a fully recursive model). Plausability is appraised, in part, by comparing observed correlation to model-predicted correlation for all the variable pairs (unless fully recursive in which case plausability appraisal is not possible). (Plausability appraisal also relies on subject-matter expertise, not just the correlation comparisons.)

Additional substantive comment: An example would've been nice. Here's one. A sociologist believes that whether the son goes to college or not is not merely a matter of family's income. The sociologist posits that yes, income is a direct effect, but there is additionally another direct effect: if the father went to college he encourages his son to go also. So while the family may have lots of money because the father went to college, the father going to college is NOT ONLY an indirect effect in the having of the bucks (money) to send the kid, but the fact itself affects the son going, as in: "Son, I went, so you are too." This example is here in this discussion just as text; I didn't draw the diagram. But the modeling of path analysis IS both text and diagram -- though you use the diagram for computing. But what I wanted to do is give the SPIRIT of path analysis. In my example, admittedly, go-to/no-go-to college is dichotomous, so other multivariate techniques could be used, but it made for an excellent example. A furtherance of this example is intriguing: do the similar model for a daughter as well as a model for a daughter without the farther or mother going to college being a direct effect but only an indirect effect (via the family's money). Thus we could (doing both models for the son too) compare all four models. We may find that yes there is a "Son, I went, so you're going to college" effect but there is no "Daughter, I went, so you're going" effect. That is, for the daughter, it's all a matter of money, but for the son there is an additional component: "the I went, so you're going too" component. Now these considerations REALLY give the flavor of what path analysis is all about.199.196.144.13 (talk) 20:57, 27 October 2008 (UTC)199.196.144.13 (talk) 21:03, 27 October 2008 (UTC)199.196.144.13 (talk) 21:13, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * to 199.196.144.13: I read your example with interest. Please do submit a path-diagram for it. I think the succinctness of the article itself is a virtue. It is simple, but it is correct. I think the whole piece needs expansion, including fuller mathematical development. This is, after all, a very powerful analytical tool. My interest has been through Sewall Wright in his "Genetical" guise, and his contribution to Quantitative Genetics has been monumental. Donach (talk) 03:50, 21 August 2014 (UTC)

"Path analysis (statistics" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Path_analysis_(statistics&redirect=no Path analysis (statistics] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 00:56, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Path analysis (statistics)


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Union River (Maine)

The Union River is a 21.9 mi river that runs through Ellsworth, the county seat of Hancock County in eastern Maine. In the colonial era, it was known as the Mount Desert River.

The river forms at the north end of Graham Lake at the confluence of the river's East and West branches (44.73°N, -68.3844°W), on the border of the towns of Mariaville and Waltham. It runs south 13 mi through Graham Lake to the dam at the lake's outlet, then continues south through Ellsworth, flowing through Leonard Lake and passing over its outlet dam just above the downtown. The Leonard Lake dam, also known as The Ellsworth Dam, built in 1907, spans the Union River and forms Lake Leonard. It houses a powerhouse with four generating units that combined produce 29,907 megawatt hours per year, enough to power about 3,000 households. At downtown Ellsworth, the river reaches tidewater, and flows south as an estuary for 5 mi to its mouth at Union River Bay, on the border of Surry and Ellsworth, and thence into Blue Hill Bay.

title: Union River (Maine)


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Folsom High School

Folsom High School is a public secondary school in the western United States, located in Folsom, California, a suburb east of Sacramento. Established in 1922, it is a part of the Folsom Cordova Unified School District.

School history
The first campus constructed for Folsom High School was at 715 Riley Street. (The current home of Sutter Middle School.) Before Folsom High existed, students in Folsom attended San Juan High School on Greenback Lane in Citrus Heights. A major fire on June 22, 1959 destroyed most of the original buildings on the Folsom High School campus on Riley Street. The new Folsom High campus on Iron Point Road opened in August of 1998 for Junior and senior students only. Freshman and sophomore students remained at the old Riley Street campus until the second phase of the construction of the new campus was completed in 2000.

Folsom High School participates in the Academic Decathlon competition and has won first place awards in Sacramento County in both 2022 and 2023. In 2023, Folsom High School placed 9th overall in the California State Championship while competing in Division 1.

Athletics
In 2006 and 2008, the varsity cheerleading squad took second place in the Universal Cheerleading Association's high school national championship, runner-up to Colleyville Heritage of Texas in 2006 and Paul Laurence Dunbar of Kentucky in 2008.

In 2010, the football team defeated Gardena 48-20 for the CIF Division II state championship. The team was led by future NFL safety Jordan Richards and star quarterback Dano Graves. Graves was named the MaxPreps National Player of the Year in 2010.

In 2013, FHS quarterback Jake Browning was named the state Gatorade Player of the Year. He led the Bulldogs to another section championship and the California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) Northern California regional championship game, but fell to De La Salle of Concord.

In 2014, the football team defeated Oceanside 68–7 for the CIF Division I state championship, their second state title in four years. The Team went undefeated for the season (16-0). The Bulldogs finished fourth in the nation on the Xcellent 25, presented by the Army National Guard.

In 2017, the football team defeated Helix High School 49-42 for the CIF Division I state championship. The team went undefeated (16-0) for the year.

In 2018, the football team defeated Cathedral Catholic High School 21-14 to repeat as CIF Division I state champions, the fourth state title in 9 years.

In 2023, the football team defeated St. Bonaventure High School 20-14 to win the CIF Division 1-A state championship. This was their fitfth state title since 2010 and first since 2018.

Notable alumni

 * John Briggs, former professional baseball player (Chicago Cubs, Cleveland Indians, Kansas City Athletics)
 * Jake Browning, quarterback for the Cincinnati Bengals
 * Virgil Carter, former professional football quarterback (Cleveland Browns, Cincinnati Bengals)
 * Mike Cather, former professional baseball player (Atlanta Braves)
 * Mara Davi, Broadway actress and dancer
 * Josiah Deguara, tight end for the Green Bay Packers
 * Mason Forbes, basketball player for the Saint Mary's Gaels
 * Jordan Ford, professional basketball player (Sacramento Kings)
 * Jaylen Wells, professional basketball player (Memphis Grizzlies)
 * John Jones, a professional soccer player
 * Spider Jorgensen, former Major League Baseball player (Brooklyn Dodgers, New York Giants)
 * Ryan Rau, former linebacker for the Miami Dolphins
 * Jordan Richards, former professional football safety (New England Patriots, Baltimore Ravens)
 * Jonah Williams, offensive tackle for the Cincinnati Bengals

title: Folsom High School


text:
The Lucky Nine

The Lucky Nine were an English rock band that features members of some other top British rock bands, for instance A, Hundred Reasons and (the now defunct) Cable and Sunna/earthtone9. Their collaboration has resulted in the record True Crown Foundation Songs: Hymns of History and Hidden Ritual, although in a 2005 interview with rockmidgets.com Dan Carter stated that 'two thirds' of the second album were already written and would be released at some point.

Current lineup

 * Colin Doran – Vocals
 * Jay David Rowe – Bass
 * Richie Mills – Drums
 * Ben Doyle – Guitar
 * Daniel P. Carter – Guitar

Albums

 * True Crown Foundation Songs: Hymns of History and Hidden Ritual

Other records

 * The Lucky Nine (EP)

title: The Lucky Nine


text: User talk:69.197.173.202

title: User talk:69.197.173.202


text: User talk:71.250.10.9

title: User talk:71.250.10.9


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Telšiai District Municipality

Telšiai District Municipality (Telšių rajono savivaldybė, Samogitian: Telšiū rajuona savivaldībė) is one of 60 municipalities in Lithuania, containing the city of Telšiai.

title: Telšiai District Municipality


text:
The Völkisch Ideology and the Roots of Nazism

The Völkish Ideology and the Roots of Nazism: The Early Writings of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck is a book by Paul Harrison Silfen. It was published in New York City by Exposition Press in 1973 as an 85-page hardcover (ISBN 0682477869).

Contents

 * Preface
 * 1) Moeller van den Bruck's Early Writings
 * 2) The Life of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck
 * 3) Civilization vs. Culture
 * 4) The Concept of the "Volk"
 * 5) History and Power
 * 6) Nature and the Concept of "Rootedness"
 * 7) A German Church
 * 8) Jews and Negroes in Moeller's Writings
 * Conclusion
 * Anti-Semitism of Russia
 * Notes
 * Bibliography
 * Index


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Cincinnati Freedom

Cincinnati Freedom (c. 1995 – December 29, 2008), also known as Charlene Moo-ken, after Cincinnati Mayor Charlie Luken, was a 1,050-pound Charolais cow that gained fame when, on February 15, 2002, she leaped over a six-foot fence at Ken Meyers Meats, a Camp Washington (Cincinnati) slaughterhouse, and escaped. After eluding the traps and tranquilizer darts of SPCA officials and police officers for 11 days, she was finally captured just after midnight on February 26 in Clifton, Cincinnati, Ohio. She lived out the rest of her life at Farm Sanctuary's New York Shelter in Watkins Glen, New York, where she was particularly popular with animal rights activists and animal lovers.

Finding a permanent home for her was a source of some debate, as most considered her no longer eligible for slaughter. The Cincinnati Zoo declined to house her, citing health concerns and the possibility that she could not be safely contained. Jan Malley, a Northern Kentucky woman with a 12 acre farm, was also considered as a possibility. In late March, however, artist Peter Max offered $180,000 worth of paintings to the SPCA for use at their next auction. In return, he took custody of the cow, whom he named to commemorate not only her dramatic pursuit of liberty, but the city into which she escaped.

Cincinnati Freedom received the key to Cincinnati, but did not wear it during the Cincinnati Reds Findlay Market Opening Day Parade on April 1, 2002, as planned, because she was judged too jumpy and nervous to participate. She was brought to her permanent home at Farm Sanctuary's New York Shelter on April 11, 2002, where she spent the rest of her life. She was reported to be doing well in the sanctuary and had apparently made a number of friends, including Queenie, a cow who escaped from a slaughterhouse in Queens, New York, in 2000.

Death
In 2008, Cincinnati Freedom developed spinal cancer, an incurable and untreatable ailment in cows. She was euthanized on December 29, 2008.

title: Cincinnati Freedom


text: Talk:Smokie (band)

title: Talk:Smokie (band)


text: User talk:68.48.234.107

title: User talk:68.48.234.107


text: User talk:71.128.92.208

title: User talk:71.128.92.208


text:
Lillian Leitzel

Lillian Leitzel (born Leopoldina Alitza Pelikan; 2 January 1892 – 15 February 1931) was a German-born acrobat who specialized in performing on the Roman rings, for the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus. The inaugural (posthumous) inductee to the International Circus Hall of Fame, Leitzel died in hospital two days after a fall during a live performance.

Early life
Leitzel was born as Leopoldina Alitza Pelikan in a family of circus performers. Her father was most likely Willy Dosta, an itinerant circus performer; another possible candidate was Edward J. Eleanore, a Hungarian army officer and theater performer. Her mother, Nellie Pelikan, was a Czech circus acrobat. Nellie was one of 6 children born to Eduard Pelikan, an acrobat/clown/strongman. Eduard's son Adolf performed as a clown under the pseudonym "Bluch Landolf". Lillian's brother, Alfred Pelikan, later became director of the Milwaukee Art Institute.

She spent her childhood in Germany, where she lived with her maternal grandparents. Although she had been well-educated and had prepared to pursue a career as a concert pianist, she joined her mother's aerobatic circus group, the Leamy Ladies. The troupe was completed by Lily Simpson and Leitzel's aunts, Tina and Toni Pelikan. The group toured Europe in 1905. In 1910, she came to the United States with the circus troupe and performed with Barnum and Bailey. The group later dissolved and its members returned to Europe, but Leitzel continued to attempt to perform in the American vaudeville circuit. In South Bend, Indiana, she was seen by an agent of the Ringling Brothers who offered her a contract. When Ringling and Barnum and Bailey merged, she became a huge star and a headline performer for the circus.

Act and personality
Leitzel's act included one-armed planges, momentarily dislocating the shoulder during each plange. She would flip her body over her shoulder repeatedly, sometimes hundreds of times in a feat of endurance, encouraging the audience to count each one in unison. Only four feet, nine inches, she was also famous for her demanding personality and temper. Leitzel was the first performer in history to command her own private Pullman car completely furnished with her own baby grand piano.

Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. actively pursued Leitzel for his show. She agreed to terms and performed for the Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic in 1918 and 1919.

Her quick temper was legendary. It was not uncommon to witness Leitzel cursing or slapping a roustabout who did not adjust her rigging exactly to her liking. Further, Leitzel was known to fly off the handle and fire then rehire her personal maid, Mabel Cummings, several times a day. In sharp contrast, she was known to the children on the show as "Auntie Leitzel", and she would hold birthday parties for her fellow performers in her private dressing tent.

Marriages
The identity of her first husband is unknown. She married Clyde Ingalls in 1920, and the couple divorced in 1924. Her third husband was circus trapeze performer Alfredo Codona, whom she wed in 1928.

Accident and death
On 13 February 1931, she fell to the ground from her rigging while performing in Copenhagen, Denmark at the Valencia Music Hall, when the swivel that held the rope in place fractured and snapped. She and Codona had been performing in Europe separately, and he rushed to Copenhagen. After she apparently showed signs of improvement, Codona returned to his company in Berlin. However, she died on 15 February, two days after the fall, aged 39. She was buried in Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.

Honors
Lillian Leitzel was the first inductee elected into the International Circus Hall of Fame in 1958.

A vintage circus poster depicting her was used as the subject of a United States postage stamp issued as part of a set on 5 May 2014.

In media
The book Queen of the Air: A True Story of Love and Tragedy at the Circus by Dean N. Jensen, is about Lillian Leitzel. It was published by Crown in 2013 (ISBN 030798656X/ISBN 978-0307986566).

title: Lillian Leitzel


text:
D. M. Thomas

Donald Michael Thomas (25 January 1935 – 26 March 2023) was a British poet, translator, novelist, editor, biographer and playwright. His work has been translated into 30 languages.

Working primarily as a poet throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Thomas's 1981 poetry collection Dreaming in Bronze received a Cholmondeley Award. He began writing novels, with The Flute-Player (his second novel, though the first to be published) appearing in 1979. Thomas's third novel The White Hotel won the 1981 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction, the 1981 Cheltenham Prize for Literature and was shortlisted for the same year's Booker Prize, whose judges were prevented from naming it joint-winner alongside Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children due to prize rules.

Between 1983 and 1990, Thomas published his "Russian Nights Quintet" of novels, beginning with Ararat and concluding with Summit (inspired by a meeting between Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan in Switzerland) and Lying Together (which predicted the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the return of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn to Russia). He then published Flying in to Love (which concerns the assassination of John F. Kennedy) and five other novels. Bloodaxe Books published The Puberty Tree, the British edition of Thomas's "selected" poems, in 1992. This followed the Penguin Books 1983 publication of Selected Poems, released for U.S. readers following his well-received novel The White Hotel.

A translator from Russian into English, Thomas worked particularly on Anna Akhmatova and Alexander Pushkin, as well as on Yevgeny Yevtushenko. He also wrote a biography of Solzhenitsyn, which was awarded an Orwell Prize in 1999.

Early life and education
Thomas was born to plasterer Harold Thomas and his wife Amy on 25 January 1935, in Carnkie, Redruth in Cornwall. He was a descendant of miners and carpenters. His father spent time living in California during the 1920s and was fond of the United States.

Thomas attended Trewirgie Primary School between 1940 and 1945, then Redruth Grammar School from 1946 until 1949. In 1949, he and his family moved to the Australian city of Melbourne. Thomas spent the years between 1949 and 1951 at University High School there. In 1951, he returned to Carnkie and to Redruth Grammar School.

His National Service was from 1953 until 1955, most of which he spent learning Russian. He retained a lifelong interest in Russian culture and literature. This culminated in a series of well-received translations of Russian poetry from the 1980s onwards, particularly from Anna Akhmatova and Alexander Pushkin, as well as from Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Thomas graduated with First Class Honours in English from New College, Oxford, having studied there between 1955 and 1958. Between 1959 and 1963 he was an English teacher at Teignmouth Grammar School. From 1963 he was an English lecturer at Hereford College of Education until he was made redundant upon its closure in 1978.

Writing
Thomas's first published work was a short story in The Isis Magazine in 1959. He published poetry and some prose in the British science fiction magazine New Worlds (from 1968). Much of what he published until he was 40 years of age was poetry. Two Voices, his first book, was published in 1968; it consisted of poetry. Its title poem relates to science fiction/fantasy.

The title poem of Logan Stone (1971) refers to a balancing rock in Cornwall. Love and Other Deaths (1975) features elegiac poems relating to family. The Honeymoon Voyage (1978) was written around the time of his mother's death. His mother died in 1975.

The Flute-Player, the second novel Thomas wrote, was also published in 1978. Inspired by Russian poetry (especially Anna Akhmatova), it was his first novel to be published and does not contain much dialogue; he had earlier written Birthstone. Birthstone was published in 1980; it is the only one of Thomas's novels to feature his native Cornwall and to deploy instances of Cornish speech. There is also sex, suspenders and psychoanalysis; the London Review of Books described it as "Fantasy as Freud envisaged it, powerful enough to counter reality, working like free association and allowing the unconscious to take over". Dreaming in Bronze, Thomas's 1981 poetry collection, secured for him a Cholmondeley Award.

However, the work that made him famous was not poetry; it was his erotic and somewhat fantastical novel The White Hotel (1981), the story of a woman undergoing psychoanalysis, which proved very popular in continental Europe and the United States. It was shortlisted for the 1981 Booker Prize, coming a close second, according to one of the judges, to the winner, Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children. Thomas stated in an interview on BBC Radio Cornwall in 2015 that the Booker judges wanted to split the prize between himself and Rushdie, but that the Board informed them that the rules would not permit this, although the rules were indeed changed in this respect the following year. It has also elicited considerable controversy, as some of its passages are taken from Anatoly Kuznetsov's Babi Yar, a novel about the Holocaust. In general, however, Thomas's use of such "composite material" (material taken from other sources and imitations of other writers) is seen as more postmodern than plagiarist. Graham Greene selected The White Hotel for his "Books of the Year". William Golding also selected The White Hotel as his Book of the Year for 1981. Thomas wrote the book during a sabbatical at New College, Oxford in 1978–79. He wrote some of it in Hereford, where he was living and used two typewriters, one in each city. It was translated into 30 languages. Follow-up novel Ararat, published in 1983, was the first of a series concerning the Soviet Union, referred to as the Russian Nights Quintet; it was inspired by Thomas's reading of Pushkin and a review of an Armenian poetry anthology which The Times Literary Supplement asked him to write. It was followed by Swallow (1984), Sphinx (1986) Summit (1987) and Lying Together (1990). Summit was inspired by a meeting between Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan in Switzerland, while Lying Together predicted the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the return of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn to Russia.

Thomas's 1992 novel Flying in to Love concerns the assassination of John F. Kennedy (the "Love" in the title refers to Dallas Love Field airport, where Kennedy had landed that morning), as well as the death of his own father in 1960. His 1993 novel Pictures at an Exhibition allowed Thomas to mix his interests in Freud, Nazism and the Holocaust. Its writing was set off by Thomas's attendance at a feminist exhibition, specifically its treatment of the Edvard Munch composition Madonna; writing in the Sunday Independent, critic and journalist Clare Boylan described Pictures at an Exhibition as "a compulsive page-turner". Thomas's 1994 novel Eating Pavlova is set in London in September 1940 and concerns Freud as he dies; The New York Times described it as "the most devious and tragically generous Freud ever envisioned".

His 1998 biography Alexander Solzhenitsyn: a Century in His Life was awarded an Orwell Prize in 1999.

Thomas's 2004 poetry collection Dear Shadows is inspired by photography and its title is a reference to Yeats. His 2006 poetry collection Not Saying Everything is a tribute to his second wife, Denise (whom Thomas described as his Muse), following her death from cancer in 1998. Unknown Shores, a collection released in 2009, consists of all of Thomas's poetry relating to science fiction.

Reluctant for many years to reread his own novels, he eventually did so in October 2010 and concluded that his "strongest" novels are: The White Hotel (1981), Ararat (1983), Flying in to Love (1992), Pictures at an Exhibition (1993), Eating Pavlova (1994) and The Flute-Player (1979).

His fourteenth novel (and his first in fourteen years), Hunters in the Snow appeared in 2014 and takes Vienna ahead of the First World War as its setting.

Thomas wrote reviews for The Times Literary Supplement. He was one of the last people to see William Golding, the Nobel laureate, alive. Thomas visited Golding's house in Perranarworthal as a guest one evening in June 1993; he was the last person unrelated to Golding to leave, doing so around half an hour before Golding collapsed and died whilst preparing to go to bed. Thomas blamed himself for Golding's death and wondered if it would have happened if he had left earlier, with the other guests.

Awards and honours

 * c. 1979: Gollancz/Guardian Fantasy Prize, for The Flute-Player
 * c. 1981: Cholmondeley Award, for Dreaming in Bronze
 * 1981: Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction, for The White Hotel
 * 1981: Cheltenham Prize for Literature, for The White Hotel
 * P.E.N. Prize, for The White Hotel
 * 1981: Booker Prize shortlist, for The White Hotel
 * 1999: Orwell Prize, for Alexander Solzhenitsyn: a Century in His Life

Poetry

 * Two Voices (Cape Goliard, 1968)
 * Logan Stone (Cape Goliard, 1971)
 * The Shaft (Arc, 1973), a long poem
 * Love and Other Deaths (Elek Books, 1975)
 * The Honeymoon Voyage (Secker & Warburg, 1978)
 * Orpheus in Hell (Sceptre, 1977)
 * Protest (Hereford, 1980), after a poem by the medieval Armenian poet Frik; with an engraving by Reg Boulton
 * Dreaming in Bronze (Secker & Warburg, 1981)
 * Selected Poems (Penguin Books, 1983), released in the United States following The White Hotel
 * The Puberty Tree (Bloodaxe Books, 1992), the British "selected" edition of Thomas's poetry
 * Dear Shadows (Fal Publications, 2004)
 * Not Saying Everything (Bluechrome, 2006)
 * Unknown Shores (Bluechrome, 2009)
 * Flight and Smoke (Francis Boutle, 2010, with signed limited editions available from 2009)
 * Two Countries (Francis Boutle, 2011)
 * Vintage Ghosts (Francis Boutle, 2012), a verse novel, with six linocut illustrations by Tim Roberts
 * Mrs English & other women (Francis Boutle, 2014)
 * Corona Man: A Fictional Verse Journal in the Plague Year (The Cornovia Press, 2020) ISBN 1-908878-18-5
 * The Last Waltz: Poems (The Cornovia Press, 2021) ISBN 1-908878-22-3
 * A Child of Love and War: Verse Memoir (The Cornovia Press, 2021) ISBN 1-908878-23-1

Novels
Thomas had 14 novels published between 1979 and 2014. The following books form a series known as the Russian Nights Quintet: Ararat (1983), Swallow (1984), Sphinx (1986) Summit (1987) and Lying Together (1990).

 * The Flute-Player (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1979)
 * Birthstone (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1980)
 * The White Hotel (Viking Press, 1981)
 * Ararat (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1983)
 * Swallow (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1984)
 * Sphinx (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1986)
 * Summit (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1987)
 * Lying Together (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1990)
 * Flying in to Love (Scribner, 1992)
 * Pictures at an Exhibition (Bloomsbury, 1993)
 * Eating Pavlova (Carroll & Graf, 1994)
 * Lady with a Laptop (Carroll & Graf, 1996)
 * Charlotte (Duck, 2000)
 * Hunters in the Snow (The Cornovia Press, 2014) ISBN 1-908878-12-6 ISBN 1-908878-19-3

Memoirs

 * Memories and Hallucinations (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1989)
 *  Bleak Hotel: The Hollywood Saga of the White Hotel (Quartet Books, 2008)

Biography

 * Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (St Martins, 1998)

Play

 * Hell Fire Corner (2004)

Texts edited

 * The Granite Kingdom (Bradford Barton Ltd, Truro, 1970), an anthology of poems about Cornwall, edited by D. M. Thomas
 * Songs from the Earth (Lodenek Press), an anthology of poems by John Harris, edited by D. M. Thomas
 * Poetry in Crosslight (Longman, 1975)

Translations

 * Anna Akhmatova, Requiem and Poem without a Hero, (Elek Books, 1976)
 * Anna Akhmatova, Way of All the Earth (Secker & Warburg, 1979)
 * Alexander Pushkin, The Bronze Horseman: Selected Poems of Alexander Pushkin (Viking Press, 1982)
 * Yevgeny Yevtushenko, A Dove in Santiago: A novella in verse (Secker & Warburg, 1982)
 * Alexander Pushkin, Boris Godunov (Sixth Chamber Press, 1985)
 * Anna Akhmatova, You Will Hear Thunder (Oxford University Press, 1985)
 * Anna Akhmatova, Selected Poems (Penguin Books, 1988)
 * Anna Akhmatova, Everyman's Library Pocket Poets (Alfred A. Knopf, 2006)
 * Alexander Pushkin, Onegin (Francis Boutle, 2010)
 * Alexander Pushkin, Ruslan and Ludmila (Simon & Schuster, 2019)

Personal life
Thomas married on four occasions and fathered three children from the first two of those marriages. He married his first wife, Maureen Skewes, in 1958. He had a daughter (born 1960) and a son, Sean (born 1963), with her. He married Denise Aldred in 1976 and their son was born the following year; she would die (of cancer) in 1998, with the three of them having moved to Truro in 1987. He married Victoria Field in 1998 and Angela Embree in 2005.

As well as the Russians Pushkin and Akhmatova, Thomas listed his favourite poets as Robert Frost, William Shakespeare, W. B. Yeats, Charles Causley and Emily Dickinson. His musical interests included Jean Sibelius, Sergei Rachmaninoff and Elgar; his favourite painter was Johannes Vermeer, his second favourite, Edvard Munch.

Thomas died at his home in Truro on 26 March 2023, at the age of 88.

title: D. M. Thomas


text:
Talk:Chemotaxis

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Harjot Bhandol, Tyleryan. Peer reviewers: Jefft97.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:18, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

NOR
Although user Kohlasz may be an expert in the area, I find at least one instance of a contribution that violates WP:NOR. Also, a figure under the subheading In the mirror of publications uploaded by user Kohalasz is misleading in the sense that it has not been published in a peer reviewed journal, although, the reader is lead to believe it has. —―  —― Niubrad (talk) 22:20, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

CCW And CW rotation
Has anyone noticed that the picture showing CCW and CW rotation of the E. Coli are actually two pictures of CW (Clockwise) rotation? Just that the arrows are at different positions but the direction is the same. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.20.120.114 (talk) 20:11, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Please note the presence of solid and dotted lines on the figure! This makes sense of the positions of the arrows, too. For sure, the figure is schematic and only helps to understand that when the direction of rotation is changed - itself the swimming behaviour is also significantly altered. Best regards from Kohlasz 21:22, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Number of flagella
In the article on Helicobacter it is mentioned that they have 4-6 flagella, whereas in this article it is mentioned that they only have one. Which is correct?Kghose 01:52, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Dear Kghose, Please check the two pages again. In Helicobacter page mentioned by you there is no 4-6 flagella cited (not even one!!!), while in 'Chemotaxis' you can find that E.coli has 4-6 flagella. This is correct. The number of flagella depends on the type of cell. You should also consider that there is another component of the cell 'pilus' which helps the cell to stick on the surface, however, it is not an active moving component. Taking together from 0-several the number of flagella is correct if the cell type is correct. Thank you for your help around page Chemotaxis! Best regrds from Kohlasz 21:12, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

sperm...?
is this how sperm move? 86.9.73.56 23:34, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Not really, sperm cells are propelled by the regular beat of their eukaryiotic flagellum. A eukaryiotic flagellum is not to be confused with a bacterial flagellum.
 * Sperm cells of many species show chemotaxis, an area of active research (see work by Eisenbach, Brokaw, Kaupp, ...).--91.67.241.244 (talk) 21:05, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Grammar and spelling corrections
I have taken the liberty of cleaning up the English grammar and spelling. Somebody with more knowledge of the subject should review the changes to make sure the content is still correct, since I know very little about this subject, and I had to take a guess at the original meaning in a couple of places.

In addition, the following sentence is still hard to parse in English, and I didn't want to guess as to the meaning:

Chemoattractant moiety of fMLF elicited in neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes.

--Salsa man 22:40, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Misconception about wide-range sensitivity in bacterial chemotaxis
There is a misconception in the paragraph dedicated to E. Coli chemotaxis, it states:

"However, the methylation system alone cannot account for the wide range of sensitivity that bacteria have to chemical gradients."

That is not correct, the integral feedback created by the methylation pathway is the only responsible for wide range sensitivity, as it allows the system to maintain its high sensitivity operating point over a wide range of backgrounds. more about this can be found in [1]. The article further states:

"Additional regulatory mechanisms such as receptor clustering and receptor-receptor interactions also modulate the signalling pathway."

It is known today that receptor interactions and clustering do not modulate the signaling pathway. It is true however that the total value of the high sensitivity (not the range on which it is maintained) is enhanced by mechanisms such as receptor-receptor interactions, receptors clustering, and the ultrasensitive response of the flagellar motor to the CheY-P signal [2,3].

Because of this I will slightly edit those lines.

[1] Effects of Adaptation in Maintaining High Sensitivity over a Wide Range of Backgrounds for Escherichia coli Chemotaxis Biophysical Journal, Volume 92, Issue 7, Pages 2329-2337 B. Mello, Y. Tu

[2] Receptor clustering and signal processing in E. coli chemotaxis V Sourjik - TRENDS in Microbiology, 2004

[3] An Ultrasensitive Bacterial Motor Revealed by Monitoring Signaling Proteins in Single Cells Philippe Cluzel, 1* Michael Surette, 2 Stanislas Leibler 1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.82.70.144 (talk) 11:11, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

etymology?
Hi, all

Could we include a snippet on the etymology of "chemotaxis"? Chemo - chemical, taxis - purposefully directed organization (greek).

Best, Dale S 129.59.115.14 (talk) 12:15, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

Merger proposal
According to its first sentence, Biased random walk (biochemistry) is about chemotaxis, so it makes sense to merge it with this article. There is not even an article about Biased random walks in general yet. RockMagnetist (talk) 23:16, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Badly structured article
A(nother) poorly structured article with section after section of unsourced material, and sophistication and rigour of draft student work. Placing an expert needed tag. A summary of any one good review article would be sufficient to redirect this from the non-authoritative editorial hodgepodge that it is becoming, to a reliably structured outline with the vast majority of material needed (to dispense with most of the accumulated nonsense). Sorry to be blunt, but there it is. (A day off, and eight hours later, and unable to create a coherent web of information around one topic, because each article consulted is another mares nest of more-time-required-than-value-returned.) Le Prof 73.110.42.68 (talk) 03:03, 23 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Le Prof, you have some valid concerns, but I think you have gone overboard with your tags. If several sections have problems with sources, it's best to just tag the whole article. Also, the expert tag is rather verbose - why not just say it on the talk page? RockMagnetist(talk) 04:46, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

Why do copyrights appear on images in this article?
Is this appropriate, to have the (c) appear, with the creator's name, on the image appearing in WP? If no respone here, will raise it elsewhere. Cheers. Le Prof Leprof 7272 (talk) 06:13, 23 March 2017 (UTC)
 * To me, it seems quite inappropriate, although I am not well versed in the rules for images. Where there is technical content, there should also be attribution of a source. Although the images come with CC-by-SA 3.0 licenses, they may be the same as or very similar to publications by Köhidai, and if so the rights may be owned by the journal and not the authors. Lots of reasons for concern. I'm not sure what the best forum is for raising these issues. RockMagnetist(talk) 04:44, 4 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Agree, so consistent with the licence conditions, I edited the files so that these statements no longer appear; authorship being acknowledged through Wikimedia Commons. Klbrain (talk) 10:05, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chemotaxis


text:
Colegio Internacional de Caracas

Colegio Internacional de Caracas (CIC) is a private English language school located in Caracas, Venezuela, serving the educational needs of students from pre-nursery through high school. CIC is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS – AdvancED - Cognia) and by the International Baccalaureate Organization in its Middle Years (MYP) and the Diploma Program (DP). At the conclusion of the 2019–2020 school year, student enrollment was just over 100.

CIC offers an Early Learning Program (Pre-Nursery [Age 2 Years] through Kindergarten); an Elementary Age Program; and a Secondary Program - all supported by project-based learning with the ultimate goal of worldwide university acceptances upon graduation. Enrollment is balanced between the three programs, and all students participate in classes like Music, the Fine Arts, Technology, Physical Education, and the Collaboratory (a new makerspace-style learning area).

CIC is an active member of the Venezuelan Association of North American Schools (VANAS).

History
CIC traces its history back to 1896. Originally called Colegio Americano, the school merged with Academia La Castellana in 1971 and took the name Colegio Internacional de Caracas, in English, The International School of Caracas. CIC has remained on the current campus for 50 years.

Academics
The educational programs of the Colegio International de Caracas combine academic instruction with a global world view. CIC offers the International Baccalaureate Program.

In eleventh and twelfth grades, the school offers the Diploma Program (DP) of the International Baccalaureate. The Diploma Program requires students to study languages, mathematics, sciences, humanities, fine arts and theory of knowledge.

To prepare for the demands of the IB Diploma Program, the school offers the IB Middle Years Program (MYP), a program that integrates courses in languages, humanities, technology, mathematics, arts, sciences, and physical education through the curricular lenses of health and social education, community and service, environment, human ingenuity, and approaches to learning.

English is the language of instruction. For those students who come to the school not speaking English, CIC offers English for Speakers of Other Languages a comprehensive (ESOL) program. For those students who come to the school not speaking Spanish, the school offers Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) classes. As part of the school's commitment to holistic learning, students participate in various grade-level field trips that integrate concepts taught in various classes. Students participate in the Model United Nations (MUN) programs in the middle school (JMUN) and the high-school (SAMUN) as well as a comprehensive volunteering program.

Facilities
The facilities consists of 37 classrooms including an elementary wing, a new makerspace, 4 laboratories, 2 computer rooms, 5 offices, 2 music rooms, 3 art rooms, 2 book rooms, and a library with over 30,000 volumes, books, and audio-visual materials. The 4 secondary science laboratories are designed to be used by both secondary and elementary students. All classrooms, computer laboratories and the media center have access to the Internet, with a wireless network all around campus. There is abundant space for sports and recreation as the School has a full-size artificial turf soccer field, covered basketball courts, and a street hockey area. The physical education building includes dance/weight rooms, locker rooms and a physical education office. Students also have access to an indoor-outdoor canteen area that provides breakfast, lunch, and snacks.

Library
The CIC Library is housed in a 565 square meter area, with roughly 30,000 books, 10,000 of which belong to the Elementary Library. Materials are mostly in English, but there are also books in Spanish, French, Portuguese, Greek, and Japanese.

For students in elementary school, library classes occur every week. These classes focus on teaching students how to best function in libraries: The classes concentrate on such things as the use of on-line catalogues, web pages, videos, and magazines, all of which help students in their research.

The CIC library catalogue has been updated with Lexile number for 75% of all books: labels are placed on the spines, and each student is given a personal Lexile number after taking the Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) reading test. A student's Lexile number is matched with an equivalent Lexile book number. The student is able to choose a book that matches his/her reading level.

Students
CIC students have very diverse backgrounds. Students come from many countries such as Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, Venezuela, Jamaica, Sudan, and Iran. About 25% of students are primarily English-speaking, and just over half are Spanish-speaking. All graduates continue to higher education in the United States, Canada, Spain, Venezuela, Europe, The Middle East, and elsewhere. With few exceptions, CIC students possess passports from countries other than Venezuela.

Faculty
As an accredited school, CIC employs certified teachers from all over the world (mainly from the United States and Venezuela), and uses professional recruiting fairs to fill its teaching needs.

Finance
CIC's budget is driven by tuition, and a team of administrators and board members set an annual budget that is approved by the school board. Fees for parents include annual tuition, capital fees, and other expenses that are submitted to CIC in both dollars and local currency.

title: Colegio Internacional de Caracas


text: User talk:71.106.148.218

title: User talk:71.106.148.218


text: Category:Schools in Venezuela

title: Category:Schools in Venezuela


text:
Kakuji Inagawa

Kakuji Inagawa (稲川 角二 Inagawa Kakuji), also known as Seijō Inagawa (稲川 聖城 Inagawa Seijō; November 1914 – December 22, 2007) was a Japanese yakuza boss best known for founding the Inagawa-kai, Japan's third-largest yakuza syndicate.

Inagawa, son of a Meiji University graduate who fell on hard times, never attended school. He was recruited into the yakuza as an enforcer when he was a teenage judo student.

After serving in World War II, Inagawa formed the Inagawa-gumi, the predecessor to the current Inagawa-kai, in Atami, Shizuoka, in 1949.

Inagawa was regarded as an "elder statesman" of the yakuza, and a peacemaker skilled in settling disputes between rival gangs. In the early 1960s, he headed the short-lived Kanto-kai, a federation of Kantō region gangs organized by Yoshio Kodama. That organization's rightist philosophy was summed up by Inagawa: "We bakuto cannot walk in broad daylight", he said. "But if we unite and form a wall to stop Communism, we can be of service to our nation."

title: Kakuji Inagawa