text:
Talk:Shilha language

People
the article needs to tell something about the PEOPLE who SPEAK the language. Gringo300 07:15, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Working on it, Gringo. (What does it say above your comment? 'Add more info on demographics, etc'.) Though most of this would rather belong to the article Chleuh. Maybe you want to read something on this people and expand the article? — mark ✎ 08:23, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

On hold
One of the very first treatises of Tashelhiyt in European philological literature is Jones, dissertatio de lingua Shilhensi, which itself is part of John Chamberlayn's (1715) collection of language samples titled Dissertationes ex occasione sylloges orationum Dominicarum scriptae (Amsterdam: Willem & David Goeree).

A Berber (Tashelhiyt) version of the Lord's Prayer gives in Jones (1715) is cited in Adelung & Vater's Mithridates, vol. III, p. 54. The first sentence, along with the German interlinear glosses, runs thus:
 * Amazeagh 'na baba erby ghi y ginna Berkat ysmanick
 * Herr unser Vater Gott, welcher im Himmel, Geheiligt.werde Nahme.dein

It would prove very interesting to compare this (admittedly mangled) tašlḥiyt with the products of the Sous literary tradition of that time. — mark ✎ 20:22, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Recent changes
Beginning July 2015, has been making many changes to the article. Work is still in progress (September 2015). Several long sections (on Shilha literature and premodern spelling) were moved to other articles (Shilha literature and Berber orthography) and replaced with shorter sections. Most other sections were expanded. The article now more narrowly focuses on the language. It may end up being on the long side, but this is justified by the almost total lack of publications on Tashelhiyt in English, while many of the French and German sources are severely dated.

Recently, made the following changes to the article: — mark ✎ 10:03, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) tasousiyt > tasusiyt (tasousit)
 * 2) *That's fine.
 * 3) [təgəm:in:ək] 'your house' > [təgəm:in:əm] 'your house'
 * 4) *'your house' is in fact [təgəm:in:ək], but I assume 84.178.x.x was just copying the non-IPA notation, which was had tigmmi-nn-m indeed (wrongly). I'll fix this.
 * 5) 1st person singular possessive suffix was changed from -ø to -inu/-nu (and "ø = zero morpheme" was removed from the legend of the table)
 * 6) *While it is correct that there is a possessive suffix -(i)nu, it doesn't belong in the paradigm given (see the text). I'll fix this later today by adding the full second paradigm.
 * 7) the number nine was changed from tẓẓa to ttẓa
 * 8) *I'll check this later today with my sources.

 * It took some time to get to this, but I have just corrected the errors the above edit introduced. — mark ✎ 19:14, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Consonant inventory
According to Abdallah El Mountassir, Tachelhit has 31 consonants. I believe their IPA values are. There is also phonemic consonant lenghthening (gemination).

These are all consonants common to Maghrebi Berber languages (Rif and Kabyle have a few more). I'd rather get further verification before I'd edit the article itself. -- LudwigVan 11:33, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Van den Boogert & Stroomer (2004) list 33. Unfortunately, I don't really have the time at this moment to find out what the differences are, but in case you're interested, I've made a quick scan and put it online here . I'll remove this link in a few days since their work isn't published yet and it shouldn't be circulated without permission. — mark ✎ 19:14, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The two additional consoants are pharyngealized ("emphatic") and, and I've seen other sources list them as phonemes distinct from non-emphatic /l/ and /r/ in Tachelhit and other Berber languages (both are also found in Maghrebi Arabic), so I'd include them in the inventory.

 * I also have stored away somewhere a Xerox of the chapter from Phonologies of Asia and Africa: Including the Caucasus, edited by Kaye and Daniels, that discusses Berber languages in general, and Rif and Tuareg in particular. I don't remember what it says about Tachelhit. -- LudwigVan 16:54, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yep, pharyngalized /l/ and /r/ definitely should be included. Feel free to edit, by the way! — mark ✎ 07:44, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Just did so, but the uvular fricatives might be velar instead, I'm not sure. Also, should I indicate an emphatic /t/ as or ? -- LudwigVan 03:08, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, it looks beautiful! For emphatics, I'd favor /tˁ/ etc., because that way it is more easy to see the symbol that is modified. — mark ✎ 14:31, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Verb morphology
I have added a couple of {fact} tags in the verb section. I could have added more. It seems to me that the situation has rather more explanations than the one offered as standard in this article. For example, we are saying that there are four basic forms of the verb. However in Campbell 1995 under the "Berber" chapter I read:

Three bases are distinguishable: (1) C1C2; (2) C1C2C2 + a; (3) C1C2 + i/a'' [...]. It is customary to designate these bases, (1) aorist-imperative, (2) strengthened aorist, (3) preterite. Exactly how these bases are related to tense and mood – if, indeed, the categories of tense and mood can be usefully applied to the Berber verb – is a controversial question. Different researchers have distinguished an aorist and a preterite, a past tense from a present/future, a present/past from a future; some make an aspectual distinction between perfective and imperfective.''

Etc. My small Initiation à la Langue Berbère – Tachelhit by Mohammed Lamzoudi (Casablanca 2005) also agrees that there are three basic forms, although he calls them very different things: the impératif immédiat, the impératif perpetuel, and the "rare" indicatif. So either we try to explain some of the different approaches or we should say whose individual view we are supporting here. Widsith (talk) 21:57, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

Orthography
Is the same Berber Latin alphabet used for Tachelhiyt as for Kabyle, or is a different version used? Mo-Al (talk) 05:55, 1 June 2009 (UTC) yes,it is the same

No Longer Productive?
This statement...

''Derived verb forms exist: a causative s, medial m (or nasal), and passive tt... can be recognized, as in muddu 'travel' from ddu go' + medial, or smugr 'meet each other' from gr 'touch' + causative + medial. However, derivation is no longer productive, i.e. speakers no longer consciously produce causatives, medials, or passives by applying derivative morphology to verbs.''

... doesn't seem to be right. Medials might not in fact be productive, but I think a good case could be made that causative and passive prefixing is still very productive in Tashlhiyt. Speakers regularly add these prefixes to base verbs (kšm "to enter" --> skšm "to bring in"), including more recent lexical additions from Arabic (dwwx "to be dizzy" --> sdwwx "to make dizzy"). Since the t-prefixing for passivity model is identical to that of Moroccan Arabic, and a lot of the more recent innovations in Tashlhiyt come from that source, it's harder to argue, but it could definitely be interpreted as productive. In any case I think the aforementioned statement needs to sourced or, if not, removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.12.233.19 (talk) 19:33, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Concerning the Name of the Article
The User:Kwamikagami (has changed the name of Article from Tachelhit Language to "shilha language") The entire article has Deteriorated and lost its Credibility due to the change of  name. “shilha" is a Moroccan Arabic term and spelling (for all Berber Languages of Morocco) The Term "shilha" is Vague term (Moroccan Arabic ) that describes all varieties of Berber Languages  in general  (Morocco).

_ Middle- Atlas shilha

_ Rif shilha

_ High-Atlas (souss) shilha

Linguistically, The proper term is (Tachelhit )  it is an Anglophone spelling, as well as a native, spelling. Linguistically, All English and French authors use the spelling Tachelhit. Chleuh is both English and French term. plural : Chleuhs “Shilha people” is not a proper grammar usage..., anyway.... its like saying (English People  to  “Englishs” people )

NOTE: the term shilha is no longer in use. Its rename Amazigh or Imazighen More over,  (Tachelhit is called  “Atlas language” of Morocco  or “Atlas Tamazight Language). Both Tachelhit Page and central-Morocco Tamazight page, Articles should be place under one Page call ``Atlas Language`` or “Atlas Tamazight language”

Classification of Berber languages

Group 1. Atlas Language or Tachelhit *(Wikipedia page (central-Morocco Tamazight) )

Group 2. Zenati language or Tazenatit, Rif

Group 3. Kabyle

Group 4. Touareg, Ghadamsi

Group 5. Zenaga of" Mauntania

References Shilha’ is the Arabic name for Moroccan Berber language varieties in general

'Shilha' is the Moroccan Arabic name for all Berber dialects in general (Morocco)

(Adrar (talk) 16:32, 23 August 2010 (UTC))

 * "Shilha" is the common English version of Tashelhit: It's just the ŠLH root without the Tamazight affixes. It's used, for example, in Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages, and is given as a synonym in Ethnologue. Arabic usage is irrelevant, as this is not Arabic WP.
 * We generally want to try to keep the same name for a people and their language, where possible. "Shilha people" is used as a synonym for "Shluh" as far back as 1931, and continues today. — kwami (talk) 16:58, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Merging this article with Central Atlas Tamazight is another issue. That may be a worthwhile project, if you wish to notify people on all relevant articles about a centralized discussion. — kwami (talk) 16:46, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Yes ( Affixes for Tamazight - Amazigh or Imazighen) Affixes (Tachelhit Chleuh or Chleuhs or Ichelhiyn)

False, "shilha" is a Moroccan Arabic Term. Yes “as far back as 1931” for all Berber language dialects of Morocco. The page should be renamed back to it’s original name (Tachelhit Language)

as for Merging. yes, a worthwhile project. (Adrar (talk) 17:36, 23 August 2010 (UTC))

 * You don't understand. Yes, Shilha comes from Arabic, but also from Berber. It's now also an English term, as I've demonstrated, and is generally used specifically for Tashelhiyt. Arabic usage is irrelevant: this isn't Arabic WP. — kwami (talk) 18:41, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

I should know, I speak the Berber language and study it. I undertsand the differences (I give you all list of the reasoning that support the issue.) (Adrar (talk) 18:50, 23 August 2010 (UTC))
 * Oh, I have no doubt that you know Berber far better than I! I'm not questioning your knowledge on the topic. The point here is English usage. In English usage, "Shilha" is typically used to refer to Tashelhiyt, not to other varieties.
 * If you think that merging is the way to go, then I would suggest making a request using merge on the three articles (here, C. Atlas Tam., Atlas languages). That would sidestep the whole naming issue. — kwami (talk) 19:18, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, "shilha” is an old term and ( diminishing), it’s no longer in use : whether within "Tachelhit" as it is referred and  or general Varieties  (Berber Languages)

Tachelhit or Tashelhiyt is the  most Common use in the English language. (Ra  nsawal Tachelhit)

It would be best to restore the page to it’s original name, in the meantime.

Merging these Pages central-Morocco Tamazight, Atlas-Languages, and Tashelhiyt would require your  contribution and a talk with other users and  page creator. (Adrar (talk) 19:51, 23 August 2010 (UTC))

 * Your link does not support your claim. Both terms are relatively common, but "Shilha" has the advantage of being clearer, as it can be used for both the people and their language.
 * If we merge the articles, the point becomes moot anyway. — kwami (talk) 20:32, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

in English publishing world and the Moroccan publishing all sources use the "Tachelhit" and it's more clear, just like the word [Tamazight].

in the meantime. Can you change the title Page back to (Tashelhiyt Language) like it was before. thanks (Adrar (talk) 21:00, 23 August 2010 (UTC))

 * No, not all sources use "Tachelhit", as I've demonstrated. Ignoring evidence doesn't make it go away. As a native English speaker, I find "Tachelhit" decidedly less clear, as it incorporates non-English grammar. Keeping track of all the Ta-X-t terms can be a problem for the naive reader.
 * I made the merge proposal, and notified the principal authors of the articles. If they oppose the merge, they may have thoughts on the name. — kwami (talk) 21:01, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Up until this day I had only read about Tashelhiyt in the linguistic literature. I cannot say that this necessarily means that this is more common usage than Shilha, but I do think the move should have been better motivated by sources and discussion before being implemented. I would support to return the article to Tashelhiyt language unless it can be shown more clearly that Shilha is the prefered name in the English language linguistic literature.·Maunus· ƛ · 23:30, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * There's a tendency to use Tachelhit in ling lit, esp. recently, but 'Shilha' has a long tradition as an assimilated English word. For example, the Library of Congress uses 'Shilha language' and 'Rif language' for its subject headings rather than Tachelhit and Tarifit, as does Ruhlen, which is targeted at a lay audience as we are. 'Shilha' also has the advantage of being applicable to both the language and the people, which is relevant to a general encyclopedia but not as much to a linguistic text. IMO, it's a matter of common usage for a lay audience over technical jargon for an audience who is already familiar with the subject. — kwami (talk) 00:21, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Looking around abit for materials it seems that there is a slight preference of Shilha over Tachelhit and of Tachelhit over Tashelhiyt in american linguistics materials. For example the reference grammars of the language seems to use Shilha. I am convinced by that and would support having the article staying here per your arguments above and my own small study of sources.·Maunus· ƛ · 02:07, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Fine. The EB also uses "Shilha" (though, oddly, also "Tarifit").
 * I strongly disagree. Most common, is Tachelhit in English. (Moroccan Arabic: Shilha or Shelha). Google web Search is not reliable: for most Wikipedia users rely on. A possible (English) alternative could well be (Chelyh or Chily). I would like to remind you that most Berber Language studies are under the name Tamazight . A unified Standard Tamazight (the National Standard Tamazight Language of Morocco) regulated by IRCAM Royal institute of the Amazigh culture in both cities Agadir and Rabat, Morocco.(Uchronicle (talk) 07:27, 26 August 2010 (UTC))
 * You need references for your edits, esp. for things like claiming "Moyen Atlas" is the common English name for Central Atlas Berber.
 * "Chily" is English? Really? And "Ariffia language"? English in which country?
 * I am curious about one of your edits, that the speakers of C. Atlas are the Zayanes. My understanding was that the Z. are only one of many C. Atlas-speaking tribes, not the entire C. Atlas-speaking population. If they are, I would be interested in your sources. — kwami (talk) 08:48, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * First thing, no such thing as Regional language . I stated (IRCAM Royal institute of the Amazigh culture  has regulated and unified the Berber Language  (the National Standard Tamazight Language of Morocco). There is no such thing as Central Morocco Tamazight language. it's called tribe dialects.(Uchronicle (talk) 09:28, 26 August 2010 (UTC))
 * Zayanes one word that can represent the whole (Middle Atlas) (Uchronicle (talk) 09:28, 26 August 2010 (UTC))
 * Uchronicle, the IRCAM Royal Institute is only one possible source for English usage, although I don't know if they have ever published in English. Wikipedia does not rely on only one source, but on the entire body of English literature on the subject.  "Shilha" is more common in the literature as both Kwami and Manaus have stated.  My own searches through the linguistic literature confirm that usage as the most common.  --Taivo (talk) 09:32, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

 * None of the books in French or Berber count--this is the English Wikipedia and only English usage counts. So your list above has only two sources.  --Taivo (talk) 10:25, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * You should know that, the word (Tachelhit) is renamed Tamazight. All current sources are published under (Tamaizght, Amazigh, Imazighen, Mzgh, Berber). it would be hard to find new books that are published in Tachelhit or even Tarifit in Morocco or else where.(Uchronicle (talk) 10:46, 26 August 2010 (UTC))
 * the only way to distinguish (Tamazight language) is by region or tribe. (e.g Tiznit, Khenifra etc... or Ayt Achutouken, Ayt Seghrouchen etc... or High-Atlas, Middle-Atlas etc...) (In English.... even French or German) (Uchronicle (talk) 11:17, 26 August 2010 (UTC))

 * The usage in Morocco is irrelevant to the issue of what the most common name in English is. There are plenty of sources published recently in English that name this language (Shilha/Tachelhit).  --Taivo (talk) 11:09, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Uchronicle, let me say this again since you don't seem to understand: sources must be in English.  Berber, Arabic, and French sources have absolutely nothing relevant to say about common English usage, which is all we care about here.  --Taivo (talk) 11:35, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Uchronicle, if the world Tachelhit has been replaced, as you say, we definitely should not use it. — kwami (talk) 23:01, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * that would mean (Tarifit central-Morocco-Tamzigtht/Middle Atlas and so on. With one word (Amazigh).--Uchronicle (talk) 23:35, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

References concerning naming
I have listed just the things I have in my personal library and a few other references in English (sources in any other language do not serve as evidence of English usage) and do not represent this as a thorough review of the linguistic literature, nor do I claim that this is the final answer--it's just a start and subject to discussion. --Taivo (talk) 10:22, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Added a few more, including the EB and LOC. — kwami (talk) 18:37, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Shilha

 * Merritt Ruhlen, 1991, A Guide to the World's Languages, Volume 1: Classification, Stanford
 * Joseph R. Applegate, 1958, An Outline of the Structure of Shilha, American Council of Learned Societies. --Taivo (talk) 10:22, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Akio Nakano, 1976, Dialogues in Moroccan Shilha: (Dialects of Anti-Atlas and Ait-Warain), ILCAA
 * Robert Martin Kirchner, 2001, An Effort Based Approach to Consonant Lenition, Psychology Press
 * Joseph H. Greenberg, Charles Albert Ferguson, & Edith A. Moravcsik, 1978, Universals of Human Language: Phonology, Stanford.
 * Jeffrey Tayler, 2003, Glory in a Camel's Eye: Trekking through the Moroccan Sahara, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (A travelogue.)
 * Lionel Galand, 2002, "Archaism and Evolution in Berber," Etudes de linguistique berbere, Peeters, pp. 109-116
 * Harry Stroomer, 2000, "An Early European Source on Berber, Chamberlayne (1715)," Etudes berberes et chamito-semitiques: melanges offerts a Karl-G. Prasse, Peeters, pp. 303-316
 * Douglas Porch, 2005, The Conquest of Morocco, Macmillan. (A history.)  --Taivo (talk) 10:47, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Theo Vennemann, 2002, "Key Issues in English Etymology," Sounds, Words, Texts and Change: Selected Papers from 11 ICEHL, Santiago de Compostela, 7-11 September 2000, John Benjamins, pp. 227-252
 * Harrie Wetzer, 1996, The Typology of Adjectival Predication, Walter de Gruyter
 * Clarence G. Williams, 2003, Technology and the Dream: Reflections on the Black Experience at MIT, 1941-1999, MIT. (Sociology and history.)
 * Vaclav Blazek, 2008, "A Lexicostatistical Comparison of Omotic Languages," In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the Four Fields of Anthropology: In Honor of Harold Crane Fleming, John Benjamins, pp. 57-148
 * Leon Stassen, 2004, Intransitive Predication, Oxford
 * Selena Montgomery, 2002, The Art of Desire, Kensington Books (this is a romance novel, but it illustrates the use of "Shilha" as a common English term). --Taivo (talk) 11:32, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Eugene A. Nida, 1972, The Book of a Thousand Tongues, ed. 2, p 389
 * GN Clements & Annie Rialland, "Africa as a phonological area". In Bernd Heine & Derek Nurse, 2008, A linguistic geography of Africa, p 83
 * Werner Vycichl, "Beja - A Language with Seven Seals". In Bechhaus-Gerst & Serzisko, 1988, Cushitic-Omotic: papers from the International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic Languages, p 417
 * Akio Nakano, 1974, Dialogues on Moroccan Shilha: Dialects of Anti-Atlas and Ait-Warain
 * PR Bennett, 1985, "On Reconstructing Qualitative Verbs in Berber" In Papers from the Tenth Minnesota Regional Conference on Language and Linguistics (May 11-12, 1984)
 * Daniel Newman, 2002, The phonetic status of Arabic within the world's languages: the uniqueness of the lughat al-daad, p 67
 * DE Johnson, 1976, Languages of the Middle East and North Africa. A Survey of Materials for the Study of the Uncommonly Taught Languages, p 37
 * Helmut Satzinger, 2004, "Some remarks on the Afroasiatic case system", Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 94:177–183
 * Ian Maddieson, 1984, Patterns of Sounds.
 * Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010. "Amazigh languages".
 * Library of Congress subject headings: Volume 1 (19th ed, 1996) (used by the LOC to organize all books on the subject) — kwami (talk)

Shilḥa

 * Patrick Bennett, 1998, Comparative semitic linguistics: a manual, p 63 — kwami (talk)

Shluh

 * George L. Campbell, 1995, Concise Compendium of the World's Languages, Routledge. --Taivo (talk) 10:22, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Tachelhit

 * William Bright, 1992, "Berber Languages," International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford, vol. 1, pp. 174-175
 * Richard J. Hayward, 2000, "Afroasiatic," African Languages: An Introduction, Cambridge, pp. 74-98. --Taivo (talk) 10:22, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Amarg: Anthology of Tachelhit poety, by Abdellah El Mountassir.
 * The Berber Literary Tradition of the Tachelhit sous: with an edition and translation of 'The Ocean of Tears' by Muhammad Awzal. by Nico van den Boogert. Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten (Witte Singel 25, Postbus 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands, fax : 071-5272038), publication of De Goeje Fund (n° XXVII), Leiden, 1997, 456 pages, Hfl 150. ISBN 90-625-8971-5. (Uchronicle (talk) 10:22, 26 August 2010 (UTC))
 * Mark Aronoff & Janie Rees-Miller, ed., 2003, The Handbook of Linguistics, Blackwell. --Taivo (talk) 10:47, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * We Share Walls: Language, Land, and Gender in Berber Morocco (Blackwell Studies in Discourse and Culture) by Katherine E. Hoffman, 2008, ISBN-13: 978-1405154215 --Uchronicle (talk) 12:17, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Culture and Customs of Morocco (Culture and Customs of Africa),by Raphael Chijioke Njoku, 2005, ISBN-13: 978-0313332890 --Uchronicle (talk) 12:31, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The Languages of the World, by Kenneth Katzner, 2002, ISBN-13: 978-0415250030
 * Modals in the Languages of Europe: A Reference Work (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology [Ealt]),by Björn Hansen,2009, ISBN-13: 978-3110219203
 * An Introduction to the Languages of the World, Anatole V. Lyovin, 1997, ISBN-13: 978-0195081169
 * Language Diversity Endangered (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs),by Matthias Brenzinger, ISBN-13: 978-3110170498
 * University of Oxford, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Rotheray International Broadcast Page43
 * Abdelkrim Jebbour,1996, Syllable weight and syllable nuclei in Tachelhit Berber of Tiznit --Uchronicle
 * Ethnologue Languages of the World Tachelhit
 * Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world, Page,152,156.
 * Colin J. Ewen, Ellen M. Kaisse, John Mathieson Anderson, Phonology, Volume 25, Cambridge University Press
 * Björn Hansen, Ferdinand de Haan, Modals in the Languages of Europe: A Reference Work, pp 449-453. --Uchronicle

Tashelhit

 * "We will speak Tashelhit, by Abdallah El Mountassir, 1999. ISBN-10: 2911053524 (Uchronicle (talk) 11:43, 26 August 2010 (UTC))
 * Maarten G. Kossmann & Harry J. Stroomer, 1997, "Berber Phonology," Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Eisenbrauns, vol 1, pp. 461-475. (My mistake, kwami, I originally put this in the wrong section.  The term "Tashelhit" occurs on nearly every one of the first 5-6 pages.)  --Taivo (talk) 22:08, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Tshalhit

 * Robert Hetzron, 1990, "Afroasiatic Languages," The World's Major Languages, Oxford, pp. 645-653. --Taivo (talk) 10:22, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Taʃlɦiyt

 * Michael Mann & David Dalby, 1987, A Thesaurus of African Languages: A Classified and Annotated Inventory of the Spoken Languages of Africa, With an Appendix on Their Written Representation, International African Institute. --Taivo (talk) 10:22, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

ta-shelhit

 * David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities, Observatoire Linguistique. --Taivo (talk) 10:22, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Taʃelhait

 * Vaclav Blazek, 1998, "Berber Numerals," Archiv Orientalni 66:149-168. --Taivo (talk) 10:22, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * In more recent works (see above for an example), Blazek has switched to "Shilha". --Taivo (talk) 11:40, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Tashelhait

 * Chritopher Moseley & R.E. Asher, ed., 1994, Atlas of the World's Languages, Routledge. --Taivo (talk) 10:22, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Tashelhet

 * Andrew Dalby, 2004, Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages, rev. ed., Columbia. --Taivo (talk) 10:47, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Tashlhiyt
·Maunus· ƛ · 13:57, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Cécile Fougeron & Rachid Ridouane 2006 On the phonetic implementation of syllabic consonants and vowel-less syllables in Tashlhiyt, Estudios de Fonética Experimental 18 (2008) 139-175
 * Dell, François and Mohamed Elmedlaoui. 1985. 'Syllabic consonants and syllabification in Imdlawn Tashlhiyt Berber.' Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 7.105-130.
 * Dell, François & Elmedlaoui, Mohamed. 2002. Syllables in Tashlhiyt Berber and in Moroccan Arabic. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers
 * Mohamed Lahrouchi, nd. Tashlhiyt Berber triconsonantal roots A binary branching head-complement structure. UMR 7023 CNRS-Université Paris 8
 * Darin M. Howe, 2001 Syllabic obstruents in Oowekyala, Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas/Workshop on American Indian Languages, U C Santa Barbara, 7-6-2001

Comments
Linguists working on the language have been using the name Tashelhiyt exclusively for the past two or three decades. The name Shilha apparently continues to be used by some non-linguists. The article is still entitled "Shilha language", but the text of the article now uses "Tashelhiyt". It is a linguistic article, and the convention among modern linguists is to call a language by its own name, not by somebody else's name. Reading the leader should prevent any confusion. -- talk 07 September 2015

It seems to me that a name used both in academic and lay literature would be more accessible to the average reader than one used primarily in specialist lit, and better follows WP:COMMONNAME. Per that guideline, technical terms are not preferred simply because they're technical; often common names are used rather than "a more elaborate, formal, or scientific alternative". When several terms are of comparably frequent use, other considerations should be used, such as "titles which follow the same pattern as those of similar articles are often preferred". (For example, we use the anglicized form of Kabyle, without the ta-t affixes, and following that pattern we would drop the affixes here.) — kwami (talk) 17:53, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. The Wikipedia policy of WP:COMMONNAME does not give priority to specialist usage.  --Taivo (talk) 22:15, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * there are many version of the term Kabyle in affixes (taqbaylit) other english spelling is Qbaylie, kabyle, Qbayla.. just like (Tamazight, Tamaziɣt) Amazigh, Mzgh, Amaziy.--Uchronicle (talk) 22:41, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, but anything other than "Kabyle" is uncommon, and so loses out on that account. — kwami (talk) 22:46, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * you are also suggesting that Tamazight should be renamed mzgh--Uchronicle (talk) 23:13, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * No, "mzgh" is not an English word. We use the English word "Berber". We don't need to rename it; it's already at that name. (Do you even read what you write?) — kwami (talk) 23:43, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * neither is "Shilha/Shelha (not an English word). (The affixes/ root word (Tamazight is Mzgh)).--Uchronicle (talk) 00:25, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Uchronicle, You still don't get the principle of WP:COMMONNAME, that the only language that matters here is English and any sources above that are not in English, or are transliterations from French or Berber, are unacceptable to the discussion and can be completely ignored. You're compiling a nice bibliography that can be used elsewhere, but is totally useless for our purposes here.  The Berber etymology of the word does not matter one whit.  Only the English form matters.  "Shilha" and "Tamazight" are both English words as such.  --Taivo (talk) 00:38, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * "Shilha" is used in English. "mzgh" is not. "Shilha" is in the dictionary. "mzgh" is not. Do we really need to explain that to you? — kwami (talk) 00:41, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Taivo, I think we're wasting our time here. You've explained that several times; I can only assume he's being obtuse. I'm done with this "discussion". — kwami (talk) 00:41, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * At this time. I will let other future users/editors or new readers. To continue this discussion( the matter of renaming (commonly used, appropriate and respected title), (in English usage and spelling). I have listed all the ( Book lists, Sources, and References, of the use of Tachelhit in the English language and French). Thank you.--Uchronicle (talk) 01:03, 27

Uchronicle, one thing that would be helpful would be spelling out the name in Tifinagh and in Shilha Arabic. — kwami (talk) 01:16, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Disambiguation
The usual referent in English of the term Shilha (and Tachelhit, šəlħa, tašəlħiyt) is the language of SW Morocco discussed here. However, the same word is also used to refer to Berber dialects all across the northern Sahara - notably in Tunisia (eg ), but also for South Oran Berber and Touggourt Berber. It is also used locally to refer to the Songhay language Korandje. A disambiguation link at the top might be helpful for some readers. - Lameen Souag (talk) 20:48, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Absolutely ridiculous name
I strongly think that this move was a huge and rather ridiculous mistake due Cultural/Specialist bias. The pages that were moved were stable since their creation in 2005. From this page and the history of the concerned articles, you can see that several editors have contested the move and tried to move manually, that gives you an idea how of unusual this name is (Where is WP:Consensus in this?).

What's funny is that arguments used by the people/person who performed this move (WP:English and WP:Commonname) actually support the proponents position. This is rather an old name used by so-called "specialists" loaned from Moroccan Arabic totally vague and inaccurate to the subject matter of the article.

I'm compiling evidence to request a move, this entire story is rather irritating, and an instance of Wikipedia failure: Obscure subjects do not get enough attention and thus error risk is higher--Tachfin (talk) 00:21, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Shilha to Tachelhit
Can we please change the name of the article and get it back to the name of "Tachelhit" istead of "Shilha" ?Ayour2002 (talk) 00:19, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shilha language


text:
Simbi Khali

Simbi Khali (born April 28, 1971), sometimes credited as Simbi Kali Williams, is an American actress and singer best known for her role as Nina Campbell on the NBC sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun. Her credits include the television show Martin and the feature films Vampire in Brooklyn, A Thin Line Between Love and Hate, and Plump Fiction. On stage, Khali has appeared in Colored Museum, For Colored Girls..., A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Troilus and Cressida. She also had a career in voice acting, most notably Varesh Ossa in the video game Guild Wars Nightfall, and Amanda in the video game Detroit: Become Human.

Early life
Khali was born in Jackson, Mississippi, the youngest of five girls and two boys. When she was two, Khali's family moved to Chicago's South Side. Khali started singing at a young age.

She became interested in theatre at Chicago's ETA Creative Arts Foundation. At age 15, she went to live in Alabama with her sister, Hamidah Elmore, and experienced her first "onstage rush" in a high school talent show.

For her junior and senior years of high school, she moved to Washington, DC, to live with her mother Amerah Shabazz. She transferred to the Duke Ellington School of the Arts, where she committed to acting. Khali won admission to the California Institute of the Arts and graduated in 1993 with a degree in acting.

Career
At a performance during her senior year at Cal Arts, she was spotted and signed by a talent agent. That summer, she performed as part of a Ben & Jerry's troupe that visited hospitals and other charities, passing out samples of ice cream. It paid well and gave her time to audition, leading to her first job in the FOX sitcom Martin.

From 1993 to 1997, she played Sheneneh's vocal best friend in Martin. From 1996 to 2001, she played Nina Campbell in the NBC sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun. She was initially cast a recurring character, but was bumped to a main character in season 3.

In 2016, Khali's career, performances, character portrayals and other accolades were officially recognized and commended by the Mississippi legislature.

Personal life
Khali initially met actor Cress Williams at a Los Angeles club in 1994, then again in the fall of 1999 while filming the BET movie Masquerade. Within a month they were engaged, and they married in Malibu in the fall of 2000. They divorced amicably in 2011.

They have two children: son Jory Holmes Khali Williams and daughter Courtney CoCo Khali Williams.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Simbi Khali


text:
User talk:Igotocentenary

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Please establish someone's notability before creating an article about him!

and

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Lectonar 09:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Igotocentenary


text:
Community studies

Community studies is an academic field drawing on both sociology and anthropology and the social research methods of ethnography and participant observation in the study of community. In academic settings around the world, community studies is variously a sub-discipline of anthropology or sociology, or an independent discipline. It is often interdisciplinary and geared toward practical applications rather than purely theoretical perspectives. Community studies is sometimes combined with other fields, i.e., "Urban and Community Studies," "Health and Community Studies," or "Family and Community studies."

Epistemology
In North America, community studies drew inspiration from the classic urban sociology texts produced by the Chicago School, such as the works of Louis Wirth and William Foote Whyte. In Britain, community studies was developed for colonial administrators working in East Africa, particularly Kenya. It was further developed in the post-war period with the Institute of Community Studies founded by Michael Young in east London, and with the studies published from the institute, such as Family and Kinship in East London.

Community studies, like colonial anthropology, have often assumed the existence of discrete, relatively homogeneous, almost tribe-like communities, which can be studied as organic wholes. In this, it has been a key influence on communitarianism and communalism, from the local context to the global and everywhere in between.

Curricula
Community studies curricula are often centered on the "concerns" of communities. These include mental and physical health, stress, addiction, AIDS, racism, immigration, ethnicity, gender, identity, sexuality, the environment, crime, deviance, delinquency, family problems, social competence, poverty, homelessness and other psycho-social aspects. Understanding the socio-cultural completeness and the anthropological ramifications of the accurate analysis of community health is key to the sphere of these studies.

Another focus of curricula in community studies is upon anthropology, cultural anthropology in particular. Some programs set as prerequisite knowledge, the background and historical contexts for community, drawing upon archeological findings and the theoretical underpinnings for social organization in ancient and prehistorical community settings. The theories connected with the Neolithic Revolution is one example of a deep study into how, where and why, hunter-gatherer communities formed.

Community studies have been linked to the causes of social justice, promoting peace and nonviolence and working towards social change, often within an activist framework.

Schools with Community studies concentrations

 * Urban and Community Studies at the University of Connecticut
 * Community Studies Program at the University of Colorado Boulder.
 * Urban and Community Studies at the Rochester Institute of Technology.
 * College of Community and Public Service at the University of Massachusetts Boston
 * Child, Family and Community Studies Integrated Curriculum Courses at Douglas College (BC, Canada)
 * Center for Community Studies at Peabody College-Vanderbilt
 * The Centre for Urban and Community Studies at the University of Toronto
 * Institute of Health and Community Studies at Bournemouth University (UK)
 * Pan African Center for Community Studies at the University of Akron
 * Department of Educational Policy & Community Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.
 * Integrative Studies Concentrations - Community at George Mason University
 * Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies at Michigan State University
 * Department of Social Policy and Education at Birkbeck, University of London (UK)
 * Department of Community and Regional Development at University of California, Davis
 * Center for Urban Studies at Istanbul Sehir University
 * Department of Community Studies at University of California, Santa Cruz
 * Center for Communal Studies at the University of Southern Indiana

title: Community studies


text:
1721 in architecture

The year 1721 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings

 * Bocking Windmill, Essex, England.
 * 7 Burlington Gardens, later Queensberry House, London, Giacomo Leoni's first design for England
 * Fort King George, along the Altamaha River in the modern-day US state of Georgia
 * Ruthven Barracks in Scotland completed
 * Jackson Square (New Orleans), New France
 * Nazarbaug Palace, Gujarat, India
 * Ellingen Residence in Ellingen, Bavaria completed in its Baroque form
 * Písek Gate, Prague, Czech Republic
 * Saint Paul the First Hermit Cathedral completed as parish church of San Pablo, Laguna, Philippines

Awards

 * Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Philippe Buache.

Births

 * March 5 – John Adam, architect, brother of Robert Adam and James Adam (died 1792)
 * March 26 - Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières, French architect (Bourse de Commerce) and author (died 1793)
 * date unknown
 * Francesco Sabatini, Sicilian architect working in Spain (died 1797)
 * Thomas Sandby, English draughtsman, watercolour artist, architect, and teacher (died 1798)

Deaths

 * February 11 – Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri, Italian architect (born 1656)
 * June 11 – Sir Anthony Deane, English naval architect, shipbuilder and politician (born 1633)

title: 1721 in architecture


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/It's My Life (Talk Talk)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

It's My Life (Talk Talk)
It is a duplicate of It's My Life. A Wikipedian did a cut and paste move from the original article to a new location. There is another controversy, too. Should "It's My Life" be about that album, or a disambiguation page between the album and a No Doubt song? The another Wikipedian wants it to be a disambiguation page, I think it should be for the album. Come on, No Doubt did just a cover version! And the original version isn't totally unknown. And the album article would have more text than about just a one track. -Hapsiainen 09:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This is totally surplus to requirements so Delete. For what it's worth, the article for It's My Life should refer to the album by Talk Talk while the song is sufficiently notable to warrant an article known as It's My Life (song) referring to both the Talk Talk and No Doubt versions. Capitalistroadster 09:39, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I second the comments of Capitalistroadster. I'd also support an It's My Life disambiguous page that maps to It's My Life (album) and It's My Life (song) with references to both songs (and hell even the Bon Jovi song of the same name if anyone wanted to add it).  The current title of this article is an odd usage and is not in line with the way most albums are listed.--Isotope23 20:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, what Isotope23 said. --Jacquelyn Marie 15:58, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The 1965 classic "It's My Life" by The Animals is more notable than the 1984 album or song of the same name by Talk Talk or the cover by No Doubt. There's also a Monkees song by that name, so a disambig is probably warranted. Quale 07:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the info. I was looking for such, when I told about the problem here. So It's My Life should be a disambiguation page. Then there should be pages like "It's My Life (x album)". But the song pages are trickier to order. There can't be "It's My Life (song)", because there are several such songs. If the No Doubt version and the original song had the same article, what could be an appropriate, intuitive name for it? I don't know. Does it make sense to divide all the song articles by performer? -Hapsiainen 11:12, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's the same song, then I think that there should be one article, with details of different recordings. If it's just the same name name, then the usual approach is to name them Song Title (Jane Smith song), Song Title (The Musical Group song), etc. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:36, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (and treat in line with Quale's comments). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this duplicate article. I don't feel any urgency to disambig It's My Life until some new article requires it.  This can be taken as a hint that I'm not clear that a No Doubt cover requires its own article. Jkelly 21:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
1798 in architecture

The year 1798 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings

 * September 2 – Opening of the Teatro Comunale (Ferrara) in Italy, designed by Cosimo Morelli and Antonio Foschini.
 * Building of the first major example of Egyptian Revival architecture, Karlsruhe Synagogue in Baden, designed by Friedrich Weinbrenner.
 * Completion of the neoclassical summer retreat at Castle Coole in Northern Ireland, designed by James Wyatt.
 * Completion of the theatre and summer retreat at Ostankino Palace near Moscow.
 * Completion of the Massachusetts State House in Boston, designed by Charles Bulfinch.
 * Completion of the Royal Chapel of St. Anthony of La Florida in Madrid, designed by Felipe Fontana.
 * Completion of the İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque in Safranbolu, Turkey.
 * Completion of first São João National Theatre in Porto, Portugal as an opera house, designed by Vicente Mazzoneschi.
 * Opening of the Teatro della Concordia in Iesi, Ancona.
 * Building of Bewdley Bridge over the River Severn in England, designed by Thomas Telford.
 * Opening of the skew Store Street Aqueduct on the Ashton Canal in Manchester, designed by Benjamin Outram.
 * Completion of remodelling of Romney's House, Hampstead, London, to incorporate a studio and gallery, designed by Samuel Bunce.

Births

 * May 8 – Joseph Welland, Irish architect (died 1860)
 * June 27 – Joseph John Scoles, English Catholic architect (died 1863)
 * October 14 – Félix Duban, French architect (died 1870)

Deaths

 * June 25 – Thomas Sandby, English watercolour artist and architect (born 1721)
 * November 2 – Charles de Wailly, French architect (born 1730)
 * December 10 – Laurynas Gucevičius, Lithuanian architect (born 1753)

title: 1798 in architecture


text:
Talk:Yreka Western Railroad

Rocky Mountain Railroad & Mining Museum
Believe it or not, there is no Rocky Mountain Railroad & Mining Museum on the web! I hace written to them with simply the address of "Denver, Colorado". Simesa 09:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Colorado Central Railroad?
Did the planned lease to the Colorado Central Railroad ever take place? --NE2 21:14, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yreka Western Railroad


text:
User:AndrewChaytor

Welcome to the Chaytor Family Tree Wiki.

Click here for one of the Chaytor Family Trees for Durham. Talk:ChaytorFamilyTree

Please add or email ChaytorFamily@hotmail.com if you have any Chaytor Family History information.

title: User:AndrewChaytor


text: Category:Portuguese engineers

title: Category:Portuguese engineers


text:
Seamus Twomey

Seamus Twomey (Séamus Ó Tuama; 5 November 1919 – 12 September 1989 ) was an Irish republican activist, militant, and twice chief of staff of the Provisional IRA.

Biography
Born in Belfast on Marchioness Street, Twomey lived at 6 Sevastopol Street in the Falls district. Known as "Thumper" owing to his short temper and habit of banging his fist on tables, he received little education and was a bookmaker's (bookie's) 'runner'. Seamus's father was a volunteer in the 1920s. In Belfast he lived comfortably with his wife, Rosie, whom he married in 1946. Together they had sons and daughters.

IRA
He began his involvement with the Irish Republican Army in the 1930s and was interned in Northern Ireland during the 1940s on the prison ship Al Rawdah and later in Crumlin Road Jail in Belfast. Rosie, his wife, was also held prisoner at the women prison, Armagh Jail, in Northern Ireland. He opposed the left-wing shift of Cathal Goulding in the 1960s, and in 1968, helped set up the breakaway Andersonstown Republican Club (later the Roddy McCorley Society).

In 1969, he was prominent in the establishment of the Provisional IRA. By 1972, he was Officer Commanding of the Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade when it launched its bomb campaign of the city, including Bloody Friday when nine people were killed. During the 1970s, the leadership of the Belfast Brigade of the IRA was largely in the hands of Twomey, Billy McKee and Ivor Bell.

In March 1973, Twomey was first appointed IRA Chief of Staff after the arrest of Joe Cahill. On September 1, 1973, he was arrested by the Garda Síochána in a farmhouse near Carrickmacross and was replaced after his conviction in an October trial. Three weeks later, on 31 October 1973, the IRA organised the helicopter escape of Twomey and his fellow IRA members J.B. O'Hagan and Kevin Mallon, when an active service unit hijacked and forced the pilot at gun-point to land the helicopter in the training yard of Mountjoy Prison. After his escape, he returned to his membership of IRA's Army Council.

By June/July 1974, Twomey was IRA Chief of Staff for a second time. He took part in the Feakle talks between the IRA and Protestant clergymen in December 1974. In the IRA truce which followed in 1975, Twomey was largely unsupportive and wanted to fight on in what he saw as "one big push to finish it once and for all".

IRA informer Sean O'Callaghan claims that on 5 January 1976, Twomey and Brian Keenan gave the go-ahead for the sectarian Kingsmill massacre, when 10 unarmed Ulster Protestant workmen were executed by the Provisional IRA in retaliation for a rash of loyalist killings of Catholics in the area. It was Keenan's view, O'Callaghan claims, that "The only way to knock the nonsense out of the Prods is to be 10 times more savage".

Twomey was dedicated to paramilitarism as a means of incorporating Northern Ireland into the Republic of Ireland. In an interview with French television on 11 July 1977, he declared that although the IRA had waged a campaign for seven years at that point, it could fight on for another 70 against the British state in Northern Ireland and in England. Twomey supported the bombing of wealthy civilian targets, which he justified on class lines. On 29 October 1977, for example, a no-warning bomb at an Italian restaurant in Mayfair killed one diner and wounded 17 others. Three more people were killed in similar blasts in Chelsea and Mayfair the following month. Twomey said: "By hitting Mayfair restaurants, we were hitting the type of person that could bring pressure to bear on the British government".

Capture
In December 1977, he was captured in Sandycove, Dublin by the Garda Síochána, who had been tipped off by Belgian police about a concealed arms shipment, to be delivered to a bogus company with an address in the area. They swooped on a house in Martello Terrace to discover Twomey outside in his car, wearing his trademark dark glasses. After a high-speed pursuit, he was recaptured in the centre of Dublin. The Gardaí later found documents in his possession outlining proposals for the structural reorganisation of the IRA according to the clandestine cell system. Twomey's arrest ended his tenure as IRA chief of staff as he was imprisoned in Portlaoise Prison until 1982. In the 1986 split over abstentionism, Twomey sided with the Gerry Adams leadership and remained with the Provisionals.

Death
After a long illness from a heart condition, Twomey died in Dublin in 1989. He was buried in the family plot in Milltown Cemetery, Belfast. His funeral was attended by about 2,000 people.

Quotations

 * "I have most of my life been brought up in a Republican tradition ... However, I grew up in a situation of such degradation and unemployment and humiliation that the life our people lived was just no life at all. I said to myself that when I grow up and get married I will want for my children something better than this."
 * "Our first prime and main objective is the unification of our country. This means getting the British out of the occupied part of the country. After that the whole system in North and South would have to be changed"
 * "We draw a distinction between Irish Nationalism and republicanism. A 'nationalist' as such can work for the benefit of his country by doing all in his power to promote industry and help people etc. Our definition implies the militant republican tradition. Our use of the term 'nationalism' means first of all getting the freedom of our country and then starting to better the welfare of the people".
 * "Freedom does not mean simply the freedom of green fields: it means that every person is catered for so that every family in the country would be able to live free from poverty and unemployment".

title: Seamus Twomey


text:
Compunet

Compunet was a United Kingdom-based interactive service provider, catering primarily for the Commodore 64 but later for the Amiga and Atari ST. It was also known by its users as CNet. It ran from 1984 to May 1993.

Overview
Compunet hosted a wide range of content, and users were permitted to create their own sections within which they could upload their own graphics, articles and software. A custom editor existed in which the "frames" that made up the pages could be created either offline or when connected to the service. The editor's cache allowed users to quickly download a set of pages, then disconnect from the service in order to read them, thus saving on telephone costs.

The user interface used a horizontally scrolling menu system, known as the "duck shoot", and navigation was essentially "select and click" with the ability to jump directly to pages with the use of keywords. Content could be voted upon by the users.

The service had many features which were considerably ahead of its time, especially when compared to the Internet of today:

 * Pricing of content (Optional. Users could price their own content).
 * Voting on content quality.
 * "Upload anywhere" of content: programs, graphics and text (Unless a section was protected).
 * Software could be dongle protected (the custom modem doubled as the dongle in this instance).
 * WYSIWYG editing of content.
 * Chat room (known as Partyline), which allowed users to create their own rooms (similar principles have been shown in IRC).

The server hosted Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) (by Richard Bartle), Federation II, and Realm. The first two of these games continue to run on the Internet today.

Games creator Jeff Minter and musician Rob Hubbard, along with various members of the demo scene, had a presence on the network.

History
In 1982, Commodore UK decided to construct a nationwide computer network for the use of teachers. The Commodore PET computer had been very successful. Nick Green developed the specification of what became PETNET with David Parkinson and Mike Bolley of Ariadne Software in The Albany pub (see "PETNET - data transmission system" in "Microcomputers in education" ed Dr I.C.H. Smith 1982 John Wiley ISBN 0-85312-424-8).

In the Summer of 1982 Keith Hall of Commodore secured the money to commission the prototype which was run on an ADP DEC-10 machine. Ariadne Software wrote the software in 6502 Assembler for the client and FORTRAN for the host. The X25 packet protocol was modified to provide error correction for all file transfers. At ADP's suggestion reliable uploading was achieved by using temporary file names which were changed to user file names when the last byte had been correctly received by the host. Nick Green sought partners who could provide local call access and Host facilities. Alan Carmichael, Graham Craigie and Robert Foot of ADP joined the project.

Around this time the BBC Micro was released and gained enormous popularity within the UK education system. Commodore's 64 was seen as the "more bangs per buck" American alternative. PETNET became Compunet which was aimed to support consumer and educational users.

Nick Green specified a secure modem based on the Viewdata chip set and the assembly language client software was ported into the modem and bundled with the Commodore 1541 disk drive. After the first year Commodore was bought out and Compunet Teleservices Ltd became an independent company. Compunet culture was covered in the first issue of Commodore Disk User, which shipped software on its cover disk.

ADP provided the initial DEC-10 mainframe, as well as the local-access dial-up points. But this was very expensive and a scheduled migration to a VME bus based multi-micro machine was successfully undertaken. New local dial-up points were provided by ISTEL (on their Fastrak network). After a management buy out ISTEL was sold to AT&T. This led to the failure of ISTEL technical support and an upgrade of local access to 2400/2400 baud. The best efforts of Ariadne and Compunet staffers Jason Gold and Mark Clarke came to nothing as the English legal system failed to protect Compunet's contracts. This meant a higher cost nationwide rate call for most users. A third move of the Compunet Host to Camden in North London was undertaken with Nick Green now board chair and MD.

By this time client software was ported to the Amiga and Atari ST and a teletype compatible version of the service using BBS scrolling text was introduced aimed at integration with the Internet and PCs.

Compunet ceased trading in May 1993, when the company went into receivership for non-payment of VAT after the sudden short illness and death of Jim Chalmers, their sole practitioner accountant. He was negotiating a VAT refund at the time. Immediate barrister intervention failed despite £250,000 of debt asset.

Subscription model
Compunet charged a quarterly subscription, and telephone call costs were in addition to this. Typical off-peak charges would be £0.80UKP per hour.

Premium services incurred additional charges, which required the user to first place money in their account. These services included:

 * Private e-mail (some free quota was provided).
 * Uploading content.
 * Custom banners.
 * Customised user name (instead of, for example, 'abc3').
 * Access to chat and gaming services.

Client
For the Commodore 64, Compunet provided a custom 1200/75 bit/s modem (affectionately known as the "brick") which utilised the machine's cartridge port. As well as the usual modem features, the device had a custom ROM which contained the rudiments of the software required to access the service. This software could be updated automatically upon connection to the service.

Out of the box, the modem was unable to connect to standard Bulletin board systems unless an optional software package was purchased.

The modem was programmed with a unique ID. This allowed it to work as a dongle to help prevent copyright infringement of protected software.

The custom nature of the technology hindered Compunet to a degree. The graphical design was very much keyed into the Commodore 64's graphical capabilities. Although this was more powerful than the Viewdata systems such as Prestel, it meant porting was difficult. However, software was later made available for the Amiga (1987) and Atari ST (1988). A PC version was developed in-house but never made publicly available.

The Amiga and Atari ST versions both emulated the graphics and interface of the original Commodore 64. However, the PC version was teletype in nature, utilising Kermit for file transfers.

Server
The host server was a DEC-10 at launch, which ran Compunet as a time-slice. ADP provided the mainframe, as well as the local dial-up points, which allowed users all over the country access for the cost of a local telephone call.

Specification:

 * 1 megaword 36 bit RAM (upgraded for Compunet).
 * £50,000 per month running costs (including the local-rate telephone call facilities).
 * Compunet host software written in Fortran, by Ariadne Software and further developed by Robert Foot with chat and real-time user and management accounting.

When ADP announced it was to shut down its DEC-10 network in Great Portland Street, Central London, Nick Green then consultant to Compunet and Mark Clarke (ex Commodore guru) researched closely coupled multi-micro architectures. Compunet was rewritten in C and migrated to a VME rack configured by Cambridge Micro Computers in the Park Royal Industrial Estate. It ran under OS-9 with a single 25 MHz master board.

Specification:

 * VME bus.
 * 1 x 6820 for disk access.
 * 10 megabytes RAM.
 * 4 x 200 megabyte hard disks for storage.
 * 3 x 6810s (5 megabytes RAM each) for communications.
 * 52 simultaneous connections.

title: Compunet


text:
Crug Hywel

Crug Hywel is an Iron Age Celtic hillfort, with a clearly visible earth and stone ditch and rampart. Crug Hywel is approached by a couple of public footpaths across farmland from Crickhowell and Llanbedr and visited by the Beacons Way. It lies within an area designated as open country over which the public have the right to roam.

The name is sometimes given to the flat-topped hill itself, which is also called Table Mountain in English. Located at the southern edge of the Black Mountains in south-east Wales, it rises to 451 m above sea level, from the southern flank of Pen Cerrig-calch (701 m), and overlooks the town of Crickhowell, whose name derives from Crug Hywel.

The Welsh name Mynydd y Begwn is also used for this summit. As a result, it has been suggested that the name Crug Hywel (which means 'Hywel's mound') may originally have referred to the castle mound in Crickhowell.

Geology
The hill is formed from Old Red Sandstone originating in the Devonian period, specifically the sandstones of the Brownstones Formation, topped by rocks of the Quartz Conglomerate Group. The whole mass of rocks forming this outlier of Pen Cerrig-calch can readily be seen to dip more sharply to the south than nearby strata and is considered to be an excellent example of a translational slide.

title: Crug Hywel


text:
Dwivedi

Dwivedi or Duvedi or Diwedi or Dubey or Dubay or Dube or Dwivedula is an Indian surname meaning expert of the Yajur Veda. The surname is used by Brahmins in northern India. Dubey title are also called Dwivedi.

Notable people with the surname Dwivedi

 * Chandraprakash Dwivedi – Indian film director and script writer
 * Major General G. G. Dwivedi
 * Hazari Prasad Dwivedi – Hindi novelist
 * Janardan Dwivedi – Politician from Indian National Congress party
 * Kapil Deva Dwivedi – Sanskrit Scholar Padma Shri
 * Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi – Indian writer
 * Manilal Dwivedi (1858–1898) – Gujarati writer and philosopher
 * Nikhil Dwivedi – Bollywood actor
 * O.P. Dwivedi – Professor emeritus, Order of Canada, Royal Society of Canada
 * Brahm Dutt Dwivedi – BJP Leader who saved UP CM Mayawati from goons
 * Ragini Dwivedi – Kannada actress and model
 * Ram Chandra Dwivedi – (AKA Kavi Pradeep) – Poet and songwriter
 * Rewa Prasad Dwivedi – Sanskrit scholar and poet
 * Satyendra Dubey- Project Director for NHAI, murdered for fighting against corruption
 * Seema Dwivedi, Indian politician
 * Sharada Dwivedi – Mumbai-based historian and researcher
 * Sudhakara Dwivedi – Mathematician
 * Divya Dwivedi - Philosopher and author

title: Dwivedi


text:
File:ASU Wainwright.jpg

Licensing
As per National Defence and the Canadian Forces: Important Notices

Non-commercial Reproduction
Information on this site has been posted with the intent that it be readily available for personal and public non-commercial use and may be reproduced, in part or in whole and by any means, without charge or further permission by the Department of National Defence. We ask only that:
 * Users exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced;
 * The Department of National Defence be identified as the source department; and
 * The reproduction is not represented as an official version of the materials reproduced, nor as having been made, in affiliation with or with the endorsement of the Department of National Defence.

title: File:ASU Wainwright.jpg


text:
Chaturvedi

Chaturvedi is a Hindu surname of Indian origin. The name "Chaturvedi" literally means expert of the Atharva Veda.

Notable people with the surname include:
 * Avani Chaturvedi, one of the first female fighter pilots of India
 * B. K. Chaturvedi, civil servant
 * Chaturvedi Badrinath (1933–2010), IAS officer and writer
 * Juhi Chaturvedi, screenwriter
 * Lalit Kishore Chaturvedi, Indian politician, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader of Rajasthan, member of the Rajya Sabha
 * Makhanlal Chaturvedi (1889–1968), Hindi writer
 * Nishi Chaturvedi, British epidemiologist
 * Priyanka Chaturvedi, previously Indian National Congress spokesperson
 * Sanjiv Chaturvedi, bureaucrat
 * Siddhant Chaturvedi, actor
 * Surendra Chaturvedi (1929–1977), journalist and activist
 * T. N. Chaturvedi, Governor of Karnataka from 2002 to 2007

title: Chaturvedi


text:
1937 Swiss Grand Prix

The 1937 Swiss Grand Prix was a 750 kg Formula race held on 22 August 1937 at the Bremgarten Circuit.

Race Report
After the start, Hans Stuck chopped across the nose of the other drivers to take the early lead, followed by Caracciola and Rosemeyer. Rosemeyer was soon in trouble though, under pressure from Lang he skidded off the circuit and was bogged down in the wet ground. Some spectators came to his assistance but their help would have resulted in a disqualification so he retired his car.

Stuck could not maintain his early pace under pressure from the Mercedes' and was soon passed by Caracciola, Lang and von Brauchitsch.

Nuvolari drove for the Auto Union team for this race as he wasn't impressed with the new Alfa. However, the tricky rear-engined Auto Union was not a car to race without some practice, even for a man of Nuvolari's skill. The wet track simply compounded his problems. Whilst running in 8th place he was called into the pits and the car-less Rosemeyer took over, eventually getting up to 5th place and putting in the fastest lap in his chase after the Mercedes'.

Fagioli was also having problems being in some pain with his hip, when he retired Nuvolari decided to give it another go and brought the car home 7th.

In the closing laps Lang closed on Caracciola but was ordered to maintain position and von Brauchitsch passed Stuck for a Mercedes 1,2,3.

title: 1937 Swiss Grand Prix


text:
Elmarie Wendel

Elmarie Louise Wendel (November 23, 1928 –July 21, 2018)  was an American actress and singer best known as Mamie Dubcek on the NBC sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun.

Early life
Born on a farm in Howard County, Iowa, one of five siblings, Wendel spent her childhood travelling with her musical parents and dancing with her sisters in and around the Midwest in club and concert hall venues, including the Grand Ole Opry. She eventually made her way to New York City where she appeared in, among other productions, the original 1959 off-Broadway production of Little Mary Sunshine, starring Eileen Brennan and John McMartin.

Career
A national touring company of Annie took her to Los Angeles, where she made a successful transition into film and television. She garnered the role of the eccentric Mrs. Dubcek on 3rd Rock from the Sun. From 1996 to 2001, she appeared in about 70 episodes of the show. She made appearances on such shows as Seinfeld, Love & War, Murphy Brown, Murder, She Wrote, and Empty Nest. She appeared in And the Band Played On and Far from Home. She had a recurring role as Gina, a lascivious assembly line co-worker of the title character on George Lopez. In 2008, she appeared on General Hospital in the recurring role of Peg. Her musical theatre credits include Wonderful Town, Cole Porter Revisited, Little Mary Sunshine and Gigi.

Personal life and death
Wendel's daughter, J.C. Wendel, is also an actress. Her death was announced on her daughter's Instagram on July 21, 2018. No cause or place of death was given but Wendel had resided in Studio City, California, at the time of her death.

title: Elmarie Wendel


text:
Mini-TES

The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) is an infrared spectrometer used for detecting the composition of a material (typically rocks) from a distance. By making its measurements in the thermal infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, it has the ability to penetrate through the dust coatings common to the Martian surface which is usually problematic for remote sensing observations. There is one on each of the two Mars Exploration Rovers.

Development
The Mini-TES was originally developed by Raytheon for the Department of Geological Sciences at Arizona State University. The Mini-TES is a miniaturized version of Raytheon's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) TES, built by Arizona State University and Raytheon SAS’ Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The MGS TES data helped scientists choose landing sites for the Spirit and Opportunity Mars explorer rovers.

Martian soil
The Mini-TES is used for identifying promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and to determine the processes that formed Martian rocks. It measures the infrared radiation that the target rock or object emits in 167 different wavelengths, providing information about the target's composition. One particular goal is to search for minerals that were formed by the action of water, such as carbonates and clays. The instrument can also look skyward to provide temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere and detect the abundance of dust and water vapor.

The instrument is located inside the warm electronics box in the body of the rover - the mirror redirects radiation into the aperture from above. The Mini-TES instruments aboard the MERs Opportunity and Spirit were never expected to survive the cold Martian winter even if the rovers themselves survived. It was thought that a small potassium bromide (KBr) beamsplitter which was housed in an aluminium fitting would crack due to the mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion. This never happened however and the miniTES instrument on both rovers has survived several Martian winters, and the Spirit rover continues to periodically use the Mini-TES for remote sensing. (The miniTES on the Opportunity rover is not currently being used because of accumulated dust on the mirror following the 2007 dust storm ).

There are two other types of spectrometers mounted on the rover's arm which provide additional information about the composition when the rover is close enough to touch the object.

Mini-Tes can work with Pancams to analyze surroundings.

The Mini-TES weighs 2.1 kg (4.6 lb) of the total 185 kg (408 lb) for the whole rover.

title: Mini-TES


text:
User:Rinkal

Hi Friends.

Rinkal here..

title: User:Rinkal


text: User talk:80.58.12.170

title: User talk:80.58.12.170


text:
Newgrange cursus

The Newgrange cursus is a Neolithic monument used as a ceremonial procession route within the Brú na Bóinne complex. The ancient trackway is 100m long and 20m wide. It is located at Newgrange, in County Meath, Ireland.

Description
A cursus is a ritual procession route, and is typically found within a large Neolithic complex. It is characterized by having a long and narrow track bordered by parallel embankments and ditches. The only gaps in the track are the pathway's entrances and exits. The terminal point of a cursus is an area that is either square or rounded in shape.

The Newgrange cursus can be found approximately 100m east of the great passage tomb at Newgrange, in County Meath, Ireland. The ancient route lies on a north-south axis, and is made up of two parallel banks 20m apart. It probably originated from an area that once was a pond, now dried-up, and advances east-west, sloping upwards, to the north of the Newgrange ridge. The southern end of the track is closed off by a U-shaped terminal. Approximately 100 m of the prehistoric track exists today.

History
Antiquarian, William Stukeley (1687-1765), created the term, "cursus" in the eighteenth century to describe the long earthwork track at Stonehenge, the prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England. He initially believed that the route was originally used as a Roman racecourse. The word "cursus" is Latin for "course". Today, the word, "cursus" is used to describe long and narrow trackways or rectangular enclosures that are identified as ancient processional monuments. There are several cursus monuments found in Ireland and Britain. They vary in form, shape, size, and boundary. In Scotland, approximately half of the known cursus monuments have pit or post-hole boundaries. In County Meath, Ireland, the cursus associated with the passage tomb at Loughcrew is bounded by internal ditches and outer banks.

title: Newgrange cursus


text:
CFB Wainwright

3rd Canadian Division Support Base Detachment Wainwright, commonly referred to as Canadian Forces Base Wainwright or CFB Wainwright, is a Canadian Forces Base located in Denwood, Alberta, adjacent to the town of Wainwright.

Military Camp Wainwright
The 583 km2 Buffalo National Park was closed in 1940 and the property leased by the Government of Alberta to the Department of National Defence (DND) for the creation of an ammunition storage facility as well as an army training camp. DND owned an adjacent 75 km2 property and used the facility for live-fire artillery, armoured and infantry training.

Called Wainwright Military Camp, or just Camp Wainwright, after the nearby Canadian National Railways division point, the facility saw use from January 29, 1945, to May 24, 1946, as a prisoner of war (POW) internment camp for 523 captured German officers, soldiers and civilians from its first day of operation to 1,100 POWs at its peak. During the 16 months the POW camp was in full operation, only two prisoners made a successful escape, although they were recaptured just over a month later, but not until they had reached Gary, Indiana.

Decommissioned as a POW internment camp in 1946, Camp Wainwright reverted to a Canadian Army training facility. The camp staff and guard company were reduced to nil strength a few weeks later, marking the end of this chapter of CFB/ASU Wainwright's history. Wainwright's infrastructure expanded significantly during the Korean War as buildings were constructed to house and train soldiers in three Canadian Army battalions, as well as units that would form British Commonwealth Forces Korea such as the 25th Canadian Infantry Brigade.

The February 1, 1968 merger of the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force to form the Canadian Forces was predated by a number of major changes to Canada's military structure. One of these saw Camp Wainwright transferred on January 1, 1967, to become an auxiliary satellite training camp of CFB Calgary. This was reverted on August 1, 1967, due to command and control problems, and Camp Wainwright became Canadian Forces Base Wainwright (CFB Wainwright) as a separate entity within the establishment of CFB Calgary.

An airfield was opened at CFB Wainwright in October 1967 and at the time of official unification, CFB Wainwright became a component of Training Command as the facility was tasked as a training area. CFB Wainwright offered both officer and basic training courses, battalion-level unit operations and acted as a host for training foreign detachments. Wainwright also offered administrative support services for 1 Canadian Brigade Group units.

Subsequent changes to the force structure saw Wainwright's role as a training facility evolve, particularly as the garrisons at CFB Calgary and CFB Edmonton shifted some of their training to the newly established and much larger CFB Suffield.

On July 15, 1974, the 1 Combat Group Operational Training Detachment was formed at CFB Wainwright to conduct individual training for two or more units of Mobile Command's 1 Combat Group.

In 1980, to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the formation of Alberta, a small number of bison was transferred from Elk Island National Park to the grounds of the base. The herd remains on the base today.

In 1983, CFB Wainwright consisted of the training facilities, the 742 Communication Detachment and a British Army liaison detachment.

Defence cuts following the end of the Cold War during the 1990s resulted in the closure of CFB Calgary and consolidation of units at CFB Edmonton. CFB Wainwright was also impacted by defence cuts and was reduced to an Area Support Unit (ASU). ASU Wainwright, as the facility is also called, has 690 military personnel and 300 civilian workers. As part of 3rd Canadian Division Support Group (3 CDSG), it hosts the 3rd Canadian Division Training Centre (3 CDTC) and the Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre (CMTC), as well as the following units:

 * 3rd Canadian Division Support Group Signal Squadron
 * 1 Field Ambulance Detachment
 * 1 Dental Detachment
 * 1 Garrison Military Police Company detachment
 * 1 Engineer Equipment Troop

The transient military population averages over 1,000 personnel at any given time, and in the summer it grows significantly when hundreds of primary reservists undertake annual training. As of 2009 it is the main training base of the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, including Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI), and covers an area of 609 km2, which includes 25 weapons ranges. Although primarily a training base for the Canadian Army it is also used by the Royal Canadian Air Force to train fighter bombers and search and rescue practice. The base also includes Wainwright/Wainwright (Field 21) Airport (52.83056°N, -111.10056°W) located 9 NM west of Wainwright, approximately 7 NM west of CFB Wainright, with a 7349 ft asphalt runway.

The Wainwright Military Family Resource Centre (MFRC), located on CFB Wainwright, provides resources and support for military families.

Since 1942, 140 Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Corps Cayuga has operated on CFB Wainwright. In 2015, 3003 Royal Canadian Army Cadet Corps Battle River (PPCLI) was relocated to CFB Wainwright from Edgerton, Alberta.

title: CFB Wainwright


text: Category:Government of Ukraine

title: Category:Government of Ukraine


text:
Talk:IEEE 802.11h-2003

To Do
The article still needs a Protocol Operation section which discusses how DFS and TPC work. The standard and the other reference should provide a good basis for this work.

 * Link Quality based Association Mechanism in IEEE 802.11h compliant Wireless LANs T. Korakis, O. Ercetin, S. Krishnamurthy, L. Tassiulas, S. Tripathi

Kgrr 09:40, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I could find no other occurrence of the phrase "IP by hamster" and no other occurrence of 802.11h with hamster so unless you can provide some provenance for the claim it should be deleted. --Chann94501 15:40, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

OK, I removed it myself. Perhaps people think it's funny to make up fake technology, but the ignorant believe this sort of BS and it ends up being perpetuated. There's no good reason for degrading the information content of Wikipedia with this sort of garbage. Chann94501 16:53, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:IEEE 802.11h-2003


text:
Talk:Compunet

Start
The initial content of this page is from my own personal experiences of Compunet - a long time ago now! It was all good up until I got the first phone bill... - Mewcenary 09:40, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

More details
Made some additional remarks- could make more!- Where are you Dave and Mike, Jason, Jane, Alan, Graham and Robert? Let's have your reminiscences. Surely Dave P. is right when he calls us the precursor to the web. Rather more elegant, of course. Maybe we should do it all again so people can use their PCs with the web more easily.

--Nick Green 01:27, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Translation?

 * Immediate barrister intervention failed despite £250,000 of debt asset.

What does this mean? "Debt asset" seems like an oxymoron to my non-specialist brain. Loganberry (Talk) 01:17, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Yes that is odd seeming. We had debts from old users that added up to £250,000 before I took management control. Without a running service these could probably not be collected. In accounting terms debts, money owed to companies, are assets. --Nick Green 02:10, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

The Port to the new server was quite problematic. I seem to recall that Compunet was offline for at least a month

Some mention of the staff should be made Jane Firbank was Compunet's editor — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.128.100.98 (talk) 15:46, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Content?
What was actually on Compunet? The article isn't very clear. How was it similar to (or how did it differ from) the modern Internet? --Thoughtcat 16:06, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Compunet login.gif
Can someone add the image again? --Ondertitel (talk) 00:48, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I just have; One of my own old screenshots. Jaruzel (talk) 09:51, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Compunet


text:
Engineering New Zealand Te Ao Rangahau

Engineering New Zealand Te Ao Rangahau (ENZ; previously the New Zealand Institution of Engineers – NZIE and then Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand – IPENZ) is a not-for-profit professional body that promotes the integrity and interests of members, the profession, and the industry. It seeks to "bring engineering to life" and has more than 22,000 members.

The organisation's strategy is to deliver greater credibility, recognition, influence and connection for members. It promotes engineering as a career and advocates on behalf of members. Engineering New Zealand Te Ao Rangahau sets standards and performs assessments that meet international standards for Chartered Memberships and Registrations for Chartered Professional Engineers. Regional branches run networking events, while technical groups help members stay up-to-date on specific areas of expertise. Members can access continuing professional development and gain experience as volunteers by serving on committees and other bodies.

All members of Engineering New Zealand Te Ao Rangahau commit every year to follow the organisation's Code of Ethical Conduct, and to carrying out continuing professional development.

Organisation structure
Engineering New Zealand Te Ao Rangahau is governed by an elected board, chaired by the president. This board sets strategy and employs the chief executive, who manages operational activity in line with this strategy. The Engineering New Zealand Te Ao Rangahau office is based in Wellington. Members can belong to regional branches and also be part of technical groups that focus on specific expertise. These groups are chaired by volunteers.

History
The first professional engineering body in New Zealand, the Institute of Local Government Engineers of New Zealand, was formed in 1912. The following year the New Zealand Society of Civil Engineers was formed. The two bodies merged in 1914 and were known under the later name until 1937.

The organisation changed its name to The New Zealand Institution of Engineers in 1937. In 1959 the Association of Consulting Engineers New Zealand (ACENZ) was created as a consultancy division, and became a separate entity in 1970. The name Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand was adopted in 1982.

In 1989, IPENZ became a founding signatory to the Washington Accord.

In 2017, the organisation changed its name to Engineering New Zealand to reflect a significant shift in strategic direction, which focused on delivering greater credibility, recognition, influence and connection to members.

In 2018, the organisation asked kaumātua and respected linguist Sir Tamati Reedy, of Ngāti Porou descent, to consider how Engineering New Zealand could be best represented in te reo Māori. Sir Tamati took a conceptual approach, seeking a name that was simple and memorable. After careful consideration, he decided on Te Ao Rangahau. He used a wide interpretation of engineering and chose “rangahau” because it encompasses the broad meaning around engineering – to design, create, build, investigate, research and solve. Te Ao means “the universe”.

Competence-based registers
Chartered Professional Engineer (CPEng)

A Chartered Professional Engineer is a professional engineer who is registered through Engineering New Zealand, as the Registration Authority. To apply, engineers complete an assessment showing they can deal with complex engineering problems that require specialist knowledge. CPEng requires engineers to demonstrate competence in a New Zealand context and is reassessed at least every 6 years.

The Chartered Professional Engineers of New Zealand Act (CPEng Act) was enacted on 1 July 2002 and established Engineering New Zealand as the Registration Authority to assess and then register Chartered Professional Engineers (CPEng).

International registers

Joining an international register means an engineer's competence is recognised to an international standard. It allows greater mobility around the world.

Engineering New Zealand maintains the international engineers' registers within New Zealand as part of the International Engineering Alliance (IEA).

Engineering New Zealand offers 3 international registers: To be eligible to join an international register, an engineer needs: Mutual recognition
 * International Professional Engineer (IntPE)/APEC Engineers Register
 * International Engineering Technologist (IntET)
 * International Engineering Technician (IntETn) – available in 2018
 * To have demonstrated competence in independent practice (as shown by Chartered Membership of Engineering New Zealand in the relevant category)
 * A Washington, Sydney or Dublin Accord-accredited qualification or an equivalent level of academic achievement
 * A requisite minimum period in charge of significant engineering work
 * A requisite minimum period of engineering experience since graduation
 * Sufficient continuing professional development to maintain the currency of knowledge and skills
 * New Zealand is a signatory to the Washington Accord, the Sydney Accord, and the Dublin Accord, which recognise (respectively) professional engineering (typically four-year), engineering technology (three-year) and engineering technician (two-year) qualifications between signatories. Engineering New Zealand provides accreditation that allows for international mobility between signatory countries.

Awards
The society elects Fellows, Distinguished Fellows and presents a President's Award annually.

Notable Distinguished Fellows include:

 * Jan Evans-Freeman

Notable Fellows include:

 * Paul Callaghan
 * Neil Dodgson
 * Philippa Martin
 * Thomas Paulay
 * Kennie Tsui
 * Sarah Wakes
 * Bing Xue

title: Engineering New Zealand Te Ao Rangahau


text:
User talk:Messom

Hi there everyone x=y2

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! This is not a bot! Lectonar 09:47, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Messom


text:
Pia Hansen

Pia Hansen (born 25 September 1965) is a Swedish sport shooter. She originally competed in Nordic Trap but then moved on to Olympic trap and double trap. She won the latter at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, and she also finished eighth in trap. In Athens four years later, she finished ninth in both events.

title: Pia Hansen


text:
Talk:Lorica

Untitled
The term hauberk is misleading for Roman mail a) because by the definition of hauberk given elsewhere on Wikipedia it must have sleeves (Roman mail shirts did not always have them) and b) according to the definition of mail a hauberk is knee-length and a haubergeon waist-length, and Roman mail could be either. Thus 'shirt' seem unavoidable and hauberk an affectation. Tromso-man

Lorica
I think that the link to the portuguese town Loriga shouldn't be here. There are references to the town as "Lobriga" (in Lusitania) but not as "Lorica". It's an idea to be studied, not a fact, that "Loriga" (today) may have been "Lorica" once, to the Romans (based on the legend that the town was like a Lorica Segmentata, before romans invaded that lusitan area). Septrya

title: Talk:Lorica


text:
Talk:Ian Rotten

Photo
This is the worst biography photograph I have ever seen. Either get a better one or use none at all. Not only is it the typical new-wave shitty free-use picture, but since the guy is covered in his own blood, I wouldn't ever recognize him face to face until I happened to beat his head in first. Totally useless. --137.81.112.171 06:17, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 16:52, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Mike Levy Incident
There are so many mistakes in this section that it is laughable. Rotten didn't fly in Levy, Levy WAS trained (not great but he was trained). Someone needs to edit this and use sources. Oh, and John Calvin didn't "Allegedly" ask for permission, on the DVD JC can clearly be heard asking his dad (Ian Rotten) if he could do it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.247.197.57 (talk) 00:40, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

All parties involved stated this was part of a show and not real as it is implied. If the "attack" went down as the article said, Levy odds are would have been killed. Also being this is professional wrestling the attack was not real.(76.243.121.97 (talk) 09:37, 27 September 2008 (UTC))

 * This section is inappropriate for this article...it should be located in Mickie Knuckles's article or the IWA Mid-South article instead. Therefore, I have removed it. Nikki  ♥  311   02:59, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ian Rotten


text: User talk:208.42.198.62

title: User talk:208.42.198.62


text:
Cornholme

Cornholme is a village in the market town of Todmorden, in the metropolitan borough of Calderdale, in West Yorkshire, England. It lies at the edge of Calderdale, on the boundary with Lancashire, and in the narrow Calder Valley about 2.5 mi north-west of Todmorden. The village is close to the A646 Burnley Road.

History
Cornholme was historically a part of Lancashire, and falls within the OL postcode area. The former principal industries of most of the Upper Calder Valley being cotton weaving and the manufacture of textile accessories such as shuttles and bobbins. The village became part of the West Riding of Yorkshire on 1 January 1888 and part of the Borough of Todmorden, within the West Riding, on 2 June 1896.

Cornholme became a civil parish in 1894, on 30 September 1897 the parish was abolished to form Todmorden.

The Gem was once a cinema. There are no cinemas in Cornholme today.

Cornholme was until 1938 served by Cornholme railway station.

Cornholme is the location of a number of scenes in the 2004 film My Summer of Love.

Famous residents

 * Thomas Southwell (zoologist) FRSE FZS (1879–1962) parasitologist

title: Cornholme


text: Category:Ukrainian literature

title: Category:Ukrainian literature


text:
Ginnerup

Ginnerup, is a small settlement in Denmark, located in north eastern Jutland. It is located around 10 km west of Grenå. It is a part of Norddjurs Municipality in Region Midtjylland.

Notable people

 * Anders Fogh Rasmussen (born 1953 in Ginnerup) a Danish politician, 24th Prime Minister of Denmark 2001 to 2009 and 12th Secretary General of NATO 2009 to October 2014

title: Ginnerup


text:
Ning (website)

Ning is an online social media network platform for people and organizations to create custom social networks. Ning was co-founded by Marc Andreessen and Gina Bianchini and launched in October 2005. By June 2011 there were over 90,000 social websites running on the Ning Platform.

History
Ning started development in October 2004 and launched its platform publicly in October 2005.

At its launch, Ning was a free-form platform for the development and hosting of open-source "social applications". The source code for Ning applications was available to users so that anyone could fork a Ning application, modify its PHP code and run it as their own. In late September 2006, Ning narrowed its focus to offering a group website, a photos website, and a videos website for people to copy and use for any purpose. These three templates were later superseded by a single customizable application aimed at enabling anyone to easily create their own social network.

Ning was initially funded internally by Bianchini, Andreessen and angel investors. In July 2007, Ning raised US$44 million in venture capital, led by Legg Mason. In 2008 and 2009, the company announced it had raised an additional US$75 million in capital.

On April 15, 2010, CEO Jason Rosenthal announced that the free service would be suspended, and 41% of the employees would be laid off. Users of the free service had the option to either upgrade to a paid account or transition their content from Ning. In 2011, Ning was purchased by Glam Media and then officially acquired by Mode Media.

Features
Ning allows users to create their own communities and social networks around specific interests with their own visual design, choice of features and member data. Ning provides several core features, including opportunities for monetization, integration with other social networks, chat, email services, forums, polls and analytics. Customers are also able to map a Ning social network to a custom domain.

The social networks running on Ning's service are programmed with PHP and the platform itself is built in Java. Since October 2010, social networks using Ning can be administered through an iOS application.

In February 2018, Ning launched a monetization platform, enabling users to earn an income from their social websites.

title: Ning (website)


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Caringbah railway station

Caringbah railway station is located on the Cronulla line, serving the Sydney suburb of Caringbah. It is served by Sydney Trains T4 line services.

History
Caringbah station opened on 16 December 1939 when the Cronulla line opened from Sutherland to Cronulla. Caringbah was originally one of two stations on the single track, the other being Gymea.

On 15 July 1985, the line from Gymea to Caringbah was duplicated with a new track laid north of the existing single line.

In July 2001, an upgrade to the station was complete.

In April 2010, the rest of the line was duplicated.

Transport links
U-Go Mobility operates five bus routes via Caringbah station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 969: Sutherland station to Cronulla
 * 971: Hurstville to South Cronulla
 * 977: Westfield Miranda to Lilli Pilli
 * 978: Westfield Miranda to Dolans Bay
 * 988: Cronulla to Caringbah limited weekday service

Caringbah station is served by one NightRide route:
 * N11: Cronulla station to Town Hall station

title: Caringbah railway station


text: User talk:81.196.65.149

title: User talk:81.196.65.149


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Talk:Caringbah railway station

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title: Talk:Caringbah railway station


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