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title: User:DESiegel/monobook.js


text:
Talk:Iwama style

Kobayashi
Does Kobayashi really count as Iwama style? There are ties, but I believe he was uchideshi at hombu dojo rather than Iwama...

132.162.250.239 (talk) 22:02, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Merge with Iwama Ryu
I have started a discussion at Talk:Iwama Ryu about merging this article with Iwama Ryu. Please discuss it there. — Edwin Stearns | Talk 20:29, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Styles template
So what is a major style of aikido... is Iwama one of them or not? There is no organisation for Iwama, most of it is nowadays within the Aikikai. Maybe it makes sense to define Iwama as a "major style", maybe not. I find the division on List of aikido styles sensible enough, but putting it in a template in each article makes it look so... definate. IMHO the template adds litte worth but more trouble. I removed it from the article, and and started a discussion at Template talk:Major styles of aikido. // habj 12:00, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

In response to the above

Iwama is not the style of Aikido, per se, the style is called Takemusu. Takemusu was based on Morehei Ueshiba's (O'Sensei) teachings during the later period of his life when he retired to Iwama. After World War II, O'Sensei's son left Iwama for the dojo that the family owned in Tokyo, in order to protect it from looting/claims of ownership after the bombing of the city. This caused a split in styles of aikido, with the Tokyo dojo (in Shinjuku) dropping the more complex movements and the sword movements from the art. This has become evident in the various styles of aikido taught today, particularly in the US.

Takemusu, on the other hand, focuses on O'Sensei's teaching and training methods as they were directly passed on to Morihiro Saito (Saito Sensei). This included the complex movements and the sword movements. Takemusu dojos train in Taijutsu (without weapons) and Aikiken (the sword) and AikiJo (the Jo). They movements in Takemusu Aiki closely resemble those movements made when using sword.

The above may be a biased interpretation, however. THe information comes from the takemusu website, the Saito Sensei website and my own Sensei in the Takemusu Aiki Association of Australian. Perhaps Takemusu should be expanded in the 'AIkido Styles' section?. //[[User:telemeister] 18:46, 9 June 2007

Iwama Sutairu Aikidō
To what extent is this term used in Japanese? Is it at all? AFAIK the "Iwama aikido" phenomenon is mainly something in the West. // habj 12:01, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

In Japan styles are usually designated with the suffix -ryu or -ha to my knowledge. For example, Ueshiba-ha Daito-ryu Jiujutsu. Probably the designation is not the same as in the west, but the formation of a new Iwama-style organization shows that there are some political issues about differing styles in the Aikikai... // User: Rufe 5:38 PM, 2/2/2007 (EST)

rework
I don't mean to step on anybody's toes, but this article has some glaring issues. Even just the lead is atrocious:
 * Iwama Style Aikido (岩間スタイル合気道) is an informal name for the style of aikido that was taught by the founder of aikido, Morihei Ueshiba, at the Iwama dojo in the pre-War period. It is often used to describe the aikido in the lineage of Morihiro Saito, a close disciple of Ueshiba for 23 years, which empahsizes Jō (staff) and Aiki-ken (sword). The name comes from the Japanese village of Iwama where Ueshiba lived during the War, and there taught Morihiro Saito and others.

Problems: I'll suspect though that many of the problems with the articles surrounding Iwama ryu are artifacts due to page moves and such. I'll try to implement some improvements.. Cesiumfrog (talk) 04:24, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
 * the bolded name should agree with the article title, which is "Iwama ryu" not "Iwama Style Aikido".
 * The was no Iwama dojo in the pre-war period: Ueshiba only moved to Iwama during WW2 (leaving his son in Tokyo to protect the earlier dojo from firebombing).
 * there is a whole bunch more names to mention: ryu, style, sutairu, takemusu, traditional, dento, founder's, Saito, etc.
 * The article doesn't yet mention the "Iwama ryu" paper grading certificates produced by Morihiro. These are what justify the article's preference for the title iwama ryu. It is specifically the acknoledgement of these certificates (e.g., the authority of Saito in preference to just the doshu) which unites the informal network of aikido groups that we're trying to discuss, and which distinguishes them from other groups. (Analogously, the ultimate common defining feature of aikikai organisations is acknowledgement of doshu as grading authority.) This is also significant as the paper trail, the thing that is potentially verifiable, as opposed to vagueries of technical influence.
 * The lead probably isn't the place to try to explain stylistic/technical differences, it unnecesarilly oversimplifies things. Yes, Saito's style is widely acknowledged for greater inheritance of jo and sword from the founder (and some reasons for this merit describing at some length), but these are still emphasised to similar levels in many non-iwama schools too. And there are other differences too, such as the emphasis on static timing and resistance when teaching beginner/kyu levels.
 * The status section should be the place to describe the umbrella organisation set up fairly recently by the 7ds.
 * This article is probably a better place than Saito's article for the content dealing with "Saito's legacy" (Iwama ryu students).

Yes, it clearly comes from the merge between Iwama style and Iwama ryu.

Also, I've put the info on Koshi-nage, but it may violate some wiki rule I'm not aware of. Rufe (talk) 06:37, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

founder's style
I've deleted the term "founder's style" as as far as I know that term is not used and I could not find any information on that term on the web. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rufe (talk • contribs) 01:10, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Why would you even search for the term "founder's style"? You created that yourself. Try searching for the term that the article used before you, which was "founder's aikido", which is used by numerous websites associated with the Saito lineage. You'll also find that even many English language sources have literally used the term "Sutairu" (the doubly-transliterated translation of ryu). There is a good reason not to be in a rush to remove any synonyms from the lead, and that is that this topic has tended to proliferate duplicate articles (owing to the tendency of martial arts students to found new dojos and to pass on their own preferences, including labels, for next generation students to expect to find online). Cesiumfrog (talk) 04:45, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I have indeed found many pages for "founder's aikido", but they are not necessarily Iwama style (including things such as the Seagal (Abe) line, Manseikan, and the Takeda line). In fact, the main connection between Iwama and "founder's aikido" I see is the article by Stanley Pranin of the same name.

 * I didn't change the "Sutairu" portion unless I'm seriously forgetting something.

Rufe (talk) 05:25, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

 * ..and Pranin would have to be about the most reliable and least biased source that we could conceivably cite on the entire topic of the Iwama line of aikido. Yup, can really see why you'd rather replace such content with something else like "It has been speculated that.." citing only a forum post that does not mention Iwama and which has nothing at all to do with the subject of this article. Cesiumfrog (talk) 05:50, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Pranin's whole agenda appears to be defining Saito as the true student of the founder. That is a caricature of Pranin, because he certainly also did some historical research, but it is clear his opinion is just that and not unbiased.  Having studied with Saito for a long time, and portraying himself as the source for knowledge on Aikido, he has an interest in emphasizing the Ueshiba -> Saito (-> Pranin) lineage.  Besides, Gozo Shioda for instance also did the founder's Aikido -- the one from the 1930ies.  He adds his teaching methodology, Saito-sensei adds his.  Referring to "the founder's Aikido" is not a very helpful characterization.  As an aside to this: it's probably true that neither Kisshomaru's style nor Tohei's style -- and thus the Aikikai for a long time -- had too much in common with the founder's.  85.181.15.114 (talk) 22:00, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

It is correct that Mr. Pranin is a true historian of Aikido; however, I must point out that while his article suggests that Iwama style is the founder's aikido, it does not suggest that the term "founder's aikido" is generally synonymous with "Iwama style". Many people claim to teach "the founder's aikido" as it was taught to them or their teacher, many of them with good reason. Given that, I don't see why that term should be included as a synonym for Iwama style. I contrast, all the other terms are (with the exception of "Traditional Aikido"), especially in English, uniquely associated with Iwama style.

As for the koshi-nage, it is true that the source is a poor one and perhaps it should be excluded in the article. However, if you have spent time with the Yamaguchi or Nishio stylists in particular you've surely noticed that they sometimes do a more judo-like koshinage with the feet together and occasionally with their back to uke. In contrast, Iwama stylists always do the "jyuu-no-ji" style koshinage with the feet in hanmi and using their eyes in kihon to help direct their bodies. I could add the Takemusu Aikido books as a reference for the Iwama style koshi, though the Shingan-ryu thing really is just speculation by a few senior practitioners of other classical martial art styles. I included it only for the historical interest and would not argue with its removal. Rufe (talk) 06:45, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Technique details are really difficult to include in WP well, and it's obvious if you think about it: it takes a large number of years of aikido study to become aware of the subtlety of what one's head instructors are aiming to communicate. But even that isn't enough, we need reputable people who have then gone on and spent considerable periods of time with a wide variety of high level instructors from unrelated schools (despite the associated politics and the fact that it runs counter to the loyalty most teachers try to imbue), in order to even be qualified to speak on the technical differences between schools. (If you have much personal experience in this you'll understand that even the broadest statements, such as focus on jo/ken or static timing, are also highly suspect. Then there's the problem that there's nowhere reliable to publish because everyone with this special interest lacks independence, and nobody is very good at explaining the techniques in words anyway - ever seen somebody learn a martial art from a book?) As for koshinage, while there may be some schools that prefer the judo version, I see no reason not to believe that the perpendicular version is the standard default across nearly all of aikido (after all that is how the founder taught it right?), and therefore the discussion might be worth including on the "aikido" page but it isn't worth including on "iwama" and "aikikai" and nearly every single other aikido clan page (each along with a copy of a manual for every other technique too - why single out koshinage..). Rather than reason with you at much further length, let me point out the violation of WP:NOR for including material if no source already links it to Iwama-ryu, and the whole matter plausibly is WP:NOT encyclopedic. Cesiumfrog (talk) 08:17, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

You are probably correct that the self-published material by a qualified but not "expert" author is probably an insufficient source. I'll remove the information -> Shingan-ryu from the page. I singled out koshinage because Shoji Nishio claimed to his students that he personally reintroduced koshinage to the aikikai, in part influenced by his knowledge of judo.

What of the topic of "founder's aikido"?Rufe (talk) 03:59, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

clean up
I've attempted to clean this article up a lot and add citations for much of the information. I removed some citation needed tags placed by myself as they were not intended to challenge the statement and are redundant with the tag at the top

moved to "Iwama style" as "Iwama ryu" is encompassed by style but not visa-versa.

Rufe (talk) 04:40, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Iwama style


text:
Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)

Parvati River is a river in the Parvati Valley in Himachal Pradesh, northern India that flows into the Beas River at Bhuntar, some 10 km south of Kullu. It rises from the Man Talai Glacier below the Pin Parbati Pass and flows in a gradual curve from north-northwest to west-southwest past the important temple town of Manikaran.

The river valley has been a route to various places: Lahul across the Sara Umga La pass, Spiti across the famous Pin Parbati Pass, and the recently discovered (1995) Debsa Pass. The river has fine first-growth forests in its upper reaches which are being degraded as a consequence of development of its vast hydro-electric potential. There are geothermal springs on the banks of the river at Manikaran and Kheerganga.

title: Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)


text:
Lub

Lub or LUB may refer to:

 * Supremum, least upper bound
 * Lub, Oman
 * Liga Uruguaya de Basketball (LUB)
 * Liub (also known as Lub), a 9th-century ruler of Veleti tribe
 * Lumid Pau Airport (IATA: LUB), an airport serving the village of Lumid Pau, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region. Guyana

title: Lub


text:
User:Sushisushi

I like Sushi.

I love "Anago".

That's all.

Thanks for your coming to my page.

Have a nice day.

title: User:Sushisushi


text:
Patrick Aebischer

Patrick Aebischer (born 22 November 1954 in Fribourg, Switzerland) has been the president of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) from 17 March 2000 to 31 December 2016. He is also a professor in neuroscience and head of the Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory at the EPFL.

Education
Aebischer was trained as an MD (1980) and a neuroscientist (Dr. Med., 1983) at the University of Geneva and University of Fribourg in Switzerland.

Academic career
From 1984 to 1992, he worked at Brown University in Providence (Rhode Island, United States), as Research Scientist, Assistant and then associate professor of Medical Sciences. In 1991, he became the chairman of the Section of Artificial Organs, Biomaterials and Cellular Technology of the Division of Biology and Medicine of Brown University.

In autumn 1992, he returned to Switzerland as a professor and director of the Surgical Research Division and Gene Therapy Center at the University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) in Lausanne.

In 1999, Aebischer was nominated President of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), one of the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology, by the Swiss Federal Council. He took office as president in March 2000 and was reelected to this position in 2004 and 2008. He has decided to leave this position at the end of 2016. Since 1 January 2017, the president of the EPFL is Martin Vetterli.

His current research focuses on the development of cell and gene transfer approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Aebischer was influenced and inspired by the "American model" of university management, which he describes as a meritocratic system that encourages innovation. Some employees and observers criticised the mutation from a European model to an American model (with values such as money, competition and rankings).

Aebischer is a founder of three start-ups: CytoTherapeutics Inc. (1989), Modex Therapeutics Inc. (1996) and Amazentis SA (2007). He sits on the boards of Nestle Health Science (since 2011) and Lonza Group (since 2008).

Personal life
The parents of Aebischer are artists, known as Yoki, and Joan, born O'Boyle. He is married and the father of two children.

Honours

 * Fellowship of the Swiss National Science Foundation (1984–1986).
 * Kolff Award, young investigator award of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs, New York, 1987.
 * Robert Bing Award of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences (1994).
 * Pfizer Foundation award for clinical neurosciences (1997).
 * Fellow of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1998).
 * Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (since 2000).
 * Fellow of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences (SATW) (since 2009).

title: Patrick Aebischer


text: Category:World War II cruisers of the United Kingdom


text:
Parbati River

Parbati River may refer to:

 * Parbati River (Himachal Pradesh), India
 * Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh), India
 * Parbati River (Rajasthan), India

title: Parbati River


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Frisby

A
T. Abel - Max Adler - Althoff - Paul Altmann - C. D. Axelrod

B
Paul Barth - Adolf Bastian - H.-J. Becher - Böcklin - H. Böhringer - Karl Bücher - Gustav le Bon - Celestin Bouglé

C
T. Caplow - Theodore Caplow Chicago School - Lewis Coser - H. J. Dahme - Eugen Diederichs - Paul Ernst - K. P. Etzkorn - Franz Eulenberg - A. Eleutheropoulos - Julius Friedländer - David Frisby - M. Frischeisen-Köhler - W. Gephart - Uta Gerhardt - Rudolf Goldscheid - Ernst Gosse - Sabine Graef - Stanley Hall - Freidrich Harms - Gerhardt Hauptmann - P. Honigsheim - Elly Heuss-Knapp - Ignaz Jastrow - Karl Joël - Klaus C. Köhnke - David Koigen - S. Kracauer - Edith Landmann - M. Landmann - Emil Lask - Moritz Lazarus - Sabine Lepsius - Donald Levine - Thomas Masaryk - Renate Mayntz - Friedrich Meinecke - Robert Merton - Birgita Nedelmann - R. Nisbet - I. Nissen - John O'Neill - Robert Park - Friedrich Paulsen - O. Rammstedt - Roethes - Lou Andreas Salomé - E. Schäfer - Gustav Schmoller - Albion Small - O. Spann - N. J. Spykman - M. Steinhoff - Heyman Steinthal - Margaret Susman

T
Friedrich Tenbruck - O. Thon

V
Alfred Vierkandt

W
Adolf Wagner - Lester Ward - R. H. Weingartner - Leopold von Wiese - Kurt Wolff - René Worms - Eduard Zeller

title: User:Charles Matthews/Frisby


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Hegel

Erich Adickes - Ed Allaire - Paul Asveld - Shlomo Avineri - Geoffrey Barraclough - Frithjof Bergmann - Roger Boscovich - Bernard Bourgeois - Robert Brandom - R. Brandt - Crane Brinton - Myles Burnyeat - Clark Butler - D. Carr - Walter Cerf - Albert Chapelle - Darrel Christensen - Lucio Coletti - Daniel Cook - Martin De Nys - Immanuel Dietz - Kenley Dove - S. A. Dru - Edelstein - Crawford Elder - Emil Fackenheim - A. S. L. Farquharson - J. N. Findlay - Kuno Fischer - Joseph C. Flay - Eugène Fleischmann - Carl Friedrich - Hans Friedrich Fulda - H. F. Fulde - Franz Joseph Gall - Christian Garve - Helmut Girundt - Hermann Glockner - W. Goetzman - G. Glenn Gray - Murray Greene - Franz Grégoire - Charles Guignon - T. Haering - D. Hamlyn - Gilbert Harman - H. S. Harris - Eduard Von Hartmann - Klaus Hartmann - Robert S. Hartman - Arnold Hauser - Rudolf Haym - Dieter Henrich - J. Hoffmeister - Jean Hyppolite - Iwan Iljin - Mark Johnson - Charles Karelis - J. S. Kedney - George Armstrong Kelly - Israel Knox - Hans Kohn - S. Körner - Michael Kosok - Wilhelm Krug - J. Lakatos - George Lakoff - G. Lasson - Quentin Lauer - John Leamons - André Léonard - Robert J. Lifton - Don Locke - Jacob Loewenberg - H. S. Macran - Werner Marx - Roger Masters - George Herbert Mead - Thomas McCarthy - David McClellan - John McDermott - Brian Medlin - J. L. Mehta - Christopher Middleton - Harold J. Morowitz - A. Mourelatos - Gustav Emil Muller - G. R. G. Mure - A. Musgrove - Robert Nisbet - Hermann Nohl - Robert Nola - Richard Norman - John B. Noss - D. J. O'Connor - James Ogilvy - Pannenberg - H. J. Paton - Z. Pelczynski - Adrien Peperzak - Michael John Petry - John Plamenatz - Raymond Plant - Otto Pöggeller - Richard Popkin - H. H. Price - Leo Rauch - Nicholas Rescher - Manfred Riedel - Bernard Riordan - J. M. Rist - Joachim Ritter - G. Rohrmoser - Stanley Rosen - Karl Rosenkranz - Richard Routley - Eric Santner - Ruth Saw - Richard Schacht - James Schmidt - Johann Schulz - Gottlob Ernst Schulze - Robert R. Sears - Roy Wood Sellars - Richard Sennett - Julius Sensat - Jerome Shaffer - Judith Shklar - Sinclair - Marcus Singer - J. J. C. Smart - Henry B. Smith - Alfred Sohn-Rethel - Ivan Soll - Robert C. Solomon - Benedictus Spinoza - Walter Terence Stace - Agnes Stansfield - Henry Stapp - Warren E. Steinkraus - J. H. Stirling - Charlotte Stough - Jere Surber - Charles Taylor - Samuel Todes - D. C. Travis - J. Tübingen - Willem de Vries - W. Wallace - W. H. Walsh - Erich Weil - Franz Wiedmann - Frederick Weiss - K. J. H. Windischmann - Robert Paul Wolff - Evelyn Wood - Paul Ziff - Robert Zimmermann - A. Zweig

title: User:Charles Matthews/Hegel


text:
Free Talk Studio

Free Talk Studio: Mari no Kimama na O-Shaberi, a Japan-only radio DJ simulation game for Sega Saturn, was released in 1997 by Media Entertainment. Two different packaging editions were produced, a blue case and a red case. The blue case contains three cards featuring the lead voice actress from the game, Mariko Kōda, alongside the characters she played, Mari Kousaka and Natsumi Kawai; the red case contains a photo booklet which also focuses on her. A PlayStation version of this title also exists, while there are no bonus packaging variants such as in the Saturn version, there are two releases, the difference being that one is on the Best of the Best label.

During the game, the player takes on the role of Mari Kousaka, who was just hired as a DJ. There is then a choice of three out of four guests to interview: Aya Isokawa, a comedian (played by voice actress Aya Hisakawa); Nanacy Hiruma, an eccentric artist; Miyu Enjoji, and Kururi Shibasaki. Do well enough throughout these interviews by picking from multiple choice dialogues, and go on to interview superstar Natsumi Kawai. The ultimate goal is to convince her to sing a jingle for Mari's radio show.

Summary
The game is set up much like a dating sim. The main gameplay comes from multiple choice selections, and most endings involve whichever character the player held the strongest interview with. The Miyu Enjoji ending even includes a lingerie scene. As all of the guests are female, this could almost classify as a GxG sim, though the male manager and executive endings make this barely an all pairings title.

title: Free Talk Studio


text:
Daiwa

Daiwa may refer to:

Places:
 * Daiwa, Hiroshima, a former town in Kamo District, Hiroshima, Japan
 * Daiwa, Shimane, a former village in Ōchi District, Shimane, Japan

Companies and related:
 * Daiwa Securities Group, a Japanese security brokerage
 * Resona Holdings (formerly Daiwa Bank Holdings), a Japanese bank holding company
 * Daiwa House, a Japanese homebuilder
 * The Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation, a United Kingdom-based charity
 * Daiwa Adrian Prize, awarded by the Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation
 * Globeride (formerly Daiwa Seiko Corporation), a Japanese producer of fishing and outdoor equipment
 * Daiwa Major, a Thoroughbred racehorse

title: Daiwa


text:
California State Route 109

State Route 109 (SR 109) is a short, unsigned state highway in the U.S. state of California. It forms part of University Avenue in San Mateo County between U.S. Route 101 in East Palo Alto and State Route 84 in Menlo Park just west of the Dumbarton Bridge. Although the route is unsigned, it may be noted on some online maps.

Route description
SR 109 begins at U.S. Route 101 in East Palo Alto. It continues north, paralleling the city border with Menlo Park before entering Menlo Park and crossing a railroad. SR 109 passes by salt evaporators before terminating at SR 84 just west of the Dumbarton Bridge.

History
In April 1958, I-109 was proposed as a name for the route that is now Interstate 280. This proposal was rejected by AASHTO. The California State Route 109 designation was first defined in 1963, running from Sunset Cliffs Boulevard to Interstate 5 in San Diego. In 1972, that route was deleted and was renumbered as a western extension of Interstate 8. Later in 1984, SR 109 was defined as a route in Palo Alto.

The segment in East Palo Alto between US 101 and Notre Dame Avenue remains in local control. Under Cal S&HC § 409 (b), the state will not take control over this section until Caltrans and the city determine that it is in an "acceptable state of repair".

title: California State Route 109


text:
Commodity management

Commodity management is the process of developing a systematic approach to the entire usage cycle for a group of items. The term is often used interchangeably with category management.

It is generally considered as one aspect of the procurement management toolkit, and frequently used in combination with other tools – such as 'two-by-four-box' analysis, looking at the strategic positioning of that commodity with respect to an organisation and its supplier. This may then be further developed with supplier relationship management (SRM), with designated buyers managing key suppliers in given commodities.

title: Commodity management


text:
Category talk:Penthouse Pets

Wrong names
It appears neither Holly nor Suze Randall were ever a Penthouse pet. Recommend they be removed from this list. Dpimco 20:35, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

The definition of who is included
Is "models who have appeared in the centerfold" absolutely synonymous with "Penthouse pet of the month/year"? -Raybnay (talk) 19:25, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Category talk:Penthouse Pets


text:
User:Andreae

 * Hallo, mijn naam is Rik Andreae.
 * Hallo, my name is Rik Andreae.

nl:Gebruiker:Serassot

title: User:Andreae


text:
Fejér County (former)

Fejér (in Latin: comitatus Albensis) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory, which was slightly smaller than that of present Fejér county, today in central Hungary. The capital of the county was Székesfehérvár.

Geography
Fejér county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Veszprém, Komárom, Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun and Tolna. It lay southwest of Budapest, around Székesfehérvár. The river Danube formed most of its eastern border. Its area was 4129 km2 around 1910.

History
Fejér county arose as one of the first comitatus of the Kingdom of Hungary, in the 11th century. Székesfehérvár, as a seat for the coronation of the Hungarian monarch and location of royal burials, held a central role in the Middle Ages. The Solt region, east of the Danube river, which used to be part of Fejér county, went to Pest-Pilis-Solt county in 1569.

In 1945, the city of Érd and its surroundings went to Pest county, while in 1950 the region south-east of Lake Balaton (around Enying), which used to be in Veszprém county went to Fejér county.

1891
Ethnic groups (1891): Total population: 222,445
 * Hungarians (Magyars): 190,660 (85.7%)
 * Germans: 26,077 (11.7%)
 * Slovaks: 2924 (1.3%)
 * Serbs: 2103 (0.9%)

1900
In 1900, the county had a population of 236,102 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:

Total:

 * Hungarian: 202,890 (85.9%)
 * German: 25,713 (10.9%)
 * Slovak: 4,180 (1.8%)
 * Serbian: 965 (0.4%)
 * Croatian: 441 (0.2%)
 * Romanian: 116 (0.0%)
 * Ruthenian: 10 (0.0%)
 * Other or unknown: 1,787 (0.8%)

According to the census of 1900, the county was composed of the following religious communities:

Total:

 * Roman Catholic: 161,474 (68.4%)
 * Calvinist: 58,616 (24.8%)
 * Jewish: 7,863 (3.3%)
 * Lutheran: 6,741 (2.9%)
 * Greek Orthodox: 1,017 (0.4%)
 * Unitarian: 254 (0.1%)
 * Greek Catholic: 117 (0.0%)
 * Other or unknown: 20 (0.0%)

1910
In 1910, the county had a population of 250,670 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:

Total:

 * Hungarian: 218,822 (87.3%)
 * German: 24,265 (9.7%)
 * Slovak: 4,359 (1.7%)
 * Serbian: 814 (0.3%)
 * Croatian: 333 (0.1%)
 * Romanian: 37 (0.0%)
 * Ruthenian: 5 (0.0%)
 * Other or unknown: 2,035 (0.8%)

According to the census of 1910, the county was composed of the following religious communities:

Total:

 * Roman Catholic: 175,464 (70.0%)
 * Calvinist: 59,105 (23.6%)
 * Jewish: 7,382 (3.0%)
 * Lutheran: 7,267 (2.9%)
 * Greek Orthodox: 1,060 (0.4%)
 * Unitarian: 202 (0.0%)
 * Greek Catholic: 161 (0.0%)
 * Other or unknown: 29 (0.0%)

Subdivisions
In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Fejér county were:

title: Fejér County (former)


text:
Who I Am Hates Who I've Been

"Who I Am Hates Who I've Been" is a song by American Christian rock band Relient K. It was released in June 2005 as the second single from their 2004 album Mmhmm. An acoustic version, originally recorded for Apathetic EP, is included on the B-side, was included on the 2008 The Bird and the Bee Sides album. The music video entered TRL's top 10 in 2005, reaching as high as eight on the countdown. "Who I Am Hates Who I've Been" was released to radio on August 23, 2005. The song reached No. 58 on the US Billboard Hot 100, making it their most successful single to date. The song has been certified gold in the US for sales surpassing 500,000 units.

Background and writing
Matt Thiessen wrote the song in Australia in light of a feud with Brian Pittman, the band's bassist. The lyrics reflect remorse for his behavior, as well as pleas for forgiveness.

Music video
The music video for the song shows a woman encountering various events being rewound and replayed, interposed with scenes of Relient K performing on an urban rooftop. The video starts off with a view of a room and a young woman. The camera then pans out to see her step outside. The first series of event that happens is as follows; a grocer tosses her a random green fruit and she catches it, then she stops walking and realizes that everything else around her stopped too. She starts walking back and forth while watching an old woman drop and rewind her library books.

As the woman moves, her actions control everyone around her; an old man moving side to side with a TV, another young man on his cell phone and an Asian man crossing the street while preoccupied with reading a magazine. The young woman makes a mistake and takes too many steps and watches as she causes the Asian man to be hit by a Plymouth Reliant car. Shocked, she tries retracing her steps and starts back at where the grocer tosses her the fruit and takes a few steps to the side and starts walking again. Since it is not the same path as the first time, the events have changed. Instead of her catching the fruit, the man on the cell phone is instead, hit by it and he drops his phone. As he bends down to pick it up he accidentally kicks it into the path of a bicycle that has to swerve to miss him but instead nearly hits the old man with the TV and causes him to drop it.

This all results in the Asian man avoiding the hit and the video ends with her walking away. There is a short piano-only chorus in the middle of the song that was cut from the video. As with the "Be My Escape" video, exclusions visually include Dave Douglas singing background vocals, and Matt Thiessen playing the piano. The video was released in October 2005.

Single track listing

 * 1) "Who I Am Hates Who I've Been" (radio edit)
 * 2) "Who I Am Hates Who I've Been" (acoustic)

Video credits

 * Matt Thiessen – lead vocals, guitar, piano
 * Matt Hoopes – guitar, backing vocals
 * Dave Douglas – drums, backing vocals
 * John Warne – bass, backing vocals
 * Jon Schneck – guitar
 * C.C. Sheffield – girl on the street who controls time
 * Jon Watts – director

Awards
In 2006, the song was nominated for a Dove Award for Rock Recorded Song of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards.

Certifications
On February 15, 2006, the song was certified Gold in the United States.

title: Who I Am Hates Who I've Been


text:
St. Joseph, Louisville

St. Joseph is a neighborhood two miles south of downtown Louisville, Kentucky, United States, and immediately east of the University of Louisville. It borders the Meriwether neighborhood to the north and Schnitzelburg to the east. The area was named after the St. Joseph's Infirmary hospital, which was established by the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth. The building, once located at the corner of Preston Street and Eastern Parkway, was razed in 1980.

The area was settled by mostly German immigrants from Bavaria in the 1900s. The housing stock is composed of bungalow and shotgun houses. The three Jewish cemeteries, Temple Cemetery, Adath Jeshuran Cemetery, and Keneseth Israel Cemetery are located next to each other in the southern part, more commonly referred to as the Bradley neighborhood.

St. Joseph's boundaries are I-65 to the west, Brandeis Ave.to the north and Shelby Street to the east.

Demographics
As of 2000, the population of St. Joseph was 1,590, of which 83.6% are white, 11.4% are black, 4.8% are listed as other, and Hispanics are 0.3%. College graduates are 15.8%, people without a high school degree are 25%, people with at least one year of college without a degree are 10.9%. Females are 50.8% of the population, while males are 49.2%.

title: St. Joseph, Louisville


text:
User:A Massive Zebra

Cricket: Players

 * William Beldham
 * Lord Frederick Beauclerk

To Do List
In the next few days I aim to create or build upon articles relating to the early cricket greats such as...

 * Fuller Pilch
 * Alfred Mynn
 * William Lillywhite
 * David Harris

title: User:A Massive Zebra


text:
Paul Löbe

Paul Gustav Emil Löbe (14 December 1875 – 3 August 1967) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), a member and president of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic, and member of the Bundestag of West Germany. He died in Bonn in 1967.

Childhood through World War I
Paul Löbe was the first of four children born to the carpenter Heinrich Löbe (1843–1898) and his wife Pauline, née Leuschner (1852–1947) in Liegnitz (since 1945 Legnica in Poland) in the Prussian province of Silesia. As a child he contributed to the family's income as an errand boy delivering newspapers and bread rolls. From his father he developed his political interests in workers' causes. Between 1882 and 1890 he attended elementary school in Liegnitz and then from 1890 to 1895 completed an apprenticeship as a typesetter at the plant where the Liegnitzer Anzeiger newspaper was printed. He had wanted to become a teacher, but the family lacked the money for the necessary training. Between November 1891 and April 1892 he published his first articles under the pseudonym and anagram Alu Pöbel (Pöbel means 'rabble' or 'riffraff' in German) in the Social Democratic paper Breslauer Volkswacht. From 1895 to 1898 he worked in several cities in southern Germany and traveled in Austria-Hungary, Italy and Switzerland. After his father's death in 1898, he returned to Silesia to support his mother. He worked at a print shop in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) as a typesetter at the Breslauer Volkswacht. In 1899 he was made editor of the paper and was editor-in-chief from 1903 to 1919. As a social democratic editor he addressed social grievances and sometimes blamed the authorities for them. It led to him being sentenced to prison several times or fined for lèse-majesté and inciting class hatred. He spent 1906 in solitary confinement after he called for a demonstration against the Prussian three-class franchise, which gave more weight to the votes of those who paid more in taxes.

Löbe was a member of the SPD beginning in 1895. In 1898 he founded the SPD local association of Ilmenau in Thuringia. In 1899 he became chairman of the SPD in the district of central Silesia that included Breslau and was elected to Breslau's city government in 1904.

Between two prison sentences of several months in length, Löbe became engaged to Clara Schaller (1879–1964), a native of Liegnitz, and married her in 1901. They had one son. Due to a lung disease that kept him from being drafted, Löbe did not take part in World War I.

Weimar Republic
Between 1904 and 1919 Löbe was in the Breslau city council and from 1915 to 1920 a member of the provincial parliament (Landtag) of Silesia. During the German Revolution of 1918–1919 Löbe declined to join the Council of the People's Deputies, the interim body under Friedrich Ebert (SPD) that led the country during the turbulent post-war months, because he felt himself "not yet sufficiently prepared for such a task". In the election of January 1919, the first in Germany with full suffrage for both women and men, Löbe was elected to the Weimar National Assembly, the parliamentary group that wrote the constitution of the Weimar Republic and served as Germany's interim Reichstag. In June 1919 he became one of the assembly's vice presidents. He was a member of the Reichstag from its first Weimar Republic sitting in 1920 until 1933. In 1921 he also became a member of the Prussian Council of State (Staatsrat). From 1920 to 1924 (1st electoral period) and from 1925 to 1932 (3rd-5th electoral periods) he was president of the Reichstag, a position that was responsible for maintaining and organizing the Reichstag's self-government. In 1919 and 1920 he made efforts to reach an understanding with the moderate wing of the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), the antiwar and more left-leaning wing of the SPD that had broken away in 1917; it rejoined the SPD in 1922. After Ebert died in 1925, Löbe declined his party's offer to run as the SPD candidate in the presidential election against the conservative Paul von Hindenburg who won in the second round. Löbe saw his place to be in the parliament. From 1932 to 1933 (7th electoral period) he was Reichstag vice-president.

In his function as Reichstag president, especially after October 1930, Löbe more and more often faced disturbances during Reichstag sessions, most of them coming from the Nazis and the Communist Party (KPD). Löbe met the challenge with a mixture of patience and severity in enforcing order against individual deputies.

On behalf of the SPD, he spoke out in favor of an accommodation with Poland. In 1927 he went to Warsaw and Lodz for talks with Polish politicians. He told them that the two countries should no longer fight each other politically but should cooperate economically. He suggested negotiations on disputed border issues in return for which the German Reich could offer trade agreements. In Lodz, however, where Löbe had been invited to an anniversary celebration of the local Social Democrats, Polish nationalists demonstrated against his visit. Nor did the men from the Warsaw leadership with whom he had talked respond to his proposals. After the trip he complained about a lack of willingness to compromise on the Polish side.

As radio technology advanced, the question of the extent to which Reichstag sessions should be broadcast on the radio arose more and more often. In his radio address of 12 June 1930, Löbe advocated a time-delayed "occasional transmission of particularly important sessions" in which all party speakers would appear for roughly the same length of time, but the majority of the Reichstag's Council of Elders, a body that dealt with points of order, opposed it.

During the Weimar period Löbe was also active in numerous organizations outside parliament. From 1921 to 1933 he was chairman of the Austro-German People's League, which advocated the unification of Austria with the German Reich. He was involved with politicians such as French Prime Minister Aristide Briand, the Czech leader Edvard Beneš, the Austrian Ignaz Seipel and the future chancellor of West Germany Konrad Adenauer in the Paneuropean Union, founded in 1922. For a time Löbe was president of its German branch. He was a member of the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold (Reich banner black-red-gold), a multi-party organization formed in 1924 to defend parliamentary democracy in the Weimar Republic. In 1932 and 1933 he was editor of the SPD's newspaper Vorwärts.

World War II to death
On 26 April 1933, after Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Löbe was elected to the party executive of the SPD. In the wake of Hitler's so-called Peace Speech of 17 May 1933 in which he professed Germany's peaceful intentions in order to obtain further concessions from the Allies of World War I, Löbe agreed to the 'Peace Resolution' that Hitler also presented. On 19 June 1933, with Löbe's leading participation, the SPD decided to separate from the executive committee of the SPD in exile in Prague. Löbe expected for there to be compromises from Hitler's government in return. For the same reason, no additional Jewish members were elected to the new party executive. The SPD was nevertheless banned on 22 June 1933.

The National Socialists imprisoned Löbe at the end of June 1933. He was in the Berlin prisons at Alexanderplatz and Spandau until the beginning of July 1933, then until mid-August in the Breslau-Dürrgoy concentration camp where he was severely maltreated, then in the Alexanderplatz prison again until the end of December. After his release, he worked at the scholarly publishing house Walter de Gruyter. Löbe was later granted a pension of 600 Reichsmarks on Hitler's instructions, which was paid out until 1945. Although he had contacts with the Goerdeler anti-Nazi resistance circle, he was not arrested again until 23 August 1944 as part of Aktion Gitter, the mass arrests that took place after the failed assassination attempt on Hitler of 20 July 1944. In the Beck/Goerdeler cabinet that was to have been formed if the assassination and coup were successful, Löbe was slated to be the Reichstag president, but the interrogating Gestapo officials were unaware of this. After a short period in prison in Breslau, Löbe was sent to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp. He was released with the end of World War II in the spring of 1945.

When he was freed, Löbe was in county Glatz, Lower Silesia (today Kłodzko in Poland), from which he along with all other German inhabitants were expelled according to the resolutions of the Potsdam Agreement. In the summer of 1945 he went to Berlin where he lived in the American occupation zone and became involved again with the SPD. He played a key role in its rebuilding and became a member of the party's Berlin Central Committee where he strongly opposed the SPD's forced unification with the Communist Party of Germany to form the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in the Soviet occupation zone. He therefore left the Central Committee of the Soviet zone SPD and became involved in the SPD of the western sectors, which remained independent. In 1947 he was appointed chairman of the SPD's Foreign Policy Committee.

In 1948/1949 Löbe, as a non-voting West Berlin deputy was a member of the Parliamentary Council, the constituent assembly that drafted and adopted the constitution for West Germany. He was also deputy chairman of the SPD parliamentary group in the Council. From 1949 to 1953, Löbe was a member of the German Bundestag. Since he was from Berlin he could not be elected by the people due to Allied restrictions but was delegated to Bonn by the West Berlin House of Representatives as a non-voting member of the Bundestag. He was the oldest parliamentarian and thus the "Father of the House" of the first German Bundestag. Konrad Adenauer, who was three weeks younger, was the second oldest, outliving him by three and a half months. In his opening speech in the Bundestag, Löbe appealed to his countrymen to work for a united "free Germany" that "wants to be a member of a united Europe".

Löbe remained in the party until the end of his life and was particularly committed to the interests of German expellees, the estimated 12 million ethnic Germans who were expelled from their homes in areas lost to Germany (among them Silesia) and from other countries in eastern Europe such as Czechoslovakia where they had lived.

In 1945 he became editor of the daily newspaper Das Volk, and later a co-publisher of the Telegraf, a daily newspaper close to the SPD in the British sector of Berlin. In 1949 Löbe became the founding president of the European Movement Germany. From 1954 until his death he was chairman of the Advisory Board of Indivisible Germany, an organization whose aim was the peaceful reunification of Germany. He died in West Germany's capital, Bonn, on 3 August 1967 and was given an honorary grave by the city of Berlin.

Honors
Löbe was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1951. On 14 December 1955 he received honorary citizenship of the city of Berlin. He was also an honorary member of the Free University of Berlin and a recipient of the Badge of Honor of the Federation of Expellees. On 9 June 1961 he was the first to be honored with the Silesian Shield of the Homeland Association of Silesia.

After Löbe's death, a state ceremony was held in his honor in Berlin on 9 August 1967. The coffin was laid out covered with the flag of the Federal Republic. In addition to the family, the mourners included a representative of the Federal President, President of the Bundesrat Helmut Lemke. In their speeches, Bundestag President Eugen Gerstenmaier, Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Governing Mayor of Berlin Heinrich Albertz and SPD Chairman Willy Brandt praised Löbe's work. At the same time, political activists from Kommune 1 held a satirical funeral in John F. Kennedy Square.

One of the new parliamentary buildings (2002) which serves Bundestag members in Berlin is named the Paul Löbe House.

Selected Writing

 * Löbe, Paul, Erinnerungen eines Reichstagspräsidenten [Memoirs of a Reich President], Berlin 1949, republished as Der Weg war lang: Lebenserinnerungen [The Road was Long; Memoirs], Berlin, 1953, 1954, 2002 (fifth edition).
 * Löbe, Paul, "Gegenwartsfragen des Parlamentarismus" [Contemporary issues of Parliamentarism], in: Für und Wider. Lebensfragen deutscher Politik [Pros and Cons. Life Questions of German Politics], Offenbach am Main, 1952, pp. 39 to 48.
 * Löbe, Paul, "Aus dem Parlamentarischen Leben" [From a Parliamentary Life], in: Hessische Hochschulwochen für Staatswissenschaftliche Fortbildung [Hessian University Weeks for Advanced Training in Political Science], Volume 3, 1953, pp. 312 to 318.

Literature

 * Helmut Neubach: "Paul Löbe". In: Schlesische Lebensbilder. Band 6, 1990, pp. 222–233.
 * Helmut Neubach: "Paul Löbe". Bund der Vertriebenen, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-925103-94-5.
 * Mitglieder des Reichstags-Die Reichstagsabgeordneten der Weimarer Republik in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Politische Verfolgung, Emigration und Ausbürgerung 1933–1945. Eine biographische Dokumentation. Mit einem Forschungsbericht zur Verfolgung deutscher und ausländischer Parliamentarier im nationalsozialistischen Herrschaftsbereich, hrsg. von Martin Schumacher u.a., Düsseldorf, 3d ed. 1994, pp. 291, 293f. (= Veröffentlichung der Kommission für Geschichte des Parliamentarismus und der politischen Parteien in Bonn).
 * Gerhard Beier: "Löbe, Paul". In: Manfred Asendorf und Rolf von Bockel (Hrsg.): Demokratische Wege. Deutsche Lebensläufe aus fünf Jahrhunderten. Stuttgart und Weimar 1997, pp. 393–395.
 * Erhard H. M. Lange: Gestalter des Grundgesetzes. Die Abgeordneten des Parlamentarischen Rates. 15 historische Biographien. Brühl/Rheinland 1999, pp. 111–119.
 * Theodor Oliwa: Paul Löbe. Ein sozialdemokratischer Politiker und Redakteur. Die schlesischen Jahre (1875–1919). Neustadt 2003 (= Quellen und Darstellungen zur schlesischen Geschichte, Band 30).
 * Jürgen Mittag: "Vom Honoratiorenkreis zum Europanetzwerk: Sechs Jahrzehnte Europäische Bewegung Deutschland". In: 60 Jahre Europäische Bewegung Deutschland. Berlin 2009; pages: 12–28.

title: Paul Löbe


text:
Stafford and Uttoxeter Railway

The Stafford and Uttoxeter Railway was authorised by Act of Parliament on 29 July 1862, to build a line between the towns of Stafford and Uttoxeter in Staffordshire, England. It opened for traffic in 1867. It opened on 23 December 1867. Construction cost had much exceeded estimates, and income was poor, so that the company was always in financial difficulty. It was placed in receivership in 1875. The Great Northern Railway (GNR) had running powers to Uttoxeter and was persuaded to acquire the company, which it did in 1881. The GNR spent a considerable sum on improving the line, but it never made money and it was closed to passengers on 4 December 1939. Goods traffic ceased in 1951, except for a short stub to RAF Stafford; this too closed in 1975.

Before the Stafford and Uttoxeter Railway
Prior to the establishment of railways, Stafford was an important manufacturing town; especially dominant was the footwear industry, supported by ancillary manufactures; in addition salt was extracted, and to a lesser extent gypsum. Later a number of heavy engineering works were established in the town The intervening land between Stafford and Uttoxeter was high quality grazing land, devoted to cattle farming. Uttoxeter itself had numerous smaller-scale manufacturing activities, but later became the home of J C Bamford, a large-scale maker of, at first, agricultural machinery, and later construction and excavating machines. On 4 July 1837 the Grand Junction Railway opened, forming a north–south trunk link through Stafford. The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) was formed on 16 July 1846, consolidating the GJR with other trunk lines, connecting London and Manchester and Liverpool. The North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) was incorporated in 1845, its scope being amplified in 1846. It was a compact and dense system centred on Stoke-on-Trent. In 1848 the line between Stoke-on-Trent and Uttoxeter and on to Burton upon Trent was opened, and in the following year the line from Macclesfield was opened. The two lines converged at Uttoxeter Junction station. Thus Stafford and Uttoxeter were well served by railway connections. Proposals began to be put forward for an east–west line across the intervening agricultural terrain, and after a number of unfulfilled projects, ideas for a Stafford and Uttoxeter Railway began to take shape. In support of the line were the interests of the growing shoe-making industry in Stafford and the Leighton Ironworks in Uttoxeter, of the Bamford family.

Authorisation and construction
A public meeting took place in Stafford on 31 March 1862 to confirm interest in a railway connecting Stafford and Uttoxeter; general approval was expressed, and it was resolved to progress the proposal. A Parliamentary Bill went forward to the 1862 session. Support had come initially from the Shropshire Union Railway, for transport of cattle from Wales, but when the SUR was taken over by the LNWR this was withdrawn. The line was fiercely opposed by the LNWR and the NSR, and the Parliamentary process was difficult. However the Royal Assent was given to the Stafford and Uttoxeter Railway Act for the formation of the company on 29 July 1862. The line was to be single track, $12 1/2$ miles long, from Bromshall Junction, on the North Staffordshire Railway near Uttoxeter, to Stafford. At Bromshall Junction there were to be running powers over the NSR into Uttoxeter. The Engineer was Thomas Charles Townsend. The authorisation included a spur connection to the NSR near Weston-on-Trent, but this was never built. William Field was appointed as contractor for the construction, which was put in hand almost immediately. However construction of the considerable earthworks and a tunnel pushed the cost of the works above the engineering estimate, in addition to high land acquisition costs. In 1865 the company had to return to Parliament for authorisation of additional share capital to the extent of a further £50,000. Colonel Yolland of the Board of Trade inspected the line on 23 May 1867, but found a number of deficiencies. Chief among these were the quality of the rail chairs, which he considered were too light; in addition holding-down bolts for longitudinal timbers on underbridges were to be improved. The method of working the line was not yet settled, and Yolland seems to have been irritated by this, making the unusual stipulation that tank locomotives must not be run bunker first on the line. A second platform was to be provided at Salt station. A reinspection took place on 25 September 1867 under Lt Col Hutchinson, and although not every detail had been rectified, he approved the opening of the line. The earthworks and bridges were constructed for double track, but single track was laid, and the tunnel was single. There were some stiff climbs, including one of over two miles at 1 in 70. Evidently arrangements to work the line had not been concluded, and both the LNWR and the NSR had declined to work the line and the S&YR had no locomotives of its own. Accordingly, there was a delay while working arrangements were negotiated.

Operation
The line opened for general traffic on 23 December 1867. The Company owned seven coaches, sixteen wagons and one goods van but, initially, no locomotive. Motive power line was probably provided by the contractor for the construction, who had become major shareholders in the company. Instead of employing booking office staff, the Company issued tickets on the train, and there was little in the way of telegraphic or signalling equipment. The first locomotive owned by the company was a 2-4-0 tank engine supplied in 1868 by Beyer, Peacock and Company and was named Shrewsbury and Talbot. A second locomotive, named Ingestre, was acquired second-hand in May 1873; It was a Beyer Peacock 0-4-2T. The purchase was probably prompted by the accident at Hopton Tunnel, in which Shrewsbury and Talbot was damaged. By 1874, Stafford had expanded northwards and a new station was built at Stafford Common, where there were horseracing, fairs and agricultural shows. The line was never productive of much traffic and was not kept in very good order. In the summer of 1875 the Board of Trade sent Colonel Rich to report on its condition, and he required certain improvements to ensure safety. Losses, and debts, mounted, and a receiver was appointed in 1875. Operationally, there was continuing opposition from the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) and the North Staffordshire Railway (NSR). There were disputes over the maintenance of train connections at the junction stations, and over the handling of goods traffic. By 1878 it was clear that operating costs were exceeding traffic receipts and a receiver was appointed. The suggestion was made that, since it seemed likely that the LNWR and the NSR would continue to be uncooperative, approaches should be made to the Great Northern Railway or the Midland. The aim of connecting to Derby had still not been achieved. While the LNWR and NSR were on good terms with the Midland Railway and exercised running powers over its lines into Derby and Burton, the GNR had built a new line in competition with all three – its Derbyshire extension – and was anxious to penetrate further westward—to Wales if possible.

Hopton Bank derailment, 1873
In 1873 there was a derailment at Hopton Bank. (The location was spelt Hoopton in contemporary reports.) On 1 February 1873 the 12:10 train from Uttoxeter to Stafford derailed "at high speed" about two miles before reaching Stafford. The driver and fireman were killed, and eight other persons were injured. The derailment took place on a right hand curve of 40 to 60 chains radius, and on a falling gradient of 1 in 70. There were some defects in the leaf springs of the locomotive, but these were not considered to be contributory. The main cause was stated to be excessive speed, associated with reaching Stafford to make a connection with a main line train there. The driver had previously been warned several times about excessive speed. Frost heave may have affected the stability of the track.

Great Northern Railway
For three years the S&UR company had been in receivership; its income was only £12 per mile per week. In 1878 a representative of the major creditor approached the Great Northern Railway, proposing that they should take over the working of the line. In that year the GNR opened its Derbyshire and Staffordshire Extension Line from Nottingham and Derby to Egginton Junction, on the North Staffordshire Railway Churnet Valley Extension line. The GNR had expressed an interest in reaching Holyhead, and the S&UR might be a stepping stone in that direction.

The GNR declined the approach, but in fact negotiations continued regarding an outright purchase. The GNR were given running powers over the Stafford and Uttoxeter Railway by Act of 11 August 1879, and into Stafford station. Further negotiations took place, and notwithstanding the poor state of the S&UR infrastructure, a price of £100,000 was agreed: the purchase was authorised by Act of 18 July 1881, effective from 1 August. Plant was transferred at a valuation of £1,450, which included two locomotives. If the GNR's interest in reaching Holyhead was definite, it was never realised, and in fact Stafford remained the westernmost outpost of the GNR. Wrottesley is frank about the dubious value the GNR got for its outlays: "Not very willingly, the GN came into possession of the Stafford & Uttoxeter. Other than as a possible western outlet for Derbyshire coal, the line offered little prospect of much revenue." The advantage to the GNR was mitigated by a clause interested the Act authorising the purchase, which prevented the GNR using the running powers over the NSR to divert traffic by any circuitous routes from the lines of the LNWR or North Staffordshire Companies. At the time of the transfer to the GNR takeover, the line was completely run down, and the GNR invested £40,000 in improving the facilities at Stafford Common, providing passing loops at Ingestre and Chartley, and later on at Grindley. Block signalling was installed. The GNR operated a through passenger service from Grantham via Nottingham and Derby to Stafford, and about the end of the nineteenth century Boston enginemen worked a lodging turn to Stoke. The S&UR passenger train service had consisted of four trains daily, five on Saturdays, none on Sundays, between Stafford and Uttoxeter Junction. From November 1881 the GNR integrated these trains with its Derby services, and six trains ran daily, one on Sundays, throughout from Stafford to Derby. From 1900 to 1916 these were extended eastward to Grantham. There was a stationmaster and a staff of eleven at Stafford LNWR until 1915, and Stafford Common had its own stationmaster. The Great Northern Railway set about considering what needed to be done to put its newly acquired line to rights. The goods station facilities available to the GNR at Stafford were poor, and a new, more central goods depot was planned, to the north of the River Sow on a short branch line. It was authorised in the 1883 Parliamentary session, and was called Doxey Road goods station. The gas works was later (in 1891) connected to the same branch line; the LNWR was allowed to access the gas works over the branch. The line from Stafford Common into Stafford itself was doubled in 1882. In 1892 large salt deposits were discovered at Stafford Common, and this brought considerable mineral traffic to the line.

Uttoxeter developments
The original layout at Uttoxeter had consisted of a southward junction where the Churnet Valley line and the Stoke to Derby line converged; there was a junction station there, but it was an exchange passenger station only with no public access. There were two ordinary stations, Dove Bank (to the north, on the Churnet Valley line) and Bridge Street to the east, towards Bromshall. Now in 1881 the North Staffordshire Railway provided a new west-to-north double track curve, completing a triangle. A new Uttoxeter station was provided at the western apex of the triangle, and the other stations were closed.

Twentieth century
During the First World War cutbacks were made to passenger services and facilities. However, there was considerable freight movement westwards from the armament factories at Branston Depot and Chilwell Ordnance Depot. Royal Engineers personnel who had been trained at Longmoor Military Railway were drafted in to work parts of the line. In 1919 plans to extend the railway (particularly at Stafford Common) were announced but they were not proceeded with after the announcement of the Railways Act 1921. In 1923, the Grouping of the Railways of Great Britain took place pursuant to the Railways Act 1921, and the Great Northern Railway, owner of the S&UR line, was a constituent of the new London and North Eastern Railway. Through the 1920s and early 1930, some enhancement to passenger receipts took place because of the popularity of inward excursions to places such as the village of Salt, and through traffic to the racecourses at Uttoxeter and Doncaster, and to East Coast seaside destinations.

Decline and closure
In 1938, a public bus service was introduced (by the Green Bus Company) between Stafford and Uttoxeter, leading to a fall in railway passenger numbers. With the outbreak of World War II, passenger services were reduced to one return train a day from 2 October 1939, and on 4 December 1939, all civilian passenger services were suspended, as a means of dealing with staff shortages resulting from enlistment. Special trains ran to RAF Stafford, near Stafford Common station, and to a Royal Ordnance Factory at Bromshall. After the war, civilian passenger and freight services briefly resumed. In 1949 the line became part of British Railways| on the nationalisation of the British railway network. On 5 March 1951 the line was closed to all through services except military traffic using the extensive sidings at RAF Stafford, and to Stafford Common goods yard. Stafford Common goods yard closed in August 1968. On 28 November 1975 the final movement from RAF Stafford took place, and the line was now closed completely. A special train organised by the Stephenson Locomotive Society became the last train to travel the entire route, on 23 March 1957, except that Bramshall Junction had been removed. The train returned from just short of the junction to Stafford. Track from Hopton and Uttoxeter was lifted between 1957 and 1962. The railway bridge over the Trent and Mersey Canal at Weston was eventually removed in the 1990s; it had been used by a local farm to let dairy cattle cross the canal. There is now no railway use of the former line.

Locations

 * Uttoxeter; North Staffordshire Railway station;
 * Bromshall Junction; NSR Uttoxeter to Stoke line;
 * Bromshall Tunnel; 321 yards; also known as Loxley Tunnel;
 * Grindley; opened 23 December 1867; closed 4 December 1939;
 * Stowe; opened 23 December 1867; renamed Chartley 3 October 1874; trains ceased to be shown from start of LNER emergency timetable 2 October 1939;
 * Weston; opened 23 December 1867; renamed Ingestre 1870; closed 4 December 1939;
 * Salt (& Sandon); opened 23 December 1867; closed 4 December 1939; the appended "& Sandon" was used only by Railway Clearing House documentation;
 * Stafford Common; opened 1 July 1874; relocated from west to east of overbridge 1882; closed 4 December 1939; later used for RAF station until December 1952;
 * Stafford; LNWR station.

title: Stafford and Uttoxeter Railway


text:
In the Wet

In the Wet is a novel by Nevil Shute that was first published in the United Kingdom in 1953. It contains many of the typical elements of a hearty and adventurous Shute yarn such as flying, the future, mystic states, and ordinary people doing extraordinary things.

Plot summary
The story is opened by its initial narrator – an Anglican priest in the Bush Brotherhood named Roger Hargreaves – who describes his ordinary circumstances in a large parish of the Queensland outback in 1953. As part of his duties, he has to minister to the dying and this brings him into contact with an aged, alcoholic, opium-smoking, diseased, ex-pilot and ex-ringer named Stevie.

Caught in Stevie's squalid cabin in a heavy rainy season, Hargreaves struggles with recurring malaria whilst on deathwatch for Stevie. As both men are in altered mental states the story shifts and Stevie becomes David 'Nigger' Anderson, a decorated member of the Royal Australian Air Force, telling his story to Hargreaves. But this is a story set 30 years in the future, in 1983.

David Anderson is a quadroon, of mixed European and Aboriginal ancestry. As a first rate pilot he is chosen by his country to be a member of an elite test pilot team in the UK. Although of humble origins, Anderson has advanced quickly in the RAAF and is soon offered a position commanding one of two aircraft of the Queen's Flight.

The England of the 1983 in the story is a technically advanced country that has been abused and bled dry by Socialism. Austerity is the watchword, and rationing is still in force. It is an England in which the Royal Family is revered by the common people, but abused by politicians who use them as whipping boys for the economic woes of England. When the politicians attempt indirectly to control the foreign travel of the monarch by curtailing her use of UK government aircraft, the Canadian and Australian governments each donate a modern jet transport to the Queen's Flight, provide for operating expenses, and furnish crews. Anderson is chosen as the captain of the Australian plane. Both Canada and Australia are heavily royalist countries, and Anderson is shocked at one point by the suggestion that Australia could become a republic. Both are democracies, though subject to the "multiple vote"—everyone gets one vote, but other votes can be earned by individuals, up to a maximum of seven. Anderson himself has three votes in Australian elections.

At first absorbed by the job, Anderson slowly becomes aware of what is going on around him. He sees the Secretary of State for Air, Lord Coles, inspect the advanced aircraft, and insist that a signal gun be placed in the radio-equipped aircraft in case it needs to land in a field. The Prime Minister, Iorweth Jones, is more intelligent, but only interested in scoring political points.

The Royal family, though, is delighted at the gift of the aircraft, and the middle-aged Queen and Consort come down to inspect them.

Anderson repeatedly meets, and slowly falls for, a junior secretary to the Queen, Rosemary, daughter of an Oxford don, who is assigned to help streamline the administrative aspects of the Commonwealth aircraft joining the Queen's Flight. Anderson learns of the difficult political situation the Queen is faced with.

The Queen's visit to Canada in the Canadian craft coincides with another attack on the Royal Family by Labour politicians. The Prince of Wales has Anderson fly him to Ottawa so he can meet with the Queen. It is later made clear that the Prince carries an ultimatum from himself and his sister (the Queen has only two children)—they will not take the job of monarch as it now stands.

Anderson is ordered to fly the Queen and her entourage, including Rosemary, not back to England, but on to Australia to meet with politicians there. En route, they have a lengthy refueling delay on Christmas Island, allowing the Queen to relax a bit—until local officials show up with their wives, in formal dress. Anderson, struck with food poisoning, dreams of the scene with Hargreaves and Stevie in the cabin in the wet. After he recovers, the party move on to Australia. The Queen meets not only with current Australian politicians but with elder statesmen Sir Robert Menzies and Arthur Calwell (active politicians in real-life 1953). After the meetings the Queen is flown back to England, but ground control diverts the flight hundreds of miles to Yorkshire on the pretext that the well-qualified Australian airmen are not qualified to land at a commercial airport—Heathrow—in poor weather; in reality the diversion to Yorkshire is apparently intended to inconvenience the Queen. After Royal intervention the crews are all granted accreditation as civil aviators without further ado.

Anderson asks Rosemary to marry him, but she refuses so long as the Queen needs her. She arranges for Anderson to meet her father, a political scientist. Her father inadvertently reveals that the Queen is contemplating having a Governor General of Britain who will deal with the politicians, with the monarch devoted to Commonwealth affairs, to make the monarchy bearable for her and her family.

The Queen announces this on her Christmas broadcast, and makes it clear that she and her family will not return to Britain without the country having undergone political reforms, meaning both the multiple vote, and the installation of a Governor General for the United Kingdom as a necessary buffer between Monarch and Parliament, whose behaviour and treatment of the Queen has become both a constitutional and personal affront prior to this declaration.

Though David takes every precaution to protect the aircraft, which takes off with the Queen soon afterwards, a sixth sense, deriving from his Aboriginal heritage, tells him something is wrong. He searches the party's luggage, and finds a sealed metal box, obviously a bomb. It seems impossible to get the box outside due to winds, but through skilled flying, he is able to create the right conditions. The Queen swears all to secrecy, and awards David the Seventh Vote, given only by Royal commission.

The party reaches Australia safely. Meanwhile, in Britain, the new Governor General has summoned Parliament to debate the multiple vote. Prime Minister Jones' government falls, and a new government, still Labour, is expected to institute the political reform. Now that the Queen is no longer in a crisis situation, Rosemary can leave the royal employment and marry David.

In an epilogue, the framing story resumes. Stevie has died peaceably and an exhausted Hargreaves tries to separate dream from reality. This becomes more difficult when the child who will grow to be David Anderson is presented to him for christening.

DeHavilland Ceres
The fictional DeHavilland Ceres flown by the Queen's Flight appears to be based on the concept of the Avro Atlantic, a civilianised jet airliner version of the Avro Vulcan jet bomber, designed for intercontinental travel. This was a design concept at the time the novel was written, and did not enter production.

Multiple vote
Perhaps the most interesting (and enduring) feature of the book is the "multiple vote", seen as a necessary reform of democracy. A person can have up to seven votes. Everyone gets a basic vote. Other votes can be earned for education (including a commission in the armed forces), earning one's living overseas for two years, raising two children to the age of 14 without divorcing, being an official of a Christian church, or having a high earned income. The seventh vote, which in the book is awarded to David Anderson for his heroism, is only given at the Queen's discretion by Royal Charter.

Plural voting was possible in Britain in the past. Until the late 1940s, the graduates of all British universities sent representatives to Parliament, and property owners could vote both where they lived and where they owned property; a university-educated property owner could therefore have three votes. The graduates of the National University of Ireland and of Trinity College are still represented in the upper house of Ireland's parliament. Mark Twain had used the idea of multiple votes for merit in his short story "The Curious Republic of Gondour".

Governor Generalship for the United Kingdom
As a component of the Queen's declaration, one of the mandated reforms is the installation of a Governor General for the United Kingdom, in the wake of an increasingly assertive and aggressive Labour government administering the country in the wake of the Third World War. As the Queen is monarch of the Commonwealth, there are real constitutional questions as to whether proportional representation and presence in Commonwealth realms of the Sovereign takes precedence over the comparatively smaller population of United Kingdom in comparison.

During the novel, the growing disaffection for both Monarch and Prime Minister, as well as the threat by the Prince of Wales to refuse the throne if offered it due to the behaviour of the Labour Government requires a means of settlement. The only solution, in the end, is to give rise to a buffer between Crown and Parliament - a Governor General.

Unlike a Monarch, the Governor General has the capacity to give a direct response to the Government, without fear of political rift developing with the Crown, as this post is intermediary. If a Governor-General's political conduct is sufficiently poor, replacement by appointment by the Crown is a realistic procedure, and is outside of the control of Parliament.

In addition, a Governor General can sit within Parliament as the Monarch's representative, and is also permitted as in other Commonwealth realms, to address Parliament, which the Monarch is normally not expected to do other than ceremoniously. The Governor General can, as the Monarch does only in a private audience, the capacity to be consulted, to advise, and to warn - but with the difference that this would be done within the public sphere, in the presence of the entire Parliament, rather than in the confines of the Private Audience between Prime Minister and Sovereign.

This change would then permit the reform of the political process, and expose the behaviour of an antagonistic government and Prime Minister to the entire Parliament, and House of Lords, moderating their conduct through exposure of intent.

title: In the Wet


text:
User talk:Mindmatrix/2022/Canada geography

Note: This page is devoted to discussion about categorizing and organizing Canada-related geography and location articles. If you wish to discuss any other issue with me, do so on my main talk page. Thank you!


text:
Yellow-spotted river turtle

The yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis), also known commonly as the yellow-headed sideneck turtle and the yellow-spotted river turtle, and locally as the taricaya, is one of the largest South American river turtles.

Podocnemis unifilis is a type of side-necked turtles, so called because they do not pull their heads directly into their shells, but rather bend their necks sideways to tuck their heads under the rim of their shells. Side-neck turtles are classified as members of the suborder Pleurodira.

Description
Podocnemis unifilis is a large turtle, and can grow up to 45 cm long and weigh up to 8 kg. This species can be recognized by its black or brown oval carapace (upper shell) with distinctive low keels on the second and third scutes. Yellow spots on the side of its head give this species its common name. These spots are most prominent in juveniles and fade with age. Females can be up to twice the size of males.

Distribution and habitat
These turtles are native to South America's Amazon and Orinoco basins, as well as rivers systems of the Guianas. They are found in tributaries and large lakes, naturally calm waters.

Ecology
During the flood season, turtles may venture into flooded forests or floodplain lakes. They feed on fruits, seeds, weeds, aquatic plants, fish, and small invertebrates.

The females lay two clutches of eggs each year, each with four to 35 eggs in it. They make their nests in sandy areas on the banks of rivers, where the eggs will hatch 66 to 159 days after they are laid. The eggs are laid at the peak of dry season so the nest will not be washed away with the floods of the rainy season. Eggs incubated below 32 degrees Celsius will hatch as males, while those incubated above 32 degrees Celsius will hatch as females. Within a few days after hatching, the young turtles begin to forage for food alone. This food includes vegetable matter, grasses, fruits, leaves, carrion and mollusks.

Threats and conservation
Podocnemis unifilis was one of the foreign species exploited by the American pet turtle trade in the 1960s. This species is at risk of predation by humans, birds, snakes, large fish, frogs and mammals. Importation of this species is now strictly regulated by federal law, but a captive, self-sustaining population exists in the United States – some groups in zoos, others in the hands of private collectors. Individuals of this species have lived more than 30 years in captivity.

title: Yellow-spotted river turtle


text:
Constance Cummings

Constance Cummings CBE (May 15, 1910 – November 23, 2005) was an American-British actress with a career spanning over 50 years.

Early life
Cummings was born in Seattle, Washington, the only daughter and younger child of Kate Logan (née Cummings), a concert soprano, and Dallas Vernon Halverstadt, a lawyer.

Cummings' parents separated when she was 10 years old, and she never saw her father again. She attended St. Nicholas Girls' School in Seattle.

Career
The San Diego Stock Company gave Cummings her initial acting opportunity in a "walk-on part" playing a prostitute in a 1926 production of Seventh Heaven. She debuted on Broadway as a chorus girl, a member of the ensemble in Treasure Girl (1928) by the age of 18. While appearing on Broadway, she was discovered by Samuel Goldwyn, who brought her to Hollywood in 1931. Between 1931 and 1934, Cummings appeared in more than 20 films, including Movie Crazy opposite Harold Lloyd, and American Madness, directed by Frank Capra.

Cummings was married to the playwright and screenwriter Benn Levy from July 3, 1933 until his death in 1973. As Levy was from the UK, Cummings moved there and continued acting in films and on the stage. Few of her films were hits in the U.S., but Blithe Spirit, adapted from the Noël Coward play, was popular. Levy wrote and directed films for Cummings, such as The Jealous God (1939); he also served in the UK Parliament from 1945 to 1950 as the Labour MP for Eton and Slough. They had a son and a daughter. She played Mary Tyrone in the Royal National Theatre's production of Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night opposite Laurence Olivier and later recreated the role for television. She took over the role of Martha in Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? in its first London run.

Recognition
In 1979, Cummings won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance as Emily Stilson in the drama Wings (1978–1979) (written by Arthur Kopit), a play about a former aviator (Stilson) who has suffered a stroke, from which she struggles to recover. This role also brought her Obie and Drama Desk awards and an Olivier nomination. In 1982, she was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play for her work in The Chalk Garden.

She received an Evening Standard Best Actress Award for her performance in Long Day's Journey into Night.

On January 1, 1974, Cummings, who resided in Britain for many decades until her death, was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for her contributions to the British entertainment industry.

She was a committee member of the Royal Court Theatre and the Arts Council. She has a star in the Motion Pictures section on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6201 Hollywood Boulevard. It was dedicated on February 8, 1960.

Death
Constance Cummings Levy died in Wardington, Oxfordshire, England on November 23, 2005, aged 95, from natural causes.

Filmography

 * The Criminal Code (1931) as Mary Brady
 * The Last Parade (1931) as Molly Pearson
 * Lover Come Back (1931) as Connie Lee
 * Traveling Husbands (1931) as Ellen Wilson
 * The Guilty Generation (1931) as Maria Palmero
 * Behind the Mask (1932) as Julie Arnold
 * The Big Timer (1932) as Honey Baldwin
 * Attorney for the Defense (1932) as Ruth Barry
 * American Madness (1932) as Helen
 * Movie Crazy (1932) as Mary Sears
 * The Last Man (1932) as Marian
 * Washington Merry-Go-Round (1932) as Alice
 * Night After Night (1932) as Miss Jerry Healy
 * The Billion Dollar Scandal (1933) as Doris Masterson
 * The Mind Reader (1933) as Sylvia
 * Heads We Go (1933) as Betty Smith / Dorothy Kay
 * Channel Crossing (1933) as Marion Slade
 * Broadway Through a Keyhole (1933) as Joan Whelan
 * Looking for Trouble (1934) as Ethel Greenwood
 * Glamour (1934) as Linda Fayne
 * This Man Is Mine (1934) as Francesca Harper
 * Remember Last Night? (1935) as Carlotta Milburn
 * Seven Sinners (1936) as Caryl Fenton
 * Strangers on Honeymoon (1936) as October
 * Cyrano de Bergerac (1938, TV movie) as Roxane
 * Busman's Honeymoon (1940) as Harriet Vane
 * This England (1941) as Ann
 * The Foreman Went to France (1942) as Anne Stafford, the American girl
 * Blithe Spirit (1945) as Ruth Condomine
 * Into the Blue (1950) as Mrs. Kate Fergusson
 * Trial and Error (1953, TV movie) as Andrea
 * John and Julie (1955) as Mrs. Davidson
 * The Intimate Stranger (1956) as Kay Wallace
 * The Trial of Mary Dugan (1957, TV movie) as Mary Dugan, known as Mona Tree
 * Craig's Wife (1957, TV movie) as Harriet Craig
 * The Battle of the Sexes (1960) as Angela Barrows
 * Sammy Going South (1963) as Gloria van Imhoff
 * In the Cool of the Day (1963) as Mrs. Nina Gellert
 * Love Song (1985, TV movie) as Dame Philippa Hatchard
 * Dead Man's Folly (1986, TV movie) as Amy Folliat
 * The Understanding (1986, TV movie) as Acton (final film role)

title: Constance Cummings


text: File:World Service.jpeg

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: File:World Service.jpeg


text:
Pedway

Pedways (short for pedestrian walkways) are elevated or underground walkways, often connecting urban high-rises to each other, other buildings, or the street. They provide quick and comfortable movement from building to building, away from traffic and inclement weather. Two of the largest networks of underground walkways are located in Canada, with RÉSO in Montreal and PATH in Toronto each consisting of approximately 30 km of underground city-centre walkways.

History
The concept of the elevated pedestrian way is credited to Antonio Sant'Elia, an Italian architect whose career was cut short by his death in World War One. He foresaw the city of the future as high rise tower blocks connected by elevated walkways at different levels.

Examples

 * Calgary Plus 15 Network (a.k.a. +15)
 * Central Elevated Walkway, Hong Kong
 * Chicago Pedway
 * City of London Pedway Scheme
 * Dallas Pedestrian Network
 * Edmonton Pedway
 * Halifax Link
 * Houston tunnel system
 * Minneapolis Skyway System
 * Toronto PATH
 * RÉSO, Montreal (a.k.a. Underground City)
 * Winnipeg Walkway
 * KLCC–Bukit Bintang Pedestrian Walkway, Kuala Lumpur

title: Pedway