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Ibis (hotel)

Ibis (stylised as ibis) is a French brand of budget hotels owned by Accor. Created in 1974, Ibis became Accor's "economy megabrand" in 2011 with the rebranding of Ibis Styles and Ibis Budget from All Seasons and Etap Hôtel respectively. As of December 2019, there were 1,218 hotels under the Ibis brand (excluding Styles and Budget hotels), with 159,180 rooms in total across 70 countries.

Foundation and early years
The first Ibis hotel opened in Bordeaux in 1974. It was created by the Accor group (then Novotel-SIEH) to engineer more affordable Novotels. By 1988, Ibis operated 182 hotels in France. In the USA, the first Ibis hotel opened in 1983. The chain spread through the states of Texas, Florida and Georgia. However, by the end of the 1980s, Ibis exited the US market. In the UK, by 1995, Ibis operated 8 hotels.

In 1997, Ibis launched its 15-minute guarantee program which consisted in offering the stay if an Ibis hotelier could not fix a customer's issue with a room within 15 minutes.

Development since 2000
By 2004, Ibis operated 700 hotels in 36 countries. From 2003 to 2005, Ibis opened in South Korea, China and Thailand. In October 2009, Ibis reached the 100,000 rooms milestone and opened its first hotel in Moscow, followed by a 50th hotel in Brazil and a first hotel in Japan. In 2012, Ibis' largest hotel in the Asia-Pacific region opened in Bandung. In September 2011, Accor rebranded All Seasons into Ibis Styles, and Etap Hôtel into Ibis Budget, turning Ibis into the group's economy megabrand. The mattresses, pillows and digital access were upgraded. Following this restructuring, the Ibis megabrand (including both other chains) became the biggest hotel operator in Europe in 2013, with 1,277 hotels. In January 2014, Ibis itself opened its 1,000th hotel.

In September 2012, Ibis tested Sleep Art, a robot that made a painting based on the movements, sounds, and heat variations of the sleeper. Sleep Art was turned into a mobile app for all Ibis customers 6 months later.

title: Ibis (hotel)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jet Black Existance

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied Wikibofh 15:09, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Jet Black Existance
The band recently changed its name, which is why it did not come up in a Google search - please take a look at our site: http://www.freewebs.com/new_invention
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Joseph Oscar Irwin

Joseph Oscar Irwin (17 December 1898 – 27 July 1982) was a British statistician who advanced the use of statistical methods in biological assay and other fields of laboratory medicine. Irwin's grasp of modern mathematical statistics distinguished him not only from older medical statisticians like Major Greenwood but contemporaries like Austin Bradford Hill.

Biography
Irwin was born in London. He attended the City of London School where he specialised in classics and then at a late date in mathematics. In December 1917 he won a scholarship to Christ's College, Cambridge to read mathematics. A serious illness disqualified him from war service but he spent a year computing anti-aircraft trajectories for Karl Pearson. When Irwin graduated from Cambridge in 1921 he joined Pearson's department of applied statistics which had returned to its normal activities. Irwin published his first work there, including his 1927 paper on the distribution of means.

In 1928, Irwin moved to Rothamsted Experimental Station and he stayed there until 1931. His old boss Pearson and his new boss Ronald Fisher were bitter enemies but Irwin's conciliatory nature allowed him to remain on good terms with both men. At Rothamsted he continued to work on mathematical statistics and he became one of the first people to master Fisher's innovations. Fisher made few concessions to his readers: see George Alfred Barnard's well-known "you are a mathematician, work it out" story.

Irwin made an important contribution to the dissemination of Fisher's ideas by writing expository pieces. In his appreciation Greenberg recalls the mathematical statisticians R. C. Bose and S. N. Roy telling him how by reading Irwin they been able to understand Fisher. Another valuable educational project was the series of papers "Recent Advances in Mathematical Statistics" which Irwin inaugurated in 1931.

From 1931 until his retirement in 1965, Irwin worked for the Medical Research Council at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Besides doing his own research he was a consultant on technical statistical matters. There was a break in the Second World War when Irwin was responsible for the teaching of statistics at Cambridge. For many mathematicians, including Dennis Lindley, Peter Armitage, and Oscar Kempthorne, Irwin's course was the first step to becoming statisticians.

At the MRC, Irwin wrote a series of important papers on bioassay. An important theoretical contribution was his 1935 paper on "Fisher's exact test". Irwin had done the work in 1933, apparently preceding the better known work of Fisher and Yates. After the war Irwin embarked on a number of long-term collaborative studies, often for official committees. These were applied studies but he continued to work on more mathematical problems, e.g. he produced a series of papers on the generalized Waring distribution.

Irwin received many honours and served as president of the Royal Statistical Society in 1962–64; he had played an important part in the affairs of the society for many years.

Greenberg has described the man J. O. Irwin was a soft spoken kind soul who took a tremendous interest in his students and their achievements.... He was a lovable absent-minded kind of professor who smoked more matches than he did tobacco in his ever-present pipe while he was deeply involved in thinking about other important matters.

Selected publications
According to Armitage, Irwin published about 120 papers.

 * J. O. Irwin (1927) On the Frequency Distribution of the Means of Samples from a Population Having any Law of Frequency with Finite Moments, with Special Reference to Pearson's Type II, Biometrika Vol. 19, pp. 225–239.
 * J. O. Irwin (1931) Recent Advances in Mathematical Statistics, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 94, pp. 568–578
 * J. O. Irwin (1935) Tests of Significance for Differences between Percentages Based on Small Numbers, Metron, Vol. 12, pp. 83–94.
 * J. O. Irwin (1963) Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, 1890–1962, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, Vol. 126, pp. 159–162.
 * J. O. Irwin (1975) The Generalized Waring Distribution. Part I, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), Vol. 138, pp. 18–31.

title: Joseph Oscar Irwin


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North East Surrey College of Technology

The North East Surrey College Of Technology (NESCOT) is a large further education and higher education college in Epsom and Ewell, Surrey, England that began as Ewell Technical College in the 1950s.

Facilities
Nescot has specialist practical facilities including a construction department on site with trade specific workshops for Bricklaying, Plumbing, Carpentry, Electrical Installation and Plastering. Performance and Media have dance studios, recording facilities, dark rooms and a Mac suite. The college also has two theatres, one traditional with tiered seating which was used by Kingswood House School in their production of Peter Pan in February 2016, it was the first time the theatre had ever been used with flying as part of a production and a modern performance space. Other curriculum areas are supported with a beauty salon, onsite nursery, labs, an Animal Care Centre, Student Advice Centre, Learning Resource Centre - and an Osteopathy clinic.

The college sports centre, gym, salon, nursery and playing fields are open to the general public.

Structure and organisation
The college is governed by The Nescot Further Education Corporation.

Academic profile
As of 2018-2019 the college drew around 5,000 students from the local community, nationally and overseas.

In addition to the traditional further education college subjects, the college offers distance learning, and customised training programmes for businesses.

Higher education
The college offers higher education in Animal Care, Osteopathy, Computing, Teaching, and counselling, among others.

Software training
The school is recognised as an Apple Authorised Training Centre and holds academy status with Cisco Systems, Microsoft, and Oracle as a specialist training provider.

Performance
A 2016 Ofsted inspection  assessed the school overall as Grade 2 (good), with Grade 1 (outstanding) in several areas.

Notable alumni

 * David Bellamy, author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner and botanist
 * Anthoni Salim, businessman, investor, and money manager
 * Professor Peter Saville, psychologist
 * Joe Wicks (coach), fitness coach
 * Jane Wilson-Howarth, author

title: North East Surrey College of Technology


text: Category:Epsom and Ewell

title: Category:Epsom and Ewell


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Centre Block

The Centre Block (Édifice du Centre) is the main building of the Canadian parliamentary complex on Parliament Hill, in Ottawa, Ontario, containing the House of Commons and Senate chambers, as well as the offices of a number of members of parliament, senators, and senior administration for both legislative houses. It is also the location of several ceremonial spaces, such as the Hall of Honour, the Memorial Chamber, and Confederation Hall.

Built in the Gothic Revival style, the present Centre Block is the building's second iteration. The first was destroyed by fire in 1916; all that remains of the original building is the Library of Parliament, at the rear of the Centre Block. Though construction began immediately after the blaze, sculpting work on the interior continued through the 1970s. One of the most recognizable buildings in Canada, the Centre Block is depicted on the Canadian $10 bill (the Library of Parliament), $20 bill (the Peace Tower), and the $50 bill. On 12 December 2018, the Centre Block was closed for renovations that could last ten years or more.

Characteristics
Designed by Jean-Omer Marchand and John A. Pearson, the Centre Block is a 144 m long by 75 m deep, and six storey high, symmetrical structure built in the modern Gothic Revival style. As such, it displays a multitude of stone carvings, including gargoyles, grotesques, and friezes, keeping with the Victorian High Gothic style of the rest of the parliamentary complex. The walls are faced with more than 50,000 blocks of over 24 different types of stone, though a rustic finished Nepean sandstone is the predominant kind of masonry, with dressed stone trim around the 550 windows and other edges. The roof is of reinforced concrete covered with copper, and dotted with dormer windows. The interior walls are sheeted with Tyndall stone, a dolomitic limestone quarried in southeastern Manitoba and chosen by the architect for the richness of its vibrant colour and rich pattern formed by darker brown spots which are fossilized shallow marine mud burrows. These surfaces are augmented by sculptural decoration done in Indiana limestone.

The Centre Block houses offices and facilities, including the prime minister's office, that of the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, and the offices of other party leaders, as well as senators, ministers, and commons staff. Further, there are numerous parliamentary committee rooms and the Parliamentary Press Gallery.

Confederation Hall
The Centre Block is arranged symmetrically around Confederation Hall, located immediately inside the main entrance. It is an octagonal chamber, the perimeter of which is divided by limestone clustered columns into eight bays of two different sizes, themselves subdivided by dark green syenite pillars. Behind these runs a vaulted ambulatory that supports the upper gallery. The arcaded arches are topped by gables sculpted to commemorate the confederated nature of Canada and they support one side of the hall's fan vaulted ceiling with carved bosses, while the other side rests on a single column in the centre of the room. This column is borne on a stone carved with an image of Neptune amongst sea lions and fish in a mythical sea. It was placed at noon on 2 July 1917, to mark the 50th anniversary of Confederation, and above it was carved the words: "1867 JULY 1917 ON THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE CONFEDERATION OF BRITISH COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA AS THE DOMINION OF CANADA THE PARLIAMENT AND PEOPLE DEDICATE THIS BUILDING IN PROCESS OF RECONSTRUCTION AFTER DAMAGE BY FIRE AS A MEMORIAL OF THE DEEDS OF THEIR FOREFATHERS AND OF THE VALOUR OF THOSE CANADIANS WHO IN THE GREAT WAR FOUGHT FOR THE LIBERTIES OF CANADA, OF THE EMPIRE AND OF HUMANITY."

Around the central column is an inlaid marble floor with a 16-point windrose of Verde Antique serpentine from Roxbury, Vermont, and a swirl pattern of green serpentine from the Greek island of Tinos, embedded in Missisquoi Boulder Grey marble, from Philipsburg, Quebec. The overall pattern represents the essential element of water, alluding to Canada's motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (From Sea to Sea). The inner and outer circles of the floor are made of a Missisquoi Black marble from Philipsburg, Quebec, and white travertine from Italy, as well as Verde Antique serpentine separated by a band of Missisquoi Boulder Grey marble.

Though a design model of the room was presented as early as January 1918, Confederation Hall was the last part of the Centre Block's interior to be completed; the Missisquoi black marble base was laid on 11 August 1921 and the Tyndall limestone vault—built from a full scale wood and plaster model—was completed in December of the following year. Still, the detailed carving, the designs for which had been finalised by Cléophas Soucy in 1941, remained incomplete until 1953, due to occurrence of the Second World War. Upon completion of this work, the tympanums were adorned with the coats of arms of Canada and the provinces, each surrounded by relevant floral symbols: on the east wall thistles for Nova Scotia, Tudor roses for Prince Edward Island, and grapes and apples for New Brunswick; on the south wall lilies, maple leaves, and Tudor roses for Newfoundland and Labrador, pine cones, oak leaves, and acorns for Nunavut, and maple leaves for British Columbia; on the west wall grapevines and apples for Saskatchewan, sunflowers, corn, and wheat for Alberta, and wheat and pine cones for Manitoba; and on the west wall sunflowers, wheat, and corn for Ontario, pine cones, oak leaves, and acorns for Canada, and Tudor roses for Quebec. The remaining territorial coats of arms are located in the southeast (Northwest Territories) and southwest (Yukon) corners. The gable springers all display the coats of arms of the provincial and territorial capitals, while the gable ramparts bear symbols of Canada's fauna.

The apex stones atop each central arch are carved into figures from Canadian life, two Inuit with huskies being found on the east wall, two heads each representing the merchant marine and agriculture on the south wall, two of Canada's First Nations people on the west wall, and a lumberjack and miner with a wheel of industry on the north wall. There were originally two renditions of the sovereign's Canadian arms, one each on the north and south walls of Confederation Hall; however, the latter was reworked in 2000 by Maurice Joanisse into the above-mentioned coat of arms of the newly created territory of Nunavut.

Hall of Honour
Extending from Confederation Hall is the Centre Block's north to south axis, running between the Library of Parliament and the Peace Tower, through the Hall of Honour, which serves as the route of the parades for both speakers of parliament, as well as where the lying in state segment of some state funerals takes place. It is a long, rib vaulted space of Tyndall limestone divided into five bays by superimposed double arcades of lancet arches atop clustered columns on pedestals. These bays are subdivided in half by single-story pointed arches on dark green syenite pillars, above which sit clerestory windows of cusped lights segmented by Missisquoi Black marble posts, though only those on the east of the hall are windows, while the others are blind. Running the length of the hall and resting on corbels carved into early English foliage and other customary symbols, is a ribbed vault ceiling rising to bosses carved with Tudor roses and fleur-de-lis. The hall is bisected by small, vaulted corridors, the east one leading to a committee room, and the west to the old reading room; the latter is known as the Correspondents' Entrance, as it is lined with bosses and label stops sculpted by Cléophas Soucy between 1949 and 1950 into the visages of ten notable parliamentary correspondents: Charles Bishop, Henri Bourassa, John Wesley Dafoe, Joseph Howe, Grattan O'Leary, Frank Oliver, John Ross Robertson, Philip Dansken Ross, Joseph Israël Tarte, and Robert S. White.

The north end of the hall is crossed on both levels by the Centre Block's north corridor, with an overlooking gallery lined by iron railings by Paul Beau. The Hall of Honour was intended to be a gallery where statues of notable Canadians would be arranged in the niches along each side. That plan was later abandoned in favour of a more general purpose of commemorating the 1916 fire, as well as honouring those who participated in the Great War. The sculptures remain incomplete; only the north end, closest to the Library of Parliament, has completed carvings. The largest of these stone sculptures is a low relief memorial to nursing in Canada, depicting those care-givers who participated in World War I, while another work, Canada Remembers, pays tribute to those who were involved in the Second World War. Two other pieces mark the efforts of early nation-building, such as that donated by Canadians living in the United States and which celebrates the 60th anniversary of Confederation.

Senate chamber

In Centre Block's east wing is the Senate chamber, in which are the thrones for the Canadian monarch and his consort, or for the federal viceroy and his or her consort, and from which the sovereign or the governor general gives the Speech from the Throne and grants royal assent to bills passed by Parliament. The senators in the chamber who belong to the governing party sit to the speaker of the Senate's right and the opposition sit to the speaker's left.

The Senate chamber's overall colour is red, seen in the upholstery, carpeting, and draperies, and reflecting the colour scheme of the House of Lords in the United Kingdom; red was a more royal colour, associated with the Crown and hereditary peers. Capping the room is a gilt ceiling with deep octagonal coffers, each filled with heraldic symbols, including maple leaves, fleurs-de-lis, lions rampant, clàrsach, Welsh Dragons, and lions passant. This plane rests on six pairs and four single pilasters, each of which is capped by a caryatid, and between which are clerestory windows. Below the windows is a continuous architrave, broken only by baldachins at the base of each of the above pilasters.

On the chamber's east and west walls are eight murals depicting scenes from the First World War. Painted in between 1916 and 1920, they were originally part of the more than 1,000 piece Canadian War Memorials Fund, founded by the Lord Beaverbrook, and were intended to hang in a specific memorial structure. But the project was never completed and the works were stored at the National Gallery of Canada until, in 1921, parliament requested some of the collection's oil paintings on loan for display in the Centre Block. The murals have remained in the Senate chamber ever since.

Edgar Bundy's Landing of the First Canadian Division at Saint-Nazaire, 1915, depicts the first landing of Canadian troops in France, at Saint-Nazaire, led off the Novian by the pipe band of the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada and watched by officers, troops, and townspeople. Algernon Talmage painted A Mobile Veterinary Unit in France, showing a scene on the Cambrai front, where a Canadian Mobile Veterinary Unit is taking wounded horses to an evacuating station. Railway Construction in France was painted by Leonard Richmond to show the construction of a railway by the Canadian Overseas Railway Construction Corps in the deepest trench in France. James Kerr-Lawson was commissioned by the Canadian War Memorials Fund to create both Arras, the Dead City—which depicts the ruins of Arras Cathedral as they were in 1917 —and The Cloth Hall, Ypres, a painting of the destroyed, 600-year-old Cloth Hall in Ypres. Claire Atwood's On Leave documents (as battlefield scenes were thought inappropriate subject matter for female artists) the home front activities of the Canadian Expeditionary Force at a YMCA canteen in one of London's train stations as they await their train to the battlefront. The Watch on the Rhine (The Last Phase) was painted by Sir William Rothenstein to symbolically represent the defeat of Germany, with a British howitzer facing across the Rhine, and old and new Germany embodied in the ancient hills and factory chimney. And Sir George Clausen's Returning to the Reconquered Land was painted to illustrate agricultural land behind the front lines in France and shows people returning to their destroyed homes following the armistice.

Senate foyer
To the Senate's immediate south is that room's foyer, a double height space surrounded by a double layered colonnade, the inside ring of attached shaft columns rising to the ceiling and the outside ring of rose coloured limestone columns supporting a second floor gallery. Within the stonework are sculpted depictions of important figures in pre-Confederation Canada, as well as self-portraits of the sculptors who fashioned the stone. A number are dedicated as the Sovereigns' Arches, with corbels sculpted into depictions of Canada's monarchs; the latest addition being that of Queen Elizabeth II, unveiled on 9 December 2010. The entire ceiling is of a Tudor style stone tracery filled with stained glass depicting royal emblems, such as provincial coats of arms, as well as symbols of First Nations and the names of all the speakers of the Senate up until the ceiling's installation in 1920. Above the exterior entrance into the foyer is a stained glass window commemorating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. Designed by Christopher Goodman and Angela Zissoff of Kelowna, British Columbia, with input from the Speaker of the Senate, Noël A. Kinsella, and the Canadian Secretary to the Queen and Usher of the Black Rod, Kevin MacLeod, and approved by the Queen, the window shows Elizabeth and Queen Victoria with their respective royal cyphers and renditions of the Centre Block during the reign of each monarch. A gift to the monarch from the Senate, it was constructed over six weeks from 500 pieces of machine made and mouth-blown glass from France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States. The Queen unveiled a model at Rideau Hall on 30 June 2011 and, after the finished piece's installation, the window was dedicated by Governor General David Johnston on 7 February 2012.

The foyer walls bear portraits of Canada's past and present monarchs; those of Queen Elizabeth II and Queen Victoria are originals; the portrait of Queen Victoria by John Partridge has notably been rescued four times from fire, while others were added after the new Centre Block was built.

Commons chamber
The building's western wing contains the House of Commons chamber, along with its antechamber and lobbies for the government and opposition, on the east and west sides of the main commons space. The doors to all are of white oak trimmed with hand-wrought iron.

The chamber is 21 metres long, 16 metres wide, and has seats for 320 members of parliament and 580 persons in the upper gallery that runs around the room's second level. The overall colour scheme is in green—visible in the carpeting, bench upholstery, draperies, paint within the gilded honeycomb cork plaster work of the cove, and the stretched linen canvas over the ceiling—and is reflective of the colour used in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom since at least 1663. That canvas, sitting 14.7 m above the commons floor and designed in 1920 by the New York decorating firm Mack, Jenney and Tyler, is painted with the heraldic symbols of the Canadian, provincial, and territorial coats of arms, with medallions at the intersections of diagonal stencilled bands in an argyle pattern. Running below this, and above the cove, is a continuous gold leaf cornice created in 1919 by Ferdinand Anthony Leonard Cerracchio (1888–1964), which displays a row of gilt figures, broken at the peak of each pointed arch by cherubs holding a cartouche, and behind all of which runs a painted grapevine with Tudor roses. On the floor, the opposing members' benches are spaced 3.96 m apart on either side of the room, a measurement said to be equivalent to two swords' length, harkening back to when English members of parliament carried swords into the chamber. Directly between, directly opposite the main door, on the chamber's axis, is the speaker's chair, made in 1921 by the English firm of Harry Hems as an exact replica of that in the British House of Commons. It is topped by a carved wood canopy bearing a rendition of the royal coat of arms of Canada sculpted in wood from the roof of the Westminster Hall, which was built in 1397; the whole was a gift from the British branch of what is today the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. The chair has since been augmented with a hydraulic lift, lighting, writing surfaces, and, at the foot of the chair, a television screen and computer screen to aid the speaker in monitoring the process of the house. Behind the chair is a door that gives the speaker access to the speaker's corridor, which links the commons chamber to the speaker's chambers, and which is lined with portraits of past speakers of the House of Commons.

In the commons chamber's east and west walls are 12 windows topped by pointed arches with hood moulds terminated by pendant drops. The glazing within is stained glass, commissioned as a Centennial Project in 1967 by then Speaker of the House of Commons Lucien Lamoureux. Each window contains approximately 2,000 pieces of hand-blown glass—created in Ottawa by Russell C. Goodman using medieval techniques—arranged in a Decorated Gothic style pattern designed by R. Eleanor Milne. Divided into four sections by stone mullions, the upper parts contain geometrical tracery and provincial and territorial floral emblems amongst ferns; in the tracery at the head of the windows are symbols extracted from the coats of arms of the provinces and territories. As with other areas of the Centre Block, the commons walls are enriched with shafts, blind tracery, friezes, and a sculpture programme. The room was the last space in the building to be carved, with sculptural work only beginning in the late 1950s and continuing intermittently for the following two decades; approximately 225 blocks of varying sizes still remain uncarved. Amongst the work done are three series of stone works: The British North America Act, a set of 12 high reliefs on the east and west walls of the chamber, carved between 1978 and 1985, and illustrating through symbols and narrative themes associated with the federal and provincial responsibilities laid out in the British North America Act; Evolution of Life, a series of 14 sculptures within the spandrels of the pier-arches at the north and south ends of the House of Commons, depicting Canada's palaeontological past and the evolution of humanity through philosophy, science, and the imagination; and Speakers and Clerks, comprising four heads carved on the jambs of the two doors on either side of the Speaker's chair, depicting the speakers and clerks of the House of Commons at the time of the opening of both parliament buildings in 1867 and 1920, respectively.

With the closure of Centre Block for renovations in December 2018, the Commons chamber was relocated to nearby West Block.

Commons foyer
Directly south of the House of Commons is that room's foyer, a rectangular, two storey arcaded hall surrounded by clustered limestone piers and moulded arches that support an upper cloister lined with black marble posts. The foyer is approached from Confederation Hall by the South Corridor, which is lined with portraits of former prime ministers, as well as via an entrance hall that opens to the front of the Centre Block and which is separated from the foyer by a Rose Tavernelle marble balustrade. The floor of the commons foyer is of Missisquoi Boulder Grey marble with borders of Verde Antique serpentine.

The walls bear a series of 10 bas-relief panels showing 25,000 years of Canada's history and, directly above, is a stone tracery ceiling with soft green coloured glass infill manufactured by the N.T. Lyon Glass Company of Toronto. The ceiling's appearance is similar to that found in the Senate foyer, except here the borders are of oak leaves, pine cones, and acorns; the octagonal panels are filled with Tudor roses and fleur-de-lis; the monogram HC (for House of Commons) is placed in all the small oblong panels; and the oval panels bear symbols of the various government departments amid sprigs of maple leaves: a steam crane represents Public Works; a beaver and bees represent trade and industry; a lighthouse and ship represent the naval services and a military ship at sea represents the overseas military; letters, stamps, and caduceus represent the Postmaster General; fish and an anchor represent the fisheries; wheat and a sickle represent agriculture; pounds and dollars represent finance; a crowned globe represents the Geological Survey; a moose and crown represents the Ministry of the Interior; a helmet and weapons represent militia and defence; crates and 33⅓% represent customs; a steam locomotive represents the railway; a scale and sword represents justice; picks, shovels, and a saw represent mining and forestry; and a crown, mace, and the granting of Royal Assent represent parliament itself.

Railway Committee Room and Reading Room

The Railway Committee Room is situated to the east of and accessed from the Hall of Honour. It is a double height space done in a Beaux-Arts style, with a heavily coffered ceiling and, above a one story high, ashlar stone base, pilasters on the walls—all the aforementioned painted in a cream colour—between which are panels of moss green fabric, except where there are windows on the east wall. In it hangs a reproduction of Robert Harris' painting The Fathers of Confederation, as well as a rendition of the Canadian Royal Arms and the Will Longstaff painting The Ghosts of Vimy Ridge which commemorates the Battle of Vimy Ridge.

It is used by the official Opposition party for meetings, as well as by various committees. The current room dates from 1916 and replaced the same that existed in the 1866 Centre Block and was named for the 166 member Railway Committee that once met in it. That space also served as home to the Supreme Court of Canada from 1876 to 1889.

Directly across the Hall of Honour is the Reading Room, where the governing party's caucus meets. It is in a similar architectural style to the Railway Room, except between its pillasters are Art Nouveau murals.

Other spaces
On the Centre Block's east side, near the Senate foyer and used as a meeting room for senators, is the Salon de la Francophonie, dedicated to Canada's membership in the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. The space is in a Tudor Gothic Revival style, with oak panelling carved with tracery, exposed wood beams, and textured plaster, as well as bosses carved into flowers, human faces, and gargoyles. A limestone fireplace is flamked by reading nooks with half-vaulted canopies.

It was originally used as a smoking room until, in 1992, the Canadian wing of the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie proposed a commemoration of the country's place in la Francophonie. The following year, the Senate approved granting the room its present name. It is furnished with French emblems, such as fleurs-de-lis and portraits of French monarchs during the time of New France. There are also bronze busts of Samuel de Champlain and Senator Raoul Dandurand. The room is mirrored by the Commonwealth Room, the House of Commons' former smoking room.

History
On 7 May 1859, the Department of Public Works for the Province of Canada sent a call for architects to submit proposals for the new parliament buildings to be erected on Barrack Hill. After the 298 submitted entries were narrowed down to three, Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was approached to break the stalemate, and the winner was announced on 29 August 1859. The Centre Block, departmental buildings, and a new residence for the governor general were each awarded separately, and the team of Thomas Fuller and Chilion Jones, under the pseudonym of Semper Paratus (Always Ready), won the prize for the first category with their Victorian High Gothic scheme with a formal, symmetrical front facing a quadrangle, and a more rustic, picturesque back facing the escarpment overlooking the Ottawa River. The groundbreaking took place on 20 December 1859; however, workers soon hit bedrock, which, combined with a change to the design that saw the foundation moved to 17 feet deeper, meant costly blasting. Still, by 16 April of the following year, the first of the many coloured varieties of stone were laid – Nepean sandstone, red sandstone from Potsdam, New York, and a grey Ohio freestone. On 1 September 1860, Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) arrived in Ottawa as part of his wider royal tour of the province, and laid the cornerstone of the growing Centre Block, with a luncheon on the grounds for the workers and their families. The Ottawa Citizen said on 6 June of the upcoming event:

"[I]t will be the first occasion on which he will be publicly recognized as the Heir-Apparent and he will see in the demonstrations of the Canadians something of a political rather than of a personal and individual character[...] in after, when he occupies a more elevated position he will gratefully remember that his 'first appearance' as the representative of sovereign power and the warmth of feeling evinced towards him will make him more disposed to redress any grievances of the Canadians and more anxious to give his support to measures calculated to promote the prosperity of that country."

By 1866, the United Province of Canada's parliament (Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and Legislative Council of the Province of Canada) sat in its first and only session in the new building, by then dominated by the central Victoria Tower on the formal front, and with an articulated rear façade shaped along the curves of the adjacent cliff. The stonework contained carved mouldings, sculpted foliage, real and mythical animals, grotesques, and emblems of France, England, Ireland, and Scotland, spread across and over pointed windows in various groupings, turrets, towers, and finials, while the roof was of grey and green slate, topped with iron cresting painted china blue with gilt tips. Beautiful as the building was, the final tallies of the costs showed the original budget had been far surpassed, with the total price of the Centre Block being $1,373,633, at 1866 rates, when $1,093,500 had originally been allocated for the construction of the entire parliamentary precinct.

On 1 July 1867, the Dominion of Canada was formed, with Ottawa as the capital, and the houses of parliament the legislature, for a larger territory than for which they had originally been built; within four years, the Dominion stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. From 1906 to 1914, the Centre Block was expanded to suit the additional members of parliament and staff from the newly formed provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.

Great fire
A fire alarm was raised in the Centre Block on 3 February 1916, at 8:37 pm; something had been seen smouldering in a wastepaper basket in the Reading Room, but as that was not terribly unusual, a clerk was called to assist. However, by that point, the fire had progressed beyond control in the wood-panelled and paper-filled room. The House of Commons was in session that evening and was interrupted by the chief doorkeeper of the Commons calling for evacuation.

Some women in the gallery, unaware of the urgency, attempted to reclaim their fur coats from the coat check and perished. Others, meanwhile, formed a human chain to carry furniture, files, and artwork out of the burning structure; the portrait of Queen Victoria in the commons chamber was rescued from flames for the second time after the 1849 burning of the Parliament buildings in Montreal. Half an hour after the fire started came the first of five explosions, and, shortly after midnight, the large bell in the Victoria Tower crashed to the ground; it had tolled each hour until midnight, when, after ringing eleven times, it ceased to function. When the fire crews thought that the inferno had been quelled, flames emerged in the Senate chamber. Within twelve hours, the building was completely destroyed, except for the Library of Parliament, spared by the closing of its heavy metal doors. Bowman Brown Law was the only member of parliament who died in the fire. The Cabinet immediately moved to meet at the nearby Château Laurier hotel while parliament itself relocated to the Victoria Memorial Museum Building.

With the fire occurring during the First World War, rumours began to circulate a German arsonist had started the blaze, the Toronto Globe asserting that while the official cause of the fire was reported as a carelessly left cigar, "unofficial Ottawa, including many Members of Parliament, declare 'the Hun hath done this thing.'"

Rebuilding
Reconstruction of the Centre Block began immediately, with a team of architects led by John A. Pearson and Jean-Omer Marchand overseeing a design much like the original, but expanded in size and pared down in ornament, more in keeping with the Beaux-Arts ethos of the time. By 1 September 1916, less than seven months after the fire, the original cornerstone was relaid by the then governor general, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, exactly 56 years after his brother, the future King Edward VII, had done the same. The new building was to be constructed with a steel frame, and an interior predominantly finished in stone, as well as with a more logical layout and clear exiting strategy.

During the reconstruction, the House of Commons and Senate sat at the Victoria Memorial Museum Building.

On 26 January 1920, the first sitting of parliament in the new Centre Block was opened by Governor General the Duke of Devonshire. However, the ceremony was also exceptional for the fact that it took place in the House of Commons, rather than the Senate, as the latter had not yet been constructed. Similarly, the corridors and main chambers were still devoid of their decorative carvings, which would be completed over the ensuing fifty years, and it was not until Dominion Day of 1927 that the Peace Tower was dedicated by Governor General the Viscount Willingdon.

Recent history
On 18 May 1966, Paul Joseph Chartier killed himself as he left a Centre Block washroom by accidentally detonating the bomb he had been preparing to throw onto the floor of the House of Commons from the public galleries to, as he put it in his notes, "exterminate as many members as possible." The building's security was heightened; however, tests of this by journalism students that November proved the precautions had been little improved. Later, in 1989, Charles Yacoub hijacked a Greyhound Lines bus and drove it up onto Parliament Hill.

By the 1990s, it was deemed necessary for an upgrade to be made to the Centre Block's mechanical and electrical systems, which would necessitate a new plant for these amenities. To avoid disturbing the building's heritage façades and spaces, as well as erecting new structures within the parliamentary precinct, the two storey, 50 x square plant and new loading docks, called Centre Block Underground Services (CBUS), were constructed underground, seeing, in 1997, the removal of 25000 m3 of rock from under and near the Centre Block.

Several shooting incidents occurred on 22 October 2014 around Parliament Hill and in the Centre Block, primarily in the Hall of Honour. Michael Zehaf-Bibeau, after fatally shooting Corporal Nathan Cirillo, a soldier mounting the guard of honour at the National War Memorial, made his way to Parliament Hill and to the Centre Block. There, he engaged in a firefight with Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons Kevin Vickers and members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, which ended when he was killed by RCMP Constable Curtis Barrett. Future upgrades have led to extensive internal renovations, including both parliamentary chambers and associated areas. As this would cause a multi-year disruption, plans were made to enclose the East and West blocks' courtyards for use as temporary legislative chambers while the Centre Block is out of commission. These plans were later changed, and the Senate chamber has been housed in the former Union Station, currently the Government Conference Centre, since 2019. Commons has occupied the West Block as previously arranged, after it was renovated from 2011 to 2019.

Public access
About 355,000 visitors tour the Centre Block each year. Guided, free daily tours are conducted year-round by the Library of Parliament and include an opportunity to visit the Peace Tower. Visitors are able to "discover the history, functions and art of Canada’s Parliament", and curriculum-based tours are available to school groups. The federal Crown is constructing an underground welcome centre, expected to open in June 2017. As of December 2017, all excavation is complete, and exterior construction started in May 2017. Finishing the face and interior work will signal the end of the project. The completion date has been set to the Fall of 2018 or earlier. The first phase, the Visitor Welcome Centre opened in January of 2019. Construction is underway (as of October 2023) on the second phase of the project, the Parliament Welcome Centre, which will link the East, Centre, and West blocks into a single, interconnected complex. It is also expected to provide additional operating space for Parliament's activities.

title: Centre Block


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Atovaquone

Atovaquone, sold under the brand name Mepron, is an antimicrobial medication for the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP).

Atovaquone is a chemical compound that belongs to the class of naphthoquinones. Atovaquone is a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, an analog of both ubiquinone and lawsone.

Medical uses
Atovaquone is a medication used to treat or prevent:
 * For pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), it is used in mild cases, although it is not approved for treatment of severe cases.
 * For toxoplasmosis, the medication has antiparasitic and therapeutic effects.
 * For malaria, it is one of the two components (along with proguanil) in the drug Malarone. Malarone has fewer side effects and is more expensive than mefloquine. Resistance has been observed.
 * For babesia, it is often used in conjunction with oral azithromycin.

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX, Bactrim) is generally considered first-line therapy for PCP (not to be confused with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, which is first line for toxoplasmosis). However, atovaquone may be used in patients who cannot tolerate, or are allergic to, sulfonamide medications such as TMP-SMX. In addition, atovaquone has the advantage of not causing myelosuppression, which is an important issue in patients who have undergone bone marrow transplantation.

Atovaquone is given prophylactically to kidney transplant patients to prevent PCP in cases where Bactrim is contraindicated for the patient.

Malaria
Atovaquone, as a combination preparation with proguanil, has been commercially available from GlaxoSmithKline since 2000 as Malarone for the treatment and prevention of malaria.

COVID-19
Preliminary research found that atovaquone could inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Clinical trials of atovaquone for the treatment of COVID-19 are planned, and ongoing in United States in December 2021.

Atovaquone has also been found to inhibit human coronavirus OC43 and feline coronavirus in vitro.

In newer researches, atovaquone did not demonstrate evidence of enhanced SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance compared with placebo.

Veterinary use
Atovaquone is used in livestock veterinary cases of babesiosis in cattle, especially if imidocarb resistance is a concern.

title: Atovaquone


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/es

This is a list of articles in the Spanish wikipedia with at least 3 interwiki links, but no link to the English wikipedia. The list was created from the database dump taken on October 24, 2007. For many of these entries, it will suffice to add an appropriate wikilink at the Spanish page. For some, an English article has to be written from scratch. At the list's creation on November 6 2007, there were originally 10197 missing articles; as of July 31, 2012, there are 890 remaining — 91.3% completion.

Articles with 7 or more interwiki links are listed below, of which there are 31. Articles with fewer links are listed on the following subpages:

 * (first subpage has been moved here)
 * (second subpage has been moved here)
 * Articles with 6 links (41 left)
 * Articles with 5 links (103 left)
 * Articles with 4 links: 0-9,A-M (384 left)
 * Articles with 4 links: N-Z, foreign chars (258 left)

For featured articles in the Spanish language that do not exist here see Featured articles in other languages/Spanish

12

 * 1) es:Kun'yomi - ca:Kun'yomi - de:Kun-Lesung - fr:Kun'yomi - it:Kun'yomi - ja:訓読み - ko:훈독 - pl:Kun'yomi - pt:Kun'yomi - uk:Кунйомі - zh:訓讀 - zh-classical:訓讀 - Kun'yomi - now redirects to Kanji

10

 * 1) es:On'yomi - ca:On'yomi - de:On-Lesung - fr:On'yomi - it:On'yomi - ja:音読み - pl:On'yomi - pt:On'yomi - uk:Онйомі - zh:音讀 - On'yomi - now redirects to Kanji

9

 * 1) es:Agonía - cs:Agonie - da:Agoni - de:Agonie - pl:Agonia - pt:Agonia - ru:Агония - sk:Agónia - uk:Агонія - perhaps Agony (disambiguation page) or Death struggle - es-en translation
 * 2) *Perhaps Agony (disambiguation page) is best. While the Spanish article does begin by defining it as the pain before death it does go on to talk about agony more generally. Madeinsane (talk) 23:50, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

8

 * 1) es:Cosa (Derecho) - de:Sache (Recht) - et:Asi (õigusteadus) - fr:Bien (droit) - it:Bene (diritto) - ja:物 (法律) - lt:Daiktas - nl:Goederen en zaken - perhaps Good (law)?? - es-en translation
 * 2) es:Mieras - ca:Mieres - eu:Mieres (Girona) - fr:Mieres - it:Mieres (Girona) - lmo:Mieres - pt:Mieres - ty:Mieres - perhaps Mieras (Spanish) or Mieres, Girona (Catalan; our article Mieres is about the Asturian town)  - es-en translation
 * 3) es:NGC 1212 - eo:NGC 1212 - pl:NGC 1212 - pt:NGC 1212 - ru:NGC 1212 - sk:NGC 1212 - uk:NGC 1212 - zh:NGC 1212 - perhaps NGC 1212 - es-en translation
 * 4) es:NGC 1213 - eo:NGC 1213 - pl:NGC 1213 - pt:NGC 1213 - ru:NGC 1213 - sk:NGC 1213 - uk:NGC 1213 - zh:NGC 1213 - perhaps NGC 1213 - es-en translation

7

 * 1) es:Acto jurídico - fr:Acte juridique - it:Atto giuridico - lt:teisės aktas - pl:Akt normatywny - pt:Ato jurídico - ru:Нормативный правовой акт -It means "legally binding act". Legally binding redirects to contract - es-en translation
 * 2) es:Año Santo Jacobeo - de:Heiliges Compostelanisches Jahr - fr:Année Sainte Compostellane - gl:Xacobeo - it:Anno Giacobeo - pt:Jubileu Compostelano - tr:Aziz Yakup'un Yılı - perhaps Holy Compostellan Year, Xacobeo, Jacobean Year or Jubilee Year of Santiago - es-en translation
 * 3) es:Municipio Cabimas - ar:كابيماس - nl:Cabimas - nn:Cabimas - no:Cabimas - pl:cabimas - pt:Cabimas (município) - perhaps Cabimas Municipality (as linked in Cabimas) - es-en translation
 * 4) es:Münsterland - de:Münsterland - eo:Monastera Lando - he:מינסטרלנד - nds:Mönsterland - nl:Münsterland - tr:Münsterland - perhaps Münsterland (rd to Münster (region), distinct in these wiki) - es-en translation
 * 5) es:NGC 2420 - de:NGC 2420 - eo:NGC 2420 - pl:NGC 2420 - ru:NGC 2420 - sk:NGC 2420 - uk:NGC 2420 - perhaps NGC 2420 - es-en translation
 * 6) es:NGC 6652 - de:NGC 6652 - eo:NGC 6652 - pl:NGC 6652 - ru:NGC 6652 - sk:NGC 6652 - uk:NGC 6652 - perhaps NGC 6652 - es-en translation
 * 7) es:NGC 7265 - eo:NGC 7265 - pl:NGC 7265 - pt:NGC 7265 - ru:NGC 7265 - sk:NGC 7265 - uk:NGC 7265 - perhaps NGC 7265 - es-en translation
 * 8) es:Saus, Camallera y Llampaies - ca:Saus, Camallera i Llampaies - eu:Saus-Camallera-Llampaies - it:Saus, Camallera i Llampaies - lmo:Saus - pt:Saus, Camallera i Llampaies - ty:Saus - perhaps Saus, Camallera i Llampaies (probably should be redirected from Saus, Camallera y Llampaies too) - es-en translation
 * 9) es:Unified Link Layer API - ca:Unified Link Layer API - da:Ulla - de:Unified Link-Layer API - fi:Ulla - hu:Ulla - sv:Ulla - perhaps Unified Link Layer API - es-en translation

Suggestions for non-inclusion

 * 1) es:Anatoli Wassiljewitsch Iwanow - cs:Anatolij Vasiljevič Ivanov - de:Anatoli Wassiljewitsch Iwanow - hu:Anatolij Vasziljevics Ivanov - it:Anatolij Vasil'evič Ivanov - nl:Anatoli Ivanov - pl:Anatolij Iwanow - ru:Иванов, Анатолий Васильевич (музыкант) - sk:Anatolij Vasilievič Ivanov - perhaps Anatoli Wassiljewitsch Iwanow - es-en translation
 * Note: Articles for deletion/Anatoli Vassiljevitsch Ivanov This article appears to be multi-wiki spamming. Chubbles (talk) 06:40, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) es:HQ9+ - cs:HQ9+ - de:HQ9+ - it:HQ9+ - ja:HQ9+ - ko:HQ9+ - pl:HQ9+ - ru:HQ9+ - uk:HQ9+ - perhaps HQ9+ - es-en translation (deleted at Articles for deletion/HQ9+ (2nd nomination)
 * 2) es:Iperita (pintura) - af:Yperiet (skildery) - br:Iperit (livadur) - el:Υπερίτης (ζωγραφική) - fr:Ypérite (tableau) - it:Iprite (dipinto) - nl:Yperiet (schilderij) - pt:Iperita (pintura) - ro:Iperită (pictură) - perhaps Yperite (painting) (as linked in Jan_Theuninck page - es-en translation (deleted via prod for non-notability)
 * 3) es:Brontë - el:Αδελφές Μπροντέ - fr:Brontë - it:Brontë - nl:Brontë - pl:Brontë - sv:Brontë - perhaps Brontë (disambiguation) (seems redundant with our Brontë article discussing the family) - es-en translation
 * 4) es:Daniel Brandt - eo:Daniel Brandt - fr:Daniel Brandt - he:דניאל ברנדט - hu:Daniel Brandt - pl:Daniel Brandt - pt:Daniel Brandt - perhaps Daniel Brandt (both Spanish and English articles redirect to Public Information Research - es-en translation redirect deleted
 * 5) es:Pasífae (desambiguación) - fr:Pasiphaé (homonymie) - la:Pasiphaë - nds:Pasiphae - nl:Pasiphae - pl:Pazyfae - sv:Pasiphae - perhaps Pasiphaë (disambiguation) (It is a two-article disambiguation which in the English Wikipedia don't usually exist) - es-en translation


text:
Fjords (board game)

Fjords is a tile-based German-style board game designed by Franz-Benno Delonge and published in 2005 by Hans im Glück and Rio Grande Games. Unlike some other games in the genre, Fjords is strictly limited to two players. The game is played in two phases: exploration and expansion. In the first phase, the players draw random hexagonal tiles and place them on the game table in alternating sequence to form a map. Tile edges must consistently match with respect to terrain types (clear land, mountain, and water). On some of the tiles they place their four villages. In the second phase, they expand from their villages by placing tokens of their colour on the tiles. The player who succeeds in placing the most tokens (by cutting off the other player's access to tiles) wins the game.

Fjords was republished in 2022 by Grail Games. The new edition includes rules for 2-4 players, 5 new variants designed by Phil Walker-Harding, and art by Beth Sobel.

Reviews

 * Pyramid

title: Fjords (board game)


text:
Mepron

Mepron may refer to:
 * Mepron, a brand name of the medication atovaquone
 * Mepron (rumen-protected methionine), a trademarked source of methionine used in dairy cattle

title: Mepron


text:
Ardingly

Ardingly is an English village and civil parish in the Mid Sussex district of West Sussex, England. The village is in the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty about 33 mi south of London and 33 mi east-north-east of the county town of Chichester. The parish covers an area of 3974 acres. The 2011 Census recorded a population of 1,936 an increase from 1,833 in 2001.

Heritage
There is mention of a place Ertlyngeleghe, in 1396, which may refer to Ardingly.

St Peter's parish church, towards the western end of the village, dates from the 14th century.

Kew's wild botanic garden, Wakehurst (previously known as Wakehurst Place) is about 1.5 mi north of the village. Ardingly Reservoir is about 1 mi west of the village. The Big-Upon-Little rock formation is close to a footpath between Ardingly and West Hoathly.

Events
In June the South of England Show early in the month and the London to Brighton cycle event (usually held on Father's Day) attract visitors from a wide area. The South of England Showground hosts regular antiques fairs, some of which have featured on the BBC Television game show Bargain Hunt.

Every four years an international Scout camp is held on the showground, attended by about 3,000 Scouts and Girl Guides from West Sussex and other areas at home and abroad. The most recent event, WS 2017, was held on 5–12 August 2017. The next WS event, 2021 is being planned for 7–14 August 2021.

Schools
At the southern edge of the village is Ardingly College, an independent school. The village also has a Church of England primary school, St. Peters CE Primary, with about 120 pupils. Most of the children of secondary-school age attend Oathall Community College in Haywards Heath.

Public transport
Ardingly has a low-frequency bus service to the nearby towns of Haywards Heath and Crawley.

Ardingly railway station was opened 1 October 1864 by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway. The Southern Railway electrified the line in the 1930s but British Railways closed the line and station to passenger trains in 1963. The goods yard and connection to the main line remain open as an ARC Aggregates terminal. The nearby Bluebell Railway owns the former trackbed between Ardingly and Horsted Keynes and has a long-term aspiration to re-open the line.

Notable people

 * Frances Garnet Wolseley, 2nd Viscountess Wolseley, a celebrated horticulturist and gardening author, moved to Culpepers, Ardingly, in 1920 and died there in 1936.
 * Jon Snow, journalist and television presenter, was born in Ardingly in 1947.

title: Ardingly


text:
Franz-Benno Delonge

Franz-Benno Delonge (1957 – 2 September 2007) was a designer of German-style board games. He has been nominated for multiple best game awards, including Spiel des Jahres and International Gamers Awards. TransAmerica won the Mensa best mind game award for 2003. He died of cancer on 2 September 2007.

Early life
Delonge started boardgaming as a child, often spending extended periods of time with his grandmother and her sisters. These three widows enjoyed all kinds of card and board games, and the most popular card game in Bavaria was for four players. Although quite hard, they made sure he could play by the time he was eight.

Big City
Big City (published 1999) is a game with a modular board, each board section representing a neighbourhood of a new and growing city. Players draw cards representing development lots on those neighbourhoods, and then turn the cards in to build residences, offices, and other special buildings. If a building is larger than a single space, then multiple cards must be turned in, representing the adjacent lots. Some buildings have restrictions on where they can be placed, and points are scored based on the size and type of building, with bonuses for location, and the adjacent buildings. Players also have an opportunity to build a streetcar line, which also provides bonus points for buildings.

TransAmerica
TransAmerica (published 2001), was Delonge's greatest success, and also won a Mensa Best Mind Game award. Players have to build track to connect their five randomly and secretly assigned cities. Delonge attributed much of its success to the simplicity of the rules.

Fjords
Fjords (2005)

TransEuropa
TransEuropa (2005)

Other games

 * Hellas (2002)
 * Zahltag (2002)
 * Goldbräu (2004)
 * Dos Rios (2004)
 * Nah Dran! (2004)
 * Manila (2005)
 * Kunstmarkt (2006)
 * Zanzibar (2007)
 * Container (2007)

title: Franz-Benno Delonge


text:
Marit Bjørgen

Marit Bjørgen (born 21 March 1980) is a former Norwegian cross-country skier. She is ranked first in the all-time Cross-Country World Cup rankings with 114 individual victories. Bjørgen is also the most successful sprinter in Cross-Country World Cup history, with 29 victories. She headed the medal table at the 2010 Winter Olympics by winning five medals, including three gold. A five-time Olympian, her five Olympic medals at the 2018 Pyeongchang Games brought her total number of medals up to a record 15, the most by any athlete in Winter Olympics history.

On 6 April 2018, Bjørgen announced her retirement from cross-country skiing following the 2017–18 season. In May 2020, she announced that she would return to competition with long-distance cross-country ski squad Team Ragde Eiendom, with a focus on competing in Vasaloppet in March 2021.

On 28 April 2022, she announced the end of her career by also finishing her long-distance career.

World Cup
Marit Bjørgen initially excelled at the sprint events, and seven victories in that event was enough to give her second place overall in the 2003–04 FIS Cross-Country World Cup season. However, in the 2004–05 season, Bjørgen became an accomplished distance skier.

On 19 March 2006 in Sapporo, Japan, Bjørgen claimed her second FIS World Cup title. Bjørgen led the overall World Cup by 66 points, ahead of Canada's Beckie Scott going into the final race of the season, the 2 x 7.5 km double pursuit. Scott needed to win the race and for Bjørgen to finish no higher than eighth to claim the title. Scott did win the race but Bjørgen came fourth, winning the crystal globe with 1036 points to Scott's 1020. Bjørgen also won the sprint title for the season, 6 points ahead of Norway's Ella Gjømle, making the 2005–06 season the fourth season in a row that Bjørgen won the sprint title. Bjørgen finished the distance standings in fourth place, 108 points behind Russia's Julija Tchepalova.

Bjørgen made the podium eight times during the 2005–06 season, six of them in first place, one second and one third place. Bjørgen now has 70 podium finishes, 46 of them in first place, 13 in second and 11 in third. 22 of her victories have been in the sprint, which is by far her most successful event. Seven of these victories were in the 2003–04 season and they had decreased in the previous few seasons whilst her results in the other disciplines improved. She has nine victories in the 10 km and seven in the pursuit. Her four other victories have been in longer races (30 km. and Vasaloppet).

Bjørgen has competed in the World Cup since 2000, when she finished the season in 53rd place overall and 48th in the sprints. The season after, she finished the overall season in 32nd and the sprint in 36th. The following season (2002–03), she won the sprint title and finished in 6th place overall. The 2003–04 season was Bjørgen's best season up until that time when she again won the sprint title, and came 11th in the distance standings, finishing the season in 2nd place behind Gabriella Paruzzi. In the 2004–05 season she won all the titles, and again won the overall and sprint title in 2005–06. In 2011–12 she claimed the overall title for the third time, ahead of Poland's Justyna Kowalczyk.

In 2015 Bjørgen won her first Tour de Ski after nine attempts, defeating reigning champion and compatriot Therese Johaug by over one and a half minutes.

World Championships
Bjørgen has eighteen World Championship gold medals, twelve of them individual. Her first gold medal in the World Championships came in the individual sprint in Val di Fiemme in 2003, where she also picked up a silver in the 4 × 5 km. She took three medals in Oberstdorf in 2005 in the 30 km classical, team sprint, and 4 × 5 km. She also won a silver in the 7.5 km + 7.5 km double pursuit and a bronze in the 10 km free in the same games. At the 2007 championships in Sapporo, Bjørgen won two bronze medals in team sprint (with Astrid Jacobsen) and in the 4 × 5 km. In Holmenkollen 2011 she won the individual sprint, the pursuit, the 10 km classical, the 4 × 5 km, and a silver in the 30km. In the 2013 Val di Fiemme World Championships she won the individual sprint, the double pursuit, the 4 x 5 km, the 30 km, and a silver in the 10 km freestyle.

In the World Championships 2011, held at Holmenkollen, Oslo, during February and March 2011, Bjørgen won gold medals in the Sprint, the 10-kilometre classic, the 15-kilometre pursuit and the 4 × 5-kilometre relay. She also finished second to Therese Johaug in the 30-kilometre freestyle.

Olympics
Bjørgen had a disappointing Winter Olympics in Turin. She suffered from bronchitis a week before the games started and was prescribed antibiotics, then in the first race of the games, the 7.5 km + 7.5 km double pursuit, Bjørgen withdrew during the classic phase complaining of an upset stomach. In the next event, the team sprint, Bjørgen and Hilde G. Pedersen came fourth, and despite winning a silver in the 10 km, the remainder of the games went poorly for her. The next event was the 4 × 5 km relay, where Bjørgen took the anchor leg and finished in fifth place, the first time since 1988 that Norway had failed to reach the podium in the women's relay. In the individual sprint, Bjørgen failed to make the semi-finals, and both Bjørgen and Pedersen decided not to compete in the 30 km and returned home to Norway. Afterwards she was quoted as saying she was "sick and tired of Pragelato and OL (Olympic games)".

However Bjørgen recovered to win the 45 km Vasaloppet from Oxberg to Mora on 4 March, eight days after the end of the Winter Olympics. Bjørgen broke away with Hilde Pedersen and Vibeke Skofterud after only 10 km, but Skofterud could not keep up with the pace and fell back, and Bjørgen powered away from Pedersen with a few kilometres left, winning in a time of 2:17:53, 1:22 ahead of Pedersen and 3:23 ahead of Petra Majdič of Slovenia. Winning a purse of 88,000 SEK and also winning two of the three sprints during the race to add another 10,000 SEK. Then three days later on 7 March, Bjørgen finished second in the individual sprint event in Borlänge, Sweden.

In the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Bjørgen finished third in the 10 km freestyle event, before winning her first Olympic gold medal in the sprint. In the sprint she was up against a very strong field, consisting of Petra Majdič of Slovenia who had taken a serious fall earlier in the day during qualification, and Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland who was leading the overall World Cup standings coming into the race. Bjørgen won her second gold in the 2 × 7.5-kilometre on 19 February 2010. Bjørgen was also part of the 4 × 5 km relay team that won gold on 25 February 2010, finishing with enough time to cross the line with a large Norwegian flag given to her by a spectator near the finish, and jumping over the finish line. She closed out her trip in Vancouver by taking silver 0.3 seconds behind Poland's Justyna Kowalczyk in the women's 30 km event.

Bjørgen won gold at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi in the 15 km skiathlon, the Team sprint and the 30km freestyle race. These three Olympic medals brought her total up to ten, equaling the record for most Winter Olympic medals held by a woman, already achieved by Stefania Belmondo and Raisa Smetanina; but of the three record holders at the time, Bjørgen had the most golds.

Bjørgen is a five-time Olympian, having competed in every Winter Olympics since Salt Lake City in 2002 where she won her first silver medal. At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang she won her 11th–15th Olympic medals, the highest number of medals won by any athlete in Winter Olympics history.

Holmenkollen
Bjørgen won the women's 30 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 2005. She won the same event five years later in 2010. This was the first World Cup event to be held at Holmenkollen since the completion of the new ski jumping hill. For her win in both the 30 km and the sprint event, along with her successes at the 2010 Games in Vancouver, Bjørgen was awarded the Holmenkollen medal. On 11 March 2018, Bjørgen won a record seventh 30 km in Holmenkollen.

International Fair Play Mecenate Award
Bjørgen was awarded the International Fair Play Mecenate award for 2014. The jury of the Fair Play Mecenate consists of members from all continents and represents the international sports media and various international sports organisations. The jury states that the Fair Play Mecenate is awarded Marit Bjørgen "for the particular ethical and fair play behaviour that you have always had both in your agonistic career and in your demonstrations of great sportsmanship and solidarity".

Asthma medications
In the 2009–2010 season Bjørgen had a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) issued by the International Ski Federation (FIS) for the asthma medication Symbicort which contained substances on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list. Bjørgen continued to use the medication over the 2010 Olympics and was strongly criticized by Justyna Kowalczyk who accused her of doping. athletes no longer need a TUE for Symbicort, and the drug can be used by any athlete but only in a restricted dose.

Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

Olympic Games

 * 15 medals – (8 gold, 4 silver, 3 bronze)

World Championships

 * 26 medals – (18 gold, 5 silver, 3 bronze)

 * a. Cancelled due to extremely cold weather.

Season titles

 * 12 titles – (4 overall, 3 distance, 5 sprint)

Individual podiums

 * 114 victories – (84 WC, 30 SWC)
 * 184 podiums – (126 WC, 58 SWC)

Team podiums

 * 30 victories – (20 RL, 10 TS)
 * 37 podiums – (27 RL, 10 TS)

Personal life
Bjørgen lives with her partner Fred Børre Lundberg, a former Olympic champion in Nordic combined, in Holmenkollen, Oslo. In 2015, Bjørgen announced that she was pregnant and would not compete in the coming season, aiming for a return in the 2017 season. Her first son was born on 26 December 2015. After having retired at the end of the 2018 season she gave birth to a second son in March 2019.

title: Marit Bjørgen


text:
Task Force (film)

Task Force is a 1949 American war film filmed in black-and-white with some Technicolor sequences about the development of U.S. aircraft carriers from USS Langley (CV-1) to USS Franklin (CV-13). Although Robert Montgomery was originally considered for the leading role, the film stars Gary Cooper, Jane Wyatt, Walter Brennan, Wayne Morris, Julie London and Jack Holt. Task Force was the only film Gary Cooper and Jane Wyatt made together, and was the last of the eight films Cooper and Walter Brennan made together. The U.S. Navy provided complete support in not only lending naval vessels and facilities, but also allowed the use of archival footage of the development of naval air power.

Plot
As a 1917 graduate of the Naval Academy, Naval Aviator Jonathan L. "Scotty" Scott (Gary Cooper) spends 28 years, from 1921 to 1949, promoting U.S. naval aviation and the power of the aircraft carrier. During that period, he antagonizes powerful people in the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Congress, and marries Mary Morgan (Jane Wyatt), the widow of a fellow flier who died in a crash during a carrier takeoff aboard USS Langley (CV-1). Throughout, Scott has the help and friendship of his mentor and superior officer, Pete Richard (Walter Brennan).

The Scotts spend two years in Hawaii and then move to Annapolis, where Scott, now a lieutenant commander, is to teach naval aviation but his outspoken stand in favor of aircraft carriers in combat causes him to lose a promotion. After Japan invades Manchuria, Scott is offered a civilian sales position selling aircraft in Europe, but remains in the Navy.

After Pearl Harbor is attacked by the Japanese, Scott's ship, USS Enterprise (CV-6), is heavily involved in action at the Battle of Midway. Scott later travels to Washington D.C. to plead for more carriers and eventually a carrier fleet is produced. During the Battle of Okinawa, the fleet, with Scott as the captain of the carrier USS Franklin (CV-13), proves its worth. When his carrier flight deck is badly damaged by Japanese torpedo aircraft, the ship is forced to withdraw to the U.S. for repairs and the war ends when they arrive in at the Navy Yard in New York City. Four years after the end of the war, Scott, as a rear admiral, retires and joins Mary, who is waiting for him on the dock.

While much of the archive footage used for the ship commanded by Scott was of the USS Franklin, the actual situation more closely resembles the attacks on USS Bunker Hill. Especially as in real life, Franklin had already been knocked out of the war before the invasion of Okinawa began.

Cast
As appearing in Task Force, (main roles and screen credits identified):

 * Gary Cooper as Jonathan L. Scott
 * Jane Wyatt as Mary Morgan
 * Wayne Morris as McKinney
 * Walter Brennan as Pete Richard
 * Julie London as Barbara McKinney
 * Bruce Bennett as Rear Admiral C. Wade McClusky
 * Jack Holt as Admiral Joseph M. Reeves
 * Stanley Ridges as Senator Bentley
 * John Ridgely as Dixie Rankin
 * Richard Rober as Jack Southern
 * Art Baker as Senator Vincent
 * Moroni Olsen as Admiral Ames
 * Ray Montgomery as Pilot
 * Harlan Warde as Timmy Kissell

Uncredited cast

 * Gregg Barton as Pilot
 * Edmond O'Brien as Radio announcer
 * Mary Lawrence as Ruth Rankin

Production
In 1948, Warner Bros. obtained archival U.S. Navy footage documenting the rise of naval aviation as well as Technicolor footage filmed during the war in the Pacific, including the Battle of Midway, the Japanese attack on USS Yorktown (CV-5) and a kamikaze attack on USS Franklin. Encouraged by the offer of support from the U.S. Navy, when the production received permission to proceed with a film, a decision was made to shoot the first segments in black-and-white to merge into the original footage of the USS Langley (CV-1), the first American aircraft carrier, and USS Saratoga (CV-3). Principal photography began in late 1948 on the escort carrier, USS Bairoko (CVE-115) to replicate USS Langley, as well as Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego. The U.S. Navy provided access to naval facilities with costs amounting to as much as $24,000 a day ($ today) being incurred when an admiral's barge and jet fighters were commandeered. Additional work took place at the Burbank studios to cover interiors and process shots. Production finally wrapped on January 5, 1949.

Near the end of the film, the film changes from black and white to Technicolor in order to unobtrusively use actual combat film shot in color. The change comes just after a scene showing a contentious meeting in Washington D.C. in which Brennan and Cooper argue with a senator who wants to stop building carriers. After some aerial shots of a task force at sea and an aircraft landing on a carrier, still in black-and-white, a shot of a sailor in combat gear silhouetted against the sky is in color, but filtered to make it sepia, a technique similar to that used on the transitional shot of Dorothy opening the door of her house to reveal Munchkinland in The Wizard of Oz. This is followed by Cooper at night walking the deck of his first command, still in sepia, and aircraft taking off at night. The next shot, of a naval task force with air cover, is in full color.

Complications set in during the filming of Task Force as consecutively, four separate crews were at work with the resultant task of merging all of the live action and archival footage. One of the near disasters involved a delivery truck that caught on fire with its load of cut and stock film along with daily rushes, personal baggage and makeup destroyed. More serious was a series of accidents involving the star, who had already expressed reservation both about the script and his perceived inadequacies as an actor. In December 1948, Cooper was on a navy barge that broke down in fog, and began to take on water, almost foundering on the rocks in Long Beach harbor before he was rescued by a navy ship. Cooper was subsequently hospitalized with a high fever. He was nearly seriously injured on another occasion. During gunnery practice, when Cooper was on USS Antietam (CV-36), an unmanned target aircraft was hit and caught fire, heading for the crowded deck where all of the actors and crew were standing before skimming overhead, and crashing in the ocean. Wayne Morris who portrayed Lt. McKinney was the only actual carrier pilot in the cast and served on the USS Essex, becoming an "Ace" by shooting down 7 Japanese planes and assisting in the sinking of 5 Japanese ships.

Historical accuracy
During the Battle of Midway scene, the "Japanese carrier" blowing up is actually HMS Barham (04) exploding after being torpedoed by GERMAN SUBMARINE U-331.

When Cooper and Brennan attend the mid-1920s reception in Washington, D.C., the Chief of Naval Operations is called "Admiral Ames" (Moroni Olsen); the real CNO was Admiral Edward Walter Eberle. The movie CNO is clean shaven, Eberle had a full beard. Seen listening to Scott (Gary Cooper) tell Sen. Bentley (Stanley Ridges) about the use of aircraft carriers over battleships in future naval warfare and that Japan is a threat to the United States, the real Japanese naval attaché who would have heard that conversation was Captain Isoroku Yamamoto. Later, Admiral Yamamoto would be the architect of the attack on Pearl Harbor.

While Cooper's character Scott is shown as captain of the carrier USS Franklin (CV-13) at the Battle of Okinawa, the ship was actually commanded by Captain Leslie E. Gehres.

Aircraft used in the film
Paul Mantz did much of the flying in the early aerial sequences.
 * Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
 * Boeing Model 100 standing in for a Curtiss F8C-2 Helldiver
 * Curtiss F8C-2 Helldiver
 * Curtiss P-36 Hawk standing in for a Mitsubishi A6M Zero
 * Douglas SBD Dauntless
 * Douglas TBD Devastator
 * Grumman F4F Wildcat
 * Grumman F6F Hellcat
 * Grumman F9F Panther
 * Grumman TBM Avenger
 * Kawanishi H8K
 * Mitsubishi A6M Zero
 * Nakajima B6N
 * Orenco Model F standing in for a Vought VE-7
 * Vought SB2U Vindicator
 * Vought VE-7

In popular culture
In the film, White Heat, when Arthur "Cody" Jarrett played by James Cagney is chased by federal investigators, to lose them, he drives the car into San-Val Drive In, where Task Force is showing. Later in the movie, when Cody's mother is interrogated by the cops, she says that she was with Verna (Virginia Mayo) watching the film and that it was "exciting."

Box office
Special premieres were screened on USS Midway (CV-41) at sail in the Atlantic and USS Valley Forge (CV-45) in the Pacific. When released years after the end of World War II, Task Force was inevitably compared to wartime features and documentaries that chronicled the efforts of the U.S. Navy. Audiences on a whole, received the film enthusiastically, making it one of the "largest grossing pictures" of the postwar era.

According to Warner Bros records, the film earned $2,481,000 domestically and $1,590,000 foreign.

Critical reaction
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times noted that when the film concentrates on "real carrier activity out at sea and the actual aspects of recent warfare, it springs into vivid, thrilling life." Playing on the propaganda-like message of Task Force, Radio Moscow decried it, "a film which glorifies war, and calls for the militarization of the country's whole life."

title: Task Force (film)


text:
CV6

CV6 may refer to:

 * CV6, a postal district in the CV postcode area, UK
 * USS Enterprise (CV-6), a former US aircraft carrier

title: CV6


text:
Talk:Earth/rewrite

Earth, also known as the Earth, Terra, and (mostly in the 19th century) Tellus, is the third-closest planet to the Sun. It is the largest of the solar system's terrestrial planets, and the only planetary body that modern science confirms as harboring life. The planet formed around 4.57 billion (4.57×109) years ago, and shortly thereafter (4.533 billion years ago) acquired its single natural satellite, the Moon.

Its astronomical symbol consists of a circled cross, representing a meridian and the equator; a variant puts the cross atop the circle (Unicode: ⊕ or ♁). Besides words derived from Terra, such as terrestrial, terms that refer to the Earth include tellur- (telluric, tellurian, from the Roman goddess Tellus) and geo- (geocentric, geothermal (from the Greek goddess Gaia).

Shape and structure
The Earth's shape is that of an oblate spheroid, with an average diameter of approximately 12,742 km. The rotation of the Earth causes the equator to bulge out slightly so that the equatorial diameter is 43 km larger than the pole to pole diameter. The largest local deviations in the rocky surface of the Earth are Mount Everest (8,850 m above local sea level) and the Mariana Trench (10,911 m below local sea level). Hence compared to a perfect ellipsoid, the Earth has a tolerance of about one part in about 584, or 0.17%. For perspective, this is less than the 0.22% tolerance allowed in pool balls. Due to the bulge, the feature farthest from the center of the Earth is actually Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador. The mass of the Earth is approximately 5,980 yottagrams (5.98 x 1024 kg).

Calculated by mass, the Earth is mainly composed by iron (34.1%), oxygen (28.2%), and silicon (17.2%). There are also large amounts of nickel (1.6%), calcium (1.5%), aluminium (1.5%), sulfur (0.7%), sodium (0.25%), titanium (0.071%), and potassium (0.019%). Other elements make up only 0.53% combined.

The interior of the Earth, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is chemically divided into an outer siliceous solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. The liquid outer core gives rise to a weak magnetic field due to the convection of its electrically conductive material.

Earth's composition (by depth below surface):
 * 0 to 60 km - Lithosphere (locally varies 5-200 km)
 * 0 to 35 km - Crust (locally varies 5-70 km)
 * 35 to 60 km - Uppermost part of mantle
 * 35 to 2890 km - Mantle
 * 100 to 700 km - Asthenosphere
 * 2890 to 5100 km - Outer core
 * 5100 to 6378 km - Inner core

The interior of the Earth reaches temperatures of 5650 +/- 600 kelvins. The planet's internal heat was originally generated during its accretion (see gravitational binding energy), and since then additional heat has continued to be generated by the decay of radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium. The heat flow from the interior to the surface is only 1/20,000 as great as the energy received from the Sun.

Core
The average density of the Earth is 5515 kg/m3, making it the densest planet in the Solar system. Since the average density of surface material is only around 3000 kg/m3, we must conclude that denser materials exist within the core of the Earth. In its earliest stages, about 4.5 billion (4.5×109) years ago, melting would have caused denser substances to sink toward the center in a process called planetary differentiation, while less-dense materials would have migrated to the crust. As a result, the core is largely composed of iron (80%), along with nickel and one or more light elements, whereas other dense elements, such as lead and uranium, either are too rare to be significant or tend to bind to lighter elements and thus remain in the crust (see felsic materials).

The core is divided into two parts, a solid inner core with a radius of ~1250 km and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ~3500 km. The inner core is generally believed to be solid and composed primarily of iron and some nickel. Some have argued that the inner core may be in the form of a single iron crystal. The outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed to be composed of liquid iron mixed with liquid nickel and trace amounts of lighter elements. It is generally believed that convection in the outer core, combined with stirring caused by the Earth's rotation (see: Coriolis effect), gives rise to the Earth's magnetic field through a process described by the dynamo theory. The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field (see Curie temperature) but probably acts to stabilise the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core. Recent evidence suggests that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet.

Mantle
Earth's mantle extends to a depth of 2890 km. The pressure, at the bottom of the mantle, is ~140 GPa (1.4 Matm). It is largely composed of substances rich in iron and magnesium. The melting point of a substance depends on the pressure it is under. As there is intense and increasing pressure as one travels deeper into the mantle, the lower part of this region is thought solid while the upper mantle is plastic (semi-molten). The viscosity of the upper mantle ranges between 1021 and 1024 Pa·s, depending on depth. Thus, the upper mantle can only flow very slowly.

Why is the inner core thought solid, the outer core thought liquid, and the mantle solid/plastic? The melting points of iron-rich substances are higher than that of pure iron. The core is composed almost entirely of pure iron, whereas iron-rich substances are more common outside the core. So, surface iron-substances are solid, upper mantle iron-substances are semi-molten (as it is hot and they are under relatively little pressure), lower mantle iron-substances are solid (as they are under tremendous pressure), outer core pure iron is liquid as it has a very low melting point (despite enormous pressure), and the inner core is solid due to the overwhelming pressure found at the center of the planet.

Crust
The crust ranges from 5 to 70 km in depth. The thin parts are oceanic crust composed of dense (mafic) iron magnesium silicate rocks and underlie the ocean basins. The thicker crust is continental crust, which is less dense and composed of (felsic) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks. The crust-mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events. First, there is a discontinuity in the seismic velocity, which is known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho. The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar (above) to rocks that contain no feldspars (below). Second, there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites, which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted into the continental crust and preseved as ophiolite sequences.

Orbit and rotation
Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2564 mean solar days (1 sidereal year). From Earth this gives an apparent movement of the Sun with respect to the stars at a rate of ca. 1 °/day, i.e. a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours eastward. The orbital speed of the Earth averages about 30 km/s, which is enough to cover one Earth diameter (~12,700 km) in 7 minutes, and one distance to the Moon (384,000 km) in 4 hours.

It takes Earth 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds (1 sidereal day) to rotate around the axis connecting the north pole and the south pole. Thus from Earth the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in the sky (except meteors which are within the atmosphere and low orbiting satellites) is the movement to the west at a rate of 15 °/h = 15'/min, i.e. a Sun or Moon diameter every two minutes. Viewed from Earth's north pole, the motion of Earth, its moon and their axial rotations are all counterclockwise.

The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's axis is tilted some 23.5 degrees against the Earth-Sun plane (which causes the seasons), and the Earth-Moon plane is tilted about 5 degrees against the Earth-Sun plane (otherwise there would be an eclipse every month).

In an inertial reference frame, the Earth's axis undergoes a slow precessional motion with a period of some 25,800 years, as well as a nutation with a main period of 18.6 years. These motions are caused by the differential attraction of Sun and Moon on the equatorial bulge due to the Earth's oblateness. In a reference frame attached to the solid body of the Earth, its rotation is also slightly irregular due to polar motion. The polar motion is quasi-periodic, containing an annual component and a component with a 14 month period called the Chandler wobble. Also the rotational velocity varies, a phenomenon known as length of day variation.

The Hill sphere (sphere of gravitational influence) of the Earth is about 1.5 Gm (930 thousand miles) in radius, within which one natural satellite (the Moon) comfortably orbits. Earth has at least one known co-orbital asteroid, 3753 Cruithne.

Moon
Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon. The Moon is a relatively large terrestrial planet-like satellite, about one quarter of Earth's diameter. The Moon's origin is unknown, but one popular hypothesis, the giant impact theory, states that it was formed from the collision of a Mars-sized protoplanet with the early Earth. Among other things, this hypothesis explains the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements.

The Moon orbits around Earth every 27 1/3 days. Thus from Earth this gives an apparent movement of the Moon with respect to the Sun and the stars at a rate of roughly 12 °/day, i.e. a Moon diameter every hour eastward. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and Moon cause the tides on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit the Earth. As a result it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the lunar phases: the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator. The Moon is just far enough away to have, when seen from Earth, very nearly the same apparent angular size as the Sun (the Sun is 400 times larger, but the Moon is 400 times closer). This allows total eclipses as well as annular eclipses to occur on Earth.

The Moon may enable life by moderating the weather. Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilised by tidal interactions with the Moon. Without this stabilization against the torques applied by the Sun and planets to the Earth's equatorial bulge, some theorists believe that the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, as it appears to be with Mars. If Earth's axis of rotation were to approach the plane of the ecliptic, extremely severe weather could result as this would make seaonal differences extreme. One pole would be pointed directly toward the Sun during summer and directly away during winter. Planetary scientists who have studied the effect claim that this might kill all large animal and higher plant life. This remains a controversial subject, however, and further studies of Mars —which shares Earth's rotation period and axial tilt, but not its large moon or liquid core— may provide additional information.

Atmosphere
Earth has a relatively thick atmosphere composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon, plus traces of other gases including carbon dioxide and water vapor. The atmosphere acts as a buffer between Earth and the Sun. The Earth's atmospheric composition is unstable and is maintained by the biosphere. Namely, the large amount of free diatomic oxygen is maintained through solar energy by the Earth's plants, and without the plants supplying it, the oxygen in the atmosphere will over geological timescales combine with material from the surface of the Earth. Free oxygen in the atmosphere is a signature of life.

The layers, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and the exosphere, vary around the globe and in response to seasonal changes.

The total mass of the atmosphere is about 5.1 × 1018 kg, ca. 0.9 ppm of the Earth's total mass.

Hydrosphere

Earth is the only planet in the Solar System whose surface has liquid water. Water covers 71% of Earth's surface (97% of it being sea water and 3% fresh water ) and divides it into five oceans and seven continents. Earth's solar orbit, vulcanism, gravity, greenhouse effect, magnetic field and oxygen-rich atmosphere seem to combine to make Earth a water planet.

Earth is actually beyond the outer edge of the orbits which would be warm enough to form liquid water. Without some form of a greenhouse effect, Earth's water would freeze. Paleontological evidence indicates that at one point after blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria) had colonized the oceans, the greenhouse effect failed, and Earth's oceans may have completely frozen over for 10 to 100 million years in a snowball Earth event.

On other planets, such as Venus, gaseous water is destroyed (cracked) by solar ultraviolet radiation, and the hydrogen is ionized and blown away by the solar wind. This effect is slow, but inexorable. This is one hypothesis explaining why Venus has no water. Without hydrogen, the oxygen interacts with the surface and is bound up in solid minerals.

In the Earth's atmosphere, a tenuous layer of ozone within the stratosphere absorbs most of this energetic ultraviolet radiation high in the atmosphere, reducing the cracking effect. The ozone, too, can only be produced in an atmosphere with a large amount of free diatomic oxygen, and so also is dependent on the biosphere (plants). The magnetosphere also shields the ionosphere from direct scouring by the solar wind.

Finally, vulcanism continuously emits water vapor from the interior. Earth's plate tectonics recycle carbon and water as limestone rocks are subducted into the mantle and volcanically released as gaseous carbon dioxide and steam. It is estimated that the minerals in the mantle may contain as much as 10 times the water as in all of the current oceans, though most of this trapped water will never be released.

The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 1021 kg, ca. 0.023 % of the Earth's total mass.

Biosphere
Earth is the only place where life is known to exist. The planet's lifeforms are sometimes said to form a "biosphere". This biosphere is generally believed to have begun evolving about 3.5 billion (3.5×109) years ago. The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes, inhabited by broadly similar flora and fauna. On land, biomes are separated primarily by latitude. Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles are relatively barren of plant and animal life, while most of the more populous biomes lie near the equator.

Human geography
On 25 February 2005 the United Nations Population Division issued revised estimates and projected that the world's population will reach 7 billion by 2013 and swell to 9.1 billion in 2050. Most of the growth is expected to take place in developing nations.

Nearly all humans currently reside on Earth: 6,411,000,000 inhabitants (January 5 2005 est.)

Two humans are presently in orbit around Earth on board the International Space Station. The station crew is replaced with new personnel every six months. During the exchange there are more, and sometimes others are also traveling briefly above the atmosphere.

In total, about 400 people have been outside Earth (in space) as of 2004.

See also space colonization.

The northernmost settlement in the world is Alert, Ellesmere Island, Canada. The southernmost is the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, in Antarctica, almost exactly at the South Pole.

There are 267 administrative divisions, including nations, dependent areas, other, and miscellaneous entries. Earth does not have a sovereign government with planet-wide authority. Independent sovereign nations claim all of the land surface except Antarctica. There is a worldwide general international organization, the United Nations. The United Nations is primarily an international discussion forum with only limited ability to pass and enforce laws.

Descriptions of Earth
Earth has often been personified as a deity, in particular a goddess (see Gaia and Mother Earth). The Chinese earth goddess Hu-Tu, is similar to Gaia, the deification of the earth. The patroness of fertility, her element is earth. In Norse mythology, the earth goddess Jord was the mother of Thor and the daughter of Annar.

Since Earth is rather large, it is not immediately obvious to the naked eye viewing from the surface that it is an oblate spheroid, bulging slightly at the equator and slightly flattened at the poles. In the past there were varying levels of belief in a flat Earth because of this. Prior to the introduction of space flight, this belief was countered with deductions based on observations of the secondary effects of the earth's shape and parallels drawn with the shape of other planets. Cartography, the study and practice of mapmaking, and vicariously geography, have historically been the disciplines devoted to depicting the earth. Surveying, the determination of locations and distances, and to a somewhat lesser extent navigation, the determination of position and direction, have developed alongside cartography and geography, providing and suitably quantifying the requsite information.

The technological developments of the latter half of the 20th century are widely considered to have altered the public's perception of the Earth. A photo taken of Earth by Voyager 1 inspired Carl Sagan to describe the planet as a "Pale Blue Dot". Earth has also been described as a massive spaceship, with a life support system that requires maintenance. See Spaceship Earth.

For descriptions of the Earth in (science) fiction, see Earth in fiction.

title: Talk:Earth/rewrite


text:
Talk:MACRO-11

DEC not only wrote the CP/M operating system for 8080-based micro-computers, but also produced the MAC macro assembler language. This language was almost exactly similar to the DEC Macro-11 language, apart from the actual CPU instruction set. I know, because my first programming job was on the PDP-11/70, and I tested all my macros on my CP/M machine at home before trying them at work so I wouldn't cause system crashes! — Bobp0303 13:28, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

I cleaned up the text, fixed some of the links, and made this a stub rather than a "needs cleanup" article. I also removed the paragraph about CP/M and Project MAC, which I think are actually incorrect: CP/M was a product of Digital Research, not DEC; and Project MAC was an MIT AI project, not related as far as I know to DEC's "macro" assembly languages. If I am wrong, please post sources documenting it! Tim Pierce 18:25, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

RSX Original docs at the bitsavers
All RSX11 Documentation (not only MACRO-11) is located on

http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/rsx11/RSX11M_V2/DEC-11-OIMRA-A-D_MACRO_75.pdf

Problem in the hello world example
The hello world example produces errors when I try to assemble it under "RT-11SJ (S)V03B-00G" on my PDP-11/34; perhaps this is too early a version of MACRO11? Works in the simulated V04.00C from simh: 00000 173400 165212 165212 @DK RT-11SJ (S)V03B-00G

.COPY TT: HELLO.MAC Files copied: ^       .TITLE  HELLO WORLD .MCALL .TTYOUT,.EXIT HELLO:: MOV    #MSG,R1  ;STARTING ADDRESS OF STRING 1$:    MOVB    (R1)+,R0 ;FETCH NEXT CHARACTER BEQ    DONE     ;IF ZERO, EXIT LOOP .TTYOUT         ;OTHERWISE PRINT IT        BR      1$       ;REPEAT LOOP DONE:  .EXIT MSG:   .ASCIZ /HELLO, WORLD!/ .END   HELLO ^ZTT: to DK:HELLO.MAC

.MACRO HELLO.MAC U    2                                         .MCALL  .TTYOUT,.EXIT O    6 000010                                  .TTYOUT          ;OTHERWISE PRINT IT O     8 000012                          DONE:   .EXIT ERRORS DETECTED: 3

. -- Autopilot (talk) 03:51, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:MACRO-11