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Tigers Militia

The Tigers militia (نمور الأحرار, transliterated: Numur al-Ahrar), also known as NLP Tigers, Tigers of the Liberals (نمور الليبراليين, transliterated: Numur al-Liybiraliyyn) or PNL "Lionceaux" in French, was the military wing of the National Liberal Party (NLP) during the Lebanese Civil War between 1975 and 1990.

Origins
The NLP militia was first raised in October 1968 by the za'im (political boss) and former President of Lebanon Camille Chamoun at his own home town of Es-Sa'adiyat, originally under the title Brigade of the Lebanese Tigers – BLT (كتيبة النمور اللبنانية | Katibat al-Numur al-Lubnaniyya), allegedly taken from his middle name, Nimr – meaning "Tiger" in Arabic. Initially just 500 men strong, the BLT was organized, trained, and led by the "defence secretary" of the NLP, Naim Berdkan; after his death in action in January 1976, he was succeeded by Dany Chamoun, Camille Chamoun's younger son.

Initially allocated in the NLP party offices' at Sodeco Square in the Nasra (Nazareth) neighbourhood of the Achrafieh quarter in Beirut, the Tigers' military HQ was relocated in 1978 to Safra, a boat marina and tourist beach resort located 25 km north of the Lebanese capital in the Keserwan District, where it remained until the militia's dissolution.

Structure and organization
Under the command of Dany Chamoun, the Tigers had become by 1978 the second largest force in the Christian Lebanese Front, and although the Chamouns never achieved with their own militia the same level of organizational efficiency displayed by the rival Phalange' Kataeb Regulatory Forces militia, they were nonetheless capable of aligning 3,500 men and women, though other sources list a total of 4,000, which included civilian recruits and deserters from the Lebanese Army. However, some unconfirmed sources advance an even higher number, about 15,000. Their 500 full-time fighters and 3,000 part-time reservists were organized into armoured, 'commando', infantry, artillery, signals, medical, logistics and military police branches. The Tigers' own chain of command was predominantly Maronite, though the rank-and-file were drawn from the 150,000 Maronite, Greek-Orthodox, Druze and Shi'ite militants of the NLP and trained in-country at clandestine facilities; first set up by the NLP in 1966 these training centres were located at Naas in the Matn District, Es-Saadiyat in the Iqlim al-Kharrub coastal enclave south of Beirut and at Adma in the northern mountainous Keserwan District.

NLP militia units operated mainly in East Beirut, the Byblos, Matn and Keserwan Districts and Tripoli, but also had a presence at Zahlé in the Beqaa Valley, at the south in the Iqlim al-Kharrub, the Aley District and the Jabal Amel, where their local militants – after merging with other Christian, Shia Muslim and Druze militias – played a key part in the formation on 21 October 1976 of the Israeli-backed informal "Army for the Defense of South Lebanon" or ADSL (French: Armée de Défense du Liban-Sud or ADLS), later to become known as the "Free Lebanese Army" (FLA), the predecessor of the South Lebanon Army (SLA).

Weapons and equipment
The Tigers received covert support not only from the Lebanese Army in the pre-war years, but also from the United States, Iran, Jordan and Egypt since 1973, followed by Israel and Syria in 1976–77, who provided weapons and heavy equipment. In addition, the collapse of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and the Internal Security Forces (ISF) in January 1976, coupled by the massive influx of Israeli military aid, allowed NLP militia units to re-equip themselves with modern small-arms, sophisticated mobile communications equipment, and military vehicles seized from LAF barracks and ISF Police stations or supplied by the Israelis. Additional weapons and other military equipments were procured in the international black market.

Small arms
Tigers' militiamen were provided with a variety of small arms, including Mauser Karabiner 98k, Lee-Enfield and MAS-36 bolt-action rifles, Carl Gustaf m/45, MAT-49 and PPSh-41 submachine guns, M2 and SIG SG 543 carbines, MAS-49, M1 Garand (or its Italian-produced copy, the Beretta Model 1952), Vz. 52, SKS, Beretta BM 59 and M14 semi-automatic rifles, Heckler & Koch G3, CETME Model C, FN FAL (variants included the Israeli-produced 'lightened' ROMAT), FN CAL, M16A1, SIG SG 542, Vz. 58, AK-47 and AKM assault rifles (other variants included the Zastava M70, Chinese Type 56, Romanian Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965, Bulgarian AKK/AKKS and former East German MPi-KMS-72 assault rifles). Several models of handguns were used, including Smith & Wesson Model 10, Smith & Wesson Model 13, Smith & Wesson Model 14, Smith & Wesson Model 15, Smith & Wesson Model 17 and Smith & Wesson Model 19 revolvers, Colt M1911A1, Tokarev TT-33, CZ 75, FN P35 and MAB PA-15 pistols. FN FAL, HK G3 and M16A1 assault rifles equipped with telescopic sights, and Enfield L42A1 (military version) rifles were used for sniping.

Squad weapons consisted of Chatellerault FM Mle 1924/29, Bren Mk. I .303 (7.7mm), MG 34, MG 42, Heckler & Koch HK21, AA-52, RPD, RPK and FN MAG light machine guns, with heavier Besa Mark III 7.92mm, Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal, Browning M2HB .50 Cal, SG-43/SGM Goryunov and DShKM machine guns being employed as platoon and company weapons. Grenade launchers and portable anti-tank weapons comprised M203 grenade launchers, 88.9mm Instalaza M65, RL-83 Blindicide, M72 LAW, RPG-2 and RPG-7 rocket launchers, whilst crew-served and indirect fire weapons included M2 60mm mortars, 82-PM-41 82mm mortars and 120-PM-38 (M-1938) 120mm heavy mortars, plus B-10 82mm, B-11 107mm and M40A1 106mm recoilless rifles (often mounted on technicals).

Armoured and transport vehicles
The Tigers' own armoured corps was created in early 1976, equipped with an assortment of ex-Lebanese Army M41A3 Walker Bulldog and AMX-13 light tanks, Charioteer tanks, M42A1 Duster SPAAGs, M113 and Panhard M3 VTT Armoured personnel carriers, Bravia V-200 Chaimite armoured cars, Staghound armoured cars, and Panhard AML-90 armoured cars. These were bolstered by twenty Israeli-supplied M50 Super Sherman Tanks, M3/M9 Zahlam half-tracks and BTR-152 APCs, later joined by two M41A3 light tanks captured from the Lebanese Arab Army in July 1976.

The NLP militia also raised a mechanized force of gun trucks and 'technicals', comprising M151A1 utility trucks, VIASA MB-CJ6 and Willys M38A1 MD jeeps (or its civilian version, the Jeep CJ-5), UAZ-469, Land-Rover series II-III, Santana Series III (Spanish-produced version of the Land-Rover long wheelbase series III), Morattab Series IV (Iranian-produced unlicensed version of the Land-Rover long wheelbase series III), Toyota Land Cruiser (J40), Toyota Land Cruiser (J45), Peugeot 404, Dodge Power Wagon W200, Dodge D series (3rd generation), GMC Sierra Custom K25/K30, Chevrolet C-10/C-15 Cheyenne and Chevrolet C-20 Scottsdale light pickups, and Toyota Dyna U10-series trucks armed with heavy machine guns, recoilless rifles, and anti-aircraft autocannons. For logistical support, the Tigers relied on Range Rover 1st generation and Toyota Land Cruiser (J42) hardtop light pickups, Toyota U10-series route vans (minibus), Chevrolet C-50 medium-duty, Dodge F600 medium-duty, GMC C4500 medium-duty trucks and GMC C7500 heavy-duty cargo trucks; a number of Volkswagen Type 2 Transporter minibuses were used as military ambulances.

Artillery
They also fielded a powerful artillery corps equipped with British QF Mk III 25-Pounder field guns, French Mle 1950 BF-50 155mm howitzers, Soviet M1954 (M-46) 130mm towed field guns, Soviet AZP S-60 57mm anti-aircraft guns, British Bofors 40mm L/60 anti-aircraft guns and anti-aircraft autocannons. The latter consisted of Yugoslav Zastava M55 20mm triple-barreled, Soviet ZPU (ZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4) 14.5mm and ZU-23-2 23mm AA autocannons (mostly mounted on technicals and transport trucks), which were employed in both air defense and direct fire supporting roles. In addition to field artillery and AA autocannons, the Tigers also employed SNEB 68mm (2.7-inch) unguided rocket projectiles fired from locally-built eight-tube Multiple rocket launchers installed on Technicals.

Illegal activities and controversy
Financing for the NLP Tigers' came at first from both Chamoun's personal fortune and from protection rackets collected in the areas under their control, though they also received outside support. Conservative Arab countries such as Jordan provided covert funding, weapons, ammunition, training and other non-lethal assistance. Most of it entered towards the illegal ports of Tabarja and Dbayeh, both located north of Beirut in the Keserwan District, set up in early 1976 and administered by Joseph Abboud, former personal chauffeur and hunting partner of Camille Chamoun, who run drug-smuggling and arms contraband activities on the behalf of the NLP until October 1980, when the Lebanese Forces brought the ports under their control. The NLP and its military wing did edit their own official newspaper, "The Battles" (Arabic: Ma'arik), but they never set up a radio or television service.

Ruthless fighters with a reputation of aggressiveness, often initiating hostilities with the opposition side, aggravated by lack of discipline and restraint,  they were involved in several acts of sectarian violence. On December 16, 1975 despite a ceasefire established the previous day, the NLP Tigers forcibly displaced all the 450 residents of Sebnay, a Muslim village southeast of Beirut, in the predominantly Maronite neighborhood of Hadath, Baabda District.

In July–August 1976 they participated in the Karantina, Al-Masklah and Tel al-Zaatar Massacres of Palestinian refugees in East Beirut and Dbayeh, allied with the Army of Free Lebanon, Al-Tanzim, Kataeb Regulatory Forces, Lebanese Youth Movement and the Guardians of the Cedars. Towards the end of the 1970s, however, rivalries within the Lebanese Front coalition strained the relationship between the NLP Tigers' and their erstwhile Christian allies, leading them to violent confrontation with the Phalangists and the Guardians of the Cedars. The Tigers' even battled these two factions in May 1979 for control of the Furn esh Shebbak and Ain El Remmaneh districts in Beirut, and for the town of Akoura in the Byblos District.

List of NLP Tigers commanders

 * Naim Berdkan (October 1968 – January 1976)
 * Dany Chamoun (January 1976 – July 1980)
 * Dory Chamoun (July–August 1980)

NLP Tigers junior commanders

 * Freddy Nasrallah
 * Bob Azzam
 * Dr. Naji Hayek
 * Georges Araj
 * Elias El-Hannouche (الحنش)
 * Nouhad Chelhot
 * Jean Eid
 * Nabil Nassif
 * Toufic Nehme (a.k.a. 'Abou Antoun')
 * Tony Chamoun (Zahle)

Early expansion phase 1975–1977
Upon the outbreak of the civil war in April 1975, the NLP Tigers immediately engaged the leftist Lebanese National Movement (LNM) militias and their Palestinian PLO allies, being heavily committed in several battles in and outside the Beirut area. In October 1975, they supported their Phalangist allies of the Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) militia against the Al-Mourabitoun and the Nasserite Correctionist Movement (NCM) for the control of the Hotels district in centre Beirut.

In January 1976 the collapse of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) enabled the Tigers to take over Army barracks and depots located at Achrafieh, Ain El Remmaneh, Hadath, Baabda, and Hazmiyeh districts of East Beirut, seizing heavy weapons and enrolling defectors into their ranks. The Tigers later joined in March that year the allied Christian Lebanese Front militias in the defense of the Mount Lebanon region and the Aley District against the combined LNM-PLO-Lebanese Arab Army (LAA) 'Spring Offensive'. During the Hundred Days' War in February 1978 the Tigers, backed by the Tyous Team of Commandos (TTC), put a spirited defence of the Achrafieh and Fayadieh districts in support of the Army of Free Lebanon (AFL) against the Syrian Army.

Reversals and decline 1978–1980
The Tigers' involvement in these campaigns, however, cost them the loss of the Iqlim al-Kharrub to the LNM-PLO alliance supported by Palestine Liberation Army units on 20–22 January 1976, which they failed to defend despite being backed by ISF units and Lebanese Army troops. The fall of this important stronghold was a severe blow to the NLP and the Tigers (coupled by the death in action of their commander Naim Berdkan), depriving them of their main recruiting area along with their local training infrastructure, chiefly the Es-Saadiyat camp, and the port towns of Damour and Jiyeh.

Relations between the NLP political board and the Tigers' military command soured after the former, headed by Camille Chamoun, supported Syria's military intervention in June that year whereas the latter, now led by Camille's son Dany Chamoun, opposed it. Fearing that its own party's militia was getting out of his control, Camille tacitly allowed its Kataeb rivals to absorb the Tigers' into the Lebanese Forces (LF) under Bachir Gemayel. Dany's adamant refusal of allowing the Tigers to be incorporated led to a Phalangist assault on his militia's headquarters in Safra on July 7, 1980, which resulted in a massacre that claimed up to 500 lives, including civilians and 80 of Dany's men (other source states that the dead toll amounted to 150 Tigers' fighters).

While their leader Dany was rushed to exile, first to Syria and then to Europe after handling over the command of the Tigers to his elder brother Dory Chamoun, the militia was officially disbanded on Camille's orders in late August. Soon afterwards, the Phalangists seized nearly all of the Tigers' positions in and outside East Beirut, including the vital Naas and Adma training camps. The remaining 3,000 or so demoralised militiamen either surrendered their weapons to the Lebanese Army or the Lebanese Forces and returned home or found themselves being consolidated by the end of October of that year into the Damouri Brigade within the LF.

Revival and disbandment 1983–1990
The Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982, coupled by the death of the LF supremo Bachir Gemayel in September that year brought the resurgence of the National Liberals into the political scene, although the efforts by Camille Chamoun to revive the Tigers militia in 1983–84 proved less successful. The small force of only 100 or so lightly equipped fighters they gathered proved incapable of competing with the Lebanese Forces' military might, being relegated to the role of a mere bodyguard for the NLP political leaders for the remainer of the war.

Upon the end of the civilian strife in October 1990 and the subsequent assassination of Dany Chamoun – who had succeeded his late father at the NLP's presidency in October 1987 – the last remaining National Liberals' paramilitary organization was disarmed on orders of the new Lebanese government. The NLP Tigers are no longer active.

The Free Tigers
The Free Tigers (Arabic: نومور الحر | Noumour Al-Horr) or Lionceaux Libres in French, also known variously as the "Hannache Group", "Hannache's Tigers" or "Lionceaux d'Hannache", were a dissident splinter group of the NLP Tigers formed soon after the forcible merger of the latter into the Lebanese Forces in July 1980. Defying the official orders to disband, about 200 Tigers' militiamen commanded by Elias El-Hannouche (nom de guerre 'Hannache') went underground to wage a guerrilla war against the LF, operating in the Hadath and Ain El Remmaneh districts of East Beirut from August to late October 1980. The Free Tigers are believed to have been responsible for some bomb and guerrilla attacks in East Beirut, including an ambush with combined rocket- and small-arms' fire on the U.S. ambassador's motorcade in August that year (intended to discredit the LF), followed on 10 November by two car-bomb explosions on the Achrafieh quarter that left 10 dead and 62 wounded.

Defeated after a four-day street battle despite being backed by Lebanese Army troops sent upon request of the NLP president Camille Chamoun and forced out in mid-November of their last remaining strongholds at Ain El Rammaneh by the LF, Hannache and a number of its dissident Tigers fled across the Green Line into the Muslim-controlled western sector of the Lebanese Capital. There they placed themselves under the protection of the Palestinian Fatah intelligence service before moving to the Syrian-controlled Beqaa Valley.

Believed to have become an agent of the Syrian regime, Hannache instigated the Battle of Zahleh by deliberately provoking the LF militia forces defending the Greek-Catholic town of Zahlé to engage in a gunfight, so that the Syrian troops would become involved. On 14 December 1980, Hannache and 50 Free Tigers' militiamen stormed and seized the Hoch el-Oumara suburb of Zahlé, before being driven out by local LF units the following day; the Free Tigers returned to Zahlé on December 20 and managed to seize by force the former NLP party offices' but they were resisted by the LF and subsequently forced to withdraw from the town on December 22 under Syrian Army protection. The Free Tigers seemed to have remained operational until 1981, though very little was heard from them afterwards.

Legacy
Since 2002, several former NLP Tigers' commanders known for their right-wing, nationalist leanings, rallied in support of General Michel Aoun and went on to occupy various key positions within the Aounist Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) hierarchy, ranging from political (Dr Naji Hayek and Georges Aaraj) to security (Jean Eid). In 2015 Jean Eid, Georges Aaraj, Nabil Nassif and others founded a new organization named Al-Noumour, which strives to rally what is left of the Tigers' legacy. They remain staunch supporters of former President Michel Aoun.

General references

 * Afaf Sabeh McGowan, John Roberts, As'ad Abu Khalil, and Robert Scott Mason, Lebanon: a country study, area handbook series, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550–24), Washington D.C. 1989.
 * Alain Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban: Du coup d'état de Béchir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens, Albin Michel, Paris 2004. ISBN 978-2-226-12127-1.
 * Beate Hamizrachi, The Emergence of South Lebanon Security Belt, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1984. ISBN 978-0-275-92854-4
 * Boutros Labaki & Khalil Abou Rjeily, Bilan des guerres du Liban (1975–1990), Collection "Comprendre le Moyen-Orient", Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris 1993. ISBN 978-2-7384-1525-7.
 * Claire Hoy and Victor Ostrovsky, By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer, St. Martin's Press, New York 1990. ISBN 0-9717595-0-2
 * Dan Bavly & Eliahu Salpeter, Fire in Beirut: Israel's War in Lebanon with the PLO, Stein & Day, New York 1984. ISBN 978-0-8128-2924-2
 * Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943–1990, Éditions Fayard, Paris 2005. ISBN 978-2-213-61521-9.
 * Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. ISBN 0-333-72975-7
 * Farid El-Kazen, The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967–1976, I.B. Tauris, London 2000. ISBN 0-674-08105-6
 * Fawwaz Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; "Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux", Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007.
 * Fawwaz Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition, Pluto Press, London 2012. ISBN 978-0-7453-3274-1
 * Itamar Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, 1970–1985, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition). ISBN 978-0-8014-9313-3.
 * Jennifer Philippa Eggert, Female Fighters and Militants During the Lebanese Civil War: Individual Profiles, Pathways, and Motivations, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2018..
 * Jonathan Randall, The Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers, and American Bunglers, Just World Books, Charlottesville, Virginia 2012. ISBN 978-1-935982-16-6.
 * Joseph A. Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s, Conflict Quarterly, Winter 1985.
 * Joseph Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985), Lulu.com, Beyrouth 2012. ISBN 978-1-291-03660-2.
 * Kamal Suleiman Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War: Lebanon 1958–1976, Caravan Books Inc., New York 2005 (3rd edition). ISBN 978-0-88206-010-1
 * Makram Rabah, Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory, Alternative Histories, Edinburgh University Press, 2020 (1st edition). ISBN 978-1-4744-7417-7
 * Marius Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980. ISBN 978-0-03-039701-1
 * Matthew S. Gordon, The Gemayels (World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. ISBN 978-1-55546-834-7
 * Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975–1978, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11–79, June 1979.
 * R. D. Mclaurin, The battle of Zahle, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical memorandum 8-86, 1986.
 * Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001). ISBN 0-19-280130-9.
 * Samir Kassir, La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris, 1994. ISBN 978-2-86537-499-1.
 * Samuel M. Katz, Lee E. Russel, and Ron Volstad, Armies in Lebanon 1982–84, Men-at-arms series 165, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London ,1985. ISBN 0-85045-602-9.
 * Samuel M. Katz and Ron Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2, Men-at-arms series 194, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London, 1988. ISBN 0-85045-800-5.
 * Samir Makdisi and Richard Sadaka, The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990, American University of Beirut, Institute of Financial Economics, Lecture and Working Paper Series (2003 No.3), pp. 1–53.
 * Thomas Collelo (ed.), Lebanon: a country study, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550–24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989).
 * Samir Makdisi and Richard Sadaka, The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990, American University of Beirut, Institute of Financial Economics, Lecture and Working Paper Series (2003 No.3), pp. 1–53.
 * Thomas Collelo (ed.), Lebanon: a country study, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550–24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989).

Background sources

 * Ludovic Fortin, T17E1 Staghound Armored Car – Le char sur roues, Trucks & Tracks Magazine No. 5, December 2007–January 2008, Caraktère, Marseille, pp. 48–67. (in French)
 * Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
 * Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
 * Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
 * Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
 * Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
 * Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
 * Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
 * Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
 * Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
 * Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
 * Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9

title: Tigers Militia


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Gaspar de Carvajal

Gaspar de Carvajal (c. 1500–1584) was a Spanish Dominican missionary to the New World, known for chronicling some of the explorations of the Amazon.

Arrival in the New World and the Amazonian Expedition
De Carvajal was born in Trujillo. After entering the Dominican order in Spain, he set out for Peru in 1533, dedicating himself to the conversion of the Native American aboriginals. In 1540, Carvajal joined as a chaplain the expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro, governor of Quito, which was searching for La Canela, the supposed "Land of Cinnamon", to the east of Quito.

The expedition, under difficult conditions, crossed the Andes and into the Amazonian jungle, an inhospitable territory devoid of provisions. Gonzalo Pizarro ordered his second in command, Francisco de Orellana to follow the Napo River with fifty men, in order to find its mouth. The hope was that the men would be able to find provisions and bring them back in the small boat in which they went. Orellana reached the confluence of the Napo and Trinidad River, but he didn't find provisions. Unable to return because of the current, he decided to continue following the river, until he reached the estuary of the Amazon in 1542.

The Relación and Carvajal's mark on history
Carvajal, who was one of the survivors of the expedition, narrated the events in his work Relación del nuevo descubrimiento del famoso río Grande que descubrió por muy gran ventura el capitán Francisco de Orellana ("Account of the recent discovery of the famous Grand river which was discovered by great good fortune by Captain Francisco de Orellana"). In it, the friar recorded the dates of the expedition as well as a large number of notes of ethnological interest such as the sizes and dispositions of the indigenous peoples which occupied the banks of the river, their tactics of war, rituals, customs, utensils, and the like.

This work remained obscure for a long period, being published only in 1894 by the Chilean José Toribio Medina. Parts of Relación, in addition to interviews of Orellana and some of his men, were used by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo in his Historia general y natural de las Indias ("General and Natural History of the Indies"), which was written in 1542, but not published until 1855. In 1934, Relación was again published, this time extensively revised by Harry Clifton Heaton (1885–1950), professor of Romance languages at New York University. It is in a large extent due to Relación that Friar Carvajal is remembered in history.

Father Carvajal's diary of the Orellana expedition has achieved prominence recently. For over four centuries, scholars dismissed its reports of large cities, well developed roads, monumental construction, fortified towns, and dense populations. It was thought that the acidic soils of Amazonia could not support the level of agriculture necessary to sustain such a civilization. His writings were largely dismissed as fabrications and propaganda. However, research by Prümers et al., published in Nature (2022) shows that his reporting is very likely to be correct.

Later career amongst the Indians
Upon his return to Peru, Carvajal was chosen as subprior of the Convent of San Rosario in Lima. In this post, he was chosen to arbitrate between the viceroy, Blasco Núñez Vela, and the auditors of the Real Audiencia in 1544. Unfortunately, the mediation seems to have been unfruitful. After the pacification of Peru, he was sent by his superiors as a missionary to Tucumán, now in Argentina, being named the protector of the Indians in that area.

He worked for years in the region, achieving the conversion of the majority of indigenous people. In 1553 he was instituted as the prior of the convent of Huamanga and provincial of Tucumán. He brought a number of Dominicans to the province, with whose help he founded various reducciones de indios and nine Spanish municipalities. He was chosen to be provincial of Peru in 1557, dedicating two years to the organization of the province and the two following ones to the visiting of the most remote territories and the founding of new convents. There is evidence of a letter written by Carvajal to the king, informing him of the abuses that were being committed against the Indians in the mines of Peru, and asking for his intervention on their behalf. This shows a general attitude towards the Indians consistent with the doctrine of his brother Dominican Bartolomé de las Casas.

In 1565 Carvajal was chosen as a representative of his province before the Spanish court and to the Pope, but it is likely that he never crossed the ocean. He died in Lima in 1584.

Not knowing it, the expedition of Gaspar de Carvajal carried diseases of the Old World, particularly smallpox, malaria and yellow fever into the deep areas of the Amazon. "One writer (Antonio Vieira, 1842) estimated that in the 37 years between 1615 and 1652, more than two million Indians living on the lower Amazon died as a result of these newly-introduced diseases.

In popular culture
Werner Herzog's 1972 film Aguirre, the Wrath of God has an appearance of Gaspar de Carvajal (as played by actor Del Negro) as a craven chaplain and chronicler of the mad descent of the Amazon by Lope de Aguirre. This expedition, which took place in 1561 (almost twenty years after that of Orellana), was the source of inspiration for the movie. Additionally, Carvajal is depicted as being killed by natives. However, the film included many situations and persons from the chronicle of Carvajal, which is to say, from the expedition of Orellana.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gaspar de Carvajal


text:
User talk:Bipolarbear

Therapy?
Please don't add large chunks of text copied from other sources. That is a copyright violation and is against Wikipedia policy. Thanks. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 16:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bipolarbear


text:
Golden Week

Golden Week may refer to:

 * Golden Week (China), two weeks of Chinese holidays, occurring in January or February, and September or October
 * Golden Week (Japan), several Japanese holidays that occur during the first week of May
 * Golden Week (Ohio), an early voting period in Ohio, US

title: Golden Week


text:
Samuel H. Smith (educator)

Dr. Samuel H. Smith (born February 4, 1940) was the eighth president of Washington State University, serving for fifteen years (July 1, 1985 – June 8, 2000).

Early life and education
A native of Salinas, California, he holds bachelor's and doctoral degrees in plant pathology from the University of California, Berkeley. He holds four honorary doctoral degrees from Nihon University in Tokyo, Japan, Far Eastern State University in Vladivostok, Russia, Western Governors University in Salt Lake City, and City University in Seattle.

He completed a NATO postdoctoral fellowship with Glasshouse Crops Research Institute in England from 1964-1965 before returning to Berkeley as a faculty member. Smith then spent 16 years with Pennsylvania State University, starting as a faculty member, then becoming department head, and finally, dean of the College of Agriculture and director of the Cooperative Extension Service and Agricultural Experiment Station.

Legacy at WSU
He is remembered for establishing WSU's three regional campuses — WSU Spokane, WSU Tri-Cities and WSU Vancouver — as well as fostering development of the university's Extended Degree Programs (now known as Global Campus). Under his leadership, WSU grew in size and stature. Its teaching, research, and public service activities received worldwide recognition. Strengthening undergraduate and graduate education, placing an international imprint on programs, and increasing opportunities for women and minorities were among his priorities.

Smith led Campaign WSU, the University's first comprehensive fund-raising effort that attracted $275.4 million in private support, substantially over its $250 million goal. The campaign transformed the university’s ability to serve students and the state of Washington by supporting scholarships, faculty recruitment and retention, learning technology and statewide education.

From 1997–99, he served as chair of the executive committee of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, one of a series of leadership positions he held during a major reorganization of NCAA governance. In 2000, Smith chaired the board of directors of the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, the nation's oldest higher education association. He also served on NASULGC’s Kellogg Commission on the Future of the State and Land-Grant Universities.

He concluded his presidency on June 8, 2000.

Recognition
Smith's work in advancing the role of women at WSU was recognized by the introduction of the Samuel H. Smith Leadership Award by the Association for Faculty Women in 2000.

In 2002, the Smith Center for Undergraduate Education (Smith-CUE) was named after the president emeritus. The state-of-the-art building included computer labs, digital technology and internet access available throughout the building, the first of its kind on campus at the time.

Smith was awarded the Weldon B. Gibson Distinguished Volunteer Award in 2016, which is the WSU Foundation's highest honor.

Work as president emeritus
As president emeritus, he established a WSU office location in Downtown Seattle. Smith continued to serve the educational community of Washington through several positions in addition to his work as president emeritus on behalf of WSU. His long standing interest in online learning led to his appointment to the Sloan/APLU National Commission on Online Learning. Smith has also served on the Washington State Higher Education Coordinating Board, as Talaris Research Institute board chair, and as director and founding board member of the College Success Foundation (CSF), which provides college scholarships and mentoring to low-income, high-potential students. He has been a member of several national commissions dealing with the future of American Universities.

Smith serves as a trustee of the Western Governors University, of which he is a founding member. He and his wife, Patricia, are strong supporters of the WSU Museum of Art, and serve on several boards within the local art community. In addition, Smith was a founding director and board member of the Behind the Badge Foundation.

title: Samuel H. Smith (educator)


text: User talk:65.67.225.244

title: User talk:65.67.225.244


text:
Talk:Diagnostic test

Medical test
A medical test is any kind of diagnostic procedure performed for health reasons. It can be used to diagnose diseases, measure the progress or recovery from disease or confirm that a person is free from disease

Some medical tests are parts of a simple physical examination which require only simple tools in the hands of a skilled practitioner, and can be performed in an office environment. Some other tests require elaborate equipment or the use of a sterile operating theatre environment.

Some tests require samples of tissue or body fluids to be sent off to a pathology lab for further analysis. Some simple chemical tests, such as urine pH, can be measured directly in the doctor's office.

Most medical tests are conducted on the living; however, some of these tests can also be carried out on a dead person as part of an autopsy.

Medical tests can be classified into three categories: Invasive, Minimally Invasive or Non-Invasive. Types of medical tests include:

Consulting room tests: Auscultation, including listening with a stethoscope, Weighing and measuring height and girth, Measuring blood pressure, Taking the patient's pulse, Breath tests, Reflex tests, Sight test, Ophthalmoscopy, Hearing test, Digital rectal examination, Vaginal examination

More invasive examinations requiring sterile procedures: Biopsies, Lumbar puncture

Requiring laboratory analysis: Urine tests, Stool samples, Saliva samples, Hair samples, Blood tests, ESR, CBC (complete blood count), Blood gas monitor, DNA tests

Requiring microscopy Pap smears

Requiring elaborate medical equipment: X-rays, Barium enema, Intravenous pyelogram (IVP test), Ultrasound scans, Electrocardiogram (EKG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Computer aided tomography scans, Positron emission, Tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Functional MRI, Endoscopy, Colonoscopy, Ystoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, Colposcopy

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.5.233.76 (talk • contribs) 16:18, 14 October 2005

lets rename this diagnostic test
The first sentence is less than clear and taken literally is simply wrong. If people know what a diagnostic test is enough to understand that lead sentence then they will understand the more precise term for the article. We can make a redirect from medical test. I am tired of seeing diagnostic test as a red link every time I mention one in an article. Any objections? alteripse 04:28, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes there are objections, there are many other types of medical tests than diagnostic ones. There are  screening tests, triage tests, tests to evaluate progress of a treatment, tests of cure, etc. For instance, in a screening test (i.e., low prevalence of condition) considerations of cost, acceptability of procedure and specificity are more important.  Whereas in a diagnostic setting, higher costs and more patient discomfort/risk may be acceptable, and sensitivity becomes more important. Merging the talk pages was quite confusing, have undone it.  Zodon (talk) 07:01, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Moves
I moved substantial parts to Medical test, and left links to that article in the void, because the mentioned principles are generally the same for screening and monitoring tests as well. Feel free to reinsert if something is particularly important for diagnostic tests. Mikael Häggström (talk) 10:35, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Drug testing is not diagnostic
Drug tests are not diagnostic, and the reference to it should be removed. (67.160.160.76 (talk) 03:48, 12 November 2012 (UTC))
 * Done.  Blue Rasberry   (talk)  16:21, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diagnostic test


text:
Yan Zi (album)

Yan Zi (Chinese: 燕姿) is the debut album by Singaporean singer Stefanie Sun, released on 9 June 2000 by Warner Music Taiwan. The songs, "Love Document" and "Cloudy Day", reached number 4 and 33 respectively on the Hit FM Annual Top 100 Singles in 2000. The album earned Sun a Golden Melody Award for Best New Artist.

Background and development
In 1998, the soon-to-be chairman of Warner Music Taiwan, Chou Chien-hui, visited Singapore to visit Sammi Cheng at the Lee Wei Song Music Academy, and it was at this time that he discovered Stefanie Sun; she had a unique voice and a solid background in music. The Warner producer immediately offered to sign her. However, Sun's father demanded that if she wanted to concentrate on singing, she had to finish college first. For this reason, Warner Music waited for her for two years. It was not until 2000 that Stefanie Sun successfully signed a contract with Warner Music and officially began her music career.

Sun's first album was co-produced by two pairs of twin brothers: Taiwan's Anthony Bao and Tino Bao, and Singapore's Peter Lee and Paul Lee, each of these two sets of producers had their own lyricist and songwriters who worked together to create the album. Sun recorded the album in the studio by the two groups of musicians double grinding, every time in the studio to record to exhaustion.

Writing and recording
"Turbo" expresses the new human, new power, and new view of love. "Finally" was composed by Peter Lee and written by Kevin Yi; it is an ethereal picturesque love song of the new century. Sun's performance of “Love Certificate” and “Cloudy Day” honestly sings to the depths of simplicity, unlike the kind of gibberish that purposely pretends to be playful, which is a gesture of a singer's maturity. "Love Certificate” is a mellow song, with Paul Lee calmly writing a melodious melody, and Sun stretching out her "lightly made-up" vocals in a calm tone.

The song "Cloudy Day" expresses childhood memories with choked up words that seem to come from the heart. The undecorated voice whispers in the ear, and the yellowed fragments, the wrinkles of the grandmother, the pain of falling, all flow out with the song and piano accompaniment. "E-Lover" is a guitar-driven pop ballad. "Scultpted Eyebrow" is an upbeat chamber pop song. "Make Peace" is a slow tempo guitar-based song. "Natural" combines power pop and pop-punk elements. "Fine" is a pop ballad that relies heavily on the Spanish guitar. "Leave Me Alone" is a rock song.

Release and promotion
Warner Music promoted Yan Zi with a variety of advertising campaigns across Asia. In the start, they wanted Sun to be familiar to the public by getting her to shoot the "Chunghwa Telecom Pocket Code" advertisement, then they asked her to frequently endorse various activities before the release of the album. She then promoted other products such as sanitary pads, sports cars and green tea. On July 14, 2000, Sun held a signing event at SOGO in Zhongli, Taoyuan County, when a man started a disturbance with a gun; fortunately, the man fired a fake gun and no one was injured. In August 2000, Sun went to Hong Kong to help promote her album, where she was interviewed by RTHK. On September 2, 2000, Sun traveled to Beijing to sign albums. On July 11, 2000, Warner Music released the All-round certified version of the album. It was limited to 30,000 copies and additionally included Stefanie Sun's E-Lover super secretary software and a mouse pad.

Track listing

 * 1) "超快感" (Turbo) – 3:39
 * 2) "愛情證書" (Love Document) – 4:14
 * 3) "天黑黑" (Cloudy Day) – 3:56
 * 4) "E-Lover" – 4:59
 * 5) "濃眉毛" (Sculpted Eyebrow) – 3:47
 * 6) "和平" (Make Peace) – 4:08
 * 7) "自然" (Natural) – 3:24
 * 8) "終於" (Finally) – 3:56
 * 9) "很好" (Fine) – 4:27
 * 10) "Leave Me Alone" – 4:26

title: Yan Zi (album)


text:
Montan wax

Montan wax, also known as lignite wax or OP wax, is a hard wax obtained by solvent extraction of certain types of lignite or brown coal. Commercially viable deposits exist in only a few locations, including Amsdorf, Germany, and in the Ione Basin near Ione, California. High-graded lignite wax are also found in Yunnan and Jilin, China.

Properties
Its color ranges from dark brown to light yellow when crude, or white when refined. Its composition is non-glyceride long-chain (C24–C30) carboxylic acid esters (62–68 weight %), free long-chain organic acids (22–26%), long-chain alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons (7–15%), and resins; it is in effect a fossilized plant wax. Its melting range is 82 –.

Uses
It is used for making car and shoe polishes, paints, and phonograph records, musical instrument polish and as lubricant for moulding paper and plastics. About a third of total world production is used in car polish. Formerly, its main use was making carbon paper. Unrefined Montan wax contains asphalt and resins, which can be removed by refining. Montan wax in polishes improves scuff resistance, increases water repellence, and imparts high gloss.

title: Montan wax


text: Category:Magazines published in Mexico

title: Category:Magazines published in Mexico


text:
AMC 35

The AMC 35 (from Automitrailleuse de Combat Renault modèle 1935), also known under a manufacturer's designation Renault ACG-1, was a French medium cavalry tank of the later Interwar era that served in the Second World War. It was developed as a result of the change of the specification that had led to the design of the AMC 34, calling for a vehicle that was not only well-armed and mobile but also well-armoured. Due to technological and financial problems production was delayed and limited. The AMC 35 was one of the few French tanks of the period featuring a two-man turret.

Development
Renault had developed the AMC 34 according to the specifications of the Plan 1931. On 26 June 1934 these were changed: it was now demanded that the vehicle attain a maximum speed of 50 km/h and be immune to anti-tank guns. On 7 March 1936 a changed prototype was delivered by Renault, who requested that the vehicle would be accepted if it met the new specifications; after all the AMC 34 had already been accepted for production and this was nothing but a slightly changed variant. The French materiel commission, the Commission de Vincennes, became suspicious however by the fact that the factory designation had been changed from Renault YR to Renault ACG. When the commission inspected the prototype on 9 March it transpired that it was actually a completely new design. Accordingly, a complete test programme was ordered, which was finished on 27 November. At that date the commission judged that despite many changes the type was still unfit for service due to its mechanical unreliability. However already in the spring the Cavalry, worried by the German remilitarization of the Rhineland, had first ordered seventeen vehicles and later expanded that order to fifty. For political reasons the commission did not dare to cancel the order; it accepted the type, noting that it would be highly advisable to test types in future before ordering them. The first vehicle was received by the Cavalry on 1 November 1938.

Description
The AMC 35 had about the same dimensions as the AMC 34, but the hull was longer at 4572 mm to install a shortened 11.08 litres V-4 180 hp version of the V-6 engine used in the Char B1. There were five road wheels. The suspension used horizontal rubber cylinders as springs. At 42 km/h the vehicle was slower than the specified speed. A three hundred litre fuel tank allowed for a range of 160 kilometres. The wading capacity was sixty centimetres and it could cross a trench of two metres. The 25 mm armour plates, riveted and bolted onto the chassis, did not offer the demanded protection.

The prototype had a two-man APX2 turret, with the commander/loader on the left and the gunner on the right, fitted with a 25 mm SARF fortress gun and a 7.5 mm Reibel machine gun. As the 25 mm antitank guns were needed in the Maginot line, in the production series the 47 mm SA 35 gun was used. The roughly octagonal APX2 turret consisted of cast sections, welded, riveted and bolted together. The tank carried 120 gun rounds and 5250 machine gun rounds.

Production and export
The Belgian Army had ordered 25 AMC 34 hulls with Renault on 13 September 1935 at a unit price of 360,000 French francs, together with a matching number of APX2 turrets to be delivered by Batignolles-Châtillon, for a total project budget of 18.5 million Belgian francs. The hulls were indicated to be of a "second series", an improved AMC 34 — referring to the same line of development that would result in the AMC 35. Their delivery was supposed to commence in October 1935. However, that month Renault started production of the original AMC 34; it was as yet unable to manufacture the improved version. Technological, financial and social problems — in December 1936 the military division of Renault was nationalised and restructured into the new AMX-factory — ensured that for 1936 also, delivery would be delayed. As large orders had become unlikely, the project had a low priority.

On 3 June 1937 the Belgian minister of defence, General Henri Denis, demanded that the single prototype be sent to Belgium; it was transported on 4 June. After testing between 23 and 27 August showed that its climbing abilities were poor, the Belgians decided that the seven tanks intended for the Chasseurs Ardennais were unnecessary and reduced the order accordingly to eighteen. The arrival of the prototype had caused a political row however: politicians from the right feared it would antagonise Hitler and so endanger Belgian neutrality; those from the left wanted only purely defensive weapons. As deliveries failed to materialise, in December 1937 it was decided to annul the order completely, to accept a contractual fine of four million franc and to redirect the remaining budget to the production of home-made T-13 tank destroyers.

This outcome however, embarrassed the French government: it pressured Renault to accept a new arrangement. Early in 1938 it transpired that the Renault factory had in its possession the materials to build the original total of 75 tanks; out of these stocks parts sufficient for about sixty tanks had already been manufactured; assembly had started on about fifty vehicles. It was agreed on 21 April 1938 to complete 35 vehicles, ten to be delivered to Belgium including the prototype, the countervalue of its contractual fine. Belgium also was to receive five sets of reserve parts and eight armour sets. The new contract was signed on 15 June; it stipulated that the Belgian tanks would be delivered prior to 31 July. At that moment the French Cavalry no longer itself intended to use the type (but the SOMUA S35 instead) and advised that priority should be given to the Belgian order. Renault had asked permission for this on 6 May, but on 2 June the French Ministry of Defence responded that the terms of the original agreements should be followed; these entailed a split delivery of batches of ten at a time: first seven tanks for France, followed by three for Belgium.

Series production only started in November 1938 and actual delivery of the first three vehicles to Belgium was delayed till 30 March 1939, the second batch was exported in May and the final three vehicles arrived on 7 August.

In 1938 the turrets also were delivered. As there was now a surplus of fifteen, these were used on fortifications: thirteen of these on coastal defence pillboxes; another two turrets were installed on pillboxes at Remouchamps where a fortress was initially intended to be built, but due to the lack of funds only two casemates were constructed. The turrets were equipped by Belgium with a different armament: instead of the French SA 35 gun, a Belgian FRC 47 mm gun was fitted; this closely related type had a barrel that was 15 mm shorter. Also the machine gun was different: an optionally coaxial 7,65mm rechambered Hotchkiss (Maxim) 08/15 MG. The Belgian turrets were produced at Nantes as the APX2 B, which had the diascope on the left side moved to the facet behind, because the drum magazine for the 7.65mm Maxim 08/15 machine gun made it impossible to look through it in the original position. Older sources incorrectly claim that a 13.2 mm Hotchkiss machine gun was fitted. An armour plate was welded over the hole. They were rebuilt at Ghent by the SEM (Société d'Électricité et de Mécanique Van den Kerckhove & Carels) between September 1939 and February 1940.

For France also, production continued after 1 November 1938, with final assembly at AMX; in March 1939 the original order of seventeen was finished; at the beginning of the Second World War a number of 22 had been reached. Production then accelerated: three were built in September, nine in October, eight in November. For this production all remaining materials were used, apparently to fulfill the original order: when in December the Belgian Army asked for the delivery of the spare parts, as it needed some tanks in working order to allow a single platoon to take part in the winter manoeuvres, Renault was unable to provide these. In January 1940 five were produced. Production was then discontinued for a total of 57. Ten had been exported to Belgium, 47 remained in France where they are listed in this number in the spring of 1940. It is unclear whether this includes prototypes and project tanks and how the number can be reconciled with the total order of fifty.

After the war it has for some time been thought that the total production had been a hundred: 75 for France, 25 for Belgium. This mistake had its origins in the events during the infamous process of Riom where the Vichy regime indicted many for their presumed failure in preparing the French Army for war. The accused, eager to show that French tank production was in fact much higher than that of Germany, estimated the AMC 35 production at 75, apparently adding the number of the Belgian AMC 34 order to the order for France. Later writers, assuming that 75 was the number of tanks intended for France, repeated this mistake and added another 25 Belgian tanks.

Belgium
When all nine hulls had at last arrived in Belgium, it was soon discovered that engine, transmission and suspension wear was excessive. In January 1940 the two tanks that were in the worst condition were selected for transport to the arsenal of Etterbeek, to be cannibalised to keep the others running; one was used for driver training.

The eight remaining tanks were concentrated in the Escadron d'Auto Blindés du Corps de Cavelerie, literally the "Armoured Car Squadron of the Cavalry Corps", which was created on 1 September 1939 at Watermael-Boitsfort. The term Auto Blindé Lourd/ Zware Pantserwagen, or "Heavy Armoured Car," was used to avoid the politically sensitive char or "tank". The unit then moved to Ghent for its first training, gradually receiving more vehicles from Carels. Later it moved back to Brussels. The squadron had three platoons: one platoon "Staff and Services" (hors rang) and two platoons of four tanks each. The personnel were a mixture of soldiers of the 2nd Lancers Regiment (the Dutch-speaking 2e Lansiers) and the francophone 1st Guides Regiment, both units sharing the same barracks (Caserne de Witte-de Haelen) at Etterbeek.

When war broke out on 10 May, the driver training tank was united with the seven others to bring the squadron to its organic strength of eight. These fought against the German Army between 17 and 27 May 1940. Four were destroyed by 37 mm PAK fire when counter-attacking, two broke down and two were surrendered to the German on 28 May 1940 when the Belgian army put down its weapons.

The Museum of the Army in Brussels shows a single turret taken from one of the two pillboxes that defended the harbour of Zeebrugge or Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge. The turret is property of the city of Bruges which loaned it to the Army Museum at Brussels for 99 years.

France
At first no French units were equipped with the AMC 35; no crews were trained on the type. After the German breakthrough at Sedan it was decided on 15 May to send the entire tank materiel reserve to the frontline. Several ad hoc-units were hastily formed. First twelve AMC 35s were used to equip the 11e Groupement de Cavalerie; then five even more informal Corps-francs Motorisés were formed, each to be equipped with seven tanks, but only five AMC 35s could at first be made ready for them; seven more were later delivered. The crews reported that the materiel was unreliable, and suffered from an extremely short range in rough terrain. The CFMs fought a delaying battle between the rivers Seine and Loire.

In the anglophone literature the AMC 35 is often portrayed as a major failed chance for France to turn the tide against Germany: its two-man turret is then seen as better adapted to the demands of modern manoeuvre warfare. E.g. armour historian Brian Terence White judged the type very favourably:

"... one of the most advanced French tanks for its size in that as well as being equipped with a good gun it had a two-man turret ... with all the advantages in command it conferred. ... somewhat surprisingly, for in retrospect this seems to have been one of the best prewar French light tank designs, only 100 were built."

The type can, however, be interpreted as an excellent example of the design constraints that forced France to adopt one man-turrets on its other tanks: the price for the AMC 35's roomy turret was an unreliable and, for the medium tank rôle, woefully underarmoured vehicle.

The wreck of an AMC 35 has been salvaged and restored at the Musée des Blindés at Saumur, where it has been displayed since 2006.

Germany
Vehicles captured by Germany during the Fall of France were used by the Wehrmacht as the PzKpfw AMC 738 (f) or (b) - depending on whether captured from French or Belgians respectively - for driver training.

Projects
One prototype was built of a smoke-laying vehicle; an AMC 35 hull was rebuilt and fitted with nineteen containers, each with 165 litres of smoke fluid, that could be sprayed into the air by a compressor.

One AMC 35 hull was built as a 75 mm tank destroyer, the Renault ACG-2. The original AMC 35 was therefore in French sources of the period often called the Renault ACG-1.

Literature

 * Georges E. Mazy, 2008, "Les Autos Blindés Lourds du Corps de Cavalerie Belge 1940", Histoire de Guerre, Blindés & Matériel, N°84, pp. 18–29

title: AMC 35


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Witch-Hunt

Witch-hunt
I think this page needs more information about The Great Witch Hunt and its time period. I might add some stuff this weekend but im sorta busy right now, so im marking it. Phinnaeus (talk) 16:19, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Added to User:Bananagirl/Desk RJFJR 03:48, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup progressing. More?

Added to User:Sceptre/Desk RJFJR 17:17, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

an interesting phenomenon is occuring within wikipedia, most visible in the 'witchhunt' talk page. the attempt to rewrite the meaning of the term 'witchhunt' to give it a sense of 'common understanding' that it describes 'moral hysteria', and then, errors in the execution of legal matters. I have noticed a subscriber going about and planting 'witchhunt' phrases in many texts on wikipedia. Their work concentrates on the Kenja Communication Group, and there they begin using the phrase. But it has been injected by them into many pages where injustice and error has been made. They are linking up historical injustices with their predicament by secreting this phrase into various sections with relevance. they seem to want to expand the meaning of 'witchhunt' to include "accusations of pedophilia". they are fast tracking the 'uptake' of their idea by publishing it on this site, and will then be downloading and tendering it to various proffesionals and academics as fact, further intensifying the meaning. The following link has been secreted as well. http://www.misuseofchildmolestationcharges.info/Web_Links-req-viewlink-cid-2.phtml this is described as an independant report but the author is a known member of the group, Kenja Communication. She has frequented the groups social activities, and worked for the group in their previous court cases.

this is a new and unforseen development within wikipedia, and I think we should be concerned that such a large scale misrepresentation can be engineered on this site.

at its most innocent, this amounts to a fraud. But it is also verging on criminal activity as the perpertators are knowingly interfering with facts to later recall them as 'evidence', to support their claims.

they hope there will seem to be a universal agreement that the term 'witchhunt' includes their predicament.

the same subscriber seems to be asking for Mr Ken Dyers, the leader of the group, to be excluded from the 'list of indicted religous and spiritual leaders' by innocuously suggesting he shouldn't be grouped in with 'murderers and rapists'. However, this trivialises the 22 charges of aggravated sexuall molestation which Mr Dyers is charged with.

something is not quite right with all of this.Legalist 10:58, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

For your information:this is a sample of text from this subscriber;

'Kenja has also been used as a case study in an independant report on modern witchhunts, cited as an example of how false child molestation charges, and the hysteria that surrounds them, can be used for personal gain. , (however, the author has long been associated with the group, both professionaly, and socially.Even the title suggests an absence of objectivity).

and sites visited by the subscriber;

•	•	07:40, 25 October 2006 (hist) (diff) m McMartin preschool trial •	07:32, 25 October 2006 (hist) (diff) m Witch-hunt •	07:22, 25 October 2006 (hist) (diff) McMartin preschool trial •	07:20, 25 October 2006 (hist) (diff) m Tasmanian Aborigines •	07:17, 25 October 2006 (hist) (diff) m Outreau trial (extra link) •	08:13, 24 October 2006 (hist) (diff) Talk:List of convicted or indicted religious leaders (top) •	08:11, 24 October 2006 (hist) (diff) Talk:List of convicted or indicted religious leaders •	08:09, 24 October 2006 (hist) (diff) List of convicted or indicted religious leaders •	07:59, 24 October 2006 (hist) (diff) Kenja •	07:55, 24 October 2006 (hist) (diff) Kenja Communication (still need to add references... please bear with me!) •	06:06, 5 October 2006 (hist) (diff) m Buddhism •	06:02, 5 October 2006 (hist) (diff) Kenja (more neutral) •	05:58, 5 October 2006 (hist) (diff) m Kenja •	05:54, 5 October 2006 (hist) (diff) Outreau trial (start of clean up) •	05:43, 5 October 2006 (hist) (diff) m Kenja Communication (more neutral) •	04:42, 21 September 2006 (hist) (diff) m Outreau trial (grammar) •	05:02, 8 September 2006 (hist) (diff) Talk:Outreau trial (Clean up) (top) •	04:59, 8 September 2006 (hist) (diff) Talk:Witch-hunt •	00:40, 4 September 2006 (hist) (diff) m Gwen Harwood •	00:39, 4 September 2006 (hist) (diff) m Gwen Harwood (edit) •	00:32, 4 September 2006 (hist) (diff) m Canberra (clarification) •	00:23, 4 September 2006 (hist) (diff) m Gilbert and Sullivan (edit) •	00:07, 4 September 2006 (hist) (diff) m Pluto (edit) •	04:59, 1 September 2006 (hist) (diff) Shrek •	04:57, 1 September 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Introduction

it is consistent with molestors of children to accuse them of lying, or fantasising, or to try and describe allegations against them as a conspiracy, there is nothing new here. However, the publication of hoax reports by psuedo academics brings with it a chilling aspect which deserves to be aired.The target of the report are young women who have blown the whistle, and whose allegations have been investigated by the police. In any investigation of this nature, the young women have to sign a statement to the effect they are telling the truth, and this makes them liable. the devious nature of this publication, begining with it's title and claims of objectivity and including it's devious secretion into wikipedia articles leads me to be suspicous of the objectives surrounding it's publication. We are witnessing a truly sadistic act through the invention of such a report, and sources tell us the information from this report has been current in the Kenja Group for some time, and coincedentially forms the basis of thier defence campaign. Legalist 00:21, 7 May 2007 (UTC)] []

I just want to point out that while unlike the midieval witch trials, the child molestation crisis does, according to our current understanding, carry real and substantiative consequences for victims; I think that in the pursuit of intellectual honesty, it behooves us to recognize that both share one defining characteristic: in public eyes the accused are guilty without question and without recourse. This, even with no other concerns, should give us pause before accusations are leveled, and also cause us some measure of trepidation when persuing with such a serious matter entailing such real consequences. In the end, like the OJ simpson trial, the accused will remain guilty as charged regardless of the courts verdict, unless someone else is brought in as the real perpatrator; as such it fully qualifies as a moral panic. the only difference is that here, the costs of erring on the side of the accused are very grave. I have heard of a couple of incidents where the accusation was certainly spurious, although it was taken as fact by many of those who listened. (Infact, in this instance, the accused was actualy helping the person in question, who happened to have been stumbling around in the dark drunk after a party, get home safely.) 74.138.74.94 (talk) 18:12, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

I've cleaned it up, merging witchcraft trial, but leaving a split notice suggesting a new article dealing with the "Great" Early Modern witchhunt in particular. dab (𒁳) 10:35, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

This in reference to the References 45 and 47. Both articles refer to tribals, therefore cannot be attributed to label the country as still engaging in witch hunt. They can be added as isolated incidents.cyberwizmj 14:45, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

I'm moving some old to-dos from witch trial's cleanup notes, since that article is now a dab page and was substantially merged into this article. Some of these are stale, so feel free to strike them out or remove them: Fuzzypeg★ 21:10, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Witch-Hunt


text:
Photon Tide

Photon Tide is a science fiction society from Novi Sad, Serbia. They held a first ever Star Trek convention in Serbia, featured in a documentary film "Trekkies 2".

History
Formed in 1997 as a small informal Trekkie club, steadily growing in numbers, which warranted its chartering as a NGO in 2002. In 2003, the filming crew of "Trekkies 2" documentary visited Serbia to film Star Trek fans. Fans from several Balkan states converged to Novi Sad to attend the first-ever Star Trek convention in this part of the world, "TREK>NS", organized by Photon Tide. Denise Crosby of ST:TNG fame, star and narrator of "Trekkies 2", was the special guest of this convention.

In 2006, Photon Tide was included in the program of the Exit music festival, co-hosting the special "Supernova" stage with "Lazar Komarcic" fiction fan club from Belgrade, Serbia. The stage program was devoted to science fiction in Serbia. Photon Tide also took part in the final tournament of World Cyber Games 2006 in Belgrade, holding a stand along with several other Serbian science fiction societies.

Activities
The society publishes its fanzine "Nova" as an insert to the monthly science magazine "Astronomija" (Astronomy), reaching readers in Serbia and other former Yugoslav republics. The Photon Tide website (in Serbian) is a source of science fiction news in Serbian, and its bulletins are being syndicated by several news aggregator websites. A science fiction workshop is in development, aimed to provide means for creative teamwork of talented people, creating their own science-fiction-themed comics, animations, amateur movies, short stories and radio dramas.

There are also somewhat regular get-togethers and outdoor activities, either open-attendance or organized exclusively for the Photon Tide members, which take place all over Serbia. Aside from online communication, open fan meetings are the most persistent form of organized effort, taking place since the society's inception in 1997. They are most frequent in Novi Sad and Belgrade, where the majority of members are located.

title: Photon Tide


text: User talk:212.219.68.2

title: User talk:212.219.68.2


text:
Sui Wo Court

Sui Wo Court (Chinese: 穗禾苑) is one of the first estates under Home Ownership Scheme. It is located in Fo Tan, Sha Tin District, Hong Kong.

Built in 1980, it is located on a mountain above Wo Che and east of central Fo Tan, northwest of Sha Tin. The court was designed by Palmer and Turner and received a Silver Medal at the 1981 Hong Kong Institute of Architects Annual Awards. The scenery of Sha Tin and Tolo Harbour is visible from the estate.

Blocks
Completed in 1980, it offers 3,501 flats for sale. It consists of 9 blocks of non-standard type:
 * Block A - Fung Yue House
 * Block B - Fung Yat House
 * Block C - Fung Lin House
 * Block D - Hing Wan House
 * Block E - Hing Sing House
 * Block F - Hing On House
 * Block G - Wing Mau House
 * Block H - Wing Cheung House
 * Block J - Wing Hing House

Floor area of Flats ranged from 43 – 65 m2 with saleable area between 38 – 57 m2. Its initial sale price was between 100,200 and 252,700 Hong Kong dollars.

Transport
The estate has its own bus terminus beside the commercial centre. The government is also considering building an escalator link between Sui Wo Court and Fo Tan station.

title: Sui Wo Court


text:
Tears of wine

The phenomenon called tears of wine (Larmes de vin; Kirchenfenster, lit. "church windows") is manifested as a ring of clear liquid, near the top of a glass of wine, from which droplets continuously form and drop back into the wine. It is most readily observed in a wine which has a high alcohol content. It is also referred to as wine legs, fingers, curtains, church windows, or feet.

Cause
The effect is a consequence of the fact that alcohol has a lower surface tension than water. If alcohol is mixed with water inhomogeneously, a region with a lower concentration of alcohol will pull on the surrounding fluid more strongly than a region with a higher alcohol concentration. The result is that the liquid tends to flow away from regions with higher alcohol concentration. This can be easily and strikingly demonstrated by spreading a thin film of water on a smooth surface and then allowing a drop of alcohol to fall on the center of the film. The liquid will rush out of the region where the drop of alcohol fell.

Wine is mostly a mixture of alcohol and water, with dissolved sugars, acids, colourants and flavourants. Where the surface of the wine meets the side of the glass, capillary action makes the liquid climb the side of the glass. As it does so, both alcohol and water evaporate from the rising film, but the alcohol evaporates faster, due to its higher vapor pressure. The resulting decrease in the concentration of alcohol causes the surface tension of the liquid to increase, and this causes more liquid to be drawn up from the bulk of the wine, which has a lower surface tension because of its higher alcohol content. The wine moves up the side of the glass and forms droplets that fall back under their own weight.

The phenomenon was first correctly explained by physicist James Thomson, the elder brother of Lord Kelvin, in 1855. It is an instance of what is today called the Marangoni effect (or the Gibbs-Marangoni effect): the flow of liquid caused by surface tension gradients.

The evaporation of alcohol also creates a temperature variation along the film of wine due to evaporative cooling. Since surface tension increases with decreasing temperature, this leads to an enhancement of the Marangoni effect that, until recently, had been overlooked.

The effect can be used to move water droplets around in technical applications.

It is sometimes claimed incorrectly that wine with "lots of legs" is sweeter or of a better quality. In fact the intensity of this phenomenon depends only on alcohol content, and it can be eliminated completely by covering the wine glass (which stops the evaporation of the alcohol). British physicist C. V. Boys argues that the biblical injunction, "Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his colour in the cup, when it moveth itself aright", (Proverbs 23:31) refers to this effect. Since the "tears of wine" are most noticeable in wine which has a high alcohol content, the author may be suggesting this as a way to identify wines that should be avoided in the interest of sobriety.

In 2019 a paper indicated that shock-wave dynamics may play a part in the phenomenon.

Related phenomena
Other fluid phenomena that arise in alcohol-water mixtures are beading and viscimetry. These are more pronounced in liquor than in wine, and both phenomena are more pronounced in stronger liquor.

Beading refers to the formation of stable bubbles when liquor is shaken. This occurs only in liquor that contains more than 46% alcohol. It is an example of the Marangoni effect. Shaking a whisky bottle to form bubbles is referred to as “beating [beading] the whisky”.

Viscimetry is the formation of whorls when water is added to a high-alcohol mixture.

title: Tears of wine


text:
User:Sudhakar~enwiki

Sudhakar Sadasivuni http://sodhana.blogspot.com

title: User:Sudhakar~enwiki


text:
Talk:Harvey Andrews

Place of birth
I always thought he came from Hull (Boothferry Bridge, etc), not Birmingham Bluewave 16:22, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

He was born in Birmingham see official website CustardJack 21:28, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

FOLK SINGER??
Harvey Andrews says of himself, "I only sing songs what i have written", so it is debatable whether he is actually a "folk" singer rather than a 'singer-songwriter'

Having seen, and been thoroughly entertained by Harvey Andrews on many occasions I can categorically state that he is a genius, a singer song writer of exceptional talent -- and also a real died in the wool folk singer. By definition, a person who writes and performs songs of their time is a folk singer. Never forsaking his roots, a true man of the people, his ability to observe and then put into words and music in such a cogent and musical fashion is breathtaking. I was first drawn in by the haunting Boothferry Bridge - but stayed to be elevated by such great songs and melodies as 'when I am old' - 'lovely lonely lady' - 'found and loved' - 'margerita' - 'hey sandy' and never forgetting the very funny 'driving in the middle lane'  --- I could write a whole page of my favourites - but suffice to say that an evening in this gentleman's company was a time to be treasured - very witty, veru talented, but most of all very genuine! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.166.229.248 (talk) 22:07, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

Soldier
I believe 'Soldier' is based on a real incident which happened in Northern Ireland where a Sergeant of the Parachute Regiment used his body as a 'human shield' to protect civilians from a bomb. As his body was carried away members of the crowd sang songs and spat at it/him.

 * Yes it is. Sgt Michael Willetts GC, 3 PARA. 'Arry Boy (talk) 17:44, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Paul Simon
According to Harvey Andrews himself, he was the first person to cover a Paul Simon song (Trevek (talk) 22:16, 14 February 2008 (UTC))

Trivia
Moved to talk as trivia: RJFJR (talk) 19:33, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

He is a follower of Birmingham City Football Club, a fact celebrated by Les Barker in the "Harvey Andrews Chorus" (set to the music of Handel's "Hallelujah Chorus"), which has been recorded by The Mrs Ackroyd Band on the CD "Tubular Dogs".

Referencing etc
I came here as a long term fan of Andrews in the late 60s early 70s from the folk clubs in order to find out more about him and his songs. The article gives me that information but it is pretty much entirely unreferenced at present, soi I've tagged it for a bit of love and care in the reference department. Fiddle Faddle (talk) 08:15, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:59, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harvey Andrews


text:
User:ErikNY/AOLBroadcastFan

This page is to deal with a problem editor who, since around July of 2005, has created a mess among many articles relating to tv and radio stations through multiple IP's.

These articles have included at least one the following trademarks:
 * Improper capitalization
 * Reports of every single ratings trend by the station
 * Short sentences, including the repeated use of words such as "so" or of the conditional tense (eg. "In 1986 WOIO would become the Fox affiliate.")
 * In the case of TV stations, mentioning the channel number before the call sign, eg. "2 WMAR" (not exactly a faux pas, but another trademark nonetheless) . The same can be said for radio stations as well, as he can also note the callsign before the frequency in both cases.
 * Reports of every single ownership change
 * No wikification
 * Mentions of every single format adjustment (the station leaned rock, etc.)
 * Repeated use of insider radio terms and initials
 * Long lists of the artists associated with a particular format at a time
 * Add content from other Wikipedia articles onto station articles, usually regarding the network that a station airs, and found unwikified at the end
 * Repeats content from articles of TV stations at the bottom of that station's article, found unwikified
 * Add one-liners at the end of station articles about the station, usually found out of place
 * Isn't afraid to insert copyrighted material to existing or new station articles.

I have tried to contact this user repeatedly, especially since there are a certain set of IP addresses he uses over and over, but he has not responded, and has continued to make these edits. As a result, I have set up this page for discussion over what he's done and what to do about it.

As of October 2005, his work can be seen on many TV stations in the United States, as well as in most, if not all commercial radio stations located in New York City, Los Angeles, Philadelphia and Chicago.

 * I've been trying to figure out how this person knows all this stuff. First I thought he/she was a program director at various NYC radio stations, but when other cities showed up, I thought maybe a radio consultant, because they get brought into different situations and have to know what all the competitors are doing, etc.  But TV as well?  It's a mystery.   Wasted Time R 00:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I frequent a radio/TV message board, and this guy's writing style is similar to one of the people who posts there. - Hinto 00:01, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

IP's Used
He has used these IP's at one time or another. This is an incomplete list. Apparently, there are three sets of IP ranges that he uses:

Updates

 * October 14, 2005: Has added his content to WMVP as and WSCR as . He has used these IP adresses for past edits. ErikNY 16:23, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * October 16, 2005: He might mean more than just adding info to station pages, as he also likes to copy segments from network Wikipedia articles onto station pages, as well as add one-liners at the end of certain pages. User has done this to every tv station in Houston. This is another IP he has used, since I've tried to contact him on this user's talk page. Check here for an example of this method. ErikNY 14:33, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * October 17, 2005 created an article for WYLL.  also created a very short article for WJMP. ErikNY 12:48, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * added copyvio content from http://www.wlshistory.com to WLS (AM). - Hinto 23:06, 3 November 2005 (UTC) (just found out today)

 * October 18, 2005 added actual coherent content for WOWO, but a couple of hours later, made his trademark expansion on WYSP. ErikNY 14:54, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Similar expansions were made from on WBEN-FM and WRDW-FM at around the same time as WYSP. ErikNY 12:32, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure these entries stand a good chance of being in copyright violation, unless the author is Scott Childers himself. The first station I looked at, WSCR, appears to have been a copy-and-paste from this, minus the graphics: http://www.scottchilders.com/timecapsule/TCWMAQ.htm But I'm not sure; I'm really too new to consider blowing that sort of whistle more officially. Would someone more experienced take a look at it? TECannon 04:33, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know about other cities, but I can't believe that the New York radio station edits are copied from anywhere. The information this person adds is more detailed than any other NYC radio site I've seen, and it also covers a narrower time range (he/she doesn't go back before the mid-60s at the earliest).  Wasted Time R 12:26, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've noticed in some instances that there are cases of copyvios. I remember tagging an article for a station in Kansas City twice for copyvios, and looking at the page history of WUVN, me and Hinto were reverting copyrighted material that he added. So yes, he also pastes copyrighted material at times as well. ErikNY 12:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * October 19, 2005 created articles for tv stations in Columbia, South Carolina. Most of his articles have copyrighted material, and I tagged those for speedy deletion. ErikNY 17:21, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * And the Boston invasion is on. is now giving his patented edits to various Boston stations. And on second check, he is copying and pasting articles from station profiles here. This is ridiculous. I reverted all but one of his contributions, and I wouldn't be surprised if he did all stations from 99.5 and above according to this. ErikNY 17:26, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Looking at the Boston edits, they are a little different from the NYC edits. There aren't as many grammatical mistakes, typos, and choppy sentences, and the mentions of formats don't have the long lists of artists associated with that format.  So maybe more evidence that the NYC edits were legit, if poorly done, while the other cities' edits are copyvios?  Maybe this person got frustrated at running out of NYC stations to work on, but didn't have personal knowledge of radio in other cities, so resorted to copyvio'ing?  Just a theory.  Wasted Time R 22:23, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In the case of WIS-TV, can't it just be turned into a re-direct of WIS? - Hinto 20:01, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * October 25, 2005 posted unnecessary speculation over the format change at WXRK and its implications on other New York City radio stations. ErikNY 03:11, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * He has also posted speculation related to the WXRK format change at WNEW-FM, WPLJ, WAXQ, and surprisingly, WNYE-FM. ErikNY 03:11, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * November 3, 2005 wrote an article on WEZE while  did his trademark edits on WBZ (AM). ErikNY 16:07, 3 November 2005 (UTC)
 * November 4, 2005 added copyrighted material to WEEI which has already been deleted, while  added copyrighted material to WRKO and  added a copyrighted article with WTTT. ErikNY 14:12, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * added too much to WWOR-TV while did the same to WNYW. They are both reverted. ErikNY 14:10, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User:ErikNY/AOLBroadcastFan


text: User talk:24.233.94.198

title: User talk:24.233.94.198


text: User talk:80.47.118.34

title: User talk:80.47.118.34


text:
User:STGM

R.I.P

title: User:STGM


text:
Östgöta Nation, Lund

The Östgöta Nation, or locally ÖG's, is one of thirteen student nations of Lund University in Sweden. With its 1,629 members, it is the seventh-largest nation in Lund - ranking behind Kalmar but ahead of Sydskånska. It is often considered the oldest of the university's nations and it celebrated its 350th anniversary in 2018. The name Östgöta refers to the Swedish Östergötland province.

The nation was founded in the same year as the university was established – 1668. Around 40 students who had transferred from Uppsala University enrolled at the nation. With the Scanian War in 1676, the university was forced to close temporarily, as was the nation.

The nation reopened in 1681, and has since 1686 maintained written details of all meetings; these full details still exist to this day.

From 1766 to 1798, it was part of Götiska Nationen along with Västgöta and Kalmar.

Today the nation is located in central Lund at a house named Ostrolocus, not far from the city centre where Lund Cathedral, the Kungshuset and the Lund University main building are to be found.

title: Östgöta Nation, Lund


text:
George A. Ramsdell

George Allen Ramsdell (March 11, 1834 – November 16, 1900) was an American lawyer, businessman, and Republican politician from Nashua, New Hampshire. He served as the 46th governor of New Hampshire from 1897 to 1899.

Biography
George A. Ramsdell was born in Milford, New Hampshire on March 11, 1834. He graduated from the McCollom Institute in Mont Vernon and attended Amherst College for a year. Ramsdell then studied law, was admitted to the bar, and established a practice in Peterborough.

A Republican, Ramsdell served as treasurer of Hillsborough County from 1861 to 1862, and County Clerk from 1864 to 1887. In 1864 he moved to Amherst, and in 1866 he became a resident of Nashua. In addition to practicing law, Ramsdell was active in several businesses, including banks and railroads, and he served as president of Nashua's First National Bank. In 1871 he received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Dartmouth College.

Ramsdell served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1869 to 1872, and was a delegate to the 1876 State Constitutional Convention. From 1891 to 1892 he was a member of the state Executive Council. In 1894 he ran for governor and lost the Republican nomination to Charles A. Busiel.

In 1896 Ramsdell was elected to a two-year term as governor, and he served from 1897 to 1899. His time in office was marked by creation of state board to oversee licensing of physicians and surgeons and mobilizing volunteers to serve in the Spanish–American War.

Ramsdell died in Nashua on November 16, 1900, and was buried in Nashua's Edgewood Cemetery.

title: George A. Ramsdell


text:
Template talk:Vw2

TfD debate
This template was redirected as a result of this TfD debate. -Splash talk 20:55, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Vw2


text: Category:Hotels in Iowa

title: Category:Hotels in Iowa


text:
User:Narson

Feel free to leave messages for me on my talk page. This user operates a legitimate sock for use on public computers, Narson'sPetFerret.

I've spent some time away from wiki (As I undertook an undergraduate and postgraduate degree!) but I'm now intent on returning to try and see what good I can put my skills to. For those who are curious, my degrees are in history with a specialism in Fascist and extremist thought, especially in light of political religion ideas. Though I'm happy to converse on gender studies, military history and various others - just don't expect me to be quite so au fait :)

דָּנִיֵּאל

title: User:Narson


text:
Black Dog (1998 film)

Black Dog is a 1998 American action thriller film directed by Kevin Hooks and starring Patrick Swayze. The film tells the story of a trucker and ex-con who is manipulated into transporting illegal arms. The film co-stars popular American singers Randy Travis and Meat Loaf.

Plot
The film starts out with FBI and ATF agents on a pursuit to stop a truck carrying illegal guns as part of an illegal arms operation. The result is the death of the driver, which leads to a disagreement with FBI and ATF agents on involvement with the case.

Truck driver Jack Crews (Patrick Swayze) has just been released from jail for vehicular manslaughter, for accidentally hitting and killing a motorist and his passenger on the side of the road during a trip in which he experienced a Black Dog hallucination brought on by exhaustion. Along with his imprisonment, he also lost his Commercial driver's license. Following his release, he attempts to get back to a normal life, but this time works as a truck mechanic for a local repair shop in New Jersey, unable to drive himself. His manager, Frank Cutler (Graham Beckel), offers him a job driving a load of toilets from Atlanta to New Jersey for $10,000. Jack initially declines the offer, but when he discovers that his house will be repossessed unless he pays off his debt, he then changes his mind and takes the job.

He flies down to Atlanta to meet up with Red (Meat Loaf), who runs the trucking yard. Red initially gives Jack a brand-new truck to haul the load, but Jack chooses an older Peterbilt 379 so as not to draw too much attention. He is accompanied on the trip by Earl (Randy Travis) riding shotgun, and Sonny (Gabriel Casseus) and Wes (Brian Vincent (director) ) following in Sonny's Chevrolet Camaro for policy protection. As they make their way to New Jersey, the quartet experience several run-ins with Red and his crew as they attempt to hijack the load, in retaliation for the failed negotiations with Cutler about money. During the trip, Jack finds out that his load also contains illegal guns (over $3,000,000 worth, according to ATF), and that Wes has been informing Red of their whereabouts throughout the trip. Jack also discovers that Sonny is an FBI agent when he is shot and killed by Red during another hijack attempt, and that the FBI has been tracking their whereabouts as well. Jack then reveals to Earl and Wes that he lost his license due to seeing the Black Dog, a herald of destruction for truckers, and how he didn't see the motorist until it was too late.

Things worsen when Cutler takes Jack's wife Melanie and daughter Tracy hostage to ensure that Crews will complete the job and finish the entire trip. Despite the numerous attempts from Red to hijack the load, as well as Sonny's death, Jack manages to survive each attempt. When they make it to Maryland, Jack, aware of the entire plot, formulates a plan to turn over the guns to the FBI and to get his family back. Wes, at this point, has gone his separate way, while Earl decides to stay on until the end. Jack puts the FBI tracking device on the truck that Wes is leaving on and eventually the FBI pulls over the truck to realize it is the wrong one. However, Jack calls Agent Allen Ford (Charles Dutton), who is leading the case, on Wes' cell phone, telling him his plan to meet him at a loading dock in Jersey, where he will be meeting with Cutler to exchange the guns for his family.

When the meeting occurs, the FBI arrives and a shootout occurs with Cutler's men. Jack is able to catch Cutler before he can escape and then turns him over to the FBI. As a token of gratitude, the FBI gives Jack his commercial driver's license back, and also tells the Crewses that their house won't be foreclosed, in return for his assistance during the operation and they thank him for bringing Sonny's body back. He is also given the key to drive the truck one last time to the impound lot. Also, Jack thanks Earl, who was wounded in the shootout between the FBI and Cutler's men, for staying, and in return Earl tells Jack to take care of his dog, Tiny (a pit bull riding in the trailer as a guard), until he heals and everything is sorted out.

As the Crews’ leave the docks for the impound lot, they are intercepted by Red, who makes one last attempt at Jack's life, but ultimately their slamming into each other causes Red to lose control of his truck, which then flips over numerous times before getting hit by a train and exploding. After Jack checks on his family, he continues driving the truck to the impound lot.

Cast

 * Patrick Swayze as Jack Crews
 * Randy Travis as Earl
 * Meat Loaf as 'Red'
 * Gabriel Casseus as Sonny Boxer
 * Brian Vincent as Wes
 * Graham Beckel as Frank Cutler
 * Brenda Strong as Melanie Crews
 * Rusty DeWees as Junior
 * Kevin Nash as Norman
 * Cyril O'Reilly as Vince
 * Erin Broderick as Tracy Crews
 * Charles Dutton as FBI Agent Allen Ford
 * Stephen Tobolowsky as ATF Agent McClaren
 * Lorraine Toussaint as FBI Agent Avery

Production
Prior to the casting of Swayze, the film was initially intended as a vehicle for Kevin Sorbo

In July 1997, it was announced that Sorbo would star in Black Dog for around $3 million with Kevin Hooks slated to direct and produce with the intention to shoot in September during Sorbo's hiatus from Hercules: The Legendary Journeys. In September, Meat Loaf and Randy Travis were signed to star opposite Sorbo.

By November of that year, it was reported that Patrick Swayze would star in Black Dog.

Reception
Black Dog received negative reviews by critics, earning a 14% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews. It has received cult status among film enthusiasts and RADwood car enthusiasts alike, as one of the last action road movies to use practical effects, signifying the end of an era.

Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.

Soundtrack
A soundtrack album for the film, featuring various country music artists, was released in April 1998 via Decca Records Nashville. It peaked at number 30 on Top Country Albums.

Content and reception
Thom Owens gave the soundtrack a mixed review in Allmusic, praising the performances of Randy Travis, David Lee Murphy and Rhett Akins.

Among the cuts on the soundtrack, Rhett Akins' "Drivin' My Life Away" (a cover of Eddie Rabbitt) and Linda Davis's "I Wanna Remember This" were both released as singles. Patty Loveless' "On Down the Line" was previously a single from her 1990 album of the same name, and Steve Earle's "Nowhere Road" was a single from his 1987 album Exit 0. David Lee Murphy's "We Can't All Be Angels" also appeared on his 1997 album of the same name, Lee Ann Womack's "A Man with 18 Wheels" previously appeared on her 1997 self-titled debut, Big House's "Road Man" previously appeared on their 1997 self-titled debut, and Chris Knight's "The Hammer Going Down" appeared on his 1998 self-titled debut. "Highway Junkie", recorded here by Gary Allan, was previously recorded by Randy Travis on his 1996 album Full Circle.

title: Black Dog (1998 film)


text: User talk:65.94.165.127

title: User talk:65.94.165.127


text:
Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów

The Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów (Cmentarz Obrońców Lwowa, Cmentarz Orląt, Cemetery of Eaglets, Orlat Cemetery) is a memorial and a burial place for the Poles and their allies who died in Lwów during the hostilities of the Polish-Ukrainian War and Polish-Soviet War between 1918 and 1920.

The complex is a part of the city's historic Lychakiv Cemetery. There are about 3000 graves in that part of the cemetery; some from the Lwów Eaglets young militia volunteers, after whom that part of the cemetery is named. It was one of the most famous necropolises of the interwar Poland.

Initially neglected during Soviet times, much of the cemetery was destroyed in 1971. Since the fall of communism, the cemetery has seen constant rebuilding and refurbishment and continues to be one of the principal tourist attractions of Lviv.

In the Second Polish Republic
In 1918–1919, Poles and Ukrainians fought over the territory of Eastern Galicia that included Lviv; with Poland defeating the Western Ukrainian People's Republic. A year later, another war, between Poland and the Russian SFSR, was fought around the city. In the aftermath, the city ended up being part of interwar Poland, and the Polish authorities decided to construct a memorial to the Poles and their allies who died in the 1918–1920 hostilities in that region.

The necropolis complex was designed by Rudolf Indruch, an architecture student from the Lviv Polytechnic whose project won the competition. The most visible element was a domed chapel which towers over the tombs underneath. Exhumed remains of the 72 fighters were put in catacombs located between the chapel and the tombs. In addition to Polish fighters, this part of the cemetery also has graves and monuments to American (pilots from the Kościuszko Squadron) and French volunteers who fought on the Polish side, two monuments were dedicated to those Polish foreign allies. Underneath, an inscription "Mortui sunt ut liberi vivamus" ("They died so we could live free") was engraved on a semi-circular colonnade monument. A triumphal arch was flanked by two stone lions. The necropolis was never finished; its construction continued until the outbreak of the Second World War. Out of almost 3,000 tombs, 300 were dedicated to the Eaglets, as the young Polish defenders of the city from 1918 are known. In 1925 the ashes of one of the unknown defenders of Lwów were transferred to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw.

Wartime devastation and aftermath
After the Soviet invasion of Poland and the events of World War II, the city became part of Soviet Ukraine, and the Polish historical monuments located at the cemetery were devastated or neglected. The stone lions, the columnade, the monuments to foreign troops were removed. Up to 1971 many of the sculptures were destroyed; the cemetery of Lviv Eaglets was completely destroyed and turned into a truck depot. Soviets attempted to destroy the triumphal arch with tanks. In the 1970s, the majority of the tombs were razed with bulldozers.

The Lviv Eaglets section was, however, not reopened for several decades, as the fact that many of the people buried there fought on the Polish side against the Ukrainians during the Polish-Ukrainian War generated some controversy. The issue has resurfaced several times in the Polish-Ukrainian relations; however, in 1989 the reconstruction works have begun, carried by local Polonia and Polish workers working temporarily in Lviv. Eventually the Cemetery of the Defenders of Lviv was reopened on 24 June 2005 when the Lviv City Council, which initially resisted the opening, eventually changed its mind, following Polish support for Ukraine's Orange Revolution (2004). President of Poland Aleksander Kwaśniewski and President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko, who attended the opening ceremony, agreed that the reconstruction and official opening represents a major improvement in Polish-Ukrainian relations.

title: Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów


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