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Destro

Laird James McCullen Destro XXIV, usually referred to simply as Destro, is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books, and cartoon series. He is the Scottish leader of the Iron Grenadiers, and founder of M.A.R.S. Industries, a weapons manufacturer, and supplier for Cobra. Destro is portrayed by Christopher Eccleston in the 2009 live-action film G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, and by an uncredited extra in its 2012 sequel G.I. Joe: Retaliation.

Profile
Born in Callander, Scotland, Destro's full name is James McCullen Destro XXIV, and he is Laird of the Castle Destro in the Scottish Highlands. The Destro clan has designed and sold weapons for centuries, and Destro is the faceless power behind their current incarnation—M.A.R.S. (Military Armament Research Syndicate), a state-of-the-art weapons manufacturer and one of the largest multinational corporations in the world. As a businessman, Destro is cutthroat and unyielding and is able to maintain apartments or office buildings in most major cities of the world. His luxurious lifestyle outdoes most oil sheiks or shipping magnates. Destro was an early investor in Macau and has other potentially lucrative speculative real estate holdings in developing areas of the world. War is his business and passion; Destro believes in the spoils of war and the vast wealth M.A.R.S. provides. He hires mercenaries to stir up conflict in dangerous regions, then provides high-tech arms to any side able to meet his price. Continuing a tradition started by the first Destro, he will even sell to both sides of the same war.

Destro's key characteristics are his sense of honor, a calm demeanor, and love for Cobra's second-in-command, the Baroness. He wears a mask forged from beryllium steel, a tradition dating back to the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, when an ancestor of his was caught by Cromwell's men in the act of selling weapons to both sides. Forced to wear a steel mask for his crimes (neither side wanted to execute the ancestor because they still wanted the weapons he sold), the Destro clan has since turned it into a symbol of pride, passing it down from father to son for over 20 generations. He also wears on a neck chain his family crest bearing an ancient Scottish emblem symbolizing absolute power. Destro will sometimes enter battle himself, either as a member of Cobra Command, or against them if it is better for business. He respects the G.I. Joe Team for their combat skills, but detests them for wasting their skills to maintain peace. Destro and Cobra Commander despise each other, but maintain an alliance of convenience. Although twice the tactician and three times the soldier of Cobra Commander, Destro's sense of honor works to his disadvantage in the face of Cobra Commander's ruthlessness.

A Real American Hero toy line
Destro was first released as an action figure in 1983, as a part of the second series of 3$3⁄4$" G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero figures. This initial version featured a silver, vacuum-metalized head. In 1988, a second version was produced, this time with a gold vac-metalized head. This figure was released as part of the Iron Grenadiers faction, and the new mask symbolized his change in allegiance. A third figure of Destro followed in 1992, once again featuring his silver mask, this time painted instead of chromed. In 1993, a Star Brigade version of Destro was included in the Armor-Tech wave (again with a vac-metalized head). The same year, Hasbro revisited the long-dormant 12" G.I. Joe action figure scale, featuring the characters from "A Real American Hero". Destro was included in the 1993 series, packaged with a removable helmet that revealed his face underneath.

Hasbro and Toys "R" Us created a 15th Anniversary line in 1997, where Destro was released as part of the Cobra Command 3-pack. The pack was intended to feature the original 1983 mold of Destro but it had been lost by this time, forcing Hasbro to use the bulkier 1992 figure instead, in a variety of different color combinations. The same figure was repainted once more (in a more traditional color scheme) in 2001, when Hasbro expanded the line to the mass market.

In 2002, Hasbro relaunched the G.I. Joe “A Real American Hero” toyline for its 20th anniversary, and a new Destro figure was included in the initial wave. This Destro has a radically different uniform, and his face is molded with an open mouth and bared teeth.

Spy Troops
For 2003's Spy Troops, another new Destro was created, this time featuring him in a casual sweater and trousers, with the chromed steel mask returning. A 12" version of Destro was also released for the Spy Troops sub-line. Another Destro was released in 2004, in the "Valor vs Venom" sub-line, which returned Destro to his classic military look, but with a different color scheme. Repainting of the 1992 Destro has continued in the comic book 3-packs released in 2004–06, with a new head mold based on his comic appearance in Marvel #24.

Sigma 6
Destro is also included in the 8" Sigma 6 toyline. The figure is clad in Cobra blue, with a red collar reminiscent of the 1983 toy, and a vac-metalized head mold. A repainted "Crime Boss" version of this figure was released shortly before the line's demise in 2007.

25th Anniversary
Hasbro created two boxed sets of figures, featuring modern sculpting and increased articulation (including the replacement of G.I. Joe's trademark O-Ring construction). Destro was included in the inaugural Cobra set, along with Cobra Commander, Baroness, Storm Shadow, and a Cobra Trooper. This figure was later re-released individually. For the 2007 San Diego Comic Con, Hasbro repainted Destro in the color scheme of the ultra-rare 1997 "Pimp Daddy" Destro figure. Two versions of this figure were made: one had the traditional silver mask head while the other had the Iron Grenadier-themed gold mask. As part of the Comic Pack line, the figure was released again, this time with a blueish silver/dark blue color scheme that resembles Destro's first appearance in the Marvel series, as well as a vac-metal head. He came packaged with the G.I. Joe soldier Breaker and a copy of G.I. Joe #14.

In 2008, a new version of the Iron Grenadier Destro was released. Using a new mold, it was released as a single-card figure. A blueish-tinted variant, representing the coloration of the original Marvel comic version, was released in a comic-book set with an Iron Grenadier figure and an original comic book. There was also a variant with this figure, which was a black head for Destro.

G.I. Joe Classified Series
2020 saw the release of the G.I. Joe Classified Series, a new line of highly articulated 6-inch scale action figures that includes prominent characters like Destro. This line features premium deco, detailing, articulation, and classic design updated to bring the classic characters into the modern era, plus accessories inspired by each character's rich history.

Marvel Comics (1982-1994)
In the comic continuity, Destro fancies himself an honorable man, answering to a moral code he alone seems to understand. He has stood with the Commander as often as he has opposed him, and will join forces with the G.I. Joe team if it is good for business. With such wavering loyalties, he has come to respect and befriend many characters, from Joe members Flint and Lady Jaye, to Baroness, and even the Commander's estranged son Billy. However, his strongest connection is to the Baroness, and it is revealed early on that she has shared a romantic relationship with him since before the comic begins.

Destro first appears in the Marvel Comics series G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #11, although his face is not seen. He is Cobra Commander's hired "specialist", sent to stop the G.I. Joe team from ruining their operation on the Alaskan Pipeline. Although Destro manages to stay two steps ahead of the Joes, his confrontation with Doc results in the Joes getting the antidote for a plague with which they had been infected, and turning the tables on Cobra. His first full appearance reveals his name and establishes his true intentions: he plans to remove the Commander from the equation, and lead Cobra himself, with the Baroness at his side. The Commander comes to suspect this betrayal, and recruits Major Bludd to kill Destro.

A night operation in Washington, D.C. gives Bludd his chance. But when the Baroness (who was driving Bludd's HISS tank) realizes what he is planning, she swerves sharply, overturning the tank and setting it on fire. The tank explodes, seemingly killing her, and leaves Destro a shattered wreck of his former self. The Commander uses this turn of events to point Destro's rage toward Bludd, and operates for a while without the fear of Destro's treachery. But when the Commander is captured by G.I. Joe, Destro wastes no time taking control. At this point the Baroness returns, and reveals the Commander's part in her near death.

After a battle in the Everglades, Destro, Wild Weasel, and Firefly are stranded, with only their wiles to get them past the G.I. Joe team, and back to Cobra's home town of Springfield. This brings him into repeated conflict with the Joes, including a fist fight with Cutter. When they finally arrive in Springfield, however, Baroness reveals that she and Bludd have recruited a young boy to assassinate the Commander during a Cobra rally. During the ceremony, Destro spots the trained killer, and realizes it is Cobra Commander's own son, Billy. Saving the man he swore to kill, Destro reveals a new side of himself: that of an honorable man who cannot condone patricide, even against a hated foe.

Destro heads the tribunal that questions Billy, and later tries to stop Storm Shadow from helping the boy escape. After the creation of Cobra Island, Destro and the Baroness meet with the curious Doctor Mindbender, as he demonstrates a bio-weapon to them (quick growing vines that spew knock out gas). Although the vines are defeated by Lady Jaye and a team of G.I. Joe trainees, they bring Doctor Mindbender to Cobra, where his true plans are put into effect. With the Commander's consent and Destro's help, Doctor Mindbender collects the bodies of history's ten greatest warriors, which are used to create Serpentor. Serpentor is quickly recruited to fight a holding action against G.I. Joe, while Destro coordinates a complete evacuation of Springfield. Once the citizens of the small town are safe, Destro again shows his honorable side, and rescues Serpentor and the defenders.

Assaulting the Pit under Ft. Wadsworth, Staten Island, the Commander becomes indignant at Serpentor and his successful campaign to take Cobra as his own. Cobra Commander leads a team of troops into the subterranean base, and Destro chooses to join him. The two are trapped underneath tons of rubble, when the defenders detonate The Pit's lowest levels, and cave in the entire installation. While the Commander becomes unhinged, Destro reasons his way through, and uncovers an earth-boring machine that saves their lives. Traveling across country in disguise, they are reunited with Billy, who is in a coma after his car was blown up by the Cobra agent Scrap-Iron (by orders of Firefly). Watching the Commander grieve for his misdeeds, Destro decides his time with Cobra has ended, and leaves. He returns to Scotland to reclaim his family's legacy, but on arrival, he is greeted by a doppelganger and thrown in prison. With the intervention of Lady Jaye and Flint, Destro overthrows the fake, who turns out to be Major Bludd.

Some time later, Destro resurfaces as the leader of his own organization, the Iron Grenadiers. After inciting a war in Sierra Gordo, he takes part in the Cobra Island Civil War. He invades the island with his Grenadiers and confronts Serpentor's forces, but only requests that the Baroness (whom Serpentor had captured) be turned over to him. With the Baroness in his custody, he withdraws from the island. Displaying his honor yet again, Destro helps blackmail a pair of politicians who are trying to blame G.I. Joe for aiding Serpentor in the Civil War.

Content to stay out of the ongoing war between G.I. Joe and Cobra, Destro is nonetheless made a target by Cobra Commander II, and Castle Destro is assaulted by Cobra. Turning the tables, Destro overpowers the fake Commander, and effectively takes over Cobra. While he unveils an intricate plan of checks and balances to keep the Cobra High Command and his Iron Grenadiers on even footing, the Baroness discovers that Snake Eyes was the soldier she believed shot her brother in Southeast Asia. Waging an ill-advised personal vendetta, she ensnares Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow in the NYC Cobra Consulate Building which is laid waste in the ensuing battle. As the roof collapses, and the three are about the plummet to their death, Destro arrives in a helicopter. He reveals that not only was he in Southeast Asia that day with his father, but that Snake Eyes was innocent of killing her brother Eugene. Taking his lover away, he removes his mask for her, and the two retire for a time, while the Baroness puts her life back together.

As soon as Destro abandons Cobra, the original Commander returns, and locks most of his old lackeys in a freighter, and buries it under the volcano on Cobra Island. Among the victims are Zartan and Billy, although they have the distinction of being two of the three (Firefly being the last) who manage to dig themselves out. Because of his honorable character, they look to Destro for refuge. At the same time, the Commander (still seeking revenge on his old associates) assaults and destroys Castle Destro. Because of his spy in Cobra, Metal-Head, Destro manages to escape from the Castle, aided by G.I. Joe agent Chuckles, and the Commander puts a bounty on Destro's head.

Now a marked man, Destro teams up with Billy and Zartan to rescue the Baroness, who is captured by Cobra in the raid. Teaming up with the G.I. Joe Ninja Force, the former Cobras break into the Night Creepers' citadel, and begin wiping out Cobra bank accounts. To save his fortunes, the Commander agrees to call off the bounty on Destro, return the Baroness to him, and provide him with a new castle.

That turns out to be the Silent Castle in Trans-Carpathia, where Slice and Dice have assembled the remaining Red Ninjas. With G.I. Joe guarding the Castle and Cobra arriving to activate the subliminal suggestions the Commander implanted in the Baroness while she was his prisoner, a four-way war breaks out, in the middle of which, Destro reveals the secret duality of the Castle. Keeping his promise to the Baroness that he would love her so long as Castle Destro stands, he transforms the castle into a duplicate of his Scottish home, and the Baroness's love for him breaks the Commander's hold. Routing Cobra and the ninjas, the couple are left alone once more.

After a time, the Commander decides that he wants to move on from Cobra Island and reclaim the Castle from Destro. On the run from a Cobra invasion, Destro and Baroness contact G.I. Joe for an extraction. Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow come to their rescue, but not before Destro sets the transformation controls to create a nightmare of architecture, and confronts Scarlett (posing as a traitor). On the rooftop, Snake Eyes is forced to run her through with his sword (narrowly missing her heart) to keep her cover, and make good their escape. Destro tries to give his thanks for the rescue, but is silently rebuffed by Snake Eyes, who resents having been put in such a position.

Afterwards, General Hawk takes Destro and Baroness to Cobra Island, where they are reunited with Zartan, who warns them all of the inevitable return of Dr. Mindbender. With the Commander fighting G.I. Joe in Millville, Destro, Baroness, and Zartan retake the Trans-Carpathian castle. They are soon joined by Billy, and the small group is reunited for a while. Soon after Dr. Mindbender is revived, he reveals that he placed a brain implant into Destro's mind during the removal of a wisdom tooth. Zartan also has one, and Cobra Commander's unmasked face is the trigger that activates them. Cobra ventures once more to the Castle, and the Commander removes his hood, turning Destro and Zartan to his side.

With Destro's superior tactical mind, Cobra begins a campaign that leaves them in control of Trans-Carpathia, Darklonia, and Borigia-Krazny/Marango. It is when they assault Wolkekukuckland that they come up against the G.I. Joe team, and the progress is halted. During the stalemate, Snake Eyes attacks the Silent Castle to rescue Storm Shadow, only to find that he, along with the Baroness and Billy, have been brainwashed to serve Cobra as well. On the run, the Joes escape Cobra, and return to the United States, only to be deactivated by the government. The series comes to a close, leaving Destro and the others under the thrall of Cobra Commander.

Devil's Due (2001-2008)
In “The Mission That Never Was”, it is revealed that the core G.I. Joe members were sent on one final mission, which resulted in Cobra's Brainwave Scanner being corrupted by a virus that spread through the entirety of their mainframe. Crippled and defeated, Cobra then fell to a "unified military attack" (this attack is never detailed in a story, but hinted at in various “Battle Files” entries). A happy side effect of this confluence of events was the incapacitation of the Brainwave Scanner. Without repeated "self-medication" via the Scanner, the Baroness was freed from her artificial loyalty to Cobra. It is left ambiguous as to how Destro overcame his brain implant (which was self-contained, and thus unaffected by the virus), but it is speculated that, as happened in the Silent Castle some time earlier, the love between James and Ana can overcome any obstacle. The two returned to Trans-Carpathia and retired from the intrigue and danger of Cobra, but continued to rebuild M.A.R.S. Industries, establishing an outpost in Scotland. During this time, Dr. Mindbender and Scrap-Iron both enjoyed productive employment with M.A.R.S. But at some point, James contracted a serious family illness, and was bed-ridden for a long time.

It is at this point that his illegitimate son, Alexander, surfaced. Vulnerable in his weakened state, James took Alexander in and gave him full run of the operation. Wanting to make his father proud, he usurped the Destro identity and recruited Lilian Osbourne (Mistress Armada) to lead his armies, as he had nowhere near the tactical genius of his father. When James begins to recover from the illness, Destro injects him with an experimental nanite technology, which keeps him incapacitated. Destro then arranges for the Cobra Commander to learn of the nanites' existence. Thinking he's stealing them from a U.S. government, the Commander devises an elaborate scheme to take control of the country. With new-found momentum, Cobra Commander begins contacting all his old allies, and returns to the U.S.

Destro and the Baroness attend the meeting in Zartan's Florida compound, appearing to all as couple on the outs. After hearing him out, Destro and Lilian stage a coup, and take the Commander prisoner. Using the nanites on the Commander and all the former Cobra agents (save Zartan), Destro is able to secure his hold over the organization, and effect the reunification the Commander had hoped for. Manipulating all the members of Cobra, Destro unleashes the nanites on the United States, very nearly taking over. It is only because of the intervention of the G.I. Joe team (who were reinstated when the Commander returned to U.S. soil), and Cobra Commander (who was freed from the prison by Storm Shadow, and cured of the nanites) that Destro fails in his bid for domination. When the nanites are defeated, the real Destro is freed from his paralyzed state just in time to greet Alex and Lilian, who are imprisoned after the Baroness rescues them from their losing battle.

Back in control, Destro is forced to make restitution to Cobra for his son's transgressions. Offering the Commander an explanation for the doppelganger as well as the hi-tech Destro family helmet that aided Alex in his deception, Destro agrees to work with Cobra until such time that he feels the debt is paid. Soon after this, the Baroness is kidnapped by the yakuza, and Destro teams up with G.I. Joe (Flint has also gone missing) to rescue her. In the fight, Alex proves his newfound loyalty to his father, and follows orders exactly.

The Commander is captured by Serpentor, now in charge of the Coil. When he and a group of Joes affect an escape, he contacts Destro, stating "assist me, and all debts are clear". Rallying all of Cobra with him, Destro assaults Cobra Island and helps defeat the Coil. After the battle, the Commander has disappeared, and Destro is left, seemingly against his desires, in charge of Cobra. So when the Commander finally surfaces with Storm Shadow in tow, Destro takes the opportunity to leave Cobra, for good and all. In a shocking twist, however, the Baroness does not join him.

Heading up his own operations in an attempt to finally put M.A.R.S. back on solid ground, Destro strikes a deal with Guillermo Gomes in Sierra Muerto, to double cross Sierra Gordo's President. Sending in Iron Grenadiers disguised as Sierra Muerto mercenaries, Destro then approaches President Delacruz for permission to build weapon factories within Sierra Gordo borders in exchange for routing the invaders. Intending for the President to be assassinated, and Gomes to take control of both countries, Destro would then be positioned as the region's biggest gun runner. This elaborate scheme was derailed by Duke, who had helped foster peace between the warring countries before Destro began his machinations, and arrested the arms dealer.

Put on trial by the U.N., Destro turns the tables on everyone, and offers not only full disclosure of a number of dirty dealings concerning key U.N. countries, but also the guaranteed capture of Cobra Commander to assure his release. Taking his offer, the Joes are charged with transporting Destro by train, to lure Cobra into a trap. When both Cobra Commander and Baroness arrive to free Destro, the Commander and Hawk throw down. Defeating his foe, the Commander shoots Hawk in the back, only to be shot himself, by the Baroness.

The ruse is successful, and the Commander is in U.S. custody, leaving Destro and a pregnant Baroness in control of Cobra. During this shift in power, Alex and Lilian are charged with recruiting Charles Halifax, also known as Wraith, to free Major Bludd and Scrap-Iron from Blackwater prison. Cobra begins to solidify under Destro's leadership, as the search for a mysterious Tempest device drives their new campaign. But even this very dedicated attempt by Destro to take hold of Cobra is short lived, when it is revealed that Zartan, not the Commander, was captured by G.I. Joe. Freeing Zartan, the Commander emerges from hiding, and overthrows Destro one last time.

During the coup, the Baroness and Wraith (charged with her personal safety) are seemingly killed when the Commander detonates the Night Raven they are aboard. As happened many years before when the Baroness' HISS tank exploded, Destro is incapacitated by his grief, and sits rotting in a Cobra prison as the Commander takes over a much more efficient Cobra.

America's Elite
Escaping from Cobra when the Red Shadows attempted a worldwide take-over, Destro resurfaces (literally) a year later a much different man. Now operating from a submarine, Destro has become embittered and distant from both his son Alex, and Wraith, who somehow avoided boarding the Night Raven before its explosion. He aids Vance Wingfield in attacking the United States with shielded satellites as he brokers a deal with China. When Scarlett is overtaken by BATs while attempting to contact former Cobra agent Cesspool, Destro is revealed to be pulling the strings. Torturing Scarlett for information, Destro is undermined by Alex, who attempts to rid them of the dangerous G.I. Joe prisoner. When the Joes eventually catch up to him, Destro sets the sub to self-destruct, and escapes with Alex. Snake Eyes is trapped in a flooded corridor, though he is later revived with "ninja magic".

After his rehabilitation, Destro gives Alexander a new mask, formally naming him heir to the Destro legacy. However, when the Baroness escapes from G.I. Joe custody, Destro is lured into a trap by the Cobra Commander. In exchange for his infant son, Eugen, Destro not only turns over the M.A.R.S. Empire, but Alexander as well, to Cobra Commander. Destro's actions give Cobra Commander the power to incite World War III, using Alexander to lay siege to London with cloaking technology that M.A.R.S. developed from Wraith's Armor. To combat M.A.R.S. technology, Storm Shadow is sent by the G.I. Joe team to find Destro and the Baroness. Storm Shadow strikes a deal with Destro to aid the Joes, with the proviso that when Cobra is defeated Destro will turn himself over to the authorities. Destro and Sparks succeed in disarming the Cobra-controlled satellites. Destro then flies to Europe with the Baroness to stop Alexander and his Iron Grenadier, supported by the Baroness' secret army: Athena. Upon recognizing Destro, the Iron Grenadier cease combat. Destro manifests his disapproval to Alexander who takes off the family mask and walks away from his raging father. Armada fatally shoots Alexander, thinking that's what Destro wanted. Destro walks away carrying his deceased son, while the Baroness shoots and kills Armada. It is later revealed that Destro was true to his word and turned himself in to the authorities, while Baroness has evaded capture. In one of the series' final scenes, Baroness is seen watching his trial on TV with their child Eugen.

IPC
In the mid-1980s, IPC's Battle Action Force weekly comic (in conjunction with Palitoy) began to conform their storylines to more closely resemble the Hasbro toyline. Destro was introduced as the second incarnation of the Red Shadows character, Red Jackal, driver of the Hyena tracked vehicle.

After the Red Shadows were betrayed by Baron Ironblood, Red Jackal sought revenge against his former leader, who had become the Cobra Commander. The Commander sprayed acid into Jackal's face, but chose to spare his life and renamed him Destro. (For more detail see Red Jackal's transition to Destro. )

As in other continuities, the loyalties of this version of Destro were suspect. In School for Snakes, he confronted his former colleague the Black Major, who had also survived Ironblood's treachery and sworn revenge. They conspired to kill Cobra Commander, after which Destro would take over the organization, supplying the Major with the means to disappear into obscurity. But when a group of Cobra loyalists led by the Baroness fought back, Destro decided that he could not risk being exposed, turning against and seemingly killing the Black Major—who survived.

Marvel UK
After IPC turned the Action Force license over to Marvel UK, Destro's character falls in line with the U.S. depiction. Destro features heavily in the magazine's original content, as the most prolific of Cobra's members and personal antagonist to Flint and Lady Jaye. Because of Marvel UK's serial nature, Destro is not as complex as his American counterpart, being portrayed as an actual villain, willingly fighting Action Force and arming Cobra. He is highly manipulative, not just using Action Force in his schemes but also trying to manipulate Cobra Commander; he believes Cobra can win in the long term, but that the Commander is too excessive and, if not subtly controlled, will go too far and cause the Great Powers of the world to wipe Cobra out.

G.I. Joe vs. Transformers (Devil's Due)
Destro features prominently in this series of four crossover miniseries which pose the question: What if Cobra discovered the Ark, and rebuilt the Autobots and Decepticons as weapons of war? Destro helped provide Cobra with the technology to rebuild and control the Cybertronians, and even pilots Soundwave on a mission.

Transformers vs. G.I. Joe (Dreamwave)
Set during World War II, Destro is part of a Nazi-esque Cobra who have subjugated the Decepticons and taken over Europe.

Reloaded
A modern revamp of the "Real American Hero" franchise, Destro is recruited by Cobra Commander in the initial book Cobra Reborn. He was later part of the Cobra plot to steal the Constitution where he fights the G.I. Joe agent Roadblock.

Sigma 6
Devil's Due created a mini-series based on Sigma 6. It follows the style and the content of the animated series, spotlighting a different member of Sigma 6 and Cobra in each issue. Destro appears in the first issue, battling Duke in Guam.

Sunbow
In the 1980s G.I. Joe animated series, Destro was voiced by Arthur Burghardt. In the Sunbow produced series, Destro is portrayed much differently, as he and Cobra Commander have a more contemptuous relationship. Destro is not afraid to say what is on his mind and even physically assaults him in some cases. Cobra Commander usually just lets him get away with it because he is the only one who would know how to operate the doomsday devices he makes. Destro is the creator of such technological super weapons as the Weather Dominator. He has also created some organic implements of destruction such as the Creeper Vine, as seen in The Revenge of Cobra miniseries. Furthermore, while Cobra Commander was generally portrayed as a bungler, Destro was both a more serious and more competent villain.

The origin of Destro's mask is given in the first-season episode "Skeletons in the Closet". In this episode, it is revealed that an ancestor of Destro's was convicted of witchcraft and forced to wear a hideous metal mask that marked the nature of his crime. As a mark of defiance, all of this man's descendants chose to wear masks, Destro included, and meet at a family manor in Scotland every winter solstice to honor their vow. This episode also reveals that Destro shares a common ancestor with G.I. Joe member Lady Jaye, who stumbles upon their meeting, leading to a battle between G.I. Joe and Cobra which destroys his ancestral home. This was orchestrated by the Baroness as vengeance for Destro's earlier infidelity.

In season two, having grown tired of Cobra Commander's failures, Destro joins Doctor Mindbender and Tomax and Xamot in an attempt to create a new leader. They eventually succeed when they create Serpentor. It appears as though Destro realizes Serpentor is growing too powerful and that under Cobra Commander's leadership he had more power within Cobra, and in the final episode of the second season he is helping Cobra Commander and the Coil, an organization built by the Commander to eliminate Serpentor, Doctor Mindbender and G.I. Joe in one sweep.

G.I. Joe: The Movie
Destro has a supporting role in G.I. Joe: The Movie, offering his loyalty to Serpentor, Golobulus and Cobra-La, quickly turning against Cobra Commander once again. In the final battle between the Joes and Cobra-La, Destro is seen fighting, but it is not revealed how he escaped from the explosion that destroyed the rest of Cobra-La.

DiC
In the miniseries "Operation: Dragonfire" of the DiC G.I. Joe, Destro (voiced by Maurice LaMarche) has survived the events of the movie and is now Serpentor's right-hand man. He now sports a gold mask and 'Iron Grenadier' uniform with cape. Apparently having tired of the Baroness, Destro is now in a relationship with Zarana. Humiliated by Destro's rejection, The Baroness uses Dragonfire energy to return Cobra Commander to semi-human form. Once he has returned, Cobra Commander contacts Destro, who informs the Commander he will join him again if he is able to overthrow Serpentor. He is also forced to "dump" Zarana by the Baroness, which he does, literally, through a trap door. With Serpentor defeated, Destro renews his alliance with Cobra Commander and repairs his relationship with the Baroness.

Throughout the series, Destro does not show as much disrespect for the Commander as he did in the Sunbow series, appearing more loyal than before. But he does still maintain his role as the more level-headed and intelligent of the Cobra leaders, and often has to talk some sense into Cobra Commander and stop his hysterical rants. He still shows his disdain for the Commander, but mainly keeps his remarks to himself. In the second season of the DIC series, Destro regains his silver mask and dons a variation of his classic outfit.

Spy Troops and Valor vs. Venom
Destro appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movies G.I. Joe: Spy Troops and G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom, voiced by Scott McNeil.

Sigma 6
In G.I. Joe: Sigma 6, Marc Thompson voices Destro. In the Sigma 6 continuity, he is loyal to Cobra Commander and still serves as Cobra's weapons designer. Destro is put in custody at the series end. This version of Destro may be a cyborg or at least possess some bionic enhancements, having stated he possessed "circuits in his body".

Resolute
In the miniseries, Destro and the Baroness are part of a subplot in which they have taken a team of scientists hostage. Roadblock, Beach Head, Gung-Ho and Stalker have to rescue them before Destro starts killing them. Unlike other animated versions of Destro, this one has a noticeable Scottish accent. He was voiced by Eric Bauza.

Renegades
Destro appears in G.I. Joe: Renegades voiced by Clancy Brown with an amalgamated Scottish/Irish accent. Known as James McCullen XXIV, he was the CEO of the legitimate M.A.R.S. Industries until it became allied to Cobra Industries. He is shown to be on friendly terms with the Baroness, though the extent of their relationship remains unclear. In the episode "Rage", McCullen was in collaboration with Scrap-Iron in capturing war veterans from the street in order to find the right brainwaves that would help in the mass-production of some exo-armors for Cobra Industries. Tunnel Rat ended up being one of the victims. Later, Roadblock was a victim and McCullen found a match in his brainwaves. When G.I. Joe arrived and disabled the controls on the exo-armor, Roadblock lunged towards McCullen and Scrap-Iron as they get into their helicopter. McCullen declares the test complete now that they have the data and fires a missile at G.I. Joe. Though Roadblock managed to deflect the missile back at the helicopter injuring part of Scrap-Iron's head. McCullen tells Scrap-Iron that his injuries will be avenged as he sets the exo-suit to self-destruct. The G.I. Joes managed to get away before it explodes while McCullen and Scrap-Iron escape.

In the episode "The Enemy of My Enemy", Cobra Commander (in his Adam DeCobray alias) has McCullen collaborate with Doctor Mindbender in order to have the Bio-Viper combine with the Exo-Armor. McCullen wasn't pleased with working with Doctor Mindbender and even disguised himself in order to leak info of this to G.I. Joe. McCullen even shows Adam DeCobray and Baroness the Achilles heel of the Bio-Vipers when he unleashes the Iron Grenadier exo-armors. When McCullen mentions about the exo-armors stating that he will give them 10,000 exo-armors as a pre-order, he states that he will require payment for them. However, Mindbender reveals McCullen's leaking info to the Joes while revealing his own Mecha-Vipers. Following that, Cobra Commander reveals himself while setting Serpentor on McCullen. Following that, having M.A.R.S. Industries absorbed into Cobra Industries, Cobra Commander places a mask on McCullen to force him to serve him while christening him Destro (which is his family's name for those who embarrass or shame the family). Here his mask is unlike previous version, more robotic as opposed to the appearance of a bald man with metal skin shown in other incarnations.

In "Castle Destro", the Joes end up in Destro's castle where the Bio-Dag weapon is developed by Destro and Doctor Mindbender. Destro requests to Cobra Commander that Baroness arrives in Scotland to oversee the project. Destro also tells Baroness that the Joes ended up in his castle. When Baroness arrived, Destro has a royal repast with Baroness before they see the Bio-Dag. Destro then shows Baroness footage of the Joes in his castle. Destro then speaks over the speakers as he activates the Battle Android Troopers and proposes a partnership to Baroness. When the Joes get too close to the Bio-Dag, Destro unleashes the Iron Grenadier armors and more B.A.T.s on them. As Duke ends up hijacking Baroness' chopper, Destro has his troops fire on Baroness' chopper while telling her that he will buy her a new chopper. Destro then has his troops hold their fire and have the other Joes imprisoned in the dungeon. Cobra Commander then contacts them and states that the Bio-Dag should be launched into a mining town in Greenland to take care of Cobra Industries' competition. Destro and Baroness interrogate the Joes and Scarlett tells him that the Techno-Viper was heading to Scotland. Destro suspects that Doctor Mindbender probably programmed the Techno-Viper to dispose of Destro as both of them leave to watch the Bio-Dag's launch. The Joes end up attacking the launch site causing a malfunction that would cause the Bio-Dag to fill the castle with fire. Duke then attacks Destro as he succeeds in freeing the Bio-Dag. Duke manages to destroy the Bio-Dag. Destro manages to carrying a weakened Baroness away as the castle ends up exploding. Destro tells Baroness that he will take full responsibility on what the Joes did to the Bio-Dag.

In "Cutting Edge", Destro secretly hires a high-tech Jinx in order to take out Cobra Commander as part of his revenge. Cobra Commander orders Destro to send every B.A.T. to Cobra Towers to take out Jinx.

In "Revelations" Pt. 2, Destro attacks the Joes in a prototype H.I.S.S. Tank when they infiltrate Cobra Commander's stronghold. The Joes managed to defeat him and the H.I.S.S. Tank by throwing missiles on it causing it to crash. It is unknown if Destro survived or not.

G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra
Destro appears as the main antagonist of the live action film G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, portrayed by Christopher Eccleston. In the movie, James McCullen's family background is retconned as his ancestor James McCullen IX was only punished by the French monarchy in the 17th century after being caught selling weapons to both them and England, condemned to have a red-hot iron mask welded onto his face and serve as an example to others who attempted to overthrow the crown. He also reveals that James McCullen I was also called Destro, explaining it to be short for the "Destroyer of Nations" which his family has been known for because of their shady arms-dealing.

Supplying the world's governments through M.A.R.S. (here known as Military Armaments Research Syndicate), James McCullen is secretly a terrorist mastermind, using NATO's funding for his research on nanomites before arranging for it to be stolen by M.A.R.S. agents, using one of the warheads to attack Paris as retribution for his ancestor's punishment. McCullen is also planning to rule the world. He is the primary antagonist for most of the movie, but by the end of the film, McCullen is severely burned as Rex Lewis takes control of the organization, with the familiar Cobra logo on the side of his personal sub. "Cobra Commander" then uses more of the stolen nanomites to reconstruct McCullen's face, transforming his skin into living metal. Suffering the same fate as his ancestor and forced, by the nanomites' mind controlling ability, to be obedient to Cobra Commander, McCullen is dubbed "Destro" before being arrested and placed in a high security prison.

G.I. Joe: Retaliation
Destro appears in the sequel, having been transferred with Cobra Commander from the USS Flagg to a high-security German prison and put into stasis. When Storm Shadow and Firefly break Cobra Commander out of prison, Cobra Commander decides to leave Destro imprisoned, joking "you're out of the band". His fate is left unknown.

Video games
Destro is one of the featured villains in the 1985 G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero computer game.

Destro appeared as a boss in the 1991 G.I. Joe video game and in 1992's G.I. Joe: The Atlantis Factor for the Nintendo Entertainment System. In the first NES game, he is wearing his Iron Grenadier uniform, and pilots The Despoiler air vehicle. He is also the second-to-last boss in Konami's G.I. Joe arcade game.

In the video game G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, he is the third boss, who is fought towards the end of the "Jungle Fuel" act.

title: Destro


text:
Finke

Finke may refer to:

Australia

 * Finke, Northern Territory, a community in central Australia now known as Aputula
 * Finke bioregion, Northern Territory
 * Finke River, central Australia
 * Mount Finke, South Australia

Hungary

 * Finke, a village annexed by Edelény, Hungary

People

 * Fidelio F. Finke (1891–1968), German composer
 * Fritz Finke, 19th-century German/American musician
 * Leonhard Ludwig Finke (1747–1837), German physician
 * Meinolf Finke (born 1963), German writer and poet
 * Nikki Finke (1953–2022), American journalist
 * Peter Finke (born 1944), German theoretical physicist who participated in Pakistan's clandestine nuclear research project
 * Roger Finke, 20th-21st century American sociologist
 * Tommy Finke (born 1981), German singer/songwriter/composer
 * Volker Finke (born 1948), German former football manager and player
 * William Finke (1814–1864), pioneer in South Australia, sponsor of McDouall Stuart's exploration

Other uses

 * Finke coat of arms, a coat of arms used in Germany and Poland
 * Finke Desert Race, an annual off-road desert race from Alice Springs to Apatula (aka Finke), Northern Territory, Australia
 * Finke Opera House, Missouri, United States, on the National Register of Historic Places

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Finke


text:
User talk:Spodzone

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Gillean666 15:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
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Speedy deletion nomination of OpenLink Software

A tag has been placed on OpenLink Software, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, group, product, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. Sonstephen0 (talk) 22:45, 5 April 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of OpenLink Software for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article OpenLink Software is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/OpenLink Software until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 00:16, 6 April 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spodzone


text:
Side Brok

Side Brok is a Norwegian rap group from Ørsta, in western Norway. The members of Side Brok are Sjef R, his alter ego Thorstein Hyl III, Skatebård, Tore B, Odd G and Tunk. The group received the Nynorsk User of the Year award in 2004.

Discography

 * Side Brok EP (2002)
 * Høge Brelle (2004)
 * Side Brooklyn EP (2005)
 * Kar Me Kjøme Frå (2006)
 * Ekte Menn (2009)
 * H.O.V.D.E.B.Y.G.D.A. (2013)

title: Side Brok


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Preston Leslie

Preston Hopkins Leslie (March 8, 1819 – February 7, 1907) was the 26th Governor of Kentucky from 1871 to 1875, and territorial governor of Montana from 1887 to 1889. He ascended to the office of governor by three different means. First, he succeeded Kentucky governor John W. Stevenson upon the latter's resignation to accept a seat in the United States Senate in 1871. Later that year, he was elected to a full term as governor, defeating John Marshall Harlan in the general election. Finally, he was appointed territorial governor by President Grover Cleveland.

Leslie was a Confederate sympathizer during the Civil War, but began to adopt a more progressive position during his gubernatorial campaign against Harlan. Though he opposed ratification of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, he used his influence as governor to effect passage of laws admitting the testimony of blacks in court and providing for an educational system for recently freed slaves. He also helped quell violence perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan in many areas of the state.

As territorial governor of Montana, Leslie quickly drew the ire of the press for his pro-temperance position. The territory's political machinery also turned against him, and he was removed from office by President Benjamin Harrison. When Grover Cleveland succeeded Harrison for a second term in office, he appointed Leslie district attorney for Montana. Leslie continued to practice law well into his eighties, and was being considered for a district court judgeship in Montana when he fell ill with pneumonia and died on February 7, 1907, at the age of 87.

Early life
Preston Leslie was born in Clinton County, Kentucky (then a part of Wayne County), on March 8, 1819. He was the second son of Vachel H. and Sarah Hopkins Leslie. He was educated in the public schools, then studied law under Judge Rice Maxey. He worked with his father on the family farm until 1835, and supported himself by doing odd jobs including driving a stagecoach, running a ferry, and being store clerk. Leslie was admitted to the bar on October 10, 1840, and served as the deputy clerk of the Clinton County courts. In 1841, he relocated to Tompkinsville, Kentucky, where he worked as a farmer. He became county attorney of Monroe County in 1842.

On November 11, 1841, Leslie married Louisa Black; they had seven children. Louisa died on August 9, 1858. Leslie married the widowed Mary Maupin Kuykendall on November 17, 1859, fathering three more children. Mary Leslie died September 3, 1900.

Political career
Leslie began his political career by being elected as a Whig to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1844. He was defeated for a seat in the state Senate in 1846 by a single vote. He continued serving in the House until 1850, when he won election to the Senate representing Monroe and Barren counties. He then served in the Senate until 1855. In the 1850s, the Whig Party gradually faded in Kentucky, and Leslie became a Democrat. He declined nominations for a seats in the United States Congress and on the Kentucky Court of Appeals, preferring instead to work on his farm. In 1859, he moved to Glasgow, Kentucky, in Barren County.

By 1861, Leslie had built up a prosperous estate and added a plot of land in Texas to his holdings in Kentucky. In December of that year, he and his eldest son traveled to the property with 26 slaves and a large part of the family's possessions. After establishing his household, Leslie returned to Kentucky and left the Texas estate in the care of his son.

Leslie's feelings were mixed on the issues central to the Civil War. Known as a "strong Union man" prior to the war, his sympathies switched to the southern cause once the war began. Nevertheless, he believed the South should solve its differences with the North through diplomatic means, and did not favor the idea of secession. He kept a low political profile and refused military service for either side. He returned to the state Senate from 1867 to 1871, serving as president of that body from 1869 to 1871.

Governor of Kentucky
On February 13, 1871, Governor John W. Stevenson resigned his post to accept a seat in the U.S. Senate. Stevenson had ascended to the governorship on the death of John L. Helm, and had no lieutenant governor. As president of the Senate, Leslie was the ex-officio lieutenant governor, and next in line to succeed Stevenson. A gubernatorial election was already scheduled later in 1871, and Leslie was among several nominees put forward by the Democrats. Because of Leslie's opposition to the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, his candidacy was opposed by Henry Watterson, founder of the powerful Louisville Courier-Journal. Despite this, Leslie emerged from a field of Democratic candidates that included future governors John Y. Brown and J. Proctor Knott and former Confederate governor Richard Hawes. John G. Carlisle was chosen as Leslie's running mate, and was declared by one commentator to be "by odds, the ablest man on the ticket". Leslie's opposition to the Southern Railroad bill while serving in the state senate proved a liability with some voters in his own party. Because of his southern sympathies, he was also opposed by the more progressive "New Departure" wing of his party. Nevertheless, he enjoyed support from the Bourbon Democrats in the state, as well as the state's tobacco interests and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.

During the campaign, Leslie's opponent Republican John Marshall Harlan was blasted as a "political weathercock" for having changed his stance on many issues. In one joint debate, Leslie quoted an antebellum speech wherein Harlan had called the Republican platform "revolutionary, and if carried out, would result in the destruction of our free government." Harlan admitted his inconsistent stands, declaring that he would rather be right than consistent. Meanwhile, Leslie began moving closer to the "New Departure" wing of his party during the course of the campaign. Ultimately, Leslie's supporters deemed him "sober, conservative, and safe", and this perception enabled him to defeat Harlan by a considerable margin in the first election in which blacks were allowed to vote.

Leslie laid out an aggressive legislative agenda in his inaugural address to the General Assembly on September 5, 1871, but legislators were more concerned with passing the Southern Railroad bill that would create a connection between the railroads of Cincinnati, Ohio, and those of the Southern United States. The line would pass through central Kentucky, opening up trade to the region. It would be funded primarily by capital from Ohio, and would provide competition to the Louisville and Nashville Railroad's monopoly in the state. Though Leslie wasn't particularly supportive of the bill, he refused to veto it because of the potential economic benefits to the state. Leslie was also faced with the issue of post-war violence by the Ku Klux Klan. The legislature had refused to pass a law against mob violence in 1871. In his address to the legislature on December 6, 1871, Leslie endorsed legislation that made it illegal to write or post threatening notices and to band together and wear disguises. This proposal enjoyed favorable public opinion, and was passed during the legislature's next session. With the railroad and violence issues resolved, Governor Leslie urged the legislature to improve the status of blacks in the state, including the creation of an educational system for blacks and the approval of the testimony of blacks in the state's courts. He commissioned a new geological survey, appointing native Kentuckian Nathaniel Southgate Shaler to head the work. An advocate of the temperance movement, he secured additional regulations on the sale of liquor. Also during Leslie's tenure, the penal system was improved.

Devout Baptists and teetotalers, Governor and Mrs. Leslie did not serve alcohol in the governor's mansion and were given a silver service set at the expiration of his term by the Good Templars of Kentucky for their charity to the needy. Following his term in office, Leslie was elected to serve on the Glasgow circuit court, a position he held for six years, beginning in 1881. He failed in a re-election bid in 1886 by four votes.

Governor of Montana
In 1887, President Grover Cleveland appointed Leslie to be the Territorial Governor of Montana. Cleveland made the appointment on the recommendation of John Marshall Harlan, Leslie's opponent in the Kentucky gubernatorial election of 1871, who was now serving as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Leslie soon ran afoul of the local press, who labeled him the "Coldwater Governor" for his stands in favor of temperance. The press's opinion of him further dimmed when he pardoned a prostitute convicted of grand larceny because the penitentiary was not equipped to accommodate women. He urged the territorial legislature to enact fiscal reforms and improve facilities for the insane and the incarcerated, but he was no match for the political machinery in Montana Territory. His 1889 pocket veto of an appointment bill supported by the legislature was the final straw; under pressure from Republicans, President Benjamin Harrison replaced Leslie as territorial governor.

Meanwhile, in Kentucky, the state treasurer, "Honest Dick" Tate, had absconded with nearly $250,000 of the state's money in 1888. During the investigation that followed, it was discovered that Leslie, along with several other state officials, had procured personal loans from the state treasury through Tate.

Later life and death
Following his removal from office, Leslie opened a legal practice in Helena, Montana, partnering with A. J. Craven. President Cleveland in his second term appointed Leslie U.S. district attorney of Montana. He served from 1894 to 1898.

During his final years practicing law in Helena, Leslie gained widespread acclaim and served as president of the Montana State Bar Association. On a return visit to Kentucky in 1906, he addressed the legislature, noting how he had helped the state adjust to the "new order" following the Civil War. Montana governor Joseph Toole was circulating a petition to have Leslie named a district court judge when Leslie fell ill with pneumonia. He died February 7, 1907, and was buried at Forestvale Cemetery in Helena.

Memorials
Leslie County, Kentucky, was formed in 1878 and was named in his honor.

title: Preston Leslie


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adrenite

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 16:12, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Adrenite
Hoax or possibly an obscure fictional reference. No relevant Google hits. Ilmari Karonen 15:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn from City of Heroes  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  15:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to list of fictional substances or whatever that page is called. Trollderella 16:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn non-existent substance CLW 16:17, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Substance doesn't even exist in City of Heroes canon, it's a player-invented chemical used as part of their character(Psykids) origin. So not only is it fancruft, it's also vanity. Nezu Chiza 18:03, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per Nezu. Kappa 23:28, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverified -- red stucco 08:47, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Warren Schatz

Warren Schatz, born in New York City, is a prominent producer, arranger and orchestra conductor during the 1970s.

Warren Schatz is famous for composing, producing, arranging, and conducting the orchestra for such mid- to late-1970s disco recording artists as Frankie Valli, Vicki Sue Robinson, The Brothers, Revelation, Evelyn King, and Gordon Grody.

He started as a delivery boy at Associated Recording in 1957 and by the time he was 14 he started his career as an engineer, recording song demos with Paul Simon, Neil Diamond, Burt Bacharach, Hal David, Dionne Warwick, Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich, Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, Carole King and Gerry Goffin.

During this time he started recording himself under the name Ritchie Dean, The Whispers, The Warmest Spring, The American Youth Choir, The Petrified Forrest, and Warren Schatz. Recording for Swirl, Imperial, Cameo/Parkway, Laurie, Tower (Capitol), Mercury, Polydor, Warner Bros.

In 1968 he and his partner, Stephen Schlaks, produced Wilkinson Tricycle for Columbia's Date Records, Banshee for Atlantic, and Yesterday's Children for Map City.

In 1970 he signed with managers, Rachel Elkind and Walter Carlos, who just had a big hit with "Switched On Bach" and released and album in Columbia Records.

During a performance at Budokan Hall in Tokyo, he became friends with Jukka Kuoppamaki, who brought him to Finland to tour with him. While living in Helsinki, he represented the U.S. At the Sopot Music Festival in Poland, where he won the Press Prize. For the next two years he toured throughout Eastern Europe and produced an album for Jukka on EMI and his second album for Love Records, which was also released by EMI in Sweden, Holland, Global Records in Germany, Polskie Nagrania "Muza" in Poland, Electrecord in Romania and Beverly in Brazil.

When he returned home to the U.S., he was hired as arranger by Hank Medress and Dave Appel for Tony Orlando's "To Be With You" then Frankie Valli album for Private Stock Records, which included his hit "Our Day Will Come". During that time Allen Stanton hired him as a song plugger at RCA's publishing company, Sumbury/Dunbar, where he signed and/or recorded Vicki Sue Robinson, The Brothers, Evelyn "Champagne" King, Fandango featuring Joe Lynn Turner, and The New York Community Choir.

While "Turn Turn The Beat Around" was climbing the charts he was tapped by RCA's NBC network to become the on-air audio engineer for the first season of Saturday Night Live, where he stayed for nine months before he fully resumed his position at Sunbury/Dunbar.

With great success he was promoted the National VP of A&R at RCA in 1976 and was responsible for all artists on the RCA roster, from Roger Whittaker to Hall & Oates. He signed Triumph, Bonnie Tyler, Toby Beau, Machine, Kristy and Jimmy McNichol. All had hits. He moved on to become COO and Senior VP at Ariola America, BMG's first label in the U.S.where he signed Viola Wills and Krokus, who both had hits. After Ariola he started Perfect Sound Studios, Inc. where he continued to produce Vicki Sue Robinson for Prelude and Profile. Viola Wills for Hansa, Menage's "Memory" also for Profile. He created the successful "What If Mozart Wrote" series for RCA Red Seal. The first album, What If Mozart Wrote Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas. Warren was nominated for a Grammy for writing and producing the music video for "Get a Job" from the second "What If" album. He also recorded with Ann Hampton Callaway, Frankie Laine, John O'Conor, Julie Budd, and Barbara Carroll.

Perfect Sound also started creating projects for corporate communications and had CitiBank, Chemical Bank, Xerox, Hess Oil, as clients.

In 1999 Warren went to work at TVT, TommyBoy and Urban Box Office as head of manufacturing and distribution.

Moving into video in 2007, he started creating video content and marketing Support for "Big Data" companies, Opera Solutions, MIT, Connotate,

He is currently Executive VP at Penalty Entertainment, the classic Hip-Hop label relaunched by his friend Neil Levine.

In 1965 the Swedish garage pop group Ola & the Janglers recorded a Warren Schatz composition, "Tomorrow's On Your Side", only available on two EPs, GEP-66 (Ola & the Janglers EP) and JSEP-5547 (various artists EP) in Sweden.

Warren Schatz has also recorded obscure cover versions of Finnish singer Irwin Goodman's songs, released on two ultra-rare CBS singles in the early 1970s: CBS 1405: "Don't You Go Away Again" ("Tositarkoituksin") with "I've Been Wonderin" ("Ei Tippa Tapa") on the flip side and CBS 8344: "Boing, Boing, Boing" with "Tomorrow On My Own" on the flip side.

title: Warren Schatz


text:
User talk:CheeeseDrimzi

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Carbonite | Talk 15:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Blocked, for your cheesy edits and your strange resemblance to some other indefinitely blocked user. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:24, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CheeeseDrimzi


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Argentina

Developing Countries WikiContest
Starting this July, we will see a new contest on the scene - the Developing Countries WikiContest (WP:DCWC)! Think of it as a WikiCup but only for articles and media on developing countries.

Competitors may submit GAs, GTs, FAs, FTs, FLs, FPs, and DYK and ITN entries from/on developing countries to gain points and proceed to further rounds. Points are also awarded to those who review GAs, FAs and FLs.

Argentina is listed as a developing country for the purposes of this contest, so articles related to it are eligible to be submitted to the contest. I encourage everyone here to sign up and compete with editors from around the world to create high-quality content!

Append your name to the DCWC signup page today!

Best wishes, Wilhelm Tell DCCXLVI ( talk to me!/my edits ) 09:29, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Zuberbühler
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Zuberbühler that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 21:37, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Argentina


text:
Talk:Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin

Naming
Under well-established convention, this page should be named "List of Japanese words of Portuguese origin".

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=List+of+English+words+of&fulltext=Search

--Paul Richter 15:17, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comment. The reason for changing the name back to the original one should show up in the history of the page, but in case it doesn't, the reason that I changed the name back is because I hope to expand this page into more than just a list. The renaming was extremely hasty - it happened only a few minutes after the page was created. Pages under development should not be recategorized as lists as soon as they are created. Please give this page a chance to grow before doing that kind of thing. --DannyWilde 03:15, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Having said that, I have just checked the history and I can't actually find my own comment about the move (I'm sure it's there somewhere), so excuse me for saying that, perhaps my reasons were not clear. However, let me add that I'm not against renaming in line with conventions. For example "Japanese words of Portuguese origin" or something would be OK with me. I mostly objected to "List of ...", and I renamed it back to the old name just out of laziness, in that it meant less fiddling with redirects. As I said, I want to expand it into a proper article about the words, rather than have a list. Thanks for tolerating this less than perfect article for the time being. --DannyWilde 03:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Shabon
Shabon sounds more like old Spanish xabón (modern jabón) than Portuguese sabão.

kanji and ateji
The information listed here is full of errors. Some of the "kanji" listed in the table are, obviously, not kanji at all, but katakana transliterations. Some of the kanji used for these words are not ateji as claimed here, but are in fact of Chinese origin retro-applied to these words. For one, the kanji for miira/mirra/mummy, 木乃伊, was used in ancient Chinese documents well before the Portuguese' landing in Japan. The Chinese usage was a transliteration based on a Persian language, if I remember correctly. Similarly, pan/麺麭, tabacco/煙草, saboten/仙人掌, all existed in Chinese prior to their usage in Japan, and are in anyway not suitable for use as ateji due to their pronunciation.
 * Considering the information is "full of errors", your edits are remarkably pathetic attempt to fix the situation. The only actual errors you've pointed out are two small ones: first, the use of the word "ateji" to describe the use of kanji which were added to the words after they had been adopted, and second, the name "kanji" in the column. Why do you make such a wild statement like the information is "full of errors" without attempting to justify it or correct the supposed multiple errors which you have not demonstrated to exist? --Erasmus Quasar 06:48, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, once I remove the use of "ateji" and "kanji", I've eliminated the errors I described. As I pointed out, the article was full of errors precisely because it suggested that all the Japanese listed were kanji, which they were not, and all the kanji listed as ateji, which they were not.  Yes, I could have gone in a removed all the errors, but I thought that those information (the non-kanji katakana and the non-ateji kanji) were valuable and removing them simply because they were erroneously labeled would be a shame, so I simply remove the erroneous labels.  Is that satisfactory? Uly 21:59, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

"Introduced Christian ideas and things"
There must be a better word than 'things', surely. I would be bold and replace it myself... but I realised I can't think of one. I was going to replace it with 'inventions', but it's a pretty specific word and I'm not sure enough that it fits in the article to put it in there. --Last Malthusian 04:27, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

What about Arigato/Obrigado (Thank you)?
My contribution to the "Arigato" section of this article was recently reverted by user Oda Mari. This contribution was made in good faith, however Oda Mari incorrectly identified it as vandalism and reverted it. Please see the Wikipedia article on Wikipedia Vandalism, specifically the section "What is not Vandalism". It will be obvious to anyone who reads this section that my contribution was not vandalism. Oda Mari also did not site any sources as her basis for reverting it, and in fact deleted the reliable source I provided to substantiate my contribution. If after 3 days no valid reason is provided to discredit the source I provided, I will restore my contribution. If it turns into an edit war, the matter will be brought to the attention of the administrators. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.113.82.47 (talk) 07:51, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I couldn't see the ref. you added. But it is obviously an author made a mistake. Not everything in a book is correct. Your addition was a widely spread misinformation. See this and its linked pages. Thank you. Oda Mari (talk) 16:07, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

--- The link you gave me leads to a self-published webpage not subject to peer review and is thus not a reliable source. The source I gave is a book published by Routledge, a company that has been publishing books since 1836 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge). It is not up to you to decide if the author "obviously made a mistake". If you made the reversion based on your own opinion that a published author is mistaken, then it is considered "original research". A Wikipedia editor's opinion doesn't matter-their job is only to summarize published source material.
 * Then why don't Japanese dictionaries say the origin is Portuguese? and .  Are there any ref. pages or books supporting the ref. you provide? How can you say there is no mistakes in the book? Just because the publisher is an established one? Oda Mari (talk) 10:16, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

-

I previously noticed that the word for "thank you" sounds very similar in japanese and portuguese. It is arigato in Japanse, and obrigado in Portuguese (Plese feel free to correct the spelling of these words).

I once traveled to India, and I have been told that "thank you" is also the term in the local language used to say thank you. And that in the Indian society, there was no such concept of saying thank you for anything before the Christians arrived (because Hindu's just earned everything in their previous lives, and thus they don't have to thank anybody).

So, what is the origin on Japanese word for "thank you"? Was the word brought there by the Jesuits?
 * Apperently not http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairaigo#One_gairaigo_misconception A Geek Tragedy 20:05, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Why did you conclude the above reference is incorrect? As a Japanese native I consider the gairaigo_misconception description to be agreeable. I suppose the Indian case does not always apply to the rest of the world.--Wheetfish 23:39, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

what if the reverse ocurred ??? what if "Obrigado" only meanth "forced to do something" prior to portuguese going to japan ??? that could explain why the second meaning (thank you) is so different from the first meaning (forced). (.Sotavento (talk) 05:37, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

"The medial -k- drops out from -aku- resulting in /au/. This then becomes /oː/ via regular phonological rules." - this part is incorrect. the phonetic change did not affect the word as a whole; it affected only the adjective at the first place. but the change goes from katashi to kataki and finally katai - the today's form. and not as written, ending in u. and then the polite form of the compound "arigatai" is used, which is arigatou gozaimasu. arigatou is just a short of the full and polite form arigatou gozaimasu. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E3%81%84 83.77.54.126 (talk) 01:14, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

"May have come from Spanish"
Is it necessary to point that out on every word that happens to sound the same in Spanish? The article mentions Portuguese Jesuit influence in Japan, but no Spanish presence in Japan is mentioned. So, why the Spanish reference in the list? Just because of the similarity? -- LodeRunner 00:51, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

During the Edo period Japan was a closed country until Perry arrived in 1853. The Portugese in the form of the Jesuits got in around the 15th century then effectively "poisoned" the Japanese against other European nations, presumably to ensure a monoply of Japanese trade. The Spanish concentrated their efforts on the Phillipines. --Kro666 17:14, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

One very greavous misconception (in almost everywhere) is that the "union of the crowns" was either a) a union of the kingdoms of portugal and spain or b) a no consequence situation since both countries were separated, but the truth is that not only both countries (and rememberthat spain was in itself a group of various previous countries) but more importaintly both countries had loose ideas as to what was admissable for its subjects to do ... so we saw portuguese sailors in the service of spain (and vice versa) and many other things ... and religious orders were composed of people from the more varied origins ... And also of great importance ... both portugal and spain had a similar influence in various parts of the world ... But (and to be consistent with the sources) if it is said that the portuguese did one thing (or the spannish , duthc or any other) and no reference is made to the others we should keep with what the sources claim ... another point is ... Sotavento (talk) 05:38, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Alcohol
I have a printed Japanese dictionary that states that アルコール is actually a borrowing from Dutch (三省堂現代新国語辞典). Somebody might want to edit that. Kcumming 20:35, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

It seems to be directly derived from the europeans ... keeping with the sources seems to fall on the dutch courtyard. Sotavento (talk) 05:12, 7 December 2008 (UTC)Sotavento (talk) 05:38, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Spelling
What is the point of having separate columns for "pre-modern Portuguese" and "modern Portuguese"? The article on Japanese words of Dutch origin doesn't have a column for "pre-modern" Dutch. Nor are the differences between "pre-modern Portuguese" and "modern Portuguese" that great, in most cases. FilipeS 15:42, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm just a reader in here, but here's my say: The two columns should stay, even though there's only a noticeable difference in some of the words. As a native speaker of brazilian portuguese, I wouldn't have a clue of what some of the words in old portuguese would mean, and some of them just look too different from their modern counterpart-- when they have one. So, let them stay. About the "obrigado" discussion, I'd only want to add that, at least down here, obrigado and arigato sound different from each other, thus, I kinda doubt that the origin is the same. Obrigado, in our portuguese, sounds like "oh-bree-GAH-dow", while arigato, if my short knowledge about this is true, is pronunced "ah-ree-gah-TOH"... (people who know to do the IPA thing would be helpful right now)200.98.120.2 04:59, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

It's well known that Arigato does not derive from Obrigado. There is no discussion. You say there is a "noticeable difference" between the old Portuguese and the modern Portuguese words, to the point that you "wouldn't have a clue of what some of the words in old portuguese would mean"?! Could you give some examples of that? FilipeS 23:56, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure. "Charamela", "jaque", "jibão", and I guess that's it. And there are also the pre-modern portuguese words that quite didn't make it to our times, specially in my case, since I'm from Brazil as I said before, and the metropolitan and colonial versions of portuguese can be very different and tricky sometimes. And OF COURSE there's a discussion about this "obrigado" thing-- look some lines above XD. Abraços, Confusing Text 19:39, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Origin of "Tempura"
The article on tempura says that the origin of the word is from the expression "ad tempora cuaresmae". In the present article it is said the origin is the word "tempero". Which is the correct one?

 * Saw this too just now. Adding contradict-other template accordingly.  --Drake Wilson 01:17, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The two articles no longer contradict each other, so I am removing the contradict-other template.
 * Interestingly, Tempura offers an additional possible etymology: temprar, apparently meaning to heat or harden in oil. Since it is in need of a citation on Tempura, I do not want to add it to this article just yet.  If anybody can offer a source to support or dispute the temprar theory, could they please make the appropriate edits to both articles? --Dave314159 14:45, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

The list is not exhaustive
I believe this list is far from being complete. I can think of at list one word missing such as "misa", from missa (meaning mass, the Christian religious ceremony). Is "pisutoru" from Portuguese or from Dutch Origin?

I just dont think this is very evident, Vietnamese say ( i dont know how to spell it in vietnamese ) they say somthing like, xe bon (sey bon) for soap, that sounds like shapon too, does that mean its of portuguese origin?

Misleading prsentation
The word listed as "brother" (iruman, イルマン・入満・伊留満・由婁漫) does not mean a fraternal brother. The translation from Japanese would be brother-in-Christ. As Christianity is a European construct it is obvious that words related to Christianity are of a foreign origin. Suggesting that the Japanese word for brother is derived from Portuguese is inaccurate and misleading. Japanese for brother (male child of the same parents) is kyoudai (兄弟). --Kro666 17:22, 3 April 2007 (UTC) Irmão is also used in portuguese specificaly to describe a christ folower ... such as a member of the cleric wich clalled themselves "padre" (father in english) while refering to a cleric wich propagated the faith or as "Irmão" (brother in english) which was a monk that lived amongst their peers ... so iruman (probably) refers solely to the later usage of the word (why give a new word to an already established thing such as having a blood related brother ... isn't it ?).Sotavento (talk) 05:27, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Piri piri is also used to describe something as spicy in Japanese. The word may come from the Portuguese.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_birdseye

 * I strongly doubt "piri piri" is Portuguese in origin. There is a closely related "hiri hiri". A painful sunburn would be described as this as well as a spicy flavor. (A very painful sunburn is "biri biri" which incidentally is also used for getting shocked by electricity.) Also, "piri piri" can indicate a tense but quiet situation which is quite unlike "spiciness". There is a similar example of "pyu" and "hyu". Both indicate a short quick movement but "pyu" is generally used to mean a quicker but shorter burst than "hyu". As "h-" and "p-" sounds are very closely related in Japanese spoken language, "piri piri" likely diverged from "hiri hiri". --Revth (talk) 04:27, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Piri piri is still today the Portuguese name of a hot sauce based in chili pepper, olive oil or vinegar, and salt.
 * Piri piri is the correct spelling of the name used in the Portuguese language, namely in Portugal and Mozambique, to describe the African bird's eye chili. Other English language spellings may include pili pili in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or peri peri, deriving from the various pronunciations of the word in parts of Africa.
 * Since Mozambique was reached before Japan by the Portuguese the theory of reverse adoption doesn't make much sense.
 * I would also like to propose Arigatō as derived from the Portuguese "Obrigado" and Domo arigato as derived from "Muito obrigado" and arigatai from "Obrigada" the feminine of "obrigado" or in also in informal speech "obrigada" is sometimes used without consideration for the gender, considered an error but often used.
 * I also note in the list an incoherence with the word subeta and the Portuguese word "espada", it seems extremely close to the word "surrenta" in Portuguese an insulting meaning unwashed person, immund. "Surro" is principally the name given to thick brown oily transpiration mixed with the presence of dirt/dust particles, commonly resulting from hard field work or due to spending a long term without washing (especially formed in high humidity that prevents the evaporation of sweat), so the use of the word seems plausible to be have been used significantly at the time especially in tropical weather (today it has fallen on disuse but is found in common use on the south of Portugal). --79.168.6.93 (talk) 11:44, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

About 'pandoro', 'shōro' and 'shurasuko' in the list
I think using Portugese words for referring to things vernacular to Portugal or Brazil is natural and even inevitable. And if so, do these words have to be in the list? 221.113.47.7 (talk) 00:15, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't understand what you're saying. FilipeS (talk) 00:22, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for replying. I'm afraid my English expression is bad, anyway... I mean, in other point of view, if these words are in the list, then why samba (samba), bosanoba (bossa nova), fado (fado), feijoāda (feijoada), bakaryau (bacalhau), madeira-shu (vinho da Madeira), etc. etc. are not? Ka-kupaci (smells-good) (talk) 02:51, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I removed the three modern words you pointed out, Ka-kupaci. They don't belong here. Thank you. Oda Mari (talk) 05:26, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for quick helping :-) Ka-kupaci (smells-good) (talk) 07:15, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Kamishimo?
Kamishimo - a type of Japonese shirt from Portuguese Camisa? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.180.8.34 (talk) 22:50, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Kyarameru
Can someone please confirm "kyarameru"? The form with ky- normally indicates it originates from an English style /æ/, doesn't it, suggesting the form cited is from English "caramel". —Felix the Cassowary 21:59, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It is also called karameru/カラメル and is said the origin is a Portuguese word caramelo. See and its translation. Today kyarameru only means caramel candy and karameru means caramel sauce. Oda Mari (talk) 04:42, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Totan
"塗炭" is not the ateji of "トタン". The word 塗炭 has existed long before the introduction of "tutanaga" and has a completely different meaning—misery, distress, or suffering. "トタン" does not have a written form in Kanji. Geoalchimista (talk) 09:57, 27 August 2016 (UTC)

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Totan (2)
Re: edit note by User:Eirikr in edit 19:03, 20 January 2021:

Ah, I avoided touching etymology of トタン and カルメ焼き because I knew it will become a long quest :-)

Q (Eirikr): should we remove トタン altogether?
 * A (Wotheina): We shall keep it regardless of its origin, because if we remove it, someone will pop up and add it again. Problem is, the current format is not friendly for entries with plural theories. Well, I'll try.

Q (Eirikr): The phonetics for PR /tutanaga/ → JA /totan/ always struck me as odd.
 * A (Wotheina): I don't know much about linguistics nor classics, but as a native speaker of modern Japanese, it appears plausible. Many Japanese dialects (including modern standard Japanese) have no, so they have to approximate it by either ト,ツ,トゥ, and the latter two smells like later fashion. /ga/ is homonymous to particle「が」, thus could get omitted due to rebracketing. Well, just my feelings.

Now, if it was zinc made in India and China, and if both Portuguese and Chinese merchants came on the same ship and sold it by similar names of Indic origin, what would such language be called? :-) "Far East lingua franca"? Wotheina (talk) 17:40, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

Possible cognates
Techo (sp) and tenjou (jp) are stumblingly similar and both mean roof.

Baño (sp) and benjou (jp) are also very similar and mean toilet. 192.141.246.147 (talk) 06:44, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Let's have a look at the etymologies (origins, derivations, and histories) of the words.
 * Spanish techo is derived from Latin tectum, still meaning "roof", in turn derived from Latin verb tegō meaning "I cover".
 * Japanese 天井 (tenjō) is derived from Middle Chinese 天井 (then tsjengX), referring to a 天 "sky" 井 "well", from the way that the ceiling is above, and the beams of the ceiling were arranged in a shape similar to a wellhead.
 * → Wholly unrelated. The underlying meanings do not match ("covering" vs. "sky-well"), nor do the older pronunciations.  Any similarity is the result of historical accident.
 * Spanish baño is derived from Latin baneum, from Latin balneum, in turn from Ancient Greek βαλανεῖον (balaneîon, "bath; bathing room; bathhouse").
 * Japanese 便所 (benjo) is a coinage in Japan of Chinese-derived roots, as a compound of 便 (ben, “convenience, ease”, also meaning “bodily waste; bowel movement”) + 所 (sho, “place”).
 * → Wholly unrelated. The underlying meanings do not match ("bathhouse" vs. "ease-place" or "poop-place"), nor do the older pronunciations.  Any similarity is the result of historical accident. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 23:53, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

"Ne" in Japanese
Hello! I'd like to propose adding "ne" in Japanese, which is used at the end of sentences. (such as, segoi desu ne?) This originally comes from the Portuguese (Nao e?), or, isn't it? This conjugation is similar to the English "innit." "Ne" in Japanese is used in the exact same fashion, for example, saying, "cool, isn't it?" My Japanese professor in college talked with me about this connection. This is my first time posting to a Wikipedia chat, so please forgive any errors :-) 2400:2650:90E0:2F00:1931:1C2A:C01:DC9C (talk) 06:43, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I wrote a longer reply to a related question in April 2022, over here at the Japanese Stack Exchange.
 * Here's a brief synopsis.
 * The Japanese particle ね (ne) is attested since at least the mid-700s.
 * The Portuguese word né is a contraction of não é. I cannot find any dating for when this contraction first appears, but we do know that Portuguese não is from Old Galician-Portuguese non, which was still attested in that form in the 1200s, some four or five centuries later than the Japanese term's first appearance.
 * We also know that Portuguese speakers and Japanese speakers first met each other in 1543, another three centuries or so after that.
 * → Japanese ね (ne) is wholly unrelated to Portuguese né. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 00:02, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

Add current Japanese word column
@Mikeloco14 —

The ones with crosses that are obsolete and not in use anymore do not mention what is the word currently in use for them. Mikeloco14 (talk) 17:44, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Rather than tediously restructuring the whole table to add a column for just those few terms with the † marker, I instead added a comment just now in the Notes column. HTH!  😄  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 23:26, 19 April 2024 (UTC)


text:
Zanthoxylum simulans

Zanthoxylum simulans, the Chinese-pepper, Chinese prickly-ash or flatspine prickly-ash, is a flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, native to eastern China and Taiwan. It is one of several species of Zanthoxylum from which Sichuan pepper is produced.

It is a spreading shrub or small tree growing to 7 m tall. The leaves are 7–12.5 cm long, pinnate, with 7–11 leaflets, the leaflets 3–5 cm long and 1.5–2 cm broad. There are numerous short (3–6 mm) spines on both the stems and the leaf petioles, and large (several cm) knobs on the branches. The flowers are produced in slender cymes, each flower about 4–5 mm diameter. The 3–4 mm berry has a rough reddish brown shell that splits open to release the black seeds from inside.

Aromatic composition

 * 1,8-Cineole, α-Terpineol, Geraniol, Limonene, Linalool, Myrcene.

Notes and references

 * Flora of Taiwan, volume 3 pages 541, 542 and 543
 * NC State University fact sheet

title: Zanthoxylum simulans


text:
User talk:David.c.h

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -  BanyanTree 15:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Thanks Banyan, I will review all of your suggestions. Hopefully I will someday learn to master this program.--David.c.h 22:52, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:David.c.h


text:
Sander (fish)

Sander (formerly known as Stizostedion) is a genus of predatory ray-finned fish in the family Percidae, which also includes the perches, ruffes, and darters. They are also known as "pike-perch" because of their resemblance to fish in the unrelated Esocidae (pike) family. They are the only genus in the monotypic tribe Luciopercini, which is one of two tribes in the subfamily Luciopercinae.

Characteristics
Sander species have elongated and laterally compressed bodies and they range in total length from 45 cm in the Volga pikeperch (S. volgensis) to 130 cm in the zander (S. lucioperca). The species within the genus share canine-like teeth that are at their largest in the zander, and although they are not present in adult Volga pikeperches, they do possess them as juveniles. in addition, they have thin rows of teeth on their jaws, vomer, and palatines, the preopercle shows strong serrations along its edges, a continuous lateral line  reaches all the way from the head to the caudal fin, and this is flanked by additional lateral lines, one each on the upper and lower lobes of the deeply forked caudal fin. Further features in common include the absence of genital papillae, seven or eight branchiostegal rays, 12–13 soft rays in the anal fin, and the eye has a reflective layer behind the retina, known as a tapetum lucidum, which is an adaptation for seeing in low-light conditions. The species in the genus Sander are largely piscivorous as adults.

Species
The genus includes these species:
 * Sander canadensis Griffith & Smith, 1834 (sauger)
 * Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758 (zander)
 * Sander marinus G. Cuvier, 1828 (estuarine perch)
 * Sander vitreus Mitchill, 1818 (walleye)
 * Sander volgensis J. F. Gmelin, 1789 (Volga pikeperch)

Phylogeny
Phylogenetic relationships of the species of genus Sander based on the concatenated data set of six gene regions and a Bayesian analysis. Romanichthys valsanicola is the nearest living relative of the genus Sander and is used as an outgroup to root the tree.

This is not universally accepted, though, and the asprete (Romanichthys valsanicola) has been more recently placed within the genus Zingel.

Two clades are within the genus, a Eurasian one and a North American one, which separated from a common ancestor around 20.8 million years ago (Mya) in the Miocene, when the North Atlantic Land Bridge connecting Europe to eastern North America subsided. The Eurasian clade then speciated from 13.8 Mya, while the two North American species speciated around 5.4 Mya.

title: Sander (fish)


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March incident

The March Incident (三月事件) was an abortive coup d'état attempt in the Empire of Japan, in March 1931, launched by the radical Sakurakai secret society within the Imperial Japanese Army, aided by civilian ultranationalist groups.

Background and history
The start of the March Incident of 1931 may be traced back to the autumn of 1930, when the foundation of the Sakurakai (Cherry Society) by Imperial Japanese Army Lt. Col. Kingoro Hashimoto and Capt. Isamu Chō. The cherry blossom was symbolic of self-sacrifice, and was a symbol used by the military to symbolize the fleeting life of a soldier. The avowed goal of the Sakurakai was political reform through elimination of corrupt party politics and the establishment of a totalitarian government run by the military. The new government would rid the country of corrupt politics, unfair distribution of wealth in the zaibatsu and perceived degenerative influences corrupting Japan's public morals.

After the attempted assassination of Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi, Duke Saionji Kinmochi (the last genrō) and Lord Privy Seal Makino Nobuaki considered recommending Gen. Kazushige Ugaki to the post of prime minister. However, they later decided that a civilian nominee would be best for Japan at that time. This change incensed the militarist party within the Imperial Japanese Army, and several leading generals called on Hashimoto and his Sakurakai to plan a coup d'état to bring Ugaki into power.

Hashimoto's plan involved a three-phase program:

1. Massive riots would be instigated in Tokyo, which would force the government to call out troops and proclaim martial law. 2. The Imperial Japanese Army would execute a coup d'état and seize power. 3. A new Cabinet would be formed under the premiership of the then-War Minister, General Kazushige Ugaki.

The project was underwritten by a 200,000-yen donation by Yoshichika Tokugawa, ultra-rightist member of the House of Peers, son of the last daimyō of Nagoya, founder of the Tokugawa Art Museum, Nagoya and Emperor Shōwa's second cousin.

Ultra-rightist civilian organizations led by Kanichiro Kamei and Shūmei Ōkawa fomented a commotion outside the Diet Building in Tokyo late in February 1931. However, due to logistical difficulties, the disturbance failed to attract enough people, and the hoped-for riot failed to occur. Hashimoto consulted Ōkawa, who wrote to Ugaki on 3 March explaining the plot and demanding the call-out of troops and action on the general’s part. Ugaki, either lukewarm from the start or having a change in heart after seeing the failure of the riot to take off, refused to cooperate. He had hopes of becoming head of the Rikken Minseitō party, and thus had a chance of becoming prime minister by legal means rather than a coup. It is also likely that Ugaki foresaw that a military dictatorship would alienate powerful sectors of the Japanese elite (bureaucrats, court nobles, zaibatsu industrialists, etc.) whose support he would need in case of a total war.

The plotters again attempted to start a riot on 17 March (two days before the planned coup d'état was to take place), but again the projected 10,000 rioters failed to materialize, the leaders were arrested, and the whole affair disintegrated.

Consequences
Ugaki intervened to hush up the whole collapsed affair and ensured that the plotters received very mild punishments. This had the end result of encouraging more attempts by elements of the military to intervene in politics, and was also to taint Ugaki's bid for the office of prime minister in the future. Undeterred by his failure, Hashimoto attempted to overthrow the government again only seven months later in the Imperial Colors Incident of October 1931.

title: March incident


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DJ Quietstorm

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Unanimous keep after rewrite. Tito xd (?!?) 03:40, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

DJ Quietstorm
Vanity, vanity, vanity. I guess there's a claim or two of notability in there, but once you get the POV out of this I don't know what's left. Unreadable crap. Keep, after rewrite. R. fiend 15:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * *Delete The texture of humans bonds indeed!   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  15:40, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite - it's amazingly different.  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  19:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Crrrrazy! delete per nom.--Alhutch 16:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC) Keep after rewrite. Good job by the wub.--Alhutch 18:56, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom CLW 16:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC) Keep following rewrite! CLW 18:22, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Google turns up 17,900 results, including a CD at the Japanese Amazon. Also has an allmusic entry. I'm going to try and clean this one up. the wub  "?!"  16:31, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * OK I've done my best, but most of the stuff I could find was in Japanese. Unfortunately I couldn't find his real name, but at least it's better than before. the wub  "?!"  18:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Good job; a completely new article! -R. fiend 18:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep rewritten article by the Wub as per WP:music. Well done, the Wub. Capitalistroadster 00:29, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — rewritten. Andrew pmk | Talk 01:13, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as rewritten by the wub, great work. Hall Monitor 22:28, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the impressive rewrite. --Jacquelyn Marie 22:59, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Cats&dogs~enwiki

@

title: User:Cats&dogs~enwiki