text:
Endau

Endau is a small town in Mersing District, Johor, Malaysia. It lies on the northern tip of east Johor, on the border with the Pahang state.

Name
The town was named Endau after a Peranakan Indian who resided in the area. In the 19th century it was known to the British as Blair's Harbour.

History
The town was opened by Dato' Mohd Ali by an order from Temenggong Ibrahim. The town expanded due to its location as the center of economy for the people who worked in the trading, fishing and logging sectors at that time.

Economy
The town is one of the largest fishing ports on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Primary school

 * 1) Sekolah Kebangsaan Teriang
 * 2) Sekolah Kebangsaan Telok Lipat
 * 3) Sekolah Kebangsaan Tanjung Resang
 * 4) Sekolah Kebangsaan Pusat Air Tawar
 * 5) Sekolah Kebangsaan Penyabong
 * 6) Sekolah Kebangsaan Lembaga Endau
 * 7) Sekolah Kebangsaan Labung
 * 8) Sekolah Kebangsaan Bandar Endau
 * 9) Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) St Joseph (M)
 * 10) Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Kampung Hubong
 * 11) Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Chiao Ching

Secondary school

 * 1) Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ungku Husin

Climate
Endau has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round and with extremely heavy rainfall in December.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Endau


text:
User:RobyWayne/Sandbox Redwolf24

The follow statistics were generated for user Redwolf24 at 00:35 on 11 October, 2005:

Top Ten Edit Days

 * 1) Thursday, 14 July, 2005 with 470 edits.
 * 2) Sunday, 10 July, 2005 with 363 edits.
 * 3) Wednesday, 24 August, 2005 with 284 edits.
 * 4) Saturday, 16 July, 2005 with 275 edits.
 * 5) Saturday, 09 July, 2005 with 235 edits.
 * 6) Thursday, 04 August, 2005 with 215 edits.
 * 7) Thursday, 21 July, 2005 with 212 edits.
 * 8) Sunday, 21 August, 2005 with 209 edits.
 * 9) Tuesday, 30 August, 2005 with 187 edits.
 * 10) Saturday, 27 August, 2005 with 183 edits.

Top Ten Editted Pages

 * 1) User talk:Redwolf24 with 1056 edits.
 * 2) User:Redwolf24 with 247 edits.
 * 3) User:Redwolf24/Albums with 104 edits.
 * 4) Requests for mediation with 91 edits.
 * 5) User talk:Essjay with 68 edits.
 * 6) Esperanza with 56 edits.
 * 7) User:Redwolf24/Bands with 48 edits.
 * 8) User:Attackoftheshow with 46 edits.
 * 9) George W. Bush with 44 edits.
 * 10) Talk:George W. Bush with 43 edits.

Periods without edits (over 7 days)

 * Wednesday, 20 April, 2005 through Thursday, 02 June, 2005, for 42 days

title: User:RobyWayne/Sandbox Redwolf24


text:
Oak Street (Chicago)

Oak Street is a short street in Chicago's Gold Coast neighborhood, adjacent to North Michigan Avenue. Because the street houses the highest concentration of luxury brands, "Oak Street" also designates the surrounding area including Rush Street and Walton Street as Chicago's upscale retail district.

Location
Oak Street is in Chicago's Gold Coast. It runs from 138 East to 650 West in the Near North Side. It ends without crossing the North Branch of the Chicago River. West of the river, the street changes to Augusta Boulevard. Its eastern end is Michigan Avenue. At this intersection Oak Street becomes East Lake Shore Drive. Two blocks east of this end are famed North Lake Shore Drive, Lakefront Trail, and Oak Street Beach.

Points of interest
Oak Street is Chicago's most prestigious shopping street. Oak Street has a mix of international couture houses, American luxury brands, fashion brands, and local boutiques. It intersects the Michigan Avenue at its east end. Oak Street contains more high end international brands than Michigan Avenue, although it is perceived as an extension, if not part, of the Magnificent Mile. However, in contrast to Michigan Avenue, Oak Street is much narrower, with trees lining both sides of the block giving a more intimate setting, with less foot traffic. Due to the short length of the street, new shops have overflowed onto the intersecting Rush Street.

Brands in the shopping district
These brands have stores on Oak St or nearby on Walton St or Rush St:  Athleta, Buccellati, Bonpoint,  Brunello Cucinelli, Calypso St Barth, Carolina Herrera, Chanel, Christofle, Giorgio Armani, Escada, Eskandar, Furla, Christian Louboutin, COS, Dior, Georg Jensen, George Greene, Graff Diamonds, Hermès, Harry Winston, Jimmy Choo,  Dolce & Gabbana, Le Labo, Loro Piana,  Maje/Sandro, Moncler, Paul Stuart, Piazza Sempione, Prada,  Saint Laurent, Sararose, Shinola, Suitsupply, Ted Baker, Tod's, Tom Ford, Van Cleef and Arpels, Versace, Vera Wang,   and Wolford.

title: Oak Street (Chicago)


text:
Talk:Multiple choice question

This really needs to be considered merging with multiple choice. They cover different aspects of the same thing, and they really aren't separate concepts. -- Natalinasmpf 04:43, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Multiple choice question


text:
User talk:Christiongson

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Meelar (talk) 04:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Chris is the closest thing Suffolk has to having Leonardo DiCaprio. 143.115.159.53 15:27, 2 November 2005 (UTC) Tess

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title: User talk:Christiongson


text: Category:Theatre in the United States

title: Category:Theatre in the United States


text:
John Rockefeller Prentice

John Rockefeller Prentice (December 17, 1902 – June 13, 1972) was an American attorney and member of the prominent Rockefeller family. He was born to Chicago lawyer Ezra Parmalee Prentice and Alta Rockefeller Prentice in New York. Prentice's maternal grandfather was the Standard Oil tycoon, John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937).

Biography
While attending Yale University, Prentice became a member of the Skull and Bones society and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He graduated in 1928. During his years at Yale, Prentice had accumulated debts and consequently was cut off from his parents. He worked in Boston for a wholesale hardware firm for four years to make enough money to return to Yale. Upon his return to the Ivy League school, Prentice continued to work to support himself. He graduated from Yale Law School in 1932 and practiced law with a Chicago law firm throughout the 1930s. In March 1941, before the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, Prentice volunteered in the U.S. Army as a private. While serving in the Pacific Theatre of World War II, he became a captain in the artillery.

Prentice became a cattle breeder and is known as a pioneer of artificial insemination in farm animals as a means of improving their genetic pool.

Personal life
On August 11, 1941, Prentice married Abbie Cantrill. The couple had one daughter, Chicago philanthropist, Abra Prentice Wilkin.

title: John Rockefeller Prentice


text:
User talk:Potter0223

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. Just a note--all articles are expected to be about valid, encyclopedic topics--note that this does not include most college students. See WP:NOT for more info. Thanks again. Best, Meelar (talk) 04:46, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Potter0223


text:
User talk:Justjoking23

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 04:46, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Justjoking23


text:
User talk:Luath

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -Willmcw 04:46, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
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Foner article
Luath - welcome to Wikipedia and thank you for your work on the Eric Foner article. You've added many good contributions here, however some of the changes you are making are unconventional. I restored a couple of the things you deleted as they are indeed sourced in existing links at the bottom of the article. Also, please understand that broad proclamations such as "no evidence for such a misattribution can be located" as a basis to delete are not always appropriate, as often times evidence does indeed exist for things you've deleted (e.g. Foner's marxist views, his support for Robeson etc.). Simply being unable to find something on google or the internet is insufficient as a basis for deletion. You should take a moment to also review wikipedia policies such as WP:V and WP:CITE, which indicate that instead of deleting something you believe is unsupported outright, you should first post a message about it on the talk page. This gives other readers a chance to either (a) direct you to the source in case you missed it, such as the links at the end of the article, or (b) seek out and find a source if one is believed to be lacking. This is important because it helps avoid revert wars and also generally improves the sourcing of the article when needed. Please be mindful of these concerns in your future edits, & once again welcome and thank you for your contributions. Rangerdude 06:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation
 You recently made a submission to Articles for Creation. Your article has been reviewed and because some issues were found, it could not be accepted in its current form; it is now located at Wikipedia&. Please view your submission to see the comments left by the reviewer. Feel free to edit the submission to address the issues raised, and resubmit once you feel they have been resolved. (You can do this by adding the text to the top of the article.) Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia! Nathan2055talk-review 00:20, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation
 You recently made a submission to Articles for Creation. Your article has been reviewed and because some issues were found, it could not be accepted in its current form. Please view your submission to see the comments left by the reviewer. Feel free to edit the submission to address the issues raised, and resubmit once you feel they have been resolved. (You can do this by adding the text to the top of the article.) Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia! Luath (talk) 19:56, 8 October 2011 (UTC) Dear Erich, Thank you very much for reviewing my submission on noted dance critic and Barnard professor of dance Lynn Garafola. I appreciate it very much. I do believe that Garafola meets Wikipedia's guidelines for academics which are, of course, detailed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(academics)#Criteria:

The person's research has made significant impact in their scholarly discipline, broadly construed, as demonstrated by independent reliable sources. (Yes. See links to NY Times articles and other reliable third party sources, not to mention the fact that she is a tenured full professor at one of the country's top colleges, and one of the few professors of dance history in the world.)

Academics/professors meeting any one of the following conditions, as substantiated through reliable sources, are notable. Academics/professors meeting none of these conditions may still be notable if they meet the conditions of WP:Notability or other notability criteria, and the merits of an article on the academic/professor will depend largely on the extent to which it is verifiable.

The person has received a highly prestigious academic award or honor at a national or international level. (Yes. See article entry.)

The person is or has been an elected member of a highly selective and prestigious scholarly society or association (e.g. a National Academy of Sciences or the Royal Society) or a Fellow of a major scholarly society for which that is a highly selective honor (e.g. the IEEE). (Yes. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, perhaps the country's most prestigious academic organization.)

The person's academic work has made a significant impact in the area of higher education, affecting a substantial number of academic institutions. (Yes)

The person holds or has held a named chair appointment or "Distinguished Professor" appointment at a major institution of higher education and research.

The person has held a major highest-level elected or appointed academic post at a major academic institution or major academic society.

The person has made substantial impact outside academia in their academic capacity. (Yes. See article entry, in particular the major public exhibitions she has organized).

The person is or has been the head or chief editor of a major well-established academic journal in their subject area.

The person is in a field of literature (e.g writer or poet) or the fine arts (e.g. musician, composer, artist), and meets the standards for notability in that art, such as WP:CREATIVE or WP:MUSIC.

I have resubmitted the article. Many thanks for your continued consideration.

Best,

Luath

Your submission at Articles for creation
 Lynn Garafola, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. Thank you for helping Wikipedia! Chiswick Chap (talk) 14:25, 9 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The article has been assessed as Start-Class, which is recorded on the article's talk page. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see what needs to be done to bring it to the next level.
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Your submission at Articles for creation: Judith Stein (March 24)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. Please read the comments left by the reviewer on your submission. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved. ''' Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia! '''
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Kevin Rutherford (talk) 16:48, 24 March 2014 (UTC)
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Your submission at Articles for creation
 Judith Stein (historian), which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. The article has been assessed as Stub-Class, which is recorded on the article's talk page. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. You are more than welcome to continue making quality contributions to Wikipedia. . Thank you for helping improve Wikipedia! nonsense ferret  09:17, 18 April 2014 (UTC)
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Concern regarding Draft:Anna Haupt
Hello, Luath. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Anna Haupt, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 23:02, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Anna Haupt

Hello, Luath. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Anna Haupt".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 22:56, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Luath


text:
Static spherically symmetric perfect fluid

In metric theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, a static spherically symmetric perfect fluid solution (a term which is often abbreviated as ssspf) is a spacetime equipped with suitable tensor fields which models a static round ball of a fluid with isotropic pressure.

Such solutions are often used as idealized models of stars, especially compact objects such as white dwarfs and especially neutron stars. In general relativity, a model of an isolated star (or other fluid ball) generally consists of a fluid-filled interior region, which is technically a perfect fluid solution of the Einstein field equation, and an exterior region, which is an asymptotically flat vacuum solution. These two pieces must be carefully matched across the world sheet of a spherical surface, the surface of zero pressure. (There are various mathematical criteria called matching conditions for checking that the required matching has been successfully achieved.) Similar statements hold for other metric theories of gravitation, such as the Brans–Dicke theory.

In this article, we will focus on the construction of exact ssspf solutions in our current Gold Standard theory of gravitation, the theory of general relativity. To anticipate, the figure at right depicts (by means of an embedding diagram) the spatial geometry of a simple example of a stellar model in general relativity. The euclidean space in which this two-dimensional Riemannian manifold (standing in for a three-dimensional Riemannian manifold) is embedded has no physical significance, it is merely a visual aid to help convey a quick impression of the kind of geometrical features we will encounter.

Short history
We list here a few milestones in the history of exact ssspf solutions in general relativity:

 * 1916: Schwarzschild fluid solution,
 * 1939: The relativistic equation of hydrostatic equilibrium, the Oppenheimer-Volkov equation, is introduced,
 * 1939: Tolman gives seven ssspf solutions, two of which are suitable for stellar models,
 * 1949: Wyman ssspf and first generating function method,
 * 1958: Buchdahl ssspf, a relativistic generalization of a Newtonian polytrope,
 * 1967: Kuchowicz ssspf,
 * 1969: Heintzmann ssspf,
 * 1978: Goldman ssspf,
 * 1982: Stewart ssspf,
 * 1998: major reviews by Finch & Skea and by Delgaty & Lake,
 * 2000: Fodor shows how to generate ssspf solutions using one generating function and differentiation and algebraic operations, but no integrations,
 * 2001: Nilsson & Ugla reduce the definition of ssspf solutions with either linear or polytropic equations of state to a system of regular ODEs suitable for stability analysis,
 * 2002: Rahman & Visser give a generating function method using one differentiation, one square root, and one definite integral, in isotropic coordinates, with various physical requirements satisfied automatically, and show that every ssspf can be put in Rahman-Visser form,
 * 2003: Lake extends the long-neglected generating function method of Wyman, for either Schwarzschild coordinates or isotropic coordinates,
 * 2004: Martin & Visser algorithm, another generating function method which uses Schwarzschild coordinates,
 * 2004: Martin gives three simple new solutions, one of which is suitable for stellar models,
 * 2005: BVW algorithm, apparently the simplest variant now known


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Schabir Shaik Trial

Schabir Shaik Trial
Self-nom. I am relising this as I truly believe it deserves to be a featured article. Its first listing received little attention, despite this being one of the most important court trials in South African history. Previous lising is here. 07:56, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mild Support This article seems very interesting to research and expand even more. I think that some people whould also like a large article on the front page. Wikizach 16:50, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Everyking 08:10, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Well written, but I'm a little surprised at the coverage of in-line citations in the article - All 31 30 of them are between the first four (excluding the lead-in) sections, and nothing else thereafter. I presume they all covered by the later two references? - Mailer Diablo 12:26, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Um wait, there are 31 citations but only 30 at the footnotes...did I see something wrong here? - Mailer Diablo 12:31, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * One citation points to the same footnote, and I found it silly to continuously repeat the same footnote when from reading the articles its fairly obvious. 20:05, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The numbers in the citations and footnotes should line up. See Saffron for a nice little method of citing one footnote multiple times and keeping the numbers lined up. The Catfish 23:19, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and fixed them The Catfish 18:27, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Support - More pictures would be nice, though. - Cuivienen 23:49, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. But an external links section would be good, and there are few references in the 'References' section - More pictures would also be a nice addition to the article. — Wackymacs 20:25, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Good use of footnotes, but at the very least they should have 'last retrieved on...' date, and preferably they should be all mentioned and sorted in the reference section (see Inline citations and Manual of style.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 01:20, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Object; it's not intuitive to me which citation goes with which fact in the last two-thirds of the article—inline citations are necessary there too. If only one source was used, then just put one citation per paragraph or even section.  An external links section would be nice too. --Spangineeres  (háblame)  16:37, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - presumably all of the "Footnotes" are, in fact, "References" in addition to the two quoted "References"? Two online references seems a trifle slight for a featured article these days - are there no paper references?  It also seems a little soon to be featuring a court case where the first instance decision was only given a few months ago and remains subject to an appeal that may not be heard for a few years. -- ALoan (Talk) 21:21, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Object - The article contains a lot of information, however, there are numerous, significant problems, primarily with writing style, including basic writing quality (construction), section organization, and citations.
 * The writing is overall rough, with many awkward sentences and redundancies, and repetitive use of words and phrases Some examples: a member of the wealthy and important Shaik family of Durban, proved to be important in re-establishing Zuma's life, The first joint ventures Thomson made bids for were not for arms: instead they made bids for an upgrade to Durban International Airport, The money for the construction was not paid by Zuma himself; instead it was paid in instalments by ..., At the same time as Zuma was answering his questions, Mbeki made statements that threatened the continued existence of the Scorpions., Schabir Shaik's trial started amid an intense media circus. It is more than a matter of individual sentences, many paragraphs are broken at odd spots. The writing simply needs to be tighter as a whole.
 * Sections and section titles inconsistent Sections are created at odd breaks, particularly the first four. "Nklanda" appears in one title, and apparently misspelt since it doesn't appear anywhere else (Nkandla?)... The Arms deal section apparently changes topic halfway through. And so on...
 * Inline citations seem to end after the third section They just stop, as if a top-down footnoting effort was cut short... It doesn't make sense and looks odd and is somewhat unsettling...
 * The subject is not clearly and concisely summarized There is a ton of detail, but little synthesis; combined with the loose writing, this does not add up to a cohesive, summarized encyclopedia article, but more a chronological compilation of news report highlights. This makes it difficult and somewhat tedious to read, and therefore doesn't clearly present the topic. --Tsavage 03:33, 31 December 2005 (UTC)


text:
Template:Infobox Japanese snack

{{documentation|content=

title: Template:Infobox Japanese snack


text:
User talk:M amar1982

aum sri sai ram

Hey this is amaresh from university of new hampshire.

title: User talk:M amar1982


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Meaty Meat

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete DES (talk) 20:40, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Meaty Meat
Pointless, pointless, pointless KramarDanIkabu (talk) 04:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * An object from one episode of Teen Titans? Unless there's a list that this would fit into somewhere, delete. (Plus, that was a lame episode anyway.) - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 04:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Delete. Anville 10:27, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete crufty crud CLW 15:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with teen titans, else delete Jesse 17:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable comic book setting. Andrew pmk | Talk 00:25, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ...it's neither a setting nor from a comic book. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 00:29, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Washington SyCip Graduate School of Business

The Washington SyCip Graduate School of Business, or simply WSGSB, is the business school of the Asian Institute of Management in Manila, Philippines. It is one of the leading business schools in the Asia-Pacific region, especially in the fields of finance and marketing. The SyCip MBA program is one of the most recognized in the region.

Programs
The school offers the following programs:
 * Executive Master of Business Administration
 * Master of Business Administration
 * Master of Management

Faculty
The faculty is led by its School Head Felipe O. Calderon, CPA, CMA, PhD.


text:
Hart Wand

Hart Ancker Wand (March 3, 1887 – August 9, 1960), was an American early fiddler and bandleader from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. He was of German extraction. In the musical world he is chiefly noted for publishing the "Dallas Blues" in March 1912 (copyrighted in September). "Dallas Blues" was an early example of published twelve-bar blues song.

Little is known about Wand. He was named for his maternal grandfather, Hart P. Ancker. Wand was an 89er, coming with his parents, a brother, and two sisters from Kansas at age two. His father John, an immigrant from Frankfurt, Germany, and successful druggist in Topeka, immediately after the run set up a tent drugstore in what would become Oklahoma City. After his father's death in 1909, Hart Wand took control of the Wand & Son manufacturing plant in Oklahoma City, and kept up his musical interests. Wand moved his business to Chicago sometime before 1920, and by 1920 had settled in New Orleans. He traveled through Europe, Latin America, and Asia for his business. Samuel Charters, who interviewed Wand for his book The Country Blues (1959), stated that Wand was respected and well liked in New Orleans. Wand's wife, Alberta, died in 1982.

title: Hart Wand


text:
Chronosophy

Chronosophy is the neologistic designation given by scholar Julius Thomas (J.T.) Fraser to "the interdisciplinary and normative study of time sui generis."

Etymology
Fraser derived the term from the Ancient Greek: χρόνος, chronos, "time" and σοφία, sophia, "wisdom". Chronosophia is thus defined as the "specific human skill or knowledge . . . pertaining to time . . . [which] all men seem to possess to some degree . . .".

Purpose
Fraser outlined the purpose of the discipline of chronosophy in five intentions, as follows:
 * 1) to encourage the search for new knowledge related to time;
 * 2) to set up and apply criteria regarding which fields of knowledge contribute to an understanding of time, and what they may contribute;
 * 3) to assist in epistemological studies, especially in those related to the structure of knowledge;
 * 4) to provoke communication between the humanities and the sciences using time as the common theme; and
 * 5) to help us learn more about the nature of time by providing channels for the direct confrontation of a multitude of views.

Assumptions
According to Fraser, any pursuit of chronosophical knowledge necessarily makes two assumptions: Fraser labeled these two assumptions the unity of time. Together they amount to the proposition that all of us, working separately, are nevertheless headed toward the same central idea (i.e., chronosophia).
 * 1) When specialists speak of 'time', they speak of various aspects of the same entity.
 * 2) Said entity is amenable to study by the methods of the sciences, can be made a meaningful subject of contemplation by the reflective mind, and can be used as proper material for intuitive interpretation by the creative artist.

In contradistinction to the aforementioned, Fraser posits the diversity of time: the existence of time's myriad manifestations, which "hardly needs proof; it is all too apparent."

The continued qualitative and quantitative mediation of the unresolvable conflict between the unity and diversity of time would thus be the sole methodological criterion for measuring chronosophical progress. This conflict manifests itself not so much as between the humanities and the sciences (although this interpretation is cogent and apt), but rather between knowledge felt (i.e., passion) and knowledge understood (i.e., knowledge proper). Fraser envisions the total creativity of a society as being dependent on the effectiveness of "a harmonious dialogue between the two great branches of knowledge." He observes (paraphrasing Giordano Bruno): "The creative activity of the mind consists of the search for the one in the many, for simplicity in variety. There is no better and more fundamental problem than the problem of time in respect to which such [a] search may be conducted. It is always present and always tantalizing, it is the basic material of man's rational and emotive inquiries." Just as a mature individual can reconcile within themselves the unity and diversity of day-to-day noetic existence, so too could a mature social conception of time mediate the difference between—and perhaps ultimately reconcile—the unity and diversity of time.

Organization
Chronosophy defies systematic organization, for—like philosophy—it is a kind of ur-discipline, subsuming all other disciplines through a proposed unifying characteristic: temporality. (Hence, the possibility of producing a branch of knowledge lacking temporal import, e.g. [arguably] ontology and/or metaphysics, remains; however, "atemporality" is still, by definition, a temporal category: a regress ensues.)

Fraser wrote that a successful study of time would "encourage communication across the traditional boundaries of systems of knowledge and seek a framework which . . . may permit interaction of experience and theorizing related to time without regard to the sources of experience and theory." Thus, the only methodological commitment that a chronosopher need make is to interdisciplinarity.

While Fraser neglects to develop a systematic chronosophical methodology in The Voices of Time, he does proffer a selection of idiomatically interdisciplinary categories to spur the research of future scholars:
 * surveys of historical and current ideas of time in the sciences and in the humanities;
 * studies of the relation of time to ideas of conceptual extremities such as a) to motion and rest, b) to atomicity and continuity, c) to the spatially very large and very small, and d) to the quantities of singular and many;
 * comparative analysis of those properties of time that various fields of learning and intuitive expressions designate unproblematically as "the nature of time";
 * inquiries into the processes and methods whereby man learns to perceive, proceeds to measure, and proposes to reason about time;
 * exploration of the role of time in the communication of thought and emotion;
 * search for an understanding of the relation of time to personal identity and death;
 * research concerning time and organic evolution, time and the psychological development of man, and the role f time in the growth of civilizations; and
 * determination of the status of chronosophy vis-à-vis the traditional systems of knowledge.

The nature of the above categories would require that chronosophy be regarded as an independent system of experiential, experimental, and theoretical knowledge about time.

General characteristics
In general, chronosophical pursuits are characterized by (1) is a weak criterion, while (2) is a strong one.
 * 1) expansion beyond or abandonment of [traditional areas of] specialization, and
 * 2) the espousal of interdisciplinary or pan-disciplinary methodologies;

Neither of the above criteria make reference to time or temporality; for while the ontological possibly of timeless knowledge must always remain, admission of this possibility begs the question (petitio principii): e.g., what form does timeless knowledge take? how would it come to us? how could we ever be separated from such knowledge to begin with? et cetera ad nauseam. The admission is therefore a paradox (akin to Wittgenstein's seventh proposition in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus: "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent."). We must conclude that the proposal of the possibility of timeless knowledge is both necessary and senseless, a conceptual counterpart to the tautologous nature of the concept of time. Should we come to possess knowledge of that which is "beneath" or "behind" time (or, alternatively, conclude we could never have lost possession of it), there would be no discernible need for further chronosophical inquiry—in the face of such eternal truth, it would instead be chronosophy as currently conceived that would appear both necessary and senseless.

Hence: all disciplines are necessarily chronosophical (until proven otherwise).

Caveat: for the sake of logicality, future manifestations of chronosophy may resemble more closely some methods of knowing than others; however, due to the character of the "problem" of time no chronosophical endeavor could ever be thoroughly purged of its interdisciplinary perspectives: a satisfactory theory of time must necessarily satisfy a wide variety of specifications (i.e., by definition a satisfactory or sufficient chronosophy would accommodate every office of human knowledge as pertains to the subject, time).

Envoi
Why should we afford time this privileged status among our speculative and empirical undertakings?

A Fraserian chronosopher would argue that mediation of the problem(s) of time is essential to the creation and retention of individual and social identity. Hence, as long as we—as individuals and as social groups—continue to partake in the process of clarifying and defining our individual and collective identities over and against those of the world (in whole or in part) around us, the necessarily contemporaneous clarification and definition of the problem(s) of time must, by extension (mutatis mutandis), be universal and continuous.

title: Chronosophy


text:
Talk:Daisuke Enomoto

Previous discussions without headers

 * Who knows the web site of this guy ? The Japan Times article says  who has been publishing his preparations for a space trip on his website. Hektor 04:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Calling a guy (in the image box) an 'astronaut' is wrong... how can I change the title? Calling a tourist who is along for the ride an 'astronaut' is demeaning and insulting to the real astronauts who train hard for many years.
 * Why ? he is not risking his skin as much as the guy sitting next to him in the Soyuz ? I have the utmost respect for anyone ready to sit on top of a launcher, tourist or not. Technically an astronaut is a guy who "travels into space, or who makes a career of doing so..." . Travelling into space means going beyond 100 km altitude, that's the only criterion. Hektor 21:14, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Dice-K
The page currently redirects here, but apparently they are going to use it as the nickname of Daisuke Matsuzaka. So Dice-K will probably need to become, at least, a disambiguation page. --C S (Talk) 15:50, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

I agree that "Dice-K" will need to be directed towards Daisuke Matsuzaka. --[[User:KPAnder]

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title: Talk:Daisuke Enomoto


text:
John Pawson

John Ward Pawson, (born 1949, Halifax, England) is a British autodidact architect whose work is known for its minimalist aesthetic.

Biography
Pawson was born and brought up in Halifax, Yorkshire, the youngest of five children. Coming from a wealthy family, he was schooled at Eton. After a period in the family textile business Pawson left for Japan in his mid-twenties, moving to Tokyo during the final year of his stay, where he visited the studio of Japanese architect and designer Shiro Kuramata. On his return to England he enrolled at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, leaving to establish his own practice in 1981.

Pawson never sat the requisite exams to practise as an architect and as such is known as an 'architectural designer'. In 2013, the Architectural Registration Board (ARB) of UK asked Dezeen magazine not to refer him as architect although this was criticised by the publication.

Pawson's work focuses on ways of approaching fundamental problems of space, proportion, light and materials.

Whilst private houses have remained at the core of the work, projects have spanned a wide range of scales and building typologies, from the Sackler Crossing across the lake at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, a flagship store for Calvin Klein and major commissions for Ian Schrager, to ballet sets, yacht interiors, a new Cistercian monastery in Bohemia and a Second World War telecommunications bunker in Berlin. John Pawson transformed a former bunker into The Feuerle Collection. The practice is currently involved in the creation of a new permanent home for the Design Museum in London.

An exhibition of Pawson's work was held at the Design Museum in September 2010.

In May 2018, Pawson's first photography exhibition took place at The Store X, 180 Strand, London. All 320 images from his series Spectrum, first published as a book by Phaidon of the same name, were shown as an architectural installation. The immersive experience used the entirety of the gallery space, where the chromatic spectrum was legible from both ends of the room.

He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to Design and Architecture.

Awards

 * Blueprint Architect of the Year (2005)
 * RSA Royal Designer for Industry (2005)
 * Region Skane Award (2006)
 * Wallpaper* House of the Year (2006)
 * Stephen Lawrence Prize (2008)
 * Fondazione Frate Sole International Prize for Sacred Architecture (2008)
 * RIBA National Award (2008)
 * RIBA Arts & Leisure Regional Award (2008)
 * RIBA London Special Award (2008)
 * German Design Council Interior Designer of the Year (2014)

Notable projects
London's Cannelle Cake Shop, several Calvin Klein stores; such as the ice palace on Madison Avenue, work for Jigsaw (clothing retailer), New Wardour Castle apartments (2001), the Nový Dvůr Monastery, Abbaye Notre-Dame de Sept-Fons, Czech Republic (2004), Hotel Puerta America, Madrid (2005), Medina House in Tunis, and the Sackler Crossing, a walkway over the lake at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2006). Claridges ArtSpace and cafe (2022/2023)

title: John Pawson


text:
Lilith (Marvel Comics)

Lilith is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first version is the daughter of Dracula. The second version is a demon.

Publication history
The first character named Lilith was the daughter of Dracula. Like her father, she is also a vampire, although her powers and weaknesses differ from most other vampires. She first appeared in Giant-Size Chillers Featuring The Curse of Dracula #1 (June 1974). Lilith, the daughter of Dracula, first appeared in Giant-Size Chillers Featuring The Curse of Dracula #1 (June 1974), and was created by Marv Wolfman and Gene Colan. Most of her solo appearances were written by Steve Gerber, who would later use a supporting character he created for these stories, Martin Gold, in the two-issue miniseries The Legion of Night. The character subsequently appeared in Vampire Tales #6 (August 1974), The Tomb of Dracula #23 (August 1974), 25 (October 1974) and 28 (January 1975), Dracula Lives! #10-11 (January–March 1975), Marvel Preview #12 (September 1977), The Tomb of Dracula #60 (September 1977), Marvel Preview #16 (June 1978), The Tomb of Dracula #66-67 (September–November 1978), The Tomb of Dracula (vol. 2) #5-6 (June–August 1980) and The Uncanny X-Men Annual #6 (1982). Her apparent "death" occurred in Doctor Strange (vol. 2) #62 (December 1983). She made a posthumous appearance in Doctor Strange, Sorcerer Supreme #9 (November 1989). Lilith returned years later in Ghost Rider (vol. 3) #82-85 (February–May 1997), Spider-Man Unlimited (vol. 2) #20 (May 1998), Dracula: Lord of the Undead #1-3 (December 1998), Witches #2 (August 2004), Nick Fury's Howling Commandos #2-6 (January–May 2006), and Legion of Monsters: Morbius #1 (September 2007). Lilith received an entry in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #18 and in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Horror 2005.

The second character named Lilith is a demon sorceress who is known as the "Mother of All Demons". She first appeared in Ghost Rider (vol. 3) #28 (August 1992).

Dracula's daughter
Lilith is Dracula's oldest child and is his only child by his first wife, Zofia, who was forced on Dracula by his father through an arranged marriage. After Dracula's father died, he renounced Zofia and forced her and their infant daughter to leave Castle Dracula so that he could marry his second wife, Maria, the woman he truly loved. Lilith was raised by Gypsies to whom she had been entrusted after her mother's suicide. Lilith's foster-mother was the Gypsy elder Gretchin. When Lilith was a young girl, Dracula, now a vampire thanks to the Gypsy woman Leandra, attacked and murdered many Gypsies, including Gretchin's son Arni, enraging her into seeking revenge. She cast a spell upon Lilith to make her into a vampire, but one with rather different powers: unlike conventional Marvel Comics vampires, she did not fear holy symbols, was not able to be killed by being out in the daylight and did not need to sleep in a coffin lined with her native soil. As part of the curse, she would haunt Dracula, ever opposing him, until Dracula was finally, irrevocably destroyed. Whenever she was "killed", she would be reborn by her spirit taking over the body of an innocent woman who wanted her father dead; this included the ability to shift forms and clothing between Lilith's own form and that of her "hostess".

Lilith normally appeared, when in her own form, as a tall, beautiful woman with long black hair and a family resemblance to Dracula, dressed in a red and black skin-tight costume and cape with a bat-like ornament in her hair. As a vampire, she could change into a wolf, a bat, or mist (the latter either wholly or partially), and had limited control over weather, as well as the ability to command bats, wolves, dogs, rats and mice. Although she could drink blood, she was not dependent upon it for sustenance.

In the modern era, Lilith's spirit possessed a woman named Angel O'Hara, who had come to hate her father and want him dead when he accidentally killed her husband, Ted Hannigan, after finding out that she had married him secretly and was carrying his child. Lilith killed Angel's father, but allowed her to live her life when Lilith was not using their shared body. Angel was eventually physically separated from Lilith by Viktor Benzel, a distant descendant of Gretchin and the heir, along with his brother Karl, to much of her occult knowledge; Viktor used this knowledge to create separate bodies for Angel and Lilith.

At one point, Lilith and Dracula agreed to avoid each other, but the agreement broke down. When Dracula was stripped of his vampiric powers toward the end of the 70-issue series The Tomb of Dracula, he asked Lilith to bite him and restore his powers, only to be refused. In issue #5 of The Tomb of Dracula magazine that soon followed, Lilith and Dracula fought once more and Dracula revealed to Lilith that the curse that made her his eternal nemesis also prevented her from being able to actually kill him. Lilith was destroyed, along with her father and the rest of Earth's vampires, when Doctor Strange used the Darkhold's Montesi Formula to eliminate vampirism and all vampires from the world. The Montesi Formula eventually weakened and both Lilith and her father returned to life. Lilith subsequently appeared as Dracula's antagonist in the three-issue Dracula: Lord of the Undead limited series in 1998, and as an agent of Nick Fury's Howling Commandos in 2006.

Reception
Lilith, the daughter of Dracula, was ranked #24 on a listing of Marvel Comics' monster characters in 2015.

In 2021, Screen Rant included Lilith in their "Marvel: 10 Most Powerful Vampires" list.

In 2022, CBR.com ranked Lilith Drake 6th in their "10 Most Important Marvel Vampires" list.

Mother of All Demons
The demon Lilith is an ancient demon goddess and sorceress. She gives birth to demons called the Lilin which have lives of their own, but always remain obedient to their mother.

Lilith is an immortal who had lived in the city of pre-Cataclysm Atlantis, one of its few survivors. Over the centuries, she gave birth to many of her children – (the Lilin) – including Creed, Pilgrim, Fang, Doc, Meatmarket, Skinner, and Nakota. Trapped in the leviathan Tiamat by Atlantean sorcerers, she used her vast magics to influence outside affairs. While thus imprisoned, she encountered Danny Ketch's spirit, and then appeared in a vision to Blackout.

Lilith was finally released from her ancient imprisonment by two unknowing scientist explorers. Discovering that her Lilin children had been scattered across the dimensions centuries ago and that many of them were destroyed by the Ghost Rider and Johnny Blaze, she soon made enemies of them. She recruited the Lilin and Blackout, and sent Blackout, Creed, and Pilgrim to abduct Johnny Blaze's son, Craig Blaze. She sent the Lilin Fang to attack Morbius the Living Vampire. She witnessed the Ghost Rider and Johnny Blaze's battle with Steel Vengeance. Alongside the Lilin, she abducted Doris Ketch, Jack D'Auria, and Arthur and Stacy Dolan. She transformed the Darkholders' ninjas and sent them to kill Victoria Montesi. Alongside the Lilin, she battled the Ghost Rider, Johnny Blaze, and the Darkhold Redeemers. She then sent the Lilin Skinner to attack the Ghost Rider and Johnny Blaze. She then hired the Nightstalkers to kill the Ghost Rider and Johnny Blaze. Alongside the Lilin, she again battled the Ghost Rider, Johnny Blaze, Morbius, the Nightstalkers, and the Darkhold Redeemers.

After many attempts to kill the two, her enemies list grew to include Doctor Strange, Morbius the Living Vampire, the Witches, the Nightstalkers and the Midnight Sons. In her first attempt, she and most of her children were killed. Many months later, her children were reborn with the assistance of Meatmarket, a child that Lilith did not expect would help her. This time, they are allied with Centurious the Soulless Man. Their goal was to claim the mystical artifact called the Medallion of Power, and kill its inheritors, Johnny Blaze, Danny Ketch, and Vengeance. Lilith and her offspring betrayed Centurious and allied with his most hated enemy, Zarathos. However, the Midnight Sons banished Lilith and her offspring to the Shadowside. Zarathos was later turned into stone and killed. Lilith returned to the stony Zarathos, saying she abandoned her old offspring and replaced it with his offspring, promising vengeance for the both of them.

Lilith was one of several demonic beings imprisoned within Avalon at the start of the Secret Invasion, but was then freed by Pete Wisdom during Captain Britain and MI3's battle with the Skrulls. Lilith subsequently joins Satannish and the other freed creatures in killing the invading Skrulls, after hearing them state that any magical creatures that do not serve the Skrulls will not be tolerated.

Lilith later joins Dracula's inner circle as he plans to invade the United Kingdom.

During the "Blood Hunt" storyline, Victoria Montesi summons Lilith to deal with a possessed man.

Powers and abilities
Lilith is widely described as one of the most magically skilled demons in the Marvel Universe; regarded as both a sorceress and a goddess. She is able to manipulate eldritch energy for several effects; to strike her opponents and even obliterate them when she exerts her full power on lesser creatures, conjure protective shields capable of protecting vampires from sunlight, fashion new Lilin either from nothingness or by converting other creatures, and to teleport herself or summon others. She is far more powerful and resilient than any of her children, making her a considerable challenge for the likes of the Ghost Rider. Additionally, she is able to summon her demon children to Earth and the more demons she "births", the more her physical strength increases. Through her genesis-based attributes Lilith can literally give birth to countless races beyond those of the demonic Lilin; ranging from humans to mutants and mystical beasts, etc. She can just as easily revitalize any of her fallen brood through the act of rebirthing after they die. She does so either through natural copulative procreation, consuming prior offspring, conjuring them out of nothingness, conversion of other species or through asexual reproduction. Her power also enables her to transmigrate living souls consumed into new entities, respawning them as any given species she desires at a later date in time. She can even rebirth herself, as her prior forms often burn out over the course of time, into a younger, stronger body than the last.

In other media

 * The second incarnation of Lilith appears as a boss in Ghost Rider, voiced by Carolyn Hennesy.
 * The second incarnation of Lilith makes a cameo appearance in Morrigan's ending in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3.
 * The second incarnation of Lilith appears in Marvel's Midnight Suns, voiced by Jennifer Hale. This version is a powerful sorceress who previously worked with her sister, the Caretaker, to defeat Hiram Shaw. When Lilith tried to use the Darkhold to cure her infant child of a deadly disease, Caretaker took both from her. In response, Lilith struck a deal with the Darkhold's creator Chthon to serve him in exchange for sparing her child. Chthon agreed and transformed her into the horned "Mother of Demons". She was eventually placed into eternal slumber until HYDRA awakens her in the present in a bid for world domination.

title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)


text:
Kol Tsion HaLokhemet

Kol Tsion HaLokhemet (קוֹל צִיּוֹן הלוֹחֶמֶת) (lit. "Voice of Fighting Zion") was the underground radio station of the Irgun.

History
Kol Zion HaLokhemet was operated from February 1939. It may have been the first underground radio station in the world. It was located opposite Meir Park, in Tel Aviv.

The radio station used its broadcasts to give information about the goals and intentions of the Irgun. Irgun leader Menachem Begin, who eluded capture during the struggle with the British during the period of the British Mandate of Palestine, used Kol Zion to communicate with the Jews of Palestine. For example, he declared: "Not only were Jews injured and thousands of pounds worth of damage done to Jewish property in Jerusalem. Our national pride was injured as well. Once again we became 'protected Jews' as British troops pretended to defend us..."

In 1939 Esther Raziel-Naor, the sister of fellow Irgun leader David Raziel, became the first broadcaster of the radio station.

In September 1945 the radio station was used to attack Chaim Weizmann, of the Jewish Agency, as a "Jewish Quisling."

In August 1946 the station was used to call for a revolt and war against the Palestine Administration.

In November 1946 the station was used to denounce as lies British assertions that the Irgun intended to assassinate members of the government and the military. That same month the Irgun used the station to appeal to the Haganah to join it in fighting the British. It also used the station that month to indicate that it would be expanding its activities outside of Palestine.

In December 1947, the station was used to announce "Enough [with restraint]. From now on we [shall attack] the nests of murderers." When the Irgun was attacked by the Haganah at the Altalena, Begin used the radio station to urge his men not to counter-attack. while at the same time excoriating David Ben-Gurion.

A number of its radio broadcast transcripts between 1936 and 1948 are collected by Psychological Warfare and Propaganda: Irgun Documentation.

title: Kol Tsion HaLokhemet


text: User talk:129.15.123.25

title: User talk:129.15.123.25


text:
National Scout Movement of Armenia

The National Scout Movement of Armenia (Հայաստանի Ազգային Սկաուտական Շարժում, ՀՄԸՄ-ՀԱՍԿ); (Hayastani Azgayin Scautakan Sharjum Kazmakerputiun, HASK), is the primary national scouting organization of Armenia. It became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1997 and a member of the European Scout Region in 2023. The coeducational National Scout Movement of Armenia has 1,473 members as of 2021.

History
Scouting in Armenia was founded in 1912, then later developed abroad among the refugees who had survived the genocide of 1915-1916 and among those that had fled the new communist occupation of their lands, at which point Scouting ceased to exist in Armenia.

Haï Ari (in French Association des Scouts Armeniens, in English Association of Armenian Scouts) was a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 1928 to 1997. The organization was recognized in exile, with headquarters and approximately 1,100 members in France.

In 1978, Dr. Kourkène Medzadourian was awarded the Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting.

1994 saw the formation of the Armenian National Scout Movement. As of 2004, HASK had over 2,368 members, both male and female. In order to permit entry into the World Organization for Scouting in Armenia, the French-based Armenian Scouts withdrew membership in the World Organization, which passed to HASK on April 18, 1997. On that date, the number of national member organizations of the World Organization rose to 144. The new Armenian National Scout Movement was represented at the 18th World Scout Jamboree in the Netherlands.

The Scout Motto is Misht Badrast, Always Ready in Armenian. The Armenian noun for a single Scout is Սկաուտ, transliterated Scaut.

The Scout emblem incorporates the national colors as well as Mount Ararat, also an element of the coat of arms of Armenia.

On 30 September 2023, it was decided to dissolve the Eurasian Scout Region. As such, the National Scout Movement of Armenia subsequently joined the European Scout Region on 1 October 2023.

title: National Scout Movement of Armenia


text:
Malampuzha

Malampuzha is a town in Palakkad district of Kerala, India. It is located about 3.5 km from Malampuzha Dam and 14 km from Palakkad city.

Transport

 * Nearest railway station: Palakkad Junction - 15 km
 * Nearest airport: Coimbatore International Airport - 55 km

Malampuzha Dam and Gardens
Malampuzha Dam and Gardens are located 8 km from Palakkad town. It was built in 1955 and the garden was renovated in 2012. The main attractions are the suspension bridge, the cable car ride and the fantasy park. There are several gardens, including one Japanese garden. The Yakshi statue of Kanayi Kunjiraman is also reputed even though the nudity of the structure is not approved by the conservative society of Kerala. The dam is accessible by bus and the last bus returns to town by 8.00 pm. The nearest railway station is Palakkad Junction which is otherwise known as Olavakkode.

Important Landmarks

 * Sai Nursing Hospital
 * Akathethara Railway Gate
 * Shabri Ashram
 * NSS College of Engineering
 * Christian Brethren Church
 * Govt ITI Malampuzha
 * SI-MET Nursing College
 * Ashram Tribal School
 * Madurai Veeran Temple
 * National Fish Seed Farm
 * Malampuzha Dam and Gardens

Suburbs and Villages

 * Alamkode (7C), Neelikkad, Rail Nagar, Andi Madam and Sneha Nagar
 * Nadakkavu, Kallekkulangara, Devi Nagar and Chithra Junction
 * Shiva Nagar, Shastha Nagar, Manthakkad and NPM Nagar
 * Kripa Sadan Nagar and Shri Krishna Nagar

Politics
Malampuzha assembly constituency is part of Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency.

Education

 * Government ITI, Malampuzha
 * Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Palakkad

title: Malampuzha


text:
User:Daveydickler

Davey Dickler Is a 13 year old at Piedmont Middle School in Piedmont California Davey is very into sports participating in Baseball and Basketball and is highly recruited by the football coach but won't play because he's not wakin' up at 5 AM on weekdays Davey is a talented baseball player who plays in NOLL SOLL (North Oakland Little League South Oakland Little League) Pos: 2B, SS, outfield Throws: Right Bats: Switch Averege: Last season his averege was around .350, he is known for having shaky first halfs and second halfs in which he bats over .500 Proudest moment: A grand slam two years ago while with the Stars in AAA

title: User:Daveydickler


text:
Encore (S.H.E album)

Encore is the sixth studio album by Taiwanese girl group S.H.E. It was released on November 12, 2004, by HIM International Music. This is the first album that S.H.E released in the autumn, on account of Selina's graduation from university. A second Encore (DVD Plus Edition) was also released.

The album was commercially successful upon release, peaking at number one on the album charts in Malaysia and Singapore. It sold over 2 million copies throughout Asia by August 2005.

Background and release
"候鳥" (Migratory Bird) was composed by Jay Chou and features Chinese music elements. It was the Mandarin theme song of Japanese film, Quill. This song was written on behalf of Ella's previous relationship which had ended on a bad note. After "我愛你" (I Love You) was produced, Sweetbox re-sang it as "More than Love".

Accolades
The track "Migratory Bird" won one of the Top 10 Songs of the Year at the 2005 HITO Radio Music Awards presented by Taiwanese radio station Hit FM. It was also nominated for Top 10 Gold Songs at the Hong Kong TVB8 Awards, presented by television station TVB8, in 2005. Encore was awarded one of the Top 10 Selling Mandarin Albums of the Year at the 2005 IFPI Hong Kong Album Sales Awards, presented by the Hong Kong branch of IFPI.

Music videos
The music video for "我愛你" (I Love You) was filmed in Shanghai. There are two versions of the video: a 3-minute TV version, and a 12-minute full version. The 12-minute version features two elderly people who reflect upon their love life back when they were still young.

In 1940s Shanghai, the girl tells her lover that her family is moving to Taiwan, likely due to the Chinese Civil War. She gives the boy a box containing her love inside, and leaves in tears. In 1989, the girl, now a grandmother of at least two children, receives a letter from the boy, now a single elderly man. Unlike the grandmother, who seems to enjoy life with her husband, children and grandchildren, the old man has been waiting for the past few decades for his lover to come back to Shanghai.

Track listing
The tracks was retitled to English for the iTunes release.
 * 1) "候鳥" Hou Niao (Migratory Bird) - 4:44
 * 2) "痛快" Tong Kuai (Raciness [iTunes UK+Australia] / Piquancy [iTunes US]) - 3:19
 * 3) "別說對不起" Bie Shuo Dui Bu Qi (Don't Say Sorry) - 3:52 (Cover of Everytime by Britney Spears)
 * 4) "我愛你" Wo Ai Ni (I Love You) - 3:55 (Cover of More Than Love by Sweetbox)
 * 5) "鬥牛士之歌" Dou Niu Shi Zhi Ge (Matador's Song) - 3:50
 * 6) "對號入座" Dui Hao Ru Zuo (Take Seat By Number) - 4:04 (Cover of Japanese Boy by Aneka)
 * 7) "金鐘罩鐵布衫" Jin Zhong Zhao Tie Bu Shan (Golden Shield, Iron Cloth) - 4:05
 * 8) "大女人主義" Da Nu Ren Zhu Yi (Female Chauvinism) - 3:59
 * 9) "不在場" Bu Zai Chang (Absent) -  4:32
 * 10) "保持微笑" Bao Chi Wei Xiao (Keep Smiling) - 4:21

title: Encore (S.H.E album)


text:
Takeshi Miyazawa

Takeshi Miyazawa (born April 19, 1978) is a comic book artist who was born in Canada and attended Queen's University in Ontario to study art. His art style incorporates a manga sensibility.

title: Takeshi Miyazawa


text:
Sam Ybarra

Sam Ybarra (1945–1982) was a United States Army soldier who served in the Tiger Force commando unit attached to the 101st Airborne Division during the Vietnam War. He is notable for alleged involvement in war crimes alongside the Tiger Force unit.

Ybarra was born and raised on the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona to a Mexican father and an Apache mother. When he was five, his father died in a bar brawl, and after that he was raised by his mother. He attended Globe High School in Globe, Arizona, and was arrested four times as a teenager for disturbing the peace and underage drinking.

Ybarra enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1966, along with his childhood friend, Kenneth Green, and the friends were attached to the Tiger Force unit. Both he and Green committed atrocities against Vietnamese civilians during the war, and engaged in the Tiger Force practice of cutting off trophy ears from their victims.

Ybarra was noted by the Stars and Stripes magazine as having recorded the 1000th kill of Operation Wheeler.

Green was killed by a sniper on September 29, 1967, and other Tiger Force soldiers claim that it threw Ybarra over the edge, as he vowed to avenge his friend's death. As a result, he became the unit's worst killer, and had to be transferred out of the unit to an artillery company in early 1968. Ybarra went on to be court martialed for insubordination, and was dishonorably discharged in late 1968. He would later be named in 7 of the 30 allegations that the Army would later investigate the unit for.

Once discharged, Ybarra could not be compelled to testify to the investigations against him, and declined three times. He died of pneumonia in 1982, at age 37, living with his mother on the San Carlos Apache Reservation in Arizona, reportedly contrite and depressed over his role in the war.

title: Sam Ybarra


text:
Talk:Gin Sour

— J I P | Talk 05:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Ingredients
So it's a drink, and a great American invention. What's most usually in it? A search (http://www.google.com/search?q=%22gin+sour%22) comes up with several different recipes. —Vivacissamamente 04:53, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gin Sour


text:
Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park

The Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park, formerly known as The Buffalo Naval and Servicemen's Park, is a museum on the bank of the Buffalo River in Buffalo, New York. It is home to several decommissioned US Naval vessels, including the Cleveland-class cruiser USS Little Rock (CG-4), the Fletcher-class destroyer USS The Sullivans (DD-537), and the submarine USS Croaker (SS-246). All three are open to the public for tours.

History
In 1976, the Buffalo Urban Renewal Agency and the Buffalo Naval and Servicemen's Park requested the United States Department of the Navy supply a decommissioned naval vessel to construct a naval park. The construction of the Buffalo Naval and Servicemen's Park (later named the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park) started in 1977. The park was opened to the public on July 4, 1979. The Cleveland-class cruiser USS Little Rock (CG-4) and the Fletcher-class destroyer USS The Sullivans (DD-537) were part of the original display. In 1988, the Gato-class submarine USS Croaker (SS-246) was added. In 1989, Croaker underwent a refit. The ships in the park remain property of the United States Navy, which inspects them annually.

The park has gone through a few major changes in recent years. In 2003, the ships were moved slightly to the foot of Pearl and Main streets. The park now abuts Buffalo's Canalside and the historic Commercial Slip within it. New structures were added including a new museum, and the new Liberty Hound restaurant opened in the summer of 2012.

On December 16, 2017, USS Little Rock (LCS-9) was commissioned at the park alongside its namesake USS Little Rock (CG-4). The commissioning was the first time a United States Naval vessel was commissioned alongside its namesake.

Displays
Along with the ships, there are a variety of smaller vehicles, vessels, and aircraft are also on display at the park. These include the Gyrodyne X-Ron 1 Rotorcycle one-man helicopter used by the US Marine Corps in the late fifties and early sixties, an Army M41 Walker Bulldog tank, a Marine Corps M-84 Armored personnel carrier, a UH-1 Huey flown in Vietnam, an Air Force F-101 Voodoo flown by the New York Air National Guard's 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station, a Nasty-class Fast Patrol Boat (PTF), the PTF-17 used by the Navy in Vietnam, a Navy FJ Fury (FJ-4) jet (equivalent to the Air Force's F-86 Sabre), and a USAAF P-39 Airacobra manufactured at Bell Aircraft in Buffalo which saw service in World War II. The sail and rudder of the submarine USS Boston (SSN-703) are also on display here.

The park is located in the Canalside district near the KeyBank Center and LECOM Harborcenter in downtown Buffalo. Hours vary by season, but the park is closed from December to March.


text:
Trattoria

A trattoria (: trattorie) is an Italian-style eating establishment, generally much less formal than a ristorante (lit. 'restaurant') but more formal than an osteria.

A trattoria rooted in tradition, typically, is without a printed menu, with casual service, wine sold by the decanter rather than the bottle, low prices, and a menu of modest but plentiful offerings that follow regional and local recipes rather than haute cuisine. Sometimes, food is served family-style, at common tables. Optionally, a trattoria may offer takeaway. This tradition has waned in recent decades. Many trattorie have taken on some of the trappings of a ristorante, providing relatively few concessions to the old rustic and familial style. The name trattoria has also been adopted by some high-level restaurants.

Etymology
The word trattoria is cognate with the French term traiteur (a caterer providing take-out food). Derived in Italian from trarre, meaning 'to treat' (from the Latin tractare/trahere, 'to draw'), its etymology has also been linked to the Latin term littera tractoria, which referred to a letter ordering provision of food and drink for officials traveling on the business of the Holy Roman Empire.

title: Trattoria


text:
Huguenot Memorial Bridge

Huguenot Memorial Bridge is located in Henrico County and the independent city of Richmond, Virginia. It carries State Route 147 across the former Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (now the James River Line of CSX Transportation), the James River and Kanawha Canal, and the James River in the Fall Line region above the head of navigation at Richmond.

The Huguenot Memorial Bridge, which connects Southside (Richmond, Virginia) to urban Richmond, was completed in 1950. The 2900 ft (884 m) span replaced the low-level Westham Bridge which had been built as a toll bridge in 1911. The old bridge was subject to flooding and was inadequate for traffic in the growing suburban area.

The Huguenot Memorial Bridge was named in honor of the French Huguenot settlers who came to the area in the 18th century to escape religious persecution in France. It is owned by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) and is the westernmost bridge over the James River in the metropolitan Richmond area that is open to pedestrians.

History
Westham Bridge crossed the James River between Henrico County and Chesterfield County. The bridge was located between Bosher Dam and Williams Island Dam just west of the 7 miles of rapids and falls which constitute the fall line of the James River at Richmond, Virginia.

Built as a toll bridge in 1911, it was named for the nearby Westham Station of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway near the north end. Also nearby at the north end were the remains of the James River and Kanawha Canal.

The privately held company which financed the bridge, Southampton Bridge Corporation, was headed by developer George Craghead Gregory, who also had plans to extend a streetcar line from an existing line at Westhampton Park (now the University of Richmond) to the suburban community of Bon Air. Originally developed as a popular resort, Bon Air had become a bedroom community of Richmond. Between the James River and Bon Air, Gregory controlled large land areas along the proposed rail line which he hoped to develop. However, despite his plans, aside from grading of right-of-way, Gregory's planned streetcar line did not materialize.

After 1933, State Route 147 was routed across the Westham Bridge. It connected River Road and Westham Parkway in Henrico with Southampton Road and the new Huguenot Road in Chesterfield.

In 1950, the Westham Bridge, which had been subject to flooding and was inadequate for traffic in the growing suburban area, was replaced by the new Huguenot Memorial Bridge.

The 1950 original bridge was facing significant structural issues. After years of problems maintaining the deck and pavement, as of 2008, a replacement was included in the limited number of high priority projects underway with the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). Construction began in 2010 and completed in 2013.

title: Huguenot Memorial Bridge


text:
Talk:Island Waste Management Corporation

— J I P | Talk 05:03, 11 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Jcash

Yes you morons, you failed to realise that this was a god damn book. Written by Harry Dennison about this character. You couldnt seem to tie two together and come up with the conclusion it was just a god damn novel. If you will put it back I would gladly permit you to edit in the fact it's just a novel.

title: User talk:Jcash


text:
File:YoungMen25.jpg

Summary
Comic book cover: Young Men #25, artist Carl Burgos, subject The Human Torch, publisher Atlas Comics.Made In 1950

title: File:YoungMen25.jpg


text:
Signalling Connection Control Part

The Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) is a network layer protocol that provides extended routing, flow control, segmentation, connection-orientation, and error correction facilities in Signaling System 7 telecommunications networks. SCCP relies on the services of MTP for basic routing and error detection.

Published specification
The base SCCP specification is defined by the ITU-T, in recommendations Q.711 to Q.714, with additional information to implementors provided by Q.715 and Q.716. There are, however, regional variations defined by local standards bodies. In the United States, ANSI publishes its modifications to Q.713 as ANSI T1.112. The TTC publishes as JT-Q.711 to JT-Q.714, and Europe ETSI publishes ETSI EN 300-009-1: both of which document their modifications to the ITU-T specifications.

Routing facilities beyond MTP
Although MTP provides routing capabilities based on the Point Code, SCCP allows routing using a Point Code and Subsystem number or a Global Title.

A Point Code is used to address a particular node on the network, whereas a Subsystem number addresses a specific application available on that node. SCCP employs a process called Global Title Translation to determine Point Codes from Global Titles so as to instruct MTP on where to route messages.

SCCP messages contain parameters which describe the type of addressing used, and how the message should be routed:

 * Address Indicator
 * Routing indicator
 * Route on Global Title
 * Route on Point Code/Subsystem Number
 * Global title indicator
 * No Global Title
 * Global Title includes Translation Type (TT), Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) and Type of Number (TON)
 * Global Title includes Translation Type only
 * Subsystem indicator
 * Subsystem Number present
 * Subsystem Number not present
 * Point Code indicator
 * Point Code present
 * Point Code not present
 * Global Title
 * Address Indicator Coding
 * Address Indicator coded as national (the Address Indicator is treated as international if not specified)

Protocol classes
SCCP provides 4 classes of protocol for its applications:
 * Class 0: Basic connectionless.
 * Class 1: Sequenced connectionless.
 * Class 2: Basic connection-oriented.
 * Class 3: Flow control connection oriented.

The connectionless protocol classes provide the capabilities needed to transfer one Network Service Data Unit (NSDU) in the "data" field of an XUDT, LUDT or UDT message. When one connectionless message is not sufficient to convey the user data contained in one NSDU, a segmenting/reassembly function for protocol classes 0 and 1 is provided. In this case, the SCCP at the originating node or in a relay node provides segmentation of the information into multiple segments prior to transfer in the "data" field of XUDT (or as a network option LUDT) messages. At the destination node, the NSDU is reassembled.

The connection-oriented protocol classes (protocol classes 2 and 3) provide the means to set up signalling connections in order to exchange a number of related NSDUs. The connection-oriented protocol classes also provide a segmenting and reassembling capability. If an NSDU is longer than 255 octets, it is split into multiple segments at the originating node, prior to transfer in the "data" field of DT messages. Each segment is less than or equal to 255 octets. At the destination node, the NSDU is reassembled.

Class 0: Basic connectionless
The SCCP Class 0 protocol class is the most basic of the SCCP protocol classes. Network Service Data Units passed by higher layers in the originating node are delivered by the SCCP to higher layers in the destination node. They are transferred independently of each other. Therefore, they may be delivered to the SCCP user out-of-sequence. Thus, this protocol class corresponds to a pure connectionless network service. As a connectionless protocol, no network connection is established between the sender and the receiver.

Class 1: Sequenced connectionless
SCCP Class 1 builds on the capabilities of Class 0, with the addition of a sequence control parameter in the NSDU which allows the SCCP User to instruct the SCCP that a given stream of messages should be delivered in sequence. Therefore, Protocol Class 1 corresponds to an enhanced connectionless protocol with assurances of in-sequence delivery.

Class 2: Basic connection-oriented
SCCP Class 2 provides the facilities of Class 1, but also allows for an entity to establish a two-way dialog with another entity using SCCP.

Class 3: Flow control connection oriented
Class 3 service builds upon Class 2, but also allows for expedited (urgent) messages to be sent and received, and for errors in sequencing (segment re-assembly) to be detected and for SCCP to restart a connection should this occur.

Transport over IP Networks
In the SIGTRAN suite of protocols, there are two primary methods of transporting SCCP applications across Internet Protocol networks: SCCP can be transported indirectly using the MTP level 3 User Adaptation protocol (M3UA), a protocol which provides support for users of MTP-3—including SCCP. Alternatively, SCCP applications can operate directly over the SCCP User Adaptation protocol (SUA) which is a form of modified SCCP designed specifically for use in IP networking.

ITU-T also provides for the transport of SCCP users over Internet Protocol using the Generic Signalling Transport service specified in Q.2150.0, the signalling transport converter for SCTP specified in Q.2150.3 and a specialized Transport-Independent Signalling Connection Control Part (TI-SCCP) specified in T-REC-Q.2220. TI-SCCP can also be used with the Generic Signalling Transport adapted for MTP3 and MTP3b as described in Q.2150.1, or adapted for SSCOP or SSCOPMCE as described in Q.2150.2.

title: Signalling Connection Control Part


text:
Saptapadi

Saptapadi (सप्तपदी) or saat phere (सात फेरे, sāt phéré, lit. 'seven circumambulations') is regarded to be the most important rite (Sanskrit: ) of a Hindu wedding ceremony. In this rite, the bride and the groom tie a knot and take seven steps together, or seven rounds around a sacred fire accompanied by one vow for each step. After the seventh step or circuit is taken, the marriage of the couple is regarded to be complete as per Hindu tradition.

Description
The saptapadi is an ancient ritual that dates back to the Vedic period. The circumambulation of the sacred altar of fire is a rite that is performed differently in various regions of South Asia. In some regions, the couple walks around the altar seven times. In other regions, the couple takes seven steps to complete a single circumambulation. At each step or circuit, the couple may also take various vows, the content of which varies from region to region. Vows made in the presence of the sacred fire are considered unbreakable, with Agnideva (lit. God/Lord of Fire; c.f. Latin cognates: ignis+deus) held as both witnessing and blessing the couple's union. Every phera taken holds a specific meaning.

Vows
In South India and Western India, during the Hindu wedding, the couple say these words as they complete the seven steps of the saptapadi:
 * "Now let us make a vow together. We shall share love, share the same food, share our strengths, share the same tastes. We shall be of one mind, we shall observe the vows together. I shall be the Samaveda, you the Rigveda, I shall be the Upper World, you the Earth; I shall be the Sukhilam, you the Holder - together we shall live and beget children, and other riches; come thou, O sweet-worded girl!"

In North Indian weddings, the bride and the groom say the following words after completing the seven steps:
 * "We have taken the Seven Steps. You have become mine forever. Yes, we have become partners. I have become yours. Hereafter, I cannot live without you. Do not live without me. Let us share the joys. We are word and meaning, united. You are thought and I am sound. May the night be honey-sweet for us. May the morning be honey-sweet for us. May the earth be honey-sweet for us. May the heavens be honey-sweet for us. May the plants be honey-sweet for us. May the sun be all honey for us. May the cows yield us honey-sweet milk. As the heavens are stable, as the earth is stable, as the mountains are stable, as the whole universe is stable, so may our union be permanently settled."

Seven pheras
The Saat phere or the seven pradakshinas (circumambulations) are as follows:

 * 1) In the first round or phera, the couple prays to God for plenty of nourishing and pure food. They pray to God to let them walk together so that they will get food.
 * 2) In the second round or phera, the couple prays to God for a healthy and prosperous life. They ask for the physical, spiritual and mental health from God.
 * 3) In the third phera, the couple prays to God for wealth. They ask God for the strength for both of them so that they can share the happiness and pain together. Also, they pray so that they can walk together to get wealth.
 * 4) In the fourth round, the couple prays to God for the increase in love and respect for each other and their respective families.
 * 5) In the fifth round, the bride and groom together pray for the beautiful, heroic and noble children from God.
 * 6) In the sixth round around the fire, the couple asks for the peaceful long life with each other.
 * 7) In the final seventh round, the couple prays to god for companionship, togetherness, loyalty and understanding between themselves. They ask God to make them friends and give the maturity to carry out the friendship for lifetime. The husband says to his new wife that now they have become friends after the Seven Vows/Saat Phere and they will not break their friendship in life.

 * Alt

The vows taken in each phera are as below:
 * 1) With the first phera, the couple invokes the gods for the plenitude of pure and nourishing food and a life that is noble and respectful.
 * 2) With the second phera the couple prays for physical and mental strength and to lead a healthy and peaceful life.
 * 3) The third phera is taken for the fulfilment of spiritual obligations. The gods are invoked for blessing the couple with spiritual strength.
 * 4) The fourth phera is taken for the attainment of happiness and harmony through mutual love and trust and a long joyous life together.
 * 5) The fifth phera is taken to pray for the welfare of all living entities in the entire universe and for begetting noble children.
 * 6) The sixth phera is for bountiful seasons all over the world. The couple prays for bountiful seasons and seeks that they may go through these seasons together, just as they would share their joys and sorrows.
 * 7) With the last phera they pray for a life of understanding, loyalty, unity and companionship not only for themselves but also for the peace of the universe.

Having exchanged these vows of love, duty, respect, fidelity and a fruitful union the couple agree to be companions forever. The process of saat phere acquires more significance in that the couple prays for the peace and well-being of the entire universe.

In popular culture

 * In 1961, a Bengali film was released in Tollywood, directed by Ajoy Kar, named Saptapadi. It is a love story with a twist set in Bengal in pre-independent India (early 1940); the time when young Indian students were competing equally with British 'goras' in all fields, whether it be education or sports.

 * In 1981 a Telugu film was released named Saptapadi, directed by Kaasinathuni Viswanath; this film won a National Award in Indian Films.

 * In 1982, the Bollywood film Nadiya Ke Paar, produced by "Rajshri Productions" included a popular song Jab Tak Poore Na Ho Phere Saat (Until Seven Pheras are not completed), which highlighted the importance of Saptpadi ceremony. The song starred popular star Sachin with Sadhana Singh, and the music was given by Ravindra Jain.

 * Saptapadii, a Gujarati film directed by Niranjan Thade, was released in 2013. The music of the film is given by Rajat Dholakia & Piyush Kanojia. Popular TV actor Manav Gohil stars opposite Swaroop Sampat. It also stars child actor Heet Samani. Produced by Amitabh Bachchan’s AB Corp and leading event management company Slash Production, the film is written by Niranjan Thade, Chandrakant Shah & Kaajal Oza Vaidya. Its worldwide distributor is Different Strokes Communications Pvt. Ltd. (Dr. Devdatt Kapadia and Mrinal Kapadia)

title: Saptapadi


text:
Glomalin

Glomalin is a hypothetical glycoprotein produced abundantly on hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in soil and in roots. Glomalin was proposed in 1996 by Sara F. Wright, a scientist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service, but it was not isolated and described yet. The name comes from Glomerales, an order of fungi. Most AM fungi are of the division Glomeromycota. An elusive substance, it is mostly assumed to have a glue-like effect on soil, but it has not been isolated yet.

Definition and controversy
The specific protein glomalin has not yet been isolated and described. What has been described is an extraction process involving heat and citrate, producing a mixture containing a substance that is reactive to a monoclonal antibody Mab32B11 raised against crushed AM fungi spores. The substance is then provisionally named "glomalin". As many laboratories do not have the equipment to perform an antibody-based isolation (ELISA), a crude mixture called glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSP) is used to refer to the extract portion reactive to the Bradford protein assay. There is significant confusion between the ideal glomalin protein, the antibody-reactive extract portion termed "glomalin", and GRSP.

"Glomalin" was first detected by the Mab32B11 ELISA assay in 1987. According to the scientist that proposed the hypothetical protein, Sarah F. Wright, it eluded extraction until 1996 because "It requires an unusual effort to dislodge glomalin for study: a bath in citrate combined with heating at 250 °F (121 °C) for at least an hour.... No other soil glue found to date required anything as drastic as this." However, using advanced analytical methods in 2010, the citrate-heating extraction procedure for GRSP was proven to co-extract humic substances, so it is still not clear if this "glue effect" comes from glomalin or the other substances that are co-extracted using that method.

Description
Based on her extraction, Wright thinks the "glomalin molecule is a clump of small glycoproteins with iron and other ions attached... glomalin contains from 1 to 9% tightly bound iron.... We've seen glomalin on the outside of hyphae, and we believe this is how the hyphae seal themselves so they can carry water and nutrients. It may also be what gives them the rigidity they need to span the air spaces between soil particles."

There is other circumstantial evidence to show that glomalin is of AM fungal origin. When AM fungi are eliminated from soil through incubation of soil without host plants, the concentration of GRSP declines. A similar decline in GRSP has also been observed in incubated soils from forested, afforested, and agricultural land and grasslands treated with fungicide.

Glomalin is not synonym of GRSP. Glomalin is the protein that binds to the Mab32B11 antibody, while GRSP is a crude extract containing many substances, including humic acids.

The chemistry of GRSP is not yet fully understood, and the link between glomalin, GRSP, and AM fungi is not yet clear. The physiological function of glomalin in fungi is also a topic of current research.

Effects
Glomalin is hypothesized to improve soil aggregate stability and decrease soil erosion. However, since glomalin can not be adequate quantified in soil, studies usually analyze the GRSPs extract, which is a complex mixture including proteins and other substances.

GRSPs, the mixture of proteins and humic substances, are a significant component of soil organic matter and act to bind mineral particles together, improving soil quality. GRSPs have been investigated for its carbon and nitrogen storing properties, including as a potential method of carbon sequestration. Sampled GRSP takes 7–42 years to biodegrade and is thought to contribute up to 30 percent of the soil carbon where mycorrhizal fungi is present. The highest levels of GRSP were found in volcanic soils of Hawaii and Japan. Concentrations of glomalin in soil were correlated with the primary productivity of an ecosystem. A strong correlation has been found between GRSP and soil aggregate water stability in a wide variety of soils where organic material is the main binding agent, although the mechanism is not known.

title: Glomalin


text:
Shoji Jo

Shoji Jo (城 彰二) is a Japanese former professional footballer who played as a forward. He played for the Japan national team.

Club career
He was born on the island of Hokkaido and began his footballing career with JEF United Ichihara in 1994. He quickly established himself, scoring twelve goals in his first season; he scored his first goal on his debut against Gamba Osaka on 12 March.

After three seasons with JEF United Ichihara, Jo moved to the Yokohama Marinos (later Yokohama F. Marinos) in 1997. His performances in the 1998–99 season led to a loan move to the Spanish Primera División team Real Valladolid. He failed to make an impact with the club, making just 15 appearances and scoring two goals before sustaining a knee injury. After his return to Japan, Jo struggled to reestablish himself as a regular goal scorer with the Marinos and Vissel Kobe, with whom he joined in 2002. He joined Yokohama FC in 2003, where he scored 12 goals in his first season with them. He helped his club to become J2 Champions in 2006 gained and promotion to J1, but he retired from playing after that season.

International career
On 20 September 1995, Jo debuted for the Japan national team against Paraguay.

He made his first appearance in an international competition with the Japan U-23 national team in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

In October 1996, he played for the Japan senior team for the first time in a year. He also played at the 1996 Asian Cup in December. After the 1998 World Cup qualification in 1997 Japan qualified for the 1998 World Cup for the first time in their history. He played at the 1998 World Cup and the 1999 Copa América. He played all matches in both competitions. He played 35 games and scored 7 goals for Japan until 2001.

International

 * Scores and results list Japan's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Jo goal.

title: Shoji Jo


text: User talk:210.5.196.22

title: User talk:210.5.196.22