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Anti-Masonry

Anti-Masonry (alternatively called anti-Freemasonry) is "avowed opposition to Freemasonry", which has led to multiple forms of religious discrimination, violent persecution, and suppression in some countries as well as in various organized religions (primarily Abrahamic religions). However, there is no homogeneous anti-Masonic movement. Anti-Masonry consists of radically differing criticisms from frequently incompatible political institutions and organized religions that oppose each other, and are hostile to Freemasonry in some form.

Early Anti-Masonic documents
The earliest known anti-Masonic document was a leaflet which was printed in 1698 by a Presbyterian minister who was named Winter. It reads:

TO ALL GODLY PEOPLE, In the Citie of London. Having thought it needful to warn you of the Mischiefs and Evils practiced in the Sight of God by those called Freed Masons, I say take Care lest their Ceremonies and secret Swearings take hold of you; and be wary that none cause you to err from Godliness. For this devilish Sect of Men are Meeters in secret which swear against all without ther Following. They are the Anti Christ which was to come leading Men from Fear of God. For how should Men meet in secret Places and with secret Signs taking Care that none observed them to do the Work of GOD; are not these the Ways of Evil-doers?

Knowing how that God observeth privilly them that sit in Darkness they shall be smitten and the Secrets of their Hearts layed bare. Mingle not among this corrupt People lest you be found so at the World's Conflagration.

Political Anti-Masonry
Freemasonry has been alleged to hold its members back from fully committing themselves to their nation. Critics claim that compared to Operative Masonry's clear denunciations of treachery, Speculative Masonry (Freemasonry after 1723) was far more ambiguous. The old Catholic Encyclopedia alleges that Masonic disapproval of treachery is not on moral grounds but on the grounds of inconvenience to other Masons. It also argues that the adage "Loyalty to freedom overrides all other considerations" justifies treason, and quotes Albert Mackey, who said "... if treason or rebellion were masonic crimes, almost every mason in the United Colonies (America), in 1776, would have been subject to expulsion and every Lodge to a forfeiture of its warrant by the Grand Lodges of England and Scotland, under whose jurisdiction they were at the time".

Freemasonry charges its members that: "In the state you are to be a quiet and peaceful subject, true to your government and just to your country; You are not to countenence disloyalty or rebellion, but patiently submit to legal authority and conform with cheerfulness to the government of the country in which you live."

Freemasonry was persecuted in all the communist countries. However, Freemasonry in Cuba continued to exist following the Cuban Revolution, and according to Cuban folklore, Fidel Castro is said to have "developed a soft spot for the Masons when they gave him refuge in a Masonic Lodge" in the 1950s. However, when in power, Castro was also said to have "kept them on a tight leash" as they were considered a subversive element in Cuban society and allegedly providing safe haven for dissidents.

Fascists treated Freemasonry as a potential source of opposition. Masonic writers state that the language used by the totalitarian regimes is similar to that used by other modern critics of Freemasonry.

The United States
In 1826, William Morgan disappeared from the small town of Batavia, New York. He was alleged to be kidnapped by Freemasons and murdered after threatening to expose Freemasonry's "secrets" by publishing its rituals. Morgan's disappearance sparked a series of protests and suspicion against Freemasonry, which eventually spread to the political realm. Under the leadership of anti-Masonic Thurlow Weed, an Anti-Jacksonist movement became (since Jackson was a Mason) the Anti-Masonic Party. This political Party ran presidential candidates in 1828 and 1832, but by 1835 the party had disbanded everywhere except Pennsylvania. William A. Palmer of Vermont and Joseph Ritner of Pennsylvania were both elected governor of their respective states on anti-Masonic platforms.

John Quincy Adams, President of the United States during the Morgan Affair, objected to the oath of secrecy, particularly with regard to the keeping of undefined secrets and to the penalties for breaking the oath. He declared, "Masonry ought forever to be abolished. It is wrong – essentially wrong – a seed of evil which can never produce any good," although he extended "the most liberal of tolerance" to Masons who joined the fraternity before the murder of William Morgan, saying that they were taken by surprise and that they took the Oaths "without reflecting upon what they imported, or sheltering their consciences under the great names which had gone before them."

Though few states passed laws directed at Freemasonry by name, laws regulating and restricting it were passed and many cases dealing with Freemasonry were seen in the courts. Antimasonic legislation was passed in Vermont in 1833, including a provision by which the giving and willing taking of an unnecessary oath was made a crime. (Pub. Stat., sec. 5917), and the state of New York enacted a Benevolent Orders Law to regulate such organizations.

Asia
In 1938, a Japanese representative to the Welt-Dienst / World-Service congress hosted by Ulrich Fleischhauer stated, on behalf of Japan, that "Judeo-Masonry is forcing the Chinese to turn China into a spearhead for an attack on Japan, and thereby forcing Japan to defend itself against this threat. Japan is at war not with China but with Freemasonry (Tiandihui), represented by General Chiang Kai-shek, the successor of his master, the Freemason Sun Yat-sen."

Europe
According to Simon Sarlin, and Dan Rouyer, intense denunciation of Freemasonry because of its supposed grip on society and government, became standard doctrine within counter-revolutionary thought and action in the 19th century. A major event was The International Anti-Masonic Congress that took place in Trento, Italy in 1896. It was sponsored by Pope Leo XIII and the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Francis-Joseph, a Catholic. The Congress assembled 1,500 delegates and 300 journalists, as well as prominent Catholic bishops. Thousands of telegrams testified to support from the right worldwide. It created a permanent body, the "Universal Anti-Masonic Union." The goal was to create a powerful centre for all anti-Masonic groups, strengthening their resolve and capabilities to battle the Freemasons nation by nation. In practice the Union was too conspicuously Papal, and poorly organized. It proved ineffective in its grandiose expectations but its creation was a measure of bitter anger and frustration among the Catholic enemies of Freemasonry.

Finland
The far-right groups exercised considerable political power in Finland in the 1930s and 40s, pressuring the government to expel Freemasons from the armed forces. Patriotic Citizens of Viitasaari wanted to purge Jews and Freemasons from the country and spread anti-Masonic booklets in the prints of tens of thousands. Patriotic People's Movement MP Paavo Susitaival was a prominent opponent of freemasonry and claimed freemasons were responsible for ritual murders.

Soviet Union
The Soviet Union definitively outlawed Freemasonry in 1922. At one of the Second International meetings, Grigory Zinoviev demanded to purge it of masons. Freemasonry did not exist not even in the other socialist states. Post-war revivals of Freemasonry in Czechoslovakia and Hungary were suppressed in 1950.

Fascist Italy
Benito Mussolini decreed in 1924 that every member of his Fascist Party who was a Mason must abandon either one or the other organization, and in 1925, he dissolved Freemasonry in Italy, claiming that it was a political organization. One of the most prominent Fascists, General Capello, who had also been Deputy Grand Master of the Grande Oriente, Italy's leading Grand Lodge, gave up his membership in the Fascist Party rather than in Masonry. He later took part in a failed attempt to murder Mussolini and was sentenced to 30 years in jail, though he was released after 9 years of prison.

Hungary
In 1919, Béla Kun proclaimed the dictatorship of the proletariat in Hungary and Masonic properties were taken into public ownership. After the fall of the dictatorship of the proletariat, leaders of the counter-revolution such as Miklós Horthy blamed the Hungarian freemasons for their First World War defeat and for the revolution. Masonry was outlawed by a decree in 1920. This marked the start of raids by army officers on Masonic lodges along with theft, and sometimes destruction, of Masonic libraries, records, archives, paraphernalia, and works of art. Several Masonic buildings were seized and used for anti-Masonic exhibitions. The masonic documents were archived, preserved and may still be used for research.

In post-war Hungary, lodges were re-established, but after five years, the government described them as "meeting places of the enemies of the people's democratic republic, of capitalistic elements, and of the adherents of Western imperialism". They were banned again in 1950.

Nazi Germany and occupied Europe

Freemasons were consistently considered an ideological foe of Nazism in their world perception (Weltauffassung). The Nazis claimed that high-degree Masons were willing members of the Jewish conspiracy and that Freemasonry was one of the causes of Germany's defeat in World War I. In Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler wrote that "Freemasonry has succumbed to the Jews and has become an excellent instrument to fight for their aims and to use their strings to pull the upper strata of society into their designs". He continued, "The general pacifistic paralysis of the national instinct of self-preservation begun by Freemasonry" is then transmitted to the masses of society by the press. In 1933 Hermann Göring, the Reichstag President and one of the key figures in the process of Gleichschaltung ("synchronization"), stated "in National Socialist Germany, there is no place for Freemasonry".

The Enabling Act (Ermächtigungsgesetz in German) was passed by Germany's parliament (the Reichstag) on March 23, 1933. Using the Act, on January 8, 1934, the German Ministry of the Interior ordered the disbandment of Freemasonry, and confiscation of the property of all Lodges; stating that those who had been members of Lodges when Hitler came to power, in January 1933, were prohibited from holding office in the Nazi party or its paramilitary arms, and were ineligible for appointment in public service. Consistently considered an ideological foe of Nazism in their world perception (Weltauffassung), special sections of the Security Service (SD) and later the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) were established to deal with Freemasonry. Masonic concentration camp inmates were graded as political prisoners, and wore an inverted (point down) red triangle.

On August 8, 1935, as Führer and Chancellor, Adolf Hitler announced in the Nazi Party newspaper, Völkischer Beobachter, the final dissolution of all Masonic Lodges in Germany. The article accused a conspiracy of the Fraternity and World Jewry of seeking to create a World Republic. In 1937 Joseph Goebbels inaugurated an "Anti-Masonic Exposition" to display objects seized by the state. The Ministry of Defence forbade officers from becoming Freemasons, with officers who remained as Masons being sidelined.

During the war, Freemasonry was banned by edict in all countries that were either allied with the Nazis or under Nazi control, including Norway and France. Anti-Masonic exhibitions were held in many occupied countries. Field-Marshal Friedrich Paulus was denounced as a "High-grade Freemason" when he surrendered to the Soviet Union in 1943.

In 1943, the Propaganda Abteilung, a delegation of Nazi Germany's propaganda ministry within occupied France, commissioned the propaganda film Forces occultes. The film virulently denounces Freemasonry, parliamentarianism and Jews as part of Vichy's drive against them and seeks to prove a Jewish-Masonic plot. The Freemasons were accused of conspiring with Jews and Anglo-American nations to encourage France into a war with Germany.

The preserved records of the RSHA—i.e., Reichssicherheitshauptamt or the Office of the High Command of Security Service, which pursued the racial objectives of the SS through the Race and Resettlement Office—document the persecution of Freemasons. The number of Freemasons from Nazi occupied countries who were killed is not accurately known, but it is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were murdered under the Nazi regime. The Government of the United Kingdom established Holocaust Memorial Day to recognise all groups who were targets of the Nazi regime, and counter Holocaust denial. Freemasons are listed as being among those who were targeted.

Francoist Spain
It is claimed that the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera ordered the abolition of Freemasonry in Spain. In September 1928, one of the two Grand Lodges in Spain was closed and approximately two-hundred masons, most notably the Grand Master of the Grand Orient, were imprisoned for allegedly plotting against the government.

Following the military coup of 1936, many Freemasons trapped in areas under Nationalist control were arrested and summarily killed in the White Terror, along with members of left wing parties and trade unionists. It was reported that Masons were tortured, garroted, shot, and murdered by organized death squads in every town in Spain. At this time one of the most rabid opponents of Freemasonry, Father Juan Tusquets Terrats, began to work for the Nationalists with the task of exposing masons. One of his close associates was Franco's personal chaplain, and over the next two years, these two men assembled a huge index of 80,000 suspected masons, even though there were little more than 5,000 masons in Spain. The lodge building in Cordoba was burnt, the Masonic Temple of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands was confiscated and transformed into the headquarters of the Falange, and another was shelled by artillery. In Salamanca thirty members of one lodge were shot, including a priest. Similar atrocities occurred across the country: fifteen masons were shot in Logrono, seventeen in Ceuta, thirty-three in Algeciras, and thirty in Valladolid, among them the Civil Governor. Few towns escaped the carnage as Freemasons in Lugo, Zamora, Cadiz and Granada were brutally rounded up and shot, and in Seville, the entire membership of several lodges were butchered. The slightest suspicion of being a mason was often enough to earn a place in a firing squad, and the blood-letting was so fierce that, reportedly, some masons were even hurled into working engines of steam trains. By 16 December 1937, according to the annual masonic assembly held in Madrid, all masons that had not escaped from the areas under nationalist control had been murdered.

After the victory of dictator General Francisco Franco, Freemasonry was officially outlawed in Spain on 2 March 1940. Being a mason was automatically punishable by a minimum jail term of 12 years. Masons of the 18º and above were deemed guilty of "Aggravated Circumstances", and usually faced the death penalty.

According to Francoists, the Republican Regime which Franco overthrew had a strong Masonic presence. In reality Spanish Masons were present in all sectors of politics and the armed forces. At least four of the Generals who supported Franco's rebellion were Masons, although many lodges contained fervent but generally conservative Republicans. Freemasonry was formally outlawed in the Law for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism. After Franco's decree outlawing masonry, Franco's supporters were given two months to resign from any lodge they might be a member. Many masons chose to go into exile instead, including prominent monarchists who had whole-heartedly supported the Nationalist rebellion in 1936. The common components in Spanish Masonry seems to have been upper or middle class conservative liberalism and strong anti-clericism.

The Law for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism was not abrogated until 1963. References to a "Judeo-Masonic plot" are a standard component of Francoist speeches and propaganda and reveal the intense and paranoid obsession of the dictator with masonry. Franco produced at least 49 pseudonymous anti-masonic magazine articles and an anti-masonic book during his lifetime. According to Franco:
 * The whole secret of the campaigns unleashed against Spain can be explained in two words: masonry and communism... we have to extirpate these two evils from our land.

United Kingdom
It was the Unlawful Societies Act of 1799 that saw the first statute "for the more effectual suppression of societies established for seditious and treasonable purposes"; once enacted it affected all societies whose members were required to take an oath not authorised by law, shall be deemed "unlawful combinations." It was as a result of the intervention of the Grand Master of the Antients, The 4th Duke of Atholl, and the Acting Grand Master of the Moderns, the Earl of Moira that a special exempting clause was inserted into this legislation in favour of societies "held under the Denomination of Lodges of Freemasons" provided that they had been "usually held before the Act" and their names, places and times of meeting and the names of the members were annually registered with the local Clerk to the Justices of the Peace. This continued on until 1967 when this Act was repealed by a section of the Criminal Justice Act which meant that the annual returns of all the Lodges to the authorities ceased.

In the United Kingdom, anti-Masonic sentiment grew following the publication of Martin Short's 1989 book, Inside the Brotherhood (Further Secrets of the Freemasons). The allegations made by Short led several members of the British Government, since 1997, to propose laws requiring Freemasons who join the police or judiciary to declare their membership publicly to the government amid accusations of Freemasons performing acts of mutual advancement and favour-swapping. This movement was initially led by Jack Straw, Home Secretary from 1997 until 2001. In 1999, the Welsh Assembly became the only body in the United Kingdom to place a legal requirement on membership declaration for Freemasons. Currently, existing members of the police and judiciary in England are asked to voluntarily admit to being Freemasons. However, all first time successful judiciary candidates had to "declare their freemasonry status" before appointment until 2009, when – following a successful challenge in the European Court by Italian Freemasons – Jack Straw accepted that the policy was "disproportionate" and revoked it. Conversely, new members of the police are not required to declare their status.

In 2004, Rhodri Morgan, the First Minister of the Welsh Assembly, said that he blocked Gerard Elias' appointment to counsel general because of links to hunting and Freemasonry, although it was claimed by non-Labour politicians that the real reason was in order to have a Labour supporter, Malcolm Bishop, in the role.

Muslim anti-Masonry

Islamic criticism and opposition to Freemasonry has existed since the introduction of the latter in the Muslim world in the 19th century. After the condemnation of Freemasonry by Pope Clement XII in 1738, Sultan Mahmud I followed suit outlawing the organization and since that time Freemasonry was equated with atheism in the Ottoman Empire and the broader Islamic world. The Islamic anti-Masonic opposition in the Muslim world has been reinforced by the anti-clerical and atheistic slant of the Grand Orient of France.

By the middle of the 19th century, Freemasonry and its semi-secret organizational structures were able to establish lodges predominantly among those populations living in the Ottoman Empire and its provinces (Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, and Macedonia). This began about 15 years after the declaration of 1839 Reform Edicts and Freemasonry became successful in the Ottoman Empire under the reigns of sultans Abdulmejid (1839–1861), Abdulaziz (1861–1876) and Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909). During the 19th century, numerous prominent Muslim scholars, thinkers, and politicians, such as 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri (1808–1883), Jamal al-Din Afghani (1839–1897), and Riza Tevfik (1869–1949) were active in Freemasonry. Other notable scholars, intellectuals, and politicians who became Freemasons included Sa'd Zaghlul, Ya'qib Sannu', Adib Ishaq, Tawfiq Pasha, and the influential Islamic jurist and theologian Muhammad 'Abduh.

Many contemporary Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both antisemitism and anti-Zionism, though other reasons for the Muslim anti-Masonry have been formulated, such as linking Freemasonry to conspiracy theories and Islamic eschatology, in particular to the eschatological figure of the Dajjal (the Islamic Antichrist). During the early 20th century, the Syrian-Egyptian Islamic theologian Mūhammād Rashīd Ridâ (1865–1935) played the crucial role in leading the opposition to Freemasonry across the Muslim world. Through his popular pan-Islamic journal Al-Manār, Rida spread anti-Semitic and anti-Masonic ideas which would directly influence the Muslim Brotherhood and subsequent radical Islamic and Islamist movements, such as Hamas (see Hamas Charter).

"The Egyptian newspaper Al-Manār, belonging to Muhammad Rashid Rida, played a critical role in spreading these conspiracy theories. Rida was the leading pan-Islamic activist of that age, a significant intellectual influence on Hassan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood. In his articles, Rida maintained that the Jews stood behind the Young Turk revolution in the Ottoman Empire in 1908 and had also orchestrated the French Revolution of 1789 and the 1905 rebellion in Russia. Rida also believed that the Jews were planning to take over Al-Aqsa Mosque and expel the Muslim and Christian inhabitants of the Holy Land. Rida’s mix of European conspiratorial thought and political Islam left a lasting mark."

Influenced by Rida, the Muslim Brotherhood holds to anti-Semitic conspiracy theories in which freemasonry is seen as a form of Jewish subversion. In article 28 of its Charter, Hamas states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and other similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions...." On July 15, 1978, the Islamic Jurisdictional College—one of the most influential entities that interpret Sharia, or Islamic law—issued an opinion that deemed Freemasonry to be "dangerous" and "clandestine".

Many countries with a significant Muslim population do not allow Masonic establishments within their jurisdictions. After World War II, while under the British Mandate, Iraq used to have several Masonic lodges. This all changed with the 14 July Revolution in 1958, however, with the abolition of the Hashemite monarchy and Iraq's declaration as a republic. The licenses permitting lodges to meet were rescinded, and later, laws were introduced banning any further meetings. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein. In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organizations." Also, Freemasonry was banned in Egypt in 1964 by the order of President Nasser and in 1965 the Ba'athist government of Syria banned all lodges.

However, a few countries such as Turkey and Morocco have allowed establishment of Grand Lodges while in countries such as Malaysia and Lebanon, there are District Grand Lodges operating under a warrant from an established Grand Lodge. In addition, according to some sources, King Hussein of Jordan was a Freemason himself.

Christian anti-Masonry
One of the first highly vocal Christian critics of freemasonry was Charles Finney. In his book The Character, Claims, and Practical Workings of Freemasonry, Finney not only ridiculed the masons, he also explained why he viewed leaving the society as an essential act three years after he entered seminary.

A number of Protestant and Eastern Orthodox denominations discourage their congregants from joining Masonic lodges, but this practice differs in intensity according to the beliefs of the denomination. Some denominations simply express mild concern about Freemasonry because they do not believe that it is compatible with the teachings of Christianity while, at the other extreme, other denominations openly accuse the fraternity of worshipping Satan, by quoting the writings of Leo Taxil and Abel Clarin de la Rive.

Since 1738, the Roman Catholic Church has prohibited its members from joining Masonic organizations, citing political as well as religious reasons. Until 1983, the penalty for Catholics who joined the fraternity was excommunication. Since that time, the punishment has been an interdict, barring the offender from receiving Holy Communion. Even though the canonical penalty was changed in 1983, the prohibition on membership has not been changed.

Conspiracy theories
There have long been conspiracy theories concerning Freemasonry in which the organization is either bent on world domination or it is already covertly in control of world politics.

The earliest document which accused Freemasonry of being involved in a conspiracy was Enthüllungen des Systems der Weltbürger-Politik ("Disclosure of the System of Cosmopolitan Politics"), published in 1786. The book claimed that Freemasons and Jesuits were plotting to foment a world revolution. During the 19th Century, this theory was repeated by many Christian counter-revolutionaries, who accused Freemasons of being behind every attack on the existing social system.

Critical of Freemasonry

 * www.conspiracyarchive.org – Freemasonry: Midwife to an Occult Empire by Terry Melanson
 * www.masoncode.com – The Jewels of Freemasonry
 * www.ephesians 5-11.org – How can you lead Masons away from the Masonic Lodge?
 * Workers' Movement: Marxism against Freemasonry

Supportive of Freemasonry

 * srmason-sj.org – Is It True What They Say About Freemasonry? by Art DeHoyos
 * masonicinfo.com – Masonic rebuttal to Anti-Masonic claims
 * www.freemasonry.bcy.ca – Anti-masonry Frequently Asked Questions
 * www/freemasons-freemasonry.com – Anti-Masonry in the contemporary world

Academic examinations of Anti-Masonry
 * Academic Conference on Anti-masonry
 * The New Anti-Masonic Movement in America, University California, Davis

title: Anti-Masonry


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Smallville season 4

The fourth season of Smallville, an American television series, began airing on September 22, 2004. The series recounts the early adventures of Kryptonian Clark Kent as he adjusts to life in the fictional town of Smallville, Kansas, during the years before he becomes Superman. The fourth season comprises 22 episodes and concluded its initial airing on May 18, 2005. Regular cast members during season four include Tom Welling, Kristin Kreuk, Michael Rosenbaum, Jensen Ackles, Allison Mack, John Glover, Annette O'Toole and John Schneider.

Season four chronicles Clark and his classmates' senior year of high school and centers on his attempt to unite the three stones of knowledge, and trying to cope with Lana's new relationship with Jason Teague. Clark's friendship with Lex becomes increasingly strained, as he begins to distrust Lex more and more. At the end of season 3, Sam Jones III left the series as Pete Ross, and Jensen Ackles was brought in as Jason Teague and given star billing. Erica Durance was cast as Lois Lane, and became a recurring character for 13 episodes. Writers also brought in other popular DC Comics characters, such as Bart Allen, Mister Mxyzptlk, and Sam and Lucy Lane.

Smallville's Season four slipped in the ratings, averaging at 4.4 million viewers a week.

Awards
The fourth season garnered Leo Awards. Make-up artist Natalie Cosco was awarded the Leo Award for Best Make-Up, for her work on the episode "Scare". In 2006, Barry Donlevy took home Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series for his work on "Spirit", while David Wilson won Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series for "Sacred". The series was recognized by the Visual Effects Society with a nomination in the 2005 VES Awards and 2006 VES Awards. The 2005 nomination was for Outstanding Created Environment for "Crusade", while the 2006 nomination was for Outstanding Visual Effects in the episode "Commencement". The show received Teen Choice Award nominations in 2005 for Choice TV Actor (Tom Welling), Choice Parental Units (John Schneider and Annette O'Toole), and Choice Sidekick (Allison Mack). In 2005, the show was nominated for a Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing in "Scare". In 2005, "Commencement" was nominated for an Outstanding Sound Editing Emmy Award. Glen Winter's cinematography work was recognized with an American Society of Cinematographers Award for "Sacred". For the 31st Annual Saturn Awards, Tom Welling received a nomination for Best Actor, Michael Rosenbaum and Erica Durance received nominations for Best Supporting Actor/Actress, and the fourth season was nominated for Best Network Television Series.

Home media release
The complete fourth season of Smallville was released on September 13, 2005, in North America. Additional releases in region 2 and region 4 took place on October 10, 2005, and November 11, 2006, respectively. The DVD box set included various special features, including episode commentary, a behind-the-scenes featurette on the writers, a featurette on the different actress who have portrayed Lois Lane over the years, and DVD-ROM linking to Smallville websites. On October 16, 2021, for the 20th anniversary, the complete series was released for the first time on Blu-ray. The Blu-ray release marks the first time when season 4 was released in its native high-definition resolution.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Smallville season 4


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Moldovan wine

Moldova has a well-established wine industry. With a production of around 2 million hectolitres of wine (as of 2018), it is the 11th largest European wine-producing country. Moldova has a vineyard area of 148500 ha of which 107800 ha are used for commercial production. The remaining 40700 ha are vineyards planted in villages around the houses used to make home-made wine. Many families have their own recipes and strands of grapes that have been passed down through the generations. There are 3 historical wine regions: Valul lui Traian (south west), Stefan Voda (south east) and Codru (center), destined for the production of wines with protected geographic indication.

In 2022 the majority of wines are exported, being sent to 75 countries, with 60% of wine produced being exported to European Union countries.

History
Fossils of Vitis teutonica vine leaves near the Naslavcia village in the north of Moldova indicate that grapes grew here approximately 6 to 25 million years ago. The size of grape seed imprints found near the Varvarovca village, which date back to 2800 BC, prove that grapes were already being cultivated at that time. The grapegrowing and wine-making in the area between the Nistru and Prut rivers, which began 4000–5000 years ago, had periods of rises and falls but has survived through changing social and economic conditions.

By the end of the 3rd century BC, trading links were established between the local population and the Greeks and from 107 AD with the Romans, a fact which strongly influenced the intense development of the grape-growing and wine-making.

After the formation of the Moldavian feudal state in the 14th century, grape-growing began to develop and flourished in the 15th century during the kingdom of Stephen the Great, who promoted the import of high quality varieties and the improvement of the quality of wine, which was one of the chief exports of Moldova throughout the medieval period, especially to Poland, Ukraine and Russia.

After the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812, when the region became a province of the Russian Empire, the wine industry flourished again. The main varieties were the traditional ones: Rară Neagră, Plavai, Galbena, Zghiharda, Batuta Neagră, Fetească Albă, Fetească Neagră, Tămâioasa, Cabasia and many other local, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Greek, and Turkish varieties. In this period, the grape growers gained governmental support, and by 1837 the vineyard area in Bessarabia reached 14,000 hectares, with wine production of 12 million litres. The second half of the 19th century saw an intensive planting of newly introduced French varieties, such as Pinot blanc, Pinot noir, Pinot gris, Aligote, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon blanc, Gamay, Muscat blanc. It was at this time that wines like Negru de Purcari and Romanesti, which have made Moldova famous as a fine wine producer, began to be produced.

After the phylloxera damage at the end of the 19th century, it was only in 1906 that the vineyards began to recover with grafted planting material. By 1914, Bessarabia had the biggest vineyard area in the Russian Empire.

Both World Wars damaged Moldolvan vineyards and the wine industry. The re-establishment of Moldavian vineyards began in the 1950s, during Soviet rule. Over 150,000 hectares were planted in 10 years, and by 1960 the total vineyard area had reached 220,000 hectares. In the 1980's Russia was suffering from alcoholism and ordered the destruction of vineyards; between 1985 and 1987, 30% were destroyed.

In 2006, a diplomatic conflict with Russia resulted in the 2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines, damaging Moldova's wine industry as Russia had been the largest importer (80%) of Moldovan wines. The ban lasted 2 years. A fresh ban was imposed in September 2013, as a result of Moldova's announcement of plans to sign a draft association treaty with the European Union; this ban was less effective, as Moldova had sought alternative export markets in the intervening years and was producing better quality wines.

The national brand "Wine of Moldova" was created in 2013 by the newly created National Office of Vine and Wine, whose main objective was the promotion of quality Moldovan wine abroad.

In 2022, Moldova was exporting wines from 260 wineries to 75 countries, with 60% of the wine produced being exported to European Union countries.

Wine growing regions in Moldova
In Moldova four regions for wine growing are to be found:
 * Bălți (northern zone)
 * Codru (central zone)
 * Purcari (south-eastern zone)
 * Cahul (southern zone)

The most important region - the Southern area - is suitable for red sweet and semi-sweet wines. White wines have a high content of alcohol. Micro-regions like Taraclia, Ciumai, Comrat, Ceadir-Lunga, Baurci, Cazaiac, Tomai, Cimislia etc. are also in the southern region.

Grape varieties
Moldovan viticulture is characterized by a large variety of grapes:

Local varieties
Only a few local varieties can still be found in Moldova today:
 * Fetească albă: Indigenous white variety;
 * Fetească regală: White variety, a natural cross between Fetească albă and Furmint;
 * Rară Neagră: Red variety traditionally used mostly for blending with other varieties, e.g. the famous Negru de Purcari. Responsible for the fame of the Purcari wines in the 18th century, before Cabernet Sauvignon was introduced. Total area planted - 170 hectares mostly in the Purcari region;
 * Fetească neagră: Red grape variety;
 * Plavai: White variety, popular in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. This variety is now rare;
 * Busuioacă albă: white aromatic variety.

Introduced varieties
White varieties: Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Aligoté, Pinot gris, Pinot blanc, Riesling, Traminer, Muscat, Silvaner, Müller-Thurgau, Rkatsiteli.

Red varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Malbec, Saperavi, Gamay.

Recently: Syrah, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, Carignan, Montepulciano, Sémillon, Ugni blanc, and Tempranillo were conditionally registered for trial.

Divin
Divin - represents the name, patented in the Republic of Moldova, of the country's brandy, produced in conformity with the classic technology of cognac production.

Cellars
The Moldovan wine collection "Mileștii Mici", with 1.5 million bottles, is the largest wine collection in the world, according to the Guinness Book. It stretches for 200 km and has a relative humidity of 85-95% and a constant temperature of 12-14 °C.

The Cricova winery also has an extensive network of tunnels that stretch for 120 km.

Wine Guild
The Moldova Wine Guild is a non-profit association established in August 2007 by several of Moldova's leading private wineries, i.e. Acorex Wine Holding, Vinaria Bostavan, Chateau Vartely, DK-Intertrade, Dionysos-Mereni, Lion-Gri, and Vinaria Purcari. The member wineries are united by their desire to raise Moldova's profile as a major European wine producing country. To accomplish this goal, the members work together to promote their wines on the international market through joint marketing initiatives and to educate the international wine trade and press about Moldova.

Moldovan wineries

 * Asconi Winery
 * Aroma
 * Cricova
 * KVINT
 * Mileștii Mici
 * Purcari
 * Romănești

title: Moldovan wine


text:
User:Mnemonics~enwiki

This is my first web page.

title: User:Mnemonics~enwiki


text:
User talk:N3362

Welcome
Welcome, from Journalist

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Have fun! →Jo urna list >>talk<<  01:29, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Key mitochondrial haplogroup SNP's.pdf
Hello. I liked reading your haplogroup PDF, but it should not be uploaded as an image. Would you consider putting the actual text into the article, instead of linking to the PDF? -- Reinyday, 15:39, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Reinyday:

Hi. I didn't think I should post the text into the article, because the document is the product of my own amateur research. There are many unanswered questions and loose ends. My intent was to allow other Wiki users to see how genetic genealogists define the mitochondrial haplogroups, and to show how some haplogroups are still works-in-progress, as far as I can tell. (I am not a geneticist, not even a scientist, but the topic fascinates me enough that I took the time to write the PDF.) - N3362, 01:29, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

USDA image??
Hi N3362,

That's a great graphic you added to the unsaturated fat entry. However, when looking at the high resolution version of the file it looks like the image is a scan from a newspaper and, from the lower left corner of the image, it looks like it came from the New York Times, not the USDA.

Can you replace the scan with the originial, or create one from scratch?

Rich

Hi,

I can't find the original, but it is credited as coming from USDA in the Times.

Image Tagging for Image:Key_mitochondrial_haplogroup_SNP's.pdf
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 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Image legality questions. 13:07, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:2005-05-15, Moosewood, Zena, NY.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:2005-05-15, Moosewood, Zena, NY.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Image:Essential cat genetics.pdf listed for deletion
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Image:Insulation and weatherization handbook.pdf listed for deletion
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Image:Insulation and weatherization handbook.pdf listed for deletion
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Duplicate Image:Pg01.jpg
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Image:Pg01.jpg, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Image:Pg01.jpg is a duplicate of an already existing article, category or image. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Image:Pg01.jpg, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 00:12, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:N3362


text:
User:Steve Vinson

Steve Vinson is relatively new to this game, but is looking forward to hours of fun and learning...

title: User:Steve Vinson


text:
Ragnar Östberg

Ragnar Östberg (14 July 1866 – 5 February 1945) was a Swedish architect who is best known for designing Stockholm City Hall.

Biography
Östberg was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His parents were Carl Östberg and Erika Kindahl. Between 1884 and 1891, he first studied at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. In 1888, he studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts. He had an internship with architect Isak Gustaf Clason (1856–1930). In 1893 he visited the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and in 1896 he went on a three-year study trip to, among others, England, France, Italy and Greece. Dating from the early 1900s, he lived and worked in Umeå in northern Sweden. Scharinska villan in Umeå is considered one of Östberg's best works during his youth.

Östberg became the most famous architect within the so-called "national romanticist" movement in Sweden. His body of work from the period ranges from public buildings, such as Stockholm City Hall, to mansions for influential families at the turn of the century, such as Scharinska villan or Nedre Manilla, built for members of the Bonnier family.

Buildings

 * Nedre Manilla, Djurgården, Stockholm
 * Villa Ekarne (1905), Djurgården, Stockholm
 * Villa Pauli, Djursholm (1905)
 * Scharinska villan, Umeå (1905)
 * Aschanska villan, Umeå (1906)
 * Teaterhuset, Umeå (1906–1907)
 * Prinsvillan, Djursholm, Danderyd (1909)
 * Östermalms läroverk, "Östra Real", Stockholm (1906–1910)
 * Patent- och registeringsverket, Stockholm (1911–1921)
 * Stockholm City Hall (1923)
 * Krematorium, Helsingborg (1929)
 * Riksbron (bridge), Stockholm (1926–1930)
 * The rebuilt palace on the islet of Strömsborg (1929–1930)
 * Värmlands nation in Uppsala (1930)
 * The Stagnelius School, Kalmar (1931–32)
 * The Museum of Maritime History in Stockholm (1933–1936)
 * The Zorn Museum in Mora (1938–1939)

Other sources

 * Cornell, Elias (1966) Ragnar Östberg - en svensk arkitekt
 * Söderberg, Rolf (1955) Svenska Män och Kvinnor del 8
 * Thelaus, Erik (1983) Ragnar Östbergs byggnader i Umeå
 * Monterumisi, Chiara (2017)  Ragnar Östberg – Villa Geber, una casa nell’arcipelago. Ediz. Italian, English and Swedish,  In Edibus, Vicenza, ISBN 978-8897221517
 * Atmer, Ann Katrin Pihl (2011) Stockholms stadshus och arkitekten Ragnar Östberg  (Kultur Allmänlitteratur) ISBN 9789127130647

title: Ragnar Östberg


text:
Matt Schobel

Matthew Thomas Schobel (born November 4, 1978) is a former American football tight end. He was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the third round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU).

Schobel was also a member of the Philadelphia Eagles. Matt is the younger brother of former defensive end Aaron Schobel and the cousin of former defensive end Bo Schobel.

Early life
Schobel attended Columbus High School in Columbus, Texas. He played football there as a quarterback. He was 2nd leg in 4 x 100 meter relay team, as well as an excellent basketball player known for dunking.

College career
Schobel originally signed with Texas A&M as a quarterback in 1997. He was redshirted as a freshman, and decided to transfer to Texas Christian University, sitting out the 1998 season per NCAA transfer rules. Due to his size and surprising quickness and mobility, he was converted to tight end in 2000 and played three seasons (1999–2001) at Texas Christian University.

Cincinnati Bengals
Schobel was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the third round, with the 67th overall pick, of the 2002 NFL Draft.

Schobel played four years with the Bengals where he tallied 90 receptions for 938 yards and nine touchdowns.

Philadelphia Eagles
In 2006, Schobel became an unrestricted free agent and signed a five-year contract with the Philadelphia Eagles.

Through 2008, Schobel had seen action in 36 games, starting 11. He had 27 receptions for 332 yards and three touchdowns. He was released on September 5, 2009.

Coaching career
Schobel is currently the head coach and athletics director of his high school alma mater, the Columbus High School Cardinals.

title: Matt Schobel


text:
Sodium monofluorophosphate

Sodium monofluorophosphate, commonly abbreviated SMFP, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2PO3F. Typical for a salt, SMFP is odourless, colourless, and water-soluble. This salt is an ingredient in some toothpastes.

Uses
SMFP is best known as an ingredient in some toothpastes. It functions as a source of fluoride via the following hydrolysis reaction:
 * PO3F2− +  OH−   →   HPO42−  +  F−

Fluoride protects tooth enamel from attack by bacteria that cause dental caries (cavities). Although developed by a chemist at Procter and Gamble, its use in toothpaste (Colgate toothpaste and Ultra Brite) was patented by Colgate-Palmolive, as Procter and Gamble was engaged in the marketing of Crest toothpaste (containing stannous fluoride, marketed as "Fluoristan"). In the early 1980s, Crest was reformulated to use SMFP, under the trademark "Fluoristat"; today Crest toothpastes use sodium fluoride or stannous fluoride. Compared to straight fluorides, sodium monofluorophosphate has slightly less aftertaste.

SMFP is also used in some medications for the treatment of osteoporosis.

In 1991, sodium monofluorophosphate was found by Calgon to inhibit the dissolution of lead in drinking water when used in concentrations between 0.1 mg/L and 500 mg/L.

Tooth decay
Tooth decay is caused by bacteria naturally present in one's mouth. These bacteria form a sticky, colorless soft film on the teeth called plaque. When foods containing carbohydrates (starches and sugars) are eaten, the bacteria that form plaque use the sugar as a form of energy. They also turn it into a glue-like substance that helps them stick to the surface of the tooth. The plaque produces acid, which attacks the enamel.

Chemistry of decay
Tooth enamel consists mostly of calcium hydroxyphosphate, Ca5(PO4)3OH, also known as the mineral hydroxyapatite. Apatite is a hard, insoluble compound. Acid (H+), produced especially after a high-sugar meal, attacks the apatite:
 * Ca5(PO4)3OH(s) + H+(aq) →  Ca5(PO4)3+(aq) + H2O(ℓ)

Chemistry of enamel fluoridation
The degradation of apatite by loss of OH− causes the enamel to dissolve. The process is reversible as saliva supplies back OH− to reform apatite. If fluoride, F−, ions are present in saliva, fluorapatite, Ca5(PO4)3F, also forms.
 * Ca5(PO4)3+(aq) + F−(aq) →  Ca5(PO4)3F(s)

Fluorapatite resists attacks by acids better than apatite itself, so the tooth enamel resists decay better than enamel containing no fluoride.

Preparation and structure
Sodium monofluorophosphate is produced industrially by the reaction of sodium fluoride with sodium metaphosphate:
 * NaPO3 +  NaF    →   Na2PO3F

The process involves scission of a pyrophosphate bond, analogous to hydrolysis. SMFP can also be prepared by treating tetrasodium pyrophosphate or disodium phosphate with hydrogen fluoride.

In the laboratory, SMFP can be prepared by hydrolysis of difluorophosphate ions with dilute sodium hydroxide:
 * PO2F2− + 2 NaOH →  Na2PO3F + H2O + F−

Structure
The structure of the fluorophosphate anion consists of phosphorus at the center of a tetrahedron defined by three oxygen atoms and one fluorine. Formal representations depict a double bond between one oxygen atom and phosphorus, with single bonds for the other two oxygen atoms and the fluorine. In this very formal depiction, negative charge is localized on the O atoms of the single P-O bonds. SMFP is similar to and isoelectronic with Na2SO4. The anion has C3v symmetry.

Discovery and development
Sodium monofluorophosphate was first described in 1929 by the German chemist Willy Lange, who was then with the University of Berlin. His fruitless attempts to prepare the free monofluorophosphoric acid led him to check the stability of its esters. Together with Gerda von Krüger, one of his students, Lange thus synthesized diethyl fluorophosphate and some analogs, which proved to be quite toxic, being related to nerve agents. In the 1930s, Gerhard Schrader, working for the German company IG Farben, tried to develop synthetic insecticide. His work focused on esters of phosphoric acid and resulted in an accidental discovery of some other nerve agents such as DFP (diisopropyl fluorophosphate), Tabun, Soman, and Sarin. In the meantime, Lange, who was married to a Jewish woman, emigrated from Germany to the United States and started work for Procter and Gamble Company. In 1947, he and Ralph Livingston of Monsanto Company published the preparation of the free fluorophosphoric acids and mentioned the use of some toxic esters of monofluorophosphoric acid (like DFP) in the treatment of glaucoma and myasthenia gravis. The well known toxicity of these esters led to fears that the simple salts might also be toxic, and such fears precluded any large scale commercial use of the salts. In 1950, under sponsorship of the manufacturer of the compounds, Ozark Chemical Company, the toxicity of sodium monofluorophosphate was studied by Harold Hodge at the University of Rochester who included anti-cavity testing. In 1967 Colgate-Palmolive filed several patents on the use of sodium monofluorophosphate in toothpaste.

Safety
The usual content of SMFP in toothpaste is 0.76%. The compound is used in place of sodium fluoride, particularly in children's toothpastes, because it is less acutely toxic, although both have modest toxicities. The in rats is 0.9 g/kg.

title: Sodium monofluorophosphate


text:
User talk:Triggtay

Welcome, from Journalist Welcome to Wikipedia!

Hello. My name is Orane (but I go by the name 'Journalist' on Wikipedia) and I am one of Wikipedia's Administrators. I just stopped by to say Hi and to formally welcome you to Wikipedia. Thank you for your awesome contributions so far. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. I know that being here for the first few days may be a bit confusing, but you'll get used to it pretty soon.

Here are a few good links for newcomers. I know that they can be boring, but I recommend that you take a look at them:
 * Policies and guidelines
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! You can come to my talk page if you have any questions. If Im online, I will definitely respond. If I'm offline, you can go to Where to ask a question. Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~) ; this will automatically produce your name and the date. Again, welcome! Come say Hi! →Jo urna list >>talk<<  01:31, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Hemoglobin C
Actually, if you look at the bottom of the page you linked to (from which the text is clipped), you will see "Copyright 2005, A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited." If you click on Copyright at the bottom you'll find "When using NLM Web sites, you may encounter documents or other information resources contributed or licensed by private individuals, companies, or organizations that may be protected by U.S. and foreign copyright laws. Transmission or reproduction of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use (PDF) as defined in the copyright laws requires the written permission of the copyright owners." This leads me to believe it is not public domain. I'm afraid I will have to delete it again. If you want to recreate the article using that as a source, but not directly copied, please do. -R. fiend 15:35, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem. My bad too, really. I didn't actually know it was a copyvio until after you told me it wasn't. I was going through a few hundred articles tagged as speedy deletion candidates, and when you deal with that many you can't give them all the attention they may deserve. I could tell it was clipped from another source, anyway, the "return to tops" throughout the article (which caused me to call it "nonsense", not that it was, but I have little patience for such slovenliness, something to think about in the future:)) gave it away. But it certainly seems like a topic that could use an article. Feel free to write one. But do leave out "return to tops". -R. fiend 02:28, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
Please do not copy text from copyrighted pages, such as leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. MedlinePlus, apart from being redundant in information (not every page needs a description of phlebotomy), is copyrighted as R_fiend pointed out above. JFW | T@lk  10:37, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * MedlinePLUS is © A.D.A.M. There are other National Institutes of Health pages that are US government work and hence PD for Wikipedia. I looked on the NHLBI site but could not find an equivalent page. In fact, most of the pages that come up in Google have the same ADAM content.

 * As a matter of fact, it is also possible to actually write the article from scratch, using the MedlinePLUS article as a source of information but paraphrased. This is more work and would require reading up about, finding its relevant OMIM entry, and dipping into a medical textbook for the interpretation of the LAP score. Frankly, the LAP score is rarely performed in the UK, where I work.

 * Whence your interest in haematology? JFW | T@lk  21:28, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Category
A good place to start to find a more specific category, or develop a better understanding of their uses is located at Category...--MONGO 01:09, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Buffalo Soldiers Movie
Released in 2001 or 2003. The article appears to contradict itself by stating that a 2001 release date was delayed 2 years, and then having the release date listed as 2001. Triggtay 07:57, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for making the above comment on my talk page. It did have it's premiere screening in September 2001, but it's wider theatrical run came in 2003.  I'll clarify this in the article accordingly. Nuxx 09:58, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

arabic wikipedia
hi, just wanted to know if your are planning to work on the Lidocaine article in the arabic wiki. --Tarawneh 02:15, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Fuko promo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Fuko promo.jpg. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then you need to specify who owns the copyright, please. If you got it from a website, then a link to the website where it was taken from with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 13:25, 18 January 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. feydey 13:25, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Tera Bond
An editor has nominated Tera Bond, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not"). Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. Jayden54Bot 20:37, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Ashley_Juggs2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ashley_Juggs2.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 10:31, 14 July 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. MER-C 10:31, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Tera Bond
Tera Bond, an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions. However, an editor does not feel that Tera Bond satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Tera Bond& and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Tera Bond during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. h i s  s p a c e   r e s e a r c h 05:52, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Akia (singer)

The article Akia (singer) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Non-notable singer

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jay Jay What did I do? 02:03, 9 July 2014 (UTC)

Q about the endometritis edits
here. Wondering if you can email me. Best Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 20:00, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Triggtay


text:
Colonia Lapin

Colonia Lapin, usually known as Lapin, is a settlement located near the town of Rivera in the southwest region of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the Municipality of Adolfo Alsina.

History
Jewish immigrants founded Colonia Lapin on November 6, 1919. Colonia Lapin was originally settled by twenty five families from Colonia Esmeralda (Bernasconi) in the Province of Buenos Aires due to the unfavorable conditions, given the climate and the lack of drinking water. Mr. Eusebio Lapin, the Director of the Jewish Colonization Association, brought about the colonization that had listened the sufferings of these colonists. He was able to acquire 36 sqmi of land from Baron Maurice de Hirsch of Estación Rivera to pass on to the colonists. In return, the families gave the Baron a share of the crops. The colony was originally registered as Phillippson No 3, but its first settlers carried out the procedures to call it "Colonia Lapin", in recognition and gratitude to Eusebio Lapin.

In 1921 more families arrived and the colony began to have life. When the Colony was installed, no services or commerce existed. By 1921 significant economic, social, and spiritual needs brought about different institutions such as a primary school, Hebrew school, synagogue, and an arts center/theater/library.

While "Colonia Lapin" still remains, most of the residents have left and many of the farms have been consolidated. The theater still exists and a monument has been erected in dedication to the founding families.

title: Colonia Lapin


text:
Caritni

The Caritni, a Latinization, or the Karitnoi in the Greek of Ptolemy's Geography (2.10), were a Germanic tribe mentioned by the Roman scholar Ptolemy generally in the region of west Bavaria. Little else is known about them.

title: Caritni


text:
User:FranksValli/help

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title: User:FranksValli/help


text: User talk:68.205.235.250

title: User talk:68.205.235.250


text:
Lamborghini Urraco

The Lamborghini Urraco is a 2+2 sports car manufactured by Italian automaker Lamborghini, introduced at the Turin Auto Show in 1970 and marketed for 1972–1979 model years. It was named after a line of Miura-bred fighting bulls.

History
The car is a 2+2 coupé with body designed by Marcello Gandini, at the time working for Carrozzeria Bertone. Rather than being another range topping sports car, like the Lamborghini Miura, the Urraco was intended to be more affordable and an alternative to the contemporary Ferrari Dino, Maserati Merak and Porsche 911.

The Urraco debuted as a prototype at the Turin Auto show in 1970, but took a further 2 years before production began with the P250. This was quickly revised with the P250S in 1973. Revisions for the Urraco S included full leather upholstery, tinted power windows and optional metallic paint. The engine received new Weber 40 DCNF carburetors for cars with no emission control. The P300 was introduced in 1974, featuring not only an increase in displacement to 3 liters, but also was chain driven, and featured dual overhead cams and a revised cylinder head. When production ceased in 1979, 791 Urracos had been built - Urraco P200 (77 Produced), Urraco P250 (520 produced) and Urraco P300 (190 Produced) with 2-litre, 2.5-litre, and 3-litre V8s respectively. Of the P250s, 21 were Urraco P111s (P250 Tipo 111s) for the American market. In order to comply with American regulations, these cars had larger front bumpers and emissions controls, the latter resulting in less horsepower. It is approximated that only 10% of Urracos were RHD, with the majority produced as LHD examples.

The Lamborghini Silhouette, with its detachable roof panel, and its successor the Lamborghini Jalpa, with a 3.5 liter V-8 engine, were based upon the Urraco.

Specifications and performance
The Urraco initially featured a 2-litre single overhead cam crossplane V8. The later 2.5-litre and 3-litre V8s employed dual overhead cams.

title: Lamborghini Urraco


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Talk:Anhydrate

I changed from the Greek word án(h)ydros meaning "water loss" to from the Greek word án(h)ydros meaning "without water". But I don't speak Greek, have I mis-stated the intent of the original word by substituting the English meaning? RJFJR 01:36, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Anhydrate=anhydride
In my 10 years as a practicing chemist, I've never heard of an anhydrate. This group of compounds is properly referred to (perhaps counterintuitively, given hydrates are called what they are) as anhydrides.

Their relationship to hydrates is tenuous at best. e.g. sulfur trioxide is indeed the anhydride of sulfuric acid, and copper(II) sulfate hexahydrate is a hydrated form of copper(II) sulfate, but in the former pair the difference is that the water is covalently bound to the anhydride, whereas in the latter the water is loosely held in the crystal lattice, held in there only by noncovalent interations. What I'm trying to say is that nobody thinks of sulfuric acid as a hydrate, nor do they think of sodium  hydroxide as the hydrate of sodium oxide, whereas magnesium sulfate decahydrate is indeed thought of as  a hydrate. Is that clear?

While I'm at it, a chemist would call copper(II) sulfate without any water in there 'anhydrous copper(II) sulfate'. It's not an anhydride in any sense of the word. The word ahydride implies that there is a corresponding ionic or covalent compound that has the formula anhydride + water, not one with loosely-bound water. It's not a suitable example for this article. 66.65.37.68 03:17, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anhydrate