text:
Steve Gould (musician)

Steve Gould (born 25 March 1950) is a British singer and musician who was the lead singer and bassist (later, rhythm guitarist) of the late 1960s to mid 1970s London-based progressive rock band, Rare Bird. They had one hit single titled "Sympathy" which peaked at No. 27 in the UK Singles Chart.

Gould went on to form the mainstream band Runner on Island Records in the late 1970s after Rare Bird broke up. The band's debut album charted in the Billboard 200.

When Runner did not work out due to differences with the label, Gould joined the Alvin Lee band in 1980, with whom he played bass on different occasions during two decades. On albums such as Free Fall (1980) and RX5 (1981) he played an active role as vocalist and co-composer.

title: Steve Gould (musician)


text:
Talk:Monster Magnet

Untitled
I've added a table of their albums, But I don't know how to upload pictures. Can somebody help inserting pictures of their albums. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.148.168.43 (talk • contribs)

Name origins
Is the name taken from a frank zappa song 'return of the son of monster magnet' (really obscure)? its possible. is it verifiable? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.107.203.251 (talk) 23:58, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Dave Wyndorf has stated in an interview that the band is named after the toy, and the Zappa song is a coincidence.--GuySperanza (talk) 18:11, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

News since Wyndorf OD
What happened to these guys? I haven't heard anything since the OD.. wasn't the album already finished? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.86.207.138 (talk • contribs)

The album was supposed to have been finished, and the tour that was cancelled was promoting it. I haven't heard any news at all since the OD, and it's coming up to a year soon. The outlook is bleak. Has anyone heard any news at all though? FredTheDeadHead 20:06, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Apparently Dave's re-started work on the album. Glad to hear he's back. http://www.roadrun.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=69992

Influences
Black Sabbath aren't mentioned here. I'm sure I hear alot of Tony Iommi in Dave's riffs. anyone know for sure?

I hear a lot of Black Sabbath in a lot more than Dave's riffs. He has stated that Hawkwind and Black Sabbath are the two main influences. There's a statement about a possible Iron Butterfly influence. I hear that as more of a Doors influence. Uncoincidentally, Iron Butterfly were strongly influenced by The Doors. Any opposition to changing that?--GuySperanza (talk) 18:15, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Trivia Section
Song usage info should go into pages for individual albums. Since Trivia Sections are discouraged, a title like "Song usage" would be better. I'll get started on this after a standardized section heading is agreed upon in Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Albums  — edgarde 21:44, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Lord of Light
If you crossreference the lyrics of Lord of light and Dopes to infinity, I can't find any lyrics borrowed from Lord of Light, can you? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.145.53.183 (talk) 14:49, 26 March 2007 (UTC).

Fair use rationale for Image:Cover monolithicbaby.jpg
Image:Cover monolithicbaby.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Cover monolithicbaby.jpg
Image:Cover monolithicbaby.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 04:30, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Monstermagnet monolithic baby.jpg
Image:Monstermagnet monolithic baby.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:39, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

New site location?
Can someone please verify that it's changed and not just temporarily down?JWhiteheadcc (talk) 03:00, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Children of the Atom
The influences section mentions that "All Shook Out" has the phrase "Children Of The Atom", which refers to the X-Men. There is also a 1953 Sci Fi novel called Children Of The Atom (which may have inspired the X-Men originally) that could also be the inspiration for that lyric. Unless there's a citation indicating which the lyric refers to, I suggest changing it to read;

""All Shook Out" from God Says No has a reference to "Children of the Atom" which may be a reference to X-Men, also from Marvel Comics."68.41.191.158 (talk) 06:48, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Powertrip album cover
Can someone please change the album cover picture on the Powertrip album page? The picture being used is of very bad image quality. 86.45.47.195 (talk) 17:58, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

Influence DEPECHE MODE
The band has covered BLACK CELEBRATION for a Tribute Album and has cited the band as influence

http://www.whosampled.com/cover/21226/Monster-Magnet-Black-Celebration-Depeche-Mode-Black-Celebration/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.2.134.83 (talk) 14:27, 6 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Monster Magnet


text:
User talk:Dj moog

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed nobody had said hi yet... Hi!

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

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If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf melmac 12:51, 15 October 2005 (UTC).

Disputed content
Your recent edits in Panathinaikos are in their most part highly provocative and unsourced speculations. Please stop this kind of edits! - Sthenel (talk) 14:55, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Better now. - Sthenel (talk) 09:11, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dj moog


text:
Cornelis Tiele

Cornelis Petrus Tiele (16 December 1830 – 11 January 1902) was a Dutch theologian and scholar of religions.

Life
Tiele was born at Leiden. He was educated at Amsterdam, first studying at the Athenaeum Illustre, as the communal high school of the capital was then named, and afterwards at the seminary of the Remonstrant Brotherhood.

He was destined for the pastorate in his own brotherhood. After steadily declining for a considerable period, this had increased its influence in the second half of the 19th century by widening the tenets of the Dutch Methodists, which had caused many of the liberal clergy among the Lutherans and Calvinists to go over to the Remonstrants. Tiele had liberal religious views himself, which he early enunciated from the pulpit, as Remonstrant pastor of Moordrecht (1853) and at Rotterdam (1856).

Upon the removal of the seminary of the brotherhood from Amsterdam to Leiden in 1873, Tiele was appointed one of its leading professors. In 1877 followed his appointment at the University of Leiden as professor of the history of religions, a chair specially created for him.

With Abraham Kuenen and J. H. Scholten, amongst others, he founded the "Leiden school" of modern theology. From 1867 he assisted Kuenen, A. D. Loman and L. W. Rauwenhoff editing the Theologisch Tijdschrift. In 1889 he became a member of the Teylers Eerste Genootschap. In 1901, he resigned his professorship at Leiden University, and died in January 1902.

Tiele's zeal and power for work were as extraordinary as his vast knowledge of ancient languages, peoples and religions, upon which his researches, according to F. Max Müller, shed a new and vivid light.

Works
Of his many learned works, the Vergelijkende geschiedenis van de egyptische en mesopotamische Godsdiensten (1872), and the Geschiedenis van den Godsdienst (1876; new ed. 1891), have been translated into English, the former by James Ballingall (1878–1882), the latter by Joseph Estlin Carpenter (1877) under the title Outlines of the History of Religion (French translation, 1885; German translation, 1895). A French translation of the Comparative History was published in 1882.

Other works by Tiele are:

 * De Godsdienst van Zarathustra, van het Ontstaan in Baktrie, tot den Val van het Oud-Perzische Rijk (1864) a work now embodied, but much enlarged and improved by the latest researches of the author, in the History of Religions (vol. ii, part ii, Amsterdam, 1901), a part which appeared only a short time before the author's death
 * De Vrucht der Assyriologie voor de vergelijkende geschiedenis der Godsdiensten (1877; German ed., 1878)
 * Babylonisch-assyrische Geschichte (two parts, Leipzig, 1886–1888)
 * Western Asia, according to the most Recent Discoveries (London, 1894).

He was also a contributor to the Encyclopaedia Biblica, and the writer of the article "Religions" in the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1875).

A volume of Tiele's sermons appeared in 1865, and a collection of his poems in 1863. He also edited (1868) the poems of Petrus Augustus de Genestet. In his time, Tiele was best known to English students by his Outlines and the Gifford Lectures On the Elements of the Science of Religion, delivered in 1896–1898 at Edinburgh University. They appeared simultaneously in Dutch at Amsterdam, in English in London and Edinburgh (1897–1899, 2 vols).

Universal religions
Tiele was an early proponent of the Dutch school of "science of religion", and proposed that religion is a psychological phenomenon and one of the most profound needs of human beings. Tiele categorized and studied religions as Nature and Ethical religions, a concept that George Galloway contested in 1920 because in practice such a distinction is difficult to draw.

Tiele has also been credited as the founder of the Dutch school of the comparative studies of religions, his influence suggested to be as significant as Max Muller. He was the first professor in The Netherlands to hold a chair in such studies after the Dutch government established this position in 1876. Tiele proposed that religions develop in phases, from being nature religions, to becoming mythological religions, then doctrinal religions, and ultimately as world or universal religions. The last stage holds "holy awe", "looking up to God as the Most High" and "belonging to the adored one forever, in life and in death". In these categories, Tiele in 1877 placed Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam as universal religions. Later studies and a better understanding of Buddhism has discredited some of the premises of Tiele's theory. Buddhism, like a few other Indian religions, is essentially a non-theistic religion and it does not suggest its followers to belong to a God in Buddhism or to "look up to God as the Most High".

Honours
Tiele was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1898. Edinburgh University in 1900 conferred upon Tiele the degree of D.D. honoris causa, an honor bestowed upon him previously by the universities of Dublin and Bologna. He was also a fellow of at least fifteen learned societies in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and the United States.

Family
Pieter Anton Tiele was his brother.

Selected bibliography

 * C.P. Tiele: Comparative history of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian religions. History of the Egyptian religion. London, Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-415-24461-7 (Repr. of the ed. Trübner & Co., 1882)
 * C.P. Tiele: Elements of the science of religion. New York, AMS Press, 1979 (2 vols.). ISBN 0-404-60480-3 (Repr. of the 1897-1899 ed. published by W. Blackwood, Edinburgh)
 * C.P. Tiele: The religion of the Iranian peoples. Bombay, 1912
 * Religious systems of the world. A contribution to the study of comparative religion. A collection of addresses delivered at South Place Institute. [By C.P. Tiele ... et al.]. Various editions, between 1892 & 1911
 * C.P. Tiele: Outlines of the history of religion to the spread of the universal religions. London, Trübner, 1877

title: Cornelis Tiele


text:
SMart

SMart was a British CBBC television programme based on art, which began in 1994 and ended in 2009. The programme was recorded at BBC Television Centre in London. Previously it had been recorded in Studio A at Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham. The format is similar to the Tony Hart programmes Take Hart and Hartbeat. The show was revamped into an hour-long show in 2007; from 1994 to 2006 it was previously a 25-minute show. From 1994 to 2005, the show also featured Morph, originally from Take Hart. The series run featured 199 episodes, last airing on 11 August 2011.

Production
The BBC noticed the success of Art Attack with Neil Buchanan for CITV which started in 1990 and decided to create their own art show that was accessible to children similar to Art Attack.

The original theme tune was composed by Kjartan Poskitt, famous for the Murderous Maths series of books. From 2003, a different tune was used, written by Steve Brown (known as the fictional musical director Glen Ponder in Knowing Me, Knowing You with Alan Partridge). In 2007, this was remixed by Matt Thomas of Mosquito Music in line with the new format.

In 2007, the new autumn series had a new format mixing some of the old segments with new ideas. It was aired on Sunday, and repeated on Wednesdays. It involved more child participation in games and celebrity guests. This new format also allowed for episodes of The Fairly OddParents (and sometimes Thumb Wrestling Federation) to be aired halfway in. One of the segments displayed art that had been sent in by viewers, to the backing music of 'Give It Away' by Zero 7.

Following the death of presenter Mark Speight's fiancée Natasha Collins in January 2008, repeats of the show and its CBeebies spin-off SMarteenies were suspended. Speight left the programme, saying his "tragic loss" had left him unable to continue; he later committed suicide. The BBC indicated, however, that there would still be a new series of SMart later that year.

The format was utilised again when a new series began with a new timeslot on Sunday 29 June 2008, airing on CBBC on BBC Two, still presented by Kirsten O'Brien and Mike Fischetti. A special tribute to Mark Speight was also broadcast. Along with this new format, guest presenters appear each week to assist the two presenters.

Series 16 began airing on 3 January 2009 in the same style to the series before. The major change was that the original airings moved to the CBBC channel rather than BBC Two. Kirsten O'Brien and Mike Fischetti both returned to host the show and the show continued to have guest presenters. The games involving children in the studio were dropped and instead children participated via webcam or pre-recorded on location. The show also added segments on fun aspects of digital photography.

Spin-offs
The success of SMart allowed it to spawn various spin-off series. The first was SMart on the Road where either Mark Speight or Kirsten O'Brien, with the help of Lizi Botham, would travel around the country helping people with major projects, for example decorating a room or making a fun garden. It starred Kirsten O'Brien, Mark Speight, Jay Burridge and Lizi Botham.

SMarteenies was the second spin-off, where Kirsten, Mark, Jay and "Bizi Lizi" went through fun makes for younger viewers, including man of letters and shapes and Kirsten's Household Makes with Doogie the Dog. This programme was specifically aimed at a younger demographic, roughly from 3–6 years old on was aired on CBeebies. It starred Kirsten O'Brien, Mark Speight, Jay Burridge and Lizi Botham.

A special episode, SMart Africa, was made by the BBC to coincide with Africa Week. The episode contained easy ways to make things. This episode, with Kirsten O'Brien and Mark Speight, was aired as part of the 2003 series.

Legacy
In March 2011, CBBC started to air Deadly Art which followed a very similar format to SMart and also stars Mike Fischetti. They look to the wild for inspiration (to tie in with the "Deadly" series e.g. Deadly 60). Then CBBC aired Totally Rubbish and their current art series is Art Ninja, whose presenter Ricky Martin said he watched Art Attack and SMart religiously as a child.

title: SMart


text:
User:Pslavic

Welcome to my first Wikipedia Article

My name is Veaceslav Patic. I'm 21 and i'm from Moldova (Europe). I spend more than 12 hours a day on internet, I can't imagine my life without internet so i decided to contribute on Wikipedia Project with a little help. I'm new here so if i will do some mistakes please correct me.

title: User:Pslavic


text:
User talk:Freakston

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Cyberjunkie | Talk 12:55, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Freakston


text:
Mathematics of Sudoku

Mathematics can be used to study Sudoku puzzles to answer questions such as "How many filled Sudoku grids are there?", "What is the minimal number of clues in a valid puzzle?" and "In what ways can Sudoku grids be symmetric?" through the use of combinatorics and group theory.

The analysis of Sudoku is generally divided between analyzing the properties of unsolved puzzles (such as the minimum possible number of given clues) and analyzing the properties of solved puzzles. Initial analysis was largely focused on enumerating solutions, with results first appearing in 2004.

For classical Sudoku, the number of filled grids is 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960 ($6.671$), which reduces to 5,472,730,538 essentially different solutions under the validity preserving transformations. There are 26 possible types of symmetry, but they can only be found in about 0.005% of all filled grids. An ordinary puzzle with a unique solution must have at least 17 clues. There is a solvable puzzle with at most 21 clues for every solved grid. The largest minimal puzzle found so far has 40 clues in the 81 cells.

Minimum number of givens
Ordinary Sudokus (proper puzzles) have a unique solution. A minimal Sudoku is a Sudoku from which no clue can be removed leaving it a proper Sudoku. Different minimal Sudokus can have a different number of clues. This section discusses the minimum number of givens for proper puzzles.

Ordinary Sudoku
Many Sudokus have been found with 17 clues, although finding them is not a trivial task. A 2014 paper by Gary McGuire, Bastian Tugemann, and Gilles Civario proved that the minimum number of clues in any proper Sudoku is 17 through an exhaustive computer search based on hitting set enumeration.

Symmetrical Sudoku
The fewest clues in a Sudoku with two-way diagonal symmetry (a 180° rotational symmetry) is believed to be 18, and in at least one case such a Sudoku also exhibits automorphism. A Sudoku with 24 clues, dihedral symmetry (a 90° rotational symmetry, which also includes a symmetry on both orthogonal axis, 180° rotational symmetry, and diagonal symmetry) is known to exist, but it is not known if this number of clues is minimal for this class of Sudoku.

Total number of minimal puzzles
The number of minimal Sudokus (Sudokus in which no clue can be deleted without losing uniqueness of the solution) is not precisely known. However, statistical techniques combined with a generator ('Unbiased Statistics of a CSP – A Controlled-Bias Generator'), show that there are approximately (with 0.065% relative error):
 * 3.10 × 1037 distinct minimal puzzles,
 * 2.55 × 1025 minimal puzzles that are not pseudo-equivalent (i.e. same arrangement where all instances of one digit is switched with another digit).

Variants
There are many Sudoku variants, partially characterized by size (N), and the shape of their regions. Unless noted, discussion in this article assumes classic Sudoku, i.e. N=9 (a 9×9 grid and 3×3 regions). A rectangular Sudoku uses rectangular regions of row-column dimension R×C. Other variants include those with irregularly-shaped regions or with additional constraints (hypercube).

Regions are also called blocks or boxes. A band is a part of the grid that encapsulates three rows and three boxes, and a stack is a part of the grid that encapsulates three columns and three boxes. A puzzle is a partially completed grid, and the initial values are givens or clues. A proper puzzle has a unique solution. A minimal puzzle is a proper puzzle from which no clue can be removed without introducing additional solutions.

Solving Sudokus from the viewpoint of a player has been explored in Denis Berthier's book "The Hidden Logic of Sudoku" (2007) which considers strategies such as "hidden xy-chains".

Mathematical context
The general problem of solving Sudoku puzzles on n2×n2 grids of n×n blocks is known to be NP-complete.

A puzzle can be expressed as a graph coloring problem. The aim is to construct a 9-coloring of a particular graph, given a partial 9-coloring. The Sudoku graph has 81 vertices, one vertex for each cell. The vertices are labeled with ordered pairs (x, y), where x and y are integers between 1 and 9. In this case, two distinct vertices labeled by (x, y) and (x′, y′) are joined by an edge if and only if: The puzzle is then completed by assigning an integer between 1 and 9 to each vertex, in such a way that vertices that are joined by an edge do not have the same integer assigned to them.
 * x = x′ (same column) or,
 * y = y′ (same row) or,
 * ⌈ x/3 ⌉ = ⌈ x′/3 ⌉ and ⌈ y/3 ⌉ = ⌈ y′/3 ⌉ (same 3×3 cell)

A Sudoku solution grid is also a Latin square. There are significantly fewer Sudoku grids than Latin squares because Sudoku imposes additional regional constraints.

Sudokus from group tables
As in the case of Latin squares the (addition- or) multiplication tables (Cayley tables) of finite groups can be used to construct Sudokus and related tables of numbers. Namely, one has to take subgroups and quotient groups into account:

Take for example $$\mathbb{Z}_{n}\oplus\mathbb{Z}_{n}$$ the group of pairs, adding each component separately modulo some $$n$$. By omitting one of the components, we suddenly find ourselves in $$\mathbb{Z}_{n}$$ (and this mapping is obviously compatible with the respective additions, i.e. it is a group homomorphism). One also says that the latter is a quotient group of the former, because some once different elements become equal in the new group. However, it is also a subgroup, because we can simply fill the missing component with $$0$$ to get back to $$\mathbb{Z}_{n}\oplus\mathbb{Z}_{n}$$.

Under this view, we write down the example, Grid 1, for $$n=3$$.

Each Sudoku region looks the same on the second component (namely like the subgroup $$\mathbb{Z}_{3}$$), because these are added regardless of the first one. On the other hand, the first components are equal in each block, and if we imagine each block as one cell, these first components show the same pattern (namely the quotient group $$\mathbb{Z}_{3}$$). As outlined in the article of Latin squares, this is a Latin square of order $$9$$.

Now, to yield a Sudoku, let us permute the rows (or equivalently the columns) in such a way, that each block is redistributed exactly once into each block – for example order them $$1,4,7,2,5,8,3,6,9$$. This of course preserves the Latin square property. Furthermore, in each block the lines have distinct first component by construction and each line in a block has distinct entries via the second component, because the blocks' second components originally formed a Latin square of order $$3$$ (from the subgroup $$\mathbb{Z}_{3}$$). Thus we arrive at a Sudoku (rename the pairs to numbers 1...9 if you wish). With the example and the row permutation above, we arrive at Grid 2. For this method to work, one generally does not need a product of two equally-sized groups. A so-called short exact sequence of finite groups of appropriate size already does the job. Try for example the group $$\mathbb{Z}_{4}$$ with quotient- and subgroup $$\mathbb{Z}_{2}$$. It seems clear (already from enumeration arguments), that not all Sudokus can be generated this way.

Jigsaw sudokus
A Sudoku whose regions are not (necessarily) square or rectangular is known as a Jigsaw Sudoku. In particular, an N×N square where N is prime can only be tiled with irregular N-ominoes. For small values of N the number of ways to tile the square (excluding symmetries) has been computed. For N ≥ 4 some of these tilings are not compatible with any Latin square; i.e. all Sudoku puzzles on such a tiling have no solution.

Solutions
The answer to the question 'How many Sudoku grids are there?' depends on the definition of when similar solutions are considered different.

All solutions
For the enumeration of all possible solutions, two solutions are considered distinct if any of their corresponding (81) cell values differ. Symmetry relations between similar solutions are ignored., e.g. the rotations of a solution are considered distinct. Symmetries play a significant role in the enumeration strategy, but not in the count of all possible solutions.

The first known solution to complete enumeration was posted by QSCGZ (Guenter Stertenbrink) to the rec.puzzles newsgroup in 2003, obtaining 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960 ($6.67$) distinct solutions.

In a 2005 study, Felgenhauer and Jarvis analyzed the permutations of the top band used in valid solutions. Once the Band1 symmetries and equivalence classes for the partial grid solutions were identified, the completions of the lower two bands were constructed and counted for each equivalence class. Summing completions over the equivalence classes, weighted by class size, gives the total number of solutions as 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960, confirming the value obtained by QSCGZ. The value was subsequently confirmed numerous times independently. A second enumeration technique based on band generation was later developed that is significantly less computationally intensive. This subsequent technique resulted in roughly needing 1/97 of the number of computation cycles as the original techniques, but was significantly more complicated to set up.

The sudoku symmetry group
The precise structure of the sudoku symmetry group can be expressed succinctly using the wreath product (≀). The possible row (or column) permutations form a group isomorphic to S3 ≀ S3 of order 3!4 = 1,296. The whole rearrangement group is formed by letting the transposition operation (isomorphic to C2) act on two copies of that group, one for the row permutations and one for the column permutations. This is S3 ≀ S3 ≀ C2, a group of order 1,2962 × 2 = 3,359,232. Finally, the relabelling operations commute with the rearrangement operations, so the full sudoku (VPT) group is (S3 ≀ S3 ≀ C2) × S9 of order 1,218,998,108,160.

Fixed points and Burnside's lemma
The set of equivalent grids which can be reached using these operations (excluding relabeling) forms an orbit of grids under the action of the rearrangement group. The number of essentially different solutions is then the number of orbits, which can be computed using Burnside's lemma. The Burnside fixed points are grids that either do not change under the rearrangement operation or only differ by relabeling. To simplify the calculation the elements of the rearrangement group are sorted into conjugacy classes, whose elements all have the same number of fixed points. It turns out only 27 of the 275 conjugacy classes of the rearrangement group have fixed points; these conjugacy classes represent the different types of symmetry (self-similarity or automorphism) that can be found in completed sudoku grids. Using this technique, Ed Russell and Frazer Jarvis were the first to compute the number of essentially different sudoku solutions as 5,472,730,538.

Completeness of the sudoku symmetry group
Excluding relabeling, the operations of the sudoku symmetry group all consist of cell rearrangements which are solution-preserving, raising the question of whether all such solution-preserving cell rearrangements are in the symmetry group. In 2008, Aviv Adler and Ilan Adler showed that all solution-preserving cell rearrangements are contained in the group, even for general $$n^2 \times n^2$$ grids.

title: Mathematics of Sudoku


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Mieczysław Garsztka

Mieczysław Sylwester Garsztka (31 December 1896 - 10 June 1919) was a Polish pilot and a flying ace of the German air force during World War I and later the Polish air force during the Polish-Ukrainian War.

World War I German service
He was born to a Polish family in Bromberg (Bydgoszcz). Some sources state his forename as Sylvester, but Mieczysław was his first name and was the one used by him. He intended to study medicine, but in November 1915 he was mobilized into the German army. Initially he served in the infantry on the Western Front with Grenadier Regiment 110 and Infantry Regiment 87. After completing officer training in April 1917 he became a Leutnant.

He was slightly injured commanding a company in the 1st battalion of the 1st Nassau Infantry Regiment Nr. 87, and was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd class. Then he asked to be transferred to the air service, and in November 1917 he was sent to flying school.

After completing his flying training in Posen (Poznań), and then a fighter pilot course in Nivelles, he was assigned to Jagdstaffel 31 (Jasta 31) in St. Loup in Champagne on 7 June 1918. Initially he flew the Albatros D.V and later the Fokker D.VII fighter.

His combat career was short but successful. He shot down his first claim, a SPAD fighter, on 16 July 1918 and was given a fighter pilot badge. On 18 September he shot down an S.E.5a and a DH.9 bomber, then another DH.9 on 25 September. The following day he shot down a Sopwith Camel of No. 208 Squadron, and on 30 September he claimed his sixth (and last) kill, an S.E.5a. from No. 92 Squadron.

On 2 October he was wounded during combat with Camels of No. 46 Squadron RAF, but managed to land and was hospitalised. His probable victors were Captain Donald MacLaren, James Leith and Cyril H. Sawyer. Garsztka was the only pilot of Jasta 31 to become a fighter ace. On 25 September 1918 he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class.

Polish service
After the war, when Poland regained independence, Garsztka broke through the border to Poland and on 7 December 1918 joined the Polish Air Force. At first he was made an instructor pilot in Warsaw as he was skilled in German aircraft pilotage, but he asked to be sent to the front. At that time, the Polish forces were fighting with Ukrainian forces for control of Lwów (Lviv) and the surrounding area. On 9 May 1919 Garsztka was sent to the 7th Air Escadrille (later known as the Kościuszko Squadron) in Lwów. From 10 May to 7 June he undertook sixteen combat missions, mostly as a pilot of a bomber-reconnaissance LVG C.VI. Among others on 14 May, he flew three times bombing Ukrainian positions.

On 10 June 1919, Mieczysław Garsztka was killed in an air crash, flying a newly reconstructed SPAD S.VII fighter in Lwów. The cause of the crash was wing fabric failure. He was posthumously awarded the Virtuti Militari 5th Class. He was buried in Łyczakowski Cemetery.

title: Mieczysław Garsztka


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Leif Shiras

George Livingston "Leif" Shiras (born August 21, 1959) is an American former professional tennis player and current tennis commentator.

Personal life
George Livingston Shiras was born in August 21, 1959 in Norwalk, Connecticut and raised in Rowayton, Connecticut until his family moved to Shorewood, Wisconsin in 1963 for his father's job in public relations. He attended Shorewood High School, where he played tennis, basketball, and volleyball. But he was most drawn to tennis after growing up watching his parents play the sport recreationally and he became the State High School champion in his junior and senior years, leading him to earn the No. 1-ranked under-18 player in Wisconsin.

Shiras attended his father's alma-mater of Princeton University to pursue a bachelor's degree in English, where he graduated in 1981. There, he was also a collegiate tennis NCAA All-American in 1979 and 1980, and had also reached the NCAA semifinals.

In 1993, Shiras moved from Toronto and now resides in Laguna Hills, California with his wife, Maria, and his two sons, Emmett and Austin.

Tennis career
During his career as a player, Shiras reached one top-level final – at the Queen's Club Championships in 1984, where he lost to John McEnroe 1–6, 6–3, 2–6 (having beaten Ivan Lendl in the first round). His best singles performance at a Grand Slam event came at Wimbledon in 1989, where he reached the fourth round. His career-high ranking was World No. 31 in singles (in 1984) and World No. 57 in doubles in (in 1988).

Shiras retired from the professional tour in 1990. In 1995, he won the Wimbledon over-35 men's doubles title with partner Paul McNamee.

Broadcasting career
Shiras has worked as a tennis commentator on Tennis Channel since its inception in 2003 and Sky Sports. He was also the lead tennis analyst for the Association of Tennis Professionals's ATP Tour on Fox Sports.

title: Leif Shiras


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List of wings of the United States Air Force

This is a list of wings in the United States Air Force, focusing on AFCON wings. Air Force active duty and civilian personnel strength now must be at 1,000 or more for wings.

AFCON versus MAJCOM Wings
This page currently focuses on one of the two historical categories of USAF wings: "AFCON" (Headquarters (US) Air Force CONtrolled) units or "permanent" units, which during the Cold War period were readily distinguished by having one, two or three digit designations, such as the 1st Fighter Wing, 60th Military Airlift Wing, 355th Fighter Wing, and could go through a series of inactivations and activations and still retain their lineage.

There were also MAJCOM (major air command controlled) wings, such as the Strategic Wings of the 50s and 60s, which, under the USAF organization and lineage system, are four-digit units, for example, the 4137th Strategic Wing, and whose lineage (histories, awards, and battle honors) ended with their discontinuance and could never be revived. MAJCOM wings are fundamentally "temporary", though many stayed in existence for a very long time, and then were revived with a different name but the same number. But under the USAF lineage system they cannot carry on the histories of the previous unit.

When the B-52 dispersal began in the fifties, the new Strategic Air Command units created to support this program were MAJCOM wings and given four-digit designations. Headquarters SAC was well aware of the historical significance of records and accomplishments of the strategic wings and the need to perpetuate this lineage as well as the lineage of many illustrious units that were no longer active.

In order to retain the lineage of the combat units and to perpetuate the lineage of many currently inactive units with illustrious World War II records, Headquarters SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its strategic wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to activated AFCON units, most of which were inactive at the time.

The reorganization process, which took place from January to September 1963, was applied to 22 B-52 strategic wings, three air-refueling wings, and the 4321st Strategic Wing at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. "These units were discontinued and two and three-digit AFCON units were activated. In most cases, the bombardment squadron that had been assigned to the strategic wings were inactivated and bombardment squadrons that had previously been assigned to the newly-activated wings were activated. While these actions were almost tantamount to redesignation, they were not official redesignation. Therefore, the records, awards and achievements of the strategic wing could not be inherited by the bomb wings."

During the Gulf War of 1990–91 MAJCOM wings, such as the 7440th Composite Wing (Provisional) at Incirlik AB, Turkey, served alongside Provisional Wings such as the 801st Bomb Wing (Provisional) at Morón Air Base, Spain, and other AFCON wings.

In the 1990s MAJCOM wings were mostly inactivated and replaced with AFCON wings. Perhaps the most well known example was the 4404th Wing in Saudi Arabia which was replaced by a three-digit AFCON wing, the 363rd Air Expeditionary Wing. It is not clear whether any MAJCOM wings still exist, or whether the system is still in use.

Active Air National Guard Wings

 * List of Active Wings of the United States Air National Guard

Air Expeditionary Wings

 * List of Air Expeditionary units of the United States Air Force

AFCON and MAJCOM wings

 * List of Air Force-controlled wings of the United States Air Force
 * List of MAJCOM wings of the United States Air Force


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Thomas Addis Emmet

Thomas Addis Emmet (24 April 1764 – 14 November 1827) was an Irish and American lawyer and politician. In Ireland, in the 1790s, he was a senior member of the Society of United Irishmen as it planned for an insurrection against the British Crown and Protestant Ascendancy. In American exile, he took up legal practice in New York, earned a reputation as a staunch abolitionist, and in 1812 to 1813 served as the state's Attorney General.

Early life
Thomas Addis Emmet was born in the Hammond's Marsh area of Cork on 24 April 1764. He was a son of Dr. Robert Emmet from Tipperary town (later to become State Physician of Ireland) and Elizabeth Mason of County Cork, both of whose portraits are today displayed at Cork's Crawford Art Gallery. He was the elder brother of Robert Emmet, who was executed for leading the Irish Rebellion of 1803, becoming one of Ireland's most famous Republican martyrs. His sister, Mary Anne Holmes, held similar political beliefs.

Emmet was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and was a member of the committee of the College Historical Society. He later studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and was a pupil of Dugald Stewart in philosophy. After visiting the chief medical schools on the continent, he returned to Ireland in 1788; but the sudden death of his elder brother, Christopher Temple Emmet (1761–1788), a student of great distinction, induced him to follow the advice of Sir James Mackintosh to forsake medicine for the law as a profession.

United Irishman
Emmet was a man of liberal political sympathies and became involved with the campaign to extend the democratic franchise for the Irish Parliament and to end discrimination against Catholics. He was called to the Irish bar in 1790 and quickly obtained a practice, principally as counsel for prisoners charged with political offenses. He also became the legal adviser of the Society of the United Irishmen.

When the Dublin Corporation issued a declaration of support of the Protestant Ascendancy in 1792, the response of the United Irishmen was their non-sectarian manifesto which was largely drawn up by Emmet. In 1795 he formally took the test or pledge of the United Irishmen (composed by his friend, William Drennan), becoming secretary in the same year and a member of the executive in 1797. By this time, the United Irishmen had been declared illegal and driven underground. Efforts to secure Catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform were abandoned in favour of preparations for a republican insurrection. At odds with Lord Edward Fitzgerald and other leading members, Emmet cautioned against proceeding in advance of a French landing.

British intelligence had infiltrated the United Irishmen and managed to arrest most of their leaders on the eve of the rebellion. Though not among those taken at the house of Oliver Bond on 12 March 1798 (see Lord Edward Fitzgerald), he was arrested about the same time, and was one of the leaders imprisoned initially at Kilmainham Jail and later in Scotland at Fort George until 1802. Upon his release, he went to Brussels where he was visited by his brother Robert Emmet in October 1802 and was informed of the preparations for a fresh rising in Ireland in conjunction with French aid. However, at that stage, France and Britain were briefly at peace, and the Emmets' pleas for help were turned down by Napoleon.

He received news of the failure of Robert Emmet's rising in July 1803 in Paris, where because of his alleged Jacobin sympathies and complaints regarding broken French promises he had lost out to Arthur O'Connor as the favoured Irish emissary. Disillusioned with Napoleon's new imperial regime, and convinced that if it invaded Ireland it would reduce it to another of its client states, on 4 October 1804 he sailed with his family for America.

On his arrival, he wrote to Robert Simms in Belfast: "France is the headquarters of fraud, deceit, despotism and under its present rulers no Nation or People who love liberty need look for its honest cooperation".

Abolitionist attorney in New York
Emmet was urged to consider settling in the American South by Joseph McCormick, who had been imprisoned with him in Fort George and who eventually became a slaveholder in Georgia. Instead, protesting his "insuperable objection" to slavery, Emmet set up a legal practice in New York City and, became involved with the abolitionist Society of Friends (the Quakers). In his first case he represented a fugitive slave, and in 1805, in a case against a ship's captain, under the federal laws against the slave trade, secured an unprecedented victory for the New York Manumission Society. Emmet (alongside fellow exile, William Sampson) continued counselling and representing the Society, without pay, until his death in 1827.

In August 1812, following the death of Matthias B. Hildreth, Emmet was appointed New York State Attorney General. Aligned, despite his uncompromising abolitionism, with the Democratic Republican Party, he was removed from office in February the following year when the Federalist Party (who had objected to his original admission to the New York bar) obtained a majority in the Council of Appointment.

His abilities and successes became so acclaimed and his services so requested that he became one of the most respected attorneys in the nation, with United States Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story declaring him to be "the favourite counsellor of New York." He argued the case for Ogden in the landmark United States Supreme Court case of Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1 (1824) relating to the Commerce and Supremacy clauses of the United States Constitution. Other case Emmet argued before the Supreme Court included Sixty Pipes of Brandy (23 U.S. 421) and The Schooner Andeline (13 U.S. 244).

Personal life
He married Jane Patten (1771–1846), a daughter of John Patten and Jane (née Colville) Patten, in 1791. Together, they were the parents of:

 * Robert Emmet, who was born in Dublin and became prominent a New York jurist and Irish American activist.
 * Elizabeth Emmet (1794–1878), who married William Henry LeRoy (1795–1888), a brother-in-law of Daniel Webster.
 * Margaret Emmet (1794–1883), who did not marry.
 * John Patten Emmet (1795–1842), who married Mary Byrd Tucker (1805–1860) in 1827; their daughter, Jane Emmet, married merchant John Noble Alsop Griswold.
 * Thomas Addis Emmet (1797–1863), who married Anna Riker Thom (1805–1886), daughter of John Thom and Jane Margaret Riker.
 * Jane Erin Emmet (1802–1890), who married Bache McEvers in 1825. Their daughter Mary Bache McEvers married Sir Edward Cunard, 2nd Baronet (son of Sir Samuel Cunard, 1st Baronet, founder of the Cunard Line).

Samuel F. B. Morse painted a famous portrait of Emmet that Maxwell kept. Upon Maxwell's death in 1873, he left the painting to the New York Law Institute, which was exhibited in the National Portrait Gallery and was auctioned by Sotheby's in 2010.

Emmet died on 14 November 1827 while conducting a case in court regarding the estate of Robert Richard Randall, the founder of Sailors' Snug Harbor, a home for needy seamen in Staten Island, New York. He was initially buried in St Mark's-in-the-Bowery Churchyard in the East Village, New York City.

In his memory a cenotaph was erected through the efforts of William Sampson and outside St. Paul's Church in New York City. The inscription acknowledges a "transatlantic life in service of liberty and charity," and Emmet's role in "vindicating the rights of man in the person of the African".

Descendants and legacy
Through his son Robert, he was a grandfather of another prominent New York jurist and attorney general, Richard Stockton Emmet (himself the father of Richard S. Emmet Jr.), and great-grandfather of the notable American portrait artist sisters Rosina Emmet Sherwood, Lydia Field Emmet and Jane Emmet de Glehn, as well as their first cousin Ellen Emmet Rand. Rosina's twin brother was West Point graduate and Medal of Honor winner Robert Temple Emmet. He is the great-great-grandfather of the playwright Robert Emmet Sherwood. His direct descendant, French human rights lawyer Valentin Ribet, died aged 26 in the terrorist attack on the Bataclan in Paris on Friday 13 November 2015.

His grandson, Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet, a prominent doctor and Irish American activist, requested that he be re-buried in Ireland so he could "rest in the land from which my family came." Dr Emmet was then interred in Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, the final resting place of many of Ireland's patriots, in 1922. His grave marker was designed by the father and brother of the revolutionary Patrick Pearse.

An obelisk to honour the memory of Emmet, raised through the efforts of his fellow United Irish veterans and abolitionists, William Sampson and William James MacNeven, stands in St. Paul's Chapel's graveyard in Lower Manhattan. MacNeven was later commemorated by a matching obelisk on the far side of the church building.

title: Thomas Addis Emmet


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Armenian Workers Communist Party

Armenian Labour Communist Party (Հայաստանի բանվորական կոմունիստական կուսակցություն) was a political party in Armenia.

History
On 7 July 2003, the party dissolved as party members merged into the United Communist Party of Armenia.

title: Armenian Workers Communist Party


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User:Ghiz~enwiki

See my French Wiki user page instead.

title: User:Ghiz~enwiki


text: User talk:86.136.162.212

title: User talk:86.136.162.212


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Itha T. Krumme Memorial Arboretum

The Itha T. Krumme Memorial Arboretum (2 acres) is an arboretum located at West 25th and Stanton Lake Park Road, next to Stanton Lake Park, northwest of Falls City, Nebraska. It is open without charge during daylight hours.

The arboretum features 30 types of trees and 20 varieties of shrubs, grasses, and wildflowers. All are native to Nebraska. Trees include paw paw, shagbark hickory, and all Nebraska-native oak species.

title: Itha T. Krumme Memorial Arboretum


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Anton Furst

Anthony Francis "Anton" Furst (6 May 1944 – 24 November 1991) was an English production designer who won an Academy Award for overseeing design of Gotham City and the Batmobile in Tim Burton's Batman (1989).

Life and career
Furst was born in London, England and trained at the Royal College of Art, London.

He designed two award-winning television films, Just One Kid and It's a Lovely Day Tomorrow, for director/producer John Goldschmidt. Furst also worker as a special effects technician on Alien. Paul Mayersberg introduced him to a Nigel Phelps, whom Furst quickly hired after seeing his portfolio. Phelps would become Furst's primary draftsman that he would verbally dictate to, after the initial drawing was completed Furst would add only details and accents on occasion. The debut of this partnership was for Neil Jordan's The Company of Wolves (1984), the charcoal illustrations of the sets caught the attention of Stanley Kubrick and a young Tim Burton. Kubrick hired Furst's company to create convincing Vietnam War settings, without leaving England, for Full Metal Jacket (1987). Burton tried to convince Furst to work on Beetlejuice at this time, but decided to do High Spirits instead, which was being shot in England. In 1990, Jon Peters convinced Furst to sign an exclusive contract with Columbia Pictures, promising him work as a director. Furst's directorial debut was to be MidKnight, a medieval musical fantasy starring Michael Jackson, but after extensive design work and planning the film never materialised. Furst's Columbia contract also prevented him and his employees from working on Batman Returns (1992). His final credited film was Awakenings (1990).

Death
Furst killed himself on 24 November 1991. He had separated from his wife and begun taking Halcion, a sleeping drug that had been banned in Britain due to its possible side effects of amnesia, paranoia and depression. His drinking also became more of a problem. He was scheduled to check into rehab in 1992. On the night of November 24, 1991, he told his friends he was going to the car to fetch his cigarettes. Instead, he jumped off an eight-storey building.

He was survived by a daughter, Vanessa King; a son, Nicholas Sergei Furst; his mother, Pamela Furst; and a sister, Jane Wearne.

title: Anton Furst


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Talk:Eurostat

Wales
is it worth mentioning that Eurostat issued a map of Europe but forgot to draw in Wales as Trivia. Source can be found on BBC news page with a headline like "Wales vanishes off map of europe" I think. I'm asking because I'm not sure it's relevent. TJ 09.05.07 1640 GMT — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.41.203.193 (talk) 15:40, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Merge from Eurostat scandal
The result was merge. -- Boson (talk) 20:14, 11 June 2008 (UTC) I suggest merging Eurostat scandal into this article.--Boson 19:17, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

I disagree. There is no Eurostat scandal. There are only allegations that were never proofed. Wikipedia should stick to facts, not wild rumours. -- B. Feldmann —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.99.63.81 (talk) 17:45, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

I agree. Whether or not there is a scandal is a different issue, but it seems that there are some sources which show that the scandal was at least a big deal in the news. OptimistBen 08:52, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

I agree. The fraud lasted over 15 years. Eurostat became as OLAF, the EU antifraud body, wrote : "A vast enterprise for looting community fund". Wild rumors, Feldmann ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Djwinch (talk • contribs) 11:39, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Review of the article
The content appears outdated. I started to modify it fundamentally. Further links need to be added.

The text on the Eurostat scandal was moved to an own article without changes in content. A reference in the history part of the Eurostat article points to it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by FHGS (talk • contribs) 20:38, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

A Directorate General?
I'm going off Nugent's (2010) standard textbook here, which states that Eurostat is not a DG, but a specialised service (page 117). Has this situation changed since Nugent's book? Bandanamerchant (talk) 14:23, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eurostat