text:
Talk:Free Congress Foundation

Lax Gun Control Laws
Interesting notion on privacy laws, I am wondering if the biggest beneficiaries of lax gun laws are the religious extremists, perhaps there is more than meets the eye on this notion,a paramilitary group? The FBI and BATF would be all over them with the help of the US Congress. The Constitutional support for the citizen militia is unnecessary given that we have a comprehensive military establishment to defend the nation. --220.239.179.128 (talk) 16:03, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Privacy
Is supporting privacy really unusual among conservative groups? Certainly many don't, but I wouldn't go so far as to say it's particularly unusual: Gun-rights groups are among the bitterest opponents of any sort of national ID, and in general the libertarian-style "keep the guv'mint away from me!" sentiment is a significant wing of "conservatism". --Delirium 15:40, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Certainly in the abstract, I'd agree with you. However in practice very few conservative groups have joined the ACLU and consumer left in making privacy a big issue, particularly after Bush's inauguration and 9/11.  And even fewer make any fuss about privacy from corporations, preferring a free-market approach. LeoO3 23:09, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Ernst Islamaphobia accusation
Mike18xx, while I may not agree with Carl Ernst's accusation, the mention of which you wiped, I think simply wiping it is something that needs to be discussed a little. How do you feel about restoring that section, but characterizing Ernst within it in a more NPOV way than you did in your edit comments; something like, "Carl Ernst, a scholar of Islam who has on multiple occasions accused others of Islamaphobia..." Maybe even that is too POV against him, but perhaps we could find a way to note that an Ernst accusation of Islamaphobia is not, perhaps, as shocking as one from, say, Daniel Pipes or Bat Ye'or. While I agree that "Criticism" sections of articles should be limited, and that critics of a person/place/thing should be notable, I'm not persuaded that including this particular accusation necessarily damages the quality of this article. LeoO3 14:03, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Dominionism claim
I think how to characterize and where to place the TheocracyWatch dominionism claim needs to be discussed and (I hope) resolved here.

First, about the merits of the specific claim made. While I think it would be perfectly fair to characterize FCF as a "religous right" institution, and even as one with a harder line than many or most, attempting to link it to dominionism is frought with fatal problems.

Dominionism, as noted in its own article, is a Protestant movement (in fact, largely fundamentalist, not merely evangelical). However, Weyrich is a Catholic; what's more, as a traditionalist Catholic, he left Roman Catholicism for Greek Catholicism because Vatican II brought liturgy and other elements of Roman Catholicism too close to Protestantism for his liking (a common traditionalist criticism of the post Vatican II era). While fundamentalist Protestants and traditionalist Catholics agree on social issues, they are radically different from each other in religious belief, take their differences very seriously, and are deeply suspicious at best of ecumenical efforts to bridge the gap between them. As such, while they could and do cooperate on matters of social issues in public policy, they could not possibly cooperate in any imposition of a dominionist theocratic state.

Furthermore, the manifesto TheocracyWatch cites is no longer anywhere to be found on the FCF website, and seems abandoned or defunct. Even if FCF is still attempting to carry it out, and even ignoring the crucial context in the paragraph above, it's hard to see how the manifesto based solely on its own text can be seen as a religious program, let alone a dominionist one. Nowhere does the manifesto invoke the name of Jesus or any other religious figure, quote a single verse from the Bible or any other Christian text, or make any religious references at all. Christianity itself is mentioned just once, in a sentence stating that not all participants in the project will be Christian. In reading the document, it is clear that the thrust of it is in creating a motivated but voluntary social and lifestyle movement dedicated towards influencing the culture in a generally conservative direction, not in political activists trying to seize control of the state to make people conform to a specific religious doctrine. In fact, it explicitly states that conservatives are overly focused on politics and government (a theme of Weyrich's), a doctrine completely incompatible with dominionism's efforts to create a theocratic state. That's not to endorse the manifesto or even denounce dominionism; one can disagree sharply with the manifesto's stated goals and methods without misclassifying it.

I realize that Wikipedia is about simply quoting or fairly summarizing claims on an issue, without endorsing or criticizing the claims themselves. Still, this needed to be said somewhere, and I'm considering whether and how to include these important facts in the article. Second, about whether the claim is a criticism. We have seen how easily and completely refuted the claim is that Weyrich or FCF in general, or this manifesto, are dominionist. But granting for the sake of argument that the proposition is true, the claim is coming from a group, TheocracyWatch, which is strongly opposed to dominionism, and clearly makes that claim as a criticism of FCF. I realize that not classifying the claim as a criticism, and characterizing it instead as a mere factoid of useful research from a disinterested party seeking nothing more than to inform others about something it has no stance on, gives it greater credibility and is thus attractive to those who disagre with dominionism and/or FCF, but I urge such editors to step back from that impulse. LeoO3 15:59, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

It's POV pushing, period. But honesty and integrity haven't been hallmarks of Wikipedia from what I have read in the press.

 * None of this really matters. What matters is if these criticisms are properly represented in this article. All this handwringing and whining is not relvant. It is original research. Eliminating published criticism because an editor disagrees with it violates basic Wiki policy.--Cberlet 05:47, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It would be nice if there were a shred of truth in the criticism. From what I have read of their material. It's a bunch of ad hominem attacks, guilt by association, and strawman attacks. I guess that accuracy is irrelevant then.
 * That said, what you say much doesn't say much about Wikipedia's policies in terms of truthfullness.--FidesetRatio 21:45, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Updates to the Free Congress Foundation
I would like to begin this discussion with a bit of a preface. I currently work with the Free Congress Foundation in conjunction with their holistic online efforts. I am also the son of the current President and CEO.

I do not mean to cast aspersions on the page, and I have no particular interest in changing any of the past sections regarding the foundation. Over the past year, there have been large changes made to the structure, and direction of the Free Congress Foundation that I believe should be added to update the page and accurately reflect the progress that has been made at Free Congress Foundation

Current Status: -The Free Congress Foundation is a registered non-profit 501(c)(3), It has an advocacy 501(c)(4) named Free Congress Action.

Current Leadership: -After the passing of Paul Weyrich, former Virginia Governor Jim Gilmore was elected President and CEO of the Free Congress Foundation. -William Lind is no longer affiliated with the Free Congress Foundation in any capacity. -The current Board of Directors members can be found here: http://www.freecongress.org/about/board-of-directors/  They include: Congressman Ralph Hall (Chairman), Morton Blackwell (Director & Treasurer), Mr. William Batchelder, Mr. Jeffrey Coors, Ms. Nancy Epperson, and Mr. Ralph Hostetter.

Current Activities of the FCF: -Upon being elected President, Governor Gilmore changed the focus of Free Congress Foundation to fiscal matters. He has called for what he believes is a more responsible fiscal policy for the United States which has been titled: "Freeze. Grow. Fix." For more information about Freeze. Grow. Fix. please reference a Politico Op/Ed authored by Governor Gilmore. -In addition to Freeze. Grow. Fix, the Free Congress Foundation has created a Center for Transportation. The goal of the Center for Transportation is to find potential solutions to the current transportation crisis in the United States. - The Center for Cultural Conservatism is no longer in existence. The Free Congress Foundation may pursue foreign policy in the future, but there is nothing at this time that can be referenced. - At this point the broadcasting efforts (including FCF News On Demand) are not in the scope of the day to day activities of the Foundation, and are not pursued.

FreeCongress (talk) 16:51, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

I would hate to see information on the FCF deleted from Wikipedia. I was using it, when it was suddenly diminished. I found the historical information about the Free Congress Foundation useful. There is not sufficient public record about the field work and training the FCF did in 1991-93 with regard to the electoral process in the Soviet Union.DoubleCheckIt (talk) 03:33, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

I agree. FCF was one of the most important organizations in the Christian conservative movement. I am a published journalist and book author who criticized the FCF in many articles and several books. But I always respected the folks there as serious political activists. And when I called folks there for interviews as a journalist, many were polite and cooperated--even though they were well-aware of my progressive Left POV. Deletion would be a political decision not a scholarly or journalistic decision.Chip.berlet (talk) 12:51, 19 January 2021 (UTC)′

title: Talk:Free Congress Foundation


text:
Robert Stamm

Robert Stamm (16 July 1900 – 4 November 1937) was a German politician, a Communist (KPD) member of the Reichstag from Bremen, and a victim of the Nazi régime.

Already by the age of 14, Robert Stamm had become involved with the Socialist Youth in the Bergisches Land. He became a toolmaker, and in 1917, during his training, he associated himself with the Spartacist League around Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. In 1920 he took part in the struggle against the Kapp Putsch. In 1926, he became the editor of various Communist newspapers in the Rhine-Ruhr area.

From 1931 to 1933, Stamm led the KPD's Northwest District in Bremen. To avoid his looming arrest, he gave up his political activities for the time being and moved to Hanover in May 1933. The following year, he once again felt obliged to hurry to another city and he went to Berlin. In the end, though, none of his running helped. On 27 March 1935, Stamm was arrested by the Gestapo. At the Volksgerichtshof, he was found guilty of conspiracy to commit treason, and was sentenced to death. Stamm was beheaded on 4 November 1937 at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin.

The FDGB-Kulturhaus 'Robert Stamm' in Biberschlag, Thuringia, is named after him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robert Stamm


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sticky crumble

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:14, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Sticky crumble
Probably a joke; it certainly doesn't seem to be verifiable. Even if it were, this would be at best a one-line addition to Nicky Gumbel, and not an article to itself. — Matt Crypto 15:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete borderline nonsense that doesn't deserve it's own article.--Isotope23 18:40, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Alf melmac 09:59, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Kwaito

History section
I made a couple of changes to the history section because it was written as if kwaito eminated from a vacuum whereas other genres influnced it heavily.

New list
New article: List of radio stations in South Africa. And could YFM be considered an important Kwaito radio station?--McTrixie 10:19, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Etymology
The Afrikaans word "kwaai" can be more accurately translated as "fierce" rather than "angry". Roger 16:09, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

And is it not decending from the Dutch "kwaad" which does mean "angry"? -Cocco Bill, May 27th, 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.158.152.207 (talk) 16:45, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes the Afrikaans words "kwaad" (angry) and "kwaai" (fierce) do have the same root. There is no need to refer all the way back to 17th century Dutch to find the commonality. Roger (talk) 18:40, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

characteristics of socio-cultural change
wala amn kme kita ng ganito page —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.84.170.142 (talk) 04:06, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

'Kwaito' or 'kwaito'?
Is it Kwaito or kwaito (when not in the beginning of a sentence)? This article uses both forms. --Mortense (talk) 15:43, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Its kwaito! Sith jita (talk) 06:17, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kwaito


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Martingale central limit theorem

In probability theory, the central limit theorem says that, under certain conditions, the sum of many independent identically-distributed random variables, when scaled appropriately, converges in distribution to a standard normal distribution. The martingale central limit theorem generalizes this result for random variables to martingales, which are stochastic processes where the change in the value of the process from time t to time t + 1 has expectation zero, even conditioned on previous outcomes.

Statement
Here is a simple version of the martingale central limit theorem: Let $$X_1, X_2, \dots\,$$ be a martingale with bounded increments; that is, suppose

 * $$\operatorname{E}[X_{t+1} - X_t \vert X_1,\dots, X_t]=0\,,$$

and

 * $$|X_{t+1} - X_t| \le k$$

almost surely for some fixed bound k and all t. Also assume that $$|X_1|\le k$$ almost surely.

Define

 * $$\sigma_t^2 = \operatorname{E}[(X_{t+1}-X_t)^2|X_1, \ldots, X_t],$$

and let

 * $$\tau_\nu = \min\left\{t : \sum_{i=1}^{t} \sigma_i^2 \ge \nu\right\}.$$

Then

 * $$\frac{X_{\tau_\nu}}{\sqrt{\nu}}$$

converges in distribution to the normal distribution with mean 0 and variance 1 as $$\nu \to +\infty \!$$. More explicitly,

 * $$\lim_{\nu \to +\infty} \operatorname{P} \left(\frac{X_{\tau_\nu}}{\sqrt{\nu}} < x\right) = \Phi(x)

= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\infty}^x \exp\left(-\frac{u^2}{2}\right) \, du, \quad x\in\mathbb{R}. $$

The sum of variances must diverge to infinity
The statement of the above result implicitly assumes the variances sum to infinity, so the following holds with probability 1:

 * $$ \sum_{t=1}^{\infty} \sigma_t^2 = \infty $$

This ensures that with probability 1:

 * $$ \tau_v < \infty, \forall v \geq 0 $$

This condition is violated, for example, by a martingale that is defined to be zero almost surely for all time.

Intuition on the result
The result can be intuitively understood by writing the ratio as a summation:

 * $$ \frac{X_{\tau_v}}{\sqrt{v}} = \frac{X_1}{\sqrt{v}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{v}} \sum_{i=1}^{\tau_v-1} (X_{i+1}-X_i),  \forall \tau_v \geq 1 $$

The first term on the right-hand-side asymptotically converges to zero, while the second term is qualitatively similar to the summation formula for the central limit theorem in the simpler case of i.i.d. random variables. While the terms in the above expression are not necessarily i.i.d., they are uncorrelated and have zero mean. Indeed:

 * $$ E[(X_{i+1}-X_i)] = 0, \forall i \in \{1, 2, 3, ...\}$$

 * $$ E[(X_{i+1}-X_i)(X_{j+1}-X_j)] = 0, \forall i \neq j, i, j \in \{1, 2, 3, ...\} $$

title: Martingale central limit theorem


text:
Talk:Japanese Industrial Standards

Please add link to Full list of Japanese Standards JIS G – Ferrous Materials and Metallurgy http://www.steeljis.com/jis_steel_standard.php

Website "SteelJIS: Japanese Steels and Alloys"  is free searchable database of Japanese steels and alloys. SteelJIS (SteelJIS.com) contains the information about classification, chemical composition, mechanical properties and standards more than 1200 Japanese engineering materials

Thank you!

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Xiaohan

The traditional Chinese calendar divides a year into 24 solar terms. Xiǎohán, Shōkan, Sohan, or Tiểu hàn is the 23rd solar term. It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 285° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 300°. It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 285°. In the Gregorian calendar, it usually begins around 5 January and ends around 20 January.

title: Xiaohan


text:
Ken Hodge

Kenneth Raymond Hodge, Sr. (born 25 June 1944) is an English-born Canadian former hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Chicago Black Hawks, Boston Bruins and New York Rangers. He was born in Birmingham, England, but grew up in Toronto, Ontario.

Playing career
One of the few British-born players in NHL history, Ken Hodge was signed by the Black Hawks as a teenager, and had a stellar junior league career with the St. Catharines Black Hawks of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), leading the league in goals and points in the 1965 season before being called up for good to Chicago the next year.

Stereotyped as a grinding policeman — at 6'2", 215 lbs, Hodge was one of the larger forwards of his era — the rangy right wing played two mediocre seasons with the Black Hawks before being sent to Boston in a blockbuster deal with teammates Phil Esposito and Fred Stanfield. The trade made the Bruins into a powerhouse, as Esposito centred Hodge and left wing Ron Murphy in the season to break the NHL record for points in a season by a forward line, and Hodge scored an impressive 45 goals and 45 assists to complement Esposito's record season of 126 points. His production fell off significantly the next season (although Boston won the Stanley Cup bolstered by Hodge's skilled play), but the  season saw the Bruins launch the greatest offensive juggernaut the league had ever seen, breaking dozens of offensive records. In that flurry, on one of the most feared forward lines of the era (with linemates Esposito and Wayne Cashman), Hodge would break the league record for points in a season by a right winger with 105, and finish fourth in NHL scoring. Phil Esposito (with 152 points), Bobby Orr (with 139), Johnny Bucyk (116) and Hodge finished 1–2–3–4 in league scoring, the first time in NHL history the season's top four scorers all played for one team.

The season saw Hodge slowed down by injuries, although he recovered again in the playoffs to help the Bruins to their second Stanley Cup in three years. In, he scored 50 goals and 105 points to place third in league scoring, and with Esposito (145), Orr (122) and Cashman (89) likewise finished 1–2–3–4 in league scoring for the only other time in NHL history the season's top four scorers all played for one team. Hodge also became the first person born outside of Canada to score 50 goals in a season and was the only one to do so until Finnish born Jari Kurri did so in 1984.

His offensive production negatively impacted by Esposito's trade to the New York Rangers in early-November 1975, Hodge's remaining time with the Bruins was spent in head coach Don Cherry's doghouse. Hodge was reunited with Esposito on 26 May 1976, when he was dealt to the Rangers who were hoping for a replication of their successes with the Bruins. The transaction cost the team Rick Middleton who was ten years younger and a swifter skater than Hodge.

Retirement
Hodge had only modest success in New York in the 1976–77 season, and tailed off badly the following year before being sent down to the New Haven Nighthawks of the American Hockey League (AHL). Hodge retired thereafter, but came out of retirement in 1979–80 to play for the Binghamton Dusters of the AHL, in his final professional season.

Hodge finished his NHL career with 881 games, 328 goals, 472 assists and 800 points. He still lives in the Boston area, and remains active with the Bruins' alumni team and in alumni affairs.

Most recently, Hodge has been working as a broadcaster in Boston. He served as the radio colour commentator for the Boston College men's hockey team throughout their 2007–08 NCAA Championship season, working alongside play-by-play man Jon Rish on flagship station WTTT (1150AM).

Personal life
Hodge lived in Lynnfield, Massachusetts during his career with the Bruins; his home was instantly recognisable and well known to local residents by its large swimming pool in the back yard in the shape of his Bruins' uniform number, 8.

Hodge's son, Ken Hodge, Jr., was also a professional hockey player from 1987 to 1998. Hodge Jr. went on to coach the Tulsa Oilers, whose roster included his younger brother Brendon, who wore their father's number 8. Brendon Hodge is now the assistant coach of the Rapid City Rushmore Thunder varsity hockey team, who won the 2014 state championship. Another son, Dan Hodge, was drafted by the Boston Bruins in the ninth round (194th overall) in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft, and played in the American Hockey League and International Hockey League, and won the 2000 Kelly Cup championship in the East Coast Hockey League with the Peoria Rivermen.

Achievements

 * Named a First Team All-Star in 1971 and 1974.
 * Played in the All-Star Game in 1971, 1973 and 1974.
 * Two time Stanley Cup champion (1970 and 1972)

title: Ken Hodge


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup Taskforce/Skull and Bones

Skull and Bones
Has much unverified, and almost certainly unverifiable, material. This needs to be identified and cut. I'm happy to help, but I'm afraid if I start cutting by myself I'll get mobbed by conspiracy theorists! :P SCZenz 15:45, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, sounds like some fact checking is needed then. Added to User:Elizabeyth's desk - as ever, feel free to move it on to some other desk! Andreww 10:04, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I put this back. I'm afraid I'm too much of a commie pinko liberal... Elizabeyth 16:47, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Done! --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 08:00, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Added to User:Woohookitty/Desk RJFJR 17:24, 21 February 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Negation

emoticon
The internet smilies section doesn't really belong in an article about negation. While the smiley is created using a symbol for negation, it has nothing to do with the concept of negation, which is the topic of the article. 18.62.4.221 15:48, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably because there doesn't seem to be a proper page about the ¬ character, which is what I was looking for when I found this article... --Beeurd (talk) 09:37, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Re move of page to logical negation
Earlier today QQ moved this page to logical inequality, with as far as I can tell no prior discussion. I've now moved the page back. This is the second time that QQ has moved this page there. The first time the page was moved back by Lowellian. In my view this is a highly inappropriate name for this page, since the article also talks about term negation as used in grammar. What might be a good thing would be to create separate pages for the "negation (grammar)" and "negation (logic)" or "logical negation" and make this a disambiguation page, however this would have to be discussed and agreed to here first.

Please no further moves of this page without discussion and agreement here.

Paul August ☎ 17:49, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Separating page is a good idea, but I don't think it is possible. The main reason is that people will revert back after doing this!!! In my opinion, if you think moving article EACH TIME requires discussion, you should talk to the committee of wikipedia. But I respect with your action, don't worry. QQ 18:00, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your "respect". As for making this into seperate articles, If it really is the right thing to do, I'm sure we could get a consensus for that. In that case reversion against consensus, would not stand. As i said on my talk page: ":... moving pages which are likely to be non-controversial, like simple misspellings etc. usually don't require any discussion. However for other moves ... it is always best to start a discussion on the talk page first." Paul August ☎ 18:24, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, I'd support the split into "negation (grammar)" and "negation (logic)", making "Negation" a disambiguation page. That would make the other two links (album and comic) less obtrusive at the top.  Eric Qel-Droma 13:25, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I would also support splitting the article into two separate pages on grammar and logic/mathematics; not sure that mathematical negation and logical negation require separate treatment. Smerdis of Tlön 13:45, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Proposed split
JA: Oppose for now. First off, negation (grammar) does not make sense, as negation is a semantic topic, not a purely syntactic one. The classical distinction would make it negation (rhetoric), and that big an umbrella would give folks rheum to discuss just about anything that comes to mind. Maybe someday, maybe soon, but right now the article is not big enough to justify it, and mostly needs to be better organized internally, say with a subhead for "rhetorical considerations". Jon Awbrey 15:40, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well it's not just a question of article size. I see it as more a question of utility, having separate articles would allow other articles to link with more specificity. Paul August ☎ 18:01, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

JA: Okay, I guess. How about something analogous to what we did for Tautology (logic) and Tautology (rhetoric)? But it still seems advisable to keep Negation for the primary logical meaning, instead of creating more havoc with Logical negation (already directed here), or Negation (logic) (a constant PITA to use as a link). Jon Awbrey 18:12, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * One other problem is that we really are not talking about separate subjects here. Grammatical negation clearly relates to logical negation; and various other sorts of negation, such as negation in mathematics or negation in computer programming, are likewise aspects of the same phenomenon: all involve the use of symbols to either flag statements as being contrary to fact, or what to do if something turns out to be not the case.  Smerdis of Tlön 19:03, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

JA: Whole books have been written on Negation in wider rhetorical and philosophical senses that go far afield from logical negation. And consider: If pseudoscience is false science — is pseudopseudoscience then true science, or does it just get pseuder and pseuder with re*iteration? The mind toggles, the world does not. Jon Awbrey 19:24, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

JA: So where are we on this? I need to continue working on the "16 function" articles. I'll make a Negation (rhetoric), and maybe a Negation (metaphysics) article for all the Hegelians and No-Exitentialists to toy with. Jon Awbrey 04:05, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Too technical!
This article is all very well, but if someone (like my freshman calculus students, say) wants some help in understanding what negation is, this will leave them more confused. I just added a helpful sentence in the preamble, pointing out that negation is a perfectly natural thing to do and formalizes something we do in everyday language.

This also needs some examples. I'll add some if I have time. Ewjw 07:55, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Proposed move and re-structure
I have been working on all of the logical operators recently. I would like to see a consistent format for them. There is a wikiproject proposal for this at: WikiProject_Council/Proposals. Also see Talk:Logical connective.

It looks to me like there has been discussion about this already here. I would like to see the logical, grammatical, mathematical, and computer science applications of all of the operators on the single page for each of those concepts. I'm not sure this is what people had in mind. However, quite frankly I'm thinking any one of them could be a feature article of the day in the making.

Gregbard 05:27, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think a remerge is needed: the present separation between logical negation and negation more broadly conceived (at present labelled negation and negation (rhetoric)) seems sensible to me. However, I think negation (rhetoric) needs to be expanded, and references given. Dsp13 11:06, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I hope you will reconsider. I am trying to expand all of the logical operator articles. The concept behind negation and negation (rhetoric) are the same concept. I would like to similarly unite and rearrange articles so that they are all -- you know -- encyclopedic. Please visit the project proposal linked above and leave a comment. If you take a look at how chocked full of potential the nand, or, and and articles are, maybe you will see my point with not. Be well, Gregbard 23:01, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I suggest not to merge the articles, and to expand Negation (rhetoric). I wrote an article in French about Negation in Linguistics (not quite complete yet) and there are very many things to say, most of them having little to do with Logical Negation, even if there should be links of course. By the way, I quoted the English article as a reference. Thanks for attention. Félix Potuit. 89.83.23.161 17:06, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. Negation is a natural language phenomenon that is only echoed symbolically in logic. I have recently written an encyclopedia article in English on "Negation and Negative Polarity". I still own the rights; I've signed no contracts because it was a hurryup job after the original author bailed.  So, I hereby place it in the public domain for use in Wikipedia.  It's very dense -- they wanted only 1000 words -- and it refers to the monadic negative functor "~ / ˺ / NOT"  in predicate calculus, but its focus is on the fact that negation, like quantification and modality, is an operator and thus has a scope implicated in its syntax and semantics, which has a lot of interesting detail, most interestingly negative polarity items.  The article should be revised to point to any rhetorical or logical negation items; but it should subsume most of the current [Polarity Item] item, which is very limited in scope and coverage.  P.S. I'm not a Wikipedia member and don't want to become one; but I'm willing to contribute. - John Lawler www.umich.edu/~jlawler  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.41.169.229 (talk) 23:07, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It's only a mere symbolic echo is it? Hmm. You realize that one could look at it the other way with more justification do you not? Negation is based on a principle of logic. A principle is supposed to be true in all possible worlds, while the language phenomenon only exists in a particular historic world as it has unfolded. The concept of logical negation is the more fundamental and general concept being discussed here. An encyclopedia is organized from general to specific so as to eliminate prejudicing the reader to certain interpretations of meaning over other interpretations. One of the goals in logic is to strip away the interpretations and identify what lies behind them as a foundation.

 * I have proposed that we expand the logical connectives into an encyclopedic series of 16 articles as the center of these concepts. I think there is enough material on each of them to warrant a substantial article.

 * One of the ways that this could be organized so as to please everyone, is the way that big city articles have, for instance, a main 'Denver' page with several supporting pages such as 'History of Denver', in each case there is a link, and a small paragraph blurb intro. This would not require a merge, but rather a small duplication of material. Be well, Greg Bard 23:35, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:19, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Lingo Programming
Didn't lingo (director) use this symbol? If I may ask. 71.90.128.212 (talk) 17:34, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

Tilde
The symbol used in the article is new to me; so far, I was certain that negation was symbolized by a tilde (~) - at least two books I have read use this notation. Perhaps we should add a small note that the tilde is sometimes used too? Korodzik (talk) 11:26, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Isn't ~ for Bitwise NOT in C/C++? The logical NOT would be ! 80.177.58.134 (talk) 12:57, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I've seen the tilde being used to mean aproximate or aproximatly, as in " a day has ~24 hours" or in some programming language (i don't remember which exactly) combined with the equal sign "~=" to mean aproximatly equal (used with floats, it returns true if the two values are less than a predefined margin of error apart from each other), kinda like how !=, >= and <= came to be. --TiagoTiago (talk) 04:37, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Minor Semantics Issue?
Quoth the article: "So, if statement A is true, then ¬A (pronounced "not A") would therefore be false; and conversely, if ¬A is true, then A would be false." I'm not certain, but wouldn't that be the contrapositive, not the converse? --Daniel Draco (talk) 14:22, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

This is weird of course, since it presumes double negation law. Not always valid, depending on the logic. Vlad Patryshev (talk) 06:35, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

The Definition
Negation is defined here for a two-valued Boolean logic, using some kind of sets. I do not think this definition is general enough. Later in the article you find references to intuitionist logic, where there may be more than two values, and of course no sets. I believe the beginning of this article should be reworked, to be more professional. Vlad Patryshev (talk) 06:35, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

⌐?
⌐ redirects to this article. Does this character have a meaning different to ¬? --Abdull (talk) 17:58, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

The ¬ symbol itself?
I came to this article looking for information on the "¬" character, not just its meaning, but also things like its origin, name, how people write it when not using a computer, typewritter etc, why it is present in the Abnt2 keyboard layout for AltGr keypresses but isn't seen in most other layouts and so on. Could someone expand this article talking about the ¬ symbol itself, or create it's own article please? --TiagoTiago (talk) 04:30, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Distributivity
Someone has added comments into this section, with. Unfortunately, I don't feel qualified to clean this up myself. Needs attention from an editor with the right technical knowledge. Thanks. – Wdchk (talk) 04:53, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

No proper Definition
The definition of Negation in the article is to be true when its operand is false. "FALSE" however is defined as the negation of TRUE, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_(logic). These definitions are therefore mindlessly circular and meaningless. 88.203.90.14 (talk) 13:43, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

I did a bit of work on this and there is no agreed definition of negation according to F.H. Heinemann 1944. Text added with ref regarding this. 88.203.90.14 (talk) 22:48, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

¬ listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect ¬. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. – MJL  ‐Talk‐☖ 22:02, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

⌙ redirects here
⌙ redirects here, but the article doesn't explain what ⌙ is used for. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.61.180.106 (talk) 22:20, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

Add character encoding details for symbols.
It would be useful to list details of text encoding for (at least) Unicode : U+2310 - Reversed not sign (⌐); and U+00AC - Not sign (¬). In addition it would be good to mention other encodings UTF-8, CP437 / extended ASCII (#169 & #170). — Preceding unsigned comment added by ACED.wiki (talk • contribs) 17:44, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Life oreatation
Beliefs 41.114.198.255 (talk) 16:38, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

"不" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D&redirect=no 不] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 03:12, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Negation


text:
User talk:Steelwizard2

i have no clie what 2 wright...z0129837456

title: User talk:Steelwizard2


text:
User talk:Rockydallas

Hey there. Saw your request for help on the help desk. You can add that article to the category by inserting this text into it at the bottom: (insert exactly what you see here)

That should do the trick.

That Aspen Communications is quite new, and almost reads like a promotion for that company. You might want to read up on this page, as sometimes articles like the one you wrote get deleted. I wouldn't want to see a new user's efforts go all to waste because of that. So just you are aware of this! I'm an IP, so I can't delete anything. But the administrators can after going through this formal process. :-)

It looks like you're new here too, so I'll give you some useful links:

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! I hope you find these useful. Once again, Welcome to Wikipedia. Since I'm an IP, you're probably best to find another user to help you out. Just leave a message on the help desk and I'm sure someone will come by and help you out. Cheers! --216.191.200.1 15:49, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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image comments
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It looks like most of them have been taken by yourself, and as such, you have the right to release any image that you take with almost any license, including the popular GFDL.

If you could do us all a great favor, and go to each of the images that you have uploaded and add an appropriate Image Copyright Tag, everyone here would greatly appreciate it. (not least of all, the Untagged images WikiProject.) Due to new policies, if these images are not tagged within 7 days, they will have to be removed.

As a courtesy, and in doing housekeeping, I am also having the duplicated/redundant images deleted, namely Image:Helipic.JPG, Image:Dishes.JPG, Image:Aspencommunications.JPG, Image:901night.JPG, Image:901night.jpg, and Image:Heli pic.JPG.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them on my talk page. Thanks, -slowpokeiv 15:15, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, no problem, don't worry about it. :) Since you are the uploader, all you have to di is go to the page for each picture (for example, Image:2323bryancabinets.jpg and the rest listed on your images page, go to edit this page, remove the template, and add the appropriate template from the Image Copyright Tag List (for example, if it is your image, and you wish to release it into the Public Domain, then  would be the appropriate template. Again, any questions, please ask, I'm more than happy to help in what little ways I can. :) -slowpokeiv 14:47, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

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Expiditing deletion of James T. Chiles
As the author of the page, adding should get the attention of a wandering admin. --DarkAudit 14:16, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Rockydallas


text:
Kazlų Rūda Municipality

Kazlų Rūda Municipality is one of 60 municipalities in Lithuania.

Elderships
Kazlų Rūda Municipality is divided into 4 elderships:

title: Kazlų Rūda Municipality


text:
Talk:Claus Bech Jørgensen

My Changes
I have replaced the previous article with this stub. I do not know if the original author was getting two different people confused, but, given that the article appeared to be about the current Coventry City player, the article almost entirely consisted of factual inaccuracies (including his name, date and place of birth, former clubs etc.). I do not know enough to write anything longer, but it is better to have my brief lines than have a lengthy article confusing our readers. Rje 15:50, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Claus Bech Jørgensen


text:
Chunfen

The traditional Chinese calendar divides a year into 24 solar terms. Chūnfēn, Shunbun, Chunbun, or Xuân phân is the 4th solar term. It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 0° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 15°. In the Gregorian calendar, it usually begins around 20 March and ends around 4 April (5 April East Asia time). It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 0°.

Pentads
Each solar term can be divided into 3 pentads (候). They are: first pentad (初候), second pentad (次候) and last pentad (末候). Pentads in Chunfen include:

China

 * First pentad: 玄鳥至, 'The dark birds arrive'. 'Dark bird' in this case refers to swallows, which are also making their northward migration.
 * Second pentad: 雷乃發聲, 'Thunder sounds', referring to the onset of spring thunderstorms.
 * Last pentad: 始電, 'Lightning begins'. This refers to thunderstorms as well, but also to the gradual lengthening of daytime, and the prevalence of sunlight.

Japan
A pentad as follows was referred to Japanese traditional calendar presented in a smaller, easy to use, format.
 * First pentad: Suzume hajimete sukuu (雀始巣), 'Sparrow begins holding a nest'.
 * Second pentad: Sakura hajimete hiraku (桜始開), 'Cherry blossoms open for the first time'.
 * Last pentad: Kaminari sunawachi koeo hassu (雷乃発声), 'Distant thunder start to sound'.

title: Chunfen


text:
Chris Gratton

Christopher Allan Gratton (born July 5, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who last played with the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is the cousin of Josh Gratton, who had also briefly played in the NHL as a member of the Philadelphia Flyers and the Phoenix Coyotes.

Early life
Gratton's father coached him for one season during his youth.

Junior hockey
Gratton played his minor hockey in his hometown of Brantford, Ontario, playing for such programs as the Brantford Nodrofsky Steelers (the same program Wayne Gretzky played in many years earlier) and the Brantford CKPC Knights. As a 15-year-old, he played one season with the Jr B Brantford Classics.

In 1991, Gratton was selected third overall in the OHL Priority Selection by the Kingston Frontenacs. After his rookie year in the OHL, Gratton received the Emms Family Award as rookie of the year. In 1993, he was selected third overall in the NHL Draft by the Tampa Bay Lightning.

Tampa Bay Lightning
Gratton made his NHL debut for the Lightning on October 6, 1993, against the New Jersey Devils. He recorded his first career NHL point (a powerplay assist on a Bob Beers goal) in his second game against the New York Rangers the next night. He scored his first career NHL goal against Robb Stauber of the Los Angeles Kings in a 4–3 Lightning loss on October 20, 1993

Philadelphia Flyers
In 1997, Gratton signed with the Philadelphia Flyers as a free agent after four seasons with the Lightning, earning a $9 million signing bonus. In 1997–98, Gratton matched his career-high of 62 points and recorded a career-best plus/minus rating of +11. Gratton was traded back to Tampa Bay the next season.

Second stint with Lightning
Gratton served as Tampa Bay's captain during the 1999–2000 season until his trade in March, 2000, when Tampa Bay traded him to the Buffalo Sabres.

Buffalo Sabres
Gratton arrived in Buffalo, along with Doug Gilmour, near the trade deadline of the 1999–2000 season. Buffalo added both with the hope that they could revive the team's fortunes and propel them to the Stanley Cup playoffs. The Sabres eventually did qualify for the 2000 playoffs, but were eliminated in five games by the Philadelphia Flyers in the first round.

Gratton eventually played three seasons with the Sabres, scoring at least 15 goals in each year. In his first full season with Buffalo, he recorded 19 goals and again helped the Sabres reach the playoffs. He notched five goals in helping the Sabres beat the Flyers in the first round, though his production dipped to a single goal in the next round against the Pittsburgh Penguins as the Sabres were eliminated in seven games.

Gratton would still be productive in his final two years in Buffalo, though the team failed to reach the playoffs. His final year in Buffalo was his most productive, reaching 44 points and 15 goals in 66 games, good enough for second in team scoring behind Miroslav Šatan.

Phoenix Coyotes
Gratton would play for the Sabres until March 2003, when the Sabres traded him to the Phoenix Coyotes in exchange for Daniel Brière. One year later, on March 9, 2004, Phoenix traded Gratton (along with Ossi Väänänen and a second-round draft pick that was ultimately used to select Paul Stastny in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft) to the Colorado Avalanche in exchange for Derek Morris and Keith Ballard.

Florida Panthers
After the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Gratton signed a one-year contract with the Florida Panthers. Gratton signed a two-year contract extension with the Panthers in March 2006. He was traded back to the Tampa Bay Lightning again on June 13, 2007, in exchange for a second-round draft pick (ultimately used to select Jacob Markström).

Return to Tampa Bay Lightning
During the 2007–08 season, Gratton scored 21 points in 60 games before tearing the acetabular labrum in his left hip which required season-ending surgery. Gratton re-signed with the Lightning for the 2008–09 season but was waived in December and was assigned to Tampa Bay's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Norfolk Admirals.

Columbus Blue Jackets
Gratton was claimed off of re-entry waivers on February 21, 2009, by the Columbus Blue Jackets. He played in six games for Columbus, recording an assist, before retiring from professional hockey in 2009.

Personal life
Gratton lives in Ancaster, Ontario, and has one son, Zachary, who plays hockey, and three daughters. He has coached his son in minor hockey, first in house league in Ancaster, then for AA and eventually with the Hamilton AAA Jr. Bulldogs' bantam team.

Gratton is co-owner of the Florida Jr. Blades Organization (in the 29-team Empire Junior Hockey League).

Gratton is the head coach of the Welland Jr. Canadians Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League

title: Chris Gratton


text:
David Barnett (writer)

David Barnett (born 11 January 1970) is an English journalist and author. He began his journalism career in local newspapers, first the Wigan Observer and Chorley Guardian before moving on to the Lancashire Evening Post. He caught the tail-end of the era of typewriters before newsrooms replaced them with computers.

He has several published books, including Hinterland (Immanion Press, 2005, re-issued 2008), Angelglass (Immanion Press, 2007) and The Janus House and Other Two-Faced Tales (Immanion Press, 2009). Born in Wigan, Lancashire, England, he has worked at the Telegraph & Argus.

Novels

 * Hinterland (Immanion Press, 1 April 2005; paperback ISBN 1-904853-19-6)
 * Angelglass (Immanion Press, 15 November 2007; paperback ISBN 978-1-904853-49-7)
 * The Janus House and Other Two-Faced Tales (Immanion Press, 24 December 2009; paperback ISBN 978-1-904853-70-1)
 * popCULT! (Pendragon Press, 31 March 2011, paperback ISBN 978-1-906864-24-8)
 * Gideon Smith and the Mechanical Girl (Tor Books, September 10, 2013, ISBN 978-0-7653-3424-4)
 * Gideon Smith and the Brass Dragon (Tor Books, September 16, 2014, ISBN 978-0-7653-3425-1)
 * Gideon Smith and the Mask of the Ripper (Tor Books, April 14, 2015, ISBN 978-0-7653-3426-8)
 * The Handover (Trapeze, April 29, 2021, ISBN 978-1-3987-0261-5)
 * Alien: Colony War (Titan Books, April 26, 2022, ISBN 978-1-789098-89-1)

Short stories

 * The End of the World Show (Postscripts magazine, published Winter 2006) - giant lizards attacking Tokyo and asteroids and zombies.
 * Go (You Are Here, Redbeck Press, September 2006) - about the ghost of Jack Kerouac
 * It's Nice But I Wouldn't Want To Die Here (Visionary Tongue magazine, April 2006)
 * What Would Nite-Owl Do? (All Saints No Sinners Magazine, 2006)
 * State of Grace (Postscripts, PS Publishing, issue ten, Summer 2007)
 * Woman's Work (in Encounters of Sherlock Holmes, Titan Books, 2013)

Comics
Under the pen name "Sax", David Barnett wrote stories for two short story comics. Both featured the open-source character, Jenny Everywhere.

 * My Bloody Valentine  - Illustrated by John Miers (2002)
 * The Death of Jenny Everywhere - Illustrated by Catherine Wright (2003)

title: David Barnett (writer)


text: Category:Faroese footballers

title: Category:Faroese footballers


text:
Talk:Luther rose

When I looked up "Luther rose," I discovered there were two overlapping articles entitled "Luther's seal" and "Lutheran seal". A Google search revealed twice as many hits for "Luther rose" as for "Luther's seal", and seven times as many hits for "Luther rose" as for "Lutheran seal". I merged the two articles and moved them here. This is my first major edit, so it didn't come out right the first time. Tweeq 15:53, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Heraldry
Should discuss occurences of Luther rose in heraldry. --Daniel C. Boyer 20:04, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

The picture of the Luther rose is not correct here. The rose should be a simple rose. (Terot 14:39, 11 November 2007 (UTC))

 * I have now changed the image of luther rose to the Lutheranism template. This rose is simple and more correct (although the leaves might not be green). (Terot (talk) 22:08, 22 November 2007 (UTC))

Someone has vandalized the page by replacing the rose image with that of a seal. I'm a newbie so don't know how to fix it...Niederbrach (talk) 05:40, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Coat of arms of Ramsau and Greifenstein do not bear Luther rose. These are regular roses.--90.190.139.232 (talk) 10:21, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

External Link Deletion for February 9 2014
I deleted a link on the Luther rose article as it no longer existed.

TheInformativePanda (talk) 00:22, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Luther rose


text: Category:Faroese sportspeople

title: Category:Faroese sportspeople


text:
Qiufen

The traditional Chinese lunisolar calendar divides a year into 24 solar terms. Qiūfēn, Shūbun, Chubun, or Thu phân is the 16th solar term. It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 180° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 195°. It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 180°. In the Gregorian calendar, it usually begins around September 23 and ends around October 8.

Pentads

 * 雷始收聲, 'Thunder begins to soften'
 * 蟄蟲培戶, 'Insects make nests'
 * 水始涸, 'Water begins to solidify'

title: Qiufen


text:
Lindenberg im Allgäu

Lindenberg im Allgäu (Low Alemannic: Lindaberg) is the second largest town of the district of Lindau in Bavaria, Germany. It is an acknowledged air health resort.

History
The town was first mentioned in 857, when two nobles donated in "Lintiberc" to the monastery of St. Gall.

In 1570, the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg acquired the demesne of the heirless sovereignty of Altenburg, including Lindenberg, back then a consolidation of about 70 farms.

The city fell to Bavaria in 1805 as part of Napoleon's Treaty of Pressburg.

As early as 1656 straw hats from Lindenberg were sold by peddling and in markets. In 1755, the production and shipping of straw hats became organized. The hat industry has declined in recent decades and now has hardly any economic importance. Hat making is still remembered today in an annual "Huttag" ("hat day") as well as in a hat museum.

Education
Lindenberg has a primary school, a Mittelschule, a Realschule and a Gymnasium. The Humboldt-Institut for German as a foreign language runs a boarding school for international students. The Bavarian Red Cross runs vocational schools for Nursing and Elderly Care in Lindenberg.

Waldsee
The Waldsee is one of the highest moors in Germany at 765.4 m (2511.2 ft). It was initially established as a fish pond in the Middle Ages, but today it is used as a swimming area.

Economy
Important employers are:
 * Liebherr-Aerospace Lindenberg GmbH
 * Mayser GmbH & Co.KG

International relations
Lindenberg im Allgäu is twinned with:
 * 1999: Vallauris-Golfe-Juan 🇫🇷 France
 * 2003: Saline, Michigan 🇺🇸 USA

Notable people from Lindenberg

 * Heike Allgayer (born 1969), physician and molecular biologist
 * Arthur Burkhard (1928–2020), picture journalist
 * Anton Fehr (1881–1954), agricultural scientist and politician
 * Otto Geßler (1875–1955), politician and president of the German Red Cross
 * Klaus Gietinger (born 1955), film director and script writer
 * Stephan Huber (born 1952), sculptor
 * Markus Miller (born 1982), football goalkeeper
 * Johann Georg Specht (1720–1803), architect
 * Werner Specht (born 1942), painter and chansonnier
 * Tobias Steinhauser (born 1972), cyclist

title: Lindenberg im Allgäu


text:
Talk:Myst V: End of Ages

Before or after Uru
A recent edit changed the statement "Myst V takes place some time after Uru: Ages Beyond Myst" to "Myst V takes place approximately 200 years before the events of Uru: Ages Beyond Myst".

I've changed that back but I need to clear this up: Myst 5 definitely does take place after Uru.

There are numerous clues and references to this in the game. I can provide a link to just one of the many forum topics which discuss this. See my comment on the top of page 3 for a good summary of the points.

Most importantly, there is a DRC stamp found on a sheet of paper in the game, proving that they were here before and hence, that the game is set after Uru.

Also, ShadowMan1od, in the future, please do not make rewrites of information and then basically say the same thing. The information you have added is valuable, but should not have been added at the expense of some of the other information that was removed. I have partially reverted it, but kept your new material. —EatMyShortz 15:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

I'm doing some research into it, and I can't find any conclusion. Message boards are still discussing whether it takes place before or after Uru. I personally think it takes place before Uru. According to the official websites (and the insert on Completele Chronicles), Uru takes place 200 years after something in the Myst series. Since the Stranger is a normal human, he couldn't possibly be alive after Uru takes place. Also, Yeesha only exists as a holograph in Uru, meaning she probably isn't alive anymore. There's also the Wikipedia article on Uru that says "Unlike previous games, where you play the role of a stranger who lived 200 years ago". There's an overwhelming amount of evidence pointing to it taking place before Uru, but I'm asking on the Cyan forums for confirmation.

And about the re-writes, I've gone insane about re-writing for clarity after AP English. :P ShadowMan1od

OK, there is an overwhelming amount of evidence to suggest that the game comes after Uru, and the only evidence against is that "the stranger", whoever (s)he is, may not have lived that long. Well that argument is silly because the stranger isn't a real "person" its just you the player. The "faceless" nature of the stranger explains away any age problems. As for the other characters, they are D'ni and so can very easily live 300 years.

You are correct about Uru taking place around 200 years after Myst. Myst is set in 1806. Uru is set in 2003. So just over 200 years difference. But Myst V is not set anywhere near Myst 1-4.

Some arguments in favour of Myst V being set after Uru, from my forum post I referred you to above:
 * To quote the Myst V Official Strategy Guide: "Myst V: End of Ages is the last chapter in the Myst story... End of Ages is set just a few years after the events of Uru, To D'ni and Path of the Shell".
 * Yeesha looks noticeably older in Myst V than she does in Uru.
 * Yeesha only realised her potential as the grower in Uru. She couldn't have done the things she did in Myst 5 before Uru.
 * Myst V is an ending - everything is resolved. The conflict which takes place in Uru would have no basis to happen if it were set after Myst V.
 * Yeesha talks about the "gathered" in her journals - the explorers who came to rebuild D'ni. We must assume this refers to the Uru avatars.
 * "They came. They came to D'ni—those who felt called. I knew they would. I was prepared for them, and I pointed the way. I spoke often of the pride of D'ni, of their belief in their own power and strength and the reason that D'ni once fell. And a few understand. And they begin to follow me. I am the Grower—I would lead them to rebuild."
 * Sounds a lot like Uru to me - especially since Yeesha's journals chronicled each of the other games.
 * And the final piece of clinching evidence, as I said above - THERE IS A DRC LOGO FOUND ON A SHEET OF PAPER IN THE GAME. Thus the DRC (ie. Uru) were here before.

Thus there can be almost no doubt that this game is set after Uru. —EatMyShortz 11:15, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Just curious, where can that DRC logo be found? Worry not about spoilers, I've finished the game.  -Kasreyn 10:29, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

(This discussion contains end-game spoilers —EatMyShortz)

Well that settles it then. :P I'm still curious though about how the Stranger (I'm guessing you play as him in Myst 5 since Atrus recognizes you at the end), lived 200 years though. Same with Atrus. He's only part D'ni, so he probably didn't fully inherit their "living 200 years"-ivity. Mess-up on Cyan's part? ShadowMan1od

 * The strategy guide indicates that Atrus's little "my old friend" thing was a result of his senility. I have a hard time taking anything in Myst V as canon, but I certainly think that remark isn't.  Mysts I-IV you're the stranger, Myst V you're an ambiguous unified version of the "you" we  were in Uru.

 * That's my take, anyway. SFT 07:55, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, this one is probably never going to be settled, since there is hardly any proof either way, intentionally on Cyan's part. As for the Strategy Guide (I have read it - heck I'm even in it on page 203, hehe) - I really disagree with Stratton here. It's my belief that the player in Myst 5 is the same stranger from Myst 1-4 - it just seems more fitting that way. When Atrus said "My old friend" - I choose to take that as proof. Bryan Stratton instead explains away Atrus's statement with senility - not very nice for the poor guy. It's Stratton's word against Atrus, and I think Atrus wins hands down. That's my take, anyway. —EatMyShortz 15:23, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Another point that someone just brought up the me: the condition of Myst Island. This makes it even more confusing. The fireplace in Uru is unsealed, while the fireplace in Myst 5 IS sealed. However, the tower rotation picture is still present in Myst 5, but it's not in the best condition in Uru. The fireplace indicates that the game takes place after Uru, but the picture suggests otherwise. There's also the doorway to consider. Sealed in Uru, not sealed in Myst 5. Mindfuck, no? ShadowMan1od 02:03, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I noticed that. A little weird - the only difference with the tower rotation map wa that in POTS it had all the red lines on and in Myst 5 it didnt. So maybe they disappear when you take it off the wall or something, i dont know! As for the door, well it wasn't "sealed" - it was just closed, same as it can be closed in Myst (except there was no way to open it). It's conceivable that someone, possibly Esher when he unlocked the Myst book, managed to get the door open. Who knows, maybe there's a simple switch on the outside which opens it - we've never seen the outside of that door. —EatMyShortz 13:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Or maybe it's just a ton of mistakes on Cyan's part. That's my bet. :P ShadowMan1od 23:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

No Second Chance
Spoiler Warning

Does anyone else find it remarkable how the game enforces this warning? If you take one of the "wrong" endings, you'll find you cannot restore to a previous save - your journal images are nonfunctional.

Strangely, though, you CAN restore to a previous image after beating the game with the "good" ending - by clicking "continue", you wind up in the Keep, faced with the decision all over again, but as before, if you choose a "bad" ending, you basically lose that player slot (stuck on Myst). This caused me some difficulty, since after the first time I beat the game, I wanted to see the other endings. I can understand their viewpoint - they don't want you to just reload and instantly pick the other solution - but it's frustrating to have to go back through the entire game to test out theories. For instance, after beating Riven for the first time, I worked out all the possible endings, got to each, and made a save file at each, just for fun.

(Pop Quiz - there are ten possible endings to Riven. Can anyone name them all without checking the game?)

So my problem is, I dearly love replaying Myst games (I spend hours sometimes just sightseeing and taking photos in Kadish Tolesa, Spire, or Todelmer) - but I really want to test out my theories about game endings in Myst V without having to redo the entire game every time. For instance, can the Tablet be dropped on Myst, and will the Bahro come for it there? Can it be set back on the Keep? Endgame experimentation is rather hard to do without the ability to save.

Does anyone here know how to find Myst V's save files? Kasreyn 10:29, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

That's strange, I didn't have that problem. I don't remember what I did exactly, but I recall being able to load savegames after getting the alternate endings on Myst Island. Megaritz 20:39, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Just beat the game with all the endings. I didn't have any trouble at all reloading from my save images. Did you exit the game after each ending? That might prevent it. 74.196.86.164 (talk) 06:18, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Explanation of the new stranger
The current storyline (Episode 8) of Uru Live seems to explain that from its sight of things the stranger is Dr. Watson. He was the one who gave the tablet to the Bahro and freed them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.182.43.132 (talk) 21:58, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Technical issues
See also the previous post "No Second Chance".

It's noteworthy that this game has, at least to my knowledge, the most "bugs" of the entire series. While I never had any trouble with the other games (including Uru), the InstallShield part of this one is really broken due to Java-related issues. I couldn't get the installation working without resorting to the command line (setupwin32.exe -is:tempdir C:\temp -is:log C:\templog.txt), and the uninstaller didn't accept java.exe as "valid" after I'd finished the game ;-) I had to turn desktop enhancements like SideSlide or YzDock off in order to not constantly drop out of the game after rapid mouse movements.

The controls are not that intuitive, either. Holding the tablet prevents you from turning levers or pulling anything up or down, while back/forth and pressing buttons works. The red/blue levers on Tahgira are very tricky to move even with "free hands". End of Ages had me fighting the controls too often. A little more development time would have payed off. At least I had expected Cyan/Ubisoft to have released a patch for the installer years ago. On the whole, the project looks a bit abandoned. Uru was the more mature product of the two. 88.217.78.37 (talk) 23:56, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Myst V: End of Ages


text: Template:Donkey Kong

title: Template:Donkey Kong


text:
Asterix and Son

Asterix and Son (Le Fils d'Astérix, "Asterix's Son") is the twenty-seventh volume of the Asterix comic book series, created by author René Goscinny and illustrator Albert Uderzo. It was the third Asterix album to be written and illustrated by Uderzo.

Plot summary
A baby boy mysteriously appears on Asterix's doorstep one sunny morning. Stung by speculation that he could be the father, Asterix sets out with Obelix to find the baby's parents. Their only clue is the embroidered linen of the baby's clothes and wrappings, suggesting he comes from a rich Roman family. The Romans attempt to kidnap the baby, at the behest of Marcus Junius Brutus, Caesar's adopted son. Getafix realizes that the baby was left in the village for its protection.

While in the village, the baby twice drinks the magic potion, first by accident when Obelix uses a half-full potion gourd as a feeding bottle; later, he falls into a nearly-empty cauldron of potion. The baby smashes the doors of several houses and harms the Roman spies sent to capture him, including a legionary disguised as a rattle peddler, and the Prefect of Gaul, Crismus Cactus, who is disguised as a nursemaid. Finally, Brutus takes matters into his own hands, attacking the village with his own legions and burning it to the ground. The men of the village entrust the baby to the women, before fighting the Romans. Brutus seizes the baby from the women and escapes with the help of the pirates, but soon Asterix and Obelix catch up with him and rescue the baby.

The unexpected arrival of Caesar and then Cleopatra resolves the mystery. The baby is their son, Caesarion. Brutus had sought to kill the baby in order to become sole heir to Caesar's property and fortune, so Cleopatra had the boy sent to the Gaulish village for his protection. Caesar exiles Brutus to Upper Germania and promises to rebuild the village. The story ends with a banquet on Cleopatra's royal barge.

Reception
The book has a score of 3.81 on Goodreads.

In other languages

 * French: Le fils d'Astérix
 * Catalan: El fill d'Astèrix
 * Croatian: Asterixov sin
 * Czech: Asterixův syn
 * Dutch: De zoon van Asterix
 * Finnish: Asterixin poika, also translated to Rauma dialect as Asteriksim boikkane mukul ("Asterix's boy tot")
 * Galician: O fillo de Astérix
 * German: Der Sohn des Asterix
 * Greek: Ο γιος του Αστερίξ
 * Indonesian: Bayi Asterix
 * Irish: Asterix agus a Mhac
 * Italian: Il figlio di Asterix
 * Latin Filius Asterigis
 * Norwegian: Asterix & sønn
 * Portuguese: O filho de Astérix
 * Polish: Syn Asteriksa
 * Russian: Сын Астерикса
 * Serbian: Asteriksov sin
 * Spanish: El hijo de Astérix
 * Swedish: Asterix & Son
 * Turkish: Asteriks'in Oğlu
 * Welsh: Asterix a'r Pwt Bach Twt

title: Asterix and Son


text:
Centennial Bridge, Panama

Panama's Centennial Bridge (Puente Centenario) is a major bridge crossing the Panama Canal. It was built to supplement the overcrowded Bridge of the Americas and to replace it as the carrier of the Pan-American Highway. Upon its opening in 2004, it became the second permanent crossing of the canal.

Description
The Centennial Bridge is the second major road crossing of the Panama Canal, the first being the Bridge of the Americas. (Small service bridges are built in the lock structures at Miraflores and Gatún Locks, but these bridges are only usable when the lock gates are closed and have limited capacity.)

The Centennial Bridge is located 15 km north of the Bridge of the Americas and crosses the Culebra Cut (Gaillard Cut) close to the Pedro Miguel locks. New freeway sections, connecting Arraijan in the west to Cerro Patacon in the east via the bridge, significantly alleviate congestion on the Bridge of the Americas.

History
The Bridge of the Americas, which opened in 1962, was the only major road crossing of the Panama Canal. The traffic over this bridge was originally around 9,500 vehicles per day; however, this expanded over time, and by 2004 the bridge was carrying 35,000 vehicles per day.

Since the bridge represented a major bottleneck in the Pan-American Highway, Panama's Ministry of Public Works requested tenders for a second canal crossing in October 2000. The contract to build a replacement bridge was awarded in March 2002. An ambitious schedule of just 29 months was set for construction, so that the bridge could open on the 90th anniversary of the first ship transit of the Panama Canal by the cargo ship Ancon, on 15 August 1914. The bridge was named for Panama's centennial, which occurred on 3 November 2003.

The new bridge was designed by a joint venture between T.Y. Lin International and the Louis Berger Group Inc, and constructed by German-based Bilfinger Berger Ingenieurbau GmbH using resources from its Australian subsidiary Baulderstone Hornibrook. The architects were Elle Sokolow working as an Architect for Geiger-Berger Associates and the Boston-based transportation architect Miguel Rosales from Rosales + Partners who created the concept and initial aesthetic designs for the Panama-Centennial Bridge. Structural engineering contracts were awarded to Leonhardt, Andrä and Partner.

The bridge was inaugurated on schedule on 15 August 2004, although it was opened for traffic on 2 September 2005, when the new highways leading to it were finished.

Part of the access to the Centennial Bridge collapsed in December 2010, following heavy rain and flooding. In November 2011 full traffic was restored.

Construction
The bridge is a cable-stayed design with a total span of 1,052 m. The main span is 420 m and clears the canal by 80 m, allowing large vessels to pass below it. The bridge is supported by two towers, each 184 m high. The deck carries six lanes of traffic across the canal.

The Centennial Bridge is designed to withstand the earthquakes which are frequently recorded in the canal area. It was built by the German construction firm Bilfinger.

The West Tower was built about 50 m inland to allow space for the future widening of the Panama Canal.

Awards

 * 2005 Bridge Award of Excellence, American Segmental Bridge Institute (ASBI).
 * 2007 Merit Award, Consulting Engineers and Land Surveyors of California (CELSOC)

title: Centennial Bridge, Panama


text:
Asterix in Belgium

Asterix in Belgium (Astérix chez les Belges) is the twenty-fourth volume of the Asterix comic book series, by René Goscinny (story) and Albert Uderzo (illustrations).

It is noted as the last Asterix story from Goscinny, who died during its production.

Plot summary
After fighting the Belgians in the northern part of Gaul, Caesar states that they are the bravest enemies he has ever faced (historically claimed by Caesar). His soldiers agree with him, to the point when they consider being posted to the camps outside Asterix's village as a period of leave.

Chief Vitalstatistix is aghast at the idea that his village, which has been the terror of the Romans for years, is now looked upon as relatively harmless. He is further outraged when he hears of Caesar's remarks. He claims that "his villagers" are in fact the bravest men of Gaul, and travels to Belgium to prove his point. A reluctant Asterix and Obelix go with him after Getafix tells them not doing so could make the story come to a sticky end.

After crossing the border, they encounter a village of Belgians who rely on brute strength (and a regular diet of meat and beer) to successfully scare off Caesar's troops. These Belgians are led by two chiefs, Beefix of the Nervii and Brawnix of the Menapii (though Brawnix comes across mainly as a second-in-command).

To prove that the Gauls are the bravest, Vitalstatistix proposes a competition. The contest consists of raiding and destroying Roman camps on either side of the village. The Belgians and Gauls destroy the camps, telling the soldiers who they are. By the end they have destroyed an equal number of camps. Meanwhile, the Pirates' ship is wrecked when Obelix throws a boulder catapulted at him too high, causing the Captain to complain, saying he and his men are neutrals. Word is sent to Rome, though the facts are exaggerated, talking about vast hordes of Gauls, a savage pack of hounds, and a mysterious fleet of neutrals. Caesar goes to Belgium himself to restore order unaware of the fact that the whole thing is to get him to decide once and for all which side is the bravest.

Upon Caesar's arrival, Asterix and Obelix go to meet him under a flag of truce. Asterix proposes that Caesar meet both parties at an arranged meeting point and tell them they are equally brave so they can all go home. Outraged at being reduced to a mere umpire (as opposed to emperor), Caesar furiously declares that he will meet them in battle instead. In the ensuing fight, the Romans get their way in the early stages of the battle through the use of catapults. But then the three Gauls, and their magic potion, join the Belgians after they thwart a Roman flanking maneuver, and, by combining their efforts, the Gauls win the battle.

With the battle lost, Caesar decides to leave for Rome. On his way he comes across the Gaulish and Belgian chiefs. Caesar proudly announces that he will lay down his life, but the chiefs only want to know who is the bravest. Caesar angrily declares them simply all "crazy" and leaves Vitalstatistix and Beefix laughing the incident off. They have to face the fact that they are all equally brave and, after a victory feast, part on good terms.

Commentary

 * Goscinny died halfway through writing this album; as a homage to him, Uderzo drew darkened skies and rain into the comic for the rest of the album, to mark the point at which Goscinny died. This also serves as a spoof on the Belgian weather.
 * A further tribute to Goscinny appears in the very last panel of the album: beneath the banquet scene, to the left of the panel, a rabbit glances mournfully at Goscinny's signature.
 * Beefix's wife, Bonanza (Nicotine in the French version), is a caricature of Walloon actress and singer Annie Cordy.
 * Beefix suggests to Bonanza about trying to cook french fries, and, after seeing a pile of mussels, wonders how fish would go with chips (potatoes were actually only introduced in Europe some 1600 years later).
 * This album features a small cameo on page 31 from the two detectives Thomson and Thompson from the world famous Belgian comic strip Tintin, who characteristically mispronounce the name of Julius Caesar. The scene is even drawn in a ligne claire style similar to that of Hergé, the author of the Tintin comics.
 * On page 39, it also features the famous cyclist Eddy Merckx as a messenger.
 * The entire final battle between the Gallo-Belgian and Roman sides is a parody of the Battle of Waterloo, in present-day Belgium. In the French edition, the text scrolls and quotes on them are a stylistic parody of Victor Hugo's text Les Châtiments, about the Battle of Waterloo; whereas even the English edition contains references to the same battle. During the battle the Roman commander is depicted as saying "La garde meurt mais ne se rend pas" ("The guard dies, it does not surrender!"), a quote attributed to the French general Pierre Cambronne at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The pose he takes while saying this is similar to Cambronne's statue in Nantes. Similarly, Julius Caesar believes his reinforcements have arrived, when in fact it is Asterix and Obelix, parodying Napoleon expecting his general Grouchy's army to arrive at the battle, only to encounter the forces of the Prussian general Blücher.
 * Of all the Asterix books, this one contains the most literary references to earlier works, including Plutarch's Lives, Caesar's own Gallic Wars, and (in the English translation) Shakespeare's Tragedy of Julius Caesar.
 * The picture of the victory feast at the Belgian village is a parody of the Flemish painting The Peasant Wedding (De Boerenbruiloft) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder. It was painted by Albert Uderzo's brother Marcel Uderzo.
 * Botanix's young son is seen running to urinate, a reference to the iconic statue of Manneken Pis in Brussels.

In other languages

 * Catalan: Astèrix a Bèlgica
 * Croatian: Asterix u Belgiji
 * Czech: Asterix u Belgů
 * Danish: Styrkeprøven
 * Dutch: Asterix en de Belgen
 * Finnish: Asterix Belgiassa
 * Galician: Astérix na terra dos belgas
 * German: Asterix bei den Belgiern
 * Greek: Ο Αστερίξ στους Βέλγους
 * Icelandic: Ástríkur í Belgíu
 * Italian: Asterix e i Belgi
 * Norwegian: Styrkeprøven (The test of strength)
 * Polish: Asteriks u Belgów
 * Portuguese: Astérix entre os Belgas
 * Serbian: Asteriks među Belgijancima
 * Slovenian: Asterix pri Belgih
 * Spanish: Astérix en Bélgica
 * Turkish: Asteriks Belçika'da
 * Indonesian: Asterik Di Belgia
 * Swedish: Asterix i Belgien

Reception
On Goodreads, it has a score of 4.09 out of 5.

title: Asterix in Belgium


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title: Category:LISP programming language


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