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Jesualdo Ferreira

Manuel Jesualdo Ferreira (born 24 May 1946) is a Portuguese football manager who last managed Zamalek in the Egyptian Premier League.

In a managerial career of over forty years, he was in charge of all of his country's Big Three and had his greatest successes at Porto, where he became the first manager to win three consecutive Primeira Liga titles and also lifted the Taça de Portugal twice. He won two Egyptian Premier League titles and as many national cups at Zamalek, as well as a Qatar Stars League title and three domestic cups at Al Sadd. Additionally, he managed Angola and teams in Morocco, Spain, Greece and Brazil.

Early career
Born in Mirandela, Ferreira moved to Angola at early age but later returned to Portugal due to the Angolan War of Independence. He then played as a midfielder for Ovarense's youth setup, but retired at the age of 20 to obtain his coaching qualifications. After studying in Lisbon at the Superior Institute of Physical Education (he later would work there as a teacher), he joined the Portuguese Football Federation in late 1974 to work with the youth categories.

In 1979, Ferreira joined Benfica as a youth football coordinator. In 1981 he started his career as a manager, taking over Rio Maior of the Segunda Divisão, and later worked at fellow league team Torreense for two seasons before being appointed manager of Primeira Liga side Académica de Coimbra in 1984.

Ferreira was dismissed from Académica after matchday seven with the balance of one victory and six defeats, being replaced by Vítor Manuel who led the team to a final seventh-place position. He also coached Atlético CP and Silves before returning to Torreense in 1986; the following year, he rejoined Benfica as new manager Toni's assistant.

In 1989, after a short stint in charge of the Angola national team (where his first name was spelled as Gesualdo), Ferreira returned to Torreense for a third spell. He later worked at Estrela da Amadora while also being one of Artur Jorge's assistants at the Portugal national team; the club, however, was relegated to Liga de Honra in the 1990–91 season. In 1992, after Toni was again appointed manager of Benfica, Ferreira joined his staff as his assistant.

In 1994, Ferreira followed Toni to France, as the latter was appointed manager of Bordeaux. Both went to separate ways in 1995, as Ferreira took over Moroccan side FAR Rabat He led team to the Moroccan Throne Cup final, and subsequently worked as Portugal under-21 national team manager.

Alverca and Benfica
Ferreira arrived at Alverca in 2000–01, where he took the team to 12th place in the Primeira Liga. With good results, Ferreira then left for Benfica for the 2001–02 season; initially an assistant to Toni, he took over the club on 29 December 2001 after Toni was sacked.

In November 2002, after a poor string of results, Ferreira was fired by Benfica president Luís Filipe Vieira after being knocked out of the Taça de Portugal at home to third division side Gondomar. He was replaced by the Spanish manager José Antonio Camacho.

Braga
On 19 April 2003, Braga hired Ferreira to manage the team, then on the brink of relegation. He led Braga to a 14th-place finish, only two points above relegation zone. In the 2003–04, 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons, Braga made fantastic league runs, and with players like João Tomás and Wender, they fought for the title in 2004–05. Braga reached fifth place (2003–04) and twice in fourth place (2004–05 and 2005–06).

Porto
In May 2006, Boavista signed Ferreira after his tenure with Braga ended, but suddenly Porto and its team president, Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa, offered him a contract following the unexpected departure of manager Co Adriaanse. Ferreira terminated his contract with Boavista and joined Porto at the Estádio do Dragão on 18 August 2006, after the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira final, only one week before the start of the 2006–07 league. There, Ferreira worked with such stars as Ricardo Quaresma, Anderson, Pepe, Lucho González, Raul Meireles, Paulo Assunção, José Bosingwa and Lisandro López.

Despite having little time to adjust to his new club or changing the team's tactical approach who, under Adriaanse, played in a very offensive 3–3–4 system, Ferreira still managed to win the league title in his first year at the club, finishing only one point ahead of Sporting Clube de Portugal and two of Benfica. In the UEFA Champions League, Porto reached the first knockout round but were eliminated by Chelsea, 2–3 on aggregate.

The 2007–08 season saw a great run by a Porto team that won the league championship with a 20-point margin over second-placed Sporting, despite later being deducted six points due to the bribery of referees in the 2003–04 season. In Europe, Ferreira once again took Porto to the first knockout round of the Champions League after finishing first in a group that included Liverpool, being eliminated by German side Schalke 04 on penalties following a 1–1 aggregate draw.

The 2008–09 season was another successful year for the club under Ferreira, with Porto reaching the fourth consecutive league title in a row, Jesualdo's third, making him the first Portuguese manager ever to win three consecutive Portuguese league championships. In addition, Porto also achieved a domestic double, beating Paços de Ferreira 1–0 in the final of the Taça de Portugal thanks to a goal by Lisandro López. In the Champions League, Porto reached the quarter-finals, topping a group that included Arsenal, and beating Atlético Madrid on away goals in the Round of 16, before being knocked out by then-title holders Manchester United 2–3 on aggregate. That season's performance rewarded Ferreira with a two-year contract extension.

Despite previous success, 2009–10 was not a solid season for os Dragões, with the team losing their first league title since 2005 to rivals Benfica, but also finishing third in the league, which meant they failed to secure a Champions League spot for the following season. Despite this, Porto won both the Taça de Portugal and Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, in addition to recording a 3–1 home victory over fierce rivals Benfica at the end of the season. Nonetheless, Ferreira resigned on 26 May 2010.

Málaga
On 17 June 2010, Málaga of the Spanish La Liga signed Ferreira on a three-year contract after he rescinded his deal at Porto. After nine domestic league matches, with the team winless in six games and 18th in the table, he was sacked on 2 November.

Panathinaikos
Ferreira was then hired by Greek club Panathinaikos, signing a $1 1/2$-year contract on 20 November 2010. Ferreira came in to replace Nikos Nioplias, who was sacked after disappointing results in the Greek Superleague and the group stage of Champions League.

After his love with the team, Ferreira stayed as the head coach of Panathinaikos despite the financial problems and the break inside the team's operation. After failing to qualify for the 2011–12 Champions League in the third qualifying round, he kept the spirit and beliefs and had Panathinaikos first in the first round of Superleague and second final to the playoffs. Ferreira was later offered a new 1+1-year contract, but he later resigned from his role on 14 November 2012.

Sporting CP
A month after Ferreira resigned from Panathinaikos, Sporting CP hired him for an administrative position where he would run all of Sporting's football teams. On 7 January 2013, however, after Sporting had sacked its manager Franky Vercauteren after a long string of mediocre results, Ferreira was named his replacement. Just months later, on 20 May, Leonardo Jardim was announced as the new manager of the Lisbon club; consequently, Ferreira was immediately sacked.

Return to Braga
In May 2013, Ferreira was the choice of Braga club president António Salvador to manage the club and leading the reshuffling of the professional team after a disappointing season that ended with a non-qualification for the 2013–14 Champions League. Ferreira, having previously served as Salvador's first manager in his presidential term in 2003, became the first to coach the team on two different occasions under Salvador. On February, after a draw against Arouca at the Estádio Municipal de Braga, Ferreira left the club due to the string of bad results.

Zamalek
In February 2015, Ferreira was appointed as head coach of Zamalek SC. He led the club to their 12th Egyptian Premier League title, their first league title since 2004, and led the club to win a domestic double by beating Al Ahly 2–0, in the Egypt Cup final. He could not, however, repeat this feat against Al Ahly again in the Egyptian Super Cup, as they lost 3–2 to their arch rival. Ferreira resigned from Zamalek on 21 November 2015.

Al Sadd
On 28 November 2015, Ferreira was named the head coach of Al Sadd SC, on a six-month deal with the option of a further year. Having won the 2018–19 Qatar Stars League with a game to play, he left the team in May and was replaced by Xavi.

Santos
On 23 December 2019, Ferreira was named manager of Campeonato Brasileiro Série A side Santos FC, after signing a one-year contract. The following 5 August, after being knocked out of the 2020 Campeonato Paulista, he was sacked.

Return to Boavista
On 14 December 2020, Ferreira signed up for his first job in Portugal for over six years, replacing Vasco Seabra at Boavista until June 2022. He helped the club avoid any relegation threat on the final day of the season and became the oldest manager in Primeira Liga, with the championship concluding just before he turned 75. He agreed to end his contract a year early in June 2021, to allow the club to bring in João Pedro Sousa.

Return to Zamalek
In March 2022, Ferreira returned to Zamalek on an 18-month deal, replacing Patrice Carteron. On 21 July, his team won the delayed 2021 Egypt Cup Final 2–1 against rivals Al Ahly led by compatriot Ricardo Soares, and a month later the team won the league title ahead of Pyramids FC. On 24 January 2023, he was sacked from his position after a 2–1 defeat against Ghazl El Mahalla. Eight days later, he returned as Zamalek manager. On 22 March, he was sacked for the second time in the same season after a 2–0 defeat against CR Belouizdad, which resulted in a CAF Champions League group stage exit.

Relationship with Mourinho
Ferreira and former Porto manager José Mourinho first crossed paths in the 1980s, when Mourinho was a student at the Lisbon Superior Institute for Physical Education and Ferreira was a teacher there. In 2000, when Mourinho was briefly the manager of Benfica, he refused to accept the appointment of Ferreira as his assistant, and in February 2005, Mourinho had a swipe at Ferreira in his weekly column for the Portuguese sports magazine Record.

Comparing himself with Ferreira, Mourinho wrote, "'One is a coach with a 30-year career, the other with a three-year one. The one with 30 years has never won anything; the one with three years has won a lot. The one who has coached for 30 years has an enormous career; the one with three years has a small career. The one with a 30-year career will be forgotten when he ends it; the one with three could end it right now and he could never be erased from history. This could be the story of a donkey who worked for 30 years but never became a horse.'"

Despite these claims by Mourinho, Ferreira went on to make history by becoming the first Portuguese coach to win three consecutive titles in Portugal, a feat that Mourinho never achieved (although Mourinho never managed the same club in Portugal for three full consecutive seasons). Mourinho also was Ferreira's assistant in 1990–91, for Estrela da Amadora.

Another Porto coach, José Couceiro, worked with Ferreira many times. Firstly, Ferreira was a coach in Atlético Clube de Portugal, and Couceiro was a player there. Couceiro moved to Torreense, with Ferreira as coach. And finally, in 1991–92, Couceiro joined Estrela da Amadora, again with Ferreira as coach.

Club
Porto
 * Primeira Liga: 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09
 * Taça de Portugal: 2008–09, 2009–10
 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2009

Zamalek
 * Egyptian Premier League: 2014–15, 2021–22
 * Egypt Cup: 2014–15, 2020–21

Al Sadd
 * Qatar Stars League: 2018–19
 * Qatar Cup: 2017
 * Qatar Emir Cup: 2017
 * Qatar Super Cup: 2017

Individual

 * CNID Best Portuguese League Coach: 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09
 * Best coach in the Egyptian league: 2014–15
 * Qatar Stars League Manager of the Year: 2017, 2019

title: Jesualdo Ferreira


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Talk:Femi Kuti

Revision
I think this article is poorly written, and needs to be revised to meet a higher standard of quality. Not only is it not chronologically sound, but it also deviates from a "neutral" position by overly praising Femi, beginning to sound more like propaganda. - 66.183.190.88

 * Sorry to blank most of it, but it was a copyvio from the Los Angeles Philharmonic Association website . Does look a useful reference though. Tearlach 18:00, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Yes all you say is so very true. Question is how and whom is going to do what is needed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.23.59.73 (talk • contribs) 21:57, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

other sources for completion
see also http://www.ngex.com/entertainment/pages/femi.htm - somebody could pull some infos in from there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.141.160.197 (talk • contribs) 18:29, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Could someone add current show dates? 72.229.151.118 04:45, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

grand theft auto iv
femi kuti will be on gta iv on radio station if99

check official site for conformation —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.194.65.143 (talk) 17:33, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Religion
Like his father, Femi has shown a strong commitment to social and political causes throughout his career, but he differs from his father in his religious views.

I'm not sure what this sentence wants to tell us. I have read a recent review of his new album that suggests that he has become more christians. As I had the chance to talk to him about this, he explictly said he is *opposing* Christianity as it makes people for Jesus to come back and makes them follow a leader, and needs a mediator to get in contact with god. He said he is a spiritual person who doesn't need all that to get in contact with god, but has a direct access, so toi say. Isn't that basically also what Fela thought? --92.117.185.201 (talk) 13:42, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Sources belong here, not in External links
These sources do not ever belong in External links. I have moved the link farm there to this talk page where they do belong. Warning: I didn't check them over, so be careful in choosing any references here. Thank you. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 08:26, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * on Myspace
 * The Shrine Unofficial website for Fela Kuti and Afrobeat Music with news, bio's, tour dates, gig reviews, interviews, and lyrics.
 * LA Weekly interview, Jul. 2007 by Matthew Fleischer
 * Son of a Lion, interview on flyglobalmusic.com 2004
 * Photos and Biography
 * The AfroFunk Music Forum Daily news, music reviews and commentary on Afrobeat and related music
 * MCA artist page
 * Video: Femi Kuti at Lincoln Center, July 2010 - Interview and Performance Footage
 * theartsdesk Q&A: Femi Kuti (24 November 2010)
 * theartsdesk Q&A: Femi Kuti (24 November 2010)

 * Video interview from July 2011 on Al-Jazeera's "One on One"

Section deleted for COPYVIO and others
The section deleted was:

 * 1) About an event celebrating Fela, not Femi
 * 2) Organised by a different son of Fela
 * 3) Riddled with whole sentences taken DIRECTLY from the felabration site WP:COPYVIO
 * 4) full of repeated sentences and multiple uses of same info
 * 5) without any refs
 * 6) full of WP:Peacocking

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Femi Kuti


text: User talk:68.85.82.77

title: User talk:68.85.82.77


text:
Clark Mountains

The Clark Mountains (-77.26667°N, -142°W) are a group of low mountains rising above 1,200 m located in the Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. They are about 10 nmi east of the Allegheny Mountains.

Location
The Clark Mountains are north of the head of the Boyd Glacier, northeast of the Mackay Mountains and east of the Allegheny Mountains. Features include, from west to east, Mount Atwood, Mount Jones, Mount Burnham, Mount Van Valkenburg, Mount Maglione, Mount Ekblaw and the Kelly Nunataks.

Discovery and name
The Clark Mountains were discovered and photographed on aerial flights in 1940 by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) and named for Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts.

Mount Atwood
-77.26667°N, -142.28333°W. A mountain, 1,180 m high, at the west edge of the Clark Mountains. Discovered by the USAS in 1940 on aerial flights from the West Base. Named by the USAS for the late president emeritus W.W. Atwood, Sr., of Clark University, noted geologist and geographer, and his son, W.W. Atwood, Jr., who collaborated with his father in glaciological studies.

Mount Jones
-77.23333°N, -142.18333°W. The northernmost summit of the Clark Mountains. Discovered on aerial flights from West Base of the USAS in 1940. Named for Clarence F. Jones, Professor of Geography at Clark University.

Mount Burnham
-77.26667°N, -142.08333°W. A mountain, 1,170 m high, standing 2 nmi north of Mount Van Valkenburg. Discovered on aerial flights from West Base of the USAS in 1940 and named for Guy Burnham, Cartographer in the School of Geography of Clark University.

Mount Van Valkenburg
-77.31667°N, -142.1°W. A mountain, 1,165 m high, standing 1 nmi south of Mount Burnham. Discovered on aerial flights from West Base of the USAS (1939–41). Named for Professor. Samuel Van Valkenburg, Director of the School of Geography at Clark University.

Mount Maglione
-77.3°N, -141.78333°W. A low mountain 1 nmi northeast of Mount Ekblaw. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lieutenant (j.g.) Charles R. Maglione, United States Navy Reserve, navigator on LC-130F Hercules aircraft during Operation Deep Freeze 1968.

Mount Ekblaw
-77.31667°N, -141.8°W. A mountain, 1,235 m high, standing 3 nmi east of Mount Van Valkenburg in the east  part of the Clark Mountains. Discovered on aerial flights from the West Base of the USAS in 1940. Named for W.E. Ekblaw, professor of geography at Clark University and a member of the Crocker Land Expedition in the Arctic (1913-17).

Kelly Nunataks
-77.28333°N, -141.73333°W. The nunataks that mark the east extremity of the Clark Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named by US-ACAN for John David Kelly, United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station, 1968.

title: Clark Mountains


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Gabrielino High School

Gabrielino High School (abbreviated GHS and often referred to as Gab) is a public high school located on San Gabriel Boulevard in San Gabriel, California, 10 mi east of Downtown Los Angeles, serving the 9th to 12th grades. It was established in 1994. Gabrielino High School is accredited by Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). It is a part of the San Gabriel Unified School District.

The district, and therefore the high school's attendance boundary, includes most of San Gabriel as well as sections of Rosemead, East San Gabriel, and Temple City.

Rankings
Gabrielino High School is a California Distinguished School, the distinction in  and 2009.

In addition, Newsweek magazine ranked Gabrielino as one of the United States' top 1000 high schools as determined by the number of Advanced Placement courses taken at the school in 2005 divided by the number of graduating seniors.

In 2007, Gabrielino earned the Silver Medal status from the U.S. News & World Report based on standardized test performance in Math and English and AP courses taken and passed with a "3" or better. Based on this report, Gabrielino is placed in the top 3% of the nation or top 505 schools. About 39% of graduates go on to four-year universities nationwide while about 55% attend community college after graduation. In 2012, Gabrielino High School was nationally ranked the 985th best high school, and the 190th best high school in California.

History
Prior to 1994, high school students belonging to the San Gabriel Unified School District (SGUSD) attended San Gabriel High School, which is part of the Alhambra School District, since SGUSD did not have a high school of its own.

In April 1992, San Gabriel residents won the right to educate their own high school students by ballot measure, winning 61% of votes to establish an autonomous school operated by the SGUSD. In response, the Alhambra School District (ASD) filed a lawsuit alleging that the California Board of Education had improperly excluded Alhambra voters and because ASD stood to lose as much as US$1.8 million in state funding, since the planned high school would siphon away 1,400 students. Homeowners in San Gabriel also led the opposition to a bitterly disputed bond measure, claiming they would fight the district's attempts to raise the funds necessary to build the high school, which would be temporarily situated at the site of the old Jefferson Middle School campus. They complained the high school would cause congestion and lower their property values.

On November 13, 1993, San Gabriel Unified School District officials voted 327 to 241 to name the planned high school "Gabrielino High School," which became the first public building in California to honor the Gabrielino Indians (Tongva people).

On September 8, 1994, Gabrielino High School opened its doors to its first class, teaching 9th graders. Alhambra School District retained responsibility to school 10th to 12th graders until 1995, as part of an agreement signed by both districts in June, the same month Alhambra filed its lawsuit. The school's site on Lafayette Street formerly housed Jefferson Intermediate School, which was moved to the location of the former Madison Elementary School north of Las Tunas Road.

In June 1994, the Los Angeles Superior Court ruled in favor of Alhambra, declaring that the 1992 election was unconstitutional because all the stakeholders had not been allowed to vote in the measure. However, on December 22, 1994, the 2nd District Court of Appeals overturned the previous ruling, declaring that San Gabriel Unified School District residents had a right to independently establish their own boundaries, citing California Board of Education approval. In January 1995, Alhambra School District dropped its case against Gabrielino High School, citing the money and time needed to pursue its goal of shutting down the high school.

On March 20, 1999, an arsonist set a US$2 million fire that destroyed 2 offices and 10 classrooms, effectively displacing 400 of the 1,400 students on campus.

On December 5, 2011, the San Gabriel Unified School District Board voted 3-2 not to renew the contract of Sharon Heinrich, the school's principal, for 2012–2013 school year, citing concerns about her leadership and supervisory abilities, against the opinion of Gabrielino alumni, students and faculty. On January 9, 2012, the Board reversed its previous decision, following the swearing-in of a new board and community outcry.

Architecture
Gabrielino High School's distinct architecture incorporates cosmopolitan trends and styles. The school's exterior uses bold colors, including shades of orange and red. The campus is built on a 13.97 acre plot bounded by San Gabriel Boulevard to the west, Lafayette Street to the east, Wells Street to the north and Valley Boulevard to the south.

The current campus, built in 2002, is 197974 ft2 and consists of administration offices, classroom buildings, a media center and library, a gymnasium, and a theatre.

Socioeconomic characteristics
In the 2010–2011 school year, Gabrielino High served 1,808 students. 51.77% of students were male, while 48.2% were female.

Enrollment by grade in the 2010–2011 school year was:

Student enrollment by ethnic group was:

Gabrielino High School is classified as a Title I school, with 934 students (51.65%) of students eligible for free or reduced lunch.

Speech and Debate
As of the 2023-2024 school year, Gabrielino is the second top California Speech and Debate team & ranks #8 in the nation. It is the top public school California Speech and Debate team, as well as 26-year Southern California Debate League champions.

Mock Trial
Gabrielino defeated James Monroe High School to win the 2008 Los Angeles County championship.

Swimming
In December 2014, 17-year-old Sean Kim, ranked 7th in the state of California for both the 100 and 200 breaststroke events, making him the 37th nationally ranked recruit overall for the class of 2015.

Track and field
In March 2011, 16-year-old Kevin Chiao, a 110-meter hurdler, ranked among the top 50 in the state of California, making him the first Gabrielino student to do so.

Youth in Government
Since 1996, Gabrielino High School students have participated in a Youth in Government (YIG) program organized in collaboration with the City of San Gabriel's government.

Show Choir
In 2008, Cynthia Talavera became the Choral Director and led the Advanced Show Choir to its first Gold Win in 8 years at the Forum Music Festival at Fullerton College. In 2003 and 2013, Gabrielino Singers were accepted to sing at the traditional Candlelight Procession and Ceremony at Disneyland.

Notable alumni

 * Ken Gushi (Professional Drift Racer)
 * Joanna Wang (Taiwanese singer) - attended until the age of 16; did not graduate.

title: Gabrielino High School


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Royds, Bradford

Royds (population 16,350 - 2001 UK census) is a ward within the City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council in the county of West Yorkshire, England. The population at the 2011 Census was 17,360.

Starting from the north end of Royds, the areas covered are Horton Bank Bottom which is shared with Great Horton Ward, then Buttershaw which makes the bulk of the ward, then a portion of the south-west side of Wibsey village. South of Halifax Road is Woodside, east of which is part of Low Moor village, the rest of which is in Wyke ward. At the south end of the ward is the more rural hamlet of Royds Hall.

Councillors
Royds ward is represented on Bradford Council by three Labour Party councillors; Ruth Wood, Angela Tait and Andrew Thornton.

indicates seat up for re-election.

title: Royds, Bradford


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Darling and Pearson

Darling and Pearson was an architectural firm based in Toronto from 1895 through 1937. The firm was prolific and produced consistently fine work though the patronage of notable figures of the Canadian establishment, and is responsible for enhancing the architectural character and quality of the city, and indeed the rest of Canada, in the first quarter of the 20th century.

Formation
The firm was organized first as Darling, Curry, Sproatt, & Pearson in 1892, with partners Frank Darling, S. George Curry, Henry Sproatt, and John A. Pearson. From 1893 through 1896 it evolved into Darling, Sproatt & Pearson, then finally Darling and Pearson was founded as such in 1897.

Its heyday began with Darling's commissions from the Canadian Bank of Commerce in 1898, grand Edwardian buildings in Toronto, Winnipeg, Montreal, and Vancouver, and dozens of smaller branches in smaller Canadian cities and towns. Darling's training with the English architect George Edmund Street and Sir Arthur Blomfield in the early 1870s brought a serious, substantial, Victorian influence, well-suited to large civic and institutional projects in the years of the nation's development.

Their subsequent projects included the first tall steel-frame building in Canada (the Royal Tower in Winnipeg, 1904), the tallest building in Canada for three decades (the 1930 Canadian Bank of Commerce Building in Toronto, with York and Sawyer of New York), and the largest single building in the British Commonwealth (the Sun Life Building, Montreal, Started in 1914 and tower added by1931).

Legacy
After the deaths of Frank Darling in 1923 and Pearson in 1940, the firm was renamed Darling, Pearson and Cleveland with Darling's nephew as a partner.

Darling and Pearson

 * Alpha Delta Phi Toronto Chapter House, 1894. Originally known as the Ince house
 * Masaryk-Cowan Community Recreation Centre, 1898. Originally a curling rink
 * University of Toronto Faculty of Law, Flavelle House, 1901
 * Union Bank Building, 500 Main Street, Winnipeg, with the George A. Fuller Co., 1904
 * 197 Yonge Street, Toronto, 1905 - renovated former banking building
 * Canadian Bank of Commerce, Watson, Saskatchewan, 1906
 * Convocation Hall, University of Toronto, 1906
 * Moose Jaw Court House, Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan 1908
 * Old Canadian Bank of Commerce Building, Montreal, 1906–09
 * University of Toronto Sanford Fleming Building and Sigmund Samuel Building, 1907, and additions to the latter in 1912
 * The Church of St. Mary Magdalene, 1908
 * Grain Exchange Building - 167 Lombard Street, Winnipeg, 1906-1908
 * Toronto General Hospital, College Wing, now the MaRS Discovery District building, 1911
 * Canadian Pacific Building, Toronto, for a time the tallest building in Canada, 1913
 * One King Street West, Toronto, 1914
 * Royal Ontario Museum original building (west wing - Italianate-Neo-Romanesque), 1914
 * Parkwood Estate, 1916
 * North Toronto railway station of the Canadian Pacific Railway 1916
 * Art Gallery of Ontario original building, 1916
 * MaRS Discovery District - old Toronto General Hospital College Street wing - 101 College Street, Toronto, 1919
 * Varsity Arena, Toronto, 1926
 * Private Patients Pavilion (Thomas J. Bell Wing), Toronto General Hospital, 1930 – Demolished
 * Canadian Bank of Commerce Building in Toronto; now Commerce Court North, 1930
 * Canadian General Electric Building, 212 King Street West, Toronto, 1908

Darling, Pearson and Cleveland

 * Sun Life Building, Montreal, 1931
 * expansions to the Art Gallery of Ontario, 1935

title: Darling and Pearson


text:
Θ (set theory)

In set theory, $$\varTheta$$ (pronounced like the letter theta) is the least nonzero ordinal $$\alpha$$ such that there is no surjection from the reals onto $$\alpha$$.

$$\varTheta$$ has been studied in connection with strong partition cardinals and the axiom of determinacy. The axiom of determinacy is equivalent to the existence of unboundedly many strong partition cardinals below $$\varTheta$$, in the sense that every cardinal below $$\varTheta$$ has a strong partition cardinal above it. This does not preclude the possibility that a single strong partition cardinal, above $$\varTheta$$, suffices for all cardinals below $$\varTheta$$, but the existence of such a cardinal would have additional consequences.

If the reals can be well-ordered, then $$\varTheta$$ is simply $$(2^{\aleph_0})^+$$, the cardinal successor of the cardinality of the continuum. Any set may be well-ordered assuming the axiom of choice (AC). However, Θ is often studied in contexts where the axiom of choice fails, such as models of the axiom of determinacy.

$$\varTheta$$ is also the supremum of the order types of all prewellorderings of the reals.

Proof of existence
It may not be obvious that it can be proven, without using AC, that there even exists a nonzero ordinal onto which there is no surjection from the reals (if there is such an ordinal, then there must be a least one because the ordinals are wellordered). However, suppose there were no such ordinal. Then to every ordinal α we could associate the set of all prewellorderings of the reals having order type α. This would give an injection from the class of all ordinals into the set of all sets of orderings on the reals (which can to be seen to be a set via repeated application of the powerset axiom). Now the axiom of replacement shows that the class of all ordinals is in fact a set. But that is impossible, by the Burali-Forti paradox.

title: Θ (set theory)


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Bernhard von Beskow

Bernhard von Beskow (19 April 1796 – 17 October 1868) was a Swedish dramatist and historian.

Born in Stockholm and the son of a merchant, his vocation for literature was assisted by his tutor, the poet Johan Magnus Stjernstolpe (1777–1831), whose works he edited. He entered the civil service in 1814, was ennobled in 1826 and received the title of baron in 1843. He held high appointments at court, and was, from 1834 onward, perpetual secretary of the Swedish Academy, using his great influence with tact and generosity. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1836.

He produced a series of plays based on Swedish history. He was the most respectable exponent of romantic historical play which became popular with Swedish audiences. His works include many academical memoirs, volumes of poems, philosophy and a historical study, Om Gustav den tredje såsom Konung och Menniska (5 vols, 1860–1869, Gustavus III as king and man), printed in the transactions of the Swedish Academy (vols 32, 34, 37, 42, 44).

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition: "His poetry is over-decorated, and his plays are grandiose historical poems in dramatic form. Among them are Erik XIV (2 parts, 1826); and four pieces collected (1836–1838) as Dramatiska Studier, the most famous of which is the tragedy of Torkel Knutsson."

He became a member of Pro Fide et Christianismo, a Christian education society, in 1852.

He died in Stockholm in 1868.

title: Bernhard von Beskow


text:
Wallace Langham

James Wallace Langham II (born March 11, 1965) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the role of Phil the Head Writer on The Larry Sanders Show. He has also played the roles of David Hodges on the crime drama television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and its sequel, CSI: Vegas, and NASA Administrator Harold Weisner on the Apple TV+ original science fiction space drama series For All Mankind. In the 1990s, he was well-known for playing Josh Blair on the NBC sitcom Veronica's Closet (1997–2000), which was a Top 10 hit in its first couple of seasons.

Film career
Formerly billed as Wally Ward, Langham got his start in the John Hughes film Weird Science (1985), as well as in The Invisible Kid and the ABC Afterschool Special entitled Just a Regular Kid: An AIDS Story, but later moved to roles as a young bigot in Soul Man and as a gang leader in The Chocolate War. He appeared in the Eddie Murphy comedy Daddy Day Care, and the critically acclaimed Little Miss Sunshine and The Social Network.

Television career
Langham dropped the Ward moniker in the 1990s as he moved to more adult roles, appearing as a regular in the much-hyped but short-lived CBS series WIOU. His big breakthrough came when he was cast as Phil, the cynical staff and then head writer for insecure talk show host Larry Sanders, in HBO's sitcom The Larry Sanders Show. Langham then took on a role in NBC's Veronica's Closet, playing Kirstie Alley's gay assistant Josh. He then appeared on the Joan Cusack sitcom What About Joan?

He has guest-starred on many series including, Murphy Brown, NewsRadio, ER, Murder, She Wrote, Sex and the City, 21 Jump Street, Medium, both the 1985 and the 2002 versions of The Twilight Zone, The Outer Limits, Star Trek: Voyager, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Monk, Shameless, and Grace Under Fire.

He was the voice of Andy French on the animated series Mission Hill, as well as the Care-Bots and Smoltz in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, Basil Karlo/Clayface II in The Batman, Orm/Ocean Master in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, and Anarky in Beware the Batman.

Langham played lab technician David Hodges on the CBS series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. Starting with the eighth-season premiere, Langham was listed in the main titles.

Other work
Langham plays Dr. Grant Seeker in the preshow of the theme park attraction Dinosaur at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom, in which his character attempts to send guests back in time to retrieve a live Iguanadon; his voice is also heard in the ride vehicle throughout the attraction.

Personal life
Langham was born in Fort Worth, Texas, the son of Sunni, a costume designer, and James Langham, an elevator repairman.

In March 2000, Langham pleaded no contest to battery charges after beating a gay tabloid reporter (who had allegedly made accusations against Langham's girlfriend's tattoos; the reporter in turn claimed that Langham yelled homophobic slurs at him while he was being beaten) and was ordered to serve three years' probation and to serve 450 hours of community service for gay and lesbian charities, and to donate $10,000 to the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center. In exchange for pleading no contest, prosecutors dropped a hate crime charge that had been filed against him. In a statement, Langham said he supports gay rights "and would have never attacked anyone had I not first been provoked".

title: Wallace Langham


text:
Mackay Mountains

The Mackay Mountains (-77.5°N, -143.33333°W) are a prominent group of peaks 10 nmi south of the Allegheny Mountains in the Ford Ranges of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica.

Location
The Mackay Mountains are south of the upper Boyd Glacier and east of the Hammond Glacier. They are southeast of the Sarnoff Mountains, south of the Allegheny Mountains and southwest of the Clark Mountains. The isolated Lewisohn Nunatak is to the southeast. Features, from west to east, include Vivian Nunatak, Mount Monson and Mount Palombo.

Geology
The Mackay Mountains and Lewisohn Nunatak contain the Lewisohn Member, a volcano-dominated unit of the Swanson Formation, which is a quartzose metaflysch sequence at least 1 km thick that was probably deposited on a submarine fan. In Mackay Mountains the isochron age for the metamorphism of the Swanson Formation is 444 ± 4Ma.

Discovery and name
The Mackay Mountains were discovered by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (ByrdAE) in 1934. They were named for Clarence Mackay of the Postal Telegraph and Mackay Radio Companies, a benefactor of the expedition.

Features
Features and nearby features include:

Vivian Nunatak
-77.53333°N, -143.56667°W. A nunatak which marks the southwest extremity of the Mackay Mountains. Mapped by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS; 1939–41) and by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lieutenant John F. Vivian, United States Navy Reserve, co-pilot of LC-130F Hercules aircraft during Operation Deep Freeze 1968.

Mount Monson
-77.51667°N, -143.51667°W. The highest summit, 1,155 m high, in the Mackay Mountains, situated 1.5 nmi northeast of Vivian Nunatak in the southwest part of the group. Mapped by USAS (1939–41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65) Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Laurence C. Monson III, United States Navy Reserve, co-pilot of LC-130F Hercules aircraft during Operation Deep Freeze 1968.

Mount Palombo
-77.48333°N, -143.2°W. A mountain 1,030 m high marking the northeast end of the Mackay Mountains. Mapped by USAS (1939–41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Robert A. Palombo, United States Navy, aircraft commander during Operation Deep Freeze 1968.

Lewisohn Nunatak
-77.63333°N, -142.83333°W. An isolated nunatak, 10 nmi high, southeast of the Mackay Mountains. Discovered and mapped by the USAS (1939-41). Named by US-ACAN for Walter P. Lewisohn, radio operator with the ByrdAE (1933-35).

title: Mackay Mountains


text:
Jacob Ulfeldt (1535–1593)

Jacob Ulfeldt (1535 – 8 October 1593) was a Danish diplomat and member of the Privy Council from 1565. He is mostly known for his very troubled diplomatic journey into Russia in 1578 during which he concluded an unfavourable treaty with Tsar Ivan IV (1530–1584) that brought him to disgrace at home. His bitter attempts of getting satisfaction only damaged his case. However, his account of his Russian travels (published by Melchior Goldast in Latin during 1608) is still considered a main source of Danish-Russian relations as well as of 16th-century Russia. He was the father of Jacob Ulfeldt (1567–1630).

Early life and education
Ulfeldt was the son of Knud Ebbesen Ulfeldt and Anne Eriksdatter Hardenberg. He studied at Louvain in 1551  and Wittenberg in 1554.

Diplomatic career
Ylfeldt entered the state service in 1562. In 1566, he became a member of the Rigsrådet. He is mostly known for his very troubled diplomatic journey into Russia in 1578 during which he concluded an unfavourable treaty with Tsar Ivan IV (1530–1584) that brought him to disgrace at home. His bitter attempts of getting satisfaction only damaged his case.

Property
Ylfeldt's wife brought the estate Bavelse into the marriage. In 1566, Ulfeldt inherited Kogsbølle on Funen and Selsø in Hornsherred. He constructed new main buildings on all three estates. He purchased Dronninglund Castle in Jutland in 1563 but sold it again in 1568.

Personal life
Ulfeldt was married to Anne Jakobsdatter Flemming (1544-1570) and had three sons; Mogens Ulfeldt (1569–1616), Jacob Ulfeldt (1567–1630) and Corfitz Ulfeldt (1559–1614). Mogens Ulfeldt reached the rank of Admiral of the Realm. Jacob Ulfeldt was a diplomat and chancellor of King Christian IV of Denmark.

Legacy
Ylfeldt's account of his Russian travels (published by Melchior Goldast in Latin during 1608) is still considered a main source of Danish-Russian relations as well as of 16th century Russia.

Other sources

 * Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, vol. 15, Copenh. 1984.

title: Jacob Ulfeldt (1535–1593)


text:
Talk:Θ (set theory)

not a dicdef (eventually)
There's a lot to be said about Θ, particularly in the realm of the descriptive set theory of models of AD. So I think, even if there's eventually a Hartogs number page, this stub can still expand into something useful on its own. But I'm not likely going to do it myself anytime soon. --Trovatore 18:38, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Would it be worth renaming this article to something more... non-symbolic? The current name feels pretty awkward. I'm thinking of the average user who would be interested in this information; are they very likely to use alt-[number] combinations and/or the Windows character map to type this into the search field? Perhaps a disambiguation link from Theta, and the article itself titled "Theta (set theory)" would be easier to find. Peruvianllama 05:47, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Theta (set theory) is there as a redirect, and there is a link on Theta though you could easily miss it. Best I know how to do, as far as finding the article. Now as to whether Theta (set theory) should be the article rather than the redirect, I'm not sure. I think probably not, given that it's not spelled out as "Theta" in the literature. --Trovatore 06:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I did indeed miss the link on Theta. I'm not personally familiar with the use of Θ in the literature, but given your comments, it makes sense for it to stay as it is. Cheers. Peruvianllama 20:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

fixed my error
So it seems I had the wrong definition in my head for Hartogs number; if AC fails then Θ may not be the Hartogs number of the reals after all. --Trovatore 18:07, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Merge, or redirect, or door number 3?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_uncountable_ordinal

Signed - Monty Hall 49.184.24.3 (talk) 00:35, 27 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Not clear why you would want to merge these. Θ is certainly larger than the first uncountable ordinal ω1. --Trovatore (talk) 01:31, 27 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Θ (set theory)


text:
Bartians (disambiguation)

Bartians may refer:
 * Bartians, an extinct Prussian tribe
 * Inhabitants of Saint Barthélemy
 * Inhabitants of Bartlesville, Oklahoma

title: Bartians (disambiguation)


text:
Jamie Langenbrunner

Jamie Craig Langenbrunner (born July 24, 1975) is an American former professional ice hockey player. He is a member of the 1998–99 Dallas Stars and 2002–03 New Jersey Devils teams that won the Stanley Cup, and was the captain of the silver medal-winning United States national team in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Junior
In high school, Langenbrunner played for the Cloquet Lumberjacks in the Minnesota State High School Hockey League.

After scoring 148 points in 70 games during his freshmen, sophomore and junior years in high school and leading the Lumberjacks to back-to-back State Tournament appearances, Langenbrunner was named the AP's Minnesota High School Hockey Player of the Year. Following a spectacular State Tournament performance, Langenbrunner was drafted out of Cloquet 35th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Dallas Stars.

Langenbrunner would then forego playing his senior year of high school ice hockey and instead played his next two seasons with the Peterborough Petes of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), recording 75 goals and 115 assists for 190 points in only 124 games. He additionally tallied 12 goals and 20 assists for 32 points in 18 playoff games. In his second year in Peterborough (during the 1994–95 season), he made his NHL debut with the Dallas Stars.

Professional
The following year, during the 1995–96 season, he played 59 games with the Michigan K-Wings of the International Hockey League (IHL), scoring 25 goals and notching 40 assists for 65 points, while tallying 13 points in 10 playoff games. His impressive numbers earned him the team's MVP award and also got him called up to the NHL, where he played 12 games that year.

Dallas Stars
Langenbrunner made his NHL debut on April 9, 1995, skating with Dallas in a game against the St. Louis Blues, but he did not become an NHL regular until the 1996–97 season, when he played 76 games and scored 39 points playing on the left wing. For his strong first-year efforts, he was named a candidate for the Calder Memorial Trophy, given annually to the NHL's Rookie of the Year. Langenbrunner, however, was ultimately edged-out by Bryan Berard of the New York Islanders for the honor.

During the 1997–98 season, Langenbrunner reached the 20-goal plateau, scoring 23 goals and 29 assists for 52 points while playing in 81 games. That year, Langenbrunner also represented his country at the 1998 Winter Olympics, though the Americans fell short of winning a medal.

In the 1998–99 season, Langenbrunner played in 75 games, scoring 12 goals and adding 33 assists for 45 total points. However, his real breakthrough came in the 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs, where he scored 10 goals and had 17 points, while winning his and Dallas' first Stanley Cup over the Buffalo Sabres. He was third in scoring for the Stars, behind Mike Modano and that year's Conn Smythe Trophy winner, Joe Nieuwendyk.

New Jersey Devils
On March 19, 2002, Langenbrunner was traded with Nieuwendyk to the New Jersey Devils for Jason Arnott, Randy McKay and a first-round draft pick. The next season, in 2002–03, Langenbrunner had a then career-best 22 goals and 33 assists for 55 points in 78 games for the Devils. He continued his scoring numbers in the playoffs, leading the league in goals (11) and points (18) en route to his second Stanley Cup in a 4–3 series victory versus the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.

After both an injury-plagued season in 2003–04 in which Langenbrunner played only 53 games and the NHL's lockout season in 2004–05, Langenbrunner bounced back strongly in 2005–06, scoring 53 points in 80 games. He again had a strong playoff performance, scoring 13 points in nine games before the Devils lost to the eventual Stanley Cup champions, the Carolina Hurricanes, in the conference semifinals.

On July 1, 2006, signed a five-year, $14 million contract extension with the Devils worth an annual average of $2.8 million. During the 2006–07 season, Langenbrunner scored a career-best 60 points, where he also played in all 82 games that season, scoring 23 goals and adding 37 assists (both career bests). In the 2007 playoffs, Langenbrunner again played well, scoring eight points in 11 games before losing to the Stanley Cup Finals-bound Ottawa Senators.

On December 5, 2007, Langenbrunner was named captain of the New Jersey Devils. That year, however, Langenbrunner missed nearly 20 games to a groin injury and his stats dipped as he scored 41 points in 64 games. In the 2008 playoffs, the Devils lost in the conference quarterfinals to the New York Rangers 4–1, though Langenbrunner played well, scoring four points in the short series.

Beginning in the 2007–08 season, Langenbrunner played on a line with teammates Zach Parise and Travis Zajac. The line was dubbed "ZZ Pops" due to the difference in age between the veteran and the two youngsters who have initials with the letter "Z."

In January 2009, Langenbrunner scored two goals in each of three consecutive games, including three game winners for the Devils. Two of those game-winning goals were scored in overtime. His streak of three consecutive multi-goal games with a game-winning goal was last accomplished by Wayne Gretzky during the 1981–82 season. Langenbrunner played extremely well in the second half of the season and went on to set career highs in goals (29), assists (40), points (69) and plus-minus rating (+25). Langenbrunner, along with fellow linemates Parise and Zajac, all had remarkable seasons, as the line combined for 94 goals and 131 assists for a total of 225 points as well as having a combined plus-minus of +88.

On January 2, 2010, Langenbrunner scored the first hat-trick of his career while playing against the Minnesota Wild in his home state of Minnesota as the Devils defeated the Wild 5–3.

Return to Dallas
On January 7, 2011, Langenbrunner was traded to the Dallas Stars for a conditional third-round pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. The pick would become a second-round pick if the Stars either win a playoff round or re-sign Langenbrunner before the draft. He would score his first goal in his return to Dallas in his 1,000th career game, which was against the Los Angeles Kings on January 17, 2011, as the Stars defeated the Kings 2–1.

St. Louis Blues
Langenbrunner signed a one-year contract as a free agent with the St. Louis Blues on July 6, 2011. In his first season with the Blues, in 2011–12, Langenbrunner added depth to the team and was used primarily as a checking line forward, scoring six goals and 24 points in 70 games. He was re-signed to a one-year extension with St. Louis on July 10, 2012.

In the lockout-shortened 2012–13 season, Langenbrunner participated in only four games with the Blues, posting one assist before an ongoing torn labrum in his left hip required season-ending surgery on February 9, 2013.

Retirement
On January 15, 2014, Langenbrunner announced his retirement after 16 seasons in the NHL. He joined the Boston Bruins on September 12, 2015, as the team's player development coach.

Personal life
Langenbrunner was born in Duluth, Minnesota in 1975; the family lived in Moose Lake, Minnesota, at the time. When he was one-year-old, the family moved for a short time to Moorhead before moving to International Falls in 1979. Langenbrunner was well into his skating career by age five. They moved to Cloquet in 1985.

Langenbrunner and his wife have three children (one daughter and two sons). His son, Mason, was drafted 151st overall in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft by the Boston Bruins. While with the Devils, Langenbrunner lived in North Caldwell, New Jersey.

In December of 2023 Langenbrunner was elected to the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame alongside Dustin Brown, Brian Burke, Katie King Crowley and Brian Murphy.

title: Jamie Langenbrunner


text: File:Living in oblivion.jpg

title: File:Living in oblivion.jpg


text:
Donegal GAA

The Donegal County Board (Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Dhún na nGall) or Donegal GAA is one of 32 county boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in Ireland, and is responsible for the administration of Gaelic games in County Donegal.

The County Board is responsible for preparing the Donegal county teams in the various Gaelic sporting codes; football, hurling, camogie and handball.

The county football team was the third from the province of Ulster to win an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC), following Cavan and Down. It last won the All-Ireland SFC in 2012 and the Ulster Senior Football Championship in 2024. Donegal players comprised most of the 2012 All Stars Team of the Year, and the three nominations for the All Stars Footballer of the Year, ultimately won by Karl Lacey. In addition, having been invited to assist the Celtic soccer team in Scotland, Donegal manager Jim McGuinness became the first Gaelic football inter-county manager to have been offered a role at a professional sports team abroad. McGuinness's services have also been sought by Premier League soccer teams.

According to a 2015 TUD study by Shane Mangan, Donegal had the largest playing population in Ulster, with 14,000 players at that time.

Governance
The first Donegal County Board was formed in 1905.

Charlie O'Donnell resigned as County Secretary for personal reasons 15 months into a seven-year contract in December 2009.

When John McConnell was County Chairman, he worked with Brian McEniff on plans for a divisional championship in the county; McConnell later resigned and this proposal did not go any further.

Naul McCole was County Chairman in 1992 and was also a selector under Brian McEniff when Donegal won the 1992 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final.

Pat Conaghan was County Chairman in 1997.

Brian McEniff was County Chairman in late 2002 when, unable to find a manager for the senior football team, he did it himself.

P. J. McGowan completed five years as County Chairman in December 2012. Sean Dunnion succeeded McGowan. Aodh Ruadh clubman Mick McGrath — a former inter-county referee — succeeded Dunnion as the 43rd chair in 2017.

County Treasurer Cieran Kelly resigned early from his role in July 2018, blaming County Chairman Mick McGrath for ensuring that he "wasn't welcome" at fundraising meetings. The election for Kelly's successor was tied on votes 33 apiece so, at Croke Park's request, lots were drawn to pick Alan Boyd (formerly the Cultural and Irish Officer) over Brendan Kelly.

Clubs
The county's most successful football clubs are Gaoth Dobhair and St Eunan's who have won the Donegal Senior Football Championship (SFC) on fifteen occasions each. Gaoth Dobhair also won the Ulster Senior Club Football Championship in 2018.

Aodh Ruadh of Ballyshannon are next in the Donegal SFC rankings, before a sizeable gap to fourth position. 14 clubs have won more than one title. Killybegs, though possessing only six SFCs, also appeared in the final of the 1991 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship, a feat never achieved by either St Eunan's or Aodh Ruadh.

A system of promotion and relegation operates between the SFC and the Donegal Intermediate Football Championship (IFC). Likewise, between the IFC and the Donegal Junior Football Championship (JFC).

The All-County Leagues are another competition for clubs. This had been divided into four divisions for many years but — because of the "split season" and the inability to play 18 rounds of games — from 2022, this was reduced to three, with 13 clubs in Division 1, 14 clubs in Division 2 and 13 clubs in Division 3.

As of 2013, there were 40 clubs under the auspices of the Donegal County Board. These range from Malin at the northernmost point of the county to Naomh Columba in the south, a round distance cited in 2020 media reports of c. 320 kilometres, with an estimated one-way time of more than two hours before roadworks were taken into account.

County team
The county team came to the fore of Ulster football in the 1970s, winning its first Ulster Senior Football Championship in 1972. The win coincided with the county's first All Star—in the form of Brian McEniff—in the second year of the award's existence. A second provincial title followed for Donegal in 1974.

The county team won a third provincial title in 1983. Fourth and fifth titles followed in 1990 and 1992. They team later qualified for the 1992 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, where it defeated heavy favourites Dublin.

Donegal last won the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship in 2012. The team last won the Ulster Senior Football Championship in 2024.

Clubs
Clubs contest the Donegal Senior Hurling Championship.

Burt and Setanta Hurling Club have an archrivalry. They are the county's most prominent clubs in the sport.

County team
Donegal's first Ulster Senior Hurling Championship was won in 1906, its most recent in 1932.

In the 21st-century, Donegal won the 2011 Lory Meagher Cup. The county then became the first to win the Nicky Rackard Cup on three occasions, achieving this feat in 2020 after earlier wins in 2013 and 2018.

In 2019, following the 2018 Nicky Rackard win, the county made its debut in the Christy Ring Cup, the competition founded in place of the All-Ireland Senior B Hurling Championship.

Ladies' football
Donegal has a ladies' football team.

Dominic McGlinchey resigned as senior manager in 2009 and Hughie Molloy took over temporarily until the end of the season. . Molloy was appointed new manager of the team in December 2012. Maxi Curran is now Donegal Senior Ladies Football Manager.

Camogie
Donegal competed in the Ulster Senior Championship from the 1930s, hosting Antrim in Letterkenny in 1945. They succeeded in fielding a league team in the 1980s, drawing on the groundwork at Loreto, Letterkenny which fielded successful colleges teams. The Pan Celtic games of 2006 rejuvenated camogie in Donegal and the county returned to competition in the Ulster Junior Championship in 2008.

Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010–2015, "Our Game, Our Passion", it was announced that Donegal, Kerry, Mayo and Monaghan would receive a total of 14 new clubs by 2015.

Eponyms
Several clubs in cities worldwide use the "Donegal" or "Tír Chonaill" name. These include:
 * Donegal Boston, based in the United States
 * Donegal Philadelphia, based in the United States
 * Donegal New York, based in the United States
 * Tír Chonaill Gaels, based in England
 * Tír Conaill Harps, based in Scotland

Statistics
Fr Seán Ó Gallchóir, the statistician, first compiled a twelve-page booklet in 1979 using his research into the newspaper archives of the Donegal Democrat, Donegal News and Derry Journal, which he personally gathered at their offices and compiled in scrapbooks. The Book of Donegal GAA Facts was first published in 1985. The eighth edition of the book launched in 2020. It is used by journalists wishing to verify information on Gaelic games in the county.

title: Donegal GAA


text:
Talk:Yilmaz theory of gravitation

Are you kidding? This article is not even vaguely written in a neutral tone, an 8-year-old with no knowledge of physics could see that. What is your beef? If the theory doesn't hold any water, why are you spending so much energy bashing it?

I propose the article be deleted if noone will bother to at least state what Dr. Yilmaz states in his theory before launching into criticisms. Am removing the article from "Fringe Physics" and pseudoscience lists.

Revision
I rewrote the article
 * to be more WP:NPOV
 * to give more information about one of the basic disputes,
 * to put the citations and links into a format similar to other articles

I renamed the article because
 * Yilmaz's paper is called "Toward a theory of gravitation'
 * he does in fact claim to have produced a classical field theory of gravitation, or even a unified field theory,
 * None of the cited papers call this thing "Yilmaz relativity"

I removed three links, to the useless and very misleading article by John Cramer, one to a very long and unorganized collection of gtr-related posts on controversies in general, and the tripod.com link. If someone feels very strongly that any of these should be added back, please explain your reasons on this page.

In my view, this topic has recieved as much attention as it deserves (essentially none) in the research literature, way more than it deserves in sci.physics.research (I am probably partly to blame for that). I believe that the current article does accurately describe both the lack of attention paid to Yilmaz's work in physics and the principle reasons for that inattention. Please note that the article does make it very easy for any reader with the proper background to obtain the available on-line papers/preprints, including two coauthored by Yilmaz.---CH (talk) 18:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Students beware
I completely rewrote the October 2005 version of this article and had been monitoring it for bad edits, but I am leaving the WP and am now abandoning this article to its fate.

Just wanted to provide notice that I am only responsible (in part) for the last version I edited; see User:Hillman/Archive. I emphatically do not vouch for anything you might see in more recent versions. The Yilmaz theory is a controversial topic and still has a few cranky fans, so it is possible that at least some future versions of this article will present slanted information, misinformation, or disinformation. I'd also urge students to be cautious in using any material from websites found by following external links from this article, since these may be cranky. Any of these sources may attempt to portray the Yilmaz theory as having a much more respectable status than is really the case.

Good luck in your search for information, regardless!---CH 20:08, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, you think you have to warn people of ideas which they might not be able to evaluate for themselves? :( --Cspan64 (talk) 13:09, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

Well known facts about integrals in curved spacetimes
Hi, Raul, thanks for accepting my revision, but you misunderstood the integrals I had in mind! See the discussion in MTW. Right now, coverage in Wikipedia of these topics is weak or nonexistent, but we founding members of a forthcoming WikiProject hope to improve that.---CH (talk) 20:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Would the Path integral page be more appropriate?

 * (Comment added by User:RaulMiller, who forgot to sign it)

 * No ---CH (talk) 05:07, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Huseyin Yilmaz
I think he is born 1926 and not 1924 (de:Hüseyin Yılmaz) and it should be confirmed if he is really dead (and if he is dead when he died).--Meilenweit (talk) 14:07, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

Here are the dates from his obituary: http://www.tributes.com/show/Huseyin-Yilmaz-95267841

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Yilmaz theory of gravitation


text:
Dancing Days

"Dancing Days" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It appears on their 1973 album, Houses of the Holy, and was released as a single in the US. It was recorded at Stargroves, England in 1972. It was inspired by an Indian tune that Jimmy Page and Robert Plant heard while traveling in Bombay. This was the first track from the album to be offered for radio play by Atlantic Records. It was premiered on 24 March 1973 on the BBC Radio One Rosko lunch time show.

Live performances
As with the single's A-side, "Over the Hills and Far Away", "Dancing Days" was introduced by the band in concert well ahead of its commercial release. The earliest live documented reference is in Seattle on 19 June 1972 where the song was performed twice: once during the main set and again as an encore; it was then performed frequently during the rest of this tour, with a version appearing on the live album, How the West Was Won. With the release of Houses of the Holy, however, "Dancing Days" was largely dropped from concerts, although an abridged, acoustic version was occasionally performed during the 1977 U.S. tour. A full electric version was played as an encore on 13 July 1973 at Cobo Hall, Detroit, Michigan as featured on the "Monsters of Rock" bootleg.

Reception
In a contemporary review for Houses of the Holy, Gordon Fletcher of Rolling Stone gave "Dancing Days" a negative review, calling the track nothing but a piece of "filler".

Personnel
According to Jean-Michel Guesdon and Philippe Margotin:

 * Robert Plant – vocals
 * Jimmy Page – guitars
 * John Paul Jones – bass, keyboard
 * John Bonham – drums

title: Dancing Days


text:
Edmund T. Parkin

Edmund Thornton Parkin (1912 – 1 August 1994) was a Canadian landscape architect. In March 1947, Parkin joined the firm John B. Parkin Associates, which had been started that January by his older brother John B. Parkin and the unrelated John C. Parkin. Edmund remained one of the senior partners in the firm until his retirement in 1964. He also served as President of the Rotory Club of Toronto. Parkin died in 1994.

title: Edmund T. Parkin


text:
Talk:Ramsay principle

Untitled
I removed the following text from the top of the article:

 * I am in the process of writing this page. I am saving it in small blocks to the internet as I go. If you are seeing this message you are looking at an intermediate version of the article. (If you are seeing this message after, say, 3 October 2005, I have died, or got bored, or something and you should remove it.) AndyJones 20:11, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

--81.154.236.221 18:42, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

IRC?
According to documents I have seen, court cases involving the Inland Revenue listed them as CIR, i.e. Commissioners of Inland Revenue, not IRC. Can we get a reference on IRC? 81.106.249.225 21:15, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Well, the heading reads:

[1982] 300 A.C.

[HOUSE OF LORDS]

W. T. RAMSAY LTD. APPELLANTS AND

INLAND REVENUE COMMISSIONERS RESPONDENTS

EILBECK (INSPECTOR OF TAXES) RESPONDENT AND

RAWLING APPELLANT

You're right, though, I've seen CIR for Commissioners of Inland Revenue, too. AndyJones 12:53, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 21:56, 26 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ramsay principle


text: User talk:69.173.213.118

title: User talk:69.173.213.118


text:
Skalvians

The Scalovians (Skalviai; Schalauer), also known as the Skalvians, Schalwen and Schalmen, were a Baltic tribe related to the Prussians. According to the Chronicon terrae Prussiae of Peter of Dusburg, the now extinct Scalovians inhabited the land of Scalovia south of the Curonians and Samogitians, by the lower Neman River ca. 1240.

Geography
This region is located at both sides of the river Memel north of Nadruvians and south of Samogitia. In the North-East it stretched to rivers Šešupė, Ežeruona and Jūra. In the East it bordered on Sudovia, in the North-West on river Minija, in the West on the Curonian Lagoon and in the South-West on river Gilija. The center were the towns of Rusnė, Ragainė and Tilžė.

Name
The meaning is uncertain: skalwa "splinter (living split off)" or skalauti "between waters". According to Prussian legends, the tribe's name is derived from one of the sons of King Widewuto named Schalauo.

History
The inhabitants can be traced back to burial grounds with cremated remains and occasional graves of horses. Judging from the diggings, Scalovians are assumed to have been related to other Western Balts such as Curonians and more distantly to Prussians. Typical Scalovian sepulchral relics are found in Strewa, Skomanten, Jurgaiten, Nikeln, Paulaiten, Wilku Kampas, Weszaiten, Greyszönen, Lompönen and Wittgirren.

The center of Scalovia was the castle of Ragnit. Peter von Dusburg told about a wooden castle which could not be conquered by force or starvation because the inhabitants of the stronghold had put in an artificial lake, stocked with fish. The conquerors had to burn down the castle.

In 1276–1277, Scalovia was subjugated by the Teutonic Knights. In the chronicles of the Knights were mentioned the nobles Sarecka (Sareikā), Surbantas, Svirdotas and Surdota. In 1281, Jondele Schalwithe got the first "Landesprivileg," and in 1289 the castle of order Ragnit was built. Between 1281 and 1383, privileges were made out: 1338 in Pleikischken near Plaschken, 1312 and 1333 near Sasavo in the region between Laugßargen and Tauragė, 1307 in Sintine near Tilsit, 1307 Gigen (near present-day Pagėgiai), 1309 Linkone, 1350 Linkonen (Linkuhnen) as well as Weinoten near Tilsit, Tusseinen near Ragnit and Linkuhnen. Lithuanian immigrants were Sipe (1339) and the brothers Pogins and Skirgaila (1359). In 1411, a campaign of the Samogitians under their leader Rumbaudas Valimantaitis against the castles of Ragnit, Tilsit and Splitter is testified.

The last mention of the Scalovians was between 1542 (inhabitants of the castle of Ragnit) and 1563 (inhabitants of Splitter).

Language
Skalvian, or Scalovian, is the presumed West Baltic language or dialect of the Skalvians. It could also haven been a transitional language between Eastern and Western Baltic languages.

Literature

 * Balys, Jonas: Grundzüge der Kleinlitauischen Volksdichtung, in Tolkemita-Texte “Lieder aus Schalauen” Nr.53, Dieburg 1997
 * Eckert, Rainer/ Bukevičiute, Elvire-Julia/ Hinze, Friedhelm: Die baltischen Sprachen, eine Einführung, Langenscheidt 1994, 5. Auflage 1998
 * Lepa, Gerhard (Hrsg): Die Schalauer, Die Stämme der Prußen, Tolkemita-Texte 52, Dieburg 1997
 * Matulaitis, K.A.: Die Schalauer des Altertums, Tauto praeitis II, 2, 1965, in Tolkemita Texte, Dieburg 1997
 * Salemke, Gerhard: Lagepläne der Wallburganlagen von der ehemaligen Provinz Ostpreußen, Gütersloh, 2005
 * Salys, Anatanas: Schalauen, Lietuviu Enciklopedija, 1962, Boston, Band 27, S. 536–541, aus dem Litauischen in Tolkemita-Texte 52, Dieburg 1997
 * Salys, Anton: Die zemaitischen Mundarten, Teil 1: Geschichte des zemaitischen Sprachgebiets Tauta ir Zodis, Bd-VI Kaunas 1930 (= Diss. Leipzig 1930)
 * Tettau, v.: Volkssagen Ostpreußens, Litthauens und Westpreußens, Berlin 1837, S.10
 * Trautmann, Reinhold: Über die sprachliche Stellung der Schalwen. Streitberg Festgabe Leipzig 1924, S.355 ff

title: Skalvians


text:
Princess Antonia, Duchess of Wellington

Princess Antonia of Prussia, Duchess of Wellington (Antonia Elizabeth Brigid Louise Mansfeld; born 28 April 1955) is a British aristocrat and philanthropist. She serves as the President of The Guinness Partnership, an affordable housing community benefit society in the United Kingdom. A member of the House of Hohenzollern by birth, she is a great-granddaughter of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and a great-great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Through her marriage, she is also the Princess of Waterloo, Duchess of Victoria, and Duchess of Ciudad Rodrigo.

Early life and education
Princess Antonia Elizabeth Brigid Louise Mansfeld of Prussia was born in London on 28 April 1955, the daughter of Prince Frederick of Prussia and his wife, Lady Brigid Guinness. On her father's side, she is a great-granddaughter of the German Emperor Wilhelm II, and granddaughter of Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh on her mother's side. She has a twin brother, Rupert.

She was educated at Cobham Hall School and King's College London, where she earned a bachelor's degree in English.

Career
In 2007, she was appointed as the President of The Guinness Partnership, an affordable housing charitable society in the United Kingdom, and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2008 Birthday Honours for services to social housing. Prior to serving as president, she had been a member of the Partnership's Board of Trustees since 1976.

In 2008 Antonia was appointed as a fellow of Eton College, serving as a member of the college's governing body. She is also a fellow of King's College, London. She opened Maggi Hambling's War Requiem & Aftermath, a cultural exhibition at King's College.

In 2009, she became the Chairwoman of the Royal Ballet School, serving until December 2019. As chairwoman, she helped lead the school's Healthy Dancer Programme and fundraised for the school's academic programs.

In 2023, she attended the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla, where her husband carried Queen Mary's Crown in the royal procession. Later that year, she sat in the royal carriage with King Charles III and Queen Camilla in the King's procession at Royal Ascot.

Personal life
On 3 February 1977, she married Charles Wellesley, Marquess of Douro at St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge in London. Notable guests at the wedding included Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, the Prince of Wales, Princess Margaret, and the Duke and Duchess of Kent. When her husband succeeded his father as the 9th Duke of Wellington, she became the Princess of Waterloo in Belgium and the Netherlands, the Duchess of Victoria in Portugal, the Duchess of Wellington in the United Kingdom, and the Duchess of Ciudad Rodrigo in Spain. They have five children, including Lady Mary Wellesley and Lady Charlotte Wellesley.

title: Princess Antonia, Duchess of Wellington


text:
User talk:Remmytherem

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --User:Deepak gupta 18:44, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Remmytherem


text:
Early Lê dynasty

The Early Lê dynasty, alternatively known as the Former Lê dynasty (Nhà Tiền Lê; chữ Nôm: ; ) in historiography, officially Great Cồ Việt (Đại Cồ Việt; Chữ Hán: 大瞿越), was a dynasty of Vietnam that ruled from 980 to 1009. It followed the Đinh dynasty and was succeeded by the Lý dynasty. It comprised the reigns of three emperors.

Founding
After the assassination of the emperor, Đinh Tiên Hoàng, and the emperor's first son, Đinh Liễn, the third son of the emperor, Đinh Phế Đế, assumed the throne at aged six with the regent Lê Hoàn. During the regency of Lê Hoàn, members of the imperial court skeptical of Lê Hoàn's loyalty to the true emperor, such as the Duke of Định Nguyễn Bặc and General Đinh Điền, led an army to the imperial palace in an attempted coup. The failure of the undertaking caused those two to be executed. In 980, the Song dynasty of China under Emperor Taizong ordered a Chinese army to invade Đại Cồ Việt. Because the young emperor was unable to lead the country against the invader, the mandarins of the imperial court discussed with Empress Dương Vân Nga about enthroning the most trusted general and regent, Lê Hoàn. Most of them voted in the affirmative to the plan; consequently, the empress dethroned her own son and gave the crown to Lê Hoàn. He accepted the emperorship, establishing a new dynasty named the Early Lê dynasty. Lê Hoàn is often referred to with the posthumous name Lê Đại Hành.

Lê Đại Hành (980–1005)
Following war threats from Song China, Lê Đại Hành made preparations for war while the Song forces advanced toward Đại Cồ Việt. Later at the Battle of Bạch Đằng River, Lê Đại Hành's forces, under the command of General Phạm Cự Lượng, were successful at halting the overland advance of the Song forces, although they incurred some losses. Seeking peace, Lê Đại Hành sent emissaries to negotiate for peace; thus the annual show of homage and offerings to the Celestial Emperor of China were resumed as a means to appease the Song dynasty.

In 982, Lê Đại Hành began expeditions to Champa, a nation south of Đại Cồ Việt. Lê Đại Hành's army met the combined forces of Champa, Chenla and Abbasid Mercenaries in Đồ Bàn, (Quảng Nam province today) and be able to defeated all of them. Champa king Paramesvaravarman I had been beheaded and Champa capital of Indrapura was sacked by the Vietnamese. The new king of Champa agreed to be a vassal state of Đại Cồ Việt in 983.

Some domestic achievements of Lê Đại Hành include constructing new monuments and galvanizing agricultural and handicraft production in order to make economic progress. Many spiritual etiquettes were developed, and Lê Đại Hành's government was the model for that of the succeeding dynasty. Lê Đại Hành died in 1005 at the age of 65 and after 25 years of rule. In his will, Lê Đại Hành gave the throne to his youngest son, Lê Long Việt.

Lê Long Việt (1005)
Out of his many princes, Lê Hoàn appointed his first prince Lê Long Thâu as the crown prince in the early years of his rule. Thâu died in 1000, and Lê Hoàn was forced to choose another crown prince. The fifth prince Duke of Khai Minh, Lê Long Đĩnh, nominated himself as crown prince. According to the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Lê Hoàn viewed him as the favourable to become the next emperor, but imperial court mandarins suggested him not to do it because they viewed other candidates as more viable. Lê Hoàn followed the advice and chose his older brother Lê Long Việt, the duke of Nam Phong. In 1005, Lê Hoàn died after reigning for 24 years at Trường Xuân Palace. After the death, there was a succession dispute between the princes Lê Long Đĩnh, Lê Long Tích, and Lê Long Kính and crown prince Lê Long Việt, preventing a government to take control over the entire country for eight months. In the winter of 1005, Lê Long Tích was defeated by crown prince Lê Long Việt. He fled to Thạch Hà province, now Hà Tĩnh Province, and ordered the massacre of the locals there. After a few months, Lê Long Việt was able to proclaim himself emperor Lê Trung Tông but was assassinated after ruling for three days by Lê Long Đĩnh, who replaced him as emperor.

Lê Long Đĩnh (1005–1009)
Lê Long Đĩnh mustered large military forces, defeating the other princes. After stabilizing his rule through war, he enhanced foreign relations with the Song dynasty with a gentle and friendly policy. The emperor gave full support for Buddhism and sought Chinese Buddhist canon and scripture for practice in Vietnam. He also supervised the national economy and began the construction of bridges, roads, and other infrastructure for easy transportation of people and commodities, especially water. In 1009, he established the exchange of goods and products in Nanning with the Song dynasty, albeit it was limited as the Song emperor only allowed Vietnamese businessmen to trade at specific locations near the border like Hepu County, Guangxi.

Hemorrhoids
The emperor was famous for suffering from hemorrhoids, which made him unable to sit on the throne and instead forced him to lie on his throne. His famous lying sessions earned him the name Lê Ngọa Triều throughout his reign, meaning "the one who rules while lying on the throne."

The rise of the Lý clan
Despite his supposed achievements in diplomacy, religion, infrastructure, and the economy, Lê Long Đĩnh's rule was characterized by debaucheries, wild orgies, and decadence according to ancient sources, although modern historians have dismissed these stories as legend, while other historians compare him to the Roman Emperor Nero as he was well known for his cruelties, not the least of which was sadism and torture of not only many types of criminals but also his own relatives, with him only promoting and partaking in these infamous acts. According to these stories, his favorite execution and torturing methods were immersion, Lingchi, and the burning of live victims, all of which he perceived as entertainment. Although Buddhism played a key role in his life and politics, the emperor often used Buddhist monks for so-called entertainment such as by exfoliating sugar canes atop a monk's head until it began to bleed. Employing many corrupt or otherwise incompetent officials into important court positions only further encouraged these tendencies of the emperor. As a result of the emperor's poor health, according to some sources, most power was actually controlled by one of the members of the Lý family Lý Công Uẩn. High resentment from the public and the imperial court culminated for a long period preceding Lê Long Đĩnh's death. After Lê Long Đĩnh died the court agreed to enthrone the high-rank mandarin and aristocrat Lý Công Uẩn as the new emperor under pressure from the public and from the Buddhist monks, thus ending the Early Lê Dynasty. In its place, the Lý dynasty ushered in a new age for Vietnam, with a combination of Confucian and Buddhist influences recurring in the new dynasty.

Administrative centre
The Early Lê dynasty retained the traditional government form of the Đinh dynasty, although it modified some parts of it. In 980, Lê Hoàn appointed several men to court positions: Hồng Hiến as the grand chancellor, known in Vietnamese as Thái sư; Phạm Cự Lạng as the vice-chancellor, or Thái úy; Từ Mục as grand governor of court, Đại tổng quản; and Đinh Thừa Chinh as imperial capital interior military commander, in Vietnamese Nha nội đô chỉ huy sứ. A major reform, however, was the distribution of specific duties and powers to each mandarin in contrast to the Đinh dynasty's centralizing all power to the emperor.

Rebellion oppression
In the ruling era, Lê emperors often faced the revolts of some local Tribal chief and viceroy, especially in remote areas, retaining the specific authorization to quell them. In 980, Lê Đại Hành ordered Dương Tiến Lộc to collect taxes from Hoan and Ái province, now Nghệ An Province and Thanh Hóa Province. However, Dương Tiến Lộc opposed it and seized the two provinces, proposing to place them under the control of the Kingdom of Champa, which refused him in order to maintain a friendly relationship with Đại Cồ Việt. Lê Đại Hành led an army to defeat and kill Lộc along with a general massacre of citizens in those two provinces. This, however, is only an example of rebellion: there were more than ten rebellions against the imperial court during a reign of five years.

Transportation
After victory over Champa in 983, Lê Đại Hành merged the seized territory into the country and started to build more roads from the south estuary to Quảng Bình Province at the south of his realm. Then he ordered the dredging of the Đa Cái canal in 1003. In 1009, the country started the massive construction of transportation infrastructure for trading among the regions and to facilitate travel for soldiers heading south.

Taxation
The Early Lê dynasty imposed taxation based on land property. Taxes included a public benefit tax, which was ten days' worth of labor for public projects; a household tax on property paid annually; and a military tax added to the household tax specifically for military operations, including public security at home. The taxation on property was borrowed from the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties of China, only collecting goods and not money. Simultaneously, the government implementing trade-promoting policies by not taxing the property of traders except for land owned.

Agriculture
Agriculture was the fundamental element of the economy of Đại Cồ Việt during the Early Lê dynasty. Most of the land of villages was under the control of the imperial court and owned by it by law. Land was given one of four types. The emperor's land was cultivated with a spiritual significance, intended to have the people to take part in agricultural activities, mainly prisoners and peasants, with all products going to the imperial court; it was first implemented by Lê Đại Hành in 987. Meanwhile, distributive land was distributed to mandarins for the benefiting and contributing to the country or to princes as an accommodation. It was not private property and was returned to the imperial court when the landowner died. Religious land was set aside for the practices of Buddhist monks; private land was owned and sold freely between individuals without government interference. Besides that, the government encouraged subjects to exploit wild and untouched land by settling it, providing property at a lower cost while simultaneously expanding its influence in unsettled regions. Peasants shared the land equally and cultivate it, regularly paying taxes to the government for the government's budget.

Trade
The emperors were focused on an open new trade route through roads and waterways. Records report that such infrastructure projects were undertaken mainly in the years 983, 1003, and 1009. The main trade partner of Đại Cồ Việt was China, and both sides agreed to establish bilateral exchanging of goods at borders. Some local high officials supported commercial activity among local parties. A delegation of Đại Cồ Việt acted as a government arbitrator in trade disputes. Some typical exports of Vietnam were gold, silver, and bronze products.

Culture
There are not much sources describing the culture under Early Lê dynasty. However, it is known that Buddhism was the most widespread religion, affecting the flourishing of Buddhism in China's Tang dynasty. Monks were given an elevated status in government affairs, being allowed to participate in politics and national planning.

Song dynasty
Đại Cồ Việt was a tributary state of the Song during the Early Lê dynasty, maintaining a delicate balance of peace with China and independence. Lê emperors, however, were sometimes threatened by the nomadic Khitan people in the north of China.

After a failed invasion in 981, the Song emperor accepted Lê Hoàn as the ruler of Đại Cồ Việt but just regarded him as the Jiedushi, or regional military governor, of the Annam protectorate, as the Chinese called the Đại Cồ Việt.

Between 982 and 994, Lê Hoàn sent five tribute-bearing diplomatic envoys to the Song dynasty requesting title investiture. In 986, Emperor Taizong of the Song dynasty appointed Lê Hoàn as Annan duhu, or Superior Prefect of Annam. At the end of 993, the Song emperor appointed Lé Hoàn as Giao Chi Quan Vuong, or King of Giao Chi, after being convinced of his future loyalty.

Champa
The relation of Đại Cồ Việt in the north and Champa in the south was regarded as hostile. In 981, Lê Đại Hành sent an envoy to Champa, who was captured by them. The diplomatic incident sparked a war between the two countries. In 982, Lê Hoàn victoriously took part in the campaign against Champa, killing the Cham king at the battlefield. Then he sacked the capital of Cham and captured a hundred soldiers and concubines along with one Indian monk, taking home precious goods such as gold and silver. Moreover, he burned the fortresses and tombs of former Champa kings. In 992, the Champa king Harivarman II sent an envoy to Đại Cồ Việt to ask for the release of 360 prisoners back to the homeland.

title: Early Lê dynasty


text: User talk:24.199.107.12

title: User talk:24.199.107.12


text:
AD+

In set theory, AD+ is an extension, proposed by W. Hugh Woodin, to the axiom of determinacy. The axiom, which is to be understood in the context of ZF plus DCR (the axiom of dependent choice for real numbers), states two things:
 * 1) Every set of real numbers is ∞-Borel.
 * 2) For any ordinal λ < Θ, any A ⊆ ωω, and any continuous function π: λω → ωω, the preimage π−1 [A] is determined. (Here, λω is to be given the product topology, starting with the discrete topology on λ.)

The second clause by itself is referred to as ordinal determinacy.

title: AD+


text:
Saunders Coast

Saunders Coast (-77.75°N, -150°W) is the portion of the coast of Marie Byrd Land between Cape Colbeck and Brennan Point, or between Shirase Coast in the west and Ruppert Coast in the east. It stretches from 158°01'W to 146°31'W. The portion west of 150°W is part of Ross Dependency, while the remaining area is unclaimed by any nation. This coast was explored from the air on December 5, 1929, by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1928–1930) and was first mapped from aerial photographs obtained on that flight by Capt. Harold E. Saunders, USN, for whom the coast is named. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) completely mapped the coast from ground surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–1965.

Saunders Basin (-76.83333°N, -155°W) is an undersea basin in the central Ross shelf named in association with Saunders Coast. Name approved 6/88 (ACUF 228).

title: Saunders Coast


text:
Bourbon ball

A bourbon ball is a Southern delicacy invented by Ruth Hanly Booe of Rebecca Ruth Candy in 1938.

Bourbon balls come in many different shapes, sizes, and flavors but are usually bite-sized confections incorporating bourbon and dark chocolate as the main ingredients. In Rebecca Ruth's recipe, the center piece of the bourbon ball is a creamy candy dough that is infused with bourbon and other secret ingredients. The creamy center is then enrobed in dark chocolate and topped off with a southern pecan. Knowing whether or not the center piece is bourbon filled or infused creates a strong difference for the taster: bourbon filled is usually likened to taking a shot, whereas bourbon infused may be described as having more of a subtle kick.

The most common variation for home cooked recipes is regional to the southern United States and incorporates crushed cookies, corn syrup, chopped pecans, and bourbon into a mixture that is formed into balls and coated in powdered sugar to prevent the evaporation of the alcohol. Once molded they are aged for up to a week in a sealed container in a cool dark place before serving. They will stay edible for up to a month before becoming too frail to pick up in one piece as the evaporation process desiccates the packed structure of the cookie.

Another variation has a similar filling, but with a chocolate exterior. The filling can also be similar to a truffle or a cherry cordial, with added bourbon.

Using other types of alcohol one can make rum balls, flavored vodka balls, or liqueur balls.

title: Bourbon ball


text:
User talk:Salmanj

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- a.n.o.n.y.m  t 18:46, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
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 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Salmanj


text:
Sulzberger Bay

Sulzberger Bay (-77°N, -152°W) is a bay indenting the front of the Sulzberger Ice Shelf between Fisher Island and Vollmer Island, along the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica.

Location

Sulzberger Bay is on the Southern Ocean coast of Marie Byrd Land. It extends along the coast of the Edward VII Peninsula from Fisher Island to Vollmer Island. The Richter Glacier enters the ocean just west of the bay. The Swinburne Ice Shelf, which is fed by the Cumbie Glacier, extends along the coast between Fisher Island and Olson Island, the northern of the White Islands at the mouth of the Butler Glacier, which enters the bay between these islands and the Reeves Peninsula. Beyond this peninsula the Gerry Glacier extends into the bay to the west of the Sulzberger Ice Shelf, which extends to the north past Kizer Island and Cronenwett Island to Vollmer Island at the eastern end of the bay.

Discovery and name
Sulzberger Bay was discovered by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (ByrdAE) on December 5, 1929. It was named by Byrd for Arthur Hays Sulzberger, publisher of The New York Times, a supporter of the Byrd expeditions in 1928–1930 and 1933–1935.

Iceberg formation
The ice shelf released icebergs within a day of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Scientists have linked the ice calving to the tsunami reaching the ice shelf, some 13,600 km away from the earthquake epicenter. The main iceberg was approximately the area of Manhattan Island. In total, the icebergs calved from the ice shelf totalled an area of nearly 125 km. This section of the shelf had not moved since 1946.

White Islands
-77.28333°N, -153.16667°W. A group of ice-covered islands extending north–south for about 10 nm. They lie at the east margin of Swinburne Ice Shelf and near the terminus of Butler Glacier in the south part of Sulzberger Bay. This feature is rudely delineated on the map of the ByrdAE, 1928–30, as "low ice cliffs" that rise above the level of the ice shelf. The islands were mapped in detail by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. The name was applied by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) at the suggestion of Admiral Richard E. Byrd. Named for Doctor Paul Dudley White, internationally renowned specialist on heart diseases, who was a consultant on medical matters in regard to United States Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, led by Byrd.

Olson Island
-77.23333°N, -153.28333°W. The largest and northernmost of the ice-covered White Islands, in southern Sulzberger Bay. The feature is rudely delineated on the map of the ByrdAE, 1928–30, and is indicated as "low ice cliffs" that rise above the ice shelf in this part of the bay. Mapped in detail by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named for Michael L. Olson, USARP ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station, winter party 1968, and a member of the Plateau Station summer party, 1968-69.

Webber Island
-77.28333°N, -153.08333°W. The large central island (between Olson Island and Chandler Island) of the White Islands in southern Sulzberger Bay. It is rudely delineated on the map of the ByrdAE, 1928–30, and indicated as "low ice cliffs" that rise above the ice shelf in this part of the bay. Mapped in detail by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named for James Webber, USARP ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station, 1968-69 season.

Chandler Island
-77.35°N, -153.16667°W. An island 4 nmi long which is the southernmost of the ice-covered White Islands, located at the head of Sulzberger Bay. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named by US-ACAN for Alan Chandler, electrical engineer with the Byrd Station winter party in 1969.

Richter Glacier
-77.16667°N, -155.41667°W. A low gradient coastal glacier located 10 nmi west of Scott Nunataks on the north side of Edward VII Peninsula. The feature saddles with the Butler Glacier and flows northwest to the sea where it forms a small tongue. The glacier and tongue are depicted on the map of the ByrdAE, 1928-30. The map indicates that the landing party from the Kainan Mam (Shirase) traversed up this glacier to the summit of Scott Nunataks in January 1912. The glacier was mapped in detail by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named by US-ACAN for Gregory S. Richter, meteorologist and scientific leader of the Byrd Station winter party in 1968.

Fisher Island
-77.13333°N, -154°W. An ice-covered island 7 nmi long, lying just north of Edward VII Peninsula where it marks the west side of the entrance to Sulzberger Bay. Mapped from surveys by the USGS and United States Navy air photos (1959–65). Named by US-ACAN for Wayne Fisher of the United States Department of State.

Swinburne Ice Shelf
-77.16667°N, -153.91667°W. An ice shelf just north of Edward VII Peninsula and the Alexandra Mountains in the south part of Sulzberger Bay. The ice shelf is 20 nmi long and 5 nmi wide and extends from Fisher Island to the White Islands. It was photographed from aircraft and mapped by the ByrdAE, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for Captain H.W Swinburne, Jr., Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff, United States Naval Support Force, Antarctica, during Deep Freeze 1970 and 1971.

Cumbie Glacier
-77.21667°N, -154.2°W. A short, steep glacier just east of Scott Nuna'taks, flowing north into Swinburne Ice Shelf along the southwest side of Sulzberger Bay. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-66. Named by US-ACAN for William A. Cumbie, Jr., AT2, United States Navy. An aviation electronics technician, Cumbie was radioman on the ski-equipped R4D aircraft carrying R. Admiral George Dufek, United States Navy, that was first to land at the geographic South Pole, October 31, 1956.

Reeves Peninsula
-77.4°N, -152.33333°W. A snow-covered peninsula along the north side of Edward VII Peninsula. It extends between the lower ends of the Dalton and Gerry Glaciers into southern Sulzberger Bay. This area was explored from the air and rudely mapped by the ByrdAE, 1928-30. The peninsula was mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named by US-ACAN, at the suggestion of Admiral R.E. Byrd, for John M. Reeves (of Reeves Brothers, Inc.) who assisted the ByrdAE of 1928-30 and 1933-35 with contributions of sheepskin-lined coats, and by the development and donation of windproof material for cold weather clothing.

Gerry Glacier
-77.4°N, -152.08333°W. A glacier on Edward VII Peninsula, flowing north between Reeves Peninsula and Howard Heights to the head of Sulzberger Bay. Features in this area were photographed from the air and mapped by the ByrdAE, 1928–30 and 1933-35. This glacier was mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. Named by US-ACAN (at the suggestion of R. Admiral R.E. Byrd) for United States Senator Peter G. Gerry of Rhode Island, long time friend of the Byrd family and contributor to the ByrdAE, 1933-35.

Sulzberger Basin
-77°N, -152.5°W. An undersea basin on the central Ross shelf named in association with the Sulzberger Bay.

title: Sulzberger Bay


text: User talk:69.208.198.221

title: User talk:69.208.198.221