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Winter Soldier Investigation

The "Winter Soldier Investigation" was a media event sponsored by the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) from January 31, 1971, to February 2, 1971. It was intended to publicize war crimes and atrocities by the United States Armed Forces and their allies in the Vietnam War. The VVAW challenged the morality and conduct of the war by showing the direct relationship between military policies and war crimes in Vietnam. The three-day gathering of 109 veterans and 16 civilians took place in Detroit, Michigan. Discharged servicemen from each branch of the armed forces, as well as civilian contractors, medical personnel and academics, all gave testimony about war crimes they had committed or witnessed during the years 1963–1970.

With the exception of Pacifica Radio, the event was not covered extensively outside Detroit. However, several journalists and a film crew recorded the event, and a documentary film titled Winter Soldier was released in 1972. A complete transcript was later entered into the Congressional Record by Senator Mark Hatfield, and discussed in the Fulbright Hearings in April and May 1971, convened by Senator J. William Fulbright, chair of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.

Background
Prompted by numerous investigations into war crimes such as the Russell Tribunal, National Veterans Inquiry and Citizens Commission of Inquiry (CCI), the Vietnam Veterans Against the War wanted to have a large scale public hearing. With the courts martial for the My Lai Massacre making front page news, and the recent disclosure by members of the Central Intelligence Agency's Phoenix Program of its record of human rights violations in Vietnam, the VVAW was determined to expose a broad pattern of war crimes in Vietnam. The Winter Soldier Investigation (WSI) was intended to prove that massacres like the My Lai were not isolated and rare occurrences, but were instead the frequent and predictable result of official American war policy.

Organizers
The groundwork for what would become the Winter Soldier Investigation was laid by Jeremy Rifkin, Tod Ensign, Michael Uhl and Bob Johnson of CCI. In search of first-hand information on war crimes, they contacted the Vietnam Veterans Against the War and gained the support of VVAW co-founder Jan Crumb. During the summer of 1970, the CCI were approached by Al Hubbard who had become a full-time organizer with VVAW. Hubbard suggested that CCI combine their efforts with Jane Fonda, Rev. Dick Fernandez of Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam (CALCAV), Mark Lane, and Donald Duncan (who had previously testified at the Russell Tribunal in Denmark). An initial steering committee was formed, consisting of Duncan, Ensign, Fonda, Lane, Hubbard, Rifkin and Fernandez, and continued to organize the WSI through September, 1970.

Among the growing collective of organizers, differences of opinion and direction arose concerning the planned public event. VVAW leaders felt it should be an all-veteran event, to maintain its credibility. Less than three months into planning for the Winter Soldier Investigation, most of the Vietnam veteran organizers and Jeremy Rifkin had become adamant that WSI disassociate itself from Mark Lane. CCI staffers criticized Lane as being arrogant and sensationalistic, and said the book he was writing had "shoddy reporting in it." The CCI leaders refused to work with Lane further and gave the VVAW leaders a "Lane or us" ultimatum. VVAW did not want to lose the monetary support of Lane and Fonda, so the CCI split from the project. The following month, after caustic reviews of Lane's book by authors and a Vietnam expert, VVAW would also distance itself from Lane just one month before the event. Lane had recently published a book, Conversations with Americans, in which Lane relied on unverified interviews with thirty three servicemen, four of whom were later exposed as unreliable by Neil Sheehan in a New York Times book review. Leaders of VVAW feared involvement with Lane would tarnish the credibility of the WSI. A new steering committee was created without Lane, but he was allowed to continue with fundraising events and was available for legal counsel. The new six-member steering committee for WSI was composed of three national office leaders (Al Hubbard, Craig Scott Moore and Mike Oliver) and three members of the growing list of chapters (Art Flesch, Tim Butz, and William F. Crandell). Organizers hoped Lane would keep a low profile during the event, and he did, as he spent his time flying around the country defending his book. Ultimately, the WSI was an event produced by veterans only, without the need of "so-called experts" such as Lane and Fonda.

After the organizers of the national hearings separated into two groups, they each developed their own events. The CCI advanced its plans for a December event in Washington, D.C., while the WSI's new organizers continued with the original plan to hold its hearings in Detroit. The Washington, DC, event would be called the National Veterans Inquiry. The Detroit event would be called the Winter Soldier Investigation. Seven of the 142 total participants would provide testimony at both events.

The support of antiwar celebrities was considered crucial to generate both money and publicity. A series of benefit productions, Acting in Concert for Peace, were created and featured performances by Jane Fonda, Dick Gregory, Donald Sutherland and Barbara Dane. Two concerts by Crosby and Nash, as well as folk singer Phil Ochs, also raised funds.

The WSI also relied on considerable support from the Detroit community. Dean Robb and Ernie Goodman solicited donations from their fellow local attorneys and several clergymen arranged housing for the witnesses. In the words of the Director of Missions for the Detroit Metropolitan Council of Churches, Dr. John B Forsyth, "It is important that the public realize that American atrocities in Vietnam are an every day [sic] occurrence." The Secretary-Treasurer for the United Auto Workers, Emil Mazey and Michigan Secretary of State Richard Austin also helped raise funds for the event.

Purpose
The purpose of the Winter Soldier Investigation was to show that American policies in Vietnam had led to war crimes. In the words of one participant veteran, Donald Dzagulones, "We gathered not to sensationalize our service but to decry the travesty that was Lt. William Calley's trial for the My Lai Massacre. The U.S. had established the principle of culpability with the Nuremberg trials of the Nazis. Following those principles, we held that if Calley were responsible, so were his superiors up the chain of command – even to the president. The causes of My Lai and the brutality of the Vietnam War were rooted in the policies of our government as executed by our military commanders."

The name "Winter Soldier Investigation" was proposed by Mark Lane, and was derived as a contrast to what Thomas Paine described as a "summer soldier" in his first American Crisis paper, written in December 1776. When future Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry, then a decorated Lieutenant in the Naval Reserve (Inactive), later spoke before a Senate Committee, he explained,

"We who have come here to Washington have come here because we feel we have to be winter soldiers now. We could come back to this country; we could be quiet; we could hold our silence; we could not tell what went on in Vietnam, but we feel because of what threatens this country, the fact that the crimes threaten it, not reds, and not redcoats but the crimes which we are committing that threaten it, that we have to speak out."

Planning
The collecting of testimony from veterans had begun under the auspice of the CCI the previous year, and it took almost two months of on-site planning in Detroit to organize the conference. Detroit was proposed by Fonda because of its central location in the American heartland, and the "blue-collar" social status of most of the residents. The steering committee set up a collective in a house on the industrial east side of Detroit with the help of Catholic antiwar activists; and five clergymen of different denominations, including the director of missions for the Detroit Metropolitan Council of Churches, offered housing for the witnesses.

The program consisted primarily of testimony, with 109 Vietnam veterans to appear on panels arranged by unit so they could corroborate each other's reports. Grouping these veterans by unit would also help to establish that events and practices to which they testified were unit-wide policy, and not just random and rare occurrences. Several civilian experts who had been to Vietnam were also to speak during this event. Arrangements had been made to include the testimony of several expatriated Vietnamese students residing in Canada, but they were denied visas to the United States by the Canadian government.

Organizers also investigated the legal implications of veterans publicly admitting to criminal acts which they had witnessed or participated in. With legal advice from the Center for Constitutional Rights, the organizers were assured that the armed forces could not charge or try veterans for crimes committed while they were on active duty. The veterans giving testimony were also instructed not to reveal the specific names of others involved in war crimes. The goal of these hearings was not to indict individual soldiers, but instead to expose the frequency of criminal behavior and its relationship to U.S. war policy.

Credibility of the veterans and their testimony
Critics have claimed that participants were frauds; that they were told to not cooperate with later investigators; that their testimonies were inaccurate or completely fabricated.

Verifying the participants
The organizers of the Winter Soldier Investigation took several steps to ensure the validity of the participants. Each veteran's authenticity was checked before the hearings by the investigation event organizers, and subsequently by reporters and United States Department of Defense (DoD) officials. In addition, they also gave specific details about their units and the locations where the events had occurred. Those who wanted to testify were carefully screened by the officers of VVAW, and care was taken to verify the service records and testimony of the veterans. After the severe criticism of the accuracy of Mark Lane's book about atrocities a month before the event, the organizers of the Winter Soldier Investigation made the credibility of the participants a top priority. As noted by one VVAW leader, "The lesson is that we'd better do our work right. We'd better talk to these vets and weed out the bullshitters so that we can't get set up, because we're going to come under attack. We're going to do this right." All veterans participating in Winter Soldier were required to bring their discharge papers (DD-214s) and IDs.

The identifying military affiliation of each veteran testifying, including in almost all cases, the dates of service, appears on the roster for each panel that was included with the testimony in the Congressional Record.

A later search of the service records of at least 2 of the participants found that they could not have been in the claimed location on the relevant date.

Verifying the testimony
The organizers had two primary concerns when considering the testimony they would use. They wanted testimony that would not allow the scapegoating of individuals when they were attempting to show what was being done in Vietnam was due to policy, not decisions by individual GIs. They also wanted the testimony to be accurate, and double and sometimes triple confirmed by others in the same units. Specific sets of questions were drafted by experienced combat vets to help verify that participants were not fabricating their stories or faking their knowledge, and that only the strongest testimony was used.

According to Army reports compiled by the Criminal Investigation Command (CID) and later reported by the Village Voice following declassification, the Army found the allegations made by 46 veterans at the hearings to merit further inquiry. As of March 1972, the CID reported successfully locating 36 of the people who had testified, 31 of whom submitted to interviews.

One WSI participant, Jamie Henry, had reported the massacre he described at the hearings to the Army, which investigated and subsequently confirmed his story. However, the details of the investigation were not made public until 2006, when the Los Angeles Times published the declassified information.

Efforts to discredit the WSI
Months before the WSI event, the organizers anticipated heavy scrutiny and attacks on their credibility, and they prepared for it. Although military documentation was provided, some media organizations such as the Detroit News tried to discredit the hearings on the very first day of testimony by questioning the authenticity of the 109 testifying veterans. Discharge papers were examined; military records were checked against DoD records; after all their digging, it was claimed that not one fraudulent veteran was found. The Detroit Free Press reported daily of participants who had been confirmed by the DoD as veterans.

As noted in VVAW records, each veteran's authenticity and testimony were also checked shortly after the hearings by Nixon's "plumbers." Charles Colson was assigned the task. In a confidential "Plan to Counteract Viet Nam Veterans Against the War," Colson wrote, "The men that participated in the pseudo-atrocity hearings in Detroit will be checked to ascertain if they are genuine combat veterans." At one point, the Nixon team suggested in a memo about VVAW, "Several of their regional coordinators are former Kennedy supporters." VVAW was also targeted by the FBI for observation as a possible dissident organization.

The Nixon administration also attempted to rally pro-war veterans to counter VVAW. "What happened to the president's request that we take steps to mobilize veterans?" demanded White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman to Colson just a few weeks after the WSI. "The President should know that we are continuing the effort to discredit VVAW," Colson assured Haldeman. Nixon aides formed the Vietnam Veterans for a Just Peace, according to Colson, as a "counterfoil" to Kerry and the VVAW, and they did everything they could to boost the group. John O'Neill, representing this group, made public appearances denouncing the antiwar veterans and promoting Nixon's Vietnamization policy. According to White House memos, Colson worked behind the scenes to get a Kerry-O'Neill debate on nationwide television. "Let's destroy this young demagogue before he becomes another Ralph Nader," he wrote, referring to Kerry.

Seven years after the hearings, writer Guenter Lewy claimed in his book, America in Vietnam, that allegations against Marines were investigated by the Naval Investigative Service. Lewy wrote that the report stated that some veterans contacted by the NIS said they did not attend the WSI hearing in Detroit or had never been to Detroit, and many refused to be interviewed. However, government officials have no record of the report and no other historian has seen it. Lewy later said that he could not recall if he had actually seen the alleged report or simply been told of its contents.

More than 30 years after the Winter Soldier Investigation, during the 2004 presidential campaign in which former VVAW spokesman and Navy veteran John Kerry was a candidate, the WSI was again in the news. Steve Pitkin, who participated at the investigation in 1971, now claimed just weeks before the presidential election at an anti-Kerry political rally that he was not originally planning to testify at the WSI, but was pressured by Kerry and others into testifying about rape, brutality, atrocities and racism. Pitkin also signed a 2004 affidavit making similar claims about Kerry, but after being challenged by other participants, admitted that his recollections were flawed. On 1971 archival film footage of the WSI panel, Pitkin criticized the press for its coverage of the war, and detailed what he considered poor training for combat in Vietnam, and low morale he claimed to have witnessed while there. Although he introduced himself by saying, "I'll testify about the beating of civilians and enemy personnel, destruction of villages, indiscriminate use of artillery, the general racism and the attitude of the American GI toward the Vietnamese," his actual testimony contained no such statements.

Upon hearing of these claims by Pitkin, another WSI participant named Scott Camil filed his own affidavit refuting Pitkin's statements. Pitkin has subsequently admitted his recollections were flawed, and has re-issued a second affidavit now reflecting a different date of discharge from the Army, different people traveling with him to the Winter Soldier event, and different circumstances under which he joined the VVAW.

Fritz Efaw, a Chapter Representative of VVAW, stated: "The claims that the WSI hearings contained falsified testimony from men who were not veterans is an old one, and it's definitely false. The testimony was startling even at the time it took place: startling to the general public, startling to the military and the Nixon administration and startling to those who participated because each of them knew a piece of the story, but the hearings brought a great many of them together for the first time and provided a venue in which they could be heard for the first time. It's hardly surprising that those on the other side would set out almost immediately to discredit them."

The U.S. participation in the Vietnam War was the source of much deeply divided sentiment among Americans. The Winter Soldier Investigation produced a conglomerate of testimony resulting in the implication and indictment of American leadership in criminal conduct, and thereby further drove a wedge between proponents and opponents of the war.

Winter Soldier panels
See Opening statement excerpt in Wikiquote

The three days of testimony was presented by unit:
 * Sunday, January 31, there were speakers from the 1st Marine Division, 3rd Marine Division and 1st Cavalry Division
 * Monday, February 1, from the 101st Airborne Division and 5th Special Forces
 * Tuesday, February 2, from the 25th Infantry Division, 1st Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 9th Infantry Division and Lieutenant Calley's 23rd Infantry (Americal) Division

Other veterans testified to the treatment they received when held captive as POWs by the Vietcong (VC). In contrast to accounts of mistreatment described by prisoners of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) in the north, the former prisoners speaking at the WSI said they were never physically abused, except for some rough handling during their capture. The VC provided enough food and medical attention to sustain them, and in the particular case of Sgt. George E. Smith, he claims "I usually had more food than I could eat," although he would often grow ill from intolerance. Smith admitted fearing for his life when he heard Hanoi Radio broadcasts saying VC soldiers were being executed in Saigon and the VC was promising to execute Americans in retaliation. Shortly afterward, two American prisoners held in the same camp with Smith are believed to have been executed in reprisal. At a press conference when Smith was released after two years as a POW, he made statements in support of the VC and against US involvement in Vietnam, and immediately faced court-martial charges for violation of Article 104 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (aiding the enemy). The charges were dropped due to insufficient evidence, and five years later at the WSI, Smith said that he stood by his statements.

In addition to the testimony panels, the veterans also held open discussions on related subjects such as "What We Are Doing to Vietnam", "What We Are Doing to Ourselves", violations of international law, Prisoners of War, racism in the military, and also press censorship. Dr. Bert Pfeiffer of the University of Montana presented the first public testimony about the potential toxicity and health effects of the chemical Agent Orange. A special panel of psychiatrists was convened, many of whom had served in Vietnam, to discuss the impact of the war on American society. Midway through the hearings, the organizers insisted that no one make statements on behalf of the Vietnam veterans except for vets. It was presumed by reporters that this was to separate the participation of veterans from that of people like Mark Lane.

Testimony from veterans
Testimony given during the three-day event covered both broad policy concerns, such as the use of chemical agents, indiscriminate bombing and free-fire zones as well as more specific and unusual war crime incidents, including rape, torture and desecration of the dead. The testifying veterans were usually grouped by branch of military service and geographic location of service. Before launching into their detailed testimony, each gave a brief statement of personal information including rank, division, unit, length of service and a summary of what their testimony would cover. While only 109 veterans gave testimony, over 700 veterans attended the hearing. Excerpts from the testimony transcripts:

 * Stephen Craig: "...My testimony covers the maltreatment of prisoners, the suspects actually, and a convoy running down an old woman with no reason at all..."
 * Rusty Sachs: "...my testimony concerns the leveling of villages for no valid reason, throwing Viet Cong suspects from the aircraft after binding them and gagging them with copper wire..."
 * Scott Camil: "...My testimony involves burning of villages with civilians in them, the cutting off of ears, cutting off of heads, torturing of prisoners, calling in of artillery on villages for games, corpsmen killing wounded prisoners..."
 * Kenneth Campbell: "...My testimony will consist of eyewitnessing and participating in the calling in of artillery on undefended villages, mutilation of bodies, killing of civilians, mistreatment of civilians..."
 * Fred Nienke: "...My testimony includes killing of non-combatants, destruction of Vietnamese property and livestock, use of chemical agents and the use of torture in interpreting prisoners..."

After giving their brief initial statements, a moderator had each of them elaborate upon their testimony, and then the press and observers were given time to ask questions of the veterans.

What are we doing to ourselves? Panel
During the “What are we doing to ourselves?” panel, Dr. Robert J. Lifton spoke of the psychological impact the events in Vietnam had on returning soldiers. He pointed out how rampant disapproval was for the war and highlighted how that affected returning veteran:

Racism and Third World Panels
Two of the discussion panels conducted with veterans during the Winter Soldier Investigations centered on racism in the American military. These panels addressed one source of resentment towards the Vietnam War by black soldiers, as "African Americans and Latinos paid a higher human price for the war". Studies have shown that black soldiers suffered disproportionately more casualties than white soldiers at the beginning of the war. Black veterans testifying at the WSI intended to show that racism by the U.S. military toward the Vietnamese, as well as toward non-whites within the military, were both extensions of the racism present in American society. Many veterans testified that black soldiers were demeaned by platoon leaders and refusal to comply to orders often led to beatings and starvation, and black soldiers were intentionally endangered by being placed as "point, rearguards, and side-guards". As a result of the attention brought to the significant disparity between white and black soldiers assigned to, and dying in, combat units, Pentagon officials implemented cutbacks in the number of blacks in combat positions. The fact that this racial inequality was taking place during the height of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States was of great significance.

African Americans were not the only ones subject to discrimination during the war. The American military portrayed Asians as "sub-human" as a means of providing justification for killing children and civilians. This notion was also projected into medical treatment of soldiers and POWs. Non-white patients were reported to have been operated on without anesthetic on several occasions. There is a specific case where the driver for a Medical Battalion describes incidents where Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) soldiers were treated without anesthetic. He recalls filling a syringe with anesthetic and setting it beside the doctor, only to later find out that it was never used when hearing the patient screaming.

The testimony given by the soldiers during the racism panel of the WSI was presented as evidence that the veterans were justified in their disapproval of the war, on the grounds that basic principles such as civil rights were not being upheld during the war. African Americans and Latinos expressed increasingly greater disapproval of the war than whites during its later stages.

Laos operation revealed
The previously secret two-week U.S. penetration into Laos in February 1969, which was part of Operation Dewey Canyon (primarily taking place in South Vietnam at the time), became a controversial subject at this event since the Pentagon had only days before denied that any American troops had crossed the Laotian border and carried out military operations. Five veterans from the 3rd Marine Regiment who had returned from the war were present at the WSI and refuted the claims of the Pentagon. They described their secret operations in Laos and also revealed that they were given meticulous orders to hide the fact that they were American including, but not limited to, the removal of identification from uniforms and switching to Russian arms that were typically used by the PAVN. They were also ordered to deny all knowledge of involvement of American troops in Laos. A Marine Corps spokesman persisted in issuing a statement at the WSI saying, "no platoons or any large number of Marines ever crossed the border." This quickly prompted investigations by American media such as the Detroit Free Press, St. Louis Post-Dispatch and The Boston Globe, which were successful in turning up testimonies from other veterans that they had crossed into Laos throughout a 16-month period extending through all of 1971, well past the enactment of the Cooper–Church Amendment forbidding such actions and which had come into effect in January 1971. On March 27, 1974, Senator Harold Hughes informed the Senate that several witnesses had testified to the Senate Armed Services Committee about U.S. combat forces entering Laos and Cambodia after they were forbidden to do so. Department of Defense white papers revealed thirteen platoon-sized operations in Laos between January 1971 and April 1972.

Winter Soldier results
Immediately following the WSI, Senator George McGovern and Representative John Conyers announced that they were calling for congressional investigations based on the testimony. This announcement was received with skepticism by the veterans, but VVAW representatives agreed to meet with McGovern and Conyers.

Senator Hatfield's address to Congress
On Monday, April 5, 1971, Senator Mark Hatfield of Oregon addressed the WSI allegation made in Detroit that war crimes were the result of military policy and racism was widespread in the armed forces. Hatfield noted that some of these allegations, specifically of war crimes, would place the United States in violation of the Geneva Convention and international laws of war.

Senator Hatfield made several recommendations. He asked that a transcript of the Winter Soldier Investigation be read into the Congressional record and made available to the public. Hatfield also asked congress to hold hearings discussing the use of military force in Vietnam and their relation to international agreements ratified by the United States legislature. He sent the testimony to the Department of Defense, the Department of State asked Marine Commandant, Leonard F. Chapman, Jr., to investigate the allegations. He recommended consideration be given to forming a special commission that would look into these issues and provide a forum to determine the moral consequences of American involvement in Vietnam.

On April 22, 1971, John Kerry testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee during their hearings on the Vietnam war, and made reference to evidence brought forth by veterans at the WSI. He covered some of the actions of Americans in Vietnam, saying “We rationalized destroying villages in order to save them…We learned the meaning of free fire zones, shooting anything that moves, and we watched while America placed a cheapness on the lives of Orientals. We watched the U.S. falsification of body counts, in fact the glorification of body counts…We fought using weapons against those people which I do not believe this country would dream of using were we fighting in the European theater or let us say a non-third-world people theater, and so we watched while men charged up hills because a general said that hill has to be taken, and after losing one platoon or two platoons they marched away to leave the high for the reoccupation by the North Vietnamese because we watched pride allow the most unimportant of battles to be blown into extravaganzas, because we couldn't lose, and we couldn't retreat, and because it didn't matter how many American bodies were lost to prove that point.”

Media coverage
Mainstream media all but ignored the Winter Soldier Investigation. The East Coast papers refused to cover the hearings, other than a New York Times story a week later. The local field reporter for the Times, Jerry M. Flint, commented with uninterest, "this stuff happens in all wars." In a February 7, 1971 article he wrote that "much of what they said had been reported or televised before, even from Vietnam. What was different here was the number of veterans present." Several of the VVAW representatives speculated that there was an "official censorship blackout," and they would express this theory later in their newsletter.

A few articles that were sympathetic to the veterans appeared in lesser-known publications, and Pacifica Radio, known for its left-wing perspective, gave the event considerable coverage. The CBS television crew that showed up were impressed, but only three minutes made it to the nightly news on the first night—three minutes that were "mostly irrelevant to the subject", according to VVAW.

The Detroit Free Press printed several stories about the event, including comments from the military. This included confirmation by the Pentagon that WSI participants investigated by reporters were indeed Vietnam veterans. The Pentagon's denials of large scale U.S. activity in Laos was reported as well, until reporters learned from several marines not involved with WSI that operations in Laos had been conducted.

The words of the participants have been permanently recorded in the Congressional Record. Portions of the testimony, as well as some photos of the event, appear in a book produced by the Vietnam Veterans Against the War and John Kerry entitled The New Soldier.

In addition, film footage of the event, as well as some pre-event and post-event footage, and commentary can be found in Winter Soldier: A film / Winterfilm Collective in association with Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Winterfilm, Inc., 1972.
 * Film version: 1972, B&W, 16 mm, 93 min.
 * Videotape: 1992, B&W with some color, 110 or 130 minutes
 * The Winterfilm Collective consisted of: Fred Aranow, Nancy Baker, Joe Bangert, Rhetta Barron, Robert Fiore, David Gillis, David Grubin, Jeff Holstein, Barbara Jarvis, Al Kaupas, Barbara Kopple, Mark Lenix, Michael Lesser, Nancy Miller, Lee Osborne, Lucy Massie Phenix, Roger Phenix, Benay Rubenstein, Michael Weil.

A documentary film of the event, titled Winter Soldier, was first released in February 1972 at the Cinema 2 theater in the Whitney Museum in Manhattan, New York. In May 1972 it was reviewed at the Berlin and Cannes Film Festivals. Due to the disturbing nature of the subject matter about an ongoing war, it got little distribution and support at that time and had been archived by its creators, collectively called the Winterfilm Collective.

In September 2005, it was re-released across the U.S. in small art house theatres. Most of the media reviews have regarded the film positively, with some calling it a "powerful" and "emotional" record of the era. The same year, a website was established to spread information about this documentary and to spread information about further showings of the film (in the United States).

Despite significant fund raising efforts by supporters of the VVAW, the cost of the Winter Soldier Investigation event financially bankrupted the organization. Organizers of the event hoped to recoup some of their expenditures through the above-mentioned book, film and recording deals. Orders were taken at the event for copies of the film footage, which was to be made available for $300.

Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan
Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan was an event organized in March 2008 by Iraq Veterans Against the War, inspired by the Vietnam-era Winter Soldier Investigation, at which U.S. veterans provided accounts of their experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Winter Soldier Investigation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of songs about laziness

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. — J I P | Talk 08:09, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

List of songs about laziness
The term laziness obviously has variable nomenclature; rendering this list unmaintainable.
 * Delete as subtrivial listcruft. --SuperDude 06:22, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ambiguity renders it unverifiable; if a list like this could exist, it would need a more exact title and almost wholly new content. Xoloz 08:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- such vague reasoning for deletion. --Mysidia (talk) 18:00, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. —Wahoofive (talk) 22:40, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please contribute to Centralized discussion/Lists of songs —Wahoofive (talk) 22:40, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, criteria can be refined as neccessary. Kappa 00:24, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful and interesting information. --Centauri 06:39, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as preposterous listcruft. Shall we create an article for every possible topic that a song might be about? MCB 07:10, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - why bother? --MacRusgail 13:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This is an encyclopædia, not an indiscriminate collection of information. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't see any problem with laziness as a term for inclusion in a list. --Apyule 01:17, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You're quite right, of course — but that isn't the reason that many of us want to delete the list (see SuperDude, MCB, MacRusgail, and me, above). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:31, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I can see where you are coming from, but I don't feel that this is an indiscriminate collection of information, or even that difficult to maintain. Lists like this do pose some problems, but I think they are worth it in the end. --Apyule 12:00, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. This list might be useful to some music and song lovers. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:05, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Categorize Lists should be used instead of categories only if there is a definable set of members for which it would ever be possible to have every member listed. This list is by its nature uncompletable, so a category, with appropriate subcategories, is the way to go. We have a category system, we should use it for collections like these! Caerwine 02:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Novi Travnik

Novi Travnik (Нови Травник) is a town and municipality located in the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, the town had a population of 9,008 inhabitants, while the municipality had 23,832 inhabitants.

Name
The municipality was called Novi Travnik until 1980, when it was changed to Pucarevo after Đuro Pucar. In 1992 the original name was restored.

History
Novi Travnik was founded in 1949 to provide residence for the employees of the newly founded MMK Bratstvo factory, and so it is one of the youngest settlements in the region. As of January 2015, the municipality has nine National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, among which are seven stećak necropolises, one mosque and the Necropolis for the victims of Fascism.

Economy
Novi Travnik was founded in 1949 to accommodate the workers of the MMK Bratstvo factory. MMK Bratstvo's business grew rapidly and so did the town, resulting in one of the most prosperous towns in the entire Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Eastern Bloc by the late 1980s. MMK Bratstvo used to employ more than 7,000 people and was the cornerstone of Novi Travnik. The Yugoslav Wars and their consequences altered the way and quality of life in Novi Travnik. The economy of Novi Travnik was greatly dependent on the MMK Bratstvo factory which was almost completely destroyed during the war, especially after a Serb air attack on 28 February 1994 (see Banja Luka incident). Today, most of MMK Bratstvo is privatized into smaller companies, with the Slovenian Cimos (successor of Tomos) and ADK taking the primary parts of MMK Bratstvo's primary business (forging, car parts industry). A rising trend in Bosnia and Herzegovina was seen in the shoe industry, and Novi Travnik was no exception. There are a dozen companies employing over 1000 people operating in Novi Travnik. Since 2015, the municipality administration has designated a new industrial zone outside of the town center to attract foreign investments. HARI Ltd. is a middle-sized retail company headquartered in Novi Travnik. Alongside HARI Ltd., there are a few larger retail stores including Agrokor's Konzum and Best and other locally-operated stores.

Notable residents

 * Marijan Šunjić (1798–1860), born in Bučići – 19th century Bosnian Franciscan, Roman Catholic Bishop (Apostolic Vicar in Bosnia), educator. A street in Novi Travnik and a primary school in Stojkovići were named after him.
 * Jozo Križanović (1944–2009), born in Vitez – Croat member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2001–2002), lived in Novi Travnik for a long period of time, mostly before the Yugoslav Wars.

title: Novi Travnik


text:
Oerlikon GDF

The Oerlikon GDF or Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon is a towed anti-aircraft gun made by Oerlikon Contraves (renamed as Rheinmetall Air Defence AG following the merger with Rheinmetall in 2009). The system was originally designated 2 ZLA/353 ML but this was later changed to GDF-001. It was developed in the late 1950s and is used by around 30 countries.

Design and development
The system uses twin autocannons, firing 35×228mm NATO-standard ammunition. It was originally designated 353 MK and is now designated as the KD series. The same KD series 35mm cannons are used in the Leopard 1 based Gepard and Type 74 tank based Type 87 SPAAG and Marksman self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (SPAAG). The system could be paired with the off-gun (remote) Super Fledermaus fire control radar, which in the late 1970s was upgraded to the Skyguard system. The weapons were aimed either directly, by way of an advanced sighting system, or automatically, by locking onto the target with radar. Early models carried 112 rounds ready to fire, and an additional 126 stored on the chassis as reloads. Later versions with automated reloading carry 280 rounds total. A typical engagement burst is 28 rounds.

In 1980 an upgraded model, the GDF-002 was produced, which featured an improved sight, and the ability to be directed by an off-gun digital control system. A few years later a third version of the system was being produced, the GDF-003, which was broadly similar to the GDF-002, but included some enhancements like self-lubricating weapons and integrated protective covers.

In 1985 a further upgraded model was produced, the GDF-005, which was introduced, featuring the Gunking 3D computer-controlled sight with an integrated laser range-finder and digital control system. The GDF-005 also introduced an automated ammunition-handling system, which eliminated the need for the two reloaders, reducing the crew from 3 to 1.

The guns are usually transported by a 5-tonne 6×6 truck.

KD series cannons
Development of the KD series cannon began around 1952 soon after Oerlikon calculated that 35 mm was the optimum calibre for an anti-aircraft gun. The KD series cannons were a design adapted from the post-war 20 mm KAA 204 Gk cannon. Several designs were developed, including a water-cooled design, designated Mk 352, which was tested by the U.S. Navy. The final design was the Mk 323, which was developed in two variants, a belt-fed version the KDA, and a linkless version the KDC, fed by seven-round clips. Both designs are gas-operated, with a propped-lock locking system.

Super Fledermaus
The Super Fledermaus fire control system was designed and built by the then separate Contraves company. It consists of a four-wheeled towed trailer with an E/F band pulse doppler search radar with a range of around 15 km and a pulse doppler tracking radar operating in the J band, also with a range of 15 km. It was also used as the fire control system on the Gepard SPAAG.

Skyguard

The Skyguard is a fire control system introduced in the 1960s to replace the Contraves Super Fledermaus system in the Swiss Air Force. It is produced by Oerlikon-Buehrle (now Rheinmetall Air Defence). Updated version were fielded in 1975, 1995 and 2010. It's an all weather low to medium altitude (up to 3,000 m) air defence system with the maximum effective distance of 4,000 m.

The Skyguard fire control system performs air surveillance, target acquisition, calculation of the derivative-action values and control of the twin 35 mm guns. Pulse doppler search radar, pulse doppler tracking radar and co-axial television camera are mounted on the roof of the towed trailer. Skyguard is operated by four people. The radar is deployed quickly through the use of hydraulic systems for antenna erection. The trailer houses the crew of two and a small power generator.

A typical fire unit consists of two twin 35 mm gun platforms with a single Skyguard fire control radar. Skyguard systems can also incorporate an optional SAM module based on the GDF's mount and radar system but with the guns replaced by four missile canisters. It can be armed with either AIM-7 Sparrow, RIM-7 Sea Sparrow or Aspide missiles.

The Skyguard radar system was used in the German Air Force for surveillance of low-altitude flight zones. In Taiwanese service, the system includes the Sky Sentinel radar, one 35 mm Oerlikon twin gun and an AIM-7 Sparrow Missile Launcher. Greek service the Skyguard system with RIM-7M is known as the VELOS. In Spanish service, Toledo is a Skyguard system with Aspide launchers where the fire control unit has been replaced with Skydor from Navantia.

Combat history

 * 1982: The system was widely used by Argentine forces during the Falklands War. The Skyguard radar system was employed by the 601 Antiaircraft Artillery Group and the Super Fledermaus by the 1st Group of the Argentinian Air Force. The Skyguard succeeded in shooting down a Sea Harrier (XZ450) on 4 May 1982 at Goose Green. This resulted in a shift of tactics, so that British aircraft largely operated outside the weapons system's range. An RAF Harrier (XZ988) was shot down by these cannons again over Goose Green on 27 May. The system was also employed in direct fire mode against British paratroopers during the Battle of Goose Green, killing two and wounding 11 and stopping the advance of two companies. The guns were involved in two deadly friendly fire incidents during the campaign. The first took place on 1 May 1982, when a GADA 601 battery fired three burst of 35 mm rounds at an Argentine Mirage III attempting to make an emergency landing at Stanley, after the aircraft had been already targeted by Argentine Marine Hispano-Suiza HS-831 30mm guns deployed along the town. The aircraft fell in flames north of the airport, killing the pilot. The other friendly shootdown occurred at Goose-Green, when one A-4 Skyhawk flew by mistake over a banned zone, and was shot down with the loss of the pilot. The Argentine Air Force conceded that this time the incident was triggered by the pilot's navigation error. The Skyguard radars were targeted by the RAF during Operation Black Buck on 31 May and 3 June. One Skyguard radar was destroyed by shrapnel from a Shrike missile strike and four operators died as a result. Another Harrier (XW919) was presumably hit by 35 mm splinters over Sapper Hill on 12 June and sustained heavy damage.  The aircraft was later declared out of service. There was a further direct-fire mission conducted against British troops on Wireless Ridge, just hours before the Argentinian surrender. After being disabled by their operators the guns were captured by British forces. Fifteen guns and five Skyguard units were captured and shipped back to Britain in "Operation Skyguard". Four of the Skyguard sets were in good enough condition to be refurbished by Rheinmetall/Oerlikon in Germany with the fifth being damaged by its operators prior to capture so severely that refurbishment was not economically viable. Twelve guns and four Skyguard radars were put into British service operated by a reserve wing of the RAF Regiment 1339 wing Royal Auxiliary Air Force, comprising 2729 Squadron and 2890 Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force Regiment, based at RAF Waddington with an additional two new Skyguard units being procured from the Manufacturer. The RAuxAF Regiment used these guns and radar for about 10 years but defence cuts, coupled with the rising cost of ammunition and replacement gun barrels, forced the withdrawal from service of the very popular and reliable system.   One of the guns is on display at the RAF Regiment Heritage Centre at RAF Honington, and the Skyguard radar system is still in use by the RAF to monitor military low flying in the UK.
 * 12 October 2007: Nine South African National Defence Force (SANDF) soldiers were killed and 14 injured by the system during a training exercise at the SANDF Battle School at Lohatla in the Northern Cape province. A line of eight cannons were engaging a tank hulk in manual ground fire with the guns at low elevation and the maximum traverse of the barrels secured by safety poles and tethers. The rightmost gun jammed while firing and had to be repaired by technicians. Shortly after the gun was cleared to fire again, the gun malfunctioned, entered automatic mode, broke through the traversal-restriction safety mechanisms and began firing, striking the other guns along the firing line. Initial reports suggested that the malfunction was caused when the gun underwent an unexplained hang fire of the explosive 35mm ammunition in the magazines, causing the turret to swing uncontrolled through 360 degrees, firing wildly until it exhausted its remaining ammunition. A statement issued by the South African Defense Minister, Mosiuoa Lekota, however, stated that the gun had inexplicably traversed 90 degrees to the left, breaking through the safety mechanisms, and fired only a $1/8$-second-long burst, striking all of the soldiers located on the right-hand side of their guns.  The accident report published by the SANDF in January 2008 blamed "undetected mechanical failure—which the manufacturers of an anti-aircraft gun allegedly kept secret". The report says the gun malfunctioned because a matchstick-sized spring pin sheared. Other sources blamed poor training and safety procedures in the SANDF.

Ammunition

 * Designation:
 * HEI: High Explosive Incendiary (-T—Tracer)
 * SAPHEI: Semi-Armour Piercing High Explosive Incendiary
 * FAPDS: Frangible Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot
 * TP: Target Practice (-T—Tracer)
 * AHEAD: Anti-missile rounds, that fire "152 heavy tungsten metal sub-projectiles".
 * ATOM 35mm: Aselsan ATOM 35mm is a airburst round, that fire tungsten metal pellets as sub-projectiles. It is mainly designed to destroy cruise missiles, anti-ship missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, precision guided weapons, conventional and rotary-wing aircraft and various ground targets.
 * Specification:
 * Length of complete round : 387 mm
 * Fuze : Time-programmable base fuze with electronic selfdestruct function
 * Effective range : 4000 m
 * Maximum range : 12500 m

Norwegian Nammo, in addition to Oerlikon, supplies at least some variants of this ammunition. Norwegian ammunition was supplied to Ukraine in 2022 for use in the GDF guns in its Flakpanzer Gepard anti-aircraft systems, but it was found not to be compatible, requiring modification.

Versions

 * GDF-001 / 2 ZLA/353 MK: XABA sight
 * GDF-002: Introduced in 1980. Improved Ferranti sight and digital data bus. The gun has 112 rounds ready and 126 in reserve (238 rounds total)
 * GDF-003: Minor enhancements including protective covers and automatic weapon lubrication.
 * GDF-005: Introduced in 1985. Fitted with Gunking 3D computer-controlled sight with a laser range finder and digital fire control system. Integrated power supply and diagnostics. 280 rounds on the gun and an automatic re-loading system.
 * GDF-006: GDF-001/002/003 upgraded with AHEAD system.
 * GDF-007: GDF-005 upgraded with AHEAD system.
 * GDF-009: Unveiled at IDEF 2015, held in May 2015 in Istanbul. To date, its exterior significantly changed, although the installation has retained the design of the original serial versions of the systems. Unlike other variants, this one relies on an internal power source. The GDF-009 model is based on a four-wheeled carriage, and is raised off the ground by three stabilisers when deployed in the firing position. It also features an automatic levelling system that can compensate for a maximum tilt angle of up to 7°.Mounted on the forward part of the carriage is the integrated battery, which functions as the gun's power supply unit and can be recharged from an external source if required.
 * AHEAD: An upgrade for the GDF series guns built around a special projectile which explodes at a pre-calculated point in front of the target, sending a cone of 152 tungsten sub-projectiles at the target. Used by Canada, Pakistan, Greece, Oman, Spain, Taiwan, and Chile (unconfirmed).
 * MKE GDF-003B: Turkish version of 35 mm GDF series. The gun of the system manufactured under licence by Turkish company Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation.
 * MKE/Aselsan GDF-003B Modernized: MKE GDF-003B system modernized by another Turkish company Aselsan. MKE made 35mm guns linked with an Aselsan made Fire and Command Control System. The system has similarities with Skyguard system. The Fire and Command Control System consists of Aselsan made 3D search radar, fire control radar, electro-optical (E/O) sensors and other electronics. Each weapons system can fire up to 1100 rpm (2 x 550rpm) to an effective range of 4 km.  The upgradation enables the system to fire Aselsan ATOM 35mm airburst round which explodes at a pre-calculated point in front of the target, sending a cone of tungsten pellets at the target.  The gun can also fire HEI and TP-T  ammunitions. The concept of ATOM 35mm air burst ammunition came up in order to increase the efficiency of the gun systems against modern targets including  fixed/rotary wing aircraft, cruise missiles, air-to-ground missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles and other precision guided weapons.  Aselsan Fire and Command Control  system can also incorporate a low altitude air defense SAM along with 35 mm gun platform. Like the GDF-009 each gun platform equipped with the integrated battery, which functions as the gun's power supply unit and can be recharged from an external source if required.
 * KORKUT: Turkish Self-propelled (SPAAG) variant designed by Aselsan. The system developed from modernized GDF-003B and based around the amphibious capable FNSS ACV-30. KDC-02 cannon of the system manufactured under licence by MKE. Each Korkut system comprises a command-and-control vehicle and three weapons platform vehicles. The command-and-control vehicle has the 3D search radar with an effective radar range of 70 km. Each weapon platform vehicle carries enclosed twin 35 mm cannons, fire control radar and electro-optical (E/O) sensors.
 * Aselsan GOKDENIZ: CIWS version of KORKUT. The system's primary purpose is to defend against sea skimming anti-ship missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles and other precision guided weapons.
 * Gepard: Self-propelled (SPAAG) version of the system based around the Leopard 1.
 * Marksman: Self-propelled version of the system based around the Marksman turret, which could be fitted on numerous tank chassis. The only model that went into production was a version based on the T-55AM chassis for Finland, seven systems of the ITPSV 90 Marksman were produced. After having been moved to reserve storage since 2010, the Marksman turrets had their electronics modernized and were transferred over to Leopard 2 chassis in 2015, creating the ITPSV Leopard 2 Marksman.
 * Type 87: Japanese SPAAG using the system.
 * PZA Loara: Polish SPAAG based on the PT-91 tank.
 * Type 90 (PG99): Chinese licensed copy of GDF-002. The PG99 is a towed anti-aircraft gun suitable for point and coastal air defence. It is usually deployed near military bases, airfields, tunnels, islands, and along the coast to defend Sea Land of Communication (SLOC), ports, bridges and other important assets.
 * MAA-01: Myanmar's locally made variant using Chinese GDF guns.Similar to Type-90.
 * CS/SA1: Chinese upgrade of GDF-002. Mounted on the 6×6 SX2190 truck, the PG99 (CS/SA1) is a self-propelled variant of the Type 90 35 mm AA system, previously available only as a towed AA piece.
 * Type 09 SPAAA: Self-propelled version of the system based around the Type 90. First appeared in 2015 China Victory Day Parade.
 * Samavat: Iranian version of these guns with night vision sight and used with Skyguard & Super Fledermaus FC radars.
 * Amoun: Egyptian version of Skyguard & Sparrow SAM.

Operators

 * 🇦🇷: 38 GDF-002 Army with Skyguard, 6 GDF-001 Air Force with Super Fledermaus FC radar.
 * 🇦🇹: 74 GDF-005 Army, Air Force 18 GDF-005 with 37 Skyguard FC radar
 * 🇧🇭: 12 GDF-005 units, used with Skyguard FC radar.
 * : 4-8 Oerlikon GDF-009 anti aircraft gun systems have been ordered with Skyguard 3 fire control radar.   In 2019, the gun systems have been tested at Cox's Bazar.
 * 🇧🇷: 38 GDF-001 with updated Super Fledermaus and Brazilian made Skyguard FC radars. To be fitted with the Saber M60 radar.
 * 🇨🇲: GDF-002 and Type-90 units
 * 🇨🇦: 20 GDF-005 units and 10 Skyguard FC radars in stock for emergency
 * : 24 GDF-005/007 units, used with Skyguard FC radar.
 * 🇨🇳: licensed copy of GDF-002 as the Type 90, 400 units with Skyguard FC radar
 * 🇨🇴: 75 GDF-005 units in reserve
 * 🇨🇾: 30 GDF-005 units used with Skyguard and Aspide SAM
 * 🇪🇨: 30 GDF-003 units
 * 🇪🇬: 72 Amoun units used with Skyguard and Sparrow SAM
 * 🇫🇮: 16 units. Known as 35 ITK 88
 * 🇩🇪: On the Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard (self-propelled anti-aircraft gun), 4 Skyguard FC radars used to monitor low level flying.
 * : 24 GDF-002 units upgraded to GDF-006 AHEAD, 12 upgraded Skyguard FC radars, used with Sparrow SAM
 * 🇮🇷: 92 GDF-002 units. Iran produces its own version called Samavat. Used with Skyguard & Super Fledermaus FC radars.
 * : 8 GDF
 * 🇯🇵: some 70 GDF-001 units, used with updated Super Fledermaus FC radars. Made under a joint venture with Japan Steel Works for the 35mm gun and Mitsubishi Electric Corporation for the rest of the system 52 On the Type 87 (self-propelled anti-aircraft gun)
 * 🇰🇷: 36 GDF-003 units, used with Skyguard FC radar.
 * : 12 GDF-005 (Amoun) units, used with Skyguard and Sparrow SAM
 * 🇲🇾: 28 GDF-005 units, used with Skyguard FC radar.
 * : unknown number of locally made MAA-01, (Type-90) in service.
 * 🇳🇬: 16 GDF-002 units
 * : 10 GDF-005 units AHEAD modified, used with Skyguard FC radar.
 * 🇵🇰: estimated 180 GDF-005 units, 60 units AHEAD modified, used with Skyguard FC radar.
 * 🇷🇴: 43 Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard systems and 72 GDF-003 units
 * 🇸🇦: 128 GDF-005 modified units. Used with Skyguard FC radars.
 * : 58 units : 34 GDF-001 and 24 GDF-002 units. Fire-control radar locally upgraded
 * : 102 GDF-002 (100 Mk1 GDF-002 units in 2004 were sold for $500 000) + 48 modified GDF-005 units. Upgrading to the Skyshield system, GDF-006 AHEAD and GDF-007 AHEAD standard by 2017. Some 169 Oerlikon GDF-00? were acquired by the SADF along with 75 Super Fledermaus FC radars.
 * 🇪🇸: 92 GDF-007 upgraded from GDF-005 between 2003 and 2006. With 27 Skydor and 18 Skyguard FC radars.
 * : Some 24 GDF-005 modified units (from a total of 264 GDF-001/002 units) used with Skyguard FC Radar.
 * 🇹🇼: 24 Skyguard "Sky Sentinel" fire control radars linked to some 50 GDF-003 35 mm twin guns. Upgraded to GDF-006 to fire AHEAD rounds since 2009.
 * 🇹🇭: 8 GDF-007, used with 4x Skyguard 3 FC radar units.
 * 🇹🇷: 35 mm Oerlikon gun produced under licence by MKE. 120 GDF-003 units, Turkish version known as MKE GDF-003B. Multiple gun systems upgraded to GDF-003B Modernized with Aselsan Fire and Command Control System by Aselsan.
 * 🇺🇦: 30 on the Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard SPAAGs.
 * : 30 GDF-005 units
 * : 15 GDF-002 35mm twin guns were captured during the Falklands War along with six Skyguard and one Super Fledermaus FC Radars. One of the Skyguard radars was destroyed from a Shrike missile strike during the conflict. Currently four of these Skyguard fire control systems are being used to detect UK military aircraft exceeding flight restrictions over residential areas. GDF-002 guns now in storage and in a few military museums in the UK.

title: Oerlikon GDF


text: User talk:Loveisagun

title: User talk:Loveisagun


text:
Tabun Cave

The Tabun Cave is an excavated site located at Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve, Israel and is one of the Human Evolution sites at Mount Carmel, which were proclaimed as having universal value by UNESCO in 2012.

History
Together with the nearby sites of El Wad cave, Jamal cave, and Skhul cave, Tabun is part of the Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve, a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The cave was occupied intermittently during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic (500,000 to around 40,000 years ago). In the course of this period, deposits of sand, silt and clay of up to 25 m accumulated in the cave. Excavations suggest that it features one of the longest sequences of human occupation in the Levant. Dorothy Garrod led excavations in 1929 over 22 months that established the sequence of occupation of this and other sites in the area. It was during these excavations that a woman, Yusra, recruited from a local village, was credited with the discovery of the Tabun 1 Neanderthal skull.

Deposits
The earliest and lowest deposits in the cave contain large amounts of sea sand. This, and pollen traces found, suggests a relatively warm climate at the time. The melting glaciers which covered large parts of the globe caused the sea level to rise and the Mediterranean coastline to recede. The Coastal Plain was then narrower than it is today, and was covered with savannah vegetation. The cave dwellers of that time used handaxes of flint or limestone for killing animals (gazelle, hippopotamus, rhinoceros and wild cattle which roamed the Coastal Plain) and for digging out plant roots. As tools improved slowly over time, the hand axes became smaller and better shaped, and scrapers made of thick flakes chipped off flint cores were probably used for scraping meat off bones and for processing animal skins.

The upper levels in the Tabun cave consist mainly of clay and silt, indicating that a colder, more humid climate prevailed as glaciers formed once more; this change yielded a wider coastal strip, covered by dense forests and swamps. The material remains from the upper strata of the cave are of the Mousterian culture (about 200,000 - 45,000 years ago). Small flint tools made of thin flakes predominate these levels, many produced using the Levallois technique. Tools typical of the Mousterian culture feature elongated points, and include flakes of various shapes used as scrapers, end scrapers and other denticulate tools used for cutting and sawing.

Arthur Jelinek's 1967 to 1972 excavations of the cave yielded over 1,900 complete and partial bifaces. The bulk of the biface assemblage can be attributed to the Late Acheulian and Yabrudian industries.

The large number of fallow deer bones found in the upper layers of the Tabun cave may be due to the chimney-like opening in the back of the cave which functioned as a natural trap. The animals may have been herded towards it, and fell into the cave where they were butchered.

Several fossils were discovered at Tabun cave, including a nearly complete female skeleton (Tabun C1) and a mandible (Tabun C2). The taxonomic attributions of the two fossils are still discussed.

Archaeologists also discovered 350,000-year-old cobble at the Tabun cave, which was used by hominids for abrading surfaces.

title: Tabun Cave


text: Category:Economy of Croatia

title: Category:Economy of Croatia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/April Severin

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE.  Rob e  rt  20:54, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

April Severin
From the article, it appears that she has only written self-published books, websites and greeting cards. Kjkolb 06:28, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. *drew 16:00, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, looks non-notable to me. Almost an A7 speedy, but the last paragraph may be taken as an assertion of (questionable) notability per Deletion of vanity articles. Ilmari Karonen 16:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. Dottore So 18:44, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. -Greg Asche (talk) 19:16, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Gui de Ceriz

Gui de Ceriz (+ap.1369), Lord of Ceriz. was a French aristocrat who served as Great Master of France (1343. Heraldics):

De Ceriz supervised the Royal House of the King of France. His heraldic shield contained two red sceptres with a royal crown on top

title: Gui de Ceriz


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Economics

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title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Economics


text:
User:Xiao yang

Hello! I am affectionately known as Steve the Sheep!

I am friends with Keithlard.

I'm nearly 30, am a UNIX sysadmin, and live in Romsey, Hants.

I expect there are lots of other interesting things to tell you - but I just wanted to make a start!

title: User:Xiao yang


text:
Prime (film)

Prime is a 2005 American romantic comedy-drama film starring Uma Thurman, Meryl Streep, and Bryan Greenberg. It was written and directed by Ben Younger. The film grossed $67,937,503 worldwide.

Plot
Rafi is a recently divorced, 37-year-old career woman from Manhattan who becomes romantically involved with David, a talented 23-year-old painter from the Upper West Side. Rafi shares all her secrets with her therapist Lisa who, unbeknownst to Rafi, is David's mother. Lisa is supportive of Rafi's relationship with a younger man before she learns who he is, discovers the connection and finds herself not only faced with the ethical and moral dilemma of counselling David's girlfriend, but also the reality that she feels differently about the relationship now that she knows her son is involved. Lisa consults her own therapist, and they decide that it is in the best interest of her patient Rafi for Lisa to continue treatment, as long as the relationship remains the "fling" it appears to be.

However, Lisa soon realizes that the relationship is serious, and tells Rafi that she is David's mother. Feeling embarrassed and betrayed, Rafi ends her treatment with Lisa. Their differences causing problems between them, Rafi and David break up. A couple of weeks later, David is enjoying a night on the town with his best friend Morris; David gets drunk and ends up sleeping with Sue, Rafi's friend from work. The same day, after bumping into each other at the supermarket and going back to David's place, David and Rafi start seeing each other again. They also try to make the relationship stronger by going to a Friday night dinner with David's family. The rift between Rafi and Lisa is patched up, although Rafi brings up the possibility of her and David having children, to which Lisa reacts strongly. A few days later, Rafi discovers that David had slept with Sue, and David and Rafi fight. After sulking for some time, David goes to seek Lisa's help as both his mother and as a therapist. She advises him to do what he can to keep the relationship, because it was through Rafi that Lisa was able to understand David's career as an artist. David goes back to Rafi to apologize and offer to give her a child because that is what she wants the most. At first, Rafi accepts his apology. They fall into bed together, and Rafi realizes how deep David's love must be for him to make such a sacrifice—he is so much younger than she is, and having a child at his age will more than likely negatively impact his art career. Somehow, she convinces him that love is not enough to keep a relationship going, and they break up.

A year later, David and Morris are seen leaving the restaurant where he and Rafi had their first proper date. Going back to retrieve his forgotten hat, David spots Rafi but she does not see him; he gets his hat, rushes out the door, and hides. He defrosts the glass a bit to watch her, and she turns around and sees him. They share a smile before parting.

Cast

 * Meryl Streep as Lisa Metzger Bloomberg
 * Uma Thurman as Raffaela "Rafi" Gardet
 * Bryan Greenberg as David Bloomberg
 * Jon Abrahams as Morris
 * Annie Parisse as Katherine
 * Madhur Jaffrey as Rita
 * John Rothman as Jack Bloomberg
 * Jerry Adler as Sam
 * Doris Belack as Blanch
 * Zak Orth as Randall
 * Aubrey Dollar as Michelle
 * Ato Essandoh as Damien
 * Naomi Aborn as Dinah Bloomberg
 * Lotte Mandel as Bubi
 * Alex Webb as Art Collector

Production
The role of Rafi was originally going to be played by Sandra Bullock. Bullock completed rehearsals with Younger and Greenberg, but pulled out just before filming began, because she wanted major script changes, and the director was not willing to change the script.

Bryan Greenberg's trip to New York to film this movie is documented as part of HBO's semi-reality series Unscripted.

Music
The film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack is a mix of different music genres such as jazz and pop. The composer of this soundtrack is Ryan Shore.

 * 1) RJD2 – "Ghostwriter" (Remix)
 * 2) Duke Ellington & John Coltrane – "In a Sentimental Mood"
 * 3) Rufus Wainwright – "Peach Trees"
 * 4) Ryan Shore – "Rafi and David"
 * 5) Le Tigre – "Fake French"
 * 6) Stacey Kent – "Isn't This a Lovely Day?"
 * 7) Daniel Merriweather – "Still Got Me"
 * 8) Ray LaMontagne – "Shelter"
 * 9) Debi Nova – "Laylo"
 * 10) Sidsel Endresen & Bugge Wesseltoft – "Try"
 * 11) Rachael Yamagata – "I Wish You Love"
 * 12) Ryan Shore – "Prime Suite"

Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 50% based on 118 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Though Streep is dependably terrific in her role, the rest of the movie is too sitcom-ish, and the romance itself is dull." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 58 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.

Though critics had dislike for the film's plot mechanics, the performances, especially Streep's and Thurman's, were praised. In a three-star review, Roger Ebert wrote. "Streep has that ability to cut through the solemnity of a scene with a zinger that reveals how all human effort is, after all, comic at some level."

Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Prime [...] is much more interested in the interpretation of dreams than how a hottie like Thurman could be interested in a blandy like Greenberg's [character]."

Box office
The film opened at #3 at the U.S. box office, making $6,220,935 USD in its opening weekend, behind The Legend of Zorro and Saw II.

title: Prime (film)


text:
Talk:Loogie

Loogie
As a teacher of both elementary and secondary kids I use Wikipedia extensively in my classroom as a source for school research.

I also have a sense of humor but when one of my students pulled up 'loogie' with the preceding vulgar, crude and simply misguided text I felt the need to provide a revised edition.

In such a fine resource as Wikipedia submitters of articles need to exercise some self-restraint or the whole enterprise becomes an unreliable, insincere 'reality' show.

So, to those who delight in the crude, vulgar and obscene, I suggest that you place your articles where they are most appropriate - on your mother's web-page. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.113.35.240 (talk • contribs) 01:30, 1 October 2005.

Old VfD
— J I P | Talk 12:21, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Removed
I deleted some of the content, which consisted of original research. This article still sucks, but less so now. --Xyzzyplugh 22:36, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

A silly Americanism.
This is not used anywhere else in the world. And should be removed from the the category: vocabulary.

This article defines what is so great about Wikipedia. Good luck finding 'Loogie' in your Collier's!

"Silly Americanism," "This is not used anywhere else in the world."? How do you know? Why wouldn't it be used anywhere else? It's a natural proccess which actually helps you to do it if you're sick. That was a complete waste of time to write that; it was narrow-minded and racist. Also, what's with the line, "...Produces a temporary feeling of power in the loogie-hocker."? Why would that make somebody feel powerful? I don't feel like when when I hock loogies, and I've hocked plenty today, as I have a congestive-related illness.--WatchHawk 00:50, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Lugurt
As a kid in the 60's I was told that lugurt was the proper name of spit by older kids in the neighborhood. Didn't hear phlegm untill mid 70's 2601:644:800:7820:15B4:B193:746B:E76F (talk) 07:06, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

To add to article
In order to help make this article more properly encyclopedic, shouldn't we add such basic information as the etymology and earliest usages of this term? 98.123.38.211 (talk) 02:40, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Loogie


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Talk:The Roots of Europe

I'd like to build up this article to describe Europe's intellectual and cultural development from the fall of the Roman empire until the beginning of the Rennaisance, with particular reference to the roots of these developments. I haven't been able to find anything covering this subject in Wikipedia or elsewhere on the Web.

David Wright. Bangkok

For an excellent summary of the cultural developments, I would refer to the following text books:"Medieval Europe and the World: From Late Antiquity to Modernity, 400-1500" (Robin W. Winks); "Europe in a Wider World; 1350-1650" These book are used in the European History course I am currently taking and go into great detail regarding the cultural development of European society. Sean. Montreal

title: Talk:The Roots of Europe


text: User talk:82.32.19.248

title: User talk:82.32.19.248


text:
St John of God Health Care

St John of God Health Care  is a Catholic provider of health care services in Australia, with 24 hospitals and facilities comprising more than 3,400 beds. The group operates in Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, and New Zealand.

The group has evolved out of the Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God, a Catholic order.

History
The congregation of the Sisters of St John of God was founded in 1871 in Wexford, Ireland. In 1895, Perth's Bishop Matthew Gibney sent a request to the Sisters for help to care for people suffering from typhoid fever during the 1890s gold rush. The first hospital established under this arrangement was at Kalgoorlie in the late 1890s followed shortly by another in the Perth suburb of Subiaco.

The Sisters often cared for patients with infectious diseases including typhoid and Hansen's disease (leprosy), which spread quickly in crowded mining camps. In 1937, after much lobbying by Sister Mary Gertrude, the order established a hospital for Aboriginal Australian patients with Hansen's disease, outside of Derby.

The Sisters of St John of God went on to establish additional hospitals, pathology and social outreach services in Western Australia, Victoria and New South Wales.

In 2007, St John of God Health Care merged with the services previously operated by the Hospitaller Order of St John of God in Victoria, New South Wales and New Zealand.

In 2015, St John of God Health Care expanded into public health care and took ownership of Hawkesbury District Health Service and opened St John of God Midland Public and Private Hospitals.

Pomegranate symbol
The symbol used by St John of God Health Care is a cross with a pomegranate. The cross symbolises the Christian heritage of the organisation; the pomegranate, which is open to allow the seeds to scatter, symbolises self-giving and represents the organisation's values.

The pomegranate symbol was chosen by the Sisters of St John of God to reflect the order's patron Saint, John of God, who ministered to the sick and poor in the Spanish town of Granada – ‘pomegranate’ in Spanish – in the early 16th century.

Services
St John of God Health Care operates private and public hospitals, as well as disability, home nursing and social outreach services.

Locations
St John of God operates 13 medical/surgical hospitals, one rehabilitation hospital, three psychiatric hospitals, three day hospitals and one oncology centre across Australia. It also operates home nursing services in Western Australia and Victoria, social outreach services in Western Australia, New South Wales and Victoria and supported residential facilities for people living with a disability in Victoria and New Zealand.

New South Wales

 * St John of God Burwood Hospital
 * St John of God Richmond Hospital
 * Hawkesbury District Health Service: established in 1996, Hawkesbury District Health Service replaced the old Hawkesbury Hospital which was built in 1955. In 2015, St John of God Health Care acquired the Hawkesbury District Health Service from Catholic Healthcare. the facility has 131 beds and three operating theatres. Its cancer care unit opened in 2017.

Victoria

 * St John of God Ballarat Hospital
 * St John of God Bendigo Hospital
 * St John of God Berwick Hospital
 * St John of God Geelong Hospital
 * St John of God Warrnambool Hospital
 * St John of God Langmore Centre
 * St John of God Frankston Rehabilitation Hospital

Western Australia

 * St John of God Bunbury Hospital
 * St John of God Geraldton Hospital
 * St John of God Midland Public and Private Hospitals
 * St John of God Mt Lawley Hospital
 * St John of God Murdoch Hospital and Surgicentre
 * St John of God Subiaco Hospital
 * St John of God Wembley Day Surgery
 * St John of God Carine Specialist Centre

New Zealand

 * St John of God Halswell – a 51-bed facility residential and respite support service and three community homes for people with acquired brain injuries, physical and neurological disabilities.
 * St John of God Wellington – a 36-bed residential care facility for people with physical disabilities.

Social outreach
The system operates a number of social outreach and community programs to support disadvantaged and vulnerable communities, including:
 * St John of God Accord – disability support services including day respite, to group housing and employment support.
 * St John of God Horizon Houses – accommodation and support in WA and Victoria for people aged 16–22 at risk of homelessness.
 * St John of God Raphael Services – early intervention counselling, therapy and support for parents from conception through to their child's fourth year. Services are located in Victoria, WA and NSW.
 * International health programs – aimed at raising the capacity of healthcare workforces in Timor-Leste, Papua New Guinea and the Kingdom of Tonga.
 * St John of God Casa Venegas – accommodation and support in Sydney for people with enduring mental illness.
 * Community mental health services – in regional Victoria and Perth, WA, providing individually tailoring counselling at low or no cost.
 * Waipuna – a youth service in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Home nursing
St John of God Health Choices, a division of St John of God Health Care, provides home nursing services in the Australian states of Victoria and Western Australia. Health Choices has bases in Ballarat, Bendigo, Berwick, Geelong, Melbourne, Subiaco and Warrnambool.

In 2009, Health Choices was created as a separate division to provide home nursing in sites where it had not existed before.

In May 2010, St John of God Health Choices acquired Melbourne-based nursing provider M&M HealthPower.

St John of God Health Care is a provider of community nursing services on behalf of the Department of Veterans Affairs. The Health Choices service is free for veterans and people with private health cover.

The St John of God Foundation
The fundraising arm of St John of God Health Care is the St John of God Foundation, established in 1994 by the Sisters of St John of God. In February 2010, the Foundation was integrated into St John of God Health Care.

The Foundation raises funds to support medical research, life-changing medical equipment and person-centred treatment in response to the needs of people and communities that are not met by traditional means or government funding.

title: St John of God Health Care


text:
Canary

Canary originally referred to the island of Gran Canaria, in Spain, and the group of surrounding islands (the Canary Islands). It may also refer to:

Birds

 * Canaries, birds in the genera Serinus and Crithagra including, among others:
 * Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria), a small wild bird
 * Domestic canary, Serinus canaria domestica, a small pet or aviary bird, also responsible for the "canary yellow" color term
 * Yellow canary (Crithagra flaviventris), a small bird

Fish

 * Canary damsel (Similiparma lurida), fish of the family Pomacentridae, found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean
 * Canary moray (Gymnothorax bacalladoi), an eel of the family Muraenidae
 * Canary rockfish (Sebastes pinniger), of the family Sebastidae, found in the northeast Pacific Ocean

People

 * Canary Burton (born 1942), American keyboardist, composer and writer
 * Canary Conn (born 1949), American entertainer and author
 * Bill Canary (fl. 1994), Republican campaign consultant in Alabama, Georgia, U.S.
 * Richard Canary (born in 1962), American mathematician at the University of Michigan
 * David Canary (1938–2015), American actor

Places

 * Canary District, a housing development in Toronto, Canada
 * Canary Islands, Spain
 * Canary Wharf, Isle of Dogs, London, United Kingdom

Arts and entertainment

 * Black Canary, a DC Comics superhero, first appeared in 1947
 * Sara Lance/The Canary, a character on the television series Arrow, based on the DC Comics character
 * Canary, a character in the manga and anime series Hunter × Hunter
 * Canary dance, a Renaissance dance popular in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries
 * "Canary" (NCIS), a 2013 episode of the American television series NCIS
 * "The Canary" (short story), 1923 short story by Katherine Mansfield
 * Canary (visual novel), released in 2000

Technology

 * Canary release, a deployment cycle used by software developers to gradually roll out new features to a limited number of users
 * Google Chrome Canary, pre-release version of the Chrome browser
 * HTC Canary, the first smartphone to run Windows Mobile, released in November 2002
 * Canary value, a buffer overflow protection method in computer programming

Other uses

 * Canary, LLC, an oilfield services company
 * The Canary (website), a news media outlet created in 2015
 * Canary melon, a yellow fruit
 * Canary Current, a wind-driven surface current that is part of the North Atlantic Gyre
 * Canaries, players for or supporters of Norwich City F.C.
 * Canary sack, white fortified wine (sack) imported from the Canary Islands
 * Canary wood (disambiguation), a name used to describe wood from a number of tree species
 * Canary yellow, a shade of yellow
 * Warrant canary, a published statement, the removal of which indicates the publisher received a National Security Letter

title: Canary


text:
File:The Isle Poster.jpg

Summary
The Isle poster, Kim Ki-duk, CJ Entertainment; acquired from

title: File:The Isle Poster.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jordan DiBona

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Single-person vanity.

Jordan DiBona
NN/Vanity ≈ jossi ≈ 06:33, 1 October 2005 (UTC) Say bye-bye to Jordan. Vanity article. - Lucky 6.9 06:34, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Education in Croatia

This category collects all articles about education in Croatia. Please use the respective subcategories.

title: Category:Education in Croatia


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Hot/C2/Cara-Carn

Cara-Carc

 * 1) Caraballo Mountains
 * 2) Caradoc Evans
 * 3) Caraja
 * 4) Caran
 * 5) Caratasca Lagoon
 * 6) Carboloy
 * 7) Carbon Detonation
 * 8) Carbon Dioxide Accumulation
 * 9) Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycles
 * 10) Carbonaro
 * 11) Carbonate-Apatite
 * 12) Carboniferous period
 * 13) Carbonium Ion
 * 14) Carcas
 * 15) Carcinotron

Card

 * 1) Card cage
 * 2) Card column
 * 3) Card game bridge
 * 4) Card game cassino
 * 5) Card game faro
 * 6) Card game patience
 * 7) Card not present account
 * 8) Card punch
 * 9) Card reader
 * 10) Card services
 * 11) Cardigan Welsh corgi
 * 12) Cardinal (the Roman Catholic Church)
 * 13) Cardinal (zoology)
 * 14) Cardinal comparability theorem
 * 15) Cardinal Fish
 * 16) Cardioid Orbit
 * 17) Cardoons

Care-Cari

 * 1) Careah
 * 2) Carex japonica
 * 3) Carey Estes Kefauver
 * 4) Carey Land Act
 * 5) Careysburg
 * 6) Caribbean Literature
 * 7) Cariboo Mountains
 * 8) Caribou (zoology)
 * 9) Caribs
 * 10) Caricature and Cartoon
 * 11) Carina

Carl

 * 1) Carl (Clinton) Van Doren
 * 2) Carl Blegen
 * 3) Carl Byoir
 * 4) Carl E. Stotz
 * 5) Carl Ethan Akeley
 * 6) Carl Gustaf Af Leopold
 * 7) Carl H. Eigenmann
 * 8) Carl Hagenbeck
 * 9) Carl Henrik, Greve Anckarsvard
 * 10) Carl Jonas Love Almquist
 * 11) Carl Koller
 * 12) Carl Peters
 * 13) Carl Richard Moore
 * 14) Carl Ruggles
 * 15) Carl Russell Fish
 * 16) Carl Severing
 * 17) Carl Sternheim
 * 18) Carl Theodore Dreyer
 * 19) Carl von Voit
 * 20) Carl Wagner
 * 21) Carl, Greve Piper

Carle-Carli

 * 1) Carleton Eugene Watkins
 * 2) Carleton Stevens Coon
 * 3) Carleton W. Washburne
 * 4) Carlisle Commission
 * 5) Carlists

Carlo

 * 1) Carlo Broschi Farinelli
 * 2) Carlo Caproli
 * 3) Carlo Cassola
 * 4) Carlo Maratti
 * 5) Carlo Zeno

Carlos

 * 1) Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez
 * 2) Carlos Arana Osorio
 * 3) Carlos Arniches
 * 4) Carlos Arruza
 * 5) Carlos Bousono
 * 6) Carlos de Aragon, Prince de Viana
 * 7) Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora
 * 8) Carlos Francisco de Croix
 * 9) Carlos German Belli
 * 10) Carlos Juan Finlay
 * 11) Carlos Manuel de Céspedes (1819-74)
 * 12) Carlos Mendieta y Montefur
 * 13) Carlos Merida
 * 14) Carlos of the Asturias
 * 15) Carlos Raul Villanueva
 * 16) Carlos Reyles
 * 17) Carlos Saura

Carls-Carlt

 * 1) Carlsbad
 * 2) Carlsberg Ridge
 * 3) Carlscrona
 * 4) Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes

Carm-Carn

 * 1) Carmathians
 * 2) Carme
 * 3) Carmelites
 * 4) Carmen Mcrae
 * 5) Carmen Polo de Franco
 * 6) Carmi
 * 7) Carmichael
 * 8) Carmina burana
 * 9) Carmona
 * 10) Carnaim
 * 11) Carnarvon Gorge
 * 12) Carnarvon Range
 * 13) Carnatic Wars
 * 14) Carnation margaritae
 * 15) Carnegie Corporation of New York
 * 16) Carnian Stage
 * 17) Carnion
 * 18) Carnival Song


text:
User talk:A Famous Celebrity

Welcome to Wikipedia, just wondering, why did you remove the photos from Mullet (haircut) in an edit marked as minor, without an edit summary? Edward 06:35, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:A Famous Celebrity


text:
Canary wood

Canary wood or canary whitewood is a name used to a number of species:

 * From Liriodendron commonly known as tulip trees
 * Indian mulberry Morinda citrifolia
 * Wood from the genus Centrolobium
 * Wood from the genus Persea; Persea indica and (Apollonias barbujana Syn.: Persea canariensis)
 * Wood from Eucalyptus moluccana and Nauclea orientalis Leichhardt's pine or cheesewood, from Australia its also named canary wood

Canary wood typically has a yellowish color with streaks of orange red and even white and black. Often used when making fine wood pens.

title: Canary wood


text:
Earth and High Heaven

Earth and High Heaven was a 1944 novel by Gwethalyn Graham. It was the first Canadian novel to reach number one on The New York Times bestseller list and stayed on the list for 37 weeks, selling 125 000 copies in the United States that year.

Set in Montreal, Quebec during World War II, the novel portrays a romance between Erica Drake, a young woman from a wealthy Protestant family in Westmount, and Marc Reiser, a Jewish lawyer and soldier from Northern Ontario. The young lovers are forced to confront and overcome the anti-Semitism of their society in their quest to form a lasting relationship.

Literary significance & criticism
Originally published by Jonathan Cape and Thomas Nelson & Sons (Canada), the most recent edition of the novel was published by Toronto's Cormorant Books in 2004.

Awards and nominations
Earth and High Heaven won the 1944 Governor General's Award for fiction, and the 1945 Anisfield-Wolf Book Award. It was also the ninth bestselling book of 1945 in the United States.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
Producer Samuel Goldwyn bought the movie rights to Earth and High Heaven for $100 000, intending for Katharine Hepburn to play Erica Drake. He initially hired Ring Lardner Jr. to adapt the screenplay.

Goldwyn was, however, dissatisfied with the results, telling Lardner that he "betrayed [him] by writing too much like a Jew.". Goldwyn subsequently hired a succession of other writers to develop the script, and remained dissatisfied with the final product.

After Elia Kazan released the similarly themed Gentleman's Agreement in 1947, Goldwyn abandoned Earth and High Heaven rather than risk having it labeled by critics as a copy of Kazan's film.

title: Earth and High Heaven


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pavle lukin

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – Rich Farmbrough 20:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Pavle lukin
Lukin is a muay thai fighter, according to the article. I have been unable to verify the article through Google. (Pavle lukin muay thai) doesn't get any relevant results and neither does "Pavle lukin". Also, I don't know if the accomplishments in the article would merit an article. -- Kjkolb 06:36, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete hoAX.  Grue   16:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment More likely a typo, as it appears there might be a fighter named Pavel Lukin: http://www.boxrec.com/boxer_display.php?boxer_id=137258 . Notability is, of course, another question entirely.  User:Colin Kimbrell 20:00, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.