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Talk:Suedehead (subculture)

History
Suedeheads appeared around late 1970, early 71. The novel "Suedehead", which I think was a sequel to "Skinhead" was published in 1971.

I would dispute the idea that suedeheads were a separate youth movement from skinheads. The term 'suedehead' was simply coined as a lighthearted tag for skins that had decided to have their hair a bit longer. The clothing styles were exactly the same. Skins always wore formal clothing as well as jeans and boots. GeneralJumbo 17:12, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Here is the true story of the Suedeheads. Suedeheads were the original skinheads. The movement began in London in 1967 (search out the record "Club Ska 67"). They were working class white boys, rejected ~(and still ignored to this day) by the mainstream media. They listened to the pirate radio stations -Radio Caroline & Radio London -which led them to develop an appreciation of black music and reject the commercialised white music, Beatles, Stones, Cliff Richard etc. being fed to them by mainstream radio & TV. Their short haircuts mirrored the hairstyle of the black musicians that they so admired, hence the term Skinhead. The original skinheads were never, ever racists. They weren't perfect. They despised hippies who they regarded as dirty, drug taking, drop outs. But they had absolute respect for West Indian & black American culture. These working class boys followed this culture from Ska to Rock Steady to Reggae for 3 years. Everything changed around 1970. Reggae music was dumbed down for commercial purposes. The bass signal was reduced & a string section was added to make the music more acceptable to European ears. Added to this was a new breed of skinhead. A thick, braces wearing, moron who followed groups such as Slade & was a member of the National Front. This was total anathema to the original skinheads. The final straw was the release of the record "Skinhead Moonstomp" around 1971. Possibly the worst record in history. Given this new situation, the original "skins" grew their hair slightly longer, moved away from Reggae and into Uptown R&B, called themselves Suedeheads and wanted nothing to do with these morons. They still exist today, but their story is never told. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scopecover (talk • contribs) 23:33, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Suedehead really isn't a separate subculture from skinheads, they were just usually skinheads with quite a bit longer hair because a lot of skinheads were fed up of being barred from clubs because of there hairstyle, and no one really called themselves suedeheads apart from the press, and people forget that skinhead haircuts were not really as short as they are now, it is just a name.

Some having white collar jobs is irrelevant too,some skinheads will of had white collar jobs. working in an office does not make you middle class, and suedeheads(if there is even such a thing) did not really appear until 1971/2 atleast.

Its not accurate to say all orginal skinheads were not racist, some were left wing and some were right wing, and racism back then was generally more common. It was just a subculture. There was also black and asian skinheads, and some skinheads getting involved in the national front did not happen really until the late 70's revival, skinheads listened mostly to reggae and tamla motown originally not slade which were seen as a joke. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.44.51.21 (talk) 09:37, 19 July 2017 (UTC)

Title
the name of the article should be changed to "Suedeheads" instead of "Suede-head"

Disambiguation
Both Suedehead and Suede-head[s] deserve a Disambiguation page, since at present the Suedehead title on the "List of Skinhead books" page, links to "Suedehead", the Morrissey album. Only Suede-head on the "Skinhead" page actually links to "Suede-head", the Skinhead-offshoot. Nuttyskin 23:30, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Copyright infringement
I deleted the text that was copied directly from the liner notes of the Trojan Records Suedehead box set. Much of the information in those liner notes would be a useful addition to the article, but plagarism is not allowed on Wikipedia, due to legal and moral issues.Spylab 18:32, 10 September 2006 (UTC)Spylab

Morrissey
I don't think the infomation on Morrissey's single, Suedehead should be included as it has nothing to do with the Suedehead subculture, as it even says in both of the articles 7 May 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.2.173.67 (talk) 20:15, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Suedehead (subculture)


text:
Signed zero

Signed zero is zero with an associated sign. In ordinary arithmetic, the number 0 does not have a sign, so that −0, +0 and 0 are equivalent. However, in computing, some number representations allow for the existence of two zeros, often denoted by −0 (negative zero) and +0 (positive zero), regarded as equal by the numerical comparison operations but with possible different behaviors in particular operations. This occurs in the sign-magnitude and ones' complement signed number representations for integers, and in most floating-point number representations. The number 0 is usually encoded as +0, but can still be represented by +0, −0, or 0.

The IEEE 754 standard for floating-point arithmetic (presently used by most computers and programming languages that support floating-point numbers) requires both +0 and −0. Real arithmetic with signed zeros can be considered a variant of the extended real number line such that 1/−0 = −∞ and 1/+0 = +∞; division is undefined only for ±0/±0 and ±∞/±∞.

Negatively signed zero echoes the mathematical analysis concept of approaching 0 from below as a one-sided limit, which may be denoted by x → 0−, x → 0−, or x → ↑0. The notation "−0" may be used informally to denote a negative number that has been rounded to zero. The concept of negative zero also has some theoretical applications in statistical mechanics and other disciplines.

It is claimed that the inclusion of signed zero in IEEE 754 makes it much easier to achieve numerical accuracy in some critical problems, in particular when computing with complex elementary functions. On the other hand, the concept of signed zero runs contrary to the usual assumption made in mathematics that negative zero is the same value as zero. Representations that allow negative zero can be a source of errors in programs, if software developers do not take into account that while the two zero representations behave as equal under numeric comparisons, they yield different results in some operations.

Representations
Binary integer formats can use various encodings. In the widely used two's complement encoding, zero is unsigned. In a 1+7-bit sign-and-magnitude representation for integers, negative zero is represented by the bit string 1000 0000. In an 8-bit ones' complement representation, negative zero is represented by the bit string 1111 1111. In all these three encodings, positive or unsigned zero is represented by 0000 0000. However, the latter two encodings (with a signed zero) are uncommon for integer formats. The most common formats with a signed zero are floating-point formats (IEEE 754 formats or similar), described below.

In IEEE 754 binary floating-point formats, zero values are represented by the biased exponent and significand both being zero. Negative zero has the sign bit set to one. One may obtain negative zero as the result of certain computations, for instance as the result of arithmetic underflow on a negative number (other results may also be possible), or, or simply as.

In IEEE 754 decimal floating-point formats, a negative zero is represented by an exponent being any valid exponent in the range for the format, the true significand being zero, and the sign bit being one.

Properties and handling
The IEEE 754 floating-point standard specifies the behavior of positive zero and negative zero under various operations. The outcome may depend on the current IEEE rounding mode settings.

Notation
In systems that include both signed and unsigned zeros, the notation $$0^+$$ and $$0^-$$ is sometimes used for signed zeros.

Arithmetic
Addition and multiplication are commutative, but there are some special rules that have to be followed, which mean the usual mathematical rules for algebraic simplification may not apply. The $$=$$ sign below shows the obtained floating-point results (it is not the usual equality operator).

The usual rule for signs is always followed when multiplying or dividing:

 * $$(-0) \cdot \left|x \right| = -0\,\!$$ (for $$x$$ different from ±∞)
 * $$\frac{-0}{ \left| x \right| } = -0\,\!$$ (for $$x$$ different from 0)
 * $$(-0) \cdot (-0) = +0\,\!$$

There are special rules for adding or subtracting signed zero:

 * $$x + (\pm 0) = x\,\!$$ (for $$x$$ different from 0)
 * $$(-0) + (-0) = (-0) - (+0) = -0\,\!$$
 * $$(+0) + (+0) = (+0) - (-0) = +0\,\!$$
 * $$x - x = x + (-x) = +0\,\!$$ (for any finite $$x$$, −0 when rounding toward negative)

Because of negative zero (and also when the rounding mode is upward or downward), the expressions −(x − y) and (−x) − (−y), for floating-point variables x and y, cannot be replaced by y − x. However (−0) + x can be replaced by x with rounding to nearest (except when x can be a signaling NaN).

Some other special rules:

 * $$\left|-0 \right| = +0\,\!$$
 * $$\sqrt{-0} = -0\,\!$$
 * $$\frac{-0}{-\infty} = +0\,\!$$ (follows the sign rule for division)
 * $$\frac{\left|x\right|}{-0} = -\infty\,\!$$ (for non-zero $$x$$, follows the sign rule for division)
 * $${\pm 0} \times {\pm \infty} = \mbox{NaN}\,\!$$ (Not a Number or interrupt for indeterminate form)
 * $$\frac{\pm 0}{\pm 0} = \mbox{NaN}\,\!$$

Division of a non-zero number by zero sets the divide by zero flag, and an operation producing a NaN sets the invalid operation flag. An exception handler is called if enabled for the corresponding flag.

Comparisons
According to the IEEE 754 standard, negative zero and positive zero should compare as equal with the usual (numerical) comparison operators, like the  operators of C and Java. In those languages, special programming tricks may be needed to distinguish the two values:

 * Type punning the number to an integer type, so as to look at the sign bit in the bit pattern;
 * using the ISO C  function (IEEE 754 copySign operation) to copy the sign of the zero to some non-zero number;
 * using the ISO C  macro (IEEE 754 isSignMinus operation) that returns whether the sign bit of a number is set;
 * taking the reciprocal of the zero to obtain either 1/(+0) = +∞ or 1/(−0) = −∞ (if the division by zero exception is not trapped).

Note: Casting to integral type will not always work, especially on two's complement systems.

However, some programming languages may provide alternative comparison operators that do distinguish the two zeros. This is the case, for example, of the equals method in Java's  wrapper class.

In rounded values such as temperatures
Informally, one may use the notation "−0" for a negative value that was rounded to zero. This notation may be useful when a negative sign is significant; for example, when tabulating Celsius temperatures, where a negative sign means below freezing.

In statistical mechanics
In statistical mechanics, one sometimes uses negative temperatures to describe systems with population inversion, which can be considered to have a temperature greater than positive infinity, because the coefficient of energy in the population distribution function is −1/Temperature. In this context, a temperature of −0 is a (theoretical) temperature larger than any other negative temperature, corresponding to the (theoretical) maximum conceivable extent of population inversion, the opposite extreme to +0.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Signed zero


text:
Ardingly Reservoir

Ardingly Reservoir is west of Ardingly in West Sussex. The southern end is a 74.5 ha Local Nature Reserve owned and managed by South East Water.

The reservoir feeds the River Ouse located in West Sussex, England 5 mi north of Haywards Heath. The villages of Ardingly and Balcombe are immediately to the east and north of the reservoir respectively. It was created in 1978 by damming Shell Brook, a tributary of the River Ouse which flows into the Ouse about 500m south of the reservoir. It is filled with water pumped from the River Ouse when river flows are high. The water is stored in the reservoir before being treated and distributed to consumers.

Ardingly Activity Centre provides watersports for the public including wind surfing, kayaking, powerboating, paddleboarding and dinghy sailing as well the Black Hut Kiosk that serves drinks and snacks. The reservoir is also used regularly by Ardingly Rowing Club and Mid Sussex Tri Club.

The reservoir is a popular fishing venue offering 3 miles (5 km) of freshwater fishing for carp, tench, pike, roach, rudd, eel, gudgeon, European perch and bream.

The west bank of the reservoir is private property of the Balcombe Estate but the north, south and east shores offer public rights of way and bridleways. Ornithologists are catered for with two bird hides situated on the east bank.

title: Ardingly Reservoir


text: User talk:83.112.63.137

title: User talk:83.112.63.137


text:
2005 Football League Cup final

The 2005 Football League Cup final was a football match played between Liverpool and Chelsea on 27 February 2005 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. It was the final match of the 2004–05 Football League Cup, the 45th season of the Football League Cup, a football competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and Football League. Liverpool were appearing in their tenth final; they had previously won seven and lost two while Chelsea were appearing in the final for the fourth time. They had previously won twice and lost once.

As both teams were in the Premier League, they entered the competition in the third round. Liverpool's matches were generally close affairs, with only two victories secured by two goals or more. A 2–0 win over Middlesbrough in the fourth round was followed by a 4–3 victory in a penalty shootout after their quarter-final match with Tottenham Hotspur finished 1–1. Chelsea's matches were also close affairs, their only victory by more than one goal was against Newcastle United in the fourth round, which they won 2–0.

Watched by a crowd of 78,000 Liverpool scored inside the first minute when John Arne Riise volleyed a Fernando Morientes pass into the Chelsea goal. Neither side was able to score despite a number of chances, until the 79th minute when Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard headed a Paulo Ferreira free-kick into his own net. José Mourinho was ordered to the stands after Chelsea's equaliser for making a gesture to the Liverpool fans. Despite the incident, Chelsea continued their dominance into extra-time and a goal each from Didier Drogba and Mateja Kežman gave them a 3–1 lead. A minute later Antonio Núñez of Liverpool scored a header to reduce the deficit to 3–2, but Chelsea held to win the match and the League Cup for the third time.

Liverpool
As Liverpool were competing in the Premier League, they entered the competition in the third round and were drawn against Millwall, who were in the Championship. Liverpool fielded a team that did not feature many of their regular starters including Steven Gerrard and Xabi Alonso. Despite this, they won the match at Millwall's home ground The New Den, 3–0 courtesy of two goals from striker Milan Baroš and midfielder Salif Diao. Liverpool were drawn against fellow Premier League side Middlesbrough in the fourth round. Again Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez did not field many of his first choice players, however two goals from striker Neil Mellor secured a 2–0 victory at their home ground of Anfield.

Tottenham Hotspur were the opposition in the quarter-final held at their opponent's home ground White Hart Lane. With neither side scoring during 90 minutes, the match went to extra time. Tottenham took the lead in the 108th minute when striker Jermain Defoe scored. Tottenham appeared to be on course for victory, but a handball in their penalty area by Frédéric Kanouté resulted in a Liverpool penalty, which striker Florent Sinama Pongolle scored. With no further goals, the match went to a penalty shoot-out. Liverpool won the subsequent shootout 4–3 to progress to the semi-final.

Championship side Watford were the opposition in the semi-final which were held over two legs. Unlike previous rounds, Benítez picked a near full-strength team for the first leg at Anfield. The only goal of the match was scored in the 56th minute by Liverpool captain Gerrard. The second leg at Watford's home ground, Vicarage Road finished in the same scoreline, with Gerrard again scoring the winning goal. As a result, Liverpool won the match 1–0 and 2–0 on aggregate to progress to the final.

Chelsea
West Ham United were Chelsea's opposition, as they entered the competition in the third round due to being in the Premier League. The match held at Chelsea's home ground Stamford Bridge, saw a Mateja Kežman goal secure a 1–0 victory for Chelsea. Their opponents in the fourth round were fellow Premier League team Newcastle United. The match, held at Newcastle's home ground St James' Park, was goalless for the first 90 minutes and went to extra-time. Goals from Eiður Guðjohnsen and Arjen Robben resulted in a 2–0 victory for Chelsea.

Local rivals Fulham were Chelsea's opposition in the quarter-final, with the match held at Fulham's home ground, Craven Cottage. A goal in the 55th minute from midfielder Damien Duff gave Chelsea a 1–0 lead. However, Fulham equalised in the 74th minute when striker Brian McBride scored. With both teams pushing forward to score the winning goal, substitute Frank Lampard scored in the 88th minute to secure a 2–1 victory for Chelsea.

Chelsea were drawn against Manchester United in the semi-final. The first leg at Stamford Bridge finished 0–0 with both teams missing chances to score. The second leg was held at United's home ground Old Trafford. Chelsea took an early lead when Lampard scored in the 29th minute, but United equalised in the 67th minute when midfielder Ryan Giggs scored. In the 87th minute, Duff scored from a 50 yd free kick to make the score 2–1. Thus, Chelsea won the tie 2–1 on aggregate to progress to the final.

Background
Liverpool were appearing in their tenth final they had won seven (1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995, 2001, 2003) and lost two (1978, 1987). This was Chelsea's fourth appearance in the final. They had won twice in 1965 and 1998 and lost once in 1972. The last match between the two sides before the final was on 1 January 2005, when an 80th-minute goal by midfielder Joe Cole secured a 1–0 victory for Chelsea at Anfield. Both sides last match before the final was in the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League. They were playing the first leg of their round of 16 matches. Liverpool faced German team Bayer Leverkusen, whom they beat 3–1, while Chelsea were beaten 2–1 by Spanish team Barcelona.

Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez was adamant that opponents Chelsea were the team under the most pressure to win the match: "There will be more pressure on them, they have spent a lot of money and are the best team in the league, because they are in first position, but they've lost their last two important games. That means they will be under pressure. People will see them as the favourites, I'm sure, so the pressure is on them and not us." Benítez was confident that playing in a cup final would be beneficial to his players: "We need experiences like this to progress, when I decided to come here I said I wanted to win trophies. Our challenge is to win the Premier League, the Champions League, the Uefa Cup, the FA Cup and the Carling Cup. This is a chance to start." Goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek believed winning the competition in 2003 would benefit Liverpool: "It was great to win there before and I also had one of my best performances for Liverpool. There's a great buzz around the place; we know that the club expects to win trophies, and we're in a position to deliver that later this week."

Chelsea midfielder Joe Cole was keen to win his first trophy in the final: "We don't feel under any great pressure, but we do feel excited about the possibility of winning our first trophy, we've just been imagining what it would be like to lift the trophy, who's going where in the line if we win it, and how we'll run round Cardiff with it." Teammate Frank Lampard was also keen to win his first trophy: "If you haven't won anything, a runners-up medal is not what you want at all." He also stated that Chelsea manager José Mourinho's desire to win had been rubbing off on the players: "He actually gets angrier with each one, so every time we lose it's the worst I've seen him, he's a winner, though, that's what you expect, and that's the attitude that's needed at Chelsea these days."

Chelsea goalkeeper Carlo Cudicini, who had played in four matches during the competition was suspended after being shown a red card in a FA Cup match against Newcastle United. He would be replaced by Petr Čech. Captain Steven Gerrard and striker Fernando Morientes were expected to return to the starting line-up for Liverpool, while midfielder Xabi Alonso would miss out after breaking his leg in the last fixture between the two sides. Going into the match Chelsea were the favourites with the bookmakers at Even odds to win the match, while Liverpool were 9-4. However, a poll on the BBC Sport website had 63% of fans backing Liverpool to win.

First half
Within a minute of the kick-off, Liverpool had scored. Striker Fernando Morientes ran over to the right-hand side of the pitch, his cross to the edge of the Chelsea penalty area was met by midfielder John Arne Riise, who volleyed the ball into the Chelsea goal to give Liverpool a 1–0 lead. The goal was the fastest scored in a League Cup final. Liverpool continued to attack and two minutes later Riise had another chance, however his shot hit Chelsea defender Paulo Ferreira. Liverpool defender Sami Hyypiä received the first yellow card of the match in the 13th minute for a challenge on Didier Drogba. Chelsea started to come into the game and they were awarded a free-kick in the 19th minute when Liverpool defender Steve Finnan was penalised for a foul on Damien Duff. However, the free kick from Ferreira was cleared by Liverpool. A run by Finnan in the 27th minute saw him go past Duff and defender William Gallas before he passed to Luis García, but his shot was blocked by Ricardo Carvalho.

A minute later Chelsea midfielder Frank Lampard was shown a yellow card for a foul on García. The resulting free-kick found Steven Gerrard, but he fell to the ground after a challenge from Claude Makélélé. The referee Steve Bennett ignored Liverpool claims for a penalty and Chelsea went straight on the attack, but an effort by Drogba went wide of the Liverpool goal. Chelsea continued to attack in an effort to score an equalising goal, but attempts by Duff and Joe Cole failed to find the target. Liverpool defender Djimi Traoré was the third player to be shown a yellow card for a foul on Ferreira in the 35th minute. However, minutes later he made an important tackle as Duff beat the Liverpool offside trap, but a poor touch outside of the Liverpool penalty area allowed Traoré to dispossess him. As half-time approached Liverpool were content to remain in their own half and allow Chelsea to attack them, but any attack was dealt with by the Liverpool defence.

Second half
Chelsea replaced midfielder Jiří Jarošík with striker Eiður Guðjohnsen at the start of the second half, and started the second half in the same manner that they finished the first, with Liverpool withholding the pressure on their penalty area. Cole passed the ball over the Liverpool defence to Drogba in the 54th minute, but defender Jamie Carragher was able to get back and clear the ball. The ball was played back into the penalty area and met by Guðjohnsen, whose header was saved by Dudek, the ball fell to Gallas and Dudek again saved the subsequent shot. Midfielder Antonio Núñez replaced Harry Kewell in the 56th minute. Against the run of play, Liverpool had an attack in the 64th minute. A counter-attack resulted in a Dietmar Hamann shot, but it was saved by Čech. Liverpool made another substitution following the attack as Igor Bišćan replaced an injured Djimi Traoré. Chelsea continued to push forward and were close to a goal in the 71st minute, but Riise cleared a Gallas after the ball was played to him by Makélélé. Both teams made substitutions in the following minutes. Striker Milan Baroš replaced Morientes for Liverpool while Chelsea substituted Gallas for striker Mateja Kežman.

Liverpool had a chance to extend their lead in the 74th minute, but Gerrard was unable to score from a cross by Núñez, with his shot going wide of the Chelsea goal. Liverpool pressed forward and a sliding tackle from Chelsea captain John Terry prevented Baroš from shooting in the Chelsea penalty area. Chelsea were awarded a free-kick in the 79th minute which was taken by Ferreira, the ball was met by Gerrard who intended to head it clear, but scored an own goal after heading the ball into the Liverpool goal. The score was now 1–1. Chelsea made their final substitution following the goal, with Glen Johnson replacing Cole. Chelsea manager Mourinho was sent off following the goal for making a gesture towards the Liverpool fans. Chelsea nearly took the lead in the 82nd minute, but Duff's shot was saved by Dudek. Chelsea had a few chances to score in the following exchanges, but all the efforts missed the Liverpool goal. Liverpool's only chance in the rest of the half fell to Baroš, but he also put his shot wide. With the scores at 1–1, following the end of 90 minutes the match went to extra time.

Extra time
Chelsea had the first chance in extra time when Duff's cross was met by Drogba, but his header hit the post. The pace of the game had slowed in extra time, neither side dominated the match. The best chances for both sides came in the final minutes of the first half of extra time. A García cross was met by Bišćan, but he headed the ball over the crossbar while Kežman had a shot saved by Dudek. However, in the first minute of the second half of extra time Chelsea had scored. A long throw-in to the near post of the Liverpool goal was missed by Terry and Hyypiä, but Drogba beat Carragher to the ball and gave Chelsea a 2–1 lead. Four minutes later, Chelsea had extended their lead to 3–1. A Lampard free-kick was punched clear by Dudek, but the ball fell to Guðjohnsen who played the ball across the Liverpool goal to Kežman who scored. Two minutes later Liverpool scored. A Gerrard free-kick was headed in by Núñez to make the score 3–2. However, Liverpool were unable to find an equalising goal in the remaining minutes and Chelsea won 3–2 to win the League Cup for the third time.

Post-match
Following the match, Chelsea manager José Mourinho claimed that the gesture he made had been intended for the media and not Liverpool fans: "The signal of close your mouth was not for them but for the press, they speak too much and in my opinion they try to do everything to disturb Chelsea. Wait, don't speak too soon. We lost two matches and in my opinion you (the media) try to take confidence from us and put pressure on us." Mourinho was happy that Chelsea had won but said the victory was not special: "It's just one more. I had a few before this, I'm very happy to win. It's important for the fans, for the club and especially for the players." Striker Eiður Guðjohnsen said Chelsea's victory was down to their hard work ethic: "It was a very intense and even game and it was hard to break them down, but hard work pays off in the end."

Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard was determined to move on from the final after scoring an own goal: "Losing cup finals and scoring an own goal is a bad day for myself, but I'll look forward to the next game now." He also said that Chelsea deserved the victory: "We scored early on and tried to see the clock out because we were 15 minutes away from lifting the cup, but credit to Chelsea they came back and deserved the win." Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez believed that Liverpool would have won the match had they scored when they were leading 1–0: "If you have clear chances at 1–0 and you score the second goal you finish the game, but we made some mistakes and at the end we conceded in our own goal." Despite the defeat he was proud of his players' efforts: "I say to the players we must be proud because we played a good game, Chelsea controlled the game when they started playing, but we re-organised the team with three midfielders and had some opportunities."

The two sides faced each other again in the semi-finals of the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League. A goalless first leg at Stamford Bridge was followed by a 1–0 victory for Liverpool in the second leg as they progressed to the final. A 3–2 victory in a penalty shootout against Milan after the match finished 3–3 ensured Liverpool won the UEFA Champions League for the fifth time. Chelsea would go on to win the 2004–05 FA Premier League, their first League title since 1955.

title: 2005 Football League Cup final


text: User talk:204.17.26.5

title: User talk:204.17.26.5


text:
User:Goodkarma

Hi!
I haven't edited many articles, but usually when I do it is to remove the superfluous rather than to add or correct. My primary interests are economics, politics, science, history, philosophy, religion and music.

My contributions:
 * Talk:Fusion power
 * Talk:Nuclear reactor
 * Fusion power
 * The Dancing Wu Li Masters
 * Talk:Phở
 * Matisyahu
 * State Radio

title: User:Goodkarma


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wwp south

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Gareth Hughes 22:15, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Wwp south
article consists solely of a question. A quick search on the internet for "wwp south" does not turn up meaningful content to fill out the article. Zippy 20:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The only possibly relevant Google hit refers to a high school in West Windsor–Plainsboro, New Jersey, a suburb of Princeton. Its name is West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South ("WW-P South"). A Google search for "wwp south" + arkansas gives 3 non-relevant hits. Andrew pmk | Talk 22:33, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. Right, the match you found would best be named West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South, though whether it would merit its own entry, or just be part of West Windsor-Plainsboro High School is another question. --Zippy 23:53, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It doesn't get any more threadbare than this. Without a doubt speediable as CSD:G1 or CSD:A1. Denni ☯ 03:51, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as CSD:A1 or possibly CSD:A4. MCB 23:13, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- no salvageable content, no reason for existing. --Zippy 08:07, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:208.131.181.126

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. I've noticed some of your recent valuable contributions... Wikipedia can always use more regular editors like you. Consider creating an account and logging in using a user name, which has many benefits. In the meantime, here are some useful links if you need any help:

 * How to edit a page
 * Manual of Style
 * What Wikipedia is not

Hope to see more of you! Karol 20:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

This message is regarding the page Christianity. Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. Thanks. Jkelly 07:46, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

This message is regarding the page Master's degree. Please refrain from adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. JHCC (talk) 16:12, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. FearÉIREANN \(caint) 23:45, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

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Your edit to Life imprisonment
Your recent edit to Life imprisonment was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // AntiVandalBot 00:19, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

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Regarding your edits to Konvict Muzik:
Your recent edit to Konvict Muzik (diff) was reverted by an automated bot. You have been identified as a new user or a logged out editor using a hosting or shared IP address to add email addresses, phone numbers, YouTube, Geocities, Myspace, Facebook, blog, forum, or other such free-hosting website links to a non-talk page. Please note that such links are generally to be avoided. You can restore any other content by editing the page and re-adding that content. The links can be reviewed and restored by established users. Thank you for contributing! // VoABot II 23:13, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

April 2008
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October 2009
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November 2009
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you.--TParis00ap (talk) 22:24, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Rafael Benítez. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. Wyatt 915 ✍  22:42, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

December 2009
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April 2010
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Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to the page Type polymorphism. Such edits constitute vandalism and are reverted. Please do not continue to make unconstructive edits to pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you. Tommy2010 20:59, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

September 2010
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October 2010
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March 2011
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October 2011
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November 2011
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March 2012
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April 2012
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August 2012
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September 2013
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Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Ebenezer Assembly of God, Lorrimers concern
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Copyrighted material
Please do not copy and paste copyright material into articles. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 19:09, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

January 2014
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Your draft article, Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Ebenezer Assembly of God, Lorrimers

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February 2015
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March 2015
Please refrain from making test edits in Wikipedia pages, such as those you made to Caribbean , even if you intend to fix them later. Your edits do not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 22:37, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

July 2015
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October 2016
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April 2018
Hello, I'm Transcendence. I noticed that you recently removed content from Berezovsky v Michaels without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Transcendence (talk) 07:54, 21 April 2018 (UTC)
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title: User talk:208.131.181.126


text:
Talk:To End All Wars

This Page Needs To Be Expanded
If you have pertinent information please contribute to the effort.

Thank You Daeg Star

Fair use rationale for Image:Title cover.jpg
Image:Title cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 02:13, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Game
There is a computer game with this title also, but I don't think it has anything do to with the film. Drutt (talk) 14:54, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Yeah, There's gonna be a game soon http://oxcgn.com/2008/08/04/upcoming-games-with-10-new-environments-part-2/ This article is gonna to a disambiguation page. ~anon —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.226.82.3 (talk) 18:38, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Split
I've created a page for the book under its original title. I don't think it is necessary to create two seperate articles under the name "To End All War".--Sus scrofa (talk) 23:18, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:To End All Wars


text:
Municipal president

A presidente municipal (English: "municipal president") is the chief of government of municipios in Mexico. This title was also used in the Philippines during the Spanish and American colonial periods; it is comparable to a mayor of the town or city. The position is comparable to the county executive of a county in the United States or to the mayor of a city in the United States, although the jurisdiction of a presidente municipal includes not only a city but the municipality surrounding it. Nationally, this position is also equivalent to that of Head of Government of the Federal District and that is why these positions are sometimes referred to as "mayors" in English-language publications.

Lists

 * Municipal president of Cananea
 * Municipal president of Chihuahua
 * Municipal president of Ciudad Juárez
 * Municipal president of Mérida, Yucatán
 * Municipal president of Monterrey
 * Municipal president of Sabinas Hidalgo
 * Municipal president of Puebla

title: Municipal president


text:
User talk:Supersheep270

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --fvw *  20:04, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --fvw *  20:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Supersheep270


text:
User:Rlane32

/monobook.js

title: User:Rlane32


text: Category:Law of Cuba

title: Category:Law of Cuba


text:
User:Rlane32/monobook.js

// Live Preview customization, // edit this to your own liking.

wpUserName  = 'Pilaf';   // User name to display in signatures wpShowImages = true;     // Enable downloading and displaying of images

// Include Live Preview... mw.loader.load('https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pilaf/livepreview.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

// Now set everything up window.onload = Main;

function Main { LivePreviewInstall; // You may include here other "extensions" }

/* This is to keep track of who is using the Live Preview: User:Pilaf/livepreview.js */

title: User:Rlane32/monobook.js


text:
Kosso (disambiguation)

Kosso is the common name of the east African tree Hagenia abyssinica.

Kosso may also refer to:

 * Coşava, a Romanian village, Kossó in Hungarian
 * Pterocarpus erinaceus, a west African tree

title: Kosso (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia

Article name
Since it is currently the Archbishopric/Archdiocese of Warmia, shouldn't this article be named Archbishopric of Warmia or Archdiocese of Warmia? Olessi 20:07, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds fine to me. As a start, I have created a redirect from Archbishopric of Warmia. -- Chris 73 Talk 08:45, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hrm. Could you move it, since I don't have the admin skills to do so? Olessi 21:16, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

"Returning" an Archbishopric
Mere POV merchandise. Ksenon 23:25, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Blind fury
It his blind reverts of users he does not like, Molobo has also deleted an interwiki link (de:, coincidentally), either intentionally or as collateral damage of his Polish POV. --Matthead 20:18, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * And you, Matthead, are vandalising every article containg word Polish and inserting German POV, so maybe stop complaing and think about your actions. Ak47K 20:49, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In this context, I'm really intimidated by this edit of User:Space Cadet, summarized as "As part of Poland - rm nonsensical chauvinistic claims". Too many vowels are Anti-Polish POV now? --Matthead 18:39, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Prince-Bishopric Ermland
Hi User:Termer

you changed the date of the Prince-Bishopric Ermland from 1356 to 1772.

Do you have a reliable document stating this ? Because there were further Prince- Bishops of Ermland at least until after 1871, when it was German Empire and Andreas Thiel was Bischof von Ermland or (still prince-bishop. Exempt status definetely lasted continously till 20th century. Thanks for your answer. An Observer (71.137.197.97 (talk) 22:21, 1 October 2008 (UTC))

 * Prince-Bishopric of Ermland refers to the state that existed from the moment it was created by William of Modena in 1243 until its lands were secularized by Frederick II of Prussia in 1772. After that it was not a state or Prince-Bishopric any more but just a Bishopric.
 * Here you go: At the time of the First Partition of Poland (1772) the whole of Ermland fell to the share of the Kingdom of Prussia. In the Treaty of Warsaw (18 September, 1773), King Friedrich II, it is true, guaranteed the status quo and the free exercise of religion for the Catholics of the annexed provinces, nevertheless all schools and institutions for education and training under religious control were gradually suppressed, and the landed property of the Church secularized.. Its territory was integrated into the Kriegs- und Domänenkammer Königsberg and then into Kreise

 * Also, the current title Archbishopric of Warmia doesn't refer to the Prince-Bishopric Ermland/Warmia but to the modern bishopric -> Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warmia --Termer (talk) 14:57, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

- Great reference, thanks. Last few years I go there to the coastal areas every year. An Observer (71.137.197.97 (talk) 17:47, 2 October 2008 (UTC))

 * The WP articles on the subject are messed up. currently there are 3 of them: this-one "Archbishopric of Warmia" that is about the entire history of the state (1243 – 1772) but under wrong, modern name. Then there is Episcopal Duchy of Warmia that refers to the Polish period (1466 – 1772) and finally Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warmia that for some reason lists the bishops between 1458-2006. The period when it was a German bishopric within Prussia 1772-1945 seems has been missed completely. The first bishop in modern times when it has been a Polish bishopric did only took office in 1972. I've been working on the subject to clean it up but since there is a naming controversy between Polish and German POV-s in its history, the topic is problematic and it's difficult to come up with a WP:consensus how to organize the articles about bishopric and its history on WP.--Termer (talk) 20:13, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

--- You are right, what a mess, what on earth is this Benkenobi18 site ? Really strange. When it gets too odd, ometimes it is best, to just stay away from things for a while. Cheers and good luck with this An Observer (71.137.197.97 (talk) 00:14, 3 October 2008 (UTC))

Episcopal_Duchy_of_Warmia
For related discussions see: Talk:Episcopal_Duchy_of_Warmia--Termer (talk) 04:14, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Ethnic and cultural conflicts noticeboard
Notice: This article is a subject of Ethnic_and_cultural_conflicts_noticeboard--Termer (talk) 18:23, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Finally
Finally a good and neutral article. Keep up the good work. 82.143.161.131 (talk) 11:38, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/-0

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Physchim62 14:58, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

-0

 * Delete Hoax Nonsense StephenJMuir 20:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This page has not been expanded: it has been completely replaced. It was originally an article on -0 in the field of mathematics, in which -0 is and always will be equal to +0. It is now an article on -0 in the field of computing, which is perfectly valid. StephenJMuir 10:07, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Keep per rewrite and link provided by User:Pilatus. Good work all on sourcing this and writing a useable article on the topic.--Isotope23 20:38, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What? the wub  "?!"  22:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC) Keep per Pilatus. the wub   "?!"  09:28, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete . NatusRoma 05:28, 15 October 2005 (UTC) Keep per User:Pilatus. NatusRoma 03:08, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this wasn't speedy deleted because??? Masterhatch 10:26, 15 October 2005 (UTC) With the added info and sources, I change my vote to Keep. Masterhatch 03:43, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. THIS IS NOT A HOAX as a this link will tell! Negative zeroes do occur in one's complement arithmetic. Pilatus 00:49, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Kappa 01:42, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is no negative zero. There may be a position in computer memory that is used to indicate the sign in non-zero numbers. A bitstring in a computer may be the same as zero except for that position. That does not make it negative zero. A more sensible use for that bitstring would actually be undefined value. −Woodstone 12:48, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article needs more work, and it should be noted that the -0 is usually a PITA, and one reason why 2's complement is preferred. -- Egil 13:01, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, 2's complement has its problems too. For example, an 8 bit 2's complement number has values in the range -128 thru +127. If you evaluate -(-128) you get -128 rather than +128! StephenJMuir 14:39, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually what you get is overflow; up to you to interpret the validity and value of the result. −Woodstone 15:54, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The concept of negative zero indeed exists in many floating point representations. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 15:02, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. John Walker even dedicated a whole page to this subject. squell 05:11, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The current page is completely different from the one nominated, and is now a valuable contribution to Wikipedia.-gadfium 20:06, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as above, possibly expand beyond computing. The original article didn't make too much sense, but it contained an apparent allusion to the temperature of -0 in statistical mechanics, which would be an interesting thing to discuss in the article. --Trovatore 20:33, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep PrimeFan 20:42, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Itz 4 realz yo. It belongs in Category:Computer arithmetic, where there are many other weird applications, approximations, and abstractions of mathematical concepts. It is even referenced in W3C standards . Current article text is looking OK. — mjb 01:39, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to 0 (number) - Bwfc 20:29, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/-0


text:
Million Voices

"Million Voices" is a single by Swedish DJ and producer Otto Knows. The song was released in Belgium as a digital download on 31 May 2012. The song has charted in Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Sweden.

Music video
An accompanying music video for the song was released on 18 November 2012. It was filmed in Lésigny, Seine-et-Marne, France. As of July 2019, the video has received over 33 million views on YouTube.

Track listing

 * Digital download
 * 1) "Million Voices" – 5:57 (original mix)

iTunes EP

 * 1) "Million Voices (Radio Edit) - 3:13
 * 2) "Million Voices (Extended Mix) - 5:58
 * 3) "Million Voices (TORN Remix) - 6:26

title: Million Voices


text:
1939 in baseball

Headline event of the year

 * On May 17, 1939, Princeton University and Columbia University played the first televised baseball game. On August 26, the Cincinnati Reds and the Brooklyn Dodgers played the first televised Major League Baseball game. Red Barber announced the game.
 * In this year, the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame inducted its charter honorees, including José Méndez and Cristóbal Torriente.

Major League Baseball

 * World Series: New York Yankees over Cincinnati Reds (4–0)
 * All-Star Game, July 11 at Yankee Stadium: American League, 3–1

Other champions

 * Amateur World Series: Cuba
 * Negro League Baseball All-Star Game: West, 4–2 (first game, at Comiskey Park); East, 10–2 (second game, in New York City)

Awards and honors

 * Baseball Hall of Fame
 * Cap Anson
 * Eddie Collins
 * Charles Comiskey
 * Candy Cummings
 * Buck Ewing
 * Lou Gehrig
 * Willie Keeler
 * Charles Radbourn
 * George Sisler
 * Al Spalding
 * Most Valuable Player
 * Joe DiMaggio, New York Yankees, OF (AL)
 * Bucky Walters, Cincinnati Reds, P (NL)
 * The Sporting News Player of the Year Award
 * Joe DiMaggio, New York Yankees, OF
 * The Sporting News Most Valuable Player Award
 * Joe DiMaggio, New York Yankees, OF
 * Bucky Walters, Cincinnati Reds, P
 * The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award
 * Leo Durocher, Brooklyn Dodgers

Negro league baseball final standings
All Negro leagues standings below are per Seamheads.

Negro American League postseason

 * Kansas City Monarchs over St. Louis Stars (4–1)

Negro National League postseason

 * National League Playoff Series
 * Homestead Grays over Philadelphia Stars (3–2)
 * Baltimore Elite Giants over Newark Eagles (3–1)
 * National League Championship Series
 * Baltimore Elite Giants over Homestead Grays (3–1–1)

January – May

 * January 24 – George Sisler, Eddie Collins and Willie Keeler are elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Baseball Writers' Association of America.
 * April 17 – A new baseball tradition begins, as the baseball season opens in Cincinnati, home of Major League Baseball's oldest franchise. The Cincinnati Reds lose to the Pittsburgh Pirates, 7–5.
 * April 20 – The Boston Red Sox show off their prize rookie Ted Williams before 30,278 in Opening Day at Yankee Stadium, in a game delayed two days because of rain. After striking out twice, Williams collects a double off New York Yankees pitcher Red Ruffing, who is credited with the win in a 2–0 victory. Yankees first baseman Lou Gehrig makes an error, goes hitless, and lines into two double plays in the only game featuring the two great sluggers. Other notables in what will become a historic box score include Joe DiMaggio, Bill Dickey, Jimmie Foxx, Joe Cronin, Bobby Doerr, Red Rolfe, and losing pitcher Lefty Grove. The Yankees score their first run on a home run by Dickey and their second on an error by Foxx. Boston has baserunners in each inning, but Ruffing tosses just the second opening day shutout in Yankees history. Four umpires work the game including third base umpire George Pipgras, who was the starting pitcher for the Yankees in the 1929 opener. Curiously, his opponent for the Red Sox that day was Ruffing.
 * April 21 – Ted Williams plays his first game at Fenway Park, scoring the first run for the Boston Red Sox on a Frankie Hayes passed ball, in a Boston 9–2 victory over the Philadelphia Athletics.
 * April 23 – Rookie Ted Williams goes 4-for-5, including his first major-league home run, a three-run blast in the first inning off Bud Thomas, but the Boston Red Sox lose to the Philadelphia Athletics, 12–8, at Fenway Park.
 * April 29 – In the seventh game of the season, New York Yankees center fielder Joe DiMaggio makes a sharp turn while fielding a liner facing the Washington Senators and tears muscles in his right foot. The Yankees lose the game and DiMaggio will miss the next 35 games.
 * April 30 – Lou Gehrig goes hitless in four at-bats against the Washington Senators and is now hitting just .143 this season. He had just played his 2,130th consecutive major league game. No one knew it would be the final game of his career.
 * May 2 – New York Yankees first baseman Lou Gehrig voluntarily benches himself "for the good of the team" ending his consecutive-game streak at 2,130. Babe Dahlgren replaces him in the line-up, and goes two-for-five with a home run. The Yankees beat the Detroit Tigers 22–2 behind Red Ruffing.
 * May 13 – In a 10-player mega-trade, the St. Louis Browns sent Beau Bell, Red Kress, Bobo Newsom and Jim Walkup to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Mark Christman, George Gill, Bob Harris, Vern Kennedy, Chet Laabs and Roxie Lawson.
 * May 17 – Princeton defeats Columbia 2–1 in the first televised baseball game. W2XBS, an experimental television stations based out of New York City, broadcast the game.
 * May 24 – The Detroit Tigers defeat the New York Yankees, 6–1, to spoil their twelve-game winning streak.
 * May 27 – The Cincinnati Reds complete a twelve-game winning streak that lands them in first place in the National League by two games over the St. Louis Cardinals. The Reds remain in first place for the remainder of the season.
 * May 29 – The Chicago Cubs acquire Claude Passeau from the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for Kirby Higbe, Joe Marty and Ray Harrell.

June – July
Fans, for the past two weeks you have been reading about the bad break I got. Yet today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of this earth. I have been in ballparks for seventeen years and have never received anything but kindness and encouragement from you fans. Look at these grand men. Which of you wouldn't consider it the highlight of his career just to associate with them for even one day? Sure, I'm lucky. Who wouldn't consider it an honor to have known Jacob Ruppert? Also, the builder of baseball's greatest empire, Ed Barrow? To have spent six years with that wonderful little fellow, Miller Huggins? Then to have spent the next nine years with that outstanding leader, that smart student of psychology, the best manager in baseball today, Joe McCarthy? Sure, I'm lucky. When the New York Giants, a team you would give your right arm to beat, and vice versa, sends you a gift – that's something. When everybody down to the groundskeepers and those boys in white coats remember you with trophies – that's something. When you have a wonderful mother-in-law who takes sides with you in squabbles with her own daughter – that's something. When you have a father and a mother who work all their lives so you can have an education and build your body – it's a blessing. When you have a wife who has been a tower of strength and shown more courage than you dreamed existed – that's the finest I know. So I close in saying that I may have had a tough break, but I have an awful lot to live for.
 * June 4 – The St. Louis Browns sweep a double header from the Washington Senators to end an eleven-game losing streak. The Browns then go on to lose their next six in a row. The Browns never won more than two games in a row all season.
 * June 5 – Detroit Tigers pitcher Tommy Bridges holds the New York Yankees to just four hits as the Yankees are shut out for the only time all season, 3–0.
 * June 6 – The first Little League game took place in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Lundy Lumber defeated Lycoming Dairy, 23–8.
 * June 12 – In Cooperstown, New York, the official dedication of the National Baseball Hall of Fame takes place. Grover Alexander, Ty Cobb, Eddie Collins, Walter Johnson, Nap Lajoie, Babe Ruth, George Sisler, Tris Speaker, Honus Wagner, Cy Young and Connie Mack are all present, and accept their plaques.
 * In an exhibition game against the Kansas City Blues, a Yankees farm club, Lou Gehrig makes his final appearance in a game for the Yankees. He hits a grounder in his only at bat and is thrown out at first.
 * June 14 – The Cleveland Indians trade Earl Averill to the Detroit Tigers for Harry Eisenstat and cash, and send Art Jacobs to the Cincinnati Reds for Earl Cook and cash.
 * June 19 – On his 36th birthday, Lou Gehrig is diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS. Gehrig would die two years later of the disease that now bears his name.
 * June 26 – The New York Yankees played the first night game in franchise history and they lost to the Philadelphia Athletics, 3–2, at Shibe Park.
 * June 28 – The New York Yankees defeat the Philadelphia Athletics 23–2 and 10–0 in a double header. In the first game, the Yankees hit eight home runs, and followed that with five more in the second. Both totals set a Major League record for most home runs in a game as well as their total of fifty-three total bases in a doubleheader.
 * July 3 – In the St. Louis Cardinals' 5–3 victory over the Chicago Cubs, Johnny Mize goes four-for-four, equaling a National League record four extra-base hits, including a double, triple and two home runs.
 * July 4 – Lou Gehrig Appreciation Day is celebrated at Yankee Stadium. Numerous people, including many from other major league teams, came forward to give Gehrig gifts and to shower praise on the dying slugger. The Yankees retired his uniform number (4), becoming the first player in major league history to be afforded that honor. Babe Ruth even showed up and ended their long-standing feud by giving his old teammate a hug. After the presentations, Gehrig approached the microphone, and addressed the crowd:

 * July 8 – The Washington Senators' Mickey Vernon makes his major league debut as a pinch runner in the first game of a double header with the Philadelphia A's. He does not log an at-bat, however, he goes one-for-five in the second game and scores a run.
 * July 9 – The Philadelphia Phillies defeat the Boston Bees, 3–1, to snap an eleven-game losing streak.
 * July 11 – In the first of three times that the All-Star Game has been held at Yankee Stadium, the American League defeats the National League, 3–1, behind pitchers Red Ruffing, Tommy Bridges, and Bob Feller, and a home run by Joe DiMaggio.
 * July 16 – The Boston Red Sox sweep a double header from the Detroit Tigers that brings their winning streak to twelve games.
 * July 18 – The Brooklyn Dodgers acquire Boston Red Sox farmhand Pee Wee Reese.
 * July 25 – Yankees pitcher Atley Donald sets a league record for consecutive wins by a rookie, bringing his record to 12–0 with a 5–1 victory over the St. Louis Browns.
 * July 26 – The New York Yankees tied a major league record by scoring in every inning against the St. Louis Browns. Bill Dickey hit three home runs in the 14–1 win.

August – September

 * August 5 – The New York Yankees trade Vince DiMaggio to the Cincinnati Reds.
 * August 6 – Already behind 10–1 to the Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox manager Joe Cronin sends Jimmie Foxx to the mound to pitch the ninth inning. He records a perfect 1–2–3 inning.
 * In The East/West Negro League All Star Game, Ted Radcliffe leads the West to a 4-2 win. The game is played at Comiskey Park, with a recorded attendance of 40,000 fans.
 * August 9
 * Red Rolfe of the New York Yankees started a streak of 18 consecutive games in which he scored at least one run. During those games, he scored a total of 30 runs.
 * With a 5–3 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates, the St. Louis Cardinals complete a ten-game winning streak. They are still, however, eight games back of the first place Cincinnati Reds. The Reds snap the streak on August 12, however, the Cards take two of their three meetings at Sportsman's Park to move within 6.5 of first place.
 * August 14 - The Chicago White Sox defeat the St. Louis Browns 5-2. it was the first night baseball game ever played in the city of Chicago.
 * August 20 – The Pittsburgh Pirates and Chicago Cubs split a double header at Forbes Field. The victory in the second game snaps a twelve-game losing streak for the Bucs.
 * August 22 - The New York Yankees defeat the Chicago White Sox 14-5 at Comiskey Park, with the Yankees winning their first night game in franchise history.
 * August 26 – The double header between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Cincinnati Reds at Ebbets Field is telecast on Channel W2XBS in Brooklyn.
 * September 13 – Early Wynn loses his major league debut, 4–2 to the Chicago White Sox.
 * September 18 – The St. Louis Browns lose their 100th game of the season, 6–2 to the New York Yankees.
 * September 19 – The New York Yankees defeat the Chicago White Sox, 6–2, for their 100th victory of the season.
 * September 23 – The Brooklyn Dodgers defeat the Philadelphia Phillies 22–4. The Dodgers go on to sweep the Phillies in the four game set at Shibe Park, handing them losses number 100 and 101 on the 24th.
 * September 29 – The second game of the double header between the Cleveland Indians and Detroit Tigers at Briggs Stadium is called after five innings due to rain. Hal Newhouser pitches all five innings for Detroit, and is the losing pitcher in his major league debut.
 * September 30 – In the second game of a double header with the Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Murry Dickson makes his major league debut. He pitches 3.2 without giving up a run, and strikes out in his only at-bat.

October – December

 * October 4 – Bill Dickey's single in the bottom of the ninth wins game one of the 1939 World Series for the New York Yankees, 2–1. This is the first World Series appearance for the Cincinnati Reds in 20 years.
 * October 5 – Monte Pearson holds the Cincinnati Reds to just two hits, as the Yankees take game two of the World Series, 4–0.
 * October 7 – The Reds take a 3–2 lead in the second inning only to have Joe DiMaggio hit a two-run home run in the top of the third to put the Yankees on top for good on their way to a 7–3 victory.
 * October 8 – An error by Billy Myers allows the Yankees to tie it in the ninth. Then, costly errors in the tenth inning by Myers, Ival Goodman and Bucky Walters lead to three runs as the New York Yankees defeat the Cincinnati Reds, 7–4, in Game Four of the World Series to win a record fourth consecutive World Championship, and eighth overall, four games to none.
 * November 12:
 * Dom DiMaggio, the youngest of the three DiMaggio brothers, is acquired for $40,000 by the Boston Red Sox from the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League. DiMaggio will spend his entire Major League career with the Red Sox, hitting .298 in 1399 games and making seven All-Star AL teams.
 * Pitcher Victor Starffin wins his 42nd game in a 96-game season of the Japanese Professional Baseball League, leading the Yomiuri Giants to the Championship title, while setting a post-1900 World Record for season victories that will be equaled by Kazuhisa Inao in 1961 but never broken. Starffin will follow his record performance with another 38 wins in 1940. Born in Russia, he moved to Asahikawa, Hokkaidō at a young age, and was selected as part of the national baseball team for an exhibition game against the United States in 1934. From 1936 through 1955 Starffin won 303 games, to become the first pitcher in Japanese baseball history to reach 300 victories.
 * November 29 – Judge Landis fines the Brooklyn Dodgers, Detroit Tigers and the St. Louis Browns minor league club, Columbus, for manipulating player contracts. Landis frees seven farm hands.
 * December 6 – In a trade of veteran shortstops, or "worn-out shortstops", as one newspaper described it, the Chicago Cubs acquire Billy Rogell from the Detroit Tigers for Dick Bartell. Rogell, who injured his arm playing handball the previous year, hits just .136 before hanging up his spikes. The Tigers will release "Rowdy Richard" five games into the 1941 season, but he will stick with the New York Giants until 1946.
 * December 9 – The Detroit Tigers trade Benny McCoy and George Coffman to the Philadelphia A's for Wally Moses. The trade is voided by Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis, and the players return to their original teams on January 14, 1940. The commissioner declared McCoy a free agent because he had been "hidden" from other teams. Judge Landis declares 87 more Tigers farmhands free agents due to their concealment in the minor leagues.
 * December 29 – The Chicago White Sox sell the contracts of Norm Schlueter and Hank Steinbacher to the St. Louis Browns, then send Tony Rensa, Jesse Landrum and cash to Oklahoma City (Texas) for Don Kolloway.

January

 * January 9 – Guido Grilli
 * January 14 – Tim Talton
 * January 14 – Sandy Valdespino
 * January 21 – Norm Bass
 * January 29 – Bobby Bolin

February

 * February 7 – Frank Kreutzer
 * February 8 – Harvey Branch
 * February 11 – Willie Smith
 * February 12 – Jim Lawrence
 * February 12 – Jerry Walker
 * February 18 – Jesse Hickman
 * February 18 – Dal Maxvill
 * February 18 – Bob Miller
 * February 19 – Jackie Moore
 * February 19 – Jim Weaver
 * February 25 – Denny Lemaster

March

 * March 4 – Jack Fisher
 * March 6 – Cookie Rojas
 * March 8 – Jim Bouton
 * March 10 – Bill Heath
 * March 12 – Johnny Callison
 * March 13 – Al Luplow
 * March 21 – Tommy Davis
 * March 23 – Bobby Dews
 * March 26 – Al Neiger

April

 * April 1 – Phil Niekro
 * April 1 – Nick Peters
 * April 3 – Hawk Taylor
 * April 16 – Bernie Allen
 * April 18 – Von McDaniel
 * April 19 – Gustavo Gil
 * April 23 – Chico Fernández
 * April 30 – Bob Hendley

May

 * May 2 – Gates Brown
 * May 6 – Russ Gibson
 * May 9 – Herb Hippauf
 * May 11 – Héctor Martínez
 * May 11 – Milt Pappas
 * May 11 – Frank Quilici
 * May 17 – Dick Smith
 * May 24 – Jim Duckworth
 * May 25 – Gene Budig

June

 * June 4 – Phil Linz
 * June 9 – Doug Clemens
 * June 9 – Julio Gotay
 * June 11 – Jimmy Stewart
 * June 15 – Ty Cline
 * June 18 – Lou Brock

July

 * July 8 – Ed Keegan
 * July 15 – Mike Shannon
 * July 25 – Santiago Rosario
 * July 31 – Vic Davalillo

August

 * August 4 – Dennis Higgins
 * August 4 – Bob Meyer
 * August 5 – Tommie Aaron
 * August 9 – Claude Osteen
 * August 10 – Johnny Lewis
 * August 10 – Charlie Shoemaker
 * August 13 – Bill Stafford
 * August 18 – Joe Azcue
 * August 21 – Jim Beauchamp
 * August 22 – Carl Yastrzemski
 * August 24 – Rick Joseph
 * August 25 – Dooley Womack
 * August 29 – Dave Nicholson
 * August 29 – Frank Zupo

September

 * September 1 – Rico Carty
 * September 13 – Tom Parsons
 * September 17 – Carl Bouldin
 * September 17 – Jim Woods
 * September 22 – Stover McIlwain
 * September 24 – Dick Nen
 * September 28 – Bruce Froemming

October

 * October 2 – Paul Doyle
 * October 4 – Ted Davidson
 * October 5 – Dennis Bennett
 * October 6 – Jack Cullen
 * October 7 – John O'Donoghue
 * October 7 – Phil Ortega
 * October 9 – Mike Hershberger
 * October 15 – Lou Klimchock
 * October 21 – Ted Uhlaender
 * October 23 – George Williams
 * October 25 – Pete Mikkelsen
 * October 29 – Pete Richert
 * October 31 – Ed Stroud

November

 * November 13 – Wes Parker
 * November 24 – Jim Northrup
 * November 27 – Dave Giusti
 * November 29 – Jim Derrington
 * November 29 – Dick McAuliffe
 * November 29 – Joe Reliford

December

 * December 3 – Ed Connolly
 * December 3 – Ron Stillwell
 * December 10 – Bob Priddy
 * December 18 – Zoilo Versalles
 * December 22 – Al Ferrara
 * December 25 – Chris Krug
 * December 26 – John Braun

January

 * January 7 – Bert Weeden, 56, pinch-hitter for the 1911 Boston Rustlers and also a catcher/manager in the minors during 17 seasons spanning 1903–1923.
 * January 9 – Louis Pelouze, 75, outfielder for the St. Louis Maroons in the 1886 season.
 * January 13 – Jacob Ruppert, 71, brewery magnate who was co-owner (1915–1923), then sole owner (1923 until his death), of the New York Yankees; acquired Babe Ruth (1919), built Yankee Stadium (1923), and oversaw creation of a "Bronx Bombers" dynasty that would win ten American League pennants and seven World Series titles between 1921 and 1938; elected posthumously to Baseball Hall of Fame (2013).
 * January 18 – Cliff Heathcote, 40, outfielder who hit .275 with 42 home runs and 448 RBI for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds and Philadelphia Phillies over 15 seasons from 1918 to 1932, and a member of the Cubs club that won the National League pennant in 1929.
 * January 25 – Abner Dalrymple, 81, outfielder who played from 1878 through 1891 for the Milwaukee Grays, Chicago White Stockings, Pittsburgh Alleghenys, and Milwaukee Brewers, and also a prolific hitter who, at the time of his retirement, had collected several titles in batting average, home runs, hits, and runs scored.
 * January 28 – Bill Cristall, 63, Ukrainian born pitcher who played briefly for the Cleveland Blues in 1901.

February

 * February 6 – Joe Crisp, 53, catcher who played from 1910 to 1911 for the St. Louis Browns.
 * February 12 – George Fair, 83, second baseman who played briefly for the New York Mutuals in the 1876 season.
 * February 22 – Frank Morrissey, 62, pitcher who played with the Boston Americans in 1901 and for the Chicago Orphans in 1902.

March

 * March 2 – Alex McFarlan, 59, outfielder for the 1892 Louisville Colonels.
 * March 8 – Scott Stratton, 69, pitcher for three teams from 1888 to 1895, primarily with the Louisville Colonels, who posted 34 wins in 1890 which included 15 straight victories, while leading the American Association in winning percentage and ERA in the same season.
 * March 15 – Cal Broughton, 78, catcher who played for six different American Association and National League teams in part of four seasons spanning 1883–1888.
 * March 16 – Sam Dungan, 72, right fielder who hit .301 for three teams in a span of five seasons from 1892 to 1901, while posting a very solid 3.14 walk-to-strikeout ratio (116-to-37) in 382 games.
 * March 17 – William Burke, 73, pitcher/outfielder for the 1887 Detroit Wolverines of the National League.
 * March 18 – Ralph Miller, 43, third baseman who played from 1920 to 1921 with the Philadelphia Phillies and for the Washington Senators in 1924.
 * March 25 – Tiny Chaplin, 33, pitcher who played for the New York Giants and the Boston Bees in four seasons between 1928 and 1936.
 * March 28 – Fred Goldsmith, 82, pitcher for four different teams between 1875 and 1884, who steadfastly claimed that he had first thrown the curveball in 1870, six years earlier than Candy Cummings, who gained credit for the development of the pitch.

April

 * April 5 – Fred Curtis, 58, first baseman who played for the New York Highlanders in the 1905 season.
 * April 27 – Chauncey Fisher, 67, pitcher for the Cleveland Spiders, Cincinnati Reds, Brooklyn Bridegrooms, New York Giants and St. Louis Cardinals in parts or all of 16 seasons from 1893 to 1901.

May

 * May 16 – Hal Kime, 41, pitcher who played with the St. Louis Cardinals during the 1920 season.
 * May 22 – Fred Link, 53, pitcher who played for the Cleveland Naps and the St. Louis Browns in the 1910 season.
 * May 24 – Barney Pelty, 58, pitcher for the St. Louis Browns from 1903 to 1912, as well as one of the first Jewish players to play in the American League.
 * May 29 – Bill McCarthy, 57, pitcher for the 1906 Boston Beaneaters.

June

 * June 6 – Simmy Murch, 58, infielder who played for the St. Louis Cardinals and Brooklyn Superbas in part of three seasons spanning 1904–1908.
 * June 8 – Pat Paige, 57, pitcher for the Cleveland Naps during the 1911 season.
 * June 11 – John Henry, 75, outfielder/pitcher for the Cleveland Blues, Baltimore Orioles, Washington Nationals and New York Giants in a span of four seasons from 1884 to 1890.
 * June 17 – Allen Sothoron, 46, spitball pitcher and a master of trick deliveries between the 1914 and 1926 seasons, who spent most of his career with the St. Louis Browns and the St. Louis Cardinals, and later coached and managed in the minors from 1928 to 1938.
 * June 18 – Murphy Currie, 45, pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1916.
 * June 25 – Heinie Smith, 67, second baseman for the Louisville Colonels, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Giants and Detroit Tigers between 1897 and 1903, who also managed the Giants in the 1902 season.

July

 * July 7 – Deacon White, 91, Hall of Fame catcher and third baseman who, despite playing without a glove, mask, chest protector and shin guards, caught more games (409) than any catcher during the 1870s and later became a member of the legendary Big Four infield with Dan Brouthers (1B), Hardy Richardson (2B) and Jack Rowe (SS), while being one of the game's most feared hitters – winning two batting titles (1875; 1877) and three RBI crowns (1873; 1876–1877) – as well as a major figure on five consecutive championship teams from 1873 through 1877.
 * July 15 – Ed Biecher, 63, outfielder who played from 1897 to 1898 with the St. Louis Browns and Cleveland Spiders, and remained active as a player/manager in the Minor Leagues through 1903.
 * July 18 – J. Louis Comiskey, 53, son of Charles Comiskey and owner of the Chicago White Sox from October 26, 1931 until his death.
 * July 20 – Jack Reis, 48, pitcher who played briefly for the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1911 season.
 * July 26 – Peaches Graham, 62, catcher who played for the Cleveland Bronchos, Chicago Cubs, Boston Doves/Rustlers and Philadelphia Phillies over seven seasons spanning 1902–1912.
 * July 29 – John Sowders, 72, pitcher who played with the Indianapolis Hoosiers in 1887 and for the Kansas City Cowboys and Brooklyn Ward's Wonders from 1889 to 1890.

August

 * August 12 – Jack Darragh, 73, first baseman for the 1891 Louisville Colonels of the National League.
 * August 28 – Dave Oldfield, 74, catcher/outfielder who played with the Baltimore Orioles in 1883 and for the Brooklyn Grays and Washington Nationals from 1885 to 1886.

September

 * September 17 – Tom Hart, 70, catcher/outfielder for the 1891 Washington Statesmen.
 * September 18 – Toots Coyne, 44, third baseman who played for the Philadelphia Athletics during the 1914 season.
 * September 25 – Frank LaPorte, 59, infielder who posted four .300 seasons in an eleven-year career, led the Federal League for the most RBI in 1914, and was the first man to play both for the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox intense rivals.
 * September 27 – Sweetbread Bailey, 44, pitcher who played from 1919 through 1921 for the Chicago Cubs and Brooklyn Robins, and also served in the military during World War I conflict.

October

 * October 9 – Biff Schaller, 50, outfielder who played with the Detroit Tigers in 1911 and the Chicago White Sox in 1913.
 * October 16 – Nick Allen, 51, catcher for the Buffalo Buffeds, Chicago Cubs and Cincinnati Reds in a span of six seasons from 1914 to 1920, who later played and managed in the minor leagues through 1936 and earned the nickname "Roarin' Nick" for his notorious altercations with umpires.
 * October 17 – George Bristow, 69, outfielder for the 1899 Cleveland Spiders and later a long time player and manager in the minor leagues.
 * October 19 – Red Downs, 56, second baseman for the Detroit Tigers, Brooklyn Dodgers and Chicago Cubs from 1907 through 1912, and also a member of the Tigers club that won the American League pennant in 1908, who gained notoriety later as an armed robber during the Great Depression.
 * October 22 – Dale Williams, 84, pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds in the 1876 season.
 * October 26 – Ed Lennox, 55, third baseman who played for the Philadelphia Athletics, Brooklyn Superbas, Chicago Cubs and Pittsburgh Rebels in parts of six seasons spanning 1906–1915.

November

 * November 4 – Pete Henning, 51, pitcher who played for the Kansas City Packers in the 1914 and 1915 seasons.
 * November 15 – Tom Richardson, 56, pinch-hitter in one game for the St. Louis Browns of the American League.
 * November 18 – Horace Helmbold, 72, pitcher for the Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association in 1890.
 * November 11 – Frank Abercrombie, 88, shortstop for the 1871 Philadelphia Athletics.
 * November 19 – Frank Mountain, 79, pitcher for six different teams in seven seasons from 1880 to 1886, who won 20 games twice and hurled a no-hitter in 1884.
 * November 26 – Frank Harris, 81, pitcher who played with the Altoona Mountain City of the Union Association in 1884.
 * November 27 – Jack Fifield, 68, pitcher who played from 1897 through 1899 for the Philadelphia Phillies and Washington Senators of the National League.

December

 * December 3 – Frank Killen, 69, pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers, Washington Senators, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Beaneaters and Chicago Orphans, who won 164 games from 1891 to 1900, including two 30-win seasons and two 20-win seasons.
 * December 11 – Dallas Bradshaw, 44, second baseman who played briefly for the Philadelphia Athletics in the 1917 season.
 * December 18 – Heywood Broun, 51, sportswriter and editor in New York City since the early 1910s.
 * December 26 – Clyde Engle, 55, valuable utility at all positions except pitcher and catcher for four teams from 1909 through 1916, who scored the tying run for the Boston Red Sox in the 10th inning of final Game 8 of the 1912 World Series after his earlier pop fly had been dropped, preserving the victory for the eventual champions Red Sox.

title: 1939 in baseball


text:
Talk:Brandon Ash

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Boxing
I don’t have a description Janier Ramos (talk) 02:34, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brandon Ash


text:
Überplay

Überplay Entertainment was a board game publishing company located in St. George, Utah, and was founded by Jeremy Young and Matt Molen in 2003. As of April 2008, it had ceased operations. The company held three separate brands: Überplay provided family-oriented "Euro-style" board games; Inspiration Games developed games aimed at religious markets; Überplay Digital targeted PC based gaming.

Überplay-published games include: Ra, Motley Fool's Buy Low - Sell High, Alhambra, Metro, Hoity Toity, and Hansa. In 2004, New England won the Traditional Game of the Year by Games Magazine.

Under the Inspiration Games imprint, Überplay's published religious-based games, including The Settlers of Zarahemla (similar to The Settlers of Catan) and The Ark of the Covenant (similar to Carcassonne).

title: Überplay


text:
Gloger's rule

Gloger's rule is an ecogeographical rule which states that within a species of endotherms, more heavily pigmented forms tend to be found in more humid environments, e.g. near the equator. It was named after the zoologist Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger, who first remarked upon this phenomenon in 1833 in a review of covariation of climate and avian plumage color. Erwin Stresemann later noted that the idea had been expressed even earlier by Peter Simon Pallas in Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica (1811). Gloger found that birds in more humid habitats tended to be darker than their relatives from regions with higher aridity. Over 90% of 52 North American bird species studies conform to this rule.

One explanation of Gloger's rule in the case of birds appears to be the increased resistance of dark feathers to feather- or hair-degrading bacteria such as Bacillus licheniformis. Feathers in humid environments have a greater bacterial load, and humid environments are more suitable for microbial growth; dark feathers or hair are more difficult to break down. More resilient eumelanins (dark brown to black) are deposited in hot and humid regions, whereas in arid regions, pheomelanins (reddish to sandy color) predominate due to the benefit of crypsis.

Among mammals, there is a marked tendency in equatorial and tropical regions to have a darker skin color than poleward relatives. In this case, the underlying cause is probably the need to better protect against the more intense solar UV radiation at lower latitudes. However, absorption of a certain amount of UV radiation is necessary for the production of certain vitamins, notably vitamin D (see also osteomalacia).

Gloger's rule is also vividly demonstrated among human populations. Populations that evolved in sunnier environments closer to the equator tend to be darker-pigmented than populations originating farther from the equator. There are exceptions, however; among the most well known are the Tibetans and Inuit, who have darker skin than might be expected from their native latitudes. In the first case, this is apparently an adaptation to the extremely high UV radiation on the Tibetan Plateau, whereas in the second case, the necessity to absorb UV radiation is alleviated by the Inuit's diet, which is naturally rich in vitamin D.

title: Gloger's rule


text:
Talk:GE U30B

Roster
Another roster here http://users.inna.net/~jaydeet/u30b.htm There were four U30B demonstrators, not two. GE sold a pair each of these demonstrators to C&O #8223-8224 and WP #770-771. SSW9389 22:15, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:GE U30B


text: User talk:69.183.73.136

title: User talk:69.183.73.136