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Talk:XMPP

JINGLE
I'm a bit confused about jingle & VOIP using xmpp and it would be good to add this to the wiki page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iamsorandom (talk • contribs) 21:21, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

Shisha
I'm going to delete the reference to Opetec's Shisha product. It's not open source as stated and the link provided is "404 Not found," anyway. Searching independently produced a link at the Opetec web site saying that the product is still unreleased, scheduled for release in 3Q 2005, and states that even the basic functionality of the product is secret:

Developer Opetec, Publisher: TBA Due for release: Q3 2005

Platform(s): Linux, Windows, MacOS, Solaris, Symbian OS Description:

Unfortunatly we are unwilling to reveal the true features at this stage, but we will say, without any marketing speak that it is the next revolution in communication and interoperability. For the developers we will be releasing a fully open toolkit to allow developers to use the features of Shisha on any existing platform. If you are interested in investing in Shisha or developing the project further, then feel free to contact Opetec - we will communicate more information with investors who appear to be serious and who are interested in investing in the technology sector.

There's not even a basis for saying that Shisha, whatever it is, has anything to do with XMPP.

Zigamorph 15:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Changes to example section
I changed the example section a little bit in an attempt to make it easier to follow. The previous names (kuusipuu and tero) and the test server (amessage.de) were very different and made the confusing example a little more confusing. I picked more common and generic-sounding names, alice, bob, and example.org. --Foofy 18:34, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

The example section has now been deleted, with the reason that it was 'not very useful'. Personally, I was quite curious as to the format of the XML streams, so I ended up going and looking at the example in the article history. Thus, it was useful to me. However, I'm not sure whether said chunk of XML belongs in the article or not, in that I don't know whether anyone else would find it useful - opinions? 86.10.97.74 23:54, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Implementations section
Isn't it better to replace that section with the category XMPP? NaturalBornKiller 18:15, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The section that should be removed IMO is now called "Uptake and clients".--NaturalBornKiller 10:22, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, a section documenting larger projects which adopted the protocol would be very warranted, although it should be more prose and less of a list. I certainly agree that we don't need another list of Jabber clients. We already have List of XMPP client software which is in serious need of improvement. -- intgr #%@! 11:45, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

XMPP or Jabber?
It seem to me that XMPP and Jabber are exactly the same thing, but Jabber seems to be a more common name. So shouldn't the article be talking about Jabber instead of XMPP which is a technical name? Naming convention would seem to indicate that the name Jabber should be used. Or can someone come up with a reason why XMPP should be used instead? Pafcu 09:15, 26 July 2007 (UTC) "Jabber is just an implementation of the XMPP. Comparable to the relation between IRC and its protocol." maybe more between MIRC or XCHAT, and the IRC protocol?134.225.217.52 (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 22:23, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

The Jabber client has been purchased by CISCO there should be a separate wiki article on the jabber client. 68.236.187.250 (talk) 19:28, 2 February 2012 (UTC)
 * That's not true. A company with the misleading name "Jabber, Inc." that offered a commercial XMPP client was purchased by Cisco. AFAIK it is not related to the original Jabber or to jabber.org. The "Jabber" trademark is owned by "Jabber, Inc." but administered by the XMPP Standards Foundation. --88.73.20.200 (talk) 14:30, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

XMPP is the new name, Jabber the old. So yes, they refer to the same protocol stack. See also my answer on Superuser: http://superuser.com/a/427872/18192 And "Jabber Inc." was very much related to the early days of XMPP/Jabber development. Flowzn (talk) 21:47, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

projects that use xmpp
i don't know if it's important, but i think that google's android is using this to send "intents" between devices and the olpc uses this as well (i just passed by, please delete my comment if it's not important enough to be included in the article) --84.108.246.171 07:18, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Port (5222)
Why standart XMPP port (5222/tcp) wasn't mentioned in the arcticle? _Vi (talk) 12:03, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Or know when port (5222/tcp) is working! Jspc138 02:00, 1 August 2018 (UTC)

Intelligence Community embracing XMPP
Anyone got a reliable source on that? 217.132.4.207 (talk) 15:27, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

References are dead
The references are dead from the mail.jabber.org domain, can someone please update —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.242.125.216 (talk) 12:15, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

Google Wave
This page is missing information/links regarding Google Wave - which i think is fairly important but I don't know how to go about doing it. --87.4.147.67 (talk) 20:29, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Weaknesses:Scalability needs rewording
In the section Weaknesses:Scalability, the second and third sentences need a rewrite. In the second sentence, what does the phrase "These two" refer to? These two sentences seem to be talking more about muli-user chat and publish/subscribe services, rather than XMPP. Maybe these two sentences shouldn't be there at all? Perhaps there should be a discussion of the scalability problem as it relates specifically to XMPP. Is there work being done on XMPP to improve scalability? -- Dougher (talk) 21:57, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Presence data overhead:
 * "and close to 60% of it being redundantly" This is highly subjective, not typical, and should be removed. As presence is a huge overhead, this "60%" redundancy only occurs in certain conditions between 2 servers with an extremely large number of cross-server user subscriptions.  This could easily be reproduced at 10%, 20% or even 220% presence packet redundancy. Something more along "possibility with many redundant packets" would be better.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.25.209.23 (talk) 12:33, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Pros:Decentralization ?
Ok, decentralization is a pro, i won't argue about it. But also is a weakness. Let's say, if MS put their (wrasp) in XMPP, then soon we will find a MS-XMPP protocol, adding some superset of function and removing some "useless or non used capabilities". Since it is decentralized then everybody can change (or to keep a old version), then sooner or later this will become a nightmare. --200.83.2.4 (talk) 13:33, 30 September 2009 (UTC)--200.83.2.4 (talk) 13:33, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

 * That has nothing to do with decentralization, or if anything, the effect would be the opposite. What you are talking about is the fact that somebody can implement a protocol that's not XMPP. Whether it's somehow based on XMPP, or some centrally organized protocol, or a design from scratch, doesn't really make any difference here - as long as inventing protocols for instant messaging is not illegal, you won't be able to stop that from happening. Actually, probably the only way you possibly could stop it is by having a protocol with decentrally administrated infrastructure (like XMPP) widely deployed. As no single party can change that infrastructure, they'll have to stay compatible with it if they want to participate in the market. 85.116.198.153 (talk) 06:03, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Connecting to Other Protocols
I see here "This may violate terms of service on the protocol used; however, such terms of service are not legally enforceable in several countries." Is there a reference for this?

Reference to XMPP.net
This web site is no longer around. As of October 2009 they no longer provide SSL certificates. They now link to StartSSL and ask that you get your free certificate directly from them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zellfaze (talk • contribs) 22:30, 15 January 2010 (UTC) --fixed, let me know if i missed anything. Keastes 20:21, 19 May 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Keastes (talk • contribs)

Message delivery scenario
In the alternate scenarios of Step 2, it is unclear whether Montague.net or Capulet.com seeks to see if Romeo is connected. I feel confident that Montague.net checks to see if he's online and, if not, stores it, so I have modified the scenario to follow that. Someone, please confirm that and, if I am wrong, change it. Dabizi (talk) 19:16, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

peer review please
i edited this article several days ago to reflect a change in the certificate issuer, on 22 may 2010 the article was edited and the reference was removed, the reference given in the change was http://blog.xmpp.org/index.php/2009/09/ca-updates/ as a blog its is a gray area under WP:V as well as valid information was added, how ever the link to the issuer was removed which i feel was valid information, i want to see if i can get a third head in her to make sure this meets WP:links and is not considered an edit war. the section in question is the security sub-section of strengths

i will merge the two three versions, again i would like some one to check it mostly for WP:EL, thank you edit:correction to my abysmal spelling and remove resign by sinebot Keastes 06:22, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

Beginning of article incorrect
Someone might want to fix this. The beginning of the article starts with the history of XMPP but incorrectly asserts what it was originally developed for. If the beginning of the article starts with the history, then to be correct it should say that XMPP was developed for chat (rather than today's extended uses listed there). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fpbear (talk • contribs) 13:55, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

RFCs of XMPP are updated
http://xmpp.org/2011/03/updated-xmpp-rfcs/

Someone should do update the article on this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ebukadneza (talk • contribs) 20:53, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Initial summary needed
I came into the article to get a quick read on what Jabber is. What I found was a mass of buzzwords, links, and stuff that should have been footnotes hitting me right in the face, right up top. And note I'm a geek -- just not that flavor of geek. So I'm off to find another site to tell me what Jabber is, because I don't have the patience or interest to wade through this.

Suggestion: put a summary of what it is, what it does, and preferably a screenshot of one popular implementation right up top. Then you can get into the arcane stuff and buzzword orgasms. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.243.92.220 (talk) 00:48, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Lightbulb logo?
Isn't the lightbulb the more widespread logo for XMPP/Jabber? Many clients use it and so does the figure in the "Connecting to other protocols" section. I've never seen the XMPP foundation logo anywhere.--88.73.20.200 (talk) 14:33, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

skype
This article currently says "Skype also provides limited XMPP support." . Given the context I would interpret this as meaning that it is possible to use an XMPP client to connect with skype contacts. However following up the reference it seems to only mention XMPP support in the skype CLIENT (to connect to facebook IM), not in the skype service. Plugwash (talk) 00:13, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. --BDD (talk) 18:07, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol → XMPP – Per WP:TITLEFORMAT – the protocol is almost exclusively referred to as XMPP. already redirects here and has no other meanings. The proposed name is also more recognizable, natural, and concise. Consistent with XML and IPsec. Pnm (talk) 21:31, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Support per TITLEFORMAT and WP:COMMONNAME. The protocol is almost never referred to by its expanded name, except in explaining the acronym. – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  01:13, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Support Not referred to as Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol with frequency in any of the refs. -—Kvng 16:09, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:ACRONYMTITLE. I am not seeing the "almost exclusive" argument holding in this case. Just over 1,500 hits come up on google books with no shortage of 2012/2011 publications. 1,300 of those hits employ both the acronym and the name which only leads me to believe that the full name is required for general public consumption.. In addition, 88K hits on a google proper search with wikipedia removed.. I see greater value in leaving the full title.--Labattblueboy (talk) 21:23, 27 November 2012 (UTC)
 * If you review the content of the results from Google Books, rather than going by the excerpt, you'll notice that they all use the expanded term only in two situations: when referring to the title of the RFC document that defines the protocol, and as an explanatory expansion on first use. After first use, throughout the prose of all of the sources in your Google Books results, the protocol is referred to exclusively as XMPP. – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  22:16, 28 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I did examine a fair number of the sources directly and in near all cases the text included the acronym immediately after in parenthesis. In every sources it was felt necessary to provide a fully expanded explanation of the term. I didn't see a sources where a explanation was no provided. If you need to explain the acronym than it doesn't make a good title. In terms of explanatory first use and never again further on, that's the standard writing style employed across mediums, regardless of notability and commonality of use of the acronym.--Labattblueboy (talk) 13:27, 30 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure you understand what I'm referring to. Of course the acronym is expanded on first use, most sources explain what an acronym means the first time it's used and we also do that for all acronyms, including in this article. The fact that it's never used again through any of the sources is relevant. What I'm referring to is the fact that once the acronym has been established, it is never referred to by its full name again in prose. Your assertion 'if you need to explain the acronym, it doesn't make a good title' is baseless, we're an encyclopedia and educating readers on what an acronym expands to is expected: see NASA, XML, HTML, Laser, Sonar, Radar, IPv4, IPv6, NATO, and countless others. As WP:ACRONYMTITLE says, "An acronym should be used in a page name if the subject is almost exclusively known by its acronym or is widely known and used in that form (e.g. NASA and radar)". As seen in the sources you provided, XMPP is both 'almost exclusively known by its acronym' (the only full use being explanatory text) and 'widely known and used in that form', meeting both criteria. The full text is never used in the sources you provided in any situation other than explaining the acronym. – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  00:18, 1 December 2012 (UTC)
 * If a title is exclusively or almost exclusively refereed to by a certain acronym than I agree. There is however no reliable source data within this move request to suggest that that is true in this case. The data I have thus far presented shows that there is a notable amount of non-acronynm usage, enough that I believe there is a case to be made that the acronym is not almost exclusively known by its acronym. The knowledge and acceptance of the acronym appears to be limited to the industry of work as a news search produced very few hits (129 hits) all of which appear to be a mixture of blogs and non-english sources. The acronyms you list above are used widely enough that the prevalence of the acronym in media is more widespread. Similar family articles largely find themselves at non-acronym titles, including File Transfer Protocol, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, Hypertext Transfer Protocol andInternet Message Access Protocol. Further, most of the article located within Category:Application layer protocols employ full text titles.--Labattblueboy (talk) 04:42, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * FTP, SMTP and IMAP are all at their full title because of disambiguation, as are most of the protocols in the category you linked. In cases where the acronym is ambiguous, expansion is dictated by our policies and is normal. There is no other usage of XMPP. Could you point out a source that uses the expanded form of XMPP in any situation other than A) explaining the acronym, or B) referring to RFC papers by their full title? I don't agree that the data you've presented shows a notable amount of non-acronym usage. – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  22:13, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * In all the cases I mention, the acronym points to the subject articles. Disambiguation doesn't appear to have anything to do with their current location. If you don't agree with the data presented, present something to the contrary. At the moment the arguments in support contain no referable substance, simply an opinion.--Labattblueboy (talk) 19:29, 7 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The evidence you've provided clearly supports the acronym as primary usage. Your interpretation of that data is what's questionable, not the data itself. – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  20:37, 10 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Agree. Vote below. Andrewa (talk) 01:20, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Support This protocol is ubiquitously known as XMPP. From the expanded name it will not be clear to most people that this article is about XMPP. XMPP is as an acronym is unambiguous. —Ruud 22:44, 8 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Support as per nom. Tiggerjay (talk) 08:42, 13 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Always referred to as XMPP, and expanded only in explanation of the acronym. A classic case of exactly what the guideline seeks to describe as valid usage of the acronym as a title, actually. Andrewa (talk) 01:20, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Silent Circle Instant Message Protocol
Silent Circle create a secure version of XMPP: Silent Circle Instant Message Protocol, i don't know if this article must talk about it... https://silentcircle.com/web/scimp-protocol/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:2E52:79B0:C4B:A394:351D:25C8 (talk) 13:22, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Haven't read their whitepaper yet but I'd be inclined to say it's probably not worth mentioning here. XMPP is designed to be extensible and we haven't mentioned any other extensions either. The protocol whitepaper also seems to be only dated two months ago and I can't find any secondary sources that talk about it with a quick Google search. Might be better to leave it out for those reasons. – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  04:07, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Please discuss changes to the indefinite article
I've reverted a change to the article which is one of many similar by IPs in the range 109.77.xx.xx, made recently to articles in this general subject area, most of them already reverted by others.

Please discuss such changes. If you do not wish to create an account, here is as good a place as any to start.

See also Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents. Andrewa (talk) 19:15, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

It's been pointed out at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents (ANI to its friends) that the IP addresses I quoted are from the 4096 rotating Vodaphone addresses at 109.77.128.0/20, but other IPs are also involved, and that the affected articles all or almost all use Template:IPstack. Andrewa (talk) 18:09, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

The ANI discussion is now archived here (so please do not edit it there).

Salient points are that an edit notice has been added to XMPP and to Resource Reservation Protocol using Template:Indefinite article editnotice, and will be added to other pages as they are hit. It needs admin privileges to do this, see Editnotice. Andrewa (talk) 13:38, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Why is "an XMPP" wrong? Certainly this seems to be required by the rule explained at A_and_an, which is what I always go by.  Are there any dialects that  don't pronounce the first letter like "ex"? -- Beland (talk) 16:12, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

XMPP as an extensible Message Oriented Middleware (xMOM) platform
This entire section seems like complete BS to me: All it says is XMPP could be used, might prove useful, may prove ideal, etc. So, it's neither backed by anyone actually using it for that purpose or at least a proof of concept implementation somewhere. The section claims that "XMPP is a perfect protocol for Cloud Computing" - there is nothing to back that claim. In my mind (I'm a researcher in the area of distributed systems, cloud computing and related areas), this is just plain wrong and I can't see any reason why anyone should think so. I would suggest removing this entire section (and I wasn't the one who put the neutrality marker in there). 130.149.158.15 (talk) 13:09, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, it's not bullshit at all, XMPP is actually used in cloud computing. Andrew Shadura (talk) 17:03, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

XMPP is used in OpenContrail Juniper network extension for OpenStack. There is a RFC draft here : https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-l3vpn-end-system-06.txt This is not a proof of concept, it is used in production environements. http://www.opencontrail.org/

native XMPP (needs to be clarified)
"Similarly, in December 2011, Microsoft released an XMPP interface to its (now-defunct) Microsoft Messenger service.[15] Skype, its de facto successor, also provides limited XMPP support.[16] However, these are not native XMPP implementations."

XMPP is a protocol. It was unclear to me what "native implementations" mean or why it should matter. It shouldn't matter only that a protocol is implemented (completly)? I can understand "limited" there but limitted how? I searched for "native":

"The original and "native" transport protocol for XMPP is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), using open-ended XML streams over long-lived TCP connections." This I think is a different context and not helping with the above, that I also assume uses TCP.. Can XMPP use something else?

What I guess is meant is that others use another protocol (their own) and can also implement XMPP. Does "not native" mean use a gateway?: "Another type of gateway is a server-to-server gateway, which enables a non-XMPP server deployment to connect to native XMPP servers using the built in interdomain federation features of XMPP. Such server-to-server gateways are offered by several enterprise IM software products, including:

FYI: Microsoft Lync Server: "Lync Server has an XMPP gateway server to federate with external XMPP servers.[24] With Lync Server 2013, XMPP is natively part of the product." comp.arch (talk) 09:57, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

Support for end-to-end encryption
Edit https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XMPP&oldid=650104362 added "missing end-to-end (e2) encryption" to the weaknesses list. I reverted that edit in https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XMPP&oldid=659660391 which was again reverted in https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XMPP&oldid=660500157 by the user who originally added that point. It was claimed in the revert that "Those were proposed, never implemented, now dead.". But this is not true: At least Conversations (Android XMPP Client) and Gajim (Multiplaform Python XMPP Client) support various means of XMPP e2e encryption, including XEP-27. I believe that many further implementations of XMPP e2e encryption exists.

And even if there was no single implementation of a e2e XMPP specification available, which I just refuted, then the claim "XMPP does not support e2e" does still not hold, because the protocol does indeed support e2e. You have to distinguish between the features of the protocol XMPP and the various XMPP implementations. This Wikipedia page is about the protocol XMPP. --Flowzn (talk) 07:53, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm in a bit of a rush at the moment, but a few points:
 * XEP-0027 is for OpenPGP. Almost no one uses it with XMPP, and it's a very defined and separate protocol.
 * I actually did a bunch of research for the proposed native XMPP e2e protocol because I was considering applying for a paid internship to write a replacement. I'm almost sure that it expired and was never accepted. If it was accepted, it was never implemented. Remember that XEP stands for XMPP Extension Proposal - proposal implies the option for acceptance or rejection.
 * Remember the distinction between encryption protocol and transport protocol. For example, you can implement OpenPGP or OTR encryption to work over telegraph or carrier pigeon - they're text-based and transport-independent. XMPP has no realistic implemented (or, I think, unimplemented) standardized way for clients to do e2e encryption. Anecdotally, for a protocol that complex, it definitely should. XMPP doesn't have e2e encryption any more than carrier pigeons do.
 * Exercisephys (talk) 04:16, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Also, I figured this is particularly apt for this discussion: I'm exercisephys@blah.im on XMPP if you ever want to chat about this. :-)
 * Exercisephys (talk) 04:31, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

XML stanza
XML stanza currently redirects to XMPP. What does it mean? --Abdull (talk) 16:25, 28 December 2015 (UTC)
 * A stanza is the basic unit which XMPP entities exchange. See also https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stanza#Noun and https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6120#section-4.1. The Wikipedia article should get extended with a basic introduction of XMPP and the employed concepts. Flowzn (talk) 21:50, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 one external links on XMPP. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110510012207/http://www.gnomis.org/presentasjoner/oslo2005/xmpp.pdf to http://www.gnomis.org/presentasjoner/oslo2005/xmpp.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20071103080257/http://www.xmpp.org:80/xsf/press/2003-09-22.shtml to http://xmpp.org/xsf/press/2003-09-22.shtml
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20091213180443/http://www.jabber.org:80/2009/08/xmpp-server-migration/ to http://www.jabber.org/2009/08/xmpp-server-migration/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20091223033256/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2008/corp_091908.html to http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2008/corp_091908.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20081101072959/http://www.networkworld.com:80/news/2006/120606-sametime-links-up-with-aim.html to http://www.networkworld.com/news/2006/120606-sametime-links-up-with-aim.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100105062129/http://www.microsoft.com:80/presspass/features/2009/oct09/10-01ucinterop.mspx to https://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/Features/2009/oct09/10-01UCInterop.mspx
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20091024103254/http://xmpp.org:80/xsf/press/2004-10-04.shtml to http://xmpp.org/xsf/press/2004-10-04.shtml

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:56, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

PlayStation?
I can't find any sources online for the claim that PlayStation is using XMPP? Nowned (talk) 20:17, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:XMPP


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mohammad abdullah al faruque

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Wikiacc (talk) 23:33, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Mohammad abdullah al faruque
Not notable, subject gets 554 google hits. Punkmorten 15:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Anon user - can't userfy. No assertion of notability.   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  16:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete only 13 hits once search string is in quotation marks
 * Delete, borderline speedy--his schooling and job are hardly an assertion of notability. Chick Bowen 19:40, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Prokur

Here are some articles I have created:

 * Kolka Lighthouse

History
I was born in 1985 in resort town Jurmala, it is near (25km) to Riga, Latvia. Since 2005 I use Wikipedia everyday :)

Prokur is me, the regular citizen of the world.

Links

 * My Blog
 * My Homepage
 * Riga
 * Also you can see my profile page in others languages. (Below left:))

Notable Pictures (not mine)

de:User:Prokur eo:User:Prokur

lv:User:Prokur ru:User:Prokur

title: User:Prokur


text:
Colm Farrelly

Columb Farrelly (19 December 1952 – 25 October 2008 in Tralee, Ireland  ) was an Irish music producer and composer who came to prominence during the mid-1980s through his musical partnership with singer Sinéad O'Connor. Farrelly was a native of Dublin.

Ton Ton Macoute
In the summer of 1984, Farrelly met up with O'Connor through an ad she had placed in Hot Press Magazine. The two of them recruited a few other band members and created around her the seminal act for the band Ton Ton Macoute. The band was received positively, while their sound was inspired by Farrelly's interest in witchcraft, mysticism, and world music.

Death
Farelly died on 25 October 2008 following a short illness.

title: Colm Farrelly


text:
Birmingham Blitz

The Birmingham Blitz was the heavy bombing by the Nazi German Luftwaffe of the city of Birmingham and surrounding towns in central England, beginning on 9 August 1940 as a fraction of the greater Blitz, which was part of the Battle of Britain; and ending on 23 April 1943. Situated in the Midlands, Birmingham, the most populous British city outside London, was considered an important industrial and manufacturing location. Around 1,852 tons of bombs were dropped on Birmingham, making it the third most heavily bombed city in the United Kingdom in the Second World War, behind London and Liverpool.

There was also significant bombing of towns in the neighbouring Black Country, particularly in Dudley, Tipton, Smethwick and West Bromwich, where there were hundreds of casualties.

As with most provincial cities bombed during the Blitz, reports of the bombing were kept low key. Wartime censorship meant that Birmingham was not mentioned by name in contemporary news reports about the bombing, being referred to instead as a "Midland Town". This was done in order to keep the Germans from knowing the outcome of their raids.

Damage
Overall, there were 365 air raid alerts, and 77 actual air raids on Birmingham, eight of which were classified as major (in which at least 100 tons of bombs were dropped). Official figures state that 5,129 high explosive bombs and 48 parachute mines landed on the city, along with many thousands of incendiary bombs. Of the high explosive bombs, around one fifth failed to detonate and one third of the parachute mines were left suspended after the parachute cords became caught in various obstacles such as trees. In total, 2,241 people were killed, and 3,010 seriously injured. A further 3,682 sustained lesser injuries. 12,391 houses, 302 factories and 239 other buildings were destroyed, with many more damaged.

Timeline of events
The first air raid on the city took place on 9 August 1940, carried out by a single aircraft which dropped its bombs on Erdington. One person was killed, and six injured. On 13 August the aircraft factory in Castle Bromwich which produced Spitfires was attacked. Eleven bombs hit the main target causing significant damage. 7 people were killed, and 41 injured. The first raid on the city centre occurred on 25/26 August, 25 people were killed in the raid, and the roof and interior of the old Market Hall in the Bull Ring was destroyed after being set ablaze by incendiary bombs. Birmingham Small Arms plant at Small Heath, the sole producer of service rifle barrels and main aircraft machine guns, was first bombed on the same day, resulting in one high explosive bomb and a shower of incendiaries hitting the main barrel mill.

Regular small raids followed over August, September, October and early November. The city centre was badly hit between 25 and 30 October. Among the buildings hit were Birmingham University, the Art Gallery and the Town Hall. The roof of the Council House was damaged by fire, and on the 29th, St Philip's Cathedral suffered serious fire damage after being hit by an incendiary.

In November 1940, a series of heavy air raids on Birmingham took place. Between the 19th and 28th of that month around 800 people were killed and 2,345 injured, with 20,000 civilians made homeless.

On the first evening of the bombing, just five days after the devastating attack on nearby Coventry, the first major air raid was launched against Birmingham, when around 440 bombers attacked the city, killing 450 people and badly injuring 540. Around 400 tonnes of high explosives were dropped during the raid, including 18 parachute mines. The raid turned out to be the most severe attack on Birmingham in the course of the war. A number of factories were badly damaged in the raid, including the Lucas Industries and GEC works. The Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) factory was badly damaged, causing loss of production and trapping hundreds of workers. 53 employees were killed, 89 were injured, 30 of them seriously, and rifle production was halted for three months. The resulting delays in productions reportedly caused most worries to Prime Minister Winston Churchill among all the industrial damage during the Blitz, so the Ministry of Supply and BSA immediately began a process of production dispersal throughout Britain, through the shadow factory scheme. A member of the Home Guard and one of the company's electricians were later awarded the George Medal for their bravery in helping the trapped workers.

The following night 200 bombers returned for another heavy raid, dropping 118 tonnes of explosives and 9,500 incendiaries, causing widespread damage. The main bus depot in Hockley was among the buildings hit, destroying or damaging 100 vehicles.

A third consecutive major raid followed on 21/22 November. During this eleven-hour raid, large numbers of incendiaries were dropped, starting over 600 fires. The water supply system was badly damaged by bombs, causing three-fifths of the city to lose mains water supply; firefighters, therefore, had to draw water from the city's canals. Supporting fire brigades from across the country were drafted in to help, and the fires were eventually brought under control. Nevertheless, Birmingham's water supply remained in a critical state, only one-fifth of the normal quantity would have been available if there had been another raid, leading the Regional Commissioner to comment "Birmingham will burn down if the Luftwaffe comes again tonight." However, there was no other raid that night, and this gave engineers time to repair the water mains.

Around 60 bombers attacked Birmingham on 4 December. The Witton tram depot was badly damaged in this raid. One week later, on the night of 11 December another major raid involving 278 bombers was launched against the city. This was the longest raid of the Blitz lasting for 13 hours. Apart from explosives, around 25,000 incendiaries were dropped during the raid, causing widespread fires in both residential and industrial areas. 263 people were killed and 243 badly injured. All but the fine tower and classical west portico of St Thomas' Church on Bath Row was destroyed in the raid. Its ruins now form part of St. Thomas' Peace Garden, a public park designated as a monument to peace and a memorial to all those killed in armed conflict.

Further heavy raids followed in 1941, on 11 March 135 bombers attacked the city. On 9 and 10 April, Birmingham was subjected to two heavy raids. In the first of these, 235 bombers dropped 280 tonnes of explosives and 40,000 incendiaries, concentrated on the city-centre. The Bull Ring, New Street, High Street, and Dale End all suffered heavy damage, St Martin in the Bull Ring was damaged and the Prince of Wales Theatre and Midland Arcade were destroyed. Other areas including Small Heath, Aston and Nechells, also suffered heavy damage. On the second night, 245 bombers dropped 245 tonnes of explosives and 43,000 incendiaries, causing major damage in Solihull, Hall Green and Erdington. The two April raids caused 1,121 casualties.

On the night of 16 May, another large raid caused damage to the Wolseley Motors factory and the ICI factory, although a navigation error meant that most of the bombers dropped their bombs on nearby Nuneaton by mistake.The last significant raid on Birmingham came on 27 July 1942, when around 60 to 70 bombers attacked the city. The very last raid on the city came on 23 April 1943 when just two bombs fell on Bordesley Green, causing slight injury, and the last air raid siren sounded on 15 May 1944.

Black Country
The Black Country area also suffered from air raids from the Luftwaffe aiming for targets there and in Birmingham, although there was less damage and fewer casualties in the Black Country than in Birmingham. These included:
 * a string of air raids on Wolverhampton in 1941 and 1942. Despite Wolverhampton's status as a large town with heavy industry, it suffered relatively little air raid damage, with eight fatalities in air raids between 1940 and 1944.
 * an air raid on Darlaston on 5 June 1941, when a bomb aimed at the town's Rubery Owen factory struck a nearby housing estate and killed 11 people. Another air raid on the town on 31 July 1942 reduced All Saints Church to rubble.
 * West Bromwich suffered its heaviest raid on 19 November 1940, when Birmingham also suffered a heavy raid, with more than 50 fatalities, mainly around the town centre. Several houses were wrecked by bombs in the Tantany and Stone Cross areas of the town, but there were no deaths.
 * Dudley was bombed on the same night as West Bromwich, with the 10 fatalities all occurring in the Oakham area of the town, when a landmine ripped into a section of council houses. Another bomb in the town centre demolished a public house and caused damage to buildings including a church and a department store, but nobody was injured. Another bombing nine months later resulted in five deaths. The following year, five other people were killed when a landmine was dropped on a new housing estate near the border with Tipton, demolishing two houses and damaging several others.
 * There were also a number of fatalities in nearby Tipton in the blitz that night, with several more deaths occurring in the Great Bridge area of the town in May 1941 when a bomb demolished a public house and several surrounding houses.
 * Smethwick was bombed on several occasions between 1940 and 1942, resulting in a total of 80 deaths.
 * Oldbury was bombed on several occasions, being one of the towns struck during the region's air raid of 19 November 1940, killing three people. The only other fatal air raid in the town took place five months later, resulting in one death when a house near the border with Rowley Regis was hit by a bomb.
 * A total of 36 people in Solihull were killed in air raids between 1940 and 1942.
 * 17 people died as a result of air raids on Willenhall on 21 November 1940 and 31 July 1942.
 * There was one civilian fatality in Brierley Hill. On 11 January 1941, struck the town's railway goods station, seriously injuring a worker who died more than a year later, having never recovered from his injuries.
 * There were two fatal air raids in Coseley. The first on 26 June 1940 resulted in one death, and the second air raid on 20 August 1940 resulted in four deaths. Both of these air raids took place near to the border with Bilston.
 * The only fatal air raid on Bilston occurred on 30 August 1940, when a steel worker was seriously injured in an air raid on a factory and died shortly after reaching hospital.
 * Wednesbury suffered its only civilian casualty on 31 July 1942 when housing near the border with Darlaston was bombed.
 * Sutton Coldfield (not in the Black Country) was bombed four times between August 1940 and August 1942, with one fatality each time.
 * There were no fatal air raids on Sedgley or Stourbridge.

Important industrial targets
Other targets included: Dunlop, Chance Brothers, Lucas, Metro-Cammell, Morris Commercial, British Timken, Hudson's Whistles and the Monitor Radio Company.

Decorations
Several service people were decorated for their heroism during the blitz. They include:

 * Charity Bick, GM
 * George Inwood, GC
 * William Mosedale, GC

Memorial
On October 8, 2005, a memorial sculpture, named 'The Tree of Life' sculpted by Lorenzo Quinn, dedicated to the victims of the Blitz was unveiled adjacent to St Martin's Church.

Aftermath
The massive bomb damage on civilian housing in Birmingham contributed to the development of many large council estates across the city for some 20 years after the Second World War. These neighbourhoods included Castle Vale and Chelmsley Wood. Another major factor in the construction of these new properties was to replace the 19th century slums in the inner city areas.

Some of the bomb-damaged inner city areas such as Ladywood and Highgate were redeveloped with modern housing after the war, although these were mostly less densely populated than before.

title: Birmingham Blitz


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Directorate-General

Within the European Union (EU), Directorates-General are departments with specific zones of responsibility. Within the European Commission specifically, Directorates-General are the equivalent of national-level ministries. Most are headed by a European Commissioner, responsible for the general direction of the Directorate-General, and in charge of (politically responsible for) the corresponding policy area; and a director-general, responsible for the management of day-to-day affairs, who reports to the European Commissioner.

Nearly all of the top-level organisational divisions of the Secretariat of the European Parliament and the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union are also termed Directorates-General.

The European Patent Office (part of the European Patent Organisation, separate from the EU) also has Directorates-General, which are administrative groupings of departments.

Directorates-General of the European Commission
The Directorates-General of the European Commission are divided into four groups: Policy DGs, External relations DGs, General Service DGs and Internal Service DGs. Internally, the DGs are referred to by their abbreviations, provided below.

Directorates-General of the European Parliament
In addition to its Legal Service, the Secretariat of the European Parliament is composed of several Directorates-General, each of which has an official abbreviation.

Directorates-General of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union
The General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union is composed of several Directorates-General, which are each headed by a respective director-general or deputy director-general.

title: Directorate-General


text:
User talk:Prokur

Your submission at Articles for creation: Kolka Lighthouse has been accepted
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title: User talk:Prokur


text:
Little One (1956 song)

"Little One" is a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society, where it was introduced by Bing Crosby.

Sol C. Siegel, the producer of the film High Society, paid Cole Porter $250,000 for his first original film score in eight years. Besides Louis Armstrong, the cast included Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Grace Kelly and Celeste Holm.

In the film, Crosby (playing a songwriter) is asked by the young sister of the Grace Kelly character to write a song for her and "Little One" is made up on the spot and sung by Crosby.

Notable recordings

 * Bing Crosby - High Society (Recorded January 6, 1956 with Johnny Green and his MGM Studio Orchestra)

title: Little One (1956 song)


text: User talk:151.203.6.15

title: User talk:151.203.6.15


text:
Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park

Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park is a 158 acre botanical garden, art museum, and outdoor sculpture park located in Grand Rapids Township, Michigan, United States. Opened in 1995, Meijer Gardens quickly established itself in the Midwest as a major cultural attraction jointly focused on horticulture and sculpture.

Meijer Gardens and Sculpture Park includes a tropical conservatory, an 8-acre Japanese garden, major works of modern and contemporary sculpture on the grounds and indoors, along with a series of outdoor gardens and nature trails.

It is a well attended cultural site in Michigan, having attracted 750,000 visitors annually between 2015 - 2017. Meijer Gardens has continued to grow its permanent collection of sculpture from major figures in Modern and Contemporary art while building additional structures for indoor and outdoor gardens. In 2018, Meijer Gardens was included as one of "Eleven of the World's Greatest Sculpture Parks" by Artsy. In 2023, USA Today voted the park the #1 Sculpture Park in the United States as part of their 10Best Readers Choice Awards.

History
In the early 1980s, the West Michigan Horticultural Society, a non-profit organization in Grand Rapids, Michigan, was searching for a nearby site in order to establish a botanical garden and conservatory.

As early as 1986, a member of the Horticultural Society approached Frederik Meijer, (founder of Meijer grocery megastores), to request the donation of a parcel of land. The site, which contained a stream and wetland areas, had originally been earmarked by Meijer for the construction of a new superstore. However, an alternative location for the store was found, allowing the more environmentally sensitive lands to be used for the public garden.

In January 1991, Meijer, Inc. donated 70.7 acre of land in Grand Rapids Township, Michigan to establish the new public garden. A $13 million capital campaign to develop the land into a public park was led by Earl Holton and additional support was provided by the Meijer Corporation's vendors. By 1993, Frederik Meijer and fellow Grand Rapids environmental philanthropist Peter Wege of Steelcase were walking the grounds of the early park, then known as the Michigan Botanic Garden, and making plans for the nature trail.

Frederik and Lena Meijer, of the Meijer Corporation, were instrumental in supporting the development of the project through the donation of land, financing, and by providing their sculpture collection to the park. The museum was renamed the Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park in their honor in 2002. The Gardens provided an outlet for Fred Meijer's growing collection of large-scale sculpture from Marshall Fredericks and for Lena Meijer's love of plants and flowers. Three areas of the park reflect the interests of Lena Meijer: a tropical conservancy and a children's garden (each named in her honor), and a replica of the family farm on which she was raised in Amble, Michigan. Meijer Gardens first opened to the public on April 20, 1995. The mission of Meijer Gardens is to support horticulture and sculpture in order to encourage appreciation of the natural environment and fine art.

In 2017 the organization began significant renovations and additions of new spaces. The expansion was designed by Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects. The expansion featured a new Welcome Center and more exhibition spaces, allowing for larger and more diverse art installations.

In 2023, Meijer Gardens welcomed their 14 millionth visitor.

Conservatory
The Lena Meijer Tropical Conservatory, a five-story, 15000 sqft facility, supports tropical plants from around the world. The conservatory houses diverse tropical plants, including coconut palms from the Pacific, fig trees from India, exotic orchids from Central and South America, and Asiatic bamboo and banana trees. Additional indoor gardens include a carnivorous plant house, an arid house for cacti and desert vegetation, and an area with a Victorian theme.

Children's Garden
Opened in June 2004, the Lena Meijer Children's Garden was also inspired by and named for Lena Meijer. As with much of the larger park, this garden contains a number of sculptures. Included among the areas designed for children within the Lena Meijer Children's Garden are a log cabin, a labyrinth, and a rock quarry where kids can dig for buried fossils.

Woodland Shade Garden
The Gwen Frostic Woodland Shade Garden, dedicated in June 1998, commemorates the influence of Gwen Frostic, a life-long Michigan resident, artist, author and businesswoman known for her naturalistic block prints of local flora and fauna. The garden features woodland plants including ferns, hostas, bleeding hearts, rhododendrons, and azaleas.

Japanese Garden
Opened on June 10, 2015, the 8-acre Richard and Helen DeVos Japanese Garden supports horticulture and sculpture. Designed by Hoichi Kurisu, president and founder of Kurisu International, Inc., the garden includes a variety of horticultural elements, including zen-style and bonsai gardens, scenic bridges, waterfalls, and a tea house. Kurisu's garden contains several contemporary sculptures by major international artists selected especially for the location. The Japanese Garden includes a ten-foot work in granite by contemporary artist Anish Kapoor.

Nature Trail
The Wege Nature Trail, named for Peter M. Wege, is a paved path that winds through a forested section of the property. The trail presents various native ecosystems of West Michigan and provides sites for bird watching along areas of natural prairie and wetlands. . It is connected to the Frey Boardwalk.

The Peter M. Wege Library, which holds reference books and periodicals on horticulture and sculpture, is also named for Peter Wege.

Other features
The outdoor gardens include a New American Garden by influential landscape designer James van Sweden, known for his painterly approach to garden and landscape design, and an English Perennial & Bulb Garden from designer Penelope Hobhouse, an award-winning garden designer, lecturer and author. The English Perennial Garden was redesigned by award-winning designer Julie Moir Messervy Design Studio of Vermont.

In 2003, two additional aspects of the garden were completed and opened to the public. The Michigan Farm Garden, with heirloom vegetables, orchards, and figurative animal sculptures, provides families with the opportunity to experience the context of a 1930s farm complete with a 100-year-old barn and replica farmhouse from Lena (Rader) Meijer's childhood, and the Frederik Meijer Gardens Amphitheater, an outdoor musical and theatrical venue with a covered stage and tiered lawn seating for 1,900 persons. Past musicians featured in the Amphitheater include Harry Connick Jr., B.B. King, Sheryl Crow, the Steve Miller Band, and Wynton Marsalis.

Sculpture

Meijer Gardens includes a 30 acre outdoor sculptural park, which opened on May 16, 2002.

The museum has exhibited the work of world-renowned artists including Jonathan Borofsky, Alexander Calder, Tony Smith, Anthony Caro, Antony Gormley, Mark di Suvero, Anish Kapoor, Jenny Holzer, Richard Hunt, Joan Miró, David Nash, Arnaldo Pomodoro, Keith Haring, Laura Ford, and Kenneth Snelson among others.

Permanent collection
Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park primarily collects the work of sculptors. It also contains drawings, provided they were created by artists who identify as sculptors. As of May 2015, the permanent collection contained over 300 artworks. It features works by prominent British and American sculptors including Claes Oldenburg, Louise Bourgeois, Richard Serra, Barbara Hepworth, and Henry Moore, in addition to major works by the international artists Coosje van Bruggen, Ai Weiwei, Beverly Pepper, and Jaume Plensa.

Fred and Lena Meijer purchased another large work by glass artist Dale Chihuly in 2009 as an addition to the permanent collection.

In 2016, the museum acquired the archives of sculptor Beverly Pepper, over 900 works on paper. Following the museum's acquisition of Iron Tree by Ai Weiwei, a major exhibition of his work was held at the Gardens in 2017.

The collection contains numerous outdoor monumental sculptures throughout the property and also indoors in the conservatory, specialty gardens, and gallery. Among the many highlights for visitors is The American Horse, sculpted by Nina Akamu as a homage to the original commission to Leonardo da Vinci of the Duke of Milan, as well as works by Auguste Rodin and Degas in the Victorian Conservatory.

Temporary exhibitions
The Sculpture Program of the Gardens features temporary exhibitions. Featured exhibitions have included works by Andy Goldsworthy, Tom Otterness, Magdalena Abakanowicz, and George Rickey.

Seasonal events
Meijer Gardens supports two large seasonal exhibition events, both started in 1995 when the facility first opened: The Fred & Dorothy Fichter Butterflies Are Blooming, and the Christmas and Holiday Traditions.

Fred & Dorothy Fichter Butterflies Are Blooming is held annually in the Lena Meijer Conservatory from March 1 through April 30; it is one of the largest temporary butterfly exhibits in the nation, with thousands of tropical butterflies from Central America, South America, and Asia. The butterfly exhibit is well attended and popular with visitors of all ages.

Christmas and Holiday Traditions takes place from November through the first week of January. The Gardens' annual event includes the display of holiday items and symbols of more than 40 nations and cultures.

Management
David Hooker was the President & CEO at Meijer Gardens from 2006 to 2022. Charles Burke was appointed as Hooker's successor, starting in 2023.

In 2022, Meijer Gardens announced the hire of Suzanne Ramljak as Chief Curator.

Architecture
The Lena Meijer Conservatory was designed by Cox, Medendorp and Olson, and utilizes galvanized steel for the frame construction.

In May 2019, the New York partners Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects were selected to re-envision and expand the facilities at Meijer Gardens, with the assistance of local partners Progressive AE and Owen-Ames-Kimball Co. The expanded and updated 69,000 square foot welcome center, designed by Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects, displays a large relief sculpture by Spanish artist Jaume Plensa carved from four white marble slabs, each at 19 feet in height.


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Agustín Yáñez

Agustín Yáñez Delgadillo (May 4, 1904 in Guadalajara, Jalisco – January 17, 1980 in Mexico City) was a Mexican writer and politician who served as Governor of Jalisco and Secretary of Public Education during Gustavo Díaz Ordaz's presidency. He is the author of numerous books and the recipient, in 1952 as member of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua, in 1973, of the Premio Nacional de las Letras. Al filo del agua (On the Edge of the Storm) is considered his most important work, according to the Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean literature, 1900-2003 By Daniel Balderston, Mike Gonzalez, page 616.

Education and teaching profession
Yáñez studied law in the Escuela de Jurisprudencia de Guadalajara and philosophy in the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He held several teaching positions throughout his life, he was a professor in the Escuela Normal para Señoritas de Guadalajara from 1923 to 1929, in the Preparatoria José Paz Camacho from 1926 to 1929, in the Preparatoria de la Universidad de Guadalajara from 1931 to 1932, in the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria from 1932 to 1953, in the UNAM from 1942 to 1953 and again from 1959 to 1962. He entered El Colegio Nacional in 1952.

Essays

 * Fray Barlolomé de las Casas, el conquistador conquistado (1942)
 * El contenido social de la literatura iberoamericana (1943)
 * Alfonso Gutiérrez Hermosillo y algunos amigos (1945)
 * El clima espiritual de Jalisco (1945)
 * Fichas mexicanas (1945)
 * Yahualica (1946)
 * Discursos por Jalisco (1958)
 * La formación política (1962)
 * Moralistas franceses (1962)
 * Proyección universal de México (1963)
 * Días de Bali (1964)
 * Conciencia de la revolución (1964)
 * Dante, concepción integral del hombre y de la historia (1965)
 * Discursos al servicio de la educación pública (1964,1965,1966)

Short stories

 * Por tierras de Nueva Galicia (1928)
 * Baralipton (1931)
 * Espejismo de Juchitán (1940)
 * Genio y figuras de Guadalajara (1941)
 * Flor de juegos antiguos (1942)
 * Esta es mala suerte (1945)
 * Melibea, Isolda y Alda en tierras cálidas (1946)
 * Los sentidos del aire, Episodios de Navidad (1948)
 * Tres cuentos (1964)

Novels

 * Archipiélago de mujeres (1943)
 * Pasión y convalecencia (1943)
 * Al filo del agua (1947)
 * La creación (1959)
 * La tierra pródiga (1960)
 * Ojerosa y pintada (1960)
 * Las tierras flacas (1962)
 * Perseverancia final (1967)
 * Las vueltas del tiempo (1973)
 * La ladera dorada (1978)
 * Santa Anna, espectro de una sociedad (1981 concluded AD)

Political career
Agustín Yáñez was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He served as Governor of Jalisco from 1953 to 1959, undersecretary of the President of the Republic from 1962 to 1964 and Secretary of Public Education from 1964 to 1970. He headed the Mexican delegation to UNESCO's 11th general assembly in 1960.

title: Agustín Yáñez


text:
Talk:Primera Nacional

Untitled
Guys:

All the stats previous to the 1986/87 should go to Primera B Metropolitana Argentina, since "Nacional B" is a new category created to include teams from "El Interior"..

--Sebastian Kessel Talk 15:38, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Links

 * Final Tables Argentina Second Level 1937-2000 Mariano (t/c) 12:22, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot (talk) 18:45, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:23, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Primera Nacional


text:
Category talk:Regional Transportation Authority (Illinois)

Untitled
I created this category in a flurry of activity recently and am now noticing that it's not a very good category name. Would it make more sense to name the category Regional Transportation Authority? I suppose I'll just go ahead and do that unless someone has a better idea. Tedernst 15:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Influenza A virus/Archive 1

This is an archive, and should not be modified. If you have any comments, please make them at Talk:Avian influenza.

initial comments
Wikipedia was used as a place for collective reaction regarding the tsunami. I thought it could be used for same regarding an influenza pandemic. Apparently it's not the case.

So here we may discuss how we could proceed with having a "social preparedness plan" that may be "work in progress" and as such not suited for wikipedia, but that is nevertheless very important in the face of a (factual and documented) substantial risk of a pandemic.

So let's keep the facts here and look for a "preparedness place" somewhere else.

lugon

-

This page needs lots of work:

 * A better classification of the ways to prevent a pandemic and for damage-control.
 * More and better organised links to preparedness plans (by country), and maybe (if we can document it) "what is needed where".
 * A link to "the teachable moment" and the context for such a link.
 * Links to the basics of epidemiological surveillance so readers may understand the concepts and what the goals are and how to make better systems where they are needed.
 * A pandemic will do lots of harm in places where there's no surveillance and response system at all. How do we document that and what links do we provide so that those who can act locally can set up "some kind of system" (maybe informal but possibly useful)?

lugon

-

Some people think......
That this avian influenza is an overhyped government scam to increase phamacudical industries profits, that the only deaths in two years have been 62 people and it was from direct contact with the infected chickens. Also human-to-human spreading does NOT happen. I personally agree. -Anon A Mouse
 * Although human-to-human transmission obviously did occur during the 1918 avian influenza epidemic, we don't know if it will happen with H5N1. We do know that the virus is constantly mutating. I doubt that anyone's making piles of money from avian flu especially since even Tamiflu appears to be losing its effectiveness. Scientists have been anticipating another big flu ever since 1918. This isn't driven by government. --Lee Hunter 02:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * But if they've been anticipating it since 1918 why hasn't anything happened untill now? See I am all into the organic, no medicine, no vacine thing, and this article dosn't seem to include all views.
 * You seem to be confused. Scientists have been aware for a long long time the 1918 pandemic could easily happen again. However, no one knows which virus will be the one which mutates into the pandemic if it does occur. There are probably many that have good potential but our aim is to ensure they never get the oppurtunity! Previously, for example in 1997 in HK there have been scares but this is probably the scariest event so far. Currently H5N1 is a very good candidate given number of cases and the way it is spreading throughout the world. It is really difficult to produce medicines/drugs against viruses, of course there has been some success, what do you think tamiflu etc are? Of course, there is little incentive to produce a drug specifically for avian influenze but then again, given the number of possible targets it's not clear if such a move will be much use. Unless we know the precise virus which will create the pandemic, it's impossible to be sure it will be effective (actually if we are successful enough our drug may prevent the pandemic in the first place). Having said that, work is going on to create more drugs effective against influenze, and avian influenze and H5N1 in particular which will hopefully be effective should the pandemic strain arise. Vaccines are more successful in general but much trickier. A vaccine against one strain is likely to be very ineffective against another strain. It is hope the vaccine against H5N1 will be at least partially effective against the pandemic H5N1 should it ever arise but we don't know. However the vaccines which have been or are being created will be effective in stopping people in Asia etc getting the current non-pandemic strain and in stopping the spread between birds. Of course, there has been a lot of work on vaccines in general and vaccines for influenze since 1918. Currently vaccines for influenze save countless lives especially over the winter (albeit mainly in rich countries that can afford them). BTW, these vaccines have to be created every year because the previous vaccines is likely not effective against this year strain (many people will already be resistant to last years strain anyway). If you really want to start up conspirary theories, you'll need more credible sources then 'some people' and you'll also need someone who better understand what they're talking about (maybe not a prerequieste, some of the AIDS conspiracy theorists don't seem to). The ironic thing is that if scientists are successful in helping evert the potential catastrophe, there are probably going to be lots of people like you saying it was one big money making conspiracy and if we fail, everyones going to blame scientists etc for failing! P.S. As someone who can perhaps be considered a scientist even if not involved in H5N1, I'm deeply offended by you apparent suggestion that we're all working together with the gov and the big drug companies in some conspiracy theory. I'm not saying scientists, govs and especially drug companies are angels but some of the claims people make are just plain ridiculous). P.P.S. Perhaps I'm not clear but when we are talking about these things, we aren't talking about a few set strains in this world that are defined by God or whatever. Strains are continually changing. Even the word strain may be a bit confusing since a strain. It's hard for me to explain, read up a bit and perhaps you'll understand. Nil Einne 13:38, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Should all the general pandemic stuff be placed under the pandemic area? Avian flu is not uniquely prone to pandemics.

Response: not sure. I think influenza pandemics are peculiar, very different from AIDS, much worse than SARS. See "The overall picture" below for a suggested outline on how to organise this. lugon

btw there was a very good http://www.sarswatch.org

History or a timeline
There should be a timeline section added chronicalling its deadly and repeated history. - RoyBoy 800 16:46, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

US Centric
Perhaps the comments about what a U.S. citizen can do before and while travelling should be generalised to include people from other countries?

Which masks work
The current text on masks reads, "Masks. Not any kind of mask works. 'Weak' masks may even provide a false sense of security." How can a layperson tell whether a mask works? Is there any kind of mask that's worth using during a pandemic, even if it doesn't provide complete protection? — Rootbeer (Tom) (U 19:17, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

NanoMasks are best to use against the Avian Influenza. They are only a false sense of security if they are not put on correctly.

Pictures
This article could be slightly improved with some non-copyrighted or fair-use pictures of the virus under a microscope or of the disease's effects on whichever animals it produces symptoms in. Or better yet, a map of its global distribution. Mr. Billion 02:34, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Agree: a map with global distribution will improve the aricle User:Quattrop 10:41, 23 Aug 2005 (SGT)

The overall picture
What do people need to know? The overall picture could be like this ... and obviously needs work!

Influenza pandemics:
 * Influenza
 * Influenza viri
 * Description
 * Types (A, B, C)
 * Species (birds, pigs, humans, etc)
 * Epidemiology of influenza (clinical stages, transmission, factors affecting spread, etc)
 * Symptoms, outcome, statistics
 * (Influenza) Pandemics
 * History, timeline, how previous pandemics have unfolded
 * Lessons learned (what worked and what didn't)
 * Impact scenarios for the future (with scientific references), web calculators (what it might be like given certain conditions)
 * Stages (as defined by World Health Organization)
 * (Influenza) Pandemic preparedness
 * Elements for a plan (governance, information, antivirals and vaccines, appropriate masks, other non-pharmaceutical actions, non-health actions)
 * Activities (prevention, slow down, healthcare, society ...)
 * Plans (or lack of) in each country etc
 * What needs further work
 * How to protect people in countries without vaccine production etc
 * Faster ways to produce vaccines
 * Communication of effective prevention practices
 * Current situation
 * Current stage according to World Health Organisation
 * Avian epidemics in countries
 * Human cases in countries
 * Vaccine developement
 * Sources of information
 * Official news
 * Blogs
 * Official news
 * Blogs

Some questions:
 * What else do we need to fit in?
 * How do we improve the outline?
 * Maybe all this needs a page of its own ("influenza pandemics")?
 * How are these things done at wikipedia?

Lugon 12:52, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Avian Influenza + Influenza + Pandemic
Three pages that need to interact somehow, or maybe this begs for a fresh page: What do you think? What should we do? Is it as easy as creating a new article and moving content apropriately?
 * I guess Influenza should have all the information related to the virus itself: types, Neuraminidase, Haemaglutinin, etc.
 * Pandemic is a general term so I suggest let's not touch it. The term "pandemic" can be atatched to AIDS, SARS, tobacco, overweight ...
 * Avian Influenza is a bird disease which affects a small number of humans.
 * When avian influenza starts a pandemic it's no longer avian flu: it becomes Influenza Pandemic which stands on its own.

Lugon 11:07, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

amantadine resistance
The WP has a big article about avian flu developing amantadine resistance due to widespread use of amantadine to vaccinate chickens in China. Could someone knowledgeable edit the pandemic-related part of this article? I did a little bit but I think more is needed and I don't have the expertise. This is a serious development and is reminiscent of the mis-handling of SARS, but potentially far worse. 63.203.206.121 11:27, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Suggested new page: Influenza pandemic
Influenza pandemics: = Influenza =

Influenza viri
influenza

Species (birds, pigs, humans, etc)
A table with all different subtypes and which are in which species

Epidemiology of influenza
Things may change if a pandemic starts, but until now, influenza has behaved like this.

Clinical stages
(herd immunity)
 * Susceptible
 * Incubation
 * Symptoms / Few symptoms / No symptoms
 * Recovery
 * Resistant

Transmission

 * Airborne
 * Since day -1 of symptoms until day 5 of symptoms

Factors affecting spread

 * Age: children are a source of infection for a longer period
 * Air temperature?

Symptoms, outcome, statistics
= Influenza pandemics = pandemic
 * Fever, cough, sneezing ...
 * Fatality case ratio

History, timeline, how previous pandemics have unfolded
see pandemics

Lessons learned (what worked and what didn't)

 * Did closing down schools work?
 * Did closing fronteers work?

Impact scenarios for the future (with scientific references), web calculators (what it might be like given certain conditions)
CDC

Risk assessment
Agreement and disagreement = Influenza andemic preparedness =

Elements for plans
Draw up a Plan.

Outline the steps you and your family need to take, both pre-pandemic and during. Identify responsibilities for each family member. Make lists of supplies required. Find appropriate sources. Develop a realistic timeline. By establishing a plan now, you will avoid becoming a victim of the panic that will grip the general population, resulting in civil chaos and pandemonium.

Keep Informed.

If and when the virus mutates so that it is being spread from human to human, it is likely to start in Southeast Asia. Pay attention to the news. When you hear that this has taken place, it's time to act. We might have two or three months before the pandemic reaches North America, but with international travel so fast and easy it could be much sooner.

Do not travel to areas where you know the flu virus is found.

The Center for Disease Control has a website that will give you this information. It's at http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/fluactivity.htm

Prepare your Children for Homeschooling.

Most flu outbreaks get their start at schools. You can be certain that the schools will be closed. And even if they're not, you should give very serious thought to keeping your children at home.

Minimize Contact with Others.

The H5N1 avian flu virus can be transmitted for two days before a person is showing any symptoms and for a week after symptoms have disappeared. You never know who isn't and who might be infected.

Wash Your Hands.

Did you know that sneeze particles can travel across a room at 600 miles per hour? If the person sneezing has the flu, everything in that room is covered with flu virus. And when you touch anything, the virus is transmitted to your hand. Eventually it will be transmitted to your mouth. Your only protection is to wash your hands, well and often. Each washing should involve vigorous scrubbing with soap for at least 20 seconds.

KLEENEX® Anti-Viral* Tissue has a moisture-activated middle layer that is scientifically proven to kill cold and flu viruses.* When moisture from a runny nose, cough or sneeze comes in contact with KLEENEX® Anti-Viral Tissue's special middle layer, cold and flu viruses are trapped and killed. Carry them with you and use them to open and close public doors, handle money, etc. Be sure to discard them in a trash container after use.

Avoid using public washrooms and pay phones whenever possible.

Stock up on Food and Water.

Most supermakets only have enough food for about a week. It's critical that you stock up on enough food to last you for the duration which could be 3-4 months.

Update your Will.

Hopefully this won't be necessary but not all of us are going to survive.

Get a Flu Vaccination.

There is no vaccination yet for this particular strain of avian flu but a vaccination will give you protection from contracting any other flu which could weaken your system, making you more prone to fall victim to the deadlier H5N1 strain.

Buy Enough Anti-Viral Medication for Every Member of your Family.

Currently the only drug that can help mitigate the effects of the avian flu virus is oseltamivir, otherwise known as Tamiflu. The world supply is very low, and not nearly adequate to provide sufficient protection for everyone, so you should stock up on this drug immediately. You can buy it online, but do your shopping because the price varies considerably. And once a pandemic strikes, it will be impossible to buy tamiflu at any price.

Life Insurance.

Make sure your life insurance is adequate, and check the fine print. Some policies have clauses that don't cover you in the event of a pandemic.

Stock up on face masks.

You will need to wear these when you absolutely have to come into close contact with others. It's likely that any public businesses or government offices that remain open will make it mandatory that you wear a mask before entering. Make sure that your mask has a rating of N100. The more common N95 masks will not give you enough protection.

There is one mask -- the NanoMask® -- which not only blocks the H5N1 virus, but kills it as well.

Prepare a quarantine room.

If anyone in your family becomes stricken, he/she should be immediately moved to a location that is isolated from the rest of the house. This room should be as far away as possible and should be stocked with food and water, medical supplies, sanitation facilities, communication, cleaning tools, entertainment (books, radio, TV, etc.)

Communication.

There's a good chance that TV and radio stations will no longer be able to broadcast if there is a power failure in your area. A good quality battery operated radio, capable of receiving short wave stations will enable you to stay informed of developments in the outside world.

Power.

There could be an extended interruption to your electric power. You should consider alternative lighting and heating methods. Battery, propane, kerosine, and gasoline generators are possible options.

Protection.

New Orleans showed us how quickly civilization breaks down under catastrophic conditions. And that was mild in comparison to what we could be facing in a pandemic. The bottom line is this: most people won't take the necessary steps to prepare for disaster. And once it hits, they will be panic stricken. And they will do anything to try to save themselves. Which includes trying to take whatever you have that they might want.

You will need to have some means toprotect your family. If you own firearms, makesure you are stocked up with ammunition. Remember, you won't be able to call a patrolman if you find an intruder on your property.

Find a Place in the Country.

If you live in the city, you will be surrounded by anarchy. Catastrophes such as this always lead to civil disorder. If you can escape the city you will be much safer. If you don't have one, consider purchasing a trailer. If you can't afford it, consider a tent.

Plans (or lack of) in each country etc
= What needs further work =

Communication of effective prevention practices
= Current situation =

Vaccine developement
= Sources of information =

Wikis
The Flu Wiki

Blogs
The flu blog of Declan Butler, senior reporter at Nature, the international weekly journal of science

Henry Niman's Recombinomics Site (not really a blog, but similar daily+ updates)

"Effect Measure" a public health related blog closely following H5N1

title: Talk:Influenza A virus/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Signal instrument

Removed
Removed the following:
 * When the elite practiced hunting as a prestigious outdoors social activity, music was often present at any stage, indeed the court of Versailles had composers such as the Danican family and Philidor write special symphonies for a court orchestra to accompany the royal hunt party, prominently featuring percussion and winds but also including non-signal instruments, even strings.

because it doesn't seem to refer to "Signal instruments" but rather to music. The final paragraph on marching music doesn't really fit, either, although there may be a historical connection not yet mentioned in the article.—Wahoofive (talk) 15:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Signal instrument


text:
Balakot

Balakot is a town in Mansehra district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The town was significantly damaged during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake but was later rebuilt with the assistance of the Government of Pakistan.

Geography
Balakot is located on the right bank of the Kunhar River in northern Pakistan. It is almost two-thirds of the length of the river from its origin at Lake Dharam Sar deep in the Kaghan Valley before its confluence with the Jehlum River.

The lower area below Balakot, sometimes referred to as Nainsukh Valley, is temperate, while Kaghan Valley above Balakot City is cold enough to turn the whole area to freezing in the winter. Kaghan valley is a pleasant summer destination. Its upper part from Naran upstream lacks the monsoon, but the lower part gets it well, and so it is forested.

Climate
Balakot has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall in Balakot is much higher than in most other parts of Pakistan. The heaviest rainfall occurs either in late winter (February–March) associated with frontal systems, or in the monsoon season (June–August); however, all months see significant rainfall on average.

Administration
Balakot is one of the main cities in Mansehra District. It serves as the chief city of Balakot Tehsil, which is the largest Tehsil in Mansehra District. It also has a Union Council and administers the many surrounding smaller towns and villages.

Early history
The known history of the city was not well recorded before the British period. Archaeologists from Hazara University, however, have found terracotta remains and terracotta figurines from distant points in the high altitudes around the area. They might shed light on earlier inhabitants of the area. Old graveyards also suggest linkages towards pre-Muslim occupants who later converted to Islam.

Battle of Balakot (1831)
The battle of Balakot (1831) was the defining battle of Syed Ahmad Barelvi's Tehreek-ul-Mujahideen against the Sikh empire, in which he and Shah Ismail Dehlvi were killed. Balakot was a refuge for Mujahideen after being ousted from Swabi and Amb. The Sikhs, who outnumbered the ill-prepared Mujahideen, defeated them. For the sake of this event, Balakot City is sometimes also referred to as Sarzameen-e-Shuhada ("The Land of Martyrs").

Mahtab Singh, a writer of the history of Hazara, writes that Sikhs, to stop the movement from continuing any further, reopened the grave of Syed Ahmad and set the body into the Kunhar River, probably in Talhatta, 10 km down stream.

Sikh rule was brutal and fearsome and ended after James Abbot's capture of Hazara. There have been many skirmishes between locals and Sikh forces. One famous event happened in 1844 when Gulab Singh, Maharaja of Kashmir, sent a campaign to the Chilas under Diwan Ibrahim, which was effectively destroyed by local populations in Kaghan Valley at Diwan Bela, named after him.

War of Independence (1857)
After James Abbot's coming to the region in the early 1840s, Sikhs were kept in check in upper Hazara, and he was able to wage war on Sikhs with this local support in Haripur.

During the War of Independence in 1857, no local chief is reported to have revolted. Instead, local chiefs helped the British Army bring down mutineers in Hoti Garrission, Mardan. In another incident, 55th Native Infantry mutineers were trying to seek refuge in Kashmir State, however, they were only able to cross the Indus in Kohistan, and were caught near Lake Dudipatsar by local forces of the Kaghan chiefs, Kohistanis, and Gujjars. The whole gorge is now known as Purbi Nar (the gorge of Eastern People, or Bengalis). A few escaped to Kashmir State ,where they were handed over to the British Army for execution.

2005 earthquake
The hillside town of Balakot, comprising 12 union councils with a population of 30,000 people, was completely destroyed by the earthquake on October 8,2005. The fault line passes through Balakot. It follows the hilly area to the north up to Allai and leads to the Bagh in Azad Jammu and Kashmir from the villages of Balakot. This fault line, the Balakot-Bagh fault, is said to be the source of the Kashmir earthquake. The estimated death toll from Balakot town and the districts in the affected Kashmir area was between 73,000 and 80,000, with some sources stating it to be more than 80,000.

The United Arab Emirates volunteered to rebuild this town into an improved one with housing colonies, schools, hospitals, and other civic facilities. Saudi Public Assistance for Pakistan Earthquake Victims (SPAPEV), a Saudi relief organisation, also provided much assistance. Late last year the Pakistani government announced that the city would be relocated about 20 km away to a safer spot with more earthquake-proof buildings.

A Jaish-e-Mohammed militant group had a presence near the town. A 2004 United States Department of Defense document also stated that there was a JeM training camp in Balakot. However, according to analysts, the militants left Balakot after the earthquake in 2005 to avoid detection by the international aid groups arriving to provide relief.

New Balakot City
After the earthquake, it was discovered that the city was built on geological fault lines, and the government recommended moving the residents 15 miles away to Bakarial. The new site was decided to be renamed "New Balakot City," and the original town of Balakot to be preserved as "national heritage".

In 2011, it was reported that many residents of Balakot had been rebuilding their homes and businesses in the town, despite a government ban.

A decade after the earthquake, the New Balakot City was still being constructed and many residents still lived in temporary earthquake-resistant shelters. Amid the locals' discontent, the Pakistani government cited the problem of acquiring the land at Bakrayal as a reason for the delay due to a dispute between the national and provincial government as well as the landowners. There are observers who also note that political patronage diverted aid away from those who need it. There are those who started rebuilding their houses in the old city. By 2006, construction of New Balakot City had resumed.

2019 bombing by the Indian Air Force
In the early morning hours of 26 February, Indian warplanes crossed the de facto border in the disputed region of Kashmir, and dropped bombs in the vicinity of Balakot.

Pakistan's military, the first to announce the airstrike on 26 February morning, described the Indian planes as dropping their payload in an uninhabited wooded hilltop area near Balakot.

India, confirming the airstrike later the same day, characterised it to be a preemptive strike directed against a terrorist training camp, and causing the deaths of more than 100 terrorists. Analysis of open-source satellite imagery by the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensics Laboratory, San Francisco-based Planet Labs, European Space Imaging, and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, has concluded that India did not hit any targets of significance on the Jaba hilltop site in the vicinity of Balakot.

Villagers from the area spoke of four bombs striking a nearby forest and field around 3 am, damaging a building, and injuring a local man. Journalists associated with the Associated Press visited the area on 26 February and saw craters and damaged trees. The villagers they met reported no casualties. A team from Al Jazeera visited the site two days after the strikes and noted "splintered pine trees and rocks" which were strewn across the four blast craters. The local hospital officials and residents asserted that they did not come across any casualty or wounded people. The reporters located the facility, a school run by Jaish-e-Mohammed, at around a kilometre to the east of one of the bomb craters, atop a steep ridge but were unable to access it. Reporters from Reuters were repeatedly denied access to the madrassa by the military citing security issues but they noted the structure (and its vicinity) to be intact from the back. The press wing of the Pakistan military had twice postponed scheduled visits to the site. However, on 29 March 2019, Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) took journalists to the site where the strike took place. There were around 375 students present in the Madrasa. Journalists were allowed to interview the students. They were also allowed to take photos and record videos of the site.

On 10 April, some international journalists, who were taken to the Jaba hilltop in a tightly controlled trip after 45 days of the strike arranged by Pakistani government, discovered the largest building of the site to show no evidence of damage.

Demographics
The majority of the population is speaker of Hindko and Gujari, Indo-Aryan languages closely related to Punjabi, which are also spoken in the rest of Mansehra district.

Transportation
In 1965, a bridge was built in Balakot over the Kunhar river called the Ayub Bridge. The bridge connects Balakot, as well as the Kaghan valley, with the rest of Pakistan.

title: Balakot