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Rubicon Trail

The Rubicon Trail is a 22-mile-long route, part road and part 4x4 trail, located in the Sierra Nevada of the western United States, due west of Lake Tahoe and about 80 mi east of Sacramento.

The western maintained section of the route is called the Wentworth Springs Road; it begins in Georgetown, California, a hamlet in California's Gold Country. The road continues from its intersection with State Route 193 toward Wentworth Springs, where the trailhead for the unmaintained portion of the route exists adjacent to Loon Lake. The trail portion of the route is about 12 mi long and passes in part through the Eldorado National Forest as well as the Tahoe National Forest and the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit. The eastern maintained portion of the trail is called the McKinney Rubicon Springs Road, and leads to Lake Tahoe.

Trail summary

There are three entrances to the trail, either at Wentworth Springs at the Loon Lake spillway or on the Lake Tahoe side along Highway 89 near Tahoma. The Wentworth Springs entrance, at Gerle Creek, is the original entrance to the trail and starts with an obstacle known as Devil's Postpile (not to be confused with Devils Postpile National Monument near Mammoth Lakes). The Loon Lake route is shorter, first crossing the Granite Bowl, a large open rock valley. The Loon Lake entrance previously had an obstacle known as The Gatekeeper. It was altered using explosives in October 2004 in a failed attempt to make the trail easier in order to reduce wheel spin and sediment movement to local waters. This attempt was a cooperative effort between El Dorado County and the Eldorado National Forest. The obstacle exists today and is still difficult by typical trail standards.

The Wentworth Springs entrance joins the trail from Loon Lake shortly before Ellis Creek. After driving through the relatively mild section beyond Ellis Creek the Walker Hill obstacle is encountered. It includes a rocky climb followed by a notch that can either be straddled or side-hilled. Walker Hill is named for Chuck Walker, a long-time trail guide for Jeepers Jamboree known for his good attitude and winning smile.

A short distance beyond Walker Hill is the Soup Bowl. The Soup Bowl is an optional obstacle next to the trail, a short climb with a series of ledges that are difficult to ascend. High clearance and long wheelbases help with this obstacle. After passing the Soup Bowl, the Little Sluice awaits.

The Little Sluice, also known as the Sluice Box or simply as "The Box", is close to Spider Lake. It can be bypassed in two ways for vehicles that cannot ascend the main trail. The most common bypass route is to the left of the obstacle known as the long bypass. The second way to bypass the Little Sluice is to drive up Toyota Rock. Toyota Rock is to the right toward Spider Lake (so named because it resembles a spider from above), just before the large rocks in the Little Sluice, and leads to the slabs that surround Little Sluice. The large rocks in the Little Sluice were reduced in size in the fall of 2012 by El Dorado County in order to reduce concentrated camping and the "spectator" atmosphere at the Sluice. The section is still difficult, but the difficulty has been reduced.

After passing the Little Sluice the next obstacle is Thousand Dollar Hill (also sometimes called Million Dollar Hill). It is a rock ledge followed by a steep grade, facing downhill if driving the trail toward Lake Tahoe. As of 7/15/2012, Thousand Dollar Hill has been closed. This obstacle had a moderately difficult bypass (the original trail), which is now the only route open.

The next obstacle is Arnold's Rock, named for Kenny and Mike Arnold, brothers who guided this section at early Jamborees.

The trail splits again about a quarter mile past this point, the lower trail continuing on the granite slabs (aka Indian Trail) or the upper (original) trail through the Old Sluice. Both routes lead to Buck Island Lake. The granite slabs are off-camber but are an easier and much quicker route to take.

The trail then continues toward the Big Sluice. This downhill section contains a switchback with a rock drop-off and an off-camber rocky section, leading to the Rubicon River Bridge and then into the private property of the Rubicon Springs.

Rubicon Springs is on private property and must be respected as such. A cabin (in the same spot as the former 2-story hotel) houses the caretaker family. Many campsites are available in this area, as well as a helipad for emergencies and for large events to fly supplies in. Most large events set up base camp in this area because it is large enough for hundreds of people to camp. Notable annual events are the Jeepers Jamboree (maximum of 500 vehicles), the Jeep Jamboree (200 vehicles), the Toyota Land Cruiser Association's Rubithon (approximately 150-200 vehicles), and the Marlin Crawler Round-Up (approximately 150-200 vehicles).

After Rubicon Springs is Cadillac Hill. Cadillac Hill is a series of switchbacks up to Observation Point, starting with a rutted-out section with many exposed tree roots. After turning a hairpin, the trail becomes very off-camber and contains a series of boulders to maneuver around or over. After that is a steep stairstep obstacle to climb. At the top of the hill is Observation Point, a good place to see where you have just driven and to take a short break before the long dirt road back to Lake Tahoe. There are a few small sections of rocks like "Potato Patch" and the "Slabs" after this but nothing that poses a significant obstacle.

Rubicon land use issues
In 2001 the Lahontan Water Board contemplated filing an order to force closure of the east end of the trail near the Tahoe Basin. In order to prevent this closure Friends of the Rubicon (FOTR), a grassroots, user-driven organization was formed and built more than thirty erosion control devices on the trail in order to prevent erosion and siltation of the watershed. The Lahontan Water Board dropped their effort and FOTR kept the trail open and has conducted many work projects on the trail each year since then.

The initial organized effort to close the trail involved embroiling El Dorado County in an effort to manage the trail. This effort resulted in the Rubicon Trail Master Plan which the county rejected because it was projected to be too costly. Most of the costs involved were for monitoring, not for fixing problems on the trail.

When the Master Plan effort failed multiple complaints were filed with the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Board. The complaints were that the trail was causing erosion and siltation of the watershed, sanitation problems were not being addressed, and OHVs were spilling oil on the trail. These complaints resulted in a Draft Cleanup and Abatement Order that would have closed the trail had it been implemented as written. During the hearing, before issuing a final order, testimony was heard from El Dorado County, the Eldorado National Forest, and the Rubicon Trail Foundation. The result of that hearing was a more manageable order requiring El Dorado County and the Eldorado National Forest to repair the trail, build bridges, obtain an accurate user count, conduct education and planning efforts, report regularly to the board, and provide more law enforcement on the trail. The Cleanup and Abatement Order was rescinded on October 14, 2014, noting the efforts by government agencies and trail users to redress water quality concerns.

The Rubicon Trail Foundation, Friends of the Rubicon, El Dorado County, and the Eldorado National Forest continue their efforts to keep this "crown jewel" of OHV routes open.

Usage
Part of the trail is used as a testing ground by Jeep and many aftermarket Jeep product companies local to Northern California. The Rubicon variants of the Jeep Wrangler and Jeep Gladiator are named after this trail.

Many large events take place on the trail, ranging from Jeep-only events (Jeep Jamboree) and 4x4 enthusiast events (Jeepers Jamboree, TLCA's Rubithon, Marlin Crawler Round-Up, Cantina on the Con) to family trips to special events organized just for SUVs and stock 4x4s that could not otherwise complete the trail.

As of April 2016, the TV show Top Gear USA on History channel recorded images of the entire Rubicon Trail using a NCTech iSTAR 360-degree camera, as part of their show. A few hundred of the 6000 images can be found on Google Maps provided by NCTech.

title: Rubicon Trail


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Phantasia

Phantasia may refer to:

Concepts

 * Phantasiai, a concept in Hellenistic philosophy
 * Lexis (Aristotle), a philosophical concept used by Aristotle
 * Hyperphantasia, the phenomenon of experiencing extremely vivid mental imagery

Arts and society

 * Phantasia (album)
 * Phantasia (poet), a fictitious ancient Egyptian poet, said to have been the creator of the Iliad and Odyssey
 * Phantasia Press, a publisher of science fiction books
 * Phantasialand, theme park in Germany
 * Tales of Phantasia, part of the Tales series of games published by Namco
 * Phantasia (role-playing game)
 * Girls' Generation's Phantasia, Girls' Generation 2015 tour

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Phantasia


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List of Santa Clara University people

This article is a list of notable encyclopedic persons, students, alumni, faculty, and academic affiliates associated with Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California United States.

University presidents

 * John Nobili, S.J., 1851–56
 * Nicholas Congiato, S.J., 1856–57
 * Felix Cicaterri, S.J., 1857–61
 * Burchard Villiger, S.J., 1861–65
 * Aloysius Masnata, S.J., 1865–68
 * Aloysius Varsi, S.J., 1868–76
 * Aloysius Brunengo, S.J., 1876–80
 * John Pinasco, S.J., 1880–83
 * Robert E. Kenna, S.J., 1883–88
 * John Pinasco, S.J. 1888–93
 * Joseph W. Riordan, S.J. 1893–99
 * Robert E. Kenna, S.J., 1899–1905
 * Richard A. Gleeson, S.J., 1905–10
 * James P. Morrissey, S.J., 1910–13
 * Walter F. Thornton, S.J., 1913–18
 * Timothy L. Murphy, S.J., 1918–21
 * Zacheus J. Maher, S.J., 1921–26
 * Cornelius J. McCoy, S.J., 1926–32
 * James J. Lyons, S.J., 1932–35
 * Louis C. Rudolph, S.J. 1935–40
 * Charles J. Walsh, S.J., 1940–45
 * William C. Gianera, S.J. 1945–51
 * Herman J. Hauck, S.J. 1951–58
 * Patrick A. Donahoe, S.J. 1958–68
 * Thomas D. Terry, S.J. 1968–76
 * William J. Rewak. S.J. 1976–88
 * Paul L. Locatelli, S.J. 1988–2008
 * Michael Engh, S.J. January 5, 2009 – 2019
 * Kevin O'Brien, S.J. 2019–2021
 * Lisa A. Kloppenberg, 2021–2022
 * Julie Sullivan, 2022–present

Board of trustees

 * Mike Carey, President of Seirus Gloves and Accessories and Head Referee for the NFL
 * David C. Drummond, VP Corporate Development and Chief Counsel, Google
 * Rupert H. Johnson, Jr., Vice Chairman of Franklin Resources, Inc.
 * Jack D. Kuehler, retired President of IBM Corporation
 * J. Terrence "Terry" Lanni, CEO and chairman of the board at MGM Mirage, Las Vegas
 * Paul L. Locatelli, S.J., former University President
 * Lorry I. Lokey, President/owner of Business Wire
 * A.C. (Mike) Markkula, owner of A.C.M. Investments and co-founder of Apple Computer
 * Regis McKenna, Chairman of The McKenna Group
 * Edward A. Panelli (1955), Chairman Emeritus of Judicial, Arbitration and Mediation Services
 * Leon Panetta, Director of Panetta Institute for Public Policy at the California State University, Monterey Bay
 * John A. Sobrato, Chairman of Sobrato Development Companies
 * Larry W. Sonsini, chairman and CEO of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati

Academia

 * Wenona Giles, academic, fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
 * Paul Locatelli S.J. (1960), former Secretary of Jesuit Education for the Society of Jesus and former president of Santa Clara University
 * Mary Ann Peters (1972), Provost of the Naval War College
 * Vincent Price (1979), 10th and current President of Duke University
 * James V. Schall, S.J. Professor at Georgetown University
 * Brian Swimme, cosmologist at CIIS

Engineering

 * Frank Cepollina, inventor; National Inventors Hall of Fame; Deputy Associate Director, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope Development Project at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
 * Brendan Eich, B.Sc. c. 1983, creator of JavaScript, Chief Technology Officer of the Mozilla Corporation
 * Robert Freitas (PhD), nanotechnology pioneer and legal scholar
 * Chris Malachowsky, M.S., co-founder of NVIDIA
 * John T. "Jack" Mullin (1936), pioneer of early magnetic tape recording technology and pioneer of the laugh track
 * Kairan Quazi, the youngest graduate, at age 14, in 2023 and software engineer at the Starlink branch of SpaceX

Science

 * Russell Dahl (1997), organic chemist
 * David Merritt (1977), astrophysicist at the Rochester Institute of Technology

Artists

 * Ernest de Saisset, early Californian artist
 * Andrew P. Hill, artist and prominent conservationist responsible for the creation of the California State Park System and Big Basin Redwoods State Park
 * Manuel Valencia, early California landscape painter

Film and television

 * Andy Ackerman (1978), producer and director, Seinfeld
 * Michelle Ashford (1983), Emmy-nominated screenwriter, The Pacific
 * Lloyd Bacon, early Hollywood director, Knute Rockne, All American
 * Max Baer, Jr., actor and film producer
 * John Bailey, director and cinematographer
 * Darren Brazil (2007), three-time Emmy Award-winning editor, producer and videographer
 * Hank Cheyne (1980), actor
 * Jackie Coogan, actor (dropped out)
 * Andy Devine, Western character actor
 * Bill Duggan, actor
 * Nina Garbiras, actress
 * Julie Garnyé, actress
 * Clay M. Greene (1869), playwright
 * Paul Hoen, director and producer
 * Jerry Howarth (1968), radio broadcaster for the Toronto Blue Jays
 * Neal Jimenez (1982), movie screenwriter and director
 * Sabira Khan, producer
 * Ron Lagomarsino (1973), movie, stage, and TV director, My Sister's Keeper, Joan of Arcadia, Driving Miss Daisy
 * Mary Mazur (1979), television producer, American Family, Vice President of KCET
 * Sandra McCoy, actress
 * Shemar Moore (1992), actor and host
 * Alex Nesic, actor
 * Barry O'Brien (1979), television writer and producer of Hanging with Mr. Cooper and CSI Miami
 * Julie Payne, actress
 * Mary Richardson (1968), co-anchor of Boston's WCVB-TV's Chronicle, the nation's longest-running, locally produced nightly news magazine
 * Kurtwood Smith (1968), actor; "Red" from That '70s Show
 * Michael Trucco, actor
 * Adam Zotovich (1997), Broadway producer of The Color Purple, The Addams Family, View From the Bridge

Journalism

 * Jeff Brazil (1985), Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, Orlando Sentinel
 * Lawrence A. Fernsworth, journalist and author
 * Michael Malone, journalist, author and former editor of Forbes ASAP
 * Charles K. McClatchy (1901), former editor of the Sacramento Bee and co-owner of the McClatchy Company
 * Valentine S. McClatchy (1879), former editor of the Sacramento Bee and co-owner of the McClatchy Company
 * Gordon Young, journalist and author

Music

 * Thomas Buckner (1964), baritone vocalist
 * Kym Campbell, Australian singer-songwriter
 * Susan Gundunas, soprano opera vocalist
 * Paul Kantner (1959–1961), guitarist, singer, and co-founder of Jefferson Airplane and Jefferson Starship (dropped out)
 * Jorma Kaukonen, guitarist of Jefferson Airplane
 * Lil Rob, Mexican American rapper, producer, and actor
 * Anthony Lun, songwriter, arranger, musical director and singer
 * Anya Marina, singer-songwriter
 * Anthony Quartuccio (1987), music director of West Coast Lyric Opera
 * Kevin Waters (1965), composer, Jesuit priest, educator
 * Mahesh Kale is an Indian Classical vocalist.

Writers

 * Everett Alvarez, author
 * Reza Aslan (1995), Iranian-American scholar and author of No god but God
 * Gina M. Biegel (M.A. 2005), author and psychotherapist
 * James Billmaier (1977), author
 * Lewis Buzbee (1979), author
 * James W. Douglass (1960), author and activist
 * Lawrence A. Fernsworth (1914), author and journalist
 * Robert Freitas, author
 * Ron Hansen, author, The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford
 * Khaled Hosseini (1988), international bestselling author of the nationally best-selling novels The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns
 * Francisco Jimenez (1966), author and educator
 * Holly Kearl (2005), author
 * Robert Kinerk, author, journalist and playwright
 * Bob LaMonte, NFL agent and author of Winning the NFL Way, Leadership Lessons from Some of the NFL's Top Head Coaches
 * Michael Malone (M.B.A. 1977), author and former editor of Forbes ASAP
 * Tom McEnery, author
 * William McKnight (M.B.A. 1994), author and businessman
 * Kelly Moore, New York Times bestselling author of Deadly Medicine and Amber House
 * Dee Dee Myers, author and political commentator
 * Paul C. Paquet (1970), author and biologist
 * James V. Schall, writer, philosopher, priest, and educator
 * Sherrie Gong Taguchi, author

U.S. State and Territorial Supreme Court Justices

 * Robert D. Durham (J.D. 1972), Associate Justice of Oregon Supreme Court
 * William G. Lorigan (Ph.D. 1903), Justice of the Supreme Court of California
 * Douglas Moylan, Judge on Guam's Supreme Court
 * Edward A. Panelli (1953) (J.D. 1955), Chief Justice of Supreme Court of California

Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Judges and State Courts of Appeal Justices

 * Martin J. Jenkins (1977), Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court, former Justice of the California Court of Appeal for the First District, former federal Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
 * Edward A. Panelli (J.D. 1955), former Justice of the California Court of Appeal Sixth District and retired Chief Justice of Supreme Court of California
 * Charles Poochigian (J.D. 1975), Associate Justice, California Court of Appeal Fifth District
 * Eugene M. Premo (J.D. 1962), Associate Justice of the California Court of Appeal 6th District
 * Richard C. Tallman (1975), senior judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
 * Thomas Tang (1947), judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and first Chinese American appointed to the Federal Judiciary
 * William Thorne (1974), Justice of the Utah Court of Appeals

U.S. Federal District Court Judges

 * Samuel Conti, Judge, U.S. District Court
 * Phyllis Hamilton (1976), Judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of California
 * Martin J. Jenkins (1977), former federal Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
 * Eugene Lynch (1953), Judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of California
 * James Francis Smith (1878), Federal Justice for the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals

U.S. State Judges

 * Alfred Delucchi (J.D. 1960), Judge, Alameda Superior Court, and judge that Presided over the trial of Scott Peterson
 * Francis Devaney (1983), Judge, San Diego County Superior Court
 * Eugene Michael Hyman (J.D. 1977), Judge, Santa Clara County Superior Court
 * Lawrence Terry (1957), Judge, Santa Clara County Superior Court
 * Mark Thomas (1956), Judge, Santa Clara County Superior Court

Entrepreneurs and business leaders

 * Everett Alvarez (1960), President of Conwal Consulting
 * William Dallas (1987), founder and owner, Dallas Capital
 * David Drummond (1985), Vice President and General Counsel, Google
 * Fred Franzia (1965), owner of Bronco Winery and maker of Charles Shaw wine, potentially the largest grape producer in California
 * Pat Gelsinger (1983), CEO of VMware and incoming CEO of Intel
 * Pansy Ho (1985), managing director Shun Tak Holdings and Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau
 * Richard Justice (1971), Executive Vice President, World Wide Field Operations, Cisco Systems
 * Jack Kuehler (1954), former President of IBM
 * Thomas Lavelle (1976), Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Rambus
 * Thomas E. Leavey (1922), co-founder of Farmers Insurance
 * Chris Malachowsky (M.S. 1986), co-founder and Senior Vice President of Engineering and Operations, NVIDIA
 * Peter Oppenheimer (M.B.A. 1987), CFO and Senior Vice President of Apple Computer
 * George Reyes (M.B.A 1979), CFO, and former Senior Vice President, Google
 * Stephen Schott (1960), former owner of the Oakland Athletics
 * John A. Sobrato (1960), billionaire owner and chairman, Sobrato Development Companies
 * Thomas D. Terry (S.J.), President of Novitiate Wines

Cabinet members

 * Mike Espy (J.D. 1978), 25th U.S. Secretary of Agriculture and first African-American Secretary of Agriculture and member of the United States House of Representatives
 * Dee Dee Myers (1983), 20th White House Press Secretary
 * Janet Napolitano (1979), 3rd United States Secretary of Homeland Security (under President Barack Obama), 21st Governor of Arizona and 23rd Attorney General of Arizona
 * Leon Panetta (1960), 23rd United States Secretary of Defense, 21st Director of the CIA, former U.S. Congressman, 29th Director of the Office of Management and Budget, 18th White House Chief of Staff, Chair of the United States House Committee on the Budget

United States Senators

 * Paul Laxalt (J.D.), former U.S. Senator from Nevada, 22nd Governor of Nevada and 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Nevada
 * Frank Murkowski (1955), former U.S. Senator from Alaska and 8th Governor of Alaska
 * Stephen Mallory White (1871), former U.S. Senator from California, member of California State Senate as president pro tempore

Members of the U.S. House of Representatives

 * John H. Burke, member of the United States House of Representatives
 * Mike Espy (J.D. 1978), member of the United States House of Representatives, 25th U.S. Secretary of Agriculture and first African-American Secretary of Agriculture
 * Cecil R. King, former member of Congress, California (fourteen terms)
 * Robert J. Lagomarsino (J.D.1953), former member of the United States House of Representatives and former member of California State Senate
 * Zoe Lofgren (J.D. 1975), member of the United States House of Representatives and Chairman of the House Ethics Committee
 * Leon Panetta (1960), former member of the United States House of Representatives, 21st and current Director of the CIA, 29th Director of the Office of Management and Budget, 18th White House Chief of Staff, Chairperson of the United States House Committee on the Budget
 * Howard Wallace Pollock, former member of the United States House of Representatives
 * William Howard Royer, former member of the United States House of Representatives

Governors

 * Jerry Brown (1959), 34th and 39th Governor of California, 31st Attorney General of California, 44th Mayor of Oakland and 24th Secretary of State of California
 * Gavin Newsom (1989), 40th (current) Governor of California, 49th Lieutenant Governor of California and 42nd Mayor of San Francisco
 * Paul Laxalt (J.D.), 22nd Governor of Nevada, former U.S. Senator from Nevada, and 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Nevada
 * Bob Miller (1967), 26th Governor of Nevada and 29th Lieutenant Governor of Nevada
 * Frank Murkowski (1955), 8th Governor of Alaska and United States Senator for Alaska
 * Janet Napolitano (1979), 21st Governor of Arizona, 3rd United States Secretary of Homeland Security, and 23rd Attorney General of Arizona

Lieutenant Governors

 * Paul Laxalt (J.D.), 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Nevada and former U.S. Senator from Nevada and 22nd Governor of Nevada
 * Bob Miller (1967), 29th Lieutenant Governor of Nevada and 26th Governor of Nevada
 * Gavin Newsom (1989), 49th Lieutenant Governor of California and 42nd Mayor of San Francisco

U.S. statewide officials

 * Jerry Brown (1959), 31st Attorney General of California, 34th and 39th Governor of California, 44th Mayor of Oakland and 24th Secretary of State of California
 * Heidi Gansert, Nevada State Senator and member of the Nevada Assembly.
 * David C. Long (J.D.), Indiana State Senator, President Pro Tempore and chair for Rules & Legislative Procedure
 * Janet Napolitano (1979), 23rd Attorney General of Arizona, 3rd and current United States Secretary of Homeland Security, and 21st Governor of Arizona
 * Leon Panetta (1960), 29th Director of the Office of Management and Budget, 21st and current Director of the CIA, former U.S. Congressman, 18th White House Chief of Staff, Chairperson of the United States House Committee on the Budget
 * Charles Poochigian (J.D. 1975), former California State Senator
 * Curren Price (J.D.), California State Senator, member of the California State Assembly, and City Councilman
 * Gregory P. Schmidt (1968), Secretary of the California State Senate
 * Augustus D. Splivalo (1859), former California treasurer
 * John Vasconcellos, California State Senator and member of the California State Assembly

Other U.S. political officials

 * Richard Bissen, Mayor of Maui County, Hawaii
 * Benjamin J. Cruz (1975), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Guam, Attorney General on Guam's Superior Court, Secretary General, Vice President, and Treasurer of Guam National Olympic Committee
 * Anthony P. Hamann (1932), former City Manager of San Jose, California
 * Arthur Hull Hayes, former FDA Commissioner, doctor, first SCU Rhodes Scholar
 * Arturo Jaramillo (1975), Head of Regulation and Licensing Department for the State of California
 * Patricia Mahan (J.D. 1980), Mayor of Santa Clara
 * Tom McEnery (M.A. 1967), 61st Mayor of San Jose, California
 * R. Burnett Miller, Mayor of Sacramento, California
 * Gavin Newsom (1989), 42nd Mayor of San Francisco, California
 * Gary Podesto (1963), former Mayor of Stockton
 * Richard Riordan (1952), 39th Mayor of Los Angeles
 * Albert J. Ruffo (1936), 48th Mayor of San Jose
 * McGregor W. Scott, current U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of California
 * Anthony Williams (1973), 5th Mayor of Washington, D.C.

Other non-U.S. political officials

 * Yukiwo P. Dengokl, member of the Senate of Palau
 * Jamby Madrigal (B.S. Economics), member of the Senate of the Philippines
 * José Abad Santos (Pre-Law 1905), 5th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and Secretary of Justice

Public service

 * Gordon Belcourt, former executive director of the Montana-Wyoming Tribal Leaders Council
 * Elizabeth Birch (1985), executive director of Human Rights Campaign

Other

 * Eileen Kato (J.D. 1980), Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney for Western Washington District and former President of the Washington State District and Municipal Judges Association
 * Murlene Randle (J.D. 1980), Director of the Office of Criminal Justice for San Francisco

Military

 * Eugene M. Premo (1957), First Lieutenant in the United States Army Counterintelligence Corps.
 * Eldon Regua (1977), Major general, United States Army Reserve; Commanding General, 75th Division
 * James Francis Smith (1878), Brigadier General, United States Army; Governor-General of Philippine Islands
 * Charles E. Stanton, military colonel and aid to General John J. Pershing in World War I; coined the phrase "Lafayette, we are here!" which was initially attributed to Pershing

Other

 * Brooke Hart, murder victim
 * Dan Kaminsky, computer security researcher
 * Selina Kuruleca, Fijian psychotherapist and public commentator
 * James Pike, controversial Episcopal bishop

Baseball

 * Frank Arellanes, professional MLB baseball player, pitcher for the Boston Red Sox and commonly believed to be the first Mexican American to play in the American League
 * Hardin Barry, MLB player, pitcher for Oakland Athletics
 * Wayne Belardi, MLB player, first baseman for the Brooklyn Dodgers and Detroit Tigers
 * Lou Berberet, MLB player, New York Yankees, Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox, and Detroit Tigers
 * John Boccabella, MLB player, Chicago Cubs
 * Bruce Bochte, MLB player, former MLB all-star and player for the California Angels, Cleveland Indians, Seattle Mariners, and Oakland Athletics
 * Nelson Briles, MLB player, Kansas City Royals, Pittsburgh Pirates, Texas Rangers, and St. Louis Cardinals
 * Al Carson, MLB player, Chicago Cubs
 * Hal Chase, MLB player, first baseman for the New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox, Cincinnati Reds, New York Giants manager of New York Yankees and named on the 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time
 * Scott Chiamparino, MLB player, pitcher for the Texas Rangers
 * Victor Cole, MLB player, pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers, San Diego Padres, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Russia national baseball team
 * Mike Crudale, MLB player, St. Louis Cardinals and Milwaukee Brewers
 * Tim Cullen, MLB player, Texas Rangers, Chicago White Sox and Oakland Athletics
 * Jan Dukes, MLB player, pitcher for the Texas Rangers
 * Ernie Fazio, MLB player, Houston Colt 45s
 * Justin Fitzgerald, MLB player, New York Yankees and Philadelphia Phillies
 * Mike Frank, MLB player, Cincinnati Reds and New York Yankees
 * Al Gallagher, MLB player, baseball player, San Francisco Giants
 * Bob Garibaldi, MLB player, San Francisco Giants and College World Series Most Outstanding Player
 * Ed Giovanola, MLB player, 1995 World Series Champion, played for the Atlanta Braves and San Diego Padres
 * Greg Gohr, MLB player, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers and LA Angels
 * Charlie Graham, MLB player, Boston Red Sox
 * Nelson Hawks, MLB player, New York Yankees and Philadelphia Phillies
 * Willie Hogan, MLB player, Oakland Athletics and St. Louis Browns
 * Pat Jacquez, MLB player, Chicago White Sox
 * Erv Kantlehner, MLB player, Pittsburgh Pirates and Philadelphia Phillies
 * Bobby Keefe, MLB player, New York Yankees and Cincinnati Reds
 * Earl Kunz, MLB player, Pittsburgh Pirates
 * Pat Larkin, MLB player, San Francisco Giants
 * Duane Larson, scout for the Atlanta Braves
 * Bill Lawrence, MLB player, Detroit Tigers
 * Bevo LeBourveau, MLB player, Philadelphia Phillies
 * Larry Loughlin, MLB player, Philadelphia Phillies
 * Mike Macfarlane, MLB player, Boston Red Sox, Kansas City Royals, and Oakland Athletics; former ESPN analyst (local broadcaster)
 * Pete Magrini, MLB player, Boston Red Sox
 * Jim Mangan, MLB player, catcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates and New York Giants
 * Fran Mullins, MLB player, Chicago White Sox, San Francisco Giants and Cleveland Indians
 * Daniel Nava, MLB player, Boston Red Sox
 * Jimmy O'Connell, MLB player, New York Giants
 * Jim O'Rourke, MLB player, St. Louis Cardinals
 * Marv Owen, MLB player, Detroit Tigers, Chicago White Sox, and Boston Red Sox
 * Duane Pillette, MLB player, New York Yankees and Philadelphia Phillies
 * Bill Renna, MLB player, New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox
 * Dino Restelli, MLB player, Pittsburgh Pirates
 * Rich Robertson, MLB player, San Francisco Giants
 * Roger Samuels, MLB player, San Francisco Giants and Pittsburgh Pirates
 * John Savage, UCLA Bruins baseball head coach
 * Frank Shellenback, MLB player, pitcher for the Chicago White Sox, pitching coach for St. Louis Browns, Red Sox, Detroit Tigers, and New York Giants; elected to Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame; has most wins in Pacific Coast League history
 * Bob Spence, MLB player, Chicago White Sox
 * Elmer Stricklett, MLB player, pitcher for the Chicago White Sox and LA Dodgers
 * Rich Troedson, MLB player, San Diego Padres
 * Jim Wilhelm, MLB player, San Diego Padres
 * Randy Winn, MLB player, San Francisco Giants and 2002 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
 * Harry Wolter, MLB player, Cincinnati Reds, Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Cardinals, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, Chicago Cubs

Basketball

 * Dennis Awtrey (1970), former professional basketball player for the Philadelphia 76ers, Phoenix Suns, and Seattle SuperSonics
 * Bill Duffy
 * Bob Feerick
 * Bob Garibaldi
 * Marlon Garnett, former National Basketball Association player
 * Bruce Hale
 * Bob Heaney
 * Brian Jones
 * Harold Keeling
 * Mark McNamara
 * Steve Nash (1996), National Basketball Association player; 2005, 2006 NBA MVP
 * Bud Ogden
 * Ralph Ogden
 * Dick O'Keefe
 * Marty Passaglia
 * Stan Patrick
 * Lloyd Pierce, NBA Head Coach Atlanta Hawks 2018-2022, various other NBA head assistant positions
 * Brandin Podziemski
 * Kurt Rambis (1980), National Basketball Association player; NBA champion with the Los Angeles Lakers; current Assistant Coach of the Los Angeles Lakers
 * Steve Ross
 * Uwe Sauer
 * Kenny Sears, former professional basketball player, New York Knicks and San Francisco Warriors, first basketball player to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine
 * Mike Stewart
 * Nick Vanos
 * Jalen Williams

American football
Santa Clara University has had a number of notable American football players. The following list includes former Santa Clara University football players who have become professional players. On February 2, 1993, the university announced its discontinuation of American football.

 * Lee Artoe, NFL offensive tackle for Chicago Bears, Los Angeles Dons and Indianapolis Colts
 * Roy Baker, NFL running back for Green Bay Packers
 * Bryan Barker, NFL punter for St. Louis Rams
 * Dick Bassi, NFL offensive guard and linebacker for Chicago Bears, Philadelphia Eagles, Pittsburgh Steelers and San Francisco 49ers
 * Alyn Beals, NFL defensive end for San Francisco 49ers
 * Mike Carey (1971), NFL official and owner of Seirus Innovation
 * Ted Connolly, NFL offensive guard for San Francisco 49ers and Cleveland Browns
 * Frank Cope, NFL offensive tackle and defensive tackle for New York Giants
 * Doug Cosbie, NFL tight end for Dallas Cowboys, three-time Pro-Bowler
 * Phil Dougherty, NFL center and linebacker for Chicago Cardinals
 * Nello Falaschi, NFL running back and linebacker for New York Giants
 * Tom Fears, NFL end for Los Angeles Rams
 * Jesse Freitas
 * Mike Garzoni, NFL offensive guard and defensive guard for Washington Redskins and New York Giants
 * Visco Grgich, NFL offensive guard, offensive tackle, defensive guard and linebacker for San Francisco 49ers
 * Hall Haynes, NFL defensive back and halfback for Washington Redskins and Los Angeles Rams
 * Jerry Hennessy, NFL defensive end for Chicago Cardinals and Washington Redskins
 * John Hock, NFL offensive guard and offensive tackle for Chicago Cardinals and Los Angeles Rams
 * Gary Hoffman, NFL offensive tackle for Green Bay Packers and San Francisco 49ers
 * Brent Jones, NFL tight end for San Francisco 49ers, 4-time Pro Bowler, 3-time World Champion, CBS NFL analyst
 * Jim Leonard, NFL center and offensive guard for San Francisco 49ers and San Diego Chargers
 * Bill McPherson, San Francisco 49ers Former Assistant Head Coach
 * Gern Nagler, NFL end for Chicago Cardinals, Pittsburgh Steelers and Cleveland Browns
 * John Nolan, NFL offensive guard for Los Angeles Buccaneers
 * Dan Pastorini, NFL quarterback for Houston Oilers, Oakland Raiders, Los Angeles Rams and Philadelphia Eagles, Pro Bowl football player for the Houston Oilers
 * Jason Tarver, former Oakland Raiders defensive coordinator

Soccer

 * Jordan Angeli, professional soccer player, member of the United States women's national soccer team, and Women's Professional Soccer player for Boston Breakers
 * Jalil Anibaba, professional soccer player, former member of the United States Under 20 and United States Under 18 national teams, player for the Houston Dynamo
 * Miguel Avila, professional soccer player and referee
 * Mehdi Ballouchy, professional soccer player, Major League Soccer player for New York Red Bulls
 * Kylie Bivens, professional soccer player, former member of the United States women's national soccer team
 * Kiki Bosio, professional soccer player, member of the United States women's national soccer team, and Women's Professional Soccer player for FC Gold Pride
 * Paul Bravo, professional soccer player, former member of the United States men's national soccer team, and Technical Director for the Colorado Rapids
 * Joe Cannon, professional soccer player, member of US men's national team, Major League Soccer player for Vancouver Whitecaps FC, two-time MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Award Winner
 * Brandi Chastain, professional soccer player, two-time World Cup winner with US women's national team, member of United States women's national soccer team
 * Ryan Cochrane, professional soccer player, member of US men's national team, Major League Soccer player for the San Jose Earthquakes
 * Steve Cronin, professional soccer player, member of US men's national team, Major League Soccer goalie for the Los Angeles Galaxy and Major League Soccer Cup Champion
 * Marian Dalmy, professional soccer player, member of the United States women's national soccer team, and Women's Professional Soccer player for Chicago Red Stars
 * Rick Davis, professional soccer player, former captain and member of the United States men's national soccer team and member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame
 * Eric Denton, professional soccer player, Major League Soccer player for the Colorado Rapids
 * Julie Ertz, United States women's national soccer team, and Chicago Red Stars of the NWSL
 * Bianca Henninger, professional soccer player, member of Mexican women's national soccer team
 * Sofia Huerta, member of Mexico women's national football team
 * Amaechi Igwe, professional soccer player, member of US men's national team, player for the SV Babelsberg 03 in Germany
 * Chioma Igwe, professional soccer player, member of United States women's national soccer team, and player for Freiburg in Germany
 * Brittany Klein, professional soccer player, member of United States women's national soccer team
 * Peter Lowry, professional soccer player, Major League Soccer player for the Chicago Fire
 * Meagan McCray, professional soccer player, member of the United States women's national soccer team, and player for Valur of Úrvalsdeild in Iceland
 * Leslie Osborne, professional soccer player, member of the United States women's national soccer team, and Women's Professional Soccer player for Boston Breakers
 * Amanda Poach, member of United States women's national soccer team
 * Cam Rast, former captain of 1989 NCAA championship Broncos soccer team; two-time first team All American, member of 1992 Olympic team, executive member of Board of Directors of U.S. Soccer Federation, advisor to the U.S. Olympic committee and current head coach of SCU men's soccer team
 * Katherine Reynolds, professional soccer player, member of the United States women's national soccer team, and Women's Professional Soccer player for Atlanta Beat
 * Jamil Roberts, professional soccer player, member of US men's national team, Major League Soccer player for the San Jose Earthquakes
 * Jeff Stewart, professional soccer player, Major League Soccer player for the Colorado Rapids
 * Aly Wagner, professional soccer player, Olympic gold medalist (women's soccer), member of United States women's national soccer team and Major League Soccer player for LA Sol
 * Jamil Walker, professional soccer player, Major League Soccer player for D.C. United

Other athletics

 * Hugh Cunningham, Olympic gold medalist in rugby in 1924
 * Bill Duffy (1982), president and CEO of BDA Sports Management (sports agent)
 * James Fitzpatrick, Olympic gold medalist in rugby in 1920
 * Cathy Jamison, Olympic swimmer in 1968
 * Caesar Mannelli, Olympic gold medalist in rugby in 1924
 * Mary McConneloug, Olympic cyclist, and two-time silver medal winner in Pan American Games cross-country, 2003 Santo Domingo, 2007 Rio de Janeiro
 * John Muldoon, Olympic gold medalist in rugby in 1920 and 1924
 * John O'Neil, Olympic gold medalist in rugby in 1920 and 1924
 * Ron Reis, professional wrestler
 * Rudolph Scholz, Olympic gold medalist in rugby 1920 and 1924
 * Jim Wiechers, PGA Tour golfer

Notable faculty

 * Joseph Bayma, S.J., philosopher and mathematician
 * Catherine Bell, religious studies scholar
 * Yaron Brook, President and executive director of the Ayn Rand Institute
 * Michael J. Buckley, theologian
 * Donald Chisum, legal scholar (patents), author of the Iiconic Chisum on Patents
 * Geoff Fox, physics professor, founder of Fox Racing
 * Eric Goldman, legal scholar (technology and law), legal blogger
 * Paul Halmos (1906–2006), mathematician
 * Ron Hansen, novelist
 * Bernard R. Hubbard, S.J., "Glacier Priest", explorer and filmmaker
 * Francisco Jiménez, Mexican-American author
 * Dale G. Larson, psychologist, Professor of Counseling Psychology and Fellow in the American Psychological Association
 * John J. Montgomery (1858–1911), aviation pioneer
 * Francine Patterson, Professor of Psychology
 * Thomas G. Plante, psychologist, commentator on clergy abuse
 * George Schoener (1864–1941), botanist
 * Hersh Shefrin, scholar, pioneer in behavioral finance theory
 * Shannon Vallor, philosopher of technology

title: List of Santa Clara University people


text:
Bed of nails

A bed of nails is an oblong piece of wood, the size of a bed, with nails pointing upwards out of it. While it appears at first glance that anyone lying on such a "bed" would be injured by the nails, if the nails are numerous enough, the weight is distributed among them so that the pressure exerted by each nail is not enough to puncture the person's skin.

Uses

One use of such a device is for magic tricks or physics demonstrations. For example, the bed of nails was used in vaudeville in the United States, as well as in sideshows of circuses and carnivals. A famous example requires a volunteer to lie on a bed of several thousand nails, with a board on top of him. Cinder blocks are placed on the board and then smashed with a sledgehammer. Despite the seemingly unavoidable force, the volunteer is not harmed: the force from the blow is spread among the thousands of nails, resulting in reduced pressure; the breaking of the blocks also dissipates much of the energy from the hammer. This demonstration of the principles of weight distribution requires that the weight of the volunteer be spread over as many nails as possible. The most dangerous part is the moment of lying down or getting up, when one's weight may briefly be supported on only a few nails. Some "beds" have rails mounted at the sides to help users lie down and get up safely.

The bed of nails is used by some for meditation, particularly in Asia, and for certain alleged health benefits, such as back pain relief, through acupressure.

Less traditional settings, such as science centers, may use an electronic retractable bed of nails, where the user lies on a flat plastic bed with holes in it, and can then activate the machine to have nails rise up all at once. The nails should retract before getting off the bed. This retraction eliminates the most dangerous part of a traditional bed of nails, getting on and off the bed.

title: Bed of nails


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Japanese management culture

Japanese management culture refers to working philosophies or methods in Japan. It included concepts and philosophies such as just in time, kaizen and total quality management.

Managerial style
The Japanese term "hourensou" (also rendered as "Ho-Ren-So") refers to frequent reporting, touching base and discussing – important attributes that are said to characterize collaboration and information flow within effective Japanese corporate culture. Hou' stands for 'Houkoku', the Japanese word for 'reporting'. 'Ren' comes from 'Renraku', the word for 'informing'. 'Sou' is derived from 'Soudan', the word for 'consulting'. refers to "getting your hands dirty", to identify or solve immediate problems and leaders are not exempt from this. Aspects of these principles are often mistaken by western managers as "micromanagement". In contrast, these principles are used as tools to shepherd processes.

Mohammed Ala and William Cordeiro (1999) described the Japanese decision-making process of "ringiseido". "Ringiseido" provides the opportunity for equal ranking managers or employees of a group within a company to partake in an individual's idea. The process adheres to the Japanese cultural desire of harmony among people. The physical action of "ringiseido" is referred to as the "ringi decision-making process." It fosters an environment of support and agreement for a decision once a higher ranking manager has reviewed and accepted the recommended decision.

The term of "ringi" has two meanings. The first meaning being of "rin", 'submitting a proposal to one's supervisors and receiving their approval,' and "gi" meaning 'deliberations and decisions.' Corporate policy is not clearly defined by the executive leadership of a Japanese company. Rather, the managers at all levels below executives must raise decisions to the next level except for routine decisions. The process of "ringi decision-making" is conducted through a document called a "ringisho".

The "ringisho" is created and circulated by the individual who created the idea. As the "ringisho" reaches a peer for review, the peer places his or her "personal seal (hanko) right side up" to agree, "upside down" to disagree, and sideways to indicate being undecided. Once all peers have reviewed the "ringisho" the peers' manager reviews the "ringisho" and places his or her hanko on it. The upper level manager's decision is final and the "ringisho" is sent back to the originator who either initiates the idea or re-evaluates, based on the "hanko" of the upper level manager.

Vision
Richard Pascale and Anthony Athos suggested in The Art of Japanese Management (1981) that western business practices lacked "vision", which they identified as one of the "key components of Japanese management". Yang refers to "long-term vision setting" as a different process from "long-range planning".

Leadership values
Tony Kippenberger (2002) elaborates on the leadership values that are deeply rooted in the Japanese business culture. These values were created by the late Konosuke Matsushita, the prominent entrepreneur of Matsushita's Electric Company, who cared deeply for the employees of his company as if they were family. Matsushita firmly believed that a business as large as his was responsible to help all of society prosper, and not simply for those that owned and ran the company to prosper.

In 1933 Matsushita, during the great depression, created seven "guiding principles":
 * Service to the public – by providing high-quality goods and services at reasonable prices, we contribute to the public's well-being;
 * Fairness and honesty – we will be fair and honest in all our business dealings and personal conduct;
 * Teamwork for the common cause – we will pool abilities, based on mutual trust and respect;
 * Uniting effort for improvement – we will constantly strive to improve our corporate and personal performances;
 * Courtesy and humility – we will always be cordial and modest and respect the rights and needs of others;
 * Accordance with natural laws – we will abide by the laws of nature and adjust to the ever-changing conditions around us; and
 * Gratitude for blessings – we will always be grateful for all the blessings and kindness we have received."

The "guiding principles" were "remarkable for their time". The seven principles are used by Matsushita's company today and serve as principles for other Japanese companies. Because the "guiding principles" are such powerful statements and an extension of the Japanese culture into business, the principles have been renamed the "Seven Spirits of Matsushita" to honor Matsushita.

Smaller companies
In smaller companies, an entirely different corporate culture developed. Similar to the Meister system of Germany, new recruits are placed under skilled senior specialists and spend years learning every technique that they have. They are trained to develop deeper understanding of specific areas of skills instead of the broader and less deep training that those in a larger corporation receive. They learn to produce work of high quality using few simple tools and few or no advanced industrial tools.

Japanese women in management
As the modern cultures of the world continue to evolve, cultural concepts either lose presence or evolve with the modern concepts. Japan is experiencing such an evolution in regard to women in the workplace and in management roles. While a main reason for this evolution is the adoption of western influence on Japanese society, Japan is being forced to support this evolution because it is grappling with a declining population and lower birth rate which will lead to a smaller workforce.

According to "Cloud, or Silver Linings?" published in the Economist (2007), it was reported that in 2006 Japan's birth rate was 1.32 and has been below 2.1 since the 1970s. A birthrate of 2.1 is necessary to successfully maintain current population numbers. The article described that the OECD has proven there is a "positive correlation between fertility and female employment." Thus, if an effort is made to support females work ambitions and family desires, then women will be more willing and likely to want to have children and families and not have to sacrifice their career in the process. Japanese officials are not taking this information lightly. During his last year in office, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi (2002–2007) began legislation to foster "financial support for families with young children and an expansion of child-care facilities (p. 27).

title: Japanese management culture


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Ajië language

Ajië (also known as Houailou (Wailu), Wai, and A'jie) is an Oceanic language spoken in New Caledonia. It has approximately 4,000 speakers.

Consonants
A glottal stop only appears after oral vowels. Different speakers may realize /v/ as a bilabial sound /β/. Glide sounds [ɹ, ɻ] are heard as allophones of /r/.

Vowels
In addition to this, vowel length is phonetically distinct in Ajië, bringing an additional sixteen vowels for a total of forty-eight total vowels. Only the plain oral and nasal vowels are displayed for simplicity.

title: Ajië language


text: User talk:70.121.33.237

title: User talk:70.121.33.237


text: Template:The Kinks

title: Template:The Kinks


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Wawota

Wawota is a town of 543 people along Highway 48 in the southeast part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Established in 1905, its name is from Dakota "wa ota", which means "much snow". Wa means 'snow', oda or ota means 'much'. It is sometimes mistakenly said to mean 'deep snow'.

History
The town's motto, "Progress Through Perseverance", is fitting, as Wawota has made a concerted effort in the last few decades to remain a vibrant community for people of all ages, despite the ongoing challenges faced by nearly all rural towns in the province. The loss of the local railway, the so-called Peanut Line, in August, 1961 is often cited as a galvanizing moment for the community, and the dawn of the town's progressive spirit.

Regionally, Wawota is perhaps best known for its long history of successful sports teams, most notably in hockey and baseball, as well as its unusual collection of fire hydrants, painted to resemble various people and cartoon characters. Wawota is also noteworthy as the 'twin capital', due to the large number of twin births recorded in the community, particularly throughout the 1970s and early 1980s.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Wawota had a population of $555$ living in $245$ of its $287$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $543$. With a land area of 1.28 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Parks and recreation
Sports facilities include Lyle's Ball Park for baseball, Wawota Forum for hockey, Wawota Curling Rink, and a soccer pitch. The Wawota Flyers senior men's hockey team of the Big 6 Hockey League plays at the Forum and the Wawota Pats senior men's baseball team of the Saskota Baseball League plays at Lyle's Ball Park.

Notable people

 * Former NHL player Brooks Laich

title: Wawota


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Greg G. Scott

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 22:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Greg G. Scott
Probable hoax. From the author of Moo point andOliver Stevens Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  22:04, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax. Oddly, not a single Google hit for a famous physicist! MCB 01:46, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-verified, unless reference is given --Vsion 05:50, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
List of Chilean Jews

Chilean Jews are Chileans residing in the Republic of Chile who are of either Jewish ancestry or observe the Jewish faith.

In the 2012 Chilean census, 16,294 Chilean residents listed their religion as Judaism, an increase of 8.8% since 2002. The actual Jewish community in Chile is estimated to be slightly larger. Chilean Jews are found across the country, although the majority live in the cities of Santiago and Valparaíso, and are predominantly found in higher-paying professions and all walks of public life. The Chilean Jewish population decreased in the political turmoil of the 1970s and 1980s, but their identity as Jews in Chile remains. Most Chilean Jews are Ashkenazim. Here is a list of some prominent Chilean Jews.

Actors

 * Shlomit Baytelman, actress
 * Alejandro Cohen, actor
 * Daniel Emilfork, actor
 * Anita Klesky, actress
 * Ariel Levy, actor
 * Nissim Sharim, actor
 * Paula Sharim, actress
 * Jael Unger, actress

Businesspeople

 * Sali Hochschild (1883–1965), mining magnate

Sportspeople

 * Rodrigo Goldberg (born 1971), football, forward (national team)
 * Kai Horwitz (born 1998), Olympic alpine skier
 * Nicolás Massú (born 1979), tennis player, highest world ranking # 9, 2x Olympic champion (singles & doubles)
 * Sebastian Rozental (born 1976), football, forward (national team)

Scientists

 * Mordo Alvo, physician and member of the scientific academy Instituto de Chile
 * Claudio Bunster, scientist (Jewish mother)
 * Fernando Cassorla, physician and member of the scientific academy Instituto de Chile
 * Alejandro Lipschuetz, anthropologist and endocrinologist

Mathematicians

 * Robert Frucht
 * Leo Corry

Other notable Chileans of Jewish descent

 * Andrés Weintraub, Professor Department of Industrial Engineering University of Chile
 * Chris Isaak Apablaza, zoologist
 * Leonardo Farkas, businessman and philanthropist
 * Mario Kreutzberger, better known as Don Francisco, TV host
 * Marjorie Agosín, human rights activist, professor, and writer
 * Shai Agosin, TV producer and presenter
 * José Berdichewsky, Pinochet's Ambassador in Israel
 * Eduardo Bitrán, former Minister of Public Works
 * David Stitchkin Branover, Rector of the University of Concepción from 1956 - 1962.
 * Roberto Brodsky, novelist and screenwriter
 * Cristopher Carpentier, chef (converted to Judaism)
 * Jacques Chonchol, Minister of Agriculture in the Allende government
 * Leopoldo Donnebaum, businessman and philanthropist
 * Ariel Dorfman, author and scholar
 * Roberto Dueñas, modeling agent
 * Christián Apablaza, Photographer, Graphic artist
 * Julián Elfenbein, journalist, television host
 * Efrain Friedman, director of Chilean Atomic Research Committee
 * Benjamín Galemiri, playwright
 * Rodrigo Guendelman, journalist
 * Clarisa Hardy, psychologist; former (2006-2007) Minister of Planning
 * Rodrigo Hinzpeter, politician
 * Tomás Hirsch, politician, businessman
 * Jeremías Israel, motoracing driver (Jewish father)
 * Mauricio Israel, television host
 * Claudio Jodorkovsky, rabbi
 * Alejandro Jodorowsky, film director (Chilean-born)
 * Alberto van Klaveren, (2006–2009) Deputy Minister of Foreign Relations
 * José Klein, former owner of Minera Santa Barbara
 * Marcelo Kormis, rabbi
 * Vivi Kreutzberger, television host
 * Marcos Libedinsky, former president of the Supreme Court of Justice
 * Sergio Melnick, economist, Minister of ODEPLAN under Pinochet
 * Lily Pérez, politician
 * Daniel Platovsky, businessman, politician, and eldest son of Milan Platovsky (Jewish father)
 * Milan Platovsky, Holocaust survivor and businessman who wrote a best-selling autobiography
 * Andres Pollak, jazz musician
 * Karen Poniachik, journalist; former Minister of Mining and Energy
 * Sarika Rodrik, fashion designer
 * Frank Sauerbaum, politician
 * Daniel Schidlow, Dean, Drexel University College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. (Chilean born)
 * Leon Schidlowsky, music teacher and composer
 * Miguel Schweitzer Speisky, Pinochet's Minister of Justice
 * Miguel Schweitzer Walters, Pinochet's Minister of External Affairs and ambassador to the UK
 * Jorge Schaulsohn, politician
 * Gabriel Silber, deputy
 * Jacob Stoulman Bortnik, businessman, kidnapped by DINA during the Operacion Condor plan in Argentina
 * Víctor Tevah, fiddler
 * Marcelo Tokman, Minister of Energy
 * Julián Vainstein, rabbi
 * Ana Vásquez-Bronfman (née Ana Lucia Bronfman Weinstein), (1931-2009) writer, social scientist
 * José Weinstein, Minister of Culture under Ricardo Lagos
 * Luis Weinstein, photographer
 * Jaime Wisnaik, director of department of engineering at the Catholic University of Santiago
 * Mario Alvo, businessmen
 * Volodia Teitelboim Volosky, politician,lawyer and general secretary of the communist party of chile

title: List of Chilean Jews


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Saint-Sozy

Saint-Sozy (Sent Sòsi) is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.

The town is known for its production of foie gras (Clos Saint Sozy), nuts, and tobacco.

Its stadium is named after René Lespinasse, former manager of the local football club "Les Coucous de Saint-Sozy".

title: Saint-Sozy


text:
Memphis, Clarksville and Louisville Railroad

The Memphis, Clarksville and Louisville Railroad (MC&L) was a railway in the southern United States. It was chartered in Tennessee in 1852, and opened in 1859. The MC&L entered receivership after the American Civil War, and financial troubles led to an 11-day strike in 1868 that ended when Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N) leased the line. L&N finally purchased the MC&L in 1871 and operated it as its Memphis Branch. L&N was merged into CSX, and CSX sold the former MC&L line to R.J. Corman Railroad Group in 1987, becoming that company's Memphis Line.

History
The company received its original charter on January 28, 1852,  and amended its charter in 1854 to merge with the Nashville and Memphis Railroad and to build a line from Memphis through Clarksville to the state border in the direction of Bowling Green, Kentucky. Construction began in Fall 1854. In 1855 the charter was amended to allow it to build into Kentucky to a point on the Tennessee River to connect with the Memphis and Ohio Railroad. After construction had begun, William Andrew Quarles was appointed president, succeeding William B. Munford.

The first train operated between Clarksville and Guthrie, Kentucky, on October 1, 1859, becoming the first railroad to operate in Clarksville. The line's extension to Bowling Green was completed on September 16, 1860, with the first regular train operating through to Bowling Green on September 24. A ceremonial first train was operated on September 18, including a symbolic handshake between William Quarles and James Guthrie of the L&N at the Kentucky/Tennessee state line. The 83 mi line of gauge track connected with the Memphis and Ohio Railroad and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N) between Memphis and Louisville. In Louisville, the railroad used the L&N Depot as the terminal for its passenger trains, and provided connections through to New Orleans via Humboldt, Tennessee.

Its line was heavily damaged during the American Civil War, and the MC&L entered receivership in July 1865 under George T. Lewis. Assistance to restore the line to service was offered by the L&N, which was declined by the MC&L. The line was restored soon after the war, reopening on August 13, 1866. Heavy rain again caused disruption in December 1866 through a landslide near Clarksville. In 1868 the railroad was bankrupt and could not pay its wages; this led to an 11-day strike in February, during which time through trains from Memphis to Louisville were routed on competing lines via Nashville and McKenzie. The strike ended when the L&N leased the line on February 17. The railroad was dissolved on September 30, 1871, then purchased by the L&N. Although the L&N's purchase was effective as of October 1, 1871, the company's accounting was kept separate until October 1872. L&N operated the line as its Memphis Branch, but saw declining traffic through the early 20th century, with the last passenger train serving Clarksville in February 1968. L&N was merged into CSX, and CSX sold the former MC&L line to R.J. Corman Railroad Group in 1987, becoming that company's Memphis Line.


text: User talk:71.243.160.143

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User talk:Irrelivant

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Bushytails 22:06, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Irrelivant


text:
Talk:Undecidable

dab
Undecidable means not decidable, decidable has a disambiguation page, so we might want to redirect undecidable to decidable to give it the same disambiguation variants), rather than to decision problem. Anyway, I don't see a reason to make decidable and undecidable asymmetric in terms of dismbiguation. Could perhaps someone help in these rearrangements, I don't feel experencied enough to perform them.--Imz 22:06, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * So one asymmetry is that "undecidable" is sometimes used to mean "independent"; that's why I've turned this into a (separate) disambig page. "Decidable" to mean "not independent" is rarer. --Trovatore 18:24, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Undecidable


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Talk:Developed economy

Articles for Deletion debate
This article was redirected to Developed country as a result of an Articles for Deletion debate. The discussion can be found here. -Splash talk 22:06, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Cash money autority 900507 $20,000,000.00 USD
Monto QR retirar de cuenta debito 0000001123456702 177.226.106.218 (talk) 20:07, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Developed economy


text:
Talk:Pitch axis theory

Major edits 2021
Stumbled across this looking for a quick overview on the concept... indeed none of the article made any sense (even though people have been complaining on the talk page since 2008!!). So I just did my own research elsewhere then went ahead and tried to tidy everything up. As far as I can see it's all just about applying major-scale modes (and occasionally other scales) to a pedal point progression, but if I missed anything then feel free to revert or add more. Euan Richard (talk) 16:51, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

Redundunt?
How is this different from pedal tones and modal music? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.69.114.100 (talk) 05:32, 15 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, looks like re-inventing the wheel. And if it's not, it should be clearly explained in the article.79.191.57.129 (talk) 18:59, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

Marty Friedman
Although it may sound like it, Marty Friedman knows almost no music theory. He has said himself that he doesn't know a single scale that he did not create himself. Therefore it is impossible for Marty Friedman to be able to apply Pitch axis theory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zofar (talk • contribs) 03:03, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Relationship to Lydian Chromatic Concept
This a simpler way of looking at George Russell's Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization, published in 1953. Nothing new, just, well, dumbed down to guitarists.

BTW, I am a guitarist.

 * Actually, although perhaps a bit similar, this is not a simpler way of looking at the Lydian Chromatic Concept.

For example, Dude (a rock guitarist who uses PAT as much as he can), and Cat (a jazz guitarist who approaches everything via LCC) get together to jam:

Dude creates a chord progression using PAT, say Emaj7, Em7, E7, Emaj7, and thinks E Lydian (or Ionian), E Dorian (or any other minor 7 scale/mode), E Mixolydian, E Lydian as he solos over the changes.

Cat on the other hand is thinking E Lydian, G Lydian, D Lydian, E Lydian if he wants to play "inside" and "vertically" (roughly meaning "with the chord changes"), he may also decide to go "outside" a bit and think E Lydian Augmented, G Lydian Diminished, D Lydian b7, E Lydian (back inside again), as an example. He finds his LCC tonic for the chord he's on, then selects his scale color. It gets a lot more involved, but that's the gist of it.

... Oh, and I am also a guitarist, FWIW

 * --Tedclaymore (talk) 22:16, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Chort is wrang
The chord progression for "Lie" shows a B diminished not a B minor. Didn't check any of the other chords, but that one at least is definately wrong.

Pretty correct. That image must be taken care of.59.93.215.168 (talk) 17:14, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

I went through the tab for "Lie" and I'm pretty sure the chords are actually supposed to be from "The Mirror" which was originally supposed to be the same song (they flow together continuously on the Awake album), so I changed it to say "The Mirror / Lie" because they still play those two tracks together live. That being said, I'm still not sure if those chords are accurate, but John Myung does play the low B on his 6 string bass when the chords change during "The Mirror."71.251.172.212 (talk) 02:48, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

Relationship to Modal Jazz
-Isn't this just basic music theory? Miles Davis used modes all the time in his compositions. See 'modal jazz'

 * This is similar to Modal Jazz, but not exactly the same thing. In most modal jazz tunes, the composition is based on one mode (say Dorian).  Usually a single tonic (say D) is used for an extended period as well (D Dorian for 16 bars...) but there may be some tonic relief as the tune switches to a different tonic (say Eb Dorian for 8 bars).  Pitch access theory doesn't change the tonic.  It changes the modes/scales/chords built up from the tonic.  To my ears, the effect is rather similar (though not identical), but the approach to composing and improvising is a bit different.

--Tedclaymore (talk)

 * Then should something be said in the main article? --Rfsmit (talk) 21:26, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

The real PAT in basic
-This whole thing is nothing to do with pitch axis theory. PAT is basiclly about to give functions (tonic, dominant, subdominant) to chords wich arent bulid upon a note of the scale so you can use all the chromatic notes to create chords, but you will remain in tonality. For example: You are in C major, you can use Eb maj7 as a tonical chord, while there is no Eb in the C major scale. The reason why this called PAT 'cause the functions build over three axis'.(there is a diagramm for that) All the root notes of an axis are a note of a diminished chord. Therefor in C major the 4 tonical chords according to PAT are C maj7, Eb maj7, Gb maj7 (called F# in jazz, cause of C maj13#) and Bbb major (called A). It's similliar with the dominant and subdominant modes, except they use mostly dominant 7 chord. The dominant axis based on 4. note of the scale (F) the dominant is the 5. (G). So new dominant chords are (G7), Bb7, Db7, E7. Subdominants: (F7), Ab7, B7, D7. The rules are a bit different in (harmonic)minor. With the PAT you can create a lots of new chord progressions, for example D7 Bb7 C maj7 bacame an authentic cadence in C major. The creator of theory was Béla Bartók

Need sources
What the hell is "pitch axis theory"? If you learnt this from a credible book/website, then tell me what book/website you learnt it from. If you learnt it from banter on an internet forum, then you know as much as I do, which is *not* enough for Wikipedia. This article reads like a piece of pseudoscience, and I'm partially convinced it is just made up internet hearsay. Please prove me wrong, because it sounds like a very interesting idea (yes, I'm hoping this is real, but I'm calling "bullshit" just because we won't know anything until somebody backs it up).

A Google search on "pitch axis theory" gives me i) this Wikipedia page, ii) sites quoting this page, iii) a bunch of infomercials, and iv) the occasional very spurious quote with the use of the term by one of three guitar players (I'm sure you can guess who they are).

So come on, if you are an advocate of this theory, tell me where you learnt it from, and be honest. If there can be found no sources to back up the claims of this page, it should be removed. It has been tagged as unsourced for two years already. (217.155.61.70 (talk) 01:14, 12 February 2009 (UTC))

 * I am not an advocate of the the theory, but I don't think the page ought to be removed. (I originally arrived here looking Lydian Chromatic Concept, hoping to have an online source to direct someone to).

 * As nearly as I can tell, the name is applied by Satriani, who claims that he learned it from a music teacher. He further claims that the technique was developed in the early 20th century (or perhaps the late 19th).

 * I have this link for your reference (interview with Satriani). http://www.musicplayers.com/features/guitars/2006/0606_Joe_Satriani.php
 * I've noted Satriani has mentioned this in guitar periodicals for quite some time (at least since the 90's, but perhaps as far back as the 80's).

 * I have a number of texts on Harmony, but the closest I can find to what Satriani seems to be talking about is called "Modal Mixture" by Piston [Harmony, 5th Ed. 1987 pp 514-517.], perhaps with the addition of a pedal point or ostinato base. The article is currently linking to "Polymodal Chromaticism", which may also be close in a sense, but my understanding there is that the modes may be used simultaneously, whereas PAT seems to be serial in nature.

 * So, Satriani may have applied his own name (or he may have a source that calls it exactly that... music theory is notorious for having different terms for the same concept from different reputable sources), but the theory appears to be documented in music theory literature. And even if his term is "incorrect", his term seems to be catching on.  When I search Google, I also see this article and pages referencing it, but I'm also seeing a number of pages 'teaching' the theory.

 * I can see an argument for merging this article with Joe Satriani, or even creating an article for Modal Mixture (which I can source), but an outright deletion seems to be overkill.

 * Tedclaymore (talk) 01:58, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

 * We don't need to remove the whole thing, just the bits that can't be backed up with sources. Unfortunately, with the sources so far, that is the majority of the article. Sure, that interview gives us that Joe Satriani uses the term Pitch Axis Theory, and that it is a compositional technique involving changes of key over a repeated bass note. What about that table under concept? Where did that come from? That's a lot more specific, and definitely needs a source (though I believe this bit may be false, given that one out of the only two examples given does not follow it exactly). The way JS talks about it in the interview, it's used everywhere, like dance and hip-hop and stuff (which i. is not such a narrow definition as proposed here, where a key shift must be matched with certain chords, and ii. suggests there should be a lot more examples from different genres to look at). I've found one website that says a simple shift between major and minor pentatonic (like a lot of electric blues players do) is a type of PAT. I know a lot of Scottish folk tunes that are predominantly hexatonic and play around the alternative diatonic completions (like switching between Mixolydian and Dorian, or Dorian and minor, with the same root), do these use PAT? On the one hand, this phrase seems to be used only by a very few select guitarists, and on the other hand it seems to describe a technique used by a lot of people, in all kinds of instruments and genres. I'm totally getting that this is an alternative name for something everybody else calls something else, but I can't figure out what; the linked pages are similar, but not quite the same. 217.155.61.70 (talk) 23:35, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Theory?
Ok, as mentioned above, this is not exactly something that is widely accepted like the Lydian Chromatic Concept. While the article makes the theory very clear, can someone please explain how this is different from just modulating from mode to mode? Is this just a name for a specific type of modulating between modes? And further, what makes this a theory? It seems like an application of already understood concepts, not a theory. Glassbreaker5791 (talk) 06:38, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Pitch Axis Theory is not actually a "theory," but a composition technique. Joe Satriani might have called it a theory because it is based on advanced music theory. It is unusual for songs to shift modes as often as Satch Boogie, and pitch axis theory offers possible chord and scale pairings when the root note is held constant.71.251.172.212 (talk) 03:01, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

Misleading origin
The beginning of this article suggests that Joe Satriani invented this theory, which he did not. This should be made clear, and the origin of the theory should be explained. 24.7.67.85 (talk) 17:16, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

 * If you don't know who invented it, what makes you think Satriani didn't? Hyacinth (talk) 05:15, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

Misleading and Unsourced
Basically to sum up what everyone else has already said, this page is misleading and unsourced. This "Pitch Axis Theory" is almost identical to other concepts in jazz. The Axis System is a completely different theory developed mainly by Bartok. Furthermore this page looks like it was written by a huge fan of Joe Satriani. It says he invented it, with no source, and in the examples, it says "Not of this Earth" is the greatest example of this theory. The source for that statement is the sheet music. ..

For those of you looking for Barok's theory, search Axis System. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.15.7.57 (talk) 23:21, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

Not of this Earth
First: »Not of this Earth« is not completely built on pitch axis method. There is a little break (I didn't see the sheet music, but my ears tell me there is a break before the tapping part comes, although one could say it's a 7sus4 chord, but I don't think so). Second: Emin7(#5) enharmonically fits E aeolian as #5 and b13 are the same then [Besides this, it is written that one should think of an Emin add6 chord, but there exists nothing like "add 6". Jazz chords are different from baroque's basso continuo and what you mean is "add b13", because c is the flat thirteen, not the 13/6. However, one could also write Emin7(b6)]. And also I want to question the statement that a #5 doesn't exist in conventional music theory. What do you understand by "conventional"? It may not exist in classical or baroque music, but in Jazz it is absolutely common to alter the intervals of dominant chords (step V), e.g. by tritone substitution. Although "Emin7(#5)" implies that it is minor, not dominant, that doesn't tell much in jazz theory as you can see in descriptions like "Bmin7(b5)" for B half-diminished. It just doesn't matter if we call it #5 or b13, just as it doesn't matter if we call it minor third in blues or #9 in jazz when we mean the blue note. If "conventional" refers to classical theory, I'd just call it senseless, because there is not sense in analyzing Satriani's music under aspects of classical music, just as you won't find ii-V-I-IV progressions in Mozart's music.

Finally I want to add that, although Satriani is not the inventor of the method, he was the one who made it popular, just like Eddie van Halen was not the inventor of the tapping technique. Whenever one is asked for pitch axis method, everyone will refer to Joe being the master. This should be noted in the article as well. --84.133.111.124 (talk) 19:32, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

--- About the Second Chord, I agree.. Since it's a Minor chord it should be labelled Em7b6. Or even Em7b13, but Not #5, that's for Major triads. (imo/afaik)

Em7add6 is wrong, because it's simply a b6, and yeah there's no need to call it "add"..

Also the part that reads "Otherwise, the E diminished scale (E-F♯-G-A-A♯-C-C♯-D♯-E) could have been used" is just Bogus..

First they are referring to the WH Diminished scale. Problem is, E WH Dim scale doesn't contain a D note (the b7th), so you should not use it over the Second Em7b6 chord.

I'm gonna just Edit and try to fix this part of the article, since it can be confusing/misleading for learning musicians. PS: I also went ahead and included the Third and Fourth chords of the progression, trying to describe them while keeping/developing the line of thought PS2: Of course, another way of improving this section would be, doing an actual Analysis of which scales/modes is Joe Satriani using in the original track.. But since it's not a track I play/ever played I cannot do it on the spot, I will have to take a look at it some other time. Quintessence7 (talk) 10:28, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

More Examples?
I think it would be good to substantiate/develop this article further, by giving more case examples. Right now the only one I can think of Could be, Vivo Sonhando by Jobim. Given the initial 4 chords of the progression: Gmaj7 - G6 - Cm9/G - Cm7/G And given that the the notes included would be... Gmaj7: 1-3-5-7 G6: 1-3-5-6 Cm9/G: 1-b3-5-b6 Cm7/G: 1-b3-b6 Gmaj7: G F# B D (played in this order on Guitar) G6: G E B D Cm9/G: G Eb Bb D Cm7/G: G G^ Bb Eb

A modulation is surely happening in the third chord, where the initial Major/Lydian scale would become a regular Aeolian or probably Harmonic Minor scale, another option could be Aeolian b5/Locrian nat2 scale if you wanted to preserve the #4/b5 note. Or even a "Aeolian b5 nat7" or "Locrian nat2 nat7" scale, which is the third mode of Hungarian Major scale, if you wanted to preserve both the b5 and the nat7, while adhering to the Minor tonality of that moment.

Also the progression could be described as featuring a chromatic 7>6>b6 voice leading movement, where notably when the b6 comes, also the nat3 goes b3.. Couldn't this be considered an actual Example of Pitch Axis modulation?? And how would it be Labelled/Cataloged or Described from the traditional Orthodox/Acadmic point of view?? Quintessence7 (talk) 11:59, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

Critic
Pitch axis is simply an old Classical Music called "Common Tone" and IT WAS NOT invented by Joe Satriani. — Preceding unsigned comment added by LAOMUSIC ARTS (talk • contribs) 05:28, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pitch axis theory


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Barbara Washburn

Barbara Washburn (November 10, 1914 – September 25, 2014) was an American mountaineer. She became the first woman to climb Denali (Mount McKinley) on June 6, 1947. She was the wife and climbing partner of mountaineer and scientist Bradford Washburn.

Early life
Barbara Washburn, née Polk, grew up in the Boston-area suburb of West Roxbury, Massachusetts. She attended the Boston Girls Latin School and graduated from Smith College. As a young woman, she took courses at Harvard University and worked as a secretary for Bradford Washburn, then the director of the New England Museum of Natural History (now the Boston Museum of Science). When the Washburns announced their engagement, Barbara Washburn resigned from her job at the museum. They married on April 27, 1940, honeymooned in New Hampshire, then spent the summer on an Alaskan expedition.

Mount Bertha
Shortly after marrying Bradford Washburn, Barbara Washburn was asked to accompany her husband and a team of six others on an expedition to attempt the first ascent of remote 10,182 ft Mount Bertha, a mountain in the Fairweather range of Alaska, during the early summer of 1940. As the expedition's leader, Bradford Washburn envisioned a relatively casual affair. Besides Barbara Washburn, who had no mountaineering experience, a 16-year-old Lowell Thomas Jr. came along at the request of his father, Lowell Thomas. According to Bradford Washburn's later recounting, "His father figured that if Barbara was going it must be easy".

Washburn wrote that prior to her marriage, "I had no mountaineering background." Once in Alaska, the team ferried heavy loads up through a series of camps along the flanks of the mountain. She recalled of that time, "I had no real feeling about being a pioneering woman on a serious Alaskan expedition. I only knew that as the only woman, I had to measure up.’’ On the first attempt at the summit, the team climbed too slowly and had to turn back 1700ft from the top. On the way down, Bradford Washburn decided that they should rappel down an open crevasse to save time. According to Washburn, she learned to rappel on the fly with only brief instructions: "Now tie the rope around your waist....you just swing across this ice slope, and this is called rappelling." For the second summit attempt, three team members, Lowell Thomas Jr., Alva Morrison and Lee Wilson, decided to remain in camp. The remaining five, Barbara and Bradford Washburn, with Maynard Miller, Michl Feuersinger and Thomas Winship, achieved the summit on July 30, 1940. In August, as they returned to Juneau, Alaska, Washburn felt that she was not recovering from the ordeal as quickly as the others and sought the advice of a doctor, only to learn that she was a few months pregnant.

Mount Hayes
In 1941, fearing that war time activities would preclude further expedition opportunities, Bradford Washburn pushed for the couple to take on a new challenge. Mount Hayes, a 13,832 ft peak in the Hayes Range of Alaska, had been subject to two previous attempts at the summit, one reaching 11,000 ft, but had not yet had a first ascent. Bradford Washburn later recalled it being one of the few expeditions the couple did with no additional angle, such as map-making or scientific discovery, but simply for the fun of it, in fear that the war would irrevocably alter their circumstances and prevent any future adventures. With a three-month-old baby, Washburn was initially reluctant to go on the trip, but was eventually persuaded. Bradford Washburn's parents would care for the infant Dorothy "Dottie" Washburn in their absence. The Washburns assembled an experienced team, including Ben Ferris, Sterling Hendricks, Bill Shand, Robin Montgomery and Henry Hall.

The remote location of Mount Hayes required a complex plan of approach. The group was able to fly supplies into an impromptu landing spot approximately 19 miles northeast of Mount Hayes, with the help of bush pilot Johnny Lynn. Further supplies were air dropped at various points closer to the mountain, and the whole team met up near the start of the Hayes glacier at 4,600 ft on July 17, 1941. Further supplies were parachuted to the climbers and they established a base camp at 4,900 ft with enough supplies to last 30 days. Between July 21 and 24, the team ferried loads up the shoulder of the mountain to 8,300 ft, with some delays for poor weather. Robin Montgomery departed from the expedition, as planned, to rendezvous with a bush plane on August 1, leaving five remaining.

Perched in a notch above 9000 ft, the climbers set up a forward camp. On July 29, 1941, they made a reconnaissance mission towards the summit, intending to perhaps complete the entire climb. The crux appeared as a "knife-like crest," according to Bradford Washburn, "a tenuous arete of snow and ice, thin as paper, wound into another cleft 300 yards away." With poor weather setting in, the climbers decided not to attempt the final sections. On August 1, the team planned a second attempt. Henry Hall, though an experienced climber, at 46 years old, was older than the rest of the team. Worn out from the first attempt, he decided to remain in camp for the second attempt. More stable weather conditions, and fixed ropes and ice steps cut during the previous climb quickened their way to the final stretches.

At the crux, Washburn was chosen to lead the knife-like ridge, with the rationale that as the lightest climber, she would be easiest for the others to pull back up if the ridge should give way. A climber from a later expedition to Mt. Hayes would describe this section as "so narrow and the snow so soft that you could not put your feet side by side." Bradford Washburn's biographer, David Roberts, questioned the rationale for Washburn's lead, writing that "the crux pitches on a mountain such as Hayes should have been led by the best climber, which in this case was Brad. He weighed only about thirty pounds more than his wife. [...] Had Barbara slipped off the ridge, or broken loose a cornice or even a chunk of the ridge, she would have taken a long, horrific pendulum fall down the sheer precipice on either the east or the west side. Even held on belay, she might have seriously injured herself, and it would have been no easy matter to get her back up to the ridge." In Washburn's obituary, the American Alpine Journal singled out this section of the climb as her greatest feat of mountaineering, noting that "what was probably the hardest bit of technical climbing Brad ever performed in his long Alaskan career was a ridge traverse led by his wife." The ridge did not give way, and the climbers reached the summit that afternoon.

Denali
Barbara Washburn was asked to return to Alaska to participate in Operation White Tower, an attempt at climbing Denali (then Mount McKinley) in 1947. The expedition was funded by RKO Pictures, who planned to use publicity from the climb to attract public interest towards an upcoming film, set in the Alps, The White Tower. Originally, studio executives wanted to support a trip to Mount Everest, but were convinced by Bradford Washburn that this was geopolitically unfeasible in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Now a mother of three, Washburn was initially hesitant to join the climb, but eventually agreed after consulting the family physician, who assured her a lengthy absence would not harm the children.

The first ascent of the south (higher) peak occurred in 1913. Denali is approximately 130 miles South-Southwest of Fairbanks, Alaska, 20,310 ft in height, with the upper reaches permanently swathed in snow and glaciers. Operation White Tower drew together complex interests. The New England Museum supported scientific, surveying and photographic endeavors during the climb. The U.S. Air Force, interested in cosmic ray research and high altitude camping, helped with logistics, while the Alaska Communications System set up the team with radio support. The National Park Service allowed the use of a ranger station, while Chief Ranger Grant Pearson accompanied the expedition. Four representatives from RKO also took part in the expedition to capture photography, film and written accounts of the climb.

In the end, 17 people would take part in the actual expedition: Carl Anderson, George Brown, Hakon Christensen, Robert Craig, William Deeke, Sgt. James Gale, William Hackett, Robert Lange, Earl Norris, Grant Pearson, Leonard Shannon, Harvey Solberg, William Sterling, H.T. Victoreen, Bradford Washburn, Barbara Washburn and George Wellstead. Washburn was the only woman on the climb. Washburn, Hackett and Lange were the first to reach the summit, on June 6, 1947, followed by Deeke, Craig, Gale, Browne and Bradford Washburn.

As the only woman on the expedition, Washburn became the first woman to climb Denali.

Cartography and other work
The Washburns often worked in tandem, in areas of mountaineering, exploring, mapping, and museum administration. She did not realize that she had been the first woman to climb Denali until after their ascent. She typically accompanied her husband on his expeditions, and contributed to his work at the Boston Museum of Science.

With her husband, she completed a large-scale map of the Grand Canyon, published as a National Geographic magazine supplement in July 1978. For that achievement and others, the Washburns received in 1980 the Alexander Graham Bell Medal from the National Geographic Society. In 1981, the Washburns produced the most detailed and accurate map ever made of Mount Everest.

Washburn's memoir is The Accidental Adventurer: Memoir of the First Woman to Climb Mt. McKinley by Barbara Washburn, Lew Freedman, and Bradford Washburn, Epicenter Press, May 2001.

Personal life
Barbara and Bradford Washburn raised three children, Dorothy, Edward and Elizabeth.

title: Barbara Washburn


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Saint-Cirq-Lapopie

Saint-Cirq-Lapopie (Sent Circ de la Pòpia) is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France. It is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (The most beautiful villages in France) association.

Its position on a steep cliff 100m above the river, originally selected for defence, has helped make the town one of the most popular tourist destinations in the department, and the entire town is almost a museum. After being 'discovered' by the Post-Impressionist Henri Martin it became popular with other artists and the home of the writer André Breton.

Location
Saint-Cirq-Lapopie is 30 km east of Cahors, in the regional natural park Parc naturel régional des Causses du Quercy. The village overlooks the Lot River.

History
The stronghold of Saint-Cirq-Lapopie was the main seat of one of the four viscounties that made up Quercy, divided among four feudal dynasties, the Lapopie, Gourdon, Cardaillac and Castelnau families.

Way of St James
Saint-Cirq-Lapopie is on the French pilgrimage route, Way of St. James. Coming from Cabrerets pilgrims would pass through and then continue to Cahors, visiting St Stephen's cathedral.

Notable people

 * Charles Rappoport (1865–1941) – Lithuanian-born militant communist politician, journalist and writer
 * Poet André Breton spent time there in the 1950s in his 'auberge des Mariniers'.
 * Artist Pierre Daura lived there for many years.

Popularity
The Guardian reported in July 2012 that the village received 400,000 visitors each year, mostly from within France, and that it had become "besieged by tourists" since winning a popularity vote on a French television programme in June 2012.

title: Saint-Cirq-Lapopie


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User:Interiot/ToDo/Chicago Summary.png

As suggested here, do a summary of chicago city.

 * make the resolution really really super fricking high. Or do it in Inkscape.  Or something.
 * start by adding both the CTA and Metra rail lines (kind of like the concept started with here
 * clearly define Lake Michigan
 * clearly define the city limits
 * clearly define the Wisconsin and Indiana state lines
 * add the Rivers

Possible things to add:

County limits

Any possible features from similar maps in the New York City and San Francisco articles.

Any sports teams/stadiums

Anything else on the Chicago page.

title: User:Interiot/ToDo/Chicago Summary.png


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User talk:Pope Cryptoderk II

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Pope Cryptoderk II


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User talk:IP~enwiki/169.139.177.49

Thanks for the message. Molotov (talk)  22:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:IP~enwiki/169.139.177.49


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User talk:Aria Varasteh

Aria Varasteh
We all wonder about Aria, sometimes he is a crazy person, sometimes good and smart. We can only hope for the best for him. --Comp8956 22:46, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aria Varasteh


text: User talk:69.119.13.248

title: User talk:69.119.13.248


text: Category:World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom


text: User talk:142.166.6.82

title: User talk:142.166.6.82


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Talk:Timeline of aviation in the 18th century

"1785 - Richard Crosbie makes several unsuccessful attempts to cross the Irish Channel in a helium-filled balloon." Considering helium wasn't discovered until 1868 and wasn't isolated chemically until 1895, I _don't_ think this is likely. Hydrogen, perhaps? Source material would help. Tevildo 22:12, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

The Wikipedia page on Richard Crosbie states hydrogen and references an external site that confirms this 128.87.251.169 10:59, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Possible False Citation
The entry for 1780 indicates that the USAF was founded during the American Revolution, and the citation merely reads "D. J. Trump." However, President Trump had misspoken when he said those words, so I'm not sure why they are shown here as if they were fact.ArmageddonAviation (talk) 12:00, 30 July 2019 (UTC)


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Dedan (Bible)

Dedan has several different meanings in the Hebrew Bible. Dedan (now part of Al-'Ula, Saudi Arabia) was an oasis and city-state of north-western Arabia. The people of Dedan are called Dedanim or Dedanites. Dedan is also the name of the son of Raamah and the son of Jokshan.

The word Dedan (דְּדָן Dəḏān; دودان/دادان Dudan, Dadan, Daedan in Brenton's Septuagint Translation ) means "low ground".

Men named Dedan
In the Hebrew Bible, the name Dedan is assigned to two different men:
 * A son of Raamah (Genesis 10:7). His descendants are mentioned in Isaiah 21:13, Ezekiel 25:13 and Ezekiel 27:15. They probably settled among the sons of Cush, on the north-west coast of the present Persian Gulf.
 * A son of Jokshan, son of Abraham and his concubine Keturah (Genesis 25:3, 1 Chronicles 1:32). His descendants settled on the Syrian borders about the territory of Edom. They probably led a pastoral life.

The name Dedan comes possibly from the Hebrew noun (דד,dd), meaning breast or nipple, or the Hebrew verb (dada), meaning move slowly, lead slowly (Psalm 42:5, Isaiah 38:15). It may be connected with (dwd) the root for beloved (aunt, uncle, even the name David).

History
Dedan is mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel, (Chapters 27 and 38). Chapter 27 is a roster of the trading partners of the city of Tyre (today in modern Lebanon), where Dedan is noted as a nation or kingdom which traded in saddle blankets (Ezekiel 27:20).

The oasis kingdom is also mentioned in the prophetic vision of the war of Gog and Magog (Ezekiel 38; see also, Revelation 20:8), and appears to be a nation of significance in this end-times prophecy of Ezekiel.

Isaiah 21:13 and Ezekiel 27:15 identify the Dedanim or Dedanites as a trading people.

In Ezekiel 38:13, Dedan is joined with Sheba and "Tarshish and all her strong lions": all these nations joining together to inquire of the advancing armies of Gog: "Have you come to plunder? Have you gathered your hordes to loot, to carry off silver and gold, to take away livestock and goods and to seize much plunder?"

Now known as Al-'Ula in northern Saudi Arabia, known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Hijra, Hegra or Egra, the former is about the same distance, about 250 miles north from Medina as Medina is north of Mecca. The location where the extinct tribe of Thamud used to dwell.

In the ruins of the old city there are inscriptions that indicate the Dedanites were preceded by a Minean settlement. The Mineans established a center at this desert oasis in order to protect the incense trade.

title: Dedan (Bible)


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Category:Contemporary hit radio stations

This category contains radio stations whose playlists features a current mix of pop/rock, R&B/hip hop, and dance music, geared towards a young adult audience in the 12 to 49 year-old range. These are also known as Top 40 (CHR) stations.


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List of NBA seasons

The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the major professional basketball league in North America. The league was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The league adopted its current name at the start of when it merged with the National Basketball League (NBL). The league currently consists of thirty teams, of which twenty-nine are located in the United States and one in Canada. Each team plays 82 games in the regular season. Eight teams from each of the league's two conferences qualify for the playoffs. The winners of the Conference finals advance to the finals to determine the NBA champions.

The Boston Celtics have had or tied for the best regular season record a record 18 times. They won the Eastern Conference 10 times, while the Los Angeles Lakers won the Western Conference 19 times. The Celtics and Lakers have each won 17 NBA championships, the most in NBA history. The Lakers also have a record 32 Finals appearances. The Celtics and the Lakers had played each other in the Finals for a record 12 times. The Celtics won 9 of their matchups while the Lakers have only won 3.

The best single regular season record was recorded by the Golden State Warriors in the. In that season, the Warriors recorded 73 wins and 9 losses with a winning percentage of .890, surpassing the 72-win 1995–96 Chicago Bulls, though the Bulls went on to win the Eastern Conference and the NBA championship. The 1996 Bulls and the 2016 Warriors are the only teams to win at least 70 games in a single season.

The Eastern champions have won 38 championships while the Western champions have won 34 championships. The defunct Central Division won one championship in 1950. Of the 76 championships, 34 of them were won by the teams who had or tied for the best regular season record. In 10 other occurrences, the teams who had or tied for the best regular season record, lost the Finals. Six teams that had the best regular season record and won the championships in the same season, were named to the list of Top 10 Teams in NBA History announced at the league's 50th anniversary in 1996. The Celtics, the Bulls, the Lakers and the Philadelphia 76ers each had two teams selected, while the Detroit Pistons and the New York Knicks each had one team selected.

title: List of NBA seasons