text:
Talk:Bob Shoudt

— J I P | Talk 11:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Need more info
All the events he is credited with winning need dates. (At least years). DONE

I marked the one that he qualified for the world finals later this year as 2005 assuming the qualifier was this year. DONE

Who maintains the world records inn eating competitions? Does the Guiness book still have eating categories? Is he listed in it?RJFJR 19:57, 1 November 2005 (UTC) NO HE IS NOT LISTED AS THEY DO NOT CATEGORIZE THIS. IFOCE.COM DOES

Point of view, Neutrality
This article reads more like a novel.

"Shoudt and his family are vegetarians, and his only chance to eat meat is in sanctioned competition - that is why it is such a treat to see him tear into a barbecued rib or a Nathan's hot dog"

I really do not consider him a vegetarian if he munches down those amounts of meat. And since when is it "such a treat" to see a vegetarian "tear into a barbecued rib"?

"And that record still stands. (Nice, LOL)" and "Bob also ran a marathon with little or no training. Great effort for 200+ pound runner."

Both very neutral...

And I added a Fact to “I knew I had to get into Nathan’s,” said Shoudt. “No matter what it took.”

Point of view, Mountaineer
Scaled Mt. Washington and Pikes Peak? So did my car. Hardly a Mt. Climber. 74.73.107.207 (talk) 02:42, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bob Shoudt


text:
Cornus sanguinea

Cornus sanguinea, the common dogwood or bloody dogwood, is a species of dogwood native to most of Europe and western Asia, from England and central Scotland east to the Caspian Sea. It is widely grown as an ornamental plant.

Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub, growing 2 – tall, with dark greenish-brown branches and twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4 – long and 2 - 4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin; they are green above, slightly paler below, and rough with short stiff pubescence. The hermaphrodite flowers are small, 5 – diameter, with four creamy white petals, produced in clusters 3 – diameter, and are insect pollinated. The fruit is a globose black berry 5 – diameter, containing a single seed. The berries are sometimes called "dogberries".

Ecology
It prefers moderate warmth in sunny places, though it can tolerate shade and in the more southern areas of its distribution area grows in the mountains. In cooler areas such as Scandinavia it grows at sea level.

It requires light, often alkaline soils. The species spreads by seeds and stolons. Its natural range covers most of Europe and western Asia. It is especially abundant in riversides, especially in shady areas and ravines. It grows in the margins of forests or unforested areas as woods in regeneration, prickly woodland fringes, with other thorny shrub species (for example, Clematis vitalba, Crataegus monogyna, Malus sylvestris, Prunus spinosa, Rubus idaeus or Rubus ulmifolius).

It reproduces by seed and root sprouts, which makes it effective at occupying areas of land and forming dense groves. Depending on circumstances, it can be invasive.

Uses
The leaves provide food for some animals, including Lepidoptera such as the case-bearer moth Coleophora anatipennella. Dogberries are eaten by some mammals and many birds. Many frugivorous passerines find them irresistible, and prefer them over fruits grown by humans. The plant is thus often grown in organic gardening and permaculture to prevent harm to orchard crops, while benefitting from the fact that even frugivorous birds will hunt pest insects during the breeding season, as their young require much protein to grow.

Garden varieties are often called "winter fire" because the leaves turn orange-yellow in autumn and then fall to reveal striking red winter stems.

The straight woody shoots produced by the plant can be used as prods, skewers or arrows. The prehistoric archer known as Ötzi the Iceman, discovered in 1991 on the border between Italy and Austria, was carrying arrow shafts made from dogwood. The common name, dogwood, comes from C. sanguinea, the wood of which Northern Europeans frequently used to make treenails ("dags"), dowels, and pegs prior to the industrial revolution. The wood of C. sanguinea is unusually hard, dense, and tough and has an oily finish which aids in driving pegs into holes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cornus sanguinea


text:
Shiner (Ottawa)

Shiners were gangs of Irish immigrants that formed in the early days of Bytown, later Ottawa, mainly active during the 1830s.

After the completion of the Rideau Canal in 1832, many Irish workers were left unemployed. The timber industry, the major economic activity in the region at the time, mainly employed French-Canadian labourers, who were reputed to be hard-working and better skilled. Out of frustration, some of the unemployed banded together to try to create jobs for themselves by intimidation. This started the Shiners' War. At this time, the town of Bytown did not have a permanent police force. From street fights, the violence escalated into robbery and murder. James Johnston, a prominent businessman and journalist, was beaten and his home was attacked.

One of the lumber barons, Peter Aylen, only employed Irish workers and called himself "King of the Shiners". The logger Joseph Montferrand took the side of the French-Canadians, inspiring many tales elevating him to the status of local legend.

In 1837, the town magistrates formed armed patrols to monitor the town at night. This largely put an end to the gangs and violence, although some outbreaks continued to occur into the 1840s.

title: Shiner (Ottawa)


text:
User talk:Electionworld/Electionworld

Hi!

I just posted the reults of the Beninois presidential election here Beninese presidential election, 2006. Can you put it in table form? I can't make a wikitable. Feel free to put on your Benin elections page too, even in abbreviated form, but keep the full results for the page I put it on, OK? :-) David McNamara 22:19, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Dear Wilfried I'm sorry to see you are giving up your independent website. Electionworld was in some ways the inspiration for my own site, and I greatly admire the work you have put into it. I can see that shifting the site into Wikipedia makes some sense, but I am not willing to do so as long as Wikipedia offers editors no protection against vandalism. Maybe in the longer term when Wikipedia develops a more mature structure I will reconsider the position. Regards Adam Carr Adam 11:35, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

How to take care of a crawfish
You must clean it's cage or tank every week. It will eat cat food, fish food and algae. It must be kept in 4cm of water or it will drown. Crawfish do not like sunlight. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.152.69.135 (talk) 21:54, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Electionworld/Electionworld


text:
Talk:Barbarika

Untitled
Barbareek did not fight in the great battle of Mahabharat, He was the only Spectator of the war as he had donated his head to the land of Kurukshetra before starting of the great war. To know more about this prefer Khatushyamji.

 * I've taken the story of Barkarika from the 'Puranic Encyclopaedia' of Vettam Mani, which tends to be my primary sources on these matters. It says (replacing the spelling of the names with common spellings) "The great war stanted, and Barbarika, fighting on the side of the Pandavas started using his weapon Vibhuti. He sent it against all except .... the weapon fell at the feet of Krishna also. Enraged at this, Krishna ... cut off his head." Also the name there is as I've spelt it, with a single short 'i'; not the long 'ii' which the English often represent with 'ee', e.g. Gita/Geeta. Imc 16:36, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup needed
Question mark without a question, wrong capitalization, periods and commas lacking a following space, or having a preceding space, etc. Chris the speller (talk) 19:11, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

corrected
I have corrected the grammatical mistakes to the best of my ability. Please check it and give your feedback. sushmita verma] ([[User talk:Premchanda|talk) 07:28, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Missing or incomplete text
Note the first line in the second paragraph " H, among whom his paternal grandfather Bhima was the second one. " — Preceding unsigned comment added by Raghav10 (talk • contribs) 06:32, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Contested Deletion
Barbarika is the original character from the Mahabharata. Khatushyamji is a regional manifestation and temple.-- Redtigerxyz Talk 17:45, 13 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, I saw that. But I did not delete the article. Essentially all the material in it was in the other article, and the other article was the clearer. What you are suggesting is to split the material in the article I redirected it to,  and I think it would be a good idea. Do you want to try it? You don't need anyone's permission, & you know the subject better than I do. If it needs cleaning up, I can check it for you. Or. if you want, I think the way to split it is clear enough that I can do it. See WP:SPLIT for details.  DGG ( talk ) 18:44, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I propose to merge Khatushyam into this article since both are names of same person / character. -- Pankaj Jain Capankajsmilyo (talk · contribs · [//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools-ec/?user=Capankajsmilyo&project=en.wikipedia.org count])  04:18, 11 May 2016 (UTC)
 * The current Khatushyam article is almost entirely about the temple, so I suggest keeping the page for the temple, and moving the material about the other names of Barbarika to the Barbarika page. Klbrain (talk) 21:15, 26 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barbarika


text:
Smokin' Suckaz wit Logic

Smokin' Suckaz wit Logic was a hip-hop band from New York City active in the early 1990s.

Biography
The multi-ethnic band was formed in 1990 and consisted of G "Suave" (a rapper of Puerto Rican descent who earlier had appeared on a VHS entitled Ravenswood Nights freestyling over a beatbox with another rapper called King Sek), Darren "D-Smooth" Lolk (guitar), Money Mike (bass), Curtis "Mr." Watts (drums, keyboards, background vocals), Spank Dog (programming, scratches, background vocals), and Peter "Ajoe" Jorge (programming, background vocals). They opened for Ziggy Marley and KRS-One, and released a single album, Playing' Foolz on the Epic Records label. The group's influences included alternative, funk, reggae, jazz, and metal.

Due to creative differences over their musical style, the band disbanded in 1994. Most of the members went on to pursue solo careers. Mr. Watts became a producer and a solo artist, Suave became a Christian Rapper named "Rodan Tha Thinker" in a band called True 2 Life, D-Smooth went on to play Pete Townshend in The Who Show (A The Who Tribute band) and contribute to other punk and dub influenced rock bands, Money Mike became president of an air travel company called Airtech and the President of 420tours, the official tour operator and producer of the High Times Cannabis Cup; he also owned and operated High Times Records and had a distribution arrangement with EMI Caroline. He now runs Bambu Hostel in David, Panama, a backpackers' hostel. Ajoe continued to be a producer and would later produce albums for the likes of Big Daddy Kane and Sporty Thievz.

Discography

 * Playin' Foolz 1993
 * 1) Funk-A-Tac
 * 2) Thingz Change
 * 3) How We Hit 'Em
 * 4) Cuz I'm Like Dat
 * 5) B4 My Rhymez Thru
 * 6) My Man Spank Dog
 * 7) Playin' Foolz
 * 8) Suckaz Tri 2 Play Me
 * 9) Gangsta Story
 * 10) Positive Vibez
 * 11) He Can Save Your Soul
 * 12) Jah Sent (CD only)
 * 13) Herbalife
 * 14) Uncle Tom Artist
 * 15) Mutha Made 'Em

singles, EPS

 * Mutha Made 'Em/B4 My Rhymes Thru
 * 1) Mutha Made 'Em
 * 2) Mutha Made 'Em (Instrumental)
 * 3) B4 My Rhymes Thru
 * 4) B4 My Rhymes Thru (Instrumental)

 * How We Hit 'Em
 * 1) Cuz I'm Like Dat
 * 2) B4 My Rhymez Thru
 * 3) How We Hit 'em
 * 4) Mutha Made 'em
 * 5) Heat Up the M-16

Websites

 * Curtis Watts Website
 * Fansite, includes lyrics, sample info, etc.
 * Bambu Hostel Website

title: Smokin' Suckaz wit Logic


text:
Talk:THSR 700T

This is not a Japanese rail stub, its a Taiwanese rail stub. THe 700T-series shinkansen will only run in Taiwan. I propose it be moved back to rail-stub. Paullb 11:36, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Re-naming
The current title of the article is definitely problematic. I think it should be moved at least to "Taiwan High Speed Rail 700T Series" or "Taiwan High Speed Rail Class 700T". But, analogous to the various articles on train types of operators Deutsche Bahn or East Japan Railway Company or Ferrovie dello Stato, it would be even better to use just an acronym, in which case the possibilities are: "THSR Class 700T", "THSR 700T Series" "THSRC Class 700T" and "THSRC 700T Series". I'd favour the last one. --Rontombontom (talk) 19:38, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Based on sources used in the article (especially the Kawasaki ones), I think current name is fairly accurate. However, I can see what the problems are, and agree with you about shortening it down to an acronym. My vote would be for a simple "THSR 700T Series", since wouldn't it make more sense to name it based on the system that uses it rather than the company running the system (e.g. 700 Series Shinkansen)? -Multivariable (talk) 06:30, 14 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I think the usage in Kawasaki documents is inofficial language, similar to Alstom writing "the Korean TGV" for KTX-I. In addition, if you look at this source document, while our train is identified by a Kawasaki rep as "Taiwan High Speed Rail 700T", they also write about a "Ministry of Railway of China CRH2", mixing up the state company that is the operator and the ministry controlling it.
 * Regarding system vs. operator, usage is debatable. In places where vehicles of multiple operators can run on the same track, an acronym or code representing the operator's name is part of the vehicle registration number; and class/series names include it in analogy (e.g. RENFE Class 130, DBAG Class 101, FS Class E464). I think identification by system only occurs on some isolated networks, like MRT systems. But THSR is an isolated network.
 * However, for mainline vehicles, I can't think of any good example here on Wikipedia which include networks in the article title. With the Shinkansen trains, we have the situation that multiple operators use the same series designations, making operator-designated articles unreasonable; and in ordering the name with "Shinkansen" last, the intent is probably not to refer to the network, but to a train family. Also see 701 series, a non-Shinkansen train type used by multiple operators in Japan (and manufactured by both Kawasaki and JR East's own works). --Rontombontom (talk) 08:27, 14 January 2011 (UTC)
 * On further research, looks like the full name "Taiwan High Speed Rail 700T train" is used on the official web site. I guess I would be fine with either "THSR 700T Series" or "THSRC 700T Series", though the former would probably be preferred just based on common usage (see Google searches). Don't some of the KTX rolling stocks include "KTX" in the title, though? -Multivariable (talk) 09:21, 14 January 2011 (UTC)
 * KTX is not a (physical) network name, but both a service and a rolling stock type name - similar to Germany's ICE and France's TGV. (In contrast, "Shinkansen", as far as I know, is really referring to the railway infrastucture, and services have names like Hikari.) In the use of operator name for articles on rolling stock, Wikipedia is somewhat inconsequential here, with SNCF TGV Duplex but ICE 2 rather than "DBAG ICE 2".
 * Based on Google hits ("THSRC 700T" turns up 291 hits, "THSR 700T" turns up 5530 even without Wikipedia) and THSRC's own usage, I can accept "THSR 700T Series". But I feel more opinions than two would be needed -- I'll try to ask in the Trains project (though it seems dead). --Rontombontom (talk) 10:20, 14 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah, WikiProject Trains has its own style goide, and the point applicable is "Articles about a specific class of equipment used by a specific railroad company should be named with the most common company and class names (such as PRR K4s)". However, the style guide is totally US-centric. I'm still gonna ask there. --Rontombontom (talk) 10:28, 14 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for being on top of this, since I really don't know too much about rolling stock naming (or just rail networks in general XD). -Multivariable (talk) 00:19, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

Google hits
Well, asking WikiProject Trains didn't led to much. So I did a comprehensive Google search, always with "-wikipedia -wiki -wapedia -wikimedia -encyclopedia" appended. The results:

Most hits are for the definitely unacceptable long form without "rail", but it appears to me that most originate either in that Kawasaki media release or Wikipedia. Versions with the company name/acronym are definitely out, and so are versions with class. In what remains there is the odd asymmetry between the written-out and acronym forms: "Taiwan High Speed Rail 700T Train" vs. "THSR 700T Series"; and the apparent dominance over either by the designation without train/class. Then again, most hits still appear to be low-quality and not independent, whatever the search term. I will explore further and will try to narrow down searches before making a final proposal on the move. --Rontombontom (talk) 22:21, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Some findings:
 * Excluding Kato and ebay eliminates the "...Train 700T" versions almost completely.
 * On a closer look, those "...700T Train" hits that aren't obvious Wikipedia plagiarisms are actually almost always "...700T train" hits, meaning that "train" is not treated as part of the type designation -- this applies to the occurrence on THSRC's own English-language page, too.
 * Railway Gazette International, which I consider a Reliable Source, consistently refers to the type as "Series 700T". But that's them alone... meanwhile, a lot of the "700T Series" are either without caps and/or add "Shinkansen". English-language Taiwanese sources don't seem to use "series".
 * In English-language Taiwanese sources, the most preferred seems to be the somewhat odd "model". Taipei Times uses a mix of incorrect uncapped versions (carriage, car, locomotive) in addition to train and model, but either version is rarely capped, and it appears that the Chinese-language designation translates to "700T type".
 * All this would leave a choice between "Taiwan High Speed Rail 700T" and "THSR 700T". --Rontombontom (talk) 23:07, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Doing a search for the network name, restricted by "-wiki -wikipedia -encyclopedia -amazon -ebay -kato -wikimedia -wapedia -torrent -dvdrip", I get 287,000 hits for the "THSR" acronym and 265,000 for the written-out "Taiwan High Speed Rail". Based on this, the acronym is common enough, and I'm going to stick with "THSR 700T". I think I'm in line with the five general Article titles principles, too. If there are no protests in 24 hours, I'll do the move, and also create a redirect at "Taiwan High Speed Rail 700T". --Rontombontom (talk) 18:54, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. Kudos for the hard work in finding out common usages! -Multivariable (talk) 20:12, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

Brakes
I removed the following addition to the article: "double trainlines for power and brake control, insufficient brake detection without imposing the auto emergency stopping(due to safety vital reason)". For the claim of separate power and brake control lines, if this is a difference from Japanese Shinkansens, a source would be needed. I can't make sense of the rest of the sentence. Could someone who has a clue re-phrase (and again source) that? --Rontombontom (talk) 11:25, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
 * In 700T, the cruise control is not a part of ATC, it is the scope of CI control software. The ATC can not engage it. Please do not misunderstand... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.8.17.220 (talk • contribs) 14:03, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Could you explain in greater detail, and give a source correcting the claimed mistake of the JRTR article cited that says cruise control is done by the ATC? Just to go for certain: do you read cruise control to mean the control of speed (e.g. 300 km/h where it is allowed, less where less is allowed; normally a basic train control function which includes the ATC's intervention in traction control)?
 * In addition, to avoid confusion, please add your comment below other commenters' signature and sign it with four tildes ( ~ ). --Rontombontom (talk) 18:35, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

The JRTR does not state the Cruise Control is done by ATC, and it mentioned "Constant Speed Control" for Cruise Control in page 44. In fact, the ATC is only designed to brake the train properly without any powering function in both JR and THSRC Systems. I do believe it's better to separate the cruise control and ATC. 60.251.236.1 (talk) 01:54, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
 * First, irrespective of the source, if you are familiar with the cruise control system, can you precisify what it does? Is it a manually set system in which the driver sets the speed which is then maintained by traction control (the one version which would not need integration with the ATC), or an automatic safety system which overrules the driver controls if the train speed exceeds the line speed set for each track section by the safety margin, or a semi-automatic system combining both functions (as in the ATC of the German ICE trains which was likely to have been the basis of THSRC's specifications)?
 * Second, what you find on page 44 of the JRTR article is a table listing the differences between the standard Shinkansen and the THSR systems, and it indeed doesn't define which feature is or isn't controlled via the ATC. However, on page 43, it's explicit in the text: "The train speed (300 km/h max.) and route are protected by an Automatic Train Control (ATC) system." It may well be the case that the author of the JRTR article erred. However, JRTR is a professional publication and the author is a Japanese rail industry top manager who served as advisor to THSRC, thus if he was wrong, a correction in the Wikipedia article needs another reliable source.
 * Third, if you are familiar with the 700T train, could you perhaps name the motor type (something like "MT106"), and perhaps give a reliable source (e.g. not an encyclopedia, not a fan site, not a paper that itself references Wikipedia; but preferably a technical publication) that calls it a three-phase asynchronous (squirrel-cage) induction motor? (This THSRC-affiliated source specifies synchronous motor, but I increasingly doubt that the source is correct.) --Rontombontom (talk) 12:22, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:23, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * THSR 700T Modern High Speed Train.jpg

title: Talk:THSR 700T


text:
User talk:Vandee

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --RichG 11:37, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Vandee


text: User talk:68.229.246.38

title: User talk:68.229.246.38


text:
Southbound Pachyderm

"Southbound Pachyderm" is a song by the American rock band Primus. It was released on their fourth studio album Tales from the Punchbowl (1995). It was also released as a single, and a stop-motion animated video was made for it. The song is about the extinction threat faced by elephants, rhinos and hippos.

Les Claypool said in 2015 that "Southbound Pachyderm" is one of his favorites songs to play live. It has been played 457 times since its live debut, making it the 7th most played song by Primus.

Track listing

 * 1) "Southbound Pachyderm (Radio Edit)" - 4:00
 * 2) "Wynona's Big Brown Beaver" - 4:24
 * 3) "Jerry Was A Race Car Driver" - 3:11
 * 4) "Those Damned Blue Collar Tweekers" - 5:18
 * 5) "My Name Is Mud" - 4:40

Background
The inspiration for the song came from an image that CMJ New Music Monthly said Claypool "couldn't shake ... 'an elephant's ass heading away from you'".

Music videos
Two music videos exist for the song "Southbound Pachyderm".

The first version was included in the CD+ Enhanced CD version of the album, which allowed a computer's CD-ROM to access enhanced aspects of the album, namely becoming a tug boat captain that allowed one to explore different parts of the punchbowl world. It was a pastiche of San Francisco, elephants with propellers and wings, and psychedelic imagery. It is currently not published, although such version can be viewed online.

The official music video for the song is in entirely stop-motion with the band (in live action) appearing on TV screens. For the stop motion story, it features elephants being stalked by poachers but are saved at the last moment by several scientists. At the climax of the video, the scientists and the elephants (along with some hippos and rhinos) then escape from their laboratory when the poachers begin to attack via orders from their leader.

Claypool came up with the idea for the video and included regular character Flouncin' Fred. The video reflects Claypool's concern over the conservation status of pachyderms. He and Raub Shapiro co-directed the video. Shapiro had previously produced the video for "Wynona's Big Brown Beaver". Claypool initially worked on storyboards for the video but moved on to foam sculptures when he found that medium easier to express his ideas. Raub then did storyboards, and they handed the work to animators, who used stop motion photography. Animation was slow work; Claypool said that the studio was only able to produce six to ten seconds of footage per day, and the video took six weeks to complete.

Legacy
Claypool later referenced the song in a pinot noir wine called Purple Pachyderm.

title: Southbound Pachyderm


text:
Karamana River

Karamana is a river flowing through the city of Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, India. The river starts near the southern tip of the Western Ghats(Sahyadri Mountains) at Agastyar Koodam. The river flows 66 km westward and merges with the Arabian Sea at Panathura near Kovalam. The river gets its name from Karamana, a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram city, through which it flows.

The catchment area is mostly forested, command area is under mixed dry land crops such as coconut, tapioca, pepper, plantain, rice, etc.

Course
The Karamana River originates from the Agasthya Mala in the Western Ghats part of the Thiruvananthapuram district. Karanamana initially flows through the Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary and into the Peppara reservoir. It then flows through several hilly eastern towns of Thiruvananthapuram district namely, Meenankal, Cherappally, Utharamcode, Aryanad, Uzhamalackal, Mundela, Perumkulam and Aruvikkara. The Aruvikkara dam is built across the Karamana river at Aruvikkara. Downstream the river enters the Travancore plains and passes towns like Irumpa, Nettayamam, Peyad, Karimankulam, Perukavu, Vilavoorkkal, Choozhattukotta, Pappanamcode, Nemom and Thiruvallam. At Thiruvallam, the Karamana river divides into two distributaries. The northern distributary empties into the Arabian Sea near Poonthura and the southern distributary flows into the Pozhikkara estuary. The Edayar Island is situated between the two distributaries.

Tributaries and Distributaries
The Karamana rises in the vicinity of the Agasthiarkoodam about 1600 m above the sea level. The peaks of origin of the river are today known as Chemmunji Motta and Aathiramala and its upper tributary rivers are the Kaaviyaar, Attayaar, Vaiyappadyaar and Thodayaar. The river flows for 66 kilometers in a south - southwest direction before flowing into the Arabian Sea. The largest tributary of the Karamana is the Killiyar, which flows for a distance of 24 kilometres. It has five anicuts on it which regulates the flow of water. Part of the water was diverted into the Kochar channel which in turn fed the Pathrakulam pond (no longer exists) adjacent to current Padmatheerthakulam outside the Padmanabhaswamy Temple. There are several temples located along the Killiyar's banks, the most famous of which is the Attukal Temple. The Killiyar drains the Nedumangad forest and its basin is rich in avian fauna.Killiyar merges with Karamana river at Pallathukadavu near Thiruvallam.Karamana river merges with the Arabian Sea through the Pozhikkara estuary. In its final lap, the river runs parallel to the sea and the river here is known as the Edayar.

Dams
The Karamana river has two important dams on it. These are the Aruvikkara Dam, built in the 1930s and the Peppara Dam which lies further upstream and was built in 1983. The Aruvikkara Dam was completed with the aim of providing piped drinking water to the city. The Trivandrum Water Works, inaugurated by and named after Lord Willingdon in 1933, is in charge of receiving and distributing the Karamana's waters to the city even today. A JICA funded project is under way to augment the water distribution network in the city. The Peppara Dam regulates the flow of water into the Aruvikkara Dam by unifying all the upper tributaries of the Karamana river. The Peppara Dam has played a crucial role in eliminating the floods that once used to characterized the Karamana. There is also a 3 MW hydel power station at Peppara.

Bridges
The Karamana river has several bridges across it. The largest is at Karamana itself, where the NH-66 crosses it. This was built by Lt Col. Horsley, the author of the earliest English treatise on history of Travancore, and inaugurated in 1853. Other important bridges are at Thrikkunnapuram, Mangattu Kadavu, Kundamon Kadavu - Peyad, Vellaikadavu - Puliyarakonam, Kulashekaram-Peyad, Jagathi bridge, Aryanad bridge, Aruvikkara (on the dam), Maruthoor kadavu.

Biodiversity
The Karamana river basin supports a range of plants that are typical of the tropics. These include the wild cane, bamboo, mangroves, water lilies and coconut trees. The screw pine or pandanus is another common species along the river's banks. The Cerbera odollam, called Othalam in Malayalam, is found along the lower reaches of the river. Fish species found in the Karamana include Karimeen, Chekkaali, Kariyida, Paruminali, Cherumeen, Vaala, Nedumeen, Aaral, Maalavu and Paaval.

Ecological Concerns
The Karamana has been facing the problems of pollution, acidification and fish kill in recent years. The causes for the deterioration in the river's water quality include the discharge of untreated sewage and domestic and industrial effluents into the river and the unregulated development of tourism in the river basin area. This has resulted in the lowering of dissolved oxygen levels in the river's water and caused fish kill downstream of the river. Illegal mining of river sand is another significant threat being faced by the river.

In Literature and Music
The beauty of the Karamana and the fact that it wound through forests earned the river the name Vanamala, the garland of the forest, in Sanskrit. It is referred to as the ‘Makaraakara’ river in the Jain ascetic Udyodana Suri's 8th century Prakrit text Kuvalayamaala. The Karamana river also closely influenced the development of music in Kerala. Some of the singers, instrumentalists and composers who are associated with the river include Irayimman Thampi, Vadivelu, Neelakanta Sivan and K S Chitra. Besides, the composer-king Swathi Thirunal was also influenced by the river's scenic beauty. Over a dozen of his court musicians hailed from the Karamana village on the banks of the river.

title: Karamana River


text:
Accentus

Accentus (or Accentus Ecclesiasticus; Ecclesiastical accent) is a style of church music that emphasizes spoken word. It is often contrasted with concentus, an alternative style that emphasizes harmony. The terms accentus and concentus were probably introduced by Andreas Ornithoparchus in his Musicae Activae Micrologus, published in Leipzig in 1517. "Concentus might be chief ruler over all things that are sung...and Accentus over all things that are read," according to Ornithoparchus. The style is also known as liturgical recitative, though it differs in some important ways from other types of recitative.

In the medieval church, the whole portion of the liturgical song performed by the choir (or by sections of it) was called concentus; thus hymns, psalms, mass ordinary, and alleluias were usually included under this term, as well as anything with more complex or distinctive melodic contours. On the other hand, parts of the liturgy which the priest, deacon, subdeacon, or acolyte sang alone were called accentus; this included the collects, epistle and gospel, the preface, and anything which was recited chiefly on one tone, rather than sung, by the priest or one of his assistants. The accentus should not be accompanied by harmonies, whether of voices or of instruments, although the concentus may receive such accompaniment. The intoning words Gloria in excelsis Deo and Credo in Unum Deum, being assigned to the celebrant alone, should not be repeated by the choir or accompanied by the organ or other musical instrument.

There were originally seven types of Accentus Ecclesiasticus, depending on how the voice should be inflected at the punctuation marks ending phrases or sentences:

 * Accentus immutabilis – voice remains at the same tone
 * Accentus medus – voice falls by a third at a colon
 * Accentus gravis – voice falls by a fifth at a period
 * Accentus actus – voice falls by a third and returns to the original tone at a comma
 * Accentus moderatus – voice rises by a second and returns to the original tone at a comma
 * Accentus interrogata – voice falls by a second and returns to the original tone at a question mark
 * Accentus finalis – voice rises by a second and then falls stepwise to a fourth below the original tone at the end

title: Accentus


text:
Exploration of the Valley of the Kings

The area of the Valley of the Kings, in Luxor, Egypt, has been a major area of modern Egyptological exploration for the last two centuries. Before this, the area was a site for tourism in antiquity (especially during Roman times). This area illustrates the changes in the study of ancient Egypt, beginning as antiquity hunting and ending with the scientific excavation of the whole Theban Necropolis. Despite the exploration and investigation noted below, only eleven of the tombs have actually been completely recorded.

The Greek writers Strabo (1st century BC) and Diodorus Siculus (1st century AD) reported that the total number of Theban royal tombs was 47; at the time, only 17 were believed to be undestroyed. Pausanias and other ancient writers remarked on the pipe-like corridors of the Valley, meaning the tombs.

Many of the tombs contain graffiti written by these ancient tourists. Jules Baillet located over 2100 Greek and Latin graffiti, along with a smaller number in Phoenician, Cypriot, Lycian, Coptic, and other languages. The majority of the ancient graffiti are found in KV9, which contains just under a thousand of them. The earliest positively dated graffiti dates to 278 BC.

Eighteenth century
Before the 19th century, travel from Europe to Thebes (and indeed anywhere in Egypt) was difficult, time-consuming and expensive: only the hardiest of European travelers visited—indeed, before the travels of Father Claude Sicard in 1726, it was unclear just where Thebes really was. It was known to be on the Nile, but it was often confused with Memphis and several other sites. One of the first travelers to record what he saw at Thebes was Frederic Louis Norden, a Danish adventurer and artist. He was followed by Richard Pococke, who published the first modern map of the valley itself, in 1743.

In 1799, Napoleon's expedition (especially Dominique Vivant) drew maps and plans of the known tombs, and for the first time, noted the Western Valley (where Prosper Jollois and Édouard de Villiers du Terrage located the tomb of Amenhotep III, WV22). The Description de l'Égypte contains two volumes (out a total of 24) on the area around Thebes.
 * French Expedition

Nineteenth century
European exploration continued in the area around Thebes during the 19th century, boosted by Champollion's translation of hieroglyphs early in the century. Early in the century, the area was visited by Belzoni, working for Henry Salt, who discovered several tombs, including those of Ay in the West Valley (WV23) in 1816 and Seti I (KV17) the next year. At the end of his visits, Belzoni declared that all of the tombs had been found, and nothing of note remained to be found. Working at the same time (and a great rival of Belzoni and Salt) was Bernardino Drovetti, the French Consul-General.

In 1827, John Gardiner Wilkinson was assigned to paint the entry of every tomb, giving them each a designation that is still in use today—they were numbered from KV1 to KV21, with KV standing for King's Valley, (although the maps show 28 entrances, some of which were unexplored). These paintings and maps were later published in The Topography of Thebes and General Survey of Egypt, in 1830. At the same time James Burton explored the valley. His works included making KV17 safer from flooding, although, he is better known for entering KV5.

Champollion himself visited the valley along with Ippolito Rosellini and Nestor L'Hôte, in the Franco-Tuscan Expedition of 1829. The expedition spent two months studying the open tombs, visiting about 16 of them in total. They copied the inscriptions and identified the original tomb owners. In tomb KV17, they removed wall decorations, which are now on display in the Louvre in Paris. In 1845–1846 the valley was explored by Karl Richard Lepsius's expedition; they explored and documented twenty-five in the main valley and four in the west.

The second half of the century saw a more concerted effort to preserve rather than simply gathering antiquities. Auguste Mariette's Egyptian Antiquities Service started to explore the valley, first with Eugène Lefébure in 1883, then Jules Baillet and Georges Bénédite in early 1888, and finally Victor Loret in 1898 to 1899. Loret added a further 16 tombs to the list, and explored several tombs that had already been discovered. During this time Georges Daressy explored KV9.

When Gaston Maspero was reappointed to head the Egyptian Antiquities Service, the nature of the exploration of the valley changed again. Maspero appointed Howard Carter as the Chief Inspector of Upper Egypt, and the young man discovered several new tombs, and explored several others, clearing KV42 and KV20.

Twentieth century
Around the turn of the 20th century, the American Theodore M. Davis had the excavation permit in the valley, and his team (led mostly by Edward R. Ayrton) discovered several royal and non-royal tombs (including KV43, KV46 and KV57). In 1907 they discovered the possible Amarna Period cache in KV55. After finding what they thought was all that remained of the burial of Tutankhamun (items recovered from KV54 and KV58), it was announced that the valley was completely explored and no further burials were to be found, in Davis's 1912 publication, The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou; the book closes with the comment, "I fear that the Valley of Kings is now exhausted."

After Davis's death early in 1915 Lord Carnarvon acquired the concession to excavate the valley and he employed Carter to explore it. After a systematic search they discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922.

At the end of the century, the Theban Mapping Project re-discovered and explored tomb KV5, which has since been discovered to be probably the largest in the valley (having at least 120 rooms) and was the burial for the sons of Ramesses II. Elsewhere in the eastern and western branches of the valley, several other expeditions cleared and studied other tombs. Until 2002 the Amarna Royal Tombs Project explored the area around KV55 and KV62, the Amarna Period tombs in the main valley.

Twenty-first century
Various expeditions have continued to explore the valley, adding greatly to the knowledge of the area. In 2001 the Theban Mapping Project designed new signs for the tombs, providing information and plans of the open tombs.

On February 8, 2006, the Supreme Council of Antiquities announced that an American team led by the University of Memphis had uncovered a pharaonic-era tomb (KV63), the first uncovered there since King Tutankhamun's in 1922. The 18th Dynasty tomb included five intact sarcophagi with coloured funerary masks along with 28 large storage jars, sealed with pharaonic seals. It is located close to the tomb of Tutankhamun. KV63, as it is known, appears to be a single chamber with seven sarcophagi, and about 20 large funerary jars. The chamber is from the 18th dynasty and it appears to have been a deposit of funerary preparation materials, rather than a tomb. As yet, no mummies have been discovered in the sarcophagi, and it is now thought of as a mummification chamber rather than a tomb.

On July 31, 2006, Nicholas Reeves announced that analysis of ground penetrating radar for the autumn of 2000 showed a sub-surface anomaly in the area of KV62 and KV63. He has tentatively labeled this anomaly "KV64". This has caused some controversy, as only Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities can officially designate the name of a new tomb, the anomaly may not in fact be a tomb, and because Reeves had reported the finding to the press first, instead of a scientific paper.

In May 2008, Zahi Hawass announced that an Egyptian team has been looking for the tomb of Ramesses VIII, concentrating around the tombs of Merenptah and Ramesses II. In August 2008, it was announced that two further tomb entrances had been located, and these would be investigated in October 2008. At the same time, clearance of the descending tunnel in KV17 has started.

title: Exploration of the Valley of the Kings


text:
James Johnston

James or Jim Johnston may refer to:

Politicians

 * James Johnston (Secretary of State) (1655–1737), Scottish Secretary of State
 * James William Johnston (1792–1873), Canadian politician and judge
 * James Johnston (MP) (1801–1841), MP for Stirling Burghs 1830–32
 * James Johnston (Upper Canada politician) (died 1849), Bytown businessman and politician
 * James Johnston (Australian politician) (1811–1896), businessman and politician in Victoria, Australia
 * James Johnston (New South Wales politician) (1854–1930), politician in New South Wales, Australia
 * James Johnston (Queensland politician), Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
 * James Johnston (Northern Ireland politician) (1849–1924), Member of the Senate of Northern Ireland
 * James Johnston (Seanad Éireann member), Member of Seanad Éireann 1938–48
 * James T. Johnston (1839–1904), U.S. Representative from Indiana
 * James Wellwood Johnston (1900–1958), British politician
 * James Johnston (socialist politician) (1846–1928), British co-operative and socialist activist
 * James Roger Johnston (born 1930), politician in Victoria, Australia

Military

 * James Johnston (Royal Horse Guards officer) (1721–1795), British Army general
 * James Johnston (British Army officer, died 1797) (c. 1721–1797), British Army general
 * James Johnston (British Army medical officer) (1911–1988), British Army officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps
 * James D. Johnston, Confederate Navy Commander
 * James Johnston (Colonel) (1742–1805), American soldier and a member of the North Carolina Provincial Congress

Business

 * James Johnston (brewer) (1818–1891), South Australian brewer
 * James Johnston (merchant) (1720s–1800), Canadian merchant
 * James A. Johnston (1874–1954), warden at Alcatraz prison
 * James P. Johnston (1813–1879), California pioneer, built James Johnston House (Half Moon Bay, California)
 * James Robinson Johnston (1876–1915), Canadian lawyer and community leader

Scientists

 * James Finlay Weir Johnston (1796–1855), Scottish chemist
 * James T. Johnston (born 1997), Aeronautical Engineer
 * Jim Johnston (chemist) (born 1949), New Zealand chemist who won the 1998 Thomson Medal

Religion

 * James S. Johnston (1843–1924), Episcopal bishop in America
 * James Johnston (missionary) (1851–1921), British missionary, photographer and explorer
 * James Vann Johnston Jr. (born 1959), American Roman Catholic bishop
 * James Johnston (priest), Archdeacon of Gibraltar

Arts

 * Jim Johnston (composer) (born 1952), American composer of professional wrestling entrance themes
 * Jim Johnston (director), American television director
 * James Johnston (tenor) (1903–1991), Northern Irish opera singer
 * James Johnston (English musician) (born 1966), English alternative rock musician
 * James Johnston (Scottish musician) (born 1980), bassist of Biffy Clyro
 * Jamie Johnston (born 1989), Canadian actor
 * Jim Johnston (English musician), member of the Bristol band Monk & Canatella
 * James Johnston (Australian musician), (born 26 November 1990) Australian country artist

Sports

 * James Johnston (baseball owner) (1895–1967), co-owner of the Washington Senators of the American League
 * James Johnston (footballer, born 1866) (1866–1952), Scottish footballer for Abercorn and Scotland
 * James Johnston (1900s footballer) (fl. 1900s), Scottish footballer for Third Lanark
 * James Johnston (rugby union) (born 1986), Samoan rugby union player
 * Jimmy Johnston (American football) (1917–1973), American football player
 * Jim Johnston (pole vaulter), co-winner of the 1958 NCAA DI outdoor pole vault championship

title: James Johnston


text:
Burkinabé Socialist Bloc

Burkinabé Socialist Bloc (in French: Bloc Socialiste Burkinabé) was a Sankarist political party in Burkina Faso. BSB was founded in December 1990 by Nongma Ernest Ouédraogo. Ouédraogo became the general secretary of BSB. Ouédraogo had been released from jail the previous year. He had served as Minister of Security under Sankara.

The slogan of BSB was Action et Victoire et Bloc.

In August 1995 Ouédraogo was jailed following a libel suit. He was released five months later.

In January 1996 a faction split and joined the Congress for Democracy and Progress.

In 2000 BSB merged into the Sankarist Pan-African Convention (CPS).

title: Burkinabé Socialist Bloc


text:
Talk:Weetabix Minis

— J I P | Talk 11:40, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Nonsense
All closed down - was getting boring! Brookie :) - a collector of little round things! (Talk!) 12:44, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

I disagree Brookie, I was following the discussion with great Interest. User:JamieHughes 18:29 25 January 2006

Merged
Although I was the person responsible for creating this article in the first place, on reflection I think it was slightly silly to have made it an article in its own right. They're just small Weetabixs with bits added after all.

Since the Weetabix article has now been split into a separate one for the company and the cereal, the material here was merged into Weetabix.

Fourohfour 16:39, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Weetabix Minis


text: Category:Credit rating agencies

title: Category:Credit rating agencies


text:
Wynona's Big Brown Beaver

"Wynona's Big Brown Beaver" is a song by the American rock band Primus. It was released as the first single from their 1995 album Tales from the Punchbowl. It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 1996. Of the band's three members, only guitarist Larry LaLonde showed up at the event. The award went to Pearl Jam for their song "Spin the Black Circle".

Track listing

 * 1) "Wynona's Big Brown Beaver" – 4:23
 * 2) "Hello Skinny/Constantinople" – 4:44 (originally by The Residents)
 * 3) "Hellbound 17½ (Theme From)" – 2:59
 * 4) "Have a Cigar" – 5:26 (only available on German edition of the single; originally by Pink Floyd)

Music video
The band also filmed a music video for "Wynona's Big Brown Beaver", centered on the band dressed as cartoonish plastic cowboys in costumes made of foam rubber. The costumes bore a strong resemblance to those used in a popular Duracell advertising campaign at the time which featured a family of battery-powered, toy-like people (the Puttermans). In an interview, bandleader Les Claypool revealed the suits were intended to resemble "cheap plastic cowboy action figures". The video jumps between shots of the band playing in a barn and of the band engaged in parodies of cowboy activities such as shooting bottles, riding toy horses, and playing poker among other things. The video also features some airbrushed drawings done by Claypool. The video's live action sequences were filmed at Claypool's home, known as Rancho Relaxo. The video marks the second video appearance of Les' red Fender Jazz bass.

Because the band's cowboy suits were so cumbersome, they played along to the track slowed down significantly to more easily coordinate their actions to the music; plus, this gave the illusion of the band moving rather quirky and fast when played back in regular form. In the video, Tim Alexander's bass drum reads Buck Naked and the Bare Bottom Boys, a tribute to Phillip Bury, lead singer of that band. Bury, a close friend of Primus, was killed in 1992. The video appeared on Primus' Tales from the Punchbowl [CD-ROM] album as well as the 2003 EP/DVD release Animals Should Not Try to Act Like People, along with an in-depth making-of feature.

Controversy
Music journalists speculated that "Wynona" was about actress Winona Ryder; Ryder herself supposedly confronted the band about it backstage at HFStival. Claypool has stated that the song was not written about anyone in particular, especially Ryder, and was surprised he wasn't asked about country singer Wynonna Judd instead, considering the song's country music influence and the name being pronounced and spelled with a "y", which was closer to Judd's name.

One of the song's lyrics was edited in the music video. The original line, "But the beaver was quick and grabbed him by the kiwis, and he ain't pissed for a week (and a half!)" was replaced by "But the beaver was quick and grabbed him by the kiwis, and he egg-pressed for a week (and a half!)". An alternative version also removes the line "candied up his nose" (which refers to cocaine) and the word "smell", replacing them with random sound effects.

Appearances
The song appears at the beginning of Kevin Smith's film Zack and Miri Make a Porno.

Voodoo Brewery makes "Wynona's Big Brown Ale" in honor of the song and band.

title: Wynona's Big Brown Beaver


text: User talk:206.107.106.157

title: User talk:206.107.106.157


text:
User:Joelca

Joel

title: User:Joelca


text:
Betong

Betong may refer to:

 * Places in Sarawak, Malaysia:
 * Betong, Sarawak (town)
 * Betong Division
 * Betong (federal constituency), represented in the Dewan Rakyat
 * Places in Yala Province, Thailand
 * Betong, Thailand – Town
 * Betong district – Thailand (amphoe)
 * Betong Sumaya – Filipino comedian
 * Betong, a character in Bitoy's World

title: Betong


text:
Talk:Fruit 'n Fibre

— J I P | Talk 11:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 23:35, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fruit 'n Fibre


text:
User:Nympseudo

Nympseudo's personal information is of no interest. The reason is twofold: firstly, Nympseudo rightly and mercifully believes that no sane and remotely intelligent person will desire to read yet internet page detailing another stranger's boring account of how they love chocolate, video games and whatever material item is in vogue these days. Secondly, Nympseudo severely doubts that a person other than themselves will ever access and read this page, and thus sees no larger purpose to their editing of this page.

In the event that you have reached this page and are still reading up to the point and/or you are one of the minority who enjoy reading useless Internet records of stranger's boring interests, Nympseudo will oblige and part some personal information:

 * Nympseudo hails from Sydney, Australia
 * Nympseudo's great love(s) are Futurama, the visual arts, creative writing, the domestic rat, and of course, the Internet.
 * Nympseudo's great dislike(s) are mathematics.
 * Nympseudo is an enthusiast of Lojban

title: User:Nympseudo


text:
Mark Baker (animator)

Mark Baker (born 8 April 1959 in London) is an English animator and producer whose works include the Academy Award-nominated short films The Hill Farm (1988), The Village (1993) and Jolly Roger (1998). He is also known for co-creating Peppa Pig (2004–2023) and Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom (2009–2013) with Neville Astley.

Information
A contemporary of Nick Park at the National Film and Television School in London, Mark Baker now works for Astley Baker Davies. His films, The Hill Farm and Jolly Roger and The Village, were included in the Animation Show of Shows. Through his career, Baker has received Oscar nominations for his works of animated short films. He emerged as an animator in the 1970s. He is known to draw in a childlike style, but the underlying meanings of his work represent a sophisticated world view. His film The Hill Farm (1988) received an Oscar nomination, a BAFTA, the Grand Prix at the Annecy Animation Festival, the praise of the Russian animator Yuri Norstein, and others. Baker completed The Village for Channel 4 in 1993. In 1994, Baker partnered with Neville Astley to create the production company of Astley Baker that was later changed to the name of Astley Baker Davies with the addition of producer Phil Davies. In 2003 he participated in Kihachirō Kawamoto's collaborative project Winter Days. His most popular animation that he is recently known for Peppa Pig.

Background
Mark Baker was born in London on 8 April 1959. In his teen years, Baker began to make animated films on 8 mm. Then he continued to study animation at the West Surrey College of Art and Design (now University for the Creative Arts) where he created the short film The Three Knights (1982). He then continued on in his career by animating television commercials for the duration of a year for Richard Purdum Productions. Baker then enrolled in the National Film and Television School where he created his short film The Hill Farm (1988). He graduated in 1989 and then worked as a freelance animator and director for various companies including TVC, Speedy Films, David Anderson Films and Pizazz Pictures.

Preservation
The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Mark Baker's films, including Jolly Roger, The Hill Farm, and The Village.

title: Mark Baker (animator)


text:
Trewoon

Trewoon (Trewoon) is a village in south Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is on the western outskirts of St Austell, on the A3058 road and is a linear settlement, with housing estates, a village hall, park and playing fields. The village has many amenities and local businesses: a garage (mechanical operations only), a post office, a Convenience store, hairdressers, "The White Pyramid" pub, and Trinity Methodist church.

Trewoon is mentioned in the Domesday Book (as Tregoin: held by Hamelin from Robert, Count of Mortain) and is part of the St Mewan Parish and had its own manor known as Hembal Manor. China clay has played a big part in the village's history following its discovery by William Cookworthy.

Railway lines
The Cornish Main Line passes through the village. and serves many of the towns in Cornwall as well as providing a direct line to London. It is the southernmost railway line in the United Kingdom, and the westernmost in England. A freight line which links St Dennis to the Cornish Main Line at Trewoon was once a major transport route for transporting china clay mined locally to the ports at Fowey and Par Docks. Trains now use this roughly once a week.

For a short while, Trewoon was served by Burngullow railway station. It was very small and not often used by trains leading to its closure. In the redevelopment of St Austell for the St Austell Clay Country Eco-town the plans include a new station in the village creating better transport links to the town.

Roads
The A3058 runs between St Austell and Newquay and is thought to be one of the most dangerous roads in Cornwall with serious and some fatal accidents every year; although only a few occur in the village. The A3058 also crosses the A30 (the major trunk road through Cornwall) and provides a link to St Austell. The A3058 has seen many changes including the widening which demolished many properties.

China clay
Trewoon had a major part to play in the china clay industry in Cornwall being the home to the Blackpool Clay Pits and Dryers. The pits were the largest employer in the area and closed on 30 November 2007; it is estimated that the closure took £12m a year out of the local economy. Five hundred people were made redundant.

There are plans to build an extra 2500 houses in the Blackpool Dryers, Refinery and Pit, as part of the St Austell Clay Country Eco-town. The plan was given outline government approval in July 2009.

There was once a lane that runs up Carne Hill and went parallel to the Blackpool pit to the lane that went through the former village of Greensplat. Greensplat was demolished for the expansion of the pit next to Blackpool. Now there is a small overgrown path where it once ran. The first section is still intact.

Flora Dance
In the West Briton newspaper in 1959, Ashley Rowe noted that "...on Coronation day 1838 Trewoon held its Flora Dance and at Truro, the Mayor led the dance, which lasted till the small hours."

Carnival
Trewoon has a history of carnivals every year but following changes in the law regarding insurance for motorised floats the Carnival like many others across Cornwall was no longer attracting enough observers and was forced to end. The carnival has now returned to the village and happens once a year in the month of August along with fun events, concerts and games that happen all week at various sites in the village.

Pantomime
Trewoon Pantomime Group once performed in the local village hall until moving to St Austell Church Hall, where they still perform once a year. The pantomime group hit national headlines in 2006 when they were banned from using a real bed for their annual bed push and had to use a wheelchair for health and safety reasons reported on the BBC.

London 2012 Olympics
The Olympic torch passed through the village on its tour of the UK before arriving in London for the start of the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Trewoon Chapel and Sunday School
In 1821 a 'Bethel' (chapel) opened, and demolished when the road bridge over the railway was built. A new chapel opened in 1871, pioneered by Mr John Gaved, and Mrs Hennah of Hembal Manor donated the plot of land. It opened on Boxing Day 1871 and cost 'no more than £400'. The new building held 200 worshippers when the population of Trewoon was only 280.

title: Trewoon


text:
Anne-Caroline Chausson

Anne-Caroline Chausson (born 8 October 1977 in Dijon) is a French professional cyclist who competes in bicycle enduro, bicycle motocross (BMX), downhill time trial and cross-country mass start, dual, and four-cross mountain bicycle racing. She is best known for having won thirteen Union Cycliste Internationale senior mountain bike world championship rainbow jerseys, fourteen European mountain bike championships, and five consecutive Mountain Bike World Cup downhill series (1998-2002). She was nominated for the 2003 Laureus World Sports Awards Alternative Sportsperson of the Year. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Chausson competed for France in the inaugural women's BMX event, winning the gold medal.

Career highlights
Born in Dijon, Chausson capitalized on her previously successful BMX racing career that ended in 1993. Winning the 1993 downhill junior world championship gold medal started her international successful career. She enjoyed quick success early in her mountain bike racing career and won 1994 still being a Junior her first World Cup race in Cap d'Ail/FRA. Her amazing skills under different weather and track conditions were proofed after finishing 2nd in a muddy and at start level snow-covered Hindelang/GER World Cup. Also Silverstar the same year she was 2nd and this summed up to a solid 2nd overall. 1994, and 1995 two more downhill junior world championship gold medals before matriculating to the senior circuit. Her 1995 win in Kirchzarten had a bitter taste to her. She asked to ride Elite, but got no permission. Her race time then was faster to the time of the Elite Champion Leigh Donovan. Very emotional at the prize giving she refused to pull over the Junior Champions jersey. In Elite she could win the downhill title in eight consecutive years. Chausson has also been regarded to be the world's greatest downhiller of all time. In 1996, when she finished second behind American Missy Giove for the overall World Cup title, Chausson captured the World Champions title, defeating silver medallist American Leigh Donovan and Giove, who would claim the bronze. Chausson would once more finish second to Giove in the 1997 World Cup overall standings but easily claimed that year's world championship, defeating Swiss Marielle Saner and Finn Katja Repo.

In 1998, Chausson finally overcame Giove, with whom she would battle for nearly a decade, to win the World Cup title and subsequently won the world championship over World Cup bronze medallist Nolvenn LeCaer; she would repeat her double in 1999 and 2000, each time topping Giove for the World Cup title and Repo for the world championship.

In 2000, Chausson expanded her competitive repertoire, participating in the duals event, in which riders compete on parallel courses, composed of identical obstacles—primarily jumps and berms—in a single-elimination tournament, during the third season in which it was contested at the World Cup level, after which the 2000 iteration of the world championships featured the event for the first time; Chausson captured each crown, ahead each time of American Tara Llanes. Chausson once more participated in the duals event in 2001, failing to win a medal in the World Cup, won by Donovan, but winning the world championship once more, garnering the second and last duals title, this over Australian Katrina Miller, the World Cup silver medallist.

The four-cross BMX racing-inspired event, in which four cyclists ride on the same course betwixt gates, such that only the top finisher advances to a subsequent round, was chosen in 2001 by the National Off-Road Bicycle Association, the sports authority governing mountain biking for USA Cycling, to replace the duals and duals-slalom events and replaced the duals event in 2002 in both the World Cup and world championships competitions; Chausson nevertheless won the four-cross and downhill titles in each, ahead of countrymate Sabrina Jonnier in each, save for in the four-cross event at the world championships, where she topped Miller.

In 2007, she resumed BMX racing in pursuit of an Olympic medal in BMX racing which was making its debut in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. This effort was successful when she won the gold medal in Women's BMX. Since the women's medal round was staged before the men's, she became the very first person to win a gold medal in that sport.

After this she returned to mountain biking to focus on enduro racing. In 2012, she won the seven-day-long Trans-Provence Enduro Race.

Anne Caroline Chausson is recovering well from her second bout of cancer. Three months after her surgery, and after finishing a course of tomotherapy (radiotherapy), she's back out riding bikes again.

BMX Olympic champion
Chausson was chosen to represent France in the inaugural women's BMX event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, with Laëtitia Le Corguillé. She became the first ever Olympic gold medal winner in BMX racing after winning the one-round final, while Le Corguillé took the silver medal after British rider Shanaze Reade clipped Chausson's rear wheel and fell in the final turn.

Titles
BMX Mountain biking
 * BMX Olympic Champion: 2008
 * Junior downhill World Champion: 1993, 1994, 1995
 * Senior downhill World Champion: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005
 * Senior dual slalom World Champion: 2000, 2001
 * Senior four-cross World Champion: 2002, 2003
 * World Cup downhill series winner: 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
 * World Cup dual slalom series winner: 2000
 * World Cup four-cross series winner: 2002

title: Anne-Caroline Chausson


text:
Edward Heath (New Orleans)

Edward Heath (c. 1819–1892) was mayor of New Orleans from March 28, 1867, to June 10, 1868. His tenure came during the Reconstruction of Louisiana, and required a stronger personality than he brought to the office. During his term, he faced budgetary and racial problems as well as attemps by the military authorities of the U.S. Federal government to ensure that the rights of African-Americans were respected. He was the first Republican mayor of New Orleans and, along with Benjamin Flanders, one of the only two.

title: Edward Heath (New Orleans)


text:
User:Aadisht

I blog at www.aadisht.net.

title: User:Aadisht


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Todd Taylor

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied Wikibofh 14:34, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Todd Taylor
Delete Blatant insults and childishness. Mylakovich 11:45, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. I think this meets one of the speedy deletion criteria (A6). I tagged it as such. --JoanneB 12:09, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Callimachus (sculptor)

Comments
Callimachus and the invention of the Corinthian capital: "There are a number of variations of the story"... Twaddle, I believe—authoritative nonsense—but what would I know? Vitruvius is the one source, is he not? Can we get a citation, or eliminate this? --Wetman 11:46, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe you're quite right, and I'll get on it. The twaddle was to cover up variations in the story within Wikipedia, I'm afraid.  Those can be corrected too, easily enough.  Chick Bowen 12:10, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Callimachus (sculptor)


text:
Rosalind Halstead

Rosalind Halstead (born 18 July 1984) is an English actress and model.

Early life
Halstead was born in Islington, London, England. As a youth, she trained for five years at the Central School of Ballet, and danced at Sadler's Wells Theatre. Her performance career began at the North London Performing Arts Centre at the age of eight.

By the age of 13, Halstead was scouted by the Select Modelling Agency, and was a model for some years before becoming an actress.

Career
She appeared in the 2005 film Mrs Henderson Presents. The same year Halstead was cast in David Leland's Virgin Territory (originally titled The Decameron) which was produced by Dino De Laurentis. In 2007 she appeared in the recurring role of Kelly Short on the British television series Nearly Famous.

In 2009, she appeared as Isabella in a televised adaptation of Wuthering Heights on ITV1. In 2010, she appeared in the BBC comedy series How Not To Live Your Life playing a homeless woman who begins dating Don, the show's central character.

In 2014 Halstead joined the cast of the Syfy fantasy television series Dominion during its first season, playing the role of Sen. Becca Thorn.

title: Rosalind Halstead


text:
Wetworks (comics)

Wetworks is an American comic book series created by comic book artist Whilce Portacio and writer Brandon Choi. It ran for four years before ending in 1998. A second series written by Mike Carey, with Portacio returning on art duties, was started in 2006 and ended in 2008.

The story is about a team of black operative soldiers bonded with golden symbiotes, who battle against supernatural forces.

Publication history
Originally intended as one of the core Image Comics launch titles in 1992, the series was put on hiatus until 1994 due to the death of Portacio's sister. After re-solicitation by Image (through Jim Lee's Wildstorm imprint), the original series ran for 43 issues, from 1994–1998. The first 3 issues were collected as a trade paperback in 1996 from Image Comics / WildStorm Productions.

A relaunch of the same title began in 2006 by writer Mike Carey and creator Whilce Portacio. It follows the original team leader, Dane, as he and Mother One form a new Wetworks team to continue combating supernatural forces. As of issue #10 the creative team changed to writer J. M. DeMatteis and artists Joel Gomez and Trevor Scott, with Portacio remaining on as cover artist. The new series was cancelled with issue #15.

Wetworks reappeared as one of the one-shots in Wildstorm: Armageddon, but it was not one of the series restarted following the World's End events.

Plot
Wetworks is a covert operations team in the Wildstorm Universe, designated Team 7, led by Colonel Jackson Dane, who was a member of the original Team 7. In issue #1 of the series, Team 7 was sent on a (suicide) mission by International Operations' (I/O) Director Miles Craven. The mission was to enter a terrorist enclave on the Raanes Peninsula (Eastern Europe) and extract a biological agent the terrorists had in their possession. Once the team reached the target, they found out that someone had raided the enclave before them. While investigating, the team found several big transparent tubes containing some kind of golden fluid. At that moment, the explosives they were carrying were activated by remote control, displaying a ten-minute countdown. That was when the team knew they were double-crossed.

A hidden sniper shot at one of the tubes when team member Clayton "Claymore" Maure was examining it. The tube broke and the golden fluid jumped on Claymore as if it were alive, covering his whole body. If that was not enough, they were attacked by some terrorists. The terrorists started shooting, but the bullets bounced off Claymore's gold-covered body. Time was ticking and Col. Dane decided the team should open the remaining tubes to use the golden symbiotes as protection against the detonation of the explosives

After the detonation, the enclave was destroyed, but Team 7 emerged from the fire unharmed. That was when I/O's cleaners (three aircraft) were ordered to enter the site to kill the surviving team members. The field leader of the cleaners, Mother One, double-crossed I/O and shot down two aircraft before destroying her own. Mother One also had a golden symbiote, although it was not shown how she acquired it.

Mother One explained to Team 7 they were double-crossed by Craven and I/O and asked them to accompany her to her boss, industrialist Armand Waering.

Col. Dane reluctantly accepted and they started to work for Armand Waering. Waering told them that he wanted to kill the Vampire Nation because they wanted to take over the world from the humans. What he did not tell the team was that he was actually the Jaquar, leader of the Werenation.

Two members of Wetworks died early in their battles with the undead – Flattop and Crossbones. Later Pilgrim's brother, Nathaniel Blackbird joined the squad, and they learned that both he and Pilgrim (unknown to her) were both werewolves. Several members of the squad died during a major mission some time later, including Dozer and Claymore, and Wetworks broke up. Recently Dane has reactivated the team to deal with breaks in reality caused by another superteam, which have been turned into portals for forces from another dimension.

World's End
After the massive destruction dealt to Earth in the Number of the Beast miniseries, Lynch, head of the former Team 7, tries to convince Dane and the Wetworks into rejoining the Team, in an attempt to reverse the devastation and restore Earth to its former state.

Dane refuses his proposal since he no longer believes in a simple solution, and prefers tasking the Wetworks of defending humanity from the vampires. This is further detailed in Stormwatch – PHD as that team is targeted by Eastern European vampires.

Original series members

 * Claymore (Clayton H. Maure)
 * Crossbones (Nicholas A. Jones)
 * Dane (Jackson Michael Dane), member of the original Team 7
 * Dozer (Joseph H. Mendoza)
 * Flattop (Jason C. Phillips)
 * Grail (Salvador Joel Alonday)
 * Jester (Cord Dexter Lemoyne)
 * Mother-One (Rachel L. Rhodes)
 * Pilgrim (Maritza Blackbird)
 * Blackbird (Nathaniel Blackbird)

Second series members

 * Dane (Jackson Michael Dane)
 * Mother-One (Rachel L. Rhodes)
 * Red (Persephone)
 * Dustwalker (Ab-Death)
 * Sebastian Ashe

Collected editions
One collection of the first series has been released:

 * Wetworks: Rebirth (collects #1–3, 96 pages, Image Comics / WildStorm Productions, October 1996, ISBN 1-887279-33-4)

The new series has been collected in two trade paperbacks:

 * Wetworks Book 1 (collects #1–5 plus two short stories, 136 pages, Wildstorm, October 2007, ISBN 978-1-4012-1375-6)
 * Wetworks Book 2 (collects #6–9 and 13–15, 160 pages, Wildstorm, January 2008, ISBN 978-1-4012-1639-9)

Television
The Pilgrim appears in DC's Legends of Tomorrow season 1 episodes "The Magnificent Eight" and "Last Refuge" portrayed by Faye Kingslee. This version is an assassin of Time Masters. She traveled back to Central City in 1990 to take out a younger Mick Rory. However, she was stopped by Ray Palmer and then changed her focus to a younger version of Sara Lance. After travelling to 2007 she attacked the police station and took out multiple officers as well as Quentin Lance as they tried to stop her. She cornered Sara, but was stopped by the present day versions of Mick Rory and Sara. She fought Sara in hand to hand combat with Sara managing to disarm her. The Pilgrim was able to deprive Sara of her staffs. She started to overpower Sara but was thrown to the floor. The Pilgrim was able to retrieve her gun, however before she was able to shoot Sara she was hit with a blast from Mick Rory's Heat Gun. After failing on both occasions, she tried to kill Palmer in 2014 but was stopped by Jefferson Jackson and Rip, who used technology from Palmer to blow her out of the window. She then went back to 1993 to kill Jefferson as a baby, but he was spirited away by the team before she could get to him. Switching tactics the Pilgrim proceeded by kidnapping family members of the team, using them to blackmail Rip into surrendering themselves. Rip offered her his younger self and that way she could stop the entire team from being formed by killing him. She agreed, but before she could take the young boy, the team attacked her during the trade. She was surrounded and they fired their weapons. She began to reflect their attacks backwards, but was stabbed by the younger Rip Hunter, which distracted her and led the team to disintegrating her into ash.

Toys
Two waves of Wetworks action figures were produced by McFarlane Toys from 1995 to 1996.

title: Wetworks (comics)


text:
Old English phonology

Old English phonology is necessarily somewhat speculative since Old English is preserved only as a written language. Nevertheless, there is a very large corpus of the language, and the orthography apparently indicates phonological alternations quite faithfully, so it is not difficult to draw certain conclusions about the nature of Old English phonology.

Old English had a distinction between short and long (doubled) consonants, at least between vowels (as seen in "sun" and  "son",  "to put" and  "to steal"), and a distinction between short vowels and long vowels in stressed syllables. It had a larger number of vowel qualities in stressed syllables – and in some dialects  – than in unstressed ones –. It had diphthongs that no longer exist in Modern English, which were, with both short and long versions.

Consonants
The inventory of consonant surface sounds (whether allophones or phonemes) of Old English is as shown below. Allophones are enclosed in parentheses.

Intervocalic voicing
The fricatives had voiced allophones, which occurred between vowels or a vowel and a voiced consonant when the preceding sound was stressed.
 * stæf ('letter') :
 * stafas ('letters') >
 * smiþ ('blacksmith') :
 * smiþas ('blacksmiths') >
 * hūs ('house' noun) :
 * hūsian ('to house') >
 * forþ ('forth') :
 * compare eorðe ('earth') >
 * fæþm ('fathom') >

Proto-Germanic (a fricative allophone of ) developed into the OE stop, but Proto-Germanic  (a fricative allophone of ) developed into the OE fricative  (either its voiced allophone  or its voiceless allophone [f]).
 * PG  > OE fæder
 * PG  > OE stæf
 * PG > OE habban, hæfde,  '(to) have, had'

Dorsal consonants
Old English had a fairly large set of dorsal (postalveolar, palatal, velar) and glottal consonants:. Typically only are analyzed as separate phonemes;  is considered an allophone of,  an allophone of , and  and  allophones of.

Historically, developed from  by palatalization, and some cases of  developed from palatalization of, while others developed from Proto-Germanic. (Although this palatalization occurred as a regular sound change, later vowel changes and borrowings meant that the occurrence of the palatal forms was no longer predictable, that is, the palatals and the velars had become separate phonemes.) Both the velars (including ) and the palatals  (including ) are spelled as,  in Old English manuscripts.

In modern texts, the palatalized versions may be written with a dot above the letter:,. (As just mentioned, it would otherwise not generally be possible to predict whether a palatal or velar is meant, although there are certain common patterns; for example, often has the palatalized sound before the front vowels, , . Note that Old English had palatalized  in certain words that have hard G in Modern English due to Old Norse influence, such as ġiefan "give" and ġeat "gate".)

was pronounced as in most cases, but as the affricate  after  or when geminated (fortition). The voiced velar fricative was pronounced as the stop  after  or when doubled. In late Old English, was devoiced to  at the ends of words. Because of this, and the palatalization referred to above, the phonemes, , and came to alternate in the inflectional paradigms of some words.
 * dæġ ('day')
 * dæġes
 * dagas
 * dagung ('dawn')
 * burg, burh ('castle') >
 * burgum
 * byrġ
 * senġan ('to sing') >  (from )
 * bryċġ ('bridge') >  (from  < )

In late Old English, appeared in initial position as well, and  became an allophone of, occurring only after a vowel.

are allophones of occurring word-initially and after a front vowel respectively.
 * hund ('dog') >
 * cniht ('boy') >

The evidence for the allophone after front vowels is indirect, as it is not indicated in the orthography. Nevertheless, the fact that there was historically a fronting of to  and of  to  after front vowels makes it very likely. Moreover, in late Middle English, sometimes became  (e.g. tough, cough), but only after back vowels, never after front vowels. This is explained if we assume that the allophone sometimes became  but the allophone  never did.

Sonorants
is an allophone of occurring before  and. Words that have final in standard Modern English have the cluster  in Old English.
 * sincan ('sink') >
 * hring ('ring') >

The exact nature of Old English is not known. It may have been an alveolar approximant, as in most Modern English accents, an alveolar flap , or an alveolar trill.

were pronounced as voiceless sonorants following.
 * hwæt ('what')
 * hlāf ('bread') (Modern English loaf)
 * hnutu ('nut')
 * hring ('ring')

However, it is also commonly theorized that the ⟨h⟩ in these sequences was unpronounced, and only stood for the voicelessness of the following sonorant.

Velarization
apparently had velarized allophones and, or similar, when followed by another consonant or when geminated. This is suggested by the vowel shifts of breaking and retraction before, which could be cases of assimilation to a following velar consonant: Due to phonotactic constraints on initial clusters, ⟨wr⟩ and ⟨wl⟩ are thought by some to be digraphs representing these velarized sounds, in which case the distinction was phonemic:
 * *lirnian > liornian > leornian ('learn')
 * *erþǣ > eorþǣ > eorþe ('earth')
 * *fællan > feallan ('to fall')
 * wrīdan: "to grow"
 * rīdan: "to ride"
 * wlītan: "to look"
 * lītan: "to bend"

However, this theory is inconsistent with orthoepic and orthographic evidence from the Early Modern English era, as well as borrowings into and from Welsh, which has and  as genuine initial clusters.

Vowels
Old English had a moderately large vowel system. In stressed syllables, both monophthongs and diphthongs had short and long versions, which were clearly distinguished in pronunciation. In unstressed syllables, vowels were reduced or elided, though not as much as in Modern English.

Monophthongs
Old English had seven or eight vowel qualities, depending on dialect, and each could appear as either a long or short monophthong. An example of a pair of words distinguished by vowel length is god ('god') and gōd  ('good').

The front mid rounded vowel occurs in the Anglian dialects, for instance, but merged into  in the West Saxon dialect.

The long–short vowel pair developed into the Middle English vowels, with two different vowel qualities distinguished by height, so they may have had different qualities in Old English as well.

The short open back vowel before nasals was probably rounded to. This is suggested by the fact that the word for "person", for example, is spelled as mann or monn.

In unstressed syllables, only three vowels,, were distinguished. Here were reduced to ;  were reduced to, and  remained. Unstressed were sometimes pronounced/ spelled as  in closed syllables, as in hāliġ and heofon.

Diphthongs
All dialects of Old English had diphthongs. Like monophthongs, diphthongs appear to have had short and long versions. In modern texts, long diphthongs are marked with a macron on the first letter. The short versions behave like short monophthongs, and the long versions like long monophthongs. Most Old English diphthongs consist of a front vowel followed by a back offglide; according to some analyses they were in fact front vowels followed by a velarized consonant. The diphthongs tend to be height-harmonic, meaning that both parts of the diphthong had the same vowel height (high, mid or low).

The Anglian dialects had the following diphthongs:

The high diphthongs io and īo were not present in West Saxon, having merged into eo and ēo. Early West Saxon, however, had an additional pair of long and short diphthongs written ie (distinguished as ie and īe in modern editions), which developed from i-mutation or umlaut of eo or ea, ēo or ēa. Scholars do not agree on how they were pronounced; they may have been or. They were apparently monophthongized by Alfred the Great's time, to a vowel whose pronunciation is still uncertain, but is known as "unstable i". This later went on to merge with, according to spellings such as gelyfan, for earlier geliefan and gelifan ('to believe'). (According to another interpretation, however, the "unstable i" may simply have been, and the later can be explained by the fact that Late West Saxon was not a direct descendant of Early West Saxon. See Old English dialects.) This produced additional instances of  alongside those that developed from i-mutation and from sporadic rounding of  in certain circumstances (e.g. myċel 'much' from earlier miċel, with rounding perhaps triggered by the rounded ). All instances of were normally unrounded next to,  and , hence ġifan from earlier ġiefan 'to give'.

Origin of diphthongs
Old English diphthongs have several origins, either from Proto-Germanic or from Old English vowel shifts. Long diphthongs developed partly from the Proto-Germanic diphthongs and partly from the Old English vowel shifts, while the short diphthongs developed only from Old English vowel shifts. These are examples of diphthongs inherited from Proto-Germanic:
 * PG > Anglian bīom, West Saxon bēo '[I] am'
 * PG > OE dēor 'animal' > Modern English deer
 * PG > OE dēaþ 'death'

There are three vowel shifts that resulted in diphthongs: breaking, palatal diphthongization, and back mutation. Through breaking, Anglo-Frisian short developed into the short diphthongs io, eo, ea before  or a consonant cluster beginning with, and Anglo-Frisian long  developed into the diphthongs īo and ēa before. Palatal diphthongization changed e, æ and a, ǣ, u and o, ē to the diphthongs ie, ea, ēo, ēa respectively after the palatalized consonants ġ, sċ, and ċ (though this may have only been a spelling change). Back mutation changed i, e, and sometimes a to io, eo, and ea before a back vowel in the next syllable.
 * PG > Anglo-Frisian  > Anglian liornian, West Saxon leornian 'learn' (breaking)
 * PG > AF  > Old English nēah 'near' (breaking)
 * PG > AF  > ġiefan 'give' (palatal diphthongization)
 * PG > AF  > OE seofon 'seven' (back mutation)

Scholars disagree on whether short diphthongs are phonologically possible, and some say that Old English short diphthongs must actually have been centralized vowels. Hogg argues against this, saying that a length contrast in diphthongs exists in modern languages, such as Scots, in which the short diphthong in tide contrasts with the long diphthong in tied.

Peter Schrijver has theorized that Old English breaking developed from language contact with Celtic. He says that two Celtic languages were spoken in Britain, Highland British Celtic, which was phonologically influenced by British Latin and developed into Welsh, Cornish, and Breton, and Lowland British Celtic, which was brought to Ireland at the time of the Roman conquest of Britain and became Old Irish. Lowland British Celtic had velarization like Old and Modern Irish, which gives preceding vowels a back offglide, and this feature was loaned by language contact into Old English, resulting in backing diphthongs.

Phonotactics
Phonotactics is the study of the sequences of phonemes that occur in languages and the sound structures that they form. In this study it is usual to represent consonants in general with the letter C and vowels with the letter V, so that a syllable such as 'be' is described as having CV structure. The IPA symbol used to show a division between syllables is the dot. Old English stressed syllables were structured as (C)3V(C)3; that is, up to three consonants in both the onset and coda with one vowel as the nucleus.

Onset
Onset clusters typically consist of a fricative and a stop, although  is allowed as a third element before voiceless stops. The other onset consonants (and  if these are accepted as existing) always occur alone. Alternatively, the voiceless sonorants can be analyzed as clusters of  and a voiced sonorant:. Conversely, the clusters of and a voiceless stop-  can be argued to be phonemic, although no analyses do so.

Nucleus
The syllable nucleus was always a vowel.

Sound changes
Like Frisian, Old English underwent palatalization of the velar consonants and fronting of the open vowel  to  in certain cases. It also underwent vowel shifts that were not shared with Old Frisian: smoothing, diphthong height harmonization, and breaking. Diphthong height harmonization and breaking resulted in the unique Old English diphthongs io, ie, eo, ea.

Palatalization yielded some Modern English word-pairs in which one word has a velar and the other has a palatal or postalveolar. Some of these were inherited from Old English (drink and drench, day and dawn), while others have an unpalatalized form loaned from Old Norse (skirt and shirt).

Dialects
Old English had four major dialect groups: Kentish, West Saxon, Mercian, and Northumbrian. Kentish and West Saxon were the dialects spoken south of a line approximately following the course of the River Thames: Kentish in the easternmost portion of that area and West Saxon everywhere else. Mercian was spoken in the middle part of the country, separated from the southern dialects by the Thames and from Northumbrian by the River Humber. Mercian and Northumbrian are often grouped together as "Anglian".

The biggest differences occurred between West Saxon and the other groups. The differences occurred mostly in the front vowels, and particularly the diphthongs. (However, Northumbrian was distinguished from the rest by much less palatalization. Forms in Modern English with hard  and  where a palatalized sound would be expected from Old English are due either to Northumbrian influence or to direct borrowing from Scandinavian.  Note that, in fact, the lack of palatalization in Northumbrian was probably due to heavy Scandinavian influence.)

The early history of Kentish was similar to Anglian, but sometime around the ninth century all of the front vowels æ, e, y (long and short) merged into e (long and short). The further discussion concerns the differences between Anglian and West Saxon, with the understanding that Kentish, other than where noted, can be derived from Anglian by front-vowel merger. The primary differences were:
 * Original (post Anglo-Frisian brightening) ǣ was raised to ē in Anglian but remained in West Saxon. This occurred before other changes such as breaking, and did not affect ǣ caused by i-umlaut of ā.  Hence, e.g., dǣlan ('to divide') <  appears the same in both dialects, but West Saxon slǣpan ('to sleep') appears as slēpan in Anglian. (Note the corresponding vowel difference in the spelling of "deal" < dǣlan vs. "sleep" < Anglian slēpan.)
 * The West Saxon vowels ie/īe, caused by i-umlaut of long and short ea, eo, io did not appear in Anglian. Instead, i-umlaut of ea and rare eo is spelled e, and i-umlaut of io remains as io.
 * Breaking of short to ea did not happen in Anglian before +consonant; instead, the vowel was retracted to .  When mutated by i-umlaut, it appears again as æ (vs. West Saxon ie).  Hence, Anglian cald ('cold') vs. West Saxon ċeald.
 * Merger of eo and io (long and short) occurred early in West Saxon, but much later in Anglian.
 * Many instances of diphthongs in Anglian, including the majority of cases caused by breaking, were turned back into monophthongs again by the process of "Anglian smoothing", which occurred before c, h, g, alone or preceded by r or l. This accounts for some of the most noticeable differences between standard (i.e. West Saxon) Old English and Modern English spelling.  E.g. ēage ('eye') became ēge in Anglian; nēah ('near') became Anglian nēh, later raised to nīh in the transition to Middle English by raising of ē before h (hence nigh in Modern English); nēahst ('nearest') become Anglian nēhst, shortened to nehst in late Old English by vowel-shortening before three consonants (hence next in Modern English).

Modern English derives mostly from the Anglian dialect rather than the standard West Saxon dialect of Old English. However, since London sits on the Thames near the boundary of the Anglian, West Saxon, and Kentish dialects, some West Saxon and Kentish forms have entered Modern English. For example, bury has its spelling derived from West Saxon and its pronunciation from Kentish (see below).

Examples
The prologue to Beowulf:

The Lord's Prayer:

title: Old English phonology


text:
Set dresser

A set dresser in drama (theater, film etc.) prepares the set with props and furniture to give it correct appearance and make sure each item is in correct position for each performance.

In film
Set dressers arrange objects on a film set before rolling the camera. They work under the direction of a Production Designer and the Set Decorator, typically with a Leadman/Lead Person as their immediate supervisor. Set dressers place furniture, hang pictures, and put out decorative items. They are also responsible for some light construction and assembly of small items, such as air-conditioning ducts and light switch plates. They also move items as necessary to make room for the filming equipment. During the shoot, the prop department works with an on-set dresser to ensure that the props and furnishing are in the proper location for the script and to maintain continuity, as scenes are often shot out of order.

In theater
Set dressers "dress" the set of a play. Set dressers specifically deal with items on stage that are not interacted with by actors. Often set dressers are in charge of finding and installing curtains, wallpaper, photos, bedspreads, rugs and other items onto the set. Set dressers are sometimes a part of the props department, construction department or their own department. Whether set dressing is its own department is often dependent on how much money a theater has. Set dressers also often have a lot of cross-over work with the props department or construction department. The set dressing department works under the director, producer and scenic designer.

title: Set dresser


text: Talk:Rosalind Halstead

title: Talk:Rosalind Halstead


text:
Subbase (pavement)

In highway engineering, subbase is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on the pavement, but it is necessary for surfaces used by vehicles.

Subbase is often the main load-bearing layer of the pavement. Its role is to spread the load evenly over the subgrade. The materials used may be either unbound granular, or cement-bound.

The quality of subbase is very important for the useful life of the road and can outlive the life of the surface, which can be scraped off and, after checking that the subbase is still in good condition, a new layer can be applied.

Unbound granular materials are usually crushed stone, crushed slag or concrete, or slate.

Cement-bound materials come in multiple types. Mass concrete is used where exceptional loads are expected, with thickness usually 100 to 150 mm, and optional reinforcement with steel mesh or polymer fibers. Other cement bound materials (CBM), with less strength but also lower cost, are used. They are rated by strength, from the weakest CBM 1 (also formerly known as soil cement) through CBM 2 to CBM 3, 4, and 5, which are more similar to concrete and are called "lean mix". In the UK, the specification for aggregate used as a subbase in the construction of driveways and roads includes MOT Type 1 Stone.

The thickness of subbase can range from 75 to 100 mm for garden paths through 100 to 150 mm for driveways and public footpaths, to 150 to 225 mm for heavy used roads, and more for highways.

Low quality subbase material, including large pieces of rock and concrete, which was hardly acceptable heretofore, can now be re-used when crushed in-situ with conventional milling machines to obtain a homogenous grain size. It may then be treated normally with hydraulic binders, augmented by specific polymer formulations.

The subgrade or base course is properly prepared for the required grade and camber of WBM road. The potholes and the depressions on the surface of the road are properly filled up and compacted.

title: Subbase (pavement)