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Children's poetry

Children's poetry is poetry written for, appropriate for, or enjoyed by children.

Children's poetry is one of the oldest art forms, rooted in early oral tradition, folk poetry, and nursery rhymes. Children have always enjoyed both works of poetry written for children and works of poetry intended for adults. In the West, as people's conception of childhood changed, children's poetry shifted from being a teaching tool to a form of entertainment.

The first glimpse of children being shaped by poetry was noted by The Opies, renowned anthologists and literary historians. They saw that before the mid-eighteenth century there wasn't much written for children aside from encouraging phrases. Ballads of the 18th century launched the modern genre of children's poetry.

Today, many poets (such as Dr. Seuss, Shel Silverstein, and Jack Prelutsky) are primarily known for their work aimed at children; many poets who primarily write for adults (such as Ogden Nash and Robert Frost) are also known for beloved children's poetry.

Early children's poetry
Poetry is universal throughout the world's oral traditions as songs and folklore passed down to younger generations. The oldest works of children's poetry, such as Zulu imilolozelo, are part of cultural oral traditions.

In China, the Tang dynasty became known as the Golden Age of Chinese poetry with the invention of the movable type. Some poets chose to write poems specifically for children, often to teach moral lessons. Many poems from that era, like "Toiling Farmers", are still taught to children today.

In Europe, written poetry was uncommon before the invention of the printing press. Most children's poetry was still passed down through the oral tradition. However, some wealthy children were able to access handmade lesson books written in rhyme.

With the invention of the printing press, European literature exploded. The earliest printed poetry for children is nearly all educational in nature. In the fifteenth century and sixteenth century, courtesy books aimed at children sought to teach them good manners and appropriate behavior. Les Contenances de la Table, published in 1487, is a French example; The Babee's Boke and Queen Elizabethe's Academy are both English examples, printed in the 1500s.

The first children's book printed in the New World was John Cotton's Milk for Babes, Drawn out of the Breasts of Both Testaments, Chiefly for the Spiritual Nourishment of Boston Babes in either England, but may be of like use for any children. Published in 1646, it was a child's Puritan catechism. While the first edition was not in verse, later editions were rewritten into the earliest American children's poetry.

Another notable work of early children's poetry is John Bunyan's A Book for Boys and Girls, first published in 1686, and later abridged and re-published as Divine Emblems. It consists of short poems about common, everyday subjects, each in rhyme, with a Christian moral.

Eighteenth century
In the eighteenth century, a separate genre of children's literature, including poetry, began to emerge.

As before, many works of children's poetry were written to teach children moral virtues. Isaac Watts' Divine Songs are an example of this concept. They were reprinted for a 150 years, in six or seven hundred editions. In fact, they were so popular that Lewis Carroll parodied them two hundred years later in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. JR Townshend argues that Isaac Watts was the first true poet for children.

For the first time since the invention of the printing press, children's poetry was being written to entertain. Nursery rhymes became popular for children in the mid-eighteenth century. The first published book of children's nursery rhymes was likely Tommy Thumb's Song Book, published in 1744 by a woman named Mrs. Cooper. Most of the nursery rhymes contained in the Song Book are familiar to modern audiences, and were most likely passed through the oral tradition before being written down.

In the late eighteenth century, John Newbery, the first publisher of English children's books, began to publish children's poetry. He first published the Mother Goose rhymes in the 1760s and then A Little Pretty Pocket-Book a few years later.

Nineteenth century

In the nineteenth century, children's poets continued to write for children's entertainment. Ann Taylor and Jane Taylor wrote several books of children's poetry that contained poems such as "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" and "My Mother". The Cambridge History of English and American Literature claims that their poems are 'proverbial'.

Cautionary tales like Miss Turner's Cautionary Stories became popular around this time, and were reprinted well into the twentieth century. These 'cautionary tales' follow the pattern of the Divine Songs and Courtesy Books of past centuries- they are short verses about children who do something terrible and face the consequences. They became enough of a cultural staple to be parodied by writers such as Hilaire Belloc and Edward Gorey.

Other moralist authors, like Charles and Mary Lamb, wanted to educate more than preach. Their best-known work for children, Tales from Shakespeare, attempted to simplify and censor the works of William Shakespeare to be suitable for young minds. Critics praised the clarity of the writing, but even at the time, argued that it might be too complicated for children to understand.

Also during this time, society started seeing childhood as a different state from adulthood, an innocent state that should be focused on gentle education and play. One of the most significant works from the early nineteenth century was William Roscoe's 1807 The Butterfly's Ball, and the Grasshopper's Feast. Despite a mixed reception from critics, its significance cannot be understated, and all modern picture books owe something to its influence.

Other stories-in-verse followed, including A Visit From Saint Nicholas (better known as 'Twas the Night before Christmas) and Robert Browning's The Pied Piper of Hamelin. These works, written by 'respectable' members of society, proved that public opinion was changing. Children's literature was as likely to be fanciful as it was moralizing. Around this time, the Brothers Grimm began collecting folklore. Romantic ideals of nationalism and aestheticism suddenly gave fairy tales a new significance. Many nineteenth century authors began to write new fairy tales, some in prose and some in verse.

This new cultural acceptance of romanticism and lack of meaning in children's literature led to the creation of a new genre of children's poetry: nonsense verse, whimsical poetry that focuses more on sound than sense. Although nonsense verse existed for most of human history, it was rare to see original nonsense verse in print until the 1800s.

One of the first modern poets to write nonsense verse was Edward Lear - his limericks focus on absurd, whimsical situations, and his later poetry revels in made-up words and ridiculous concepts. Lear's most notable poems include The Jumblies, The Owl and the Pussy-Cat, and The Pobble Who Has No Toes.

Lewis Carroll, author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, also is well known for writing nonsense verse. His parodies of famous children's poetry, such as How Doth the Little Crocodile, shine an amusing light on Victorian children's moral lessons.

At the turn of the century, Rudyard Kipling wrote a number of notable poems for children. Most of them are contained in the Jungle Book or in the Just So Stories, an anthology of stories that Kipling wrote for his daughter Effie.

Twentieth century
Children's poetry continued to diversify and expand through the twentieth century, adopting new forms and new methods of expression.

One of the twentieth century's pioneers of picture books was Leonard Leslie Brooke, who wrote picture books about a character named Johnny Crow. Unlike previous illustrated books for children, they were single poems with each line of verse illustrated, rather than a series of poems each with their own illustration.

Children's magazines like St. Nicholas Magazine were also instrumental in the growth of children's poetry during this period. Notable authors like Lucy Maud Montgomery and William Makepeace Thackeray published poetry in these magazines, and many young poets published their first works thanks to the contests the magazine regularly held.

Other notable children's poets of the early 20th century include Eleanor Farjeon, Laura E. Richards, and Walter de la Mare. Richards was described by May Hill Arbuthnot as 'the American Poet Laureate of Nonsense for Children', and started her career writing poetry for St. Nicholas magazine. She published many short, narrative poems in magazines, and her first book, 'Tirra Lirra', in 1932.

In the 1920s, AA Milne emerged as a notable children's poet. While he's best known for his Winnie-The-Pooh series of children's stories, he began writing children's literature with two books of poetry. Milne was a successful playwright and adult poet, but in 1924 he wrote When We Were Very Young and Now We Are Six - two poetry books which are still popular among children to this day. Milne's views on writing children's poetry show how, by this time, children's poets approached their work seriously, with the same passion they put into writing for adults:

"'The practice of no form of writing demands such a height of technical perfection as the writing of light verse... When We Were Very Young is not the work of a poet becoming playful, nor of a lover of children expressing his love, nor of a prose-writer knocking together a few jingles for the little ones, it is the work of a light-verse writer taking his job seriously even though he is taking it into the nursery.'"

Rachel Field became another popular children's poet at this time, with her books The Pointed People and Taxis and Toadstools. Field wrote about everything from fairies to postmen, rural Maine to New York City, dogs chasing fireflies to profound heartbreak. She published seven collections of poetry throughout her life, with an eighth posthumous collection posthumously. Her book Prayer for a Child won the Caldecott Medal in 1945, a few years after her death.

Langston Hughes also became a prominent poet around this time, during the Harlem Renaissance. He was one of the first notable African-American poets to be widely read by children. While he mostly focused on poetry for adults, Hughes wrote a book of poems called The Dream Keeper specifically for children.

Children's poetry in the mid-20th century was dominated by Theodor Geisel, otherwise known as Doctor Seuss. Dr. Seuss wrote more than 50 books during his lifetime, most of which are in rhyme; they've sold over 200 million copies, and have been translated into 15 languages. Seuss made two great contributions to children's poetry. He pioneered the "early reader" picture book, which uses a limited number of words to help children learn to read. He also mixed morality and nonsense, in a way that few children's authors have successfully managed. Seuss' jaunty, zany books are a staple of families and classrooms to this day, and have helped many English-speaking children learn to read.

The turbulent political climate of the 1960s meant that children's poets began to address new topics. "Issues of war and peace, social injustice and racial prejudice, technology and urban life were addressed in children's poetry for the first time. Poets also began to experiment with new forms, such as free verse, concrete poetry, and the use of dialect..."

The late 1970s saw several notable poets taking a playful attitude to children's poetry, specifically with the rise of ‘urchin verse’ in the United Kingdom. Notable authors exhibiting this kind of poetic technique include: Michael Rosen, Allan Ahlberg, and Benjamin Zephaniah all of whom critically influenced the shaping of the modern educational and playground experience for children.

Twenty-first century
Recent children's poetry has been confined to the medium of picture books and, as a result, aimed at younger children as the audience. In the United States, Julia Donaldson, Shell Silverstein, Jack Prelutsky, and Theodor Geisel, otherwise known as Dr. Seuss, are still popular among children.

Importance
Ralph Waldo Emerson suggested poetry helps children learn the power of a few words. He proposes that through any form of verse, children can be introduced to both language and rhythm held within poetic structure.

Sandra Lennox expands on this point with her studies suggesting poetry helps children strengthen their oral and written language skills along with their mental understanding of the world around them. She also suggests that the rhythmic nature of poetry helps children hoan their vocabulary and word meaning abilities.

Poetry helps children develop their literacy skills such as phonemic awareness through pitch, voice inflection, and volume; memorization through patterns and sequences; physical awareness of breath, and movements of the mouth and other gestures as they align to the rhythm of the poetry. Scholars also see that poetry and nursery rhymes are universal throughout cultures as an oral tradition.

Furthermore, Krystyna Nowak-Fabrykowski found, in her analysis of poems published by children in Canadian elementary school, that poetry helps guide children to express themselves in a more creative and descriptive nature.

Also, Mika and Tsitsi Nyoni found, through their study of the African Indigenous Knowledge System, that poems cannot be treated as solely an element of “play” for children because of the loaded content children need to interact with to engage in the activity. They go on to explain that poems instill values and attitudes that direct the child throughout the rest of their lives while remaining in the comfort of their own homes.

Inspired by Hollindale's Signs of Childness in Children's Books (1997), Debbie Pullinger reviewed various poetry as a case study to show how linear progression and the presence of a child protagonist are the two central literary elements that divide children and adult poetry.

Lastly, despite modern society being largely urban and, as a result, the majority of children's poets having this environment be a big part of their lived experience, very few poets have engaged with this topic in their work. A few of the exceptions are Richard Margolis, Paul Janeczko, and Gary Soto who all had their point of view driven by social issues.

Awards
Awards that are given for children's poetry:

 * United States - In the United States children's poetry awards include the Award for Excellence in Poetry for Children, established in 1977, awarded annually by the National Council of Teachers of English and the position of Young People's Poet Laureate, a two-year appointment awarded by the Poetry Foundation to an author of children's poetry.
 * United Kingdom - In the United Kingdom the Poetry for Children: Signal Award was published in the journal, Signal: Approaches to Children's Books, from 1979 to 2001.
 * North America - The Lion and The Unicorn Award for Excellence in North American Poetry, established in 2005, is annually awarded by the Johns Hopkins University Press.

Notable children's poets

 * Allan Ahlberg is an English writer known for several best-selling children's books, both full of poetry and children's literature, illustrated by his wife Janet.
 * Arna Bontemps (1902 - 1973) born in Alexandria, Louisiana and raised in California, is one of the most well known black writers of the twentieth century. He edited a volume of children's poetry in 1968.
 * Barbara Wersba (b. 1932) born in San Francisco, California and raised in New York City during her teen years, has published nine children's books including two books of children's poetry.
 * Charles Lamb (1775–1834), best known for his Essays of Elia and for the children's book Tales from Shakespeare, co-authored with his sister, Mary Lamb (1764–1847).
 * Dennis Lee (b. 1939) is known as one of the most popular Canadian children's poets. He was awarded the Canadian Library Association Award, Ruth Schwartz Award, and International Board on Books for Young People for his book of poetry for primary children entitled Garbage Delight (1977).
 * Edward Lear (1812–1888) was the first to use limericks in his writing, authoring A Book of Nonsense in 1846 and featuring silly poetry and neologisms.
 * Eugene Field (1850 - 1895) born in St. Louis, Missouri, is known for renowned children's poetry, such as “Little Boy Blue” and the “Dutch Lullaby”.
 * Eve Merriam (1916 - 1992) is an American writer known for her poetry, fiction, non-fiction, and plays for children. In the world of children's poetry, she was consistently praised for her skillful metered verse, free verse, nonsense verse, and social conscience.
 * Francisco X. Alarcón (1954–2016) first started writing poetry for children in 1997 after realizing there were very few books written by Latino authors. His poems are minimalist and airy, and often published in bilingual editions.
 * Gertrude Stein (1874 - 1946) an American poet and writer, is known for insisting that all of her poetry should be classified as children's poetry. She often experimented with children's genres, specifically breaking the boundaries of what we define as children's literature traditionally.
 * Jack Prelutsky (b.1940) - Author of such works as A Gopher in the Garden and Other Animal Poems, Jack Prelutsky was selected the inaugural Young People's Poet Laureate by the Poetry Foundation in 2006.
 * Jacqueline Woodson (b. 1963), writer of Newbery Honor-winning Brown Girl Dreaming, an adolescent novel told in verse.
 * Jane Taylor (poet) (1783–1824) co-wrote the ubiquitous Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star with her sister.
 * Jean Sprackland (b.1962), is an English poet, the author of three collections of poetry published since 1997.
 * John Greenleaf Whittier (1807 - 1892) based in Massachusetts, is remembered for his abolitionist and Quaker beliefs, ballads, and long narrative poems.
 * Judith Viorst (b. 1931) is known for her humorous observational poetry and for her children's literature.
 * Mary Howitt (1799 - 1888) based in the UK, is credited with introducing humor to children's poetry with her remembered poem “The Spider and the Fly” (1834).
 * Michael Rosen (b. 1946) is a broadcaster, children's novelist and poet. He is remembered for his use of humor and irony in his children's poetry along with tackling social justice and sensitive issues.
 * Charles Ghigna (b.1946) also known as "Father Goose" is best known for his collection The Father Goose Treasury of Poetry for Children: 101 Favorite Poems.
 * Nikki Giovanni (b. 1943) is one of the world's most well-known African-American poets. Her work directly addresses the African American experience in Spin a Soft Black Song and others.
 * N. M. Bodecker (1922 - 1988), born in Denmark, was both a prominent children's poet and children's literature illustrator. He is most remembered for his humor and use of figurative language in his poems.
 * Paul Fleischman (b.1952) is best known for his collection Joyful Noise: Poems for Two Voices, winner of the 1989 Newbery Medal.
 * Roald Dahl (1916–1990) is one of the most successful children's writers in the world: around thirty million of his books have been sold in the UK alone. Dahl's collection of poems Revolting Rhymes is a re-interpretation of six well-known fairy tales, featuring surprise endings in place of the traditional happily-ever-after.
 * Robert Louis Stevenson - author of such works as A Child's Garden of Verses.
 * Shel Silverstein - author of such works as Where the Sidewalk Ends and A Light in the Attic, Silverstein also wrote The Giving Tree.
 * Theodor Geisel (Dr. Seuss) (1904 - 1991) born in Massachusetts began his career as a children's author as a freelance cartoonist. He wrote many Children's poetry books including The Cat in the Hat, Green Eggs and Ham, and How the Grinch Stole Christmas!.
 * Tony Mitton (1951 –2022) was an English writer. He won the 2014 Centre for Literacy in Primary Education (CLPE) / CLIPPA poetry award for the poem 'Wayland'
 * Valerie Bloom (b.1956) is a Jamaican-born poet and a novelist based in the UK.
 * Virginia Gerson (1864-1961). Rose buds (1885), New York: White, Stokes, & Allen

title: Children's poetry


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Sequestrum

A sequestrum (plural: sequestra) is a piece of dead bone that has become separated during the process of necrosis from normal or sound bone.

It is a complication (sequela) of osteomyelitis. The pathological process is as follows:
 * infection in the bone leads to an increase in intramedullary pressure due to inflammatory exudates
 * the periosteum becomes stripped from the ostium, leading to vascular thrombosis
 * bone necrosis follows due to lack of blood supply
 * sequestra are formed

The sequestra are surrounded by sclerotic bone which is relatively avascular (without a blood supply). Within the bone itself, the haversian canals become blocked with scar tissue, and the bone becomes surrounded by thickened periosteum.

Due to the avascular nature of this bone, antibiotics which travel to sites of infection via the bloodstream poorly penetrate these tissues, hence the difficulty in treating chronic osteomyelitis.

At the same time as this, new bone is forming (known as involucrum). Openings in this involucrum allow debris and exudates (including pus) to pass from the sequestrum via sinus tracts to the skin.

Rarely, a sequestrum may turn out to be an osteoid osteoma, a rare tumor of the bone.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sequestrum


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White Conduit Fields

White Conduit Fields in Islington was an early venue for cricket and several major matches are known to have been played there in the 18th century. It was the original home of the White Conduit Club, forerunner of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Later it was used by The Islington Albion Cricket Club, who played their last game at the ground in 1834. Maps from the time show that the cricket field was a few hundred metres north of the White Conduit House, in the land surrounding the modern Richmond Crescent, and paintings suggest it was also possibly on the adjacent field to the south at the modern Barnard Park.

Early matches
The earliest match known to have been played at White Conduit Fields was the controversial encounter on Monday, 1 September 1718, between London Cricket Club and the Rochester Punch Club. This game provoked a legal case when the Rochester players walked off in an attempt to save their stake money, London clearly winning at the time. The case focused on the terms of the wager rather than the rules of the sport and the judge ordered the game to be played out. It was concluded in July 1719 at the same venue and London won by 21 runs. London's 21-run victory is the earliest known definite result of any cricket match.

The next known match was on Wednesday, 19 August 1719, between London and Kent. Kent won and the contemporary report concludes with: "The Kentish men won the wager" (i.e., the wager was more important than the match). London and Kent met again on Saturday, 9 July 1720, and this time London won.

After 1720 the important London cricket matches were played at Kennington Common and the Artillery Ground, but White Conduit Fields was still used sporadically for cricket. In 1754 there was a single wicket match, where Falkner and Harris beat the two Bennets by 45 notches. In 1772 there was a cricket match between the butchers of London, when 11 Master Butchers of Newgate Market beat 11 Master Butchers of Clare Market for a money prize. The players began to wrangle and both parties came to blows when Newgate butchers had only a few runs left to chase. In 1773 London played England at White Conduit Fields.

Other early matches in Islington
There are two known matches which took place in the Islington area in 1722 and 1730 but their precise locations are unrecorded or indeterminate. The first match may have been played on or near White Conduit Fields and took place on Wednesday, 18 July 1722 between London and Dartford. Knowledge of the match is via a letter in The Weekly Journal dated 21 July 1722. The match was abandoned following a dispute. The letter said: "A Match at Cricket was made between the little Parish of Dartford in Kent, and the Gentlemen known by the name of the London Club". Teams styled "London" were already in existence but this is the first reference to an actual "London Club".

On Wednesday, 12 August 1730, a London v Kent match began at a place called "Frog Lane" in Islington. Frog Lane was in east Islington, and forms the modern Danbury Street, Rheidol Terrace and Popham Street. It is therefore highly unlikely that this was White Conduit Fields. The source records that "being obliged by their articles to leave off at seven o’clock, they could not finish it". London had a lead of 30 runs when play ended and it was decided to complete the match on Tuesday, 18 August, at Kennington Common. There is no surviving record of the resumption.

White Conduit Club
White Conduit Fields became the home venue of the White Conduit Club from around 1780, and it became a major venue again from 1784 to 1786 when at least four matches involving the club were played there. It is believed that the club members were dissatisfied with the venue because it was "too open" and so they sought a more private location. They authorised Thomas Lord, one of the ground staff bowlers, to do the necessaries and find another venue. Before the 1787 season, the club moved to what is now called Lord's Old Ground in Marylebone.

Islington Albion Cricket Club
Cricket continued to be played at White Conduit Fields for several decades after the White Conduit Club moved to Lord's. The Oldfield family had owned the ground for many generations and operated a dairy farm adjacent to it. A new club called The Islington Albion Club was established in 1805 and held the ground from the Oldfields. The club was named after The Albion tea house, built by Mr Thomas Albion Oldfield at the turn of the nineteenth century, which overlooked the ground. The earliest known games were in 1822 against Chislehurst, and other reported games were played against the Thursday's Kennington, Canonbury, Highgate, Richmond, Hornchurch and Cambridge clubs. The Albion Club played its last game on White Conduit Fields in 1834. In 1835 it moved to a more open ground near Copenhagen House, about a mile north of White Conduit Fields, and later played at Holloway, and Alexandra Park until at least the 1890s before disbanding.

Ground location and subsequent urban development
The cricket field was long supposed to have been in the vicinity of King's Cross railway station. In 2005, a researcher concluded that the site was bounded by the modern streets of Cloudesley Road to the north, Barnsbury Road to the west, Tolpuddle Street to the south and probably as far as Liverpool Road to the east. There exists a White Conduit Street in this area.

However maps from the time show that the cricket field was in the area of the modern Richmond Crescent, and it was bounded by Richmond Avenue to the south and the modern Thornhill Road cutting across the eastern part of the field. Eighteenth century paintings also indicate this more northerly location, or possibly the field immediately south of the one shown on the maps for pre-1787 matches. They show it is situated a few hundred metres directly north of the White Conduit House and close to the Islington Workhouse, which was located just behind on Barnsbury Street.

The venue has disappeared under the spread of urban development. The Regent's Canal was cut through the land in the years after 1810 and passed almost directly under White Conduit House. The Islington Albion Club played at White Conduit Fields from 1805 to 1834, by which time some of the ground, which formed part of the Oldfield dairy farm, had already been lost. A part of the south of the ground had been incorporated into nursery grounds (owned by Mr Smith of Liverpool and others), and later maps show that the ground had become less open, before it was built upon with housing from 1839 onwards.

title: White Conduit Fields


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Bahnsen Theological Seminary

Bahnsen Theological Seminary was a Calvinist theological training institution, founded in 1997 and based in Placentia, California. It was most notably associated with Greg Bahnsen and Kenneth Gentry. It served as the degree granting division of the Southern California Center for Christian Studies. It offered instruction worldwide by correspondence, as well as courses presented locally. BTS offered four master's degree programs; Master of Divinity, Master of Christian Studies, Master of Apologetics, and Master of Philosophy.

Faculty included:

 * Kenneth Gentry Jr. ThD, ordained minister in the PCA.

 * Roger Wagner, ordained minister and pastor of Bayview Orthodox Presbyterian Church in Chula Vista, CA.

 * Michael Butler, graduated magna cum laude from CSUF with a B.A. in philosophy and history, and a M.A. in philosophy from Claremont Graduate School.

 * Jerry Crick, ordained as a minister in the Presbyterian Church of America and now serves as pastor of Scottish Presbyterian Kirk of the Covenant in Simpsonville, SC.

 * Michael Mang, ordained minister in the P.C.A. and pastor of Fellowship Presbyterian Church in Greer, SC.

 * Jeffrey Ventrella, ordained Ruling Elder in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church and regularly preaches and lectures in churches and mission works throughout the Pacific Northwest.

 * George Scipione, minister in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.

title: Bahnsen Theological Seminary


text:
Talk:George Heriot's School

Cover-up
how do you cover something up by sending a letter out to lots of folk? --Ajvphilp 17:32, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. I removed the sentence. I'm not sure the whole episode should be included; it seems a rather minor thing in the whole history of the school, but it is fairly recent. Anyway, I left one sentence mentioning it and I added a reference. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 05:59, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It's subtrivial - the only reason it seems important is because it happened recently. Little scandal, he left, some delightful gossip about it, but it's not important by any means. I've pulled the sentence. Shimgray | talk | 14:56, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

schools assess
impressive list of alumni and old school for Scotland. Hope you the authors don't mind the intrusion of this assessment but I saw that you were working on it. Looks fine. More advice if required. Remember wiki loves refs Victuallers 18:34, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Blair Mowat
I'm working on cleaning up the remaining red links in the Notable_alumni section when I came to this entry: I can't find any evidence this is accurate: I'm going to delete the entry. If someone can find a proper citation, please revert the deletion (contained in one, stand-alone edit), but please add a citation. I'm wondering of this entry is a result of original research, a mistake, or if I'm somehow missing something. Cheers, --Joe Sperrazza (talk) 22:42, 30 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Blair Mowat, television screenwriter and presenter of Queer Eye for the Straight Guy
 * 1) A google search found only this article
 * 2) The IMDB full credits don't list Blair Mowat at all, let alone as a writer or 'presenter'

 * I suspect this is nothing more than a bit of vandalism, given the claimed role... Shimgray | talk | 00:57, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Professor Sir Abraham Goldberg
I replaced the red link with an external link to his FRSE obituary. The distinguised gentleman is quite notable, and most desrving of a Wiki article. Perhaps an alumnus can create at least a stub? There are a number of articles that red link to Professor Sir Abraham Goldberg. I'll note that I could create one by reading and synthesising the voluminous information available, but it is not at the top of my list of Wiki article to create. Cheers, --Joe Sperrazza (talk) 23:39, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Old staff number
Just seeing that the staff figure is 7 years old - it's not changed much but still could somebody get something newer? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jamesx12345 (talk • contribs) 19:01, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

List of headmasters
It's maybe a bit undue to list every single holder of this post. Is it really essential? --John (talk) 18:48, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

It is something a lot of people looking at the history may want, but I agree it is a bit clumsy. New article maybe, but I think it should be somewhere. Jamesx12345 (talk) 19:25, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Heriot's Hospital forwarding to Heriot's School ??
My 7th Great grandfather was the resident surgeon to this "Hospital" between 1714-1737 he was involved in the Jacobite uprisings. There is much history to still be associated with Heriot's such as it's association with James Nesbit, Archibald Fisher & John & George Lauder. Historic 17th century Edinburgh Surgeons.

I'd like to open discussion on how we better format this page...so that it better represents all aspects of Heriot's history including it's medical/surgical contributions for children, childbirth disease and at a later date orphaned children.

.As a suggestion do we perhaps separate Heriot's School distinctly from Heriot's Hospital as it was first established ? I certainly believe this should not become an alumni listing for pupils and or teachers. Surely we need to capture the historic aspects including architecture (a well written section) perhaps more about George Heriot himself and the others that followed in his footsteps.

Dlaudernz (talk) 02:12, 8 February 2013 (UTC) 8/2/2013  dlaudernz

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title: Talk:George Heriot's School


text: User talk:82.115.0.10

title: User talk:82.115.0.10


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User:Nü~enwiki

What's nü  ‽‽‽

simple:User:nü

title: User:Nü~enwiki


text:
Talk:E. L. Doctorow

Nobel prize
Nobel Prize & Billy Bathgate - You don't get nominated for the literature prize on the basis of a single identified work, but for a body of work I thought... Linuxlad 13:10, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

City of God
The "City of God" link takes you to an article about the St. Augustine work, not the Doctorow novel.

Billy Bathgate film
A "citation needed" disclaimer was added to the statement that says Doctorow reneges the movie, however, the Gotham Gazette quotes him as saying: "Four of my books have been made into movies. There's actually one that I like. That's the film that Sydney Lumet made of the Book of Daniel, called Daniel. It's not a perfect movie by any means, but there's some beautiful stuff in it. The others are a disappointment: Ragtime and Billy Bathgate. Welcome to Hard Times is the second worst movie ever made."

I got that link from the very article's External Links section. I propose the disclaimer simply be removed.

SaulPerdomo 01:48, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, made the edit it myself. Feel free to contact me in my talk page if you disagree. --SaulPerdomo 09:05, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Rosenbergs
Is it neccessary to put "allegedly" in front of both of the mentions of their conviction for having sold secrets to the Soviet Union? In light of both the conviction and evidence since revealed?-SF

National Book Award for Fiction
Five novels by Doctorow were finalists for the U.S. National Book Award in the Fiction category, once one of ten finalists (1972) and four times one of five finalists. I have added the one not previously noted here and provided official references for all five.

Let me preempt speculation that five is the maximum for all NBAwards or for the Fiction award. Either way, the "all-time record" is at least six. --P64 (talk) 00:18, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

U.S. Army service
While adding a few links (US Army, Corporal) i have changed the wording in a way that clearly makes 1954-55 his term in Germany. —rather than the term of Allied Occupation, of course, or his entire military service, which seems too short, but it's a guess. --P64 (talk) 00:46, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:E. L. Doctorow


text:
Palabas

Palabas is the debut studio album by Filipino rock band Sponge Cola. It was released on October 18, 2004, under Sony Music Philippines. This album contains some songs that the band members made even before the group was officially formed, and includes an abundance of Tagalog-language tracks.

Palabas spawned the singles "KLSP", "Lunes", "Gemini", "Una", and "Jeepney". An additional song, "Dragonfly", was released as online single in April 2006. The album was certified Gold by the Philippine Association of the Record Industry (PARI) in 2005 with sales of 15,000 physical CD copies. To date the album has sold over 28,000 pure CD copies.

In 2005, Sponge Cola released a repackaged edition of the album with a bonus CD that contains a music video for "Gemini", and some bonus audio tracks, including a remastered version of "Gemini", acoustic versions of "KLSP" and "Jeepney", and an unreleased track titled "Boundless".

In December 2013, Palabas was re-issued as part of Palabas & Transit Collection, a release that also includes the deluxe edition of Sponge Cola's second album, Transit.

Background
Palabas means a "show / program" or "to come out" in Tagalog.

Personnel
Sponge Cola
 * Yael Yuzon - vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Gosh Dilay - bass guitar
 * Erwin Armovit - lead guitar
 * Chris Cantada - drums, backing vocals

Album Credits
 * Drums Recorded by: Louie Talan at the Wombworks Studios
 * Recorded at: The Three Studios
 * Mixed by: Sponge Cola at the Three Studios and By Mong Alcaraz & Jorel Corpuz at Funkville Studios
 * Mastered by: Zach Lucero
 * Additional Guitar tracks for tracks 2,5 & 12 recorded at: Knive Studios
 * Album Cover Design & Layout by: Jade Maravillas
 * Photography by: Raymond Fabul

title: Palabas


text:
Kusa mochi

Kusa mochi (草餅, "herb mochi"), also known as kusamochi or yomogi mochi (蓬餅), is a Japanese sweet. It is made from mochi and leaves of yomogi, also known as Japanese mugwort. Because Japanese mugwort is kneaded into the mochi, kusa mochi takes on a vivid green color. The greenness of it depends on the amount of Japanese mugwort blended in the mochi.

History
The custom to knead Japanese mugwort was adopted from the Chinese. Documents state that nobles were eating kusa mochi during palace events in the Heian era. It used to be made with Jersey cudweed before the Heian era. Another purported reason for the change in ingredients was because Jersey cudweed is called Haha-ko-gusa which literally translates to "mother-and-child grass". As kusa mochi was enjoyed with a purpose of wishing for the health and well-being of mother and her children, it was considered ominous to knead jersey cudweed into the mochi.

Since the Edo-era, kusa mochi began to be used as offering for Hinamatsuri (the Girl's Festival). The reason it was chosen as the offering was because of the vivid green color that represents fresh verdure. Japanese mugwort is known for its vitality, which makes it difficult to eradicate. Kusa mochi was used as an offering with a desire of health and longevity.

As medicinal food
The idea of food being fundamentally connected to medication has been present for a long time. The Japanese mugwort, which is the main ingredient of kusa mochi, has a history of at least 2,500 years of use. In one piece of Japanese ancient literature, it is stated that Japanese mugwort can be used as a hemostatic, a medicine for diarrhea, and for miscarriage prevention, and these uses are still put to practical use today. Research done in by the Hokkaido Tokachi Area Regional Food Processing Technology Center has claimed that Japanese mugwort is effective in improving blood flow.

The Japanese mugwort is a member of the asteraceae plant family, which some people have allergies to.

title: Kusa mochi


text:
Mutik Tsenpo

Mutik Tsenpo or Murug Tsenpo  is sometimes considered to have been one of the emperors of Tibet. This is, however, very questionable. Moreover, the whole period between the reigns of Trisong Detsen and Sadnalegs is very unclear, with several conflicting reports.

Trisong Detsen is said to have had four sons: Mutri Tsenpo, Muné Tsenpo, Mutik Tsenpo, and Sadnalegs. The eldest son, Mutri Tsenpo, died early.

Muné Tsenpo is said to have taken power when his father, Trisong Detsen retired (probably around 797 CE). After a short reign, Muné Tsenpo, was supposedly poisoned on the orders of his mother, Tsephongsa, who was jealous of his beautiful young wife, Queen Phoyongsa. After his death, Mutik Tsenpo was next in line to the throne.

Several sources, however, claim that Mutik Tsenpo murdered a senior minister and was exiled to Lhodak Kharchu (lHo-brag or Lhodrag), near the Bhutanese border in the south, so the throne was taken by Sadnalegs instead.

Some sources say that Mutik Tsenpo was later killed by members of sNa-nam clan, but this couldn't have happened until after Sadnalegs became king, as Sadnalegs mentions in an inscription at Zhwa'i-lha-khang that he took power from his father, that one of his brothers had died, and that he bound his elder brother, Mur-rug-brtsan, with an oath.

Reincarnation
Orgyen Lingpa (1323 – 1360) was said to be his seventh incarnarnation.

title: Mutik Tsenpo


text:
Postcrossing

Postcrossing is an online project for people to exchange postcards with other project members globally. The project's tag line is "send a postcard and receive a postcard back from a random person somewhere in the world!" The name Postcrossing is a union of the words postcard and crossing, and its origin "is loosely based on the Bookcrossing site".

Members can get details of other randomly selected members to send a postcard to, then receive cards from other random members. Official exchanges between the two members occur only once, but unofficial ongoing swaps between members are possible. , Postcrossing had over 800,000 members in 208 countries. By January 2023, 70 million registered postcards had been exchanged.

How it works
To be eligible to receive a postcard, a member must first send one. When a member requests to send a postcard they are given the address of another member and a unique postcard ID (e.g. US-787). They send a postcard to that address with the postcard ID displayed. Costs of postcards and postage fees are the responsibility of the user sending the card. When the recipient registers that postcard ID, the sender becomes eligible to receive postcards. Each member can write profile text visible to the sender which can contain personal information and postcard preferences. The Postcrossing system allows two members to exchange postcards only once. By default, members will exchange postcards with countries other than their own but they can decide to exchange postcards with other users in their own country. Users can express a preference not to send to repeated countries but this does not guarantee no repetitions.

Initially each member can have up to five postcards traveling at a time. Once five cards are in transit they need to wait for a card to be registered as received before they can request another address. This limit increases as users build experience exchanging cards, up to a maximum limit of 100. A small proportion of postcards do not get registered as received because they get lost en route, have an unreadable ID, or are received by members who are no longer active. The system attempts to adjust for these issues to reduce the difference between the number of sent and received postcards of each member.

Members
Membership is free and anyone with an address can create an account. The greatest numbers of members, known as postcrossers, are in Russia, Taiwan and China. Globally, most postcrossers reside in North America, Europe, and East Asia. As of January 2019, more than one third of the combined total of postcards were sent from Germany, Russia, and United States.

Table last updated April 2, 2024

History
Postcrossing was created by Paulo Magalhães. It was initially a hobby based on his enjoyment of receiving postcards: "The element of surprise of receiving postcards from different places in the world (many of which you would probably never have heard of) can turn your mailbox into a box of surprises – and who wouldn't like that?" He started the website on July 14, 2005, hosted at his home on an old computer in a clothes closet. The project rapidly grew internationally, initially via word-of-mouth then promoted by media attention.

The millionth Postcrossing postcard was received on April 11, 2008. The project's popularity continued to accelerate, reaching two million in February 2009. The five millionth postcard was received in August 2010, shortly after the project's fifth anniversary, and the 10 millionth postcard was registered in January 2012. As of 2023, approximately one million postcards are registered every two or three months, passing the milestone of 70 million postcards received on January 4, 2023.

Postcrossing-themed stamps
The first Postcrossing-themed stamp was released by PostNL in 2011. Since then more than a dozen countries' postal services have followed suit, some releasing multiple Postcrossing-themed stamps. The majority of these stamps have been launched in partnership with the Postcrossing community but some "unofficial" stamps displayed the Postcrossing trademark without approval of the Postcrossing organization.

List of official Postcrossing stamps
Stamps officially backed by the Postcrossing community are posted on the Postcrossing blog:
 * PostNL, October 2011
 * Posti (Finland), December 2013
 * Belposhta (Belarus), January 2014
 * Guernsey Post, May 2014
 * Russia Post, January 2015
 * Slovenia Post, May 2015
 * Czech Post, September 2015
 * Ukrposhta (Ukraine), October 2015
 * PostNL, March 2016
 * Austria Post, May 2016
 * Polish Post, July 2016
 * Guernsey Post, July 2016
 * Belpochta, January 2017
 * Romfilatelia (Romania), February 2017
 * Indonesia Post, July 2017
 * Swiss Post, September 2017
 * An Post (Ireland), October 2017
 * Magyar Posta (Hungary), February 2018
 * Moldova Post, June 2018
 * Åland Post, 7 June 2019
 * Brazil Post, July 2020
 * Guernsey Post, June 2021
 * Belpochta, June 2021
 * Austria Post, July 2021
 * Post Luxembourg, September 2022
 * Deutsche Post, October 2022

World Postcard Day (October 1st)
On October 1, 2019, Postcrossing organised global events to celebrate the postcard's 150th anniversary. Events included postcard exhibitions, special cancellations marks, postcard writing workshops and seminars, commemorative postcards and special stamp issues. Postcrossing organised an exhibition at the Universal Postal Union's (UPU) headquarters in Bern, with postcards from across the world sharing messages about the importance of postcards.

Following the success of these events, in 2020, Postcrossing launched World Postcard Day. Commemorative postcards and special cancellation marks were issued to mark the day. A commemorative postcard for the event was chosen in a competition for design and art students. Special events included online postcard exhibitions, postcard writing workshops and online meetings. A lesson plan was created in eight languages to help teacher introduce postcards to young children in schools. Further events have been held annually since 2020.

title: Postcrossing


text:
Juan Manuel Peña

Juan Manuel Peña Montaño (born 17 January 1973) is a Bolivian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

The vast majority of his professional career was spent in Spain, where he played a total of 14 years for three teams (mainly Valladolid), appearing in a total of 305 La Liga games.

Peña played more than 80 times with Bolivia, representing the nation at the 1994 World Cup and five Copa América tournaments.

Club career
Born in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Peña played for Club Blooming in his home country and Independiente Santa Fe in Colombia, before moving to Spain in 1995. At Real Valladolid he was a defensive stalwart for nine seasons – sharing teams with compatriot Marco Sandy in his first – leaving for Villarreal CF upon his first team's 2004 relegation from La Liga.

At Villarreal Peña figured less prominently, but managed to score a rare goal, in a 3–0 home win against Málaga CF on 19 December 2004. After just six league appearances during 2006–07 he switched to Celta de Vigo, in the second division.

Following two seasons of intermittent use, Peña retired in mid-November 2009 aged 36, not wishing to pursue his career anymore after careful deliberation. However, on 25 March of the following year, he signed with D.C. United of the Major League Soccer.

International career
After his debut for Bolivia in 1991 (aged 18), Peña went on to become one of its most capped players and team captain. With 85 international matches, he played a FIFA World Cup game, against Spain in 1994 (1–3 group stage loss), and also appeared in five Copa América editions.

Peña scored only once for the national team, in a friendly match with Honduras played in Washington on 11 October 2003. In his penultimate appearance, on 1 April 2009, he helped to the 6–1 demolition of Argentina in La Paz for the 2010 World Cup qualifiers.

Club

 * Villarreal
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2004

title: Juan Manuel Peña


text:
User talk:Nü~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nü. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nü~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Nü~enwiki


text:
Squeezed

Squeezed may refer to:

 * Squeezed (film), a 2007 Australian documentary
 * Squeezed (EP), an EP by What Is This?
 * Squeezed, an album by Orange Range
 * Compression (physical)

title: Squeezed


text:
John Crowder

Sir John Frederick Ellenborough Crowder (10 November 1891 — 9 July 1961) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Finchley from the 1935 general election until the 1959 general election, when he was succeeded by Margaret Thatcher (who later became British Prime Minister).

Crowder was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. He worked as an underwriter and elected a member at Lloyd's of London. He served with the Lincolnshire Yeomanry from 1914 to 1918, when he transferred to the Reserve Regiment of the Royal Horse Guards. He served again during World War II, as a staff captain and army welfare officer.

Crowder served as a Hampshire County Councillor 1931-46 and a Fleet Urban District Councillor 1933–46. He was vice-chairman of the Aldershot and North Hants Conservative Association from 1930.

He won Finchley in 1935 by a majority of 18,040 over Thomas Robertson, who had been Liberal MP for the seat 1923–24. In Parliament, Crowder was an influential member of the 1922 Committee and Second Church Estates Commissioner.

His son Petre Crowder also became a Member of Parliament.

He appears as a character in The Long Walk to Finchley, on Thatcher's selection to succeed him as Conservative candidate for his seat - he is played, in a less than flattering yet accurate light, by Geoffrey Palmer.

title: John Crowder


text:
Geometry & Topology

Geometry & Topology is a peer-refereed, international mathematics research journal devoted to geometry and topology, and their applications. It is currently based at the University of Warwick, United Kingdom, and published by Mathematical Sciences Publishers, a nonprofit academic publishing organisation.

It was founded in 1997 by a group of topologists who were dissatisfied with recent substantial rises in subscription prices of journals published by major publishing corporations. The aim was to set up a high-quality journal, capable of competing with existing journals, but with substantially lower subscription fees. The journal was open-access for its first ten years of existence and was available free to individual users, although institutions were required to pay modest subscription fees for both online access and for printed volumes. At present, an online subscription is required to view full-text PDF copies of articles in the most recent three volumes; articles older than that are open-access, at which point copies of the published articles are uploaded to the arXiv. A traditional printed version is also published, at present on an annual basis.

The journal has grown to be well respected in its field, and has in recent years published a number of important papers, in particular proofs of the Property P conjecture and the Birman conjecture.

title: Geometry & Topology


text:
Jacob Taubes

Jacob Taubes (25 February 1923 – 21 March 1987) was a sociologist of religion, philosopher, and scholar of Judaism.

Taubes was born into an old rabbinical family. He was married to the writer Susan Taubes. He obtained his doctorate in 1947 for a thesis on "Occidental Eschatology" and initially taught religious studies and Jewish studies in the United States at Harvard, Columbia and Princeton University.

From 1965 he was professor of Jewish studies and hermeneutics at the Free University of Berlin. He has influenced many contemporary thinkers such as Giorgio Agamben, Susan Sontag, Avital Ronell, Marshall Berman, Babette Babich, Aleida and Jan Assmann, Amos Funkenstein and Peter Sloterdijk.

Taubes' books include Occidental Eschatology [Stanford UP, 2009] and The Political Theology of Paul [Stanford UP, 2004].

title: Jacob Taubes


text:
Jonathan Mance, Baron Mance

Jonathan Hugh Mance, Baron Mance, (born 6 June 1943) is a retired British judge who was formerly Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

Early life
Mance was born on 6 June 1943, one of four children of Sir Henry Stenhouse Mance, one-time chairman of Lloyd's of London, by his wife Joan Erica Robertson Baker. His grandfather, Sir Henry Osborne Mance, was a distinguished soldier and President of the Institute of Transport; his great-grandfather, Sir Henry Christopher Mance, invented the heliograph.

Like his father, he attended Charterhouse School, a boarding school in Godalming, Surrey. He then studied law at University College, Oxford and graduated with a first class degree. He was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1965, becoming a QC in 1982 and a Bencher in 1989.

Judicial career
In 1990, he became a recorder, and on 25 October 1993 was appointed a High Court judge, serving in the Queen's Bench Division, and received the customary knighthood. On 27 April 1999, he was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal, and appointed to the Privy Council.

On 3 October 2005, he was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary with a Life Peerage as Baron Mance, of Frognal in the London Borough of Camden. He was introduced in the House of Lords on 12 October 2005. On 1 October 2009, he and nine other Lords of Appeal became Justices of the Supreme Court upon that body's inauguration. In a speech to the Hoge Raad in The Netherlands in 2013, Lord Mance described the creation of the Supreme Court as the consequence of a "back of an envelope plan", which "took some years to straighten out".

He has also served as Chairman of the Banking Appeals Tribunal (1992–93), Chairman of the Consultative Council of European Judges (2000), President of the British Insurance Law Association (2000–02) and trustee of the European Law Academy (2003).

Mance was appointed Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in September 2017, succeeding Baroness Hale who became President of the Supreme Court. He was sworn into the new position on 2 October 2017. He retired from the Supreme Court on 6 June 2018.

Other appointments
In October 2012, the Chancellor of the University of Oxford, The Lord Patten of Barnes, appointed The Lord Mance as High Steward of the University of Oxford, on the retirement of The Lord Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood. He served in this position until 2018. He is an honorary fellow of University College, and Visitor of St Cross College, Oxford. In 2013 he received an honorary doctorate from Canterbury Christ Church University. He is the former Chief Justice of the Astana International Financial Centre Court, an adjudicative and arbitration centre based in Kazakhstan.

He serves as an international judge on the Singapore International Commercial Court.

Selected cases

 * The Public Prosecution Service v William Elliott, Robert McKee [2013] UKSC 32

Personal life
He is married to Lady Arden of Heswall, herself a former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom; the two are the first married couple to serve concurrently in the Court of Appeal or consecutively in the Supreme Court. They have two daughters and a son, Henry, who is the chief features writer of the Financial Times. Lord Mance's interests include tennis, languages and music.

title: Jonathan Mance, Baron Mance


text:
Talk:Agahnim

Alter-ego
In Link to the Past, Ganon calls Agahnim his alter-ego. That's pretty clear to me that Agahnim and Ganon are the same being. Dave 13:15, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, although some may not. Make the change if you feel it appropriate. - A Link to the Past (talk) 22:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'm sure they always intended it like that just as they never intended "You are Zelda's..." to end with "sister". And indeed they clarified both those points in the GBA port. When you defeat Agahnim a second time in that version you see Ganon's spirit rising from his body which then turns into the bat, rather than the bat alone as in the SNES original. And yet in this same revision one of the maidens (Zelda?) refer to Agahnim as Ganon's "pawn" which makes it sound like mind-control... since the added visual evidence points to him being an alter ego, I guess it's another translation error. Strange. GarrettTalk 11:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * EDIT: actually, I took a screengrab of the new Ganon appearance. Do you think that's worth showing as well as mentioning? GarrettTalk 11:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds delicious. I would do it. Dave 00:40, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have always personally suspected that Ganondorf and Agahnim were indeed the same being--something of a human 'transformation' that Ganon could utilize at his disposal, or perhaps his 'original' form prior to using the Triforce of Power to transform from Ganondorf to Ganon the first time at the end of OoT. Also consider that after OoT, in WW, he appears as Ganondorf, obviously showing that either Ganon is some kind of temporary transformation after using the Triforce of Power, or that Ganon has the ability to change his form back into his original human form. Also of note is the similarity between Agahnim's attack patterns and Ganondorf's in OoT--particularly the Energy Pong battle with Link deflecting energy with his sword. A possibility is that he might've used the Agahnim name instead of Ganondorf because of Ganondorf's similarity to Ganon, in name. (As an aside, Agahnim could possibly be a mangling on 'Ganon' itself.) It could also be that Nintendo (either of Japan or of America) possibly chose to name him differently than Ganondorf to provide the idea that you'd be fighting a new enemy in LTTP instead of Ganon, only to have it be a huge plot twist that Ganon 'was' the enemy.
 * Unfortunately, this is all Original Research, so none of it can get in the article. :/
 * On a side note, the images in the main article depict Agahnim with a Shiekah symbol from OoT--Are these images from before or after OoT was created? Their clarity and image quality seems to imply recentness, likely from the GBA release?Onslaught Six 09:54, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Say, just a tick. How could Ganon be Agahnim if Agahnim was trying to release Ganon in Link to the Past? Anon

Indeed. Aghanim being Ganon pretty much negates the storyline to the whole game, unless we're going to start arguing that he wasn't physically in the light world or something. That argument would raise more questions, such as how did he manage to battle Link in Hyrule Castle if he wasn't really there. Does Ganon claim that Aghanim's his alter-ego in the Japanese version? Knight of Ashitaka 15:34, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * In TWW, he does say to Link that removing the Master Sword released the lock on the rest of his powers (and the lock the sages place on him was supposed to lock him, not just his magic), even though he was previously in the World of Light - it could be something like his deepest core is locked in the Sacred Realm (which may also explain why he never dies until Link tracks him down to the Dark World), but he can still make things like Phantom Ganon, or the more solid Agahnim, that are essentially him (think something like an emanation of Naraku, but not even that independent, but have a seperate body. Like the opposite of split personalities.KrytenKoro 05:03, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

A brief history of Agahnim
In The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past, Agahnim is a sorceror who imprisons the seven maidens, one of whom is Zelda, within the Dark World. In the game, Ganon refers to Agahnim as his alter-ego. Link first fights Agahnim soon after obtaining the Master Sword. When he's defeated, he sends Link to the Dark World. Near the end of the game, Link once again fights Agahnim atop Ganon's Tower. When he is defeated, Ganon rises from the dead body, and, after transforming into a bat, flies to the pyramid. Link follows him with the flute boy's bird.
 * Just noting that I restored a portion of the above user's post which anon user 66.138.24.25 had replaced with a long string of random text. Jeff Silvers 03:46, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Which manga?
Which manga is being referred to here? There are several mangas (doujinshi, really) based on this game. Davogones 11:17, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Spoiler warning
Rather than accusing each other of vandalism and engaging in a silly revert war over a spoiler tag, I suggest that the interested parties each discuss the merits of including or excluding the tag here and come to a consensus. If you continue to fight, I'm going to protect the page, so stop it. Please evaluate the edit based on its own merits and not your conviction that the opposing editor is either a "wikistalker" or a "vandal". Thank you. Deco 01:57, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Source of backstory?
The section "Role in A Link to the Past story" looks like it's copied verbatim from somewhere, since it's written like a narrative. I can't find it anywhere else online, so hopefully it's not copied without citation, but it's stylistically unsuitable for Wikipedia. It should probably be summarized and put in the present tense, which would simultaneously take care of the plagiarism issue. Skatche 00:11, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

"The game manual describes the story behind Agahnim's rise to power. "

Does this character really deserve his own article
As a stated alter-ego of Ganon, and the fact that this character, while major, only appears in one game, wouldn't it be more appropriate to have this character either as part of the Ganon article or the List of LttP characters article? It might be, though, that this article contains so much good info that merging it to either of those and keeping the appropriate info would be destructive, not helpful, so I'd like to hear some thoughts from others.KrytenKoro 05:06, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I've thought that he'd fit right into a list of LttP characters, but I don't know if there are enough important characters in that game besides Link, Zelda, Ganon and Agahnim to even make an article on it. Anyway, I don't think there's that much important info here to be destructive. It's an explanation on his role on the game, a few sentences on later "appearances", a mention of Warcraft and some OR on Soul Calibur 2. Gurko 15:59, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Scratch that. Seems like there's been an article like that since sometime in April. Gurko 16:27, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Agahnim


text:
WKQX

WKQX (101.1 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Chicago, Illinois, featuring an alternative rock format known as "Q101". Owned by Cumulus Media, the station serves the Chicago metropolitan area. WKQX's studios are located in the NBC Tower, while the station transmits from atop the John Hancock Center. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WKQX broadcasts over two HD Radio channels.

WKQX is best known for carrying an alternative rock format that, from 1992 until 2011 and since 2022, has used the "Q101" brand. A sale of the station to Merlin Media in August 2011 saw outgoing owner Emmis Communications sell the "Q101 Chicago" name, intellectual property and all underlying trademarks for a unrelated internet radio station bearing the same name, while WKQX itself flipped to all-news radio under Merlin Media as WWWN, then to adult contemporary as WIQI. Reverting to alternative under a long-term local marketing agreement by Cumulus Media in 2014, the station branded instead under the restored WKQX call sign until Cumulus reacquired the Q101 trademarks on May 3, 2022. A former NBC Radio owned-and-operated station, WKQX's studios were located in the Merchandise Mart from the station's 1948 launch to 2016; the station relocated to the NBC Tower, the current home of onetime sister station WMAQ-TV, on August 4, 2016.

WKQX-HD2 airs a classic rock format branded as "The Loop" that was previously heard on the former WLUP (97.9 FM), now WCKL.

The NBC years
NBC, which had an owned-and-operated station in Chicago since 1931 with WMAQ, signed on WMAQ-FM on October 13, 1948, from studios in the Merchandise Mart. Its transmitter was located atop the Civic Opera Building, where it broadcast with an ERP of 24,000 watts. In its early years, WMAQ-FM generally operated as an outright simulcast of WMAQ.

The station began airing a classical music format afternoons and evenings in 1966, though it continued to simulcast WMAQ during mornings and early afternoons. By the early 1970s, it had adopted an easy listening format. In 1970, the station's transmitter was moved to the John Hancock Center.

In late 1972, WMAQ-FM adopted an automated adult hits format, with programming from TM Productions. In 1974, the station's call letters were changed to WJOI. In January 1975, WMAQ 670 adopted a country music format. WJOI followed suit, and aired an automated country music format aimed at a somewhat younger audience than WMAQ, with programming from TM Productions.

In June 1975, the station's call letters were changed to WNIS-FM, and it adopted an all news format carrying NBC Radio Network's News and Information Service (NIS).

In January 1977, the station's call sign was changed to WKQX, and it adopted an album-oriented rock format. The program director was Bob Pittman, who later created MTV and is now CEO of iHeartMedia. Bob Heymann served as assistant program director and morning drive host, and Bob King was the music director. Mitch Michaels did afternoon drive and Lorna Ozmon did nights.

In the spring of 1977, Chicago gained another AOR station, WLUP, resulting in four FM rock stations (WKQX, WXRT, WDAI, and WLUP) competing against each other. By January 1979, WDAI switched to an all-disco format and WKQX became an adult contemporary station;  Joel Sebastian hosted mornings.

Q101
In the early 1980s, WKQX began to be branded "Q-101". By the mid-1980s, the station had evolved into a hot AC format. During this period, the station carried Sexually Speaking with Dr. Ruth Westheimer.

From 1983 to 1993, Robert Murphy was the morning drive host on Q101. Tommy Edwards joined the station as program director in 1986. Starting in 1987, NBC began a two-year-long divestiture of their radio properties. In 1988, Emmis Communications purchased WKQX, along with four other NBC radio stations, for $121.5 million.

In the mid to late 1980s, WKQX aired an adult top 40 format, with the slogan "Today's Music". Q101 continued to evolve, and on July 14, 1992, WKQX adopted an alternative rock format as "Chicago's New Rock Alternative". Bill Gamble was the station's Program Director. In July 1993, former MTV VJ Mark Goodman was hired as morning host, replacing Robert Murphy, but he remained in this position less than a year. In July 1998, Q101 became the new home of Mancow Muller's morning show after he left WRCX the previous month.

Specialty shows on the station, like Local 101, showcased promising local acts, many of whom went on to achieve greater prominence.

On April 1, 2005, WKQX went "on shuffle", with its playlist expanded from 200 to approximately 1,000 songs. Instead of focusing solely on new music, they expanded their playlist to include classic alternative rock from the 1980s and 1990s, and some 1970s artists. Mancow was dropped by the station on July 14, 2006, with Emmis Communications replacing his show with one that they felt would better appeal to their target demographic.

On September 18, 2006, Q101 launched The Morning Fix, a morning show led by former WXDX-FM Pittsburgh personality Alan Cox, and presented in a manner similar to The Daily Show, featuring a blend of current events and pop culture. However, on November 9, 2007, The Morning Fix underwent major changes when it was decided that morning airtime would be more wisely used playing music; the changes resulted in only 2 of the shows' original 6 members remaining, Alan Cox and Jim "Jesus" Lynam. On August 1, 2008, Cox and Lynam were let go, with management moving Brian Sherman and Steve Tingle from afternoons to the morning slot.

During its tenure as an alternative rock station, WKQX served as host to several music festivals and events, mainly Jamboree at Tweeter Center in Tinley Park every June, and Twisted (formerly Twisted Christmas) at various venues every December.

Purchase by Merlin Media
On June 21, 2011, Emmis announced that it would sell WKQX, sister station WLUP-FM, and WRXP-FM in New York City to Merlin Media, whose CEO was former Tribune Company and Clear Channel Communications executive Randy Michaels. Emmis, who retained a minority stake in Merlin Media, granted Merlin a local marketing agreement to operate WKQX and WLUP-FM from July 15 until the sale officially closed on September 1. A format flip for WKQX, from alternative rock to all-news, was rumored after the sale was announced. Michaels was on record as saying, "My favorite format has always been spoken radio... it's time for spoken word to move to FM."

The entire airstaff at Q101 was dismissed upon Merlin Media's formal takeover that July 14. That same day, Emmis sold off the "Q101" name, related intellectual properties, and the Q101.com web domain, to Broadcast Barter Radio Networks.

Q101's final on-air staffed show, "Local 101", concluded at approximately 1:01 a.m. on July 15; the program ended with "Tonight, Tonight" by Chicago-based The Smashing Pumpkins, The Cure's "Friday I'm in Love" (the first song played at Q101's 1992 inception as an alternative station), and formal goodbyes by Chris Payne, Pogo, and other Q101 staffers. Q101 would continue solely as an online stream programmed, in part, by Emmis' KROX-FM, before BBRN eventually relaunched it as an internet-only station. WKQX itself continued without on-air staffing until Midnight on July 19; after playing "Closing Time" by Semisonic, WKQX began stunting with adult contemporary music along with news reports as "FM New". Robert Murphy returned to the station after 19 years to host mornings along with Lise Dominique for a few weeks until the full format switch took place.

FM News 101.1
On July 21, 2011, WKQX changed its call letters to WWWN, a call sign moved from a silent signal in Watseka, Illinois licensed to Randy Michaels' Radioactive LLC. Eight days after the call letter change, on July 29, at 4 pm, WWWN launched an all-news format branded as "FM News 101.1".

At the outset, "FM News 101.1" sought to differentiate itself from WBBM by highlighting its round-the-clock newswheel (as opposed to Chicago Bears flagship WBBM), aiming for a looser, less formal news presentation with a conversational tone, and deviating from hard news in favor of lifestyle, health and entertainment features. The initial on-air and newsroom staff at "FM News 101.1" included several with Chicago radio ties, including Debra Dale and Jennifer O'Neill (both WBBM alumna), Brant Miller and Monica DeSantis (WLS alums), and Ed Curran and Rob Hart (WGN alums). The station's call letters were changed again in December 2011 to WIQI.

"FM News 101.1" was criticized in its early weeks for what was seen as an amateurish, unpolished, and unprepared presentation. Moreover, Merlin's top management (including Michaels) admitted that the format for both stations were still a work in progress, and "FM News" underwent a continual series of format adjustments. These included: the addition of sports and business updates; the "informal" testing of a news partnership with WMAQ-TV; and the addition of daily commentary segments from Clark Howard and Lionel. Later staff changes and reassignments at the station would lead to an increased reliance on "shared anchor arrangements" with its New York counterpart WEMP, as well as a non-linear, voicetracking-style of arranging reports, sometimes without any anchor transitions. WIQI also began an advertising campaign that included a controversial series of billboards using the face of imprisoned former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and the "He Never Listens... to FM News 101.1" tagline.

By June 2012, WIQI began phasing in blocks of "Expanded News Coverage" where the station entered a programming approach similar to talk radio. Personalities such as Mancow Muller, Neil Steinberg, Kevin Matthews, Mike North and Dan Jiggets and former WGN morning host Greg Jarrett all hosted informal auditions under the "Expanded News Coverage" banner. Jarrett himself was promoted to host morning drive on WIQI during the formats' final three weeks of existence.

In spite of constant format tweaks and alterations, the all-news format failed to achieve better than a 0.4 Arbitron ratings share. "FM News" was outperformed by the final ratings book for "Q101" and WKQX-LP, the aural signal of a low-power analog television station operated by Merlin under a local marketing agreement with an alternative rock format dubbed "Q87.7".

i101
At 9 a.m. (CT) on July 17, 2012, with both WIQI and WEMP languishing on the eve of their one-year anniversaries, "FM News" was abruptly dropped on both stations. WIQI flipped to a 1990s-centric adult hits format targeted at females between the ages of 18 and 49, and was branded as "i101". The first song on "i101" was Bye Bye Bye by NSYNC. With a few exceptions, most of the WIQI and WEMP news staffs were immediately dismissed, with subsequent layoffs occurring in the following weeks and months.

After one month on the air, "i101" would move towards a hot adult contemporary approach. "i101" included some limited use of on-air staff, including morning host and former WLUP-FM staffer Jane Monzures, who shared morning duties with fellow "Loop" alum Pete McMurray between August and October 2012. In late 2013, the station shifted to a rhythmic adult contemporary format.

101 WKQX
On January 3, 2014, Merlin Media announced a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cumulus Media that would see Cumulus take over operations of WIQI, WLUP and WKQX-LP. The deal, which includes an option for Cumulus to purchase WIQI and WLUP, resulted in Merlin relinquishing operations of its last remaining radio stations, and also saw an expansion of Cumulus' Chicago cluster, which includes WLS and WLS-FM. Cumulus executives indicated that they, at the time of rebranding, had no intentions of acquiring back the online rendition of "Q101" and related intellectual properties from the stations' 1992-2011 era.

In announcing the LMA, Cumulus indicated that it would move the alternative rock format from WKQX-LP onto the 101.1 facility. The move took place on January 10, 2014, when the stations began a transitional simulcast. "Closing Time" by Semisonic was the last song played on "i101", while the first song played on the 101.1/87.7 simulcast was "Times Like These" by Foo Fighters. The simulcast ended February 17, 2014, when Merlin Media's LMA for 87.7 ended and Tribune Broadcasting began a local marketing agreement for the station (which is now WRME-LD). The WKQX call sign was restored on the 101.1 facility on January 17.

101 WKQX's airstaff initially included Brian Phillips, Lou Lombardo, Lauren O'Neil, PJ Kling, and "wALT" (Walter Flakus of Stabbing Westward). In September 2015, Portland radio personality Marconi joined WKQX to host weeknights (replacing PJ Kling). Marconi left WKQX in January 2018. Brian Sherman, former on-air personality at Q101 from 2001 to 2011, and one half of the duo Sherman and Tingle, was hired as an on-air personality for weekends. Sherman retained his weekday on air role at suburban classic rocker WFXF. Russell Tanzillo from North Central College's WONC joined as a weekend host in September 2015. In April 2016, the station hired James VanOsdol, another former Q101 personality, to host a new local music showcase titled "Demo 312" (in reference to Chicago's well-known main area code). In November 2015, WKQX and WLUP announced their move from the Merchandise Mart, where the 101.1 frequency has been broadcast from since first taking the airwaves in 1948, in favor of a new studio at the NBC Tower. Until the new facility was completed, WKQX broadcast from a temporary facility at 190 N. State. On August 4, 2016, the move of WKQX and WLUP to the NBC Tower was finalized.

In January 2018, as part of Cumulus Media's bankruptcy proceedings, the company requested that a U.S. Bankruptcy Court release the company from several "extremely unprofitable" contracts, including its LMAs with WLUP and WKQX. Cumulus stated that under the agreement, which carries a monthly fee of $600,000, the company had lost $8.4 million on the two Merlin stations. WLUP was sold by Merlin to the Educational Media Foundation. On April 3, 2018, it was announced that Cumulus would acquire WKQX and the intellectual property of WLUP for $18 million. The sale to Cumulus was consummated on June 15, 2018.

Returning to Q101
On April 18, 2022, Cumulus Media announced their purchase of Q101 Chicago from Broadcast Barter Radio Networks, as well as the Q101.com domain name, all underlying trademarks and related intellectual property that Emmis had divested in 2011. Cumulus Chicago Vice President/Market Manager Marv Nyren revealed to Daily Herald journalist Robert Feder that discussions had been ongoing for over four years to reacquire rights to the "Q101" brand. The internet station ceased operations, while WKQX reverted to "Q101" during the station's "10th anniversary" concert on May 3, 2022 (celebrating the launch of the current iteration of the format over the former WKQX-LP).

title: WKQX


text:
Arthur Wellesley Bayley

Arthur Bayley (28 March 1865 – 29 October 1896) was a gold prospector who discovered gold at Fly Flat, Western Australia on 17 September 1892, around which the town of Coolgardie grew.

Early life
Bayley was born in Newbridge, Victoria, son of John Bayley, a butcher, and his wife Rosanna. When only 16 years of age he went to North Queensland and did prospecting and mining work at Charters Towers, Hughenden, Normanton, Croydon and Palmer. He then went to Western Australia and landed at Fremantle with about thirty shillings in his pocket.

Prospecting in Western Australia
Bayley walked to Southern Cross, and while working there a few months later heard that gold had been discovered about 130 mi to the east. Bayley kept this in mind and determined some day to prospect the area himself. In January 1889 he went to the Nullagine diggings and Roebourne in the Pilbara. He had some success, and after returning to Perth, returned to Southern Cross.

Hearing that gold had been found on the Ashburton, Bayley returned to the north and found good gold at Ford's Creek. While prospecting the Murchison River he found Bayley's Island in Lake Austin which also yielded good returns.

Back at Southern Cross in mid-1892, Bayley encountered a prospector he had met previously in Queensland, William Ford, who had also heard of gold being found to the east. In June, the two men set out from Southern Cross with five horses to find it. Soon after reaching an area known as Fly Flat (the future site of Coolgardie), Bayley and Ford found a nugget, and within a few days had picked up about 80 ozt of gold. After more rich alluvial gold was found, the two men were compelled to return to Southern Cross for supplies. On returning to the field a quartz outcrop with gold in it was found, which became the famous Bayley's Reward mine. The two men returned to Southern Cross with 554 ozt of gold, worth £2,200 (or more than A$300,000 in 2015), which they showed to the warden,  Finnerty, on 17 September 1892. A reward lease of 20 acre was granted to them, and on 20 September 1892 the Coolgardie field was declared open.

There was a tremendous rush to the field from Southern Cross, much gold was found, and in a few years Coolgardie was a thriving town. Bayley's reward claim proved to be a very profitable one indeed, and was continually worked until 1963. During the 70 years of its existence this mining claim recovered over 500,000 ozt of gold.

Late life
Bayley and Ford sold their claim to a company for £6,000 and a sixth interest and Bayley, having returned to Victoria, took up land near Avenel, and lived in prosperous circumstances. Though a strong athletic man he fell into ill health, possibly on account of privations he had suffered while a prospector, and died at Avenel of congestion of the lungs on 29 October 1896. He left a widow but no children.

title: Arthur Wellesley Bayley


text:
AudioTron

The Turtle Beach AudioTron AT-100 and AT-101 are 1U rack-mountable, hi-fi network music players. An AudioTron can stream digital music files from personal computers or NAS devices without the need to install server software on these storage devices since the AudioTron is based on Windows CE and is therefore a computer that looks like audio hardware. Supported file formats include Wave, WMA, MP3 and MP3 playlists. These files can reside on a Microsoft Windows network share or on a Samba server. AudioTron reads music files over Ethernet or HPNA network, and generates analog audio via RCA connectors as well as digital audio via S/PDIF.

An AudioTron can play streaming media from Internet radio stations. The formats supported are Windows Media, SHOUTcast and Icecast. The Windows Media support is limited to the features available before the release of Windows Media Player 10. Connecting to Internet radio stations was once supported through a free service called TurtleRadio. When TurtleRadio was shut down by Turtle Beach, Turtle Beach disclosed an alternative method available in the device's firmware (using a local file) to load one's Internet radio station list into the AudioTron.

Users operate the AudioTron with a PC/laptop on the same network using the web interface from the built-in webserver, with a remote control, or on the device itself using buttons and a large "Turn & Push Selector Knob" on its front panel. The knob is used to navigate song selection menu on a green two-line LCD display. Users can select songs by turning and pushing the knob, based on various combinations of Genre, Album, Title and Artist tags. The knob also serves as volume control and playhead control while a song is being played. Standard Play, Pause, Stop, Forward and Rewind buttons can be used to control playback. An infrared remote control comes with AudioTron and can be used instead of the front panel.

AudioTron obtains an IP address from DHCP server by default. The AudioTron can be configured via buttons on the front panel or remotely from a web browser. AudioTron runs a web server which can be accessed via any standard browser. The web server also allows users to access the complete collection of songs online. Users can play songs or send them to AudioTron's play queue, without using the front panel or remote control. The AudioTron is also able to determine the type of device the web server was being accessed from, and devices such as PDAs will display a simplified remote control screen more suitable to the smaller size of a PDA screen.

First released in 2001, AudioTron was ahead of its time in providing driverless music streaming, S/PDIF and Internet radio support. The AudioTron operated as a standalone music player by making use of the Microsoft SMB file server protocol; that is, it could load music from any SMB file server, although the Audiotron uses NTLMv1 for authentication and so the Audiotron does not work well in modern SMB environments. As a workaround when using Samba on a unix-like system, it is possible to configure Samba to allow NTLMv1 authentication (not recommended), or to make the Samba share containing music files accessible to guest (unauthenticated) users. For example, when playing music from a Vortexbox server, the unit will be able to access the read-only Music share.

Production of this device stopped in 2004.

Turtle Beach continued to support TurtleRadio until March 2007. After that time, the TurtleRadio website was retired and users had to change the configuration of their AudioTron to use a local file to set the list of radio stations that their AudioTron could stream. In March 2010, Turtle Beach implemented a redirect that allows the AudioTron to be used with the Webstation Radio Database. Similar to the TurtleRadio website, users can create accounts and select their own favorites from thousands of radio stations which will then be available on the AudioTron. Otherwise change the default TURTLERADIO PLAYER ID to read as 'Audiotron' which will give 1000 radio stations under 56 categories.

title: AudioTron


text:
Talk:MNREC

MNREC is the short form of Motilal nehru Regional Engineering College. This is the old name of M.N.N.I.T. (MNNIT), the abbreviation for Motilal Nehru National Institute of technology. Visit the official website for more Information. http://www:mnnit.ac.in

MNREC is one Of the leading engineering institute in india and was founded in 1964.it’s situated on the banks of river Ganges in the holy city of Allahabad (prayagraj)

title: Talk:MNREC