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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kalakat Illam

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to keep the article. Keep: no consensus

Kalakat Illam
Seems to be some kind of personal genealogy or family history page. -- Curps 12:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy to user myashu. He provides a link to illams but it's not very specific.  Can anyone explain just what God's bhoothaganangals are?   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   16:05, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * bhoothaganangals = demons. Theyyam will give you an idea what these figures look like.
 * Manthravaadam and Thanthram = sorcery, wizardry
 * Hope this helps *grin* Tintin 16:39, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Its not intended to be made a family history, its a piece of valuable information that might get extinct after couple of years, hence getting tailored to the pedia.

 * Comments To Myashu : Please sign your posts with four ~s. The article could do with a lot of cleanup and translation of Malayalam words to English.

 * I have no clue what to vote for. I am from Kerala;I have heard about the legend of Parasurama mentioned in the article, but haven't heard of this house. But that does not necessarily mean that the subject is not noteworthy. My criteria for voting on articles related to Kerala and Malayalam is whether they are important enough to make it to a Malayalam encyclopaedia. This article would be a borderline case. Tintin 23:11, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Tintin, Wikipedia entries have to be verifiable. As currently written, I'm afraid I don't even understand much of it.  If there is an encyclopedic topic here, the article could perhaps be salvaged with a rewrite.  -- Curps 17:06, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

192.94.94.105 12:57, 5 October 2005 (UTC) Tintin, According to the legend, there are 7 namboothiri manthravaadam family illams that had been created by Lord Parasurama. A few are Kaattumadam, soorya kaladi, kalakat,panthalakkottath, kalloor, pullancheri. Probably you have not heard because of the pronounciation of the word KALAKAT in english(some people read it as the house name of famous kunjan nambiar, probably thats a draw back of english language.) There are treatments for "Baadha Ozhippikkal", "Apasmaaram" etc. Earlier this family had Ayurvedic treatments too. Later down the lane of generations it wasn't getting carried over and it ended with late Sreedharan Thirumump. More stories are still there to be updated. Collecting data. Hopefully this article might be usefull to put light on other namboothiri families who are maintaining the same status. More info can be obtained from the famous book, aithihyamala, the garland of legends...

 * Translation
 * "Baadha Ozhippikkal" - exorcism
 * "Apasmaaram" - epilepsy
 * Aithihyamala - lit. 'A garland of legends'. A massive book written in early 20th century which contains some 100 essays on the legends and folklore of Kerala. Tintin 20:14, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I would have normally abstained from a topic that I know so little about. But since the others are in no better position than me, I guess I have to vote.  I have no reason to doubt Myashu's honesty or earnestness but still, since there is no opportunity to verify the contents and as the article needs a lot of rework, I have to go for a userfy.

 * To Myashu : Userfy is not the same as delete. It means that it will be moved to your userspace, ie, to wiki/User:Myashu/Kalakkat Illam. You can continue working on it. Once you have completed writing, we can make it more encyclopaediac, and translate all the Malayalam words to English. I can do that for you.

 * As Curps mentioned above, verifiability is critical for articles in Wiki. So see if you can find references to your Illam in encylopaedias like Akhilavijnanakosam, Sarvavijnanakosam or Visvavijnanakosam, Aithihyamala, newspaper articles, or any book on Kerala heritage and add data from there. If Kalakat Illam has an article of its own in any one of these three encyclopaedias, that alone should be sufficient to make it eligible for wikipedia.

 * Once this is done, we can look at moving it back to its current location. Please don't get disappointed, and do continue to contribute.

 * Please try to login when you contribute. It is always easier to communicate through your talkpage than posting here. Tintin 20:05, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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The Naked Stage

Naked Stage / Goli oder is an international contemporary theatre festival, held annually in the last week of October in KUD France Prešeren, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Up until 2006, its focus has been the improvisational theatre. As of 2006, the festival is dedicated to improvisation in various fields of contemporary art. Naked Stage was designed and is organized by the most prominent Slovenian improv group, Narobov. Artistic directors of the Naked Stage are Maja Dekleva and Gregor Moder.

Goals
The Naked Stage festival has two principal goals. It offers Slovenian and international audiences a profile of the most interesting progress in improvisational theatre. At the same time, it provides artists an opportunity to research new terrains in improvisational theatre through intense workshops. In the field of theatre, the festival is dedicated exclusively to longform improvisation, avoiding short games and formats. It is growing in is experimental extension, as premiers compose a noteworthy portion of all performances.

2005
Invited theatres and special guests: Teater Narobov (Slovenia), Quicksilver Productions (Belgium), Isar148 (Germany), Theater im Bahnhof (Austria), Impromptu Theatre (the Netherlands), and: Lee White (Canada), Tom Johnson (USA), Bronwynn Mertz-Penzinger (Australia/Austria), Leon Düvel (Germany)

2004
Invited theatres and special guests: Teater Narobov (Slovenia), Theater im Bahnhof (Austria), The Brody Theater (USA), Die Gorillas (Germany), Stockholms Improvisationsteater (Sweden), and: Yann Van den Branden (Belgium), Bronwyn Mertz (Australia/Austria), and young Slovenian actor Nejc Simšič

2003
Invited theatres: Improklub (Slovenia), Isar148 (Germany), Unexpected Productions (USA), Improvvisatione Teatrale Italiana (Italy), Theater im Bahnhof (Austria)

2002
The festival was started by the Improvisation Society of Slovenia under the title Naked Stage International Improvisational Theatre Festival.

Invited theatres and special guests: Improklub (Slovenia), Gledališče Ane Monro (Slovenia), and: Jakob Schweighofer (Austria), Roland Trescher (Germany), Daniel Goldstein (USA), Henk Van der Steen (Netherlands), Albin Juhanović (B&H)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Naked Stage


text:
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Sutton

The London Borough of Sutton, one of the peripheral London boroughs, has 89 parks and open spaces within its boundaries, a total area of 1500 acres (6 km2). Varied in size and layout, green spaces range from the compact Manor Park in Sutton town centre, through the medium-sized Grove Park, which forms part of the Carshalton Village conservation area, to the large and historic Oaks Park in the south of the borough. In the west of the borough is the large Nonsuch Park. The main parks are:
 * Beddington Park
 * Benhill Recreation Ground
 * Carshalton Park
 * Cheam Park
 * Collingwood Recreation Ground
 * Corrigan Avenue Recreation Ground, Coulsdon
 * Grove Park, Carshalton
 * Lakeside
 * Manor Park, Sutton town centre
 * Nonsuch Park
 * Oaks Park, Carshalton
 * Overton Park
 * Mellows Park
 * Poulter Park
 * Queen Mary's Park
 * Reigate Avenue Playing Fields (known locally as The Daisy Field)
 * Roundshaw Downs
 * Rosehill Park East (including Greenshaw Woods) and West
 * Royston Park
 * Seears Park
 * St Helier Open Space
 * Sutton Common Park
 * Sutton Green
 * The Wandle Walkway
 * The Wrythe Recreation Ground
 * Thomas Wall Park


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User:Errarel

Hello, this is my page:-)

Errarel 12:43, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Errarel

title: User:Errarel


text:
File:Icehouse album-primitive man.jpg

Summary
Icehouse album - Primitive Man (1982)

title: File:Icehouse album-primitive man.jpg


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File:Eclipse anular 2005.png

Summary
Annular eclipse, 3rd October 2005 from Salamanca, Spain. 3rd October 2005 10:51. 3rd October 2005 10:57. 3rd October 2005 11:03. Taken by Natrix (GFDL).

title: File:Eclipse anular 2005.png


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Blackbird Hundred

Blackbird Hundred is an unincorporated subdivision of New Castle County, Delaware. Hundreds were once used as a basis for representation in the Delaware General Assembly, and while their names still appear on all real estate transactions, they now have no purpose except as a geographical point of reference.

Boundaries and Formation
Blackbird Hundred is that portion of New Castle County that lies south of Blackbird Creek and Cypress Creek, a tributary of the Chester River. Very small portions of the towns of Smyrna and Clayton, both primarily in Kent County, are the only towns or named communities in Blackbird Hundred. It was formed from Appoquinimink Hundred in 1875 and was named for Blackbird Creek that flows along its northern boundary.

Development
Blackbird Hundred remains mostly rural.

Geography
Important geographical features, in addition to Blackbird Creek, include the Delaware River, which forms its eastern boundary, the Smyrna River, formerly known as Duck Creek, which forms its southern boundary, and the North West Branch of the Smyrna River. It is entirely in the coastal plain region on the Delmarva Peninsula.

Transportation
Important roads include portions of the Korean War Veterans Memorial Highway (Delaware Route 1), the DuPont Highway (U.S. Route 13), and the Thoroughfare Neck Road (Delaware Route 9). A portion of the old Delaware Railroad, subsequently the Delmarva branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, now the Delmarva Central Railroad's Delmarva Subdivision, runs north–south through the hundred.

title: Blackbird Hundred


text:
International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes

The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) or Prokaryotic Code, formerly the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) or Bacteriological Code (BC), governs the scientific names for Bacteria and Archaea. It denotes the rules for naming taxa of bacteria, according to their relative rank. As such it is one of the nomenclature codes of biology.

Originally the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature dealt with bacteria, and this kept references to bacteria until these were eliminated at the 1975 International Botanical Congress. An early Code for the nomenclature of bacteria was approved at the 4th International Congress for Microbiology in 1947, but was later discarded.

The latest version to be printed in book form is the 1990 Revision, but the book does not represent the current rules. The 2008 and 2022 Revisions have been published in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM). Rules are maintained by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP; formerly the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology, ICSB).

The baseline for bacterial names is the Approved Lists with a starting point of 1980. New bacterial names are reviewed by the ICSP as being in conformity with the Rules of Nomenclature and published in the IJSEM.

Cyanobacteria
Since 1975, most bacteria were covered under the bacteriological code. However, cyanobacteria were still covered by the botanical code. Starting in 1999, cyanobacteria were covered by both the botanical and bacteriological codes. This situation has caused nomenclatural problems for the cyanobacteria. By 2020, there were three proposals for how to resolve the situation: In 2021, the ICSP held a formal vote on the three proposals and the third option was chosen.
 * 1) Exclude cyanobacteria from the bacteriological code.
 * 2) Apply the bacteriological code to all cyanobacteria.
 * 3) Treat valid publication under the botanical code as valid publication under the bacteriological code.

Type strain
Since 2001, when a new bacterial or archaeal species is described, a type strain must be designated. The type strain is a living culture to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. For a new species name to be validly published, the type strain must be deposited in a public culture collection in at least two different countries. Before 2001, a species could also be typified using a description, a preserved specimen, or an illustration. There is a single type strain for each prokaryotic species, but different culture collections may designate a unique name for the same strain. For example, the type strain of E. coli (originally strain U5/41) is called ATCC 11775 by the American Type Culture Collection, DSM 30083 by the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, JCM 1649 by the Japan Collection of Microorganisms, and LMG 2092 by the Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms. When a prokaryotic species cannot be cultivated in the laboratory (and therefore cannot be deposited in a culture collection), it may be given a provisional candidatus name, but is not considered validly published.

Versions

 * Buchanan, R. E., and Ralph St. John-Brooks. (1947, June) (Editors). Proposed Bacteriological Code of Nomenclature. Developed from proposals approved by International Committee on Bacteriological Nomenclature at the Meeting of the Third International Congress for Microbiology. Publication authorized in Plenary Session, pp. 61. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. U.S.A. Hathi Trust.
 * Reprinted 1949, Journal of General Microbiology 3, 444–462.
 * International Committee on Bacteriological Nomenclature. (1958, June). International code of nomenclature of bacteria and viruses. Ames, Iowa State College Press. BHL.
 * Lapage, S.P., Sneath, P.H.A., Lessel, E.F., Skerman, V.B.D., Seeliger, H.P.R. & Clark, W.A. (1975). International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. 1975 Revision. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, D.C
 * Lapage, S.P., Sneath, P.H.A., Lessel, E.F., Skerman, V.B.D., Seeliger, H.P.R. & Clark, W.A. (1992). International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. Bacteriological Code. 1990 Revision. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. link.
 * Parker, C.T., Tindall, B.J. & Garrity, G.M., eds. (2019). International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Prokaryotic Code (2008 Revision). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 69(1A): S1–S111. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000778


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ICNB

Abbreviation ICNB may refer to:

 * Institute for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity, a Portuguese government agency
 * International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, a scientific classification
 * Intercostal nerve block, a medical procedure

title: ICNB


text: Template:Ou Main Line

title: Template:Ou Main Line


text:
Talk:Honda RC211V

Links in sections
Looks like WP:MOS says: "Avoid putting links in headings; try to link the first occurrence of the word or phrase in the section text, instead." Since there are no previous instances of the years in the section text, and since there isn't an outright prohibition from doing so, I'm replacing the links to GP season years to assist navigation to the relevant seasons.--Uli Kunkel 19:39, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You obviously don't understand the importance of this guideline. It makes links with anchors overly complicated to produce. I'm reverting. If you have a problem with this, fix it to work with the guidelines that the MOS outlines. Roguegeek (talk) 22:44, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Please clarify "It makes links with anchors overly complicated to produce."--Uli Kunkel 23:18, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I quoted the MOS above so there wouldn't be any confusion; if you revert without addressing how my quote above is invalid I'm going to have to consider it vandalism.--Uli Kunkel 01:46, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You may consider it whatever you want. Frankly, it doesn't matter what you consider it. Wikipedia policy is what defines vandalism and, thankfully, not you. Roguegeek (talk) 02:12, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Honda RC211V


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Prairie Dog Central Railway

The Prairie Dog Central Railway is a heritage railway just outside Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

Regular trips are every Saturday, Sunday and Holiday Monday from May through September, and last almost four hours with one stop in the rural community of Grosse Isle. Special dinner excursions occur during the season, as well as the Howlin' Halloween Express Trains in October. Details of the operations can be found by reviewing the schedules. Private Charters, School Programs and Engineer for a Day are also available.

History
Initiated in 1970 by The Vintage Locomotive Society Inc., the first operations were in July, 1970. From 1970–1974, the train operated out of Charleswood on the now-abandoned Canadian National Cabot Subdivision. From 1975 to 1996 the train operated out of St. James, immediately west of Polo Park on a now abandoned Canadian National Railways line.

In 1999 the station, now a Federal Heritage Site, was moved to its present location at Inkster Junction in Rosser. The Vintage Locomotive Society Inc. purchased the former Oak Point Subdivision from Canadian National Railways in 1999. Originally constructed between 1905 and 1910 by Mackenzie & Mann for the Canadian Northern Railway, it became part of the cross-Canada Canadian National Railways system in 1923.

The subdivision is connected to Canadian Pacific Railway’s east-west main line and the portion of the former subdivision used by the Prairie Dog Central extends to about 2 mi north of Warren. The remainder of the original line has now been abandoned.

Locomotives and rolling stock
Locomotive No. 3 is a 4-4-0 built in 1882 by Dübs and Company in Glasgow, Scotland, for the Canadian Pacific Railway, and later for the City of Winnipeg Hydro. From 2001 to 2009, it underwent a complete frame-off overhaul, including the manufacture of a new boiler. No. 3 is the oldest operating steam locomotive in Canada.

Locomotive 4138 is a classic EMD GP9 diesel locomotive which was built in November 1958 by Electro-Motive Division of General Motors at La Grange, Illinois, for the Grand Trunk Western. A GP9 model, it has 1750 hp.

Locomotive 1685 is also an EMD GP9 diesel locomotive. It was built for the Midland Railway Company of Manitoba by General Motors at their Electromotive Division plant in London, Ontario. Completed in March 1957 with builders number A1091, it was sent directly to Winnipeg to replace Midland Railway Engine Number 1. 1685 served all of its time out of Winnipeg, and only went to the U.S. for heavy maintenance. Locally, 1685 switched in and around Winnipeg on the Midland trackage which served the fruit warehouses while they were serviced by rail. During the years that 1685 ventured beyond Winnipeg, it regularly traveled to Emerson on the daily freight until that was discontinued. At times it assisted with the former Great Northern passenger train which ran between Minneapolis and Winnipeg. As built, 1685 originally had a steam generator for that purpose. 1685 was not substantially modified over the years. Other than carrying the Burlington Northern paint scheme when BN took over the Midland, and then again when she became BNSF 1685 in 1999, the only major modification was the removal of the steam generator. According to motive power rosters, 1685 was the last GP-9 owned by BNSF.

Coach 103 was built in 1908 by the Pullman Company of Chicago, Illinois, for the Keweenaw Central Railway of Calumet, Michigan. Ceasing operations a few years later it was purchased by the Winnipeg Light and Power Co. in 1920. It has remained the property of that organization, its successor City of Winnipeg Hydro (now Manitoba Hydro) and is leased to The Vintage Locomotive Society for use with the Prairie Dog Central Railway.

A "Combination Coach" has an area intended for baggage and the remainder is equipped with passenger seats. The baggage area is used for the train crew, and to accommodate special equipment required for operation.

This coach is always located immediately behind the locomotive in the train because Canadian federal operating regulations require that there be a buffer between a steam engine/tender and passenger area. The baggage compartment area satisfies this regulation.

It has been completely restored to its original condition featuring oak paneling, opaque vent windows, pot bellied stove, and lavatory.

A coach of this type was often used in mixed trains along with boxcars serving the freight and transportation needs of prairie villages. Coach 103 has a maximum seating capacity of 36 passengers and has been named "Gordon Younger" in honor of a founding member of The Vintage Locomotive Society Inc.

Coach 104 was built in 1906 by the Crossen Coach Company of Cobourg, Ontario, for the Canadian Northern Railway, it remained in service until it was sold to the Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway (GWWD) in 1954. The Vintage Locomotive Society Inc. purchased it from GWWD in 1970.

This coach has been fully restored and features oak and mahogany panel interior, leaded windows, “pinch gas” light fixtures suspended from the ceiling, separate men's and women's lavatories, a coal stove and a smoking compartment.

Built in 1901 by the Barney and Smith Car Company of Dayton, Ohio, for the Canadian Northern Railway, Coach 105 is the oldest of the Prairie Dog Central Railway’s passenger equipment. It has been fully restored and features an arched interior clerestory roof, inlaid mahogany paneling, a distinctive smoking compartment, separate men's and women's lavatories, and a pot bellied coal stove.

Coach 106 was constructed in 1913 by the Canadian Pacific Railway at Angus Shops, Quebec. The Vintage Locomotive Society acquired it from the GWWD in 1969 and placed it into service in 1974. This wooden coach features mahogany paneling with oak accessories, a continuous brass rack above the seats, original stained glass in the vent windows and slider window blinds.

Built in 1911 by the Canadian Pacific Railway at Angus Shops, Quebec, Coach 107 was sold to the Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway (GWWD) in 1956, and became the property of the Vintage Locomotive Society Inc. in 1970 through an equipment trade with the GWWD and was placed in service in 1972.

Featuring mahogany and oak paneling, suspended “pinch gas” lamps, brass match striker plates at every seat, separate men's and women's lavatories and a pot bellied coal stove, it is always the last coach primarily because it has a full width enclosed vestibule with windows looking back on the track. This area is useful for the Conductor and Trainman when the train is being operated in reverse as it permits a vantage point for safe backward movement under their control and in communication with the Locomotive Engineer.

The 2011 schedule lists three locomotives in use.

title: Prairie Dog Central Railway


text:
User talk:Clustercomps

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

User page
It is felt that the article you created at Sean Harris (MS&E Scholar) is not suitable for a Wikipedia article, which must have a notable subject and be verifiable. I have moved it to User:, which is where users are free to write about themselves. You are at liberty to move it back into the (Main) namespace but bear in mind that if you do so, it is likely to be nominated for deletion.

Note, however, that the purpose of a user page is to enable active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. Wikipedia is not a general hosting service, so your user page is not a personal homepage. Content unrelated to Wikipedia or its editing is likely to be removed.

Please see the user page guidelines, especially this section for more information. -- RHaworth 12:48, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Clustercomps


text: Category:Mosques in Karachi

title: Category:Mosques in Karachi


text:
Kendari

Kendari is the capital city of the Indonesian province of Southeast Sulawesi. It had a population of 289,966 at the 2010 Census and 345,107 at the 2020 census, making it the most populous city in the province, and the fourth most on Sulawesi. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 351,085 - comprising 176,279 males and 174,806 females. The city covers an area of 270.14 km2, or about 0.7 percent of Southeast Sulawesi's land area. Located on Kendari Bay, it continues to be an important trade center, with the province's main port and airport. It is the economic and educational center of the province, home to various universities and colleges. Kendari has the highest Human Development Index (HDI) in Sulawesi.

Etymology
The word "Kendari" is thought to come from a version of the word "Kandai", meaning a tool made of bamboo and wooden planks to push boats away from a dock. Over time, the pronunciation changed, and the city is now officially known as Kendari.

Early history
The Bay of Kendari has been known since the 15th century and appears on Portuguese chartered maps, marked with the name "Citta dela Baia" ("City of the Bay"). The bay was known as "Baia du Tivora" ("Tivora Bay"). The Kingdom of Konawe, founded in the fifth century by the Tolaki people, ruled the settlement. Its early governmental structure was simple and resembled those of tribal societies. The kingdom had several historical periods.

Its first king was Mokole Roro, who ruled the kingdom between 428 and 447, in a period known as Ancient Konawe. The kingdom was still small and did not yet rule all of today's Konawe region or Kendari city. The kingdom's capital was in Rahambuu, a town known today as Unaaha, around 60 km from Kendari. The kingdom included three smaller kingdoms loyal to Unaaha.

The Old Konawe period followed the Ancient Konawe period. It was marked by the unification and consolidation of the kingdom's power over the region. There was a huge unknown disaster, which is thought to have almost eliminated all the people in the region. According to local legend, Onggodo, a holy man, is thought to have arrived in the kingdom from the Maluku Islands. He is believed to have saved the kingdom from the unknown disaster, and later married one of the kingdom's princesses. Konawe society was divided into three classes. Anakia were nobles and the upper classes; Tononggapa were the commoners and peasants, and Oata were slaves. People in the region were united by the Kalo Sara, meaning "circle of tribal laws", a religious symbol of harmony, peace, and kinship, a large bracelet made of three rattan pieces tied together on a white napkin. The rattan bracelet symbolized unity and the white napkin symbolized good deeds. The three pieces of rattan have various meanings and interpretations, such as father, mother, and children, or government, religion, and tradition.

Islamic period
Islam has been present in the kingdom since the early 15th century, especially after the foundation of the neighbouring Sultanate of Buton, just south of Konawe, brought by Buginese merchants from Makassar who mostly settled in coastal regions, and through trade. The kingdom officially embraced Islam during the reign of King Lakidende (1724–1786), who had embraced Islam after traveling around Western parts of Sulawesi and studying Islam in the Bone kingdom around today's South Sulawesi. During his reign, the kingdom banned things that were considered un-Islamic, such as eating pork. He promoted the construction of mosques in each village, and marriage in accordance with Islamic tradition. The kingdom's governance structure did not change significantly, and many animist traditions were incorporated with Islamic beliefs by the people. The Kalo Sara symbol was interpreted in accordance with Islamic beliefs instead of being abandoned altogether. During this period, Konawe became a multicultural society, with merchants from Java, Makassar, and Maluku settling on the island.

Colonial period
In 1828, the governor of the Dutch East Indies tasked a sailor named Jacques Nicholas Vosmaer with mapping the eastern coast of Sulawesi to find a suitable location for a trading post. The first detailed map of Kendari Bay, renamed Vosmaer Bay in his honor, was published in May 1831. According to reports from Vosmaer in 1839 and another Dutch official named van der Hart in 1853, villages around Kendari Bay where current city is located are settled by Bugis and Bajo traders and fisherman between 10 and 15 years prior to his journey. The bay was an attractive location for migrants that time, due to Konawe's political condition that were relatively stable and peaceful compared to neighbouring kingdoms at that time. Many traders, especially those of the Bugis people, came to Kendari due to the ongoing Dutch–Bone War between 1824 and 1825. During this time, Konawe was in a weakened state following a succession of crises. In 1858, La Mangu, a noble from Ranome Eto, signed a treaty with the Dutch, as he wished to create a separate kingdom, Laiwoi, independent from Konawe. Laiwoi would be located in Ranome Eto, and its founding was kept secret from Konawe royal council members. Laiwoi existed legally, but did not control any territory, as Konawe maintained its hold on the area. The Dutch promised armed help to create the kingdom on the condition that the treaty would be kept secret from the people of Konawe until the other Dutch wars in South Sulawesi ended.

In 1905, following the end of the war against the Gowa Sultanate, the Dutch turned their attention to the eastern coast of Sulawesi. La Mangu had died by now, but the Dutch maintained the plans to establish Laiwoi, approaching nobles from Ranome Eto with the treaty and finally, naming Saosao as king, increasing tensions with the Konawe nobility. To avoid armed conflict, the Dutch government mediated an agreement. However, Konawe secretly mobilised its troops and established an arms store in Puwilalo. In response, the Dutch attempted, and failed, to negotiate with their leader, Watukila. Finally, the Dutch decided to attack Watukila's troops and invaded the kingdom. In 1908, Dutch troops besieged Puundombi Fort, and Konawe fell. Laiwoi moved the capital to Kendari; armed resistance to it and the Dutch continued through 1937.

Japanese occupation and independence
Japanese troops occupied the city after the Battle of Kendari in 1942. The Dutch garrison initially opted for guerilla warfare, but following increased Indonesian nationalist sentiment, and the lack of resistance that followed, the Dutch command ultimately pressed for surrender, which they did on 27 March. As in other regions, Japanese troops provided opportunities for Indonesian nationalism to spread in the region, and gave nationalist groups military training. :60

One month after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in August 1945, youth in the region created a militia headquartered in Kolaka. The PRI (Indonesian Republican Youth) controlled the militia and spread its influence to cities and towns in Southeast Sulawesi, including Kendari. Lasandara, a local administrator for the Dutch, officially supported independence. However, in October, Australian troops entered the region with the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration. On 19 November, a Republican militia clashed with Dutch troops in an event known as the Kolaka incident. In February 1946, Dutch troops occupied the large cities in the region; guerilla resistance by the Republicans continued until 1948. The city and the surrounding region became part of the State of East Indonesia, which was incorporated into the newly recognised Indonesian Republic a year later. The city was heavily affected by the Darul Islam rebellion, which started in South Sulawesi but spread to the eastern coast. Because of the conflict, there were several refugee camps around the city. In 1964, the new province of Southeast Sulawesi was created with Kendari as its capital city. In 1978, Kendari gained city status as an administrative city and in 1995 as a kotamadya.

Due to its status as provincial capital, Kendari has been experiencing significant urbanization, making it prone to flooding and other disasters.

Geography
Kendari borders the Konawe Regency in the north, South Konawe Regency in the south and west, and Kendari Bay in the east. The city is on the southeastern part of mainland Sulawesi island; several smaller islands around the bay are within its boundaries. The city's topography varies from flat to hilly. Coastal areas tend to be flatter, while the northern part of the city is part of the Nipa-Nipa mountain formation, which reaches elevations of approximately 450 m. In general, the city's slopes are less than 25 percent except for those in the north, which in some places exceed 40 percent.

Soil formations in the city are relatively young, dominated by cambisols, which make up around 30 percent of the city's soil. Other formations also exist with less frequency, such as alluvium and podzols, which account for less than eight percent overall. Rivers and coastal areas contain the most abundant alluvium sediments.

Climate
Kendari has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with heavy rainfall from December to July and moderate rainfall from August to November. The city's average temperature is 31 C.

The lowest average temperature is usually recorded in August and can be 21 C, while the highest average temperature is observed during November reaching 32 C. The average humidity level is between 81 and 87 percent regardless of the month, and wind speed on average sits between 6.8 kn and 7.5 kn with stronger winds observed in December.

Administrative districts
At the time of the 2010 census, the city was divided into ten districts (kecamatan), but an 11th district (Nambo) was subsequently created from part of Abeli District. All districts are tabulated below with their postcodes, areas and populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of urban villages (kelurahan) in each district, and its post codes.

Note: (a) The 2010 population of the new Nambo District, and its post codes, are included in the figures for Abeli District, from which it was later cut out.

Government and politics
As with all Indonesian cities, Kendari is a second-level administrative division, equal in power to a regency, that is run by an elected mayor and vice mayor, who hold executive power, as well as a legislative city parliament. Legislative duties are vested in the local parliament. Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary.

The city is part of the 1st Southeast Sulawesi electoral district, which sends six of the 45 representatives to the provincial parliament. On the city level, it is divided into five electoral districts, which has 35 representatives.

Economy
The city's economy consists largely of service-related sectors employing 77 percent of its workforce. The construction sector, retail, agriculture and fisheries, processing and manufacturing, education, logistics and the financial and insurance industries are also major industries, listed here in order of percentage of gross regional product (GRP).

Kendari is also industrial, with the manufacturing sector employing 21.04 percent of the workforce, while agriculture employs 1.34 percent. Overall GRP growth of the city was 6.48 percent in 2019, but then the economy contracted 1.3 percent in 2020 because of the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The poverty rate in 2020 was 4.34 percent.

The nearby Konawe Industrial Area produces mainly nickel–lithium batteries. Shipping comes to Kendari New Port, a large industrial container port, and the Samudera Fishery Port, which hosts 27 fish processing companies as of 2016 and is among the largest centers for that industry in Eastern Indonesia. The fish catch was around 37000 t tons in 2018, consisting largely of skipjack tuna. There are 142 hotels registered in the city. Kendari is home to 28 large industrial companies and 446 registered small and medium-sized enterprises employing more than 1,500 people. Agricultural exports include frozen shrimp, processed cashew nuts, cocoa butter, and raw octopus; most of these products are exported to Japan and India.

Demographics
Around 90 percent of Kendari's population are members of groups native to the region such as Tolaki, Muna, Buton, and Moronene; the rest are mostly migrants from other parts of Indonesia. There were 176,279 males and 174,806 females in the city in mid 2023. The population grew by 1.7 percent in 2020, with Baruga district growing the most (5.38 percent) while the Kambu district decreased the most, losing 0.9 percent of its population. The most densely populated district was the Kadia district with 5,488 people per square kilometer in 2023, while the least was Nambo. The most populated districts in 2023 were Poasia with 42,409 people and West Kendari with 42,374 people, while the least populated was Nambo, which has a population of 12,315 people. According to Statistics Indonesia, 189,534 people are considered part of the workforce as of 2020. Most of the city's population are Muslim, with considerable Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu minorities.

Education
There are 133 kindergartens, 141 elementary schools, 58 junior high schools, and 32 senior high schools. There are 20 vocational high schools in the city as of 2020. The city is home to various institutions of higher education, most notably Haluoleo University, which is the older of the two public universities in the province. The university has over 40,000 active students and was the sixth most populous school in Indonesia based on undergraduate population. Kendari State Islamic Institution is the largest Islamic college in the province. It has over 6,000 active students, primarily undergraduates, mainly studying Islamic education and sharia economics.

Construction of the Kendari Modern Library, in Kadia District, was completed in 2021. The library is managed by the provincial government and was modeled after the Harvard Library. The library has seven floors, a cinema room, meeting spaces, an area for local artifacts, and a cafe. The school participation rate is relatively high—99.44 percent for ages seven to 12 years old, and 94.76 percent for ages 13 to 15. The city reports a literacy rate of 97.94 percent.

Healthcare
As of 2020, the city has 15 hospitals, including a maternity hospital, six polyclinics, 30 puskesmas (community health centers), five of which provide inpatient care, and 40 pharmacies. There are 38 primary clinics, 216 healthcare centers, and 55 family planning clinics in the city. Of the 15 hospitals, five are public hospitals while 10 are private. There are two psychiatric hospitals, one public, and one private.

The provincial government is constructing a hospital specializing in cardiology; construction began in 2019 and is expected to be completed in 2022. It is claimed to be the first cardiology hospital in Eastern Indonesia.

Transportation
There are 614.35 km of road within the city boundaries, of which 472.53 km have been paved and sealed with asphalt. Most of the roads are owned by the city government; the rest are state-owned national roads or provincial roads. As of 2021, both inner and outer ring roads are under construction. The Kendari Bay Bridge, with a length of 1.34 km, opened in 2020 and shortened travel times crossing the bay between Kota Lama and Poasia from a half hour to 5 minutes.

The city is served by Haluoleo Airport, formerly Wolter Monginsidi Airport. It has regular flights to Jakarta and Makassar and smaller regions around it. Haluoleo is being developed into an international airport to relieve pressure on the already congested Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport. Kendari New Port, in the city, is an international seaport, managed by Pelindo IV, which is used for the export and import of goods from the region. It is one of two international container ports on Sulawesi island that are currently being developed along with Makassar New Port in the city of Makassar. There are smaller ports, such as Wawonii and Nusantara, used mostly for ferries to the smaller islands surrounding the city. Almost 4,800 ships visited the city in 2020.

Usage of ride-hailing services such as Gojek and Grab is widespread in the city. Like most other Indonesian cities, angkots run on routes regulated by city government within Kendari. For long-distance land travel, the city is served by Perum DAMRI with various routes to the city of Baubau, Kolaka Regency, and the towns of Raha, Ereke, and Tondasi inside the province as well as interprovince routes to Tana Toraja Regency and Makassar. The city also has an urban bus system run by the city government since 2015.

Media
Many online and print media companies are based in the city, largely serving southeastern Sulawesi. One is the Fajar Group, a media conglomerate that owns several television channels, print media, and online news websites in the city and province. There are several private television channels in Kendari including Net.Kendari, GlobalTV Kendari, and local channels including Sigma TV. The Indonesian state-owned television channel TVRI and state-owned radio broadcaster Radio Republik Indonesia also have branches in the city.

title: Kendari


text:
User:Adamcrash

Adamcrash
Adamcrash is a native Novocastrian/born-again Melbournian user and sometime editor of wikipedia. Born in 1983, in a now-demolished section of Newcastle Hospital, these days he drifts about on the subtle scent of life - spending most of his precious energy designing and demolishing projects for oksunday.com and wallowing in drunken conversation. He is the current owner of Damien Frost's metallic cactus-holding cactus.

title: User:Adamcrash


text:
Hengoed railway station

Hengoed railway station serves the village of Hengoed in the county borough of Caerphilly, South Wales. It is a stop on the Rhymney Line of the Valley Lines network.

History
The current station was initially named Hengoed & Maesycwmmer when opened by the Rhymney Railway in 1858. Then on railway grouping into the Great Western Railway in 1923 it became known as Hengoed Low Level to avoid confusion.

Hengoed High Level railway station
Immediately adjacent, and crossing Hengoed Low Level was another station which originally shared the name Hengoed & Maesycwmmer, serving the Taff Vale Extension from Pontypool to Quakers Yard (and ultimately Neath). This station was renamed in 1923 to Hengoed High Level. The High Level station was immediately at the end of the Hengoed Viaduct, which carried the line across the Rhymney valley to Maesycwmmer. It was closed in June 1964. The line is disused, but the viaduct has been restored and is now part of the National Cycle Network. Some remains of the platforms have also been preserved.

Maesycwmmer railway station
The towns shared a third railway station on the former Rumney Railway, which on amalgamation with the Brecon and Merthyr Tydfil Junction Railway was called Maesycwmmer & Hengoed. In 1923 it was renamed simply Maesycwmmer.

Services
The station has 4 departures per hour in each direction Mon-Sat daytimes - southbound to Caerphilly, Cardiff Central and Penarth and northbound to Bargoed. One each hour of the latter runs through to Rhymney (with extras at peak times). During the evening, the frequency drops to hourly each way and on Sundays to two-hourly (when trains run southbound to Barry Island).

title: Hengoed railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paradigm Associates

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Linuxbeak | Talk 14:11, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Paradigm Associates
This is an article on a website with an Alexa ranking of 750000 where "Affordable Life Coach Certificates" are on sale. Pilatus 12:51, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Spam. —Cryptic (talk) 08:58, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. non-notable.--Gaff talk  01:58, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Oddfellows Casino

Oddfellows Casino are an English band based in Brighton. At the helm is singer-songwriter David Bramwell plus an ensemble of long-serving band members and occasional collaborators including Fujiya & Miyagi’s Steve Lewis, former Stereolab bassist Simon John’s and Grasscut’s Andrew Phillips.

Early history
In the mid-1990s, Bramwell recorded his first album with the band Luminous, produced and released by Shimmy Disc's producer Kramer, before going solo in 2000 and forming Oddfellows Casino. Early releases on Leicester’s Pickled Egg Records included Yellow-Bellied Wonderland and Winter Creatures, drawing comparisons with Robert Wyatt, The Beta Band, Red House Painters and late-period Talk Talk. For the band's third album, 2012's The Raven's Empire, Bramwell teamed up with producer and composer Andrew Phillips to create a record that was altogether bigger, darker and more orchestrated than what had come before. Reviews acknowledged a change in direction citing 'bubbling synths and ornate productions.' (Happening Magazine) and 'occult incantation' (Drowned in Sound). The single, "Winter in a Strange Town", was picked up by BBC 6Music’s Gideon Coe, Lauren Laverne and Cerys Matthews.

Later history
By the late 2000s, Bramwell was also becoming established as an author and radio presenter, making programmes for BBC Radio 3 and BBC Radio 4, and specialising in the weird and bizarre.

In 2014, Oddfellows Casino released their fourth studio album, The Water Between Us, followed by a collection of unreleased material, Dust, through At the Helm Records and France's Microcultures. In 2017, their sixth album, Oh, Sealand, included the voice of comic book author Alan Moore, a song written to accompany the book Watling Street by author John Higgs, and an unofficial national anthem for the independent principality of Sealand, in the North Sea. It received positive reviews, making fourth place in the top ten best albums of 2017 in Switzerland's LeTemps newspaper.

The International Times described Oh, Sealand as a ‘mixtures of ghostly folk and eerily urgent song craft. The beauty and elegance of both voice, lyric and melody is exceptional. These are the kind of songs the WickerMan’s Paul Giovanni might have written if he had lived to update his own template.' The Quietus’s Ben Graham described Oh, Sealand  as ‘joining the dots between Pentangle and The Pet Shop Boys, Basil Kirchin and British Sea Power.

In 2020, Oddfellows Casino marked their 20th anniversary with the release of three albums over 12 months: a new album of songs, ''Burning! Burning!; an album and booklet of spoken word and music based on Bramwell's solo show, The Cult of Water, in collaboration with Alan Moore, Rough Trade Books and illustrator Pete Fowler, and Music from the Cult of Water.'' They continue to be, ‘a band who 'specialises in a gentle, wistful blend of folk, dream pop, hauntological sounds and maybe a hint of jazz.' (News from Neptune).

Discography

 * Yellow Bellied Wonderland, Pickled Egg Records, 2002
 * Winter Creatures, Pickled Egg Records, 2005
 * The Absence of Birds, Pickled Egg Records, 2008
 * The Raven's Empire, Nightjar Records 2012
 * The Water Between Us, At the Helm Records, Microcultures 2012
 * Dust, At the Helm Records, Microcultures 2015
 * Oh, Sealand, At the Helm Records, Microcultures 2017
 * Burning! Burning! Nightjar Records 2020
 * The Cult of Water, Nightjar Records 2021
 * Music from The Cult of Water Nightjar Records 2021
 * Prince of the Starry Wheel Nightjar Records 2022

title: Oddfellows Casino


text:
User talk:Swisscom

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Just a few quick tips:
 * Our Tutorial explains how to edit; you can experiment in the test area.
 * We have help pages, and if they don't help (can happen :-), post a question at the Help Desk.
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 * Eventually, you might want to read our Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Use the "Preview" button below the edit box! It helps you catch layout, format, and spelling errors before saving.
 * To sign your messages (to talk pages, for instance—like I do below), add four tildes (~~~~) to your posts. The software will replace them by your signature and a time stamp when you save the page.

Anyway, have fun improving this encyclopedia! Lupo 12:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Swisscom
Please see also User talk:138.190.15.46... If you continue to copy text from other web sites and thus committing copyright violations, you will be prevented from editing. Lupo 12:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Swisscom


text:
User talk:Jimcaale99

salaan
waraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoywaraa waan kusalamay salaan kidob ghfhjfghjgvhkghg t9tgoul guyr86io768tuio guiguilgbjkghjkghjklyuiguilgjhigoiuhuoyBold text

title: User talk:Jimcaale99


text:
William Compton, 6th Marquess of Northampton

William Bingham Compton, 6th Marquess of Northampton, DSO (6 August 1885 – 30 January 1978), known as Earl Compton from 1897 to 1913, was a British peer and soldier.

Early life
Northampton was the eldest son of William George Spencer Scott Compton, 5th Marquess of Northampton, and his wife Mary Florence (née Baring). He was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated as B.A. in 1906.

Military and public service
Initially a Lieutenant in the Northamptonshire Yeomanry, he was commissioned into the regular army in the Royal Horse Guards, of which he became Adjutant in 1913 and achieved the rank of Major. He fought in the First World War, during which he was twice mentioned in despatches and wounded. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) and in 1919 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. He was also a Commander of the Order of St John of Jerusalem.

He transferred as a Captain to the Warwickshire Yeomanry in 1921 and rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in command, retiring in 1932. He was also honorary Colonel of the 11th Battalion of the London Regiment (Finsbury Rifles) from 1923 to 1934.

He served in local government on the Northamptonshire County Council, to which he was elected in 1922, became chairman in 1949, and resigned in 1955. He also became DL in 1936 for the Scottish County of Ross, and DL for Northamptonshire in 1937, as well as J.P. for the latter county.

William Bingham Compton authored the book History of the Comptons of Compton Wynyates, which was published in 1930 by J. Lane and Bodley Head Ltd of London in a limited edition of only 200 copies.

Personal life
As Earl Compton, he became engaged in 1912 to divorced actress Miss Daisy Markham (alias Mrs Annie Moss), who during the relationship ceased her acting work and bore him twin children. As result of family pressure he broke off the engagement after succeeding to his peerage, which led to a breach of promise lawsuit by Markham. She accepted from him a settlement of £50,000 (worth under £2,153,000 in 2005), a record in British legal history for a breach of promise case, in 1913.

Lord Northampton married, firstly, Lady Emma Marjory, daughter of Thomas Thynne, 5th Marquess of Bath, in 1921. They had no children and were divorced in 1941. He married, secondly, Virginia Lucie, daughter of Captain David Rimington Heaton, in 1942. They had two sons and two daughters, but were divorced in 1958. He married, thirdly, in 1958 with Lady Elspeth Grace Whitaker, daughter of William Ingham Whitaker and a member of the Whitaker family. Lord Northampton died in January 1978, aged 92, and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son from his second marriage, Spencer. His eldest child, Lady Judith Compton, was married to the Sir Adrian Swire.


text: Category:Mosques in Lahore

title: Category:Mosques in Lahore


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lutenblag

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Merge Karmafist 17:35, 17 October 2005 (UTC) Tally Explanation on Talk Page

Lutenblag
Sure, it's a hilarious book, but this article is completely unecessary - it's just a rip of information on the website. [maestro] 12:55, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Funny book; pointless article.--Isotope23 17:42, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge This should be merged with the Molvania entry. (Alphaboi867 03:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Merge. I can;t really see justification for creating a travel guide for the country of Molvania.  Granted the ice planet Hoth from Star Wars series is noteworthy, but this seems on a much lesser scale of fictional place.—Gaff  talk  02:20, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oddfellows casino

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Linuxbeak | Talk 14:13, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Oddfellows casino
The article admits that this band is "little known"; it is therefore not encyclopedia-worthy.--Carabinieri 12:55, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment My vote would depend on how large a label they are signed with. Having two albums would meet WP:music standards as long as the label is not a home garage type of business. Qaz  ( talk ) 13:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * See —Wahoofive (talk) 15:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: As of right now, there is nothing mentioned in the article to indicate that the band is notable.--Carabinieri 14:39, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. They have two albums and a single listed on the Pickled Egg Records website.  Looks like they are a legit band.  The indie label has several bands in its roster and lookks like has been around since '97.
 * From wp music guidelines:Has released two or more albums on a major label or one of the more important indie labels (i.e. an independent label with a history of more than a few years and a roster of performers, many of which are notable)
 * Looks like they are a legit band. The indie label has several bands in its roster and lookks like has been around since '97.—Gaff  talk  02:15, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Adamcrash

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 12:56, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Image:6236198 l.jpg listed for deletion
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Image:4996590 m.jpg requires attention
Hello. An image you had previously uploaded, Image:4996590 m.jpg, did not have a licensing tag. Another editor has tagged the image as GFDL-presumed. You may wish to visit the image page and provide the correct license. You can view a list of all the image licensing tags at Image copyright tags/All. The image risks being nominated for deletion as failing to have a license. Many of these GFDL-presumed image are used on User pages. --User:Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr) 00:35, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Image:4996590 m.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:4996590 m.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. - SCEhard T 15:49, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Adam at a party.jpg

The file File:Adam at a party.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Not encyclopedic."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Iazyges  Consermonor   Opus meum  13:09, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adamcrash


text:
Pepper Lunch

Pepper Lunch (ペッパーランチ) is a Japanese "fast-steak" restaurant franchise popular in the Tokyo area.

Pepper Lunch is a subsidiary of Pepper Food Service Co., Ltd. The restaurant's Southeast Asian operations are formerly managed by Suntory F&B International (in Asia) and Former Oishii Group in Australia and the U.S. Since April 2023, Asia, Australia and U.S. restaurants are managed by Hotpalette.

History
Pepper Lunch was created in 1994 by chef and inventor Kunio Ichinose, who wanted to serve quality fast food without hiring a chef. He devised a method using hot metal plates that are heated to 500 F by an electromagnetic cooker. The raw meat with vegetables and/or rice are then placed on the plates, where they cook in front of the customer. The meat can be eaten rare or well done, depending on the customer's preference. The meal is then mixed with a choice of either the special honey brown sauce (Amakuchi) or garlic soy sauce (Karakuchi).

Restaurants
Pepper Lunch has a chain of stores in Japan, the United States, Australia, Hong Kong, Macau, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Brunei, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Its Taiwan, Beijing, and Myanmar branches closed down in 2023. In Q4 2023 Taiwan branch reopen under new management.

E. coli O157 poisoning
In September 2009, all branches in Japan temporarily closed after 38 customers, aged 2 to 81, suffered from food poisoning. The cause was E. coli O157 poisoning, which spread throughout 19 stores among 14 prefectures in Japan. A supplier of diced beefsteak was ordered to recall the E. coli-affected product.

title: Pepper Lunch


text:
User talk:Parthepan

Jerry Remigius Kanagarajah
Thanks for letting me know. I've deleted the article and left another message on the page of the anon that created it.

On another note I've noticed that although you've been editing Wikipedia for a while you've never been formally welcomed to the community, so here you go:

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

--Canderson7 16:02, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Parthepan


text:
The Virginian-Pilot

The Virginian-Pilot is the daily newspaper for Hampton Roads, Virginia. Commonly known as The Pilot, it is Virginia's largest daily. It serves the five cities of South Hampton Roads as well as several smaller towns across southeast Virginia and northeast North Carolina. It was a locally owned, family enterprise from its founding in 1865 at the close of the American Civil War until its sale to Tribune Publishing in 2018. Its headquarters is in Newport News, and prior to 2020 was in Norfolk.

The Virginian-Pilot is owned by parent company, Tribune Publishing. This company was acquired by Alden Global Capital, which operates its media properties through Digital First Media, in May 2021.

Pulitzer Prizes
The newspaper has won three Pulitzer Prizes. The first was won in 1929 by editor Louis Jaffe, who received the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for "An Unspeakable Act of Savagery", an editorial which condemned lynching. Jaffe mentored the paper's next editor, Lenoir Chambers, who in 1960 received the same prize for his editorials on desegregation, as exemplified by "The Year Virginia Closed the Schools" and "The Year Virginia Opened the Schools". The paper was one of the few in Virginia to publicly support the end of Jim Crow. In 1985, Thomas Turcol was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for General News Reporting for his coverage of corruption in Chesapeake. Reporters at The Pilot have also finished as Pulitzer finalists three times since 2007.

History
The Virginian-Pilot and its sister afternoon edition, the Ledger-Star (which ceased publication in 1995) were created by Samuel L. Slover as the result of several mergers of papers dating back to 1865. The Virginian-Pilot covered the Wright brothers' early flights. Slover's nephew Frank Batten Sr. became publisher at age 27 in 1954. He expanded the Virginian-Pilot's parent company, which soon evolved into Landmark Communications and later Landmark Media Enterprises, by acquiring other newspapers and radio and television stations and by creating The Weather Channel, now owned by a group of investors led by NBC Universal. In Norfolk, on September 1, 1923, the company founded Virginia's first radio station, WTAR. In 1950 it added Channel 4 WTAR-TV (now Channel 3 WTKR) and in 1961, it signed on 95.7 WTAR-FM (now WVKL).

The paper was among the first available online as a part of the Compuserve experiment in early 1980s where the paper and 10 others around the country transmitted text versions of stories daily to Compuserve's host computers in Ohio.

Frank Batten Jr. became publisher in 1991 and expanded on digitizing the paper. In 1993 The Virginian-Pilot was one of the first newspapers in the country to launch a sister website, Pilotonline.com. Batten Jr. stepped down as the paper's publisher, becoming Landmark Communications' Chairman and CEO. "Dee" Carpenter became publisher in 1995, followed by Bruce Bradley in 2005, Maurice Jones in 2008, David Mele in 2012 and Patricia Richardson in 2014. The paper published a podcast in 2017. The Shot was created by reporters Gary Harki and Joanne Kimberlin and dealt with the unsolved 2010 murder of Norfolk police officer Victor Decker.

After The Pilot was sold to Tronc in 2018, no new publisher was named. Marisa Porto was named the newspaper's editor, but she left the next year. Interim General Manager Par Ridder said a search would begin for a new editor for the newsroom and a new general manager to oversee the business side of the newspaper.

Kris Worrell was named by Ridder as The Pilot's editor on July 22, 2019. She had previously been the executive editor of The Press of Atlantic City. Worrell graduated from Kempsville High in Virginia Beach and worked previously both for The Pilot and the Daily Press.

Offices and corporate
The paper's offices are shared with its sister paper, the Daily Press and are located at 703 Mariners Row, Newport News, VA 23606. It is in the City Center at Oyster Point complex. Both papers are owned by Tribune Publishing.

Beginning circa 1937, the headquarters were in Norfolk. In 2020, the newspaper moved, as Monument Companies bought the Norfolk complex for $95,000,000. This complex became Pilot Place, an apartment complex. The new headquarters in Newport News was already the offices of the Daily Press, which was the lessee.

Prices
Since December, 2014, the Pilot's single copy prices are: $1 Daily, $2.50 Sunday/Thanksgiving Day.

Sale to Tribune Publishing
On May 29, 2018, The Virginian-Pilot was purchased by Chicago-based media conglomerate Tribune Publishing, formerly known as Tronc, for a cash price of $34 million. The deal included the Pilot and all of its "outstanding interests" — including its subsidiary publications, the paper's Norfolk headquarters and its printing plant in Virginia Beach.

title: The Virginian-Pilot


text:
Henry Doubleday

Henry Doubleday may refer to:
 * Henry Doubleday (entomologist) (1808–1875), English entomologist and ornithologist of Epping, Essex, UK
 * Henry Doubleday (horticulturalist) (1810–1902), English scientist and horticulturist of Coggeshall, Essex, UK

title: Henry Doubleday


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hengoed railway station

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. H e rmione1980 00:29, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Hengoed railway station
No claim to notability--Carabinieri 12:58, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

I am indifferent about this deletion - but in its defence, see Valley Lines page which (someone) pointed railway links for many such pages. Plus, there are a lot of railway enthusiasts in this country who might expand this page a lot. --Gedge67 13:16, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment I don't know if railway stations are kept as a matter of form. If they are, then this should of course stay.  Otherwise, as stations go, this one appears to be just about as unremarkable as it's possible for a place to be!  Unless someone can prove otherwise, I say Delete OK. I'm persuaded.  Keep Marcus22 13:35, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep railway stations. Even though this is a very short stub, I think it is valid since context is provided by specifying which railway it lies on. See Articles_for_deletion/Precedents which says that subway stations are inherently notable by precedent, I think railway stations are of comparable notability. See Articles for deletion/Silver Street railway station for another deletion debate on a small railway station. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Railway stations have the potential to become decent articles. When was the station first opened? How many people use it? Who designed the buildings? Have any famous trains passed through it? How often to trains run and where do they go? Have there been any accidents at the station? and so on. There's lots a railway enthusiast could add. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 15:16, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Lack of notability is not a valid deletion criterion for railway stations.--Nicodemus75 18:09, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as per Nicodemus75. Carioca 22:50, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Theresa Knott — Preceding unsigned comment added by Apyule (talk • contribs) Sjakkalle (Check!)  15:22, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I still don't understand what makes every railway station notable. Wouldn't that require us to write thousands of articles in order to have an article about every railway station in English-speaking countries, let alone the whole world?  Couldn't the same concept be applied to, e.g., post offices or malls?  What sets railway stations apart from other buildings that makes them particularly notable?--Carabinieri 19:37, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The question of whether we should have an article is different from the question if we can have an article. I don't believe that we need to have articles on every railway station in the world, but when such station articles come, I think we can keep them. Regarding shopping malls and post offices, I think there is some disagreement among Wikipedians, personally I don't find them very notable because what is in them are very mundane, ordinary thing (shops, offices and paperwork). One might argue that a railway station also is mundane, but for some reason there are several rail enthusiasts while there are very few shopping mall enthusiasts (i.e. people interested in the mall itself). Several webpages endeavor to provide info on various stations, which illustrates that there are several people interested in such information. One might also argue that many of these station articles will be little more than stubs and should be merged with the railway line (which I think most would agree, are inherently notable). I have some sympathy with that view, but merging in a railway station which lies on more than one line can be quite awkward. Sjakkalle (Check!)  06:13, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: File:Nightwish-blessthechild.jpg

title: File:Nightwish-blessthechild.jpg


text: Template:Kesennuma Line

title: Template:Kesennuma Line


text:
Alberton railway station, Adelaide

Alberton railway station is the junction station for the Port Dock and Outer Harbor lines. Situated in the north-western Adelaide suburb of Alberton, it is 10.2 kilometres from Adelaide station. The station is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.

History
The railway station and the substantial brick and stone building on the northbound platform were constructed in 1856 when the line between Adelaide and Port Adelaide was built. The other intermediate stations on this line were at Bowden and Woodville. In the early days, Adelaide to Port Adelaide was a single-track railway. As traffic on the line increased, a second platform opened at Alberton in 1878 and the single track was duplicated throughout in 1881. Goods sidings were installed in 1892, controlled by a signal cabin adjacent to the Fussell Place level crossing.

As traffic declined in the second half of the 20th century, the goods siding and signal cabin were taken out of use in 1953. Alberton station has been unattended since 1 September 1987, but the building on the first platform is now used as a hairdresser. In late 2016, the station was ranked as one of the worst stations in the western suburbs based on 5 criteria. On 17 May 2022, a 62 year old woman was fatally struck by a train at a crossing north of the station, causing the line to be closed for several hours and promoting calls for more gates at crossings along the Outer Harbor line.

No freight trains operate through Alberton, however a significant amount of freight traffic used the nearby Rosewater loop until 2008 when the Mary MacKillop Bridge over the Port River was opened. The Rosewater loop joined the Adelaide to Outer Harbor line at Port Adelaide Junction (just north of Alberton) heading for the Lefevre Peninsula and Pelican Point.

title: Alberton railway station, Adelaide


text:
Bingham Baring, 2nd Baron Ashburton

William Bingham Baring, 2nd Baron Ashburton, (June 1799 – 23 March 1864) was a British businessman and a Whig politician who later became a Tory.

Background and education
William Bingham Baring was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in June 1799, the eldest son of the politician and banker Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton (1773–1848), and his wife Ann Louisa (died 1848), daughter of William Bingham. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated in classics in 1821. He received a Master of Arts in 1836 and an Honorary Doctorate of Civil Law in 1856.

Political career
Baring sat as Member of Parliament for Thetford between 1826 and 1830 and 1841 and 1848, for Callington between 1830 and 1831, for Winchester between 1832 and 1837 and for Staffordshire North between 1837 and 1841. He was elected as a Whig in 1832 and 1835, and from 1837 as a Tory. He served under Sir Robert Peel as Joint Secretary to the Board of Control from 1841 to 1845 and as Paymaster General, with a seat in the Cabinet, from 1845 to 1846. In 1845 he was sworn of the Privy Council. In 1848 he succeeded his father in the barony and entered the House of Lords.

Baring was a member of the Canterbury Association from 27 May 1848. He was a commandeur of the Légion d'honneur, awarded for his services to commerce. He served as captain in the Hampshire Yeomanry Cavalry. In 1853, he was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Southampton. In 1854 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. One of his on-going legacies is the National Rifle Association's competition for the Ashburton Shield which was donated by Lord Ashburton in 1861.

Family
Lord Ashburton married as his first wife, Lady Harriet Mary Montagu, eldest daughter of George Montagu, 6th Earl of Sandwich, on 12 April 1823. Their only child, Alexander Montagu Baring (1828–1830), died as an infant. Lady Harriet is well known for inspiring the devotion of Thomas Carlyle, to the great dismay of his wife Jane Welsh Carlyle. Lady Harriet died on 4 May 1857, aged 51.

Lord Ashburton married as his second wife Louisa Caroline Stewart-Mackenzie, youngest daughter of James Alexander Stewart-Mackenzie, on 17 November 1858. They had one daughter, Mary Florence, (named after Florence Nightingale ) born on 26 June 1860 at Bath House, Piccadilly, London (a site now occupied by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority), who married William Compton, 5th Marquess of Northampton. Lord Ashburton died at The Grange, Hertfordshire, in March 1864, aged 64.

He was succeeded in the barony by his younger brother, Francis. Lady Ashburton subsequently had an intimate relationship with the sculptor Harriet Hosmer. Lady Ashburton died in London in February 1903, aged 75.

Eponymous
The Ashburton River in New Zealand and the town of the same name located on the river were named by the chief surveyor of the Canterbury Association, Joseph Thomas, after Lord Ashburton.

title: Bingham Baring, 2nd Baron Ashburton


text:
Bless the Child (song)

"Bless the Child" is the seventh single by Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish, released as the second single from their album Century Child. It is one of two songs which were filmed from the Century Child album, with other one being "End of All Hope". It was also the first song bassist/vocalist Marko Hietala worked on after he joined the band replacing Sami Vänskä.

There are two versions of the single, each having a slightly different track list. The normal release includes the title track and the two songs, "Lagoon" and "The Wayfarer", which have not been released in Germany before. There is too a limited DVD plus of the single which includes three DVD videotracks in addition to the audio content. The videos are "Over the Hills and Far Away", "Bless the Child", and a 30-minute interview.

In addition to it being a single, part of the edited version was used in a Chinese broadcast on CCTV-4.

Spinefarm version

 * 1) "Bless the Child" (Edit)
 * 2) "Bless the Child"
 * 3) "Lagoon"

Spinefarm EP

 * 1) "Bless the Child"
 * 2) "The Wayfarer"
 * 3) "Come Cover Me" (Live)
 * 4) "Dead Boy's Poem" (Live)
 * 5) "Once Upon a Troubadour"
 * 6) "A Return to the Sea"
 * 7) "Sleepwalker" (Heavy Version)
 * 8) "Nightquest"

Drakkar version

 * 1) "Bless the Child"
 * 2) "Lagoon"
 * 3) "The Wayfarer"

NEMS EP

 * 1) "Bless the Child" (Edit)
 * 2) "Walking in the Air" (Edit)
 * 3) "The Wayfarer"
 * 4) "The Kinslayer" (Live in Argentina)
 * 5) "Deep Silent Complete" (Live)
 * 6) "The Pharaoh Sails to Orion" (Live)
 * 7) "Come Cover Me" (Live)
 * 8) "Wanderlust" (Live)
 * 9) "Instrumental" (Live)
 * 10) "Swanheart" (Live)
 * 11) "Elvenpath" (Live)
 * 12) "Fantasmic Part 3" (Live)
 * 13) "Dead Boy's Poem" (Live)
 * 14) "Sleepwalker" (Original Version)
 * 15) "Lagoon"
 * 16) "Over the Hills and Far Away" (Video Edit Mix)

Personnel

 * Tarja Turunen - vocals
 * Tuomas Holopainen - keyboards
 * Emppu Vuorinen - guitars
 * Jukka Nevalainen - drums
 * Marko Hietala - bass
 * Sam Hardwick - spoken word

Video
The video for this song tells a sad love story in reverse, it's a mix between the scenes and the band playing in a disused warehouse. The band was a bit disappointed with the video, because they found it to be a bit too complex.

title: Bless the Child (song)


text:
Talk:Abbess

non-catholic abbessess
Why are abessess catholic only? Could a buddhist monastery not elect a female to be the head monk? Mualphachi (talk) 21:27, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

women as theological figures
Can someone more knowledgeable on the subject add relevant comments to the relevant sections of women as theological figures.

Jackiespeel 13:00, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

nuns
according to the abbey article: abbeys can be either monasteries (which can be male (monk) or female (nun) based) or convents, which are not occupied by nuns or monks but instead by priests, friars, and religious sisters and/or brothers. While colloquially referred to as nuns, religious sisters like the ones who run hospitals are technically not, nuns being involved in isolated contemplation and not community service, and similarly the men who live in convents are not monks. I have no idea if the abbey article is correct, but I think having both articles say the same thing is important; if someone knows better than me, please change both articles, not Insert non-formatted text here -- Akb4 21:10, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * some discussion with [User:HarvardOxon] leads me to the conclusion that this article and several related ones are factually messed up beyond the ability of anyone not fairly familiar with the structure of the catholic church to correct. Abbess, Convent, Abbey, and probably Abbot and Friar should probably be checked out by an expert; Abbey should probably be tagged as containing inaccuracies. -- Akb4 12:38, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Can anyone will understand me in simple English? Please John melton (talk) 05:27, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

Crosier
I saw a request for citation next to the line about abbesses carrying a crosier. I did a bit of research and added one. However, I came to question the structure of the sentence, as the source made it sound quite common for an abbess to carry a crosier. Does anyone have any further information on this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zujine (talk • contribs) 14:49, 14 November 2011

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Abbess. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Abbess


text:
Dora d'Istria

Dora d'Istria, pen name of duchess Helena Koltsova-Massalskaya, born Elena Ghica (Gjika) (22 January 1828, Bucharest – 17 November 1888, Florence), was a Romanian Romantic writer and feminist. She was an advocate for the Albanian national cause of the 19th century, and promoted the Albanian struggle for independence in Western Europe, despite not knowing the Albanian language herself. Her writings and efforts gained recognition among Albanian nationalist circles, and her name was used to garner support for the cause.

She was an accomplished writer, fluent in multiple languages including Romanian, Italian, German, French, Latin, Ancient and Modern Greek, and Russian. Her writings covered a wide range of topics, including monastic life, descriptions of countries and cultures, women's emancipation, historical narratives, and more. She advocated for the emancipation of women in the Levant and argued for equal treatment of men and women. Her work extended beyond writing – she was also a painter, a mountaineer who once made an ascent of Mont Blanc, and a member of various scholarly societies.

Her book Gli Albanesi in Rumenia and her contributions to the understanding of Albanian history and identity were significant. Her connections with Albanian patriots and her advocacy played a role in fostering a sense of Albanian national identity. Her impact resonated beyond her lifetime, as her family members and others continued to draw on her contributions to support the Albanian cause.

Life
She was born in Bucharest in 1828 as a member of the Ghica family and was the daughter of Mihai Ghica and the niece of the reigning Prince of Wallachia Grigore IV Ghica. She received a thorough education that was continued abroad – first in Dresden, then in Vienna, then in Venice, and finally in Berlin where she gave a sample of her mastery of Ancient Greek to Alexander Von Humboldt.

D'Istria returned to her home country in 1849 and married the Russian duke Alexander Koltsov-Massalski making her the duchess Helena Koltsova-Massalskaya. They lived for several years in Russia, mostly in Saint Petersburg, but Dora never cherished the Russian nationalist views of her husband or the Eastern Orthodox bigotry of the Court of the Despotic Emperor Nicholas I. As her health decayed in the Russian climate, she took her husband's advice and travelled to Central Europe. She first went to Switzerland for several years and then journeyed through Greece and Anatolia. Finally, she returned to Italy and lived in a villa in Florence, while occasionally traveling to France, Ireland and the United States.

As a writer, she was first noticed in 1855 while she was writing mostly in French under the name d'Istria. She published a number of works that not only showed her proficiency in Romanian, Italian, German, French, Latin, Ancient and Modern Greek, and Russian, but also her knowledge of scientific topics, her liberal views on religious and political topics, as well as a talent for presenting her points. Her general world view was cosmopolitan, but she also worked hard to bring the resources and technologies available in Western Europe to Eastern Europe, and worked towards the emancipation of her gender.

She died in Florence on 17 November 1888.

In culture
Her first work was La vie monastique dans l'Église orientale ("Monastical Life in the Eastern Church") (Brussels 1855; 2.ed., Paris 1858), in which she called for the abolishment of monastic orders. It was followed by La Suisse allemande ("German Switzerland") (Geneva 1856, 4 vols.; German, 2. ed., Zürich 1860, 3 vols.), a description of Switzerland and its people with a passage describing a climb up the Mönch.

In the tract Les femmes en Orient ("Women in the Orient") (Zürich 1859, 2 vols.) she spoke out for the emancipation of women in the Levant; in Des femmes, par une femme ("About Women, by a Woman") (2. ed., Brussels 1869, 2 vols.) she compared the situation of women in Latin Europe with that in Germany and demanded with strong words the equal treatment of men and women. Before this volume, Excursions en Roumélie et en Morée ("Excursions in Rumelia and Morea") (Zürich 1863, 2 vols.) was published, in which she tried to show that 19th-century Germany had the same civilizing task as Ancient Greece.

She also published the narrative Au bord des lacs helvétiques ("Sailing the Swiss Lakes") (Geneva 1861), the novels Fylétia e Arbenoré prèj Kanekate laoshima (Livorno 1867) and Gli Albanesi in Rumenia, a history of her own family the dukes of Ghica from the 17th to the 19th century (2. ed., Florence 1873), and La poésie des Ottomans (2. ed., Paris 1877), as well as numerous writings on literary history, poetics, political social and religious questions, history, art and more in renowned journals including the French Revue des Deux Mondes, the Belgian Libre Recherche, and the Italian Diritto, Antologia nuova, Rivista europea and more, as well as various Swiss, Greek, Romanian, and American journals.

D'Istria was also a painter. She was a member of several scholarly societies, such as the Italian academy; she was also named honorary citizen by the Greek parliament and many Italian cities.

She was also a mountaineer, making an early female ascent of Mont Blanc on 1 June 1860. As noted, she wrote a description of her climb of Mönch in La Suisse allemande.

The Albanian cause
Her family's history and fame, as well as its putative Albanian origins, are mostly known to the Western readers from Princess Elena Ghica's memoirs ''Gli Albanesi in Rumenia. Storia dei principi Ghika'' ("The Albanians in Romania. The history of the Ghica Princes").

For Dora d'Istria (Elena Ghica's pen name), the crumbly theory of the Albanian origin of the family's founder, resurrected after several centuries of latent existence, proved to be very lucrative; it gave a new reason for her Romantic involvement in the Balkan people's emancipation struggle (she had previously adopted – and later abandon – a Hellenophile attitude courtesy of her Greek maternal ancestry and the influence of her Greek tutor Gregorios Pappadopoulos), as well as in her anti-establishment attitude generated by the entrenching of the Hohenzollern in the Romanian Principality to the detriment of her family who had high hopes for a return on the throne.

She started learning Albanian history and in 1866 she became the main advocate in Western Europe for the Albanian cause, despite the fact that she never learned the Albanian language.

Her book "Gli Albanesi in Rumenia" was preceded by a series of articles on the nationalities from South-Eastern Europe and their struggle for independence. After articles on the Romanian (1859), Greek (1860) and Serbian (1865) ethnic identities came out, Dora d'Istria published in 1866 an article entitled The Albanian nationality according to folksongs. The study was translated into Albanian in 1867 by the Italo-Albanian patriot Dhimitër Kamarda, and was prefaced by a revolutionary poem written by an Albanian author and addressed to his countrymen urging Albanians to rise up against the Ottomans.

Henceforth Dora d'Istria became known in Albanians nationalist circles that used her name to gain support for their cause. This situation was mutual and nurtured her writings, and she cultivated relationships with various Albanian patriots, including Kamarda and Jeronim de Rada. After the publication of Gli Albanesi in Romania... the Albanian nationalists in Italy declared Elena Ghica as the uncrowned queen of Albania.

These speculations were tacitly entertained by Elena Ghica; soon other members of the family were drawn into this Albanian nationalistic tradition. At the end of the century another member of her family, Romanian writer and socialite Albert Ghica, would likewise encourage vocal demands for the Albanian throne. Ghika is an Albanian name, Gjika being the form used today in Albania.

title: Dora d'Istria


text:
User talk:Giggiri

Your recent fake question on the Reference desk/Miscellaneous was blatant self-promotion and might be considered vandalism. In the future, please avoid such treachery. — J I P | Talk 13:02, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

'science, Technology and Law'
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.  (aeropagitica)  00:57, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Giggiri


text:
Wilkie Clark

Wilkie Clark (March 8, 1920 – July 29, 1989) was an African-American entrepreneur and civil rights activist. He lived in Roanoke, Alabama. At age 69, he died of smoke inhalation when his house burned down during the early morning hours of Friday, July 29, 1989.

Clark is the subject of a self-published biography, written by his only offspring, Charlotte A. Clark-Frieson, entitled Chief Cook & Bottle-Washer: The Unconquerable Soul of Wilkie Clark. In this biography, Clark-Frieson posthumously claims for her father the historical remembrance and distinction that she believes he rightfully deserves as an Alabama Champion for Civil and Human Rights. Thus, she writes him into history, through her book. As a result of the publication of the biography, on February 19, 2005, Clark posthumously received historical distinction by resolution of the Randolph County Commission, The Roanoke City Council, and the Mayor of the City of Five Points, Alabama.

Clark's biography tells the story of a dirt-poor boy who grew up under the oppressive conditions of Jim Crow in the South, and emerged from raw racial oppression to become a self-made, and self-taught entrepreneur. As a young man, he accepted the position of President of the County's NAACP, a challenge very few black men of that day were willing to accept, for with it came the threat of being lynched, or ambushed by vindictive whites, who at that time, felt free to do to black civil rights workers, whatever they pleased. As NAACP president, and with limited help from other blacks Clark pressed forward, implementing every NAACP initiative he could—challenging the racial conditions of unpaved streets, inadequate school facilities, and books, desegregation, voter registration, and after desegregation, served as a staunch advocate for the children attending schools in Randolph County, Alabama. During the 1970s he became the first black to run for a seat on the County's Board of Education, with whom he had battled for a number of years over unfair discipline at the Randolph County High School. Aided by many other black activists who later came on the scene, Clark was instrumental in facilitating the filing of litigation creating single member voting districts, making it possible for many "firsts" to be elected to public offices in Randolph County, Alabama. His own daughter, Charlotte A. Clark-Frieson was among those elected to public office, as a result of this litigation.

As a means of strengthening her claim of historical distinction, Clark-Frieson has founded and established a Randolph County-based grass-roots organization named for Clark, called The Wilkie Clark Memorial Foundation, Inc. She uses her father's life and courageous community works as the philosophical pillars upon which the foundation's missions are established. Its purposes include: black economic empowerment, historical preservation of black history throughout East Alabama and West Georgia, community education, etc.

As a means of promoting the missions of the Clark Memorial Foundation, Inc., the organization publishes a black weekly newspaper, The Peoples Voice. The Peoples Voice was inaugurated July 22, 2005, and has been in continuous publication since. The paper is distributed throughout the nation, with it major new focus on East Alabama and West Georgia.

title: Wilkie Clark