text:
Talk:Osteochondrosis

I
I have been going through the list of orthopaedic conditions listed as stubs and suggesting this template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis and predisposing factors Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 06:09, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Potential References
Medicine.net

Healthatoz.com

recoverysa.com

Flat-Coated Retriever Society of America, Inc.

Orthoseek.com

Povet Healthcare Information

recoveryeq.com

medcyclopedia.com

medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com

artreality.com

vetcentric.com

marriam-webster.com

pubmedcentral.com

merckveterinarymanual.com

intellectbreathing.com

thehorse.com

pets.ca

offa.org

healthline.com

chenoagsd.com

nlm.nih.gov

medscape.com

webmd.com

bordercolliesociety.com

vetpathology.org

health.allrefer.com

jaaha.org

papimi.gr

ihop-net.org

osgood-schlatter.com

kidshealth.org

emedicine.com

physsportsmed.com

wrongdiagnosis.com

en.dr-md.ru

organizedwisdom.com

thepigsite.com

vetprof.com

drfoot.co.uk

helium.com

vitafon.net

pubmed.gov —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ccde56 (talk • contribs) 01:30, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Graded --JimmyButler (talk) 21:05, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Insert project banner at the top of this discussion page.--JimmyButler (talk) 21:06, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Ccde56 - gentle nudge, lots of rich material on searching PubMed, especialy if qualify search term with "review" or something similar to home-in on general overviews (rather than esoteric specific paper). Quite a lot of hits though are for the specific condition of osteochondritis dissecans; given your classmate is currently working on that article, should there be a cross link somewhere to that page ?

On quick search, looked promising - follow link to full article that gives historical overview of the term (always difficult material to source for medical artickle) and then an overview of the conditions. Let me know if you need any help in understanding the material (I'm "only" a GP myself, not an orthopaedic expert) or with wikipedia markup :-) David Ruben Talk 22:31, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Refreshing... a student that did not cite a home made web site or an on-line store as a reference! Slowly but surely we are making progress.--JimmyButler (talk) 16:38, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree - quite a throughtful list of potential sources. David Ruben Talk 02:08, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Osteochondrosis


text:
Talk:Osteoclastoma

I have been going through the list of orthopaedic conditions listed as stubs and suggesting this template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis and predisposing factors Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 06:09, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Osteoclastoma


text:
Talk:Osteoma

I
I have been going through the list of orthopaedic conditions listed as stubs and suggesting this template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis and predisposing factors Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 06:10, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Osteoma


text: Category:Czech musical groups

title: Category:Czech musical groups


text:
Talk:C-value enigma

Untitled
The article on non-coding DNA notes that there is an amoeba with 200 times as much DNA as a human, and that genome size does not necessarily correlate with organism complexity. When I saw this, I recalled a shirt I saw when I was in college: "Everything I learned in life, I learned by killing smart people and eating their brains".

My question is: Does the genome size correlate with genome age?

-Joe

Nope. Evolver 00:35, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

OK. I have another question then. How many genomes are there and how many are in databases? -Joe

How many genomes? As many as there are species (maybe 10-100 million); or, if you look at it another way, as many as there are individual organisms; or, yet another way, as many as there are cells making up those organisms. What databases do you mean? Genome sequences? Genome sizes? Chromosome numbers? Evolver 20:16, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Change title to "genome size paradox"
Of the (small) fraction of scientist who know the term C-value paradox/enigma none could explain to me the meaning of C-value? The term obscures the meaning more than it helps to spread the idea. Therefore, I would like to see the title of this wikipedia entry changed to genome size paradox. This incorporates the crux of this enigma and is not just a relic. I just put this here as a suggestion to the more specialised scientists working on this entry.

- Jasu, Dec 2005

 * Sorry, but no one uses the term "genome size paradox", either in common language or technical publication. So, this article should definitely stay "C-value enigma".  There is a separate entry for C-value in wikipedia that you can consult. The short definition is that it is the amount of DNA in a haploid nucleus, which is essentially Constant within species.  Anyone who works on genomes will be familiar with the term "C-value paradox", so this is not an obscure concept, even if this does constitute a "small fraction of scientists" (I suspect just about any specialized jargon will be known only to a "small fraction" of the overall scientific community!) 209.29.83.124 14:27, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Correct but nobody here uses the term "C-value enigma" either. We use "C-value paradox" (or rather, in german, C-value paradoxon, but we also "translate" this into english, and the english literature we used consistently refers to the "C-value paradox".) To me it sounds as if someone tried to write an article in favour of the word C-value enigma, when everything else contradicts that choice. 84.112.136.52 (talk) 18:30, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

Is this a proper thing to say (in C-value paradox as well):

 * Non-coding DNA has many functions yet to be discovered.

Is it possible to know it has undiscovered functions? That may be postulated, but certainly not proven IMO.

Verbage sounds contradictory
In one paragraph, the wording sounds contradictory to me (who admittedly knows almost nothing about the topic) "The discovery of non-coding DNA in the early 1970s resolved the C-value paradox...Though now it is known that only a fragment of the genome consists of genes, the paradox remains unsolved."

Perhaps this article needs tagging with 'needs expert input' or whatever that tag is, to clear up the verbage on the C-value enigma (or paradox, or whatever it's called.)

Yeah, what the hell? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.233.45.165 (talk) 22:03, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

The paradox is unsolved. The revelation that much of the DNA was noncoding did not "solve" the problem. It still does not explain why there is so much variation in c-values. There appears to be no correlation in c-value and complexity, or taxa, etc. I am a genetics and evolution student, and they still teach this.129.59.47.19 (talk) 14:32, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

In addition, this is historically incorrect. King and Jukes in 1969 - before the term c-value paradox had been coined and then apparently solved - stated: "Perhaps the most compelling argument for the existence of superfluous DNA is the wide range in the DNA content of vertebrate cells (40, 41). The average mammalian cell contains more than twice the DNA of the chicken cell and almost four times that of the cell of the gar pike. The cell of the bullfrog contains twice as much DNA as that of the toad, and two and a half times as much as that of a man, while the cell of a lungfish has a DNA content 17 times that of the human cell and almost 60 times that of the pike cell. Can it be that these wide divergences in DNA content reflect wide divergences in the number of functional genes? This hardly seems likely." (p 794). They also stated: "it is probable that not much more than 1 percent of mammalian DNA codes for proteins." 156.62.3.21 (talk) 00:54, 11 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:C-value enigma


text:
American Horse (disambiguation)

American Horse may refer to:

People

 * American Horse (elder) (1830–1876), Lakota chieftain and uncle to American Horse the younger
 * American Horse (1840–1908), chief of the Oglala Lakota, son of Sitting Bear and son-in-law of Red Cloud
 * American Horse (Cheyenne) or Ve'ho'evo'ha ("He-Has-A-White-Man's-Horse"), chief of the Northern Suhtai band of the Northern Cheyenne and part of the Council of Forty-four, prominent warrior in the Battle of the Little Big Horn

Animals

 * Extinct horse species from North America, such as Equus scotti, Equus conversidens and Equus lambei
 * Mustang, modern-day free-ranging horses descended from domestic stock of European explorers and colonists

Other uses

 * American Horse Creek, a stream in South Dakota
 * "American Horse", a song from the album Sonic Temple by The Cult

title: American Horse (disambiguation)


text:
Who Dunit

Who Dunit is a light gun shooter released in arcades by Exidy in 1988.

Gameplay
The player guides a character through a mysterious mansion to find a key to open a trunk in the attic. Using the light gun, the player protects the character from ghosts, falling objects, and even pimps as he walks through each room.

title: Who Dunit


text:
Talk:Osteopenia

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 November 2019 and 21 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Crennels. Peer reviewers: Jammars.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:53, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

about 8 million women had been found to have osteopenia
Meaningless nonsense. Is it worldwide? In one particular country? And without a citation, this is handwaving on the part of the person who posted this (and quite possibly, on the part of Merck).

And as has been said, Cummings is clearly innumerate and his nonsense should be deleted.

Osteopenia in Men
The article doesn't say anything about this condition occurring in men. Apparently this is possible, although uncommon. It would be good to say something about its relative prevalence in men and women in the article. --DanielRigal (talk) 11:52, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

More on controversy of definition
I just read a really interesting article from NPR (found here) on the emergence of osteopenia as a disease. Among other things, it describes exactly how arbitrarily osteopenia (as well as the cutoff for osteoporosis diagnosis) was defined during a WHO meeting as told by attendee Anna Tosteson. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Efadae (talk • contribs) 21:43, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

ETYMOLOGY: Etymology: Gk, osteon + penes, poverty a condition of subnormally mineralized bone, usually the result of a rate of bone lysis that exceeds the rate of bone matrix synthesis. See also osteoporosis.58.165.242.100 (talk) 06:01, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Can somebody explain this math to me?
From the article:
 * "The definition has been controversial. Steven R. Cummings, of the University of California, San Francisco, said in 2003 that "There is no basis, no biological, social, economic or treatment basis, no basis whatsoever" for using one standard deviation. Cummings added that 'As a consequence, though, more than half of the population is told arbitrarily that they have a condition they need to worry about.'"

How does more than half the population get told this when the definition is to be beyond one standard deviation to onr side of the curve? Isn't this in direct definitional contradiction? So directly that it becomes an oxymoron?
 * Peace and Passion ☮ ''("I'm listening....") 22:20, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Yup, Steven R. Cummings (who he?) is talking rubbish. He seems to think that 'one standard deviation' means the median (which it isn't). Even if he were correct then for the rest of his statement to be even remotely true, the entire population of the world would need to be tested so that half could be told this diagnosis. This has yet to happen. Frankly, Wikipedia shouldn't be the platform for any crackpot's or mistaken individual's views.15:24, 17 October 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.72.120.131 (talk)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Osteopenia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090428172053/http://www.nof.org:80/professionals/clinicians_guide.htm to http://www.nof.org/professionals/Clinicians_Guide.htm

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editing workplan
Hello everyone, I am a medical student enrolled in a Wikipedia editing course. Over the course of the next month I'll be editing this page with the following ideas as a starting point; would appreciate any suggestions or comments!

General:

Keeping in mind that this article should be useful to everybody, I want to focus on the perspective of a patient or caregiver trying to learn more about the meaning and implications of osteopenia. I will try to use non-medicalized language when possible and present the latest understanding of the diagnosis and its meaning. Throughout, I will try to improve grammar, for instance eliminating the passive voice. I also plan to add a section on "natural history" or "future implications" to give a better sense of the different paths that an osteopenia diagnosis can take (eg to osteoporosis vs not). Also will take everybody's awesome suggestions into account if they haven't yet been incorporated/considered!

Introduction:

-clarify what "lower than normal" means

-give some sentences such as "although many doctors consider osteopenia to be a precursor to osteoporosis, not ever person...".

-give a sense of the uncertainty of the implications for diagnosis, that science is ongoing for the correct approach

Causes: -consider list format for common causes for osteopenia, to clarify

-consider section headings for the different causes: eg 1) secondary to other causes, 2) female athlete triad syndrome, 3) secondary to celiac disease 4) aging -- with a note on genetic components

-balance out the emphasis on female athlete triad to present it as just one etiology

Diagnosis:

-clean up language

-reduce focus on Merck study

-focus on current best practice for diagnosis

Implications:

-add an "implications" section to better inform people about the possible outcomes of osteopenia (eg progression to osteoporosis, stabilization)

-consider breaking down by cause

Treatment

-consider adding a primary preventions section; how to avoid osteopenia itself

-clean up overlap in this section between osteoporosis vs osteopenia (ie. separate 1, 2 from 3,4)

-make sure this section is up to date with latest recommendations

Entymology

-consider changing this title to "history" to make it more accessible

-clean up this section ; break up second paragraph

-consider placement of this section -- would some of this information bet better earlier in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crennels (talk • contribs) 00:12, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

Peer review
Hi everyone! I am enrolled in the same course as Crennels and will be peer editing her contributions to this page. I have followed our course template for peer edits. My comments are as follows:  Lead

Guiding questions:

 * Has the Lead been updated to reflect the new content added by your peer?
 * I think it's an excellent overall summary of the most salient points about osteopenia
 * You could add one sentence on each of the subheadings, to make the lede more of an overall summary of the article
 * Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
 * Yes!
 * Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
 * No, see above comment
 * Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
 * Yes, the number of people with osteopenia. I'm not sure where in the article this would go--maybe at some point a section on epidemiology could be added?
 * Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?
 * Concise!

Lead evaluation
See bullet points above. I think it's a wonderful concise summary of what osteopenia is, but could include a bit more about the other points you've added to the article around risk factors, etc.

Content
Guiding questions:

 * Is the content added relevant to the topic?
 * Yes
 * Is the content added up-to-date?
 * Yes
 * Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?
 * The article says "an incomplete list of risk factors" this leaves me wondering what is missing. Is there a rationale for what risk factors you included?
 * I may add a one-sentence description of female athlete triad syndrome under risk factors? Might be nice to not have to click out to learn about that, without focusing on it too much.
 * Define DXA scanning at first mention under "Screening and diagnosis"
 * Should USPTF (United States preventive task force) actualy be USP S TF (United States Preventive Services Task Force)? https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/
 * Period at the end of "The DXA scanner evaluates bone mineral density" paragraph (which maybe is repetitive with the sentence that starts "A common test for bone mineral density..."
 * "of note, medical conditions can affect absorption of calcium" consider includeinga couple of medical conditions that do this?
 * Link to Hormone Replacement Therapy article for Estrogen replacement under "Prevention"
 * Are there other ways in which Osteopenia is managed, other than pharmaceutical treatment? E.g. additional screening? Counseling? If so, these may be worth mentioning in a section on management which may also include pharmaceutical treatment.

Content evaluation
See bullet points above

Tone and Balance
Guiding questions:

 * Is the content added neutral?
 * Yes
 * Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * Yes
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * No
 * Does the content added attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?
 * No

Sources and References
Guiding questions:

 * Is all new content backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
 * Yes
 * Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
 * Yes
 * Are the sources current?
 * Yes
 * Check a few links. Do they work?
 * Yes

Organization
Guiding questions:

 * Is the content added well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
 * Yes
 * Does the content added have any grammatical or spelling errors?
 * Some, which I've noted elsewhere in this review
 * Is the content added well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?
 * I might move the sentence "A common test for bone mineral density..." to the top of the Screening section
 * Move all citations to the ends of the sentences--I find them distracting when they're mid-sentence.

Organization evaluation
See above

Images and Media
Guiding questions: If your peer added images or media

 * Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
 * Are images well-captioned?
 * Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
 * Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

For New Articles Only
If the draft you're reviewing is a new article, consider the following in addition to the above.

 * Does the article meet Wikipedia's Notability requirements - i.e. Is the article supported by 2-3 reliable secondary sources independent of the subject?
 * How exhaustive is the list of sources? Does it accurately represent all available literature on the subject?
 * Does the article follow the patterns of other similar articles - i.e. contain any necessary infoboxes, section headings, and any other features contained within similar articles?
 * Does the article link to other articles so it is more discoverable?

New Article Evaluation
N/A

Overall impressions
Guiding questions:

 * Has the content added improved the overall quality of the article - i.e. Is the article more complete?
 * Yes definitely! I learned a lot from reading it, and it looks from the track changes like a lot of it is new content!
 * What are the strengths of the content added?
 * Well-organized risk factors
 * Excellent explanation of changes in bone density with age in the context of osteopenia prevention.
 * How can the content added be improved?
 * Mostly organization, as I've mentioned above. It would be nice to add a little more on non-pharmaceutical management of osteopenia, if time allows.

Overall evaluation
Great work! Jammars (talk) 01:19, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

These are such clear and valuable suggestions, thank you!!! I'm going to take absolutely all of them, as time allows - if I don't get around to something I'll add it on the talk page under "future edits". I especially appreciate your suggestions around the lead section and around non-pharmaceutical treatment options. Regarding changing the treatment section to include non-medication options: I wanted this section to focus mostly on medications, since I think that is an open/ controversial question. However, you make a good point that if these are controversial, it should be made clear what the other options are. I'll think about whether I want to more formally do this, or add a few sentences to re-enforce the prevention piece. Thanks again!! Crennels (talk) 18:56, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Osteopenia


text:
Talk:Papillon (book)

(first comments)
Taking after the example of the excellent article Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, I am combining, improving and expanding the Papillon (book) and Papillon (movie) articles. 06:13, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * This is pretty great. I saw the movie a few weeks ago and was interested in the story behind it; this is a great article. --Fastfission 03:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Harry Potter above War and Peace and 1984??!
ROFLMAO. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.97.127.212 (talk) 23:03, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

"The proper records show that the Papillon was published in 1969."
What proper records? Please cite. All of my sources say it was published in 1970. Ross Uber -  Talk  -  Contributions  - 04:06, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

The french version was published in June 1969 - from the introduction to the US version from 1970.

Plan?
My copy of Papillon, translated by Patrick O'Brian and published by Panther Books in 1973, uses Charger to refer to the metal storage cylinders the inmates stored in their body cavities. I've never seen a copy of the book which uses Plan to refer to them... maybe a US edition? --Commander Zulu 07:41, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Plan is used in the Wilson and Michaels translation published in 1970

Movie's own article
The film should have it's own article for Christ's sake, It is an important movie by itself!

Film article
I've moved the information about the film to Papillon (film). This article can be about the book. Count de Ville 02:57, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Papillon book.jpg
Image:Papillon book.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:03, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

"Autobiography"?
Henri Charrière (a.k.a. "Papillon") was doubtless a felon, a murderer, a scoundrel and a liar. It has been sufficiently demonstrated that his successful novel "Papillon" was a fictional account, based mostly on other fellow inmates' experiences, so it is wrong (or highly debatable at best) that his book is still called "an autobiography" -- I'm moving the article Papillon (autobiography) to Papillon (novel). --AVM (talk) 17:14, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Since the publisher admitted it was a novel, why is the book still called a memoir? It is no more a biography than "War of the Worlds" is!203.184.41.226 (talk) 05:29, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

Suggesting to remove articles about book characters
Nowadays it's generally agreed that the book is for the most part fictitious. Because of that, I don't see any point in having a Wikipedia article on Louis Dega and Andre Maturette, since they are most likely made up characters or have at least had their names and backgrounds changed. Maybe they could have mini-biographies within the main article. lefuc (talk) 23:25, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Move?
There was a proposal (above) to move this, as it is not, in fact, an autobiography (and even Charriere calls it an autobiographical novel); but nothing seems to have ben done about it. So, I am proposing it again, though I think Papillon (book) would be more neutral, to avoid the whole "is it fiction/is it true" dilemma. Any thoughts? Swanny18 (talk) 17:19, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

 * OK, done (finally!) Swanny18 (talk) 20:26, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Papillon (book). Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
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 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.jornalorebate.com/colunistas2/pla1.htm
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.jornalorebate.com/54/pla.htm

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Pigeon Island
In this article it is claimed that the Pigeon Island which Papillon and his friends escape to is located in Saint Lucia. In fact it is the Ile de la Quarantaine (which might have been also nicknamed Pigeon Island) located in the Maroni River between French Guiana and Suriname. I own a copy of the book which includes a map that affirms this. 139.11.200.50 (talk) 19:03, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Edit: It is actually the Ile aux Lépreux, located close to Ile de la Quarantaine. 139.11.200.50 (talk) 19:19, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Papillon (book)


text:
Acheron, Victoria

Acheron is a locality in Victoria, Australia. At the, Acheron had a population of 146.

Overview
The locality is located along the Maroondah Highway, near the junction of Acheron River and Goulburn River. It was initially known as Acheron Lower, with Acheron Upper being what is now known as Taggerty. Both locality developed following the discovery of gold in Acheron River in 1870. Acheron Post Office opened on 15 April 1876 and was renamed Taggerty in 1893. Acheron Lower Post Office opened in 1884, was renamed Acheron in 1894 and closed in 1974.

The locality was affected by the Black Friday bushfires of 1939. Seven people died near the locality while fleeing the fires.

title: Acheron, Victoria


text:
Near vertical incidence skywave

Near vertical incidence skywave, or NVIS, is a skywave radio-wave propagation path that provides usable signals in the medium distances range — usually 0 - 650 km. It is used for military and paramilitary communications, broadcasting, especially in the tropics, and by radio amateurs for nearby contacts circumventing line-of-sight barriers. The radio waves travel near-vertically upwards into the ionosphere, where they are refracted back down and can be received within a circular region up to 650 km from the transmitter. If the frequency is too high (that is, above the critical frequency of the ionospheric F layer), refraction is insufficient to return the signal to earth and if it is too low, absorption in the ionospheric D layer may reduce the signal strength.

There is no fundamental difference between NVIS and conventional skywave propagation; the practical distinction arises solely from different desirable radiation patterns of the antennas (near vertical for NVIS, near horizontal for conventional long-range skywave propagation).

Frequencies and propagation
The most reliable frequencies for NVIS communications are between 1.8 MHz and 8 MHz. Above 8 MHz, the probability of success begins to decrease, dropping to near zero at 30 MHz. Usable frequencies are dictated by local ionospheric conditions, which have a strong systematic dependence on geographical location. Common bands used in amateur radio at mid-latitudes are 3.5 MHz at night and 7 MHz during daylight, with experimental use of 5 MHz (60 m) frequencies. During winter nights at the bottom of the sunspot cycle, the 1.8 MHz band may be required. Broadcasting uses the tropical broadcast bands between 2.3–5.06 MHz, and the international broadcast bands between 3.9 and 6.2 MHz. Military NVIS communications mostly take place on 2–4 MHz at night, and 5–7 MHz during daylight.

Optimum NVIS frequencies tend to be higher towards the tropics and lower towards the arctic regions. They are also higher during high sunspot activity years. The usable frequencies change from day to night, because sunlight causes the lowest layer of the ionosphere, called the D layer, to increase, causing attenuation of low frequencies during the day while the maximum usable frequency (MUF) which is the critical frequency of the F layer rises with greater sunlight. Real-time maps of the critical frequency are available. Use of a frequency about 15% below the critical frequency should provide reliable NVIS service. This is sometimes referred to as the optimum working frequency or FOT.

NVIS is most useful in mountainous areas where line-of-sight propagation is ineffective, or when the communication distance is beyond the 50 mi range of groundwave (or the terrain is so rugged and barren that groundwave is not effective), and less than the 300 - 1500 mi range of lower-angle sky-wave propagation. Another interesting aspect of NVIS communication is that direction finding of the sender is more difficult than for ground-wave communication (i.e. VHF or UHF). For broadcasters, NVIS allows coverage of an entire medium-sized country at much lower cost than with VHF (FM), and daytime coverage, similar to mediumwave (AM broadcast) nighttime coverage at lower cost and often with less interference.

Antennas
An NVIS antenna configuration is a horizontally polarized (parallel with the surface of the earth) radiating element that is from $1⁄20$th wavelength (λ) to $1⁄4$ wave above the ground. The optimum height of such an antenna is about $1⁄4$ wavelength, and high angle radiation declines only slightly for heights up to about $3⁄8$ wave. That proximity to the ground forces the majority of the radiation to go straight up, causing NVIS propagation to occur. The overall efficiency of the antenna can be increased by placing a ground wire, slightly longer than the antenna, parallel to and directly underneath the antenna. A single ground wire can provide antenna gain in the 3–6 dB range. This is a reflector element used to form a 2-element Yagi beam antenna. The wire length for the reflector element is 5% longer than the dipole-driven element positioned above it. The dipole is located at a distance of 0.15 wavelengths above the reflector element. The reflector wire is hung between two insulators and doesn't make contact with any other objects. It can be mounted a few inches above the ground or at a maximum height of 10 feet (or 3 meters) above the soil. This height allows for convenient lawn mowing without any disruptions. Essentially, this antenna consists of a 2-element beam that is oriented vertically.

Another source indicates 2 dB for a single wire and nearly 4 dB for multiple ground wires. Ground wires are more necessary when using lower dipoles over poor soils as without them considerable energy goes into heat and not the radio waves.

Depending on the specific requirements, various antennas (i.e. Sloper, T2FD, Dipole) can be used for NVIS communication, with horizontal dipoles or inverted V dipoles at about $1⁄5$ wavelength above ground giving the best results on transmit and at about $1⁄6$ wavelength on receive, according to military sources and an extensive study by Dutch researchers. Very low antennas are far more inferior on both transmit and receive, where noise and signal are attenuated.

Significant increases in communication will obviously be realized when both the transmitting station and the receiving station use NVIS configuration for their antennas. In particular, for low profile operations, NVIS antennas are a good option.

For broadcasting, typical antennas consist of a dipole about $1⁄4$ wavelength above ground, or arrays of such dipoles. Up to 16 dipoles can be used, allowing strong signals with relatively low power by concentrating the signal in a smaller receiving area. Limiting the coverage may be dictated by licensing, language, or political considerations. Arrays of dipoles can be used to "slew" the pattern so that the transmitter need not be in the center of the coverage footprint. Broadcast NVIS antennas usually use an extensive ground screen to increase gain and stabilize the pattern and feed impedance with changing ground moisture.

AS-2259 antenna
One popular military NVIS antenna is the AS-2259 Antenna, which consists of two V-shaped dipoles: The four dipole wires also serve as guy wire for the antenna mast. An alternative configuration consists of a transmitting loop antenna which is configured for maximum signal transmission upwards.

title: Near vertical incidence skywave


text:
Talk:Paronychia

Heading
I have been going through the list of orthopaedic conditions listed as stubs and suggesting this template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis and predisposing factors Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 06:14, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Paronychia vs. Whitlow vs. Felon
I'm really not sure why the main article is paronychia when it's a subclass of fingertip infections, and not the same as a felon or herpetic whitlow. Sure paronychia is most common, but the main article should be something like "Fingertip infection", with subsections for the different types. Ciotog 08:47, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I find the article confusing. It starts out by saying that paronychia is "commonly misidentified as a synonym for felon or whitlow", but then the article soon plunges into talking about whitlows, and I was redirected here from "whitlow". Presumably we have either (a) paronychia is a particular type of whitlow, but there are other types of whitlow too; or (b) a whitlow is a particular type of paronychia, but not all paronychia gives rise to a whitlow; or (c) paronychia and whitlows are different, possibly with some overlap.

 * In case (a) the article should be renamed whitlow, and the specific type paronychia explained (or given its own article if it truly merits it). In case (b) the article should explain what sort of paronychia gives rise to whitlows, and what whitlows are, before it goes on to talk about them extensively. In case (c) we should probably have separate articles for whitlows and paronychia, referencing each other as appropriate.

 * Can someone please supply the necessary clarification? Mooncow (talk) 18:25, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know anything about it, but it was unacceptable that whitlow redirected here, and the intro here characterized that as a misnomer. I changed Whitlow from a redirect to a new stub, that references this article and Herpetic whitlow. I'll leave it up to editors more qualified in the field to expand the stub, or merge it more appropriately.--Srleffler (talk) 03:06, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

there three different diseases

a paronychia is an infection of the nail

a whitlow is an infection of the soft tissue near the nail

a felon is an infection of the pulp of the finger or toe (the otherside of the nail)

the reason its wrong is they have three different treatments

paronychia use oral medications only as there is no abecess

whitlow treat cause, often oral medications but may drain

felon has to incised and drained as it may cause a Compartment syndrome like reaction due to the inflammation, not draining a felon could be cause for a malpractice suit if the clinician doesn't drain the felon and the patient later needs amputation of the finger — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.196.56 (talk) 22:44, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

More specific
I have a paronychia but no medical insurance. Does it go away on its own? Do I go to the doctor or is there an OTC antibiotic I can use? More details that answer my question would be helpful in the main article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.237.84.11 (talk) 21:32, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Possible copyright infringement?
Large chunks of this article appear to be identical to this BBC Health page Feorag 16:41, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Looks pretty clear to me. According to this page the BBC is only concerned about large-scale copying for profit, but even still the article should be edited. Ciotog 03:20, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

This article needs to cite that it's lifted most, if not, all of this article from the BBC page — Wiki edit Jonny (talk) 17:17, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

It would be helpful if people took complaints of copyright infringement more seriously. Maybe no-one has this on their watchlist any more.

That said, I have just put the BBC quotations in block quotes and added footnote reference (some of the quotes had been copyedited, so I had to revert those changes). I am a little concerned that the article may rely too heavily on them, as our GFDL permits people to use our Wikipedia contributions for profit. So if anyone wants to rewrite them in their own words, that would be helpful. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 14:12, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Treatment section deleted
I had to delete the section on treatment. The entire section was copied directly from WebMD, with a citation to the page that was plagiarized. This is neither acceptable, nor legal. You have to paraphrase what the sources say, not merely copy them word for word.--Srleffler (talk) 03:18, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Crocodile Oil
The bullet point in the treatment section on crocodile oil has no citations, and to my mind appears of dubious merit. Are there any objections to this point being deleted? R is the gas constant (talk) 14:59, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Should there be something about how it can be caused by nail-biting?
I've suffered from this in bouts, though I didn't know its name was "Paronychia" -- heck, I didn't even know it had a name! In my case, it's been caused by my own nail-biting, every time. I'm a chronic nail-biter (any tips on how to shake that habit gratefully accepted!), and when I bite a nail down to -- and into -- the cuticle, a throbbingly painful infection with pus sometimes follows. (I usually lance it open myself, with a sewing needle sterilised in a flame or some such... That's not the problem; the problem is squeezing out as much as possible of the pus afterwards. Now that hurts!)

I can't imagine this is a particularly rare reason for the condition, so maybe this should be mentioned in the article? Unfortunately, I can't just go throw in a paragraph or three about my own experience, as that would be "original research"! :-) So if anyone has any reliably-sourced text on this, I think that'd be a very useful addition to the article. -- CRConrad (talk) 20:56, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

if there is active pus (remember pus is almost never clear unless its a viral infection), then it is no longer just a paronychial infection, there is an abscess and that should be drained it can be done in your local clinic, as for getting over the nail biting, sometimes vinegar or any other taste you don't like put on the fingertips is helpful, but won't work without determination on your part, also dont put anything that is not prescribed by your primary care physician on your fingertips while you have an active infection — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.196.56 (talk) 23:01, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

Oral vs. topical: a contradiction in the article
The article says "Paronychia is often treated with antibiotics, sometimes as a cream" -- but later it says, "Topical antibiotics or anti-bacterial ointments do not effectively treat paronychia."

'''Would someone with medical training please resolve this contradiction. '''

Here's my anecdotal experience with paronychia: putting antibiotic ointment on it did not prevent the nail from falling out. (Fortunately, it later grew back.) If oral is significantly more effective than topical, stating this in the article might prevent hundreds of Wikipedia readers from suffering nail loss. 207.224.123.93 (talk) 17:36, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

topical is treatment is not used as it cannot by pass the nail bed and the infection is usually under the nail, oral treatment is considered the standard of care — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.196.56 (talk) 22:53, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

Proposed merge
Hello to all! I am proposing a merge from the following articles into this article:
 * Pyogenic paronychia
 * Candidal paronychia
 * Chronic paronychia
 * Acute paronychia

This is for the following reasons:
 * The main article would benefit significantly from having all this information in one place.
 * These articles are very short in length (1-2 sentences) and have not been edited significantly in 3-4 years.
 * This knowledge shouldn't be obscured from readers of this article by virtue of being isolated in an obscure article of 1-2 lines.
 * These topics may receive more attention by being mentioned in the main article.
 * The articles, if needs be, could be re-expanded at a later date.

Kind Regards, LT90001 (talk) 07:02, 28 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 15:23, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

I have completed this merge. LT90001 (talk) 23:26, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

pictures of different kinds of paronychias
It would be helpful to have a set of pictures of different kinds of paronychias. One example can be seen at dermnetnz.org/fungal/paronychia.html -71.174.175.150 (talk) 23:15, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes if you find some under an open license or take some yourself we can add them. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 05:36, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

Onychomycosis vs. Paronychia
Onychomycosis is infection of the nail. Paronychia is infection around the nail. The lede of each article should make readers aware of the other, closely related article. (I have tried to cross-link the articles. My work was reverted. Now the matter is in your hands.) -71.174.175.150 (talk) 15:05, 2 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It is already listed here "Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology" at the bottom.  Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 20:57, 2 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Completely uselessly obscure and inadequate to help the average browsing reader to be aware of this very relevant potential confusion, between two very similar conditions.-71.174.175.150 (talk) 14:44, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

from a practicing dermatologist (me):

onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail plate caused by dermatophytes (a particular class of fungi that infect the skin alone); this is VERY different from paronychia, which is bacterial infection of the periungual skin (the skin near the nail plate, usually on the lateral side). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.130.7.195 (talk) 20:14, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paronychia


text: User talk:203.215.81.49

title: User talk:203.215.81.49


text:
Talk:Pes cavus

Orthopaedic Conditions
I have been going through the list of orthopaedic conditions listed as stubs and suggesting this template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis and predisposing factors Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 06:14, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Untitled
The ICD-9-CM code shown only covers the congenital instance of the condition. When it is acquired, rather than congenital, I believe it would fall under 736.7. BALawrence (talk) 03:31, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pes cavus


text:
Fairfax High School (Fairfax, Missouri)

Fairfax High School is a rural secondary school (grades 7-12) in Fairfax, Atchison County, Missouri.

District
Fairfax High School is part of the Fairfax R-III School District. Fairfax Elementary School (K-6) feeds into Fairfax High School.

title: Fairfax High School (Fairfax, Missouri)


text:
Gavin Fink

Gavin Gerald Fink (born September 19, 1992) is an American actor.

title: Gavin Fink


text:
Double Leaf Society

The Double Leaf Society (双葉会(陸軍)) was a Japanese military secret society of the 1920s.

The Futabakai was one of many ultranationalist secret societies in Japan which had arisen within the Japanese military, from the Meiji period through World War II. The Futabakai consisted mainly of mid-level officers (colonels and majors) who had graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy between 1907–1916, who now found their prospects for promotion to the rank of general very slim due to domination of the upper ranks of the military by officers from the former Chōshū domain. Although initially founded to purge the "corrupt" elements out the Imperial Japanese Army, it later became associated with foreign policy issues, and influenced by the writings of Ikki Kita and Okawa Shumei.

This historical Futabakai has no connection with the modern yakuza organization based in Fukuoka.

title: Double Leaf Society


text:
Talk:Pott's fracture

In
In my opinion this page should redirect to a page on ankle fracture I have been going through the list of orthopaedic conditions listed as stubs and suggesting this template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis and predisposing factors Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 06:18, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pott's fracture


text:
Talk:Incardinated

Greetings and blessings to all in the Spirit of the Living Christ,

Let this be accepted in the spirit of love in which it is offered as asked, in the spirit of love and what wisdom the LORD has granted me.

Any individual - an inimitable aspect of GOD-Being - may be INCARDINATED by the HOLY SPIRIT as was the ONE Known as JESUS, JESU or YESHUA-the CHRIST or MESSIAH.

Though most mainline churches are loathe to accept this implicit reality which is inherent in the Gospel, such 'Incardination' by the FATHER-(HIM/HER-SELF) is possible as such a blessed One relaxes fully into their divine son or daughtership as expressed by Jesus the Christ as a 'Child of God'. In fact, such an One is encouraged by the Messiah specifically - that once one actually realizes/experiences this inexpressible state of divine Consciousness that they then have the responsibility of participating in its movement until it reaches a state of what one might cal 'critical mass'. For as the Master said, "Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me, the works that I do shall he/(she) do also; and greater works than these shall he/(she) do; because I go unto my Father." John 14:12

And grant it, other 'branches' of the so-called 'Christian faith' may believe in other less proactive interpretations on this seminal pronouncement - however, I for one will take the word of That One in whose Name they make such claims.

May the Comforter lead each and every one whose heart is open and contrite into the Truth which sets all free, who let the Will of the Father/Mother be done on earth, as it IS already and always done, in heaven. Aum-en.

Love and blessings in the Spirit of the Truth of Love, Mar +Gary Courtland-Miles O.S.F., E.D.L., D.D.

 * Thanks for your comments. My intentions were to cover the specific incardination a Bishop provides to a Priest, in order to act. A more general sense of the word is probably more effective in the Christianity section. Dominick 14:07, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Incardinated


text:
Papillon

Papillon, papillons, or le papillon may refer to:

Animals

 * Butterfly
 * Papillon (dog), a dog breed
 * Papillon (horse), a racehorse, winner of the 2000 Grand National

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Papillon, a fictional character in the anime series Busou Renkin

Film and television

 * Papillon (1973 film), an adaptation of Henri Charrière's book, starring Steve McQueen
 * Papillon (2017 film), another adaptation of Henri Charrière's book, starring Charlie Hunnam
 * Le Papillon (film) or The Butterfly, a 2002 French film starring Michel Serrault
 * Papillon (TV series), a live action comedy series

Games

 * Papillon (card game), an historical French card game of the fishing family

Literature

 * Papillon (book) (1969), a memoir by Henri Charrière about his imprisonment at the Devil's Island penal colony in French Guiana
 * Papillon (manga), a manga series by Ueda Miwa

Music and dance

 * Papillon (Hitomi Shimatani album), 2001, or the title song
 * Papillon (Lara Fabian album), 2019
 * Papillon, a 2015 album by the French artist Sanseverino
 * Le papillon (ballet), an 1860 ballet
 * Papillons, a series of piano dances by Robert Schumann

Songs

 * "Papillon (Chaka Khan song)" aka (Hot Butterfly), a song by Gregg Diamond, covered by Chaka Khan
 * "Papillon" (Editors song), a song by Editors
 * "Papillon", a song by The Airborne Toxic Event from The Airborne Toxic Event
 * "Papillon", a song by Rilo Kiley from The Initial Friend
 * "Papillon", a song by Stratovarius from Elements Pt. 1
 * "Papillon", a song by Celine Dion from S'il suffisait d'aimer
 * "Papillon (On the Wings of the Butterfly)", a song by David Arkenstone
 * "Papillon", a song by The Twilight Singers from Blackberry Belle
 * "Papillon", a song by Oasis & Yiruma from Yiruma
 * "Papillon", a song by Patrick Norman (singer)
 * "Papillon", a song by Rolf Harris
 * "Papillon", a song by Nicole
 * "Papillon", a song by Jackson Wang
 * "Papillon", a song by Secret Garden from Songs from a Secret Garden

Other uses

 * Le Papillon (restaurant), a French restaurant in San Jose, California
 * Papillon Hall, Lubenham, a historic house in Leicestershire, England, built in about 1620, remodelled by Edwin Lutyens in 1903, and demolished in 1950
 * Papillon Records, a British record label
 * Papillon (name), including a list of people with the name
 * Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome, a human genetic disorder
 * The 'Papillon' technique, a radiotherapy treatment for rectal cancer

title: Papillon


text:
Talk:Papillon

External link to "movie"
Just removed this link: because: Elf | Talk 17:34, 18 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Movie
 * Disambig pages don't do external links (or shouldn't)
 * I can't tell from the page what it is or what it's about or why it should be mentioned in wikipedia.

title: Talk:Papillon


text:
User talk:Sansvoix

So long
I have unfortunatly decided that wikipedia is taking up too much of my time, and too much of my time on wikipedia results in a negative experience, although I have tried my best to remain as positive and cooperative as possible. I hope that my (half a) proposal on Talk:World War II is looked into, and someone figures out what to do with the sourced propaganda article Economics of fascism.--sansvoix 04:20, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I would urge you not to give up - too many good users have been bullied into leaving by relentless POV-pushers and propagandists. A wikibreak might help, but the trick to stamping out propaganda is to be persistent and keep coming back... And, by the way, after you've been trying to reason with a user for a long time and got nowhere, you shouldn't assume good faith any more. -- Nikodemos (f.k.a. Mihnea) 08:58, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Sansvoix, I've unblocked you and I hope no one will restore it. It would be best not to re-add any fair-use images to your page in the meantime, although you can try to dispute that status if you feel it's inappropriate. Doc Glasgow has told me that his involvement is not connected to Gmaxwell (who doesn't appear to be an admin, by the way). Doc Glasgow is a very good admin who is generally very fair and whose judgment I trust. I think if you cooperate with him, things will turn out well for you. I hope you won't leave over this, though I know exactly how you feel. SlimVirgin (talk) 16:24, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * No no, this isn't why I left, if anything it was just a nail in the coffin. I am sure Doc Glasgow is a great admin, and I can appreciate his conviction to bring Wikipedia up to certain standards. What my concern here was with other (ie: some not admin) editors.  It is unfortunate for me, but my areas of interest here were largly dealing with socio-economic topics, and for some reason the majority of the editors I have had to deal with are adamant "anarcho-capitalists" or have some other fundementalist black-or-white belief, and editied and reverted with an eye to ideology and rhetoric, rather than reality (historical relationships, precedents, statistics, etc).  Thank you for your understanding, and keep up your positive effort here!--sansvoix 21:16, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Renaming "History of the world" to "Human History"
Please discuss and vote at Talk:History_of_the_world Thank you, __ Maysara 12:36, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Littleprince-businessman.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Littleprince-businessman.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 07:55, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Littleprince-businessman.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Littleprince-businessman.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. J Milburn (talk) 23:27, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sansvoix


text: User talk:66.118.242.6

title: User talk:66.118.242.6


text:
File:Heraclius I Barletta.jpg

Summary
Byzantine Emperor Heraclius I, marble statue.(Barletta,Italy)

title: File:Heraclius I Barletta.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of prominent Jewish women

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete -- (drini's page| ☎ ) 20:22, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

List of prominent Jewish women
For exactly the same reasons as list of Jewish heads of High Schools and list of Jewish engineers. It has no hope of being complete, and "prominent" is also hard to define. Graham/pianoman87 talk 06:19, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom --JAranda | yeah 06:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * DeleteJust a list nothing more.---Dakota 07:18, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom --Rogerd 18:06, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, to me this just means a list of Jewish women that have articles on wikipedia. That will be the definition of prominence and therefore the list will reflect the completeness of wikipedia's articles on Jewish women. gren グレン 00:34, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Graham/pianoman87. -- Kjkolb 03:14, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Gren. If prominent is hard to define, wikipedia should give up trying and just allow entries for any human being. Kappa 13:18, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Kappa, you give new meaning to the word inclusionist. Do we get to include pets when we start making articles for every human being? Marskell 15:17, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not the one who think "prominent" is impossible to define. Kappa 19:17, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to List of notable Jewish women and keep. --Irishpunktom\talk 14:08, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Diran

Diran (دیرن) is a mountain in the Karakoram range in Bagrot Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. This 7266 m, pyramid-shaped mountain lies to the east of Rakaposhi (7,788m).

Diran was first climbed in 1968 by three Austrians: Rainer Goeschl, Rudolph Pischinger and Hanns Schell. Earlier attempts by a German expedition in 1959 and an Austrian expedition in 1964 had been unsuccessful.

title: Diran


text:
Talk:Pseudarthrosis

Template
I have been going through the list of orthopaedic conditions listed as stubs and suggesting this template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis and predisposing factors Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 06:20, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pseudarthrosis


text:
User talk:Shaun Ee

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
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 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 06:20, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shaun Ee


text:
User talk:Ice Jedi5

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 06:20, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ice Jedi5


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Socially equitable

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 09:17, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Socially equitable
personal essay --Trovatore 06:21, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete-seems personal advertising---Dakota 07:15, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete' as per nom. Qaz  ( talk ) 07:39, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom.--Alhutch 15:33, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom --Rogerd 18:07, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Mass media in North Korea

title: Category:Mass media in North Korea


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipediology

Welcome to the Institute of Wikipediology Study, Reflection, Understanding, Solution

The Institute of Wikipediology is dedicated to conducting a serious study of the dynamics and problems of the Wikipedia community and providing resources about the Wikipedia community that currently do not exist.

We have three basic goals:
 * We hope that through examination we can better understand the community's known strengths, or discover unknown strengths, and eliminate or reduce the impact of its problems.
 * We seek to provide resources about the Wikipedia community's history and evolution for reference through concise easily accessible documents that exude the same quality and standards as Wikipedia articles.
 * We intend to be a forum for an exchange of ideas related to the study of the Wikipedia community.

Projects

 * List of Fellows
 * Great Library on Wikipedia

FAQ

 * What is Wikipediology?
 * Wikipediology is the study of Wikipedia community. The "a" has been dropped to avoid having three contiguous vowels.

 * Aren't there already places that do this at Wikipedia?
 * For discussions we simply seek to provide a central location where people can come to share their ideas on these specific topics. There are scattered resources and discussions, but there is currently no central location or resource. The closest thing is the series of pages on Wikipedia policies and guidelines, but they often do not provide the background for how this came to be. The ultimate goal is for a newbie—when they come across a reference they don't understand that is not an official policy or guideline— to be able to find information about it quickly and in an easily readable form, rather than spending hours searching through scattered and incomplete primary sources, often with no more understanding as the end result.

 * What resources will you offer?
 * We hope to offer resources about the Wikipedia community by consolidating information in primary sources scattered through out page histories and archives into concise NPOV secondary sources of specific topics. This will offer easy access to Wikipedians who were not here when these events unfolded and quick referencing for Wikipedians who were.

 * Can I join?
 * The fellowship is open to any user interested in any of our three goals. All you have to do to join is list yourself on the fellows list.

 * Do I have to be a fellow to participate in discussions or work on resources?
 * No, this is Wikipedia, so everyone is welcome—even anons. Please note that only fellows will be allowed to vote in any Institute elections, so we recommend becoming a fellow for anyone involved.

 * Do you have a structure?
 * Foremost, we are subject to ArbCom rulings and Jimbo. A Board exists to moderate the workings of the Institute, and elects three regents, each with a non-consecutive term of one year, therefore, the position of Regent Ñ will be open in January 2007, Regent Ç, in May 2007, and Regent Ж in September 2007. The current members of the Board are: Exir Kamalabadi, Guettarda, Jmabel, Pureblade, and Titoxd. The Regents will be chosen by the Board.

 * Can I be a regent?
 * To be a regent you must have been an active participant for at least four months prior to start election of the Regency you are seeking. To stand for Regent Ç in May 2007, you would have to become an active fellow no later than January 31st, 2006.

 * Will new regencies be added?
 * They can be added if a majority of the Board approves their addition and at least a majority of current regents agree. Please note there must always be odd number of regents.

title: Wikipedia:Wikipediology


text: Category:Tourism in North Korea

title: Category:Tourism in North Korea


text:
Pinyin input method

The pinyin method refers to a family of input methods based on the pinyin method of romanization.

In the most basic form, the pinyin method allows a user to input Chinese characters by entering the pinyin of a Chinese character and then presenting the user with a list of possible characters with that pronunciation. However, there are a number of slightly different such systems in use, and modern pinyin methods provide a number of convenient features.

Advantages and disadvantages
The obvious advantage of pinyin-based input methods the ease of learning for Standard Chinese speakers. Those who are familiar with pinyin and are able to recognize the resulting characters would be able to input them with almost no training, compared to other input methods. It does not require the user to be able to construct the character from scratch, as one would do in written Chinese. Since all children in Mainland China are required to learn pinyin in school, pinyin is among the most popular input methods there.

For people who cannot speak Standard Chinese, the main advantage of pinyin becomes a disadvantage, as they will need to learn the Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters before they are able to use this input method. Also, because pinyin and other pronunciation-based input methods do not rely on the written formation of the character for input (as do stroke-based input methods like Cangjie), they may cause language attrition and skill loss in adults, and it may be a learning barrier for written Chinese in children.

Elements and features
Pinyin input methods differ in a number of possible aspects. Most pinyin input methods provide convenience features to speed up input. Some of these features can speed up typing immensely.

Conversion length
Conversion length input method is the buffer that holds the user input until it is converted into characters that would otherwise be unavailable from the keyboard.

In the most basic systems, one character is converted at a time. This makes a very time-consuming input process. Not only does the user have to select characters one at a time, it also means that the input system does not have the ability to prioritize character choices using word phrases, grammatical structure, or context. In addition, since the input method only supports one character at a time, it likely requires the user to type out the full pinyin spelling to narrow down the selection. This system still exists in embedded applications such as cell phones.

Common pinyin implementations on the computer today can hold up to a clause in pinyin before requiring a conversion. The method attempts to guess the appropriate characters by using word phrases from a dictionary, grammatical structure, and context.

Treatment of tones
Chinese is a tonal language. Tones can be used to further distinguish characters of the same sound. Many of the early single-character pinyin method implementations required input of tones in order to narrow down the character selection.

For the sake of convenience, tone selection is disabled by default in most modern pinyin systems on the computer. The user may have the option to enable it depending on the pinyin implementation.

Treatment of extended Latin characters (ü and ê)
With the exception of intonation, there are two extended Latin vowels in pinyin. They are ü (U-umlaut) and ê (E-circumflex). Given that the US keyboard layout is the most common keyboard layout in China, any pinyin method implementation would need to be able to facilitate the input of those vowels on US keyboard.

Since the letter "v" is unused in Mandarin pinyin, it is universally used as an alias for ü. For example, typing "nv" into the input method would bring up the candidate list for.

The handling of ê is not as universal, since the character 欸 is the only commonly used character with this pronunciation. It is an interjection roughly equivalent to "Eh" in English. Some IMEs, such as Google Pinyin, merge it into "e", while others create an additional letter combination for it, such as "ea" or "eh", or "ei" in iOS. Others would simply drop this sound.

Treatment of hm, hng, ng, n
The character 嗯 (ng) can (or should ) be written using the IBUS GNU/Linux and the Microsoft input method by typing "en".

Usage statistics and user dictionaries
Most modern input method implementations would adjust the positions of word candidates in the candidate list based on prior usage statistics. In addition, the input method would also support user-defined phrases via a user dictionary.

Abbreviation
Abbreviation is a feature that allows the user to omit all but the first or first couple of letters in the pinyin spelling. This feature can speed up the input of long word phrases significantly. Under this feature, the user can enter the word for "concert" by typing "yyh" as opposed to "yinyuehui".

In systems that support user-defined phrases, users can even define their own abbreviations that might not follow standard pinyin rules.

Fuzzy pinyin
Pinyin was created based on the pronunciation of Standard Chinese, a variety of Mandarin Chinese. Regional accents are prevalent in Mandarin among both native and nonnative speakers. This means that a significant number of Mandarin speakers would have trouble distinguishing a number of similar-sounding syllables of pinyin, such as c and ch, s and sh, z and zh, n and ng, h or hu and f, or n and l. Fuzzy pinyin or fuzzy input (模糊音) is a feature that allows a user to input those similar-sounding vowels or consonants as if they were the same thing. It also has disadvantages as the user must choose the correct characters or words from a longer list of "homophones".

Word prediction
Word prediction is a feature of an input method that attempts to guess the next series of characters that the user is attempting to enter. This feature is often used to refer to two different mechanisms that have similar functions.

One of these mechanisms is akin to an auto-complete function for user input. While the user is typing the appropriate pinyin, the input method would take the input and look up all possible word phrases that might match the user input even though the input is incomplete. For example, when the user enters "shang", the input method would show "上海" (Shanghai) as a word candidate under this feature.

The second possible mechanism is the prediction of the user's next input after the user completes entering a set of words. For example, in the above example, after user selects "上海" (Shanghai) from the word candidate list, the input method's pinyin buffer would be empty. Under this mechanism, the input method would display a list of words that often follows the word Shanghai, such as "人" (people), "市" (city), "的" (an auxiliary word).

Double pinyin
Vowel groups in pinyin can be up to four letters long. Double pinyin (双拼) is a method whereby longer vowel groups are assigned to consonant keys as shortcuts, and zh, ch, sh are assigned to vowel keys as shortcuts. Thus, when the input method expects a vowel, the user can use the shortcuts to speed up typing.

In the Microsoft Pinyin IME, for example, if a user wants to input “中华人民共和国 (zhōnghuárénmíngònghéguó)”, "People's Republic of China" into the computer, they need to type "zhonghuarenmingongheguo" in Full Pinyin. In Double Pinyin, however, one only needs to type "vshwrfmngshego" (v=zh, s=ong, h=h, w=ua, r=r, f=en, m=m, n=in, g=g, s=ong, h=h, e=e, g=g, o=uo). However, with a system that uses abbreviation, the same result can be achieved by just typing in "zhrmghg".

Typo correction
Similar to automatic typo correction for English in word processors, pinyin method implementations can recognize possible typos and show appropriate word candidates. Using Google Pinyin as an example, when encountering a suspected typo, Google Pinyin would show both the word candidates assuming it is correct and the word candidates assuming it is a typo.

Language mixing
Most advanced pinyin method implementations allow the mixing of English into an input stream without requiring the user to change the language mode. However, it often comes with some limitations such as requiring the input to be uppercase.

The following examples show the difference if user wishes to enter "这个SQL漏洞可以瘫痪整个系统. " (This SQL vulnerability could paralyze the entire system.):
 * "zhe ge [switch to English] SQL [switch to Chinese] loudong keyi tanhuan zhengge xitong." (Unsupported)
 * "zhe ge SQL loudong keyi tanhuan zhengge xitong." (Supported)

Implementations
The following are the most popular pinyin method editors used in Mainland China. They are free to download at their official websites.

Cross platform

 * Rime input method engine, an open source input method engine for pinyin and others, which supports Windows, macOS, and Linux (中州韻).

Windows

 * Microsoft Pinyin IME, bundled with Windows 2000 or higher, and bundled with all Simplified Chinese editions of Windows, developed by Harbin Institute of Technology (微软拼音输入法).
 * ZNABC, bundled with Simplified Chinese edition of Windows XP, developed by Peking University (智能ABC输入法).
 * Sogou Pinyin (搜狗拼音输入法).
 * Google Pinyin, Google's implementation for Windows and Android. (谷歌拼音输入法)
 * Ziguang Pinyin (紫光拼音输入法)
 * QQ Pinyin (QQ拼音输入法)
 * Baidu Pinyin (百度拼音输入法)
 * Pinyin Jiajia (拼音加加输入法)

Linux/Unix

 * Fcitx, general input method that supports Pinyin with fcitx-pinyin and fcitx-rime, among many others schemes.
 * Smart Pinyin (scim-pinyin), pinyin implementation for the SCIM input platform on Linux, BSD, and other Unices.
 * Bimspinyin, pinyin implementation for the xcin input platform on Linux, BSD, and other Unices.
 * OpenVanilla, a cross-platform framework for Chinese and more.
 * Ibus-Pinyin (ibus-pinyin), pinyin implementation for the IBus input platform on Linux, BSD, and other Unices.
 * Ibus-sunpinyin, a statistical language model based pinyin input method for IBus.

macOS

 * Pinyin input is part of the standard installation of macOS. With version 10.5.8 and before, the international standard term ITABC was used, but was changed to "Pinyin - Simplified" in Mac OS X 10.6.
 * Fit smart Pinyin is an alternative to the standard OS X Chinese input method.

Web

 * Type in Chinese Online (IME) web-based IME with cross-browser support.
 * Google web-based IME
 * Online Pinyin Input Method web-based IME through browsers.
 * Pinyin Editor Editor for creating Pinyin with tones

title: Pinyin input method


text:
Beaverhead County High School

Beaverhead County High School is a high school in the small town of Dillon, Beaverhead County, Montana.

Sports
The Dillon Beavers have been the Class "A" State Football Champions 8 times since 2000. They have won the championship in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2014, and 2016. In 1990, 1999, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2016, and 2017 the Beavers won the Class "A" State Boys Basketball Championship. The Beavers also won state boys basketball titles in 1920 and 1946 before the current classification system had been created. In 1991, 1995, and 2003 the Beavers won the Class "A" State Girls Basketball Championship. In 2016 the Beavers won the Class "A" Boys Track Championship.

Also they won the boys 2006 State Cross Country State Champions for the first time ever. The girls volleyball and cross country received runner-up honors at state the same year. During the 2006–07 school year, Beaverhead County High School sports teams won 3 state championships, 2 runner-up trophies, and 6 divisional first-place trophies.

title: Beaverhead County High School


text:
Addington, Victoria

Addington is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is located at the junction of Langi Kal-Kal Road and Edmonston Road, about 28 kilometres north-west of Ballarat.

The town began as an agricultural settlement around Addington Railway Station. A state school opened in 1860 under the name Ercildoune, and the area was known to the postal service as Mount Bolton. The school changed its name to Addington circa 1900. The Post Office opened on 1 May 1858 as Mount Bolton, was renamed Addington in 1892 and closed in 1967.

title: Addington, Victoria


text:
Talk:Renal osteodystrophy

I
I have been going through the list of orthopaedic conditions listed as stubs and suggesting this template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis and predisposing factors Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 06:25, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * This proposed template has lots of incorrectly capitalized letters; see Manual of Style. Michael Hardy 00:31, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

 * And pretty inappropriate here-it's a non surgical condition, for starters.Felix-felix 16:01, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Renal osteodystrophy


text:
Talk:Rhabdomyoma

I
I have been going through the list of orthopaedic conditions listed as stubs and suggesting this template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis and predisposing factors Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 06:25, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rhabdomyoma


text:
User talk:Millionairematch

Please do not add commercial links — or links to your own private websites — to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Tito xd (?!?) 06:26, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Spam
This is your last warning. The next time you insert a spam link, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. brenneman (t) (c) 06:46, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Blocked. You may want to read up on this article before creating another account: encyclopedia. Of course, if you read it and understand that we're here for knowledge not advertising, then by all means come back and help us out! (PS, I'm deleting the user page, just an ad, again see encyclopedia for why). Dmcdevit·t 06:54, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Millionairematch


text:
Talk:Schmorl's nodes

note
I have been going through the list of orthopaedic conditions listed as stubs and suggesting this template for Orthopaedic Conditions (see Talk:Orthopedic surgery) Name Definition Synonyms Incidence Pathogenesis and predisposing factors Pathology Stages Classification Natural History/Untreated Prognosis Clinical Features Investigation Non-Operative Treatment Risks of Non-Operative Treatment Prognosis following Non-Operative Treatment Operative Treatment (Note that each operations should have its own wiki entry) Risks of Operative Treatment Prognosis Post Operation Complications Management Prevention History --Mylesclough 06:26, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

MRI images
This Image is a great example of schmorl's nodes, for instance one is noted on the L3 upper vertibral body endplate I uploaded a couple of MRI slices which possibly contain these nodes. Someone with medical expertise could verify this and use them in the article.

Dzenanz (talk) 09:19, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Schmorl's nodes


text: User talk:68.85.234.171

title: User talk:68.85.234.171