text:
Talk:Distillery District

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sreed103.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:37, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
There were two competing articles, The Distillery District and Distillery District, containing largely the same information. Given that it's my understanding (correct me if I'm wrong) that Wiki naming conventions discourage the use of "the" in titles, I took anything unique in The Distillery District, incorporated it into Distillery District. Can anyone assist me in deleting The Distillery District and doing a proper redirect to the Distillery District? Skeezix1000 13:50, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Buildings/Structures vs. Neighbourhood
There seems to be a debate as to whether this article belongs in the Buildings and Structures in Toronto category, given ther reverts back and forth. As SimonP has pointed out, the Distillery District is not a building, it's a neighbourhood or a district. The addition of modern buildings to the district (two so far, more to come soon) supports SimonP's point, as it reinforces the fact that the DD is a collection of various buildings from different periods. Having said that, the DD contains some of Canada's most unique industrial architecture, and it seems silly to exclude it from a category that contains Toronto's most notable buildings (on that point, the Toronto Dominion Centre is included in the Buildings and Structures in Toronto category, for example, but it's strictly not a building either, and is the size of a small town). Skeezix1000 20:27, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

no borders given
what streets/landmarks are the borders of this neighbourhood? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.230.234.79 (talk) 05:21, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

- The borders would be North:Mill Street, South:train tracks, East:Cherry Street, and West:Parliament street. There is one building that falls outside of this border that is on the north east side of Trinity and Mill street (Rack House 'D'. --216.191.219.194 (talk) 21:47, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Biggest in the World?
I put a (citation needed) template by the claim that Gooderham and Worts Distillery was the largest distillery in the worldin the 1860s. I think Wikipedia needs a short article that covers the few places and things in Canada that aren't the biggest/busiest/coolest on earth. --Antigrandiose (talk) 04:11, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Merge tags
Is there an even remotely compelling reason why Wikipedia would actually need a separate article about each individual building in the Distillery? Bearcat (talk) 06:33, 19 October 2010 (UTC)
 * God, no. A lot of the information in The Stone Distillery is general information about the Distillery District as a whole.  Perhaps a chart in this article, with fields for building name, construction date, key facts and building photo is warranted if there is a desire to get into more detail about each individual building.  But the reader is not well served by separate articles on individual buildings.  --Skeezix1000 (talk) 16:39, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

I agree that the article needs to be merged... no issues here. - Pmedema (talk) 03:39, 20 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I think The Stone Distillery article is large enough to stand on its own. If it was merged with Distillery District I think the latter would become too long. Biscuittin (talk) 20:56, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, except that there isn't a lot of great content over there. Most of the useful stuff pertains to the Distillery generally, not just to the Stone Distillery, and most of the remainder of the article is a lot of WP:OR bumpff about the "dominating presence" and "the romantic and historic nature" of the building.  What's left would fit nicely in a chart in this article. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 21:24, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

Issue of Gentrification
I believe, the small paragraph below that discusses the notion of gentrification occurring in the Distillery lacks some concrete evidence to support whether or not this has occurred. I purpose the addition of a new short paragraph that briefly discusses the important of connecting qualitative (census) data with physical observations of the neighbourhood. The section on the webpage entitled "Demographics" and "Other Points of Interest" can be further used to support this notion. Since there is a lack of evidence which supports the idea of gentrification, I believe it would be beneficial to provide evidence to the readers which would allow them to use both census data and physical research to inform their own conclusions about the neighbourhood.

Existing Paragraph:

"There has been some criticism of the district's redevelopment.[by whom?] Some have suggested that the area's gentrification has resulted in yet another upscale shopping district competing for the money of a wealthy demographic, and that opportunities for more publicly funded uses have been lost.[citation needed] In contrast, others[who?]  have noted that the district provides important space to local artists, and are supportive of the fact that the district is not dominated by large retail chains."

Proposed New Paragraph:

The neighbourhoods redevelopment has changed the appearance and function of the area. Prior to the development the areas primary land use was industrial. Today it now incorporates a mixed-use development that focuses on entertainment and cultural aspects. Observations regarding issues such as gentrification can arise from developments such as this. That being said, it is important to use concrete evidence such as census data and physical evidence to make conclusions about the area. Sections such as the "Demographic" and "Other Points of Interest" can provide additional insight on how this is done. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JackieLea (talk • contribs) 17:30, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Auto Confirmation
Hi there, I have yet to gain auto confirmation and I have some pictures to reinforce the additions I've made on the page. I'm an Urban Planning Student and I have recently completed a significant research piece on the Distillery and would like to upload some pictures to complete the information that I have uploaded.

Does anyone know if there is a way around the Auto Confirmation aspect of wikipedia?

Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by JackieLea (talk • contribs) 17:49, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Distillery District. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120306212732/http://www.historicplaces.ca/visit-visite/com-ful_e.aspx?id=1195 to http://www.historicplaces.ca/visit-visite/com-ful_e.aspx?id=1195
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.thedistillerydistrict.com/hollywood_north.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111125082041/http://www.thedistillerydistrict.com:80/PDF/distillery_site_plan.pdf to http://www.thedistillerydistrict.com/PDF/distillery_site_plan.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120426012624/http://www.tasdesignbuild.com/archive/news/post_2008-04-22.pdf to http://www.tasdesignbuild.com/archive/news/post_2008-04-22.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:46, 14 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Distillery District


text:
User:Ttguy

Former Scientist.

Ph.D. in Plant Molecular Biology

Currently Employed in an Information Technology role in a Government Department.

Resident of Canberra Australia.

Father of two girls.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ttguy


text:
Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford

Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford. All Souls is unique among Oxford University's colleges (see the article for details) and fellowship of the college has a special prestige. Unlike at other Oxbridge colleges, a significant proportion of the fellows of All Souls are not career academics.


text:
User talk:Jaffacake 122

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 13:51, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Jaffacake 122


text:
Cycling glove

Cycling gloves are gloves designed for cycling. They may provide warmth, comfort and protection.

Warmth
Gloves are frequently used to keep the hands warm, a function that is particularly necessary when cycling in cold weather. The design of most modern bicycles is such that the rider's hands remain on the handlebars while cycling, a position that leaves them exposed to weather. The hands are also relatively inactive, and do not have a great deal of muscle mass, which also contributes to the possibility of chill. Gloves are therefore vital for insulating the hands from cold, wind, and evaporative cooling while riding a bicycle.

Grip
In warm weather, sweat from cyclists' hands can cause difficulty maintaining control over the bicycle by making handlebars slippery and difficult to hold without increased hand tension (which can cause further issues and numbness). Cycling gloves, some designed without full finger covering and with ventilation to reduce temperature (the opposite intention of cold weather gloves) are used to increase grip and prevent sweat from making handlebars slippery.

Comfort
Cycling places a good deal of stress on the hands, in the form of prolonged pressure against handlebars and transmission of sudden road shocks through handlebars to the hands. The severity of discomfort can be mitigated somewhat by riding position, but is essentially inherent in most designs of upright bicycle. However, choice of weight distribution between the saddle and handlebars is usually determined by other factors, such as aerodynamics, control and long-term comfort. Padded gloves or handlebar grips are therefore useful to increase comfort for a given geometry.

However, excess padding can lead to other problems. Normally the hands will rest on the bones in the heel of the hand - too much padding will tend to press on the soft tissues between these and can compress the nerves in the hands, causing something akin to carpal tunnel syndrome.

Face and nose wiping
Cyclists often deal with perspiration and nose running on a constant basis. Because clothes and paper tissues may be difficult and time-consuming to use during cycling, many cyclists have resorted to using the backs of their gloves to wipe the sweat from their faces and the nasal mucus that drips from their noses. Many modern cycling gloves come with a built in "nose wipe" on the back of the hand, typically on the thumb or forefinger or both. Aftermarket fabric nose wipes that slip onto the back of the hand or wrist of the glove are also preferred by some cyclists.

Protection
Putting a hand out to break a fall is a natural reaction. However, the hands are one of the more difficult parts of the body to repair. There is little or no spare skin, and immobilising the hands sufficiently to promote healing involves significant inconvenience to the patient. So, many cyclists choose to wear gloves all year round to help avoid skin damage in a fall.

Types of gloves

 * Fingerless cycling gloves, also known as track mitts. These have a lightly padded palm of leather (natural or synthetic), gel or other material.  Historically track mitts were string-backed but now are almost always made of a man-made textile containing elastane.  Leather-palmed track mitts and cork handlebar tape are widely reckoned to work well for drop-bar touring bikes.
 * Windproof/waterproof full-finger gloves are useful in spring and autumn, when real warmth is not an issue. These are also generally showerproof but will become soggy in heavy rain. Palms may be treated to improve friction with brake levers.
 * Winter gloves tend to be bulkier, perhaps being made in two parts, inner and outer, so that the inner can be washed. They will tend to have longer cuffs, to tuck into jackets and avoid the wrists being chilled, a waterproof exterior and a layer of insulation between that and the liner or inner glove.
 * Mittens are good in extreme cold as they allow a single pocket of warm air to form around the fingers. They make use of some brakes somewhat awkward.  Some riders use a thin inner glove and a skiing mitten over the top when riding in below-freezing temperatures.
 * Lobster-claw gloves or lobster mittens are halfway between glove and mitten. Two fingers are placed in each of two wide fingers, giving much of the advantage of mittens but making use of brake levers much easier.
 * Mountain biking has evolved to the point where it has its own style of safety gear, including a cycling glove designed for off-road riding. They have more padding, to increase shock absorption and overall comfort, full-finger protection, and leather palms.
 * Handlebar mitts: Riders who spend an extended amount of time in very cold weather may place handlebar mitts on their bicycle handlebars, to keep wind, cold, and precipitation away from hands and handlebar area. These are not technically considered "gloves" as they are not worn on the hand, but they fulfill the same function. They often resemble the pogies used in watersports.
 * Weathershields are small water- and windproof shields that attach to the handlebars and protect the hands from rain and wind. Though not gloves, they serve a similar purpose.

Care of gloves
Sweat from hands can make one's gloves become unpleasant quite quickly, so it is best to store them so that air can circulate inside if at all possible (for example on a radiator). After a wet or hard ride it may be best to turn them inside-out to dry. Leather gloves can be washed in cool water and are reportedly best dried out on the hands.

title: Cycling glove


text:
RNAS Portland (HMS Osprey)

RNAS Portland (ICAO: EGDP) was an air station of the Royal Navy, situated at the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England. It was established in 1917 on the western edge of Portland Harbour as HMS Sarepta. From 1959 the station shared the name HMS Osprey, the anti-submarine establishment based at Portland, with helicopters used for research and development in anti-submarine techniques. RNAS Portland remained operational until 1999.

History
The original seaplane base was established during World War I, in 1917, as HMS Sarepta. The station used floatplanes, which flew coastal patrols to protect shipping from German U-boat attacks. In August 1918 HMS Sarepta was taken over by the RAF, and a larger unit of 12 aircraft was formed as No. 241 Squadron RAF. Following the Armistice in November 1918, the squadron was disbanded and aviation operations ceased at Portland in 1919.

Following the inter-war period, a Fleet Requirements Unit, 772 Squadron, arrived at Portland in September 1939 and stayed until July 1940. With the fall of France early in the war, the Naval Base at Portland became a prime target for the Luftwaffe. As a result, HMS Osprey was moved to Cambeltown in July 1940, taking 772 Squadron with it, and leaving Portland's base to remain under Care and Maintenance.

After the war HMS Osprey returned to Portland and a helicopter base became an important centre for the school to perform experiments and development. In 1946 Sikorsky R-4Bs moved in and the success of their trials at Portland led the Admiralty to replace fixed-wing aircraft with helicopters for use in the fleet. A major building programme followed at Portland, with the base's playing fields taken over as a landing ground, while the old fleet canteen was converted into a headquarters building, containing the operations centre, a workshop and control tower.

During the late 1950s the marshy area known as the Mere was filled in and built over, and later expansion meant that this tidal lagoon was completely covered. This created a large concreted area to produce the modern, large helicopter facility. Upon the completion of the work, 815 Naval Air Squadron flew its 12 Westland Whirlwinds to the new Portland Heliport on 14 April 1959. The station was formally commissioned as HMS Osprey on 24 April 1959.

For the next 40 years RNAS Portland was one of the busiest air stations on the south coast. As a helicopter development and training base, it was largely responsible for training aircrew in anti-submarine operations. The site of the base was gradually improved over the years, with considerable expansion in the 1960s and 1970s, notably between 1967 and 1970, with new hangars.

With the reduction of armed forces, Portland's naval base closed on 29 March 1996, with the Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST) moving to Plymouth's (HMS Drake). With this RNAS Portland became surplus to requirements, leading to its eventual closure on 31 March 1999. RNAS Portland held its final open day for the public on 17 October 1998.

Following the closure of the base, the 80-acre site was renamed Osprey Quay in 2001, as part of the site's regeneration project. The Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy was established there in 1999 and began redevelopment in 2003. A SAR helicopter operated by Bristow Helicopters for the MCA (Maritime and Coastguard Agency) was also based at the quay until 2017.

By 2012 Osprey Quay had been transformed into a mixed use site. Aside from the academy, the site offered over 11 hectares of business space, along with a new Dean & Reddyhoff Marina, Portland Marina. The redevelopment of the station's former Helicopter Control Tower has also been announced.

With the removal of the Coastguard Helicopter Service from Portland on 1 July 2017 the site once again become surplus to requirements and in October 2016 the formal process for the disposal of the site was commenced by the Homes & Communities Agency. With much support from the local MP (Richard Drax) and the local population the company who provided the aircrew that fly the Coastguard helicopters at Portland, HeliOperations, has purchased the site. The company now provides training services for Search & Rescue aircrew.

Squadrons (1959–1999)

 * 737 Naval Air Squadron (August 1959 – February 1983)
 * 771 Naval Air Squadron (July 1961 – December 1964 and June 1967 – September 1974)
 * 829 Naval Air Squadron (December 1964 – March 1993)
 * 703 Naval Air Squadron (January 1972 – January 1981)
 * 772 Naval Air Squadron (September 1974 – September 1995)
 * 702 Naval Air Squadron (July 1982 – January 1999)
 * 810 Naval Air Squadron (Detached regularly 1982–1999)
 * 815 Naval Air Squadron (April 1959 – August 1959 and July 1982 – February 1999)

title: RNAS Portland (HMS Osprey)


text:
Spanish City

The Spanish City is a dining and leisure centre in Whitley Bay, a seaside town in North Tyneside, Tyne & Wear, England. Erected as a smaller version of Blackpool's Pleasure Beach, it opened in 1910 as a concert hall, restaurant, roof garden and tearoom. A ballroom was added in 1920 and later a permanent funfair.

Located near the seafront, the Spanish City has a 180 ft-long (54.8 m) Renaissance-style frontage and became known for its distinctive dome, now a Grade II listed building. There are towers on either side of the entrance, each of which carries a half-life-size female bacchanalian figure in copper, one holding cymbals, the other a tambourine. The building's architects were Robert Burns Dick, Charles T. Marshall and James Cackett.

The band Dire Straits mentioned the Spanish City in their 1980 single, "Tunnel of Love", which from then on was played every morning when it opened. By the late 1990s the building had fallen into disrepair, and in the early 2000s it was closed to the public. A regeneration project was announced in 2011. The building reopened as a dining and leisure centre at the end of July 2018.

Architecture
The Spanish City faces the sea, with a 180 ft-long front and a depth of 275 ft. The dome rises to 75 ft above the foundation and has a diameter of 50 ft, supported on 46-ft-high concrete columns. It is made of a reinforced-concrete shell, five inches thick, which is supported by 12 (10 in x 18 in) internal ribs.

The architects were Robert Burns Dick, Charles T. Marshall, and James Cackett of Cackett and Burns Dick. J. Coulson was a design consultant and L. G. Mouchel were structural consultants. Davidson and Miller were the contractors.

History

Charles Elderton of the Hebburn Theatre Royal originally established an amusements arcade and dance hall on the site. His Toreadors Concert Party had entertained visitors with an open-air theatre in Whitley Park every summer since 1907, with the awnings decorated in the Spanish style. To provide a permanent fixture, he founded Whitley Amusements Ltd.

The dome was erected in 1910. The building was formally opened by Robert Mason, chair of the local council, on the evening of Saturday, 14 May 1910, as The Spanish City and Whitley Bay Pleasure Gardens. There were shops and cafes inside, a roof garden, and the Empress Theatre, with seating for 1,400 on the floor and 400 on the balcony. The theatre was converted to the Empress Ballroom in 1920, and a first floor was inserted into the dome, which became known as the Rotunda. In 1979 the Rotunda was converted into the Starlight Rooms for live entertainment.

The dome was used as a classroom for pupils of Whitley Bay High School during a caretakers' strike in the 1980s, and later became a live music venue, playing host to several bands, including Ash in 2001.

Dire Straits songwriter Mark Knopfler and the musician Sting talked about their memories of the Spanish City. Knopfler, who was born in Glasgow but grew up in Blyth, Northumberland, a few miles from the Spanish City, said it was the first place he had ever heard really loud rock and roll. Sting, born near Newcastle, spent his afternoons and evenings in the Spanish City when he should have been studying for his A levels.

On Sunday, 27 July 2014, Newcastle-based performer Chris Cross became the last person to perform in the original Spanish City dome, before developers entered the building on 28 July 2014. Cross performed magic stunts with support from Doctor Diablo. There was a fire show outside on the piazza by a local performer, Charlie Burns.

Whitley Bay Pleasure Gardens

In 1909 the Whitley Pleasure Gardens Company Ltd. was formed and built up a large fairground. The funfair was extremely popular, with fairground rides and amusements, including a "corkscrew" roller coaster—which was at Flamingoland in Yorkshire from 1983 to 2011, then at Luna Park in France—ghost train and waltzers, the House that Jack Built, the Joy Wheel, the Social Whirl, the Great Aerial Flight, the Virginia Reel, Hall of Laughter and the Fun House. A river cave ride named Ye Olde Mill featured floating boats which travelled through a tunnel with scenery such as a Swiss valley, an Indian jungle and a fairy castle. From 1909 to 1974 a figure 8 railway could be found at the fair ground.

In June 1914 a new ride, named the Rainbow Pleasure Wheel joined the fair. It was imported from the United States reaching top speeds of around 40 mph.

The Spanish City Dome housed an amusement arcade and later a Laser Quest Laser Tag arena.

By the mid-1990s the Pleasure Gardens had fallen into disrepair and was closed in 1999. In December 1999 the demolition of the fairground was announced.

Regeneration
In June 2011, architecture firm ADP won a commission to regenerate the Spanish City with a plan that included a 50-bed, four-star boutique hotel, 20 apartments, a 1950s diner and a pleasure garden. The completion date was announced as 2014, but work was halted in 2013 because of a lack of funds. The project received a grant of £3.7m from the Heritage Lottery Fund in November 2013. The building reopened in July 2018.

In popular culture
Dire Straits refer to the Spanish City in their 1980 song "Tunnel of Love", which became the fairground's unofficial theme song, played every morning when it opened. The town mentioned in the song, Cullercoats, is a stop on the train line (now part of the Tyne and Wear Metro) along the coast from Whitley Bay.

Other pop-culture references include Spanish City (2002), a novel by Sarah May, set in the fictional north-east town of Setton, home to an amusement park called the Spanish City. The Spanish City also features in the video that accompanied Tina Cousins' song "Pray" (1998).

In the British TV series Vera, the Spanish City appears several times in the episode "Protected" (Season 4, Episode 2, 2014). In particular, Vera mentions the Spanish City to Joe regarding a memory from her childhood at the end of the episode.

title: Spanish City


text:
Talk:Alexis Rhodes

Discussions
There's also an Australian cyclist named Alexis Rhodes. Danny Lilithborne 03:19, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Anyone reading this? Anyway, may I add that Alexis DIES in the third season? Well, not dying, but being sacrificed via a card effect, sent onto a book which was later destroyed during a duel. -- I Am Magnus talk  00:30, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Does she come back? and why did they make her breasts so HUGE --Mhart54com 12:27, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

dude her boobs are hugeeee!!! they bigger than her head oo and does she come bak to life?

Hey, could someone please tell me what episode are you talking about? I want to see it!!! Chimerarc

41 "A Reason to Win" "The Dark Arena Activates! Asuka vs. Titan" 43 "Hearts are Wild" "A Second Love Chance for Asuka!?" 47 "Chazz-anova" "Asuka vs. Manjoume! Cyber Angel -Benten 60 "Pop Goes the Duel" "Asuka vs. Fubuki! The Path to Sibling Idol 70 "Obelisk White?" "Asuka vs. Manjoume - White Thunder!" 93 "Heart of Ice, Part 1" "The White Night Duel! Judai vs. Asuka (Part 1)" 94 "Heart of Ice, Part 2" "White Night's Dragon! Judai vs. Asuka (Part 2)" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chimerarc (talk • contribs) 20:55, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Relationship with Jaden
Its been deleted and reapplied multiple times, but, at least in the beginning of the series, Alexis clearly had a crush on Jaden. I'm willing to write a small blurb on this, it is an important facet her character. Any objections? And yes, we know she has the anime gift of unnaturally large breasts, but that really has nothing to do with the article. -Flyingtoastr (talk) 23:27, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Alexis' crush exists only in the dub anime, in the Japanese anime her interest in him is much less obvious, to the point of friendship. With the exception of the latest episodes, she's shown no romantic interest in him in the original anime. The Clawed One (talk) 23:47, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Unless I'm mistaken we're using mostly Dub information (excluding season 4) in here. Correct me if I'm wrong though, I may have just confused it with the use of the Dub names over the original. -Flyingtoastr (talk) 01:11, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * We use dub terms and information, except when the dub and the original significantly differ, such as the satellite in Season 2, or Marik Ishtar's plot in the original series. Provided it's properly written, I suppose a paragraph could be attempted, so long as it makes note of the lessened romance in the original and isn't cruft. The Clawed One (talk) 02:23, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Watch episode 162. Zer0zUNLTD.  (talk) 8:10, 8 January 2008 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.23.66.221 (talk)
 * Watched it, not convinced. JuJube (talk) 03:07, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Ditto. And if we're gonna add in info about conclusions drawn on our own, let's add in Syrus' homosexual attraction to Jaden, because he exhibits as much or more evidence of attraction to Jaden as Alexis does. The Clawed One (talk) 03:35, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Personally, I agree that we really don't have enough support (at least in the original version) of her so-called "infatuation" with Jaden to place it in the article as a fact. I don't even thinks she even actually does have a crush on him. However, it IS an important debate among hte fandom, and it should be put in on those terms, not due to significance in the show, but in the fan interpretion Yalens (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 14:49, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Hmm... This situation has not been discussed in over a year and a half, so I thought I might chime in. In episode 15 where Jaden is dueling the tennis player who is trying to win Alexis's heart, Jaden wins and says to Alexis afterwards "looks like you're my fiancée". Then he asks Alexis what a "fiancée" is and Alexis responds with "Friend. At least for now..." This obviously suggests a romantic relationship in the future. Episode 162 should be noted for involving internal moments with Alexis and Jaden alone together, reminiscing about past events, and also for its ending featuring Jaden and Alexis alone after the duel. According the English subtitles of the Japanese episodes, and the tone of the characters' voices, Alexis says "I... had always...", and then hesitates saying most likely that she loves him and says that she was glad she had met him. Sure, this love isn't confirmed and we're talking about both the English (US) and Japanese versions of the show, but I think the writers and producers of the show are already trying to tell us that Alexis loves Jaden.

There's also another episode I can't remember that takes place at the auditorium of the academy (it might of been the graduation, I'm not sure) and Blair (on-stage) waves at Jaden (in the audience) who is sitting nearby Alexis and he smiles but Alexis glances angrily and jealously at him, and it is quite apparent that she has an infatuation with Jaden at this point.

Am I wrong? 69.255.16.132 (talk) 10:05, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

"Hmm... This situation has not been discussed in over a year and a half, so I thought I might chime in. In episode 15 where Jaden is dueling the tennis player who is trying to win Alexis's heart, Jaden wins and says to Alexis afterwards "looks like you're my fiancée". Then he asks Alexis what a "fiancée" is and Alexis responds with "Friend. At least for now...""

You know the last line was rewritten by 4kids right? In the japanese version, she simply called him a moron. So no, that doesn't count.

"Episode 162 should be noted for involving internal moments with Alexis and Jaden alone together, reminiscing about past events, and also for its ending featuring Jaden and Alexis alone after the duel."

Jujubes said earlier that doesn't count. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.174.138.202 (talk) 00:43, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Ah, okay then. Then shall we just confirm that Alexis's relationship with Jaden is quasi-romantic only in the 4kids American versions?  69.255.16.132 (talk) 03:11, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

That can work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.174.138.202 (talk) 11:31, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexis Rhodes


text:
Stanley So

Stanley So ( 1945－) is a Cantonese-speaking television journalist in Canada. He began his broadcasting career in Hong Kong before moving to Toronto, and served in various capacities at Omni Television until his retirement in 2012.

After graduating from the Sir Robert Black College of Education, Stanley So joined Hong Kong's Commercial Television in 1975 as a news reporter and anchor. He joined TVB News in 1978 following the demise of Commercial Television, and regularly presented the station's flagship News at 6:30. Stanley was rated as one of the top three most trusted and popular news anchor in the 80s and 90s, even 5 years after his departure from TVB news.

So left TVB in 1990 and moved to Toronto. He served as the news director for Fairchild TV's Toronto division for a few years, before joining CFMT-TV (now Omni) in 1998 as the anchor and senior editor of the station's Cantonese newscast, as well as the station's public affairs officer. He has also presented a number of documentary segments at Omni.2, and hosted the Cantonese version of CBC's Canada: A People's History. Concurrent with Omni's introduction of national newscasts, he became the chief anchor of Omni News: Cantonese National Edition in 2011, and served in that position until his final newscast on July 26, 2012.

He is involved in volunteer works in the community and is the vice-chair of the board of directors of "Across U-hub", a youth organization serving the Chinese community as well as the other ethnic groups. He is married to Helen Lau with two daughters.

title: Stanley So


text:
Margaret Weston

Dame Margaret Kate Weston, DBE, FMA (7 March 1926 – 12 January 2021) was a British museum curator who was the director of the Science Museum, London, between 1973 and 1986. She began her career as an electrical engineer before joining the Science Museum in 1955. Weston oversaw the expansion of the museum into the Science Museum Group, including the foundation of the National Railway Museum in York and the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford. She also played a key role in acquiring Concorde 002, which is now housed at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovilton.

Early life and education
Margaret Weston was born in Oakridge, Gloucestershire, the only child of two headteachers, Margaret ( Bright) and Charles Weston, and educated at Stroud High School.

During the war a German bomber crashed in the village and Margaret's father, who was also in the Home Guard, arrested the airman. Margaret's degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering were from the University of London. She later acknowledged the support she was given in engineering by a neighbour, Walter Gardiner, who used to let her use his workshop and lathe; they would repair bicycles together on Saturdays.

Career
After graduation, she became an electrical engineer at the General Electric Company (GEC), one of only three women amongst 300 apprentices, and specialised in high-voltage insulation, and was eventually appointed to the senior technical staff of the company. In 1954, at the age of 28, she achieved the status of Chartered Electrical Engineer.

In 1955, she joined the Science Museum in London, as Assistant Keeper (First Class) of Electrical Engineering and Communications. She was promoted to Deputy Keeper of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Communications; in 1967, she was appointed Keeper of the Department of Museum Services at the Science Museum, the first time a woman was appointed as a Keeper there.

In 1973 she was appointed Director of the Science Museum, succeeding Sir David Follett, and becoming the first woman to serve as director of a British National Museum. She held the position until 1986, during which time she oversaw a significant expansion of what is now known as the Science Museum Group.

On her first day as Director, Weston visited York and announced the city as the home of the National Railway Museum; the museum was opened in 1975. She also oversaw the acquisition of Concorde 002, the second prototype of the aircraft, for the Science Museum. She described how the Museum acquired Concorde, saying, "I had a telephone call – it was all telephone calls in those earlier days, not e-mails – and the man didn't give his name or his department. But he just said, do you want Concorde 002? It's coming to the end of its test service. And I said, well I want to preserve it but I have no place to put it. But yes I'll take it." The aircraft made its last flight to the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovilton in July 1976, where it is housed.

In 1976, she oversaw the display of an extensive collection of biomedical objects from Sir Henry Wellcome's Museum Collection, which were loaned to the Science Museum, broadening the museum's scope considerably. In 1980–81, two new galleries opened, "Glimpses of Medical History" and "The Science and Art of Medicine", to display the Wellcome material and other medical displays.

In 1980, Weston acquired a former Royal Air Force airfield at Wroughton, Wiltshire. The field was used to house large objects such as aircraft, trams and an inert nuclear missile, and was opened as the National Collections Centre.

Weston was instrumental in establishing the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television (now the National Media Museum) in Bradford, which opened on 16 June 1983 and featured the UK's largest cinema screen and the country's first IMAX cinema.

In 1984 she was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. She chose the subject "The Science Museum and Change – Over the last Thirty Years".

She was also president of the Heritage Railway Association until 2011 and the patron of the Stroudwater Textile Trust.

On her retirement in 1986, Weston was presented with a motorbike by the museum staff. In retirement, Weston continued to work in the museum sector as a volunteer. In Stroud, she was chair of the Cowle Trust, which opened a Museum in the Park and a walled garden.

Weston died in January 2021 at the age of 94.

Honours
Margaret Weston was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 1979 Birthday Honours. She was also made a Fellow of the Museums Association (FMA) in 1984. In 1984 she was made an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge. She received honorary degrees from the Universities of Salford, Manchester (1984), Aston, Bradford, Leeds, Loughborough and the Open University.

In 2018, she was made a Fellow of the Science Museum. The fellowship was presented by Dame Mary Archer at Dame Margaret's home.

title: Margaret Weston


text: Category:Horse racing venues in France

title: Category:Horse racing venues in France


text:
Heatseekers charts

The Heatseekers charts are "Breaking and Entering" music charts issued weekly by Billboard magazine. The Heatseekers Albums and the Heatseekers Songs charts were introduced by Billboard in 1991 with the purpose of highlighting the sales by new and developing musical recording artists. Albums and songs appearing on Top Heatseekers may also concurrently appear on the Billboard 200 or Billboard Hot 100.

Albums chart
The Heatseekers Albums chart contains 25 positions that are ranked by Nielsen SoundScan sales data, and charts album titles from "new or developing acts" as determined by the acts' historical chart performance. Once an artist/act has had an album place in the top 100 of the Billboard Top 200, or in the top 10 of any of the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, Country Albums, Latin Albums, Christian Albums, or Gospel Albums charts, the album and later works no longer qualify for tracking on Heatseeker Albums.

Songs chart
The Heatseekers Songs chart contains 25 positions, rated by a combination of Nielsen BDS airplay measurements, Nielsen SoundScan sales data, and streaming activity figures from online music sources. Like Heatseekers Albums, this chart tracks titles from "new or developing acts", similarly determined by the acts' historical chart performance. An artist's song is no longer eligible for Heatseekers Songs when the artist has had a song place in the top 50 of the Billboard Hot 100 (or has had a radio song before December 5, 1998).

The Heatseekers Songs chart was quietly discontinued on December 6, 2014; the final chart was released on November 29, 2014, and the final number-one song on the chart was "Girl in a Country Song" by Maddie & Tae.

title: Heatseekers charts


text:
Category:Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford

Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford.

See also Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford.


text:
Whickham

Whickham is a village in Tyne and Wear, North East England, within the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead. The village is on high ground overlooking the River Tyne and 5 mi south-west of Newcastle upon Tyne.

History
Whickham underwent some expansion in the 1950s when the Lakes Estate was built just off Whickham Highway. Then later in the decade the Oakfield Estate just off Whaggs Lane was built. Grange Estate began the long-term development by JT Bell, (Bellway), the builder, who went on to build Clavering Park, Clavering Grange, the Cedars and then Fellside Park.

In central Whickham, near Front Street, is Chase Park, the former residence of Whickham Chase. The property included a manor house, which was demolished in 1960. The park includes King George's Field, in which is a historic tower that is now closed off from the public. The large play area was restored in 2017 with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Big Lottery Fund, which included the removal of a large slide and the remodelling of the children's play area, as well as the replanting of Chase Park's many flower beds.

South-west of Whickham, above the River Derwent, are the ruins of Old Hollinside, a fortified manor house once owned by the Bowes-Lyon family.

Governance
Whickham was anciently a township and parish within County Durham. Whickham Urban District, created in 1894, also covered the parishes of Dunston, Marley Hill and Byermoor, and Swalwell. Changes to local government in 1974 saw the parish and urban district abolished and replaced by an unparished area, at first within Tyne and Wear, then from 1986 within the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead.

Whickham spans three electoral wards: Whickham North, Dunston Hill and Whickham East, and Whickham South and Sunniside (which extends south-west to include Marley Hill and Byermoor). Each ward elects three members of Gateshead Council. For national government elections it is part of Blaydon constituency.

Schools
Whickham has six primary schools and one secondary school. The Gibside School for special educational needs and disabilities moved to a new location away from Whickham in Spring 2021.

Primary schools Secondary schools
 * Clover Hill Primary School
 * Fellside Primary School
 * Front Street Primary School
 * St Mary's R C Primary School
 * Washingwell Primary School
 * Whickham Parochial C of E Primary School
 * Whickham School and Sports College

title: Whickham


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leo Gaica

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ryan Norton T 20:00, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Leo Gaica
I think this article is a kind of self promotion or some joke. I´m really into bodyboarding since the 80´s and I´ve never heard about this lad. Also, he seems to be only 15 now. Nothing makes him worth of a page in Wikipedia, since he has NO encyclopaedic value. I think this article should be forever removed. By the way he spoke utter lies. He claimed to have invented the 720 air reverse, when José Otávio from Brazil had it caught on tape a lot before this Gaica claims. Also Jeff Hubbard have done it before. This guy also seems to be vandalizing the Boadyboarding page to promote himself. A search in google returns nothing for him either. Loudenvier 13:59, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. No verification, no sources, dubious claims.  Barno 14:42, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Anon 60.229.155.123 vandalized this AfD; I've reverted it to pre-vandalism state. Vandal changed content of earlier entries and inserted childish namecalling into signatures.  This strengthens my vote to delete.  Barno 15:47, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


title: File:Phaictan400px.jpg


text:
Minichromosome

A minichromosome is a small chromatin-like structure resembling a chromosome and consisting of centromeres, telomeres and replication origins but little additional genetic material. They replicate autonomously in the cell during cellular division. Minichromosomes may be created by natural processes as chromosomal aberrations or by genetic engineering.

Structure
Minichromosomes can be either linear or circular pieces of DNA. By minimizing the amount of unnecessary genetic information on the chromosome and including the basic components necessary for DNA replication (centromere, telomeres, and replication sequences), molecular biologists aim to construct a chromosomal platform which can be utilized to insert or present new genes into a host cell.

Production
Producing minichromosomes by genetic engineering techniques involves two primary methods, the de novo (bottom-up) and the top-down approach.

De novo
The minimum constituent parts of a chromosome (centromere, telomeres, and DNA replication sequences) are assembled by using molecular cloning techniques to construct the desired chromosomal contents in vitro. Next, the desired contents of the minichromosome must be transformed into a host which is capable of assembling the components (typically yeast or mammalian cells ) into a functional chromosome. This approach has been attempted for the introduction of minichromosomes into maize for the possibility of genetic engineering, but success has been limited and questionable. In general, the de novo approach is more difficult than the top-down method due to species incompatibility issues and the heterochromatic nature of centromeric regions.

Top-down
This method utilizes the mechanism of telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation (TMCT). This process is the generation of truncation by selective transformation of telomeric sequences into a host genome. This insertion causes the generation of more telomeric sequences and eventual truncation. The newly synthesized truncated chromosome can then be altered through the insertion of new genes for desired traits. The top-down approach is generally considered as the more plausible means of generating extra-numerary chromosomes for the use of genetic engineering of plants. In particular it is useful because their stability during cell division has been demonstrated. The limitation of this approach is that it is labor-intensive.

Role in genetic engineering
Unlike traditional methods of genetic engineering, minichromosomes can be used to transfer and express multiple sets of genes onto one engineered chromosome package. Traditional methods which involve the insertion of novel genes into existing sequences may result in the disruption of endogenous genes and thus negatively affect the host cell. Additionally, with traditional gene insertion methods, scientists have had less ability to control where the newly inserted genes are located on the host cell chromosomes, which makes it difficult to predict inheritance of multiple genes from generation to generation. Minichromosome technology allows for the stacking of genes side-by-side on the same chromosome thus reducing likelihood of segregation of novel traits.

Plants
In 2006, scientists demonstrated the successful use of telomere truncation in maize plants to produce minichromosomes that could be utilized as a platform for inserting genes into the plant genome. In plants, the telomere sequence is conserved, which implies that this strategy can be utilized to successfully construct additional minichromosomes in other plant species.

In 2007, scientists reported success in assembling minichromosomes in vitro using the de novo method.

The use of minichromosomes as a means for generating more desirable crop traits is actively being explored. Major advantages include the ability to introduce genetic information which is highly compatible with the host genome. This eliminates the risk of disrupting various important processes such as cell division and gene expression. With continued development, the future for use of minichromosomes may make a huge impact on the productivity of major crops.

Other organisms
Minichromosomes have also been successfully inserted into yeast and animal cells. These minichromosomes were constructed using the de novo approach.

title: Minichromosome


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sesshomaru vs Shadow the Hedgehog

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE.  Rob e  rt  01:10, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Sesshomaru vs Shadow the Hedgehog
Non-encyclopedic. Useless "battle" between two unrelated characters. RattleMan 14:00, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as outrageous...I dunno, bored-teenager-cruft? What's next, Ruth Bader Ginsburgh versus Raphael the Ninja Turtle? - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 15:17, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. Jkelly 16:29, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. --GraemeL (talk) 17:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, although not quite as bad as the Star Wars / Lion King crossover fanfic I once read. the wub  "?!"  22:45, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * link plz - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 22:52, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sadly it's been taken offline, quite possibly after being classed as a method of torture. the wub  "?!"  10:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pointless article. Carioca 01:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Weird animefancruft Saberwyn 07:32, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Next, Pope John Paul II versus Screech from Saved by the Bell.  Um, please don't create that page. Proto t c 08:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Wait a minute. 'So argue no more, for the answer has come!' BJAODN this awesomeicity. Proto t c 08:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Anita Doth

Anita Doth (born 28 December 1971) is a Dutch singer and songwriter best known as the former singer of the duo 2 Unlimited, along with rapper Ray Slijngaard.

Personal life
Anita Daniëlle Dels was born in Amsterdam to a Surinamese father, Rolf Dels, and a Dutch mother, Lydia. In 1991 she finished her education and landed her first job in an administrative position at a police station. She has one son.

On 11 January 2010, it was announced that Doth was being treated for breast cancer, undergoing chemotherapy. Doth continued to perform with Ray as much as possible under her treatment regimen. In 2011, Doth was declared breast-cancer-free.

On 8 November 2013, Doth announced via Twitter that 2 Unlimited would soon be taking a break until April 2014 as she was pregnant. The new arrival was expected in February 2014.

2 Unlimited (1991–1996)
2 Unlimited is a Eurodance project founded in 1991 by two Belgian producers Jean-Paul DeCoster and Phil Wilde and fronted by Dutch rapper Ray Slijngaard and Anita Doth.

In the early 1990s, Slijngaard had been asked to write rap lyrics for a tune written by de Coster and Wilde. He also wrote a chorus to be sung by a female vocalist, for which he asked Doth to sing the lyrics. The demo was presented to de Coster and Wilde, leading to Doth joining 2 Unlimited, and "Get Ready for This" was produced as their first single.

Doth sang the choruses for the majority of their songs; however there were some B sides, and one successful single, "Nothing Like the Rain", where she sang close to all the lyrics. The band became an instant success in Europe and throughout the world. Their hits included "Maximum Overdrive", "No Limit", "Tribal Dance", "The Real Thing", "Twilight Zone" and "Workaholic". After sixteen music videos, forty-five songs, and four albums, the group split up in 1996.

After 2 Unlimited (1996–2009)
After 2 Unlimited broke up in 1996, Doth became a presenter on Dutch music television station TMF (The Music Factory), hosting Welcome to the Pleasure Zone, a show featuring both music videos and live performances. She also worked as a DJ on Dutch radio station Radio 538. Later that year, she sang a duet with popular Dutch singer René Froger titled "That's When I'll Stop Loving You".

In 2000, she released her solo album, Reality. Among the singles taken from the album were "Universe", "Lifting up My Life", and "This Is Reality". Doth worked with producers Todd Terry and Steve Mac, among others.

In 2002, Doth formed Divas of Dance with Linda Estelle (formerly of T-Spoon) and Desiree "Des'Ray" Manders (formerly of 2 Brothers on the 4th Floor). They performed a variety of disco and dance classics, including the biggest hits from each of their respective bands. In 2006, Divas of Dance released a single entitled "Falling into the Groove".

During the later 2000s, Doth toured the UK as part of the 90s Reloaded Adult Weekenders at Butlin's. Billed as "Anita Doth from 2 Unlimited", the performance would include the biggest hits of 2 Unlimited from the 1990s.

2 Unlimited Comeback (2009–2016)
Doth & her former 2 Unlimited colleague, Ray Slijngaard, reunited on 11 April 2009, to perform together for the first time in 13 years at the "I love the 90s" concert in Hasselt, Belgium. Further gigs followed on 30 April at the Radio 538 Queen's Day concert at Museumplein in Amsterdam, and as support act for Milk Inc. at the Sportpaleis in Antwerp on 25 September.

Performing under the name Ray & Anita, it was confirmed on 29 December that the duo would release a new single together in 2010 titled "In Da Name Of Love". Jean-Paul de Coster is thought to have denied permission for them to use the name "2 Unlimited", as he still owns the rights to the brand.

On 11 July 2012, it was announced that Slijngaard and Doth would be working again with the Belgian producer, de Coster under the name 2 Unlimited.

Departure from 2 Unlimited (2016–present)
On 20 April 2016, 2 Unlimited announced that Doth would be leaving the band to embark on a solo career. On 13 August, Kim Vergouwen was announced as Doth's replacement in 2 Unlimited.

title: Anita Doth


text:
20 to One

20 to One (known as 20 to 1 before 2016) is an Australian television series on the Nine Network from 2005, that counts down an undefined "top 20" of elements or events of popular culture, such as films, songs, or sporting scandals. The format mixes archival footage of the listed events with comments from various Australian celebrities.

Originally the show was hosted by Bud Tingwell and narrated by David Reyne; the pair were replaced by Bert Newton as host for the second season. The series was rebooted by the Nine Network and returned for its eleventh season on 31 May 2016 with new hosts, Australian radio presenters Fitzy and Wippa. From 2017, the show was hosted by Erin Molan and Dave Thornton.

Format
Each episode counts down the "top twenty" events following a particular theme, from position 20 down to number 1. Media clips depicting the event are played as the host provides background information of the entry. This is followed by clips of celebrities providing judgment on the clip or event.

Controversy
During the segment aired on 19 June 2019, co-hosts Erin Molan and Nick Cody stated that the South Korean boy band BTS was "so popular it could heal the rift between North and South Korea." She also mentioned the band's success in the United States, even though "only one band member actually speaks English." among other comments. Many other celebrities made similar comments during the segment. Most notably was comedian Jimmy Carr, who jokingly compared the band's international success to the explosion of a nuclear bomb in North Korea, saying: "When I first heard something Korean had exploded in America, I got worried. So I guess, it could've been worse – but not much worse." Subsequently, the hashtags #channel9apologize and #channel9racist started trending as fans of the band demanded an apology from Channel 9. The BTS Australia Twitter fan account wrote: "This is unfair and presenting inaccurate information. You disregarded their achievements, and instead let your xenophobic, racist mindsets be biased instead. We want an apology." On 20 June 2019, Channel 9 issued a non-apology apology, writing: "We apologize to any who may have been offended by last night's episode."

Celebrity contributors
This is a partial list (some in order of appearance) of the celebrities who contributed comments to 20 to One.

2005–2011

 * Amanda Keller – TV and Radio Presenter
 * Anh Do – Comedian
 * Anthony Callea – Singer
 * Ash & Luttsy – Radio Personalities
 * Ben Dark – TV Presenter
 * Bianca Dye – Radio Presenter
 * Bill Collins – Movie Reviewer
 * Billy Birmingham – Comedian
 * Blair McDonough – Reality TV Star / Actor
 * Bob Willis – Former English Cricket Captain
 * Brendan Jones – Radio Presenter
 * Brodie Harper – TV Presenter
 * Cameron Daddo – Actor
 * Catriona Rowntree – TV Presenter
 * Charles "Bud" Tingwell – Actor and Previous Host of 20 to 1 (Series 2 to 7)
 * Colin Lane – Comedian
 * Damian Walshe-Howling – Actor
 * Danny Bonaduce – TV and Radio Host
 * David Campbell – Singer
 * David Hasselhoff – American Actor
 * Deni Hines – Singer
 * Donny Osmond – Singer
 * Duncan Armstrong – Olympic Athlete
 * Ed Phillips – TV Presenter
 * Eddie McGuire – TV Presenter
 * Georgie Gardner – News presenter
 * Gorgi Coghlan – TV Presenter
 * Guy Sebastian – Singer
 * Harry M. Miller – Personal Management
 * Imogen Bailey – Actress and Model
 * Ita Buttrose – Journalist and Author
 * Jay Laga'aia – Actor / Play School presenter
 * Jessica Napier – Actress
 * Jessica Rowe – Seven News presenter
 * Jessica Tovey – Actress
 * John Burgess – Former Game Show Host
 * John Jarratt – Actor
 * John-Michael Howson – Entertainment Reporter
 * Josh Lawson – Actor
 * Kate Ceberano – Singer
 * Ken Sutcliffe – Sports Presenter
 * Kristian Schmid – Actor
 * Lisa Wilkinson – TV Presenter
 * Livinia Nixon – TV Presenter
 * Liz Ellis – Retired Netball Player
 * Lizzy Lovette – Radio announcer
 * Lorraine Bayly – Actress
 * Lochie Daddo – TV Presenter
 * Mark Ferguson – Seven News presenter
 * Matthew Johns – The NRL Footy Show
 * Megan Gale – Supermodel
 * Michala Banas – Actress and Singer
 * Mike Goldman – TV Presenter
 * Mikey Robins – TV and Radio Presenter and comedian
 * Nikki Webster – Singer/Performer
 * Paul Harragon – The NRL Footy Show
 * Paul Vautin – The NRL Footy Show
 * Paulini Curuenavuli – Singer
 * Peter Berner – TV and Radio Presenter
 * Peter FitzSimons – Author/Journalist
 * Peter Garrett – Singer/Politician
 * Peter Sterling – Nine Footy Commentator
 * Peter Thompson – Film Reviewer
 * Prue MacSween – Media Commentator
 * Richard Wilkins – TV Presenter
 * Ricki-Lee Coulter – Singer
 * Ronan Keating – Singer
 * Sam Newman – The AFL Footy Show
 * Sam Simmons – Triple J presenter and Comedian
 * Sami Lukis – Radio announcer
 * Scott Cam – TV Presenter
 * Shane Crawford – Former AFL Player
 * Shane Jacobson as Kenny Smyth – Film Character
 * Shannon Noll – Singer
 * Simon Burke – Actor / Play School presenter
 * Tania Zaetta – Actress/television presenter
 * Tara Moss – Author and Model
 * The Umbilical Brothers (aka David Collins and Shane Dundas) – Comedy Duo
 * Tim Ferguson – Comedian
 * Todd Rixon – Former Dancer
 * Tom Burlinson – Actor and Singer
 * Toni Pearen – TV Presenter
 * Tony Martin – Radio Presenter
 * Tracy Grimshaw – TV Presenter
 * Wendy Harmer – Radio Presenter
 * "Weird Al" Yankovic – Singer
 * Zoe Naylor – Actress

Returning
Returning contributors are revived in 2016 include:
 * David Campbell – Singer
 * Michala Banas – Actress
 * Peter Berner – TV and Radio Presenter
 * Prue MacSween – Media Commentator
 * Richard Wilkins – Today Show
 * Tracy Grimshaw – Journalist/TV Presenter

New
New contributors in 2016 include:
 * Beau Ryan – The NRL Footy Show co-host
 * Claire Hooper – Comedian
 * Dami Im – Singer
 * Gene Simmons – Singer
 * Gyton Grantley – Actor
 * Jack Gleeson – British Actor
 * Jackie O – Radio Host
 * Jason Akermanis – Former AFL Player
 * Jean Kittson – Actress and Comedian
 * Jeff Goldblum – American Actor
 * Kevin Rudd – Former Australian Prime Minister
 * Kat Hoyos – Actor
 * Lindsay Lohan – American Actress
 * Martina Navratilova – Tennis Player
 * Sharon Osbourne – Media Personality
 * Sylvia Jeffreys – Today Show

Awards
Logie Awards:
 * Nominated for 2007 Most Popular Light Entertainment Program (lost to Rove Live).

title: 20 to One


text: Category:Religion in Tanzania

title: Category:Religion in Tanzania


text: Talk:Debonair (airline)

title: Talk:Debonair (airline)


text:
David Follett

Sir David Henry Follett  (5 September 1907 – 11 May 1982) was an English curator who was Director of the Science Museum, London from 1960 to 1973.

Follett was born in Kingston, Surrey, and attended Rutlish Grammar School (1919–26). He then studied physics in the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford University as a student at Brasenose College.

Follett joined the Science Museum in 1937 as an Assistant Keeper, when Colonel E. E. B. Mackintosh was the Director. He was later Director of the museum from 1960 to 1973. Follett was also an author and a Fellow of the Museums Association.

Follett was knighted for his contribution to the museum world in 1967. He married Helen A. Wilson in 1932. Helen, Lady Follett, died in 1996.

Books

 * Follett, David, The Rise of the Science Museum under Henry Lyons. London: Science Museum, 1978. ISBN 0-901805-19-X.

title: David Follett


text: Category:Military of Tanzania

title: Category:Military of Tanzania


text: User talk:216.20.76.38

title: User talk:216.20.76.38


text:
Talk:R. Bindu

R. Bindu is wife of CPM central committee member A. Vijayaraghavan. She is a professor at Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur. In the elections to the local bodies held in the month of September 2005, she contested and won as a candidate of Left Democratic Front pioneered by the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ).

Regarding diploma examination
Madam i request to post pone upcoming diploma examinations 103.104.46.75 (talk) 09:43, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:R. Bindu


text:
Raid of the Redeswire

The Raid of the Redeswire, also known as the Redeswire Fray, was a border skirmish between England and Scotland on 7 July 1575 which took place at Carter Bar, the Cheviot pass which enters Redesdale. The skirmish was between (on the English side) the English Warden of the Middle Marches, Sir John Forster, with Sir George Heron, Keeper of Redesdale, Keeper of Liddesdale and Scottish Warden and (on the Scottish side) Sir John Carmichael, the Lord Warden of the Marches, with George Douglas of Bonjedworth. It was the last battle between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland.

Opposing forces
After the Scottish defeat at Pinkie in 1547, no Anglo-Scottish battle had occurred until this. Sir John Carmichael met Sir John Forster at a hill called Red Swire ("Redeswire" in Scottish English) in Carter Bar for a regularly scheduled "Truce Day" wherein the two discussed matters that came up between their two regions. Both men were accompanied by a number of armed guards.

Battle
One of the topics discussed during this meeting was an Englishman who had stolen some items from a Scotsman and who was supposedly in Forster's custody. Carmichael demanded that the man be delivered to Scotland for justice, but Forster replied the thief had taken "leg-bail" (escaped from custody) and could not be produced. This turned into an argument that involved personal insults from both parties, until members of the English contingent could no longer hold their temper and a fight broke out, which resulted in two Scots being killed and several others wounded. The Scots were forced to retreat, but during their flight they met up with another group from Jedburgh, who were late to the meeting. This gave the Scots an advantage and encouraged them to engage with the English. They began to break the English lines and in time, the English were routed: the Scots proved victorious, and drove the English off. George Heron was killed, along with his brother, John, and 23 other Englishmen. Forster, Francis Russell son of the Earl of Bedford, and several other nobles were captured, and the Scots conducted an impromptu raid, taking 300 cattle from local farms.

Aftermath
The prisoners were brought to James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, who was the regent for King James VI. This soon became embarrassing for the Scots, as the prisoners, who were being held at Dalkeith Castle, had likely been taken for their ransom value, although Regent Morton stated that it was to keep them from being killed in retaliation. Morton wrote a letter to Queen Elizabeth describing the events, and was about to send his envoy Nicolas Elphinstone to London, but she was outraged and sent Nicolas Errington and Henry Killigrew to demand immediate satisfaction.

Regent Morton was directed to meet with Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, who was President of the Council of the North, to work out the details, and the two men were able to come to an amicable solution, as Morton was inclined not to anger Elizabeth, and she wanted to avoid a war. Forster, Cuthbert Collingwood, and the other prisoners had been treated with kindness and were released with gifts and an apology for being held. Carmichael was delivered to York as a prisoner for trial, but was acquitted as the English court found that Forster had engaged in an unprovoked attack.

Legacy
The story of the skirmish was turned into a border ballad edited and published by Walter Scott.

Also, on the Cheviot Hills, near the place where the battle was fought a monument known as the Redeswire Stone was built in commemoration of the battle. It reads, "On this ridge, July 7th, 1575 was fought one of the last border raids, known as The Raid of the Redeswire". The battle is commemorated annually by the Jethart Callant's Festival each year during their Redeswire Rideout; this ride is held on the first Saturday in July and is in excess of 25 miles. During this Rideout the Jethart Callant can be seen galloping towards the "Redeswire Stane" giving the immortal battle cry of "Jethart's Here".

A song commemorating this battle has been written by Alan G Brydon. Three songs are recognised by the Callant festival as songs are sung as a custom on the last day.

title: Raid of the Redeswire


text:
Racing flags

Racing flags are traditionally used in auto racing and similar motorsports to indicate track conditions and to communicate important messages to drivers. Typically, the starter, sometimes the grand marshal of a race, waves the flags atop a flag stand near the start/finish line. Track marshals are also stationed at observation posts along the race track in order to communicate both local and course-wide conditions to drivers. Alternatively, some race tracks employ lights to supplement the primary flag at the start/finish line.

Summary
While there is no universal system of racing flags across all of motorsports, most series have standardized them, with some flags carrying over between series. For example, the chequered flag is commonly used across all of motorsport to signify the end of a session (practice, qualifying, or race), while the penalty flags differ from series to series. FIA-sanctioned championship flags are the most commonly used internationally (outside of North America) as they cover championships such as Formula 1, the FIA World Endurance Championship and WTCC, and are adopted (and sometimes adapted) by many more motorsport governing bodies across the world such as, for example, the MSA.

Status flags
Status flags are used to inform all drivers of the general status of the course during a race. In addition, the green, yellow, and red flags described below may be augmented or replaced by lights at various points around the circuit.

Green flag
The solid green flag is usually displayed by the starter to indicate the start of a race. During a race, it is displayed at the end of a caution period or a temporary delay to indicate that the race is restarting. The waving of a green flag is almost universally supplemented with the illumination of green lights (resembling traffic lights) at various intervals around the course, particularly on ovals.

If the race is not under caution or delayed, it is said to be under green-flag conditions. However, the flag itself is typically not continuously waved by the starter. No flag displayed at the starter's stand implies safe, green-flag conditions. At all times, however, the green lights remain lit.

 * When shown at a marshalling post, a green flag may indicate the end of a local yellow-flag zone.
 * A separate green flag displayed at the entrance to the pit area indicate that the pits are open.
 * In NASCAR, a green and yellow flag waved at the same time indicates that the race is being started or restarted under caution and laps are being counted. This is sometimes called a "running yellow" and usually occurs when a track is drying after a rain delay. The officials will utilize the cars in the field to facilitate the final drying of the course, but in order to not waste fuel (affecting fuel strategy, etc.), and delay the race further, the laps are counted towards the advertised race distance.
 * In 1980, USAC flagman Duane Sweeney started a tradition at the Indianapolis 500 of waving twin green flags for added visual effect at the start of the race. Green flags waved at restarts were single.
 * Since roughly the 1990s, some races on occasion invite celebrity guests to wave the green flag at the start of the race.
 * Before the use of starting lights in Formula One and most other FIA sanctioned or associated events, the national flag of the country in which a race is occurring, instead of a green flag, was used to signal its start. This practice is retained on occasion in the event of equipment failure, or simply as a tradition, such as at the 24 Hours of Le Mans.
 * In some series, the green flag is waved at the rear of the grid following the formation lap to indicate to the official controlling the race start that the final car has reached its starting position and the race can be started.

Yellow flag
The solid yellow flag, or caution flag, universally requires drivers to slow down due to a hazard on the track, typically a crash, a stopped car, debris or light rain. However, the procedures for displaying the yellow flag vary for different racing styles and sanctioning bodies.

In Formula One racing, a yellow flag displayed at the starter's stand or a marshal station indicates that there is a hazard "downstream" of the station. The manner of display depends on the location of the hazard:
 * A single waved flag denotes a hazard on the racing surface itself.
 * A single stationary flag denotes a hazard near the racing surface.
 * Two flags waved simultaneously denotes a hazard that wholly or partly blocks the racing surface (like an accident). This informs the driver that there may be marshals on the track and to prepare to stop, if necessary.

When shown at a station, drivers are forbidden from overtaking until either the hazard or the next flag station displaying a green flag (signifying the end of a cautionary section) is passed. This flag is shown at the discretion of the marshals manning the station.

When the safety car is on the circuit, all flag points will display a "safety car board" (a large white board with "SC" in large black lettering). When flag points are under radio control, this will happen immediately, otherwise, the board is displayed when the safety car comes round for the first time. This is accompanied by a waved yellow flag. Standard yellow flag conditions apply to the whole circuit; notably, overtaking is completely forbidden. When the safety car comes in and the race resumes, a green flag is displayed at the start line, and subsequently at all flag points around the circuit for one lap. Overtaking is not allowed until the cars have passed the start/finish line.

When there are circumstances where double-waved yellow flags are needed yet usage of the safety car is not warranted, then the race will be under a Virtual Safety Car period, during which all flag points will display a "VSC board" and all light panels on track will display the letters "VSC" surrounded by a flashing yellow border. Under the VSC procedure, all drivers on the track must reduce their speed and stay above a minimum time set by race officials at least once in each marshalling sector. Overtaking is not permitted unless another driver enters the pit lane or if a car slows down due to an obvious problem. When deemed safe to end the VSC procedure, teams are notified via the official messaging system 10 to 15 seconds before green flags are waved.

Full-Course Yellow
Most races in the FIA World Endurance Championship may be under a Full-Course Yellow period upon discretion of the race director when deemed necessary for safety reasons. Once declared, all flag points will display a "FCY board" and all cars on track must immediately slow down to 80 km/h and maintain their distance to the cars in front and behind. Overtaking is forbidden until green flags are waved.

The FCY procedure was used during the 2019 24 Hours of Le Mans in response to Porsche's dominant GTE-Pro victory in 2018. Partial track Slow Zones are identified by track-side horizontal markings at both beginning and end, and "Next Slow" boards in the preceding zone. Within the zone, all marshal posts will display double-waved yellow flags and "SLOW" boards, and all light panels will display the letters "SZ" surrounded by a flashing yellow border. All cars within the zone must slow down to 80 km/h until they are clear of the waved green flag at the end.

In Formula E, the FCY condition is used, but unlike any other racing series, the cars have an FCY speed limiter. When activated, the cars will slow down to 50 km/h. Overtaking under the FCY condition is not allowed, and could result in a penalty. This happened at the 2019 Rome ePrix, when Jean Eric Vergne overtook future Techeetah teammate António Félix da Costa. As a result, Vergne was given a 5-second time penalty. For the 2019-20 Formula E season, activating attack mode during FCY was disallowed. Additionally, for every 1 minute under FCY, 1kWh of energy gets taken out of their energy allocation.

In both NASCAR and IndyCar, a single yellow flag waved from the starter's stand places the race under caution. At this time, a pace car will enter the course and lead the field at a safe, predetermined, reduced speed. On oval tracks, yellow lights universally supplement the primary flag at the start/finish line. These lights usually operate in a flashing manner, in order to quickly gain the attention of the drivers. The field is locked into place at the onset of caution periods and no one is allowed to pass another car without mutual consent (excluding crashed and immobile cars). In some races, though, cars may pass one another on pit road during a caution period. When the starter shows a furled yellow flag, it indicates one lap to green.

On road course races in IndyCar, a single yellow flag at a marshaling station indicates a "local" yellow, similar to the aforementioned rules in Formula One. In these cases, the pace car does not enter the track, and the caution period is limited only to that particular segment of the track. Green flag racing prevails around the remainder of the course. Twin yellow flags displayed at the starter's stand indicates a "full-course caution", in which the pace car would enter the track and the entire course would be under caution. This might occur for a serious crash or other major hazards. NASCAR has also experimented with "local yellows" on their road course events, although a plain blue flag is used instead.

In the case of snowmobile racing, the yellow flag is displayed at or before the point of the hazard. When a snowmobile racer crosses the yellow flag, the race will continue, however, the skis and track of the snowmobile must remain on the ground.

In snowmobile water cross (racing on open water), the caution flag simply warns the racers that one or more racers have sunk and are in the water, however the race will continue as normal.

In horse racing, the yellow flag means that there is a serious incident ahead, the horses must be pulled up and the race must be declared void. Most yellow flags are seen when a horse has suffered a serious injury.

Code 60 flag
As an alternative to the full-course yellow and safety car periods used during other FIA-backed races, the 24H Series uses a series of purple lights and flags to declare a "Code 60" period. Under "Code 60", overtaking is not allowed and all drivers must slow their cars down to a maximum of 60 km/h. The race resumes immediately when green flags are waved and green lights are flashing at each marshal post. Yellow flags are still used to indicate local cautions.

Safety concerns and the beneficiary in NASCAR
The point at which the caution period starts is a topic of controversy in oval racing. Traditionally, the cars were locked into their positions when they crossed the start/finish line, but technological advancements have made it possible to lock them in at the instant that the caution is declared. This has effectively put an end to the "race back to the caution", in which drivers speed up during yellow flag periods to beat the leader to the flag. This practice, while giving lapped drivers a better chance to make their lap back, was at times highly dangerous in that it encouraged drivers to engage in pitched battles with major safety hazards on track. Safety workers were not able to respond to accidents until the cars were under control of the pace car, which markedly slowed their response times to potentially injured drivers. To compensate for the elimination of the race back to the caution, NASCAR and some other motorsports series, both road racing and short oval, have implemented the beneficiary rule, which allows the highest-placed car that is a full lap or more behind the race leader to complete an extra lap during the caution period in order to make up a lap.

In some series (Indy Racing League, Champ Car, beginning in 2007, Formula One, and beginning in mid 2009, NASCAR) lapped cars between the pace car and the leader are allowed to move to the rear of the next lap when the signal is given two laps before a restart.

In Formula One, all lapped cars between the leaders are permitted to advance one lap.

The rule, as enforced in the three open-wheel series, is designed to prevent lapped cars from blocking on ensuing restarts, as to prevent unsportsmanlike blocking when a lapped teammate or friend of one driver attempts to help that driver through impeding the progress of an opponent on the restart.

Red and yellow striped flag
The red and yellow striped flag or surface flag is displayed stationary at local flag stations to indicate that track conditions have changed due to substances on the track which could reduce grip or cause a car to lose control. Generally oil, coolant, small pieces of debris or sand are the hazards. Many organizations will display this flag for only two laps, after which the changed surface is considered to merely be part of the track. This flag is generally not used anymore; during conditions that would warrant this flag to be waved, the race enters Virtual Safety Car.

Red flag
The solid red flag is displayed when conditions are too dangerous to continue the session. Depending on the series and the circumstances, the cars are typically directed to proceed immediately to pit road, or to stop at a specific spot on the track. In some severe cases the cars might be required to stop immediately where they are. During red flag conditions, repair work in the pits, the garage area, or on the track is typically prohibited, except in non-points paying races.

There are numerous hazards that might cause a need to halt or prematurely end a session. Many hazards, such as rain, lightning, darkness, a blocked course (due to debris, water, or safety vehicles), a car on fire, or a multi-car crash (especially one that results in serious injuries or one that results in damage to walls, fences or the surface itself which require repairs) might prompt series officials to call for the red flag.

Some series use a red flag to temporarily stop a race nearing the end of a race after an accident or other incident to minimize the number of caution laps, even when the situation would not warrant a red flag at other points in the race. This is usually done when a collision requiring cleanup would otherwise extend the caution period to take longer than the amount of race laps available to finish the race, when a fuel spill occurs on the circuit, or to maximize safety team work. During such a red-flag period, cars are directed to stop in line at a specific point on the track, usually directly opposite to the incident. In Supercars, a race that is suspended after 75% of the laps have been completed may be declared complete at the race director's discretion, such as happened in Supercars forerunner Bathurst 1000 race in 1992 when torrential rain led to numerous cars crashing off the track in laps 144 and 145 and race results were woundback two laps.

The red flag may be used to indicate a pre-determined pause in the race, such as in NASCAR's Budweiser Shootout or the Sprint All Star Race. In these cases, the cars are directed to the pit area where some may be worked on to the extent the race rules allow.

 * In the event of a bad start, the yellow and red flags may be displayed together, or a unique diagonally divided red and yellow flag can be displayed, to indicate a restart. Drivers will go back to their starting positions and line up for another start. This is rarely used where computer scoring is involved, and can create much confusion as the drivers attempt to get back in order.
 * In NASCAR, a practice session or a qualifying session is ended with the red and black flags waved together.

White flag
In Formula One, the white flag is waved on the last corner and the pit straight at the end of free practice sessions on Friday and Saturday, indicating to drivers that there are drivers doing practice starts on the pit straight. Drivers are permitted to do one practice start at the end of each free practice session.

In all championships which use the FIA International Sporting Code, as well as North American road racing, the white flag indicates the presence of an officials car such as ambulance, fire truck, jet dryer, etc. or a competitor moving at below normal speed in the section of track covered by the flag station. In IndyCar, a stationary white flag means they are moving above one-third racing speed while waving means they are moving below one-third racing speed.

In most American forms of motorsports – including NASCAR, IndyCar, and North American motorcycle road racing – a waved white flag displayed at the starter's stand indicates the start of the final lap of the race.

In MotoGP, a white flag is used to inform riders that they are allowed to change machine. The Race Direction has deemed that the track is wet enough to justify the change of bikes and the Grand Prix becomes a wet race, having originally been declared a 'dry race' at the start.

In some series, a white flag is shown from all flag stations on the first lap of a practice or qualifying session so competitors will know which stations are staffed.

National flag
Prior to the adoption of starting lights, the Supercars series and its forerunners would use a green flag to start the race. Following the adoption of lights as the routine starting device, if the starting lights were unavailable a race would started by lowering the national flag of whichever country the race is held in.

Instruction flags
Instruction flags are usually used to communicate with one driver at a time.

Black flag
The solid black flag is used to summon a driver to the pits. It is usually associated with a penalty imposed on the driver for disobeying the rules, but may also be used when a car is suffering a mechanical failure, leaking fluid, exhibiting damage such as loose bodywork, loose hood, dragging bumper, or any other damage that could potentially become a hazard to the driver or other competitors. In some cases, the black flag may be used to call a driver to the pits when their radio is not working, though this is not common.

In FIA International-permitted series, the black flag means an immediate disqualification for the driver involved. The car number of the summoned driver is displayed on the finish line. Some sanctioning bodies wave the black flag at all observation posts simultaneously to order all drivers to clear the track after the starter waves the red flag, often in the case of a serious accident.

In Supercars races, infringements such as exceeding the pit lane speed limit, violating a restart after a safety car period, or causing an accident will result in a drive through pit penalty that must be taken in reasonable time. Rarely, due to the short amount of time in which the driver has to complete the penalty, such a penalty may be rescinded such as in Race 28 of the 2021 season when, upon receiving a penalty for passing before the control line after a safety car period, Shane van Gisbergen protested over his radio that the lead driver had suddenly reduced throttle forcing van Gisbergen to pass, and throttle telemetry supported this. The sudden 42% reduction in throttle itself could have led to a drive through penalty for race leader Anton de Pasquale, but the very wet conditions and possible loss of traction and safety issues were mitigating circumstances.

When the black flag is used for disciplinary reasons in most races in North America, a driver is required to return to pit lane for at minimum a drive-through penalty. A driver may be black-flagged for failing to maintain a reasonable minimum speed, even if no apparent damage or mechanical failure is present. In almost all cases, the team is given a chance to make repairs to the car and get it up to an acceptable condition. If the driver still cannot maintain minimum speed in relation to the leaders after repairs, the driver may be required to park for the remainder of the race. For example, NASCAR requires that a driver run at or above 115 percent of the fastest lap time by any driver in the final practice. (This can be converted to an average speed-limit based on the length of the course, which for oval tracks will be close to the actual speed limit at any given time.) IndyCar has a 105 percent rule, most notably used when officials parked Jean Alesi and Simona de Silvestro during the 2012 Indianapolis 500.

In the case of snowmobile racing, the black flag comes in three stages to disqualification; the first flag is a warning to a racer, the second flag is a one-lap penalty, and the third is disqualification. In order for a snowmobile racer to receive a black flag, the racer must make contact with intent to inconvenience another racer.

Black flag with orange circle
A mechanical black flag is a black flag with an orange disc in its center which indicates that a vehicle is being summoned to the pits due to serious mechanical problems or loose bodywork that presents a risk to other competitors. At some road racing events, it is used to summon the vehicle to the pits to inform the driver of violation "maximum sound levels". Also known as the 'Meatball' flag.

Per-bend black/white flag
A diagonally divided black-and-white flag is displayed with a car number to indicate a warning for unsportsmanlike conduct. This flag can be displayed if a car tries to intentionally drive another car off the course, or if a driver gets out of their car and initiates an altercation with another driver. For example, Charles Leclerc was shown this flag for "bad sportsmanship" while defending from Lewis Hamilton during the 2019 Italian Grand Prix.

The black and white diagonal flag can also mean a warning to a driver for exceeding track limits. For example, in 2023 Austrian Grand Prix in Formula One which saw multiple penalties handed out to drivers for exceeding track limits, black and white flag was shown to drivers multiple times: on their third infringement the flag was shown, and then on the 4th and subsequent infringements time penalties were handed out.

Some administrators (NASCAR and IndyCar) do not distinguish mechanical problems or unsportsmanlike conduct from rules violations and simply use the solid black flag for all violations.

Black flag with white cross
Some leagues use a black flag with a white saltire. This is displayed with a car number if a driver ignores the other black flags for an extended period and also it indicates that that car is no longer being scored. In NASCAR, the car is not scored again until it pays attention to the black flag by pitting once this flag is displayed. However, in IndyCar, they are no longer scored indefinitely (disqualified).

Ignoring the black flag or the black-white cross flag intentionally may result in post-race disciplinary action in addition to disqualification from the race. Fines, probation, suspensions, and other penalties (e.g., points being docked from championship standings) may result, depending upon the severity of the situation.

Blue flag
A light blue flag, sometimes with a diagonal yellow, orange, or red stripe, informs a driver that a faster car is approaching and that the driver should move aside to allow one or more faster cars to pass. During a race, this would only be usually shown to a driver who is getting lapped but during practice or qualifying sessions, it could be shown to any driver. In most series, the blue flag is not mandatory—drivers obey it only as a courtesy to their fellow racers. As such, it is often referred to as the courtesy flag. In other series, drivers get severely penalized for not yielding or for interfering with the leaders, including getting sent to the pits for the rest of the race. In Formula One, if the driver about to be lapped ignores three waved blue flags in a row, he is required to serve a drive-through penalty. The blue flag may also be used to warn a driver that another car on the same lap is going to attempt to overtake them.

The steady blue flag is displayed when a faster car is approaching, the blue flag is waved when the faster car is about to overtake.

Not all racing series use blue flags, for example they are not used in rally or rallycross.

In Formula One, blue lights or flags may be shown at the end of pit lanes to warn of approaching cars on the track.

Chequered Flag
The chequered flag (or checkered flag) is displayed at the start/finish line to indicate that the race is officially finished. At some circuits, the first flag point will display a repeat chequered flag (usually on the opposite side of the circuit). The flag is commonly associated with the winner of a race, as they are the first driver to "take" (in other words, drive past) the chequered flag.

Upon seeing the chequered flag and crossing the finish line, drivers are required to slow to a safe speed, and return to their garage, parc fermé, or paddock, depending on the applicable regulations of the series.

Design of the chequered flag
There is no standard design for the chequered flag. Although it nearly always consists of alternating black and white squares or rectangles arranged in a chequerboard pattern, the number, size, and length-width proportions of the rectangles vary from one flag to another. Also, the chequered flag typically has a black rectangle at the corner of the flag closest to the top of the flagpole. There have been instances of the black and white squares being painted onto a wooden board and simply held up for drivers to observe at the finish line. Sometimes a sponsor's logo is emblazoned in the center of the chequered flag. In NASCAR and F1 events, a single chequered flag is waved to signal the completion of a race. In IndyCar, two chequered flags are waved together, a tradition dating to the 1980 Indianapolis 500, but only if the race is under green conditions. (The starter will wave both a chequered and yellow flag if safety car conditions occur at the end of the race, in a yellow-chequer finish.)

NASCAR traditionally has a special version of the chequered flag sewn for Victory Lane that has the name and date of the race on it, a practice that has spread to IndyCar. That flag is used for the team in the winner's photographs taken after the race, and is a prize awarded to the team along with the race trophy. Teams often hang such flags at their headquarters in a similar fashion to other sports teams hanging championship banners from the rafters at stadiums.

Beginning in the 2017 season, NASCAR has utilized a white-and-green variant of the chequered flag to indicate the end of a stage of a race. After the flag is waved, the race temporarily goes into caution to allow drivers who have had placed in the top 10 position following a stage to go into the pit road in a timely manner.

Origins of the Chequered flag
The Chequered flag originated in at the Glidden Tours, a road rally, in 1906. Sidney Walden divided the courses into sections; the time check at the end of each section was performed by race officials called "checkers". These checkers used Chequered flags to identify themselves. The earliest known photographic record of a Chequered flag being used to end a race was from the 1906 Vanderbilt Cup race held in Long Island, New York.

There is a persistent urban legend claiming that the flag originated in horse racing, but there is no basis for this myth. Another myth claims that the chequered flag's earliest known use was for 19th century bicycle races in France, but this claim also has no evidence.

In 1980, USAC starter Duane Sweeney started a tradition at the Indianapolis 500 by waving twin Chequered flags at the end of the race. Previous starters had only used a single flag. Sweeney also marked the first use of twin green flags at the start of the race.

Celebrating a win with the chequered flag

In snowmobile skipping, the Chequered flag is attached to the racer's life vest, and the racer is rewarded with a victory lap.

In many short tracks, the flagman gives the chequered flag to the winner of the race, but a variety of other celebratory traditions, such as the burnout, the Polish victory lap and the victory lane or victory circle celebration, sometimes overshadow the chequered flag tradition.

Use outside auto racing
The chequered flag has become so well recognized that it is often used to indicate the conclusion of many things unrelated to auto racing. For example, some software installation programs display a Chequered flag to indicate that a computer program has been installed successfully.

Chequered flags were also posted at each corner of the end zones in the original Yankee Stadium when the facility was used by the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1956 through 1973.

The Chequered flag is not only used for auto racing, but also for a representation of the automotive industry itself.

Flags in motorcycle racing

The chequered red, yellow, white, and green flags are used identically to how they are used in auto racing. The yellow and red striped flag is used to indicate debris on the track. Other flags used include:

 * A white flag with couped red cross, to indicate medical attention is required near the marshalling post. Can also mean an ambulance is on the course (generally a red cross is followed by the race being "red flagged")
 * A white flag with a saltire red cross indicates precipitation and is used instead of the yellow/red striped slippery surface flag in rain conditions only.
 * A black flag with white border, indicating that a rider must leave the course.
 * A dark, rather than light blue flag, indicating that a faster motorcycle is approaching.
 * A white flag with a black "V", to indicate poor visibility ahead. Used at the Isle of Man TT festival.
 * A white flag with a black 'SUN', to indicate glare from the sun ahead. Used at the Isle of Man TT festival.

Practicality of racing flags
Historically, the only means for race officials to communicate to drivers was through the usage of flags. With the advent of two-way or full-duplex radios, this is not necessarily the case. Most drivers racing on paved short track oval courses do not rely on flags; rather, they are informed of track conditions by their crew chiefs and spotters or by yellow / red flashing lights found on most oval tracks. Occasionally, though, some drivers must rely on the use of flags for information when they experience radio malfunctions. Flags are still used to tell the crowd of spectators what is happening. Dirt track and lower-level racers are less likely to have radios than their paved track counterparts.

In contrast to smaller circuits, road racing drivers rely heavily on the use of flags. As it is impractical to have spotters covering all segments of a winding race track, the first indication to drivers of local hazards almost always comes from marshals stationed at various flag stations around the course. Missing or disregarding a flag can have critical consequences, as Mario and Michael Andretti discovered during a 1991 CART race in Detroit, Michigan. Michael came around a blind corner at high speed, without heeding the yellow flag being displayed—and plowed into the back of a CART safety truck tending to another disabled car. Fifteen seconds later, his father Mario disregarded the same madly waving yellows and crashed into the car the safety vehicle was trying to assist.

Modern F1 cars and other high-end formula racing cars have information displays on their steering wheels which can flash up the word flag to warn drivers when they are entering a sector with a local yellow. Most new circuits and older ones used for F1 employ trackside flashing lights at regular intervals, as a clearer way to signal yellow, green, red, blue or SC flag status to drivers than relying on them to spot a marshal waving a flag, especially so on modern circuits where there are large run-off areas which put the marshals well away from the actual track.

title: Racing flags


text:
User talk:Hollah

Also so was...

title: User talk:Hollah