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Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd

is a landmark UK company law case. The effect of the House of Lords' unanimous ruling was to uphold firmly the doctrine of corporate personality, as set out in the Companies Act 1862, so that creditors of an insolvent company could not sue the company's shareholders for payment of outstanding debts.

Facts
Mr. Aron Salomon made leather boots or shoes as a sole proprietor. His sons wanted to become business partners, so he turned the business into a limited liability company. This company purchased Salomon's business at an excessive price for its value. His wife and five elder children became subscribers and the two elder sons became directors. Mr. Salomon took 20,001 of the company's 20,007 shares which was payment from A Salomon & Co Limited for his old business (each share was valued at £1). Transfer of the business took place on 1 June 1892. The company also issued to Mr. Salomon £10,000 in debentures. On the security of his debentures, Mr. Salomon received an advance of £5,000 from Edmund Broderip.

Soon after Mr. Salomon incorporated his business there was a decline in boot sales. The company failed, defaulting on its interest payments on its debentures (half held by Broderip). Broderip sued to enforce his security. The company was put into liquidation. Broderip was repaid his £5,000. This left £1,055 company assets remaining, of which Salomon claimed under the retained debentures he retained. If Salomon's claim was successful this would leave nothing for the unsecured creditors. When the company failed, the company's liquidator contended that the floating charge should not be honoured, and Salomon should be made responsible for the company's debts. Salomon sued.

Issues
The liquidator, on behalf of the company, counter-claimed wanting the amounts paid to Salomon paid back, and his debentures cancelled. He argued that Salomon had breached his fiduciary duty to the new company he was promoting by selling his business for an excessive price. He also argued that the whole formation of the company in this way was intended as a fraud against its potential unsecured creditors in the future.

Trial Court
At first instance, Judge Vaughan Williams ruled in the case entitled Broderip v Salomon that Mr Broderip's claim was valid. It was undisputed that the 200 shares were fully paid up. He said the company had a right of indemnity against Mr Salomon. He said the signatories of the memorandum of incorporation were mere "dummies" and that the company was really just Mr Salomon in another form, an alias or at least, his agent. Therefore, it was entitled to indemnity from the principal. The liquidator amended the counter claim, and an award was made for indemnity. The agency argument was accepted.

Court of Appeal
The Court of Appeal confirmed Vaughan Williams J's decision against Mr Salomon, though on the grounds that Mr Salomon had abused the privileges of incorporating a limited liability company, which Parliament had intended only to confer on "independent not counterfeit shareholders, who had a mind and will of their own and were not mere puppets". Lindley LJ (an expert on partnership law) held that the company was a trustee for Mr Salomon and, as such, Salomon was bound to indemnify the company's debts.

"The incorporation of the company cannot be disputed (see s. 18 of the Companies Act 1862). Whether by any proceeding in the nature of a scire facias the Court could set aside the certificate of incorporation is a question which has never been considered, and on which I express no opinion, but, be that as it may, in such an action as this the validity of the certificate cannot be impeached. The company must, therefore, be regarded as a corporation, but a corporation created for an illegitimate purpose. Moreover, there having always been seven members, although six of them hold only one £1 share each, Mr Aron Salomon cannot be reached under s. 48, to which I have already alluded. As the company must be recognised as a corporation, I feel a difficulty in saying that the company did not carry on business as a principal, and that the debts and liabilities contracted in its name are not enforceable against it in its corporate capacity. But it does not follow that the order made by Vaughan Williams J. is wrong. A person may carry on business as a principal and incur debts and liabilities as such, and yet be entitled to be indemnified against those debts and liabilities by the person for whose benefit he carries on the business. The company in this case has been regarded by Vaughan Williams J. as the agent of Aron Salomon. I should rather liken the company to a trustee for him - a trustee improperly brought into existence by him to enable him to do what the statute prohibits. It is manifest that the other members of the company have practically no interest in it, and their names have merely been used by Mr. Aron Salomon to enable him to form a company, and to use its name in order to screen himself from liability. This view of the case is quite consistent with In re George Newman & Co. In a strict legal sense the business may have to be regarded as the business of the company; but if any jury were asked, Whose business was it? they would say Aron Salomon's, and they would be right, if they meant that the beneficial interest in the business was his. I do not go so far as to say that the creditors of the company could sue him. In my opinion, they can only reach him through the company. Moreover, Mr. Aron Salomon's liability to indemnify the company in this case is, in my view, the legal consequence of the formation of the company in order to attain a result not permitted by law. The liability does not arise simply from the fact that he holds nearly all the shares in the company. A man may do that and yet be under no such liability as Mr. Aron Salomon has come under. His liability rests on the purpose for which he formed the company, on the way he formed it, and on the use which he made of it. There are many small companies which will be quite unaffected by this decision. But there may possibly be some which, like this, are mere devices to enable a man to carry on trade with limited liability, to incur debts in the name of a registered company, and to sweep off the company's assets by means of debentures which he has caused to be issued to himself in order to defeat the claims of those who have been incautious enough to trade with the company without perceiving the trap which he has laid for them.

It is idle to say that persons dealing with companies are protected by s. 43 of the Companies Act, 1862, which requires mortgages of limited companies to be registered, and entitles creditors to inspect the register. It is only when a creditor begins to fear he may not be paid that he thinks of looking at the register; and until a person is a creditor he has no right of inspection. As a matter of fact, persons do not ask to see mortgage registers before they deal with limited companies; and this is perfectly well known to every one acquainted with the actual working of the Companies Acts and the habits of business men. Mr. Aron Salomon and his advisers, who were evidently very shrewd people, were fully alive to this circumstance. If the legislature thinks it right to extend the principle of limited liability to sole traders it will no doubt do so, with such safeguards, if any, as it may think necessary. But until the law is changed such attempts as these ought to be defeated whenever they are brought to light They do infinite mischief; they bring into disrepute one of the most useful statutes of modern times, by perverting its legitimate use, and by making it an instrument for cheating honest creditors.

Mr. Aron Salomon's scheme is a device to defraud creditors."

Lopes LJ and Kay LJ variously described the company as a myth and a fiction and said that the incorporation of the business by Mr Salomon had been a mere scheme to enable him to carry on as before but with his personal liability for debt limited.

House of Lords
The House of Lords unanimously overturned this decision, rejecting the arguments of agency. They held that there was nothing in the Act about whether the subscribers (i.e., the shareholders) should be independent of the majority shareholder. The company was duly constituted in law and it was not the function of judges to read into the statute limitations they themselves considered expedient. Lord Halsbury LC stated that the statute "enacts nothing as to the extent or degree of interest which may be held by each of the seven [shareholders] or as to the proportion of interest or influence possessed by one or the majority over the others." His judgment continued.

"I have no right to add to the requirements of the statute, nor to take from the requirements thus enacted. The sole guide must be the statute itself ...

Either the limited company was a legal entity or it was not. If it was, the business belonged to it and not to Mr. Salomon, who is often referred to as Salomon. If it was not, there was no person and no thing to be an agent at all; and it is impossible to say at the same time that there is a company and there is not.

Lindley LJ on the other hand, affirms that there were seven members of the company; but he says it is manifest that six of them were members simply in order to enable the seventh himself to carry on business with limited liability. The object of the whole arrangement is to do the very thing which the Legislature intended not to be done.

It is obvious to inquire where is that intention of the Legislature manifested in the statute. Even if we were at liberty to insert words to manifest that intention, I should have great difficulty in ascertaining what the exact intention thus imputed to the Legislature is, or was. In this particular case it is the members of one family that represent all the shares; but if the supposed intention is not limited to so narrow a proposition as this, that the seven shareholders must not be members of one family, to what extent may influence or authority or intentional purchase of a majority among the shareholders be carried so as to bring it within the supposed prohibition? It is, of course, easy to say that it was contrary to the intention of the Legislature – a proposition which, by reason of its generality, it is difficult to bring to the test; but when one seeks to put as an affirmative proposition what the thing is which the Legislature has prohibited, there is, as it appears to me, an insuperable difficulty in the way of those who seek to insert by construction such a prohibition into the statute."

Lord Herschell noted the potentially "far reaching" implications of the Court of Appeal's logic and that in recent years many companies had been set up in which one or more of the seven shareholders were "disinterested persons" who did not wield any influence over the management of the company. Anyone dealing with such a company was aware of its nature as such, and could by consulting the register of shareholders become aware of the breakdown of share ownership among the shareholders.

Lord Macnaghten asked what was wrong with Mr. Salomon taking advantage of the provisions set out in the statute, as he was perfectly legitimately entitled to do. It was not the function of judges to read limitations into a statute on the basis of their own personal view that, if the laws of the land allowed such a thing, they were "in a most lamentable state", as Malins V-C had stated in an earlier case in point, In Re Baglan Hall Colliery Co., which had likewise been overturned by the House of Lords. The key parts of his judgement were as follows.

"When the memorandum is duly signed and registered, though there be only seven shares taken, the subscribers are a body corporate "capable forthwith", to use the words of the enactment, "of exercising all the functions of an incorporated company". Those are strong words. The company attains maturity on its birth. There is no period of minority – no interval of incapacity. I cannot understand how a body corporate thus made "capable" by statute can lose its individuality by issuing the bulk of its capital to one person, whether he be a subscriber to the memorandum or not. The company is at law a different person altogether from the subscribers to the memorandum; and, though it may be that after incorporation the business is precisely the same as it was before, and the same persons are managers, and the same hands receive the profits, the company is not in law the agent of the subscribers or trustee for them. Nor are the subscribers as members liable, in any shape or form, except to the extent and in the manner provided by the Act. That is, I think, the declared intention of the enactment. If the view of the learned judge were sound, it would follow that no common law partnership could register as a company limited by shares without remaining subject to unlimited liability ...

... Among the principal reasons which induce persons to form private companies, as is stated very clearly by Mr. Palmer in his treatise on the subject, are the desire to avoid the risk of bankruptcy, and the increased facility afforded for borrowing money. By means of a private company, as Mr. Palmer observes, a trade can be carried on with limited liability, and without exposing the persons interested in it in the event of failure to the harsh provisions of the bankruptcy law. A company, too, can raise money on debentures, which an ordinary trader cannot do. Any member of a company, acting in good faith, is as much entitled to take and hold the company's debentures as any outside creditor. Every creditor is entitled to get and to hold the best security the law allows him to take.

If, however, the declaration of the Court of Appeal means that Mr. Salomon acted fraudulently or dishonestly, I must say I can find nothing in the evidence to support such an imputation. The purpose for which Mr. Salomon and the other subscribers to the memorandum were associated was "lawful". The fact that Mr. Salomon raised £5,000 for the company on debentures that belonged to him seems to me strong evidence of his good faith and of his confidence in the company. The unsecured creditors of A. Salomon and Company, Limited, may be entitled to sympathy, but they have only themselves to blame for their misfortunes. They trusted the company, I suppose, because they had long dealt with Mr. Salomon, and he had always paid his way; but they had full notice that they were no longer dealing with an individual, and they must be taken to have been cognisant of the memorandum and of the articles of association. For such a catastrophe as has occurred in this case some would blame the law that allows the creation of a floating charge. But a floating charge is too convenient a form of security to be lightly abolished. I have long thought, and I believe some of your Lordships also think, that the ordinary trade creditors of a trading company ought to have a preferential claim on the assets in liquidation in respect of debts incurred within a certain limited time before the winding-up. But that is not the law at present. Everybody knows that when there is a winding-up debenture-holders generally step in and sweep off everything; and a great scandal it is.

It has become the fashion to call companies of this class "one man companies". That is a taking nickname, but it does not help one much in the way of argument. If it is intended to convey the meaning that a company which is under the absolute control of one person is not a company legally incorporated, although the requirements of the Act of 1862 may have been complied with, it is inaccurate and misleading: if it merely means that there is a predominant partner possessing an overwhelming influence and entitled practically to the whole of the profits, there is nothing in that that I can see contrary to the true intention of the Act of 1862, or against public policy, or detrimental to the interests of creditors. If the shares are fully paid up, it cannot matter whether they are in the hands of one or many. If the shares are not fully paid, it is as easy to gauge the solvency of an individual as to estimate the financial ability of a crowd. One argument was addressed to your Lordships which ought perhaps to be noticed, although it was not the ground of decision in either of the Courts below. It was argued that the agreement for the transfer of the business to the company ought to be set aside, because there was no independent board of directors, and the property was transferred at an overvalue. There are, it seems to me, two answers to that argument. In the first place, the directors did just what they were authorized to do by the memorandum of association. There was no fraud or misrepresentation, and there was nobody deceived. In the second place, the company have put it out of their power to restore the property which was transferred to them. It was said that the assets were sold by an order made in the presence of Mr. Salomon, though not with his consent, which declared that the sale was to be without prejudice to the rights claimed by the company by their counter-claim. I cannot see what difference that makes. The reservation in the order seems to me to be simply nugatory."

Significance
Salomon's case still represents the orthodox view of separate legal personality under English law, although a number of exceptions have since evolved. In Williams & Humbert v W & H Trade Marks [1986] AC 368 at 429B Lord Templeman described as "heretical" the suggestion that this principle should be ignored. In E.B.M. Co Limited v Dominion Bank [1937] 3 All ER 555 at 564 Lord Russell of Killowen stated the principle was one of "supreme importance". In Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 Slade LJ said "the court is not free to disregard the principle of Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 merely because it considers that justice so requires. Our law, for better or worse, recognises the creation of subsidiary companies, which though in one sense the creatures of their parent companies, will nevertheless under the general law fall to be treated as separate legal entities with all the rights and liabilities which would normally attach to separate legal entities." In at paragraph 66 Lord Neuberger called Salomon: "a clear and principled decision, which has stood unimpeached for over a century".

In the decades since Salomon's case, various exceptional circumstances have been delineated, both by legislatures and the judiciary, in England and elsewhere (including Ireland) when courts can legitimately disregard a company's separate legal personality, such as where crime or fraud has been committed. There is therefore much debate as to whether the same decision would be reached if the same facts were considered in the modern legal environment, given the House of Lords' decisions in Pepper v Hart and Re Spectrum Plus Ltd and the Privy Council in Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd that require a purposive approach to interpreting legislation. In 2013 there was a systemic review of these authorities in Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd and Lord Sumption distinguished between cases of truly "piercing the corporate veil" and situations where it was held that the company was essentially an agent for a wrongdoer or held property on trust.

Although Salomon's case is cited in court to this day, it has met with considerable criticism. For example, Otto Kahn-Freund called the decision "calamitous" in his article published at [1944] 7 MLR 54. In that article, the author also called for the abolition of private companies.

Reform
Shortly after the decision was handed down the Preferential Payments in Bankruptcy Amendment Act 1897 was passed into law as a response. The effect of that statute was to provide that certain classes of preferred creditors would take priority over the claims of a secured creditor under a floating charge. However, the effectiveness of that Act was limited by the fact that a floating charge crystallises into a fixed charge prior to enforcement, and so it was not until the Insolvency Act 1986 modified the provision to state that a floating charge include any charge which was created as a floating charge (i.e. irrespective of subsequent crystallisation) that priority of the preferred creditors was promoted ahead of the floating chargeholders.

title: Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd


text:
Category:The Shadow

__NOGALLERY__ This category is for pages regarding The Shadow radio drama and other media presentation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:The Shadow


text: User talk:81.77.14.142

title: User talk:81.77.14.142


text:
Mox

Mox or MOX may refer to:

 * Mox-Linde Gases, a Malaysian manufacturer of industrial gases
 * Mixed oxide fuel, used in nuclear power plants
 * Power Nine § Moxes, a type of card in the Power Nine group of Magic: The Gathering cards
 * Mac OS X, name of MacOS used from 2001 to 2012 (and also until 2016, when it was shortened to OS X)
 * The quarterback played by James Vanderbeek in Varsity Blues (film)
 * MOX (Mobitex Area Exchange), a node of the Mobitex cellular network standard
 * Morris Municipal Airport, Minnesota, United States
 * A 1933 novel in The Shadow pulp fiction series
 * A nickname of wrestler Jonathan Good, performing as Jon Moxley
 * Microsoft Open XML, a file format
 * Mox Peaks, mountains in Washington State, United States
 * A music workstation synthesiser in the Yamaha Motif series
 * Mox McQuery (1861–1900), baseball player

title: Mox


text:
Jersey Boys

Jersey Boys is a jukebox musical with a book by Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice. It is presented in a documentary-style format that dramatizes the formation, success and breakup of the 1960s rock 'n' roll group The Four Seasons. The musical is structured as four "seasons", each narrated by a different member of the band who gives his own perspective on its history and music. Songs include "Big Girls Don't Cry", "Sherry", "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)", "My Eyes Adored You", "Stay", "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", "Walk Like A Man", "Who Loves You", "Working My Way Back to You" and "Rag Doll".

The musical premiered at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2004 and ran on Broadway from 2005 to 2017. Since its debut it has been on two North American national tours and two national tours of the UK and Ireland. The show has been produced in London's West End, Las Vegas, Chicago, Toronto, Melbourne and other Australian cities, Singapore, South Africa, the Netherlands, Japan, Dubai, and China. Jersey Boys won four 2006 Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and the 2009 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical.

Development
In the early 2000s, Bob Gaudio, an original Four Seasons member, sought to make a musical from the band's discography; he noted in a 2008 interview that he was inspired by the success of Smokey Joe's Cafe and Mamma Mia! into believing that a rock-and-roll musical with existing songs could work. He hired book writers Rick Elice and Marshall Brickman, who had difficulty finding a willing director until Michael David of Dodger Theatricals recommended them to Des McAnuff. Brickman suggested creating a show about the band's history, instead of repurposing their songs for an independent story the way ABBA did with Mamma Mia!; Gaudio liked the idea, noting that although biopics were a common format in film, such a story format was still relatively rare on stage and that, to his knowledge, none had been tried at the time. Brickman was drawn to the project because "it's a classic American story. It's rags to riches, and back to rags." McAnuff was initially lukewarm to the project and did not like the idea of naming the project after a Four Seasons song, fearing it would look like a cash grab instead of a legitimate artistic work; Gaudio came up with the title on a plane ride, reasoning that the band members were all just a bunch of Jersey boys, and the name stuck.

Little was known to the public about the Four Seasons' history before the musical, because magazines of the era did not write much about them. In their research, Brickman and Elice were surprised to find that the members had prison records, which might have prevented their music from being played if it had been publicized when they were active. According to Gaudio, "Back then, things were a little clean-cut, don't forget, so the idea of our story getting out was horrifying to us." Other bands of the time projected street-tough images, but The Four Seasons cleaned themselves up to be palatable to mainstream listeners.

Brickman and Elice also used material from interviews with surviving Four Seasons members Gaudio, Frankie Valli and Tommy DeVito. Nick Massi was aware of Gaudio's plans to make a musical in the last months of his life and enthusiastically approved of the project, but died in December 2000 before he could contribute any interviews. While the Four Seasons as a group made headlines, as individuals they did not receive much press, as groups like the Beatles dominated the media. Brickman noted that each member had his own perspective on what happened during their tenure as a group. Of the three surviving members, they approached DeVito last, who told them: "Don't listen to those guys. I'll tell you what really happened." Elice said that getting DeVito's version was a "eureka moment" and the contradiction in their stories was incorporated in the musical for a Rashomon effect. Family members of the late mob boss Gyp DeCarlo also contacted the writers to ensure that he would be portrayed respectfully.

Gaudio was part of the initial development team, but was not involved in the creative process during tryouts, and met the cast only after the show had premiered. He, Valli, and DeVito decided to step back from the show's creative process because they lacked objectivity, leaving it to Brickman, Elice, and McAnuff to take the story to the stage. But Gaudio and Valli still had the right to end the show if they did not like it; they ultimately recommended some minor changes (mainly to respect the personality rights of still-living people who were portrayed).

Productions

Jersey Boys premiered at the La Jolla Playhouse at University of California, San Diego, in an out-of-town tryout on October 5, 2004, and ran through January 16, 2005. Christian Hoff, David Norona, Daniel Reichard and J. Robert Spencer played The Four Seasons. At the end of the tryout, Norona, who originated the role of Frankie Valli, was replaced by John Lloyd Young, who originally had auditioned for the role of Tommy DeVito.

Broadway
The musical began previews on Broadway on October 4, 2005, and officially opened on November 6, 2005, at the August Wilson Theatre. The cast starred Young as Valli, Hoff as DeVito, Reichard as Gaudio, and Spencer as Massi. The musical was directed by Des McAnuff, at the time the artistic director at La Jolla Playhouse, with choreography by Sergio Trujillo. The Broadway production had 38 previews. It reached its 4093rd performance on September 22, 2015, making it the 12th-longest-running show on Broadway. Notable cast replacements include Andy Karl and Richard H. Blake as DeVito; Sebastian Arcelus and Drew Gehling as Gaudio; and Micheal Longoria, who originated the role of Joe Pesci, and Ryan Molloy, who originated the role in the West End production, both as Valli. The Broadway production closed on January 15, 2017, after 4,642 performances, with Mark Ballas as the final Valli.

Off-Broadway
Only months after closing on Broadway, it was announced that the musical would reopen off-Broadway, following the example of shows such as Avenue Q. It opened November 22, 2017, at New World Stages. The production featured the same script and score as the Broadway production, but four fewer cast members, a smaller theater, and lower ticket prices. Dodger Theatricals produced the off-Broadway Jersey Boys, and handled the show's Broadway and touring productions. On March 12, 2020, production was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic; it remained suspended until November 2021. The musical reopened on November 15, 2021, and announced on April 22 that it would close on May 22, 2022.

U.S. tour
The musical's first U.S. tour began on December 10, 2006, at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, and went to 38 cities. The cast starred Christopher Kale Jones as Valli, Deven May as DeVito, Erich Bergen as Gaudio, and Micheal Ingersoll as Massi. Jersey Boys played at the Forrest Theatre in Philadelphia, where it broke the box office record eight times before moving on to a return engagement in Boston.

In May 2007, while the first national tour continued (with Steve Gouveia from the original Broadway cast as Massi), a second company debuted at the Curran and ended as an open-ended run at Chicago's Bank of America Theatre, beginning on October 5, 2007. The Chicago cast appeared on stage in the 2007 Emmy Awards in a tribute to HBO's The Sopranos. A special holiday return engagement played at the Curran Theatre from November 20 to December 30, 2007, starring Rick Faugno as Valli, Andrew Rannells as Gaudio, Bryan McElroy as DeVito, and Jeff Leibow as Massi. Most of this cast became the original cast in the Las Vegas production, which debuted at The Palazzo Hotel on May 3, 2008, in the newly built Jersey Boys Theatre. The show temporarily closed on January 1, 2012, and reopened on March 6, 2012, at Paris Las Vegas. On June 7, 2016, it was announced that the Las Vegas production would end on September 18, 2016.

In late 2014, a touring production performed in several U.S. cities, including Denver in December.

Another production toured 19 U.S. cities from March 2016 to March 2017.

An off-strip Las Vegas revival opened in 2024 at The Orleans Hotel and Casino. The first preview performance was January 26, 2024 and the production opened on February 22, 2024. The cast featured Joey Barreiro and Jared Chinnock alternating the role of Frankie Valli, Kit Treece as Bob Gaudio, Tyler Matthew Burk as Tommy DeVito and Jonathan Cable as Nick Massi. The production played 24 previews and 116 performances and closed on July 7, 2024.

West End
The musical made its West End debut at London's Prince Edward Theatre in February 2008. The creative team were the same as for the Broadway production. Principal cast were Ryan Molloy as Frankie Valli, Stephen Ashfield as Bob Gaudio, Glenn Carter as Tommy DeVito, Philip Bulcock as Nick Massi, Stuart Milligan as DeCarlo and Tom Lorcan as Donnie/Knuckles. The production won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical. Molloy performed the lead role for six years, making him the "longest-running star in a West End musical" and "longest-serving Frankie Valli". The production moved to the Piccadilly Theatre on March 15, 2014, the same day that John Lloyd Young assumed the role of Frankie Valli. The production closed after nine years on March 26, 2017.

In October 2020, it was announced that Jersey Boys would return to the West End at the Trafalgar Theatre in April 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom the production was postponed, with previews finally beginning 28 July and opening night set for 10 August 2021. A new cast was also announced. The musical lasted until January 4, 2024.

UK Tour
A national UK tour was launched in autumn 2014, opening at Palace Theatre, Manchester, where it ran from September 4 to October 4. This production has the same creative team as the Broadway and West End productions. The cast includes Tim Driesen reprising his role from the Dutch production as Frankie Valli, with Stephen Webb as Tommy DeVito, Sam Ferriday as Bob Gaudio and Lewis Griffiths as Nick Massi. A second national tour began in December 2017 at the New Alexandra Theatre Birmingham until May 2019. A third UK and Ireland tour will begin at the New Wimbledon Theatre from November 2021 with dates until November 2022.

Australia and New Zealand
The Australian production opened at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne on July 4, 2009. Principal cast members were Bobby Fox as Frankie Valli, Stephen Mahy as Bob Gaudio, Scott Johnson as Tommy DeVito and Glaston Toft as Nick Massi. The Melbourne production closed on July 25, 2010 and the Sydney production opened in September 2010. The Sydney production closed on December 18, 2011. Jersey Boys then opened in Auckland in April 2012 with the new touring cast. Jeff Madden from Canada starred as Frankie Valli, with Declan Egan as Bob, Ant Harkin as Tommy, and Glaston Toft continuing on as Nick. The Jersey girls were: Francine and others played by Kat Hoyos, Lorraine and others played by Michelle Smitheram and Mary Delgado and others played by Lisa Adam. running through June 17, 2012. Following from New Zealand, the same cast then returned to Australia starting a national tour - Brisbane, return season of Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth. The show ran until June 30, 2013.

An Australian tour played in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane between 2018 and 2019. The initial cast announcement had Bernard Angel as Frankie Valli, Cameron MacDonald as Tommy DeVito, Thomas McGuane as Bob Gaudio and Glaston Toft as Nick Massi. However, due to unforeseen personal circumstances, Angel pulled out of the show and was replaced with the Frankie alternate, Ryan Gonzalez, with Daniel Raso as the new Frankie alternate.

A "re-imagined, semi-staged concert production" of the show ran 8-11 February 2024 in Brisbane in the QPAC Concert Hall, again directed by Martin Croft, and with Glaston Toft again playing Nick (the only professional to have played the role in Australia, according to the program). In place of scenery, 10 large vertical LED screens behind the stage showed designs or impressionistic settings.

Canada
Due to the success of the national tour's long stop at Toronto Centre for the Arts in Toronto, Ontario, in autumn 2008, a Toronto production opened on December 12, 2008 with a new, mostly Canadian cast that included Jeremy Kushnier and Jenny Lee Stern from the first national tour. This production closed on August 22, 2010, on the show's second anniversary.

The Netherlands
A Dutch production, produced by Stage Entertainment, opened at the Beatrix Theatre in Utrecht on September 22, 2013. This production features the songs performed in English and the dialogue performed in Dutch, making it the first time the show has been performed in a language other than English. The cast includes Tim Driesen as Frankie Valli, René van Kooten as Tommy DeVito, Dieter Spileers as Bob Gaudio and Robbert van den Bergh as Nick Massi.

Japan
A Japanese production, directed by Shuntaro Fujita, opened at the Theatre Crea in Tokyo on July 1, 2016. The cast includes Akinori Nakagawa as Frankie Valli.

International tours
An international tour with an all-South African cast ran in Singapore at the Marina Bay Sands resort from November 23, 2012, to January 27, 2013. The production then performed in Johannesburg, South Africa, at the Teatro at Montecasino on April 3, 2013, and at Artscape Cape Town on June 19, 2013. This company also performed at the Zorlu Center PSM, the Performing Arts Center in Istanbul, Turkey from November 13–24, 2013 and in South Korea from January 17 to March 23, 2014. The same production performed an edited family-friendly version without profanity at Istana Budaya, Malaysia from April 15 to 27, 2014. This cast includes Grant Almiral as Frankie Valli, Daniel Buys as Tommy DeVito, Kenneth Meyer as Bob Gaudio and Emmanuel Castis as Nick Massi.

An international tour of Jersey Boys opened at the Dubai Opera in October 2017. This production then embarked on a tour of China from November 2017 - January 2018. For both legs of this tour, The Four Seasons were played by Luke Street/Jonathan Vickers (alternating the role of Frankie Valli), Andrew Bryant (Tommy Devito), Matt Blaker (Bob Gaudio), and Nick Martland (Nick Massi).

Jersey Boys is currently playing on Norwegian Cruise Liner, Norwegian Bliss. The show premiered on the new ship in 2018.

Act I
"Ces soirées-là" is performed. Tommy DeVito introduces himself and explains that the song, a number-one hit in France in 2000, is an adaptation of "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)", a song his group, The Four Seasons, originated. He begins to tell the band's story, explaining that each of the four members has his own version, but that they all begin in Belleville, New Jersey, in the early 1950s ("Silhouettes").
 * Spring

Tommy is a member of the cover group "The Variety Trio" with his brother Nick DeVito and friend Nick Massi ("You're the Apple of My Eye"). They bring on Frankie Castelluccio ("I Can't Give You Anything but Love"), whom Tommy takes under his wing. The DeVito brothers are sent to Rahway Prison for a robbery ("Earth Angel"), leaving Frankie in the care of Massi, who works with him on vocal technique ("A Sunday Kind of Love") until Massi is himself taken to Rahway for a parole violation. Once Tommy is released, he rejoins Frankie, reluctantly setting Frankie up with Mary Delgado, who convinces Frankie to change his last name (which he had intended to change to "Valley") to the more Italian "Valli;" Mary and Frankie soon marry. A year later, Frankie falls prey to a fake murder scam, which Tommy defuses by calling his boss, mobster Gyp DeCarlo; Frankie is pressured into singing a song he had not done since age 15 ("My Mother's Eyes") and pleases DeCarlo, who offers a "claim check" for any future favor. Tommy constantly changes the group's name, lineup and style in an effort to keep up with fads, playing in small clubs to almost no success; one particular incident has the trio adding comedian Hank Majewski, whose monkey act ("I Go Ape") ends in disaster. One day, while running a pin-setting scam at a bowling alley, Tommy's co-conspirator Joe Pesci introduces the group to a singer-songwriter from Bergenfield who he thinks will be a great fit: Bob Gaudio.

Bob takes over the narration, telling the audience that no matter what Tommy says, he was not plucked from obscurity by him, since he already had a hit single with "Short Shorts". Bob goes with Joe to see the band perform, and is immediately impressed by Frankie's voice on "Moody's Mood for Love". In an on-the-spot audition, Bob plays his song "Cry for Me" with the band and agrees to join if he is granted equal partnership and gets to keep his songwriting rights, to which Tommy (at Frankie and Nick's prodding) grudgingly agrees. Frankie and Bob go to the Brill Building and, after some rejections, meet Frankie's friend Bob Crewe, who signs them to a contract as a studio backing group ("Backup Sessions"). Crewe insists that the band, upset at the poor pay and not being able to record their own material, has an "identity crisis" and needs to make a firm decision on a name and a sound. The band names itself after The Four Seasons bowling alley, and Bob writes three songs that finally propel them to stardom: "Sherry", "Big Girls Don't Cry", and "Walk Like a Man". With the band's newfound success, Bob cuts Frankie in on his songwriting royalties, while Nick takes Bob under his wing, helping him buy a new Cadillac and setting him up with a woman at a Christmas party, to whom Bob loses his virginity ("December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)"). The band takes on a new opening act, the New Jersey girl group The Angels ("My Boyfriend's Back"), who become the band's paramours; by this point, Tommy's debts have escalated into the tens of thousands. Frankie's constant touring and his wife Mary's alcoholism eventually lead them to divorce ("My Eyes Adored You"). The band survives the British Invasion ("Dawn (Go Away)"), and Bob begins looking toward the future when loan shark Norm Waxman confronts Tommy and the band after a concert to collect Tommy's unpaid debt ("Walk Like a Man (reprise)").
 * Summer

Act II
Nick, taking over as narrator, backtracks the story to cover some incidents Bob had overlooked that led to the group's breakup. In Ohio, the quartet is thrown in jail after a concert because Tommy neglected to pay a hotel bill, infuriating Bob ("Big Man in Town"). Nick is then seen inspecting the band's accounting records and discovers Frankie's and Bob's side partnership. He feels betrayed but reluctantly lets it slide for the sake of the band. Frankie begins dating Lorraine, a newspaper reporter, and when Tommy makes a pass at her, Frankie loses what little remaining respect he has for Tommy, who in revenge escalates his gambling even further. Returning to DeCarlo, Frankie redeems his claim check and calls a meeting with Waxman and DeCarlo ("Beggin'") to resolve Tommy's situation. After the other three confront Tommy, they decide that Tommy will move to Las Vegas under the mob's watch, and the remainder of the band will assume Tommy's $162,000 debt and the roughly $500,000 tax bill Tommy never paid. Increasingly homesick and upset about being excluded from group decisions, Nick abruptly quits ("Stay").
 * Fall

Frankie takes over narration ("Let's Hang On!"), admitting he had tolerated Tommy's embezzling out of loyalty, but that he was hurt and baffled by Nick's departure ("Opus 17 (Don't You Worry 'Bout Me)"). Frankie and Bob find replacements to keep the band a quartet, fellow New Jersey natives Charlie Calello and Joe Long, but Frankie balks when Bob wants to hire a replacement for himself and a new drummer so he can move into a background role; they compromise, as Bob agrees to stay and Frankie takes on a solo side project to make more money. Back in New Jersey, Frankie's daughter Francine has run away to the city, prompting renewed fighting between Frankie, Mary and Francine; when Frankie asks Lorraine to take Francine in, she refuses and breaks up with him ("Bye, Bye, Baby (Baby, Goodbye)"). The group hits the jackpot with "C'mon Marianne," which Bob and Crewe leverage to launch Frankie's solo career with "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", a song the industry is initially reluctant to release. Along with the success of "Working My Way Back to You", Frankie and Bobby finally pay off Tommy's debts, and Frankie's life is good until his daughter Francine dies from a drug overdose ("Fallen Angel").
 * Winter

Crewe reunites the original quartet to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 ("Rag Doll"); at the reunion, Tommy mentions his new life after settling in Las Vegas and invites Frankie, who looks forward to a second chance at fatherhood with three young sons, to a party in Nick's suite, which Frankie ultimately cannot bring himself to join. Each band member closes with a monologue explaining their lives at the time Jersey Boys was written: Tommy works for Joe Pesci; Bob has retired to Nashville, Tennessee; Nick stayed in New Jersey with his children until he died on Christmas Eve in 2000; and Frankie continues to tour, reflecting that the band's early days were his favorite and that he continues "chasing the music, trying to get home" ("Who Loves You").
 * Finale

Original casts
The ensemble—portrayed by various actors from the supporting cast, depending on the production—includes group members Nick DeVito, "Handsome Hank" Majewski, Charles Calello and Joe Long; various police officers, an unnamed "French rap star," the three members of The Angels, the woman who helps Bob lose his virginity (based on Judy Parker but billed only as "Bob's Christmas Present"), one of Nick's girlfriends, a goon, a judge, priest, accountant, nurse, Albert Finney (a record label executive), a radio program director named Davis (based on CKLW's Paul Drew), and singers Hal Miller, Miss Frankie Nolan, and Billy Dixon, among various unnamed onlookers.

Broadway (2005–2017)

 * Frankie Valli: Mark Ballas, Micheal Longoria, Ryan Molloy, Jarrod Spector
 * Bob Gaudio: Sebastian Arcelus, Drew Gehling, Andrew Rannells, Drew Seeley, Colin Donnell (u/s)
 * Tommy DeVito: Richard H. Blake, Andy Karl, Jeremy Kushnier

West End Revival (2021–2024)

 * Frankie Valli: Luke Suri, Joey Cornish (Alt), Matteo Johnson (Alt), Elliot Allinson (Alt), Andy Smith (u/s), Danny Knott (u/s), Olly Manley (u/s), Pearce Barron (u/s)
 * Bob Gaudio: Declan Egan, Andy Smith (u/s), Danny Knott (u/s), Olly Manley (u/s), Elliot Allinson (u/s), Pearce Barron (u/s)
 * Tommy DeVito: Peter Nash, Carl Douglas (u/s),Tom Oliver (u/s), Oliver Tester (u/s), Huon Mackley (u/s), Jack Campbell (u/s), Daniel Parkinson (u/s), Matthew Lawrence (u/s)
 * Nick Massi: Mark Isherwwod (u/s), Matthew Goodgame (u/s),
 * Joe Pesci: Joey Cornish
 * Bob Crewe: Joseph Peters
 * Gyp DeCarlo: Matthew Goodgame, Andy Barke
 * Norm Waxman: Tom Oliver, Oliver Tester
 * Mary Delgado: Carolyn Maitland, Kirsty Whelan
 * Francine Valli: Rosie Needham
 * Lorraine: Gracie Lai

Musical numbers

 * Act I
 * "Ces soirées-là (Oh What a Night) - Paris, 2000" – French Rap Star Yannick and Backup Group
 * "Silhouettes" – Tommy DeVito, Nick Massi, Nick DeVito and Frankie Valli ☆
 * "You're the Apple of My Eye" – Tommy DeVito, Nick Massi and Nick DeVito ☆
 * "I Can't Give You Anything But Love" – Frankie Valli ☆
 * "Earth Angel" – Tommy DeVito and Full Company ☆
 * "A Sunday Kind of Love" – Frankie Valli, Tommy DeVito, Nick Massi and Nick's Date ☆
 * "My Mother's Eyes" – Frankie Valli ☆
 * "I Go Ape" – The Four Lovers ★
 * "(Who Wears) Short Shorts" – The Royal Teens ☆
 * "I'm in the Mood for Love" / "Moody's Mood for Love" – Frankie Valli ☆
 * "Cry for Me" – Bob Gaudio, Frankie Valli, Tommy DeVito and Nick Massi
 * "An Angel Cried" – Hal Miller and The Rays □
 * "I Still Care" – Miss Frankie Nolan and The Romans □
 * "Trance" – Billy Dixon and The Topix □
 * "Sherry" – The Four Seasons
 * "Big Girls Don't Cry" – The Four Seasons
 * "Walk Like a Man" – The Four Seasons
 * "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)" – Bob Gaudio and Full Company
 * "My Boyfriend's Back" – The Angels
 * "My Eyes Adored You" – Frankie Valli, Mary Delgado and The Four Seasons
 * "Dawn (Go Away)" – The Four Seasons
 * "Walk Like a Man" (reprise) – Full Company ★

 * Act II
 * "Big Man in Town" – The Four Seasons
 * "Beggin'" – The Four Seasons
 * "Stay" – Bob Gaudio, Frankie Valli and Nick Massi ■
 * "Let's Hang On! (To What We've Got)" – Bob Gaudio and Frankie Valli ■
 * "Opus 17 (Don't You Worry 'bout Me)" – Bob Gaudio, Frankie Valli and The New Seasons ■
 * "Bye Bye Baby" – Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons ■
 * "C'mon Marianne" – Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons
 * "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" – Frankie Valli
 * "Working My Way Back to You" – Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons
 * "Fallen Angel" – Frankie Valli
 * "Rag Doll" – The Four Seasons
 * "Who Loves You" – The Four Seasons and Full Company
 * "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night) reprise" - The Four Seasons and Full Company ★

☆ On the cast album in "The Early Years: Scrapbook"

★ Not on the cast album

□ On the cast album in "Backup Sessions"

■ On the cast album in "Medley: Stay/Let's Hang On/Opus 17 (Don't You Worry 'Bout Me)/Bye, Bye, Baby"

Instrumentation
The score for Jersey Boys requires a small orchestra with ten musicians: three keyboards, two guitars, bass, drums, two woodwind players, and trumpet. The first woodwind player doubles on alto and tenor saxophone, clarinet, flute, and oboe. The second woodwind part doubles on tenor and baritone sax, clarinet, and bass clarinet. The trumpet also doubles on flugelhorn.

Critical response
Ben Brantley of The New York Times wrote, "...the crowd goes wild. I'm talking about the real, mostly middle-aged crowd at the August Wilson Theater, who seem to have forgotten what year it is or how old they are or, most important, that John Lloyd Young is not Frankie Valli. And everything that has led up to that curtain call feels, for just a second, as real and vivid as the sting of your hands clapping together."

Charles Spencer from The Daily Telegraph wrote: "Overpaid, over-sexed and over here, it will, I suspect be some time before London says Bye Bye Baby (Baby Goodbye) to the PHENOMENAL Jersey Boys." Benedict Nightingale from The Times said, "Oh What a Night. There were times when I felt that the performers were making even the Beatles sound somewhat lacking in musical texture."

Recording and adaptations
An original cast recording was made by Rhino Entertainment, Jersey Boys: Original Broadway Cast Recording (Rhino R2 73271), released in November 2005, which won the 2007 Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album. In February 2008, the album was certified Gold, having shipped more than 500,000 copies in the US. In October 2009, the cast album was certified Platinum, selling over 1,000,000 copies in the United States.

A movie adaptation of the musical, with John Lloyd Young reprising his role as Frankie Valli, and directed by Clint Eastwood, was released in 2014. A ProShot taping of the musical starring Nick Jonas as Frankie Valli, Andy Karl as Tommy DeVito, CJ Pawlikowski as Bob Gaudio, and Matt Bogart as Nick Massi is currently in the works.

Charity performances
The West End cast of Jersey Boys appeared as a guest act for the Royal Variety Performance 2008, which was staged at the London Palladium on December 11 in the presence of senior members of the Royal family. The Royal Variety Performance is a gala event held annually at a major British theatre, to raise money for the Entertainment Artistes' Benevolent Fund. In 2010, The West End cast of Jersey Boys performed a show, with the profits going to Children in Need. The show ended with Pudsey Bear joining in to sing a medley, and raised £60,150 for the charity. In 2009 the cast also appeared as a guest act for Children in Need.

Jersey Boys Chicago has been honored two years in a row at the Broadway Cares event for being the top fundraiser in the Tour category. In 2008, Jersey Boys Chicago raised $220,000 for BC/EFA.

For every ticket sold for every Broadway performance in the month of October 2010, $1 was donated to the VH1 Save the Music Foundation. Jersey Boys aimed to raise funds to restore one full music education program in a New York City school. The show eventually raised $43,521, enough to restore the instrumental music education program at PS 85 in the Bronx. Plans were made to donate additional funds raised to a second VH1 Save The Music Foundation grant recipient school.

The Boys in Concert
Four actors of the original Broadway production, Christian Hoff, Michael Longoria, Daniel Reichard and J. Robert Spencer, launched a concert tour titled The Boys in Concert in 2010. Frankie Valli, Bob Gaudio, Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice sued the production, claiming that it "steals songs, stage elements and copyrighted logo" that imply that it is an authorized spin-off of Jersey Boys. The production was rebranded as The 4 Hitmen, and Hoff, Longoria, Reichard and Spencer counter-sued, claiming that the accusations were false, and alleging the use of "bully tactics" in an "effort to injure the livelihood and the reputations" of the actors. On September 23, 2010, Valli and company dropped the original suit, on the condition that the name of the performance is changed to distance itself from Jersey Boys. As of March 2024, this production is still active, and is named The Midtown Men.

In popular culture
The HBO series The Sopranos made several nods to Jersey Boys. For example: In the 2010 comedy The Other Guys, NYPD detectives Hoitz and Gamble, played by Mark Wahlberg and Will Ferrell accept two Jersey Boys tickets as a bribe and attend the show.
 * Frankie Valli played Mob captain Rusty Millio, one of a group of just-released prison felons referred to by the show's fictional journalists as "the Class of 2004".
 * In the Season 6 episode, "The Ride" (May 7, 2006), Marianucci Gaultieri accompanies several other Green Grove Retirement Home residents on a bus trip to see Jersey Boys.
 * The Season 6 episode, "Walk Like a Man" (May 6, 2007), is titled after the Four Seasons' 1963 song.

title: Jersey Boys


title: Template:Db-a2


text:
Talk:Fi Glover

Untitled
Ah, lovely Fi with her sexy laugh and fondness for catsuits!

Suggestions: (1) Her work on the BBC's "Travel Show" and "Your Money or Your Life" (?) with Alvin Hall. (2) Her famous (though non sexual) chemistry with GLR's (and now 6 Music's) Gideon Coe. (3) Her total lack of chemistry with Nicky Campbell (to her credit!) and perhaps a non-libelous exploration of her departure from 5 Live?

Fi married in March 2014
Jonathan Agnew just mentioned he was at Fi's wedding party last night (July 18 2014) and said she'd actually married in March. I presume it's to her long term partner - but I don't know for sure. 87.114.107.86 (talk) 10:43, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Fi Glover. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090516032219/http://www.bbc.co.uk:80/radio4/people/presenters/fi-glover/ to http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/people/presenters/fi-glover/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:15, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Photograph removed
Why was the photograph of Fi Glover removed from this article? There are plenty of articles on living people in Wikipedia which have photographs of a living person, so I guess it would have been OK to have retained it. Carltonio (talk) 10:25, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Looks like an edit by someone (Glover?) who didn't understand the image syntax. Now OK. JMiall  ₰  18:43, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
 * A glance at the contributions of the editor in question makes it seem more likely to be her agents than herself. Qwfp (talk) 18:49, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

Section on Shared Experience
As the person who inserted the section on how Glover presented the series "Shared Experience", I have just read the section and am wondering about the wording. This reads "people who have had similar - frequently - traumatic experiences, but I wonder whether the word "and" in place of the dashes would make it better English. Carltonio (talk) 16:39, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

Glass Half Full - citation needed
This article says that Fi Glover presented a series called "Glass Half Full" (which she did) but does not give a citation for it. Vorbee (talk) 13:51, 26 May 2019 (UTC)

Born in Slough
In an episode of the Fortunately... podcast, Fi says she was born in Slough (around the 17.15 mark at https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p06yvk2h), and then again in another episode (around 20.40 at https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000vwv4) - is this sufficient evidence for the article?

The Weakest Link
Appeared on The Weakest Link 6th Jan 2024 BBC1. Percy2345 (talk) 20:07, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

 * No reason why this cannot be added. And she was right, ex-Maths teacher Romesh Ranganathan is quite scary. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:44, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fi Glover


text: User talk:69.54.202.14

title: User talk:69.54.202.14


text:
Ultimate Collection (Aimee Mann album)

Ultimate Collection is a compilation album by the American singer-songwriter Aimee Mann. Released on September 12, 2000, by Hip-O, the album mostly comprises tracks from her first two solo albums and her work with the band 'Til Tuesday. Mann did not approve the release and sued the record company, Universal Music, for breach of contract.

Lawsuit
Mann did not approve the release of Ultimate Collection. In a statement on her website, she said that the record company, Universal Music, had refused her offer to choose tracks and provide artwork. Instead, the compilation includes songs Mann considered substandard, such as a rough mix, a song recorded from a live radio performance she did not authorize, and a cover song she recorded as a favor for a film producer friend.

In 2001, Mann sued Universal Music, saying the release breached an stipulation in her contract that Universal could not release a compilation without her consent. Mann sought more than $2 million in damages.

Track listing
All tracks written by Aimee Mann unless otherwise noted.
 * 1) "That's Just What You Are" (Brion, Mann) (1994, from Melrose Place OST) – 4:32
 * 2) "You Could Make a Killing" (1995, from I'm with Stupid) – 3:43
 * 3) "You're with Stupid Now" (1995, from I'm with Stupid) – 3:27
 * 4) "Wise Up" (1996, from Jerry Maguire OST) – 3:27
 * 5) "Driving with One Hand on the Wheel" (1995, from "Long Shot" single) – 2:44
 * 6) "Long Shot" (1995, from I'm with Stupid) – 3:09
 * 7) "Choice in the Matter" (Brion, Mann) (1995, from I'm with Stupid) – 3:12
 * 8) "Voices Carry" (Single Mix) ('Til Tuesday) (1985, from Voices Carry) – 4:21
 * 9) "Take It Back" (Brion, Mann) (1993, from "I Should've Known" single) – 2:52
 * 10) "Say Anything" (Brion, Mann) (1993, from Whatever) – 4:57
 * 11) "Jacob Marley's Chain" (1993, from Whatever) – 3:01
 * 12) "Amateur" (Brion, Mann) (1995, from I'm with Stupid) – 4:43
 * 13) "All Over Now" (1995, from I'm with Stupid) – 3:38
 * 14) "Baby Blue" (Pete Ham) (1993, from "I Should've Known" single) – 3:51
 * 15) "Everything's Different Now" (Shear, Sweet) (1988, from Everything's Different Now) – 3:57
 * 16) "Sign of Love" (Condos, Goldenberg) (1987, from Back to the Beach OST) – 3:50
 * 17) "The Other End (Of the Telescope) (Live Version)" (Costello, Mann) (1993, from "Stupid Thing" single) – 4:27
 * 18) "Jimmy Hoffa Jokes" (1993, from "Say Anything" single) – 2:30
 * 19) "Stupid Thing" (Brion, Mann) (1993, from Whatever) – 4:27
 * 20) "I Should've Known" (1993, from Whatever) – 4:53

title: Ultimate Collection (Aimee Mann album)


text:
Talk:Ultimate Collection (Aimee Mann album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ultimate Collection Aimee Mann.jpg
Image:Ultimate Collection Aimee Mann.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 16:23, 4 June 2007 (UTC)


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Kevätpörriäinen

Kevätpörriäinen (Finnish: "spring buzzing bee") is an annual Finnish magazine in Helsinki.

History and profile
Kevätpörriäinen was founded in 1949. The publisher is the regional teachers’ association Helsinki-Uusimaan Luokanopettajat ry. The full-color magazine is produced entirely by volunteer children from primary schools in Helsinki. Every year, teachers in Helsinki schools ask their pupils to write stories and poems and draw pictures for the magazine and, after the articles are approved, the magazine is sent to be printed.

The magazine is sold through primary school student volunteers on the streets of Helsinki and sometimes door-to-door. It is not available through retail outlets.

title: Kevätpörriäinen


text: User talk:80.43.8.25

title: User talk:80.43.8.25


text:
La raza cósmica

La raza cósmica (The Cosmic Race) is a Spanish-language book written and published in 1925 by Mexican philosopher, secretary of education, and 1929 presidential candidate José Vasconcelos to express the ideology of a future "fifth race" in the Americas; an agglomeration of all the races in the world with no respect to color or number to erect a new civilization: Universópolis.

Claiming that social Darwinist and racialist ideologies are only created to validate, explain, and justify ethnic superiority and to repress others, Vasconcelos attempts to refute these theories and goes on to recognize his words as being an ideological effort to improve the cultural morale of a "depressed race" by offering his optimistic theory of the future development of a cosmic race.

As he explains in his literary work, armies of people would then go forth around the world professing their knowledge. Vasconcelos continues to say that the people of the Iberian regions of the Americas (that is to say, the parts of the continent colonised by Portugal and Spain) have the territorial, racial, and spiritual factors necessary to initiate the "universal era of humanity".

Critiques
The ideas put forth in La raza cósmica are held to be rather controversial. For example, Celarent notes that many felt that the work and its author were exceedingly racist, such as when Vasconcelos' wrote “the Chinese, who under the holy counsel of Confucian morals multiply like rats." (p1000) (p19) However, when it was first written, Vasconcelos' piece was to be a reaction or refutation of Social Darwinism and biological racism, although Juárez suggests that Vasconcelos' may have added to Mexican Conservative thought by doing so. (p51)

In order to refute the ideas of racial superiority, Vasconcelos conceptualized a fifth race, the cosmic race, something that is an agglomeration of all of the other races. As Palacios notes, this race is called cosmic as it suggests that humanity will become combined and reach its destiny as inferior traits are lost through synthesis and a new Spiritual Era is reached. (p420) Juárez offers a critique to this concept against biological racism by suggesting that Vasconcelos reduced non-white races in order to uphold "Anglo-Saxon propaganda" and "Nordic educational, social and governmental systems." (p70)

Another critique is offered by Palacios on the basis that while Vasconcelos did not support so-called "negative eugenics" or Social Darwinism, he did advocate for a "eugenics of  aesthetics." Palacios describes eugenics of aesthetics as a survival of the beautiful, as compared to Darwin's survival of the fittest. (p422) Palacios suggests that this viewpoint alongside other comments made by Vasconcelos show that he held some races as better than others. (p422)

Usage of phrase
The title La raza cósmica embodies the notion that traditional, exclusive concepts of so-called "race" and nationality can be transcended in the name of humanity's common destiny. It originally referred to a movement by Mexican intellectuals during the 1920s who pointed out that so-called "Latin" Americans have the blood of all the world's so-called "races": European, Asian-descended native Americans, and Africans, thereby transcending the peoples of the "Old World".

Vasconcelos also alluded to the term when he coined the National Autonomous University of Mexico's motto: "Por mi raza hablará el espíritu" ('Through my race the spirit will speak').

Contemporary usage
Contemporarily La raza cósmica has become about mestizaje (racial mixture) and mestizos/Métis rather than the creation of the cosmic race. Palacios describes how the Chicano movement appropriated and transformed the ideas of Vasconcelos' fifth race into that of Mexican national thought, focusing on the words from a poem by Alurista, "a bronze people [an ethnic alloy] with a bronze culture [an alloy of traditions]." (p428) Palacios also gives the example of Valdez, a Chicano writer, who focused on trying to create a society that was less Eurocentric or Western rather than following Vasconcelos' idea to evolve the Indigenous and mixed into something better. (p430)

Mestizaje as the contemporary notion of cosmic race is shown in The Land of the Cosmic Race by Christina A. Sue. King and Moras give an overview of this piece and claim that Mexico has been re-founded on 3 pillars: mestizaje, non-racism, and non-blackness. (p249) (p956) They claim mestizaje is the new cultural identity of Mexico; non-racism is applied through this fact, as a place can't be racist if everyone is a mestizo (mixed race); and non-blackness is the removal of blackness from the culture, as a race category, and from the make-up of mestizos. (249) Both King and Moras note that Sue suggests that the removal of blackness allows the population focus on uplifting their Mexican identity, which she claims has more basis in whiteness. (249-50) (p457)

title: La raza cósmica


text:
Bleb

Bleb may refer to:
 * Bleb (cell biology), an irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell
 * Bleb (medicine), a large blister filled with serous fluid, or jargon for an outpouching of any kind, from a vessel (see Aneurysm), or an air pocket in the lungs (see Focal lung pneumatosis)
 * Bleb (mineralogy), a small bubble-like inclusion of one mineral within a larger mineral
 * Bleb, a book of poetry written by B-52's frontman Fred Schneider

title: Bleb


text:
Maršal

Maršal may refer to:
 * Marshal of Yugoslavia
 * Marshal Tito's Spirit, a 1999 Croatian film

title: Maršal


text:
Talk:Diffuse axonal injury

This
This might be a little TOO much info. If you think so, feel free to take some out or make new pages. Also, if anyone feels like finding the pubmed links for all the references and adding them, that would be great. --Delldot 19:23, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Calcium influx article?
I'm wondering if there would be value to a separate brief (?) article on calcium influx phenomena because it comes up in many articles. Your thoughts? I have inserted an internal link to the now non-existent article to keep track of the mentions of the term to see if it makes sense to get that done. Please leave it in for at least a month even if it is still red. If it turns blue, you might want to check the progress on the article. DCDuring 16:45, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Whoops, I think I removed this link before I saw this note. WP:MOS discourages links in headers.  Maybe calcium influx should be a redirect to excitotoxicity rather than an article on its own, it seems like the two would have a lot in common.  I would think that calcium influx would be too broad of a topic, since calcium enters neurons all the time in a variety of situations.  Seems like that kind of thing would be covered in calcium in biology.   delldot on a public computer   talk  09:47, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

I don't get this one bit, i asked for information on a certain brain haemorrage and you keep giving me the same useless information, my friend died of a brain haemmorrage when he was 15 and i gave you the symptoms and you still can't tell me what i want to know, you wont tell me why and you won't tell me how. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.41.53.96 (talk) 09:15, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

DTI
Dear Wiki-editors, thank you for the good article on brain injury.

A suggestion is to have a look into DTI. Pleas have a look into this article. http://www.brain-injury-law-center.com/2011/06/29/dti-scans-diagnose-hidden-brain-injuries/

Regards Toom — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.171.249.63 (talk) 19:27, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

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text:
Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition

The Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) was an expedition from 1947–1948 which researched the area surrounding the head of the Weddell Sea in Antarctica.

Background
Finn Ronne led the RARE which was the final privately sponsored expedition from the United States and explored and mapped the last unknown coastline on earth and determined that the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea were not connected. The expedition included Isaac Schlossbach, as second in command, who was to have Cape Schlossbach named after him. The expedition, based out of Stonington Island was the first to take women to over-winter. Ronne's wife, Edith Ronne was correspondent for the North American Newspaper Alliance for expedition and the chief pilot Darlington took his wife.

Partial listing of discoveries

 * Mount Abrams – Named for Talbert Abrams, noted photogrammetric engineer
 * Mount Becker – Named for Ralph A. Becker, legal counsel who assisted in the formation of RARE
 * Mount Brundage – Named for Burr Brundage, U.S. Department of State, who assisted in making arrangements for the expedition
 * English Coast- Named for Capt. Robert A.J. English, USN, Executive Secretary of the USAS
 * Sweeney Mountains – Named for Mrs. Edward C. Sweeney, a contributor to the expedition
 * Behrendt Mountains – Named for John C. Behrendt, traverse seismologist at Ellsworth Station
 * Merrick Mountains – Named for Conrad G. Merrick, USGS topographic engineer
 * Gardner Inlet – Named for Irvine Gardner, physicist at the National Bureau of Standards
 * Thuronyi Bluff – Named for Géza Thuronyi, an Antarctic scholar at the Library of Congress
 * Wetmore Glacier – Named for Alexander Wetmore, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
 * Irvine Glacier – Named for George J. Irvine, of the Engineer Depot at Fort Belvoir, Virginia
 * Quilty Nunataks – Named for Patrick Quilty, geologist with the University of Wisconsin–Madison
 * Mount Coman – Named for Dr. F. Dana Coman, physician with the Byrd Antarctic Expedition
 * Haag Nunataks – Named for Joseph Haag, head of Todd Pacific Shipyards
 * Ewing Island – Named for Dr. Maurice Ewing, Columbia University, assisted in planning RARE
 * Cape Adams – Named for Lt. Charles J. Adams of the then USAAF, pilot with the expedition
 * Bowman Peninsula – Named for Isaiah Bowman, American geographer.
 * Orville Coast – Named for Capt. Howard T. Orville, USN, Head of the Naval Aerological Service
 * Ketchum Glacier – Named for Cdr. Gerald Ketchum, USN, commander of the Burton Island
 * Mount Austin (Antarctica) – Named for Stephen F. Austin, American colonizer in Texas
 * Mount Edward – Named for Cdr. Edward C. Sweeney, USNR, a contributor to the expedition
 * Mount Owen (Antarctica) – Named for Arthur Owen, a member of the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition

title: Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition


text:
James A. Weston

James Adams Weston (August 27, 1827 – May 8, 1895) was a civil engineer, banker, and an American politician from Manchester, New Hampshire, who served as mayor of Manchester for several terms and was the 33rd governor of New Hampshire.

Early life
Weston was born in Manchester, New Hampshire, and grew up helping on the family farm. He was educated in the district school, the Manchester Academy and the Piscataquog Academy. Determined to become a civil engineer, he taught school during the winters, and at the age of nineteen, was appointed assistant civil engineer of the Concord Railroad in 1846.

Career
Promoted to the position of Chief Engineer in 1849, Weston was also performed the duties of road master and master of transportation of the Concord and the Manchester & Lawrence railroads. He surveyed and superintended the construction of the Concord water-works.

Though Manchester was predominantly a Republican city, Weston was elected mayor of Manchester in 1861, 1867, 1869 to 1870 and in 1873.

Having secured the 1871 Democratic gubernatorial nomination, Weston was named by the legislature as the official governor after a close election. During that same year, Dartmouth College bestowed an honorary Master of Arts degree upon him. He served from June 14, 1871, to June 6, 1872. Failing in 1872 and 1873, he was successful in winning reelection in 1874 and served from June 3, 1874, to June 10, 1875. During his two terms, Democratic judges were appointed and an important railroad merger was authorized.

1875 State Senate controversy
In 1875, in the final days of his term as governor, Weston ignited controversy by invalidating ballots to engineer a Democratic majority in the State Senate. In districts 2 and 4, Democrats James Priest and John Proctor narrowly placed first over their Republican opponents, Nathaniel Head and George Todd. However, neither Priest nor Proctor won majorities, which was required for election to the State Senate under the state constitution. If no candidate won a majority, the election would have been decided by the General Court, which, owing to the narrow Republican majority in the State House, would likely have elected Head and Todd.

Accordingly, Weston exercised his constitutional power to "examine election results and issue summonses to the winners" and declared the Democratic candidates the rightful winners. In district 2, Weston and the state executive council invalidated the 3,771 votes cast for "Natt Head" on the grounds that they "did not contain the full Christian name of the candidate voted for" and 3 votes cast for other candidates who did not live in the district. And in district 4, they excluded 2 votes cast for "G. E. Todd" because they did not "contain the full Christian name of the candidate voted for" and 59 votes cast for non-resident candidates. Weston issued summonses to Priest and Proctor, who were seated in the State Senate. The 7–5 majority in the State Senate then voted on party lines to reject a challenge to Priest's and Proctor's qualification. The Republican minority in the State Senate then requested an advisory opinion from the New Hampshire Supreme Court, which ultimately concluded that "the action of the senate is final."

Death
Weston died in Manchester on May 8, 1895 (age 67 years, 254 days). He is interred at Pine Grove Cemetery, Manchester, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire.

Family life
Son of Amos and Elizabeth Betsey Wilson Weston, he married Anna S. Gilmore on February 23, 1834; they had five children: Grace W., James Henry Weston, Edwin Bell, Anna Mabel, and Herman.

title: James A. Weston


text:
User:Fadix/Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide (also known as the Armenian Holocaust or the Armenian Massacre) is a term which refer to the forced mass evacuation and related  deaths of hundreds of thousands or over a million Armenians, during the government of Young Turks from 1915 to 1917 in Ottoman Empire. Several facts in connection with the event are a matter of ongoing dispute between parts of the international community and Turkey. Although it is generally agreed that events said to comprise was is termed the Armenian Genocide did occur, the Turkish government rejects that it was genocide, on the alleged basis that the deaths among the Armenians, were not a result of a state-sponsored plan of mass extermination, but from the result of inter-ethnic strife, disease and famine during the turmoil of World War I.

Despite this thesis, most Armenian, Western, and an increasing number of Turkish scholars believe that the massacres were a case of genocide. For example, most Western sources point to the sheer scale of the death toll. The event is also said to be the second-most studied case of genocide, and often draws comparison with the Holocaust. A growing list of countries, as discussed below, have officially recognized and accepted its authenticy as Genocide.

Armenians In Anatolia
In 1914, before World War I, there were an estimated two million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, the vast majority of whom were of the Armenian Apostolic faith, with a small number of the Armenian Catholic and Protestant faiths. Until the late 19th century, the Armenians were referred to as millet-i sadika (loyal nation) by the Ottomans, as it is said they were living in harmony with other ethnic groups across the Empire without any major conflict with the central authority — this despite religious and ethnic differences and the Christian Armenians being subject to Islamic dhimmi laws, which gave them fewer legal rights than Muslims. While the Armenian population in Eastern Anatolia was large and clustered, there was also a considerable community of Armenians in the West, many in the capital city of Istanbul, where a substantial community remains to this day. The communities in Eastern Anatolia suffered the heaviest human losses. As a result of the events, thousands of Armenians fled to independent and semi-independent Muslim countries such as Egypt, Lebanon and Iran in what is known as the "Armenian Exodus". There are still large Armenian communities living as minorities in these countries today.

Before The Genocide
During the second half of the 19th century, Armenians started embracing nationalism, along with the other minority groups of Anatolia, such as Greeks and Bulgarians. Despite pressure on the sultan Abdul Hamid by Western European countries about the Armenian Question, massacres only increased: according to Western accounts, 100,000 to 300,000 Armenians were killed within the Empire between 1894 and 1897.

Before World War I, the Ottoman Empire came under the government of the Young Turks. At first some Armenian political organizations supported the Young Turks, in hopes that there would be a significant change due to a variety of Abdul Hamid's policies towards the general and the Armenian population. In this respect, many Armenians were elected to the Ottoman Parliament, where some remained throughout World War I.

In 1914, the Ottoman government passed a new law to support the war effort that required all enabled adult males up to the age of forty-five to either be recruited in the Ottoman army or to pay special fees in order to be excluded from service which would still be used in the war effort. By this law, most able-bodied men were removed from their homes, leaving only the women, children, and elderly by themselves. Most of the Armenian recruits were later turned into road laborers, and many were executed.

Following the Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I, Imperial Russia invaded Eastern Anatolia, where the Armenian and Muslim communities were interleaved. Taking advantage of common religion and the recent discomfort of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire, Russia promoted Armenian nationalism, and there were many Russian-Armenians in the Russian army. At the same time, some Armenians had begun advocating an independent state.

The Armenian Genocide
On April 24 1915, the Young Turk government arrested several hundred - or, according to Turkish records, over two thousand - Armenian intellectuals. It is believed that most of these were soon executed. This was quickly followed by orders for the forced evacuation of hundreds of thousands - possibly over a million - Armenians from across all of Anatolia (except parts of the western coast) to Mesopotamia and what is today Syria. Many went to the Syrian town of Deir ez-Zor and the surrounding desert. It is also claimed that the government did not provide any facilities to care for the Armenians during their evacuation, nor when they arrived. Some records suggest that the Ottoman troops escorting the Armenians as a matter of course not only allowed others to rob, kill, and rape the Armenians, but often participated in this activity themselves. The forseeable consequence was a significant number of human losses.

After the recruitment of most men and the arrests of certain intellectuals, widespread massacres have been reported taking place throughout the Ottoman Empire. In Van, it is said that the governor Jevdet under the pretext of preventing an Armenian rebelion justified the encircling of the town by the Ottoman army. Turkish authors on the other hand, report an Armenian revolution in Van during the same period. The Ottoman government ordered the evacuation or deportation of many Armenians living in Anatolia to Syria and Mesopotamia; it is believed that over a million were deported.The word "deportation" could be considered as misleading (and some would prefer the word "relocation", as the former means banishment outside a country's borders; it is said that Japanese-Americans, for example, were not "deported" during World War II). Many scholars believe that the evacuations were, in practice, a method of mass execution which led to the deaths of many of the Armenian population by forcing them to march endlessly through desert, without food or water or enough protection from local Kurdish or Turkish bandits, and that the members of the special organization were charged to escort the convoys (which meant their destruction).

The Camps
It is believed that twenty-five or twenty-six major "concentration camps" (Deir ez-Zor, Ra's al-'Ain, Bonzanti, Mamoura, Intili, Islahiye, Radjo, Katma, Karlik, Azaz, Akhterim, Mounboudji, Bab, Tefridje, Lale, Meskene, Sebil, Dipsi, Abouharar, Hamam, Sebka, Marat, Souvar, Hama, Homs and Kahdem) existed, under the command of Şükrü Kaya, one of the right hands of Talat Pasha. The majority of the camps were situated near the Iraqi and Syrian frontiers, and some were only temporary transit camps. Others are said to have been used only as temporary mass burial zones—such as Radjo, Katma, and Azaz—that were closed in Fall 1915. Some authors also maintain that the camps Lale, Tefridje, Dipsi, Del-El, and Ra's al-'Ain were built specifically for those who had a life expectancy of a few days. Like in the cases of the Jewish KAPOs in the concentration camps, the majority of the guards inside the camps were Armenians.

Even though nearly all the camps, including all the major ones, were said to have been open air, the rest of the mass killings in other minor camps, was not limited to direct killigs; but also to mass: ...people were also reported being thrown into the Sea(or lake).
 * burning,
 * poisoning,

The Special Organization (Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa)
While there was an official special organization founded in December 1911 by the Ottoman government, the second organization that participated in what led to the destruction of the Ottoman Armenian community was founded by the lttihad ve Terraki. It technically appeared in July 1914 and was supposed to differ from the one already existing in one important point; mostly according to the military court, it was meant to be a "government in a government" (without needing any orders to act). Later in 1914, the Ottoman government decided to influence the direction the special organization was to take by releasing criminals from central prisons to be the central elements of this newly formed special organization. According to the Mazhar commissions attached to the tribunal as soon as November 1914, 124 criminals were released from Pimian prison. Many other releases followed; in Ankara a few months later, 49 criminals were released from its central prison. Little by little from the end of 1914 to the beginning of 1915, hundreds, then thousands of prisoners were freed to form the members of this organization. Later they were charged to escort the convoys of Armenian deportees. Vehib, commander of the Ottoman third army, called those members of the special organization, the “butchers of the human specy.” This organization was led by the Central Committee Members Doctor Nazim, Behaeddin Sakir, Atif Riza, and former Director of Public Security Aziz Bey. The headquarters of Behaeddin Sakir were in Erzurum, from where he directed the forces of the Eastern vilayets. Aziz, Atif and Nazim Beys operated in Istanbul, and their decisions were approved and implemented by Cevat Bey, the Military Governor of Istanbul.

According to the same commissions and other records, the criminals were chosen by a process of selection. They had to be ruthless butchers to be selected as a member of the special organization. The Mazhar commission, during the military court, has provided some lists of those criminals. In one instance, of 65 criminals released, 50 were in prison for murder. Such a disproportionate ratio between those condemned for murder; and others imprisoned for minor crimes is reported to have been generalized. This selection process of criminals was, according to some researchers in the field of comparative genocide studies, who specialize in the Armenian cases, clearly indicative of the government's intention to commit mass murder of its Armenian population. Also, according to records, physicians participated in the process of selection; health professionals were appointed by the war ministry to determine whether the selected convicts would be fit to apply the degree of savagery of killing that was required.

Military Trials, Istanbul, 1919
Many of those responsible for the genocide were sentenced to death in absentia, after having escaped their trials in 1918. The accused succeeded in destroying the majority of the documents, that could be used as evidence against them, before they escaped. Admiral Calthorpe, the British High Commissionar, report about the destroying of documents: “Just before the Armistice, officials had been going to the archives department at night and making clean sweep of most of the documents.” Aydemir, S.S., on the other hand, writes in his "Makedonyadan Ortaasyaya Enver Pasa.": “Before the flight of the top Ittihadist leaders, Talat Pasa stopped by at the waterfront residence of one of his friends on the shore of Arnavudköy, depositing there suitcase of documents. It is said that the documents were burned in the basement's furnace. Indeed ... the documents and other papers of Ittihad's Central Committee are nowhere to be found.” The martial court established the will of the Ittheadists to eliminate the Armenians physically, via its special organization. The Court Martial, Istanbul, 1919: "The Court Martial taking into consideration the above-named crimes declares, unanimously, the culpability as principle factors of these crimes the fugitives Talat Pasha, former Grand Vizir, Enver Efendi, former War Minister, struck off the register of the Imperial Army, Cemal Efendi, former Navy Minister, struck off too from the Imperial Army, and Dr. Nazim Efendi, former Minister of Education, members of the General Council of the Union & Progress, representing the moral person of that party;... the Court Martial pronounces, in accordance with said stipulations of the Law the death penalty against Talat, Enver, Cemal, and Dr. Nazim."

The Position of Turkish Government
Turkey does not accept that the deaths of 1915 were the result of a state intention to eliminate the Armenian people. Turkey holds the position that the deaths were the result of the turmoils of World War I and that the Ottoman Empire fought against Russian backed Armenian militia. There is also disagreement over the number of casualties, Turkey states that according to demographic studies there were fewer than 1.5 million Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire, suggesting figures of over a million Armenian deaths to be over inflated. Turkey believes the number of deaths to be ranging from 200,000 to 600,000 which it considers to be lower than the number of Muslims who perished between 1912-22. While according to Turkey for such reasons the Armenian massacres do not constitute genocide, its former Turkish Prime minister Bülent Ecevit, in April 2002, has a accused Israel of carrying genocide against the Palestinians, and a leading lawmaker from Turkey's governing Justice and Development Party has accused the United States of committing genocide in Fallujah.

More recently, lower figures of Armenian casualties were presented by Yusuf Halacoglu, the director of the Turkish history foundation. In his said calculations, he estimates that a total of 56 thousand Armenians perished during the period due to war conditions, and less than 10 thousand were actually killed. In his other research, he maintains that over 500,000 Turks were killed by Armenians. While the Turkish government now publicize those figures of Turks allegedly being killed by Armenians, still the other research of Halacoglu, which claims that lesser than 10 thousand Armenians were killed is still absent from the Turkish foreign affairs publications.

Turkey also criticizes similarities with the Holocaust, stating that unlike the Armenians, the Jewish population of Germany and Europe did not agitate for separation. Genocide scholars answer to those claims, that Holocaust revisionists also claim that the Jews agitated to destroy Germany by allying with the Soviet Union to bring Bolshevism into Germany, which according to them would mean the annihilation of the German people.

Those who support the genocide theses state that Turkey is denying its past and accuse it of suppressing international attempts to recognize a genocide. To support their positions, they point to the fact that mention of an Armenian genocide almost anywhere in the world was met with rebukes from Turkish Ambassadors, while mention of it in Turkey itself led to the possibility of prosecution.

There was a recent offer by the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan in March 2005 inviting Turkish, Armenian and International historians to form a Commission to establish the events of 1915. The offer was accepted by Armenia but with a condition of having first good relations with the Turkish state.

Relations between Turkey and Armenia remain frozen. Turkey has closed its land borders with Armenia, citing Armenian control of Nagorno-Karabagh. Armenia has repeatedly declared that it is ready for relations and an open border without preconditions, however Turkey claims that opening its borders would show support for the occupation of Nagorno-Karabagh.

Turkish Intellectuals Who Support The Theses Of Genocide
There are a number of Turkish intellectuals who support theses of genocide, including Ragip Zarakolu and Ali Ertem, as well as Taner Akçam and Halil Berktay, despite being protested strongly by some Turkish nationalists. Orhan Pamuk, a famous Turkish novelist, has also recently told the Swiss press that he believes that one million Armenians and 30,000 Kurds were killed in Turkey.

The reason why some Turkish intellectuals accept theses of genocide seems to lie behind three important factors. First, the fact that the organization members were criminals, and that those criminals were specifically sent to escort the Armenians, for them is enough evidence of a government criminal intention. Second, the fact that not only the Armenians living in the war zone were removed, according to them this plays against the theses of military necessity vehiculed by the Ottoman government. Thirdly, according to them, the thesis of simple relocation does not make sense, because there were no dispositions taken suggesting a “resettlement,” which could mean that the government did not expect that Armenians would survive. Dr. Taner Akçam, a Turkish specialist, writes about this point: “The fact that neither at the start of the deportations, nor en route, and nor at the locations, which were declared to be their initial halting places, were there any single arrangement, required for the organization of a people's migration, is sufficient proof of the existence of this plan of annihilation.”

Those Turkish intellectuals believe that 800,000 or more Armenians lost their lives during the events.

Official Recognition
There is a general agreement among Western historians that the Armenian genocide did happen. The Association of Genocide Scholars (represent the major body of scholars who study genocide in North America and Europe), for instance, do formerly recognize the event, and even consider it as undeniable. On the other hand, the academic recognition is not representative of government and media recognition. Many governments, including the United States, United Kingdom, and ironically Israel do not officially use the word genocide to describe these events, due in part to their strong commercial and political ties to Turkey, though some government officials have used it personally. Many newspapers for a long time would not use the word genocide without disclaimers such as "alleged" and many continue to do so. A number of those policies have now been reversed so that even casting doubt on the term is against editorial policy, as is the case with the New York Times. In recent years the number of countries recognizing the event as genocide officially, despite threats of economic retaliation by Turkey have grown. Two recent examples are France and Switzerland. In Switzerland, Turkish historian Yusuf Halacoglu has faced charges of violation of Swiss laws against holocaust denial as a result of a speech he held in Winterthur in 2004. Turkish entry talks with the European Union were met with a number of calls to consider the event as genocide, though it was eventually not a specific stipulation.

Countries recognizing an Armenian genocide, include: Argentina, Armenia, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Lebanon, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Uruguay, Vatican City and Venezuela.

 * European Parliament
 * Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly
 * United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
 * The majority of US states also recognize the Armenian Genocide, however there is no federal (country-wide) recognition.
 * The Canadian House of Commons voted to officially recognize the Armenian Genocide. The federal government, in opposing the motion, did not express a position on whether the genocide took place.
 * International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) Report Prepared for TARC
 * The Association of Genocide Scholars
 * Union of American Hebrew Congregations
 * World Council of Churches
 * The Turkish Human Right Organization
 * The League for Human Rights
 * "Parliament of Kurdistan in Exile" (an unnoficial organisation with no parliamentary powers)
 * Permanent Peoples' Tribunal

See also: Post Armenian Genocide timeline

Total Armenian Casualties, 1914 to 1923
While there is no clear consensus as to how many Armenians lost their lives during what is called the Armenian genocide and what followed, there seems to be a consensus among Western scholars, with the exception of few dissident and Turkish national historians, as to the period between 1914 to 1923, over a million Armenians might have perished. The recent tendency seems to be, either presenting 1.2 million as a figure or even 1.5 million, while more moderately, "over a million" is presented, as the Turkish historian Fikret Adanir estimates, but this estimate excludes what followed 1917.

Armenian Genocide Memorial
The idea of the memorial arose in 1965, at the commemorating of the 50th anniversary of the genocide. Two years later the memorial (by architects Kalashian and Mkrtchyan) was completed at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. The 44 metre stele symbolizes the national rebirth of Armenians. 12 slabs are positioned in a circle, representing 12 lost provinces in present day Turkey. In the centre of the circle, in depth of 1.5 metres, there is an eternal flame. Along the park at the memorial there is a 100 metre wall with names of towns and villages where massacres are known to have taken place. In 1995 a small circular museum was opened at the other end of the park where one can learn basic information about the events in 1915. Some photos taken by German photographers (Turkish allies during World War I) and some publications about the genocide are also displayed. Near the museum is a spot where foreign statesmen plant trees in memory of the genocide. Each April 24th (Armenian Genocide Commemoration Holiday) hundreds of thousands of people walk to the genocide monument and lay flowers (usually red carnations or tulips) around the eternal flame. Armenians around the world mark the genocide in different ways, and many memorials have been built in Armenian Diaspora communities.

The Armenian Genocide In Popular Culture
The well-known metal band System of a Down, four musicians all of Armenian descent but living in California, wrote the song "P.L.U.C.K." (Politically Lying Unholy Cowardly Killers) about this genocide in their eponymous debut album. The booklet reads: "System Of A Down would like to dedicate this song to the memory of the 1.5 million victims of the Armenian Genocide, perpetrated by the Turkish Government in 1915." Other songs are also sometimes believed to be about this genocide.

The Armenian Genocide is also a popular theme in Armenian works of literature.

Resources
Due to the length of this article, External links, Bibliography and other resources are recorded in a separate article.

Resources are listed in Armenian Genocide resources.

Category:Genocides Category:History of Armenia Category:History of Turkey Category:History of the Middle East Category:World War I Category:Caucasus

Völkermord an den Armeniern Genocidio Armenio Armena genocido Armenialaisten kansanmurha Génocide arménien Armenski genocid Genosida Armenia Genocidio armeno שואת הארמנים Armėnų genocidas Örmény holokauszt Armeense genocide アルメニア人虐殺問題 Rzeź Ormian Армянский геноцид Armenski genocid Armeniska folkmordet Геноцид вірмен в Турції

title: User:Fadix/Armenian Genocide