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Batman: Cataclysm

Cataclysm is an 18-chapter DC Comics crossover story arc that ran through the various Batman family comics from March to May 1998. The plot of the storyline centers on Gotham City being hit by a massive earthquake, the epicenter of which is less than a mile from Wayne Manor. In the wake of the destruction, Batman and his allies join the frantic rescue efforts around the devastated city, which soon spirals into chaos. This story arc would act as a catalyst for the Batman comics and its spin-off titles, signaling the beginning of nearly two years of storylines that would spring forth in the earthquake's aftermath, culminating in the year-long Batman: No Man's Land saga. Cataclysm itself takes place a short time after the events of Batman: Contagion and Batman: Legacy, two previous crises which also nearly resulted in Gotham City's destruction.

Plot
Seismologist Dr. Jolene Relazzo believes the Gotham area is due for a major earthquake as her gear begins registering hits nearing the city. Oracle loses connection with the Batcave at 7:03 p.m. while giving a report when a 7.6 earthquake hits Gotham City. Batman is swept up by the rising currents from an underground stream and Alfred falls into the cave from the crumbling Wayne Manor above. Oracle heads to Gotham City Police Department HQ to find her father and rally the troops.

Shortly after the quake, it appears Wayne-owned buildings are the only ones left without major structural damage. Bruce Wayne had seen to it that all of his buildings were quake-proof up to 8.5. However, unable to quake-proof his own home without exposing his secrets as Batman, Wayne Manor and the Batcave are destroyed. With all the exits blocked, Batman straps on scuba gear and promises Alfred that he will be back soon. Barbara Gordon rallies the police force, and Detective Harvey Bullock finds Commissioner Gordon. At 8:52 p.m., the first aftershock hits.

Dick Grayson (Nightwing) learns of the earthquake from TV while at work. He bolts, grabs a boat, and heads to his former home. Taken aback by the sheer destruction in Gotham City, he begins helping victims trapped under a collapsed highway as soon as he gets ashore.

Azrael and Nomoz arrive in Gotham City by helicopter to deliver Bane to the GCPD. After the quake hits, Bane escapes. Azrael tracks and captures him after he kills two civilians in a bank.

Helena Bertinelli is on the subway when the quake hits. She quickly changes into her Huntress costume and begins getting survivors to safety. Batman surfaces in Gotham Harbor and is horrified by seeing the city he loves in flames.

The Catwoman was stealing night-vision binoculars for an upcoming job when the department store is destroyed by the earthquake. After having a young girl die in her arms, she begins getting the survivors to safety. Later, she starts tracking Poison Ivy and stops her from spreading super-fertilizer into Gotham City's water supply.

Robin (Tim Drake) performs CPR on Lady Shiva as Dava attacks Dorrance and his men. Shiva is revived by the drug still in Robin's system. Dava is shot in the melee and Shiva goes berserk on Dorrance's people. Robin gets Dava to her people and leaves her there. Tim's flight home is diverted to Blüdhaven. He sees Gotham City on fire from the plane. He steals a motorcycle and heads toward his home.

The quake and the ensuing tidal waves hit Blackgate Prison hard. The island and many cells are flooded, and prisoners escape. A land bridge forms from the island all the way to mainland Gotham City. Batman, just surfacing in Gotham Harbor, realizes what is going on and makes his way to the prison. He quiets the rioting prisoners, though many had been killed and others escaped via the land bridge. The aftershocks remove the land bridge as S.W.A.T. helicopters arrive. Batman reaches the mainland and begins helping victims. Later, he speaks with the Penguin about his "enterprises".

At Arkham Asylum, many inmates are freed into the public areas of the facility when the quake hits. The Joker, Killer Croc, the Scarecrow, the Riddler, and others take three guards hostage and kill two of them. They decide to tell stories to the third man, a new guard going to school to become a psychiatrist. They scare him into dementia before Arkham's generator kicks in and they are rounded up.

An odd band of small-time crooks hired by WayneCorp save a group of people trapped in a building. A young boy is convinced that Batman sent them. Penguin, walking through the rubble, decides which people to help based on how they can repay the favor. Robin arrives and helps out in the excavation while thinking of his own family and friends.

Nightwing and Robin meet at the clock tower to see if the Oracle is okay — it is the first time Barbara and Tim meet face-to-face. No one had seen Batman because he was saving victims from rubble in the guise of a police officer. Nightwing and Robin then check out the destruction at Wayne Manor and the cave. Tim rushes off to check on his father, while Dick locates Alfred and Harold.

Batman searches for Dr. Rellazzo, who was abducted earlier. GCPD reviews a videotape delivered to them claiming responsibility for the earthquake: the "Quakemaster" wants $100 million. Barbara Gordon readies a fake ransom payment and Batman stows away on the pick-up helicopter with it. He gathers the henchmen who picked up the ransom, but their boss gets away. Later, he meets with Robin and Nightwing to discuss the situation.

Stephanie Brown, caught in a mall during the earthquake, quickly changes into her Spoiler costume. She slips after rescuing a small child, but the Huntress swoops down and catches her. The Cluemaster, the Ratcatcher, the Firefly, and others make their way to Gotham City after crossing the land bridge from Blackgate. They arrive at the mall and begin looting. The Huntress and the Spoiler battle them, capturing all but the Cluemaster (the Spoiler's father).

Robin continues to investigate the Quakemaster's tape while Nightwing and Batman head out. The Quakemaster's people kidnap Detective "Hardback" Bock and hold Commissioner Gordon and Mayor Grange hostage in the Mayor's office. Believing he has a lead on the Quakemaster, Robin heads out and meets up with Bullock and Renee Montoya. Robin rescues Bock, and together they take down the Quakemaster, who was Arnold Wesker's newest puppet. Nightwing saves Commissioner Gordon and Mayor Grange, while Batman continues helping survivors.

Collected edition
All of the stories (except Robin (vol. 2) #52, Azrael #40, Catwoman (vol. 2) #57, and Batman: Arkham Asylum - Tales of Madness #1) were collected into a trade paperback. A new edition was released in June 2015 which included the issues that were not part of the original release.

title: Batman: Cataclysm


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Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London

The Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London is the personal representative of the monarch, currently King Charles III, in Greater London.

Each Lord-Lieutenant is assisted in, largely ceremonial, duties by Deputy Lieutenants whom he appoints; the Lieutenancy Office is based at Whitehall, London SW1.

The Lord-Lieutenant is also assisted by a Lord-Lieutenant's Cadet, one from each branch of the main cadet forces, Army Cadet Force, Air Training Corps and Sea Cadet Corps. The cadet is selected by the Lord-Lieutenant. The Lord-Lieutenant's Cadet's are from the county of the Lord-Lieutenant.

Created under the Administration of Justice Act (1964), this office merged those of Lord-Lieutenant of the County of London (cr. 1889) and the ancient Lord-Lieutenancy of Middlesex. The ceremonial county of Greater London does not include the City of London, which has its own Commission of Lieutenancy.

List of Lord-Lieutenants of Greater London
From 1965, the following have served as HM Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London:

 * 1 Apr 1965 – 1966: Harold, Earl Alexander of Tunis;
 * 28 Dec 1966 – 1973: Sir Gerald Templer;
 * 12 Sep 1973 – 1978: Charles, Baron Elworthy;
 * 1 Jul 1978 – 1986: Norah, Baroness Phillips;
 * 31 Jan 1986 – 1998: Edwin, Baron Bramall;
 * 21 Dec 1998 – 2008: Peter, Baron Imbert;
 * 27 Apr 2008 – 2015: Sir David Brewer;
 * 29 May 2015 – present: Sir Kenneth Olisa.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London


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Kenner Collegiate Vocational Institute

Kenner Collegiate Vocational Institute (Kenner CVI) is the oldest operating public high school in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. It opened in 1952 and is now an accredited International Baccalaureate School. It is named after Peterborough Collegiate Institute's quinquagenary teacher and principal Dr. H.R.H. Kenner, father of literary scholar Hugh Kenner.

Courses
It offers a wide range of programs including the International Baccalaureate Program and Learning, Life Skills Program, Peer Reading Tutor program, Cooperative Education, Technological Education, and Arts Education. In addition, Kenner CVI offers Specialist High Skills Majors in Construction, Hospitality, Horticulture, and Transportation under the supervision of the Ministry of Education for the Province of Ontario.

Campus
The Kenner CVI campus facility consists of 200000 sqft covering 7.13 hectares. The school is wheelchair accessible with one elevator and ramps. One section of the school is designated for the Intermediate Division.

The indoor facility contains a hairstyling studio, greenhouse, industrial kitchen, weight and fitness rooms, and technical (computer, welding, automotive, and carpentry) shops.

Architecture
Kenner Collegiate was built by Eastwood Construction in 1952 with a small gym nicknamed the "broom closet" and a two-story building containing approximately 16 classrooms. In 1957, another 16 classroom wing, including a sewing room, two laboratories, and a smaller gym attached to the north wing on the south side of the school was constructed. The cafeteria was upgraded and the woodworking and machine shops were added and fully functional. At this time, Kenner was seen to have transitioned to its high school status, rather than an intermediate school.

The south wing and the main gym, that could also function as an auditorium, was built in 1966 and 1967. The south wing at the time was only one story, unlike all the other wings, which were two.

The final main attachment of the school was built in 1972 and consisted of an auditorium, library, and more classrooms. It was also the area of the commercial classes. In all, the new west wing added a commercial shop, enlarged shops, a second story to the south wing, a library, and an auditorium. This expansion nearly doubled the schools size to accommodate the increasing number of students enrolling at Kenner.

In more recent years no new major attachments to the school have been made, except for the many upgrades done within the school. In 2016 Kenner`s library was upgraded to become the Learning Commons complete with personal electronics charging stations, a living room and cafe area, conference rooms and computer labs.

The Kenner Foundation
In 1993, the funds raised from the alumni reunion of the previous year (the 40th annual) amounting to over 20 000 dollars were used as the initial funding for an organization subsequently named the Kenner Foundation. This foundation's purpose is to provide financial support to students continuing their education in post-secondary programs, in the form of scholarships and bursaries. The primary aim of the Foundation is to propel Kenner Alumni into successful careers in leadership roles. The funding for the Kenner foundation comes from a combination of funds raised at school-based events and reunions, and donations from members of the public and corporate sponsors alike. Since its inception in 1993, the Foundation has provided Kenner Alumni with over 175 000 dollars in scholarships and bursaries into their further education.

The Kenner Hall Of Honour
The Hall of Honour is a commemorative section of the school's front hallway dedicated to housing the portraits and brief biographies of individuals who have been inducted over the past sixty years since the Hall's inception, and who are deemed worthy of the award by the governing committee of The Kenner Foundation. The portraits hang year round and can be seen by any visitor, member of the staff or student body. In order for an individual to qualify for indoctrination, several criteria must be met for consideration. They must have attended Kenner Collegiate for at least three years, one of these years being their graduation year, implying they are official Kenner Alumni. They must have graduated no less than fifteen years prior to their nomination, and they must be deemed a successful example of a Kenner graduate, serving as a role-model for the current student body, either in their workplace or in their community. In addition, whoever nominates an individual must provide a brief written summary of why their nominee is deserving of the position in the Hall of Honour.

Student governance
From 1952 to 1954, the Students’ Committee was the unofficial Students’ Council, consisting of school club presidents. These members organized and improved school activities along with raising money for desired equipment. In the spring of 1956, Student Council elections were held. The council consisted of a president, vice-president, councillors, secretary, treasurer and teacher advisors. The purpose of student council was to govern and lead the student body.

In 1961-62, a Student Parliament was implemented. Parliament included a Prime Minister, a leader of the opposition and representatives of the parties. Juniors could elect one member and seniors could elect two. In 1962-63, the Kenner Students’ Association (KSA) was introduced, consisting of both the Student Parliament and the Students’ Council. Parliament met biweekly to discuss expenses and matters that applied to the student body. The Students’ Council was the executive branch of KSA consisting of ten members. In the late sixties, the Student Parliament system was removed. Alternatively, class representatives, Boys Athletic Association (BAA) and Girls Athletic Association (GAA) representatives met with the Students’ Council to discuss matters that applied to the student body.

In 1969, the house system was implemented at Kenner CVI. In 1974-75, representatives from each school activity and representatives from each of the four houses at Kenner CVI were given a seat on the Students’ Council. In 1975-76, council members were chosen by submitted applications which replaced the previously used open election process. The house system was discontinued at Kenner CVI after the 1988-89 school year.

In 1989-90, the Students’ Council was simplified to a president, a vice-president, a secretary, a treasurer and councillors. The president and the vice-president were chosen through an open election. This process has remained the same to this day. The other members of council were chosen through submitted applications. The Students’ Council was eventually renamed the Students’ Activity Council.

The Students’ Activity Council evolved into the Student Government in the 2015-16 school year. The Student Government system provides further leadership opportunities for students beyond the president and vice-president roles. The Student Government includes a president, a vice president, a secretary, a treasurer, and grade representatives. The Student Government also includes a representative from all four of the newly implemented Student Government Committees. The Student Government meets every Thursday.

As of 2019, the Students' Activity Council, usually referred to as Student Council is composed of any students who show up to the weekly meetings. The Students' Government, more commonly called Student Government, is composed of the President and Vice President, who are voted on by the entire school, eight grade representatives (two from each grade), two sports representatives (one male and one female), one design representative, one financial representative, and one secretary. All positions in the Student Government are elected solely by the members of the Student Activity Council after submitting a written application, with the exception of the President and Vice President.

Notable alumni

 * Steve Larmer, former professional hockey player
 * Jeff Leal, Member of Provincial Parliament and Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
 * Bobby Roode, professional wrestler
 * Gary Stewart, Member of Provincial Parliament
 * Peter Wildman, actor
 * Mickey Redmond, former professional hockey player

title: Kenner Collegiate Vocational Institute


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Bart the Fink

"Bart the Fink" is the fifteenth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on February 11, 1996. In this episode, Bart inadvertently exposes Krusty the Clown as one of the biggest tax cheats in American history. With his career ruined, Krusty fakes his suicide and adopts an alias, until Bart and Lisa convince him to become a television clown again.

The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and Bob Kushell, and directed by Jim Reardon. American actor Bob Newhart guest-starred in it as himself. The episode's title is a play on the 1991 film Barton Fink.

Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 8.7, and was the fifth-highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired.

Plot
The Simpson family attends the reading of a distant relative's will and walks away with $100 each. Marge gets Bart and Lisa to open bank accounts to teach them fiscal responsibility, but Bart opens a checking account instead and begins eagerly writing checks for his friends. He soon tries to obtain Krusty the Clown's autograph by slipping a check into his pocket, figuring that he will receive an endorsed copy of it with his monthly bank statement, but Krusty ends up endorsing the check with a stamp rather than a signature. Dismayed, Bart takes the check to the bank and asks if they can force Krusty to sign it.

Upon looking more closely at the check, the bank teller becomes suspicious of the offshore bank mentioned on Krusty's endorsement stamp and starts an investigation. The president of the offshore bank unintentionally exposes Krusty during questioning, and Krusty is quickly revealed as one of the biggest tax evaders in American history. With Krusty unable to pay off his debts all at once and the investigators unwilling to put him in jail due to his fame, they decide the best solution is for the IRS to take full control of Krusty's assets and businesses (including the Krusty the Clown Show as well as Krusty Burger), auctioning off most of his possessions at very cheap prices and swiftly diminishing his status. A depressed Krusty soon crashes his airplane into a mountainside and is pronounced dead at the crash scene, devastating Bart as well as the entire town.

After Krusty's funeral, however, Bart begins to see a familiar, but disguised, face roaming around Springfield and realizes that Krusty may still be alive. Lisa is the only one who believes him, and together they track the disguised Krusty down to the nearby docks. When they confront Krusty (now using the name "Rory B. Bellows"), he explains to them that he used the plane crash to fake his own death so he could escape his tax woes and start over as a longshoreman. While Krusty is initially happy with his humble new life, Bart and Lisa slowly begin to change his mind by reminding him of all the lavish perks he used to enjoy as a celebrity. Krusty eventually realises that he can pay off his tax debts using his alter ego's life insurance, so he sabotages the boat to fake his own death once again, then swims back to the shore and returns to his old life.

Production

"Bart the Fink" was written by John Swartzwelder, but Bob Kushell came up with the idea for it. The episode was based on the "big tax problems" that some celebrities, such as country singer Willie Nelson, had at the time. The idea of Krusty faking his own death was an idea the production team had wanted to do for a long time, and it was inspired by the rumors that American actor Andy Kaufman had faked his death. Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, the showrunners of seasons seven and eight of The Simpsons, came up with the beginning of the episode in which the family spends the night in a haunted house as the epitome of "the cruddiest beginning of any cruddy thing", but with the comedic twist that the family did not encounter any ghosts in the house and had their "best night's sleep ever". A similar joke (riffing on the clichéd nature of the setup) was used in the season 5 episode, "Homer Loves Flanders", with both episodes sharing the same haunted house model.

The episode was directed by Jim Reardon. Consultant David Mirkin suggested that the animators should add "some funny things" to the episode to "spice it up", such as the gorilla suit that one of the bank employees wear. After the audio recording of the script by the cast, the episode ended up being too long. Weinstein said one of the reasons for it was that Krusty talks very slowly, which drags out the time. They were only allowed to send twenty minutes' worth of audio to Film Roman for them to animate, but the audio track for the episode was twenty-six minutes long. American actor Bob Newhart guest-starred in the episode as himself. Oakley said Newhart also talked very slowly, and they had to cut out more than half of his recorded lines. Many of the writers were big fans of Newhart and everybody wanted to see him record his lines. Oakley and Weinstein decided to shut down production so that the whole writing staff could go to the recording studio. The episode was recorded in a large room, which required everybody there to be very quiet. It took Newhart two and a half minutes to record his first take, and, as no one was allowed to laugh during that time, there was an "explosion" of laughter in the room when he finished. Parts of Phil Hartman's appearance as Troy McClure were also cut from the episode due to time limits.

Cultural references
The episode's title is a play on the 1991 film Barton Fink. After losing his show and money, Krusty takes the bus home. An advertisement on the bus reads "Are you missing Mad About You right now? NBC Must See TV Sundays at 8 p.m." Krusty's airplane, "I'm-on-a-rolla-Gay", is a spoof of the Enola Gay B-29 airplane that dropped the atomic bomb on the Japanese city Hiroshima in World War II.

Krusty's illegal Cayman Islands "accountant" is modeled on the actor Sydney Greenstreet, particularly on his role in the film Casablanca. Swartzwelder is seen attending Krusty's funeral, while wearing a Kermit the Frog puppet on his hand.

Reception
In its original broadcast, "Bart the Fink" finished sixty-fourth in the ratings for the week of February 5–11, 1996, with a Nielsen rating of 8.7. The episode was the fifth highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following Melrose Place, The X-Files, Beverly Hills, 90210, and Married... with Children.

"Bart the Fink" received generally positive reviews from television critics. DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson called the episode a "winner" and praised it for the "one hundred tacos for $100" joke. Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict said that the best part of the episode is when Homer comforts Bart after Krusty's death by assuring him that he, too, could wake up dead tomorrow.

In the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Unofficial Simpsons Guide by Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, they comment that "Bart the Fink" is "very fast and very good, with plenty of gags and effective set pieces. Bob Newhart's eulogy to Krusty is especially memorable." The authors of Media, home, and family, Stewart Hoover, Lynn Schofield Clark, and Diane Alters wrote that "Krusty ultimately expertly proves the truth about the IRS: ruining the financial and emotional life of many [people]."

William Irwin, author of ''The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer'', also praised the use of IRS in "Bart the Fink" to convey the message that "none of us can escape the unavoidable taxes". In addition, Chris Turner claims "Bart the Fink" offers a "pointed answer to the question of why such a manifestly miserable world of phonies and cheats would be so enticing to many".

title: Bart the Fink


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Artificial (disambiguation)

The term artificial refers to something having the property of artificiality.

Artificial may also refer to:

 * Artificial (film), a 2012 Telugu short film
 * "Artificial", a 2008 song and EP by Kris Menace and Felix da Housecat
 * Artificial, a 1999 album by God Module
 * Artificial, a 2010 album by Unitopia
 * Artificial (web series), created by Evan Mandery and Bernie Su
 * Artificial, a type of call in the game of contract bridge; see Glossary of contract bridge terms

title: Artificial (disambiguation)


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Wujal Wujal

Wujal Wujal, sometimes spelt Wudjil Wudjil, is a rural town and locality in the Wujal Wujal Aboriginal Shire, Queensland, Australia. It is an Aboriginal community. In the, the locality of Wujal Wujal had a population of 276 people.

The community of Wujal Wujal is located in the Cape York region with the surrounding environment and cultural tourism attracting many people to the region. Wujal Wujal is part of the traditional homelands of the Eastern Kuku (Goo-goo) Yalanji (Ya-lan-gee).

The name Wujal Wujal ('many falls') is derived from the local language. There are several Indigenous languages spoken within this community.

Geography
Wujal Wujal is on the north and south sides of the Bloomfield River in northern Queensland, Australia.

It is located approximately 30 km north of Cape Tribulation and 60 km south of Cooktown. Access to the community is via sealed road from Cooktown, or by the Bloomfield Track, an unsealed road from Cape Tribulation which is only suitable for four wheel drive vehicles. This is due to the gradient of the terrain and the many streams and rivers that make up the Daintree drainage basin which cross the path at very regular intervals. During high waterflow the road from Cape Tribulation is impassable.

The rare Bloomfield River Cod (Guyu wujalwujalensis) is found only in the Bloomfield River and is named after this community.

History
Kuku Yalanji (also known as Gugu Yalanji, Kuku Yalaja, and Kuku Yelandji) is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Mossman and Daintree areas of  North Queensland. The language region includes areas within the local government area of Shire of Douglas and Shire of Cook, particularly the localities of Mossman, Daintree, Bloomfield River, China Camp, Maytown, Palmer, Cape Tribulation and Wujal Wujal.

Yalanji (also known as Kuku Yalanji, Kuku Yalaja, Kuku Yelandji, and Gugu Yalanji) is an Australian Aboriginal language of Far North Queensland. The traditional language region is Mossman River in the south to the Annan River in the north, bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east and extending inland to west of Mount Mulgrave. This includes the local government boundaries of the Shire of Douglas, the Shire of Cook and the Aboriginal Shire of Wujal Wujal and the towns and localities of Cooktown, Mossman, Daintree, Cape Tribulation and Wujal Wujal. It includes the head of the Palmer River, the Bloomfield River, China Camp, Maytown, and Palmerville.

European contact
The Bloomfield River mission was established on land belonging to the Kuku-Yalanji people. The first recorded Europeans to visit the Bloomfield River were Royal Navy Lieutenant Commander Frederick Bedwell and Captain Phillip Parker King on board HMS Mermaid on a hydrological survey of the east coast of Australia. In June 1819, HMS Mermaid anchored in Weary Bay and: "'Mr. Bedwell was sent to examine the opening, which was called Blomfield's Rivulet …Near the entrance upon the bank of the inlet several huts were noticed, and near them Mr. Bedwell found a canoe; which, being hollowed out of the trunk of a tree, was of very different construction to any we had before seen; its length was twenty-one feet … an outrigger, projecting about two feet, was neatly attached to one side, which prevented its liability to overset, and at each end was a projection, from fifteen to twenty inches long, on which the natives carry their fire or sit'"The next Europeans to visit Bloomfield River were William Hann and his party. In 1872, William Hann was commissioned by the Queensland Government to explore Cape York Peninsula to assess its mineral and land resources. On their return, the party reached the coast at Weary Bay and then followed the Bloomfield River upstream. Hann was responsible for discovering and naming the Palmer, Tate and Daintree rivers.

One of Hann’s party discovered gold on the Palmer River. After hearing of the discovery, James Venture Mulligan led an expedition to the Palmer River in 1873. Mulligan reported that the sandbars of the river glittered with gold, which started a huge gold rush to the district. By late 1873, the first government officials and prospectors came ashore at the Endeavour River accompanied by a detachment of Native Police.

In 1874, Cooktown was established. Within four months, Cooktown and the Palmer River goldfield had a population of about 3,000 people, many of whom were Chinese immigrants. By 1880, the population of Cooktown had grown to about 7,000.

Conflict between the Europeans and local Aboriginal people began almost immediately. In October 1873, 93 miners (led by goldfields commissioner Howard St George and engineer A C MacMillan) set out from the Endeavour River to blaze a track to the Palmer River.

There were several skirmishes along the way, culminating in a pitched battle between about 150 Aboriginal warriors and the expedition members at their camp near the Normanby River. The site of this encounter was subsequently named "Battle Camp". A contemporary newspaper published the following account of the battle from one of the expedition members: "'Blacks surprised us at daybreak, about 150, all were armed; got close to the camp before anyone heard them; great consternation; shot several; they ran into large waterholes for shelter, where they were shot'"In 1874, the Native Police were sent to explore the country inland from Trinity Bay and Weary Bay to find another road to the Palmer River. They followed the Bloomfield River upstream, but were unable to penetrate the thick scrub. The Native Police officer reported that they had found the Aborigines "exceedingly daring, constantly appearing in most threatening attitudes" and "had to disperse them on three or four occasions".

In 1875, a prospecting party on the Bloomfield River was attacked and driven back to Cooktown by Aboriginal people. The Native Police also established a camp at Laura in 1875. A further detachment under the command of Sub-Inspector O’Connor arrived in January 1876. The first pastoralists in the Bloomfield River district were George Hislop and Frederick Bauer. Bauer established the Bloomfield River Sugar Company on the north side of the river with imported Malay labour. The town of Ayton was established around the sugar mill. The Kuku Yalanji people continued to resist the invasion of their lands by the miners, pastoralists and timber getters. Frontier violence in the region was a frequent occurrence during the 1870s, resulting in hundreds of casualties.

During the 1880s there was a gradual change in north Queensland in the government policy of taking the country by lethal force. Instead, Aboriginal people were removed off their country on to missions, where they would not trouble the settlers and provided a cheap source of labour. This policy change resulted in a decision to establish two Aboriginal reserves in the Cooktown district; one at Cape Bedford and one at Bloomfield River.

In 1885, Lutheran missionary Johann Flierl was travelling to New Guinea to establish a mission, when he was unexpectedly delayed in Cooktown. While there, he negotiated with the Queensland Government to establish a mission close to Cooktown at Cape Bedford on land which had been gazetted as an Aboriginal reserve in 1881. At the same time, he also negotiated the establishment of a mission at the Bloomfield River, on a 640-acre site reserved for the Aborigines in August 1886 by the Queensland Government, just east of the Bloomfield Falls. In addition to the 640 acres gazetted in 1886, 50 square miles of land was reserved as a hunting ground for Aboriginal people in March 1889.

Frederick Bauer was appointed the interim superintendent of the mission in 1886. In 1887, he was replaced by the Lutheran missionary Carl H Meyer, who had previously been at the Cape Bedford Mission. Meyer was dismissed in 1890 and replaced by Sebastian Hoerlein who arrived in 1891. Another missionary, Johann Bogner, arrived in 1892 and worked with Hoerlein until he and his wife left in 1895, due to her ill health.

From inception, the mission struggled to become firmly established. In 1887, the police magistrate from Cooktown visited the mission and reported that about 80 people were living there, consisting of mostly aged men, women and children. The average population of the mission from 1887 to 1900 was only 55. The population varied over time, as Aboriginal people would come and go from the mission as they pleased.

This feature of the mission has been explained by Christopher Anderson, who found that the mission was mostly used by the Wujalwujalwarra "mob" of the Bloomfield River area, on whose land the mission stood. They incorporated the resources available at the mission into their social and economic life. The mission provided a reliable source of food and tobacco, and material items, such as farm tools and blankets. The mission was also used as a "caring centre" where they could leave the elderly, ill and young.

Over time, the Kuku-Yalanji found other sites of more use. The mission superintendent Carl Meyer lamented that "it is painful and disappointing to be continually revealing the gospel message and find it meeting deaf ears everywhere".

In 1901, the Evangelical Lutheran Immanuel Synod made the decision to withdraw from the mission. In 1902, Northern Protector Walter Roth closed the mission. The reserve status of the land was revoked. The Aboriginal people who had been on the mission stayed in the area in a number of small camps.

In 1945, the Cooktown Protector of Aboriginals reported that there was a camp on the south side of the river, a camp on the north side of the river, and another one upstream. He reported that the people camped there seemed to be fairly well off, having an abundant supply of food. However, he raised concerns about the large number of children living there and not attending school.

In 1957, a newspaper article was published which reported that some of the white residents of the Bloomfield River area had complained to the Cook Shire Council about the cleanliness of the camps at the Bloomfield River. This complaint followed a test of the Bloomfield River State School children for hookworm, which found that some of the students were infected. Thirty of the 51 students at the school were Aboriginal. The council then demanded that the Department of Native Affairs take urgent action to clean up the camps. The department approached the Lutheran Church to re-establish the mission at Bloomfield River and provided them with a £2500 grant to fund housing, transportation and communications.

An area of 260 acres (which included part of the old reserve) was gazetted as an Aboriginal reserve in May 1958. In the 1960s, the mission comprised 3 main villages; Bottom Camp, Thompson’s Creek Camp and the Outpost, and a separate area where the superintendent lived. During the 1960s, a girls’ hostel was built at the back of the superintendent’s house with the assistance of Aboriginal carpenters from the Hope Vale Mission.

In 1964, land about 6 km upstream from the mission, where the old mission had been, was proclaimed an Aboriginal reserve. The land was cleared for growing crops. A manager’s house, a boy’s dormitory, a mess hut and saw bench were constructed on this site. Subsequently, all the camps were consolidated into this one.

In December 2023, the region was hit by the 2023 Cairns floods. 270 Wujal Wujal residents were evacuated by Chinook helicopters to Cooktown after the town was hit by flooding. A majority of homes in the town went underwater after the Bloomfield River broke it banks.

Local government and Deed of Grant in Trust community
On 16 February 1980, the Bloomfield River mission was officially renamed Wujal Wujal. On 29 October 1987, the Aboriginal reserve held by the Queensland Government was transferred to the trusteeship of the council under a Deed of Grant in Trust.

On 1 January 2005, under the Local Government (Community Government Areas) Act 2004, Wujal Wujal Aboriginal Council became the Wujal Wujal Aboriginal Shire Council.

Demographics
In the, the town of Wujal Wujal had a population of 326 people.

In the, the locality of Wujal Wujal had a population of 282 people.

In the, the locality of Wujal Wujal had a population of 276 people.

Community
Wujal Wujal was formerly known as the Bloomfield River Mission and the people are Kuku Yalanji. The community has an estimated population of 470 (2001). The community at Wujal Wujal is thought to have existed on the site for thousands of years and is set around the highly sacred waterfalls of Wujal Wujal meaning many "falls" in the Kuku Yalanji language. Visitors are warned not to bring any alcohol into the community as part of the Queensland Government's aims at tackling alcohol abuse. Traffickers of such contraband substances may be subject to fines. The government also help the community by giving small one day a week jobs involving community service to deter locals away from boredom and alcohol abuse.

The community has a helicopter landing pad just beside the hospital. Emergency medical services are provided by the Primary Health Care Centre (Remote Area Nurses, Health Workers, and two or three visits per week from doctors based at the Cooktown Hospital.

In 1980, the Aboriginal Council came into being, with the area regaining its traditional name, Wujal Wujal. The community has an Indigenous Knowledge Centre, Binal Mangka Bayan, which means "house of knowing things". The centre provides access to books, magazines and other educational material, as well as running programs for children, adults and seniors. Paid internet access is available.

Education
There is no school in Wujal Wujal. The nearest government primary school is Bloomfield River State School in neighbouring Bloomfield to the north. There is no secondary school serving the area so boarding school or distance education must be used.

Attractions
The waterfalls are very sacred to the community. For these sensitive cultural reasons, the general public only have access to one waterfall which is clearly indicated. Other waterfalls are reserved for the female members of the local community.

Tours are available by four wheel drive vehicles from Cairns and Cape Tribulation via the Bloomfield Track.

In 2003, the Walker family, one of the family groups of the Kuku Yalanji people, commenced their rainforest tours on their traditional country at Thompson Creek, 6 km south of Wujal Wujal. Guided walks to the Bloomfield Falls have recently been added as another opportunity in their business.

As their tour attracts business from the Bloomfield area, mainly the Bloomfield Wilderness Lodge, the guests come by boat to their landing site on the Bloomfield River bank, creating the need for a jetty or ramp.

Attribution
This Wikipedia article contains material from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community histories: Wujal Wujal. Published by The State of Queensland under CC-BY-4.0, accessed on 3 July 2017.

title: Wujal Wujal


text:
List of ministers for taxation (Denmark)

This is a list of tax ministers of Denmark since 1975. The collection of taxes was originally assumed by the Finance Ministry. The Finance Ministry's Department of Taxes and Customs (Skatte- og Tolddepartementet) was elevated to the rank of an independent ministry on 13 February 1975. It has officially been referred to as the Tax Ministry (Skatteministeriet) since 10 September 1987.


text:
Robert Halpin

Robert Charles Halpin, Master Mariner, (16 February 1836 – 20 January 1894) was an Irish sea captain. He captained the Brunel-designed steamship SS Great Eastern which laid transoceanic telegraph cables. A successful pioneer of this work, he earned the nickname "Mr Cable".

Early life
He was the son of James and Anne Halpin (née Halbert), the youngest of 13 children. His father, James, was the proprietor of a small tavern and the family were reasonably well off. From an early age Robert showed a fondness for the sea. He received his early education at a nearby private school. Halpin appears to have shown little interest in formal education and with his imagination fueled by tales of faraway lands recounted by mariners in his father's tavern, he left home at age ten to become a seafarer.

Nautical career
He joined the brig Briton that was engaged in the Cumberland coal trade and was shipwrecked off Bude, Cornwall in 1851 with many lives lost, but Halpin managed to reach the shore.

He joined the crew of the 388-ton barque Henry Tanner, later that same year. Henry Tanner plied the Britain – Australia run and Halpin's first voyage to Australia coincided with the Australian Gold Rush of 1852. Over half the crew jumped ship to seek their fortunes in the gold fields. Unable to muster a crew, Henry Tanner was forced to remain in port until the absent crewmen returned to their posts.

Halpin then joined the ship Boomerang as a third mate. Boomerang worked on the Liverpool to Melbourne to Kio (Ecuador) route, returning with cargo of guano, bird-droppings used as fertiliser.

Halpin was promoted to second mate of Salem, a wool clipper on the Australia run, before he transferred over from sail to steam ships. Halpin believed steam was the future of shipping and became first officer in Khersonese.

At 22 years of age, he was given command of the S.S.Propellor, later joining Circassian, both steamships belonging to the Atlantic Royal Company. In 1858 Halpin became involved in a new sea route that had started from Galway, Ireland to St. John's, Newfoundland, giving a quicker, shorter Atlantic crossing. Emigration from Europe to North America was the new large shipping trade and operated from major ports such as Liverpool, Hamburg and Galway. By 1859 the Galway line was prospering and the popular S.S.Argo was commanded by Halpin, then aged 24. Disaster struck in August 1859 while in thick fog at the Newfoundland fishing banks when Argo struck an iceberg and sank. At subsequent enquiry, Halpin lost his master's ticket. Despite this setback in 1860 the Spanish Government commissioned him to deliver two troop ships, Isla de Cuba and Isla de Puerto Rica, to South America.

At the break out of the American Civil War, Halpin ran the Union blockade bringing supplies to the Confederate States and returning with cotton to Europe. In 1864 he was forced to run his ship aground to evade capture but was then detained by the Northern Union forces. The case against him was unproven and he was released after the Battle of Mobile Bay.

It was then that Halpin began his association with the steam ship Great Eastern. In his book The Great Iron Ship, author James Dugan states, "the first and in some ways the most interesting of the ocean liners was the Great Eastern, brainchild of the legendary Isambard Kingdom Brunel."

Great Eastern
Launched at the Isle of Dogs, Kent, 31 January 1858, she was 693 feet in length (over 200 metres), 22,500 tons dead weight, and had accommodations for over 3,000 passengers. Five times larger than any other ship then built, she had six masts, five funnels, 6,500 yards of sail, two 58 ft paddle wheels, a 24 ft screw (which remains the biggest ever built) and a coal carrying capacity of 15,000 tons.

Great Eastern had a career dogged by misfortune. She was designed for the longer Britain to Australia run and proved uneconomical when used on the shorter Atlantic routes. Her maiden voyage was to the United States, leaving Southampton on 16 June 1860 with 418 crew, but only 35 paying passengers, and arriving on 28 June. Never filled to capacity and losing money, the vessel was sold from company to company and in 1867 was chartered by a French syndicate to bring American visitors to the Paris World Exhibition. She attracted only 191 passengers including Jules Verne who later wrote a book about her called A Floating City (Une ville flottante, 1871).

Telegraphy
Before the 1860s there was great interest in Telegraphy and the linking of Europe to North America by telegraphic cable. The first successful cable was laid in August 1858. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom exchanged congratulations briefly with the American President James Buchanan. This first success proved the telegraph could be done underwater, but it didn't last a week after a workman applied too much voltage and overheated the cable.

Pioneered by Cyrus Field, mainland Europe had been connected by telegraphy, as had Europe to Britain and Britain to Ireland. A company was formed that converted Great Eastern into a cable layer and Halpin was given the post of First Engineer. Their task was to lay a submarine transatlantic telegraph cable from Valentia Island, County Kerry to Heart's Content, Newfoundland. The cable, 2,600 miles long was stored in the ship's tanks and weighed 6,000 tons.

1,862 miles from Valentia, the cable broke and Great Eastern returned to Europe. In 1866, with Halpin at the helm, the ship returned to the exact spot, recovered and repaired the broken cable. In July that year, Great Eastern arrived at Heart's Content, Newfoundland and completed the connection between the continents which has never been interrupted since.

Later, as captain, Halpin laid an estimated 26000 mi of cable (more than enough to circle the globe). The cable routes included the French Transatlantic Cable from Brest to St. Pierre and Miquelon in 1866 (under the patronage of Paul Julius Reuter), the 1869 Bombay-Aden-Suez cable, and the Australia-New Zealand-East Indies, Madras-Singapore-Penang, and Madeira-Brazil.

For Halpin's services, Brazilian Emperor Pedro II made him Knight of the Order of the Rose. He was also awarded the Legion d'honeur and elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1889 he was appointed an honorary Commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. His circle included Lord Kelvin, who had been aboard Great Eastern overseeing the cable laying, Admiral Sherard Osborn, who proposed him for Fellowship of the Royal Geographical Society, the American oceanographer Matthew Fontaine Maury, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Ferdinand de Lesseps, and Edmund Dickens, nephew of Charles Dickens amongst other notables of the day.

Later career
On returning to Wicklow c.1875 after a brief residence near London, Halpin became chairman of the Wicklow Gas Company, Wicklow Harbour Master and Secretary of Wicklow Harbour Commissioners. He was Secretary of the Wicklow Harbour Commissioners in 1880 when the East Breakwater was built – arguably the most important built structure in the small maritime port's history. He ran for Member of Parliament for East Wicklow as a Unionist in July 1892, losing to John Sweetman, the Anti-Parnell Home Rule candidate.

He was married to Jessica Munn of Heart's Content, Newfoundland. They had three daughters, Ethel, Belle and Edith. The last daughter, Belle, died in 1952.

Tinakilly House
Halpin was rewarded by the British Government for his contribution to improving world communications and thereby world trade. In 1876 Halpin purchased a site on elevated ground two miles north of Wicklow Town, overlooking the Irish Sea. Here he built a house, named Tinakilly, the name derived from the townland of Tinakilly on which the house is built.

He recruited the fashionable Irish architect James Franklin Fuller to design the house. It had many opulent features and cost £40,000 to build,, its 400 acres including an extensive rose garden. The house is now a hotel and retains many of its original features.

At Tinakilly on 20 January 1894 Robert Halpin, aged 57, died of gangrene resulting from a minor cut while trimming his toenails. He is buried, as are others in his family, at the Wicklow Parish Church with a Celtic Cross headstone marking the grave.

Memorials
Many artifacts from his life were donated by his daughters to the Maritime Institute of Ireland. There is a display in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland, Dún Laoghaire.

Obelisk
A granite obelisk, erected in 1897, in the centre of Wicklow town commemorates his life and career. The land for the obelisk was donated by William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 6th Earl Fitzwilliam and has since been called Fitzwilliam Square.

Halpin Memorial Medal
After the fund closed for the Wicklow obelisk, a further £397 and 13 shillings came from London. Not being required for the obelisk, this sum funded the Halpin Memorial Medal, an annual prize for the best boy and girl swimmer at the Merchant Seamen's Orphan Asylum (Royal Merchant Seamen's Orphanage from 1922, and later the Royal Merchant Navy School and then Bearwood College). The annual award continued for about seventy years until the 1960s.

The award was a silver medal, 50 mm in diameter, bearing on the obverse the image of Halpin in Royal Naval Reserve uniform with the inscription ' IN MEMORIAM. ROBERT C HALPIN, DL, JP, RNR. ' The reverse design varied over time, but included the current name of the institution.

title: Robert Halpin


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Fana-Khusrau

Fana-Khusrau was a son of the Buyid amir Majd al-Dawla.

Fana-Khusrau attempted to restore his father's kingdom in central Iran, which had been overrun by the Ghaznavids in 1029. However, despite the defeat of the Ghaznavids by the Seljuks in 1040, Fana-Khusrau was not successful in his attempts. He vainly attempted to preserve central Iran from the Seljuks, who eventually became the supreme sovereigns in that area.

title: Fana-Khusrau


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Talk:New York – New Jersey Line War

Page title
The page title uses a hyphen between New York and New Jersey, but the first mention in the article uses a slash. Which form is correct? --Merovingian (t) (c) 16:48, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Graphic
Anyone have any idea what the stuff in the graphic is talking about? We don't have any mention of who Hendrick Decker is, why we should care about him or his brother Jan, or how they relate to the Line War. Why is this sign where it is? —Cleared as filed. 20:39, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Other border disputes
Why isn't there a category for other border disputes, like the Ohio/Michigan conflict and the Mass./RI dispute? NoSeptember 20:50, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Do those articles exist? Sounds like an interesting line of research. —Cleared as filed. 21:00, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Toledo War and Toledo Strip covers the one, but it isn't organized and easy to find if you don't know what to look for. I think it would be nice to have a list or category to make all of these disputes easy to find.   NoSeptember  21:13, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Have fun with List of U.S. military history events, although these are only post-nationhood. (See also: Erie Triangle, New Hampshire Grants, Republic of Indian Stream and Sabine Free State for a couple others, depending on your definition of border dispute. :) Also, there maybe be some benefit to separating international disputes from intranational disputes. :) jengod 22:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Alright, so help me, I'm starting a cat. :) jengod 00:07, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Y'all have fun with Category:United States boundary disputes jengod 00:20, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Changed to Category:Territorial disputes of the United States per cfd. «» Who ? ¿ ? meta  08:35, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

There's another interesting dispute that occurred in the 1600s between Thomas Mayhew and the Duke of York (for whom the Province then State of New York was named), but I'm not aware of it having a stirring name like the "New Jersey Line War".

Mayhew purchased the islands just south of Cape Cod from the Natives in 1643, called today the Elizabeth Islands, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket. When the Duke of York was given his huge grant in 1665, it included the lands Mayhew owned. This was a frequent cause of early US land disputes - overlapping grants, patents, and deeds. The dispute was settled in 1671, but Mayhew had to submit to juristiction by the Province of New York. The islands were finally given to Massachusetts in 1691. The WP article on the history of the County of Dukes County (that's the name of Martha's Vineyard's County .^_^.) glides quickly over this interesting historical detour, but a more thorough treatment would be fun to read. Does anyone with a history background know more about this episode? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts Wordreader (talk) 01:17, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Liberty Island
I restored the reference to Liberty Island as its omission is not an improvement. As the reference (rephrased to exclude the possibility that someone thinks there is an implicit legal claim} indicates, there has been argumentation (maybe some tongue-in-cheek), yet all this is further explored in the Liberty Island article. Thus the reference is entirely appropriate and enriching. Ekem 23:29, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. There is no border dispute, despite what some people from New Jersey wish to believe.  It really doesn't have anything to do with the New York–New Jersey boundary dispute that is the subject of this article.  Anyone else have any input? —Cleared as filed. 05:30, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Any issues about Liberty Island are unrelated to the New York-New Jersey Line War. That sentence doesn't belong here. - Nunh-huh 05:34, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, there have been at least two other real disputes in addition to the non-dispute about Liberty Island. Why shouldn't we have all of it for context?--Pharos 07:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Coordinates
As determined via Google Maps, the coordinates of the original points are 41.666667N 75.05345W (western) and 41.0N 73.8935W (eastern). However, I'm not sure that these values are absolutely correct. There appears to be some discrepency between the positions as plotted on google maps and the map data. Confluence points don't quite match up with real-world locations. --ChrisRuvolo (t) 23:28, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Interesting to see where the old border was. Do you think we could draw a map illustrating the shift in the line?--Pharos 13:35, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I think this one is fairly accurate. --ChrisRuvolo (t) 14:22, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That's funny; I'd seen the map before at Border between West Jersey and East Jersey and never noticed the two NY-NJ lines. I suppose this belongs somewhere in the article...--Pharos 14:47, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:New York – New Jersey Line War


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User:Ekki808

hi im ekki, i live in and near stuttgart/germany.

title: User:Ekki808


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Lea Green railway station

Lea Green railway station is in St Helens, Merseyside, England, three miles south of the town centre near the suburb of Clock Face. The station is on the electrified northern route of the two Liverpool to Manchester lines, 10+3/4 mi east of Liverpool Lime Street. Northern Trains operates the station with Merseytravel sponsorship displaying Merseytravel signs. Constructed in 2000, the station has a park and ride car park fitted with charging points for electrically-powered vehicles, a modern CCTV security system and a booking office at street level.

History
The first Lea Green station was where Lowfield Lane met Lea Green Road (SJ510920 about 950 metres towards Liverpool from the current station) It opened in 1830 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The early intermediate stations were little more than halts positioned where the railway crossed a road or turnpike accounting for variations in their names. Lea Green station was probably known as Top of Sutton Incline, then Sutton by 1844, and Lea Green again in 1848, although Butt (1995) says it was Lea Green before becoming Sutton. The first station closed on 7 March 1955.

The current station in the cutting at Marshalls Cross opened on 17 September 2000.

Thatto Heath railway station on the Liverpool to Wigan Line is approximately two miles to the north west.

Facilities
The ticket office is staffed each day from 06:00 to midnight (except Sundays, when it opens at 08:30). Shelters are provided on each platform, along with help points, digital information screens and timetable poster boards. Both platforms have step-free access from the ticket office and station entrance via ramps.

Services
Northern Trains operates an hourly service to Liverpool Lime Street and an hourly service to Manchester Airport via Manchester Piccadilly. There are peak time services to Manchester Vic and Wigan North Western.

Sunday services see the service to Manchester Airport extended to Wilmslow.

Services are operated by three-car Class 331 electric units and Class 323 units now also appear regularly.

TransPennine Express also serve the station with an express service to Liverpool Lime Street each hour, along with a service to Newcastle via Leeds, York and Darlington. These are operated using "Nova 1" Class 802s. The service to Hull that ran prior to the winter 2023 timetable update has temporarily ceased, though TPE hope to reinstate it in the future.

Future
In March 2021, it was announced that a new station building would be built and the number of parking spaces at the station would be increased to 450.

title: Lea Green railway station


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User talk:W0lfman

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello W0lfman! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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title: User talk:W0lfman


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User talk:EnCecity

Welcome!
Hello , and Welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some good places to get you started! I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please be sure to sign your name on talk pages by using four tildes to produce your name and the current date, or just three tildes ( ~   ) to produce your name only. If you have any questions, or are worried/confused about anything at all, please either visit the help desk, or leave a new message on my talk page at any time. Happy editing, good luck, and remember: Be Bold!   Fir  e  Fo  x  16:53, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
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text:
Sam Peckinpah's "Salad Days"

"Sam Peckinpah's 'Salad Days'" is a sketch from the 7th episode of the third series of the British television programme Monty Python's Flying Circus.

Plot
The sketch begins with a preamble by Eric Idle (impersonating the British film critic Philip Jenkinson), who praises American film director Sam Peckinpah's predilection for the "utterly truthful and very sexually arousing portrayal of violence [sniff] in its starkest form" in Major Dundee (1965), The Wild Bunch (1969) and Straw Dogs (1971). Throughout this speech, he constantly sniffs, despite onscreen captions telling him to stop. He then segues to a clip from Peckinpah's latest project, which is an adaptation of the musical Salad Days.

Well-dressed, well-spoken, upper-class youngsters frolic in an idyllic garden around an upright piano, responding enthusiastically to Michael Palin's suggestion of a game of tennis. Things go awry when Palin is struck in the face by the ball, causing blood to seep through his fingers. He reflexively flings his racquet out of shot; we then see that it has become embedded in the stomach of a pretty girl (Nicki Howorth), who faints, tearing off Idle's arm in the process. Idle staggers across to the piano and slams down the lid, severing both hands of the pianist (John Cleese). The piano then collapses in slow motion, intercut with shots of screaming women, who are crushed to death. Somehow, Graham Chapman gets impaled by the piano keyboard, which slices off a woman's head when he turns around.

The sketch then cuts back to the studio, prompting Idle to smugly remark "Pretty strong meat there from [sniff] Sam Peckinpah!" before he is gunned down in slow motion, with much spurting blood (and the caption "Tee Hee").

The end credits roll over his dying agonies, before a serious-sounding Cleese reads an apology to everyone in the entire world (which states that "they didn't mean it"), and that while they all came from broken homes and have very unhappy personal lives (especially Eric), they are actually nice, warm people underneath and urging the viewers not to write or phone complaints about the sketch since the BBC is going through an unhappy phase due to its father dying (Lord Reith had indeed died the previous year) "and BBC 2 going out with men". A second voiceover by Idle disputes the first voiceover and mentions that the BBC is "very happy at home" and that the "BBC 2 is bound to go through this phase".

This is followed by Richard Baker in a news desk reporting the news (which is filled with running jokes from the preceding sketches, such as the phrase Lemon Curry), then by a deliberately tranquil final scene of waves crashing against a shore. Cleese briefly walks into shot in a Conquistador costume, explaining that the beach scene was added to fill in time and apologising for the lack of any more jokes.

Background
The sketch is an example of the Python team's fondness of the 'double spoof', and a forerunner of the mashup genre. It targets both the genteel stage musical and the work of the controversial director Peckinpah and his exaggeration of extreme bloodshed and violence in his films. By the time the sketch was shown in 1972, Peckinpah had achieved notoriety for the level of violence in his films, particularly Straw Dogs which received an X rating by the BBFC. The sketch also mentions contemporary director Ken Russell.

Director Ian MacNaughton insisted on deliberately using an excessive level of blood, telling the production team that it "cannot be overdone". The slow-motion technique of the shooting Idle's character parodies Franco Arcalli's editing of Michelangelo Antonioni's film Zabriskie Point.

This sketch follows the famous Cheese Shop sketch in the television episode.

Reaction
Peckinpah reportedly loved this sketch and enjoyed showing it to friends and family. Peckinpah later became a friend and drinking companion of Graham Chapman when Chapman moved to Los Angeles in the late 1970s. Peter Cook recalled a drinking session with Chapman, Peckinpah, and Keith Moon, brainstorming ideas for the movie Yellowbeard.

Robert Hewison's book Monty Python: The Case Against contains extracts from a BBC viewers panel's response to the show, and there were complaints that this particular sketch was "over the top", "horrific", and "sick".

title: Sam Peckinpah's "Salad Days"


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Talk:Prime lens

Bad Assumptions
It is pretty obvious from reading the article that the default imaging system used is 35mm still photography - ie. 50mm is a "standard lens", but nowhere do I see that in the discussion. Most of us who have used cameras with different formats get this, but the uninformed reader who sees this for the first time will not...

There is a lot of variation in format out there - from 1/4" consumer camcorder lenses to medium format or larger still camera lenses and a 50mm lens would be a telephoto lens in one format or a wide angle lens in another format. How to make this more understandable?

The reason this is a can of worms is that APS-C sensors have a much smaller sensor area than a full frame sensor (and not even the same between manufacturers), yet the manufacturers are selling lenses marked with the numbers appropriate for full frame (yet the actual focal lengths do not match the numbers). I use both an APSC-C Sony Alpha58 (APS-C) and an Alpha99 (FF) and regularly interchange lenses, so I can easily see the differences when using the same lens.

At the very least, you need to have links to other pages where this topic is discussed!

52.119.115.152 (talk) 01:18, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

Prime lens vs. fixed focal length lens
I've read that the term prime lens to mean "fixed focal length" (rather than a zoom) is a (relatively) recent adoption, and that some people don't like using it this way. They say a prime is the major lens attached to a camera, to distinguish it from any attachment lenses such as teleconverters, etc. So you could have a zoom lens as a prime lens, for instance. They would use the term "FFL lens" to mean what this article calls a prime lens. People who know more about photography, is this usage sufficiently widespread to make it worth adding to the article? --Bob Mellish 16:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Bob, I've never heard the term prime lens used this way. Prime is a FFL lens, calling zoom lens a prime would be confusing. Teleconverters are usually referred just as teleconverters or extenders (without the word lens), and most of other attachments (i.e. extension tubes, filters, etc.) are not lenses at all. Azov 22:11, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Bob. I've been active in SLR photography for 30 years, and this is the first I've come across "prime lens" being interchangeable with "fixed focal length lens". Just because some people have recently been misusing the term does NOT mean Wikipedia (or any other source) should dignify the misuse of the term by endorsing that misuse.  Akulkis (talk) 04:58, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not familiar with this alternative meaning of "prime lens" either. If you can find a relevant, verifiable source that uses the term differently, then the source can be cited and a note added to the article. --MarkSweep ✍ 00:34, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I haven't been able to find a reliable source. The discussion I was reading is here: (refers to a WP article, which is why I noticed it), and it's clear the person making the distinction has something of a bee in his bonnet about the terminology. Anyway, it's pretty clear that prime = fixed focal length is the dominant meaning nowadays. --Bob Mellish 01:04, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Can anyone point me to someone calling the lens on a fixed-focus, non-zoom lens on a P&S a "prime lens"? If you believe FFL = Prime, then you could. Azov, I consider losing the true meaning of "prime lens" (which is "primary lens" not "best lens" as if it were graded meat), is something that should not be taken lightly. We already have terms for "zoom" and "FFL." We also need to differenciate between the primary lens and converters that are attached to them--which is where "prime" rightfully comes in. Don Williams 23:21, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I re-worded the statement pending verification. Could somebody find a reliable source confirming that it indeed is a "true meaning" (or at least that the term has ever been widely used in this sense)? Azov 02:02, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * "Prime lens" has been used to mean the camera lens, as opposed to some other lens used with it (such as a close-up lens or tele converter), for at least 50 years that I know of. That is long before zoom lenses were in general use and therefore long before there was any need to coin a term meaning fixed focal length (FFL) to distinguish non-zooms from zooms. The misusage started more than 10 years ago to my knowledge, and was probably the result of someone seeing "prime lens" used in reference to a lens that just happened to be FFL, who then wrongly assumed that's what it meant. I am not aware of any camera maker ever using "prime" in lens literature to mean FFL. Certainly Minolta and Nikon have not. There are, however, several lens makers who catalog variable prime lenses (i.e., prime lenses of variable focal length) and use exactly that term, "variable prime," to DISTINGUISH these lenses from FFL lenses. These lens makers include Zeiss, Schneider, Century and others. One of many sites listing variable prime lenses is here: http://www.lucamera.com/2000/variable.html

Since it is obviously confusing if the same term is used to mean fixed focal length AND variable focal length, the misusage should be avoided, notwithstanding its current popularity. "Prime lens" is correctly used when "prime" is taken in the sense of "primary," "chief," "original," "first in order," etc., which are all dictionary definitions for the word "prime." It makes no difference whether the prime lens is FFL or zoom; one is just as much prime as the other. There is NO dictionary definition for "prime" meaning fixed focal length, or fixed anything else. Jack Falstaff 03:59, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It's been several years since this topic was visited, so I thought I'd chime in here in 2015. Working within a local independent FILMMAKING industry, I have been seeing the idea of a PRIME lens meaning not-a-zoom lens. And isn't that exactly what the opposite is? I was just in a sort of beginners filmmaking class/event, and a person who ran it seemed to say that there are two main types of lenses, zoom and prime, which, again, made it sound exactly like prime means not-zoom which – all things being unequal – seems to mean not-a-moving focal length, as with zooms. Words are allowed to change with time, but some recent articles, manuals, books, and catalogs that are using the term "prime" may be doing so in some newer way than primary camera lens. Maybe someone with more recent experience can put some of those citations/links here for us to look at, and someone can also then add newer links to the article? Thanks! Misty MH (talk) 21:45, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Conforming to Wikipedia policies
Jack & Don, thank you for pointing out the alternative meaning of the term. If you could provide a link to the catalogs you mentioned (preferrably published on a lens manufacturer website or, say, a major photo store, or something of this sort) - I think it would be totally ok to remove the disputed flag.

As to the references to "true" or "correct" meaning of the term - I don't think there's an established authority to assert correctness in this field, thus such references are unverifiable and may not be included in Wikipedia articles. The same goes for our guesses about why most photographers nowdays use the term "prime" as a synonym for "FFL": it's just a guess, and we have to stick to the facts. Azov 19:25, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Here is a catalog that correctly calls a zoom lens a variable prime lens

http://www.cinequip.com/Category_detail.asp?Category=Lenses

Don Williams 21:36, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * "Correctly" is a value judgment Wikipedia is not meant to make. Talk to any dictionary compiler, and they'll tell you that there's no such thing as "correct" - what matters is being understood, and a dictionary is supposed to be descriptive of language as used, not prescriptive.

 * Whether or not the term "prime" originally meant a lens directly attached to the camera body, rather than a supplementary conversion lens - this use is obsolete in the still camera field. Nobody or almost nobody uses the word in this sense in the recent period - at least 20 years.  Thus, the definition of a prime lens as a fixed focal length lens is the operative one.

 * If we can document this alleged older definition sufficiently, it is worth mentioning as well, but it cannot be described as 'correct'. Matthew Brown (Morven) (T:C) 18:43, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Matthew, because many people say "bad" to mean "good", should we change all Wikipedia entries to reflect this? A source material should not always cater to the lowest common demoninator. Don Williams 20:06, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

May I recommend a compromise? I can think of two options.

(1) We could make this page a disambiguation page, and move the present article to fixed focal-length lens or whatever is the proper wording.

(2) We could adjust the intro paragraph to reflect the changing usage of the term. How about something to this effect:

 * In film and photography, the term prime lens is commonly used to refer to a photographic lens whose focal length is fixed, as opposed to a zoom lens, which has a variable focal length.

 * Although the term originally referred to a lens directly attached to the camera body (as opposed to a supplementary conversion lens), regardless of whether or not the focal length varied, usage has changed, and what was once called a "variable prime lens" is now generally referred to as a zoom lens, and the term "prime lens" reserved for a fixed focal length lens.

 * etc etc

 * Choice (2) seems like a good compromise to me. Don Williams 19:04, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * 2 sounds good for me. I'd ideally like some more sourcing to show more use of 'variable prime' historically, and to see if it was ever used for still cameras (all the examples I've seen have been for movie).  It would be nice to find how far back the use to mean solely a fixed focal length lens has been in use - I suspect over 20 years. Matthew Brown (Morven) (T:C) 20:10, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I could change "commonly used" to "colloquilly used" Akulkis (talk) 05:03, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

I did some edits before looking here, but it seems that what I did was pretty much in the spirit of what you guys were converging on. Feel free to work on it. Dicklyon (talk) 05:48, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Educational illustrations
Illustrating this article with hunks of plastic made by Nikon and Canon doesn't add much educational content, even with captions about their specs. I have replaced these with two photographs that provide useful illustrations about the topic of this article. One is a high-quality metal-barreled lens with clear markings and an inset diagram of its optical design. The other is a pair of lenses with visibly large apertures, larger than any (commonly available) zoom. --Stybn (talk) 17:11, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Opinionated "differences" section?
The differences section could be a little more encyclopedic. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 17:26, 13 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prime lens


text:
User:RivanUSC

I am so smrt.

title: User:RivanUSC


text:
Talk:Mufti

Untitled
I added the POV-check template. Passages like:

 * A fatwa issued by Mufti like Muhammad Sayid Tantawy, the Grand Mufti of Egypt, head of Al-Azhar University and the Imam of the Al-Azhar mosque in Cairo, Egypt, is considered by most to be worthless because he is considered a government employee, and his fatwas accommodate the policy of the political regime and contradict the Qur'an some of the time.

seem to present POV problems to me. Not sure that Wikipedia ought to take a position about which Islamic leaders are the most credible or whose teachings contradict the Qur'an. There are a number of similar passages in the article text that appear to pass judgment on the credibility of specific Muslim leaders. My general impression was that Al-Azhar is an old, established educational institution and that it had a fairly high reputation among Muslims. Smerdis of Tlön 16:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Tantaway
The credibility of the Mufti plays a major role in the acceptance of his fatwa. A fatwa issued by Mufti like Muhammad Sayid Tantawy, the Grand Mufti of Egypt, head of Al-Azhar University and the Imam of the Al-Azhar mosque in Cairo, Egypt, is considered by most to be worthless because he is considered a government employee, and his fatwas accommodate the policy of the political regime and contradict the Qur'an some of the time. TanTantawi was appointed by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. tawy advocates suicide bombing  if not pressured by the authorities as with the fatwa issued regarding French government's rule banning the veil. Do you need more than him being
 * now, being handpicked by the president and advocating suicide bombing, yet a veil or a bandana is a problem to him?--The Brain 00:06, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * First, I think that devoting an extensive criticism of the statements of one particular holder of the title might be better addressed in his own article rather than an article on the title he holds. Also, for purposes of illustrating the limited authority and historical reception of statements by muftis, it might be best to find less recent examples: these could give the basis for a more extensive analysis of the long term effects of a decision, and are less likely to be swept up in contemporary controversies. Smerdis of Tlön 14:04, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Relevance
It seems most of this article is about fatāwa. There is very little information on the role of Mufti. - Matthew238 00:19, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, and some of the objections on that discussion page apply here. Fool 16:17, 1 December 2005 (UTC) PS: what is the plural of Mufti?

Tantawy is not even a Mufti; he is the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar
I deleted the section about Tantawy because he is not Egypt's Grand_Mufti as declared in the article. Shaikh_Ali_Gomaa is Egypt's Grand Mufti.

 * Tantawy's opinion as the head of Al-Azhar could have some followers, and any Sheikh can issue a fatwa, I'm muslim, I can go to the Imam of the closest mosque and say I puke due to illness, does this revoke my ritual purity (wodo), his answer is a fatwa

but eh. --The Brain 01:10, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

mufti = ordinary clothes
That stuff shouldn't be hidden at the bottom; it should be moved to a separate article with a link to it at the top, or there should be a disambiguation page. Pfalstad 19:12, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

I agree. I removed the following sentence about the Australian slang usage of "mufti" until someone finds a better place for it. This article is entirely about the Islamic usage with the exception of this small part. "'Mufti (or Mufty) is also an Australian slang term for 'out of uniform' or 'in plain clothes'. Many schools or other educational institutions will have mufti days where the students are not required to wear the normal school uniform.'" There is no point in it being in this article as it stood. 82.43.195.131 19:23, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Ordination
How does one become a Mufti? Does one simply call oneself one and see if anyone else calls one that too? matturn 13:28, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Why only sunni islam
Mufti are common among arab shia, plz see this, then why only sunni islam as they are not particular among one sect.--Omer123hussain (talk) 04:19, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

Where is the “appropriate infobox” ?
Apparently using template template: occupation is wrong. Where is the other infobox? AverroesII (talk) 20:46, 2 December 2021 (UTC)

Ayo brother this guy stinks 92.233.235.107 (talk) 20:30, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mufti


text:
The Daily Athenaeum

The Daily Athenaeum is the official student newspaper at West Virginia University. Founded in 1887, the paper draws students from all disciplines to contribute original content for publication. It is editorially independent from the university, and also does not have a faculty adviser. The DA is distributed at various locations on campus, as well as around Morgantown, West Virginia, in restaurants and businesses. Content is also available online via its website. News, Sports and special features reported in the DA have regularly been picked up and covered in many national newspapers as well as network news organizations.

The DA's offices are located at 284 Prospect Street, across the street from Arnold Hall on the Downtown campus. The DA publishes once a week, Wednesdays, throughout the school year, as well updating content every day online. The primary sections of the paper are news, opinion, culture and sports.

History
The Athenaeum (Athe-a-nay-um) has a long tradition of serving the students, faculty, and staff of West Virginia University.

The publication began in 1887 as a literary magazine when classics were popular in college study, hence the name which refers to the forum in ancient Athens where oratory and debate took place. The Athenaeum celebrated its centennial in 1987 with the publication of a special edition.

Soon after journalism instruction began at WVU in the 1920s, the journalism faculty took over the supervision of the Athenaeum, utilizing it as a laboratory newspaper to help teach writing, editing and advertising. The publication took on the appearance of a newspaper and became a weekly. It assumed daily status (five days a week) in 1933.

Over the years, the Athenaeum has improved and grew larger, and hundreds of journalism students worked as reporters and editors. Today the Athenaeum is no longer part of the School of Journalism, as it became completely independent in 1970.

In May 1994, The Daily Athenaeum moved into a new facility located at 284 Prospect Street. A special Building Fee funded construction of this facility.

In May 2016, The Daily Athenaeum announced that it would stop printing Monday through Friday, instead opting to print only Monday, Wednesday and Friday. The newspaper also switched from a broadsheet to a tab layout. This announcement came not long after WVU hired Adell Crowe to head up student media at the school.

In 2020, the paper switched to printing once a week, with campus delivery on Wednesdays and insertion in the Dominion-Post Fridays.

In 2022, Madison Fleck Cooke was hired as the current director of WVU Student Media and main advisor to the paper.

Rankings and Reviews
The Daily Athenaeum has consistently been ranked as one of the best college newspapers in the United States and for the last 7 out of 10 years the DA has been ranked by the Princeton Review as one of the Top 20 Best College Newspapers beginning in 2005 as the 10th-best college newspaper in the United States, 15th in 2006, 8th in 2007, 8th in 2008, 11th in 2009, 11th in 2010, and 8th in 2014.

In 2010, Society of Professional Journalists ranked The DA the 3rd best student publication in the United States.

In 2022, The Daily Athenaeum was recorded as having an average of 137 shares per article published, making it the 7th highest in the U.S.

Staff
The Daily Athenaeum has generally been led by two top editors, the editor-in-chief and managing editor. Appointments to these positions are made by a committee of journalism professors at the school, full-time staff members at the newspaper and students. The appointments generally last one academic year. The following is the most recent history of the newspaper's leadership team.

Notable alumni

 * Ken Ward, Jr., environmental reporter

title: The Daily Athenaeum


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eurphan

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 18:17, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Eurphan
Seems to be a hoax or joke page; nothing from the Google test; maybe a private joke? In any case, not encyclopedic. Keithlard 16:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom Keithlard 16:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Note linked to from shit in an edit by same user --Spankthecrumpet 18:30, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom--Gaff 07:06, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eurphan


text:
Rhinitis medicamentosa

Rhinitis medicamentosa (or RM, also known as rebound congestion) is a condition of rebound nasal congestion suspected to be brought on by extended use of topical decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, xylometazoline, and naphazoline nasal sprays) and certain oral medications (e.g., sympathomimetic amines and various 2-imidazolines) that constrict blood vessels in the lining of the nose, although evidence has been contradictory.

Presentation
The characteristic presentation of RM involves nasal congestion without rhinorrhea, postnasal drip, or sneezing following several days of decongestant use. This condition typically occurs after 5–7 days of use of topical decongestants. Patients often try increasing both the dose and the frequency of nasal sprays upon the onset of RM, worsening the condition. The swelling of the nasal passages caused by rebound congestion may eventually result in permanent turbinate hypertrophy, which may block nasal breathing until surgically removed.

Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of RM is unclear, although several mechanisms involving norepinephrine signaling have been proposed. RM is associated with histological changes that include: an increase in the number of lymphocytes and fibroblasts, epithelial cell denudation, epithelial edema, goblet cell hyperplasia, increased expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor, increased mucus production, nasociliary loss, inflammatory cell infiltration, and squamous cell metaplasia.

Direct acting sympathomimetic amines, such as phenylephrine, stimulate alpha adrenergic receptors, while mixed-acting agents, such as pseudoephedrine can stimulate both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors directly and indirectly by releasing norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals. At first, the vasoconstrictive effect of alpha-receptors dominates, but with continued use of an alpha agonist, this effect fades first, allowing the vasodilation due to beta-receptor stimulation to emerge.

2-Imidazoline derivatives, such as oxymetazoline, may participate in negative feedback on endogenous norepinephrine production. Therefore, after cessation of prolonged use, there will be inadequate sympathetic vasoconstriction in the nasal mucosa, and domination of parasympathetic activity can result in increased secretions and nasal edema. Evidence suggests that if oxymetazoline is used only nightly for allergic rhinitis (instead of more frequent dosage as may be directed on product label), it may be used longer than one week without high risk of rhinitis medicamentosa especially with use of intranasal steroid like fluticasone furoate.

Treatment
The treatment of RM involves withdrawal of the offending nasal spray or oral medication. Both a "cold turkey" and a "weaning" approach can be used. Cold turkey is the most effective treatment method, as it directly removes the cause of the condition, yet the time period between the discontinuation of the drug and the relief of symptoms may be too long and uncomfortable for some individuals (particularly when trying to go to sleep when they are unable to breathe through their nose).

The use of over-the-counter (OTC) saline nasal sprays may help open the nose without causing RM if the spray does not contain a decongestant. Symptoms of congestion and runny nose can often be treated with corticosteroid nasal sprays under the supervision of a physician. For very severe cases, oral steroids or nasal surgery may be necessary.

A study has shown that the anti-infective agent benzalkonium chloride, which is frequently added to topical nasal sprays as a preservative, aggravates the condition by further increasing the rebound swelling.

title: Rhinitis medicamentosa


text:
Talk:Polis, Cyprus

Development
Currently a lot of development is planned or taking place in the area. Some estimates put it at 500 million It would be interesting to see an article on this   —Preceding unsigned comment added by Polysophia (talk • contribs) 11:03, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

Blatant advertisement
I have rephrased and edited the following: "The Internet cafe in Polis Chrysochous in the polis square is an ideal place to catch up with loved ones from abroad." unknown user.

More tourism?
I had visited Polis about 10 years ago, back then there were very lovely beaches but few hotels. The article says it is a quiet area still. However, some of my Cypiot friends told me there were more hotels built in the last 10 years and I also saw the area several times in touristic brochures. Does anyone know more about the touristic development of Polis?

Hi it is still relatively quiet compared to other areas in Cyprus. The new hotel is called anasa.--Polysophia (talk) 13:50, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Why blanked?
This article was created, and blanked shortly afterwards by the same editor... why? Should it be restored, or deleted? --Alynna 16:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, there's at least contect back here... should someone rescue the content that got lost from the first version, though? Or was it blanked for a reason? --Alynna 23:25, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * On further research, I find that it was a copyvio from here. That's that mystery solved.  The information ought to be included, though. --Alynna 23:29, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

I've only just noticed this, I'm afraid, having already come across the article and tidied & wikified it. If I get time, I'll check the source you mention and see if I can make use of it (unless someone else gets there first). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Polis logo.gif
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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:12, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Missing history
Hello, this article is missing any mention of Ottoman presence. -Dominator1453 (talk) 06:59, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Polis, Cyprus


text:
Techno Animal

Techno Animal is an electronic duo formed in 1990 in London, England by British musicians Justin Broadrick (of the band Godflesh) and Kevin Martin (aka the Bug, of the band God). The duo released six LPs beginning with their 1991 debut Ghosts. They blended dub production with dark, beat-oriented ambient music and paranoiac themes.

History
Kevin Martin had already formed the industrial metal group God in 1987. Justin Broadrick had founded Godflesh in 1988, recorded with Napalm Death and would soon join God alongside Martin. The Techno Animal project came to fruition in 1990, arising from the musicians' shared interest in studio exploration. The intent was to restrict the project to the studio and use sampling to develop the music, with no intent to perform the material live. The name refers to the concept of a technological animal and is not a direct reference to the techno genre.

Techno Animal's debut album Ghosts was released in 1991. In his review of the album, English music critic Simon Reynolds compared the music to that of other sample-based acts such as Einstürzende Neubauten, Die Krupps and 23 Skidoo.

In 2017, Martin and Broadrick reunited after fifteen years and formed the band Zonal. According to Broadrick, this new project is a spiritual continuation of Techno Animal. Regarding Zonal, he said:

""We felt fresh again about collaboration; we didn’t wish to pursue something with an old name... Although as Zonal we play some old Techno Animal songs, most of our set is new material as Zonal. It pretty much continues where we left off as Techno Animal.""

Influence
Notably, Techno Animal's music was an important source of inspiration for electronic music musician Kid606, with their debut album Ghosts being particularly influential to him. "It was one of the first experimental electronic records I had ever heard," he said, "Kevin Martin and Justin Broadrick were humongous influences on me from early on."

Discography

 * Albums
 * Ghosts (Pathological, 1991)
 * Re-Entry (Virgin, 1995)
 * Radio Hades (Position Chrome, 1998)
 * Techno Animal Versus Reality (City Slang, 1998)
 * Symbiotics (with Porter Ricks) (Force Inc. Music Works, 1999)
 * The Brotherhood of the Bomb (Matador, 2001)

 * Singles & EPs
 * Babylon Seeker (Blue Angel, 1996)
 * Unmanned (Position Chrome, 1996)
 * Demonoid (City Slang, 1997)
 * Phobic (Position Chrome, 1997)
 * Cyclops (Position Chrome, 1998)
 * Brotherhood of the Bomb/Monolith (Force Inc. Music Works, 1999)
 * Megaton/Classical Homicide (with Dälek) (Matador, 2000)
 * Dead Man's Curse (Matador, 2001)
 * We Can Build You (Matador, 2001)

title: Techno Animal