text:
Angie Bowie

Mary Angela Barnett (born September 25, 1949), also known as Angie Bowie, is a Cypriot-American model, actress, and journalist. Alongside her ex-husband David Bowie, she influenced the glam rock culture and fashion of the 1970s. She was married to Bowie (whom she assisted in conceptualizing the costumes for the Ziggy Stardust stage show) from 1970 until their divorce in 1980. They had one child, the film director Duncan Jones.

Early life
Mary Angela Barnett was born in Ayios Dhometios (then in British Cyprus) on September 25, 1949, the daughter of Canadian mother Helena Maria Galas Barnett and American father George Milton Barnett. Her father was a U.S. Army colonel who later worked as a mining engineer and ran a mill for the Cyprus Mines Corporation. She has a brother who is 16 years older than her. Both of her parents died in 1984.

Barnett is of English and Polish descent, and was raised Roman Catholic. She has identified as Cypriot due to the circumstances of her birth and early life, writing in 2000, "I am a Cypriot by disposition. I don't have a passport or Cypriot nationality but my heart is Cypriot, not Greek or Turkish Cypriot, just Cypriot." She was educated in Cyprus, Switzerland, and England (at Kingston Polytechnic), then moved to the U.S. to briefly attend Connecticut College until she was expelled after she had an affair with a fellow female student.

Film and television
During the 1970s, Barnett occasionally appeared as a guest on television talk shows. She appeared on The Tonight Show, hosted by Johnny Carson, on November 16, 1973. She also performed on The Mike Douglas Show in early 1975.

She auditioned for the title role in the 1974 television movie Wonder Woman, with Cathy Lee Crosby getting the part. Newsweek hypothesized in its February 11, 1974, issue that Angie Bowie lost out to Crosby because of her refusal to wear a bra.

Later in 1975, Bowie bought the television rights to the Marvel Comics characters Black Widow and Daredevil, hoping to develop and sell a series featuring the two heroes. She planned to play Black Widow, with actor Ben Carruthers as Daredevil. The series failed to secure a studio deal, and it never went beyond the development stage.

Bowie was slated to portray Ruth Ellis in a 1979 film that was ultimately never produced. In the 1995 biography Ruth Ellis, My Mother, Ellis's daughter Georgie described herself as "indignant" about the casting, stating that "[Bowie's] credentials for the role seemed to me to be non-existent".

In March 1982, Bowie appeared on the television program The Old Grey Whistle Test, reciting poetry, while Mick Karn, from the band Japan, played bass. Her performance was lambasted by the British media.

Bowie appeared as herself in the D.A. Pennebaker concert film Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1973) and Glitter Goddess of Sunset Strip (1991). She also has had credited acting roles in at least four films: Eat the Rich (1987, as Henry's wife), Demented (1994), Deadrockstar (2002, as Bartender) and La Funcionaria Asesina (The Slayer Bureaucrat, 2009, as Helen Price/Constance).

On January 5, 2016, Bowie appeared on Celebrity Big Brother 17, where she finished in 12th place. On January 10, she was informed off screen of the death of her former husband David Bowie. Although she initially chose to stay in the house, she voluntarily decided to leave on January 19, in part on medical grounds.

Writing
Angela Bowie has written two autobiographies: Free Spirit (1981, including samples of the author's poetry), as well as the Backstage Passes: Life On the Wild Side with David Bowie, published in 1993 and updated in 2000. It detailed her alleged drug-fueled and openly bisexual lifestyle with her former husband and many other well-known musicians. In 2014, she produced a large book about sex titled Pop Sex as well as a book about cats titled Cat-Astrophe. In 2015, she released the book Fancy Footwork: Poetry Collection.

Music
The CD maxi-single "The World Is Changing", with six mixes, including prominent vocal support by Dabonda Simmons, was credited to Angie Bowie with co-composers David Padilla, Morgan Lekcirt, Tom Reich, Jim Durban and D.J. Trance. It appeared in 1996 on New York label Warlock Records (distributed in Europe through Music Avenue on the Nite Blue label). The cover featured a logo of the Bowie name clearly modeled on the one seen on her former husband's Let's Dance releases. The album Moon Goddess was released in 2002 on the record label The Electric Label.

She sang with Subterraneans vocalist Jude Rawlins on a version of the Rolling Stones song "The Last Time", also included on the 2003 Subterraneans album Orly Flight.

Journalism
Bowie has reinvented herself as a journalist specializing in gender issues. She served as a "roving reporter" for the award winning transgender and drag monthly ‘Frock Magazine.’

In 2002, she wrote a Pocket Essentials book titled Bisexuality.

Relationships
She met musician David Bowie in London in 1969, at the age of 19. According to her, they met through their mutual friendship with record executive Calvin Mark Lee. The couple married one year later, on March 19, 1970, at Bromley Register Office in Beckenham Lane, Kent. They had an open marriage. She stated that they were not in love, and the union was a marriage of convenience. She told the Evening Standard, "We got married so that I could work [to get a permit]. I didn't think it would last and David said, before we got married, 'I'm not really in love with you' and I thought that's probably a good thing." Their son Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones was born on May 30, 1971. He later preferred to be known as Joe or Joey but has reverted to the name Duncan Jones. After nine years of marriage, Angie and David Bowie separated, and they divorced on February 8, 1980, in Switzerland. In the divorce settlement, she received £500,000, paid in installments, and a 10-year gagging clause. Not wanting to fight over custody, she left their son with David. She stated that David's drug habit had become so out of control that she believed giving him the responsibility of raising their son would stabilize him.

During her marriage, she often accompanied her husband on his international concert tours. He wrote the song "The Prettiest Star", about her. (During a backstage sequence in the concert film Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, David calls Angie by the name Star). After the divorce, Bowie said she was blackballed from the entertainment industry and was so depressed that she considered suicide.

Following her divorce, Angela Barnett had a long-term relationship with punk musician Drew Blood (born Andrew Lipka); they had a daughter, Stacia Larranna Celeste Lipka (also referred to as Stasha). She later lived in Tucson, Arizona.

In 1993, she began a relationship with Michael Gassett, an electrical engineer nearly 20 years her junior. As of 2016 they lived in Acworth, Georgia.

Estrangement from Duncan Jones
Barnett is estranged from her son Duncan Jones, saying in a 2010 interview that a reconciliation was unlikely. She also mentioned the estrangement during her 2016 appearance on Celebrity Big Brother. She previously said that, although she has not seen her son since he was 13, he had been in very brief contact with her daughter Stasha in the early 2000s. "He emailed me and I didn't know what to say. So I put them together. They corresponded for a bit and then that stopped. He is cold, like his father. David cut me off. Zowie, or Duncan, cut me and Stasha off", she said.

When asked by The Times in 2017 whether she had been in touch with her son since David Bowie's death the year before, she responded "My son? No, why should I be? I'm not interested. It stopped when my father changed his will to not include an educational trust fund for Zowie because David divorced me. When my father did that, I followed precedent. It's over. Nothing. Nothing to do with me." In a 2018 interview for the podcast WTF with Marc Maron, Jones reiterated that they never had reconciled, saying she was a "corrosive person."

Rolling Stones song "Angie"
Angie Bowie has long claimed to have inspired The Rolling Stones' hit song "Angie" from their 1973 album Goats Head Soup. However, the songwriters Mick Jagger and Keith Richards have consistently denied this. In 1993, in the liner notes to the Rolling Stones' compilation album Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones, Richards said that the title was inspired by his newborn daughter, Dandelion Angela. Later, in his 2010 memoir Life, he said that he had chosen the name at random when writing the song and that it "was not about any particular person." According to NME, the lyrics of the song were inspired by Jagger's breakup with Marianne Faithfull.

Fictional portrayals
The fictional character of Mandy, portrayed by Toni Collette in the film Velvet Goldmine, was based upon Bowie.

title: Angie Bowie


text: User talk:85.74.177.36

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:85.74.177.36


text:
Ricardo Batista

Ricardo Jorge Cecília Batista (born 19 November 1986) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Casa Pia A.C. as a goalkeeper.

Fulham
Born in Torres Vedras, Lisbon District to a Cape Verdean father and an Angolan mother, Batista started his career with Vitória F.C. in his hometown. In late 2004, aged only 18, he was signed by English Premier League club Fulham. His only senior appearance for them was on 21 September 2005 in the second round of the League Cup against Lincoln City: his team won 5–4, but BBC Sport's match reporter dubbed his performance "disappointing".

Batista spent the second half of 2005–06 on loan to Milton Keynes Dons, for whom he played nine League Two matches. For most of the following season he was on loan to League One side Wycombe Wanderers. He made 35 appearances in all competitions and helped them reach the League Cup semi-final, in which they held Chelsea to a draw in the first leg before losing the second 4–0.

In July 2007, Batista extended his contract at Craven Cottage to run until 2009.

Sporting CP
On 16 July 2008, Batista signed with Sporting CP for a fee of €158,000. He was only third choice during his two-year spell with the Lisbon club, his input consisting of the match against F.C. Paços de Ferreira in the 2008–09 edition of the Taça da Liga (5–1 home win).

Batista was loaned to S.C. Olhanense for the 2010–11 campaign, initially backing up Marcelo Moretto and playing in the domestic cups. After the Brazilian left for Poland he became the starter, as the Algarve team eventually retained their Primeira Liga status; his debut in the competition occurred on 19 December 2010, in a 0–0 home draw with C.D. Nacional.

On 25 July 2011, Batista was banned for two years for doping, after testing positive in a game against Académica de Coimbra held in January.

Later years
After his punishment, Batista represented Nacional and Vitória de Setúbal still in the Portuguese top division. He signed with Angola's C.R.D. Libolo in July 2015.

Batista returned to Portugal on 30 August 2020 following a two-year spell in the Romanian Liga I with CS Gaz Metan Mediaș where he only made four competitive appearances, barred by veteran Răzvan Pleșca, joining Liga Portugal 2 club Casa Pia A.C. on a one-year contract.

In 2021–22, Batista only missed two matches as Casa Pia finished second and returned to the top tier after a 83-year absence. For his performances, he was voted Goalkeeper of the Year.

International career
Batista participated with Portugal at the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in the Netherlands, backing up FC Porto's Paulo Ribeiro. He made his debut in the category on 14 November 2006, in a 3–0 friendly win over Serbia.

On 6 March 2021, Batista was called up to represent the Angola national team.

Honours
Libolo Individual
 * Girabola: 2015
 * Taça de Angola: 2016
 * Supertaça de Angola: 2016
 * Liga Portugal 2 Goalkeeper of the Year: 2021–22
 * Liga Portugal 2 Team of the Season: 2021–22
 * Liga Portugal 2 Goalkeeper of the Month: October/November 2021, December 2021, January 2022, February 2022
 * Primeira Liga Goalkeeper of the Month: August 2022

title: Ricardo Batista


text:
User talk:49TL/Archive-4

Information This is the FireFox talk page archive 4.

If you want to leave me a message, please see my current talk page.

Thanks for the welcome!
Thanks for your speedy and friendly welcome. And for the list of helpful links to get me started.

I adore the idea and the reality of Wikipedia and will do what I can to help it grow. See ya!

Lisuebie 13:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

re:Namespace shift
Howdy, replied here. --Blackcap | talk 17:51, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

The Barnstar
Thanks Phil, much appreciated. By the way I like how you've set your user name to appear with all those colours. Very cool! Wikiwoohoo 18:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks, FireFox, for the barnstar. Nice to be recognized. Welcome to Wikipedia... seems like you haven't been here for too long but have still done quite a bit of good work. If you need any help translating Sp, Fr, or It articles I can give you a hand. Since you're so interested in languages, I highly recommend starting on Chinese as soon as possible for (a) the advantage gained by having a longer period of study compared to peers who'll probably begin only at university (b) the fact that over 1.4 billion people speak it or other dialects (c) the special ability you will gain in learning a language few Westerners even master, (d) a gateway into an amazing culture/literature. Thanks again --Dpr 18:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks Muchas Gracias
Thank you for the Barnstar. It was most kind of you to award me that and I look forward to working with you in Wikipedia...and I'll translate that into Spanish to help you practice: ''Gracias para el Barnstar. Era la mayoría de las clases de usted concederme que y la mirada delantera a trabajar con usted en Wikipedia.''--MONGO 18:47, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you very much for my first Barnstar. We can all learn to be more communicative to those that do well and not to be completely focused on those that do not. Grika Ⓣ 19:02, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Thank you!
Hey, thank you for my first barnstar! Very kind of you! Ah, y la traducción de arriba es pura basura... si quiere practicar su español, sepa que yo lo hablo fluidamente. :) --Fibonacci 19:06, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

thanks!
I don't know what to say... Thanks! +MATIA ☎ 19:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Rogerd RfA
I wanted to thank you for supporting my RfA. Unfortunately, it did not reach the required level of support and failed. Apparently, some didn't feel that I had participated enough outside the article namespace. I may try again in a few months. Thanks again. --Rogerd 21:42, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Resignation
Hello spam list, look at this. Essjay is the new leader of Esperanza, and I'm interested in seeing how he runs it. I'm busy doing other work... Please comment at that talk page there. I will still probably run the spamlist though. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 22:57, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:49TL/Archive-4


text: User talk:69.207.150.112

title: User talk:69.207.150.112


text: User talk:205.202.240.132

title: User talk:205.202.240.132


text:
User:Kaimbridge

 * It is  Monday 29 July 2024 @   (UTC)
 * _________________________________________________________________
 * _________________________________________________________________

Mailing Address:
 * Kaimbridge M. GoldChild
 * P.O. Box 52602
 * Boston MA
 * 02205-2602-029

-

Interests/Hobbies

 * Geometric Geodesy (The Inverse Problem) [ See "Narrow, intense interests" P=) ];

 * MW/FM/TV Dx-ing (Member: WorldWide TV-FM Dx Association);
 * Space Weather.

Concepts/Theories

 * Digitology—The Grand Theory Of The Universe.

Self-humor

 * Wanted (Asleep or awake).

title: User:Kaimbridge


text:
University Hill

University Hill may refer to the following communities:

 * University Hill, Syracuse a neighborhood in Syracuse, New York, in which Syracuse University, Upstate Medical University, and SUNY ESF are located
 * University Endowment Lands (also known as University Hill), a suburb west of the city of Vancouver
 * University Hill, Victoria, mixed-use estate in Bundoora, Victoria

title: University Hill


text:
Talk:Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)

Untitled
This page is unfortunately ambiguous, still, with Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Ptolemy II was called in antiquity simply Ptolemy Philadelphus; this is still sometimes used, and was quite common in the nineteenth century.

Half the links to this article are intended for the King of Egypt, and their number will grow; the links to the subject of this article, who is last attested at the age of six, are limited, and can be fixed easily. I therefore propose to move this page to Ptolemy Philadelphus (Cleopatra), and make this a redirect to Ptolemy II Philadelphus.

If this is uncontroversial, I will be bold. If anyone has a preference on the dab phrase, I will probably accept it. I don't see any need to take this to WP:RM unless the move is genuinely controversial. Septentrionalis 19:21, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * That might be a bit awkward since there are so many Cleopatra's, too. Sure Ptolemey II Philadelphus is the son of a Bernice instead of a Cleopatra, but it still seems a rather strange title to me.  An alternative might be to make this a disambiguation page between the two, but I'd be open to moving Ptolemey II Philadelphus here so long as there's still a clear title for this Ptolemey's article.  — Laura Scudder | Talk 20:06, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * But Cleopatra is the overwhelmingly primary sense of Cleopatra in English. (I am proposing to leave Ptolemy II Philadelphus where he is, with a disambiguation header to this article; Ptolemy Philadelphus should be a redirect to him, as soon as this article is moved.) Septentrionalis 20:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

The page states that his fate is unknown, but on the Alexander Helios page it clearly says he died on journey to Rome. This also means that either only his two elder siblings were paraded through Rome by Octavian, or that his inability to walk was not due to the chains, but due to his being dead. --Jesselong (talk) 13:14, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 17:00, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Birthdate?
There is no reference for the month of his birth. The dates of birth of his mother and siblijngs are also unknown, so unless someone can add a valid ref I am removing it. Tathunen (talk) 03:17, 2 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Ptolomaic Kingdoms
Ptolemaic dynasty was a Macedonian dynasty. The royal family was kept close to preserve the trone in the family. Many marriages were between close relatives thereby casing frequent genetic disorders. Please correct. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:CB04:61A:F200:61D8:C94C:BE18:14E4 (talk) 18:07, 9 February 2018 (UTC)


text:
Edappally

Edappally is a ward of Kochi, Kerala. The name is also used to refer to adjacent wards of Kalamassery and Thrikkakkara municipalities. Edappally is a major commercial centre as well as a prominent residential region. Edappally junction is one of the busiest junctions in the city.

History
Edappally in English literally translates as Eda, short for edaykku (Malayalam term for "in-between") and Pallykollunna Sthalam (Malayalam term for "the place or palace where Kings(Rajas) used to take rest ). The name is connected with Edappally Palace and Edappally rajas.

Economy
Edappally is said to be one of the fastest-growing areas in the city of Kochi. Edappally was the seat of the Edapally Rajas, the rulers of the area. Edappally was a Panchayath before getting included in Cochin Corporation. The Cochin corporation limits start from the traffic signal (Lulu Mall signal) towards Ernakulam and Palarivattom. The area that covers Edappally toll and Lulu Mall is in Kalamassery Municipality limits. This is a place which comes partly under Thrikkakara legislative constituency and partly under Ernakulam constituency.

Educational Institutions
Edapally is home to renowned Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University's campus with its Amrita School of Medicine along with Amrita Hospital, Kochi.

Main educational institutions at Edappally are

 * Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 * Govt. Higher Secondary School Edappally
 * Govt. Vocational and Higher Secondary School - Edappally North
 * Al Ameen Public School
 * Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan Elamakkara
 * Campion School
 * St. George's Boys' High School
 * St. Pius' Girls' High School
 * Government Teacher Training Institute(TTC) Devankulangara.
 * Jai Bharath B Ed Training College Thrikkakara
 * ICS India group of institutions, edappally toll (https://ics-worldwide.com/)
 * Traum Academy for German and French Languages
 * Regional Centre of MG University for Computer Science and applications.
 * Regional Centre of MG University for Computer Science and applications.

Entertainment

 * Oberon Mall – Oberon Mall is the first full-format mall in Kerala, located on the NH bypass road, just a kilometre from the Edapally Junction. Oberon Mall is built over 350,000 sqft and the building stands on about 2 acre of land. Oberon Mall also has the first multiplex theatre facility in Kerala.
 * LuLu International Shopping Mall – Lulu Mall is the largest shopping mall in India, located in the Edapally neighbourhood of Kochi in Kerala.[1] It is built on an area of 17 acres, with the total area occupied by the mall alone at 1,850,000 square feet (172,000 m2). A premium five-star 300 room hotel managed by JW Marriott Hotels is located near the mall.
 * Changampuzha Samskarika Kendram- consisting of a small children's park, two open auditoriums where programmes are organised almost every day, these programmes include various art forms, literary activities and other cultural items.
 * Raghavan Pillai Park- a small park near Ponekkara with a children's play area.
 * Edappally Railway Overbridge was inaugurated on 4 February 2012. Edappally North (Kunnumpuram Junction) is the next main junction after Edapally junction, on way to Guruvayur from Ernakulam. Edappally Kunnumpuram Junction is the main junction to turn to Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences(Left Turn), Amrita School of Arts and Science (Right Turn), Manjummel (East Turn), Parur (Straight). Poysha Residents'Association(PRA), Kunnumpuram Central Residents' Association (KCRA), Ambedkar Road Residents'Association(ARRA), Mannam Road Residents' Association (ARRA) 'Vivekananda Road Residents' Association (VRRA) are the major Residents associations here.
 * Oasis Mall – Oasis Mall is owned by Landmark Group who are also owners of popular outlets like Splash, Homecenter, Lifestyle etc. located on the NH bypass road, bang opposite to Lulu Mall towards Vytilla direction.

Places of Worship
Special mention has to be made about two places of worships of Edappally

 * The Edappally Ganapathy Temple is one of the most important Ganapathy temples in the state visited by devotees, from all over the state. The temple is referred to in the Aithihya Mala of Kottarathil Sankunni. Visiting time in the morning is between 5.00 and 7.30 AM. The members of the Edappally royal family worship after these hours, since it is their family temple. During the evening time also the temple is kept open.  Ganapathy Homam and Unniyappam are important offerings. Unniyappam is booked months in advance. It is believed that Breaking a coconut before beginning a project will see that it is completed successfully.
 * St. George Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Edappally:- St. George, the dragon slayer, is the presiding saint. It is under the control of the Syrian Catholic Diocese of Ernakulam. Praying at the shrine on the way on any journey is considered auspicious, even by people of other faiths. The offering is simply candles and coins which go into the collection box.
 * Edappally Juma Masjid
 * Perandoor Temple, Thrickovil Sree Krishna Temple, Puthukkalavattam Mahadeva Temple, Punnakkal Bhagavathy Temple, Ponekkara Bhagavathy Temple are important places of worship. The Elamakkara Lourde Matha church is another noted place of worship, which has a history, spanning over 100 years.
 * Chendankulangara Sreekrishna Swamy Temple, Located on the way to Amrita Institute of Medical Science Hospital, Ponekkara, the Main deity is Lord Krishna.
 * The Edappally Mariyamman Temple is Located on the way to Amrita Institute of Medical Science Hospital, Ponekkara Road.
 * Blessing Today International Church, Pathadippalam

Ponel St. Francis Xavier's Church est.in 1927 - Bharat award winner film actor P J Antony buried in the cemetery of the church

Famous temples, Edappally North Puthukkulangara Bhagavathi Temple and Puthukulangara Mahavishnu Temple are at Kunnumpuram Junction (Edappally North) Ponekkara Bhagavati Temple, Chandankulangara Temple.

List Of Public Library
Changampuzha Smaraka Library and Edappally North Friends' Library are situated in Edappally. Edappally North Friends' Library celebrated Golden Jubilee in 2007 January. Education and Career Guidance Reference Library started as part of its golden jubilee celebration.

Changampuzha Samskarika Kendram organizes various cultural and academic programmes, which include Kathakali, dramas, music, children's programmes, Akshara slokas, various cultural meetings, discussions, etc. A Senior Citizens' Forum is well functioning attached to this Kendram.

Another institution at Edappally is Changampuzha Smaraka Grandhasala, a library established in 1950 as a memorial to the Malayalam poet Changampuzha Krishna Pillai. This library has a collection of about thirty-six thousand titles and a reference section (approved as the Kanayannur Taluk Reference Library). This has an Art wing offering training in various types of dances, music (vocal and instrumental), painting and drawing, etc. About six hundred students undergo training in these. Beside that there is also the M N F Gallery of Paintings and Sculptures.

List Of Residential Areas

 * Amrita Nagar.
 * Ponekkara.
 * Elamakkara.
 * SMS VISTA Apartments by SMS Builders
 * SMS TEJUS Apartments by SMS Builders
 * SMS BODHI Apartments by SMS Builders

Transport
The Cochin bypass connects Edappally with Aroor which is an industrial town on the south end of Cochin. The Bypass Junction in Edappally is the north end of the Cochin bypass which extends up to Aroor. This entire route is evolving into a major business hub with big-time stores and five-star hotels. The world-famous museum of Kerala History and sculpture is also located in Edappally (outside the city limits). Thrikkakkara temple is only 2 kilometres away from Edappally Toll junction, and the village of Vattekkunnam is connected via a railway tunnel.

Two national highways NH 544 and NH 66 join the Kochi Bypass junction at Edappally. At Edappally, The National Highway 66 passes and continues up to Panvel, Maharashtra. Edappally is also connected by rail, and there is a railway station at Edappally. The Edappally Railway Overbrige was inaugurated on 4 February 2012. It helps passengers, so that they can have a convenient journey between Ernakulam-Guruvayoor Route (NH 66). Edappally flyover was constructed in September 2016 to decongest the traffic at Edappally.

Edappally North (Kunnumpuram Junction) is the next main junction after Edappally junction, on the way to Guruvayur from Ernakulam. Edappally Kunnumpuram Junction is the main junction when turning to the Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences (a left turn), Amrita School of Arts and Science (a right turn), Manjummel (a turn to the east), Parur (straight).

There is also the Edappally Metro Station, which is located near Edappally Station Kavala.

Notable people

 * Changampuzha Krishna Pillai
 * Edappally Raghavan Pillai
 * Balachandran Chullikkad, Poet
 * Vijayalakshmi, Poet
 * A C Jose, Politician
 * Aashiq Abu, Film Maker
 * Sijoy Varghese, Actor, Ad Film Director
 * Thoppil anto, Singer
 * A C GEORGE, Politician

title: Edappally


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yofiued

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Userfied to user of article's name Ryan Norton T 00:05, 19 October 2005 (UTC) This page may just be quite unjust.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yofiued


text:
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// appends msg to the currently-editted page, sets the summary to summ, // and marks or unmarks the Watch this page checkbox according to watch. function edit_summary_watch(msg, summ, watch) { var f = document.editform, t = f.wpTextbox1; if (t.value.length > 0) t.value += '\n'; t.value += msg; f.wpSummary.value = summ; }

function test { var f = document.editform, t = f.wpTextbox1; if (t.value.length > 0) t.value += '\n'; t.value += " -" + " " + "~" + "~" + "~" + "~"; f.wpSummary.value = "test warning"; }

function testn(number) { var page = prompt("Vandalism to which article?") var f = document.editform, t = f.wpTextbox1; if (t.value.length > 0) t.value += '\n'; t.value += "" + page + " -" + " " + "~" + "~" + "~" + "~"; if (t.value > 2) f.wpSummary.value = "Vandalism to " + page + " - warning " + number; else f.wpSummary.value = "test " + page + ""; }

function test2(number) { var f = document.editform, t = f.wpTextbox1; if (t.value.length > 0) t.value += '\n'; t.value += " -" + " " + "~" + "~" + "~" + "~"; f.wpSummary.value = "test warning"; }

function blankwarn { //var page = prompt("Vandalism to which article?") var f = document.editform, t = f.wpTextbox1; if (t.value.length > 0) t.value += '\n'; t.value += " -" + " " + "~" + "~" + "~" + "~"; f.wpSummary.value = "t2a"; }

function bvn { var f = document.editform, t = f.wpTextbox1; if (t.value.length > 0) t.value += '\n'; t.value += " -" + " " + "~" + "~" + "~" + "~"; f.wpSummary.value = "bv";

//var page = prompt("Vandalism to which article?") //var f = document.editform, t = f.wpTextbox1; //if (t.value.length > 0) // t.value += '\n'; //t.value += " -" + " " + "~" + "~" + "~" + "~"; //f.wpSummary.value = "Blatant vandal"; //f.wpSummary.value = "bv " + page + ""; }

// adds various tabs to call the above function add_tabs { var c1 = document.getElementById('column-one'); var tabs = c1.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].getElementsByTagName('ul')[0];

// Only add contribs tab for "User talk:" but not while Editing if (document.title.indexOf("User") != -1 && document.title.indexOf("Editing User talk:")) {     // use the "edit this page" tab to get already-tidied url var editlk = document.getElementById('ca-edit').getElementsByTagName('a')[0].href; // cut everything up to "title=" from the start and everything past "&action=edit" from the end editlk = editlk.substring(editlk.indexOf('title=') + 6, editlk.lastIndexOf('&action=edit')); editlk = editlk.substring(editlk.indexOf(':') + 1); var slloc = editlk.indexOf('/'); if (slloc > 0) editlk = editlk.substring(0, slloc);

tabs.appendChild(addlilink('/wiki/Special:Contributions/' + editlk, 'c')); }

// Only add for pages with "Editing User talk:" somewhere in the title if (document.title.indexOf("Editing User talk:") != -1) {     //change move > m, hist > h, pro > p, del > d for more room if(document.getElementById('ca-talk')) document.getElementById('ca-talk').firstChild.innerHTML = 't'; if(document.getElementById('ca-edit')) document.getElementById('ca-edit').firstChild.innerHTML = 'e'; if(document.getElementById('ca-move')) document.getElementById('ca-move').firstChild.innerHTML = 'm'; if(document.getElementById('ca-history')) document.getElementById('ca-history').firstChild.innerHTML = 'h'; if(document.getElementById('ca-protect')) document.getElementById('ca-protect').firstChild.innerHTML = 'p'; if(document.getElementById('ca-delete')) document.getElementById('ca-delete').firstChild.innerHTML = 'd';

//change "user page" tab to "anon" to put them in their place, HA! if(document.getElementById('ca-nstab-user')) document.getElementById('ca-nstab-user').firstChild.innerHTML = 'anon';

//tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:edit_summary_watch(" -" + " " + "~" + "~" + "~" + "~", "", false, 0)',"Anon")); //tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:edit_summary_watch(" -" + " " + "~" + "~" + "~" + "~", "Welcome!", false, 0)',"Welcome!")); tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:test',"1")); //tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:blankwarn(2)',"t2")); tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:blankwarn',"2a")); tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:test2(3)',"t3")); //tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:testn(4)',"t4"));

tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:bvn(1)',"bv"));

tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:edit_summary_watch(": -" + " " + "~" + "~" + "~" + "~", "Blocked user!", true, 1)',"5")); } if (document.title.indexOf("Editing Wikipedia:Articles for deletion") != -1) {       tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:closeafd("keep", "")', 'Keep', '')); tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:closeafd("delete", "")', 'Delete', '')); tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:closeafd(prompt("Result?"), "")', 'Other', '')); } }

// Simplified edit section 0 (User:ais523/editsection0tab.js) // Loosely based on WikiProject User scripts/Scripts/Add edit section 0 // $(function { var x=document.getElementById('ca-history');  if(x!=null)    addPortletLink('p-cactions', mw.config.get('wgServer')+mw.config.get('wgScript')+"?title="+encodeURIComponent(mw.config.get('wgPageName'))+ "&action=edit&section=0", '0', 'ca-edit-0', 'Edit the lead section of this page', '0', x); });

function shortTabs { if(document.getElementById('ca-edit')) document.getElementById('ca-edit').firstChild.innerHTML = 'edit';

if(document.getElementById('ca-history')) document.getElementById('ca-history').firstChild.innerHTML = 'hist';

if(document.getElementById('ca-protect')) document.getElementById('ca-protect').firstChild.innerHTML = 'pro';

if(document.getElementById('ca-unprotect')) document.getElementById('ca-unprotect').firstChild.innerHTML = 'unp';

if(document.getElementById('ca-talk')) document.getElementById('ca-talk').firstChild.innerHTML = 'talk';

if(document.getElementById('ca-delete')) document.getElementById('ca-delete').firstChild.innerHTML = 'del';

if(document.getElementById('ca-unwatch')) document.getElementById('ca-unwatch').firstChild.innerHTML = 'unw';

if(document.getElementById('ca-watch')) document.getElementById('ca-watch').firstChild.innerHTML = 'w';

if(document.getElementById('ca-move')) document.getElementById('ca-move').firstChild.innerHTML = 'm'; }

// Adds a "blocklog" tab and fills in the username field on Special:Blockip, if a "&faketarget=username" is present. function do_blockip_stuff { // focus on Reason field document.getElementsByName('wpBlockReason')[0].focus;

// Look for a &faketarget= for the username/ip var l = location.search.substring(1).split('&'); var target = ''; for (var i = 0; i < l.length; ++i) {     var n = l[i].indexOf('='); if (l[i].substring(0, n) == 'faketarget') {	 target = l[i].substring(n + 1); break; }   }

if (target == '') return;

// put account name in "IP Address/username" field var addr = document.getElementsByName('wpBlockAddress')[0]; addr.value = unescape(target);

// insert a default ban time var defaultTime = document.getElementsByName('wpBlockOther')[0]; defaultTime.value = "33 hours";

// add "blocklog" tab var c1 = document.getElementById('column-one'); var tabs = c1.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].getElementsByTagName('ul')[0]; tabs.appendChild(addlilink('/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=block&user=&page=User%3A' + target, 'blocklog')); }

// Adds "block" and "blocklog" tabs to User: and User talk: pages. function add_block_tab { var c1 = document.getElementById('column-one'); var tabs = c1.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].getElementsByTagName('ul')[0];

// use the "edit this page" tab to get already-tidied url var editlk = document.getElementById('ca-edit').getElementsByTagName('a')[0].href; // cut everything up to "title=" from the start and everything past "&action=edit" from the end editlk = editlk.substring(editlk.indexOf('title=') + 6, editlk.lastIndexOf('&action=edit')); editlk = editlk.substring(editlk.indexOf(':') + 1); var slloc = editlk.indexOf('/'); if (slloc > 0) editlk = editlk.substring(0, slloc);

// add "block" tab tabs.appendChild(addlilink('/w/index.php?title=Special%3ABlockip&faketarget=' + editlk, 'b')); // add count tab tabs.appendChild(addlilink('http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/Tool1/wannabe_kate?username=' + editlk + '&site=en.wikipedia.org', 'cnt'));

// To open the block page and block log simultaneously, replace the above line with: // tabs.appendChild(addlilink('javascript:blockpage_and_log("' + editlk + '")', 'b')); // and uncomment the blockpage_and_log function above.

// add "blocklog" tab //tabs.appendChild(addlilink('/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=block&user=&page=User%3A' + editlk, 'bl'));

}

// Add a "Kate" link to your monobook "personal menu" list at the very // top of the page. // // Indicate where you would like "Kate" to appear: //   pt-userpage, pt-mytalk, pt-preferences, //   pt-watchlist, pt-mycontris, pt-logout //

function addlilink2(tabs, url, name, id) {   var na = document.createElement('a'); na.href = url; na.appendChild(document.createTextNode(name)); var li = document.createElement('li'); li.id = id; li.appendChild(na); tabs.appendChild(li); return li; }

function addPortletLink(portlet, href, text, id, tooltip, accesskey, nextnode) { var node = document.getElementById(portlet); if ( !node ) return null; node = node.getElementsByTagName( "ul" )[0]; if ( !node ) return null;

var link = document.createElement( "a" ); link.appendChild( document.createTextNode( text ) ); link.href = href;

var item = document.createElement( "li" ); item.appendChild( link ); if ( id ) item.id = id;

if ( accesskey ) { link.setAttribute( "accesskey", accesskey ); tooltip += " ["+accesskey+"]"; }	if ( tooltip ) { link.setAttribute( "title", tooltip ); }	if ( accesskey && tooltip ) { updateTooltipAccessKeys( new Array( link ) ); }

if ( nextnode && nextnode.parentNode == node ) node.insertBefore( item, nextnode ); else node.appendChild( item ); // IE compatibility (?)

return item; }

function addToolBoxLinks {   // use the "edit this page" tab to get user name var user = document.getElementById('ca-edit').getElementsByTagName('ul')[0].href; // cut everything up to "title=" from the start and everything past "&action=edit" from the end user = user.substring(user.indexOf('title=') + 6, user.lastIndexOf('&action=edit'));

var url = 'http://countervandalism.org/Count.php?username=' + user + '&submit=Count'; var name = 'Count'; var id = 'toolbox_count';

//var tb = document.getElementById('p-navigation').getElementsByTagName('ul')[0]; addPortletLink('p-tb', url, name, id); } gsKateInsertBefore = 'pt-mycontris'; // leave blank to append after "logout"

function KateLink {   // use the "edit this page" tab to get user name var user = document.getElementById('ca-edit').getElementsByTagName('ul')[0].href; // cut everything up to "title=" from the start and everything past "&action=edit" from the end user = user.substring(user.indexOf('title=') + 6, user.lastIndexOf('&action=edit')); user = user.substring(user.indexOf(':') + 1); var li = document.createElement( 'li' ); li.id = 'ca-editcount'; //not-working //var a = document.createElement( 'a' ); //a.appendChild( document.createTextNode( 'count' ) ); // eh, the css makes the text lowercase //a.href = 'http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/contribution_tree?user=' + user;

//working but changes to wikicode forces a change //var a = document.createElement( 'a' ); //a.appendChild( document.createTextNode( 'count' ) ); // eh, the css makes the text lowercase //a.href = 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Interiot/Tool2/code.js?username=' + user;

var a = document.createElement( 'a' ); a.appendChild( document.createTextNode( 'count' ) ); // eh, the css makes the text lowercase a.href = 'http://countervandalism.org/Count.php?username=' + user + '&submit=Count';

li.appendChild( a ); a.appendChild(document.createTextNode('ec')); y.appendChild(z); document.getElementById('p-cactions').childNodes[3].childNodes[1].insertBefore(y,x.nextSibling);

//if ( ! gsKateInsertBefore ) // append to end (right) of list //{   //   document.getElementById( 'pt-logout' ).parentNode.appendChild( li ); //}   //else //{   //    var before = document.getElementById( gsKateInsertBefore ); //   before.appendChild( li, before ); //} }

// ***** Window Load ******

window.onload = Main;

function Main { shortTabs; add_tabs;

//add section 0 if not Editing a User talk page if (document.title.indexOf("Editing User talk:") != 0) addEditSection0;

//block tab on all user pages if (document.title.indexOf("User") != -1) add_block_tab;

//block ip stuff if on Block user page if (document.title.indexOf("Block user") != -1) do_blockip_stuff;

if (document.title.indexOf("User") != -1) addToolBoxLinks; //KateLink; //count menu option on user pages }

//basic user info auto-display importScript("User:PleaseStand/userinfo.js");

//

// Filter changes live // User:Lupin/recent2.js - please include this line mw.loader.load(            'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lupin/recent2.js'             + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s');

// History tools mw.loader.load(            'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Voice_of_All/History/monobook.js'             + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s');

//

title: User:RoyBoy/monobook.js


text: User talk:82.8.15.93

title: User talk:82.8.15.93


text:
Medusozoa

Medusozoa is a clade in the phylum Cnidaria, and is often considered a subphylum. It includes the classes Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Staurozoa and Cubozoa, and possibly the parasitic Polypodiozoa. Medusozoans are distinguished by having a medusa stage in their often complex life cycle, a medusa typically being an umbrella-shaped body with stinging tentacles around the edge. With the exception of some Hydrozoa (and Polypodiozoa), all are called jellyfish in their free-swimming medusa phase.

Evolution
The phylum Cnidaria is widely accepted as being monophyletic and consisting of two clades, Anthozoa and Medusozoa. Anthozoa includes the classes Hexacorallia, the hard corals, and Octocorallia, the soft corals, as well as Ceriantharia, the tube-dwelling anemones. There is strong support for this group having been the first to branch off from the ancestral line.

Medusozoa includes the classes Staurozoa, Cubozoa, Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa, but the relationships between these are unclear. Analysis using ribosomal RNA subunits suggests that within Medusozoa, Staurozoa was the first group to diverge, with Cubozoa and Scyphozoa forming a clade, a sister group to Hydrozoa. Further study involving the order of mitochondrial genes supports this view, and their possession of linear mitochondrial genomes is striking evidence of the monophyly of medusozoans. The stem group of Medusozoa also includes Auroralumina attenboroughii, the earliest known animal predator from the late Ediacaran. Burgessomedusa from the mid-Cambrian Burgess Shale is the oldest known free-living medusa (commonly known as jellyfish).

The affinities of the class Polypodiozoa, containing the single species Polypodium hydriforme, have long been unclear. This species is an endoparasite of fish eggs and has a peculiar life cycle. It has traditionally been considered to be a cnidarian because of its possession of nematocysts, but molecular studies using 18S rDNA sequences have placed it closer to Myxozoa. Further studies involving 28S rDNA sequences suggest that it is either part of the hydrozoan clade Leptothecata, or a sister taxon to Hydrozoa, and does not group with myxozoans.

Characteristics
Medusozoans differ from anthozoans in having a medusa stage in their life cycle. The basic pattern is medusa (usually the adult or sexual phase), planula larva, polyp, medusa. Symmetry is tetramerous, with parts in fours or multiples of four. The mitochondrial DNA molecules are linear rather than circular as in anthozoans and almost all other animals. The cnidae, the explosive cells characteristic of the Cnidaria and used in prey capture and defence, are of a single type, there being nematocysts but no spirocysts or ptychocysts. In contrast, the anthozoan life cycle involves a planula larva which settles and becomes a sessile polyp, which is the adult or sexual phase.

Diversity
There is considerable divergence from the basic life cycle pattern among medusozoans.

Scyphozoa is the group commonly known as "true jellyfish" and occur in tropical, temperate and polar seas worldwide. Scyphozoans generally have planula larvae that develop into sessile polyps. These reproduce asexually, producing similar polyps by budding, and then either transform into medusae, or repeatedly bud medusae from their upper surface in a process known as strobilation.

Cubozoa is a group commonly known as box jellyfish, that occur in tropical and warm temperate seas. They have cube-shaped, transparent medusae and are heavily-armed with venomous nematocysts. Cubozoans have planula larvae, which settle and develop into sessile polyps, which subsequently metamorphose into sexual medusae, the oral end of each polyp changing into a medusa which separates and swims away.

Staurozoa is a small group commonly known as stalked jellyfish. The animals remain attached to the substrate by a stalk at the opposite end from the mouth. Staurozoans can be regarded as large polyps that have partially differentiated into sexually mature medusae. These spawn gametes which develop into non-swimming planulae that crawl away to new locations.

Hydrozoa is a large group of solitary and colonial cnidarians from both marine and freshwater environments worldwide. Hydrozoans exhibit the greatest variety of life cycles among medusozoans, with either the polyp or the medusa stage being missing in some groups. In general, medusae are budded laterally from polyps, become mature and spawn, releasing gametes into the water. The planulae may settle to become polyps or continue living in the water column as medusae.

title: Medusozoa


text:
User talk:Jagdishh

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Pharos 19:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Jagdishh


text: User talk:82.36.192.24

title: User talk:82.36.192.24


text:
Zygmunt Witymir Bieńkowski

Zygmunt Witymir Bieńkowski (2 May 1913 Warsaw – 15 August 1979) was a Polish pilot and a writer of many articles and poems. His No. 303 Squadron RAF diary is held in the Polish Museum and Sikorski Institute in London.

Zygmunt Witymir Bieńkowski was the son of Leopold Bieńkowski (1883–1942) and Zofia Braun (1891–1943). His father was a Polish Member of Parliament from 1922 to 1928. Both his parents died in Soviet Gulag camps.

Trained as a pilot at Polish Air Force Academy in Dęblin, he did not fight in Poland in 1939, but was evacuated westwards, escaped to Romania, then to France and on 27 June 1940 arrived in England. During the Battle of Britain, he served with 55 OTU in Aston Down. In May 1941, he joined No. 245 Squadron. In July 1941, he was transferred to No. 303 Squadron, based at Northolt. On 6 November 1941, Bieńkowski claimed a Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter shot down. On 12 April 1942, his aircraft was shot up by a Focke-Wulf Fw 190, and he had to force land with collapsed landing gear near the English coast.

He served from 1 December 1942 until 4 July 1943 as Squadron Leader of No. 303 Squadron. At that time he was also flying with 315 (Polish) Squadron and on 13 May 1943 was involved in combat with enemy fighters between 11.30 and 13.05. After that, his Spitfire Mk.IX BS242 disappeared from the list and on 6 June 1943, after repairs, was delivered to 303 Squadron. During July 1943, No. 303 Squadron were stationed at RAF Kirton-in-Lindsey, where the newly arrived US Army Air Corps 94th Fighter Squadron had just been assigned. He befriended some of the American pilots, who gave him the affectionate nickname "Bing Crosby", a play on his family name.

From January 1945 to 24 February 1945, he commanded 302. On 24 February, his Spitfire Mk. XVI (TB341, "WX-B") was shot down by flak over Germany near Wesel and he was taken prisoner.

Released by American forces, by the end of the war he was a wing commander. During the war, he flew 74 sorties, claiming one Bf 109 destroyed and a Fw 190 damaged.

He died on 15 August 1979 in London aged 66. He was buried in Gunnersbury Cemetery in West London.

His brother Jan Bieńkowski, was also a pilot; he was shot down over Cherbourg in 1944.

Military awards
Virtuti Militari, Silver Cross Krzyż Walecznych (Cross of Valour), 3 times Vliegerkruis (Airman's Cross) (Netherlands)

title: Zygmunt Witymir Bieńkowski


text:
Aitkin High School

Aitkin High School (AHS) is a public high school in Aitkin, Minnesota, United States. The school serves students in grades 7–12. The school enrolls approximately 600 students per year, with 400 students in the high school and 200 attending middle school. The school is a combined middle and high school, since the town does not have the needed population of adolescents to include a separate middle school. Class sizes are around 100 students, while some classes, such as the Class of 1978, have enrolled up to 160 students at one time. The Class of 2010 is one of the smallest Aitkin High School classes in history, with a class size at graduation of 83. The class entered with 96 students in 2004. Though the more recent class of 2020 graduated with less than 70.

The school is a member of Minnesota's Independent School District 1 (Aitkin School District), and is affiliated with the Minnesota State High School League (MSHSL). The school is a member of the Mid-State Conference. The AHS mascot is the Gobbler.

History
Aitkin High School was established in the year 1894 and the oldest school building was completed in 1901. Many additions have been added to the school since. When the school was first built, many children that lived outside the city of Aitkin attended local country schools, and then attended AHS after they graduated from 8th grade. At that time, Aitkin High School served grades 9–12 only. A west wing was added in the 1950s. In 1976, the west wing building was remodeled and the old school building was demolished. An auditorium built in 1941 was remodeled in 1994.

In late 2014 to early 2015, plans for remodeling the high school were considered once again but were voted down in a county wide election in 2015. Alternative plans continued to be contemplated from minor remodeling projects to building a brand new school building. After years of debate, the first phase of major remodeling of the high school took place during the summer of 2018, which involves creation of a new special education area as well as relocation of classrooms and modifications to the library/media center.

On September 11, 2015, the Aitkin football field was named "Veterans Field" in honor of local veterans with a dedication ceremony proceeding the football game. New bleachers were added in the new gym as well as some other minor modifications.

School
In Fall 2009, AHS had 900 students.

The Aitkin School District's Superintendent is Dan Stifter. Stifter was a former Social Studies teacher in Aitkin. The high school principal is Paul Karelis, a 1980 graduate of Aitkin High School.

Curriculum and scheduling
Aitkin High School is on an 8-period quarter/semester schedule. Each semester lasts 9 weeks. Class periods are currently 46–52 minutes in length with 4 minutes passing time in between classes. Some classes, such as the ones in the Industrial Arts area are 2 periods in length. Additionally, middle school and high school students share the same time schedule. From the years 1998–2007, the school used a block schedule, where classes were 84 minutes long while middle school classes were 42–48 minutes in length with 4 minute passing time. High School students were allowed up to 7 minutes passing times. Independent study periods were added on a rotation basis. (e.g. Day 1 is 1st hour, Day 2 is second hour, etc.) Independent study periods enable students to have time to finish class assignments, get help from another teacher, attend meetings and school assemblies, and much more. In recent years, the rotation basis has changed to a daily class period at the end of each day during Period 8.

In 2010, a new student database, Infinite Campus, was integrated to enable students, teachers, and parents to keep track of their students performance in school. The online learning tool has many feature such as the ability to register for classes online, check grades and find missing assignments.

More than 110 classes are offered. This includes subjects in agriculture, business, media arts, computer science and information technology, English, family and consumer science, art, music, physical education, industrial technology, mathematics, science, social studies, and World Languages.

Although AHS does not offer any AP or IB classes, it offers college credit for advanced classes with a program called College in the Schools through the University of Minnesota, Central Lakes Community College, Mesabi Community College, and Vermilion Community College and the option of PSEO. These enable students to receive college credits at select colleges free of tuition and book and may even obtain enough credits to get an Associate of Arts Degree.

Facilities
The school features a newly added commons area, two gyms, a band area, an auditorium, a Strength room, a choir area, and three floors of classrooms and laboratory type classroom for industrial arts, home economics, fine arts, and agriculture.

Extracurricular activities

 * Business Professionals of America (BPA)
 * Jazz Band
 * Knowledge Bowl
 * Madrigals
 * National Honor Society
 * One Act Play
 * Chemistry Club
 * Peer Helpers
 * Pep Band
 * Spanish Club
 * Student Council
 * Yearbook Production (an elective course for grades 9–12)
 * Student newspaper (an elective course for grades 11-12)
 * Occupational Foods (an elective course for grades 10–12)
 * Musical (as part of the Concert Choir curriculum)
 * Band (an elective class for grades 7–12)
 * Choir (an elective class for 7–12)
 * FFA

Athletics
Athletic teams include:

 * Fall
 * Football
 * Girls' Tennis
 * Volleyball
 * Winter
 * Boys' Basketball
 * Girls' Basketball
 * Wrestling
 * Dance team
 * Hockey
 * Spring
 * Boys' Tennis
 * Softball
 * Baseball
 * Golf
 * Track and field

History
Aitkin High School wrestlers and dance team (known as the All Starz) have gone to state competition numerous times. The Aitkin All Starz had been known to go to state annually for more than a decade and the momentum still continues. The last time the Aitkin wrestling team went to State as a whole was in the year 2008. Aitkin High School had a great stretch of athletic ability in the 1950s, while the football, wrestling, and track team made many outstanding achievements. A lag in athletic ability took place for most of the 1960s and the 1970s with an exception for baseball and softball. The baseball team made the conference championship both in 1977 and 1978, and made it to the sections in 1977, but never made it to state throughout the decade. 1982 was a magical year for sport in Aitkin High School, which included the momentous boys' basketball state tournament in 1982 along with the progressing to state with the football team that fall. During the 1990s and 2000s, under the leadership of Dr. Edward Anderson as the Superintendent, Aitkin's athletic ability with an exception for the wrestling and the newly formed All Starz dance team has declined and its performance has shifted to mainly more artistic and academic achievements. The school has gradually transitioned into more athletic competence in the later end of the 2000s, starting when Bernie Novak has become the Superintendent in 2005, and many changes were added to the school to improve athletic competence and school spirit. In 2005, a weight room facility was constructed with the addition of newer weight room equipment in circa 2007–2008. A new scoreboard was added in 2009 in the new gym. The weight room received several upgrades in the mid 2010s as many sports refocused their efforts in the weight room. The weight room is host to a summer strength and agility program and an annual lift-a-thon, with the benefits of the lift-a-thon being donated to veterans in need.

title: Aitkin High School


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paul Patty

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. khaosworks (talk • contribs) 17:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Paul Patty
Hoax or fiction. This was tagged for speedy delte, but IMO does not qualify. (Hoaxes are not a speedy criterion). There does seem to be a Paul Pattywho is a political figure in austrialia, If I have read a quick google scan correctly. But this isn't that person, although it may be satire. There are no google hits on "United Immigrants of Australia", and the only ones which are on "Paul Patty" + "United Immigrants" seem to be the sites liste at the end of this articel, all on fre host providers, and all looking very much like hoaxes or jokes. Delete unless reliable adn verifiabel sources are cited that this is a real person. DES (talk) 19:25, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax... and not even a funny one.--Isotope23 20:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom., also with credentials like ... NYPD, LAPD, PCYC, YMCA,... this must be a hoax. feydey 11:10, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * As a member of the wikipedia community I find the above statement unnacceptable as it does not pertain to wikipedia's high standard of spelling and grammar. I would move to recommend that the user that submitted the recommendation for deletion proof-read their work thoroughly in the future to avoid such typographical assaults as "speedy delte" and reliable adn verifiabel sources. Also, the above article's arguments are now thoroughly rebutted with the testimony of Hahib further down this page. Finally in response to Mr Feyday's argument The Right Honourable Lord and Despot Hellenic Patriot 'Bane of the Communist Party' 'Scourge of the Working Class' Dr. Prof. Paul 'The Jackal' Patty PhD, AATP, NRMA, HIH, RER, RATP, TAB, SNCF, AC/DC, KFC, ADHD, ADD, RSPCA, USSR, ASIC, CCCP, ACCC, ATSIC, ACGS, PM, MP, ALP, ONP, AMP, JC, JP, DFAT, MoD, UK, OHP, PC, ICUP, QTC, QUT, NKVD, AIS, NYPD, LAPD, PCYC, YMCA, QPAC, QTIX, UQ, QUT, ACU, ADP, GDP, ADF, QLD, INXS- Leader and Founder of the United Immigrants (It must be noted that these credentials are those stated by Patty, most of them are in fact false.)

-- Walker5990 17:25, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as hoax. (He says wearily, having seen enough of articles like this and sock-puppeted AfD debates like this.) -- RHaworth 19:19, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

The above is a most accurate account of the wonderful, exciting, and highly relelvant life of Dr. Patty. Dr. Patty is known as an inspiration to young teens throughout Australia, his deeds and great accomplishments are the reason for this. To even think that this wonderful account of Dr. Patty's life was to be deleted is proposturous. I for one, believe that this recount should not only be kept, but be immortalised for ever.

Habib the Pizzaman's thoughts

As a young boy growing up in Syria, life was very hard for me. From the age of 3 I regularly worked 17 hour days in my father's sweatshop, and I was one of the luckier ones. In 1947, my father sold his sweatshop to pay for an economy air ticket to Australia, which he gave to me on my birthday. Soon after, I left Syria, and I have never seen my parents since (by the way mum and dad if you are reading this, i say "Hello"). I wandered the streets of Melbourne for a year, although I never did come within 13km of the CBD - you must remember that I had no way of travelling from the airport except on foot.

It was with a flame in my heart that I heard of Paul Patty, the man who would later become the great political figure Dr Patty, and his role in the Brisbane Massacre. I began to believe (as did many others in the ethnic community) that I was actually worth something, and that there was someone who was prepared to stand up and fight for our common cause. So it was with cries of "Wogs, Lebs, Chongs, I-ties, Frogs, and anyone else of ethnic origin, let us unite!" that we marched upon Melbourne's CBD, inspired by the great Paul Patty and the Brisbane Massacre. However, from there nothing further happened for many years.

When the great Patty visited Melbourne with his cousins of the same name, he began to sow the seed amongst the marginalised and oppressed. Whilst not an active member of the United Immigrants party, I supported their views, and had decided to vote for them if a member stood for election in my electorate. I had also agreed to make pizzas for them at any party functions if they so desired.

I served as an NCO in Vietnam under Patty, and this further strengthened my conviction that he would one day be the voice of the oppressed ethnic community. After returning from Vietnam, I lost contact with Patty for some years, during which I established my now flourishing Pizza shop (which in fact gave the creators of SBS's 'Pizza' their idea).

In 1976, after the re-establishment of United Immigrants, I became the fourth most senior member of the Victorian branch of the party (after the three Asians Patty's cousin had met in a cab). Now I am an active member of the ethnic community, with such incentive schemes at my pizza shop as "Habib's Pizza - Ethnic Tuesday, all ethnics can buy one get one free" or "Present your ethnic passport for free garlic bread". That somebody accuses Patty of being a hoax is deeply insulting, because he rescued me from a life wandering the streets of Melbourne. It is a slur - a reflection of the cynicism of society today - that my friend and saviour, The Right Honourable Lord and Despot Hellenic Patriot 'Bane of the Communist Party' 'Scourge of the Working Class' Dr. Prof. Paul 'The Jackal' Patty PhD, AATP, NRMA, HIH, RER, RATP, TAB, SNCF, AC/DC, KFC, ADHD, ADD, RSPCA, USSR, ASIC, CCCP, ACCC, ATSIC, ACGS, PM, MP, ALP, ONP, AMP, JC, JP, DFAT, MoD, UK, OHP, PC, ICUP, QTC, QUT, NKVD, AIS, NYPD, LAPD, PCYC, YMCA, QPAC, QTIX, UQ, QUT, ACU, ADP, GDP, ADF, QLD - Leader and Founder of the United Immigrants, could be questioned as to the validity of his life story, because for the most of it, I was there with him.

Habib

By the way don't forget that Tuesdays are Ethnic Tuesdays, and, if you can prove you have read this document, you may have a free pizza to go with a 2L coke.

I think ignorance is the cause of this movement to delete the honourable Paul Patty's page. I am an Australian and know very well the accomplishments, or lack there of, of Paul Patty, co-founder of the United Immigrants Party. This is an outrage, conjured by unintelligent people who obviously have no knowledge of syntax or correct spelling amongst other things, namely Australian history. Paul Patty is an Australian icon, the Che Guevara of Australian time. [Australian Citizen - K. Henderson]

 * BJAODN opening paragraph. 213.35.135.203 16:46, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Nottingham Victoria railway station

Nottingham Victoria railway station was a Great Central Railway and Great Northern Railway railway station in Nottingham, England. It was designed by the architect Albert Edward Lambert, who also designed the rebuild of the Nottingham Midland station (now known simply as Nottingham station).

It was opened by the Nottingham Joint Station Committee on 24 May 1900 and closed on 4 September 1967 by the London Midland Region of British Railways. The station building was entirely demolished (except the clock tower), and the Victoria Centre shopping centre was built on the site, incorporating the old station clock tower into the main entrance on Milton Street (the continuation of Mansfield Road).

Background
In 1893 the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway obtained authorisation to extend its North Midlands railway network into London. This new line was opened on 15 March 1899 (by which time the railway company was known as the Great Central Railway) and became known as the London Extension, stretching from Annesley to a new station at Marylebone in London. The line passed through Nottingham, where a new station was to be built.

Construction and opening
The station's construction was on a grand scale: a 13 acre site was acquired at a cost of £473,000 (£) in the heart of Nottingham's city centre; negotiations for the land acquisition had taken three years. The construction called for the demolition of whole streets of some 1,300 houses, 24 public houses, and St. Stephen's Church, Bunker's Hill, following which about 600000 cuyd of sandstone was excavated from the site. The site measured about 650 yd in length from north to south and had an average width of 110 yd, with a tunnel at each end for access.

The Great Central Railway and Great Northern Railway shared the station (they split into two lines at Weekday Cross junction). The two owners failed to reach agreement on the station's name; the Great Central naturally wanted it called "Central", a proposition the Great Northern, still smarting from the incursion into its territory made by the London Extension, would not accept. The two railway companies operated separate booking offices, the Great Central issuing tickets reading "Nottingham Central", whilst the Great Northern's window bore the name "Nottingham Joint St'n". In the 1898 Royal Atlas of England, the station was recorded as the "Grt Central & Grt Northern Joint Central Station". The town clerk resolved the situation by suggesting the name "Nottingham Victoria" to reflect the fact that the planned opening date coincided with Queen Victoria's birthday; this was readily accepted at a meeting of the Nottingham Joint Station Committee on 12 June.

Nottingham Victoria station was officially opened without ceremony in the early hours of 24 May 1900, over a year after the commencement of services on the new railway line. The first service to call at the station was a Great Central express from Manchester to Marylebone, which pulled in at 1:12 a.m.; it was followed fifteen minutes later by a Great Central express travelling in the opposite direction.

Station building
The main station building was in true Victorian splendour. It was constructed in a Renaissance style using the best-quality red-faced bricks and Darley Dale stone, with space at the front for Hackney carriages, which was covered by a canopy. It faced onto the confluence of Mansfield Road and Milton Street for some 250 ft.

The three-storey building was dominated by a 100 ft clock tower topped with a cupola and weather vane. At the north end of the building, access could be gained to the parcels office via two large metal gates. Once inside the building on the ground floor level, one reached the large and lofty booking hall. It was over 100 ft long and 66 ft wide, and contained the best-quality pine and a hard-wearing oak floor, along with a gallery on each side to gain access to spacious offices on the first floor. The booking hall contained seven ticket-issuing windows, three each for the Great Central and Great Northern and one for excursion traffic; a clock-type train indicator served all platforms. An iron overbridge led from the booking hall and spanned the platforms, to which it was connected by four broad staircases. A small footbridge at the end provided access to the island platforms at the south end, themselves connected to a side exit leading onto Parliament Street.

The station itself comprised two large island platforms, each between 1250 ft and 1270 ft long, with two bays at each end for local traffic, giving a total of 12 platform faces. On each island platform were dining and tea rooms together with kitchens, sleeping facilities for staff, waiting rooms, and lavatories. All these buildings were, like the rest of the station, lined with glazed tiles, which were generally buff in colour and embellished with a chocolate dado. Large 42 ft steel pillars held up an enormous three-part glazed canopy measuring 450 ft in length, with a centre span of 83 ft and a pair of flanking spans each of 63 ft. There were additional glass roofs over the double-bay platforms, each carried on central pillars. An electrically lit subway system, below track level and covering the breadth of the station, could be used for transporting luggage, thereby avoiding the need to carry it over the footbridges. The subway was linked to the main station by four lifts serving respectively the booking hall, cloakroom, and two island platforms. The refreshment rooms had their own underground subway and lifts.

The station had passing loops round all platforms (for freight), two signal boxes, and two turntables. The two signal boxes were positioned at the north and south ends of the station and controlled entry and exit to the tunnels that allowed entry to the complex.

Station masters

 * William Thompson 1900 - 1903 (formerly station master at Malton)
 * Arthur Blanden 1903 - 1911 (afterwards station superintendent at Marylebone)
 * Charles James Fox 1911 - 1926
 * Herbert Montagu Budds 1926 - 1936
 * Walter Wainwright Capon 1936 - 1941 (formerly station master at Basford and Bulwell, afterwards station master at Sheffield Victoria)
 * Robert Barlow Stoakley 1941 - 1952 (formerly station master at Cleethorpes)
 * C.E. Jolly until 1956
 * Eric H. Handley from 1959 (formerly station master at Peterborough East)

Services
The traffic that passed through was varied. It included London–Manchester expresses, local services, cross-country services (e.g. from York to Bristol via Oxford) as well as freight workings. As the station was shared with the Great Northern Railway (already well established when Victoria opened), a large network of lines serving many destinations was available from the one station. The new services offered unbeatable competition to the Midland Railway services from Nottingham railway station. The Midland offered more trains per day to Leicester, but the journey time of 40 minutes was outclassed by the Great Central's journey time of 27 minutes non-stop. The journey time to Sheffield was similarly impressive at 50 minutes.

In 1905, there were nine goods trains to London each day, the fastest taking only 2 hours 15 minutes.

Decline
During the 1960s, the whole Great Central route was run down by diverting services away from it, cutting others, and slowing down expresses to very slack timetables. Locomotives and rolling stock were old and unreliable, and the line did not benefit from British Rail's new diesel locomotives. As passenger numbers fell, going either by car or by other lines, closure seemed inevitable. The last through service from Nottingham Victoria to London ran on 3 September 1966. All that was left was a DMU service between Nottingham and Rugby, the Nottingham Victoria to Grantham services having been re-routed to Nottingham Midland on 3 July 1967.

Victoria station was finally closed on 4 September 1967 and demolished (amidst much opposition), leaving only the clocktower to survive amongst the new Victoria Shopping Centre and flats. The station site was bought by Capital and Counties Property Company Limited from British Rail with a plan to spend £7.5m on the first stage of development. This was reportedly the largest commercial development in Britain ever carried out by a private developer outside of the London area. Goods trains continued to pass through the site of Victoria until May 1968, with two running lines left in place amidst the demolition of the main station.

Present day
The site is now occupied by the Victoria Shopping Centre and housing in the form of Victoria Flats, Nottingham's tallest building (256 feet / 72m tall). The new structure incorporates the original station's clock tower. From the bottom level of the shopping centre's car park, in the former station's deep cutting, the entrance of Mansfield Road railway tunnel remains visible.

Upon the closure of the Great Central railway and the Great Northern/London and North Western Joint line to Melton Mowbray (via Barnstone), Nottingham also lost other important stations: Nottingham London Road High Level and Nottingham London Road Low Level.

Nottingham's other mainline station, Nottingham Midland, remains in service.

Redevelopment plans for the Victoria Shopping Centre will see an extension built northwards, filling in the last section of the former station's deep cutting and concealing the entrance to the Mansfield Road Tunnel.

title: Nottingham Victoria railway station


text: User talk:216.16.73.138

title: User talk:216.16.73.138


text:
User talk:Selmo/Archive 1

Welcome!
Hello , and a belated Welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some good places to get you started! I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please be sure to sign your name on talk pages by using four tildes to produce your name and the current date, or just three tildes ( ~   ) to produce your name only. If you have any questions, or are worried/confused about anything at all, please either visit the help desk, or leave a new message on my talk page at any time. Happy editing, good luck, and remember: Be Bold!   Fir  e  Fo  x  19:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
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U-Hill
I had to revert your edits because something went wrong with them. -- Usgnus 23:25, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Linking years
Just a friendly note to tell you that it's a Wikipedia convention to link years:

Good: 2006 Bad: 2006Selmo 18:16, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

But only the first appearance, i think. --84.122.134.181 18:18, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

On Harley Earl
Your update is informative, I would see no problem in changing it all to much. The fact that Earl made a few insignificant changes for the sake of safety does not excuse his ignoring of air bags, as early as 1956, and the marketing of autos that he knew were killing thousands of people yearly under the premis that "safety does not sell". The article would be better served if we included the negative aspects of Earls career at G.M. The listing of one writers credits in order to appear to make him appear more authorative in explaining what is nothing more than his oppinion is foolish. Its a clear fact that G.M. was discriminatory in it hiring practices, who were these women and when did this occur? One of the major problems John Delorean had with G.M. was that he attempted to recruit talented Black students to the G.M. Engineering institute. Under pressure, G.M allowed classes that were fifty per cent minorities, the other half being white Anglo Saxon Protestants who were freinds of relatives of executives. Lets give Earl an award for nepotism When Earl was confronted with safety (as his despotic personality forbade him for being confronted on any subject) he would blow his top, no one would suggest his cars were unsafe, this would have a negative effect on sales. Information on this Wikipedia is to be informative, not to omit facts on the basis that they are not "politically correct". randazzo56

I did not write that. My anti-vandalism tool has misdestected the last edit as vandalism, so I reverted it. Selmo

Rfa
I am very flattered, but I am going to have to decline the nomination. Thank you! --Usgnus 23:47, 5 August 2006 (UTC) no prob. Selmo 23:49, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

TransLink naming conventions
Hold on. I disagree with the naming convention. Besides, in at least one case, Waterfront Station, it's not clear that it's a TransLink station. --Usgnus 01:14, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * On second thought, as long as we're consistent and handle the special cases, it's okay with me. --Usgnus 01:31, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Stub
Why did you put a Vancouver stub on TELUS World of Science? "Vancouver" is not a blanket term for "Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver". --Arch26 01:38, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I thought it was only in Vancouver. -- [[User:Selmo]] 21:02, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

ahem
it is useless to argue with an expert dont you know.Courtney Akins 23:06, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to VandalProof!
Hi,, thank you for applying for VandalProof. I am happy to announce that you are now authorized for use, so if you haven't already, simply download VandalProof from our main page and install it, and you're all set!

Please join the VandalProof user category by adding either:  (which will add this user box) or   to your user page.

If you have any queries, please feel free to contact me or post a message on VandalProof's talk page. Welcome to our team! - Gl e n 23:33, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Personal attack?
Hey, I noticed this comment of yours and I don't see anything that was clearly a personal attack there. Since I can't tell what it was, it might have inadvertantly been me, so I'm requesting you specifically point out the attack, if that comment was directed at me. Feel free to email me if you prefer discretion in the matter.  Big Nate 37 (T) 03:57, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Unsubstantiated personal attack accusation
Please do not accuse me of a personal attack without being specific. That is utterly unacceptable. I responded to a non-sequitur, quoting the author, as is not only useful -- for reference -- but necessary.AOluwatoyin 19:31, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I also disagree with your stance on AOluwatoyin's comments. I do not see the most recent comments as being a personal attack.  He did not call LGagnon "ethnocentric", he stated ethnocentric, Eurocentric, Anglo-American analytic perspective cannot be a sorting criterion for philosophy versus non-philosophy - this is a comment on the content not the editor.  He advised LGagnon, in response to LGagnon's arguments that it is non-sequitur to argue "that there was no standard for who belongs on the list" from simply failing to specify criteria for membership. Unspecified or non-specified does not mean that there is none to specify, only that none has been specified. - not a personal attack but responding to arguments put forward.--Arktos talk 21:03, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * As you and I are the only two contributers to the page I am happy to delete it, but I would just like to confirm :-)--Arktos talk 22:01, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Deleted :-) Regards Arktos talk 22:12, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Unspeakable bias.
You said "Nothing you say will change my mind" in defending your unsubstantiated accusations against me. If anything is indicative of unspeakable bigotry it would be language such as that. How can reason even begin to prevail, how can resolution even begin to get off the ground if one party, yourself in this case, states, flat-out, ab initio, that "NOTHING" the other party could say could make a difference.

I am asking, therefore, for immediate admin. intervention in blocking you immediately.AOluwatoyin 19:52, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Uwe Boll
Wondering why you made this reversion? -- N  scheffey (T/C) 20:13, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It appeared to be POV. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Selmo (talk • contribs)
 * Why would a legitimate list of awards be POV? -- N  scheffey (T/C) 21:12, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Selmo/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Pain Clinic

Proposed changes to remove self-promotion:

1. Remove air time. Documentation of the history of the show does not require the time it airs. 2. Strike the sentence "The cast and crew has changed over the years but the topic is still the world of professional wrestling" unless you intend to document the prior cast and crew. 3. The language in the sentence "They have been the driving force behind the Kick This Soccer SHow that has aired on Hot TAlk 1280 WHTK for 8+ years." is promotional and POV. You can rewrite this to state the fact that they have created other shows for the station in the past without this language. 4. The information about how the show has been promoted is probably not of general enough interest to be included.

— psu256 19:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

— J I P | Talk 05:57, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Whoever is able to change the time slot for this, if you could. The new time is at 9am in the morning, still on Saturday's.

title: Talk:Pain Clinic


text: User talk:24.92.241.215

title: User talk:24.92.241.215


text:
Giant burrowing cockroach

The giant burrowing cockroach (Macropanesthia rhinoceros) is also known as the rhinoceros cockroach, and Queensland giant cockroach. These cockroaches are native to Australia and mostly found in tropical and subtropical parts of Queensland. They are the world's heaviest species of cockroach and can weigh up to 30-35 grams and measure up to 7.5-8 cm in length. It is a member of the family Blaberidae, which contains hundreds of species. It is part of the blaberid subfamily Geoscapheinae. It is prominent in the wild and can also be sold and kept as a pet.

Unlike some other cockroaches, the giant burrowing cockroach does not have wings and is not considered a pest. This species plays a vital part in the ecosystem by consuming dead leaves, eucalyptus in particular, and recycling other matter. They may burrow down in soil to a depth of about 1 m, where they make permanent homes and feed on collected dry leaf litter. The giant burrowing cockroach is the only cockroach in the world known to have permanent burrows in the soil. The species play an important ecological role in that it contributes to the recycling of nutrients in the wild.

The cockroach is popular in Brisbane and is frequently sold as a pet.

Description
The giant burrowing cockroach is identifiable by its large size and weight. An adult can reach over 60 mm and up to 75–80 mm, and can weigh up to 30-35 grams. The pronotum is a prominent plate-like structure that covers the first segment of the thorax, has short tubercles at the sides, and can exceed 15 mm. Their pronotum assists with digging, acting as a shovel while its abdomen rests on the ground. The cockroach use their spiny tibiae in order to dig and burrow into the ground. The giant burrowing cockroach is well adapted for burrowing and digging with large back legs and a strong body armour, which offers protection from predators. It is one of few native Australian cockroaches without wings, with a concurrent lack of mobility. It is nocturnal.

Adult males and females can be differentiated by the size of the "scoop" on the pronotum, which covers the head; with the male having a much more pronounced scoop. They grow by moulting several times before reaching full size. When a cockroach moults, it will appear pure white except for the eyes. Individuals have lifespans up to ten years in captivity. Adult males are more commonly-encountered than females.

As in other hemimetabolous insects, the immature stages of the giant burrowing cockroaches are referred to as nymphs. Nymphs are creamy white when born, but soon develop a reddish brown colour. Both adult females and males are dark brown. Nymphs remain with their mothers for five to seven months, and she provides food and cares for them.

Distribution and habitat
The giant burrowing cockroach species are mostly found in Queensland, Australia. It is commonly found along the coastal stretch between Rockhampton and Cooktown. The cockroach can also be located on the islands of the Whitsundays.

The species build burrows that can stretch up to one metre underground, which is where it stores food and lives permanently. Burrow depth appears to change depending on soil type, with burrows ranging from approximately 10 cm underground to 100 cm.

It is prevalent in dry Eucalyptus woodlands in the northeastern territory within Australia. There are 18 known geographical populations of the cockroach along subtropical Queensland. The cockroach has a wide geographical distribution in relation to other burrowing cockroach species. It is present across a one thousand kilometre range. The cockroach can be found in both dry and wet areas of Australia, including rainforests, woodlands and savannas. Common dry areas it inhabits include Maiden Springs, Boonderoo and Alpha. Common wet areas the cockroach is found in include Cooktown, Magnetic island and the Whitsundays. Locations that are in the mid-range between dry and wet regions where the cockroach is present include Coen, Rochford Scrub and Mount Garnet.

Populations of the cockroach can be geographically isolated due to unsuitable ground soil or by water. The species tends to prefer the drier savanna areas west of the Great Dividing Range.

The most common vegetation where the cockroach is found is Eucalyptus woodland and grass.

Behaviour
The cockroach stays underground as it lives permanently in its burrows. The cockroach often surfaces during wet weather, with most activity coinciding with summer rains. During the dry season it remains in its burrows and feed on collected litter. It feeds mostly on dry, decomposing eucalyptus leaves. The cockroach composts the leaves in the burrow with some bark and dry grass.

Burrows are often composed of grass, tree root and leaves. The entrance to the cockroach burrows resembles a flattened semi-circle. Burrows can be identifiable when the cockroach has been active, yet are often covered by litter or collapsed. The size of the burrow entrance is approximately five centimetres wide and two centimetres high. Burrows often follow a path just below the soil surface for up to one metre, and occasionally descend downwards sharply. The burrows do not follow a pattern. The cockroaches occupy the end of the burrows, which is widened up to one metre wide to contain the collected litter. Other species of insects have been located within the burrows, including scarabs, aleculid beetles, silverfish, larvae of tenebrionids and caesmaking moths, as well as other species of cockroaches.

Social behaviour
The cockroach is generally solitary, yet young nymphs remain with mothers for several months after birth. The cockroach is active after sunrise, and may begin to burrow and dig. Males wander outside of burrows more than females do. Males tend to wander in search of a mate, whilst females collect litter to take back into their burrows.

Foraging is common with grown female cockroaches, and the cockroach can wander up to 50 cm from the entrance of the burrow to collect ground litter. It collects mostly dead leaves and use the mandibles to drag the litter back into their burrow.

Fighting is common amongst adult males, yet adult females with nymphs are also highly aggressive. Aggressiveness is associated with its solitary existence. Aggressive behaviour can include butting, barging and hissing which often results in a cockroach being knocked over. Males can fight at the entrances to burrows in order to prevent the other male cockroaches from entering the burrow. Whilst fighting, males use the front of the pronotum to force the intruder away. A hissing sound is produced when the giant burrowing cockroach fights another.

Sounds
The cockroach can emit a hissing sound during both reproduction and when threatened. The hissing sound is produced by the expulsion of air from the cockroach’s spiracles, which is an external respiratory opening on the abdomen.

Reproduction
Reproductive behaviour between the cockroaches tends to occur at night time, and is based mostly on scent, taste and touch. The male cockroaches attempt to court the females with motions such as hissing, changing posture, motioning with antennas, grooming the female, and pushing the female with their body in an attempt to lift the female. It is unknown if female cockroaches engage in multiple matings and if so, if it occurs with different male cockroaches. Females can annually have up to thirty young at once.

The species is ovoviviparous meaning it has young by means of eggs which hatch internally in the parent. Unlike most insects, which lay eggs, the female Giant burrowing cockroach gives birth to her young, and protects her offspring in her underground alcove, providing them with leaf litter she gathers overnight. The cockroaches can live for up to 10 years. The species is often found with the mothers with the young together within the burrows, whereas the males are mostly absent from the burrows.

The parenting cycle of the giant burrowing cockroach can last up to 6 months, or until nymphs are capable to leave and construct their own burrows and fend for themselves. One brood of approximately thirty nymphs is produced each year, and tends to be in late spring after an incubation period of approximately three months. The cockroaches shed their outer skin approximately fourteen times in their life cycle. This skin is often ingested as it is nutritious.

Young nymphs are rarely found above ground, outside of the burrow. Nymphs grow at the same rate and once the nymphs leave the nest they live alone until it fully develops and becomes an adult.

Obesity
Depending on the temperature, they perform different patterns of eating, carbon dioxide production, and metabolic rates. Macropanesthia rhinoceros can be diagnosed with obesity when there are no changes in its husbandry. When an individual lacks nutrition, they are susceptible to adopting a "thrifty phenotype", which prioritises fat storage over reproductive development to be able to handle dangerous environment conditions. In optimal environmental conditions, this thrifty phenotype has the potential to become maladaptive, thus causing excessive fat storage and metabolic disease. In the future, this may result in obesity or metabolic disease. Obesity can cause, "an atypical body conformation with narrow, elongated abdominal profiles compared to the wide, flat bodies of neighbouring conspecifics." In addition, this exposes a mushy and pale tissue between their abdominal sclerites.

As pets
The cockroach is calm and easy to care for making it a common and popular pet. The species cannot move fast or fly. Its large size, sedentary behavioural lifestyle and limited husbandry needs contribute to the increase in popularity for the species as a pet both in Australia and internationally. They are clean, disease free, odourless, do not bite when handled and do not climb or fly.

Males can be aggressive towards other males meaning that a larger enclosure would be needed to house more than one cockroach at a time to avoid conflict. There should be more females than males in one enclosure as otherwise conflict may ensue between the males over the females.

Enclosures should not be kept in direct sunlight for extended periods of time.

The tank or terrarium should have clean, fine to medium grain river sand, with some being wet and the other end of the enclosure dry. The cockroach requires substrate to be up to 100mm deep, which the cockroach use with leaves and sticks to nest and burrow. The substrate is changed regularly after a few months, taking into account the size of the tank and the number of cockroaches present.

The giant burrowing cockroach has lived to a maximum of eight years in captivity.

Nymphs grow faster when in the wild in comparison to in captivity. Wild nymphs can reach the eighth instar in five months, yet there can be a large variation in growth rates with some nymphs taking up to a year to grow to the ninth instar. It has nine instar stages. Data from laboratories shows that it is a slow growing cockroach with varying growth rates.

The cockroach eats dried eucalyptus leaves and can also eat fruit and vegetables.

Threats
The largest threat to the giant burrowing cockroach is habitat destruction. Their main habitat includes forests and land in northern Queensland, which has been cleared intensely from the year 2000.

Large centipedes find shelter in the burrows of the cockroaches and can prey on young nymphs. Large spiders also consume young nymphs. Neither spiders nor most centipedes are able to consume adults due to their outer shell, however fully grown Ethmostigmus rubripes would likely be capable of preying on the adult cockroaches.

title: Giant burrowing cockroach


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Walke

Walke may refer to:

Military destroyers

 * USS Walke
 * USS Walke (DD-34), a 1910 Paulding-class destroyer
 * USS Walke (DD-416), a Sims-class destroyer
 * USS Walke (DD-723), an Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer
 * USS Walke incident, naval blockade from 1951 to 1953, during the Korean War

People

 * Alexander Walke (born 1983), German professional football goalkeeper
 * Annie Walke (1888–1965), Newlyn School artist and wife of Bernard Walke
 * Bernard Walke (1874–1941), Anglican priest
 * Henry A. Walke (1809–1896), United States Navy Officer
 * Bernhard Walke (born 1940), pioneer of mobile Internet access and professor emeritus
 * Collin Walke (born 1982), American politician
 * Olive Walke (1911–1969), Trinidadian musician and ethnomusicologist

Places

 * Walke Manor House, neighborhood of Old Donation Farm, Virginia Beach, Virginia
 * Anthony and Susan Cardinal Walke House, residence in Chillicothe, Ohio, United States
 * Swinley Walke, Crown Estate woodland in Berkshire, England

title: Walke