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Rohan Gunaratna

Professor Rohan Gunaratna (born 1961) is a threat specialist of the global security environment. Professor Gunaratna has over 30 years of academic, policy, and operational experience in national and international security. He is Professor of Security Studies at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore.

He received his master's from the University of Notre Dame in the United States, where he was Hesburgh Scholar and his doctorate from the University of St Andrews in the United Kingdom, where he was British Chevening Scholar. A former Senior Fellow at the Combating Terrorism Centre at the United States Military Academy at West Point and at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Gunaratna was invited to testify on the structure of al-Qaeda before the 9/11 Commission.

Gunaratna holds several honorary appointments including as Chairman of the Global Peace Institute, UK; Secretary General of the Consortium for Countering the Financing of Terrorism (CCFT); Member of the Advisory Council, The International Institute for Justice and the Rule of Law (IIJ), Malta; and Member of the Board of Directors, Indo-Pacific Centre, Singapore.

The author of 20 books including Inside al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror (University of Columbia Press), Gunaratna edited the Insurgency and Terrorism Series of the Imperial College Press, London. He is a trainer for national security agencies, law enforcement authorities and military counter terrorism units, interviewed terrorists and insurgents in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Yemen, Libya, Saudi Arabia and other conflict zones. For advancing international security cooperation, Gunaratna received the Major General Ralph H. Van Deman Award.

Education
Gunaratna was educated in Asia, Europe, and US. In Sri Lanka, he studied at Ananda College Colombo, Sri Lanka’s premier Buddhist school. Mentored by Colonel G. W. Rajapaksa, he was appointed a senior prefect by the school principal. In Malta, GC, he studied at Stella Maris College under Brother Louis Camilleri fsc. After relocating to the US, Gunaratna received the Hesburgh Scholarship to study at the University of Notre Dame, a globally ranked US university. He received his master's in International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. His thesis on the changing nature of warfare was supervised by William De Mars. His professors included Robert Scott Appleby, a world authority on religious fundamentalism and Robert C. Johansen, a specialist in peace building. Gunaratna received a three-year British Chevening Scholarship from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in the UK to pursue his doctorate at the University of St Andrews a globally ranked university, in Scotland. He also received a three-year International Relations Award from the University of St Andrews. His doctoral thesis from the University of St Andrews on migrant and diaspora support for terrorism and insurgency was supervised by Professor Bruce Hoffman, the leading US authority on terrorism. While Professor Paul Wilkinson, the leading British authority on counterterrorism served as his internal examiner, his external examiner was Professor Gerard Chaliand, the leading French counterinsurgency specialist.

Career
In 2013, Sri Lankan member of parliament Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe wrote in op-ed in which said that "he (Gunaratna) insisted the importance of combating terrorism, he did not address on the cause for the emergence of terrorism." In 2017, Inspector General of Bangladesh Police dismissed his claims of ISIS presence in Bangladesh by saying that he had no experience in "real issues."

Hambali claims
In 2003, Gunaratna claimed that Al-Qaeda commander Riduan Isamuddin (alias Hambali) regularly visited Australia and plotted to fly planes into the British Houses of Parliament; these claims were dismissed as baseless by the ASIO. Commenting on one of his books, the Pacific Journalism Review said in its review that "his writing here on Indonesia reveals a remarkably narrow selection of sources, a profound lack of knowledge, and a flawed understanding of the history of the Indonesian armed forces and of their intelligence operates". Australian journalist and commentator on intelligence issues Brian Toohey has called him a "self-proclaimed expert". He has also made false claims to be a "principal investigator" at the UN's Terrorism Prevention Branch. In reality, he has only spoken at a seminar organized by the Australian Parliamentary Library, testified at a Congressional hearing on terrorism and delivered a research paper at a conference organized by the UN's Department for Disarmament Affairs.

In 2004, New Zealand journalist Martin Bright described Gunaratna as “the least reliable of the experts on bin Laden”. His claims to the New Zealand Herald that "sympathisers and supporters of various terrorist groups were in New Zealand” and to have seen their fundraising leaflets were also dismissed by New Zealand's Financial Intelligence Unit.

Claim against Canadian Tamil Congress
In a February 2011 article in Lakbima News, Gunaratna claimed that the Canadian Tamil Congress (CTC) was a front for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The CTC sued Gunaratna, and on 21 January 2014, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice ruled against Gunaratna, ordering home to pay the CTC damages of $37,000, and costs of $16,000. In his ruling judge Stephen E. Firestone stated that Gunaratna's claims were unequivocally and incontrovertibly "false and untrue".

title: Rohan Gunaratna


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User talk:Adam2~enwiki

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title: User talk:Adam2~enwiki


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Agra Summit

The Agra summit was a historic two-day summit meeting between India and Pakistan which lasted from 14 to 16 July 2001. It was organized with the aim of resolving long-standing issues between India and Pakistan.

At this meeting, a proposal was made to drastically reduce nuclear arsenals, and other issues involving the Kashmir dispute, and cross-border terrorism were also discussed. However, the negotiations broke down and the process collapsed, so the Agra treaty was never signed.

Overview
Earlier in 1999, during Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee's visit to Pakistan, both countries had acceded and successfully ratified the Lahore Declaration and pledged to make joint efforts for peace and stability in South Asia. The Kargil war was a major blow to the Lahore treaty and it stalled the treaty as the relations between two countries suffered a serious setback. General Musharraf is widely believed to be a strategic mastermind and brain behind the Kargil war.

On 11 March 2001, the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan called upon both India and Pakistan to retain the spirit of the Lahore Declaration, saying that it would require restraint, wisdom, and constructive steps from both sides. Finally, the framework for negotiations of the Agra treaty began with talks in New Delhi between President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in July 2001.

After much diplomatic efforts, the Agra summit started amid high hopes of resolving various disputes between the two countries including the five decades old Kashmir issue. Both sides started the summit with hopefulness and in a spirit of good will; especially President Musharraf who used the phrases "cautious optimism", "flexibility" and "open mind" to describe his views for the summit. The Indian President, K. R. Narayanan, also promised to take "bold and innovative" measures and to discuss the "core issue" between the two countries.

Various rounds of one-to-one talks were held between President Musharraf and Prime Minister Vajpayee. On the first day, a 90-minute one-on-one session was held and the two leaders discussed the Kashmir issue, cross-border terrorism, nuclear risk reduction, release of prisoners of war, and commercial ties. There were high hopes in Pakistan that both the leaders would arrive at an agreement and a joint statement or declaration would be made at the end of the summit as the two leaders plunged into serious talks. Despite reservations from the Indian Government, President Musharraf also held face-to-face meetings with the top Kashmiri leadership represented by the All Parties Hurriyat Conference.

The most important agenda of Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, in the Indo-Pak summit was to stress upon the economic betterment of the people of Kashmir, for which he invited a dialogue with the All Parties Hurriyat Conference.

Quote:

"Pakistan has been seeking a solution to J&K in accordance with the wishes of the "Kashmiri people". I am certain that the primary wish of every single Kashmiri, whether from the Kashmir valley or Jammu, Ladakh, Pakistan occupied Kashmir, the Northern areas or the Shaksgam Valley, is to live in peace, security and freedom, so that he can make economic progress. We should constantly strive to provide him with this fundamental right. Most of the Kashmiris have their elected representatives, through whom they express their legitimate aspirations. We are also willing to listen to all other streams of Kashmiri opinion, however small the minority they represent, as long as they abjure violence. It is in this spirit that we had offered to talk to the representatives of the All Parties’ Hurriyat Conference."

Collapse
The talks and peace process, however, collapsed and no signatures were attained for the Agra treaty. The talks faced a number of obstacles. According to the Indian scholar, Gaurav Kampani, there were three major reasons for the Indian government's reluctance in accepting Pakistan's assurances at face value. First, the Vajpayee government did not trust President Pervez Musharraf and the establishment that he represents in Delhi. In India alone, it was widely felt that it was Musharraf who sabotaged joint peace efforts of Pakistan Prime minister Navaz Sharif and Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the Lahore Summit in 1999. Second, India was not satisfied with Pakistan's pledge to halt cross-border infiltrations; thirdly the Indian government had plans for holding regional elections in Indian Kashmir in October 2002. Similarly, Indian leadership considered Musharraf's refusal to give up support to the cross-border insurgency in Kashmir as the reason behind the failure of the Agra Summit in June 2001.

Despite the failure of the talks, General Pervez Musharraf joined Vajpayee to call on the two countries to bury their past. He also invited the Indian Prime Minister to visit Pakistan as he felt that the issues between Pakistan and India were much more complicated and could not be resolved in a short time.

Following the August 2001 Agra summit, India reiterated the necessity of implementing the Simla Agreement and the Lahore Declaration. It said that India would support the Simla Agreement, the Lahore Declaration, and the issue of cross-border terrorism.

On 6 July 2015, A. S. Dulat, former chief of the Research and Analysis Wing, India's external intelligence agency, revealed that L.K. Advani played a role in the collapse of the Agra Summit.

title: Agra Summit


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Talk:Ujjain division

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title: Talk:Ujjain division


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Dewar Trophy

The Dewar Trophy is a cup donated in the early years of the twentieth century by Sir Thomas R. Dewar, M.P. a member of parliament of the United Kingdom (UK), to be awarded each year by the Royal Automobile Club (R. A .C.) of the United Kingdom "to the motor car which should successfully complete the most meritorious performance or test furthering the interests and advancement of the [automobile] industry".

Winners
Some of the trophy winners include:

 * 1906 - Stanley Motor Carriage Company "Rocket Racer" driven by Fred Marriott. Broke the land-speed record at 127.66 miles-per-hour.
 * 1907 - Rolls-Royce Limited, for 40.50 hp model covering 15,000 Miles
 * 1908 - Cadillac, for parts interchangeability. The award was actually presented in 1909.
 * 1909 - Daimler, for their Knight sleeve-valve engine.
 * 1912 - Cadillac for the electric starter and electric lights.
 * 1922 - Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Limited, for 10,000 Miles trial
 * 1925 - Rover Company Limited, for 13,96 hp car, Fifty ascents and descents of Bwlch-y-Groes
 * 1929 - Violette Cordery, sister-in-law of Noel Macklin, for driving an Invicta for 30,000 Miles at Brooklands
 * 1950 - Rover Company Limited, for the Rover JET1 gas turbine powered car.
 * 1951 - Jaguar Cars Limited, for performance in four major international events
 * 1959 - BMC and Alec Issigonis, for design and production of Mini
 * 1963 - Coventry Climax Engines Ltd, for Grand Prix racing engines. Presented in 1964.
 * 1969 - Cosworth for DFV Formula One engine
 * 2009 - Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines – Formula One Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS)
 * 2013 - McLaren Automotive for development and launch of its advanced sell-out McLaren P1 supercar
 * 2014 - Mercedes-AMG High Performance Powertrains, awarded for the PU106A Hybrid Formula One power unit.
 * 2016 - Gordon Murray and Gordon Murray Design, for the iStream chassis design and the Ox, a flat pack vehicle designed for the Global Vehicle Trust.
 * 2017 - Jaguar Cars for the I-Pace Concept battery-electric crossover SUV
 * 2018 - Integral Powertrain for their electric motors used by the Volkswagen I.D. R prototype fully electric vehicle
 * 2019 - JCB (company) for the 19C-1E electric mini excavator – the construction industry’s first fully electric mini excavator.

1908 Trophy-winning performance
On Saturday, 29 February 1908, three Model Ks from the 1907 Cadillac production were released from the stock of the Anglo-American Motor-car Company, the UK agent for Cadillac automobiles, at the Heddon Street showroom in London (these were engines Nos. 23391, 24111 and 24118). The three cars, all registered in London under the numbers A2EO, A3EO and A4EO, were driven 25 miles to the Brooklands race track at Weybridge. There, the cars completed ten laps of the track, or approximately 30 miles, before being locked away until Monday, 2 March 1908, when they were released and disassembled completely, using only wrenches, screwdrivers, hammers, and pliers. Each car was reduced to a pile of 721 component parts, which were then scrambled into one heap by the RAC. Eighty-nine parts requiring extreme accuracy were withdrawn from the heap, locked away at the Brooklands club house and replaced with new parts from Anglo-American's showroom stock. The parts were then sorted into three piles, each with all the parts needed to assemble a car. A mechanic - Mr. E. O. Young - reassembled the cars with the help of his assistant - Mr. M. M. Gardner. Sometimes they had to work ankle-deep in water, using only wrenches and screwdrivers. The third car was re-assembled by Thursday morning, 12 March. With the painted parts on the original cars not being identical in color or style, the reassembled cars were mismatched in appearance, gaining the nickname "harlequin cars". By 2 p.m. on Friday 13 March the three cars had completed the mandatory 500-mile run with singular regularity. Only one point was lost owing to a broken cotter pin in the ignition lever (promptly replaced from stock). During the event, it was reported that one of the sheds where the parts were stored became partly flooded during a heavy storm and some parts became rusted. Only oily rags could be used to remove all traces of the immersion. On completion of the test, one of the cars was locked away until the start of the 2000-miles reliability trials in June 1908. It came out the winner of the R.A.C. Trophy for its class. Parts interchangeability had been publicly demonstrated and field tested.

1909 Trophy-winning performance
Source

Immediately following the introduction of the sleeve-valve principle into the Daimler engine, the Daimler Company in 1909 asked the Royal Automobile Club to frame conditions of a test that should be of unprecedented severity and would demonstrate in the most public manner possible that the new Daimler engine was in every way reliable.

The two engines selected for this test were a 38 and a 22-h.p., having a bore and stroke, respectively, of 124 by 130 mm. and 96 by 130 mm. They were bolted down to the test bench close together in one of the large engine testing shops at the Daimler Works. The section of the shop in which they were placed was railed off and under the sole charge and observation of the R.A.C. officials from the start of the test to the finish. The observers kept watch day and night just as on board a ship, and periodically tested the revolution counters and spring balances to ensure that the engines were always running under full load. Every possible precaution was taken to keep constant and close observation upon the test, and there were never less than two observers on duty.

Both engines were started up at 6 a.m. on Monday, March 22, 1909, and each completed the 132 hours' bench test on the following Saturday evening. To appreciate more clearly the severity of the test, if the larger engine had been driving a car during the whole time, with the standard Daimler gear ratios, a distance of no less than 8,252 miles (13280 km) would have been covered, at a mean speed of 43.45 m.p.h. (69.92 km/h) while the smaller engine would have covered, similarly, a distance of 8,830 miles (14210 km) at 48.4 m.p.h. (77.9 km/h). The disparity in speed and distance between these results is, of course, attributable to the higher rate of revolutions of the smaller engine.

First Bench Test
The speed of the engine was 1200 r.p.m. giving a limit of 50.0 h.p. below which the h.p. was at no time to fall.

The duration of the test was 5 days 14 hours 15 minutes or 134.25 hours.

There were no stops incurring any penalties.

There were five stops totalling 1 hour and 56 minutes which did not incur any penalty under Rule 6 (2)

The load was eased for a total of 19 minutes for brake adjustments, but the engine was not stopped. Average horse-power recorded, 54.3.

Petrol consumed, 614 gallons equal to .679 pints per horse-power hour.

Running Test
On completion of the first test, the engine was removed from the bench and fitted under observation to the chassis without any vital parts being disturbed. A standard type four-seater body was fitted and the car proceeded from Coventry to Weybridge - 112 miles (180.2 km). The average weight of the car and passengers on the road was 4,085 lbs = 1 ton 16 cwt 1 qr 25 lbs (1852.9 kg).

The runs on Brooklands track amounted to 1,930.5 miles (3106.8 km)at an average speed of 42.4 mph (68.2 km/h) with an average weight of car and passengers of 3,805 lb (1726 kg). A distance of 5 miles was traversed in running to and from the car-headquarters and the track, and this with the return journey to Coventry made a total mileage of 2,159.5 (3474.5 km).

The petrol consumption on the track was equal to 20.57 m.p.g. and on the road 19.48 m.p.g. The ton-miles per gallon of fuel were 34.94 on the track and 35.97 on the road.

Final Bench Test
On arrival in Coventry, the engine was replaced on the test bench and run for 5 hours 15 minutes during which there were no stoppages of any description; the load was eased for 15 minutes for brake adjustments.

Average horse-power recorded, 57.25.

Petrol consumed, 22.5 gallons = .599 pints per horse-power hour.

The judges append the following remarks to their certificate: "The engine was completely dismantled, and no perceptible wear was noticeable on any of the fitted surfaces. The cylinders and pistons were found to be notably clean. The only perceptible wear in any part was caused by two joint pins rubbing against adjacent parts. The ports of the valves showed no burning or wear."

First Bench Test
The speed of the engine was 1,400 r.p.m. giving a limit of 35.3 h.p. below which the h.p. was at no time to fall.

The duration of the test was 5 days 12 hours 58 minutes or 132 hours 58 minutes. There were no stops incurring any penalty.

There were two stops of 17 minutes total duration, which did not incur any penalty under Rule 6 (2) The load was eased for a total of 41 minutes for brake adjustments, but the engine was not stopped. Average horse-power recorded was 38.83.

Petrol consumed, 476.5 gallons equal to .739 pints per h.p. hour.

Running Test
The conditions for the running test were the same as for the 38-h.p. car test, but with varying figures as to the results.

Average weight of the car and passengers on the road was 3,512.5 lbs (1638.6 kg); on the track, 3,332.5 lb (1511.6 kg).

Distance covered on Brooklands track, 1,914.1 miles (3080.4 km).

Average speed, 41.88 mph (67.4 km/h).

The petrol consumption on the track was equal to 22.44 m.p.g. and on the road 19.48 m.p.g. The ton-miles per gallon of fuel were 33.37 on the track and 31.19 on the road.

The total mileage of 2,143.1 (3449 km).

Final Bench Test
Duration, 5 hours 2 minutes. No stoppages of any description; the load was eased for 1 minute. Average horse-power recorded, 38.96. Petrol consumed, 18.25 gallons = .749 pints per h.p. hour. The judges append the following remarks to their certificate: "The engine was completely dismantled, and no perceptible wear was noticeable on any of the fitted surfaces. The cylinders and pistons were found to be notably clean. The ports of the valves showed no burning or wear."

title: Dewar Trophy


text:
Sarai Alamgir

Sarai Alamgir (, Urdu: سرائے عالمگیر) is the main town of Sarai Alamgir Tehsil, located in the Gujrat district in the north of the Punjab, a province of Pakistan. Sarai Alamgir is one of four tehsils of Gujrat district.

The Sarai Alamgir town was mainly founded by the mughal emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir. That's why the name of town was given Sarai Alamgir which means Sarai of Alamgir because this place was used as "Sarai" (rest place) by the army of Aurangzeb Alamgir. The town also gains strategic importance that time due to its position at Grand Trunk Road.

Sarai Alamgir covers 575 sqkm on the eastern bank of the Jhelum River, across from the larger town of Jhelum. East of the town is the Upper Jhelum Canal. Sarai Alamgir was raised to the level of Municipal Committee in 1976. After the implementation of Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001, it was given the status of Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMA).

Geography and climate
Sarai is located at 32.9°N, 73.75°W (32.900000, 73.750000); it lies at 232 m above sea level. The municipality has a moderate climate. During the summer, temperatures can reach 45 °C for short periods. Winter months are mild, temperatures rarely falling below 1 °C. Sarai Alamgir is located south of Jhelum City, which lies across the Jhelum River. To the north of Sarai, cities are Mirpure and Bhimber. Mandi Bahauddin and Rasul are located to the south of Sarai Alamgir.

History
In ancient history, the region participated in the Indus Valley civilization and the Gandhara civilization. At a later date, the Battle of the Hydaspes took place nearby, between the armies of Alexander the Great and the Great King Porus. In the past, people of influence would build a Sarai, which would be caravan stations and rest houses for travelers. A typical Sarai would consist of a drinking well, a praying area and a resting place for people.

The 'Sarai' (rest area) at Sarai Alamgir was founded by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb because of its strategic location on the Grand Trunk Road and the Jhelum River, and its proximity to Kashmir. Over time, Sarai Alamgir developed into a central town for adjoining village populations.

Sarai Alamgir gained prominence when the King George V Royal Indian Military School was established on 3 March 1922; it was one of four such cadet schools in British India to benefit the sons of members of the Royal Indian Army. The college is now known as the Military College Jhelum and is one of the oldest institutions in Pakistan.

Administration
The Tehsil Municipal Administration is a corporate body and consists of the Tehsil Nazim, Tehsil Municipal Officer, four Tehsil Officers and other officials of the Local Council Service, and officials of the offices entrusted to the Tehsil Municipal Administration. A Tehsil Nazim is the head of Tehsil Municipal Administration and exercises all functions and powers assigned to him under the Ordinance. The Tehsil Municipal Officer acts as coordinating and administrative officer, in charge of the Tehsil Officers.

Surrounding important places
Sarai Alamgir is a historic crossroads between the ancient Grand Trunk Road and the Jhelum River. Nearby are the sites of the Battle of the Hydaspes, the historic and ancient Alexandrian city of Bukephala (or Bucephala) and the huge Rohtas Fort.

Boundaries
Sarai Alamgir city has these cities in its surrounding areas:

West
Jhelum

East
Kharian

North
Mirpur, Azad Kashmir

South
Rasul

Union councils
Sarai Alamgir Tehsil consists of nine union councils that, along with their respective populations in 1998, are:
 * Mandi Bhalwal (109):    18,960
 * Bhagnagar (113):        17,282
 * Karyala (113):          20,531
 * Simbli (114):           21,936
 * Khohar (115):           32,486
 * Sarai Alamgir-I (116):  17,271
 * Sarai Alamgir-II (117): 19,895
 * Thill Bakohal (110):    18,574
 * Baisa (111):            20,353

Communications
The nearest international airports are at Islamabad and Sialkot, about 127 km and 90 km away, respectively. There are other transport links to the town, including a railway station, the Grand Trunk Road, the Jhelum River and the Upper Jhelum Canal. Sarai Alamgir is located on GT Road (N5) and Pakistan's main railway line. A highway connects it with Mandi Bahauddin, while the other one goes to Mirpur, Azad Kashmir. A Motorway interchange is also in the pipeline which will be completed by 2023.

title: Sarai Alamgir


text:
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Carbon capture

Carbon capture may refer to:
 * Carbon capture and storage, referring to carbon sequestration from point sources
 * Carbon capture and utilization, where the captured carbon dioxide is used
 * Direct air capture, where carbon dioxide is captured directly from air

title: Carbon capture


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Science journalism

Science journalism conveys reporting about science to the public. The field typically involves interactions between scientists, journalists and the public.

Origins
Modern science journalism originated in weather and other natural history observations, as well as reports of new scientific findings, reported by almanacs and other news writing in the centuries following the advent of the printing press. One early example dates back to Digdarshan (means showing the direction), which was an educational monthly magazine that started publication in 1818 from Srirampore, Bengal, India. Digdarshan carried articles on different aspects of science, such as plants, steam boat, etc. It was available in Bengali, Hindi and English languages. In the U.S., Scientific American was founded in 1845, in another early example. One of the occasions an article was attributed to a 'scientific correspondent' was "A Gale in the Bay of Biscay" by William Crookes which appeared in The Times on 18 January 1871, page 7. Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895) and John Tyndall (1820–1893) were scientists who were greatly involved in journalism and Peter Chalmers Mitchell (1864–1945) was Scientific Correspondent for The Times from 1918 to 1935. However it was with James Crowther's appointment as the 'scientific correspondent' of The Manchester Guardian by C. P. Scott in 1928 that science journalism really took shape. Crowther related that Scott had declared that there was "no such thing" as science journalism, at which point Crowther replied that he intended to invent it. Scott was convinced and then employed him.

Aims
"Science values detail, precision, the impersonal, the technical, the lasting, facts, numbers and being right. Journalism values brevity, approximation, the personal, the colloquial, the immediate, stories, words and being right now. There are going to be tensions."

The aim of a science journalist is to render very detailed, specific, and often jargon-laden information produced by scientists into a form that non-scientists can understand and appreciate while still communicating the information accurately. One way science journalism can achieve that is to avoid an information deficit model of communication, which assumes a top-down, one-way direction of communicating information that limits an open dialogue between knowledge holders and the public. One such way of sparking an inclusive dialogue between science and society that leads to a broader uptake of post-high school science discoveries is science blogs. Science journalists face an increasing need to convey factually correct information through storytelling techniques in order to tap into both the rational and emotional side of their audiences, the latter of which to some extent ensuring that the information uptake persists.

Science journalists often have training in the scientific disciplines that they cover. Some have earned a degree in a scientific field before becoming journalists or exhibited talent in writing about science subjects. However, good preparation for interviews and even deceptively simple questions such as "What does this mean to the people on the street?" can often help a science journalist develop material that is useful for the intended audience.

Status
With budget cuts at major newspapers and other media, there are fewer working science journalists employed by traditional print and broadcast media than before. Similarly, there are currently very few journalists in traditional media outlets that write multiple articles on emerging science, such as nanotechnology.

In 2011, there were 459 journalists who had written a newspaper article covering nanotechnology, of whom 7 wrote about the topic more than 25 times.

In January 2012, just a week after The Daily Climate reported that worldwide coverage of climate change continued a three-year slide in 2012 and that among the five largest US dailies, the New York Times published the most stories and had the biggest increase in coverage, that newspaper announced that it was dismantling its environmental desk and merging its journalists with other departments.

News coverage on science by traditional media outlets, such as newspapers, magazines, radio and news broadcasts is being replaced by online sources. In April 2012, the New York Times was awarded two Pulitzer Prizes for content published by Politico and The Huffington Post (now HuffPost) both online sources, a sign of the platform shift by the media outlet.

Science information continues to be widely available to the public online. The increase in access to scientific studies and findings causes science journalism to adapt. "In many countries the public's main source of information about science and technology is the mass media." Science journalists must compete for attention with other stories that are perceived as more entertaining. Science information cannot always be sensationalized to capture attention and the sheer amount of available information can cause important findings to be buried. The general public does not typically search for science information unless it is mentioned or discussed in mainstream media first. However, the mass media are the most important or only source of scientific information for people after completing their education.

A common misconception about public interest surrounds science journalism. Those who choose which news stories are important typically assume the public is not as interested in news written by a scientist and would rather receive news stories that are written by general reporters instead. The results of a study conducted comparing public interest between news stories written by scientists and stories written by reporters concluded there is no significant difference. The public was equally interested in news stories written by a reporter and a scientist. This is a positive finding for science journalism because it shows it is increasingly relevant and is relied upon by the public to make informed decisions. "The vast majority of non-specialists obtain almost all their knowledge about science from journalists, who serve as the primary gatekeepers for scientific information." Ethical and accurate reporting by science journalists is vital to keeping the public informed.

Science journalism is reported differently than traditional journalism. Conventionally, journalism is seen as more ethical if it is balanced reporting and includes information from both sides of an issue. Science journalism has moved to an authoritative type of reporting where they present information based on peer reviewed evidence and either ignore the conflicting side or point out their lack of evidence. Science journalism continues to adapt to a slow journalism method that is very time-consuming but contains higher quality information from peer-reviewed sources. They also practice sustainable journalism that focuses on solutions rather than only the problem. Presenting information from both sides of the issue can confuse readers on what the actual findings show. Balanced reporting can actually lead to unbalanced reporting because it gives attention to extreme minority views in the science community, implying that both sides have an equal number of supporters. It can give the false impression that an opposing minority viewpoint is valid.

For example, a 2019 survey of scientists' views on climate change yielded a 100% consensus that global warming is human-caused. However, articles like "Climate Change: A Scientist and Skeptic Exchange Viewpoints," published by Divided We Fall in 2018, may unintentionally foster doubt in readers, as this particular scientist "did not say, as the media and the political class has said, that the science is settled."

The public benefits from an authoritative reporting style in guiding them to make informed decisions about their lifestyle and health.

Tracking the remaining experienced science journalists is becoming increasingly difficult. For example, in Australia, the number of science journalists has decreased to abysmal numbers: "you need less than one hand to count them." Due to the rapidly decreasing number of science journalists, experiments on ways to improve science journalism are also rare. However, in one of the few experiments conducted with science journalists, when the remaining population of science journalists networked online, they produced more accurate articles than when in isolation. New communication environments provide essentially unlimited information on a large number of issues, which can be obtained anywhere and with relatively limited effort. The web also offers opportunities for citizens to connect with others through social media and other 2.0-type tools to make sense of this information.

"After a lot of hand wringing about the newspaper industry about six years ago, I take a more optimistic view these days," said Cristine Russell, president of the Council for the Advancement of Science Writing. "The world is online. Science writers today have the opportunity to communicate not just with their audience but globally".

Blog-based science reporting is filling in to some degree, but has problems of its own.

One of the main findings is about the controversy surrounding climate change and how the media affects people's opinions on this topic. Survey and experimental research have discovered connections between exposure to cable and talk show radio channels and views on global warming. However, early subject analyses noticed that U.S. media outlets over exaggerate the dispute that surrounds global warming actually existing. A majority of Americans view global warming as an outlying issue that will essentially affect future generations of individuals in other countries. This is a problem considering that they are getting most of their information from these media sources that are opinionated and not nearly as concerned with supplying facts to their viewers. Research found that after people finish their education, the media becomes the most significant, and for many individuals, the sole source of information regarding science, scientific findings and scientific processes. Many people fail to realize that information about science included from online sources is not always credible.

Since the 1980s, climate science and mass media have transformed into an increasingly politicized sphere. In the United States, Conservatives and Liberals understand global warming differently. Democrats often accept the evidence for global warming and think that it's caused by humans, while not many Republicans believe this. Democrats and liberals have higher and more steady trust in scientists, while conservative Republicans' trust in scientists has been declining. However, in the United Kingdom, mass media do not have nearly the impact on people's opinions as in the United States. They have a different attitude towards the environment which prompted them to approve the Kyoto Protocol, which works to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, while the U.S., the world's largest creator of carbon dioxide, has not done so.

The content of news stories regarding climate change are affected by journalistic norms including balance, impartiality, neutrality and objectivity. Balanced reporting, which involves giving equal time to each opposing side of a debate over an issue, has had a rather harmful impact on the media coverage of climate science.

Chocolate hoax
In 2015, John Bohannon produced a deliberately bad study to see how a low-quality open access publisher and the media would pick up their findings. He worked with a film-maker Peter Onneken who was making a film about junk science in the diet industry with fad diets becoming headline news despite terrible study design and almost no evidence. He invented a fake "diet institute" that lacks even a website, used the pen name "Johannes Bohannon" and fabricated a press release.

Criticism
Science journalists keep the public informed of scientific advancements and assess the appropriateness of scientific research. However, this work comes with a set of criticisms. Science journalists regularly come under criticism for misleading reporting of scientific stories. All three groups of scientists, journalists and the public often criticize science journalism for bias and inaccuracies. However, with the increasing collaborations online between science journalists there may be potential with removing inaccuracies. The 2010 book Merchants of Doubt by historians of science Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway argues that in topics like the global warming controversy, tobacco smoking, acid rain, DDT and ozone depletion, contrarian scientists have sought to "keep the controversy alive" in the public arena by demanding that reporters give false balance to the minority side. Very often, such as with climate change, this leaves the public with the impression that disagreement within the scientific community is much greater than it actually is. Science is based on experimental evidence and testing, and disputation is a normal activity.

Scholars have criticized science journalists for:

 * Uncritical reporting
 * Emphasizing frames of scientific progress and economic prospect
 * Not presenting a range of expert opinion
 * Having preferences toward positive messages
 * Reporting unrealistic timelines and engaging in the production of a "cycle of hype"

Science journalists can be seen as the gatekeepers of scientific information. Just like traditional journalists, science journalists are responsible for what truths reach the public.

Scientific information is often costly to access. This is counterproductive to the goals of science journalism. Open science, a movement for "free availability and usability of scholarly publications," seeks to counteract the accessibility issues of valuable scientific information. Freely accessible scientific journals will decrease the public's reliance on potentially biased popular media for scientific information.

Many science magazines, along with Newspapers like The New York Times and popular science shows like PBS Nova tailor their content to relatively highly educated audiences. Many universities and research institutions focus much of their media outreach efforts on coverage in such outlets. Some government departments require journalists to gain clearance to interview a scientist, and require that a press secretary listen in on phone conversations between government funded scientists and journalists.

Many pharmaceutical marketing representatives have come under fire for offering free meals to doctors in order to promote new drugs. Critics of science journalists have argued that they should disclose whether industry groups have paid for a journalist to travel, or has received free meals or other gifts.

Science journalism finds itself under a critical eye due to the fact that it combines the necessary tasks of a journalist along with the investigative process of a scientist.

Science journalist responsibility
Science journalists offer important contributions to the open science movement by using the Value Judgement Principle (VJP). Science journalists are responsible for "identifying and explaining major value judgments for members of the public." In other words, science journalists must make judgments such as what is good and bad (right and wrong). This is a very significant role because it helps "equip non-specialists to draw on scientific information and make decisions that accord with their own values". While scientific information is often portrayed in quantitative terms and can be interpreted by experts, the audience must ultimately decide how to feel about the information. Most science journalists begin their careers as either a scientist or a journalist and transition to science communication. One area in which science journalists seem to support varying sides of an issue is in risk communication. Science journalists may choose to highlight the amount of risk that studies have uncovered while others focus more on the benefits depending on audience and framing. Science journalism in contemporary risk societies leads to the institutionalisation of mediated scientific public spheres which exclusively discuss science and technology related issues. This also leads to the development of new professional relationship between scientists and journalists, which is mutually beneficial.

Types
There are many different examples of science writing. A few examples include feature writing, risk communication, blogs, science books, scientific journals, science podcasts and science magazines.

Notable science journalists

 * Natalie Angier, a science journalist for The New York Times
 * Philip Ball, English science writer
 * Jules Bergman, a science journalist for ABC News
 * Christopher Bird
 * David Bodanis, known for his microphotographic style
 * David Bradley (UK journalist)
 * William Broad, a science journalist for The New York Times
 * Deborah Byrd, of the Earth & Sky radio series
 * Peter Calamai, science journalist for the Toronto Star
 * Nigel Calder
 * Siri Carpenter
 * Marcus Chown
 * Wilson da Silva, editor and co-founder of Cosmos magazine
 * Claudia Dreifus
 * David Ewing Duncan
 * Gregg Easterbrook
 * Dan Fagin
 * Kitty Ferguson
 * Timothy Ferris, science writer, most often on astronomical topics
 * Albrecht Fölsing
 * Ben Goldacre
 * Gina Kolata, science journalist for The New York Times
 * Robert Krulwich
 * Robert Kunzig
 * Duncan Lunan
 * Katherine McAlpine
 * Bob McDonald, Canadian science journalist, host of Quirks & Quarks
 * Steve Mirsky, columnist for Scientific American
 * Chris Mooney, science journalist and author
 * Michelle Nijhuis
 * Dennis Overbye of The New York Times
 * Peter Hadfield, freelance journalist and ex-geologist, known for his YouTube channel 'Potholer54'
 * Michael Pollan
 * David Quammen, science, nature and travel writer
 * Mary Roach
 * Matt Ridley, science journalist and author, columnist at the Wall Street Journal
 * Kirsten Sanford
 * Rebecca Skloot
 * Meredith Small
 * John Timmer
 * Nicholas Wade, a science journalist for The New York Times
 * Robyn Williams
 * Carl Zimmer
 * Nagendra Vijay

title: Science journalism


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sox Australia

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 09:05, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Sox Australia
Advertisement for a completely non-notable company. Ambi 11:41, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Australia-related deletions.    -- Cyberjunkie | Talk 13:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Training about how to make corporate disclosures??? nn Andrew pmk | Talk 19:30, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pure adv. Speedy? Gtabary 23:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising --Apyule 07:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator.--nixie 02:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 13:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator.James Pinnell 02:31, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. --DarbyAsh 08:44, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Category:South American football club stubs

Note: This is for clubs from CONMEBOL member states. This does not include Suriname, Guyana and French Guiana, who are geographically in South America, but whose football associations are CONCACAF members.


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Reinhard Opitz

Reinhard Opitz (2 July 1934, Beuthen, Province of Upper Silesia – 3 April 1986) was a German left-wing intellectual and social scientist whose best-known thesis postulates that members of the German middle class had acquired a "falsified" consciousness.

A prolific writer and theorist, Opitz, who had a Ph.D. in philosophy, spent the greater part of his working life on the fringes of political movements. While the majority of his writings forcefully argue the correctness of finer points in the works of Karl Marx, his most widely remembered personal contribution to Marxist theory was the "falsified" consciousness position. The completed essay, entitled On Genesis and Prevention of Fascism, appeared in the autumn 1974 issue of the leftist German academic publication Das Argument.

Reinhard Opitz died of cancer in Cologne, where he had lived for twenty years. He was 51 years old.

In 1999, thirteen years after his death, Rainer Rilling and Ilina Fach published Liberalism—Fascism—Integration (ISBN 3-924684-88-X), a three-volume edition (in German, 1490 pages) of the most relevant pieces Opitz had written and published.

title: Reinhard Opitz


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Uppsala Association of International Affairs

The Uppsala Association of Foreign Affairs (Swedish: Utrikespolitiska föreningen i Uppsala (UF Uppsala)) is a politically and religiously independent association that strives to create debate around international issues. It has a strong connection to Uppsala University in Sweden, with most of its members being students at the university. It is also part of the Swedish Association of International Affairs (SAIA), which serves as an umbrella organization.

The main activity of the association is lectures held by invited guests. They can be politicians, diplomats, journalists or experts on specific fields connected to foreign affairs. Over the years the association has been visited by prominent people such as Gunnar Myrdal, Olof Palme, Günther Wallraff, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Hans Blix, Fredrik Reinfeldt and Ban Ki-moon. Further, the association organizes study trips to foreign countries, publishes a foreign affairs magazine named Uttryck, and hosts a weekly radio broadcast.

History
The precursor organization of the Uppsala Association of Foreign Affairs, the Uppsala Student Association for the League of Nations, was founded in 1925. Together with the other three original member associations of what should become SAIA, namely the organizations at Gothenburg University, Lund University, and Stockholm University, it founded Sweden's Academic Association for the League of Nations, which in turn was part of the International University Federation of the League of Nations (IUFLN). However, in 1935, the Swedish branch left IUFLN and with its renaming into the Swedish Academic Association for Foreign Affairs (SAFU) in 1939, the break-off was completed.

With the outbreak of World War II, both the umbrella organization and local associations were dissolved. In 1948, the Uppsala Association of Foreign Affairs was founded as Sweden's first official UN association for students. In 1985, however, it left the UN umbrella organization that it was part of. In 1997, the Uppsala Association of Foreign Affairs joined other associations throughout the country in creating a new umbrella organization named Sweden's Foreign-Policy Associations, which was then renamed into the Swedish Association of International Affairs in 2007.


text: User talk:Muevan

title: User talk:Muevan


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Ekraveien (station)

Ekraveien is the last Oslo Metro station on the Røa Line within Oslo's city limits. It is between the stations Røa and Eiksmarka. It was opened 22 December 1948 when the Røa Line was extended to Grini.

Ekraveien itself is a road which runs north from the station to Bogstad. The neighborhood around the station is residential, consisting mostly of detached housing.

title: Ekraveien (station)


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Billion Electric

Billion Electric Co. Ltd. (Taiex: #3027), based in Taiwan, is an electronics company founded in 1973.

Their range of ADSL modem/routers were introduced into Australia in 2002. Since then, features have been added including 4 port switches, wireless, VoIP, and VPN termination.

title: Billion Electric


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García Sánchez of Castile

García Sánchez (died 1029) was the last independent count of Castile from 1017 to his death. Son of Sancho García and his wife Urraca, he succeeded his father when he was only a boy.

During his minority the post of regent was held by several Castilian magnates and Urraca, Abbess of Covarrubias, the young count's aunt. The county fell under the protection of his brother-in-law, King Sancho III of Pamplona (Sancho the Great).

He reached his majority in 1028 and the next year travelled to León to marry Infanta Sancha, sister of Bermudo III of León. However, as he was entering the church of John the Baptist for the ceremony, he was assassinated by a pair of exiled Castilian noblemen, the brothers Rodrigo Vela and Íñigo Vela.

The countship was assigned to his nephew Ferdinand, younger son of his sister Muniadona and her husband Sancho the Great, who then married García's intended wife, Sancha.

title: García Sánchez of Castile


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Parachute cord

Parachute cord (also paracord or 550 cord when referring to type-III paracord) is a lightweight nylon kernmantle rope originally used in the suspension lines of parachutes. This cord is now used as a general purpose utility cord. This versatile cord was used by astronauts during the 82nd Space Shuttle mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope.

The braided sheath is usually made up of 32 interwoven strands, giving it a relatively smooth texture. The all-nylon construction makes paracord somewhat elastic.

Current technical standards for the manufacture of cord for use in parachutes are published by the Parachute Industry Association. The now inactivated US military standard MIL-C-5040H required the material to be nylon. Similar styles of cord are manufactured with other materials such as polyester.

Usage
Historically associated with airborne units and divisions, paracord is not used as cordage for modern "square" parachutes. However, it continues to be used by many military units in almost any situation where light cordage is needed. Typical uses include attaching equipment to harnesses, as dummy cords to avoid losing small or important items, tying rucksacks to vehicle racks, securing camouflage nets to trees or vehicles, and so forth. When threaded with beads, paracord may be used as a pace counter to estimate ground covered by foot.

The yarns of the core (commonly referred to as "the guts") can also be removed when finer string is needed, for instance as sewing thread to repair gear, or to be used as fishing line in a survival situation. For applications requiring a thinner or less elastic cord, such as shoelaces, users often remove the yarn in the core and use the nylon sheath alone. The ends of the cord can be melted and/or crimped to prevent fraying. There are also modern versions of parachute cord that include non-traditional survival strands within the core such as fishing line, fire tinder, and even snare wire. In addition to purely utility functions, paracord can be used to fashion knotted or braided bracelets, lanyards, belts, and other decorative items. These are sometimes tied in a fashion that can easily be unraveled for use in a survival situation. Some companies use paracord in conjunction with other survival components to create everyday wearable survival kits.

The same properties which soldiers appreciate in paracord are also useful in civilian applications. After World War II parachute cord became available to civilians, first as military surplus and then as a common retail product from various surplus stores and websites. A given product labelled as paracord may not correspond to a specific military type and can be of differing construction, quality, color, or strength. Particularly poor quality examples may have fewer strands in the sheath or core, have cores constructed of bulk fiber rather than individual yarns, or include materials other than nylon.

Paracord has also been used for whipmaking. The durability and versatility of this material has proved beneficial for performing whip crackers and enthusiasts. Since nylon does not rot or mildew, it has become known as an all-weather material for whipmaking.

Hikers and outdoor sports enthusiasts sometimes use "survival bracelets " made of several feet of paracord which is woven into a compact and wearable form. Such bracelets are meant to be unraveled when one needs rope for whatever purpose — securing cargo, lashing together poles, fixing broken straps or belts, or assisting with water rescues. Young survivalists, such as Girl Scouts and Boy Scouts, are also taught the importance of using the paracord as a survival tool. On the other hand, the paracord is a poor choice for an emergency tourniquet as its small diameter will crush tissue without applying the needed pressure to stop bleeding.

Another use of parachute cord is in the stringing of mallet percussion instruments, such the xylophone, marimba, or vibraphone.

A very similar usage niche is nylon webbing, a strong, economical fabric woven as a flat strip or tube, also often used in place of rope.

Additional uses for parachute cord are in the manufacture of items such as lanyards, belts, dog leashes, rosaries, and key chains. This is becoming more popular as crafters are discovering this material.

Types
US military issue paracord was purchased with reference to a technical standard MIL-C-5040H, which was inactivated in 1997. This standard described six types: I, IA, II, IIA, III, IV.

The core (also known as the kern) consists of several yarns, the number is determined by the cord type, and each yarn is made up of two or three (commercial) or three (MIL-Spec) smaller nylon fibers twisted together. Types IA and IIA differ from their type I and II counterparts in that they have no core. Type III, a type commonly found in use, is nominally rated with a minimum breaking strength of 550 lbf, thus the nickname "550 cord". All six types are specified to have a minimum elongation of 30%.

The US military specification for paracord gives strength and construction parameters to which the final product must conform, as well as requirements for packaging and marking. Although the standard contains specific denier figures for the sheath strands and inner yarns, there are no overall diameter requirements for the cord itself. Below is a table of selected elements from the specification.

Thickness
Military-specification type III cord may be slightly thicker than commercial grade due to it often requiring three nylon fibers per inner core as opposed to the two fibers per core of the commercial version. Military cord will be closer to a 4 mm thickness, whereas commercial versions are closer to a 3 mm thickness. This will also vary if the Type III uses 7, 8, or 9 inner cores. The most common on the commercial market is seven cores. While the US military has no overall diameter requirements in its specifications, in the field, Type III cord typically measures 5/32 in in diameter.

Colors
The inactivated military standard only describes sheath colors as natural or olive drab ("camouflage green"). However, commercially many dozens of different and variable colors are available ranging from simple colors such as blue, green, brown, and black to more intricate colors such as multi colored, camouflage, and neon variations. Paracord has also been made in special zombie patterns, light reflective, color-shifting, and glow in the dark.

Manufacture
The inactivated specification describes the requirements for the manufacture of compliant cords. The fibers for the outer sheath must be colored using an approved dye; the dye cannot compromise the structure of the fibers or the finished product. The undyed fibers are twisted tightly to make the inner yarns: 3 bundles of fiber per core yarn. The sheath is then plaited over the yarns. The number of yarns are determined by cord type; type III would have 7-9 yarns. The cord is steamed to tighten the cord. This step is crucial for parachute use since the extra bit of stretch helps absorb the shock when the parachute is deployed.

Manufacturer markings
The inactivated military standard referred to a color code used to identify the manufacturers of the cord. Manufacturers would insert several dyed strands, using a code assigned in MIL STD 905 (also inactivated) to identify themselves. This was so that in the event of cord failure it would be possible to find the source of the sub-par cordage. Type 1A cord and Type 2A cord would have the marking fibers on the sheath since they contain no inner yarns. Types 1, III and IV would have yarns containing the marking color.

title: Parachute cord


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Ego Tripping at the Gates of Hell

Ego Tripping at the Gates of Hell is an EP by The Flaming Lips, released on Warner Bros. Records in late 2003.

It was released while At War With the Mystics, the full-length follow-up to Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots, was being recorded. Despite being named after the Yoshimi... album track "Ego Tripping at the Gates of Hell", the song is not the lead track and does not even appear in its original form, but rather as two club-oriented remixes.

title: Ego Tripping at the Gates of Hell


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Minami Kuribayashi

Minami Kuribayashi (栗林 みな実) is a Japanese singer, songwriter, lyricist and former voice actress from Shizuoka Prefecture. From 2016 to 2019, she performed under the stage name Minami.

Her involvement in the game and anime Kimi ga Nozomu Eien, where she voiced the role of one of the characters, Haruka Suzumiya and performed and penned the theme songs and other songs relating to the series, has brought her much attention. Her single "Precious Memories", used as the opening theme song for the series' animated version was a success; it had a peak ranking of 17th place on the Oricon charts and charted for 14 weeks. She has since performed songs for other games and anime, including series such as Muv-Luv, Chrono Crusade, My-HiME, My-Otome, Kure-nai, and School Days.

Kuribayashi has performed as part of the group Wild 3nin Musume, whose other present members are Joy Max (a.k.a. Joy Max Maximum) and Kisho Taniyama (a.k.a. Jackie Yang). She also once paired with Chiaki Takahashi to form the group exige, where Takahashi was known as CT. Veronica. Also, she is part of Sound Horizon.

TV animation

 * Kimi ga Nozomu Eien (Haruka Suzumiya)
 * Mai Otome (Erstin Ho)
 * School Days (Minami Obuchi)

OVAs

 * Akane Maniax (Haruka Suzumiya)
 * Ayumayu Gekijou (Haruka Suzumiya, Kasumi Yashiro)
 * Kimi ga Nozomu Eien ~Next Season~ (Haruka Suzumiya)
 * My-Otome Zwei (Ribbon-chan)
 * School Days ~Magical Heart Kokoro-chan~ (Minami Obuchi)

Internet animation

 * Ayumayu Gekijou (Haruka Suzumiya, Kasumi Yashiro)

Games

 * Age Maniax (Susie, Fumino)
 * Kaseki no Uta (化石の歌) (Priere)
 * Kimi ga Nozomu Eien (Haruka Suzumiya)
 * School Days (Minami Obuchi)
 * School Days L x H (Minami Obuchi)
 * "Hello, world." (Haruka Tomonaga)
 * Muv-Luv (Kasumi Yashiro)
 * Muv-Luv Alternative (Kasumi Yashiro, Haruka Suzumiya)
 * Muv-Luv Altered Fable (Kasumi Yashiro, Haruka Suzumiya)
 * My-Otome: Otome Butoushi!! (Erstin Ho)

DVDs

 * Kuribayashi Minami in BASXI Secret Live "Birthday eve"
 * 2003-11-27: Kuribayashi Minami Music Clip "Precious Memories"
 * 2008-02-27: Kuribayashi Minami 1st Live Tour 2007 "Fantastic Arrow"

title: Minami Kuribayashi


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Terry Albritton

Terence Hillary Albritton (January 14, 1955 – September 1, 2005) was an American track and field athlete, former shot put world record holder, and coach.

Career
Albritton was born in Newport Beach, California and attended Newport Harbor High School. He went on to the University of Hawaii and later graduated from Stanford University. He was a strength coach at the University of Hawaii from 1979 to 1985. He is regarded as a pioneer in importing the training techniques from the Soviet Union to the United States. These methods include power cleans, plyometrics, and other fast twitching muscle training techniques.

From 1990 to 2004, Albritton was a teacher and assistant football coach at St. Anthony School in Wailuku, Hawaii and was also a personal trainer on Maui for professional athletes, including Shane Victorino of the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Albritton suffered a fatal heart attack in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, where he had retired in 2004. At the time he had been writing a screenplay about travels in the Soviet Union. He was survived by sons, Shane and Thomas Albritton, and grandson, Thomas Vaethroeder.

Shot put accomplishments

 * World record: 71 ft, 1976, Cooke Field, University of Hawaii
 * National shot put champion, 1976, 1977
 * National shot put runner-up, 1975

title: Terry Albritton


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Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company

Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company (Sveriges Utbildningsradio or simply Utbildningsradion; UR) is a public-service corporation providing educational programming on radio and television.

The company is a member of the European Broadcasting Union and Nordvision.

History
The company originates from experiments with Skolradio (school radio) by the Skolöverstyrelsen (National Board of Education) in 1928, a business that became permanent in 1929. In 1931, Radiotjänst became the principal for its broadcasts. In 1961, test broadcasts of school television began, an activity that in 1964 merged with school radio. To this was later added SR's adult education and the activity was financed with tax funds.

In 1967, Kommittén för Television och Radio i Utbildningen (TRU), the committee for television and radio, was started in the education of the state as an experimental activity of sending wireless teaching materials to universities and preschools. The location was in Stocksund and the business continued until 1978 when it was taken over by the newly started Sveriges Utbildningsradio AB.

In 1978, an extensive reorganization was carried out in which Sveriges Radio (SR) was split into four subsidiaries owned by SR: Sveriges Riksradio (RR), Swedish National Radio; Sveriges Lokalradio (LRAB), Swedish Local Radio; Sveriges Utbildningsradio (UR), Swedish Educational Broadcasting; and Sveriges Television (SVT), Swedish Television. In 1985, the tax financing ceased and UR's program was financed by the television fee. In 1994, another reorganization was made and UR became an independent company.

Between 1999 and 2006, a series of books on the history of educational programs and UR have been published by Arkiv förlag. A total of 16 volumes were published in this series of publications. In 2016, UR was rejected by the Discrimination Ombudsman after placing a job advertisement where dark skin color was included in the applicant's qualifications.

Distribution
UR broadcasts their programming on Sveriges Radio's channels P1, P2, P3 and P4 as well as Sveriges Television's SVT1, SVT2 and SVT Barn. On 27 September 2004, Kunskapskanalen (The Knowledge Channel) started broadcasting. The channel is run as a collaborative project between UR and SVT. Each company accounts for fifty percent of the content and airtime.

Management
CEOs:

 * Börje Dahlqvist (1977–1986)
 * Lars Hansson (1986–1998)
 * Rolf Svensson (1998–1999, acting)
 * Christina Björk (2000–2009)
 * Erik Fichtelius (2009–2015)
 * Christel Tholse Willers (2015–2017)
 * Per Bergkrantz (2017–2018, acting)
 * Sofia Wadensjö Karén (2018–2023)
 * Kalle Sandhammar (2023–)


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Talk:Promotional pens

This article survived an afd nomination: Articles for deletion/Promotional pens. Eugene van der Pijll 11:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Promotional pens


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Marino

Marino, Mariño or Maryino may refer to:

Places

 * Marino, Lazio, a town in the province of Rome, Italy
 * Marino, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide
 * Marino Conservation Park
 * Marino Rocks Greenway, a cycling route
 * Marino Rocks railway station
 * Marino, County Down in Northern Ireland
 * Marino railway station (Northern Ireland) in County Down, Northern Ireland
 * Marino railway station, Adelaide in Adelaide, South Australia
 * Marino, Dublin, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland
 * Marino, Ilinden, North Macedonia, a village
 * Maryino District of Moscow, Russia
 * Maryino (Moscow Metro), a station of the Moscow Metro

Name

 * Marino (name), including people with the surname and given name
 * Marino, a thief in the video game Mega Man X: Command Mission
 * Marino (character), a comic book hero from Éditions Lug
 * Marino, a surname of Saint Marina the Monk

Sports

 * A.S.D. Città di Marino Calcio or simply Marino, an Italian association football team
 * CD Marino, a football team in the Canary Islands, Spain
 * Marino de Luanco, a football team in Asturias, Spain
 * Yokohama Marinos, a Japanese football team which merged with the Yokohama Flügels to form the Yokohama F. Marinos

Other uses

 * Marino language, a language of Vanuatu also known as Sungwadia
 * Marino DOC, an Italian wine
 * El Marino, a Chilean newspaper
 * Palazzo Marino, a 16th-century palace in Milan, Italy
 * "Marino", a season 2 episode from Servant (TV series)

title: Marino


text:
Gangwon campaign

The Gangwon campaign was a campaign by the Japanese army to pacify Gangwon province, Korea in 1592, just after the beginning of the Seven Year War.

Timeline
Ukita Hideie was appointed as supreme commander of the Japanese army in Korea, allotted to Mori Yoshinari's Fourth Division to be Kato Kiyomasa's rear guard by pacifying Gangwon Province.

Won Ho VS Mori Yoshinari
 * The Battle of Yeogang (Hangul : 여강) on May 22, 1592*

Mori Yoshinari VS Kim Yeon-gwang (Hangul : 김연광 Hanja : 金鍊光) (Korean Regular Army : 조선육군)
 * The Fall of Hoeyang Castle (Hangul : 회양성 Hanja : 淮陽) on June 5, 1592*

Japanese's Fourth Division occupation of Gangwon Province in 1592
Japanese commander and their forts (all of which were captured Korean castles) :

 * Itō Suketaka - Cheorwon
 * Akizuki Tanenaga - Wonju
 * Shimazu Tadatsune - Chuncheon
 * Shimazu Yoshihiro - Yongpyon and then Kumhwa

Mori Yoshinari's pacification of Gangwon Province
The province of Gangwon had been very peaceful following its occupation by Mori Yoshinari's Fourth Division, but after a few months guerilla activity erupted.

title: Gangwon campaign


text:
Windows Firewall

Windows Firewall (officially called Microsoft Defender Firewall in Windows 10 version 2004 and later) is a firewall component of Microsoft Windows. It was first included in Windows XP SP2 and Windows Server 2003 SP1. Before the release of Windows XP Service Pack 2, it was known as the "Internet Connection Firewall."

Overview
When Windows XP was originally shipped in October 2001, it included a limited firewall called "Internet Connection Firewall". It was disabled by default due to concerns with backward compatibility, and the configuration screens were buried away in network configuration screens that many users never looked at. As a result, it was rarely used. In mid-2003, the Blaster worm attacked a large number of Windows machines, taking advantage of flaws in the RPC Windows service. Several months later, the Sasser worm did something similar. The ongoing prevalence of these worms through 2004 resulted in unpatched machines being infected within a matter of minutes. Because of these incidents, as well as other criticisms that Microsoft was not being active in protecting customers from threats, Microsoft decided to significantly improve both the functionality and the interface of Windows XP's built-in firewall, rebrand it as Windows Firewall, and switched it on by default since Windows XP SP2.

One of three profiles is activated automatically for each network interface:
 * Public assumes that the network is shared with the World and is the most restrictive profile.
 * Private assumes that the network is isolated from the Internet and allows more inbound connections than public. A network is never assumed to be private unless designated as such by a local administrator.
 * Domain profile is the least restrictive. It allows more inbound connections to allow for file sharing etc. The domain profile is selected automatically when connected to a network with a domain trusted by the local computer.

Security log capabilities are included, which can record IP addresses and other data relating to connections originating from the home or office network or the Internet. It can record both dropped packets and successful connections. This can be used, for instance, to track every time a computer on the network connects to a website. This security log is not enabled by default; the administrator must enable it.

Windows Firewall can be controlled/configured through a COM object-oriented API, scriptable through the netsh command, through the GUI administration tool or centrally through group policies. All features are available regardless of how it is configured.

Windows Neptune
In the unreleased Windows Neptune, the firewall was introduced. It is similar to the one found in Windows XP.

Windows XP
Windows Firewall was first introduced as part of Windows XP Service Pack 2. Every type of network connection, whether it is wired, wireless, VPN, or even FireWire, has the firewall enabled by default, with some built-in exceptions to allow connections from machines on the local network. It also fixed a problem whereby the firewall policies would not be enabled on a network connection until several seconds after the connection itself was created, thereby creating a window of vulnerability. A number of additions were made to Group Policy, so that Windows system administrators could configure the Windows Firewall product on a company-wide level. XP's Windows Firewall cannot block outbound connections; it is only capable of blocking inbound ones.

Windows Firewall turned out to be one of the two most significant reasons (the other being DCOM activation security) that many corporations did not upgrade to Service Pack 2 in a timely fashion. Around the time of SP2's release, a number of Internet sites were reporting significant application compatibility issues, though the majority of those ended up being nothing more than ports that needed to be opened on the firewall so that components of distributed systems (typically backup and antivirus solutions) could communicate.

Windows Firewall added IPv6, which was not supported by its predecessor, Internet Connection Firewall.

Windows Vista
Windows Vista improved the firewall to address a number of concerns around the flexibility of Windows Firewall in a corporate environment:
 * The firewall is based on the Windows Filtering Platform.
 * A new management console snap-in named Windows Firewall with Advanced Security which provides access to many advanced options, and enables remote administration. This can be accessed via Start -> Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, or by running "wf.msc"
 * Outbound packet filtering, reflecting increasing concerns about spyware and viruses that attempt to "phone home". Outbound rules are configured using the management console. Notifications are not shown however for outbound connections.
 * With the advanced packet filter, rules can also be specified for source and destination IP addresses and port ranges.
 * Rules can be configured for services by its service name chosen by a list, without needing to specify the full path file name.
 * IPsec is fully integrated, allowing connections to be allowed or denied based on security certificates, Kerberos authentication, etc. Encryption can also be required for any kind of connection.
 * Improved interface for managing separate firewall profiles. Ability to have three separate firewall profiles for when computers are domain-joined, connected to a private network, or connected to a public network (XP SP2 supports two profiles—domain-joined and standard). Support for the creation of rules for enforcing server and domain isolation policies.

Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7
Windows Server 2008 contains the same firewall as Windows Vista. The firewall in Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 contains some improvements, such as multiple active profiles.

Windows 10
Changes to this component in Windows 10 are:
 * The change of name to Windows Defender Firewall that occurred in the September 2017 update, known as the Fall Creators Update (codename Redstone 3).
 * Firewall service (mpssvc) cannot be stopped anymore.

title: Windows Firewall


text:
Chhatarpur district

Chhatarpur District is a district of Madhya Pradesh state of central India. The town of Chhatarpur is the district headquarters.

Geography
Chhatarpur district located at 24.06° & 25.20°N 78.59° & 80.26° E respectively. The district has an area of 8,687 km². Chhatarpur District is bounded by Uttar Pradesh state to the north, and the Madhya Pradesh districts of Panna to the east, Damoh to the south, Sagar to the southwest, and Tikamgarh to the west. Chhatarpur District is part of Sagar Division.

Economy
It is one of the 24 districts in Madhya Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Chhatarpur District has a population of 1,762,375, roughly equal to the nation of The Gambia or the US state of Nebraska. This gives it a ranking of 271st in India (out of a total of 707). The district has a population density of 203 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.54%. Chhattarpur has a sex ratio of 884 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 64.9%. 22.64% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Tribes made up 23.00% and 4.18% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 74.45%% of the population in the district spoke Bundeli and 24.69% Hindi as their first language.

Administrative Divisions
11 tehsil of chhatarpur district
 * Chhatarpur
 * Rajnagar
 * Maharajpur
 * Nowgong
 * Ghuwara
 * Laundi
 * Buxwaha
 * Gaurihar
 * Bada Malhera
 * Chandla
 * Bijawar

People from Chhatarpur district

 * Dhirendra Krishna Shastri, Hindu priest
 * Satyavrat Chaturvedi - Former MP for Khajuraho
 * Asgari Bai - Dhrupad singer and recipient of Padma Shri
 * Babu Gulabrai - Hindi writer
 * Jeetendra Singh Bundela

Tourist places

 * Raneh Fall
 * Jatashankar Temple
 * Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum
 * Bhimkund
 * Khajuraho
 * Pandav Falls
 * Gulganj Fort
 * Adinath Temple
 * Matangesvara Temple
 * Hanuman Tauria
 * Kalinjar Fort
 * Bambar Baini

Villages

 * Mahoi Kalan
 * Ramnagar ,Chhatarpur

title: Chhatarpur district


text:
Sagar division

Sagar Division is an administrative geographical unit of the Madhya Pradesh state of India. The city of Sagar is the division's administrative headquarters. , the division consists of the districts of Sagar, Chhatarpur, Damoh, Panna, Tikamgarh, and Niwari.

Sagar division consists of the part of Bundelkhand that lies in Madhya Pradesh. Here is many Historical Places Like Khajuraho and Orchha ets. Ken and Dhasan is Major Rivers of Division.

Mejor Cities Of Sagar Division

 * 1) Sagar
 * 2) Chhatarpur
 * 3) Damoh
 * 4) Tikamgarh
 * 5) Bina
 * 6) Panna
 * 7) Khurai
 * 8) Nowgong
 * 9) Garhakota
 * 10) Hatta
 * 11) Rehli
 * 12) Deori
 * 13) Prithvipur
 * 14) Khajuraho
 * 15) Patharia
 * 16) Ajaygarh
 * 17) Pawai
 * 18) Bijawar
 * 19) Jatara
 * 20) Orchha
 * 21) Baldeogarh
 * 22) Shahgarh

Tourist Attraction Of Sagar Division

 * Natural
 * 1) Panna National Park
 * 2) Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary
 * 3) Veerangana Durgavati Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Historical
 * 1) Eran
 * 2) Khajuraho
 * 3) Orchha
 * 4) Dhubela

title: Sagar division


text:
Ghost Rider: Travels on the Healing Road

Ghost Rider: Travels on the Healing Road is a 2002 philosophical travel memoir by Neil Peart, drummer and main lyricist for the Canadian progressive rock band Rush. It chronicles Peart's long-distance motorcycle riding throughout North and Central America in the late 1990s as he contemplated his life and came to terms with his grief over the deaths of his daughter Selena in August 1997 and his common-law wife Jackie in June 1998. It was published by ECW Press.

Story
Peart begins his story by explaining the beginning of his travels by motorcycle from his home in Quebec to Telegraph Creek, British Columbia. In reality he has no schedule, no restriction in time or life for that matter. In time, he finds himself traveling from Canada to Alaska and south through the United States to Mexico then to Belize. Eventually, he travels (by plane) back to his home in Canada where he continues a series of letters to his friend Brutus. He then continues his journey, which ultimately ends at his home.

Conclusion
The epilogue of Ghost Rider concludes with Peart summing up what has recently happened with him and his band Rush. He explains his new love for life (including his new wife Carrie) and how he had a revelation/epiphany of some sort, ultimately finding a reason to live. He explains that he found a will to also resume his career with Rush in Toronto.

Reception
An excerpt from chapters 1, 4, and 6 was published in the Art section of Toronto Star on July 27, 2002. The Library Journal review called the writing lyrical and the story poignant as a travel adventure and a memoir.


text:
Talk:Chhatarpur district

WP:INDIA Banner/Madhya Pradesh workgroup Addition
WP India with Madhya Pradesh workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Madhya Pradesh or one of its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the irrelavent categories to the article  --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 11:27, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Notable personalities section
The section of notalbe personalities does not seem to comply with the way of writing on Wikipedia. It seems to be biased and does not, also, cite any references. It has been slightly changed but requires more work to be done. Jobin (talk) 06:14, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Chhatarpur district


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Smalltown America Records

Smalltown America (STA) was a UK-based independent record label formed in 2001. Staff are currently based in London and Derry, and the label has a stated aim of "cultivating a productive staff of music lovers and a self-sustainable business model, through which artists can release the best records they can possibly produce."

Originally set up by Jetplane Landing as the platform for their releases, the label has now released numerous albums by other acts, as well as nine Public Service Broadcast compilation CDs.

The closure of the label was announced by founder Andrew Ferris on 24 November 2020.

Current

 * Alan MX
 * Axis Of
 * Blacklisters
 * Burning Alms
 * Feldberg
 * Illness
 * Jetplane Landing
 * LaFaro
 * More Than Conquerors
 * Skibunny
 * Sullivan & Gold
 * The Light Sleepers
 * The Young Playthings
 * This Town Needs Guns
 * We Versus the Shark

Past

 * And So I Watch You From Afar
 * Oppenheimer
 * Fickle Public
 * Fighting With Wire
 * An Emergency
 * USA Nails

As well as this, around 150 artists have seen their music released on the Public Service Broadcast compilation CD series and more recently showcased on the offshoot Public Service Blogcast weekly audioblog.

title: Smalltown America Records


text:
Mount Elizabeth Hospital

Mount Elizabeth Hospital, known colloquially as Mount E, is a 345-bed private hospital in Singapore operated by Parkway Health. Construction began in 1976 and the hospital officially opened on 8 December 1979. The hospital specialises in cardiology, oncology, and neuroscience, among other tertiary services. It is also recognised as a multi-organ transplant speciality hospital. Since 1995, it has been owned by Parkway Holdings Ltd.

The hospital is accredited by Joint Commission International and is located in Singapore's Orchard Road, on Mount Elizabeth. It is the first private hospital in Singapore to perform open-heart surgery and to establish a nuclear medicine centre.

The royal family of Brunei built a Royal Suite in the hospital for their own use. It was later made available for use by other patients.

The adjacent Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre (MEMC) houses clinics with private medical specialists only. Doctors have to be specialists accredited by the Singapore Medical Council in order to practice at Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre. They practice in 31 specialities in total, including anaesthesiology (e.g. Adrian Ng Anaesthesia Pte Ltd, Anaesthesia Unlimited, and Chiu & Ngo Anaesthetic Practice), cardiology (e.g. ACE Cardiology Clinic Pte Ltd, The Harley Street Heart & Vascular Centre, and Nair Cardiac & Medical Centre), cardiothoracic surgery (e.g. C H Lim Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, M.C. Tong Cardiothoracic Surgery Centre, and Wong Poo Sing Heart and Lung Surgery Clinic Pte Ltd), dental specialties (e.g. Chew & Chew Dental Surgery, Mount Elizabeth Dental Surgery Pte Ltd, and OMS Surgeon Pte Ltd), endocrinology (e.g. Alex Fok Endocrine Practice, Peter Eng Endocrine Clinic, and Surgery A Pte Ltd), gastroenterology (e.g. AliveoMedical, GastroClinic, and Digestive Centre), general surgery (e.g. Aelius Surgical Centre, Alpine Surgical Practice, and Ark Surgical Practice), medical oncology (e.g. Icon Cancer Centre Orchard, Mow Blood & Cancer Clinic, and Parkway Cancer Centre), neurology (Capernaum Neurology Pte Ltd, Lee Kim En Neurology Pte Ltd, and Nei Neurology Clinic Pte Ltd), obstetrics and gynaecology (e.g. Cheng Clinic For Women Pte Ltd, Dr Claudia Chi Women's Clinic, and Gyn Endoscopy Pte Ltd), orthopaedic surgery (e.g. Arete Orthopedic Centre, Auspicium Orthopaedic Centre, and Bose Bone Joint & Spine Clinic), otorhinolaryngology (Lim Ing Ruen ENT Clinic, Advanced Sinus & Skull Base Centre – ENT, and Aspire Ear Nose Throat and Snoring Clinic), paediatric medicine (e.g. Belinda's Clinic for Children, Chiang Children's Allergy & Asthma Clinic, and The Child and Allergy Clinic), plastic surgery (e.g. Aesthetic & Reconstructive Centre, AZATACA Plastic Surgery, and Harry Fok Surgery), renal medicine (e.g. Kidney Health Asia, One Future Kidney Care, and The Kidney Clinic), respiratory medicine (e.g. CHESTMED PTE LTD, Cough & Chest Specialist Pte Ltd, and The Respiratory Practice), and urology (e.g. Advanced Urology Associates Pte Ltd, Png Urology Pte Ltd, and E C Tan Urology).

The medical centre caters to patients of all ages from Singapore, Southeast Asia, and international patients from all countries visiting Singapore. Staff who understand multiple languages such as Indonesian, Russian, and Malay are available on-site to provide translations.

There are two locations of Mount Elizabeth Hospital. The first location, Mount Elizabeth Orchard, is situated at 3 Mount Elizabeth, Singapore 228510, while the second location, Mount Elizabeth Novena, is located at 38 Irrawaddy Road, Singapore 329563.

Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital
This hospital is a 313-bed healthcare facility that opened on 2 July 2012. It is owned by Parkway Health.

Featuring more than 250 specialist physician suites and tertiary medical treatments, it offers private medical suites ranging in size from 452 sqft to 1431 sqft in size. Prices ranged from between S$3,588 per square foot and S$3,828 per square foot. About 30% of the patients are medical tourists.

title: Mount Elizabeth Hospital