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User talk:Ryan Brosmer

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 14:31, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
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It! Magazine
A "" template has been added to the article It! Magazine, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Videmus Omnia 02:32, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ryan Brosmer


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Martial arts/Kickboxing task force/Infobox

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Rob Dewey

Rob Dewey (born 19 October 1983) is a Scottish former rugby union player and played for the Glasgow Warriors. Despite having only come onto the professional rugby scene in the 2005–06 season, a lethal combination of pace and power gave him a name amongst the Scottish rugby community.

Club career
Dewey first made his name in the amateur game in Scotland. He was the Scottish Premiership Division One joint top try scorer for the 2004–05 season while playing for Heriot's with 16 tries, and made four appearances (including two starts) for Edinburgh Rugby. This form earned him a professional contract with Edinburgh who signed him ahead of the 2005–06 season.

He scored eight tries in just 11 games in his first year of regular professional rugby union. Unfortunately, he suffered two dislocated shoulders in the same season, and so was unable to build on this tally.

In 2007, Dewey joined rival Celtic League side, Ulster, making his debut against Leinster in October 2007. After two years with the Irish provincial side, he returned to his home country and signed with Glasgow Warriors in March 2009.

International career
Dewey made his debut for Scotland on 11 November 2006, scoring a try in the 48–6 victory over.

In 2009, Dewey was included in Scotland's squad for the World Cup Sevens.

Personal life
Dewey is a former pupil of Madras College, St Andrews.

Dewey retired from professional rugby at the end of the 2011–12 season after leaving Glasgow Warriors. He now breeds rare sheep at his family farm near St. Andrews. Rob married Rachael Pengelly on 28 July 2018.

title: Rob Dewey


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Pavel Vezhinov

Pavel Vezhinov (Павел Вежинов) (November 9, 1914 – December 2, 1983), born Nikola Delchev Gugov (Никола Делчев Гугов), was a Bulgarian novelist and scriptwriter, with an interest for social and ethical issues and one of the first Bulgarian authors to use elements of fantasy in his fiction. Vezhinov is best known for his novels The Barrier (Бариерата) (1976) and In the night riding the white horses (Нощем с белите коне)(1975), both later adapted for screen, as well as the screenplay for the Bulgarian film classic Three Reservists (Тримата от запаса)(1971).

Life
Pavel Vezhinov was born on November 9, 1914, in Sofia. In the early 1930s he wrote for several magazines, including Жупел (Sulfur), РЛФ (RLF), Щит (Shield) and Изкуство и критика (Art and Critique). From 1938-1944 he studied philosophy at Sofia University. In 1938 he also published his first collection of stories, Улица без паваж (Street without Pavement), followed in 1943 by Дни и вечери (Days and Evenings). He joined the Bulgarian Communist Party in 1944.

Beginning in 1944, Vezhinov participated in World War II as a war correspondent and editor-in-chief of Фронтовак (Front Fighter). He later used his war experiences in stories like Златан (Zlatan) and Втора рота (Second Company, which has been republished several times). In 1950 and 1951 he was awarded the Dimitrov Prize for his war stories.

From 1947 to 1951 Pavel Vezhinov was assistant chief editor of the satirical journal Стършел (Hornet), and from 1951 of the journal Септември (September). From 1954 to 1972 he worked for Българска кинематография (Bulgarian Cinematography) first as a scriptwriter and later as assistant General Director. In 1972 he became an editor-in-chief of the magazine Съвременник (Contemporary) and a member of the Buro of the Steering Council of the Union of Bulgarian Authors.

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s he published several crime stories and novels such as Следите остават (Traces Remain, 1954), Произшествие на тихата улица (Silence on a Quiet Street, 1960), Човекът в сянка (Shadow Man, 1965), Прилепите летят нощем (Bats Fly at Night, 1969), as well as writing travel accounts of Bulgarian athletes at the Olympic games : Знамена по стадионите (Stadium Flags, 1950), На Олимпиада в Хелзенки (At the Olympics in Helsinki, 1953) and До Мелбълн по въздух и море (To Melbourne by Air and Sea, 1957). He served as a chief officer of the boxing section.

He was one of the first Bulgarian authors to use fantasy in his writing as a means to convey parable or metaphor. In 1956 he wrote a satirical story Историята на едно привидение (The Story of an Enlightenment), and in 1965 the stories Сините пеперуди (Blue Butterflies) and Моят пръв ден (My First Day). In 1973 he published a novel Гибелта на Аякс (The Death of Ajax).

In 1963 a collection of short stories Момчето с цигулката (The Boy with the Violin) came out and marked a new direction to his writing, when he became concerned with the moral and ethical issues of modern life: Дъх на бадеми (Almonds, 1966), Звездите над нас (The Stars Over Us, 1966) and Малките приключения (Little Adventures) followed.

The novel Нощем с белите коне (Night with White Horses, 1975) first appeared in the literary journal Септември. In 1976 it was followed by Бариерата (The Barrier, 1976), for which he received another Dimitrov Prize. Each of the several years that followed was marked by another work: Белият гущер (The White Lizard, 1977), Синият камък (The Blue Stone, 1977), Езерното момче (Lake Boy, 1979).

His last finished novel was Везни (Libra, 1982), in which the author continued reflecting on philosophical and psychological problems and the complexity of human existence. His last story Дълъг летен ден (Long Summer Day) was printed in the journal "Съвременник" (vol. 3, 1983 г.) shortly before his death.

Vezhinov died suddenly on December 20, 1983.

Awards

 * "People's Republic Of Bulgaria" order, II degree (1964)
 * Title "People's cultural figure" (1970)
 * Title "Hero of socialist labor" (1974)
 * "Order of Georgi Dimitrov" (1974)
 * Recipient of the Dimitrov Prize (1950, 1951, 1971, 1976)

Collections of stories

 * Улици без паваж - 1938
 * Дни и вечери - 1942
 * На пост - 1947
 * Мека мебел (роман)|Мека мебел - 1948
 * Невероятни истории - 1958
 * Нашата сила - 1958
 * Момчето с цигулката - 1963
 * Дъх на бадеми - 1966
 * Сините пеперуди - 1968
 * Синият камък . 1977

Stories

 * Бариерата - 1976
 * Белият гущер - 1977
 * Езерното момче - 1976
 * Един есенен ден по шосето - 1967
 * Втора рота - 1949
 * В полето - 1950
 * Златан - 1949
 * Знамена над стадиона - 1950
 * Далеч от бреговете - 1958
 * Нашата сила - 1958
 * Произшествие на тихата улица - 1960
 * Кутия за енфие - 1973

Novels

 * Синият залез - 1947
 * За честта на Родината - 1949
 * Следите остават - 1954
 * Произшествие на тихата улица - 1960
 * Звездите над нас (Павел Вежинов)|Звездите над нас - 1966
 * Прилепите летят нощем - 1969
 * Малките приключения - 1970
 * Кутия за енфие - 1973
 * Самопризнание - 1973
 * Гибелта на Аякс - 1973
 * Нощем с белите коне - 1975
 * Малки семейни хроники - ироничен роман, София. 1982 г,
 * Везни - 1982

Film scripts

 * Бариерата (филм)|Бариерата
 * Следите остават
 * Зарево над Драва
 * Тримата от запаса
 * Специалист по всичко
 * Среднощна среща
 * На всеки километър
 * Нощем с белите коне (филм)|Нощем с белите коне
 * Произшествие на сляпата улица
 * Трета след слънцето

Works translated into English

 * The Boy With the Violin. Sofia, Foreign Languages Press, (1965).
 * Far From the Shore. (Edited by Marjorie Pojarliova. Translated by Gregor Pavlov): Sofia, Foreign Languages Press, (1967)

title: Pavel Vezhinov


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Ping (blogging)

In blogging, a ping is an XML-RPC-based push mechanism by which a weblog notifies a server that its content has been updated. An XML-RPC signal is sent from the weblog to one or more Ping servers, as specified by originating weblog), to notify a list of their "Services" of new content on the weblog.

A ping server may notify multiple services when pinged;
 * Search engines
 * Website directories
 * News websites
 * Aggregators
 * Feed websites

Server adoption
The technology was first introduced by Dave Winer to Weblogs.com in October 2001. The site was powered by receiving pings from individual blog and podcast websites using  calls over the XML-RPC protocol. The server protocol was later adopted by FeedBurner's Pingshot, Automattic's Ping-O-Matic, Google Blogsearch,  Källström's Twingly, and others.

Open ping servers, like Moreover Technologies' Weblogs.com, let other web services subscribe to a list of blogs that have recently pinged them. Blog search engines can provide fresh results very quickly by polling only the newly updated blogs. Similarly, aggregators use results from ping servers to tell subscribers which items on their subscription lists have fresh material.

In addition to open ping servers, there are also proprietary ping servers that gather information only for their own applications. Most of the major blog search engines operate such ping servers, and most Content Management Systems and Blogs provide an easy way to modify Ping Services.

Client adoption
WordPress has included a ping client since its first release in 2003, which used Weblogs.com as its ping server until 2004. It now uses Automattic's Ping-O-Matic.

In 2005, Apple released Weblog Server as part of Mac OS X Server, which was based on the Blojsom open-source project and used Ping-O-Matic as its ping server.

In 2006, Geeklog added support for ping servers, using Ping-O-Matic by default.

As of 2016, most blog authoring tools automatically ping one or more servers each time the blogger creates a new post or updates an old one.

Ping spam
The use of ping servers to direct attention to recent blog posts has led to a rash of ping spam or sping, which attempts to direct readers to web pages that are not, in fact, recent blog posts. Examples:

 * Product vendors who use a weblog-like format to post product ads, meaningless batches of Google keywords, etc.
 * Software vendors, who sell scripts that make automated "weblog postings" every hour around the clock.

Creators of ping spam or spam blogs may hope to benefit by creating pages to turn up in web searches for popular keywords. Typically, an individual spam post links to some external page that displays Google ads or offers a product for sale.

Although pinging adds no value to a website's rank-ability in search engines, it does help search engine Web crawlers discover content quicker, which may give it (the content) the visibility needed to attract traffic (often resulting in conversions such as sharing the website, which means additional backlinks, social shares, etc., which does help a website rank.

title: Ping (blogging)


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Rurutu

Rūrutu is the northernmost island in the Austral archipelago of French Polynesia, and the name of a commune consisting solely of that island. It is situated 572 km south of Tahiti. Its land area is 32.7 km2. It is 10.8 km long and 5.3 km wide. Its highest point (Manureva) is 389 m. At the 2022 census it had a population of 2,163.

Geologically, Rurutu was initially formed 12 million years ago by the Macdonald hotspot, a hotspot associated with the Macdonald seamount. Over the next 10 million years, erosion shrank the island until it was almost an atoll. Then, just over a million years ago, Rurutu passed over the Arago hotspot, which lifted it roughly 150 meters. Steep sea cliffs of ancient coral lifted by the event—called makatea—now largely encircle the island. These are riddled with caves filled with concretions—indeed, Rurutu is largely unique among islands in French Polynesia in that its historic inhabitants were cave-dwelling.

Because it is endowed with a fringing reef, Rurutu has in recent years become known for whale watching: humpback whales come and reproduce here between July and October within easy sighting distance from the beach.

Although its tiny community still subsists primarily on fishing and basic agriculture, tourism has been a growing industry, especially since François Mitterrand's visit in 1990. Whale watching season sees the bulk of tourists, but the largely untouched native culture, the white sand beaches, and the lush tropical flora draw small numbers of tourists year-round.

Administration
The commune of Rurutu consists of the island of Rurutu, and is subdivided into the following associated communes:
 * Avera
 * Hauti
 * Moerai

Notable people

 * Teuruarii IV, last king of Rurutu

title: Rurutu


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Blue-crowned Motmot back

Blue-crowned Motmot back

I'm nominating two photos of a motmot taken by myself. They're illustrating the articles Motmot and Blue-crowned Motmot. I hope it's not rude to nominate both. I think having both illustrates the articles better than either on its own, and I can't decide which I prefer. But of course, you can discuss them individually, or combine them into one nomination if that's more appropriate.

 * Self-nominate. - Stephen Turner 14:36, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A slight lack of sharpness may be a problem, but I like this one a lot. Raven4x4x 02:05, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a bit too blurry at full res, I'd suggest to resize it down to lessen the blur. I have uploaded an edited version which is still at full res. --Fir0002 05:43, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for brightening up the colours, Fir0002. I think it's a definite improvement. But could you explain your comment about reducing the size to lessen the blur? I agree that it has a very slight lack of crispness at full size which is not visible at smaller sizes. But I assumed that it was better to upload the full-size version, which could then be scaled at viewing time, rather than make the original smaller. Am I wrong? -- Stephen Turner 07:38, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No worries Stephen, glad to help. Personally I'd resize an image to make the blur less visible (if you have a look at Carolina Anole Close-up nomination you can see what I mean by resizing the image to reduce blur) but I don't know what others think. As you said the lack of crispness is not visible on a lower res, and it can sometimes spoil an image if you see it at full res and it's not perfectly in focus. Just my opinion though --Fir0002 11:10, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comments, Fir0002 and Cliffhanger407. I've uploaded half-size versions. Stephen Turner 09:38, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll support the third image. It like the colours a lot. Raven4x4x 09:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose all 3 Nothing about the images is too bad, but the beak is out of focus even in the 3rd picture. Cliffhanger407 00:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose all. I have problems with the focus as well as per Cliffhanger407, and it's a little too grainy in the full sized image. Enochlau 13:08, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Blurriness at full res is undeniable, but catches the eye when viewed as part of an article; either the 2nd or 3rd works for me. Unschool 02:43, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ( + ) Support 3rd Version --Fir0002 10:23, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose all 3 I just think they're all pretty boring and just a tad blurry. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 19:58, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well as you say they haven't much "wow" factor, but if you take into consideration how hard it is to get a photo of a wildbird (I'm assuming this one is wild?) I think it is acceptable. --Fir0002 21:06, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's a wild bird, but it's a bit of a cheat too. It's beside a hotel where they feed the birds once a day. The funny thing is, feeding time hasn't yet started, but a few birds have started gathering in anticipation. Somehow they know what's going to happen. Stephen Turner 09:04, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Raven4x4x 00:32, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support most recent image. - Bevo 07:04, 22 October 2005 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Blue-crowned Motmot front

Blue-crowned Motmot front
See description above. Comment- Not too sure about this one (or the one beneath for that matter). They're good pictures, but the size has made them out of focus. The colors don't show up too nicely either. I don't know if this is how these birds really look, but I don't think it's anything spectacular. Cliffhanger407 18:49, 8 October 2005 (UTC) Raven4x4x 00:31, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Self-nominate. - Stephen Turner 14:36, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have to agree, there is a bit too much shadow on this one for the colours to show properly. Raven4x4x 02:08, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Uploaded an edited version. I think the same comments I said on other photo apply to this one aswell. --Fir0002 05:44, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * These are a lot better, but I still agree with Fir002 that if you downsized the overall image size, it would look a lot crisper. Having a big image is nice sometimes, but it's a little disconcerting when you zoom in and it's just that little bit out of focus. Cliffhanger407 02:57, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Half-size version added. Stephen Turner 09:39, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll have to oppose. I much prefer the back view in this case, as the bright colours of the bird are less prominent here. Raven4x4x 09:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Even though the tail is a little out of focus, it isn't as bothersome in this one as the face in the other. Colors and general focus look nicer. Cliffhanger407 00:54, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ( + ) Support 3rd Version --Fir0002 10:23, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose. The tail is still out of focus in the third version and the artificial twig is annoying. Enochlau 22:33, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support most recent image. - Bevo 07:02, 22 October 2005 (UTC)


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Stade du Pays de Charleroi

Stade du Pays de Charleroi is a football stadium in the city of Charleroi, Belgium. It was built for the 2000 UEFA European Championship in Belgium and the Netherlands in replacement of the old stadium known as Mambourg. The name Stade du Mambourg officially changed in front of 25,000 spectators on 24 May 1999 during the inaugural match between Sporting and Metz. It is the home of Sporting Charleroi. Its capacity was 30,000 for Euro 2000 but was reduced shortly after to 25,000 in line with Charleroi's average attendances. The capacity was reduced again in 2013 to 15,000. After the capacity reduction, the stands T2, T3, T4 were covered by a new roof. Between 2014 and 2015, minor adjustments to the seating and compliance of the stands for European competitions have been made. The future of this structure of Charleroi is in doubt as the club plans to move to a brand new stadium in the periphery of the city.

Important matches

 * 2000 UEFA European Championship Group Stage:

 * 2003-04 UEFA Cup
 * R.A.A. Louviéroise 1 - 1 S.L. Benfica
 * Football World Cup 2006 - European Qualification Groups
 * Belgium 1 - 1 Lithuania

title: Stade du Pays de Charleroi


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Talk:Rick 'Minty' Peterson

Why's he called Minty? Jooler 14:38, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Dunno, just a "gangster" name I think... -anon
 * Apparently he always used turn up late for work, "after eight" -  88.110.200.0 01:22, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rick 'Minty' Peterson


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Time Travelling Blues

Time Travelling Blues is the second album by British stoner metal band Orange Goblin, released in 1998 on Rise Above Records and The Music Cartel. In 2002, it was re-released by Rise Above as a double CD packaged with the band's debut album Frequencies from Planet Ten (1997). This version included a cover of Trouble's "Black Shapes of Doom" as a bonus track on the Time Travelling Blues disc. This track was originally released on the Bastards Will Pay: A Tribute to Trouble compilation album and was also included on the original Japanese press of Time Travelling Blues.

Personnel

 * Ben Ward – vocals
 * Pete O'Malley – guitar
 * Joe Hoare – guitar
 * Martyn Millard – bass
 * Chris Turner – drums

title: Time Travelling Blues


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Fouling

Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces. The fouling materials can consist of either living organisms (biofouling, organic) or a non-living substance (inorganic). Fouling is usually distinguished from other surface-growth phenomena in that it occurs on a surface of a component, system, or plant performing a defined and useful function and that the fouling process impedes or interferes with this function.

Other terms used in the literature to describe fouling include deposit formation, encrustation, crudding, deposition, scaling, scale formation, slagging, and sludge formation. The last six terms have a more narrow meaning than fouling within the scope of the fouling science and technology, and they also have meanings outside of this scope; therefore, they should be used with caution.

Fouling phenomena are common and diverse, ranging from fouling of ship hulls, natural surfaces in the marine environment (marine fouling), fouling of heat-transfer components through ingredients contained in cooling water or gases, and even the development of plaque or calculus on teeth or deposits on solar panels on Mars, among other examples.

This article is primarily devoted to the fouling of industrial heat exchangers, although the same theory is generally applicable to other varieties of fouling. In cooling technology and other technical fields, a distinction is made between macro fouling and micro fouling. Of the two, micro fouling is the one that is usually more difficult to prevent and therefore more important.

Components subject to fouling

Examples of components that may be subject to fouling and the corresponding effects of fouling:

 * Heat exchanger surfaces – reduces thermal efficiency, decreases heat flux, increases temperature on the hot side, decreases temperature on the cold side, induces under-deposit corrosion, increases use of cooling water;
 * Piping, flow channels – reduces flow, increases pressure drop, increases upstream pressure, increases energy expenditure, may cause flow oscillations, slugging in two-phase flow, cavitation; may increase flow velocity elsewhere, may induce vibrations, may cause flow blockage;
 * Ship hulls – creates additional drag, increases fuel usage, reduces maximum speed;
 * Turbines – reduces efficiency, increases probability of failure;
 * Solar panels – decreases the electrical power generated;
 * Reverse osmosis membranes – increases pressure drop, increases energy expenditure, reduces flux, membrane failure (in severe cases);
 * Electrical heating elements – increases temperature of the element, increases corrosion, reduces lifespan;
 * Firearm barrels - increases chamber pressure; hampers loading for muzzleloaders
 * Nuclear fuel in pressurized water reactors – axial offset anomaly, may need to de-rate the power plant;
 * Injection/spray nozzles (e.g., a nozzle spraying a fuel into a furnace) – incorrect amount injected, malformed jet, component inefficiency, component failure;
 * Venturi tubes, orifice plates – inaccurate or incorrect measurement of flow rate;
 * Pitot tubes in airplanes – inaccurate or incorrect indication of airplane speed;
 * Spark plug electrodes in cars – engine misfiring;
 * Production zone of petroleum reservoirs and oil wells – decreased petroleum production with time; plugging; in some cases complete stoppage of flow in a matter of days;
 * Teeth – promotes tooth or gum disease, decreases aesthetics;
 * Living organisms – deposition of excess minerals (e.g., calcium, iron, copper) in tissues is (sometimes controversially) linked to aging/senescence.

Macro fouling
Macro fouling is caused by coarse matter of either biological or inorganic origin, for example industrially produced refuse. Such matter enters into the cooling water circuit through the cooling water pumps from sources like the open sea, rivers or lakes. In closed circuits, like cooling towers, the ingress of macro fouling into the cooling tower basin is possible through open canals or by the wind. Sometimes, parts of the cooling tower internals detach themselves and are carried into the cooling water circuit. Such substances can foul the surfaces of heat exchangers and may cause deterioration of the relevant heat transfer coefficient. They may also create flow blockages, redistribute the flow inside the components, or cause fretting damage.
 * Examples:
 * Manmade refuse;
 * Detached internal parts of components;
 * Tools and other "foreign objects" accidentally left after maintenance;
 * Algae;
 * Mussels;
 * Leaves, parts of plants up to entire trunks.

Micro fouling
As to micro fouling, distinctions are made between:
 * Scaling or precipitation fouling, as crystallization of solid salts, oxides, and hydroxides from water solutions (e.g., calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate)
 * Particulate fouling, i.e., accumulation of particles, typically colloidal particles, on a surface
 * Corrosion fouling, i.e., in-situ growth of corrosion deposits, for example, magnetite on carbon steel surfaces
 * Chemical reaction fouling, for example, decomposition or polymerization of organic matter on heating surfaces
 * Solidification fouling - when components of the flowing fluid with a high-melting point freeze onto a subcooled surface
 * Biofouling, like settlements of bacteria and algae
 * Composite fouling, whereby fouling involves more than one foulant or fouling mechanism

Precipitation fouling
Scaling or precipitation fouling involves crystallization of solid salts, oxides, and hydroxides from solutions. These are most often water solutions, but non-aqueous precipitation fouling is also known. Precipitation fouling is a very common problem in boilers and heat exchangers operating with hard water and often results in limescale.

Through changes in temperature, or solvent evaporation or degasification, the concentration of salts may exceed the saturation, leading to a precipitation of solids (usually crystals).

As an example, the equilibrium between the readily soluble calcium bicarbonate - always prevailing in natural water - and the poorly soluble calcium carbonate, the following chemical equation may be written:

The calcium carbonate that forms through this reaction precipitates. Due to the temperature dependence of the reaction, and increasing volatility of CO2 with increasing temperature, the scaling is higher at the hotter outlet of the heat exchanger than at the cooler inlet.

In general, the dependence of the salt solubility on temperature or presence of evaporation will often be the driving force for precipitation fouling. The important distinction is between salts with "normal" or "retrograde" dependence of solubility on temperature. Salts with the "normal" solubility increase their solubility with increasing temperature and thus will foul the cooling surfaces. Salts with "inverse" or "retrograde" solubility will foul the heating surfaces. An example of the temperature dependence of solubility is shown in the figure. Calcium sulfate is a common precipitation foulant of heating surfaces due to its retrograde solubility.

Precipitation fouling can also occur in the absence of heating or vaporization. For example, calcium sulfate decreases its solubility with decreasing pressure. This can lead to precipitation fouling of reservoirs and wells in oil fields, decreasing their productivity with time. Fouling of membranes in reverse osmosis systems can occur due to differential solubility of barium sulfate in solutions of different ionic strength. Similarly, precipitation fouling can occur because of solubility changes induced by other factors, e.g., liquid flashing, liquid degassing, redox potential changes, or mixing of incompatible fluid streams.

The following lists some of the industrially common phases of precipitation fouling deposits observed in practice to form from aqueous solutions:
 * Calcium carbonate (calcite, aragonite usually at t > ~50 °C, or rarely vaterite);
 * Calcium sulfate (anhydrite, hemihydrate, gypsum);
 * Calcium oxalate (e.g., beerstone);
 * Barium sulfate (barite);
 * Magnesium hydroxide (brucite); magnesium oxide (periclase);
 * Silicates (serpentine, acmite, gyrolite, gehlenite, amorphous silica, quartz, cristobalite, pectolite, xonotlite);
 * Aluminium oxide hydroxides (boehmite, gibbsite, diaspore, corundum);
 * Aluminosilicates (analcite, cancrinite, noselite);
 * Copper (metallic copper, cuprite, tenorite);
 * Phosphates (hydroxyapatite);
 * Magnetite or nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) from extremely pure, low-iron water.

The deposition rate by precipitation is often described by the following equations:
 * Transport: $$\frac {dm} {dt} = k_t (C_b-C_i)$$
 * Surface crystallisation: $$\frac {dm} {dt} = {k_r} (C_i-C_e)^{n_1}$$
 * Overall: $$\frac {dm} {dt} = k_d (C_b-C_e)^{n_2}$$

where:
 * $$m$$ - mass of the material (per unit surface area), kg/m2
 * $$t$$ - time, s
 * $$C_b$$ - concentration of the substance in the bulk of the fluid, kg/m3
 * $$C_i$$ - concentration of the substance at the interface, kg/m3
 * $$C_e$$ - equilibrium concentration of the substance at the conditions of the interface, kg/m3
 * $$n_1, n_2$$ - order of reaction for the crystallization reaction and the overall deposition process, respectively, dimensionless
 * $$k_t, k_r, k_d$$ - kinetic rate constants for the transport, the surface reaction, and the overall deposition reaction, respectively; with the dimension of m/s (when $$n_1 = n_2 = 1$$)

Particulate fouling
Fouling by particles suspended in water ("crud") or in gas progresses by a mechanism different than precipitation fouling. This process is usually most important for colloidal particles, i.e., particles smaller than about 1 μm in at least one dimension (but which are much larger than atomic dimensions). Particles are transported to the surface by a number of mechanisms and there they can attach themselves, e.g., by flocculation or coagulation. Note that the attachment of colloidal particles typically involves electrical forces and thus the particle behaviour defies the experience from the macroscopic world. The probability of attachment is sometimes referred to as "sticking probability", $$P$$:

 * $$k_d = P k_t$$

where $$k_d$$ and $$k_t$$ are the kinetic rate constants for deposition and transport, respectively. The value of $$P$$ for colloidal particles is a function of both the surface chemistry, geometry, and the local thermohydraulic conditions.

An alternative to using the sticking probability is to use a kinetic attachment rate constant, assuming the first order reaction:
 * $$\frac {dm} {dt} = {k_a} C_i$$

and then the transport and attachment kinetic coefficients are combined as two processes occurring in series:
 * $$k_d = \left( \frac 1 {k_a} + \frac 1 {k_t} \right) ^{-1} $$
 * $$\frac {dm} {dt} = {k_d} C_b$$

where:
 * $$\frac{dm}{dt}$$ is the rate of the deposition by particles, kg m−2 s−1,
 * $$k_a, k_t, k_d$$ are the kinetic rate constants for deposition, m/s,
 * $$C_i$$ and $$C_b$$ are the concentration of the particle foulant at the interface and in the bulk fluid, respectively; kg m−3.

Being essentially a surface chemistry phenomenon, this fouling mechanism can be very sensitive to factors that affect colloidal stability, e.g., zeta potential. A maximum fouling rate is usually observed when the fouling particles and the substrate exhibit opposite electrical charge, or near the point of zero charge of either of them.

Particles larger than those of colloidal dimensions may also foul e.g., by sedimentation ("sedimentation fouling") or straining in small-size openings.

With time, the resulting surface deposit may harden through processes collectively known as "deposit consolidation" or, colloquially, "aging".

The common particulate fouling deposits formed from aqueous suspensions include:
 * iron oxides and iron oxyhydroxides (magnetite, hematite, lepidocrocite, maghemite, goethite);
 * Sedimentation fouling by silt and other relatively coarse suspended matter.

Fouling by particles from gas aerosols is also of industrial significance. The particles can be either solid or liquid. The common examples can be fouling by flue gases, or fouling of air-cooled components by dust in air. The mechanisms are discussed in article on aerosol deposition.

Corrosion fouling
Corrosion deposits are created in-situ by the corrosion of the substrate. They are distinguished from fouling deposits, which form from material originating ex-situ. Corrosion deposits should not be confused with fouling deposits formed by ex-situ generated corrosion products. Corrosion deposits will normally have composition related to the composition of the substrate. Also, the geometry of the metal-oxide and oxide-fluid interfaces may allow practical distinction between the corrosion and fouling deposits. An example of corrosion fouling can be formation of an iron oxide or oxyhydroxide deposit from corrosion of the carbon steel underneath. Corrosion fouling should not be confused with fouling corrosion, i.e., any of the types of corrosion that may be induced by fouling.

Chemical reaction fouling
Chemical reactions may occur on contact of the chemical species in the process fluid with heat transfer surfaces. In such cases, the metallic surface sometimes acts as a catalyst. For example, corrosion and polymerization occurs in cooling water for the chemical industry which has a minor content of hydrocarbons. Systems in petroleum processing are prone to polymerization of olefins or deposition of heavy fractions (asphaltenes, waxes, etc.). High tube wall temperatures may lead to carbonizing of organic matter. The food industry, for example milk processing, also experiences fouling problems by chemical reactions.

Fouling through an ionic reaction with an evolution of an inorganic solid is commonly classified as precipitation fouling (not chemical reaction fouling).

Solidification fouling
Solidification fouling occurs when a component of the flowing fluid "freezes" onto a surface forming a solid fouling deposit. Examples may include solidification of wax (with a high melting point) from a hydrocarbon solution, or of molten ash (carried in a furnace exhaust gas) onto a heat exchanger surface. The surface needs to have a temperature below a certain threshold; therefore, it is said to be subcooled in respect to the solidification point of the foulant.

Biofouling
Biofouling or biological fouling is the undesirable accumulation of micro-organisms, algae and diatoms, plants, and animals on surfaces, such as ships and submarine hulls, or piping and reservoirs with untreated water. This can be accompanied by microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC).

Bacteria can form biofilms or slimes. Thus the organisms can aggregate on surfaces using colloidal hydrogels of water and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) (polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, etc.). The biofilm structure is usually complex.

Bacterial fouling can occur under either aerobic (with oxygen dissolved in water) or anaerobic (no oxygen) conditions. In practice, aerobic bacteria prefer open systems, when both oxygen and nutrients are constantly delivered, often in warm and sunlit environments. Anaerobic fouling more often occurs in closed systems when sufficient nutrients are present. Examples may include sulfate-reducing bacteria (or sulfur-reducing bacteria), which produce sulfide and often cause corrosion of ferrous metals (and other alloys). Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Acidithiobacillus), on the other hand, can produce sulfuric acid, and can be involved in corrosion of concrete.

Zebra mussels serve as an example of larger animals that have caused widespread fouling in North America.

Composite fouling
Composite fouling is common. This type of fouling involves more than one foulant or more than one fouling mechanism working simultaneously. The multiple foulants or mechanisms may interact with each other resulting in a synergistic fouling which is not a simple arithmetic sum of the individual components.

Fouling on Mars
NASA Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity) experienced (presumably) abiotic fouling of solar panels by dust particles from the Martian atmosphere. Some of the deposits subsequently spontaneously cleaned off. This illustrates the universal nature of the fouling phenomena.

Quantification of fouling
The most straightforward way to quantify fairly uniform fouling is by stating the average deposit surface loading, i.e., kg of deposit per m2 of surface area. The fouling rate will then be expressed in kg/m2s, and it is obtained by dividing the deposit surface loading by the effective operating time. The normalized fouling rate (also in kg/m2s) will additionally account for the concentration of the foulant in the process fluid (kg/kg) during preceding operations, and is useful for comparison of fouling rates between different systems. It is obtained by dividing the fouling rate by the foulant concentration. The fouling rate constant (m/s) can be obtained by dividing the normalized fouling rate by the mass density of the process fluid (kg/m3).

Deposit thickness (μm) and porosity (%) are also often used for description of fouling amount. The relative reduction of diameter of piping or increase of the surface roughness can be of particular interest when the impact of fouling on pressure drop is of interest.

In heat transfer equipment, where the primary concern is often the effect of fouling on heat transfer, fouling can be quantified by the increase of the resistance to the flow of heat (m2K/W) due to fouling (termed "fouling resistance"), or by development of heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K) with time.

If under-deposit or crevice corrosion is of primary concern, it is important to note non-uniformity of deposit thickness (e.g., deposit waviness), localized fouling, packing of confined regions with deposits, creation of occlusions, "crevices", "deposit tubercles", or sludge piles. Such deposit structures can create environment for underdeposit corrosion of the substrate material, e.g., intergranular attack, pitting, stress corrosion cracking, or localized wastage. Porosity and permeability of the deposits will likely influence the probability of underdeposit corrosion. Deposit composition can also be important - even minor components of the deposits can sometimes cause severe corrosion of the underlying metal (e.g., vanadium in deposits of fired boilers causing hot corrosion).

There is no general rule on how much deposit can be tolerated, it depends on the system. In many cases, a deposit even a few micrometers thick can be troublesome. A deposit in a millimeter-range thickness will be of concern in almost any application.

Progress of fouling with time
Deposit on a surface does not always develop steadily with time. The following fouling scenarios can be distinguished, depending on the nature of the system and the local thermohydraulic conditions at the surface:

 * Induction period - Sometimes, a near-nil fouling rate is observed when the surface is new or very clean. This is often observed in biofouling and precipitation fouling. After the "induction period", the fouling rate increases.
 * "Negative" fouling - This can occur when fouling rate is quantified by monitoring heat transfer. Relatively small amounts of deposit can improve heat transfer, relative to clean surface, and give an appearance of "negative" fouling rate and negative total fouling amount. Negative fouling is often observed under nucleate-boiling heat-transfer conditions (deposit improves bubble nucleation) or forced-convection (if the deposit increases the surface roughness and the surface is no longer "hydraulically smooth"). After the initial period of "surface roughness control", the fouling rate usually becomes strongly positive.
 * Linear fouling - The fouling rate can be steady with time. This is a common case.
 * Falling fouling - In this scenario, the fouling rate decreases with time, but never drops to zero. The deposit thickness does not achieve a constant value. The progress of fouling can be often described by two numbers: the initial fouling rate (a tangent to the fouling curve at zero deposit loading or zero time) and the fouling rate after a long period of time (an oblique asymptote to the fouling curve).
 * Asymptotic fouling - Here, the fouling rate decreases with time, until it finally reaches zero. At this point, the deposit thickness remains constant with time (a horizontal asymptote). This is often the case for relatively soft or poorly adherent deposits in areas of fast flow. The asymptote is usually interpreted as the deposit loading at which the deposition rate equals the deposit removal rate.
 * Accelerating fouling - In this scenario, the fouling rate increases with time; the rate of deposit buildup accelerates with time (perhaps until it becomes transport limited). Mechanistically, this scenario can develop when fouling increases the surface roughness, or when the deposit surface exhibits higher chemical propensity to fouling than the pure underlying metal.
 * Seesaw fouling - Here, fouling loading generally increases with time (often assuming a generally linear or falling rate), but, when looked at in more detail, the fouling progress is periodically interrupted and takes the form of sawtooth curve. The periodic sharp variations in the apparent fouling amount often correspond to the moments of system shutdowns, startups or other transients in operation. The periodic variations are often interpreted as periodic removal of some of the deposit (perhaps deposit re-suspension due to pressure pulses, spalling due thermal stresses, or exfoliation due to redox transients). Steam blanketing has been postulated to occur between the partially spalled deposits and the heat transfer surface. However, other reasons are possible, e.g., trapping of air inside the surface deposits during shutdowns, or inaccuracy of temperature measurements during transients ("temperature streaming").

Fouling modelling
Fouling of a system can be modelled as consisting of several steps:
 * Generation or ingress of the species that causes fouling ("foulant sourcing");
 * Foulant transport with the stream of the process fluid (most often by advection);
 * Foulant transport from the bulk of the process fluid to the fouling surface. This transport is often by molecular or turbulent-eddy diffusion, but may also occur by inertial coasting/impaction, particle interception by the surface (for particles with finite sizes), electrophoresis, thermophoresis, diffusiophoresis, Stefan flow (in condensation and evaporation), sedimentation, Magnus force (acting on rotating particles), thermoelectric effect,  and other mechanisms.
 * Induction period, i.e., a near-nil fouling rate at the initial period of fouling (observed only for some fouling mechanisms);
 * Foulant crystallisation on the surface (or attachment of the colloidal particle, or chemical reaction, or bacterial growth);
 * Sometimes fouling autoretardation, i.e., reduction (or potentially enhancement) of crystallisation/attachment rate due to changes in the surface conditions caused by the fouling deposit;
 * Deposit dissolution (or re-entrainment of loosely attached particles);
 * Deposit consolidation on the surface (e.g., through Ostwald ripening or differential solubility in temperature gradient) or cementation, which account for deposit losing its porosity and becoming more tenacious with time;
 * Deposit spalling, erosion wear, or exfoliation.

Deposition consists of transport to the surface and subsequent attachment. Deposit removal is either through deposit dissolution, particle re-entrainment, or deposit spalling, erosive wear, or exfoliation. Fouling results from foulant generation, foulant deposition, deposit removal, and deposit consolidation.

For the modern model of fouling involving deposition with simultaneous deposit re-entrainment and consolidation, the fouling process can be represented by the following scheme:

[ rate of deposit accumulation ] = [ rate of deposition ] - [ rate of re-entrainment of unconsolidated deposit ]

[ rate of accumulation of unconsolidated deposit ] = [ rate of deposition ] - [ rate of re-entrainment of unconsolidated deposit ] - [ rate of consolidation of unconsolidated deposit ]

Following the above scheme, the basic fouling equations can be written as follows (for steady-state conditions with flow, when concentration remains constant with time):

\begin{cases} {dm/dt}=k_d C_m \rho - \lambda_r m_r(t) \\ {dm_r/dt}=k_d C_m \rho - \lambda_r m_r(t) - \lambda_c \cdot m_r(t) \end{cases} $$

where:
 * m is the mass loading of the deposit (consolidated and unconsolidated) on the surface (kg/m2);
 * t is time (s);
 * kd is the deposition rate constant (m/s);
 * ρ is the fluid density (kg/m3);
 * Cm - mass fraction of foulant in the fluid (kg/kg);
 * λr is the re-entrainment rate constant (1/s);
 * mr is the mass loading of the removable (i.e., unconsolidated) fraction of the surface deposit (kg/m2); and
 * λc is the consolidation rate constant (1/s).

This system of equations can be integrated (taking that m = 0 and mr = 0 at t = 0) to the form:

 * $$m(t) = {{k_d C_m \rho} \over {\lambda}} \left( t \lambda_c + {{\lambda_r} \over {\lambda}} \left( 1 - e^{-\lambda t} \right) \right)$$

where λ = λr + λc.

This model reproduces either linear, falling, or asymptotic fouling, depending on the relative values of k, λr, and λc. The underlying physical picture for this model is that of a two-layer deposit consisting of consolidated inner layer and loose unconsolidated outer layer. Such a bi-layer deposit is often observed in practice. The above model simplifies readily to the older model of simultaneous deposition and re-entrainment (which neglects consolidation) when λc=0. In the absence of consolidation, the asymptotic fouling is always anticipated by this older model and the fouling progress can be described as:

 * $$m(t) = m^* \left( 1 - e^{-\lambda_r t} \right)$$

where m* is the maximum (asymptotic) mass loading of the deposit on the surface (kg/m2).

Economic and environmental importance of fouling

Fouling is ubiquitous and generates tremendous operational losses, not unlike corrosion. For example, one estimate puts the losses due to fouling of heat exchangers in industrialized nations to be about 0.25% of their GDP. Another analysis estimated (for 2006) the economical loss due to boiler and turbine fouling in China utilities at 4.68 billion dollars, which is about 0.169% the country GDP.

The losses initially result from impaired heat transfer, corrosion damage (in particular under-deposit and crevice corrosion), increased pressure drop, flow blockages, flow redistribution inside components, flow instabilities, induced vibrations (possibly leading to other problems, e.g., fatigue ), fretting, premature failure of electrical heating elements, and a large number of other often unanticipated problems. In addition, the ecological costs should be (but typically are not) considered. The ecological costs arise from the use of biocides for the avoidance of biofouling, from the increased fuel input to compensate for the reduced output caused by fouling, and an increased use of cooling water in once-through cooling systems.

For example, "normal" fouling at a conventionally fired 500 MW (net electrical power) power station unit accounts for output losses of the steam turbine of 5 MW and more. In a 1,300 MW nuclear power station, typical losses could be 20 MW and up (up to 100% if the station shuts down due to fouling-induced component degradation). In seawater desalination plants, fouling may reduce the gained output ratio by two-digit percentages (the gained output ratio is an equivalent that puts the mass of generated distillate in relation to the steam used in the process). The extra electrical consumption in compressor-operated coolers is also easily in the two-digit area. In addition to the operational costs, also the capital cost increases because the heat exchangers have to be designed in larger sizes to compensate for the heat-transfer loss due to fouling. To the output losses listed above, one needs to add the cost of down-time required to inspect, clean, and repair the components (millions of dollars per day of shutdown in lost revenue in a typical power plant), and the cost of actually doing this maintenance. Finally, fouling is often a root cause of serious degradation problems that may limit the life of components or entire plants.

Fouling control
The most fundamental and usually preferred method of controlling fouling is to prevent the ingress of the fouling species into the cooling water circuit. In steam power stations and other major industrial installations of water technology, macro fouling is avoided by way of pre-filtration and cooling water debris filters. Some plants employ foreign-object exclusion program (to eliminate the possibility of salient introduction of unwanted materials, e.g., forgetting tools during maintenance). Acoustic monitoring is sometimes employed to monitor for fretting by detached parts. In the case of micro fouling, water purification is achieved with extensive methods of water treatment, microfiltration, membrane technology (reverse osmosis, electrodeionization) or ion-exchange resins. The generation of the corrosion products in the water piping systems is often minimized by controlling the pH of the process fluid (typically alkalinization with ammonia, morpholine, ethanolamine or sodium phosphate), control of oxygen dissolved in water (for example, by addition of hydrazine), or addition of corrosion inhibitors.

For water systems at relatively low temperatures, the applied biocides may be classified as follows: inorganic chlorine and bromide compounds, chlorine and bromide cleavers, ozone and oxygen cleavers, unoxidizable biocides. One of the most important unoxidizable biocides is a mixture of chloromethyl-isothiazolinone and methyl-isothiazolinone. Also applied are dibrom nitrilopropionamide and quaternary ammonium compounds. For underwater ship hulls bottom paints are applied.

Chemical fouling inhibitors can reduce fouling in many systems, mainly by interfering with the crystallization, attachment, or consolidation steps of the fouling process. Examples for water systems are: chelating agents (for example, EDTA), long-chain aliphatic amines or polyamines (for example, octadecylamine, helamin, and other "film-forming" amines), organic phosphonic acids (for example, etidronic acid), or polyelectrolytes (for example, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, usually with a molecular weight lower than 10000). For fired boilers, aluminum or magnesium additives can lower the melting point of ash and promote creation of deposits which are easier to remove. See also process chemicals.

Magnetic water treatment has been a subject of controversy as to its effectiveness for fouling control since the 1950s. The prevailing opinion is that it simply "does not work". Nevertheless, some studies suggest that it may be effective under some conditions to reduce buildup of calcium carbonate deposits.

On the component design level, fouling can often (but not always) be minimized by maintaining a relatively high (for example, 2 m/s) and uniform fluid velocity throughout the component. Stagnant regions need to be eliminated. Components are normally overdesigned to accommodate the fouling anticipated between cleanings. However, a significant overdesign can be a design error because it may lead to increased fouling due to reduced velocities. Periodic on-line pressure pulses or backflow can be effective if the capability is carefully incorporated at the design time. Blowdown capability is always incorporated into steam generators or evaporators to control the accumulation of non-volatile impurities that cause or aggravate fouling. Low-fouling surfaces (for example, very smooth, implanted with ions, or of low surface energy like Teflon) are an option for some applications. Modern components are typically required to be designed for ease of inspection of internals and periodic cleaning. On-line fouling monitoring systems are designed for some application so that blowing or cleaning can be applied before unpredictable shutdown is necessary or damage occurs.

Chemical or mechanical cleaning processes for the removal of deposits and scales are recommended when fouling reaches the point of impacting the system performance or an onset of significant fouling-induced degradation (e.g., by corrosion). These processes comprise pickling with acids and complexing agents, cleaning with high-velocity water jets ("water lancing"), recirculating ("blasting") with metal, sponge or other balls, or propelling offline mechanical "bullet-type" tube cleaners. Whereas chemical cleaning causes environmental problems through the handling, application, storage and disposal of chemicals, the mechanical cleaning by means of circulating cleaning balls or offline "bullet-type" cleaning can be an environmentally friendlier alternative. In some heat-transfer applications, mechanical mitigation with dynamic scraped surface heat exchangers is an option. Also ultrasonic or abrasive cleaning methods are available for many specific applications.

title: Fouling


text:
British NVC community S1

NVC community S1 (Carex elata sedge-swamp or Tufted Sedge swamp) is one of the swamp communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.

It is a fairly localised community. There are no subcommunities.

Community composition
There is one constant species found in this community: Tufted Sedge (Carex elata).

One rare species is associated with the community: Narrow Small-reed (Calamagrostis stricta).

Distribution
This community is present in a few localities in west Norfolk, Anglesey and Cumbria.

title: British NVC community S1


text:
Peucestas

Peucestas (Πευκέστας, Peukéstas; lived 4th century BC) was a native of the town of Mieza, in Macedonia, and a distinguished officer in the service of Alexander the Great. His name is first mentioned as one of those appointed to command a trireme on the Hydaspes. Prior to this he must have distinguished himself for his personal valour and prowess, as he was the person selected by Alexander to carry before him in battle the sacred shield, which he had taken down from the temple of Athena at Troy. In this capacity he was in close attendance upon the king's person in the assault on the capital city of the Malavas (325 BC); and all authors agreed in attributing the chief share in saving the life of Alexander upon that occasion to Peucestas, while they differed as to almost all the other circumstances and persons concerned.

For his services on this occasion he was rewarded by the king with almost every distinction which it was in his power to confer. On the arrival of Alexander at Persepolis, he bestowed upon Peucestas the important satrapy of Persis, but, previous to this, he had already raised him to the rank of somatophylax (the king's bodyguard), an honour rendered the more conspicuous in this instance by the number of those select officers being augmented on purpose to make room for his admission. At Susa, also, Peucestas was the first of those rewarded with crowns of gold for their past exploits. After this he proceeded to take possession of his government, where he conciliated the favour of the Persians subject to his rule, as well as that of Alexander himself, by adopting the Persian dress and customs, in exchange for those of Macedonia; whence he is considered a Persophile.

In the spring of 323 BC, Peucestas joined the king at Babylon, with an army of 20,000 Persian troops; and is mentioned as one of those in attendance upon him during his last illness. It does not appear that he took any leading part in the discussions that ensued upon the death of Alexander, but in the division of the provinces that followed, he obtained the renewal of his government of Persis, which he also retained in the second partition at Triparadisus, 321 BC. All his attention seems to have been directed to strengthening himself in this position and extending his power and influence as far as possible. In this he so far succeeded, that when he was at length compelled to take an active part in the war between Antigonus and Eumenes (317 BC), he obtained by common consent the chief command of all the forces furnished by the satrapies east of the Tigris river; and was with difficulty induced to waive his pretensions to the supreme direction of the war. Eumenes, however, by his dexterous management, soothed the irritation of Peucestas, and retained him firmly in his alliance throughout the two campaigns that followed. The satrap was contented to gratify his pride by feasting the whole of the armies assembled in Persis on a scale of royal magnificence, while Eumenes virtually directed all the operations of the war.

But the disaster in the final action at the Battle of Gabiene near Gadamarta (316 BC) which led to the capture of the baggage, and the surrender of Eumenes by the Argyraspids, appears to have been due to the misconduct and insubordination of Peucestas, who, according to one account, was himself one of the chief advisers of the treaty. His conduct throughout these campaigns shows that he lacked both the ability to command for himself, and the moderation to follow the superior judgment of others. His vain and ambitious character seems to have been appreciated at its just value by Antigonus, who, while he deprived him of his satrapy, and led him away a virtual prisoner, elated him with false hopes and specious promises, which were never fulfilled. Peucestas seems to have become an Antigonid officer, treating with cities like Theangela on their behalf. He maintained his prominence during Demetrius's reign as the king of Macedon.

title: Peucestas


text: Category:Yamaguchi geography stubs

title: Category:Yamaguchi geography stubs


text:
Zima (drink)

Zima Clearmalt is a clear, lightly carbonated alcoholic beverage made and distributed by the Coors Brewing Company or its licensees. Introduced in 1993, it was marketed as an alternative to beer, an example of what is now often referred to as a cooler, with 4.7–5.4% alcohol by volume. Its production in the United States ceased in October 2008, but it was still marketed in Japan until 2021, when sales ended due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic before returning in 2023. On June 2, 2017, MillerCoors announced a limited release of Zima for the U.S. market. It was sold again in the U.S. in the summers of 2017 and 2018, but did not return in 2019.

History
Zima means "winter" in many Slavic languages. It was launched nationally in the United States as Zima Clearmalt in 1993 after being test-marketed two years earlier in the cities of Nashville, Sacramento, and Syracuse. The lemon-lime flavored drink was part of the "clear craze" of the 1990s that produced products such as Crystal Pepsi and Tab Clear. Early advertisements for Zima described it as a "truly unique alcohol beverage" and used the tagline "Zomething different".

Zima offered an alternative to the then-successful wine cooler category. Coors spent $50 million marketing Zima in its first year, persuading nearly half of American alcohol drinkers to try it. Brandweek magazine reported that at Zima's peak in 1994, 1.2 million barrels of the beverage were sold. It was originally popular among young women. Coors made its first attempt at attracting young men to the brand in 1995 by marketing Zima Gold (an amber-colored beverage that promised a "taste of bourbon"). The drink was unpopular and disappeared from store shelves within the year.

In describing The Long, Slow, Torturous Death of Zima, writer Brendan Koerner cited Zima's perceived reputation as a "girly-man" beverage and its persistent parodying by late-night TV host David Letterman. The Chicago Tribune reported that distributors were asked to stock "caffeinated alcoholic beverage Sparks on retail store shelves to make up for Zima’s absence".

In the late 2000s, the beverage was marketed in additional flavors: citrus, tangerine, and pineapple citrus.

On October 20, 2008, MillerCoors LLC announced that it had discontinued production of Zima in the U.S., choosing instead to focus on other "malternative" beverages.

In February 2017, MillerCoors announced that they were bringing Zima back to the U.S. market. On June 2, 2017, it was announced that Zima would have a limited release beginning on July 4 weekend. Demand for the product exceeded the company's expectations, selling out entirely by September. As a result, in May 2018 MillerCoors announced it would once again bring back Zima for a limited time, with 40 percent more inventory available than in 2017.

Japan
Zima was launched in Japan in 1996 where it proved more popular than in its home market. One reason is the fact that it didn't amass the same reputation as a drink meant for young women, instead it was consumed by both genders from most age groups, often as an accompaniment to meals. By mid-2020 alcohol sales to businesses (e.g., restaurants, bars, izakayas) —where Zima was often consumed— fell by nearly 90 percent year-on-year during the COVID-19 lockdowns. Consequently, Coors ended its operations in Japan and Zima was discontinued by December 31, 2021. In March 2023 Coors reached an agreement with Hakutsuru Sake Brewing Co. to become the exclusive Japanese distributor of Zima and Blue Moon craft beer thereby bringing the drink back after a two-year hiatus.

title: Zima (drink)


text: Template:Yamanashi-geo-stub

title: Template:Yamanashi-geo-stub


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frivolous

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 09:39, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Frivolous
dictdef  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   14:42, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Anville 15:01, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Flapdragon 16:21, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The definitions (though not the examples) are plagiarized from dictionary.com, and there's a better entry at Wiktionary already. —Cryptic (talk) 18:35, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--Rogerd 19:26, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to frivolous lawsuit. Gazpacho 19:29, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete frivolous article CanadianCaesar 20:06, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Yamanashi geography stubs

title: Category:Yamanashi geography stubs


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abstract (Java)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 09:40, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Abstract (Java)
Essentially non-informative article whose information is put forth much better in Abstract class. The only article that links (or rather: linked, I changed that) here was Abstract. The Abstract page lacked link to Abstract class so I replaced the link to Abstract (Java) with that one. As such, this article here has outlived its usfulness. --J-Star 14:46, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Abstract class. Note that the information in this stub is incorrect. Pburka 15:22, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why redirect? Nothing links here anyway plus that it's hard to find. The only reason I found it was because I took a peek at the Too Technical-page. The article's name pattern is unique among the category articles so there is no real pattern to be broken. Let's just waste it. --J-Star 15:34, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Because redirects are cheap and easy and don't clutter up AfD. The number of articles on Afd every day could be reduced if editors are WP:BOLD and redirect articles (where appropriate) instead of listing them here. Pburka 15:41, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Valid point... but 1) it's too late for that argument since the page is already on the AfD page ;) 2) it's useless anyway and as such clutters up Wikipedia as a whole. So better to take the pain now and be done with it. --J-Star 16:02, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, redirects may be cheap, but this one would be useless. -- Kjkolb 03:35, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per J-Star and Kjkolb. Quale 06:37, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no redirect. Wikipedia isn't SW tutorial, I hope. Pavel Vozenilek 00:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Burtinle

Burtinle (Buurtinle), also known as Bur Tinle or Buurtinleh, is a city in the Nugal region of Puntland in northeastern Somalia.

Overview
Burtinle is the center of the Burtinle District. It lies in between Galkayo and Garoowe, close to the border with Ethiopia. The city was established in the early 1920s by Ugaas Gelle Maxamed Kaneec of the Awrtable. Burtinle consists of 7 neighborhoods namely: Tinka Dheer in which the city is named, Kaantaroolka, Booray, Tuulo Ciise, Xafatul Carab, Buur Karoole, and Godqol Weyne

The town is home to a few clans, predominantly Awrtable but also some Cumar Maxamuud. There is also a notable number of Gaboye present.

Education
Burtinle has a number of academic institutions. According to the Puntland Ministry of Education, there are currently 16 primary schools in the Burtinle District. Among these are Hormud, Imamu Shafici, Magacley and Meraysane. Secondary schools in the area include Burtinle High.

Healthcare
Puntland Ministry of Health runs the District Hospital (Burtinle District Hospital) at the northern periphery of town. Its expansion funded by German Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau and managed by UNICEF was completed in 2023. The hospital departments include an Outpatient Department, an Emergency Department, Radiology, an Operational Theatre as well as a Maternity Ward.

Economy
In March 2015, the Ministry of Labour, Youth and Sports in conjunction with the European Union and World Vision launched the Nugal Empowerment for Better Livelihood Project in the Burtinle, Garowe, Dangorayo, Eyl and Godobjiran districts of Puntland. The three-year initiative is valued at $3 million EUR, and is part of the New Deal Compact for Somalia. It aims buttress the regional economic sector through business support, training and non-formal education programs, community awareness workshops, and mentoring and networking drives.

title: Burtinle


text:
Tombstone tourist

Tombstone tourist (otherwise known as a "cemetery enthusiast", "cemetery tourist", "grave hunter", "graver", or "taphophile") describes an individual who has a passion for and enjoyment of cemeteries, epitaphs, gravestone rubbing, photography, art, and history of (famous) deaths. The term has been most notably used by author and biographer Scott Stanton as the title of his former website and book The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians (2003), about the lives and gravesites of famous musicians.

Some cemetery tourists are particularly interested in the historical aspects of cemeteries or the historical relevance of their inhabitants. La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires, Old Jewish Cemetery in Prague or Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) in Vienna, Austria carry a large array of famous inhabitants and their tombs, that make the cemeteries significant tourist destinations. The historic cemeteries of New Orleans are tourist destinations because of their relevance to the cultural history of the city.

Genealogy tourists make considerable effort to search out cemeteries and their records, to verify grave records and ancestral burial locations.

History
For centuries, people have made pilgrimages to the burial sites of religious icons and leaders. In fact, such was common during medieval times when people went to gravesites or to shrines to venerate saints. In China, the ancient tradition of ancestor worship also involved a veneration of dead relatives with visitations to shrines and gravesites.

During the 19th century, garden cemeteries began to appear that encouraged visitors to stay and visit in the cemetery. Famous among these is the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris, France, which continues to invite tourists to visit and see elaborate memorials not only to the world famous, but to lesser known individuals as well.

Cemetery records have also been a way of verifying genealogical data. Making gravestone rubbings was in practice for centuries as a way of providing this documentation and appreciating the carvings on the tombstones. Among genealogists, scouring cemeteries looking for the graves of dead ancestors is a common and longstanding practice with individuals often relying on limited and outdated information to find burial sites.

Today
The hunting of graves has become digital as many cemetery transcribers and ancestor hunters have begun using GPS equipment to locate the area where a graveyard or gravesite is reputed to be.

title: Tombstone tourist


text:
KOFY

KOFY may mean:

 * KOFY-TV San Francisco, California (Channel 20), a television station that formerly used the call signs KBWB, KEMO-TV, and KTZO
 * KTCT San Mateo, California (AM 1050), an AM radio station that used the call sign KOFY from 1986 until 1997, under common ownership with KOFY-TV in that period

 * KOFY (AM) Gilmer, Texas (AM 1060), a defunct daytime-only AM radio station that was deleted in 2012 and formerly used the call signs KBNB, KHYM, and KTLG until becoming KOFY in 1999

title: KOFY


text:
User:Rcade

I'm Rogers Cadenhead, a computer book author and Wikipedia contributor with around 200 edits. My full bio is available on my web site, and I write frequently about Wikipedia on my personal weblog.

Entries I have originated on Wikipedia:

 * Amapedia
 * Baby Richard Case
 * Jeremy Coon
 * Lloyd V. Berkner High School
 * Susan Mernit
 * Imad Rahman
 * Alexandra Shulman
 * Kathy Sierra
 * Zima

A few weblog posts that I wrote about Wikipedia attracted mainstream media coverage:

 * Adam Curry Caught in Sticky Wiki
 * Wikipedia Founder Looks Out for No. 1

BBS door history
I'm parking this graf here until I find a better reference:

The first BBS to offer door games and use that term to describe them was Parallax BBS in Dallas, operated by Rogers Cadenhead from 1982 to 1986. A section of the site called the Zeppelin Door contained a shooting gallery, game show, and other doors that were rewritten by another programmer for OPUS software, helping to popularize an early form of online gaming.

It's the truth as far as I know it, but like any other discussion of technological invention highly subjective. References for door gaming prior to 1985 are hard to come by.

title: User:Rcade


text:
Talk:Fauxbourdon

Untitled
Perhaps an explanation should be given as to why the two word version of "Faux bourdon" was chosen (i.e., because that is how it appears in the earliest manuscripts) instead of the more common single word version? People on a musicological society list were interested in this choice. (This edit replaces a poorly worded previous Talk of mine) --Myke Cuthbert 14:56, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, it should be one word (fauxbourdon); I rarely if ever see it done the other way. Unless I hear any objection, I will move the article.  Thanks for pointing it out, I had forgotten about this (as well as finishing writing the article ... ) Antandrus  (talk) 15:13, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Btw -- Antandrus -- more and more I wonder if this was the right move; if "be bold! be brave!" applies not just to authors but articles, I am beginning to think that the way the word appears in 15th c. manuscripts might be a better way of describing the term, despite recent musicological discourse.

 * "Proto"-fauxbourdon can now be located in 14th century France and Italy. The French side has been discussed in the writings of Francesco Facchin and the Italian side (and a summary) in my diss.; I'd add this information to the article, but even discussing the French side passes the line of original research. --Myke Cuthbert 04:55, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * More and more that I think of it, whoever first put the article at "Faux bourdon" was bold in bucking the trend of secondary scholarship by following the primary sources instead. I think advocating for the move was really my first mistake (of many) on WP; I'd now consider the move back an improvement. sigh.  -- Myke Cuthbert (talk) 00:28, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Given that most of these sources existed before the standardization of spelling, and the fact that turning two linked words into a compound word is a well-established linguistic phenomenon-- I think that in a modern context such as Wikipedia, a single-word title is quite appropriate, given that the word is rarely separated in modern texts. Or to put it more simply: what will people search for to find this article? 169.237.142.236 (talk) 20:37, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

Falsobordone
I just found out falosbordone redirects here! I believe that's incorrect, as despite falsobordone's etymological similarity to fauxbourdon, it is my understanding that they are quite different. Falsobordone uses primarily root position triads instead of first inversion ones. There is usually four parts, all written out, often with a repeated recitation on a static chord. I believe there's a whole Grove entry on it. I'd be happy to write a short article on it and change the redirect. Any thoughts? --MarkBuckles 09:01, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You are quite correct, and a redirect of falsobordone to here is wrong. As far as I know they are unrelated except in name.  Thanks for noticing!  Antandrus  (talk) 14:31, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem. Created a stub on falsobordone based mostly on Grove info. Feel free to add your expertise! -- MarkBuckles 11:25, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Not entirely unrelated since they both involve a (somewhat) mechanical process to generate homophonic harmony from a given melody. But certainly deserving of separate pages. --Myke Cuthbert 04:55, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Bourdon (Insect) and Faux-Bourdon (Insect)
It might be interesting to know if the common french name of the male bee 'faux-bourdon', meaning a false drone (insect), goes back to the 15th century. If so, naming the new style of musical accompanyment accordingly may have been an act of intellectual wit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.180.247.172 (talk) 23:39, 3 December 2009 (UTC)
 * My dictionnaire Hachette de la langue francaise (1980 ed) says that bourdon is formed by onomatapoeia - the English equivalent would be calling a bumble bee a hummer. The usage of faux bourdon for the male bee - the drone - is listed before the musical meanings, but this might just be a consequence of making a tidy entry for the word in the dictionary. I will try to find out which meaning was the original one, but so far the evidence suggests it was the insect before the chorister.Thomas Peardew (talk) 08:17, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

Origin
According to Wright (2006), I quote: "Three-voice faburden originated in England and was carried into France in the fifteenth century by the followers of the English kings. Soon Continental composers developed a related style called fauxbourdon." Ulmanor (talk) 02:35, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

Faburden vs. Fauxbourdon vs. Falsobordone
Both Grove Online and Oxford History of Western Music seem to treat these as three distinct styles. Either Faburden should have its own article instead of redirecting here, or Falsobordone should be moved back into this one. Regardless, the differences between them should be made more clear, and IMO they should all be mentioned near the top of the article. Not sure if I'll have time to address the issue properly, I'm not an expert in this field and would have to do a fair amount of reading. 169.237.142.236 (talk) 20:31, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Fauxbourdon


text:
Dartford Brent

Dartford Brent was an extensive area of common land on the outskirts of Dartford in Kent. Historically, it was the scene of a confrontation between King Henry VI and Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York in 1452 and in 1555 thousands of spectators were to witness the burning to death at the stake of Christopher Ward, a Dartford linen weaver, executed for his Protestant faith.

Part of Dartford Brent was a cricket venue in the 18th century and it was almost certainly used for cricket during the 17th century. It was noted for the quality of its turf, which was said to be "as smooth as a bowling green". Dartford Cricket Club still plays in the Kent Cricket League and its present ground at Hesketh Park is on part of the Brent.

The Brent is now primarily known as the name of a main road in east Dartford linking Dartford town centre and Stone, forming part of the A226. 'Brent' is a Kentish dialect word meaning 'steep' and its use here possibly refers to the area of the Brent being located atop Dartford's East Hill.

Cricket venue
Top-class cricket was played at Dartford Brent throughout the 18th century and numerous references have survived from 1709 to 1795. The earliest known inter-county match took place there on 29 June 1709 when a Kent side and one from Surrey played against each other and there are records of several similar matches held on the Brent between then and 1724.

A total of eight matches played on the ground between 1792 and 1794 were retrospectively awarded first-class cricket status. Games in Dartford after 1795 were played at Bowman's Lodge on nearby Dartford Heath until Hesketh Park opened in 1904, although the Brent was used for occasional matches.

Campaign against closure
An unsuccessful campaign was waged against the Brent's enclosure during the 1870s and the townspeople presented a petition to the Court of Common Council. Among other things, the petition held that a portion of the Brent had been used as the town cricket ground throughout the whole period of living memory; while the whole area had been "constantly resorted to for all sorts of past times and has been looked upon as the recreation ground of Dartford". The cricket ground at that time lay near the top of Brent Lane, somewhere across the road which passes alongside Hesketh Park.

Today
Dartford Cricket Club still plays in the Kent League and its present ground at Hesketh Park is almost all that is left of the old Brent.

title: Dartford Brent


text:
Hugo Brunner

Sir Hugo Laurence Joseph Brunner (born 17 August 1935) was Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire, England, between 1996 and 2008. He was succeeded by Tim Stevenson. He was also a Liberal Party politician.

Hugo Brunner is the son of Sir Felix Brunner, 3rd Bt. (1897–1982), and Elizabeth Irving, the granddaughter of the Victorian era actor-manager Henry Irving.

He contested the Torquay division of Devon for the Liberal Party at the 1964 General Election and the 1966 General Election.

Brunner was appointed High Sheriff of Oxfordshire in 1988 and Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire in 1996. He has been an enthusiastic supporter of the installation of blue plaques through his chairmanship of the Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board, established in 1999 and administered by the Oxford Civic Society.

Brunner was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws by Oxford Brookes University in 1999. His family home was Greys Court in south Oxfordshire and he now lives in North Oxford.

Brunner was appointed a Knight of Justice of the Order of St John in 2001 and a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the 2008 Birthday Honours.

title: Hugo Brunner


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jascha Heifetz

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy keep. --Angr/undefined 21:38, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Jascha Heifetz
Delete. Vanity article and anecdotes. Jake013 14:48, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep This is the Heifetz!   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   14:55, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep This is hardly a vanity page. just do a google search. this article should not have been nominated for deletion.--Alhutch 15:17, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep - Egil 15:34, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong speedy keep per Alhutch. — ceejayoz ★ 15:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong speedy keep. Shome mishtake shurely. Flapdragon 16:47, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep ... uh ... merely the most famous violinist who ever lived. Except for maybe Paganini.  Antandrus  (talk) 16:54, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep as per WP:music. Article establishes notability. The article states he recorded for RCA Victor and cites recordings that he made as well as concert tours he performed. By the way, how can an article on a man who died in 1987 be considered vanity. Capitalistroadster 17:24, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * PS. Is there an admin in the house? So far there has been seven speedy keeps and one delete and I can't see much prospect of more delete votes being added? Capitalistroadster 18:48, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep Possibly bad faith nom --Rogerd 19:25, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Ppl~enwiki

My name is Pierre-Paul Lavoie. You can reach me via [mailto:ppl@idios.org e-mail] (ppl@idios.org) or on Freenode under the screen name 'ppl'.

You can also visit my homepage.

title: User:Ppl~enwiki


text:
Doom book

The Doom Book, Dōmbōc, Code of Alfred or Legal Code of Ælfred the Great was the code of laws ("dooms" being laws or judgments) compiled by Alfred the Great (c. 893 AD). Alfred codified three prior Saxon codes – those of Æthelberht of Kent (c. 602 AD), Ine of Wessex (c.  694 AD) and Offa of Mercia (c.  786 AD) – to which he prefixed a modified version of the Ten Commandments of Moses and incorporated rules of life from the Mosaic Code and the Christian code of ethics.

Contents
The title Doom Book (Old English dōm-bōc) comes from the Old English word dōm meaning judgment or law – as in Alfred's admonishment to "Doom very evenly! Do not doom one doom to the rich; another to the poor! Nor doom one doom to your friend; another to your foe!" This reflects Mosaic Law, which says "You shall do no injustice in judgment! You shall not be partial to the poor; nor defer to the great! But you are to judge your neighbour fairly!"

The Christian theologian F. N. Lee extensively documented Alfred the Great's work of collecting the law codes from the three Christian Saxon kingdoms and compiling them into his Doom Book. Lee details how Alfred incorporated the principles of the Mosaic law into his Code, and how this Code of Alfred became the foundation for the Common Law.

In the book's extensive prologue, Alfred summarises the Mosaic and Christian codes. Michael Treschow, UBC Faculty of Creative and Critical Studies, reviewed how Alfred laid the foundation for the Spirit of Mercy in his code, stating that the last section of the Prologue not only describes "a tradition of Christian law from which the law code draws but also it grounds secular law upon Scripture, especially upon the principle of mercy".

The law code contains some laws that may seem bizarre by modern standards, such as: "If a man unintentionally kills another man by letting a tree fall on him, the tree shall be given to the kinsmen of the slain." On the other hand, this precept may have anticipated the future common law of negligence, which provides that a person who is injured by the unintentional carelessness of another is entitled to recover compensation for his or her injury. In the context of the aforementioned law, the felled tree would be a valuable commodity.

Manuscripts
Manuscripts containing the Old English text are:
 * Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 173 (also known as the Parker Chronicle)
 * Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 383 (also known as the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum)
 * London, British Library, Cotton MS Nero A I
 * London, British Library, Cotton MS Otho B XI
 * London, British Library, Burney MS 277
 * Rochester Cathedral Library A. 3. 5 (also known as the Textus Roffensis)Murder

The text was translated into Latin during the reign of Cnut as the third part of the Instituta Cnuti, and survives in the following manuscripts:

 * Rochester Cathedral Library A. 3. 5 (the Textus Roffensis)
 * London, British Library Cotton MS Titus A XXVII
 * Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Colbert 3,860
 * Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Rawlinson C. 641

The text was independently translated into Latin a second time during the reign of Henry I as part of the Latin compilation known as Quadripartitus, which survives in ten manuscripts.

Editions and translations

 * Liebermann, F. (ed.), Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen [The Laws of the Anglo-Saxons], 3 vols (Halle a. S.: Niemeyer, 1903–16; still the definitive critical edition)
 * Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge (trans.), 1983, Alfred the Great: Asser's "Life of King Alfred" and Other Contemporary Sources London: Penguin, pp. 163–70 (translated extracts)
 * Todd Preston, 2012, King Alfred’s Book of Laws: A Study of the Domboc and Its Influence on English Identity, With a Complete translation Jefferson, NC: McFarland, pp. 105–48 (diplomatic text and translation based on Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 173)
 * Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge (trans.), 1983, Alfred the Great: Asser's "Life of King Alfred" and Other Contemporary Sources London: Penguin, pp. 163–70 (translated extracts)
 * Todd Preston, 2012, King Alfred’s Book of Laws: A Study of the Domboc and Its Influence on English Identity, With a Complete translation Jefferson, NC: McFarland, pp. 105–48 (diplomatic text and translation based on Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 173)

title: Doom book


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Malachy Mc Dermott

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 09:41, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Malachy Mc Dermott
nn, crystal ball  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   14:49, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN -- Egil 15:30, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Flapdragon 16:54, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 06:59, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Twobucks

Please see the Mostek article, I've done some major surgery. I'd also like to know if you can get a full answer on the question I posted in the discussion page.

I am still a bit confused about the timing of the fabs, and the role and timing of the ion-implantation process. The article originally noted that their fab was NMOS and then later introduced ion-implantation. The timing of this introduction is unclear. It appears the 4006 used it, and only needed +5v, as they noted in one of their newletters, which seems to imply they were using some sort of CMOS process even then. Can you clear this up?

Maury 14:49, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Twobucks


text:
Talk:X10

Rename

 * It's a disambiguation page, why does it matter? KEEP it where it is. 67.71.169.168 04:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Discision
Actually this was moved as a judgement call. Ryan Norton T 06:33, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Moving problem
I asked for this article to be moved to be consistent with most letter-number combinations; the closed form is the main form; the hyphenated form is a secondary form. Only one vote was made, and it was by someone not logged in, and then someone closed it. This is ridiculous! Georgia guy 02:14, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:X10


text:
Talk:Austral Islands

The geographical coordinates
The geographical coordinates of Rimatara and Rurutu seem to be slightly incorrect at the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names Online: -- Citylover 14:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rimatara
 * (-22.66667°N, -152.75°W). Source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names Online.
 * (-22.64028°N, -152.83778°W). Source: My suggestion (already inserted). -- Citylover 14:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rurutu
 * (-22.41667°N, -151.33333°W). Source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names Online.
 * (-22.46611°N, -151.335°W). Source: My suggestion (already inserted). -- Citylover 14:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Conseil du Scoutisme polynésien
Can someone render "Conseil du Scoutisme polynésien" and "Be Prepared", the Scout Motto, into Tahitian? Thanks! Chris 14:48, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

User ty
I have looked at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedians_by_language. It would appear that there are no templates like, for Tahitian. :( Chris 06:53, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Language?
I believe this is an Eastern Polynesian language, but don't know whether it's part of the Tahitic subgroup or the Marquesan-Hawai'ian one. Can someone please supply this information? Koro Neil (talk) 10:32, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Armbrust The Homunculus 13:18, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

Tuha'a Pae →Austral Islands – Restoring the old title. The new name seems extremely dubious and there aren't much quality sources for its usage. fr:Îles Australes would probably know more about this subject but they don't even list this alternative name. This says it means the fifth part which is probably a Tahitian translation of some term for a colonial division only in modern usage. There is no historical background to it, at least not that I can see. Either way Austral Islands is the most common terms for these islands in most sources, new and old. Also can someone also clean up this article especially after user:HURIMOZ to see of they are actually factually correct? Thanks. --KAVEBEAR (talk) 06:09, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Rename (ie, revert). Regardless as to whether Tuha'a Pae is an acceptable name or not, I think that it's clear that Austral Islands is the common name. Good Ol’factory (talk) 01:02, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Support for procedural reasons and on the merits. —  AjaxSmack   02:05, 20 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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Map issues
The upper map under the infobox is insufficiently labeled. It does not actually indicate the Austral Islands. Acwilson9 (talk) 00:22, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Austral Islands


text:
Sam Belnavis

Sam Belnavis (August 8, 1939 – July 14, 2021) was an American executive in automobile racing. Belnavis, an African-American, was one of a handful minorities to have owned a NASCAR racing team. He was the head of Roush Fenway Racing's driver diversity program, and handled other marketing initiatives for that company.

Education and military service
As a child, Belnavis attended Our Lady of Victory, an all-black parochial school in Brooklyn, New York. He then attended Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, with primarily white students, a very different experience. Belnavis subsequently attended Manhattan College in New York, graduating with a degree in accounting in 1961, later earning a Masters in Business Administration from the University of Michigan. He was in Air Force ROTC in Manhattan College, and served in the U.S. Air Force as a pilot in the 105th Tactical Fighter Wing, located at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas.

Career
After leaving the Air Force, Belnavis took a management position at Sears in 1968. From there, he became a director of sports marketing for Miller Brewing. In 1981, while in that job, he signed Bobby Allison to a sponsorship contract. After working at Miller, Belnavis was hired by DiGard Racing; part of his duties were to push a program to diversify DiGard Racing with an African-American driver.

After DiGard, Belnavis took a position as senior vice-president of sports and entertainment with Saatchi & Saatchi, one of the world's largest advertising firms. In 1991 he relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina, where he founded his own advertising and marketing agency, Belnavis & Associates.

Belnavis became NASCAR's first full-time minority owner since Wendell Scott in 2003, when he fielded BelCar Motorsports' #54 U.S. National Guard Ford Motor Company entry driven by Todd Bodine. He quit BelCar Racing at the conclusion of the season, but continued to serve in lower-level NASCAR leagues through the Drive for Diversity program. It went on to field entries including Morty Buckes, Brianne Conrath, and Jesus Hernandez. Belnavis later joined Roush Racing as its director of diversity programs.

Personal life
Belnavis and his wife Christine had one son, three daughters, and seven grandchildren. He died on July 14, 2021, at the age of 81.

title: Sam Belnavis


text: User talk:82.27.30.167

title: User talk:82.27.30.167


text:
1892 V

1892 V may refer to:

 * 206P/Barnard–Boattini, comet
 * 351 Yrsa, asteroid

title: 1892 V


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