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Brow ridge

The brow ridge, or supraorbital ridge known as superciliary arch in medicine, is a bony ridge located above the eye sockets of all primates and some other animals. In humans, the eyebrows are located on their lower margin.

Structure
The brow ridge is a nodule or crest of bone situated on the frontal bone of the skull. It forms the separation between the forehead portion itself (the squama frontalis) and the roof of the eye sockets (the pars orbitalis). Normally, in humans, the ridges arch over each eye, offering mechanical protection. In other primates, the ridge is usually continuous and often straight rather than arched. The ridges are separated from the frontal eminences by a shallow groove. The ridges are most prominent medially, and are joined to one another by a smooth elevation named the glabella.

Typically, the arches are more prominent in men than in women, and vary between different ethnic groups. Behind the ridges, deeper in the bone, are the frontal sinuses.

Terminology
The brow ridges, being a prominent part of the face in some ethnic groups and a trait linked to both atavism and sexual dimorphism, have a number of names in different disciplines. In vernacular English, the terms eyebrow bone or eyebrow ridge are common. The more technical terms frontal or supraorbital arch, ridge or torus (or tori to refer to the plural, as the ridge is usually seen as a pair) are often found in anthropological or archaeological studies. In medicine, the term arcus superciliaris (Latin) or the English translation superciliary arch. This feature is different from the supraorbital margin and the margin of the orbit.

Some paleoanthropologists distinguish between frontal torus and supraorbital ridge. In anatomy, a torus is a projecting shelf of bone that unlike a ridge is rectilinear, unbroken and goes through glabella. Some fossil hominins, in this use of the word, have the frontal torus, but almost all modern humans only have the ridge.

Spatial model
The Spatial model proposes that supraorbital torus development can be best explained in terms of the disparity between the anterior position of the orbital component relative to the neurocranium.

Much of the groundwork for the spatial model was laid down by Schultz (1940). He was the first to document that at later stages of development (after age 4) the growth of the orbit would outpace that of the eye. Consequently, he proposed that facial size is the most influential factor in orbital development, with orbital growth being only secondarily affected by size and ocular position.

Weindenreich (1941) and Biegert (1957, 1963) argued that the supraorbital region can best be understood as a product of the orientation of its two components, the face and the neurocranium.

The most composed articulation of the spatial model was presented by Moss and Young (1960), who stated that "the presence… of supraorbital ridges is only the reflection of the spatial relationship between two functionally unrelated cephalic components, the orbit and the brain" (Moss and Young, 1960, p282). They proposed (as first articulated by Biegert in 1957) that during infancy the neurocranium extensively overlaps the orbit, a condition that prohibits brow ridge development. As the splanchnocranium grows, however, the orbits begin to advance, thus causing the anterior displacement of the face relative to the brain. Brow ridges then form as a result of this separation.

Bio-mechanical model
The bio-mechanical model predicts that morphological variation in torus size is the direct product of differential tension caused by mastication, as indicated by an increase in load/lever ratio and broad craniofacial angle.

Research done on this model has largely been based on earlier work of Endo. By applying pressure similar to the type associated with chewing, he carried out an analysis of the structural function of the supraorbital region on dry human and gorilla skulls. His findings indicated that the face acts as a pillar that carries and disperses tension caused by the forces produced during mastication. Russell and Oyen et al. elaborated on this idea, suggesting that amplified facial projection necessitates the application of enhanced force to the anterior dentition in order to generate the same bite power that individuals with a dorsal deflection of the facial skull exert. In more prognathic individuals, this increased pressure triggers bone deposition to reinforce the brow ridges, until equilibrium is reached.

Oyen et al. conducted a cross-section study of Papio anubis in order to ascertain the relationship between palate length, incisor load and Masseter lever efficiency, relative to torus enlargement. Indications found of osteoblastic deposition in the glabella were used as evidence for supraorbital enlargement. Oyen et al.’s data suggested that more prognathic individuals experienced a decrease in load/lever efficiency. This transmits tension via the frontal process of the maxilla to the supraorbital region, resulting in a contemporary reinforcement of this structure. This was also correlated to periods of tooth eruption.

In a later series of papers, Russell developed aspects of this mode further. Employing an adult Australian sample, she tested the association between brow ridge formation and anterior dental loading, via the craniofacial angle (prosthion-nasion-metopion), maxilla breadth, and discontinuities in food preparation such as those observed between different age groups. Finding strong support for the first two criteria, she concluded that the supraorbital complex is formed as a result of increased tension due to the widening of the maxilla, thought to be positively correlated with the size of the masseter muscle, as well as with the improper orientation of bone in the superior orbital region.

Function
Some researchers have suggested that brow ridges function to protect the eyes and orbital bones during hand-to-hand combat, given that they are an incredibly dimorphic trait.

Paleolithic humans
Pronounced brow ridges were a common feature among paleolithic humans. Early modern people such as those from the finds from Jebel Irhoud and Skhul and Qafzeh had thick, large brow ridges, but they differ from those of archaic humans like Neanderthals by having a supraorbital foramen or notch, forming a groove through the ridge above each eye, although there were exceptions, such as Skhul 2 in which the ridge was unbroken, unlike other members of her tribe. This splits the ridge into central parts and distal parts. In current humans, almost always only the central sections of the ridge are preserved (if preserved at all). This contrasts with many archaic and early modern humans, where the brow ridge is pronounced and unbroken.

Other animals
The size of these ridges varies also between different species of primates, either living or fossil. The closest living relatives of humans, the great apes and especially gorillas or chimpanzees, have a very pronounced supraorbital ridge, which has also been called a frontal torus, while in modern humans and orangutans, it is relatively reduced. The fossil record indicates that the supraorbital ridge in early hominins was reduced as the cranial vault grew; the frontal portion of the brain became positioned above rather than behind the eyes, giving a more vertical forehead.

Supraorbital ridges are also present in some other animals, such as wild rabbits, eagles and certain species of sharks. The presence of a supraorbital ridge in the Korean field mouse has been used to distinguish it among related species.

title: Brow ridge


text: User talk:152.1.190.148

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:152.1.190.148


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Decennium

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to wiktionary article List of decades.. Alphax τεχ 01:13, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Decennium
Is this a real word in practical use?? Everybody uses decade. Delete. 66.32.192.253 00:25, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. NickBush24 00:30, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete a) the definition is flat out wrong - Decennium:Ten Years::Annual:One Year - but the noun form of annual (think flowers). b) Wiki is not a dictionary --CastAStone 00:35, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. Yes the word is used, but it's rare. As CastAStone said, the definition also needs work (though I would have equated annual with decennial rather than decennium). Grutness...  wha?  00:42, 5 October 2005 (UTC) (getting fed up with edit conflicts)
 * Annual (adjective) also works for decennial, when it is being used to describe something. Decennium or annual (noun) is when it is something, such as the Presbyterian Youth Triennium. It has virtually no practical use in modern English. But then again, I'm not an English scholar... --CastAStone 01:20, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah - you must have added that bit about the "noun form only" during one of our two edit conflicts! :) Grutness...  wha?
 * Transwiki. In Merriam-Webster on-line. It and Oxford are my standards and I have heard the word. I'm having a hard time understanding Cast's comment: if your implication is it is an incidental or unused noun so it shouldn't be sent to Wikitionary I definitely disagree. People use dictionaries for the obscure not the obvious. Marskell 01:41, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It was more an explanation of why the definition of the word is so hard to flush out. I agree that the word needs to be in Wiktionary. CastAStone 02:20, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki. WordNet has it. utcursch | talk 07:19, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's used. Transwiki a definition to wikitionary and leave a redirect to List of decades where decade redirects to. - Mgm|(talk) 08:10, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki and redirect per Mgm. Punkmorten 17:55, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not really worth the bother of transwikifying this article. This is barely a stub as far as Wiktionary is concerned, and Wiktionary can almost certainly come up with a better decennium article from scratch.   Simply redirect as per MacGyverMagic. Uncle G 17:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * TRANSWIKI to Wiktionary and REDIRECT' to decade 132.205.45.148 18:15, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Trasnswiki to Wiktionary and redirect to List of decades. --Optichan 19:29, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just redirect, Uncle G has written a much better dictdef at decennium. —Cryptic (talk) 11:33, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Paintball equipment

Paintball is an equipment-intensive sport and in order to safely conduct a game, every player requires a marker with propellant to fire the paint, a mask to protect the eyes and face, paintballs, and a loader to hold them. To ensure safety off the playing field, a barrel sock or plug for the marker is also compulsory.

Depending on type of play, additional equipment can include gloves, a pack designed to comfortably carry pods containing extra paintballs, and a squeegee or swab for cleaning out the barrel in case a paintball breaks. Players may also elect to wear padding or armor in order to reduce the impact of incoming paintballs.

Markers
A paintball marker is the primary piece of equipment used in paintball to tag an opposing player. An expanding gas (usually carbon dioxide or high-pressure air) forces a paintball through the barrel at a muzzle velocity of approximately 90 m/s. This velocity is sufficient for most paintballs to break upon impact at a distance, but not so fast as to cause tissue damage beyond mild bruising. Nearly every commercial field has, and strictly enforces, a rule limiting the muzzle velocity of a paintball at or below 90 m/s. Speeds above 250 are typically needed to ensure the paintball breaks on impact; the field limit is thus usually somewhere in between, often 260-280fps. The technology used to design and build paintball markers has advanced over time, beginning with the original "Nel-Spot" bolt-action pistols, progressing to pump-action markers, then to semi-automatic mechanical markers, and finally culminating in the electropneumatic paintball marker.

Propellants
Paintball markers are powered by the expansion of gas stored in a compressed gas bottle. The two most common forms of compressed gas are carbon dioxide and high-pressure air (HPA).

Carbon dioxide
Because CO2 becomes a liquid when compressed, it must expand to a gas in order to be used by most paintball markers, although several older models actually require liquid CO2 in order for proper operation. This expansion is not adiabatic and requires energy, causing the tank to cool as heat is used to expand the liquid CO2 into gas. Eventually, under sustained fire, and especially in cold weather, the tank can become so cold that ice crystals form on it. If the CO2 bottle does not have an anti-siphon tube fitted, or is shaken while firing, the liquid CO2 may enter the marker. The liquid CO2 then passes through the marker instead of the tank, evaporating and causing the marker to freeze. This results in large clouds of CO2 vapor ejected from the marker upon firing, caused by the liquid CO2 evaporating in/around the barrel. This is known as "drawing liquid". This can cause damage to internal seals and O-Rings, and can "freeze" some markers, putting it out of commission for some time while it warms back up. Simple operation designs such as in-line blow-back (most Tippmanns), guns designed before HPA was more widely used, or guns using 12-gram CO2 powerlets are usually not affected by this problem, but it can still cause damage to the marker over time. For this particular reason, most high-end markers recommend that you use HPA. Technically, CO2 and HPA can propel the paintball, but when high rates of fire are attained, liquid is sucked into the marker which can damage or even destroy electrical components inside the marker such as the solenoid. Never leave a CO2 container in sunlight, as the heat will cause the gas to expand to a dangerous level. The tanks include safety valves in their construction, but there is no need to use them or take unnecessary risks.

With normal back-bottle setups (or, air systems utilizing a horizontal air source adapter, more commonly called an ASA), the less dense gaseous CO2 will rise to the top half of the tank. Normally, ASAs are angled slightly so the gaseous CO2 is always available at the valve of the tank. Special devices known as anti-siphon tubes extend the mouth of the valve, and provide only CO2 from the top part of the tank.

During rapid successions of shots, gaseous CO2 is used up. Liquid CO2 will take some time to evaporate and rebuild the internal pressure. This process causes potentially large changes in velocity and therefore, in accuracy and range.

High-pressure air or N2
The newer high-pressure air (HPA) paintball markers use compressed air or nitrogen (N2) for propulsion, to attempt to offset issues with other types of propellants such as. Due to nitrogen's low critical point, when pure nitrogen or air (which is 78% nitrogen) is compressed, it remains in gaseous form unless the temperature goes well below −140 C. When it expands, the tank also cools due to the Joule-Thomson effect, but at a far lower rate than liquid  because it does not have to phase-change from liquid to gas. The lack of vaporization reduces the variation in output gas pressure associated with rapid successions of firing cycles, improving accuracy and reducing the chance of "freeze-up" malfunctions.

However, because the propellant gas is stored at higher pressures (up to 34 MPa) while liquid CO2 is stored at around 8 MPa, HPA tanks need to be built to higher pressure ratings and are thus heavier and more expensive. The tanks themselves can either be filled with pure N2 or air (which is 78% N2). Tanks smaller than 1.1 L may not last heated matches, while larger tanks are cumbersome and require mounting options that create a larger marker profile.

There are two different kinds of HPA tanks in paintball. There are aluminium tanks which are preferred by younger players because while aluminium tanks are heavy and only hold about 21 MPa, they are also much cheaper to buy (at about USD $50, only slightly more than tanks). The second kind of tank is made from carbon fiber, which is much lighter and stronger than aluminium (being able to contain 31 MPa and in some rare cases 35 MPa, as opposed to only 2100 psi that an aluminium tank will hold). Generally, carbon fiber tanks are preferred by more experienced players and buyers with a larger budget, because the qualities are very reliable and have proven themselves worthy of their generally hefty price tags.

HPA tanks are generally filled from specially designed air compressors which are made to create extremely high pressures (unlike shop compressors). Although HPA tanks may, in theory, be refilled from other sources such as a conventional scuba tank or an average general-purpose air compressor, the pressure available from these sources is far below the pressure that HPA tanks are designed for. For example, shop compressors create around 6900 - 13800 hPa range, an order of magnitude less than HPA tanks are designed for (typically in the range of 21 - 31 MPa). HPA tanks are filled from a nipple instead of the ASA valve, which allows them to be filled while the tank is still attached to the paintball marker.

Propane
In 2005, Tippmann introduced the Tippmann C3 with PEP (Propane Enhanced Performance); the first paintball gun to use propane as a propellent. This increased the number of balls that could be shot before needing to refill the tank (around 100 times more: which gives 50,000 shots per 470-millilitre tank), as well as having a lower gas pressure.

Comparison
Nitrogen is generally preferred over carbon dioxide for a few reasons. Nitrogen will not liquefy and leak into the marker, while if the CO2 tank does not have an anti-siphon tube installed, or if there is no expansion chamber or regulator, liquid CO2 can leak into the marker, causing damage to O-rings and dangerous overpressures. The solenoid valves on electro-pneumatic markers are particularly sensitive to this, and thus many manufacturers will specify to use only nitrogen or HPA with their electro-pneumatic markers.

Nitrogen is always controlled by 2 or more pressure regulators, and generally has a more consistent shot velocity than CO2. This is because when the playing area is warm, the normally unregulated CO2 will expand more rapidly from the liquid form, causing the marker to fire at a higher velocity. When the temperature is lower, either a cool day, or from rapid firing of the marker, the expansion within the tank occurs more slowly, causing a decrease in the velocity of the subsequent shots. This is especially apparent during rapid firing while using unregulated CO2. The cooling effect of rapid discharge of CO2 causes the temperature of the liquid CO2 to drop dramatically, resulting in a significant loss in overall pressure. This effect can be greatly overcome by the use of a regulator on the tank and one on the marker, and then setting the marker up to operate well on low pressure (about 400-600 psi). Most CO2 markers are designed to operate from a bare, unregulated tank of CO2.

The proscribed act of placing a regulator at the neck of the tank will 'filter' most of any liquid escaping, but also reduce the pressure from the CO2 tank. The marker must therefore perform well under pressures significantly below the natural pressure of CO2. The second regulator is used to modulate the final pressure to a point below what the CO2 tank can deliver when relatively cold (around 500–600 psi), or warm (900–1200 psi). A qualified air smith can perform the necessary changes inside the marker to accommodate the lower operating pressure. This adds some expense to the marker but does not require access to HPA or Nitrogen refilling facilities. Some markers prefer 900–1000 psi or more, and do not work well at the lower pressures provided by CO2. This issue cannot be overcome with regulators.

Temperature has negligible effect on HPA or nitrogen, but CO2 tanks are significantly cheaper. Nitrogen tanks typically cost slightly less to fill than CO2 tanks, at approximately three to five US dollars. Also, many fields offer better rates for HPA fills due to the lower cost to the field; HPA is generally cheaper to procure as it has myriad industrial applications, and the field can even purchase the equipment to pressurize their own cylinders on-site. CO2, on the other hand, must be separated from other gases before bottling, usually through super-cooling air to the condensation point of each gas, a process that requires far more sophisticated and expensive equipment when adding regulators to prevent liquid 'splash' and to avoid a sag in pressure.

Masks
Sometimes called "goggles", masks are safety devices that players are required to wear. These completely cover the eyes, mouth, ears and nostrils of a person. Some masks even feature throat guards. The lenses are designed to protect against paintballs traveling up to 90 m/s, but are not guaranteed to withstand impacts at greater speeds.

Double-layered or "thermal" lenses are also available. These lenses are much less prone to fogging. These work by separating an inside and an outside lens with an air chamber, that allows for the difference in temperature between the inside and the outside of the mask without forming condensation. However, if any moisture whatsoever somehow gets in between the two lenses, the inner faces of both lenses will fog, and it will take a very long time to dry out, if it does at all. Fogging masks can be a significant hazard while playing. Besides the lost vision, players may be tempted to remove their mask and expose themselves to serious eye injuries. To reduce fogging of lenses while playing, some masks include electric fans that remove humidity and dry the lens. This is especially useful for situations that require wearing the mask for extended periods of time, such as wood play, large games, or being a referee. Finally, there are many anti-fog topical solutions that players can apply.

The exterior of the thermal lenses (or the lenses, in non-thermal masks) is usually made of Polycarbonate. This material provides excellent impact resistance. Because polycarbonate is soft, these lenses are manufactured with anti-scratch coatings. But great care must be taken to keep proper care of the lenses. Many vendors recommend the immediate replacement of very scratched lenses, or lenses subjected to very strong impacts.

Generally, more expensive masks tend to be smaller (which in turn makes the player a smaller target), more comfortable, have more interchangeable parts and be made of soft enough material to get some bounces.

While playing paintball, even just shooting at the ground or trees, wearing proper paintballing masks is mandatory for safety. Some paintballs are very thick and can bounce off the ground, and other objects, and hit people.

Hoppers/loaders
Hoppers contain the paintball supply for a marker, much as magazines contain the ammunition on a regular rifle. With few exceptions, hoppers are all mounted above the marker, and most use gravity as the ultimate force to get the balls in the marker. If most hoppers are turned upside down, the marker will not be fed with balls and will cease to fire.

There are three main types: Gravity Feed, Agitated Feed, and Force Feed loaders.

Gravity Feed hoppers often get jammed up with balls at the feed neck, which can result in a marker 'dry firing' (firing without paint) or chopping balls due to the timing of the ball entering the marker. This is detrimental to the speed and performance of the marker.

Agitated Feed hoppers improve on the Gravity method of feeding the marker. Some use simple agitation levers or paddles inside the hopper to shake up the balls and guide them down the feed neck. Others (sometimes colloquially known as 'revies') use a paddle wheel inside the hopper to force any balls reaching the bottom of the hopper into the feed neck. Agitated Feeders need gravity to keep the balls rolling toward the bottom of the hopper before they can reach the loading mechanism.

Force Feed loaders create a stack of paint balls leading into the marker. Most of these hoppers maintain a constant tension on the ball stack to ensure that once a paintball is fired, a new one immediately takes its place. A special feed tube is sometimes used to allow placement of a hopper below the chamber, giving the marker a much lower profile. Any hopper-based loading system still relies on gravity to get paint into the drive portion of the loader itself. The 'Warp' loader uses an electric motor to rotate two silicone discs with ball-shaped divots, which add each ball to a stack headed down the feed tube into the chamber.

Helical Feed loaders are a form of Force Feed loader which use helix (or coil) shaped clips. In most designs, each clip is preloaded (typically before a match begins) with paintballs which are stacked under constant pressure to ensure a continuous feed of balls into the chamber. One drawback to this pressure is that paintballs stored in the clip will become deformed over time, causing jams or inaccuracy. Using a feed tube, these loaders can be mounted under a barrel. Helical feed loaders can fire continuously in any orientation. The 'Q-Loader' system uses a spring-driven clip, eliminating the potential noise of a motor-driven system. The 'Q-Loader' system is capable of loading 100 balls in less than 3 seconds, though breakage can occur at higher spring tensions.

There is some confusion about the term 'loader'. A loader typically refers to a powered or constant-pressure system, whereas gravity feed systems are generally referred to only as a hopper. In short, a loader system may include a hopper, and a hopper may function using gravity without any loader at all, but the two terms are often used interchangeably.

Paintballs
Paintballs, also simply called "paint", are spherical gelatin capsules containing primarily polyethylene glycol, other non-toxic and water-soluble substances, and dye. Paintballs are made of materials found in food items, and are edible but taste disagreeable as they tend to dry up the mouth. The use of polyethylene glycol (a laxative) in the fill can also cause gastrointestinal distress in individuals who eat a number of paintballs; therefore, they should be kept out of reach of young children. Early paintballs were filled with inedible oil-based paint, since they were made for marking trees and cattle, but modern paintballs should easily wash out of most clothing. The color of the shell does not necessarily indicate the color of the fill.

Most common paintballs and paintball markers are described as .68 caliber (17.3 mm), but many factors affect the exact dimensions. Paintballs and barrels vary in size from .43 caliber to .71 caliber (11 mm to 18 mm). In addition, paintballs are seldom perfectly round and are very sensitive to heat and moisture. A hot or humid day may result in paint swelling or becoming misshapen. Care should be taken to keep paintballs out of the sun and away from moisture. An insulated cooler works well for this on the field.

The gelatin shell of a paintball is designed to break upon impact, although ricochets or "bounces" may occur. There are many types of paintballs, including glow in the dark paintballs for use at night, scented paintballs, and formulations for winter play. When dropped on the ground, groundwater or condensation may swell the paintball, which could cause a jam in the barrel or rupture and foul the internal workings of the marker. Dropped ammunition is known as 'loose paint', and should not be used in paintball markers.

Generally speaking, paintballs of greater price are subjected to more stringent manufacturing processes, quality checks, and standards, making their size and shape more consistent. This is very important for accuracy. Better paintballs also tend to have thinner shells to improve the frequency of breaking on impact rather than bouncing, and thicker, more opaque fills that are more visible and harder to wipe off.

While it is theoretically possible to freeze a water-based paintball, the polyethylene glycol additive drastically lowers the freezing point of the mixture, making it highly unlikely to actually freeze it into something harder than a regular paintball. When introduced to a very cold environment, the paintball's shell will most likely dimple (making it less accurate) and the shell will become brittle.

U.S. SWAT teams often use paintball-like balls, also known as pepper balls, filled with oleoresin capsicum, the active ingredient of pepper spray, as a non-lethal incapacitation method. However, pepperballs are shot at a higher velocity than is safe for paintball (above 110 m/s) and the shells are not made from gelatin, but rather a frangible plastic to make shots more painful for faster incapacitation. Pepperballs can be shot out of almost any paintball marker.

Within Islam, the consumption or even touch of anything pork-related is not allowed or considered to be Haram. So there have been requirements for Muslim players to use paintballs which are "Halal" which means approved by Islam. These paintballs are made from beef gelatine. These are often called "Halal paintballs".

Clothing
Paintball clothing needs to be tough and durable. For woodsball, camouflage clothing is effective for blending in with the environment; players may wear army surplus military fatigues, Battle Dress Uniform (BDU), Army Combat Uniform (ACU) or DPM styles. For speedball, however, the small field and artificial obstacles make camouflage ineffective; players, therefore, will often choose to wear a brightly colored team uniform for ease of identification. For scenario games, players will tend to dress in a style appropriate to the character or force they are representing. In order to minimize the sting of close-range hits, players often wear extra layers of clothing padding as well.

Clothing worn for tournament paintballing is constrained by tournament rules, which prohibit thick padded materials likely to adversely affect the chance of paintballs breaking on the target. Players need adequate padding to protect the elbows and knees for slides on hard ground and chest protectors for shots to the chest. The player(s) could get seriously injured if these parts are not protected.

Footwear varies enormously between Speedball and Woodsball/scenario games. In woodsball, the rough terrain and uneven, often muddy ground makes footwear with good grip and plenty of ankle support a necessity. This lends itself to boots, either military-style or walking/hiking boots. In speedball, however, the added weight of thick boots is a distinct disadvantage, as is the reduction in mobility. Speedball players, therefore, tend to wear athletic shoes with soft cleats designed for field sports, such as soccer or football.

Drop forward
A drop forward is a marker add-on which is used to reposition the air canister to a more comfortable position or one which improves the balance of the marker. They usually tilt the canister onto a slight angle and move it forward of its original position. They come in all shapes and sizes, however, so it is a personal preference which direction the tank is "dropped" - it is possible to mount the tank vertically, reversed or almost any other conceivable position. Most players use it to assist with balancing the marker, or to reduce its total length to make it more maneuverable (particularly if it has an extremely long barrel). Some marker designs do not permit the installation of a stock if the air cylinder is left in its standard location, necessitating a drop-forward if the player wishes to install a stock to improve accuracy.

There is a dispute among many players, however, that a drop forward will make the player's profile unnecessarily tall and wide, as the tank pushes the loader higher up above the head and may cause the player to hold his/her arms out wider in play to make up for the unnatural angle the drop will put on a grip.

Remote line
A remote line is a hose (a gas line) which can be connected to a marker and to the tank, which allows the user more freedom of movement while handling the marker, because the tank can now be stored on a pod belt or in a pouch. Their utility lies in decreasing the weight and length of the marker, making it more maneuverable. However, they may get caught in trees and shrub, and if the tank is hit it still counts as a kill, even though it is on the player's back. Remote lines are not frequently used by tournament players, as it adds unnecessary weight (and the presence of the gas tank is factored into the design of tournament markers, making them extremely unbalanced if the tank is removed). Some remote lines utilize a slide check as a valve.

Pod
Pods, also known as guppies or simply tubes, are rigid tubular plastic containers which hold paintballs. The most common pod size holds about 140 paintballs; however, other sizes are available, and 100 paintball pods are common at rental sites, while there are also pods for smaller paintball pistols which only have the capacity of 10 paintballs (such pods are usually called tubes). Standard pods use a spring-loaded plastic top to enable them to be opened quickly and single-handedly. There are variations - for example, Dye Lock Lid pods which use a simple locking mechanism to ensure they won't open accidentally, or Syn Shockpods, which are engineered to be able to be shaken vigorously without the paint inside breaking. The oldest and largest manufacturer of pods is Allen Paintball Products in Ohio, USA; they have been making paintball products since 1987.

Harness
Harnesses, or pod packs, are hip-worn belt packs or full vests that hold pods full of paintballs, and in some cases the player's gas tank if using a remote line.

Most hoppers hold about 200 paintballs, and many modern electropneumatic markers can empty a full hopper in 10 seconds of sustained fire. In woodsball, and especially in scenario paintball, a player may be away from a base at which they can reload for an extended period of time. In speedball, the necessity of suppressing fire requires a very large amount of paint for a single game or match. In both cases, a harness with pods allows a player to have a portable supply of paint, without weighing down his or her marker with an enormous hopper. Harnesses capable of carrying a tank in addition to pods are usually labeled with a +1 (e.g. A harness capable of carrying four pods and a tank would be labeled 4+1). In addition, newer harness design make use of collapsible "expansion sleeves" in between the "main" sleeves. Packs with expansion sleeves are generally labelled X+Y, for instance 4+5, and indicate the number of main sleeves followed by the number of expansion sleeves. Some packs have multiple "tiers" of expansions or extra sleeves in very different locations on the harness, and may be labelled 4+3+2 where the last number is the additional set of expansions.

Harnesses for speedball tend to consist of a bellyband with sleeves in the back for the pods, and are designed to carry widely varying amounts of paint while maintaining a small profile. They more often have expansion sleeves, though some woodsball harnesses feature them as well. Pods most often face lid-down, so that any pod can be reached by either of the player's hands and pulled out quickly, regardless of how the player is situated. Speedball harnesses rarely feature tank pouches; speedball players must refill tanks often, and switch hands often to lean out from the left or right of a bunker, both of which are made more complicated when using a remote line. For speed and convenience, speedball players often temporarily discard empty pods on the ground and retrieve them between games; for this reason, ease of reloading pods into the harness is often a secondary concern to player profile and ease of access.

Harnesses for woodsball have features designed to aid concealment, such as camouflage colors. Simpler harnesses consist of a belt pack with a number (usually 4, 6, or 8) of formed pockets for pods. They less often feature expansion sleeves (though some do). They are more likely to have the pockets side-facing, or in front of the player, which allows the player to more easily place an empty pod back in its pocket. This is necessary as discarding and retrieving "spent" pods is infeasible on a woodsball field consisting of many acres of dense forest. They usually, but not always, feature a tank pouch, allowing use of a remote line with a "mil-sim" marker for added realism.

Squeegee
Squeegees are used to clean out debris from the barrel and breach, including dirt/mud, paint and shells from broken paintballs, and residue from the shells' gelatin coating.

One common design is the "rod squeegee", and consists of a hinge-mounted rubber disc on the end of a plastic rod of sufficient length to reach the full length of the barrel. The rubber washer end is inserted sideways into the barrel, pushed to the bottom and subsequently withdrawn with the rubber disc rotated ninety degrees (so that the disc now touches the inner circumference of the barrel and scrapes the paint out). Such designs often place the hinged disk on an inner cable or rod that is manipulated by a trigger at the other end; by pulling the trigger, the disk is forced to rotate into contact with the barrel surface.

For situations where the marker's bolt or barrel can be quickly removed, a "cable squeegee" may be used. A cable squeegee is simply one or more rubber disks mounted perpendicular to a flexible metal cable (usually with a plastic jacket to avoid marring the barrel's surface). The end opposite the disc(s) (the "pull end") is inserted into the rear of the bolt chamber or the chamber side of the barrel, as appropriate, and fed through until the pull end protrudes from the front of the barrel. The squeegee is then pulled through the breech and/or barrel. Some designs incorporate a swab of an absorbent material that picks up anything the disc(s) leave behind. Because they require removal of the bolt or barrel, they are slower to use than a rod squeegee; however, being composed mainly of a flexible cable, they can be easily coiled up into a very compact size.

A "Battle Swab" is used commonly in speedball for extremely quick cleaning; a double-ended stick with soft absorbent fur is simply shoved down the length of the barrel to remove any performance-hindering paint or shell. The swab often has a bendable rubber section in the middle so that it can be folded over and stored in a pocket. Battle swabs generally do not clean as thoroughly as other methods, but they can be used in a few seconds where other methods take far longer.

Regardless of the design, as the squeegee is withdrawn, the barrel is perfunctorily cleaned to allow continued use of the marker. This allows the player to reduce the amount of paint or other debris in the marker, which can severely reduce accuracy, without having to remove themselves from play. A more thorough cleaning is recommended once time allows.

Barrel blocks

A barrel block is a family of safety devices that mechanically obstruct the end of the marker's barrel. They are intended to ensure that, should all other safety devices incorporated in the marker fail or be deactivated, a paintball fired by the marker will not leave its barrel and cause injury. Barrel blocks are usually required by commercial fields, to be used on any marker that is in an area where masks are not required. Neglecting to replace it after leaving a game and entering a safe zone will usually earn a warning. Repeated infractions will often result in ejection from the site. This is done for liability reasons and to lower possibility of unexpected injury to anyone around, especially important when involving eye safety. There are two common types of barrel block:

 * A barrel plug is a plastic or rubber plug that fits snugly into the muzzle end of the marker's barrel, like a wine cork. If made of plastic, they generally incorporate one or more rubber o-rings to provide friction against the barrel surface. These were the original and universal form of barrel block before the introduction of the barrel sock, but are now generally eschewed by players and fields in favor of barrel socks. When using a barrel plug, if a paintball is fired, it will break against the plug in the barrel, lining the barrel with paint and drastically affecting accuracy until the barrel can be squeegeed. Barrel plugs can also be hard to remove and install properly; the high friction that keeps the plug in place when needed also inhibits its intentional removal. The force of the paintball impacting against the plug is often enough to dislodge it; with modern electronic markers having "automatic" and "burst" modes of fire, a single pull of the trigger may be enough to expel the barrel plug from the barrel, which can cause injury in itself, and also exposes those nearby to any further shots leaving the barrel after the plug has been expelled. Barrel plugs, therefore, are not an absolute safety against accidental marker discharge and eye injury.
 * Barrel socks, also commonly called barrel sleeves or barrel condoms, are a newer form of barrel block, and consist of a cloth pouch with an adjustable elastic cord. The pouch is placed over the muzzle of the marker, and the elastic cord is stretched over the feed neck of the marker, and tightened so the pouch is kept securely on the muzzle. If a paintball is fired, it will exit the muzzle and be caught immediately by the pouch. Barrel socks have several advantages over barrel plugs. First, if a paintball is fired, it will generally break in the pouch after leaving the barrel. This generally results in less mess inside the barrel itself (though it is generally still necessary to clean the barrel afterward). Barrel socks are also easy to install and remove; a properly adjusted sock can simply be lifted off by the player against the force of the elastic; it can be completely removed from the marker, or for convenience it can be left hanging by its cord from the feed neck, allowing it to be put back in place at a moment's notice. Most importantly, a barrel sock, with the cord properly tightened, will remain in place over the barrel even after repeated shots, and thus it provides a far more reliable barrier against unintentional shots causing injury. Most fields use a product called a 'Barrel Capp' for their rental equipment.

Paint grenades
Although not legal in tournament play, paint grenades may be found in recreational and scenario play. There are two kinds of grenades in use:
 * Non-explosive grenades are generally closer to water balloons in function. One common grenade design consists of a rubber tube sealed securely at one end and more loosely at the other, with an arming pin which, when pulled, loosens that end. The tube is filled with paint under pressure, usually from a syringe. When the grenade is thrown against a hard surface, the loose end of the tube is unsealed, and the paint is sprayed over a wide area, potentially marking players. Another common design consists of a small compressed CO2 tank surrounded by a container of paint.
 * Explosive paint grenades are powered by a small black powder "banger", tipped with a short time-fuse. A small plastic bag of paint is wrapped around this, and the whole assembly is contained in a breakable fibre case (usually segmented to resemble a WWII-era grenade). The end of the fuse protrudes from the top of the casing, and is tipped with a friction-sensitive material similar to the head of a match. This is then covered with a removable cap as a form of "safety catch". To fire the grenade, the cap is removed and its specially roughened outer surface is struck against the fuse, igniting it. The grenade is immediately thrown; the fuse burns down to the tightly packed black powder in two or three seconds and the grenade explodes.

This paint is normally a different color to the fill of the normal paintballs used on that field, as spray from a grenade (by definition) must count as a kill. Under most rules, any mark from a paint grenade is sufficient to count as an elimination.

Grenade launcher
Paintball grenade launchers are used in recreational and scenario paintball games to launch paint grenades. They are more accurate than throwing a paint grenade, which gives an advantage. Tippmann products such as the X7 are able to have a grenade launcher attached.

Paint mines
Paint mines are simulated land mines for use in paintball. Several devices have been designed to spray paint over an area when triggered by passing players. Some of these devices are placed on the ground; once a person steps on one, paint shoots up and around the target, marking nearby players.

Smoke grenades
Smoke grenades, also used in military and law enforcement training, may be allowed in a paintball game. In tournament paintball the use of smoke grenades or any other explosive is strictly prohibited. The grenades create a screen of smoke which can obscure the movement of players and make it more difficult for the opposition to hit them. Some large-scale scenarios use military-issue smoke grenades, but for recreational use, smaller commercial 'smokes' are preferred (due mainly to cost and convenience).

Thunderflashes
Alongside paint and smoke grenades, many recreational paintball venues sell small thunderflashes for use during games. These are effectively black-powder fireworks which explode with a loud bang, but have a sufficiently small blast to be thrown at opposing players with reasonable safety (provided they do not attempt to pick them up). They are used in the same way as the explosive paint grenades described above.

In practice, thunderflashes have little purpose in a paintball game; their effectiveness at their supposed task of disorienting the enemy is dubious. Nevertheless, they are popular with occasional players, presumably in emulation of the much bigger flashbangs used by the military.

Slingshots
A variation of paintball uses slingshots instead of markers to propel the paintballs. Because slingshots may shoot faster than 90 m/s, sometimes up to 150 m/s, most paintball fields don't allow them. A normal game usually requires all players to use slingshots, but some games may allow certain players to use pump-action markers vs. slingshots, such as Cowboys and Indians.

Airow gun
The Airow gun uses a combination of mechanical and pneumatic power to convert the energy from a compound, or recurve bow. The energy released is generally equivalent to the power generated by a marker. Entire games have been dedicated to the use of Airow Guns, in a fashion similar to that of slingshot paintball.

Paintball bazooka
A "paintball bazooka", or a "paintball rocket launcher" is usually a spud gun styled to resemble some existing AT weapon to specifically "kill", or "take out" paintball tanks. Modified and masked paintball markers serving the same purpose are also used. Most often they fire soft foam rockets, purpose-built marking ammunition, home-made ammo, or a cluster of paintballs.

They are predominantly used against vehicles and fortifications only for safety reasons (firing massed paintballs is an exception). The hard home-made projectiles these devices sometimes fire can potentially injure a player. Replicas of various existing weapons such as RPGs, bazookas, the panzerfaust, and the PIAT are available.

Paintball artillery
Paintball artillery ranges from howitzers, through mortars to anti-tank guns. These paintball weapons are usually made of PVC and wood combination, but heavy-metal steel replicas do sometimes appear. Their ammunition ranges from firing a cluster of paintballs, small water balloons, through small pyro-grenades (used in some mortars) to foam rockets.

Foam rockets are the most common ammunition for anti-tank guns. Some AT guns are using soft and fragile marking ammunition instead.

Vehicles
Paintball tanks are a wide variety of vehicles sometimes used in woodsball events to eliminate large numbers of opponents by using protection and superior firepower. They can range from golf carts covered in plywood to real military tanks with real guns converted to fire paintballs. Many paintball sponsors and businesses sometimes have their own paintball tanks which they take to events. Although local paintball parks usually don't make use of vehicles (since the cost of the vehicle and its maintenance can be prohibitive), tournaments and other 'sponsored' events will often feature several.

Mechanised paintball
As well as infantry-based paintballing, there are also opportunities to take part in more mechanised versions. A number of companies offer experience days featuring an opportunity to drive a "tank" (often actually an armoured personnel carrier) fitted with a paintball "gun". Two such vehicles are then driven around a course, each trying to inflict more paint damage on the other. In a similar vein, Radio-controlled model tanks (typically around 1:6 scale) can also be fitted with paintball markers and used in a similar way.

title: Paintball equipment


text:
Rui Jordão

Rui Manuel Trindade Jordão (9 August 1952 – 18 October 2019) was a Portuguese footballer.

His professional career was spent mostly with two of the biggest clubs in the country, Benfica and Sporting CP. One of the most prolific strikers in the history of Portuguese football, he won the Silver Ball award twice, once with each team.

Jordão represented the Portugal national team for 17 years, appearing with them at Euro 1984.

Club career
Born in Benguela, Portuguese Angola, Jordão moved in his teens to Portugal's S.L. Benfica, making his professional debut in 1971–72. He played 18 games and scored seven goals in his debut campaign, appearing slightly less in his second but still contributing five goals as the club won back-to-back Primeira Liga titles, only losing one match over two seasons.

Jordão signed with Spanish side Real Zaragoza in the summer of 1976, scoring regularly but being relegated from La Liga. Subsequently, he returned to his country of adoption and joined Sporting CP.

Jordão enjoyed his best years with the Lions, scoring in double figures in six of his first seven seasons, which included a total of 57 goals when the team won the league (1980 and 1982). At the age of 35 he moved to Vitória de Setúbal, reuniting with former Sporting teammate Manuel Fernandes, another prolific veteran goalscorer. He finished his career two years later, having scored 212 goals in the Portuguese top division alone.

International career
In early 1972, Jordão won the first of his 43 caps for Portugal, against Cyprus in the 1974 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. Also in that year he was picked for the squad that lost the Brazilian Independence Cup, 1–0 to hosts Brazil.

On 13 November 1983, Jordão scored the decisive goal to beat the Soviet Union, as the national side won 1–0 in Lisbon and qualified for UEFA Euro 1984. In the final stages they reached the semi-finals, where the player scored twice against hosts France in Marseille on 23 June – Portugal led 2–1 with only six minutes to go in extra time, after individual efforts and assists by Fernando Chalana, but eventually lost 3–2.

Jordão played his last international in 1989 at nearly 37, the same year of his club retirement. He had returned to the national team after several players were given punishments for the Saltillo Affair at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.

Later life
After he retired, Jordão moved away from the football world and became a painter and a sculptor. He died on 18 October 2019 at the age of 67, having been hospitalised with heart problems in Cascais. Fernando Gomes, the president of the Portuguese Football Federation, delivered a statement describing him as "peerless".

International goals

 * }

Honours
Benfica
 * Primeira Liga: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1975–76
 * Taça de Portugal: 1971–72

Sporting CP
 * Primeira Liga: 1979–80, 1981–82
 * Taça de Portugal: 1977–78, 1981–82
 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1982

Individual
 * Bola de Prata: 1975–76, 1979–80
 * Portuguese Footballer of the Year: 1980

title: Rui Jordão


text:
Shaw Trust

Shaw Trust is a charitable organisation in the United Kingdom which supports people with complex needs into good work. It was founded in the village of Shaw in Wiltshire in 1982.

Shaw Trust surpluses are reinvested through its charitable Shaw Trust Foundation into programmes to improve prospects for individuals and communities.

In 2017, Shaw Trust acquired Ixion and Prospects, making it the 14th largest charity in the UK. It has 3,000 employees supported by 850 volunteers, and delivers contracts for major funding agencies including the European Social Fund, Department for Work and Pensions, Big Lottery Fund, Education and Skills Funding Agency, Department for Education, Ministry of Justice and local government and employers.

Since 2019, the CEO has been Chris Luck.

Areas of work
The Trust delivers both mainstream (Work Programme) and specialist (Work Choice) employment support schemes across Britain. The charity helps people gain skills and find work via a wide range of activities including education and skills contracts, 49 shops and a national volunteering programme as well as health and social enterprise projects.

Shaw Trust helps people gain qualifications through specialised programmes, and helps people seeking work through support in job search skills, interview practice and practical help to enter employment.

Shaw Trust is also an approved sponsor for academies through the Shaw Education Trust.

Community enterprises and projects
Shaw Trust runs a range of enterprises and projects – many of which are open to the public – across sectors including catering, recycling and horticulture. These initiatives are firmly embedded in the local communities and provide clients with a broad range of learning and skills development as well as employment opportunities.

People taking part benefit from a range of initiatives including accredited on-site training, work experience and employment, supervisory roles and core learning such as numeracy, literacy and IT skills.

Horticulture

In 2010/11 the horticulture social enterprises provided employment and training opportunities for over 1000 young people and adults with challenging barriers to employment. Locations include:

 * Clamp Hill, Stanmore
 * Hampshire
 * Palmer Gardens, Trowbridge – a garden centre
 * Portsmouth
 * Seaham
 * Stockton
 * Westbank Enterprises

Wood recycling

Shaw Trust offers wood recycling services at Scadbury Park, Chislehurst, South London.

Manufacturing

Shaw Trust Industries (Doncaster) is a factory run as a social enterprise by the Trust. They manufacture the following products:

 * Plastic protective edging
 * Electromagnetic powder coating
 * Injection moulding

Food services

Shaw Trust has catering services ranging from cafes to a 'tuck by truck' snack delivery business.

Shops
Shaw Trust has 24 charity shops in several areas of England, Wales and Scotland, stocking a wide range of items that have been donated for resale. All shops are staffed by volunteers and Shaw Trust staff. The income raised from shops goes to projects that support disabled and disadvantaged people in local communities.

Their shops also help develop clients’ employability skills through work experience and work placements. They provide a safe and supportive environment for clients to develop confidence and skills.

Shaw Education Trust
In 2014, the Department for Education awarded Approved Sponsor of Academy status to the Trust. A multi-academy trust, Shaw Education Trust, was created to support special schools and mainstream schools serving disadvantaged communities. , the trust oversees 25 primary and secondary schools in north-west England and the Midlands.

Shaw Education Trust schools

 * Blackfriars Academy, Newcastle-under-Lyme
 * Brookfields School, Widnes
 * Coppice Academy, Newcastle-under-Lyme
 * Endon High School, Endon
 * Evergreen Academy, Wolverhampton
 * Fortis Academy, Birmingham
 * Ivy House School, Derby
 * Kidsgrove Primary School, Kidsgrove
 * Kidsgrove Secondary School, Kidsgrove
 * Madeley High School, Madeley
 * The Meadows Primary Academy, Stoke-on-Trent
 * The Meadows Primary School, Madeley
 * The Orme Academy, Newcastle-under-Lyme
 * Pine Green Academy, Wolverhampton
 * St Andrew's Academy, Derby
 * St Martins School, Derby
 * Saxon Hill Academy, Lichfield
 * Seabridge Primary School, Newcastle-under-Lyme
 * Streethay Primary School, Lichfield
 * Tottington High School, Tottington
 * Unsworth Academy, Unsworth
 * Walton Hall Academy, Eccleshall
 * The Westleigh School, Leigh
 * Woodhey High School, Ramsbottom

Justice services
From January 2010, the NOMS European Social Fund co-financing programme worked with offenders across England. National Offender Management Service (NOMS) is an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice, which brings together the Probation Service and Prison Service. A key objective for NOMS is the reduction of re-offending.

In 2015, the government announced the outcome of NOMS tender opportunities to work with offenders. Shaw Trust formed an alliance with Crime Reduction Initiatives for a number of the tender opportunities and was to work with offenders in the East of England, London, West Midlands, North East and the South West.

Careers Development Group
The Careers Development Group was a workfare organisation and Work Programme provider in the United Kingdom.

Pursuing a goal of providing a helping hand to needy and jobless people, Careers Development Group had been working for over three decades. According to their records, in 2011/12, the organization helped over 30,000 people into jobs. As well as their work programme, young people from South London had received support from the organization in job placement in social and charity enterprises.

CDG group advocated: "A society in which everyone has the opportunity for employment, inclusion and independence". Hence, CDG not only provided jobs but also prepared people by imparting training for better placements. Their charity work included support for those with disabilities, health problems and lack of experience.

In 2012, CDG merged with Shaw Trust.

Prospect Services
Prospects was a welfare-to-work company in the United Kingdom that provided education, employment, training and care products and services. Prospects worked with over 500,000 clients each year, mainly in England and Wales. It employed more than 1,400 staff, achieving Leader in Diversity status in 2016 and was ranked in the top 100 index by the National Centre for Diversity.

Prospects was responsible for the delivery of the Work Programme, a workfare scheme. The company was a prime contractor for the Work Programme in the south-west of England and a subcontractor in Bristol and London.

title: Shaw Trust


text:
Unique physician identification number

A unique physician identification number (UPIN) was a six-character alpha-numeric identifier used by Medicare to identify doctors in the United States. They were discontinued in June 2007 and replaced by National Provider Identifier, or NPI numbers.

The United States Congress authorized the creation of UPIN IDs through Section 9202 of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA). The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) was responsible for creation of the UPINs for each doctor accepting Medicare insurance.

A directory of UPINs was formerly available from the UPIN Registry, as required by Section 4164 of COBRA, but this service was discontinued after May 23, 2008.

title: Unique physician identification number


text:
Mount Monroe

Mount Monroe is a 5372 ft mountain peak southwest of Mount Washington in the Presidential Range of the White Mountains in New Hampshire, United States. It is named for American President James Monroe and is the fourth highest mountain on the 4000 footers list for New Hampshire. The Appalachian Trail skirts its summit, which is the next highest peak on or near the trail north of Mount Rogers in Virginia. The Lakes of the Clouds, and its AMC hut, lie nestled at the col between Mount Monroe and neighboring Mount Washington.

Lying between Mount Washington and Mount Eisenhower, Mount Monroe is inaccessible by road but may be reached by several hiking trails. The most direct route to its summit from the valley below is chiefly via the Ammonoosuc Ravine Trail which starts to the northwest near the base station of the Mount Washington Cog Railway. After ascending to the Lakes of the Clouds Hut, the eastern terminus of the trail, climbers proceed to Monroe's summit via the Crawford Path and then the Monroe Loop trail. Other routes to the summit ascend via the Crawford Path from Crawford Notch, singly or in combination with the Edmands Path from Mount Clinton Road to the west of the mountain, with the final ascent to the summit accomplished by the Monroe Loop. From the east, climbers can trek to Monroe via a combination of the Boott Spur, Tuckerman Ravine, or Lion Head trails, among others, traversing via intervening trails, or descend from the summit of Mount Washington, which may be reached on foot, by car or by the Cog Railway, along the Crawford Path or by other routes. Very frequently hikers will visit Monroe in combination with Washington or Eisenhower and sometimes with other nearby peaks.

Mount Monroe offers views across the Lakes of the Clouds to its grand neighbor to the northeast, Mount Washington, over 900 ft higher, to Mount Jefferson and Mount Clay north of Washington and to Boott Spur and Mount Isolation south of the dominant peak, as well as views to the west along the southern spine of the Presidential Range, through the Dry River valley, and out to more of the White Mountains to the south and west and to Vermont beyond.

As with Mount Washington, the upper reaches of Mount Monroe lie above tree-line in a sub-arctic tundra climate zone, characterized by highly variable and often very severe weather, especially from late fall through early spring. One distinguishing feature of the mountain is the largely flat Monroe Lawn south of the summit, traversed by the Crawford Path and home to several rare species of plant, including the endangered Robbins Cinquefoil, which survive in this harsh, outlying climate and terrain where other plants perish. Visitors traversing the Lawn are strictly limited to the trail in order to protect the many fragile flora which grow there.

Other notable features of the mountain include its subpeaks, "Little Monroe" to the west of the principal peak and approximately 175 ft shorter, and Mount Franklin, southwest of the summit and nearly 5000 ft above sea level. The mountain, as with much of the Presidential Range, is characterized by steep walls on either side of the main ridge, to its northwest and southeast, making for strenuous climbs from the valley below and for numerous waterfalls - especially along the route followed by the Ammonoosuc Ravine Trail - and frequently scarred by landslides.

title: Mount Monroe


text:
Mary Philbrook

Mary Philbrook (1872–1958) was the first female attorney in New Jersey, and the first female to be admitted to the bar association in New Jersey. The New Jersey Supreme Court initially refused Philbrook's petition in 1894 on the grounds that no other woman in the state had ever sought admission to the bar. Supporting the New Jersey Woman Suffrage Association, she lobbied in the New Jersey legislature to allow women to practice law. She was finally admitted to the bar in 1895. She used her legal training for the advancement of women's rights, the social settlement movement in Jersey City, and the gender-free writing of the New Jersey Constitution of 1947. As a result, she is known as a prominent New Jersey woman in the fight for equal rights

Early life
Philbrook was born in Washington, D.C., on August 6, 1872. Her parents were Rebecca Elizabeth Stearns (1845-?) and Harry Baxter Philbrook (1840–1921). She was the eldest of three siblings: Florence, Robert, and Elizabeth. Her father had a successful law practice in New York City, and her mother was a descendant of Isaac Stearns, who came from England to Salem, MA in 1630. Philbrook worked as a stenographer and gained early legal experience at two law offices in Hoboken, New Jersey.

The fact that Mary had not attended college, law school, or even finished high school was not a barrier to her admission as a lawyer. At the time, candidates could simply apply to take the bar exam—and indeed, across 30 other states, some 300 female lawyers were already practicing. However, the New Jersey court ruled that "[a] woman is not, under of her citizenship, vested by the Constitution . . . with any absolute right. . . to practice as an attorney."

In 1895, New Jersey suffragists, including Cecilia Gaines the President of the Jersey City Woman's Club, lobbied the legislature to pass a law allowing women to become lawyers in New Jersey. Mary Philbrook was the first to be admitted. She worked for the law firm of Bacot and Record in Jersey City before starting her practice. In 1902 Philbrook moved her law practice to Newark where she organized her first statewide Legal Aid Society. In 1906 she was admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court. She was the first woman from New Jersey to be so appointed.

Activism
Philbrook volunteered to be counsel for the Legal Aid Society at Cornelia Bradford's Whittier House in lower Jersey City. Here she helped Mabel Smith Douglass and the College Club of Jersey City to promote the founding of New Jersey College for Women (now Douglass College).

During the suffrage campaign, Philbrook supported the militant activism of Alice Paul and her National Woman's Party in Washington, D.C. After writing the passage of the 19th Amendment, Philbrook worked with Alice Paul on the passage of the equal rights amendment.

In 1947, Philbrook changed the wording of the New Jersey Constitution to ensure equal rights for men and women. As a result, the word "persons" is used to include both sexes.

Death and legacy
Philbrook died on September 2, 1958, at the age 86 in Point Pleasant, New Jersey.

Every year, the Rutgers School of Law – Camden presents the Mary Philbrook Public Interest Award to a distinguished individual who has honoured the spirit of Mary Philbrook by serving the public interest in the legal field. The award is presented at a gala dinner that also honours law school students who have particularly distinguished themselves in public interest law.

title: Mary Philbrook


text:
Talk:Jack Off Jill

SI
Why isn't it mentioned that Strawberry Gashes and Vivica are commonly listed as self-injury favourites? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.243.178.41 (talk) 02:30, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Naming convention
In this and other articles, the name Jack Off Jill has been edited to Jack off Jill. According to Wikipedia's naming convention for album titles and band names, this is incorrect. Convention states that a preposition in a song or album title would, of course, not be capitalized; however, Jack Off Jill is the name of the group, and neither the title of an album nor of a song. The official policy only specifies that the lack of capitalization applies to titles, not to band names.

Consider this analogy: if my middle name were Off, the fact that the word off is a preposition would have no bearing on how I spelled my name, and I would be free to capitalize it as I saw (or my family had seen) fit. That said: the band, its former members, and their former record labels have consistently capitalized all three words in Jack Off Jill; the Wikipedia entry should do the same. — keepsleeping

 * Frankly I don't agree, and I think that the distinction between titles and names here is sophistic — but for the moment at least I can't be bothered to do anything about it (I have too many other things to do). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:57, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I appreciate your letting the edit stand. My reading of the convention was not an attempt at sophistry; I simply believe, as I wrote earlier, that the Wiki entry for this band should format its name the way the band itself did — whether stylistically correct or not. --keepsleeping (talk) 03:30, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Proper Name; not format.

This sounds pretentious sycophantic, in the same style as nin and manson articles.

Can they really be considered alt-rock?

They Should considered goth rock/punk, maybe?

my ruin
perhaps it is worth to tell that Jessicka is the guest-singer at the my ruin cd "A Prayer under Pressure of Violent Anguish" song "Miss Ann Thrope"

kind regards from germany oliver

gothic?
i dont really think they should be called gothic in this article, they bare no resemblance to "real" goth bands such as Bauhaus, The Cruxshadows, Siouxsie & The Banshees, Bella Morte, etc

i think this should be changed

- I agree, they are more of a Riot grrl group. The only thing goth about them, is their appearance. Superme 20:52, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Jessicka stated that they were influenced by bands such as The Cure and Bauhaus and they used to top the Gothic rock and Gothic metal charts on MP3.com. They weren't "pure goth" so to speak but then some would argue the same about The Cruxshadows or Bella Morte. - DNewhall 21:23, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

 * True my friend but i dont know if you remember when Radiohead stated they were influenced by the Aphex Twins, it was more or less in the end, Aphex Twins had nothing to do with Radiohead, just because you say your influinced by something dosent mean you actually are...

(sorry for my horrible spelling and grammar, im in a hurry)

71.98.16.172 17:14, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

I put it back to its' normal genre. Sorry. -MysterySkin

 * JoJ was never Goth. Wanna-be Goths think they are because they know nothing about the genre they claim to be part of. 75.180.54.76 (talk) 02:29, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Descendants
Considering that Fodera and Moulder were the only two constants in the band throughout its lifetime, their projects should occupy the top two spots in the Descendants category. Further, including the current project of a person whose sole contribution to the band was playing a single show raises the question of why her project should be prominently billed, while those of far-more-significant contributors Clint Walsh (Tweaker, Gnarls Barkley, and The Motels Featuring Martha Davis), Scott Putesky (Three Ton Gate), Norm Block (Mark Lanegan), and Chris Vrenna (Tweaker, Gnarls Barkley, and numerous production credits) are ignored. Either these should be included (though most are already mentioned in the body of the article, as is the Storer link), or the Storer link should be deleted. Snuppy 17:28, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Duties and Responsibilities
I am trying to show what, in the context of Moulder and Fodera being the only members of JOJ through its tenure, each of them was primarily responsible for bringing to the band. If left in its previous iteration, one might legitimately think that one of them was providing the bulk of the work and the other just riding along. Clearly, this was not the case.

As for this particular quote: "'Obviously you guys know about having SMP in the band, which is awesome because I've been the main music writer this whole time, and now I have another writer,' Moulder told MTV News recently. 'That takes off a little pressure, and it also adds a whole new element of new directions in music and everything. It's just so good for the band in general to move forward so we have more options and more avenues.'" ... it's clear that Moulder's duties as main music writer continued after Putesky's departure. I don't see Putesky's name listed as a music writer for the majority of the songs on "Clear Hearts, Grey Flowers", but I do see nine songs of 15 credited to "Jessicka/Moulder". If you can think of a better way to explain the primary workload and creative dynamic of the band, please do so, but eliminating the discussion outright makes this a weaker article. Snuppy 12:46, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Hey, look, another undiscussed reversion. This is EXACTLY what it says in the liner notes from the JOJ albums. I count Moulder as the sole music writer on 9 of 14 on Sexless, 9 of 15 on CHGF. She is credited with writing on all other tracks. That makes her responsible for "the bulk of the music", or, if you prefer, "the main music writer".

Sexless Demons and Scars
 * 1) "American Made"
 * 2) "Horrible"
 * 3) "My Cat"
 * 4) "Super Sadist"
 * 5) "Devil With the Black Dress On"1
 * 6) "Girl Scout"1
 * 7) "Swollen"
 * 8) "Poor Impulse Control"1
 * 9) "Lollirot"
 * 10) "Covet"1
 * 11) "Working With Meat"
 * 12) "Cumdumpster"
 * 13) "Everything's Brown"
 * Angels Fuck [track 99]1

All songs by Jessicka/R. Moulder except as noted: 1Jessicka/R. Moulder/L. Simpson/R. Tucci

Clear Hearts Grey Flowers
 * 1) When I am Queen2
 * 2) Fear of Dying2
 * 3) Nazi Halo
 * 4) Rabbiteen
 * 5) Strawberry Gashes3
 * 6) Author Unknown
 * 7) Vivica
 * 8) Witch Hunt
 * 9) Cinnamon Spider
 * 10) Underjoyed
 * 11) Surgery
 * 12) Star No Star1
 * 13) Losing his Touch3
 * 14) Clear Hearts Grey Flowers
 * Hidden track: Lovesong (The Cure)

All songs by Jessicka/Moulder except as noted: 1Jessicka/Moulder/SMP 2Jessicka/Moulder/Walsh 3Jessicka/Moulder/Oliver/Walsh

Please provide proof of some sort that Moulder was not the primary music writer - not rumor, innuendo, or unsupported declaration of fact. Please do not force me to seek formal admin help to protect this page from vandalism. Snuppy 13:35, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

I am requesting a third opinion. Snuppy 15:01, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Third Opinion
Glad to see the page temporarily protected to slow down the edit war. Snuppy appears to have provided appropriate verification and sourcing of the material in question. Perhaps there is some preferable phrasing than "bulk of"? Something like, "Although there are exceptions (list a few notable ones), Moulder composed the majority of the band's music, Fodera the lyrics ...". On another note, edit summaries like "I have no interest in talking to you, thanks!" are not helpful, and I hope that IP 69.230.174.172 (who I assume is also IP 69.239.49.195) will take an interest in the consensus process of Wikipedia -- it is the only way that the encyclopedia works. I will continue to keep the page watchlisted, in the hope that the edit war will go away once the temporary page protection is lifted. -- Pastordavid 23:30, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Removal of Trivia
I removed the triva, mixing it into the main text of the article, 'tis neater that way, though I couldn't find place for: "'The song 'My Cat' contains the line 'My cat can eat a whole watermelon,' a reference to the film Rubin and Ed, starring Crispin Glover.' & 'Jack Off Jill has two songs in the 1998 film Wicked (film).'"Maybe there could be a part about references in songs &/or films? I hope this doesn't cause too much trouble?  Doktor  Wilhelm   23:28, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Discography
They have had more than 2 studio albums, can't we somehow incorporate any of them? This is an Encylopedia after all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by St.Jimmy666 (talk • contribs) 18:26, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Can any of the primary page editors (Snuppy?) confirm JOJ's credit for the "Ugly Girl" (Aqua's "Barbie Girl" parody)? I came across a comment on YouTube that stated the parody was written and performed by JOJ.  Can that be right?  It's not really their musical avenue, in my opinion.  I am just hoping one of JOJ's bigger fans could confirm/disprove this statement.  Thanks, Kris  :) KTMasters (talk) 20:59, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Definitely not JOJ. Snuppy 01:44, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Proposed addition to the last portion of History.

 * JOJ officially called it quits in late 2000. Jessicka co-founded noise-pop outfit Scarling., and Moulder began her studio project, TCR.

 * Post-breakup, critics have touted JOJ as "riot-goth legends" and refer to Jack Off Jill's final album as," excellent, yet under-appreciated".

This provides pointers to each of the primary members' new bands, allowing readers to pick up this information here - rather than scrolling through the rest of the article. I'm hesitant to include any previous members' acts here in the article, primarily because these were the only two who stuck it out through the entire history of the band. Other related acts should, I believe, be included below in the Related Acts section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Snuppy (talk • contribs) 19:53, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

I agree 100% .That reads really well. Excellent job! Xtian1313 (talk) 23:11, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Riot Grrl
JOJ wasn't a Riot grrrl band. They didn't identify themselves with it, and their style and lyrics wasn't particularly in line with such bands/the movement. Babes in Toyland, a female band they're often compared to, were not associated with the Riot grrl movement either. Not all forthright female or female-fronted bands from the 90s were "Riot Grrl". A band should deliberately identify with the movement for them to be considered Riot Grrl.

Under the Media Misconceptions section in the Riot Grrl Wiki page, Jack Off Jill would be correctly associated: "As media attention increasingly focused on Grunge and Alternative Rock in the early nineties, the term "Riot Grrrl" was often applied to less political female alternative rock acts such as 7 Year Bitch, Babes in Toyland, The Breeders, The Gits, Hole, L7, PJ Harvey, Veruca Salt, and even No Doubt". --Lpdte77 (talk) 19:29, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Who made an unsigned ghost post below mine? --Lpdte77 (talk) 19:33, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

Dick 38.65.127.2 (talk) 01:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jack Off Jill


text:
Project POSTAR

Project POSTAR was the first space experiment created entirely by members of the Boy Scouts of America. On September 12, 1992, Space Shuttle Endeavour mission STS-47 carried 10 Get Away Special (GAS) canisters. Amongst these GAS cansisters was G-102 sponsored by the Boy Scouts of America's Exploring Division in cooperation with the TRW Systems Integration Group, Fairfax, Virginia. The project was named Project POSTAR. (The name was a combination of the words "Post" and "Star").

Beginnings
What was to become Project POSTAR began in late 1978 when TRW purchased the "GAS Can" for $10,000. The Exploring Division of the Boy Scouts of America announced the opportunity for Explorer Posts and Sea Explorer (see: Sea Scouting) Ships to design experiments to fly on the Space Shuttle.

Approximately two-hundred Posts and Ships from around the United States expressed interest in developing an experiment, and thirty-eight submitted a first phase proposal. A panel of scientists and engineers from NASA, TRW, and the Boy Scouts of America, headed by astronaut James A. Lovell, selected eighteen experiments for the second phase. In 1982, the experiments were pared down to a final eleven. NASA Explorer Post 1275 located at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland integrated all the experiments into the GAS canister.

Tragedy and Success
NASA grounded the Space Shuttle program after the explosion of Space Shuttle Challenger during the launch of mission STS-51-L on January 28, 1986. This action meant that Project POSTAR might not ever fly. Due to the hard work of many, an albeit smaller Project POSTAR was launched on Space Shuttle Endeavour on September 12, 1992.

The final seven experiments and their sponsors were:
 * Capillary Pumping developed by Explorer Post 9005 and sponsored by the McDonnell Douglas Corp., St. Louis, MO.
 * Cosmic Ray developed by Sea Explorer (see:Sea Scouting) Ship 101 and sponsored by the American Legion of Bridgeport, CT.
 * Crystal Growth developed by Explorer Post 310 and Emulsions developed by Explorer Post 310, both sponsored by Chesebrough-Pond's Research Laboratory, Trumbull, CT.
 * Fiber Optics developed by Explorer Post 475 sponsored by the Naval Avionics Center, Indianapolis, IN.
 * Floppy Disk developed by Explorer Post 1022 sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Columbia, Maryland.
 * Fluid Droplets developed by Explorer Posts 822 and 2268 sponsored by Martin Marietta, Littleton, CO  and the Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO.
 * Command, Power and Mechanical Systems designed by Explorer Post 1275 sponsored by the Goddard Explorer Club of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.

title: Project POSTAR


text:
Talk:Coach (bus)

Coach (disambiguation) proposal
Should "Coach" really go here instead of Coach (disambiguation), given all the other uses? Bayerischermann 00:26, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm with you on this; Coach (vehicle) redirects here, it should be the article title with Coach being a disambiguation page. There is a ton of articles that incorrectly link to this page as it stands now.--Lordkinbote 17:32, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Clean-up
The grammar in this article is really starting to slip!--Lordkinbote 19:52, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. --  tariq abjotu  (joturner) 00:40, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Requested move (2006)
Coach to Coach (vehicle)
 * Coach (disambiguation) to Coach
 * When I think of "coach", I think more of the athletic variety. Existing discussion on Talk:Coach seems to confirm that the vehicle is not the most appropriate article to reside at just plain Coach.  Since there are so many different usages, the existing disambiguation page ought to reside on the "main" title.  Thus my proposal is to give Coach a parenthetical title of Coach (vehicle) (a redirect already exists to Coach from this location), and to move Coach (disambiguation) into the "main" position.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 23:41, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Add "* Support" or "* Oppose" followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with ~

 * Support the proposal to move the disambig to Coach and move the current article to Coach (vehicle). Slambo (Speak) 02:00, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Reaffirm my Support originally indicated above.--Lord Kinbote 04:14, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. Vegaswikian 17:44, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. --Usgnus 20:42, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. Makes perfect sense. Kafziel 17:55, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose Coach (vehicle) is the principal meaning of the word. Athletic "Coaches" are a specialization of Coach; "A private tutor who prepares a candidate for an examination. (Septentrionalis 16:27, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Nobody here is saying that sports coaches are the only kind of coach; we're just talking about moving the disambiguation page here so people can find the meaning they're looking for. Kafziel 16:47, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Precisely my point. I'm not saying that sports coaches are the only kind of coach.  I'm just saying that for me, that's the first definition that comes to mind, rather than this one.  I'm just saying with so many different uses of the term, that the "main" title should carry the dab page rather than any one of the various uses.  Basically just a little organizational change.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 01:40, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
Add any additional comments
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Scope of article
Should this article not primarily be about the vehicle not about scheduled services that use this sort of vehicle. There is surely enough content to populate an article about the history of the vehicle, details of manufacturers of the vehicle, typels of vehicle, also their environmental performance etc etc. I would propose to pull out the information about scheduled coach services into a separate article. PeterEastern (talk) 23:39, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I am now starting to rework the article to focus it on the vehicle itelf. I have also proposed a split for the section discussing scheduled transport (see section below). There is still a lot more history and content still to add to the article and it needs work to ensure that a global perspective is reached. It should include details of the distinctive vehicles used in countries such as India and the Philippines to name but two.PeterEastern (talk) 09:37, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Split 'Coach (Scheduled transport)'
I am proposing a new article to discuss the various forms of scheduled transport using motorcoaches over time and currently to allow this article to focus on the vehicle itself (see above).PeterEastern (talk) 09:37, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I would support it as long as it is going to be a global (World Wide view) article (Coach (scheduled transport)) rather then the current Americanised section that currently exists in this article. Bidgee (talk) 10:03, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Very much so. It may be hard to achieve but will not be of much value if it isn't. We should however accept that initially it will contain details of only a few countries and will need to tagged as being 'non-representative' or whatever. The details of coach travel for each country can be covered by suitable articles for that country as we have done with Coach transport in the United Kingdom (which I have been working on in the past week of two). My main motivation currently is to create a focused world-wide article for the vehicle itself, however I am also happy to put some effort into the proposed 'Coach (scheduled transport)' article to get it off in the right direction. This is on the assumption that we agree on the move and the title and scope of the new article. Possibly we create a stub article for 'Coach transport in the United States' with the bulk of the existing content put into that article. PeterEastern (talk) 14:10, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The split has now been completed. The new article still doesn't provide a world view and I will tag it appropriately. PeterEastern (talk) 21:58, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

Name?
Now looking the pictures in the article, isn't this 'coach' essentially a bus? I would definitely say yes. But, if this has/will have an own article, there should be a clear explanation of the difference of bus and coach. Maybe a part of dictionary entry could be here. 85.217.42.69 (talk) 11:35, 5 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I have added further clarification to the lead with a wlink to the bus article. I believe the different design elements and purpose makes it a valid subject for a separate article. PeterEastern (talk) 12:55, 5 September 2011 (UTC)
 * More appropriately termed "Motor Coach", as in "Motor Vehicle". It comes out of the category of buses, and so is a type of bus. - KitchM (talk) 04:44, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was Move. The only opposition is based on questioning the fact that a coach is a type of bus; but of course it is. Born2cycle (talk) 22:13, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

Coach (vehicle) → Coach (bus) – There are at least two other types of vehicles called a coach: Coach (carriage) and Coach (rail). (A hearse can also be called a coach.) I don't think this type, the bus, is overwhelmingly more likely than the others to be associated with the word "coach." Using the disambiguator "(bus)" instead of "(vehicle)" seems to me to be a much clearer title to allow users to distinguish between the multiple articles/meanings. Theoldsparkle (talk) 15:26, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Support a move from the current title per nom. If another disambiguator were to be posited, I would consider it as well.  —  AjaxSmack   15:42, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose That would be fine if a coach was a sort of bus, but I don't think it is. I am about to attend a exhibition called 'coach and bus' which implies that they are different types of vehicle rather than one being a type of the other. The Scottish government has statistics for 'buses and coaches' which again implies that they are different. Eurobus, another major EU exhibition describes itself as covering 'every aspect of bus and coach operation'. Can we think of a different disambiguation word? PeterEastern (talk) 21:09, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Support Perhaps Coach (motorbus) or Coach (motorcoach). But Coach (bus) is more succint. There are definitely other types of coaches that are not this but still vehicles. 65.94.77.207 (talk) 04:17, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Support move to Coach (bus). Bottom line, it is a type of bus.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 04:54, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Support While not all buses are coaches, coaches in this context are buses.-- Club Oranje T 07:33, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Is a coach a type of bus?
Is a coach a type of bus? My view (see above) is that it is not but am happy to be convinced otherwise. The lead has just been adjusted to indicate that it is a type of bus and the proposed move also implies that it is. PeterEastern (talk) 21:14, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I first looked at this article while working on the Coach disambiguation page. I saw the statement "Unlike buses which are designed for shorter journeys, coaches often have..." and read it to mean that a coach and a bus are different things. Then I noticed that:

 * The article is in Category:Types of buses;
 * The article is listed in Template:Buses in the "bus configuration" category;
 * The Bus article says: "The most common type of bus is the single-decker bus, with larger loads carried by double-decker buses and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by midibuses and minibuses; coaches are used for longer distance services" which I read as indicating that a coach is a type of bus;
 * The Bus article also says: "Buses may be used for scheduled bus transport, scheduled coach transport, school transport, private hire, tourism." If buses are used for scheduled coach transport, that would seem to indicate that coaches are buses.
 * In short, there seemed to be lots of indications that a coach is a bus, and upon rereading that first sentence I mentioned, I took the actual intent of the sentence to be not "Unlike buses, coaches have..." but instead "Unlike [this type of bus], [this other type of bus] often have..." Hence my editing to clarify.
 * I can say that, as far as my personal experience goes, I expect that anywhere in the United States, this vehicle would absolutely be referred to as a bus. It might also be called a coach, but I'd be shocked if anyone blinked at calling it a bus.
 * --Theoldsparkle (talk) 21:55, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Powers T 23:12, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * There's an ENGVAR issue here too as User:Theoldsparkle notes. Many English speakers use the term "bus" instead of "coach" so the proposed title should be fine for them.  The question is how incongruous it is for those speakers who do use "coach" to consider it a type bus (also note WP:COMMONALITY).  —  AjaxSmack   03:23, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree that within Wikipedia there are indications that a coach is considered to be a type of bus, but we should be looking to reliable 3rd party references for evidence not to Wikipedia itself. I do also agree that in common language some people do refer to a coach as a bus, but lets check the entomology and official uses as well. Dictionaries might be useful. It will be useful to see how the term is used in countries other than the UK, in particular USA official transport resources. This isn't personal, and I will be happy to go with the evidence, but lets check and document the evidence first and then make the move. The fact that it is 'Greyhound bus' not 'Greyhound coach' and 'Megabus' not 'Megacoach' supports the proposed move btw. PeterEastern (talk) 05:46, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
 * While I understand your concern for accuracy, my priority (as someone who concerns herself with disambiguation) is generally to make things less ambiguous for actual users. That is to say, if there are a thousand users who would look at the title Coach (bus) and say "Ah, that's the article I'm looking for!", and ten users who would look at that title and say, "But a coach isn't the same thing as a bus according to The Official Government Transportation Glossary!", I'm inclined to side with the thousand users over the ten wonks (no offense to wonks), especially if the wonks would still be able to tell, from the possibly inaccurate title, what the article was about. Of course, the optimum title would be both easily understood and completely technically accurate. But my biggest concern is whether there is a significant English-speaking population who would be looking for the article about this topic and wouldn't be able to tell, from the title Coach (bus), whether it was the right article. (FWIW, dictionary.com, m-w.com and Wiktionary all seem to define a coach as being a bus.) Theoldsparkle (talk) 15:27, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I am happy with your justification for moving that article to coach(bus) for identification purposes. Within the article I hope we can maintain the clarification that they are different vehicle coming under different regulations. Coaches in the EU need to pass roll-over safety tests, buses do not etc. PeterEastern (talk) 10:04, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

 * There may be a confusion between 2 meanings for "bus": "bus-type vehicle" and "vehicle used as a regular routine bus service". Ref in 3rd-world countries lorries (USA: trucks) used as buses, often with an ornamental native-made cover on the back. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:01, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
 * This article is currently scoped as being about vehicles used for "for conveying passengers on excursions and on longer distance express coach scheduled transport between cities - or even between countries". Are we happy with this scope? if so then we only need to agree the title and disambiguation. If not then lets discuss scope. I would suggest that the ornamental converted trucks are indeed in scope if they are used for conveying passengers longer distances using the current scope. PeterEastern (talk)

Drive Train
There needs to be some explanation of the drive train used in motor coaches. - KitchM (talk) 04:40, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Merge tag
Strongly oppose I'm saying no for a couple of reasons. The main bus article effectively serves as a disambiguation article, listing all types of buses; this is one of them. Going off of a couple of sections of the talk page here, there has been a movement over the years clearly focusing on the direction of what the page title means, largely eliminating any confusion.

Merging this into the main bus article proves no bus article proves no real purpose, only eliminating content more effectively explained here. (granted, this article is in need of attention) --SteveCof00 (talk) 11:52, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * because the merge proposal template points people to Talk:Bus, I've started a discussion section there. Mortee (talk) 00:54, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 28 November 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus - many disagreements here on the ambiguity side, etc.  Red   Slash  07:12, 7 December 2019 (UTC)

Coach (bus) → Motorcoach – WP:NATURAL Needforspeed888 (talk) 19:50, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Support as reasonably common unambiguous term for the subject. Dicklyon (talk) 05:51, 29 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose Coach is way more popular than Motorcoach, anyways I'm pretty sure motorcoach is two words (motor coach). – Brandon XLF  (talk) 06:03, 29 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. Besides which motorcoach is also ambiguous per Motor coach. —Xezbeth (talk) 07:29, 29 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:NAMINGCRITERIA, Coach (bus) does not meet all the criteria for a proper article title; Motorcoach (WP:NATURAL) does a better job of doing so. While this article will always be left with an ambiguous title, moving the page is an improvement upon that (and leaves the existing disambiguation page alone).  --SteveCof00 (talk) 11:49, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

 Rema goxer  (talk) 14:49, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coach (bus)