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Buffer (rail transport)

A buffer is a part of the buffers and chain coupler system used on the railway systems of many countries, among them most of those in Europe, for attaching railway vehicles together (in North America, rolling stock instead has draft gear built into the couplers).

Description
Fitted at the ends of the vehicle frames on the buffer beam, one at each corner, the buffers are projecting, shock-absorbing pads which, when vehicles are coupled, are brought into contact with those on the next vehicle. The buffer itself comprises the buffer plates which take the impact.

The draw chain used between each pair of vehicles includes a screw which is tightened after coupling to shorten the chain and keep the buffers pressed together. Such is known as a 'screw coupling'. Historically, coupling chains were no more than that, a short length of heavy chain (typically three links long) with no adjustment. These would result in a 'loose-coupled train' in which the buffers of adjacent vehicles would only touch when the coupling chain was fully slack, such as when being pushed or going down hill.

Wooden buffers
The buffers in the very earliest days of railways were rigid dumb buffers made of wooden blocks with a metal cap at the end. For example, Germany's first commercially successful locomotive, the Adler, built in 1835, had wooden buffers.

In the 1830s the first spring-loaded buffers were introduced on the Liverpool & Manchester Railway and during the mid-19th century sprung buffers were fitted to all coaches and wagons.

The original English buffer plates were the same on each side, so that there was an occasional tendency for them to slide off each other and become locked. German railway buffer plates are flat on one side and convex on the other to reduce this tendency to slide off.

Rod buffers
The rod buffer was the earliest German type of sprung buffer. The first ones consisted of a steel rod that carried the buffer plate at one end. The buffer rod pushed backwards on a spiral volute spring (coil spring), which was supported by a strong sheet metal cylindrical sleeve. Compressing the spring absorbed the impact. The first spring-loaded buffers were invented by John Baillie in 1846.

Rod buffers can only be found on museum vehicles in Europe today. They are still common in Argentina.

Plunger buffers
Since the relatively thin buffer rods often bent during operation and caused major damage in accidents, the German state railways developed the plunger buffer. The buffer plate sits on a steel tube with a larger diameter, which is therefore more resistant to bending.

The volute spring system initially still used for the plunger buffers had the disadvantage that the energy put into compression was completely released again, so that the vehicles were pushed apart again after the impact. This required trains to be braked evenly and, above all, not just at certain points in order to avoid oscillations in the train set, which inter alia can cause the couplings to break. An improvement was made by using ring springs, as these convert most of the input energy into frictional heat.

Centre buffer couplings
With centre buffer couplings, the tasks of buffers are usually transferred to the coupling elements, which are designed to be correspondingly stable and are mounted with interposed spring elements within the vehicle frame instead of on a buffer beam. They are often used on narrow gauge railways and funiculars.

Modern buffers
The buffers fitted to modern locomotives and rolling stock incorporate oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers.

Standardisation
In the early days of the railway, each railway company determined the positioning and arrangement of the couplings and buffers at its own discretion. But once the railway network began to develop from the first independently built routes, this hampered the transfer of wagons. Railway vehicles that were to be transferred to other parts of the network, run by other companies, had to be equipped with several buffers or coupling systems. Founded in 1882, the International Conference for Promoting Technical Uniformity on Railways specified the dimensions for buffer positions and distances customary in England and northern Germany as a standard.
 * For all vehicles built from 1 January 1939, the distance according to RIV §38 was set at 1,750 mm ± 10 mm.
 * The centre of the buffer on European railway vehicles must be between 940 and 1,065 mm above the top of rail.

Spain was an exception for a long time. A buffer separation of 1,950 mm was specified there because of the force transmitted to the longitudinal beams of the wagons, which are further apart due to their broad gauge railways. Wagons that were designed for transit were therefore given wider buffer plates. Spain's conversion to the international standard took place up to the 1990s. Extra-wide buffer plates are still common in Spain, and French Corail wagons were also equipped with them. The wider buffer spacing is also common on the broad gauge networks of Portugal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and Argentina. Due to the lower throughput of Portuguese wagons into the standard gauge network, extra-wide buffer plates are less common in Portugal. Passenger coaches for long-distance traffic were almost completely equipped with them. As a result of railway stock sales, locomotives and wagons with extra-wide Iberian buffers also reached Argentina.

Standardised buffers are used by European railway companies:
 * Freight wagon: Buffer with 75 mm stroke UIC 526-2 VE 1981-01. However, these buffers are no longer in use.
 * Freight wagon: Buffer with 105 mm stroke UIC 526-1 VE 1998-07
 * Freight wagons: buffers with 130/150 mm stroke UIC 526-3V 1998-07
 * Passenger coach buffers: UIC 528 VE 1991-01

The aforementioned UIC leaflets were replaced by the EN 15551 standard after the introduction of the TSI Interoperability Guidelines.

Shape
In many cases, the buffer on the left-hand side in the direction of travel was designed with a flat plate, and the one on the right with a curved plate, so that a flat plate and a curved plate always meet, thereby avoiding edge pressure.

According to the 1961 UIC regulations, all vehicles in Europe were to be equipped with buffer plates that were curved on both sides but much flatter. The radius of the buffer curvature is 1,500 mm for passenger coaches and 2,750 mm for freight wagons built from 1994. Round buffer plates with a diameter of 340, 370, 450 or 500 mm are common on freight wagons. Rectangular plate shapes are generally used for passenger coaches and locomotives, with the edge nearer the longitudinal centre of the vehicle being bevelled on passenger coaches due to the space required by the coach gangways. There are also buffer plates of other shapes and widths, with the height between the upper and lower horizontal edge being between 340 and 360 mm. According to EN 15551, the standardised widths for freight wagon buffers are 450 or 550 mm, for Spain 550 or 650 mm with a height of 340 mm. For passenger coaches, the buffer plate widths are between 600 and 720 mm, depending on the vehicle geometry. Buffers with non-circular buffer heads cannot be rotated in any case.

The remaining free space between the vehicles is referred to as the Berne Space (Berner Raum)

A British specialty are pull-out buffers on passenger coaches and locomotives with hinged central buffer couplings of the Janney design. If similar vehicles are connected using these central buffer couplings, the buffers are pushed in and ineffective. For coupling vehicles that are only equipped with screw couplings, the buffers are pulled out and locked in this position with locking pieces.

Buffer stops
Dead-end sidings are often fitted with buffer stops to prevent vehicles running off the end of the track. These may consist of a simple transverse beam fixed at buffer height but the buffer stops at passenger stations can be elaborate hydraulic installations capable of absorbing a considerable amount of energy.

Friction buffer stops are clamped 'loosely' to the rails, and when hit by a train that fails to stop correctly, move with the train for perhaps 30 m scraping the top of the rails, which absorbs considerable energy.

Collisions
In violent collisions, the buffers of adjacent carriages may become displaced relative to one another, allowing the carriages to telescope which is very dangerous. The risk of this can be reduced if the buffers (or fake buffers) have corrugations that grip each other and prevent the buffers becoming displaced and so leading to telescoping.

title: Buffer (rail transport)


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User talk:RegisteredNinja

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title: User talk:RegisteredNinja


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Yunfa

Muhammadu Yunfa (reigned 1801–1808) was a king of Gobir, a city-state in Hausaland in what is now Nigeria. He was the son of a Sultan of Gobir Nafata. He is particularly remembered for his conflict with Islamic reformer Shaikh Usman dan Fodio.

Usman was a teacher to Yunfa before his ascent to the throne of Gobir. Usman also had a large following in Gobir which was increasing rapidly. He had a large community of preachers and teachers. It is said the Usman helped Yunfa secure the throne as the number of candidates eligible for the throne were numerous. A year after Yunfa became Sultan, he attempted to kill the Shaikh in fear of his growing influence and proposed religious reforms. Yunfa invited the Shaikh to a meeting of which the Shaikh agreed to. Usman came with his brother, Abdullahi but that did not stop Yunfa from attempting his assassination plot. When they met face to face, he pulled out his pistol and tried to shoot at Usman. The pistol backfired and wounded him in the hand. This act by Yunfa sent a clear message to Usman that negotiating with him was off the table.

In late 1803, Yunfa seized some Muslim captives at Gimbana, but when the captives passed dan Fodio's hometown of Degel, the religious leader somehow managed to have them released. When his demands to have the captives returned were ignored, Yunfa threatened to destroy Degel. In response, dan Fodio and his followers fled to Gudu in February 1804.

Uthman soon called for help from other Fulani nomad groups, and after an election was held, he was declared Amir al-Mu'minin of a new caliphate. A widespread uprising soon began across Hausaland, and in 1804, Yunfa appealed to rulers of neighboring city-states for aid. In December of that year, Yunfa won a major victory in the Battle of Tsuntua, in which Dan Fodio's forces were said to have lost 2,000 men, 200 of whom knew the Koran by heart.

However, dan Fodio soon launched a successful campaign against Kebbi and established a permanent base at Gwandu. In October 1808, the jihadists seized the Gobir capital of Alkalawa and killed Yunfa.

title: Yunfa


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Stéphane Brochu

Stéphane Brochu (born August 15, 1967) is a Canadian former ice hockey defenceman.

Biography
Brochu was born in Sherbrooke, Quebec. As a youth, he played in the 1979 and 1980 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Sherbrooke.

Brochu was drafted 175th overall by the New York Rangers in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft from the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League's Quebec Remparts. He played three further seasons in the league for the Saint-Jean Castors before turning pro in the International Hockey League for the Colorado Rangers who later became the Denver Rangers.

During the 1988-89 season, Brochu was called up for one game for the New York Rangers. This turned out to be Brochu's only NHL game. After five games with the Flint Spirits, Brochu spent two seasons with the Fort Wayne Komets before returning to Flint in 1991 to suit up for the Flint Bulldogs of the Colonial Hockey League. He also played 3 games for the IHL's Kansas City Blades. Brochu remained in Flint and signed with the Flint Generals where he spent six seasons. During the six seasons, he had spells in the IHL for the Detroit Vipers, Chicago Wolves and the Fort Wayne Koments as well as the American Hockey League's Adirondack Red Wings. After spending the 1999-00 season with the Adirondack IceHawks, Brochu returned to the Generals for one more season before retiring.

title: Stéphane Brochu


text:
User talk:Tommy Welch

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Fostershire

‘Fostershire’ was a name jocularly applied to Worcestershire County Cricket Club in the early part of the 20th century, shortly after the county had achieved first-class status and admission into the English County Championship (in 1899). The name came from the fact that seven brothers from the Foster family played for Worcestershire during this period, three of whom captained the club at some point. Their father was the Rev. Henry Foster (1844–1933), who taught at Malvern College. He married in 1871 Sophia Mary Harper, daughter of Samuel Harper of Upper Tooting, of Lloyd's of London.

The full list, with Worcestershire careers in brackets is: Basil Samuel (1902–11), Geoffrey Norman (1903–14), Henry Knollys (’Harry’) (1899–1925), Maurice Kirshaw (1908–34), Neville John Acland (1914–23), Reginald Erskine (’Tip’) (1899–1912) and Wilfrid Lionel (’Bill’) (1899–1911).

On only two occasions did four of the brothers play in a first-class match together. In both cases the brothers involved were Geoffrey, Harry, Tip and Wilfrid. The matches, both in August 1905, were against the Australians at Worcester and against Somerset at Taunton.

Against Hampshire in July 1899, Bill (who scored 140 and 172 not out) and Tip (134 and 101 not out) both scored their maiden first-class centuries in the first innings, and became the first pair of brothers to score two separate centuries each in the same first-class match. This feat has since been emulated by Ian Chappell and Greg Chappell in a Test match in 1974, but remains unique in county cricket.

Against Kent in 1905, Tip (246 not out), Harry (86) and Geoffrey (54) combined to lead Worcestershire to a club record total of 627 for 9 declared. The following year against Warwickshire, Harry (124) and Tip (35) contributed to a team total of 633, a club record which would not be surpassed until 1995.

The Foster brothers
The Foster brothers came from a family of 11 children (7 sons and four daughters). The brothers were all educated at Malvern College; Harry, Tip and Geoffrey all went on to Oxford University. All seven brothers were primarily right-handed batsmen; Maurice and Geoffrey also occasionally kept wicket, and Tip and Harry occasionally bowled seam-up.

Harry, the oldest brother, made the most appearances and scored the most runs for Worcestershire, and captained Worcestershire for the longest period. His tally of 15,053 runs for the county places him fifteenth on the all-time list. In 1903 he scored 216 against Somerset, the first double century in Worcestershire's first-class history; he also scored 215 in 1908, the first man to score two double centuries for the county.

Nonetheless, Tip is recognised as the finest cricketer of the brothers and was the only brother to represent England - although six of them represented the Marylebone Cricket Club on various occasions, none of the rest were during a match recognised as an international in which the MCC were equated with "England" as a national team. In 1903 he scored 287 on Test debut, setting the record for the highest Test innings (which stood until 1930); the innings remains the highest by an Englishman in Australia and the innings by a Test debutant. Though he was recognised as one of the finest English batsmen of his time, and captained England in three Tests, business commitments restricted him to eight Test appearances. Tip's score of 246 not out in 1905 set the record for the highest innings for Worcestershire. His career was cut short by his death from diabetes at the age of 36; he was the first of the Foster brothers to die.

The following table gives the Foster brothers' career dates and statistics for Worcestershire only, but in all first-class matches, not just those in the County Championship.

Other relations
As well as the seven brothers listed in the above table, several other members of the Foster family played first-class cricket:

 * Christopher Foster (Worcestershire 1927), son of Henry Foster
 * Peter Foster (Oxford University and Kent 1936–1946), son of Geoffrey;
 * William Greenstock (Cambridge University and Worcestershire 1886–1919); brother-in-law of the seven brothers;
 * John Greenstock (Oxford University and Worcestershire 1924–1927), son of William Greenstock and nephew of the seven brothers.

title: Fostershire


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Category:British cinematographers

sv:Kategori:Brittiska filmfotografer

title: Category:British cinematographers


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Len Broderick

Leonard Francis Broderick (born October 11, 1938) is a Canadian former ice hockey goaltender. He played one game in the National Hockey League, with the Montreal Canadiens during the 1957–58 season. He is the brother of former professional hockey player Ken Broderick.

Born in Toronto, Ontario, Broderick played junior hockey with the Toronto Marlboros, with whom he recorded record-tying nine shutouts in the 1956-57 season, tying a record previously set by Glenn Hall. During the 1957–58 season was loaned to the Montreal Canadiens by the Marlboros to replace Jacques Plante, and played his one and only National Hockey League in a 6-2 win over his hometown Toronto Maple Leafs on October 30, 1957. He spent one more season with the Marlboros before playing senior hockey with the Oakville Oaks. He signed with the St. Paul Saints, but let in 16 goals in 3 games and retired soon after.

title: Len Broderick


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Crane School

Crane School may refer to:

 * Crane Country Day School, K-8 private school in Santa Barbara, CA, USA
 * Crane School of Music, music school in Potsdam, NY, USA
 * Crane Theological School at Tufts University, USA, 1869-1968

title: Crane School


text:
Talk:CHUO-FM

Tone tag
This article is not the place for CHUO to toot its own horn about how proud it is of its own volunteers — Wikipedia is a neutral encyclopedia, not a press release database. The notables section needs to be cleaned up to read like it's in an encyclopedia, rather than a CHUO fan club letter. Bearcat (talk) 03:41, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

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Cam Brown (ice hockey)

Richard Cameron Brown (born May 15, 1969) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger who played one game for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League.

Early life
Brown was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. He played junior hockey with the Weyburn Red Wings and the Brandon Wheat Kings.

Career
In 2009, Brown was named to the ECHL Hall of Fame Class of 2010 and was inducted into the ECHL Hall of Fame during the 2010 ECHL All-Star Game in Ontario, California. He was the ECHL's all-time leader in penalty minutes until surpassed by Garet Hunt in the 2018–19 ECHL season.

title: Cam Brown (ice hockey)


text:
User talk:Dasmith~enwiki

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Dasmith~enwiki


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Talk:Starsailor (band)

PR
This article seems like fan praise instead of a clinical representation of facts. Lines like 'They just connect with people' seem like the author is part of the band's PR crew.

Copyvio
Parts of the "Recorded history" section is exactly identical to the biography at AMG, isn't that some kind of copyright infringment? 01:28, 20 October 2005 (UTC) [[User:Salmon|Salmon]

 * OK re-written it. Andymarczak 13:54, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Pet badgers?
can anyone, um, verify this? riana 15:02, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I can completely un-verify this. Duly removed.

 * Derek R Bullamore

Band image
Could someone add an image of the band? The infobox is looking a bit odd without it.--MemeGeneScene 21:15, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Starsailor, Silence is easy cover.jpg
Image:Starsailor, Silence is easy cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Starsailor, Love is here cover.jpg
Image:Starsailor, Love is here cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:28, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:OntheOutside.jpg
Image:OntheOutside.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 23:46, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Accusations of cock in Gallagher's mouth
"Gallagher had called the Starsailor singer a "cock" in an interview for NME magazine, something denied by the accused."

I'm confused: was Gallagher accused of calling Walsh a cock, an accusation that he denied; or did Walsh deny that he was a cock? Tsuguya (talk) 10:35, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Now biased against band .. ?
no longer fan praise, the article now seems partially very biased against the band.

the first line of the article suggests that they have lied about their roots; "although they claim to be a Wigan band, only one member is actually from the town."

Quotes such as "They played a concert in Wigan in April 2009 at the Tavern pub in front of just 200 - this was the first time they have actually played in the town," "[...] release dropped out of the Top 40 rather promptly," and "[...] which made the Top Ten (#9, the band's highest placing)" serve to further illustrate this bias. (Emphases mine)

These weasel words are unnecessary and do not serve to inform the reader.

I'm not a fan, but coming across the article, it's clear that a great bias against the band has been introduced since the claim that it is solely "fan praise." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.112.246.45 (talk) 21:52, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

I am a fan and I think Sinebot hit the nail on the head

what happened to the famous neutrality Wiki used to be praised so much for, this band is a legend and yes I understand this is my own opinion, the lyrics alone are brilliant

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080420053218/http://forums.starsailor.net:80/viewtopic.php?t=8012 to http://forums.starsailor.net/viewtopic.php?t=8012
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090301111725/http://forums.starsailor.net/viewtopic.php?t=8178 to http://forums.starsailor.net/viewtopic.php?t=8178
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090201233651/http://forums.starsailor.net:80/viewtopic.php?t=6286 to http://forums.starsailor.net/viewtopic.php?t=6286
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100214152655/http://www.starsailor.net:80/news.php?id=1762021 to http://www.starsailor.net/news.php?id=1762021
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080913123452/http://www.starsailor.net:80/ to http://www.starsailor.net/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080913123452/http://www.starsailor.net:80/ to http://www.starsailor.net/

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article claims: They are best known for their 2003 single "Silence Is Easy" ???
I'd argue Poor Misguided Fool and Alcoholic are their best known songs. Setenzatsu.2 (talk) 07:16, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Starsailor (band)


text:
Mike Buchanan (ice hockey)

Michael Murray Buchanan (March 1, 1932 – January 3, 2017) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. Buchanan played one game in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1951–52 NHL season, on February 17, 1952 against the Boston Bruins. He also played two games in the American Hockey League for the St. Louis Flyers. He played two seasons for the Fort Wayne Komets of the International Hockey League before opting to enroll at the University of Michigan and played for their Wolverines for the next two years. He was selected for the NCAA West First All-American Team in 1955. He returned to hockey in 1957 for a season in England with the Wembley Lions before retiring for good in 1958. He died in 2017 at the age of 84.

title: Mike Buchanan (ice hockey)


text:
User talk:Wittyviz

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Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

04:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wittyviz


text:
User talk:Namnp

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia , I hope you will like it here and decide to stay.

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Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

04:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Namnp


text:
Ed Roberts (activist)

Edward Verne Roberts (January 23, 1939 – March 14, 1995) was an American activist. He was the first wheelchair user to attend the University of California, Berkeley. He was a pioneering leader of the disability rights movement.

Early life
Roberts contracted polio at the age of fourteen in 1953, two years before the Salk vaccine ended the epidemic. He spent eighteen months in hospitals and returned home paralyzed from the neck down except for two fingers on one hand and several toes. He slept in an iron lung at night and often rested there during the day. When out of the lung he survived by "frog breathing," a technique for forcing air into the lungs using facial and neck muscles.

He attended school by telephone communication until his mother, Zona, insisted that he attend school once a week for a few hours. At school, he faced his deep fear of being stared at and transformed his sense of personal identity. He gave up thinking of himself as a "helpless cripple," and decided to think of himself as a "star." He credited his mother with teaching him by example how to fight for what he needed.

Activism
Ed Roberts is often called the father of the Independent Living movement. His career as an advocate began when a high school administrator threatened to deny him his diploma because he had not completed driver's education and physical education. After attending the College of San Mateo, he was admitted to the University of California, Berkeley. He had to fight for the support he needed to attend college from the California Department of Vocational Rehabilitation, because his rehabilitation counselor thought he was too severely disabled to ever get a job. Upon learning that Roberts had a severe disability, one of the UC Berkeley deans famously commented, "We've tried cripples before and it didn't work." Other Berkeley administrators supported admitting Roberts, and expressed the opinion that the university should do more.

Roberts was admitted in 1962, two years before the Free Speech Movement transformed Berkeley into a hotbed of student protest. When his search for housing met resistance in part because of the 800-pound iron lung that he slept in at night, the director of the campus health service offered him a room in an empty wing of the Cowell Hospital. Roberts accepted on the condition that the area where he lived be treated as dormitory space, not a medical facility. His admission broke the ice for other students with severe disabilities, who joined him over the next few years at what evolved into the Cowell Residence Program.

The group developed a sense of identity and élan, and began to formulate a political analysis of disability. They began calling themselves the "Rolling Quads" to the surprise of some non-disabled observers who had never before heard a positive expression of disability identity. In 1968, when a rehabilitation counselor threatened two of the Rolling Quads with eviction from the Cowell Residence, the Rolling Quads organized a successful "revolt" that led to the counselor's transfer.

Their success on campus inspired the group to begin advocating for curb cuts, opening access to the wider community, and to create the Physically Disabled Student's Program (PDSP)—the first student-led disability services program in the country. Roberts flew 3,000 miles, from California to Washington, D.C., with no respiratory support, to attend a conference at the start-up of the federal TRIO program through which the PDSP later secured funding. The PDSP provided services including attendant referral and wheelchair repair to students at the university, but it was soon taking calls from people with disabilities with the same concerns who were not students.

He earned B.A. (1964) and M.A. (1966) degrees from UC Berkeley in Political Science. He became an official Ph.D. candidate (C.Phil.) in political science at Berkeley in 1969, but never completed his doctoral dissertation.

The need to serve the wider community led activists to create the Berkeley Center for Independent Living (CIL), the first independent living service and advocacy program run by and for people with disabilities. Contrary to common belief, Roberts did not found the Berkeley CIL, nor was he the CIL's first executive director. At the time, he taught political science at Nairobi College, an "alternative college," but returned to Berkeley to assume leadership of the fledgling organization. He guided the CIL's rapid growth during a decisive time for the emerging disability rights movement. The CIL provided a model for a new kind of community organization designed to address the needs and concerns of people with a wide range of disabilities. A major project in Berkeley, California led by Roberts and others at the CIL led to curb cuts up and down Telegraph and Shattuck Avenues creating an extensive path of travel. Following this, the value of curb cuts was promoted more strongly and their installment was often made on a voluntary basis by municipal authorities and developers. In 1976, newly elected Governor Jerry Brown appointed Roberts Director of the California Department of Vocational Rehabilitation—the same agency that had once labelled him too severely disabled to work. He served in that post until 1983. When California politics again shifted to the right, he returned again to Berkeley, where he co-founded the World Institute on Disability with Judith E. Heumann and Joan Leon. The World Institute on Disability is internationally known, and considered a hotbed of disability politics activism. Before the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 was passed, Roberts realized that many of the buildings at UC Berkeley were not accessible to him or other wheelchair users. Disability rights activists wanted to end discrimination and have rights for people with disabilities that were mandated and protected by the law. In what came to be called the 504 Sit-in, Roberts and his peers demonstrated to enforce section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which stated that people with disabilities should not be excluded from activities, denied the right to receive benefits, or be discriminated against, from any program that uses federal financial assistance, solely because of their disability. For 28 days, activists occupied the offices of the Carter Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare building located in San Francisco. The government staff refused to assist the protesters in any way. Other minority groups such as Black Panthers, the Butterfly Brigade, and even an anti gay violence group supported the disability rights movement and brought in food along with other materials to assist the protesters. While the protesters gathered, Roberts spoke to motivate the crowds of people. Eventually, government officials agreed to a congressional hearing which was held in the building. The testimonies of Ed Roberts along with other activists were so compelling that the representative from the Department of Health Education Welfare joined the sit-in. After relentlessly fighting for their rights, section 504 was signed into law and became fully implemented under President Nixon. This taught disability activists that they could shape the federal rulings in their favor. These acts of resistance was a contributing factor which paved the way for the creation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

Roberts died on March 14, 1995, at the age of 56 from cardiac arrest at his home in Berkeley.

Hundreds of Centers for Independent Living around the world are based on his original model. These Centers for Independent Living established the National Council on Independent Living, which holds a meeting every summer in Washington, D.C. At the one held after his passing, on May 15, 1995, Roberts' empty wheelchair was towed by a volunteer as it symbolically led more than 500 advocates from around the country for the last time, on a memorial march from Upper Senate Park to a vigil in his honor in a Senate office building. Speakers at this vigil included Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa, Representative Steny Hoyer of Maryland, Judith Heumann, and Paul Hearne.

His papers are held at the Bancroft Library at UC Berkeley. Roberts has been termed the father of the independent living movement in the U.S., though Lex Frieden of Texas was more well known in Washington politics. Roberts is highlighted in Joseph Shapiro's 1993 book, No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement.

Marriage and children
Ed Roberts married Catherine Dugan in 1976, but the couple divorced in 1982. They shared custody of their son Lee together.

Awards and recognition

 * 1984 MacArthur Fellows Program
 * In 1995, the National Museum of American History accepted the gift of Roberts' wheelchair as part of its collections documenting the disabilities rights movement.
 * In 2010, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed into law a bill by State Senator Loni Hancock (D-09) that declared January 23 of every year (Roberts' birthday) a day of special significance.
 * In 2011, a multi-agency independent living center in Berkeley, California, known as the Ed Roberts Campus, had its grand opening.
 * Also in 2011, Roberts was inducted into the California Hall of Fame.
 * In 2014, the Berkeley Rotary Club gave its annual Rotary Peace Grove Award to Roberts and to Judith Heumann, another disability rights activist.
 * In 2017, on what would have been his 78th birthday, Roberts was honored with a Google Doodle in recognition of his activism.

title: Ed Roberts (activist)


text:
User talk:ThomasG~enwiki

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Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

04:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:ThomasG~enwiki


text:
Craig Knowles

Craig John Knowles (born 27 February 1959) is a former Australian politician and member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1990 to 2005.

Early life
Knowles' parents were Marie and Stan Knowles, member for Ingleburn from 1981 to 1988 and Macquarie Fields from 1988 to 1990. He was born in Liverpool, New South Wales and educated at Liverpool Boys High School, Sydney College of Technical and Further Education. He worked in the New South Wales Department of Business and Consumer Affairs from 1988 and was the Western Sydney Co-ordinator in the Office of State Development of New South Wales Premiers' Department from 1987 to 1988. He was an alderman on Liverpool City Council from 1982 to 1994 and Mayor from 1986 until 1988.

Political career
Knowles served as a Labor Party member for Macquarie Fields from May 1990 to May 1991, Moorebank from 1991 to 1999 and Macquarie Fields from 1999 to 2005. He was Minister for Urban Affairs and Planning from 1995 to 1999, Minister for Health from 1999 to 2003 and Minister for Infrastructure and Planning and Minister for Natural Resources from 2003 to 2005.

Knowles introduced a number of changes during his time as Planning Minister. These included the introduction of private certification of buildings. Another controversial change was the introduction of Part 3A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, which increased the powers of the Minister in approving major developments and superseded heritage and environmental protection legislation.

Knowles' political career was damaged by allegations raised by nurse Nola Fraser in relation to deaths at Campbelltown and Camden hospitals when he was Minister for Health. An Independent Commission Against Corruption inquiry into Knowles' behaviour cleared the minister in September 2005, but he had already been moved from the health portfolio. He was also damaged by the Orange Grove affair, as a supporter of a retail outlet, which was later found to have been opened in contravention of zoning regulations in his electorate, while he was Minister for Urban Affairs and Planning. In April 2005, he was charged with drink-driving at a random breath test, with a low-level over the limit reading.

Knowles had been considered a possible successor to Bob Carr as Premier but declined to be nominated when Carr retired in August 2005; himself resigning from the ministry the same day as Carr and his deputy, Andrew Refshauge. Knowles resigned from parliament a few days later, sparking the 2005 Macquarie Fields by-election. He was ultimately succeeded by Labor's candidate Steven Chaytor.

After politics
After his retirement from politics, Knowles became a consultant and political lobbyist. He has a number of advisory roles, statutory appointments, and non-profit directorships, including:
 * Chair, Natural Resources Access Regulator Board (2017 - present)
 * President, the Asthma Foundation of New South Wales (since 2008–present)
 * Director, the Black Dog Institute
 * Director, the Children's Medical Research Institute (2007–present)
 * Director, the Học Mãi Foundation at The University of Sydney
 * Member, Advisory Board, Built Holdings Pty Limited
 * Chair, Murray Darling Basin Authority (2011–2015)

At the 2015 Australia Day Honours, Knowles was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for significant service to local government, to the Parliament of New South Wales, and to the community through a range of health initiatives.

In January 2018, Knowles was appointed by Trade Minister Steven Ciobo as the Consul-General of Australia in Auckland, New Zealand.

title: Craig Knowles


text:
Gordie Byers

Gordon Charles "Gord" Byers (March 11, 1930 – November 2, 2001) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Byers played most of his career in the minor leagues. He played one game in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins during the 1949–50 season.

Playing career
After spending his junior days with the Copper Cliff Jr. Redmen and the St. Catharines Teepees, Byers played one game in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins during the 1949–50 season and well as two games for the Boston Olympics. The next season, Byers would then have spells in the United States Hockey League for the Kansas City Mohawks and the Tulsa Oilers in what would turn out to be the USHL's final year in operation before folding. He would end up returning to the Olympics for a season before joining the Troy Uncle Sam Trojans. Both teams folded at the conclusion of the respective seasons with the Trojans folding after just one season. After a season of senior hockey with the Chatham Maroons, Byers finished his career in the Northern Ontario Hockey Association with the Sudbury Wolves before retiring.

title: Gordie Byers


text:
User talk:Kenji C

Welcome
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Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

04:51, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kenji C


text:
Ed Roberts (computer engineer)

Henry Edward Roberts (September 13, 1941 – April 1, 2010) was an American engineer, entrepreneur and medical doctor who invented the first commercially successful personal computer in 1974. He is most often known as "the father of the personal computer."

Roberts founded Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in 1970 to sell electronics kits to model rocketry hobbyists, but the first successful product was an electronic calculator kit that was featured on the cover of the November 1971 issue of Popular Electronics. The calculators were very successful and sales topped one million dollars in 1973. A brutal calculator price war left the company deeply in debt by 1974. Roberts then developed the Altair 8800 personal computer that used the new Intel 8080 microprocessor. This was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics, and hobbyists flooded MITS with orders for this $397 computer kit.

Bill Gates and Paul Allen joined MITS to develop software and Altair BASIC was Microsoft's first product. Roberts sold MITS in 1977 and retired to Georgia where he farmed, studied medicine and eventually became a small-town doctor living in Cochran, Georgia.

Early life
Roberts was born on September 13, 1941, in Miami, Florida, to Henry Melvin Roberts, an appliance repairman, and Edna Wilcher Roberts, a registered nurse. His younger sister Cheryl was born in 1947. During World War II, while his father was in the Army, Roberts and his mother lived on the Wilcher family farm in Wheeler County, Georgia. After the war, the family returned to Miami, but Roberts would spend his summers with his grandparents in rural Georgia. Roberts' father had an appliance repair business in Miami.

Roberts became interested in electronics and built a small relay-based computer while in high school. Medicine was his true passion, however, and he entered the University of Miami with the intention of becoming a doctor, the first in his family to attend college. There he met a neurosurgeon who shared his interest in electronics. The doctor suggested that Roberts get an engineering degree before applying to medical school, and Roberts changed his major to electrical engineering.

Roberts married Joan Clark while at the university, and when she became pregnant Roberts knew that he would have to drop out of school to support his new family. The U.S. Air Force had a program that would pay for college, and in May 1962 he enlisted with the hope of finishing his degree through the Airman Education & Commissioning Program.

After basic training, Roberts attended the Cryptographic Equipment Maintenance School at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. Because of his electrical engineering studies at college, Roberts was made an instructor at the Cryptographic School when he finished the course. To augment his meager enlisted man's pay, Roberts worked on several off-duty projects and even set up a one-man company, Reliance Engineering. The most notable job was to create the electronics that animated the Christmas characters in the window display of Joske's department store in San Antonio. In 1965, he was selected for an Air Force program to complete his college degree and become a commissioned officer. Roberts earned an electrical engineering degree from Oklahoma State University in 1968 and was assigned to the Laser Division of the Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland AFB in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In 1968, he looked into applying to medical school but learned that, at age 27, he was considered too old.

Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems
Roberts worked with Forrest Mims at the Weapons Laboratory, and both shared an interest in model rocketry. Mims was an advisor to the Albuquerque Model Rocket Club and met the publisher of Model Rocketry magazine at a rocketry conference. This led to an article in the September 1969 issue of Model Rocketry, "Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets". Roberts, Mims, and lab coworkers Stan Cagle and Bob Zaller decided that they could design and sell electronics kits to model rocket hobbyists. Roberts wanted to call the new company Reliance Engineering, but Mims wanted to form an acronym similar to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's MIT. Cagle came up with Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). They advertised the light flasher, a roll rate sensor with transmitter, and other kits in Model Rocketry, but the sales were disappointing.

Mims wrote an article about the new technology of light-emitting diodes that was to be published in the November 1970 issue of Popular Electronics magazine. He asked the editors if they also wanted a project story, and they agreed. Roberts and Mims developed an LED communicator that would transmit voice on an infrared beam of light to a receiver hundreds of feet away. Readers could buy a kit of parts to build the Opticom LED Communicator from MITS for $15. MITS sold just over a hundred kits. Mims was now out of the Air Force and wanted to pursue a career as a technology writer. Roberts bought out his original partners and focused the company on the emerging market of electronic calculators.

Calculators
Roberts's first real experience with computers came while at Oklahoma State University where engineering students had free access to an IBM 1620 computer. His office at the Weapons Laboratory had the state of the art Hewlett-Packard 9100A programmable calculator in 1968. Roberts had always wanted to build a digital computer and, in July 1970, Electronic Arrays announced a set of six LSI integrated circuits that would make a four-function calculator. Roberts was determined to design a calculator kit and got fellow Weapons Laboratory officers William Yates and Ed Laughlin to invest in the project with time and money.

The first product was a "four-function" calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The display was only eight digits, but the calculations were performed with 16 digits precision. The MITS Model 816 calculator kit was featured on the November 1971 cover of Popular Electronics. The kit sold for $179 and an assembled unit was $275. Unlike the previous kits that MITS had offered, thousands of calculator orders came in each month.

The monthly sales reached $100,000 in March 1973, and MITS moved to a larger building with 10,000 square feet (930 square meters) of space. In 1973, MITS was selling every calculator that they could make, and 110 employees worked in two shifts assembling them. The functionality of calculator integrated circuits increased at a rapid pace and Roberts was designing and producing new models. The popularity of electronic calculators drew the traditional office equipment companies and the semiconductor companies into the market. In September 1972, Texas Instruments (TI) introduced the TI-2500 portable four-function calculator that sold for $120. The larger companies could sell below cost to win market share. By early 1974, Ed Roberts found that he could purchase a calculator in a retail store for less than his cost of materials. MITS was now $300,000 in debt, and Roberts was looking for a new hit product.

Altair 8800 computer
Roberts decided to return to the kit market with a low cost computer. The target customer would think that "some assembly required" was a desirable feature. In April 1974, Intel released the 8080 microprocessor that Roberts felt was powerful enough for his computer kit, but each 8080 chip sold for $360 in small quantities. Roberts felt that the price of a computer kit had to be under $400; to meet this price, he agreed to order 1,000 microprocessors from Intel for $75 each. The company was down to 20 employees and a bank loan for $65,000 financed the design and initial production of the new computer. Roberts told the bank that he expected to sell 800 computers, but he guessed that it would be around 200.

Art Salsberg, editorial director of Popular Electronics, was looking for a computer construction project, and his technical editor Les Solomon knew that MITS was working on an Intel 8080-based computer kit. Roberts assured Solomon that the project would be complete by November to meet the press deadline for the January 1975 issue. The first prototype was finished in October and shipped to Popular Electronics in New York for the cover photograph, but it was lost in transit. Solomon already had a number of pictures of the machine, and the article was based on them. Roberts and Yates got to work on building a replacement. The computer on the magazine cover was an empty box with just switches and LEDs on the front panel. The finished Altair computer had a completely different circuit board layout than the prototype shown in the magazine.

MITS products typically had generic names such as the Model 1440 Calculator or the Model 1600 Digital Voltmeter. The editors of Popular Electronics wanted a more alluring name for the computer. MITS technical writer David Bunnell came up with three pages of possible names, but Roberts was too busy finishing the computer design to choose one. There are several versions of the story of who selected Altair as the computer name. At the first Altair Computer Convention (March 1976), Les Solomon told the audience that the name was inspired by his 12-year-old daughter Lauren. "She said why don't you call it Altair – that's where the [Star Trek] Enterprise is going tonight." The December 1976 issue of Popular Science misquoted this account, giving credit to Ed Roberts' daughter. His only daughter Dawn was not born until 1983. Both of these versions have appeared in many books, magazines, and web sites.

Editor Alexander Burawa recalls a less dramatic version. The Altair was originally going to be named the PE-8 (Popular Electronics 8-bit), but Les Solomon thought this name to be rather dull, so Solomon, Burawa, and John McVeigh decided that: "It's a stellar event, so let's name it after a star." McVeigh suggested "Altair", the twelfth-brightest star in the sky.

When the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics reached readers in mid-December 1974, MITS was flooded with orders. They had to hire extra people just to answer the phones. In February, MITS received 1,000 orders for the Altair 8800. The quoted delivery time was 60 days, but it was many more months before the machines were shipped. By August 1975, they had shipped over 5,000 computers.

The Altair 8800 computer was a break-even sale for MITS. They needed to sell additional memory boards, I/O boards, and other options to make a profit. The April 1975 issue of the MITS newsletter Computer Notes had a page-long price list that offered over 15 optional boards. The delivery time given was 60 or 90 days, but many items were never produced and dropped from future price lists. Initially, Roberts decided to concentrate on production of the computers. Prompt delivery of optional boards did not occur until October 1975.

There were several design and component problems in the MITS 4K Dynamic RAM board. By July, new companies such as Processor Technology were selling 4K Static RAM boards with the promise of reliable operation. Ed Roberts acknowledged the 4K Dynamic RAM board problems in the October 1975 Computer Notes. The price was reduced from $264 to $195 and existing purchasers got a $50 refund. MITS released its own 4K Static RAM board in January 1976.

Several other companies started making add-in boards and the first clone, the IMSAI 8080, was available in December 1975.

Altair BASIC
Bill Gates was a student at Harvard University and Paul Allen worked for Honeywell in Boston when they saw the Altair computer on the cover of Popular Electronics. They had previously written software for the earlier Intel 8008 microprocessor and knew the Intel 8080 was powerful enough to support a BASIC interpreter. They sent a letter to MITS claiming to have a BASIC interpreter for the 8080 microprocessor. Roberts was interested, so Gates and Allen began work on the software. Both had experience with the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 minicomputers that they would use. Allen modified the DEC Macro Assembler to produce code for the Intel 8080 and wrote a program to emulate the 8080 so they could test their BASIC without having an Altair computer. Using DEC's BASIC-PLUS language as a guide, Gates determined what features would work with the limited resources of the Altair computer. Gates then started writing the 8080 assembly-language code on yellow legal pads. In February Gates and Allen started using a PDP-10 at Harvard to write and debug BASIC. They also enlisted another Harvard student, Monte Davidoff, to write the floating-point math routines.

Paul Allen flew to Albuquerque, New Mexico, in March 1975 to test BASIC on a real Altair 8800 computer. Roberts picked him up at the airport in his pickup truck and drove to the nondescript storefront where MITS was located. Allen was not impressed. The Altair computer with 7 kB of memory that BASIC required was still being tested and would not be ready until the next day. Roberts had booked Allen in the most expensive hotel in Albuquerque and the room was $40 more than Allen brought with him. Roberts paid for the room and wondered who is this software guy who can not afford a room in a hotel.

The next day the Altair with 7 kB had finally passed its memory test and Allen had their BASIC interpreter on a paper tape Bill Gates had created just before Allen left Boston. It took almost 15 minutes for the Teletype to load the program into the Altair then the Teletype printed "MEMORY SIZE?" Allen entered 7168 and the Teletype printed "READY". Both Allen and Roberts were stunned their software and hardware actually worked. They entered several small programs and they worked. The BASIC interpreter was not complete and crashed several times, but Roberts had a high level language for his computer. Roberts hired Allen as Vice President and Director of Software at MITS. Bill Gates also worked at MITS; the October 1975 company newsletter gives his title as "Software Specialist".

Bill Gates remained at Harvard, but continued working on BASIC. Students were allowed to use the DEC PDP-10, but officials were not pleased when they found that Gates was developing a commercial product. The school then implemented a policy that forced Gates to use a commercial time share service to work on BASIC.

On July 22, 1975, MITS signed a contract for the Altair BASIC with Bill Gates and Paul Allen. They received $3,000 at signing and a royalty for each copy of BASIC sold, with a cap of $180,000. MITS received an exclusive worldwide license to the program for 10 years. They also had exclusive rights to sublicense the program to other companies and agreed to use its "best efforts" to license, promote and commercialize the program. MITS would supply the computer time necessary for development on a PDP-10 owned by the Albuquerque school district.

MITS realized that BASIC was a competitive advantage and bundled the software with computer hardware sales. Customers who purchased the computer, memory, and I/O boards from MITS could get BASIC for $75; the standalone price was $500. Many hobbyists purchased their hardware from a third-party and "borrowed" a copy of Altair BASIC. Roberts refused to sub-license BASIC to other companies; this led to arbitration in 1977 between MITS and the new "Micro-Soft". The arbitrator agreed with Microsoft and allowed them to license the 8080 BASIC to other companies. Roberts was disappointed with this ruling. Since both Allen and Gates had been employees of MITS and he paid for the computer time, Roberts felt it was his software.

Sale to Pertec
In 1976, MITS had 230 employees and sales of $6 million. Roberts was tiring of his management responsibilities and was looking for a larger partner. MITS had always used Pertec Computer Corporation disk drives and on December 3, 1976, Pertec signed a letter of intent to acquire MITS for $6 million in stock. The deal was completed in May 1977 and Roberts' share was $2–3 million. The Altair products were merged into the Pertec line, and the MITS facility was used to produce the PCC-2000 small-business computer. The Albuquerque plant was closed in December 1980 and the production was moved to the Pertec plants in Irvine, California.

Medical doctor
In late 1977 Roberts returned to rural Georgia and bought a large farm in Wheeler County where he had often visited his grandparents' home in his youth. He had a non-compete agreement with Pertec covering hardware products, so he became a gentleman farmer and started a software company. His age could have thwarted his dream of becoming a medical doctor, but nearby Mercer University started a medical school in 1982. Roberts was in the first class and graduated with an M.D. in 1986. He did his residency in internal medicine and in 1988 established a practice in the small town of Cochran, Georgia. In 2009, Dr. Roberts was elected to Alpha Omega Alpha, the medical honor society. He was nominated by Mercer alumnus Guy Foulkes, MD based on Roberts’ dual accomplishment of developer of the first personal computer and his devotion to rural medicine.

Personal life
Roberts married Joan Clark (b. 1941) in 1962 and they had five sons, Melvin (b. 1963), Clark (b. 1964), John David (b. 1965), Edward (b. 1970), Martin (b. 1975) and a daughter Dawn (b. 1983). They were divorced in 1988.

Roberts married Donna Mauldin in 1991 and they were still married when interviewed by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution in April 1997. He was married to Rosa Cooper from 2000 until his death.

Roberts died April 1, 2010, after a months-long bout with pneumonia, at the age of 68. His sister, Cheryl R Roberts (b. November 13, 1947 – d. March 6, 2010), of nearby Dublin, Georgia, died at age 62, a few weeks before his death. During his last hospitalization in Macon, Georgia, hospital staffers were stunned to see an unannounced Bill Gates, who had come to pay last respects to his first employer. He was survived by his wife, all six of his children and his mother, Edna Wilcher Roberts. All live in Georgia.

Awards

 * 1998: Stibitz-Wilson Award from the American Computer & Robotics Museum

Works
Books

Magazines

 * Part 2 in the February 1975 issue.
 * Part 2 in the December 1975 issue.

title: Ed Roberts (computer engineer)


text:
Intimal hyperplasia

Intimal hyperplasia is the thickening of the tunica intima of a blood vessel as a complication of a reconstruction procedure or endarterectomy. Intimal hyperplasia is the universal response of a vessel to injury. It is a restenosis and this is an important reason of late bypass graft failure, particularly in vein and synthetic vascular grafts.

Cause
Intimal hyperplasia is due to a dysfunction of endothelial cells which results in a reprogramming of the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). As a result, VSMCs proliferate and change their phenotype.

Possible treatment
A possible treatment to avoid this could be hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) works as a vasculoprotective gasotransmitter in the human body but is also tested to reduced intimal hyperplasia. There are different kinds of H2S donors: NaHS (the reference in scientific literature despite the fact it is too toxic to use it in human patients) and STS (already used in patient to treat cyanide poisoning).

title: Intimal hyperplasia


text:
Carl Chang (businessman)

Carl Chang (born February 13, 1969) is an American entrepreneur, real estate investor, business executive, and former tennis coach. He founded the pizza chain Pieology, and is active in real estate investment businesses. He is the older brother and former coach of tennis star Michael Chang.

Early life and education
Chang was born in Hoboken, New Jersey on February 13, 1969. . In 1979, their family moved to La Costa, California, so they could play tennis year round. He graduated from San Dieguito High School in Encinitas, California, in 1987. He attended the University of California, Berkeley and graduated in 1991.

Tennis career
As a junior tennis player, Chang was ranked in the top ten at his age group. He beat Pete Sampras at junior events. Following his graduation, Chang briefly joined the professional tennis tour. After playing in a few events as a singles player as well as a doubles partner of his younger brother Michael, he decided not to continue and instead became Michael's coach in 1991 – a role he filled until Michael's retirement from the tour in 2003. Carl Chang was named 'Coach of the Year' by Tennis magazine in 1996.

Real estate
In 2005, Chang and his family started Redwood Real Estate, a joint venture with Seattle-based investment firm Sienna Group. The company had a $500 million fund focusing on distressed housing.

In 2010, Chang founded Kairos Investment Management Co LLC, a private equity firm focused on real estate transactions. Chang serves as the company's CEO.

Pieology
In 2011, Chang along with partner James Markham, founded Pieology, a fast casual pizza chain restaurant originally based in Fullerton, California. In 2012, Markham left to start his own company, leaving Chang in charge of Pieology.

Other activities
Chang is also the chair of the board of directors of the Los Angeles branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

title: Carl Chang (businessman)


text:
Cristi Puiu

Cristi Puiu (born 3 April 1967) is a Romanian film director and screenwriter. With Anca Puiu and Alex Munteanu, in 2004 he founded a cinema production company, naming it Mandragora.

Early life, education and career
Cristian Emilian Puiu was born to Iuliana and Emilian Puiu in Bucharest, Romania. Puiu's first interest in art was painting. In 1992, he was admitted as a student to the Painting Department of École Supérieure d'Arts Visuels in Geneva. After the first year he switched to film studies at the same school, where he graduated in 1996. He started working in film after his return to Romania.

He is married to Anca Puiu. He and Anca have three children: Smaranda, Ileana and Zoe.

Director
Cristi Puiu's debut as a director was in 2001 with the low-budget road movie Stuff and Dough (Marfa și banii), starring Alexandru Papadopol and Dragoș Bucur. The film received several awards in international film festivals and competed in the Quinzaines des Realisateurs section of the Cannes Film Festival. Some critics say that this is the film that started the Romanian New Wave in cinema. He continued with a short film, Cigarettes and Coffee (Un cartuş de Kent și un pachet de cafea) (2004), which was awarded the Golden Bear for best short film at the 2004 Berlin International Film Festival.

His second feature film, The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu (Moartea domnului Lăzărescu) (2005), was a dark comedy about an ailing old man who is carried by an ambulance from hospital to hospital all night long, as doctors refuse to treat him and send him away. The film was a critical success, being awarded the Prix Un Certain Regard at the Cannes Film Festival and numerous awards at other international film festivals.

In 2006 this film gained 47 prizes, several nominations in the American Critics' Top 10 lists and in French magazines such as Telerama and Les Inrockuptibles.

Screenwriter
Cristi Puiu co-wrote the screenplays of both his feature films, Stuff and Dough (2001) and The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu (2005), with Romanian writer Răzvan Rădulescu. Puiu independently wrote the screenplay for his short film Cigarettes and Coffee (2004).

In collaboration with Răzvan Rădulescu, Puiu wrote the screenplay for Niki and Flo, commissioned by Lucian Pintilie, one of the most important Romanian directors. In 2005 German director Didi Danquart based the movie Offset on a script written by Puiu.

Six Stories from the Outskirts of Bucharest
Puiu intends to make a series of six movies entitled Six Stories from the Outskirts of Bucharest. In part he has envisioned them in response to the French director Éric Rohmer's Six Moral Tales series, which influenced filmmaking in the late 20th century. Puiu intends the series to explore six types of love stories, The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu being about love for one's fellow man.

He plans the next five films to study love between a man and a woman, love for one's children, love of success, love between friends, and carnal love. Cristi Puiu says that he has completed a synopsis for each of these films. The second film, Aurora, was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. His film Sieranevada took part in competition in 2016 Cannes Film Festival.

Awards

 * 2005 Cannes Film Festival – Un Certain Regard Award for The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu
 * 2005 Chicago International Film Festival – Silver Hugo Special Jury Prize for The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu
 * 2005 Copenhagen International Film Festival – Grand Prix du Jury for The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu
 * 2005 Reykjavik International Film Festival – Discovery of the Year Award for The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu
 * 2004 Berlin International Film Festival
 * Golden Bear for Best Short Film for Cigarettes and Coffee
 * UIP Berlin Award (European Short Film) for Cigarettes and Coffee
 * 2002 Angers European First Film Festival – Procirep Award for Stuff and Dough
 * 2002 Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema – Abasto Award for Stuff and Dough
 * 2001 Cottbus Film Festival of Young East European Cinema
 * Findling Award for Stuff and Dough
 * Special Prize in Feature Film Competition for Stuff and Dough
 * 2001 Thessaloniki Film Festival – FIPRESCI Prize for Stuff and Dough

Filmography as director

 * 2023 MMXX
 * 2020 Malmkrog
 * 2016 Sieranevada
 * 2014 Bridges of Sarajevo (documentary)
 * 2010 Aurora
 * 2005 The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu (Moartea domnului Lăzărescu)
 * 2004 Cigarettes and Coffee (Un cartuș de Kent și un pachet de cafea), short
 * 2001 Stuff and Dough (Marfa și banii)

title: Cristi Puiu


text:
User talk:KingMike

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title: User talk:KingMike


text: Category:Australian cinematographers

title: Category:Australian cinematographers


text:
User talk:Joe10r

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04:52, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joe10r


text:
User talk:Keithzwah

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04:53, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Keithzwah


text: Template:Tales series

title: Template:Tales series


text:
User talk:Jackmohr

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04:53, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jackmohr


text:
User talk:Johnkelsey

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Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

04:53, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johnkelsey


text: User:Pournami

title: User:Pournami


text: Category:Swedish cinematographers

title: Category:Swedish cinematographers


text:
User talk:Hunt44

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04:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hunt44


text:
File:Wandiligong maze.jpg

Summary
Wandiligong maze, taken by Felix Dance

title: File:Wandiligong maze.jpg


text:
User talk:Space Doc

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04:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Space Doc


text:
User talk:Deveena

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04:55, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Deveena


text: User talk:Jandrus

title: User talk:Jandrus


text:
User talk:Katie Kaladeen

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04:56, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Katie Kaladeen


text:
User talk:Hugorudd

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Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

04:56, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Hugorudd! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 22:13, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Hugorudd


text:
Talk:U.S. Route 209

Untitled
Why is this article so thin? I'mm planning to create a separate U.S. Route 209 in New York article; perhaps one for PA is also in order. Daniel Case 16:19, 25 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah, the difference a few months makes... -- T M F Let's Go Mets - Stats 08:50, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

History section
Couldn't it be devolved to the articles on the road in both states, now that they exist, with just a more general summary left here? A lot of it is really better suited for the state articles. Daniel Case 18:51, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
 * No problems with that; however, some history needs to be kept in this article so that it doesn't turn into a stubby section. As it is now, this article is B-class - removing the history completely would demote it to start-class. -- T M F Let's Go Mets - Stats 23:09, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
 * That's what I said. What's here should be a general history of the road, i.e. when it began to exist as Route 209 in both states. The state-specific histories belong in the individual articles. Daniel Case 05:30, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
 * On another note, why a US route that enters only two states needs an article for each state, I'll never know, but that's another argument for another time and place. -- T M F Let's Go Mets - Stats 23:12, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Well ... even the NY segment is longer than a number of our state highways. I'd say that if the PA segment were written about in the depth it deserved within the same article, it and the NY segment would result in a route description that would make the article ridiculously long. Note that there are two US 13 articles as well for PA and DE. Maybe we should have a rule regarding when a separate article need not be written (we seem to be doing OK in NYSR without a separate article on the NJ portion of US 9W, and I doubt we'll ever need "U.S. Route 2 in New York" unless we want to give incredibly short US highway segments the same honor we give NY 437. Daniel Case 05:30, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Ooops, my apologies. US 13 is a lot longer than I gave it credit for. Daniel Case 05:36, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:U.S. Route 209


text:
User talk:Cosmetor

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Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

04:57, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

"Antagonists" category
Outstanding work being WP:BOLD enough to move them into the "antagonists" category. "Villains" is such an unprofessional and POV term; "antagonist" is the proper and encyclopedic term, and you did/are doing a huge favor to the encyclopedia with this one. Thanks. — Deckiller 02:44, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It appears what you did was a result of a CfD nomination. Unfortunately, that is not the time to unilaterally rename the category; you should leave a suggestion/vote on the page, or wait until afterward, as per the CfD guidelines. — Deckiller 06:23, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Leaving aside our disagreement over the issue
If in future a similar disagreement should arise, please don't try to solve it by emptying out categories that are up for deletion. The CfD notice on the categories clearly explains that the categories are not to be emptied. Assuming that consensus is to merge the old "villain" categories and delete your new "antagonist" categories a lot of extra work will now need to be done. Otto4711 03:27, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

help us Cosmetor, you're our only hope
I noticed that you had voted to keep the category of Fictional Characters by Superpower on the march 7th CFD. Just in case you didn't yet notice, Raidant!'s decision to listify them was put up for review, and another vote started on the 14th. It seems those of us in favor of keeping the categories are losing the debate, and I was hoping you could lend your voice once more so we can keep them --Piemanmoo 20:10, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of Magic system for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Magic system is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Magic system until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 00:05, 7 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cosmetor