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Wikipedia talk:Templates with red links

Template:VfD's
I've noticed a large number of Template:VfD headings - I'm guessing that before my time, that's how VfD's were done. I'm removing all of them to a separate page, as they appear to be intentional redlinks (i.e., the deleted article itself). -- BD2412 talk 03:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Those need to be re-corrected to their appropriate moved VFD location. --AllyUnion (talk) 09:35, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

What to do with checked templates
Is there an agreed systen for noting templates that we have checked and found to be OK - ie. if you investigate a template and discover it is correct with all the red links. Otherwise it'll just keep cropping up and people will repeat the work. Kcordina 09:57, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete them from the list - if they're fixed, they won't show up in the next dump. bd2412  T 05:12, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I've been deleting the entry for templates which are fixed, and striking templates which contain valid redlinks (i.e. there is no appropriate article for the links to point at). SeventyThree(Talk) 19:46, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

What about template doc pages that are supposed to have links to non-existing pages, maybe to show examples of how to use the template? (For example, Template:Mypages has redlinks to "ExamplePage", "ExamplePage2", and "ExamplePage3" to show how it works.) --98.114.243.75 (talk) 21:20, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

Sections
I've been bold and split the subpages up into sections of ~100 entries each. It's now much easier to find and remove fixed entries, but the numbred lists have been split so it's a little harder to find out how far through we've got. Hope this doesn't cause too many problems - should be easy to undo if it turns out to be a bad idea. SeventyThree(Talk) 08:01, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it was a fine thing to do - ease of use trumps numbering. bd2412  T 18:49, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Enacted (old) suggestions for improvement

 * Suppress listings of "Template:VfD-*" -- Beland 08:04, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Suppress listings of links containing "W:*" (indicates an external link to another wikiproject)
 * Suppress listings of links containing "Mail:*" (indicates an external Mail link)
 * Suppress listings of links containing "talk:", as a redlinked talk page does not indicate a missing article.
 * Separate templates with names including "Campaignbox" and "Olympic_Games" into their own categories - these are areas for specialists.
 * I've refined this somewhat - it should actually separate out all templates with "olympic" in the name, as there are many olympic templates that do not say "olympic games"; also separate out another category for templates with names containing "election".
 * Suppress listings of links containing "User:", as a redlinked user page does not indicate a missing article, and user templates should not be a primary concern. bd2412  T 15:21, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Suggestions moved from project page

 * Count multiple instances of the same redlink in a template only once. bd2412  T 00:49, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Suppress listings of WikiProject Opentasks and similar - these pages should have lots of redlinks on them. SeventyThree(Talk) 09:28, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * User: redlinks are still coming up, e.g. Template:PhilosophyTasks/vote SeventyThree(Talk) 09:31, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Something fails on (valid) foreign language links, listing them as invalid links ending in an ampersand (&) - this is probably becasue of HTML code for foreign letters in the links. Example: Template:Presidents_of_Romania -> Nicolae_Ceau& Traian_B&.
 * Source within  tags isn't formatted, so  thing1  shouldn't be counted as a redlink. SeventyThree(Talk) 02:41, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Suppress listing templates in the Number xxx series, e.g. Numbers (3 E2) and Numbers 190s. SeventyThree(Talk) 14:49, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Some interwiki links are being counted, e.g. MeatballWiki and searchterm on Template:H:Interwiki_linking. SeventyThree(Talk) 17:23, 14 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Some redlinks which are occuring twice appear not to have been used twice on the page during it's history, e.g. Template:London_Underground_rolling_stock -> London_Underground_N_Stock London_Underground_N_Stock. SeventyThree(Talk) 03:22, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

New Suggestions

 * Suppress template sandboxes and documentation pages. (ie. In /Ships II, there is currently Template:LST-542 class tank landing ship, Template:LST-542 class tank landing ship/sandbox, and Template:LST-542 class tank landing ship/doc.) --vgmddg (look | talk | do) 21:48, 7 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Good idea, we do have a number of those, and they are not likely to be addressed through this project. We should also avoid listing taskboxes for portals. bd2412  T 00:17, 8 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It might also be a good idea to make a separate section for "Settlements". Most of the ones in the last couple sections are settlement related and there may be more sprinkled throughout the other sections. I also think that the more we separate templates from the main list the more we can reduce the "OH CRAP! THEY HAD TO DIVIDE IT INTO 116 SEPARATE UNSORTED SECTIONS?!?" factor for new people who come to this page. It also means that if there's a person who's really good at finding links about a certain subject (i.e. Chemistry), they can go directly to that page instead of having to scour the entire list for templates about chemistry.--vgmddg (look | talk | do) 01:34, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
 * We had a separate section for cities, but it's much harder to find parse out all the city-related templates than it is to parse out, for example, all the Olympic templates, or all the MLB templates. bd2412  T 02:29, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Suppress relative links. For example, Archive-inline has a link to the relative link /Archive. This causes a redlink on the template page, which caused it to be added to the list. --vgmddg (look | talk | do) 00:39, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

New Suggestion
I would like to help on this but the query is so old it doesn't seem like it would be any fun. I have been helping out on the Stub Sensor project that is a fairly recent query and they way he organized it makes it stay relevant longer.

Railroads and Mayors
Needs the following sections:
 * Templates with red links/2008-Jan-Railroads (done). bd2412  T 07:11, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Templates with red links/2008-Jan-Mayors

WAIT a minute! What?!?
Wait a minute! I'm confused! This page is currently in Category:Wikipedia missing topics. If this page is here, then it's actually NOT missing, is it?--vgmddg (look | talk | do) 00:07, 30 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't know why it's there, but all the red links contained in the templates listed here are missing topics. bd2412  T 02:27, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Proposed Mergers

 * Templates with red links/2005-09-09.1-2 with Templates with red links/2005-09-09.3-5
 * Templates with red links/2005-09-09.6-10 with Templates with red links/2005-09-09.11-20

Overall, most of them are pretty small, and can probably be grouped together. Eventually I'd like to bring the pages in Templates with red links/2007 out to the main page.--vgmddg (look | talk | do) 21:11, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Templates with red links/2006jan25-TV-radio with Templates with red links/2007/TV and Radio
 * Possibly Templates with red links/2006jan25-elections with Templates with red links/2007/Elections
 * With these, I usually don't propose, I just merge when they're mergeable. I'll have a look at what is left from the 2007 dump, as many of those subsections will have been superseded. bd2412  T 22:47, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

I've decided to merge the 2007 page list into the main page. Did I do this right?--vgmddg (look | talk | do) 22:26, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

3 templates for the same thing, delete/merge/transclusion?
There are three listed templates here.

Template:Kansas State football seasons - Template:Kansas State Wildcats football seasons - Template:KansasStateWildcatsfootballseasons

These are practically identical, and I would normally just put two up for tfd, but since there were three of them (which is kind of unusual) I thought there might be some kind of redirect or transclusion thing that I was missing... anyone... Bueller? —Preceding unsigned comment added by EmanWilm  (talk • contribs)  21:32, 30 May 2010
 * They all seem to be separate templates. Go to WP:TFD, nominate 2 of them for deletion, and remember to sign your posts.--vgmddg (look | talk | do) 21:22, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

Serious concerns over stripping redlinks from nav box templates
I've raised some discussion of this at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Trains Andy Dingley (talk) 10:53, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

2008-Jan Redirects Still Active
According to the Special:PrefixIndex page, all of the /2008-Jan-*** pages (eg. Templates with red links/2008-Jan-001) as well as many other obsolete pages are still functioning as redirects. Can you please delete some of these redirects? Thanks. --vgmddg (look | talk | do) 22:44, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I will take care of them - eventually. bd2412  T 21:27, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
 * --vgmddg (look | talk | do) 21:36, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

2011 Database Dump
It looks like the 2011 Database Dump for the project is up. - User:RussBot/Templates with red links
 * I'm going to start moving them in unless someone objects. EmanWilm (talk) 14:43, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

2013 Database Dump
I have noticed a sharp increase in completed/deleted templates while sorting the project. The last database dump was 18 months ago if someone wants to run the Russbot for a 2013 Database Dump, I'll take care of all of the manual stuff. Thanks EmanWilm (talk) 21:25, 25 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Templates with red links


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Paul Hartman

Paul Hartman (March 1, 1904 – October 2, 1973) was an American dancer, stage performer and television actor.

Early years
Born in San Francisco, California, Hartman was the son of Ferris Hartman, who was sometimes called the "Ziegfeld of the Pacific Coast" and actress Josie Hart. He began performing as a dancer with his sister when he was 4 years old. Hartman attended the University of California. After he left there, he worked for a newspaper in San Francisco, beginning as a copy boy and later becoming a reporter. He left the newspaper for the theater because the latter offered more money.

Career
In 1922, he teamed up with Grace Barrett for a dancing comedy vaudeville act that consisted of them both paying homage to and gently mocking the popular dances of the day, from ballet to swing. They married in 1923.

Along with Grace, Paul made his Broadway debut in Ballyhoo of 1932 alongside Bob Hope. They appeared in Cole Porter's Red Hot and Blue a few years later, and continued to perform on the Great White Way. Their act involved the crisp and witty Grace overwhelming the gangly, slack-jawed Paul, intermittently cut with dance numbers and musical comedy routines.

They went to Hollywood, where Paul appeared alongside Frank Sinatra and Victor Borge in 1943's Higher and Higher. Upon the Hartmans' return to Broadway, they resolved to take charge and write their own revue. They had a 1948 musical revue, Angel in the Wings, and the Hartmans were named best lead actor and actress in a musical that year at the second Tony Awards (the first to recognize musical performers).

They were then offered a sitcom on NBC, and The Hartmans (at Home) showed promise, but audiences rejected the show, which often featured canned scripts and little opportunity for the couple to show off their physical and musical abilities. Paul and Grace returned to Broadway, where they spent three years in a number of variety shows and revues. In 1951 he was elected a member of the famed theater club, The Lambs.

After divorcing in 1951, Grace was diagnosed with cancer in 1952. She died in 1955. Paul married actress Ann Buckles March 14, 1953; they later divorced in 1963.

Television and Hollywood had once again risen to the top of the entertainment world, and the convenience of television shooting and a quick paycheck lured Paul out to Los Angeles once more. Hartman began appearing in the 1953–1954 ABC situation comedy The Pride of the Family as Albie Morrison, the father and head of the household. Fay Wray, best known for King Kong, played his wife, Catherine, and Natalie Wood and Robert Hyatt played his children, Ann and Junior Morrison, respectively.

In 1957, Hartman returned one last time to Broadway, but then past fifty, he tired of the hectic stage life. He continued to play bit parts in movies and television throughout the rest of his life, most famously as handyman Emmett Clark on CBS's The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. In a nod to his earlier life, he is seen doing a dance routine at Howard Sprague's party in the Andy Griffith episode "The Wedding", and in the Mayberry, RFD episode "All for Charity", he can be seen doing a soft shoe routine with costar Ken Berry. In addition, he had small parts on Petticoat Junction; Love, American Style; The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet; Hazel; Ben Casey; The Twilight Zone; The Alfred Hitchcock Hour; Our Man Higgins; and Family Affair.

He was cast in the 1960 film Inherit the Wind. In 1967, he appeared with Robert Morse in the film version of How To Succeed In Business Without Really Trying.

Death
Hartman died on October 2, 1973, from a heart attack in Los Angeles aged 69.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Paul Hartman


text: User talk:70.26.173.219

title: User talk:70.26.173.219


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Donald Harrison

Donald Harrison Jr. (born June 23, 1960) is an African-American jazz saxophonist and the Big Chief of The Congo Square Nation Afro-New Orleans Cultural Group from New Orleans, Louisiana.

He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the Berklee College of Music in 2021. He is also an NEA Jazz Master. He is the uncle and former tutor of Chief Xian aTunde Adjuah, also known as Christian Scott aTunde Adjuah.

Biography
Harrison was born to Big Chief Donald Harrison Sr in 1960 in New Orleans, Louisiana.

The foundation of Harrison's music comes from his lifelong participation in New Orleans culture. He started in New Orleans second-line culture and studied New Orleans secret tribal culture, under his father, Big Chief Donald Harrison Sr. He began participating as a masked Mardi Gras Indian at the age of two years, with the title "Little Chief of the Creole Wild West." Whereas, Harrison Jr. is currently the Chief of Congo Square in Afro-New Orleans Culture.

Harrison began playing alto saxophone at the age of 16, and went on to study at the Berklee College of Music.

As a professional musician, Harrison worked with Roy Haynes and Jack McDuff, before joining Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers with Terence Blanchard and recorded albums in a quintet until 1989. Two years later, Harrison released a tribute album to Blakey, For Art's Sake. This was followed by an album that reached into Harrison's New Orleans heritage, with guest appearances by Dr. John and Cyrus Chestnut and chants by the Guardians of the Flame Mardi Gras Indians. He devoted half the album, Nouveau Swing (1997), to mixing the swing beat of modern acoustic jazz, with modern dance music and half to mixing the swing beat with Caribbean-influenced music. On the next album, his experiments continued by mixing modern jazz's swing beat with hip hop, Latin music, R&B, and smooth jazz.

His albums, ''3D Vols. I, II, and III'', present him in three different musical genres. On Vol. I he writes, plays, and produces smooth jazz and R&B style. On Vol. II he writes, produces and plays in the classic jazz style. On Vol. III he writes plays and produces hip hop.

His group, Donald Harrison Electric Band, has recorded popular radio hits and has charted in the top ten of Billboard magazine. He performs as a producer, singer, and rapper in traditional New Orleans jazz and hip hop genres with his group, The New Sounds of Mardi Gras. The group, which has recorded two albums, was started in 2001 and has made appearances worldwide.

In 1999, Harrison was named the Big Chief of the Congo Square Nation Afro-New Orleans Cultural Group, which keeps alive the secret traditions of Congo Square. Commenting on his choice for the group's name, Harrison has said, "I have a lot of respect for the guys who consider themselves to be Mardi Gras Indians, but I moved into describing what I do culturally in New Orleans to be Afro-New Orleans music from traveling all over the world. Going to places like Cuba and Brazil, they always put Afro in front of things that are from their country but are a derivative of African culture. For instance, Eddie Palmieri always says Afro-Caribbean when describing his music."

In 2013, Harrison began playing with the Cookers, a New Orleans supergroup whose members include, as of 2024, Billy Harper, Cecil McBee, George Cables, Eddie Henderson, Billy Hart, and David Weiss.

In 2016, Harrison recorded his first orchestral work with the Moscow Symphony Orchestra. He followed up the piece for the MSO by writing classical orchestral works for the Thailand Philharmonic Orchestra, The New York Chamber Orchestra, and The Jalapa Symphony Orchestra in 2017.

Harrison has nurtured a number of young musicians including trumpeter Christian Scott (Harrison's nephew), Mark Whitfield, Christian McBride, and The Notorious B.I.G. He has taught at the College of William & Mary, the New York's New School of Music, and the Tipitina's Internship Program. He has also served as Artistic Director of the Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong Summer Jazz Camp starting in 2022.

Harrison was in Spike Lee's HBO documentary, When the Levees Broke, and has appeared as himself in eleven episodes of the television series, Treme.

Personal life
He is married to Mary Alicė Spears-Harrison and the father of Victoria Harrison.

National Endowment for the Arts
In 2022, the National Endowment for the Arts recognized Harrison with the A.B. Spellman NEA Jazz Masters Fellowship for Jazz Advocacy. Harrison is "known for his hard-swinging improvisational style and the creation of 'Nouveau Swing,' a blend of jazz with R&B, hip-hop, rock, and soul. And his dedication to preserving the music and culture of New Orleans has been crucial to assuring its important legacy survives."

Other awards
Harrison has received two Grand Prix du Disque awards.

Harrison was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the Berklee College of Music in 2021.

Harrison was chosen Person of the Year by Jazziz magazine in January 2007.

As leader

 * 1990: Full Circle (Sweet Basil)
 * 1991: For Art's Sake (Candid)
 * 1992: Indian Blues (Candid) with Dr. John
 * 1994: The Power of Cool (CTI)
 * 1997: Nouveau Swing (Impulse!)
 * 1999: Free to Be (Impulse!)
 * 2000: Spirits of Congo Square (Candid)
 * 2001: Real Life Stories (Nagel Heyer)
 * 2002: Kind of New (Candid)
 * 2003: Paradise Found (Fomp)
 * 2004: Heroes (Nagel Heyer)
 * 2004: Free Style (Nagel Heyer)
 * 2005: New York Cool: Live at The Blue Note (Half Note)
 * 2005: 3D (Fomp)
 * 2006: The Survivor (Nagel Heyer)
 * 2008: The Chosen (Nagel Heyer)
 * 2011: This Is Jazz: Live at The Blue Note (Half Note)

As co-leader with Terence Blanchard
 * 1983: New York Second Line (Concord)
 * 1984: Discernment (Concord)
 * 1986: Nascence (Columbia)
 * 1986: Eric Dolphy & Booker Little Remembered Live at Sweet Basil, Vol. 1 (Evidence)
 * 1986: Fire Waltz: Eric Dolphy & Booker Little Remembered Live At Sweet Basil, Vol. 2 (Evidence)
 * 1987: Crystal Stair (Columbia)
 * 1988: Black Pearl (Columbia)

As sideman
With Art Blakey
 * Oh-By the Way (Timeless, 1982)
 * New York Scene (Concord, 1984)
 * Blue Night (Timeless, 1985)
 * New Year's Eve at Sweet Basil (Evidence, 1985)

With Joanne Brackeen
 * Turnaround (Evidence, 1992)

With The Headhunters
 * Evolution Revolution (Basin Street, 2003)
 * Speakers In The House (Ropeadope, 2022)

With Eddie Henderson
 * Witness to History (Smoke Sessions, 2022)

With the Brian Lynch/Eddie Palmieri Project
 * Simpático (ArtistShare, 2007)

With Eddie Palmieri
 * Palmas (Elektra Nonesuch, 1995)
 * Arete (RMM, 1995)
 * Vortex (RMM, 1996)
 * Listen Here! (Concord, 2005)
 * Wisdom/Sabiduria (Ropeadope, 2017)

With Don Pullen
 * The Sixth Sense (Black Saint, 1985)

With Lonnie Smith
 * Rise Up! (Palmetto, 2008)

With Esperanza Spalding
 * Esperanza (Heads Up, 2008)

'''With Jane Monheit
 * Taking a Chance on Love (Sony Music Entertainment, 2004)

On DVD
With Larry Coryell "Live in Bahia
 * Live with Clark Terry
 * Live at the Supper Club with Lena Horne

title: Donald Harrison


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nicolae

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was uncertain. Redirecting this to Left Behind, but deleting content first, as I'm almost sure it's directly off the back of the book. -R. fiend 15:06, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Nicolae
This afd nomination was incomplete. Listing now. The merge to Left Behind suggested on the page seems perfectly reasonable, and there's no reason not to redirect afterwards. —Cryptic (talk) 03:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What? Why merge? We already have an article on Nicolae Carpathia. Borisblue 04:32, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this should be a disambiguation page. Andrew pmk | Talk 02:38, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Left Behind Qaz  ( talk ) 05:28, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Boris is right. Adequate article already exists, so this should just be deleted.  In order to form consensus, however, consider this a vote to merge. Dottore So 06:39, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nicolae


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North York Civic Centre

The North York Civic Centre is a municipal government building in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It opened in 1979 as the city hall of the former city of North York. It is located in North York City Centre.

Designed by Adamson Associates Architects, the building is located on Yonge Street north of Sheppard Avenue, and features Mel Lastman Square along the Yonge Street frontage. The construction of the building was intended to act as a catalyst for the development of the "North York City Centre", a downtown area for the formerly suburban North York. The building received The Governor General's Medal for Architecture in 1982.

With municipal amalgamation, North York is now part of the City of Toronto, and the building no longer serves as a city hall. Today, the building is home to the North York Community Council and a number of local municipal departments and services. Opposite the Civic Centre is the North York Central Library branch of the Toronto Public Library.

The Civic Centre is served by the Toronto Transit Commission's North York Centre subway station (opened in 1987).

Previous Municipal Offices

 * Temporary home for council meetings at Brown (Willowdale) School and Golden Lion Hotel 1922
 * 1st North York Township Office 5145 Yonge Street (at Empress Avenue) 1923–1956; 2 storey American colonial building was built by Murray Brown with additions added in the 1940s; re-purposed as courthouse and other civic uses, partially demolished in 1989 (partial facade rebuilt in Empress Walk
 * North York Township/Borough Office 5000 Yonge Street Burnett Avenue 1956–1975; 3 storey building was built by Sproatt & Rolph and awarded the Massey Medal for Architecture in 1958; site sold in 1975 and later as site of North York Performing Arts Centre

title: North York Civic Centre


text:
Talk:William Glasser

Untitled
Please REVERT the name change made today in this article by an unknown user: 68.236.117.195. Dr. Glasser is William NOT Williams. Nor, does he EVER use a middle S initial as author in any of his many books, or his copyrights, or in any of his personal or business correspondence. I have known Dr. Glasser as a personal friend and Founder of the William Glasser Institute, for over 30 years, so I speak on this matter with some authority. frankatca 21:36, 6 October, 2006 (UTC)

I don't believe that MDs are granted in psychiatry (at least in the US)...MDs are granted without qualification, and after that the physican specializes. --Dpr 03:58, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. He is either a psychologist with a PhD or similar, or he would have to do furhter training after medical school to become a legitmate psychiatrist. --Expo512 (name added by Dpr)

William Glasser started out to be a chemical engineer, switched to pre-med and was trained as a physician, hence the "MD" designation. He then went on to further graduate studies in psychiatry, passed the "board" exam and was certified as a psychiatrist and practiced as such for several years. During those early years, as a psychiatrist, at the Veterans Administration Hospital in the Los Angeles area, he met Dr. G. H. Harrington, an older psychiatrist who Glasser credits as his "mentor." The two of them, working together, developed the treatment strategies that came to be called "Reality Therapy" which was the title of the second book written by Dr. Glasser. frankatca Oct. 25, 2005
 * The only point we were trying to make is that there is not technically any such thing as a "MD in psychiatry." Schools grant MDs, and the doctors then specialize in a certain field. It was just a question of phraseology in the text, which has since be changed, in any case. --Dpr 01:58, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

I nominate this artilce for featured statusTmothyh 04:34, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Spanish translation
User:66.50.0.70 added a Spanish translation of this article. I have moved it to William Glasser at the Spanish Wikipedia. Dave 6 talk 06:48, 9 March 2007 (UTC) THANK YOU DAVE. I'M NOT A COMPUTER EXPERT, AND SO I DIDNI'T KNOW HOW TO INSERT MY WORK IN THE SPANISH WIKIPEDIA. AGAIN THANKS! ANGEL MILLET

Glasser Image & Text
Linda Harshman, Executive Director of the William Glasser Institute, has given the Wikipedia formal permission (see below) to post the photograph of Dr. Glasser that appears on the Institute website. I posted that image previously and it was removed altho removal was protested. I will soon restore it. Ms Harshman requests a small correction to the text, which I am making today.

"Dear Mr. Ferguson: This email will give permission for Dr. Glasser's picture to be used on the Wikipedia page.

In terms of what is written I would change the second sentence to say that He is notable for having developed a theory that explains how and why we behave. I don't believe it is accurate to say ....developed a cause and effect theory.

Sincerely,

Linda S. Harshman, MSW Executive Director The William Glasser Institute 22024 Lassen Street, Suite 118 Chatsworth, CA  91311 (818) 700-8000; (818) 700-0555 fax http://www.wglasser.com"

Frankatca 01:52, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Empirical Support?
So, is Glasser's body of work yet another exercise in psychological theory building?... or... does it have a legitimate body of empirical support?

Although most psychological theories have traces of reasonable notions, I think a healthy dose of skepticism is called for....and this entry is yet another example.

The fact that this Wiki reference only leads us to look at Glasser's own web site for further information is worrisome. Instead, there should be references to empirical support and cross inspection by disinterested parties. Hopefully, the inspection will include professionals who are familiar with proper experimental design without resorting to inferential stats.

One day, I hope we will approach human problems in the same way science addresses chemistry, biology, and the other natural sciences. Proper science doesn't allow for philosophical ruminations that go un-inspected. Not so with psychology.

Somehow, psychology has managed to remain in a pre-scientific world of philosophical theory building and is vulnerable to all kinds of fads that seem to come and go... something that no other science seems to suffer in any comparable way. Only in psychology could we have highly respected leaders such as Timothy Leary (a Harvard psychologist!).

I often wonder why this is so. My best guess is that psychology fully depends on the naivety of their immediate customer: the general public. Not surprisingly, this is the same customer that supports astrology and psychics.

One can only hope that these theories will one day arrive at some reliable methods for improving lives even if it's just by accident.

I am going to see William Glasser speak in May '08. I am sure he will have interesting things to say, and I fully expect to be charmed by his ideas. I don't know. Like many others, I have been seduced by a variety of psychological ideas. However, it eventually became clear that we still stand in a position to help people that isn't much better than we were hundreds of years ago! No other science can make such a depressing claim. Why? Because the other sciences require the toil involved in the scientific method.

I have met many wonderful human beings that make a living in this soft-theory laden world, and Glasser is probably similarly wonderful. Nevertheless, the evidence is weak.

Behavior Analysis (the experimental analysis of behavior and applied behavior analysis) is the only "psychology" that takes pains to comply with the standards of natural science. The empirical support is unquestioned. The success rates are well documented. Of course, all are welcome to cross examine this assertion. After all, cross examination is the hallmark of real science!

I submit that Timothy Leary types are almost impossible in the field of behavior analysis (and chemistry, physics, astronomy etc.)

Unfortunately, traditional psychology is very uncomfortable with many of the implications of behavioral science. Interestingly, they seem to have more than their fair share of guru public speakers and icons. oh well.

P.S. I would be entirely comfortable if the field of behavioral science were removed from the rubric of psychology and, instead, locate itself within the field of biology. In this way, psychologists could do their own thing and behavior analysts could hang out with people with whom they can relate! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bfskinnerpunk (talk • contribs) 04:56, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I don’t think this is an appropriate place for your ranting about your opinions on the field of psychology. If you care to document empirical evidence for or against Glasser’s modality, perhaps doing so under the Reality Therapy topic would be best. FYI, there are also MANY peer reviewed psychological journals that adhear to firm scientific riggors and methodology. Negalith (talk) 22:55, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Glasser


text:
User:Chozan

$$e^{i\pi} + 1 = 0 \!$$

title: User:Chozan


text: User talk:70.161.243.150

title: User talk:70.161.243.150


text: User talk:70.21.66.31

title: User talk:70.21.66.31


text:
Prosper Sainton

Prosper Philippe Catherine Sainton (5 June 1813 – 17 October 1890) was a French violinist.

Life
Sainton was the son of a merchant at Toulouse, where he was born. He entered the Paris Conservatoire under François Antoine Habeneck in 1831, and became professor of the violin in the Conservatoire of Toulouse.

In 1844 he made his first appearance in England, at a Philharmonic concert directed by Mendelssohn. Settling in London, he was in 1845 appointed professor at the Royal Academy of Music. In the early organizations for chamber music which culminated in the establishment of the Popular Concerts, Sainton bore an important part; and when the Royal Italian Opera was started at Covent Garden, he led the orchestra under Michael Costa, with whom he migrated to Her Majesty's Theatre in 1871.

From 1848 to 1855 Sainton was leader of the Queen's Band, and in 1862 he conducted the music at the opening of the International Exhibition. In 1860, he married the famous contralto singer, Charlotte Dolby. He was leader of the principal provincial festivals for many years, and gave a farewell concert at the Royal Albert Hall in 1883. He died in October 1890. His method was sound, his style artistic, and his educational work of great value, the majority of the most successful orchestral violinists having been his pupils.

His grandson was composer, conductor and violist Philip Sainton (1891-1967).

He is buried with his wife, Charlotte, on the western side of Highgate Cemetery.

title: Prosper Sainton


text:
Motor control

Motor control is the regulation of movements in organisms that possess a nervous system. Motor control includes conscious voluntary movements, subconscious muscle memory and involuntary reflexes, as well as instinctual taxis.

To control movement, the nervous system must integrate multimodal sensory information (both from the external world as well as proprioception) and elicit the necessary signals to recruit muscles to carry out a goal. This pathway spans many disciplines, including multisensory integration, signal processing, coordination, biomechanics, and cognition, and the computational challenges are often discussed under the term sensorimotor control. Successful motor control is crucial to interacting with the world to carry out goals as well as for posture, balance, and stability.

Some researchers (mostly neuroscientists studying movement, such as Daniel Wolpert and Randy Flanagan) argue that motor control is the reason brains exist at all.

Neural control of muscle force
All movements, e.g. touching your nose, require motor neurons to fire action potentials that results in contraction of muscles. In humans, ~150,000 motor neurons control the contraction of ~600 muscles. To produce movements, a subset of 600 muscles must contract in a temporally precise pattern to produce the right force at the right time.

Motor units and force production
A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates are called a motor unit. For example, the rectus femoris contains approximately 1 million muscle fibers, which are controlled by around 1000 motor neurons. Activity in the motor neuron causes contraction in all of the innervated muscle fibers so that they function as a unit. Increasing action potential frequency (spike rate) in the motor neuron increases the muscle fiber contraction force, up to the maximal force. The maximal force depends on the contractile properties of the muscle fibers. Within a motor unit, all the muscle fibers are of the same type (e.g. type I (slow twitch) or Type II fibers (fast twitch)), and motor units of multiple types make up a given muscle. Motor units of a given muscle are collectively referred to as a motor pool.

The force produced in a given muscle thus depends on: 1) How many motor neurons are active, and their spike rates; 2) the contractile properties and number of muscle fibers innervated by the active neurons. To generate more force, increase the spike rates of active motor neurons and/or recruiting more and stronger motor units. In turn, how the muscle force produces limb movement depends on the limb biomechanics, e.g. where the tendon and muscle originate (which bone, and precise location) and where the muscle inserts on the bone that it moves.

Recruitment order
Motor units within a motor pool are recruited in a stereotypical order, from motor units that produce small amounts of force per spike, to those producing the largest force per spike. The gradient of motor unit force is correlated with a gradient in motor neuron soma size and motor neuron electrical excitability. This relationship was described by Elwood Henneman and is known as Henneman's size principle, a fundamental discovery of neuroscience and an organizing principle of motor control.

For tasks requiring small forces, such as continual adjustment of posture, motor units with fewer muscle fibers that are slowly-contracting, but less fatigueable, are used. As more force is required, motor units with fast twitch, fast-fatigeable muscle fibers are recruited.

High| |                                    _________________  Force required    |                                    / |                                  |                    |                                   |                    |                      _____________|_________________                    |           __________|_______________________________                 Low|__________|__________________________________________ ↑         ↑             ↑                   Time Type I Recruit first   Type II A      Type IIB

Computational issues of motor control
The nervous system produces movement by selecting which motor neurons are activated, and when. The finding that a recruitment order exists within a motor pool is thought to reflect a simplification of the problem: if a particular muscle should produce a particular force, then activate the motor pool along its recruitment hierarchy until that force is produced.

But then how to choose what force to produce in each muscle? The nervous system faces the following issues in solving this problem.

 * 1) Redundancy. Infinite trajectories of movements can accomplish a goal (e.g. touch my nose). How is a trajectory chosen? Which trajectory is best?
 * 2) Noise. Noise is defined as small fluctuations that are unrelated to a signal, which can occur in neurons and synaptic connections at any point from sensation to muscle contraction.
 * 3) Delays. Motor neuron activity precedes muscle contraction, which precedes the movement. Sensory signals also reflect events that have already occurred. Such delays affect the choice of motor program.
 * 4) Uncertainty. Uncertainty arises because of neural noise, but also because inferences about the state of the world may not be correct (e.g. speed of on coming ball).
 * 5) Nonstationarity. Even as a movement is being executed, the state of the world changes, even through such simple effects as reactive forces on the rest of the body, causing translation of a joint while it is actuated.
 * 6) Nonlinearity. The effects of neural activity and muscle contraction are highly non-linear, which the nervous system must account for when predicting the consequences of a pattern of motor neuron activity.

Much ongoing research is dedicated to investigating how the nervous system deals with these issues, both at the behavioral level, as well as how neural circuits in the brain and spinal cord represent and deal with these factors to produce the fluid movements we witness in animals.

"Optimal feedback control" is an influential theoretical framing of these computation issues.

Model systems for motor control
All organisms face the computational challenges above, so neural circuits for motor control have been studied in humans, monkeys, horses, cats, mice, fish lamprey, flies, locusts, and nematodes, among many others. Mammalian model systems like mice and monkeys offer the most straightforward comparative models for human health and disease. They are widely used to study the role of higher brain regions common to vertebrates, including the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia and deep brain medullary and reticular circuits for motor control. The genetics and neurophysiology of motor circuits in the spine have also been studied in mammalian model organisms, but protective vertebrae make it difficult to study the functional role of spinal circuits in behaving animals. Here, larval and adult fish have been useful in discovering the functional logic of the local spinal circuits that coordinate motor neuron activity. Invertebrate model organisms do not have the same brain regions as vertebrates, but their brains must solve similar computational issues and thus are thought to have brain regions homologous to those involved in motor control in the vertebrate nervous system, The organization of arthropod nervous systems into ganglia that control each leg as allowed researchers to record from neurons dedicated to moving a specific leg during behavior.

Model systems have also demonstrated the role of central pattern generators in driving rhythmic movements. A central pattern generator is a neural network that can generate rhythmic activity in the absence of an external control signal, such as a signal descending from the brain or feedback signals from sensors in the limbs (e.g. proprioceptors). Evidence suggests that real CPGs exist in several key motor control regions, such as the stomachs of arthropods or the pre-Boetzinger complex that control breathing in humans. Furthermore, as a theoretical concept, CPGs have been useful to frame the possible role of sensory feedback in motor control.

Response to stimuli
The process of becoming aware of a sensory stimulus and using that information to influence an action occurs in stages. Reaction time of simple tasks can be used to reveal information about these stages. Reaction time refers to the period of time between when the stimulus is presented, and the end of the response. Movement time is the time it takes to complete the movement. Some of the first reaction time experiments were carried out by Franciscus Donders, who used the difference in response times to a choice task to determine the length of time needed to process the stimuli and choose the correct response. While this approach is ultimately flawed, it gave rise to the idea that reaction time was made up of a stimulus identification, followed by a response selection, and ultimately culminates in carrying out the correct movement. Further research has provided evidence that these stages do exist, but that the response selection period of any reaction time increases as the number of available choices grows, a relationship known as Hick's law.

Closed loop control
The classical definition of a closed loop system for human movement comes from Jack A. Adams (1971). A reference of the desired output is compared to the actual output via error detection mechanisms; using feedback, the error is corrected for. Most movements that are carried out during day-to-day activity are formed using a continual process of accessing sensory information and using it to more accurately continue the motion. This type of motor control is called feedback control, as it relies on sensory feedback to control movements. Feedback control is a situated form of motor control, relying on sensory information about performance and specific sensory input from the environment in which the movement is carried out. This sensory input, while processed, does not necessarily cause conscious awareness of the action. Closed loop control is a feedback based mechanism of motor control, where any act on the environment creates some sort of change that affects future performance through feedback. Closed loop motor control is best suited to continuously controlled actions, but does not work quickly enough for ballistic actions. Ballistic actions are actions that continue to the end without thinking about it, even when they no longer are appropriate. Because feedback control relies on sensory information, it is as slow as sensory processing. These movements are subject to a speed-accuracy trade-off, because sensory processing is being used to control the movement, the faster the movement is carried out, the less accurate it becomes.

Open loop control
The classical definition from Jack A. Adams is: “An open loop system has no feedback or mechanisms for error regulation. The input events for a system exert their influence, the system effects its transformation on the input and the system has an output...... A traffic light with fixed timing snarls traffic when the load is heavy and impedes the flow when the traffic is light. The system has no compensatory capability.”

Some movements, however, occur too quickly to integrate sensory information, and instead must rely on feed forward control. Open loop control is a feed forward form of motor control, and is used to control rapid, ballistic movements that end before any sensory information can be processed. To best study this type of control, most research focuses on deafferentation studies, often involving cats or monkeys whose sensory nerves have been disconnected from their spinal cords. Monkeys who lost all sensory information from their arms resumed normal behavior after recovering from the deafferentation procedure. Most skills were relearned, but fine motor control became very difficult. It has been shown that the open loop control can be adapted to different disease conditions and can therefore be used to extract signatures of different motor disorders by varying the cost functional governing the system.

Coordination
A core motor control issue is coordinating the various components of the motor system to act in unison to produce movement.

Peripheral neurons receive input from the central nervous system and innervate the muscles. In turn, muscles generate forces which actuate joints. Getting the pieces to work together is a challenging problem for the motor system and how this problem is resolved is an active area of study in motor control research.

Reflexes
In some cases the coordination of motor components is hard-wired, consisting of fixed neuromuscular pathways that are called reflexes. Reflexes are typically characterized as automatic and fixed motor responses, and they occur on a much faster time scale than what is possible for reactions that depend on perceptual processing. Reflexes play a fundamental role in stabilizing the motor system, providing almost immediate compensation for small perturbations and maintaining fixed execution patterns. Some reflex loops are routed solely through the spinal cord without receiving input from the brain, and thus do not require attention or conscious control. Others involve lower brain areas and can be influenced by prior instructions or intentions, but they remain independent of perceptual processing and online control.

The simplest reflex is the monosynaptic reflex or short-loop reflex, such as the monosynaptic stretch response. In this example, Ia afferent neurons are activated by muscle spindles when they deform due to the stretching of the muscle. In the spinal cord, these afferent neurons synapse directly onto alpha motor neurons that regulate the contraction of the same muscle. Thus, any stretching of a muscle automatically signals a reflexive contraction of that muscle, without any central control. As the name and the description implies, monosynaptic reflexes depend on a single synaptic connection between an afferent sensory neuron and efferent motor neuron. In general the actions of monosynaptic reflexes are fixed and cannot be controlled or influenced by intention or instruction. However, there is some evidence to suggest that the gain or magnitude of these reflexes can be adjusted by context and experience.

Polysynaptic reflexes or long-loop reflexes are reflex arcs which involve more than a single synaptic connection in the spinal cord. These loops may include cortical regions of the brain as well, and are thus slower than their monosynaptic counterparts due to the greater travel time. However, actions controlled by polysynaptic reflex loops are still faster than actions which require perceptual processing. While the actions of short-loop reflexes are fixed, polysynaptic reflexes can often be regulated by instruction or prior experience. A common example of a long loop reflex is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex observed in infants.

Synergies
A motor synergy is a neural organization of a multi-element system that (1) organizes sharing of a task among a set of elemental variables; and (2) ensures co-variation among elemental variables with the purpose to stabilize performance variables. The components of a synergy need not be physically connected, but instead are connected by their response to perceptual information about the particular motor task being executed. Synergies are learned, rather than being hardwired like reflexes, and are organized in a task-dependent manner; a synergy is structured for a particular action and not determined generally for the components themselves. Nikolai Bernstein famously demonstrated synergies at work in the hammering actions of professional blacksmiths. The muscles of the arm controlling the movement of the hammer are informationally linked in such a way that errors and variability in one muscle are automatically compensated for by the actions of the other muscles. These compensatory actions are reflex-like in that they occur faster than perceptual processing would seem to allow, yet they are only present in expert performance, not in novices. In the case of blacksmiths, the synergy in question is organized specifically for hammering actions and is not a general purpose organization of the muscles of the arm. Synergies have two defining characteristics in addition to being task dependent; sharing and flexibility/stability.

"Sharing" requires that the execution of a particular motor task depends on the combined actions of all the components that make up the synergy. Often, there are more components involved than are strictly needed for the particular task (see "Redundancy" below), but the control of that motor task is distributed across all components nonetheless. A simple demonstration comes from a two-finger force production task, where participants are required to generate a fixed amount of force by pushing down on two force plates with two different fingers. In this task, participants generated a particular force output by combining the contributions of independent fingers. While the force produced by any single finger can vary, this variation is constrained by the action of the other such that the desired force is always generated.

Co-variation also provides "flexibility and stability" to motor tasks. Considering again the force production task, if one finger did not produce enough force, it could be compensated for by the other. The components of a motor synergy are expected to change their action to compensate for the errors and variability in other components that could affect the outcome of the motor task. This provides flexibility because it allows for multiple motor solutions to particular tasks, and it provides motor stability by preventing errors in individual motor components from affecting the task itself.

Synergies simplify the computational difficulty of motor control. Coordinating the numerous degrees of freedom in the body is a challenging problem, both because of the tremendous complexity of the motor system, as well as the different levels at which this organization can occur (neural, muscular, kinematic, spatial, etc.). Because the components of a synergy are functionally coupled for a specific task, execution of motor tasks can be accomplished by activating the relevant synergy with a single neural signal. The need to control all of the relevant components independently is removed because organization emerges automatically as a consequence of the systematic covariation of components. Similar to how reflexes are physically connected and thus do not require control of individual components by the central nervous system, actions can be executed through synergies with minimal executive control because they are functionally connected. Beside motor synergies, the term of sensory synergies has recently been introduced. Sensory synergy are believed to play an important role in integrating the mixture of environmental inputs to provide low-dimensional information to the CNS thus guiding the recruitment of motor synergies.

Synergies are fundamental for controlling complex movements, such as the ones of the hand during grasping. Their importance has been demonstrated for both muscle control and in the kinematic domain in several studies, lately on studies including large cohorts of subjects. The relevance of synergies for hand grasps is also enforced by studies on hand grasp taxonomies, showing muscular and kinematic similarities among specific groups of grasps, leading to specific clusters of movements.

Motor Programs
While synergies represent coordination derived from peripheral interactions of motor components, motor programs are specific, pre-structured motor activation patterns that are generated and executed by a central controller (in the case of a biological organism, the brain). They represent at top-down approach to motor coordination, rather than the bottom-up approach offered by synergies. Motor programs are executed in an open-loop manner, although sensory information is most likely used to sense the current state of the organism and determine the appropriate goals. However, once the program has been executed, it cannot be altered online by additional sensory information.

Evidence for the existence of motor programs comes from studies of rapid movement execution and the difficulty associated with changing those movements once they have been initiated. For example, people who are asked to make fast arm swings have extreme difficulty in halting that movement when provided with a "STOP" signal after the movement has been initiated. This reversal difficulty persists even if the stop signal is presented after the initial "GO" signal but before the movement actually begins. This research suggests that once selection and execution of a motor program begins, it must run to completion before another action can be taken. This effect has been found even when the movement that is being executed by a particular motor program is prevented from occurring at all. People who attempt to execute particular movements (such as pushing with the arm), but unknowingly have the action of their body arrested before any movement can actually take place, show the same muscle activation patterns (including stabilizing and support activation that does not actually generate the movement) as when they are allowed to complete their intended action.

Although the evidence for motor programs seems persuasive, there have been several important criticisms of the theory. The first is the problem of storage. If each movement an organism could generate requires its own motor program, it would seem necessary for that organism to possess an unlimited repository of such programs and where these would be kept is not clear. Aside from the enormous memory requirements such a facility would take, no motor program storage area in the brain has yet been identified. The second problem is concerned with novelty in movement. If a specific motor program is required for any particular movement, it is not clear how one would ever produce a novel movement. At best, an individual would have to practice any new movement before executing it with any success, and at worst, would be incapable of new movements because no motor program would exist for new movements. These difficulties have led to a more nuanced notion of motor programs known as generalized motor programs. A generalized motor program is a program for a particular class of action, rather than a specific movement. This program is parameterized by the context of the environment and the current state of the organism.

Redundancy
An important issue for coordinating the motor system is the problem of the redundancy of motor degrees of freedom. As detailed in the "Synergies" section, many actions and movements can be executed in multiple ways because functional synergies controlling those actions are able to co-vary without changing the outcome of the action. This is possible because there are more motor components involved in the production of actions than are generally required by the physical constraints on that action. For example, the human arm has seven joints which determine the position of the hand in the world. However, only three spatial dimensions are needed to specify any location the hand could be placed in. This excess of kinematic degrees of freedom means that there are multiple arm configurations that correspond to any particular location of the hand.

Some of the earliest and most influential work on the study of motor redundancy came from the Russian physiologist Nikolai Bernstein. Bernstein's research was primarily concerned with understanding how coordination was developed for skilled actions. He observed that the redundancy of the motor system made it possible to execute actions and movements in a multitude of different ways while achieving equivalent outcomes. This equivalency in motor action means that there is no one-to-one correspondence between the desired movements and the coordination of the motor system needed to execute those movements. Any desired movement or action does not have a particular coordination of neurons, muscles, and kinematics that make it possible. This motor equivalency problem became known as the degrees of freedom problem because it is a product of having redundant degrees of freedom available in the motor system.

Perception in motor control
Related, yet distinct from the issue of how the processing of sensory information affects the control of movements and actions is the question of how the perception of the world structures action. Perception is extremely important in motor control because it carries the relevant information about objects, environments and bodies which is used in organizing and executing actions and movements. What is perceived and how the subsequent information is used to organize the motor system is an ongoing area of research.

Model based control strategies
Most model based strategies of motor control rely on perceptual information, but assume that this information is not always useful, veridical or constant. Optical information is interrupted by eye blinks, motion is obstructed by objects in the environment, distortions can change the appearance of object shape. Model based and representational control strategies are those that rely on accurate internal models of the environment, constructed from a combination of perceptual information and prior knowledge, as the primary source information for planning and executing actions, even in the absence of perceptual information.

Inference and indirect perception
Many models of the perceptual system assume indirect perception, or the notion that the world that gets perceived is not identical to the actual environment. Environmental information must go through several stages before being perceived, and the transitions between these stages introduce ambiguity. What actually gets perceived is the mind's best guess about what is occurring in the environment based on previous experience. Support for this idea comes from the Ames room illusion, where a distorted room causes the viewer to see objects known to be a constant size as growing or shrinking as they move around the room. The room itself is seen as being square, or at least consisting of right angles, as all previous rooms the perceiver has encountered have had those properties. Another example of this ambiguity comes from the doctrine of specific nerve energies. The doctrine presents the finding that there are distinct nerve types for different types of sensory input, and these nerves respond in a characteristic way regardless of the method of stimulation. That is to say, the color red causes optical nerves to fire in a specific pattern that is processed by the brain as experiencing the color red. However, if that same nerve is electrically stimulated in an identical pattern, the brain could perceive the color red when no corresponding stimuli is present.

Forward models
Forward models are a predictive internal model of motor control that takes the available perceptual information, combined with a particular motor program, and tries to predict the outcome of the planned motor movement. Forward models structure action by determining how the forces, velocities, and positions of motor components affect changes in the environment and in the individual. It is proposed that forward models help with the Neural control of limb stiffness when individuals interact with their environment. Forward models are thought to use motor programs as input to predict the outcome of an action. An error signal is generated when the predictions made by a forward model do not match the actual outcome of the movement, prompting an update of an existing model and providing a mechanism for learning. These models explain why it is impossible to tickle yourself. A sensation is experienced as ticklish when it is unpredictable. However, forward models predict the outcome of your motor movements, meaning the motion is predictable, and therefore not ticklish.

Evidence for forward models comes from studies of motor adaptation. When a person's goal-directed reaching movements are perturbed by a force field, they gradually, but steadily, adapt the movement of their arm to allow them to again reach their goal. However, they do so in such a way that preserves some high level movement characteristics; bell-shaped velocity profiles, straight line translation of the hand, and smooth, continuous movements. These movement features are recovered, despite the fact that they require startlingly different arm dynamics (i.e. torques and forces). This recovery provides evidence that what is motivating movement is a particular motor plan, and the individual is using a forward model to predict how arm dynamics change the movement of the arm to achieve particular task level characteristics. Differences between the expected arm movement and the observed arm movement produces an error signal which is used as the basis for learning. Additional evidence for forward models comes from experiments which require subjects to determine the location of an effector following an unvisualized movement

Inverse models
Inverse models predict the necessary movements of motor components to achieve a desired perceptual outcome. They can also take the outcome of a motion and attempt to determine the sequence of motor commands that resulted in that state. These types of models are particularly useful for open loop control, and allow for specific types of movements, such as fixating on a stationary object while the head is moving. Complementary to forward models, inverse models attempt to estimate how to achieve a particular perceptual outcome in order to generate the appropriate motor plan. Because inverse models and forward model are so closely associated, studies of internal models are often used as evidence for the roles of both model types in action.

Motor adaptation studies, therefore, also make a case for inverse models. Motor movements seem to follow predefined "plans" that preserve certain invariant features of the movement. In the reaching task mentioned above, the persistence of bell-shaped velocity profiles and smooth, straight hand trajectories provides evidence for the existence of such plans. Movements that achieve these desired task-level outcomes are estimated by an inverse model. Adaptation therefore proceeds as a process of estimating the necessary movements with an inverse model, simulating with a forward model the outcome of those movement plans, observing the difference between the desired outcome and the actual outcome, and updating the models for a future attempt.

Information based control
An alternative to model based control is information based control. Informational control strategies organize movements and actions based on perceptual information about the environment, rather than on cognitive models or representations of the world. The actions of the motor system are organized by information about the environment and information about the current state of the agent. Information based control strategies often treat the environment and the organism as a single system, with action proceeding as a natural consequence of the interactions of this system. A core assumption of information based control strategies is that perceptions of the environment are rich in information and veridical for the purposes of producing actions. This runs counter to the assumptions of indirect perception made by model based control strategies.

Direct perception
Direct perception in the cognitive sense is related to the philosophical notion of naïve or direct realism in that it is predicated on the assumption that what we perceive is what is actually in the world. James J. Gibson is credited with recasting direct perception as ecological perception. While the problem of indirect perception proposes that physical information about object in our environment is not available due to the ambiguity of sensory information, proponents of direct perception (like Gibson) suggest that the relevant information encoded in sensory signals is not the physical properties of objects, but rather the action opportunities the environment affords. These affordances are directly perceivable without ambiguity, and thus preclude the need for internal models or representations of the world. Affordances exist only as a byproduct of the interactions between an agent and its environment, and thus perception is an "ecological" endeavor, depending on the whole agent/environment system rather than on the agent in isolation.

Because affordances are action possibilities, perception is directly connected to the production of actions and movements. The role of perception is to provide information that specifies how actions should be organized and controlled, and the motor system is "tuned" to respond to specific type of information in particular ways. Through this relationship, control of the motor system and the execution of actions is dictated by the information of the environment. As an example, a doorway "affords" passing through, but a wall does not. How one might pass through a doorway is specified by the visual information received from the environment, as well as the information perceived about one's own body. Together, this information determines the pass-ability of a doorway, but not a wall. In addition, the act of moving towards and passing through the doorway generates more information and this in turn specifies further action. The conclusion of direct perception is that actions and perceptions are critically linked and one cannot be fully understood without the other.

Behavioral dynamics
Building on the assumptions of direct perception behavioral dynamics is a behavioral control theory that treats perceptual organisms as dynamic systems that respond to informational variables with actions, in a functional manner. Under this understanding of behavior, actions unfold as the natural consequence of the interaction between the organisms and the available information about the environment, which specified in body-relevant variables. Much of the research in behavioral dynamics has focused on locomotion, where visually specified information (such as optic flow, time-to-contact, optical expansion, etc.) is used to determine how to navigate the environment Interaction forces between the human and the environment also affect behavioral dynamics as seen in by the Neural control of limb stiffness.

Individual movement optimization
There are several mathematical models that describe how the central nervous system (CNS) derives reaching movements of limbs and eyes. The minimum jerk model states that the CNS minimizes jerk of a limb endpoint trajectory over the time of reaching, which results in a smooth trajectory. However, this model is based solely on the kinematics of movement and does not consider the underlying dynamics of the musculoskeletal system. Hence, the minimum torque-change model was introduced as an alternative, where the CNS minimizes the joint torque change over the time of reaching.

Later it was argued that there is no clear explanation about how could the CNS actually estimate complex quantities such as jerk or torque change and then integrate them over the duration of a trajectory. In response, model based on signal-dependent noise was proposed instead, which states that the CNS selects a trajectory by minimizing the variance of the final position of the limb endpoint. Since there is a motor noise in the neural system that is proportional to the activation of the muscles, the faster movements induce more motor noise and are thus less precise. This is also in line with the Fitts' Law and speed-accuracy trade-off. Optimal control theory was used to further extend the model based on signal-dependent noise, where the CNS optimizes an objective function that consists of a term related to accuracy and additionally a term related to metabolic cost of movement.

Another type of models is based on cost-benefit trade-off, where the objective function includes metabolic cost of movement and a subjective reward related to reaching the target accurately. In this case the reward for a successful reach within the desired target is discounted by the duration of reaching, since the gained reward is perceived less valuable when spending more time on it. However, these models were deterministic and did not account for motor noise, which is an essential property of stochastic motor control that results in speed-accuracy trade-off. To address that, a new model was later proposed to incorporate the motor noise and to unify cost-benefit and speed-accuracy trade-offs.

Multi-component movements
Some studies observed that the CNS can split a complex movement into sub-movements. The initial sub-movement tends to be fast and imprecise in order to bring the limb endpoint into vicinity of the target as soon as possible. Then, the final sub-movement tends to be slow and precise in order to correct for accumulated error by the first initial sub-movement and to successfully reach the target. A later study further explored how the CNS selects a temporary target of the initial sub-movement in different conditions. For example, when the actual target size decreases and thus complexity increases, the temporary target of the initial sub-movement moves away from the actual target in order to give more space for the final corrective action. Longer reaching distances have a similar effect, since more error is accumulated in the initial sub-movement and thus requiring more complex final correction. In less complex conditions, when the final actual target is large and the movement is short, the CNS tends to use a single movement, without splitting it into multiple competents.

title: Motor control


text:
KALC

KALC (105.9 FM) – branded Alice 105.9 – is a commercial hot adult contemporary-leaning Top 40 (CHR) radio station located in Denver, Colorado. Owned by Audacy, Inc., it serves the Denver metropolitan area. KALC’s studios are located in the Denver Tech Center, while the transmitter resides on Lookout Mountain in nearby Golden, with a backup transmitter on Ruby Hill in Denver. Besides a standard analog transmission, KALC broadcasts over two HD Radio channels, and is available online via Audacy.

KBPI years
On June 21, 1965, the station signed on as KBPI, airing a progressive rock music format. The owner and general manager of the station was Bill Pierson, who named KBPI for "Bill Pierson Incorporated." The station was powered at 30,000 watts, a third of its current output.

Pierson sold the station in 1974 to Sandusky Newspapers, Inc. (Radio Division), based in Ohio. Led by General Manager Toney Brooks and Program Director Frank Cody, the station adopted an album-oriented rock (AOR) format and created the slogan "KBPI Rocks the Rockies". The station was later owned by WEBN Cincinnati's general manager, Frank Wood Jr. under the corporate name Progressive Broadcasters Incorporated, later renamed Secret Communications.

Creating "Alice"
On April 20, 1994, at 6 p.m., Secret moved KBPI and its rock format to 106.7, in place of former competitor KAZY. KALC then came on the air as the first Modern AC station, playing the adult-leaning hits from the modern rock charts, and was branded as "Alice 106." The format was created by Frank Wood Jr., Chuck Finney, and Gregg Cassidy, with Wood referring to the new format as "Warped AC." The sound was a combination of modern AC hits and creative DJs and production.

The original KALC airstaff in 1994 included Frosty Stillwell, Jamie White and Frank Kramer in mornings, Chris Davis in middays, and Alan Kabel in afternoons, along with Music Director Jim Lawson, Creative Production Director Kelly Michaels, and Program Director Gregg Cassidy. Other on-air staff members included Jackie Selby, Cha Cha, JoJo Turnbeaugh, Tuna, Steve Weed, Shannon Stone, Patsy, Ethan, Brandon Scott, Chad Steele and Mike "The Real Deal" Neil. Alice's audio was developed by Chief Engineer Jeff Garrett, while Liz Young served as Marketing Director. Other stations around the U.S. also picked up the "Alice" name and format. KALC first used the temporary calls KAKL, which is now used on the K-Love station in Anchorage, Alaska.

Change in ownership
Chancellor Media acquired KALC in 1996, while Chancellor itself would be acquired by AM/FM in 1998. In 2000, after Clear Channel Communications merged with AM/FM, Clear Channel was required to spin off several stations and KALC was chosen. The station was sold to Salem Communications, which in turn, sold the station to Emmis Communications. Emmis sold KALC and then co-owned KXPK to Entercom (now Audacy) for $88 million in 2002. KXPK was spun off to Entravision shortly after the sale.

In 2003, the Alice format was modified by newly appointed Program Director BJ Harris (formerly Director of Top 40/CHR Programming for Clear Channel Communications and half of the "MJ and BJ Morning Show" based at WFLZ Tampa). KALC would subsequently rebrand as "Alice 105.9", with a new logo to accent the changes.

Personnel changes
In early 2004, The Alice Morning Show (Gregg Thunder, Bo Reynolds and Slacker) went through several changes, as Reynolds took a break from radio, and Shea Baker was hired to replace Reynolds and joined Gregg Thunder and Slacker in studio. In November, Gregg Thunder decided to move back home to his hometown of Minneapolis, Minnesota, with co-host Slacker moving to afternoons and Reynolds rejoining Alice to create the "Slacker and Bo Afternoon Show". Program Director BJ Harris took over the morning show with Shea Baker and hired Howie Drummond from Cincinnati, Ohio as another one of his sidekicks. The show was still called the "Alice Morning Show", but sometimes referred to as "The BJ, Shea and Howie Morning Show".

In early 2005, BJ stepped down as the program director of Alice. A short time later, a new Program Director (Charese Fruge of KMXB Las Vegas) was hired; Charese then hired midday talent Sam Hill to replace departing Kevin "Koz" Koske, who left for WTMX in Chicago. In addition, Davin Fesmire replaced night show host George McFly.

The "Alice Morning Show" was ready for some changes too; in 2005, Shea Baker was replaced with Denver market veteran Jennifer Wilde. At that point, the show's name became "The BJ, Howie and Jennifer Morning Show." The show was a hit with Denver listeners, often finishing top three among female listeners. In 2006, Bo Reynolds left the afternoon show, replaced by Alice veteran Steve Weed, creating the "Slacker and Steve Afternoon Show."

Dylan Sprague (formerly of WWWQ Atlanta) took over the programming of "Alice" in January 2008. In November of that year, morning co-host Jennifer Wilde declined a contract renewal and left the "BJ, Howie and Jennifer Morning Show." In January 2009, Erica Cobb (formerly of the "Eddie and Jobo Show" on WBBM-FM Chicago) would replace Wilde, with the show's name changing to "The BJ, Howie and Erica Morning Show." Erica was replaced by former Alice morning show host Jamie White in 2012, while Howie Drummond left the show in October 2012.

HD changes
On June 3, 2019, KALC-HD2 picked up the LGBTQ-oriented talk/dance format of "Channel Q".

Current DJs

 * BJ Harris
 * Jamie White
 * Slacker
 * Lee Harris

title: KALC


text: User talk:203.160.168.12

title: User talk:203.160.168.12


text:
User talk:Chzeng

Image Tagging Image:Tudi.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Tudi.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much.

title: User talk:Chzeng


text:
Talk:Breaching round

Slug? Or powder suspended in a matrix of wax?
The article was modified to say the payload was a slug of zinc. I read that the round's payload was metallic powder suspended in a matrix of wax. I find that more reasonable to think powder would lose velocity and become much less dangerous that to think a slug, no matter how deformed would become less dangerous. -- Geo Swan 04:03, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

hinges or lock mechanism?
the article suggests both, though on TV i've seen only the "hinge method" Mang 03:53, 11 August 2006 (UTC)AS SEEN ON TV! LOL Come on, is this even a discussion. I can tell you we use Breaching Rounds exclusively on lock mechanisms. Not knocking any other method, it is just our "departments" policy. 75.17.194.240 (talk) 04:57, 11 December 2009 (UTC)JOE

Citation URL problem
Deleted citation 5 (Clucas MoE pdf) because it was kicking back a phishing site warning from Trend Micro. Rengewwj (talk) 22:47, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Other uses
The Met Police also seem to use hatton rounds to stop cars by puncturing tyres. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-24859800 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-24876409 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.106.84.220 (talk) 07:32, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

Firequest Example
Regarding the firequest example, they are one of several companies that manufacture this type of ammunition for sale to the general public; as well, the inclusion of where to purchase the ammo leads me to believe that particular example may have been added as a form of advertisement 24.113.197.71 (talk) 09:46, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Breaching round


text: User talk:65.95.3.240

title: User talk:65.95.3.240


text:
Talk:Pieter Nuyts

Lof des Elephants
There seems to be a contradiction between the sections "Return to the Dutch Republic" and "Bibliography". When was his book Lof des Elephants first published? During his life in 1634 or posthumously in 1670? Rubenescio (talk) 23:07, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Clarified - he "published" it first in Hirado in 1634 "at the Sign of the Quill" (meaning hand-written) - it was later printed by his son in 1670.
 * Taffy (talk) 03:39, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * This leaves me wondering about his other book "Description of the River Nile in Egypt", was it ever published? Rubenescio (talk) 06:19, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't know. He wrote it in 1635, but I suspect it was never printed. Taffy (talk) 10:08, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Maybe this date could be clarified in a footnote? Rubenescio (talk) 10:20, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Done. Taffy (talk) 10:53, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

A Swedish library seems to have a 1669 copy of this book. So the information about the publication in the article might be incorrect. Rubenescio (talk) 20:30, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * The fact was restored to the article, it appears to cite a 2003 work. Was the author wrong, or the source misinterpreted? cygnis insignis 23:08, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Religion
His parents were Protestants, was he a Protestant too? The Synod of Dort was held in his life time; if a Protestant, was he Calvinist, Remonstrant, or even Anabaptist? Rubenescio (talk) 06:47, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * He was almost certainly a Protestant, but of his denomination I can find no details. The only mentions of religion I have seen in his papers speak of planting de Christelijcke religie among the natives of Formosa - no more specific than that. Taffy (talk) 10:05, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I have added "Protestant" to the infobox, or would "Christian" be better? Rubenescio (talk) 10:16, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Pieter Nuyts was a Calvinist, no doubt, otherwise he could not become a governor or a burgemeester. See vroedschap. Catholics, mennonites and remonstrants were restrained in their careers, unable to get high ranking jobs in city administration or the national government. Taksen (talk) 21:08, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Name in Japanese and romanization of name in Japanese highly dubious
"ヌィッチ事件, noitsu jiken"

Why is ヌィッチ romanized as "noitsu"? This transcription is completely insonsistent. Some primary sources of that time would also be needed to prove that "Nuyts" was actually rendered in Japanese as "ヌィッチ". I am no expert in Dutch pronunciation, but I doubt that Nuyts/Nuijts is pronounced something like "Nitch" in English. --2003:F6:2717:DF00:6CAE:D0AB:4892:AF6E (talk) 18:02, 2 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pieter Nuyts


text:
Hans Coppi

Hans-Wedigo Robert Coppi (25 January 1916 – 22 December 1942) was a German resistance fighter against the Nazis. He was a member of a Berlin-based anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo.

Life
Coppi was born in Wedding, Berlin to a working-class family. His parents were Robert Coppi, a house painter who specialised in lacquer cutting and gilding and Frieda née Schön (1884-1961), a seamstress and dressmaker who worked to supplement the family income. Both his parents were ardent communists who in 1930, became members of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). This resulted in Coppi becoming politicised at an early age and that led to him becoming a communist activist and later agitator. From 1929 to 1932, Coppi attended the Schulfarm Scharfenberg, a left-wing progressive "school-farm" on the island of Scharfenberg in Lake Tegel in Berlin. During 1931-32 Coppi became a member of the "Red Boy Scouts" (Roten Pfadfinder) and the Communist Youth Association of Germany (KJVD).

In November 1932, Coppi was expelled from the Scharfenberg school after supporting students who had watched Georg Wilhelm Pabst's banned Franco-German solidarity film Kameradschaft and subsequently was transferred to the Berliner Lessing-Gymnasium, a gymnasium in the Wedding area of Mitte, Berlin. In February 1933, the Coppi family moved to the newly created garden-colony known as Am Waldessaum in Borsigwalde. After he moved, he made an attempt to rebuild the KJVD organisation in Tegel, which had been banned by the state. In September 1933, with the formalisation of the Nazi state, the Sturmabteilung began to search for Coppi as he was considered an undesirable. He went into hiding and began to live an illegal existence. During that period he organised a protest campaign with his friends from Scharfenberg and Tegel to protest the Reichstag elections that were held in November 1933. In February 1934 Coppi was arrested by the Gestapo for posting illegal leaflets and sent to Oranienburg concentration camp for two months during pre-trial detention, before being sentenced for one year imprisonment in juvenile detention. After his release on the 4 February 1935, he made contact with his old friends from Scharfenberg that included Hans Lautenschläger, Hermann Natterodt and Heinrich Scheel. Coppi and the group continued to co-write leaflets warning of the consequences of Nazi warmongering and Nazi rearmament. In 1935, Coppi met Hilde Coppi née Rake, a student and receptionist.

As he was no longer in full-time education, Coppi needed to work to support himself. He first worked in his mother's ice-cream parlour then as a delivery boy. In November 1938, Coppi found stable employment as a lathe operator in a small engineering factory while training to be a technician during evening class.

World War II
At the start of World War II, Coppi was conscipted, but was classed as "Unworthy of military service" ("Wehrunwürdiger") due to his background. Through a friend from the banned KJVD, he was introduced to the actor and dramaturge Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster's and became part of his group of friends. At regular meetings they would openly discuss current affairs, the development of the Nazi state and what it meant for them and their future. The group eventually encompassed sculptor Cay and his wife, a receptionist, Erika von Brockdorff, the sculptor Ruthild Hahne, her husband, the merchant Wolfgang Thiess, the architect Friedrich Schauer, the commercial clerk Karl Böhme (resistance fighter), the printer Herbert Grasse and the electrician Eugen Neutert. As the war progressed the nature of the meetings changed from discussion to resistance at some point during October or November 1940. During the period from the late 1920s to mid-1930s, Schürmann-Horster was a dedicated promoter of political propaganda (agit-prop, political theatre) and had a staged number of political plays in both bars and factories. The group used these contacts of Schürmann-Horster's and their own contacts to organise a network of resistance activities in the factories and to build a resistance organisation.

On 14 June 1941, Coppi married Hilde Coppi who at the time worked as a payroll accountant in the Reichsversicherungsanstalt (Reich employee insurance corporation).

Schulze-Boysen/Harnack Group
In 1937, members of the Coppi's communist discussion group who were former students of the Scharfenberger school, were introduced to Harro Schulze-Boysen and later Arvid Harnack through Heinrich Scheel, an inspector in the Luftwaffe's Meteorological Service, who also attended Scharfenberger. and who was a close friend of Schulze-Boysen. Schulze-Boysen had been collaborating with Harnack in what was then a resistance group. In September 1940, that resistance group that would be reformulated into espionage organisation that informed on the German military and economy in the form of intelligence reports that were sent to the Soviet Union. It was planned by Schulze and Soviet intelligence that Kurt Schumacher would be the groups radio telegraphist, but he was drafted into the German army on 6 June 1941, so Schulze-Boysen asked Coppi to be the replacement radio operator in Coppi for the espionage organisation. Schulze-Boysen persuaded Coppi to establish a radio link to the Soviet Union for the resistance organisation. Karl Behrens volunteered to deliver the coded message to Coppi and be a backup operator. Both Harnack and Coppi were trained by a contact of Alexander Korotkov, in how to encode text and transmit it and Soviet espionage had settled on using the novel "Der Kurier aus Spanien" by Hans Rabl as the book cipher and a copy was entrusted to Coppi by Korotkov. Coppi collected the radio from a contact on underground station. The shortwave radio set was built into a disguised suitcase and had a battery that lasted two hours. On 26 June 1941, Coppi began transmitting and sent the greeting, "1000 Grüsse an alle Freunde" ("A thousand greetings to all friends"). Moscow replied "We have received and read your test message. The substitution of letters for numbers and vice versa is to be done using the permanent number 38745 and the codeword Schraube", and directing them to transmit at a predefined frequency and time. Coppi failed to send any other messages during that night due to inexperience and dead batteries. Coppi then incorrectly plugged the transmitter into a DC outlet to charge the batteries but instead blew the transformer and tubes up. Several technicians in the group tried to repair the unit without success.

In November 1941, Schulze-Boysen arranged through Walter Husemann to contact the communist official Kurt Schulze to arrange delivery of another radio transmitter. Schulze secured another radio transmitter of the most modern type for Coppi and trained him in its use. At the same time a courier channel between Berlin and Gurevich in Brussels was established. Coppi made several more attempts to contact Soviet intelligence, first from his own apartment. Later he moved to the dance studio of Oda Schottmüller at 106 Charlottenburg's Reichsstrasse and when this proved unsuccessful he moved to the apartment of Erika von Brockdorff at the end of 1941, early 1942 but couldn't transmit successfully. It is unknown how many attempts Coppi made in the next few months but he made no connection during the critical period of the latter-half of 1941.

Soviet Paradise exhibition
In May 1942, the Nazis publicised propaganda as an exhibit known as The Soviet Paradise. Massive photo panels depicting Russian Slavs as subhuman beasts who lived in squalid conditions and of pictures of firing squads shooting young children and others who were hung, were shown at the exhibit. The group decided to respond and created a number of stickers to paste onto walls. Hans and the pregnant Hilde set out for first for Lustgarten, then for Moabit then went to Wedding where they pasted the stickers. The message on the stickers that were posted over the exhibition posters was as follows:

 * Permanent Exhibition
 * The Nazi Paradise
 * War, Hunger, Lies, Gestapo
 * How much longer?

Parachutists
On 5 August 1942, Soviet NKVD agent Albert Hoessler along with Red Army Intelligence agent Robert Barth (spy) were parachuted into Germany. Hoessler had a mission to first contact Elisabeth and Kurt Schumacher and then support the group around Harro Schulze-Boysen. Schumacher introduced Hoessler to Schulze-Boysen who in turn introduced him to Coppi in an attempt to help Coppi establish radio communication. Even with Hoessler's help, who was a trained radio telegraphist, Coppi was never able to establish communication with Moscow.

Arrest
On 12 September 1942, Coppi and his pregnant wife were arrested in Schrimm, now in central Poland. Due to the Nazi German idea that the family shared responsibility for a crime, known as Sippenhaft, Coppi's parents Robert and Freida, his brother Kurt Coppi and his mother-in-law were also arrested. Hoessler was arrested by the Gestapo at the end of September 1942.

On 19 December 1942 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced Coppi to death for "preparation for high treason, favouring the enemy and espionage". Hilde gave birth to their son, Hans, on 27 November 1942, while detained at the Barnimstrasse women's prison in Berlin. The couple met for the last time at a meeting at the RSHA office. Three days later, Coppi was hanged along with fellow resistance members Arvid Harnack and Harro Schulze-Boysen at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. Hilde was executed less than a year later, on 5 August 1943, on the same day as Ursula Goetze, Maria Terwiel, Oda Schottmüller, Rose Schlösinger, Eva-Maria Buch, Cato Bontjes van Beek, Liane Berkowitz and many others.

Awards

 * Coppi was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War Second Degree by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 6 October 1969.
 * In 1986, a memorial plaque was placed on Scharfenberg island on Lake Tegel that commemorates him and former Scharfenberg student Hanno Günther.

title: Hans Coppi


text:
Mel Lastman Square

Mel Lastman Square is a public square at North York Civic Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is named after then North York mayor (and later Toronto mayor) Mel Lastman. It was officially opened on June 16, 1989, by Norman Jewison and Mel Lastman's granddaughter Brie Lastman. The architects were J. Michael Kirkland. The square hosts a variety of activities throughout the year, but is primarily a quiet space in which to relax or eat lunch.

History
The Square is located on what once was a "500-foot deep grassy field that served no apparent purpose other than to make City Hall hard to reach." The square was named after Lastman in a motion brought forth by Howard Moscoe at a city council meeting in April 1986. Architect Michael Kirkland felt the overuse of concrete made the square feel "chintzy"; he would have used granite had the budget allowed for it. The Square cost $5 million to build.

The opening ceremony on June 16 was attended by 3500 people, flanked by a choir and a giant inflatable King Kong on a nearby rooftop. Lincoln Alexander and Alan Tonks were present at the ceremony. Finally, MP Alan Redway read a tribute from Brian Mulroney and 7000 balloons were released.

Surrounded by Yonge Street on the east, the Toronto District School Board headquarters on the south, North York Civic Centre on the west, and to the north by the North York Central Library and North York Centre shopping/office/hotel complex (5150 Yonge Street), Mel Lastman Square was intended to be the heart of North York. With its sunken configuration and tree cover, activities can take place away from the busy traffic on Yonge Street.

An artificial stream runs from a fountain under a large sign at Yonge Street down into a large concrete square. Planters, trees, shrubs and wooden benches surround the area. A large pond is located in the centre of the square that serves as a relaxing focal point in the summer and a skating rink in the winter.

The square also features an outdoor theatre for a number of events, including Sunday Serenades jazz concerts each summer. Other events include RBC Run for the Kids, a farmer's market, cultural festivals, Canada Day festivities and numerous family events.

The family of one of the victims of the Toronto van attack donated a piano in April 2019 to the square. It has been placed under a rotunda at Mel Lastman Square.

title: Mel Lastman Square


text: User talk:210.18.213.26

title: User talk:210.18.213.26


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NAMGLA (2nd nomination)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete · Katefan0(scribble) 22:05, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

NAMGLA
This page has been recreated, HOWEVER, it is, to the best of my knowledge, different from the version that has came before. One particular reason is that I have copyedited the page to the best of my abilities. However, I realized the lack of notability, as well as the inability to get any larger. Therefore, I have decided to renominate this page for deletion.

Here is the earlier debate for deletion.

Now, let's see if this should be deleted. —”M ESSED R OCKER (talk) 22:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nominate and delete —”M ESSED R OCKER (talk) 22:34, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This page shoud be merged with nambla . — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.1.190.148 (talk • contribs) 00:34, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination initially overwrote Articles for deletion/NAMGLA; I've split it out. It was also orphaned.  Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 04:07, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete Joaquin Murietta 05:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Alexa rank of 3,216,460.  Jkelly 05:19, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nothingness. --rob 06:10, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment If this is not a hoax perhaps it can be merged with the NAMBLA article since it is obviously a spin-off of sorts. In other words I think it gains notability by association with NAMBLA which sadly has plenty of notability but NAMGLA does not have enough to have its own article. Qaz  ( talk ) 05:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (phirefenix) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.63.83.228 (talk • contribs) 05:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It's not a hoax, the message board appears to exist, but it's just one in millions. Perhaps it can work as an external link in NAMBLA, but without an actual organization attached, this is yet another messageboard. - Mgm|(talk) 08:49, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with NAMBLA article (make it a Sub-Chapter therin) delete —” (talk)
 * Delete. There isn't an AfD notice on the article. --Fire Star 01:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Now there is. --Fire Star 01:15, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, or merge if there is any semblance of reality to this. — mæstro t/c4 14:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * DeleteEven it is authentic, it's still just a college class exercise71.28.243.246 19:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Yes, that is what is claimed now. That is because an editor did a Google search, saw that the first result which came up was the aforementioned fictional group, and failed to see that the second result was http://www.namgla.com, a message board for the group which matches the description given by the article.  Even if we speculate that Harvard went to the trouble of actually registering the namgla.com domain and setting up a message board there just to add verisimilitude to a fictional group referenced in a Constitutional Law class, what are we to make of the fact that the exam took place in 1998 and the message board was active as of October 2005?  The much more obvious explanation is that the same name occurred to both a law professor trying to invoke the reputation of NAMBLA without referencing the real NAMBLA and to someone wanting a name for an advocacy group that was to girls what NAMBLA is to boys.  It's not like it's an especially creative name. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ