text:
1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane

The 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane (Air Weather Service designation: George ) was a long-lived and an intense tropical cyclone that affected the Bahamas, southernmost Florida, and the Gulf Coast of the United States in September 1947. The fourth Atlantic tropical cyclone of the year, it formed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean on September 4, becoming a hurricane, the third of the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, less than a day later. After moving south by west for the next four days, it turned to the northwest and rapidly attained strength beginning on September 9. It reached a peak intensity of 145 mph on September 15 while approaching the Bahamas. In spite of contemporaneous forecasts that predicted a strike farther north, the storm then turned to the west and poised to strike South Florida, crossing first the northern Bahamas at peak intensity. In the Bahamas, the storm produced a large storm surge and heavy damage, but with no reported fatalities.

A day later, the storm struck South Florida as a Category 4 hurricane, its eye becoming the first and only of a major hurricane to strike Fort Lauderdale. In Florida, advance warnings and stringent building codes were credited with minimizing structural damage and reducing loss of life to 17 people, but nevertheless widespread flooding and coastal damage resulted from heavy rainfall and high tides. Many vegetable plantings, citrus groves, and cattle were submerged or drowned as the storm exacerbated already high water levels and briefly threatened to breach the dikes surrounding Lake Okeechobee. However, the dikes held firm, and evacuations were otherwise credited with minimizing the potential death toll. On the west coast of the state, the storm caused further flooding, extensive damage south of the Tampa Bay Area, and the loss of a ship at sea.

On September 18, the hurricane entered the Gulf of Mexico and threatened the Florida Panhandle, but later its track moved farther west than expected, ultimately leading to a landfall southeast of New Orleans, Louisiana. Upon making landfall, the storm killed 34 people on the Gulf Coast of the United States and produced a storm tide as high as 15.2 ft, flooding millions of square miles and destroying thousands of homes. The storm was the first major hurricane to test Greater New Orleans since 1915, and the widespread flooding that resulted spurred flood-protection legislation and an enlarged levee system to safeguard the flood-prone area. In all, the powerful storm killed 51 people and caused $110 million (1947 US$) in damage.

Meteorological history
Hurricane Four was first monitored as an area of low pressure over French West Africa on September 2, 1947. Steadily tracking westward, the system was quickly classified as a depression before moving into the Atlantic Ocean near Dakar, Senegal, on September 4. Shortly thereafter, weather agencies lost track of the system over water due to a lack of ships in the region. However, later analysis determined that the cyclone obtained tropical storm status, with maximum sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h), during the morning of September 5. The storm gradually intensified as it tracked nearly due west, but then maintained an intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h) for nearly five days, taking a west-southwest turn on September 7 before turning to the northwest two days later, when the steamship Arakaka provided confirmation of its existence. Another few days later, the cyclone began to intensify more rapidly as its forward speed increased; between September 10 and 15, reconnaissance missions by the United States Navy began monitoring the hurricane. At 15:00 UTC on September 11, a navy aircraft first penetrated the storm; in less than 24 hours, the storm rapidly strengthened into the equivalence of a Category 1 hurricane on the present-day Saffir–Simpson scale, and shortly afterward attained peak winds of 100 mph (155 km/h), roughly 18 hours after being classified a tropical storm, as another aircraft registered a barometric pressure of 977 mb, a drop of 22 mb in a day. On September 13, another airplane at 19:30 UTC confirmed that the storm had deepened further to 952 mb and its eye shrunk to 6 nmi; by that time the storm had reached major hurricane status, and intensified into a Category 4 hurricane six hours later. The same mission reported a double eyewall, a feature replaced by a large eye by the time the storm hit the Bahamas and Florida. The next day, the storm attained the minimum pressure, 938 mb (27.70 inHg), recorded by aircraft reconnaissance during its life span, peaking in intensity as a strong Category 4 hurricane. On September 15, however, the storm lost this intensity. Early on September 16, as its movement slowed greatly and turned westward near the northern Bahamas, the cyclone weakened into a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph. Following the phonetic alphabet from World War II, the U.S. Weather Bureau office in Miami, Florida, which then worked in conjunction with the military, named the storm George, though such names were apparently informal and did not appear in public advisories until 1950, when the first Atlantic storm to be so designated was Hurricane Fox.

While retaining its intensity, the storm, its northwesterly course having been blocked by a ridge of high pressure, crossed the northern portion of the Abaco Islands, where on Elbow Cay the Hope Town weather station simultaneously estimated winds of 160 mph and recorded 960.7 mb as the center passed just to the north. Until 2014, the cyclone was classified as a Category 5 hurricane in the northern Bahamas, based largely upon the observation from Elbow Cay; however, this wind was eventually determined to be unrepresentative of the intensity. About 24 hours later on September 17, it made landfall near Fort Lauderdale, Florida, as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds near 130 mph (215 km/h). To this date, the hurricane remains the only major hurricane to have struck Broward County, Florida, at that strength, and the only one to pass directly over the county seat of Fort Lauderdale, though the 1926 Miami hurricane and Hurricane King caused significant damage in the county. During landfall the cyclone produced peak gusts of 155 mph and sustained winds of 122 mph at Hillsboro Inlet Light near Pompano Beach, Florida; the gust was the highest measured wind speed recorded in the state of Florida until Hurricane Andrew in 1992, which produced a gust of 177 mph at Perrine. The station also reported a pressure of 27.97 inHg, the lowest during the passage of the storm over Florida, though Fort Lauderdale, in the eye to the south, reported higher pressures; winds at the lighthouse briefly lulled as the center passed nearby, while Fort Lauderdale reported a one-hour lull. Unusually, the lowest pressures occurred not in the center of the eye, but near its northern edge, suggesting the influence of eyewall mesovortices. The hurricane moved slowly inland near 10 mph, and it diminished to a Category 2 hurricane over the Everglades. Early on September 18, the cyclone entered the Gulf of Mexico near Naples, producing wind gusts of 120 mph at Sanibel Island Light near Fort Myers.

Once over water, the hurricane had diminished to about 100 mph (155 km/h); though no further reconnaissance missions were dispatched to estimate its intensity over the Gulf of Mexico, it is believed to have begun reintensifying as it turned west-northwest and its forward motion increased to 15 mph. On September 19, the hurricane moved ashore over Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana, as a high-end Category 2 hurricane with sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). The hurricane quickly weakened as it moved over the New Orleans metropolitan area, although its strong winds gusted to 125 mph in New Orleans. Its eye subsequently passed over Baton Rouge, the state capital, with anemometers registering sustained winds of 96 mph. On September 20, the storm rapidly weakened to a tropical depression over northeastern Texas, but the remnant circulation turned northeast over southeastern Oklahoma and northwest Arkansas. On September 21, it dissipated over southern Missouri.

Preparations
On the evening of September 15, the U.S. Weather Bureau expected the storm to recurve, precipitating a possible landfall between Jacksonville, Florida, and Savannah, Georgia. As a precautionary measure, small watercraft between Jupiter, Florida, and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, were advised to remain in port. Early on September 16, the forecast was revised, and hurricane warnings were issued for the Florida east coast from Titusville to Fort Lauderdale, later to be expanded to Miami. As the hurricane approached Northern commercial flights were grounded, and 1,500 National Guard troops were readied for mobilization if "deemed necessary" by Florida Governor Millard Caldwell. 4,700 persons in Broward County moved into shelters established by the Red Cross, while up to 15,000 people evacuated the flood-prone Lake Okeechobee region. In all, more than 40,000 people statewide moved into shelters established by the Red Cross. Military aircraft were flown to safer locations, in some cases four days or more in advance. Hotels in the threatened area filled quickly due to fears of a disaster similar to the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane; at Melbourne and Cocoa no vacant hotels were left for evacuees. During the storm, the MacArthur, North Bay (now Kennedy), and Venetian Causeways in Miami were closed to traffic. At Lake Worth alone, 1,800 people sheltered in nine official shelters during the storm.

As the hurricane entered the Gulf of Mexico, initial forecasts expected the storm to strike between Apalachicola and Pensacola, Florida, but by 0415 UTC on September 19, hurricane warnings were issued by the Weather Bureau office in New Orleans covering Saint Marks, Florida, to Morgan City, Louisiana. As the storm neared Louisiana, Emile Verret, the acting governor of Baton Rouge, closed the state capital and sent public officials home. In New Orleans, local National Guard units were mobilized.

The Bahamas
As the storm passed nearby, Green Turtle Cay was flooded by 2 ft of water and the local weather station abandoned. Strong winds damaged or destroyed many homes and docks on the western end of Grand Bahama. At Settlement Point, a storm surge of 12 ft destroyed half the community, preventing medical supplies from being delivered until September 20. Despite its intensity, the storm was not attributed to any known deaths in The Bahamas.

Florida
The storm killed only 17 people in Florida, many fewer than the size and intensity of the storm suggested, largely due to improved warnings and preparations, as well as more stringent construction standards, since the 1920s. The hurricane was not only intense and slow-moving, but also unusually large: some reports indicated winds of hurricane force extended 120 mi from the center in all directions. Winds of over 50 mph spread nearly 150 mi in all directions, affecting practically the entire Florida peninsula below the latitude of Brevard County. In spite of the winds, wind-caused structural damage was generally minor; in Broward County only 37 homes were irreparably destroyed, primarily small homes or those undermined by coastal waves, while in the Palm Beach area most of the unroofed buildings were small and cheaply built; most newer structures, built since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, resulted in less damage in the September 1947 storm.

Upon making its first U.S. landfall, the storm produced wind gusts estimated at up to 127 mph in Fort Lauderdale, though estimates varied as other observations elsewhere in South Florida ranged from 140 mph to 180 mph, and up to 150 mph in Fort Lauderdale itself. Intense wind gusts unroofed hundreds of homes and apartments in the Hollywood–Fort Lauderdale area, and reportedly "few utility poles were left standing, many having been snapped like toothpicks by the 150 mph gusts." At the Boca Raton Army Air Field, the hurricane destroyed 150 barracks, supply houses, warehouses, the post stockade, the fire station, and the theater and mess buildings. Losses as lately reported were 1947 US$4,500,000, hastening existing plans to close the base. At West Palm Beach, 40% of the initial 1947 US$1,500,000 in damages was related to roof damage. Farther south, the 11,000-seat Hialeah race track was mostly unroofed, with barns and paddocks damaged and many of its famed flamingos missing.

On the east coast of Florida, many cities experienced significant flooding; tides of up to 11 ft affected Broward and Palm Beach counties, washing out large portions of State Highway A1A between Palm Beach and Boynton Beach, as well as between Sunny Isles Beach and Haulover. High tides carved a channel 3 ft deep and rendered a nearby road impassable while nearly reopening New River Inlet, which had silted over and never re-emerged since the 1935 Yankee hurricane. At Miami Beach many of the 334 resort hotels as well as homes and apartments were battered by waves. There, a three-to-four-ft-deep (0.9-to-1.2-m) layer of sand covered many oceanfront grounds, and nearby neighborhoods on the Venetian Islands, like Belle Isle, were flooded to a depth of several feet. As it crossed South Florida at about 10 mph, the storm dropped a prodigious amount of rain over a broad area, peaking at 10.12 in at Saint Lucie Lock. In Miami, the city manager claimed 200 mi of city streets were flooded out, while in Miami Springs half the homes were flooded. The town of Davie, having lost 35,000 citrus trees to floodwaters in preceding months, suffered devastating losses to groves and vegetable beds.

On Lake Okeechobee, concerns about disastrous flooding were heightened by memories of the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane on the south shore and of the 1926 Miami hurricane at Moore Haven. During the storm, tides peaked at 13 ft on the north shore of the lake and 21 ft on the south shore at Clewiston and Moore Haven, nearly overrunning the Herbert Hoover Dike that surrounded the lake. However, due to revamped improvements in the dike, the storm caused only minor damage, and the dike prevented a repeat of the flooding of 1926 and 1928, in which over 2,500 people drowned. Nevertheless, floodwaters in the Everglades region resulted in significant losses to cattle, and hundreds of small block homes in the agricultural districts were blown off their foundations. Much of the marshy country was waterlogged during and after the storm.

On the west coast of the state, the hurricane produced sustained winds of 105 mph at Naples, but the anemometer was obstructed from measuring the strongest winds. Damage in the Fort Myers–Punta Gorda area was described as being heavy, and the Coast Guard station at Sanibel Island Light was inundated by floodwaters to a depth of 3 ft. Tides at Everglades City peaked at 5.5 ft, forcing residents into attics and flooding local streets. However, the Tampa Bay area, being north of the eye, had less damage due to offshore winds forcing tides below normal. In Fort Myers, hundreds of trees were prostrated and the city left without power. During the storm, two vessels, with a total combined crew of nine people, went missing; as of September 18, contact had been established with the former and the crew declared safe, but the remaining vessel, with a crew of two, had not been accounted for. Additionally, six Cuban schooners carrying 150 crew members in all sheltered off Anclote Key late on September 17 and rode out the storm. However, another Cuban vessel, the Antonio Cerdedo, foundered and sank off Fort Myers with a loss of seven of its crew members.

Gulf Coast of the United States
The center of the storm, estimated at the time to have been 25 mi wide, passed directly over the business district of New Orleans between 1530 and 1700 UTC, making the storm the first major hurricane to pass over the city since 1915; no other storm would pass so close to downtown New Orleans until Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Before the eye arrived, wind instruments at Moisant Airport were disabled after just having registered sustained winds of 90 mph. Due to the increasing northerly winds, water overtopped sections of the levees on Lake Pontchartrain, leaving some lakefront streets submerged "waist deep," above the 3-ft (0.92-m) delimiter. As communications failed during the calm eye, the Weather Bureau office in Fort Worth, Texas, assumed the duties of the New Orleans office by broadcasting advisories to the public. During the eye, atmospheric pressure in New Orleans dropped as low as 968.9 mb (28.61 inHg) by 1649 UTC.

A large part of Greater New Orleans was flooded, with 2 ft of water shutting down Moisant Field and 6 ft of water in parts of Jefferson Parish. The storm surge in Louisiana peaked at 9.8 – at Shell Beach on Lake Borgne—today submerged due to erosion from the construction in 1968 of the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet —and at 11.5 ft in Ostrica. The surge overtopped the 9-ft-tall (2.7-m) Orleans Parish seawall, built by the Orleans Levee Board in the 1920s to prevent a repeat of the 1915 hurricane there, and spread water over 9 mi2 of the parish, as far from Lake Pontchartrain as Gentilly Ridge. Large portions of Jefferson Parish remained flooded for as long as two weeks. Subsidence settled behind the levees, leaving "topographic bowls" containing up to 6 ft of water, to be excavated by dredging and pumping the water back into Lake Pontchartrain. Saint Bernard and Plaquemines parishes were also inundated by an 11-ft (3.4-m) storm surge, though mainly sparsely populated areas were affected.

A storm tide of up to 15.2 ft was reported along the western half of the Mississippi coastline, causing heavy damage in Bay St. Louis, Gulfport, and Biloxi. The recorded tides in these communities were the highest ever recorded until Hurricane Camille, a Category 5 hurricane in 1969 and one of the strongest hurricanes to strike the United States with sustained winds of 175 mph, produced tides of up to 21.7 ft. Although the storm had weakened by its second landfall, the hydrology of the region makes it particularly vulnerable to hurricanes. 12 people were killed in Louisiana and 22 in Mississippi. In both states combined, the Red Cross reported that the storm destroyed 1,647 homes and damaged 25,000 others, with the majority, up to 90%, of the destroyed having been due to water. In New Orleans, the storm produced an estimated 1947 USD$100,000,000 worth of damage to the city. Barometric pressures as low as 971.6 mb (28.69 inHg) and sustained winds as high as 96 mph, equivalent to Category 2 intensity, were reported as far inland as Baton Rouge.

Aftermath
In Florida, a federal state of emergency was declared by then-U.S. President Harry S. Truman. The combined flooding from the September hurricane and a later hurricane in October was among the worst in southern Florida's history, even spurring the creation of the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District along with a plan for new flood-control levees and canals. In New Orleans, the United States Congress approved the Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Project to assist ongoing efforts to increase the height of the existing levee along the lakeshore; to bolster the existing seawall in Orleans Parish, an 8-ft-high (2.4-m) levee was erected along lakeside Jefferson Parish. Louisian's Walnut Street Ferry was damaged and never replaced.

The storm is most commonly called the 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane but is sometimes referred to as Hurricane George, the 1947 New Orleans hurricane, or the 1947 Pompano Beach (or Broward) hurricane. If this same storm were to hit today it would probably do around $11.72 billion (2004 US$) in damages.

title: 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane


text: Category:French North America

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:French North America


text:
M231 Firing Port Weapon

The M231 Firing Port Weapon (FPW) is an adapted version of the M16 assault rifle for shooting from firing ports on the M2 Bradley. The M16, standard infantry weapon of the time, was too long for use in a "buttoned up" APC, so the FPW was developed to provide a suitable weapon for this role. Designed by the Rock Island Arsenal, the M231 FPW remains in service. All but the rear two firing ports on the Bradley have been removed.

History
Work started in 1972 on a dedicated Firing Port Weapon to go along with the Mechanized Infantry Combat Vehicle (MICV) program also started at that time. A requirement for these vehicles was to have firing ports for troops riding inside, and so it was decided that a specific weapon also be developed. The Rock Island Arsenal headed up the project working with the M3 submachine gun (a World War II-era SMG), a Firing Port Weapon created by Heckler & Koch based on the HK33, and a modified M16 rifle pattern weapon.

The qualities of the M16 were the most promising, and by 1974 it had been designated the XM231. Colt was given the contract and continued to work on the design. In 1979 the finalized weapon was adopted as the M231.

Although most of the Bradley AFV's ports have since been removed, these weapons are maintained, and are used by crews for self-defense, close-quarters situations, and for firing from the rear door firing ports as intended.

Specifications

The M231 is different in many ways from a standard M16. The original Rock Island Arsenal FPW fired from an open bolt, with an extremely high rate of firing (1,050 rpm). The Colt XM231 introduced a special buffer and spring assembly, with three springs nested one within the other. This was done to allow the rate of fire to be raised to 1,200 rpm, to prevent the risk for soldiers opening fire from the moving vehicle of exhausting their magazine before the weapon was brought to target. The original Rock Island FPW had an 11-inch (280 mm) barrel, while the Colt prototypes and the production M231 both had 15.6 inch (396 mm) barrels.

Initially the FPWs had no locking mechanism and had flip up sights, along with a metal wire stock akin to that on the M3 submachine gun, to allow the weapon to be used outside of the vehicle more effectively. Later this was dropped, and a new hand-guard introduced with a screw type locking mechanism to fix the weapon into the port. Late XM231s had no rear sights either.

By the time the M231 was finalized the wire stock had been done away with as the weapon had a tendency to unfasten itself from the firing port and the stock was deemed to be dangerous in the confines of the vehicle. Or, alternatively, Army officials omitted the feature to discourage troops from employing the M231 in lieu of the issue M16 rifles. Likewise the intended mechanism to bring down the firing rate had been removed from the design again thus bringing the rate of fire back up to a rate of 1,100-1,200 round/min.

These weapons are only capable of fully automatic fire, with a special side plate mounted inside the lower receiver and a selector that only has "safe" and "auto" positions. These weapons retain a 65% parts commonality with standard M16 rifles. Only the M196 tracer round was authorized for operational use, with the M199 dummy and M200 blank for training use. In an emergency, M193 ball ammunition was to be used. The heavier M855 ball and M856 tracer rounds were never to be used.

Officially the FPW was not to be used detached from the parent vehicle, unless in an emergency. The operator's manual lists four precautions that would have to be taken to utilize the weapon outside of the vehicle. These included a note about the excessive muzzle rise of the weapon during firing, that the barrel collar would become hot when firing and should not be touched, that hearing protection should be worn, and lastly that a brass catching bag or evacuation hose system would have to be installed.

title: M231 Firing Port Weapon


text:
Paul Reinman

Paul J. Reinman (born Joseph Paul Reinmann, ; 2 September 1910 – 27 September 1988)  was an American comic book artist best known as one of Jack Kirby's frequent inkers during the period comics fans and historians call the Silver Age of Comic Books. This included the first issues of The Incredible Hulk and The X-Men.

Early life and career
Paul Reinman was born in Germany and raised in Pfiffligheim, a borough of Worms, seat of one of the oldest Ashkenazi Jewish communities. The second of five children, and the eldest son, of real-estate agent and farm-produce broker Bernhard and his wife, he began drawing at age 3. By his early twenties, he was creating pen-and-ink drawings of such subjects as the Rashi Synagogue, which was shortly afterward destroyed by the Nazis. Emigrating, he arrived in New York City on June 15, 1934, joining an aunt, Johanna, who had come to the United States circa 1890, and a cousin, Willi, who had arrived in 1927. Reinman eventually brought his younger brother Friedrich and sister Emmy in 1936; their parents and Willi's brother Ludwig, an artist, in 1937; and his older sister Alice in March 1938. Another younger brother, Hans, remained in Germany, but eventually escaped and made his way to the U.S. in November 1945, and changed his name to John.

Reinman married Dora, an immigrant from Reichelsheim, a city near Worms, in September 1938. The couple had a daughter born circa 1944.

In the 1930s, Reinman entered the field of commercial art in New York, recalling in 1988,

"My first job was as assistant to a designer of neon signs. Then the going got tough and I took any kind of job just to make ends meet, and I worked in the check room of an exclusive men's club on New York's East side … but luckily I had a chance to get back to art and I took a job in a studio of a match factory. Here I did designs of match covers and lettering. A few years later I quit and started to freelance in posters, fashion drawings, and package designs. Then I brushed up on my drawing technique and practiced illustration in many mediums. I succeeded in getting assignments for dry brush drawings for pulp mags, and following this I broke into comic-book cartooning."

Golden Age of Comics
This was at MLJ Comics, the future Archie Comics, the company for which he did his first comic book work in 1940. Because credits were not routinely given in the early days of comic books, a comprehensive bibliography of early creators is difficult to ascertain. Reinman's earliest known confirmed work was at Timely Comics, the precursor of Marvel Comics, where he penciled and inked a seven-page story starring the superhero the Falcon (no relation to the Marvel superhero introduced in 1969) in The Human Torch #2 (Fall 1940). His earliest known signed story is the 12-page "Plague of the Poisoned Jewelry", starring super-speedster the Whizzer, in Timely's All Winners Comics #2 (Fall 1941).

Also during this time, Reinman created or co-created (the writer is unknown) the superhero the Fireball in MLJ's Pep Comics #12 (Feb. 1941), the first known of many characters and stories he would draw for that company throughout the 1940s period known as the Golden Age of Comic Books. Reinman drew for such MLJ titles as Blue Ribbon Comics, Hangman Comics, Jackpot Comics, Shield-Wizard Comics, Top-Notch Comics, and Zip Comics, on such characters as the Black Hood, the Hangman, and the Wizard.

Reinman then began a long stint drawing for All-American Publications, one of the companies that later merged into DC Comics. He became one of the primary artists on the Golden Age Green Lantern (signing some of many covers and stories "P.R.") before drawing the Golden Age Atom from 1947 to 1949. In the flagship title All-American Comics and in All-Star Comics, Comic Cavalcade, Sensation Comics and others series, Reinman drew stories featuring those character and others, including Starman, Wildcat, and Wonder Woman.

His sporadic later work for Timely included Human Torch and Sub-Mariner stories in Captain America Comics and elsewhere. Reinman went on to pencil horror, science fiction, Bible stories, war fiction and other genres for Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics, starting with a seven-page horror comics story in Strange Tales #1 (June 1951).

Atlas and the Silver Age
Comics historian Michael J. Vassallo cites the Atlas war-comics tale "Atrocity Story" in Battlefield #2 (June 1952) as "Reinman's finest hour and ... one of the most challenging and intensely illustrated stories in the Atlas war comics line". Written by Hank Chapman,

""Atrocity Story" is not really a story at all, but rather a body of exposition in narrative form conveying information.... Chapman starts off with screaming headlines of brutal Communist atrocities done to U.S. and U.N. troops and unarmed civilians. He then draws comparisons to Nazi atrocities perpetrated by the Third Reich.... Paul Reinman renders this broadcast in newsreel fashion starting off with a magnificent full-page splash depicting a score of inhumanly bound and slaughtered U.S. Marines. The tempo picks up and using smaller and smaller panels, Reinman displays one atrocity after another. The panel-to-panel progression is swift and Reinman's art is crisp and starkly grim with dark shadowing in the inks. Page 5 is a disturbing eight-panel review of the atrocities on the Nazi concentration camps depicting dead camp victims and riveting single panels of hollow-eyed, skeletal survivors."

With the late-1950s return of comics legend Jack Kirby to Atlas Comics, on the cusp of it becoming Marvel, Reinman became a frequent Kirby inker in such "pre-superhero Marvel" science-fiction/fantasy anthologies as Strange Tales and Journey into Mystery, as well as on the espionage series Yellow Claw. After the advent of the company's first superheroes and its evolution into Marvel, Reinman would ink Kirby on numerous landmark books, including The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962), The X-Men #1-5 (Sept. 1963 – May 1964), and The Avengers #2, 3 & 5 (Nov. 1963, Jan. & May 1964).

In 1965, Reinman left Marvel and with Superman co-creator Jerry Siegel created The Mighty Crusaders for Archie Comics' short-lived superhero line. Reinman also worked with Siegel on that company's version of the Shadow, based on the 1930s radio and pulp magazine character. The prolific Reinman's other work includes numerous issues of Adventures into the Unknown and Forbidden Worlds for the small American Comics Group (AGC) in the 1950s and 1960s. He and writer-editor Richard E. Hughes co-created the spy character John Force in ACG's Magic Agent #1 (Feb. 1962).

Reinman afterward returned to Marvel, where he remained active through at least the mid-1970s, penciling Ka-Zar #1 (Jan. 1974) and assisting John Romita, Sr. on the pencils of The Amazing Spider-Man #132 (May 1974). He also worked as a colorist for the company during this time.

Other work
Outside comic books, Reinman drew the Tarzan syndicated comic strip in 1949 and 1950, and the comic strip Merrie Chase in 1950 and 1951. He taught at the C. & I. Art School for one year. He had a number of exhibits of his fine art paintings in water color and oils.

Personal life
Reinman married wife Dora (born April 18, 1912, Reichelsheim, Germany) in New York City on September 4, 1938. He was naturalized a United States citizen on June 10, 1940, with Dora naturalized the following year. Reinman's sister Alice and her husband Alex Leopold moved to Boca Raton, Florida, in Palm Beach County, and Reinman, following the death of wife Dora in September 1967 and his leaving comics in the mid-1970s, settled nearby with his second wife, Celia. There, Reinman drew courtroom sketches for television-news broadcasts, as well as movie posters and advertising art. Reinman died September 27, 1988, in Lake Worth, Florida.

title: Paul Reinman


text: User talk:69.44.246.249

title: User talk:69.44.246.249


text:
User talk:Frank Phrank

Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Sultaz may not be sufficiently well-known to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. By starting an account or logging in, each user is entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper, a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects. android 79  04:17, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Frank Phrank


text:
Moda Tower

Moda Tower (formerly ODS Tower) is a 24-story office building in Portland, Oregon. At 308 ft. (94m), it is Portland's tenth-tallest building. Health insurance company Moda Health is the primary tenant of the high-rise. Unico Properties purchased Moda Tower in 2018.

History
Construction on the tower began in 1997 and was finished in 1999 at a cost of $34 million, with Zimmer Gunsul Frasca serving as the chief architectural firm for the project. The building was the culmination of many years of efforts to develop the site into a high-rise building, with the site formerly the home of the Chambers and Gerlinger buildings. Prior plans for the site included one in 1990 to build a 460 ft, 30-story skyscraper to be named the Morrison Tower. Originally owned by the ODS Companies, it sold the building for $123 million in 2005 to Morrison CF-LLC. The building was sold for $129 million in 2013 to UBS and the name was changed to Moda after ODS Health Plans re-branded as Moda Health. In September 2018, the building was acquired by Unico Properties and American Realty Advisors for a reported $178 million.

Details
The main feature of the building's design is a floor plan that allows for six corner offices on each floor. The first four floors are devoted to city-mandated ground-floor retail (Nordstrom Rack, formerly Copeland Sports) and a parking garage. The parking garage has four levels, while the retail space totals 32600 ft2. There is a 60 ft atrium on the ground floor at the building's main entrance to the retail areas. The curving facade along the eastern end of the building is supposed to follow a curve in the Willamette River. Moda Tower also has an observation deck on the roof. With 400000 ft2 of leasable space, it is the tenth largest office building in Portland.

title: Moda Tower


text:
Egg drop

Egg drop may refer to:

 * Egg drop competition, an experiment usually performed by students
 * Egg drop soup, a Chinese soup dish
 * Eggdrop, a popular IRC bot
 * Egg Drop, an episode of the television series Modern Family
 * Egg drop syndrome or EDS, a bird disease caused by an avian adenovirus
 * Egg dropping puzzle, a popular problem in mathematics and computer science

title: Egg drop


text:
Club Libertad

Club Libertad is a Paraguayan professional football club based in Asunción that currently plays in the Paraguayan Primera División. The club plays its home games at Estadio Tigo La Huerta; which holds 10,100 people.

Founded in 1905, Libertad is the third most successful Paraguayan football club, winning 25 national titles, only behind rivals Olimpia and Cerro Porteño.

History
The club was founded on 30 July 1905 by a group of young men and students. Its first president was Juan Manuel Sosa, who chose the club's name.

Since winning its first championship in 1910, Libertad has always been overshadowed by the two big clubs in Paraguay: Olimpia and Cerro Porteño, who together won most of the Paraguayan football national championships. Despite that, Libertad has confirmed its position as the third "big" team of Paraguay by winning 21 championships, ten more than Guaraní, which has eleven.

In 1952, Libertad participated in the Copa Rio. The club played three matches. In the first match against Austria Wien, the opposition won 4–2. In the next match, against Corinthians, the Brazilians won 6–1. In its last game against German club 1. FC Saarbrücken, the Paraguayan club won 4–1, to finish the cup with one win and two defeats.

The club's first participation in the Copa Libertadores was in 1968, where they finished last with one win, one draw and 4 losses in a group containing Peñarol, Nacional, and Guaraní. In the 1977 Copa Libertadores Libertad reached the semi-finals. They began their campaign by finishing first in their group. That gave them qualification to the semi-finals, where they had to play two legs against Boca Juniors and Deportivo Cali. The winner of the group advanced to the finals, which was Boca Juniors. Libertad finished last of the semi-finals group with one win, one draw and two losses.

In 1998, the club was relegated for the first time in its history. In the Apertura tournament it finished last, and in the Clausura it finished second-to-last. A 4–3 defeat to rivals Guaraní on the last matchday, as well as their league position in 1997, secured the club's relegation. The club spent two years in the second tier before returning to the top tier in 2001 after winning the league title in 2000. The club went through lots of success after their return to the top tier, as noted by winning the league titles in 2002 and 2003.

Libertad reached the semi-finals of Copa Libertadores for the second time in history in 2006, where Libertad topped its group and beat powerhouses Corinthians and River Plate on their way to being knocked out by winners Internacional. Despite the elimination, more success came for the club, because it became a three-time-champion by winning the 2007 Clausura, 2008 Apertura, and 2008 Clausura.

In the 2013 Copa Sudamericana, the club made the semi-finals, beginning their campaign in the first stage by beating Montevideo Wanderers and Mineros in the second stage. Then they beat Sport Recife and Itagüí in the round of 16 and quarter-finals, before being eliminated by Lanús, who eventually won the competition. They also made the semi-finals again in 2017, losing to another Argentine club, Independiente, who also won the competition.

Rivalries
Libertad has a rivalry with the other two "big clubs" of the country, Olimpia and Cerro Porteño, but mainly has one with Olimpia, and matches disputed between the two clubs are called "Clásico Blanco y Negro" (White and Black Classic). The first "clasico" was played in September 1906, with Olimpia winning 5-4. Repollero won the 2003 league title by beating Olimpia 6-5 on penalties. Overall, there have been 255 matches disputed between them, with Olimpia winning 112 and Libertad winning 74.

The club also shares a rivalry with the fourth-biggest club in the country, Guaraní. The first match between the two clubs was played in 1921, which was won by Guarani to obtain the league title that year. The rivalry became greater in 1998, after Guaraní won 4-3 on the last matchday to cause Libertad's only relegation into the second division.

Performance in CONMEBOL competitions

 * Copa Libertadores: 20 appearances

 * Best: Semi-finals (2): 1977, 2006

 * Copa Sudamericana: 14 appearances

 * Best: Semi-finals (3): 2013, 2017, 2021

Honours
Source:
 * División Profesional
 * Champions (25): 1910, 1917, 1920, 1930, 1943, 1945, 1955, 1976, 2002, 2003, 2006 Apertura, 2007 Clausura, 2008 Apertura, 2008 Clausura, 2010 Clausura, 2012 Clausura, 2014 Apertura, 2014 Clausura, 2016 Apertura, 2017 Apertura, 2021 Apertura, 2022 Apertura, 2023 Apertura, 2023 Clausura, 2024 Apertura
 * División Intermedia
 * Champions (1): 2000
 * Copa Paraguay
 * Champions (2): 2019, 2023
 * Supercopa Paraguay
 * Champions (1): 2023

Managerial history

 * 🇦🇷 Gerardo Martino (January 2006 – February 2007)
 * 🇺🇾 Sergio Markarián (2007 – June 2007)
 * 🇺🇾 Rubén Israel (July 2007 – December 2008)
 * 🇦🇷 Javier Torrente (2009–2010)
 * 🇺🇾 Gregorio Pérez (2010–2011)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge Burruchaga (2011–2012)
 * 🇺🇾 Rubén Israel (2012–2013)
 * 🇵🇾 Pedro Sarabia (2 September 2013 – 2016)
 * 🇪🇸 Fernando Jubero (December 2016 – 23 December 2017)
 * 🇵🇾 Aldo Bobadilla (28 December 2017 – 21 July 2018)
 * 🇵🇾 Eduardo Villalba caretaker (21 July 2018 – 8 October 2018)
 * 🇨🇴 Leonel Álvarez (9 October 2018 – 6 March 2019)
 * 🇦🇷 José Chamot (7 March 2019 – 15 December 2019)
 * 🇦🇷 Ramón Díaz (17 December 2019 – 24 September 2020)
 * 🇵🇾 Gustavo Morínigo (24 September 2020 – 16 December 2020)
 * 🇵🇾 Juan Samudio caretaker (16 December 2020 – 23 December 2020)
 * 🇦🇷 Daniel Garnero (30 December 2020 − 20 September 2023)

Basketball
The basketball team of Libertad belongs to the top teams of the national top basketball league and Libertad is after Olimpia the most successful club of Paraguay.

Honours

 * Liga de Baloncesto Metropolitana: 1958, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1986, 1987, 1990, 2005, 2008, 2009
 * Top 5 Profesional: 2008, 2009, 2010
 * Liga Nacional de Clubes: 2009
 * Súper Copa de Campeones: 2008, 2009
 * Liga Femenina de Baloncesto Metropolitana: 1949, 1950, 1951.

title: Club Libertad


text:
PressWise

PressWise was digital imposition software to quickly and easily impose most any variety of flat and folding layouts. It was acquired by the Aldus Prepress Group affectionately known in the print and publishing industry as the Aldus WiseGuys in August 1991 from Emulation Technologies Inc. of Cleveland, Ohio. It was further developed by the Aldus Press Group and launched as the first of many Aldus prepress products in 1993. It was subsequently owned by Adobe Systems, then Luminous Corporation (Seattle), then Imation, and finally ScenicSoft. PressWise was discontinued by ScenicSoft in 1999 ultimately.

History
In February 2009, the PressWise copyright was acquired by Aethos Technologies and a new print automation product was launched by its creator, Eric Wold of Santa Rosa, California. This new product has no relationship to the old imposition software of the same name. It's notable that Larry Letteney, former President of Creo Americas was a board member and shareholder of Aethos Technologies during its early phase. Datatech SmartSoft acquired exclusive distribution rights to the software in September 2009. In September 2010 Datatech SmartSoft completed the acquisition of the PressWise brand and product.

title: PressWise


text:
Milford High School (Michigan)

Milford High School, a public secondary school in the Huron Valley School District, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades. It is located in Highland Township in Oakland County, Michigan. The school was founded in 1861. After over a century in Milford, the school moved to its present location in Highland Township in 1956. The new high school would survive the 1976 opening of Lakeland High School and has been renovated and expanded several times since. The athletic teams were originally called the Trojans when the school was located in downtown Milford, Michigan. Later the teams were renamed "the Redskins". The mascot was later changed to the Mavericks during the 2002–2003 school year which in turn meant the last graduating class for the Redskins was in 2005. The new athletic team name—the Mavericks—was adopted after a school-wide vote. The school colors are officially cardinal red and white; however, other colors have been featured prominently in athletic uniforms over the years, including maroon, gold, silver, and black.

During the late 1980s and through the 1990s, Milford excelled in a variety of sports. This trend started when the baseball team finished as state runners-up in 1989. In 1989/90 the men's basketball team had an undefeated regular season and finished 23-1 (That team also featured 5 starters with a GPA above 3.75). The 1990s also produced several All-State Cross Country and Track athletes, along with Milford's first Class A state championship in Equestrian.

Extracurricular activities
The football team is in the West Division of the Kensington Lakes Activities Association. Milford lost in the elite 8 of the MSHAA Division 1 Football playoffs to Rockford High School 21–14 in 2006. Milford has consistently been a Track & Field and Cross Country powerhouse. Consistently producing the area's top distance runners. Recently the boys Milford High School Cross Country Team has also won five division 1 state championships (2003, 2004, 2011, 2012, 2013). Milford was named cross country team of the decade (2000-2009). In 2014 the Girls Volleyball Team won the district title after defeating District host Hartland in five sets. The team went on to the regional semifinals, losing to rival Lakeland in five sets.

The surrounding area's growth has allowed Milford (and sister school Lakeland) to expand the athletics programs further in recent years. After adding a large field house and pool complex, Milford now has a competitive swim and dive team. Milford offers Varsity Sports letters in a very wide range of sports including:

 * Baseball,
 * Football,
 * Basketball,
 * Softball,
 * Track and Field,
 * Cross Country,
 * Wrestling,
 * Volleyball (Women's),
 * Golf,
 * Soccer,
 * Tennis,
 * Ski,
 * Lacrosse,
 * Equestrian,
 * Swim and Dive
 * and returning for the 2014–15 season after a hiatus of one year Hockey.

The school's business-oriented club, DECA, is also very successful with many of its students reaching national competitions. Recently, Milford placed four students in the top 20 internationally at the International Competition in 2009. The H.O.T. (Heroes of Tomorrow) FIRST Robotics Competition team, with the extensive help of General Motors engineers, finished first at the 2005, 2009, and 2010 FIRST Championship. This team is a combination team between students from Milford and Lakeland High School, the other main high school within Huron Valley.

The Vocal Music Program at Milford High School began in the 1960s under the direction of James Cutty. He created the vocal ensemble now known as Center Stage. As the program grew in popularity, an all-female advanced group names Choraleers formed. The program expanded again in 2006 under Maryann Lambrecht with the regrowth of Concert Choir and the addition of Men's Ensemble. The Vocal Music program produces many different shows every year, with the POPS performance in Spring, and an end-of-the-year performance of each Choir in May/June.

Milford High School's theatre company puts on three shows every year starting with a Musical in the Fall, a Drama in the Winter, and a student-led production in the Spring. The current director is Megan Weeks.

Kevin McKenna serves as Milford High School's Principal as of Fall 2011.

Notable alumni

 * TooTurntTony (born 1995, class of 2013), American social media personality and Wildlife Conservation Adcovate.
 * Valerie Gerrard Browne (born 1940), archivist and caretaker of the works of Archibald Motley.
 * Bryan Clutterbuck (1959-2016), former MLB pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers.
 * Danny Davis (born 1988), Olympic snowboarder.
 * Mary Jackson (1910-2005, class of 1927), actress.
 * Chad Readler (born 1972, class of 1990), federal judge
 * Karly Shorr (born 1994), Olympic snowboarder who competed in the 2014 Winter Olympics.

title: Milford High School (Michigan)


text:
Muir Middle School

Muir Middle School / John Muir Middle School, a common name for a number of schools

Muir Middle School may refer to:
 * Muir Middle School (Milford, Michigan), school in Huron Valley School District

John Muir Middle School may refer to any of the following schools in the United States:
 * John Muir Middle School (Burbank, California)
 * John Muir Middle School (Corcoran, California), school in Corcoran, California
 * John Muir Middle School (Los Angeles), school in LA's Promise system of schools (formerly known as MLA Partner Schools)
 * John Muir Middle School (San Jose, California), school in San Jose Unified School District
 * John Muir Middle School (San Leandro, California), school in San Leandro Unified School District
 * John Muir Middle School (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), part of the Milwaukee Public Schools
 * John Muir Middle School (Wausau, Wisconsin), part of the Wausau School District

title: Muir Middle School


text:
User:Interiot/Main

maintenance - signpost - community portal - in the media - announcements - village pump - reference desk - statistics

{| cellspacing="3"
 * - valign="top"
 * width="55%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #ffc9c9; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3"|

Today's featured article

 * width="45%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #c6c9ff; color: #000; background-color: #f0f0ff"|

In the news

 * }

title: User:Interiot/Main


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Casual Competition

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Phroziac(talk) 00:06, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Casual Competition
Orignal research? Nonsense? Call it what you want... NeilN 04:22, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and I'll go with OR. --Apyule 04:57, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per nom. >: Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 06:42, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom.  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   02:09, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Scions of Fate

Yulgang (also known in the US as Scions of Fate) is a MMORPG developed by KRG Soft in South Korea and released on November 25, 2004 in its native region. Scions of Fate is serviced by [[Mgame]] in South Korea. It is based on a Korean martial arts comic which shares its name. . The title of the game, Yulgang is an abbreviated form of the full title Yul-Hyul-Gang-Ho (热血江湖 or 열혈강호) which literally means "hot-blooded-river-lake", where "river-lake" commonly refers to the ancient far-east pugilistic world. The subtitle "Balance of Power" refers to the two factions that are presented in the game: "The Order" and "Chaos." In China, the game is licensed to Beijing 17game Network, a subsidiary of CDC Games. This MMORPG charges no fee to play the game, but creates revenue through sale of virtual merchandise. As of February 14, 2007, the game is popular in China and Korea, with over 100 million registered players with servers active in Japan, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia and America. As of November 2006, the game supported over 600,000 concurrent users playing online at the same time.

Factions
There are two factions in Yulgang (Scions of Fate) The Order, and Chaos. Both factions have their own stories and backgrounds along with unique character looks to tell the factions apart. They also have different styles of clothing as well as weapons. Anyone can choose which faction they wish to enter at level 35 after doing the '2nd Promotion Quest' by talking to the corresponding Faction Agent.

title: Scions of Fate


text:
Egg drop competition

The egg drop contest is an experiment usually performed by college or primary school students. Competitors typically attempt to create a device that can keep a raw chicken egg intact when dropped from a height. Students are asked to build a device made from a limited or unlimited amount of materials to support an egg when dropped from various heights.

Naked egg drop
A variation of the egg drop competition is the naked egg drop, in which an exposed raw egg is dropped into a container below that must catch the egg and keep it from breaking.

Egg hurls
Another common variation on the egg drop competition is the egg hurl competition, where the containers are hurled by a device such as a trebuchet or air cannon. This variation is often used by schools that lack tall places from which to drop the containers. The egg hurl variation adds additional difficulties to the design of the container, since it is initially hurled at high speed and has to cope with horizontal as well as vertical velocities upon landing.

Regional competitions
Often schools work together to make larger competitions that pit more students against each other. One of the larger regional egg drop competitions is the Winston-Salem / Forsyth County Egg Drop Competition that takes place during Engineers Week (late February) each year.

Egg drop is one of 18 events in the North Carolina Science Olympiad elementary competition. More than 100 teams compete in this annual competition.

title: Egg drop competition


text:
Fareway

Fareway Stores, Inc. is a Midwest grocery store chain based in Boone, Iowa. It operates 131 grocery store locations in Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, Kansas, and Missouri.

Fareway provides service and food distribution in the Midwest.

Some Fareway stores open as early as 7:00 a.m. and stay open as late as 9:00 p.m., but all are closed on Sundays and open until 5:00 p.m. on major holidays.

History
On May 12, 1938, Paul S. Beckwith opened the first Fareway store in Boone, Iowa located at 624 Story Street. Beckwith chose the name "Fareway" as he emphasized treating customers and employees fairly.

In December 2018, Fareway announced a new plan to help eligible full-time employees pay off their student loan debt. This benefit gives $100 a month with an upper limit of $5,000 total. This adds Fareway Stores, Inc. to the roughly four percent of companies across the nation that offer employee benefits concerning student loan debt.

title: Fareway


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Students' Union Offices

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge Woohookitty 10:25, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Students' Union Offices
Useless article. Delete -- Spinboy 04:27, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete obviously. Dottore So 16:00, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Students' union. There's no reason this sort of thing shouldn't be there.--Pharos 16:22, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Students' union. --Marknew 07:27, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Sping

Sping is short for "spam ping", and is related to pings from blogs using trackbacks, called trackback spam. Pings are messages sent from blog and publishing tools to a centralized network service (a ping server) providing notification of newly published posts or content. Spings, or ping spam, are pings that are sent from spam blogs, or are sometimes multiple pings in a short interval from a legitimate source, often tens or hundreds per minute, due to misconfigured software, or a wish to make the content coming from the source appear fresh.

Spings, like spam blogs, are increasingly problematic for the blogging community. Estimates from Weblogs.com and Matt Mullenweg's Ping-o-Matic! service have put the sping rate—the percentage of pings that are sent from spam blogs—well above 50%. A study commissioned by Ebiquity Group and conducted by the University of Maryland in 2006 confirmed that these numbers are around 75%. Since then, growth in sping has slowed, such that the portion of pings that are spam has dropped to 53%.

The term was popularized by David Sifry from Technorati in his February 2006 State of the Blogosphere report, but was coined initially in September 2005 by a French SEO blogger, Sébastien Billiard, in an article titled "Spam 2.0".

title: Sping


text:
Bessie Raiche

Bessica Faith Raiche née Medlar, known as Bessie Raiche, (April 1875 – 11 April 1932) was an American dentist, physician, and America's first female aviator.

Raiche was the first woman in the United States accredited with flying solo in an airplane.

Biography
Bessie Faith Medlar was born in April 1875 in Beloit, Wisconsin. Her mother, Elizabeth, was from New Hampshire, and her father, James B. Medlar, was from New York. She had a sister: Alice Maude Medlar (1879-?). In 1880 the family was living in Rockford, Illinois, and she was using the name "Bessie F. Medler".

Raiche was a proto-feminist: she drove an automobile and wore bloomers. She was also a musician, painter, and linguist, and participated in swimming and shooting. In 1900 she was working as a dentist and living in New Hampton, New Hampshire, renting a room under the name Faith Medlar. In the 1910 Census, Bessie Faith, her widowed mother Elizabeth, and her sister Alice Maude Medlar were living in Swampscott, Massachusetts. According to the 1910 Census, Bessie was a physician and Alice was a vocal (music) teacher. Bessie married François "Frank" C. Raiche (1874-?) of New Hampshire and they moved to Mineola, New York. Frank's parents were both from France.

She and her husband built a Wright-type biplane in their living room and then assembled it in their yard. The Raiches constructed their flyer from bamboo and silk instead of a heavier canvas covering used by the Wright brothers. On September 16, 1910, in her homemade flyer at Hempstead Plains, New York, Raiche made the first solo airplane flight by a woman in the United States to be accredited by the Aeronautical Society of America. Amelia Earhart did not fly until 1927.

On October 13, 1910, Raiche was awarded a diamond-studded gold medal inscribed "First Woman Aviator in America" by Hudson Maxim of the Aeronautical Society of America at a dinner the society held in her honor.

Raiche and her husband went on to build two more airplanes as part of the French-American Aeroplane Company. They were innovators in the use of lighter weight materials in aircraft construction, including the use of piano wire to replace heavier iron wire.

In 1915 the Raiches had a daughter: Catherine E. Raiche (1915-1995). In 1920 the Raiches were living in Newport Beach, California. Bessica was a physician, one of the first women specialists in obstetrics and gynecology in the United States, and Frank was practicing as a lawyer. In 1923 Bessica served as president of the Orange County Medical Association. In 1930 she was living in Santa Ana, California.

On April 11, 1932, Raiche died in her sleep in Balboa Island, Newport Beach, California, of a heart attack.

title: Bessie Raiche


text: Category:Kansas Citians

title: Category:Kansas Citians


text:
Anonymous matching

Anonymous matching is a matchmaking method facilitated by computer databases, in which each user confidentially selects people they are interested in dating and the computer identifies and reports matches to pairs of users who share a mutual attraction. Protocols for anonymous matchmaking date back to the 1980s, and one of the earliest papers on the topic is by Baldwin and Gramlich, published in 1985. From a technical perspective, the problem and solution are trivial and likely predate even this paper. The problem becomes interesting and requires more sophisticated cryptography when the matchmaker (central server) isn't trusted.

The purpose of the protocol is to allow people to initiate romantic relationships while avoiding the risk of embarrassment, awkwardness, and other negative consequences associated with unwanted romantic overtures and rejection. The general concept was patented on September 7, 1999, by David J. Blumberg and DoYouDo chief executive officer Gil S. Sudai, but several websites were already employing the methodology by that date, and thus apparently were allowed to continue using it. United States Patent 5,950,200 points out several potential flaws in traditional courtship and in conventional dating systems in which strangers meet online, promoting anonymous matching of friends and acquaintances as a better alternative: Human relationships are often fraught with difficulties. In addition, human beings are risk-averse. Often, even when two people want to initiate first steps in a relationship, neither person takes action because of shyness, fear of rejection, or other societal pressures or constraints. Various systems exist that help people meet each other. For example, computer dating services allow people to view video tapes or pictures of prospective partners or to choose common areas of hobbies. Two people are introduced only if both agree with the idea. Unfortunately, in such situations, neither person has actually met the other when they are finally introduced. Neither person has ever met the other, and there is a certain amount of shyness and fear of rejection when they first meet in such a situation. In addition, both persons must initially approach the dating service. For some people, such an action can also be embarrassing. What is needed is a safe, simple, confidential, and non-judgmental way for people to reveal their true feelings and interests without risk of embarrassment or rejection.

Implementations
Some of the most notable implementations of the idea have been:
 * Baldwin and Gramlich, as cited above.
 * eCRUSH. launched Valentine's Day, 1999, is the most successful implementation of the concept. Targeted to the teen market, it has more than 1.6 million users and claims more than 600,000 legitimate matches
 * DoYOU2.com. The website's owner, DoYouDo, Inc., was incorporated 23 September 1999 and acquired by MatchNet in September 2000 in exchange for stock valued at $1,820,000. According to MatchNet's 2003 annual report, "The acquisition was made primarily for the purpose of acquiring the patent on this business model for future development."
 * The LiveJournal Secret Crush meme. In mid-2003, a company named Anonymous Consulting created an online quiz called "Secret Crush Meme," which would provide each user with a chart showing who on their LiveJournal friends list had a crush on them, as well as what "kind" of crush they had (public, secret or ex). The quiz was designed to harvest crushes between LiveJournal users (hence the elaborate disclaimer). In October 2003, a new quiz, called "Secret Crush Meme 2: The Revenge of Secret Crush Meme," was released, which showed users how many crushes other users had on them, as well as what kind. There was a catch: For four dollars, the company would tell someone who had crushes on them. This created controversy between couples who listed other users as crushes as well as people getting ex-crushes when they felt they should have gotten public crushes, and much ethics debating. Finally a small PERL script was written and distributed to poison the database. Faced with attempts to poison the database from many different IP addresses, the project was shut down.
 * SecretAdmirer.com. This service claims 100,000 successful matches . Salon.com called SecretAdmirer.com "the grandfather of the concept, launched in 1997."  Its methodology is different from the others in that in order for a match to occur, the recipient must send emails out, rather than simply place names on a confidential list.

These commercial implementations all trust the central server, simplifying the solution and implementation drastically. Baldwin and Gramlich solved this case in 1985, as well as the more notable and challenging case in which the central server isn't trusted.

Viral marketing
eCRUSH, DoYOU2.com, the LiveJournal Secret Crush meme, and SecretAdmirer.com are examples of anonymous matching services using viral marketing to increase their membership. Users are encouraged to send an anonymous email to their crush so that they will visit the site and enter their own crushes, facilitating a match. In the case of SecretAdmirer.com, the email is mandatory; this represents a more aggressive type of viral marketing.

At least one site, CrushLink, was accused by eCRUSH of sending spam emails disguised as crush notifications. According to a Salon article, "What makes SomeoneLikesYou and Crushlink different from the rest of the sites in the genre is this: they bait hopeful visitors to hand over as many e-mail addresses as possible by trading clues for e-mail addresses". Both sites are now defunct.

title: Anonymous matching


text:
Franz Biebl

Franz Xaver Biebl (1 September 1906 – 2 October 2001) was a German composer of classical music. Most of his compositions were for choral ensembles.

Biebl was born in Pursruck, now part of Freudenberg, Bavaria, in 1906. He studied composition at the Musikhochschule in Munich. Biebl served as choir director at the Catholic church of St Maria in München-Thalkirchen from 1932 until 1939, and as an assistant professor of choral music at the Mozarteum, an academy of music in Salzburg, Austria, beginning in 1939, where he taught voice and music theory.

Biebl was drafted into the military beginning in 1943 during World War II. He was a prisoner of war from 1944 to 1946, being detained at Fort Custer in Battle Creek, Michigan. After the war, he moved from Austria to Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany, where he served as director of the town chorus.

Ave Maria
Biebl's best-known work is his Ave Maria, which sets portions of the Angelus as well as the Ave Maria. The piece was composed sometime before 1 May 1959. The original composition was in the key of D major, but changed to C major when it was published by Wildt's Musikverlag in 1964. The piece was brought to the United States by the Cornell University Glee Club in 1970. The ensemble met Biebl while on tour in Germany, during a recording session at a radio network where Biebl was music director. Conductor Thomas A. Sokol was given a number of Biebl's works, premiering them after returning home. The Ave Maria quickly gained popularity, most notably after becoming part of the repertoire of Chanticleer. Although the Ave Maria was originally scored for male voices (TTB/TTBB), in 1985 Biebl prepared additional arrangements for SAT/SATB (in B flat major) and SAA/TTBB choirs. In 1998, Biebl prepared a fourth arrangement for SSA/SSAA choir. As part of the Hinshaw Music, Inc. sheet music catalog, the four versions have sold over 670,000 copies between 1992 and 2016.

title: Franz Biebl


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of gross-out songs

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Phroziac(talk) 00:09, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

List of gross-out songs
Listcruft NeilN 04:30, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete subjective and unmaintainable list. --Apyule 04:45, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Impossible to maintain, unencyclopedic, subjective listcruft. --Blackcap | talk 04:57, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because they didn't include "Puke" by EMINEM ;-). >:  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 06:41, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable list —Wahoofive (talk) 14:48, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. Don't forget to contribute to Wikipedia talk:Centralized discussion/Lists of songs —Wahoofive (talk) 14:55, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because otherwise it might one day include "Puke" by EMINEM ;-). Dottore So 16:01, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * My sarcasm wasn't very well written ;-). I agree with Dottore So!  >:  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 17:01, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as inherently POV listcruft. MCB 17:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Cnwb 00:56, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV. Flowerparty ■ 01:31, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Epiphenomenalism

Is Epiphenomenalism Non-reductive physicalism?
Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Property_dualism for discussion

Thanks,

Richardbrucebaxter (talk) 12:14, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Intro paragraph
The intro/lead paragraph to this article has several issues. First, it is misleading to say that epiphenomenalism is the view that "physical events have mental effects, but mental events have no effects of any kind". It does claim that some physical events or states have mental effects, but not that all physical events or states have mental effects. The wording is ambiguous and even leans more toward the "all" reading. It would just be better to say that epiphenomenalism is the view that physical states can cause mental states, but that mental states do not cause any physical states. Second, while I do think epiphenominalism is crazy, it is not neutral to call it a "radical idea"—and these articles are supposed to have a neutral point of view. Third, the last sentence is odd. Is is part of what epiphenomenalism claims? If so, then it should be more obvious. Perhaps a semicolon would indicate that. I'm going to make these changes. They are fairly minor. Hopefully no one will mind. - Jaymay 07:57, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

etymology of 'epiphenomenalism'? -- rory —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.240.31.165 (talk) 05:38, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Arguments for.
I would question this particular phrase;

'A large body of neurophysiological data seems to support epiphenomenalism.'

The evidence given suggests it is possible that certain actions or responses might be 'epiphenomenal'. It is certainly not true that the evidence given in this article in favour of epiphenomenalism, even prima facie, is strong or encompassing. So I'm just wondering why so strong a phrase is added to the beginning of arguments for epiphenomenalism? --122.106.242.238 (talk) 11:30, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

Miscellaneous
One of the main arguments against epiphenomenalism, which states that only the brain has influence over the mind, is that free will is eliminated. Since free will is an obvious element of consciousness, epiphenomenalism has no bearing.

This philosophy is contrasted by interactionalism, which states that the mind and body have a mutual influence over one another.

Both epiphenomenalism and interactionalism fall under the heading of property dualism.

 * It was my understanding that the argument Epiphenomenalism entails that free will is not an obvious or necessary element of conciousness, that conciousness is just a byproduct of the corresponding brain states that cause it. I'm certainly not an expert or anything, though. Dan 08:58, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Relevance of Epiphenomenalism as Current Theory (vis-a-vis Argument by self-knowledge etc.)

 * Dan, you are correct. Indeed, there is a bit of a definitional problem, because the intuitive understanding of what the terms "mind" and "consciousness" refer to are different for an Epiphenomenalist, especially if you are a property dualist. Mention should be made of this.

 * For example, it is possible for a property dualist to assert that qualia are the only relevant attributes of consciousness (meaning self-consciousness and value-laden terms, such as comfort and discomfort, associated with qualia, are products of higher brain function that are passively experienced by the conscious "self" in association with the aforementioned qualia).

 * A property dualist may also claim that it is equally as difficult to make statements about intrinsically ineffable qualia as it is to make similar statements about intrinsically ineffable quantum attributes in physics (cf. Stanford entry on Epiphenomenalism under "quarks") and would also be able to assert that we intuit the existence of phenomenological consciousness due to a combination of subjective experience and abstract reasoning by the brain (of the same sort we would use to posit the existence or non-existence of an actual infinity, or a parallel universe).

 * Our brains would therefore, under this argument, have a sort of 'shadow' semantic understanding of consciousness and other ineffable phenomena, that parallels our subjective experience of those phenomena, in the same way postmodernists posit an unbridgeable disconnect between objective definition and subjective meaning.

 * This is significant because the way the article is written now seems to lightly dismiss Epiphenomenalism as a theory that makes a whole lot of sense until you try to explain how we "know" we are conscious. The foregoing explanation contains the elements of several possible rebuttals to the argument (by self-knowledge) against epiphenomenalism.

 * It is also worth pointing out that some of the arguments against epiphenomenalism by contemporary physicalists (functionalists, i.e. strong AI theorists, or strong materialists, i.e. brain = mind) are axiomatic in nature, presupposing that consciousness is a functional attribute of the brain associated with a thing called the 'mind' that can be identified with a physical process.

 * This common supposition affects any attempt to determine the relevance of the theory of epiphenomenalism in any review of the literature on the subject of contemporary philosphy of the mind, including this wikipedia entry.

 * For example, neurobiologists and evolutionary psychologists have increasingly come to use the 'argument by natural selection', often cited against epiphenomenalism, which uses the factual evidence of evolution in an attempt to establish a metaphysical conclusion of materialism (physicalism). Epiphenomenalism provides one of several possible alternatives to any such one-to-one correspondence between natural selection and philosophical materialism; in addition, epiphenomenalism is considered unsettling by prominent physicalists, so it is often argued against from a "dogmatic" standpoint (cf. Stanford entry; BBC Transcript, The Mind Body Problem, inter alia.)

 * Many contemporary theories which cite epiphenomenalism as discredited tend to presuppose physicalism; and have either a functionalist or a strictly physicalist understanding of consciousness (taken to mean either self-consciousness in and of itself, or else seen as an emergent physical force that is simultaneously less than spiritual, yet capable of causation).

 * In more general terms, Mention in the article should also be made of the distinction between Cartesian dualism, property dualism (as it relates to epiphenomenalism), and physicalism (i.e. materialism or materialist monism).

 * I am not the person to do it, since I'm nothing remotely like an expert in the field. --Brian

 * Agreed. Considering that, scientifically, consciousness can only be defined objectively (which in the case of consciousness, although probably not for much else, is a disadvantage, not an advantage) - maybe this is where disagreements arise? On a similar note I also find dangerous the use of "mental" as distinct from "physical" when under epiphenomenalism "mental" is both physical (objective), such as the brain's model of self consciousness, and non physical (subjective) - maybe this is also where disagreements arise? Richardbrucebaxter (talk) 10:02, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Removed transcript
I removed the following section from the article, as it's just a transcript of a radio interview. Anyone want to extract relevant ideas and put them back in the article? Gwimpey 03:38, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

- Transcript:

BBC Radio 4, Melvyn Bragg’s In our Time; The Mind Body Problem About 33 mins in… Melvyn Bragg, chair, and Julian Baggini, editor of Philosophers’ Magazine are talking...

Melvyn Bragg: Thomas Huxley, known as Darwin’s Bulldog, took Dawin’s notion’s on, and seemed to make an emphatic entry into this (Cartesian) Mind/Body dispute. Can you tell us about that and Epiphenomenalism, if you can unwrap that?

Julian Baggini: Epiphenomenalism is very interesting, and Huxley -- there aren’t many people who claim to be followers of Huxley. He’s not one of the people undergraduates first go to, but in a sense, his ghost seems to straddle the whole contemporary debate about this.

What Huxley was doing was taking on board three facts that seem to now be undeniable, and go to what was at the time the most logical, but in another way counter-intuitive conclusion. The facts being we are entirely biological organisms; the physical world has what we call causal closure, which means that any effect in the physical world is caused by something else in the physical world, and nothing else; and the organ of thought is the brain, a physical object. Now if you put all those things together, what that seems to imply is that whatever goes on in our minds is just somehow the product of a purely physical process going on in the brain. So if you like he’s seeing humans as a kind of biological machine and the inner life that we have is just the hum of that machine. The hum of a machine doesn’t move the machine, it’s just a byproduct of it, an Epiphenomenon.

Huxley’s view was that that’s what thoughts are; we have a pain and we go ‘Ow’ and we think intuitively that the feeling of pain is what’s making us pull away, or making us go and do something about it, but the Epiphenomenal view is that that’s not true-all the causes are at the physical level, the way it feels just sits on top. That’s such a dispiriting and distressing conclusion that a lot of people would say it the duty of any decent theory of mind to show that Epiphenomenalism is false -- Jerry Fodor, a well known contemporary philosopher, once said if Epiphenomenalism is true then that’s the end of the world, meaning the world isn’t how we think of it at all. Epiphenomenalism is seen as the terrible thing we have to avoid, and if you can show that your opponent's view leads to epiphenomenalism then some people would take that to mean that it is inadequate, but what I think is interesting is if Epiphenomenalism should be taken more seriously.

mess
this article is going crazy, lets get some discussion on this page, so we are on the "same page". Spencer k 03:56, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * 68.149.104.200, you are right, i had the wrong impression of the cognitive revolution stuff. also for criticism #2, i butchered what you had about introspection etc, not because it was bad but because i didnt really understand it. trying to avoid article bloat. you've done alot of work thanks. for minor edits, please check the box Spencerk 17:18, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I'm going to do a run through and try and clean it up a bit. More help would be good. - Jaymay 07:58, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Epiphenomalism vs. Anti-epiphenomalism
Many argue that data such as the Bereitschaftspotential undermine, rather than support, epiphenomenalism. Such experiments purport to measure the point in time when conscious experience occurs, which presumes that conscious experience has a measurable effect.

'If instead the premise (presumption) was that the conscious experience has a measurable cause rather than a measurable effect'', then we cannot say that:

Such a premise contradicts epiphenomenalism, which claims that conscious experience has no effects and therefore cannot be measured. Hence, so the argument goes, any experiment that detects whether or when conscious experience occurs argues strongly against, not for, epiphenomenalism.

'''Epiphenomalism 1 - Anti-epiphenomalism 0

A second common criticism of epiphenomenalism is that it feels like the mind has influence. For example, it is possible to imagine the most bizarre body gesture with your mind and then to do it. William James urged something similar to this criticism against epiphenomenalism, which he called "Automatism":

"However inadequate our ideas of causal efficacy may be, we are less wide of the mark when we say that our ideas and feelings have it, than the Automatists are when they say they haven't it. As in the night all cats are gray, so in the darkness of metaphysical criticism all causes are obscure. But one has no right to pull the pall over the psychic half of the subject only, as the automatists do, and to say that that causation is unintelligible, whilst in the same breath one dogmatizes about material causation as if Hume, Kant, and Lotze had never been born. One cannot thus blow hot and cold. One must be impartially naif or impartially critical. If the latter, the reconstruction must be thorough-going or 'metaphysical,' and will probably preserve the common-sense view that ideas are forces, in some translated form. But Psychology is a mere natural science, accepting certain terms uncritically as her data, and stopping short of metaphysical reconstruction. Like physics, she must be naïve; and if she finds that in her very peculiar field of study ideas seem to be causes, she had better continue to talk of them as such. She gains absolutely nothing by a breach with common-sense in this matter, and she loses, to say the least, all naturalness of speech."[2]

'''This quote criticizes the notion that causation is "unintelligible". However, Epiphenomalism says that are no effects of consciousness but that consciousness branches from observable causes (physical events), even though these same physical events lead to a different branch of other effects such as behavior. Epiphenomalism therefore accepts intelligible causation of our actions.

'''Epiphenomalism 2 - Anti-epiphenomalism 0

Another criticism of epiphenomenalism is that the presence of the theory of epiphenomenalism seems to contradict the very idea. Most would agree that thinking is a mental process, but, if epiphenomenalism is true, how could someone ever express the idea of epiphenomenalism?

'''Simple. Assume the following:

'1) "Physical events are the causes'' of mental states."

'''2) "Physical events also cause the so-called effects of mental states, behavior."

'''Explaining the behavior which allows me to reach these premises are as follows.

'''"I can see, I can hear, I can taste, I can smell, I can touch, therefore I recieve stimuli. The nervous system does its thing while the qualia and conciousness I experience is a budding of this functioning, but it does not decide the functioning in anyway.  My behavior and conciousness are co-derived from the stimuli I recieve."

It would be impossible, because this "expressing" would require the banned connection between mind and behavior. If epiphenomenalism is true and thinking is a mental process, then its truth is ineffable. So in the example above, Pierre cannot convey his pleasure.

'''By assuming that physical events lead to mental states, but not vice versa, one has not banned the connection between mind (mental functioning) and behavior (effects that neural firing has on the muscles of the body). It is to say that the process of mental functioning both generates the mental states and the neural firings to the muscles. So behavior and mental states have a common cause (stimuli -> mental functioning).

'''One could say mental states are equal to the sum of the mental functions, like combining numerous waveforms into one single complex waveform. However, each mental function affects muscles in various ways, and therefore a different part of behavior, therefore there is branching of effects, where the branching "state of mind" is a generalization of the causes of behavior (another branch).

'''Epiphenomalism 3 - Anti-epiphenomalism 0

Finally, many argue that the history of epiphenomenalism is revealing. It was concocted as a potential solution to a problem facing dualism: By what mechanism does the mental realm affect the physical? Epiphenomenalism provides an out: The mental realm simply doesn't affect the physical, so the issue is moot. Because it arose out of an attempt to save another conjecture rather than by its own merits, epiphenomenalism can be seen as suspiciously motivated.

'''The mental realm is of two kinds, states and processing. What epiphenomalism's primary claim concerns are the states, not the processing. The mental realm does affect the physical, but according to epiphenomalists, it is not the mental states which do this but the mental functioning which can be potentially described in terms of or in abidance of physical neural processes.

'''Epiphenomalism 4 - Anti-epiphenomalism 0

Green (2003) has argued that epiphenomenalism does not even provide a satisfactory ‘out’ from the problem of interaction posed by substance dualism. According to Green, epiphenomenalism implies a one-way form of interactionism that is just as hard to conceive of as the two-way form embodied in substance dualism. If it is a problem how mental events can causally influence physical events, how is it any less of a problem how physical events can influence mental ones? Green suggests that the assumption that it is less of a problem may arise from the unexamined belief that physical events have some sort of primacy over mental ones.

'''The physical events preceed the mental states. The physical states which lead to stimuli influence the mind functions (which then influences the minds states). In fact, during gestation, it is these physical states which create the mind (functions->states) itself. The pattern of the functions determines how the mind "feels", but it is these same functions which then govern the rest of the body as well. The "feeling" alone is not enough to govern the body as a whole. Awareness of the rest of the body is simply a feedback mechanism through the senses which influences the mind's functions and states yet more.''' Kmarinas86 01:44, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Is this a joke? All of these proofs that you give are mere explanations. All you're doing is fitting the facts into your own paradigm. Epiphenomenalism 4 - 0? Give me a break. Nothing has been decided yet. All your interpretations are driven by your own materialistic assumptions. Yet you boldly declare the defeat of all that disagree. 99.255.50.214 (talk) 19:00, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Not to mention that you have yet to PROVIDE PROOF for your so-called theory. Prove to me beyond any doubt whatsoever, not even 0.01% of a doubt, that the brain is enough for qualia first. You haven't even explained qualia, yet you act like you're God and know everything. Has neuroscience proven yet what you are saying? P1 -> M. P1 -> P2? Has it? Show me the scientific data. Then we have to analyze the very assumptions in interpretation by those who did the research (don't act as if science is ALWAYS objective and never makes assumptions --- if you do, you are acting on faith as far as I am concerned, not facts). Since you have yet to truly explain qualia, you are still working based on assumptions. So you're not thinking scientifically really, science has no real place for mere assumptions and then you make bold declarations without understanding everything that's going on. 99.255.50.214 (talk) 19:19, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

Chemical reactions.
I have removed a passage that is possibly OR and definitely full of holes.

Life and its environment consist of numerous physical and chemical reactions, or a simple total reaction that goes on and on. Every such reaction that takes place in the present is based on the ones that have happened before.

"based on" need not mean detemrined by.

Similarly, each and every "decision" a person makes is dependent entirely on previous events, when he/she had to make other "decisions". Our own life(in our own terms) appears as a mind quest where we "choose" the best(according to us) in every situation, thus creating the illusion of free will. Problem with this scenario stem from the following considerations: with regards to the incipient "tabula rasa" or unborn stage of the life of any human,

The tabula rasa theory is not "just true.

he/she certainly does not have the possibility of making any choice at all. A person does not "decide" how their appearance will be, what time will they be born, the place where they live and even the food they eat in the mother's womb and in the first years of their life. We may safely affirm that in the beginning, each and every particular characteristic of one's life is not chosen by he or she.

The intended conclusion that there are no decisions in the middle either does no follow--without supplementary assumptions like determinism.

Moving further in time, it is impossible to pinpoint a moment in someone's life when they actually start making the first conscient "decision".

So? You probably can't pinpoint the first memory either.

All the life's events, the universal chemical reaction or the great "atomic soup" in which our bodies also exist are thus foreordained and may not happen otherwise.

This is essentially an incompatibilist argument against free will, not an argument for epiphenomenalism. Consciousness might exert deterministic causality. Or it might be identical to "chemical reactions". 1Z 22:58, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Arguments Against
In Freedom Evolves, Daniel Dennett argues that the no-free-will conclusion is based on naive dubious about the location of consciousness.

Presumably this meant to say naive beliefs or naive, but dubious, beliefs or something similar? I hesitate to alter it, as I haven't read the book...--Dependent Variable.

Ordering
While I can't think of anything better, subject-opponents-arguements for-arguements agaibnst seems a bit clumsy. Maybe subject-pro arguements critics-anti arguements? Or reverse the last two? Or possibly even merge the critical responses and arguemtns against Larklight (talk) 19:34, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Meaningless
Mental states are physical states. We treat them as something other than physical states because they're too complex to analyze. This page, this topic, this whole school of thought is meaningless. -- Resuna (talk) 11:14, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
 * "Mental states are physical states." Whether or not this is correct, is an open question. It is certainly not obvious nor uncontroversial. In any case, it shouldn't be discussed here. This isn't the right forum.
 * "Mental states are physical states." Total nonsense. Software (for example) is entirely nonphysical (it can be instantiated on various non-specific physical things, and it exists, perhaps as an algorithm, entirely without any physicality.) Many other things show this quality such as, oh, "maths". It is a completely open question whether mental states are physical states. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.148.154.7 (talk) 23:07, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

Dubious
The assertion that per epiphenomenalism, Pierre might as well be a zombie, is dubious. Are zombies sentient or simply robotic? If robotic, then Pierre is certainly different from the zombie, because Pierre is sentient. Are there any sources for the assertion under discussion, or is this merely the author's opinion / interpretation? WikiPeterD (talk) 02:46, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Epiphenomenalism
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Epiphenomenalism's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "LGW": From Free will:  From Neuroscience of free will:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 20:02, 30 June 2014 (UTC)

Really? This argument against epiphenomenalism doesn't exist in the literature?
If mental states have literally no causal effect on the physical world, then why do we know they exist? How are we talking about them (in a physical medium)? How could we even invent a concept like epiphenomenalism if, per epiphenomenalism by definition, we are receiving literally no data about subjective experience and thus cannot even know we have subjective experiences?

There isn't some notable, reliable source that makes the above argument? All the "arguments against" are weak sauce compared to this one that I feel like a child could come up with. Mbarbier (talk) 04:28, 11 April 2015 (UTC)

 * SEP. Awesome. Mbarbier (talk) 19:13, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Epiphenomenalism