text:
Aqua Wing Arena

Aqua Wing Arena is an indoor aquatics arena in Nagano, Japan. The arena is located in the Yoshida area of the city of Nagano, in Nagano Sports Park (長野運動公園), 5 km northeast of Nagano Station. The closest station is Asahi Station on the Nagano Electric Railway, a distance of 1 km.

The Aqua Wing Arena was constructed as Venue B for the ice hockey events at the 1998 Winter Olympics, and was the last venue to be completed for the Games, in September 1997. Big Hat, the principal Venue A for the ice hockey competition at the 1998 Winter Olympics, is located approximately 5.3 km southwest of Aqua Wing Arena. M-Wave, the site of the speed skating events at the Games is located approximately 2.5 km south of Aqua Wing Arena.

The Aqua Wing Arena was designed to be converted into an aquatics centre, and the retrofit was completed in 1999. The arena consists of a 50-meter pool, a 25-meter swimming pools, and a diving pool. The roof is retractable. Although the arena sat 6,000 during the 1998 Winter Olympics, the civic pool currently seats 2,000 spectators. The Aqua Wing Arena will be an international pre-training camp for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Construction and equipment
The design of Aqua Wing Arena includes sharp flowing lines which represent the wind and water of the region. Its name, Aqua Wing derives from its similarity to a wing. Its retractable roof is supported by V-shaped pillars.

Aqua Wing Arena was built on public land in Nagano Sports Park, as such land costs for the venue were nil; however, construction costs for the arena totaled 9.1 billion yen. The venue covers an area of approximately 5.2 ha. The permanent facilities include a building area of approximately 10,100m2, with total floor area of approximately 13,500m2. The building is made of reinforced concrete and steel frames, with three stories above ground and one below rground. The maximum height of the building is 31m. In addition, 16 temporary structures covering 2,390m2 and providing 4,690m2 of floor space were built.

To build the ice for Aqua Wing Arena, a temporary rink was situated on top of the 50-meter pool and diving pool, with indirect ammonia refrigeration. The ice hockey rink was built to International Ice Hockey Federation standards, 60m x 30m. Sound dampening measurers were used because the ice hockey rink was built atop an empty space. The 25-meter pool was used for the sub press center. Aqua Wing Arena was the only venue at the 1998 Winter Olympics that did not stage international competitions before the Games. In lieu of international competitions, several Japan Ice Hockey League matches were held which permitted staff and volunteers to practice procedures.

Electricity for the Aqua Wing Arena during the games was generated by gas engines, and heat generated by the engines and freezing equipment was used as energy for the heating system. This system resulted in capturing 80% of the heat generated by the engines and freezing equipment. This system is used to heat the swimming pool.

Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics at Aqua Wing Arena
During the 1998 Winter Olympics, Aqua Wing Arena hosted a total of 15 games for the women's tournament and eight games for the men's tournament at the Winter Olympics, including two quarterfinal matches. The arena hosted 113,412 spectators over 10 days. Only Big Hat (256,306), Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium (179,185), and M-Wave (118,555) hosted more spectators.

Women's tournament
1998 was the first year that women competed in Olympic hockey. (The Women's Tournament was won by .) Except for the bronze medal match and gold medal match which were held at Big Hat, all games of the women's tournament were played at Aqua Wing Arena. The table below displays the matches held at the Aqua Wing Arena. All times are local (UTC+9).

Men's tournament
1998 was the first year that professional athletes from the North American National Hockey League competed in Olympic hockey. (The men's Tournament was won by .) Most games in the men's tournament were held at Big Hat. The table below displays the matches held at the Aqua Wing Arena.

All times are local (UTC+9).

Public transportation

 * Asahi Station on the Nagano Electric Railway is approximately 15 minutes away by foot
 * Kita-Nagano Station on the Shinano Railway is approximately 15 minutes away by foot
 * Bus No.7 leaves from Nagano Station, passengers disembark at Undou kouen or Undou kouen higashi

title: Aqua Wing Arena


text: Category:Shoes

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Shoes


text:
User:Devanden/ST-Connectivity

Overview
ST Connectivity (Reachability) is a problem in computer science, specifically computational complexity theory of deciding if two vertices in a directed graph, labeled s and t are connected by a directed path. The problem is formally defined as follows:

ST Connectivity = {: is a directed graph D with a path from vertex s to t }.

The algorithm for ST connectivity on graph D with n vertices outputs "yes" if there is a path between vertex s and t and "no" if no directed path exists. This algorithm is shown to be in log(n) time on non-deterministic Turing machines. The language is also shown to be NL-complete. The complement of ST Connectivity is called STNon-connectivity and is also shown to be in NL by Immerman-Szelepcs%C3%A9nyi_Theorem. A related language is USTCON, which applies to undirected graphs.

Complexity
ST Connectivity ∈ NL. Which means that a Nondeterministic Turing machine can solve it in SPACE(log n) ST Connectivity is also NL-complete. So, any algorithm ∈ NL reduces to ST Connectivity by a Log-space_reduction. As a direct result of Savitch's theorem, the ST Connectivity algorithm can be simulated on a Deterministic Turing machine in SPACE(log2 n) (which is also in L).

title: User:Devanden/ST-Connectivity


text:
Major basic protein

Eosinophil major basic protein, often shortened to major basic protein (MBP; also called Proteoglycan 2 (PRG2)) is encoded in humans by the PRG2 gene.

Function
The protein encoded by this gene is the predominant constituent of the crystalline core of the eosinophil granule. High levels of the proform of this protein are also present in placenta and pregnancy serum, where it exists as a complex with several other proteins including pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), angiotensinogen (AGT), and C3dg. This protein may be involved in antiparasitic defense mechanisms as a cytotoxin and helmintho-toxin, and in immune hypersensitivity reactions. It is directly implicated in epithelial cell damage, exfoliation, and bronchospasm in allergic diseases.

PRG2 is a 117-residue protein that predominates in eosinophil granules. It is a potent enzyme against helminths and is toxic towards bacteria and mammalian cells in vitro. The eosinophil major basic protein also causes the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils, and activates neutrophils and alveolar macrophages.

Structure
Structurally the major basic protein (MBP) is similar to lectins (sugar-binding proteins), and has a fold similar to that seen in C-type lectins. However, unlike other C-type lectins (those that bind various carbohydrates in the presence of calcium), MBP does not bind either calcium or any of the other carbohydrates that this family recognize.

Instead, MBP recognises heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Two crystallographic structures of MBP have been determined.

Interactions
Major basic protein has been shown to interact with Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A.

title: Major basic protein


text: User talk:8.8.196.21

title: User talk:8.8.196.21


text:
User talk:Yurip~enwiki

Welcome!
Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place — I sure do — and want to stay. Before getting too in-depth, please read about the simplified ruleset. If you need help on how to title new articles check out the naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and the FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check the Village Pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my user talk page. ---

Additional tips
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 * If you're bored and want to find something to do, try the Random page button in the sidebar, or check out the Open Task message in the Community Portal.

Happy Wiki-ing.
- Trevor MacInnis (Talk | Contribs) 23:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Yurip~enwiki


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title: User:NotificationBot/Esperanza Spamlist


text:
Key Haven, Florida

Key Haven is an unincorporated community on Raccoon Key, an island in the lower Florida Keys about a mile (1.6 km) east of the island of Key West. It is a suburb of greater Key West, and houses around a thousand residents. The city limits of Key West on northern Stock Island are separated from Key Haven by a channel about a quarter mile (400 m) wide.

History and Geology
It lies off the northeast side of Stock Island and is connected by fill to U.S. 1 (the Overseas Highway) via Key Haven Road, its primary road, just east of mile marker 5.

Key Haven was chosen as the location of The Real World Key West, which appeared in 2006. The Real World home is located at the end of Driftwood Drive.

The island, being only 2-3 ft above the high tide mark, was covered with 4-5 ft of seawater from the 8 ft storm surge of Hurricane Wilma on October 24, 2005. Nearly every car on the island was destroyed, and many homes were damaged.

title: Key Haven, Florida


text:
Parasitic worm

Parasitic worms, also known as helminths, are large macroparasites; adults can generally be seen with the naked eye. Many are intestinal worms that are soil-transmitted and infect the gastrointestinal tract. Other parasitic worms such as schistosomes reside in blood vessels.

Some parasitic worms, including leeches and monogeneans, are ectoparasites – thus, they are not classified as helminths, which are endoparasites.

Parasitic worms live in and feed in living hosts. They receive nourishment and protection while disrupting their hosts' ability to absorb nutrients. This can cause weakness and disease in the host, and poses a global health and economic problem. Parasitic worms cannot reproduce entirely within their host's body; they have a life cycle that includes some stages that need to take place outside of the host. Helminths are able to survive in their mammalian hosts for many years due to their ability to manipulate the host's immune response by secreting immunomodulatory products. All parasitic worms produce eggs during reproduction. These eggs have a strong shell that protects them against a range of environmental conditions. The eggs can therefore survive in the environment for many months or years.

Many of the worms referred to as helminths are intestinal parasites. An infection by a helminth is known as helminthiasis, helminth infection, or intestinal worm infection. There is a naming convention which applies to all helminths: the ending "-asis" (or in veterinary science: "-osis") is added at the end of the name of the worm to denote the infection with that particular worm. For example, Ascaris is the name of a type of helminth, and ascariasis is the name of the infection caused by that helminth.

Taxonomy

Helminths are a group of organisms which share a similar form but are not necessarily evolutionarily related. The term "helminth" is an artificial term. There is no real consensus on the taxonomy (or groupings) of the helminths, particularly within the nematodes. The term "helminth" contains a number of phyla, many of which are completely unrelated. However, for practical considerations the term is currently used to describe four phyla with superficial similarities: Annelida (ringed or segmented worms), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Nematoda (roundworms), and Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms). The phylum Platyhelminthes includes two classes of worms of particular medical significance: the cestodes (tapeworms) and the trematodes (flukes and blood flukes), depending on whether or not they have segmented bodies.

There may be as many as 300,000 species of parasites affecting vertebrates, and as many as 300 affecting humans alone.

Helminths of importance in the sanitation field are the human parasites, and are classified as Nemathelminthes (nematodes) and Platyhelminthes, depending on whether they possess a round or flattened body, respectively.

Ringworm (dermatophytosis) is actually caused by various fungi, and not by a parasitic worm.

Reproduction and life cycle
The lifetime of adult worms varies tremendously from one species to another but is generally in the range of 1 to 8 years (see following table). This lifetime of several years is a result of their ability to manipulate the immune response of their hosts by secreting immunomodulatory products.

Helminths can be either hermaphroditic (having the sex organs of both sexes), like tapeworms and flukes (not including the blood fluke), or have their sexes differentiated, like the roundworms. All helminths produce eggs (also called ova) for reproduction.

Eggs
Generally, thousands or even hundreds of thousands of eggs are produced each time the female worm deposits its eggs - a process called oviposition. There is a large variation in the number of eggs produced by different species of worm at one time; it varies in the range of 3,000 to 700,000. The frequency of egg deposition from an adult helminth is generally daily, and can occur up to six times per day for some Taenia species. Adult trematodes lay smaller numbers of eggs compared to cestodes or nematodes. However, the egg develops into a miracidia from which thousands of cercariae, or swimming larvae, develop. This means that one egg may produce thousands of adult worms. Helminth eggs remain viable for 1–2 months in crops and for many months in soil, fresh water, and sewage, or even for several years in feces, fecal sludge (historically called night soil), and sewage sludge – a period that is much longer compared to other microorganisms.

Helminth eggs are resistant to various environmental conditions due to the composition of the egg shell. Each helminth egg species has 3 to 4 layers with different physical and chemical characteristics: 1. the 1 to 2 outer layers are formed of mucopolysaccharides and proteins,

2. the middle layers consist of chitinous material and serve to give structure and mechanical resistance to the eggs, and

3. the inner layer is composed of lipids and proteins and is useful to protect eggs from desiccation, strong acid and bases, oxidants and reductive agents as well as detergent and proteolytic compounds.

Larvae
Larvae hatch from eggs, either inside or outside the host, depending on the type of helminth. For eggs in moist soil at optimal temperature and oxygen levels, the embryo develops into an infective larva after 2 to 4 weeks, named "second-stage larva". Once ingested by a host, this larva has the ability to get out of the egg, hatch in the small intestine and migrate to different organs. These infective larvae (or "infective eggs") may remain viable in soil for two years or longer.

The process of larval maturation in the host can take from about two weeks up to four months, depending on the helminth species.

The following table shows the principal morphological and reproductive distinctions for three helminth groups:

Draft genomes for all categories of helminth have been sequenced in recent years and are available through the ParaSite sub-portal of WormBase.

Use in medicine
Parasitic worms have been used as a medical treatment for various diseases, particularly those involving an overactive immune response. As humans have evolved with parasitic worms, proponents argue they are needed for a healthy immune system. Scientists are looking for a connection between the prevention and control of parasitic worms and the increase in allergies such as hay-fever in developed countries. Removal of parasitic worms from areas is correlated with an increase in autoimmune disorders in those areas. Parasitic worms may be able to damp down the immune system of their host, making it easier for them to live in the intestine without coming under attack. This may be one mechanism for their proposed medicinal effect.

One study suggests a link between the rising rates of metabolic syndrome in the developed worlds and the largely successful efforts of Westerners to eliminate intestinal parasites. The work suggests eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in fat tissue play an important role in preventing insulin resistance by secreting interleukin 4, which in turn switches macrophages into "alternative activation". Alternatively-activated macrophages are important to maintaining glucose homeostasis (i.e., blood sugar regulation). Helminth infection causes an increase in eosinophils. In the study, the authors fed rodents a high-fat diet to induce metabolic syndrome, and then injected them with helminths. Helminth infestation improved the rodents' metabolism. The authors concluded:

"Although sparse in blood of persons in developed countries, eosinophils are often elevated in individuals in rural developing countries where intestinal parasitism is prevalent and metabolic syndrome rare. We speculate that eosinophils may have evolved to optimize metabolic homeostasis during chronic infections by ubiquitous intestinal parasites…."

Human stool samples
For medical purposes, the exact number of helminth eggs is less important and therefore most diagnoses are made simply by identifying the appearance of the worm or eggs in feces. Due to the large quantity of eggs laid, physicians can diagnose using as few as one or two fecal smears. The Kato technique (also called the Kato-Katz technique) is a laboratory method for preparing human stool samples prior to searching for parasite eggs. Eggs per gram is a laboratory test that determines the number of eggs per gram of feces in patients suspected of having a parasitological infection, such as schistosomiasis.

Relevance for sanitation
Helminth eggs can reach the soil when polluted wastewater, sewage sludge or human waste are used as fertilizer. Such soil is often characterized by moist and warm conditions. Therefore, the risk of using contaminated wastewater and sludge in agricultural fields is a real problem, especially in poor countries, where this practice is prevalent. Helminth eggs are regarded as the main biological health risk when applying sewage sludge, fecal sludge or fecal matter on agricultural soils. The eggs are the infective stage of the helminths’ life cycle for causing the disease helminthiasis.

Due to this strong shell, helminth eggs or ova remain viable in soil, fresh water and sewage for many months. In feces, fecal sludge and sewage sludge they can even remain viable for several years. Helminth eggs of concern in wastewater used for irrigation have a size between 20 and 90 μm and a relative density of 1.06–1.23. It is very difficult to inactivate helminth eggs, unless temperature is increased above 40 °C or moisture is reduced to less than 5%. Eggs that are no longer viable do not produce any larvae. In the case of Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm), which has been considered the most resistant and common helminth type, fertilized eggs deposited in soil are resistant to desiccation but are, at this stage of development, very sensitive to environmental temperatures: The reproduction of a fertilized egg within the eggshell develops at an environmental soil temperature about 25 °C which is lower than the body temperature of the host (i.e., 37 °C for humans). However, development of the larvae in the egg stops at temperatures below 15.5 °C, and eggs cannot survive temperatures much above 38 °C. If the temperature is around 25 °C, the infectiousness occurs after nearly 10 days of incubation.

Removal versus inactivation
In order to physically remove (but not inactivate) helminth eggs from wastewater, processes that remove particles, such as sedimentation, filtration or coagulation-flocculation are employed. Therefore, waste stabilization ponds (lagoons), storage basins, constructed wetlands, rapid filtration or upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors can be used.

Helminth ova cannot be inactivated with chlorine, UV light or ozone (in the latter case at least not with economical doses because >36 mg/L ozone are needed with 1 hour contact time).

Inactivation of helminth ova can be achieved in sewage sludge treatment where the temperature is increased over 40 °C or moisture is reduced to less than 5%. Best results can be obtained when both of these conditions are combined for an extended period of time. Details about the contact time under these conditions and other related environmental factors are generally not well-defined for every type of helminth egg species. Helminth eggs are considered highly resistant biological structures.

Environmental samples
For the purpose of setting treatment standards and reuse legislation, it is important to be able to determine the amount of helminth eggs in an environmental sample with some accuracy. The detection of viable helminth eggs in samples of wastewater, sludge or fresh feces (as a diagnostic tool for the infection helminthiasis) is not straight forward. In fact, many laboratories in developing countries lack the right equipment or skilled staff required to do so. An important step in the analytical methods is usually the concentration of the eggs in the sample, especially in the case of wastewater samples. A concentration step may not be required in samples of dried feces, e.g. samples collected from urine-diverting dry toilets.

title: Parasitic worm


text: Talk:William Robert Taylor

title: Talk:William Robert Taylor


text:
Klaus Holighaus

Klaus Holighaus (14 July 1940 – 9 August 1994) was a glider designer, glider pilot and entrepreneur.

Klaus Holighaus was born in Eibelshausen, Germany. He started his career in gliding when he was an engineering student at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, where he was a member of its Akaflieg. Fellow students Gerhard Waibel and Wolf Lemke had already developed the D-36 glider and he contributed to its refinement. He joined Schempp-Hirth as an employee in 1965. He became Chief Executive in 1972 and from 1977 Holighaus was the sole owner of the business. He designed most of the company's products, beginning with the Cirrus until the Nimbus-4.

Holighaus flew in every German National Championship from 1968, winning six times in the Open Class. He became European Champion three times and finished in the top rankings of the nine World Championships in which he competed. He held 16 World Records in various categories.

Holighaus was killed in the area of St. Gotthard when flying in the Alps from Samedan, Switzerland. The wreckage was not discovered for two days. The cause of the accident is not clear, but a possible factor was the deteriorating weather on the day and he may have unsuccessfully tried to cross a mountain pass. He had logged 8,168 hours in gliders.

He married Brigitte. His son, Tilo, continues the Schempp-Hirth business. After his death, a road in Kirchheim unter Teck was named Klaus-Holighaus-Straße.

title: Klaus Holighaus


text: User talk:24.130.55.106

title: User talk:24.130.55.106


text:
Kärcher

Alfred Kärcher SE & Co. KG is a German family-owned company that operates worldwide and is known for its high-pressure cleaners, floor care equipment, parts cleaning systems, wash water treatment, military decontamination equipment and window vacuum cleaners.

Headquartered in Winnenden, Germany, it produces both cleaning equipment and full cleaning systems. The company is the world market leader in cleaning technology and employs more than 15,000 people worldwide. In 2022, it posted sales revenues of €3.1 billion ($3.38 billion) and sold more than 13 million machines. Kärcher has 150 subsidiaries in 80 countries. In 2020, Kärcher established its North American headquarters in Aurora, Colorado.

History
The inventor Alfred Kärcher (1901–59) from Baden-Württemberg founded the company in 1935 in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. Initially, Kärcher specialised in the design of industrial submersible heating elements, i.e. in salt smelters which were heated with immersion heaters. After numerous experiments, a hardening furnace for alloys was produced, the so-called “Kärcher Salt-Bath Furnace”. Some 1,200 units were sold up to 1945. During World War II, the company worked for the Luftwaffe. Kärcher invented the first modern pressure washer, the DS 350, in 1950. The company's main focus then switched to cleaning equipment for professional and private users. Since then, Kärcher has made lead in the design and development of pressure washers. The company's product range was expanded and now covers the entire field of cleaning (sweepers, detergents, scrubber-driers, wet and dry vacuums, vacuum cleaners, battery-powered brooms, steam cleaners, dry ice blasting equipment, parts cleaners, water treatment systems, vehicle washes and wastewater recycling systems). Kärcher also offers pumps and watering systems.

In 1974, the corporate color was changed from blue to yellow. From that year, under the leadership of Alfred Kärcher's widow Irene Kärcher, the company launched the HD 555, the first pressure washer for private users.

Today, the family-owned company, which is based in Winnenden near Stuttgart, is represented in 160 countries with 100 subsidiaries all over the world, selling commercial cleaning equipment as well as cleaning equipment for the private consumer.

Kärcher owns the American brands of Landa, Hotsy, and Shark pressure washers, Cuda parts washers, Watermaze water treatment systems, and Windsor Kärcher Group floor cleaning systems, and Italian manufacturing company Hawk Pumps, or Woma Pumps in Germany. They are the primary supplier of cleaning systems to both NATO and the US Military.

Competitive innovation
In the 2021 review of WIPO's annual World Intellectual Property Indicators, Kärcher ranked 10th in the world, with 47 designs in industrial design registrations being published under the Hague System during 2020. This position is up on their previous 12th place ranking for 35 industrial design registrations being published in 2019.

Common noun
In some countries such as Germany, France, Poland, Russia, Georgia, Mexico, Spain and the United States, the term Kärcher is colloquially used synonymously with a pressure washer used to clean cars, outdoor equipment etc.

French politician Nicolas Sarkozy once declared that La Courneuve, a banlieue outside of Paris where a boy was killed by a stray gunshot, would be "cleaned out with a Kärcher" (nettoyer la cité au Kärcher) — meaning all criminals and other undesirables should be removed and washed out. This comment was highly controversial, as many French associate the banlieues with immigrants, especially North Africans.

Sarkozy's use of the word led to it becoming a verb: "to Karcher" or "Karcherize". Presidential candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen told residents of Argenteuil, many of them immigrants, "If some want to Karcherize you, to exclude you, we want to help you get out of these ghettos." As a response, Kärcher France sent a letter to all of the candidates in the 2007 presidential election asking them not to use the company's name this way, and it has run ads in newspapers disassociating itself from the remarks.

Cultural sponsorship
Under its cultural sponsorship program, Kärcher has supported more than 90 projects to clean internationally prominent buildings such as the National Monument in Jakarta (2014), the London Eye in London (2013), the Space Needle in Seattle (2008), the Presidents' heads at the Mount Rushmore National Memorial (2005), the Colossi of Memnon in Luxor (2003), the Colonnades on St. Peter's Square in Rome (1998), the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin (1990) the Statue of Liberty in New York City (1985) and the Statue of Christ in Rio de Janeiro (1980). In 2011 it cleaned the Loreley open-air stage and the N Seoul Tower. Kärcher is also a partner of SOS Children's Villages and a member of the UN Global Compact network.

Kärcher was the official cleaning equipment supplier to the 2016 Summer Olympics and the Sochi 2014 winter Olympic Games.

Russian invasion of Ukraine
After the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, despite promising to suspend exports to Russia and halt investments, sales of Kärcher products continue. This is evidenced by the official website, where Kärcher products are available for purchase in Russia.

title: Kärcher


text:
Talk:What We Did on Our Holidays

Untitled
B-Class, needs more "trivia" & background info High importance, Sandy Denny's Fairport debut, "Meet on the Ledge" shall I go on?

Differences between British and US releases
I own the US version of this album (SP-4185 released by A&M). It has the title "Fairport Convention," and a cover picture of the band sitting on a pile of leaves. But it seems to have the same tracks. Chris Loosley 04:24, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Comment on article
One of the citations in the article says that the album includes covers of obscure folk-rock artists, but the only two cover tracks are of Bob Dylan and Joni Mitchell--hardly obscure. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.161.240.138 (talk) 05:27, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:29, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

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"The Lord Is in This Place..."
St. Peter's Church, Westbourne Grove? The only church on Westbourne Grove is the Baptist Church? So presumably this was St Peter's, Notting Hill, even though it's actually on Kensington Park Road? Martinevans123 (talk) 23:35, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:What We Did on Our Holidays


text:
Talk:Hoshiarpur district

spelling
Why's it called Hoshiarpur if it's spelled Hushiarpur in Panjabi? Also, it seems to actually be spelt Hushiarpur in Hindi?? I believe the same word in Persian is also spelt with a u. Anyone know?? Nlsanand (talk) 06:39, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Hoshiarpur district


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Talk:Gurdaspur district

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title: Talk:Gurdaspur district


text:
Atlantic Cup (Major League Soccer)

The Atlantic Cup is both the name of the rivalry, as well as the trophy awarded to the winner of the regular season series between D.C. United, and the New York Red Bulls. The series occurs twice a year, with each team hosting one match. Although the Atlantic Cup is just one of the now many "I-95 Derbies" it is still considered by many Major League Soccer fans and pundits to be the original derby of the East Coast.

Inaugurated in 2002, the Atlantic Cup has become one of the most bitter rivalries in Major League Soccer and in American soccer. The origins of the rivalry are unknown, but some claim that it developed due to the cities' relative proximity to each other, and the frequency with which the two clubs play one another in league, playoff, and Open Cup play. New York City and Washington, D.C. have had rivalries based on various other sports, such as American football (Commanders–Giants rivalry) and ice hockey (Capitals–Rangers rivalry), so can also be argued that the rivalry that already existed between the two cities ended up being also transplanted for soccer. For United, the Red Bulls are the only opponent they have competed against in more than six occasions in both the U.S. Open Cup and the MLS Cup Playoffs.

Initially, the rivalry has been in favor of D.C. United, in terms of silverware collected and matches won. Over both clubs' histories, United has won a dozen major titles, while New York was the last original MLS franchise to win its first major title (in 2013). However, while the Atlantic Cup was dominated by D.C. United during a majority of the 2000s, New York dominated the series during a majority of the 2010s.

As of June 29, 2024, the two sides have met 108 times across all competitions, 89 of them were in the MLS regular season, 13 in MLS Cup playoffs, and 5 in U.S. Open Cup. The New York Red Bulls are the current titleholders of the Atlantic Cup.

Origins
The two teams first met on May 12, 1996; when the New York Red Bulls were branded as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars. The game was played at RFK Stadium in front of a crowd of 14,722, and ended 1–1 in regulation time. In regulation time, United's John Harkes scored United's first ever goal against the MetroStars off an assist from Tony Sanneh in the 11th minute. The MetroStars' Giovanni Savarese drew the match level in the 62nd minute. At the time, if Major League Soccer ended drawn at the end of regulation time, it entered the 35-yard shootout. In the shootout, the MetroStars won the first match of the series 2–1.

During the inaugural regular season, the two sides would meet each other three more times, with the two sides sharing spoils. The 1996 season ended gridlocked with each club winning two matches apiece, winning one match in their home stadium, and another on the road. However, on aggregate goals, United outscored the MetroStars 6–4. The two sides met again in the Conference Semifinals 1996 MLS Cup Playoffs, where United defeated the MetroStars 2–1 in a best-of-three series. The first game of the post-season series, played on September 24, 1996, ended in the MetroStars' favor, as NY/NJ posted a victory in the shootout following a 2–2 tie after regulation. Three days later, United earned a 1–0 regulation victory at home, tying the series at 1–1, before culminating the series with a 2–1 victory, thanks to an 89th-minute penalty kick from Raul Diaz Arce. In the 1996 MLS Cup Playoffs, United would eventually go on to win the inaugural MLS Cup, defeating the Los Angeles Galaxy, 3–2.

By next year, the two franchises took opposite routes in MLS' sophomore campaign, with D.C. United eventually going on to win their second MLS Cup championship, while the NY/NJ MetroStars failed to qualify for the 1997 MLS Cup Playoffs altogether. Despite the poorer form from the MetroStars, the club won the regular season series against United, through the virtue of more aggregate goals. The two sides faced off four times during the season, with United winning the first two outings, while the MetroStars won the final two meetings. In the final regular season matchup, held on September 27, 1997; United lost at home by a 3–1 scoreline against the MetroStars, ultimately failing to win the series.

Arrival of the formal cup
At the start of the 2002 Major League Soccer season, a formal trophy was incarnated by the administrators of D.C. United and the MetroStars, which was titled the "Atlantic Cup". In the 2002 series, United earned the trophy, winning two of the three regular season outings against the MetroStars. Despite the success, neither team qualified for the 2002 MLS Cup Playoffs, being the only two teams in the league not to qualify that season.

During the 2003 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, the MetroStars and United both enjoyed successful Open Cup campaigns, meeting each other in the semifinal round of the Open Cup, marking the first time the two rivals met in the domestic tournament. In the quarterfinals, the MetroStars enjoyed a golden goal victory from an Amado Guevara goal in the 116th minute, defeating fellow MLS side, the New England Revolution, in the process. United faced USISL Pro League side (third division), Wilmington Hammerheads. The match, played in Wilmington, North Carolina, saw United emerge victorious 1–0 off a Ronald Cerritos goal in the 30th minute.

The October 1, 2003 Open Cup semifinal affair was hosted by the MetroStars and played on at Yurcak Field in Piscataway, New Jersey, marking the first time in Atlantic Cup history the two sides met at Yurcak. In the outing, United got the go-ahead goal in the 18th minute of play off a strike from Galin Ivanov. Honduran international, Amado Guevara, netted two unanswered goals for the MetroStars in the 20th and 43rd minutes of play, giving the MetroStars a 2–1 lead going into the break. With less than 15 minutes remaining in regulation, United's Cerritos netted the equalizer, only before longtime MetroStars striker, John Wolyniec netted the match-winner, sending the MetroStars to their first ever championship of a major tournament.

Early club connections
In addition, early in the history of the league, there were personality clashes between members of the two teams. For example, MetroStars players Tony Meola and Tab Ramos were long time acquaintances of D.C. United's captain John Harkes. All three players were natives of New Jersey and had played together and against each other most of their lives. DC fans especially singled out Meola (who was briefly an actor and who had tried out to be the placekicker for the New York Jets) for scorn. In response, MetroStars supporters tended to reserve most of their scorn for Richie Williams. Ironically, former D.C. assistant coach Bob Bradley would coach the MetroStars, and the Red Bulls coaching staff was also headed by former D.C. coach Bruce Arena until the end of the 2007 season, assisted by Harkes and Williams.

Red Bull controversy
The rivalry became even greater when the two met at Giants Stadium on April 22, 2006 as Alecko Eskandarian scored the first goal of a 4–1 D.C. United victory. After the goal he took a sip of Red Bull energy drink and then spit it on the ground as an intentional slight on the recently renamed New York Red Bulls. MLS fined Eskandarian $250 for his actions.

Recent years

Throughout the 2010 season, D.C. United hit an all-time nadir record wise, whereas the New York Red Bulls were making several high-profile acquisitions, causing some to believe that New York was becoming the more dominant Atlantic Cup team. On May 1, 2010; while United had lost their first four regular season matches, New York had won their first four matches. Attaining opposite records of 4–0–0 and 0–0–4, respectively, New York earned a 2–0 road win at RFK Stadium. The win was New York's first road win against D.C. since October 8, 2005 and their first win against United since 2008, as well as their first shutout against United since 2006. Subsequently, United drew 0–0 against New York in their first meeting in Red Bull Arena allowing the Red Bulls to win the Atlantic Cup derby for the first time since 2003, ending a six-year stretch of titles won by D.C.

The rivalry intensified, mainly between United and Red Bulls supporters in April 2011, when New York visited D.C. At the time, New York had been on a two-game winning streak, and held by far the best Eastern Conference record. United, rebuilding from the prior year were much lower in the standings. Goals from Thierry Henry, Joel Lindpere and Juan Agudelo lead the Red Bulls to a commanding 4–0 victory over United, making it the worst loss United suffered at home since the 2005 MLS Cup Playoffs, and their worst loss ever to New York. However, in the return match, United earned a 1–0 away victory at Red Bull Arena, giving them some consolation over New York, but ultimately failing to win the Atlantic Cup for the second straight year. In spite of winning the Atlantic Cup for two-straight years, making it New York's first time since 2003, players expressed disinterest in the honor.

On June 24, 2012, the two sides clashed again in the second of three legs of the series. The match ended in New York's advantage, earning a 3–2 victory over D.C. Ex-United midfielder Brandon Barklage netted two of the Red Bulls' three goals. United's Chris Pontius scored the fastest goal in franchise history, scoring 29 seconds after kickoff. The announced crowd of 25,187 was the largest in Red Bull Arena history, and the largest crowd to witness the rivalry since 2004.

On January 18, 2022, the LA Galaxy announced that the Red Bulls and D.C. United will participate in the Coachella Valley Invitational.

On April 21, 2022, the teams were drawn together for the Round of 32 in the U.S. Open Cup. The Red Bulls defeated D.C. United 3-0 on May 10, 2022 to advance to the Round of 16, with a first half goal in stoppage time by Luquinhas, and second half goals by John Tolkin and Zach Ryan. After adding up a few more wins, the Red Bulls would eventually fall to Orlando City SC in the Semifinals.

Despite D.C. United taking advantage of the Red Bulls in the 2000s, New York has seized control of the rivalry in the late 2010s, as well as the early 2020s. The Bulls took the past 5 of 6 season series, cutting D.C. United's Atlantic Cup lead to just 14-13 heading into 2023.

Supporters

A majority of the Atlantic Cup derby is seen between the supporters groups of D.C. United and the New York Red Bulls. Two of the largest and oldest supporters clubs in Major League Soccer history, originate as supporters of United and Red Bull. The largest supporters groups of D.C. United, La Barra Brava, and the Screaming Eagles, formed in 1995, a year before the inaugural season of the league. Likewise, the first supporters group for New York, the Empire Supporters Club also formed in 1995, making the three fan clubs amongst the oldest in modern-day American soccer, the first version of super-fans seen in American soccer since the late 1970s/early 1980s during the North American Soccer League era.

Over the years, several other supporters groups have sprouted to support D.C. United and the New York Red Bulls. Since 1996, La Norte and the District Ultras formed in support of D.C. United. Likewise the Garden State Ultras, a group of Red Bull fans based in New Jersey, and the Viking Army, named in tribute to former Red Bull coach, Hans Backe and his Scandinavian roots, have formed. La Norte is known for bringing a heavy Latin-American feel to RFK Stadium and its atmosphere, launching toilet paper, banners, and playing various instruments much like club teams in South America. The District Ultras are an ultras fan group that is known for its controversial stances in opposition to the league structure of MLS, and the way the league operates under its single entity structure. Throughout the first few years of existence, the Ultras have been known for very political signs denouncing the franchise set up existing in MLS and promoting a more independent club setup, commonly seen throughout the rest of the World and in the lower divisions of the American soccer pyramid.

Because of the proximities of the New York City and Washington, D.C. metropolitan areas (about 228 miles, or 367 kilometers) matches between the two clubs have high levels of away supporters, average in the thousands for matches.

Honors
With 13 major honors, D.C. United have won more major competitions than any other Major League Soccer club, and are tied for the most of any North American soccer franchise ever. D.C. United won their first major title in 1996, winning the 1996 MLS Cup championship. Since then, they have claimed three additional MLS Cups (league championship), four Supporters' Shields (league premiership), three U.S. Open Cups (national championship) and one CONCACAF Champions Cup title (continental championship). In addition, United won the 1998 Copa Interamericana, an infrequently-held and now-defunct super cup between the champions of CONCACAF and CONMEBOL. Of the original MLS franchises, New York was the last to have won its first major honor, capturing their first Supporters' Shield in 2013.

 * Table correct as of October 28, 2018

All-time game results
The largest victory in the history between these sides was a 5–0 victory by D.C. United over the New York MetroStars at Giants Stadium. The match was played on September 16, 1998. The match remains United's largest away victory against New York in history. New York's largest victory came on April 21, 2011 when the Red Bulls posted a 4–0 victory over United. The largest crowd on hand to witness the Atlantic Cup was on April 17, 2004 when 72,312 witnessed New York post a 3–2 victory over D.C. United.

Statistics
As of June 29, 2024, there have been a total of 108 competitive games between D.C. United and the New York Red Bulls. D.C. has won 46 of these outings, while New York has won 42. The remaining 20 matches ended as draws.

Eastern Conference standings finishes
• Total: New York with 16 higher finishes, D.C. United with 12.

title: Atlantic Cup (Major League Soccer)


text:
Talk:Firozpur

Spelling
Before changing the spelling of Firozpur to Ferozpur or any other variant, please read WP:COMMONNAME. If you still consider that the change is justified and then you will need to request a move since we cannot have an article containing one spelling but under a title with another spelling. Thanks. - Sitush (talk) 08:44, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I have opened a centralised discussion regarding possible renaming of this article. Please feel free to comment at Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics. Thanks. - Sitush (talk) 10:55, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

History behind the name of Firozpur
Firoz Khan was a very close friend of Mughal Emperor Humayon who came from Afghanistan with Humayon in  1572. After his death, Mughal Emperor Humayon named the district after his friend's name Firozpur. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Haiderism (talk • contribs) 19:50, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

Unwarranted reversion
There was no earthly reason for you to revert this edit of mine, describing it as an "unconstructive edit" in your edit summary. I noticed that you later restored my changes, but without any explanation (i.e. no ES at all). I would very much appreciate an explanation. (If it was in error—which of course can happen to anyone—it would have been nice to see some indication of that.) Thank you AukusRuckus (talk) 14:42, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * It was incidental revert due to series of unconstructive IP edits. Dhruv edits (talk) 14:49, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * [Wow]. Well, as it was just "incidental", I guess that means I shouldn't be perturbed by your actions? That is your full measure of concern or courtesy for lumping in a well-intentioned editor with an "unconstructive edits" edit summary? Really? Wow, just ... AukusRuckus (talk) 14:58, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Firozpur


text:
Talk:Amritsar district

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Amritsar district. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Create a table based upon population of Amritsar highest and least area population density and assigned district by using international and Indian number system in a tabular form.
Create a table based upon population of Amritsar highest and least area population density and assigned district by using international and Indian number system in a tabular form. 106.221.139.12 (talk) 14:49, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amritsar district


text:
Talk:Dunkin' Donuts

Semi-protected edit request on 23 May 2023
I would kindly request that the "Locations" subsection be updated to reflect that Dunkin' operates a significant number of locations here in Germany. As quoted in German from their own German website:

"Dunkin' opened their first location in Germany in 1999. The first store opened in Berlin.  A dozen are located here alone.  Numerous locations are located throughout Germany.  According to the German Wikipedia, the 100th location was opened in Berlin-Henningsdorf in November 2022.  As of January 2022, there were 66 locations across Germany with the majority of stores being located in: Berlin (17 locations), Bavaria (15 locations) and Northrhine-Westphalia (12 locations).

Sources: https://www.dunkin-donuts.de/about https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkin%E2%80%99_Donuts#Filialen_in_Deutschland TSKöln (talk) 10:38, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

 * You'll have better luck with this if you follow the instructions. Also note that Wikipedia is not a source. GA-RT-22 (talk) 15:45, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Please note that reliable sources should also be independent. voorts (talk/contributions) 01:50, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

Official web site
The official web site should be removed from the infobox and the EL section per point 7 of WP:ELNO: "Sites that are inaccessible to a substantial number of users, such as sites that work only ... in a specific country." I don't know where the site is accessible, but it appears to be inaccessible in countries where the company has no presence, which would certainly be the majority of the world. GA-RT-22 (talk) 04:47, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Don’t you think the lead sentence of this section Except for a link to an official page of the article's subject, one should generally avoid providing external links to: categorically makes your request moot? Mike Cline (talk) 15:55, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:24, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Dunkin Donuts world map.svg

Map corrections
Hello, As far as I can tell, Dunkin' Donuts has locations in the Netherlands, I can find locations on Google Maps, a .nl version of the website , and videos of people visiting them

I wanted to create this category for other potential map mistakes. lemongrasscap (talk) 09:04, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

"Bunkin Bonuts" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunkin_Bonuts&redirect=no Bunkin Bonuts] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Mia Mahey (talk) 17:59, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dunkin' Donuts


text:
Zetra Olympic Hall, Sarajevo

The Juan Antonio Samaranch Olympic Hall (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Olimpijska dvorana Juan Antonio Samaranch / Олимпијска дворана Хуан Антонио Самаран; formerly Zetra Olympic Hall ) is an indoor multi-purpose arena in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Named in honor of Juan Antonio Samaranch in 2010 after his death, it was used for various sporting events at the 1984 Winter Olympics, and as the main venue of the 2019 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival.

History
The building of the complex started in June 1981 and was officially opened by then-President of the International Olympic Committee, Juan Antonio Samaranch, on February 14, 1982.

Olympic venue
Zetra Olympic Hall was constructed specifically for the 1984 Winter Olympics, hosted in Sarajevo, and was completed in 1982. Its first major event was the 1983 World Junior Speed Skating Championships. It was described as an "ultramodern, angular edifice" with a copper roof. The indoor venue hosted ice hockey and figure skating events, as well as the last closing ceremony held in an indoor place until Vancouver 2010.

From 1984 to 1991, Zetra remained in service as a venue for ice sports. It served as the venue for several international speed skating events, and several speed skating world records were broken here.

Destruction
The arena suffered substantial damage from shelling, bombing and fire by the Serb forces on Monday, May 25, 1992 during the Bosnian War. The interior of the structure, such as the basements and main hall, were put into service as a morgue, storage space for medication and supplies, and a staging area for UN equipment. The wooden seats from the venue were used as material for coffins for civilians killed in the war.

Reconstruction
After the war, it was discovered that though the building was badly damaged, the foundation was secure. Although the original blueprints were never recovered, in September 1997, reconstruction on the venue, facilitated by the SFOR, began. The International Olympic Committee donated $US 11.5 million to the project, which cost an estimated DM 32 million (€ 16.4 million). The reconstruction was completed in 1999.

Current use

Zetra hosted the Balkans Stability Pact Summit in July 1999. It is currently in service as a sporting arena. It is also used for music concerts, fairs and conferences. Sometimes, parts of the building are rented for other purposes (e.g. for the elections 2014, it was used as the Main Counting Center and election material storage space). The hall also contains a small museum about the 1984 Winter Olympics as well as a gym, billiard hall, bowling alley, pistol range, two cafes and other sports related content such as headquarters for various clubs and associations.

title: Zetra Olympic Hall, Sarajevo


text:
Ammanai

Ammanai (அம்மானை) is a type of Tamil poetry belonging to the family of "Tharavu kochchaga kalippa". This is a type of poetry associated with a game of the same name that was popular with teen girls. Ammanai will be in the form of questions and answers. Ammanai generally follows the rules of a venpa, but can occasionally have kalithalais and belongs to the kalippa family.

The earliest ammanai poetry was composed by Saint Manikkavasagar. There is an ammanai which is said to be sung by the poets Ottakuththar and Pugalzendhi. During later times, it became something like a historical ballad. Ramappaiyan Ammanai was composed to extol the wars fought by Dalavay Ramappaiyan who was the general of Tirumalai Nayakkar of Madurai. Akilathirattu Ammanai, often called as Akilam which includes more than 15,000 verses and is the largest Ammanai literature.

The Sivagangai Seemai Kummi/Ammanai relates the final wars of the valiant Marudhu Brothers of Sivagangai.

The Palm-leaf manuscript's on Ariviyur Nagarathar Ammanai was also found in Sivagangai district which explains the history of the Nagarathar community.

title: Ammanai


text:
Postal codes in Argentina

Postal codes in Argentina are called códigos postales. Argentina first implemented a four-digit postal code system in 1958, aiming to improve mail distribution efficiency. However, it wasn't until 1998 that the more detailed and comprehensive Código Postal Argentino (CPA) system was launched, significantly enhancing both accuracy and efficiency in mail delivery. Until 1998 Argentina employed a four-digit postal code for each municipality, with the first digit representing a region in the country, except in the case of the city of Buenos Aires (which had different postal codes starting in 1000 and with the other numbers varying according to the zone). The unique codes became the base for the newer system, officially called CPA (Código Postal Argentino, Argentine Postal Code).

Usage
The CPA is not mandatory for private use, but companies that do mass mailings benefit from a discount if they use the CPA. Despite this, the CPA is still not in wide use by private persons, and even government sources and private businesses often list only the base code (the old system). In order to ease the adoption of the new postal code, the former state mail company (Correo Argentino) provides a look-up feature on its website. The CPA is intended to improve the quality and speed of mail delivery, but mail without a well-formed CPA will be delivered correctly as well.

Structure
The CPA consists of three parts:
 * A single letter (ISO 3166-2:AR) that references the province (for example, C for Capital Federal, Q for Neuquén).
 * Four digits (the old postal code or a variation of it on the last digits) showing the town or city.
 * Three letters, identifying a side of the city block where the address is located.

Position 1
The first letter in the CPA, which identifies the province, has its origins in the old Argentine license plates system, which gave each province a letter, usually its initial. Since several provinces share the same initial, a few odd assignments are found (such as X for Córdoba, A for Salta, and N for Misiones). See ISO 3166-2:AR for a complete list.

Position 2 to 5
The four digits could be grouped as the following:
 * 1XXX = Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires Province North (e.g., C1420 Buenos Aires City, B1900 La Plata).
 * 2XXX = Santa Fe (e.g., S2000 Rosario, S2300 Rafaela).
 * 3XXX = Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Misiones (e.g., E3100 Paraná, P3600 Formosa, N3300 Posadas, W3400 Corrientes).
 * 4XXX = Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Catamarca, Santiago del Estero (e.g., T4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, A4400 Salta, K4700 San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca).
 * 5XXX = Córdoba, La Rioja, San Juan, San Luis, Mendoza (e.g., X5000 Córdoba, M5500 Mendoza, D5700 San Luis, F5300 La Rioja).
 * 6XXX = Buenos Aires Province West, La Pampa (e.g., B6000 Junín, L6300 Santa Rosa, L6700 Luján).
 * 7XXX = Buenos Aires Province East, Center and South (e.g., B7000 Tandil, B7600 Mar del Plata, B7400 Olavarría).
 * 8XXX = Buenos Aires Province South, Río Negro, Neuquén (e.g., B8000 Bahía Blanca, R8400 Bariloche, R8500 Viedma, Q8300 Neuquén).
 * 9XXX = Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego (e.g., U9000 Comodoro Rivadavia, U9200 Esquel, V9410 Ushuaia, Z9400 Río Gallegos).

Position 6 to 8
A combination of three letters that identifies a side of a city block.

title: Postal codes in Argentina


text:
KUPD

KUPD (97.9 MHz, "98 KUPD") is a informative active rock FM radio station. Licensed to Tempe, Arizona, the station serves the Phoenix metropolitan area. The station is owned by Hubbard Radio, a division of Hubbard Broadcasting, Inc. of St. Paul, Minnesota. The radio station's studios are located on North 52nd Street west of Papago Park, and its transmitter is on South Mountain Park.

KUPD has been nominated as the "Major Market Radio Station of the Year" for the Radio Contraband Rock Radio Award in 2011 and 2012. KUPD was inducted into the Rock Radio Hall of Fame in 2014.

History

On July 1, 1960, KUPD first signed on the air as the FM sister station to 1060 KUPD (now KDUS). KUPD-FM simulcast its AM station's MOR popular music format. In the 1970s, the station moved to a Top 40 format, and later easy listening and Adult Contemporary, before becoming a rock station in March 1979. During this time, KUPD-FM's original license was not renewed as the result of a 1988 comparative renewal hearing for KUKQ and KUPD-FM, in which the stations lost their original licenses for lying to the Federal Communications Commission about an alleged secret owner. An additional owner was ruled unfit to hold a license due to a 1982 criminal conviction in Arizona. The stations were instead awarded to former owner Jack Grimm, his wife Jackie, and Ruth Clifford, doing business as Tempe Radio, Inc. In 1992, after years of appeals, Grimm and Clifford took over KUKQ and KUPD-FM on new licenses, retaining the call letters, facilities and formats of the stations by buying them from Tri-State Broadcasting. After a year, Grimm and Clifford sold the duo to Robert Fish.

In the 1990s, KUPD became co-owned with its former competitors, KDKB and KSLX-FM, after being purchased by Sandusky Radio, which also owned stations in Seattle, Washington. In 2013, Sandusky sold its stations in Phoenix and Seattle to Hubbard Broadcasting.

The on-air talent includes John Holmberg and Holmberg's Morning Sickness from 5:30am to 10:00am weekdays. Sunday programs include Go Punk Yourself from 7:00pm to 9:00pm and Into the Pit with Marcus Meng.

Rock concert sponsorship
Along with sponsoring the majority of hard rock concerts in the Phoenix-metro area, the station also holds its own annual concert events such as "UFest", "The End of Summer Scorcher", "The Big Red Night of the Dead" and more. The station has invited notable hard rock acts to play the show each year. In recent years it has been headlined by acts such as Alice In Chains in 2008, Sevendust in 2009, Three Days Grace in 2010 and Papa Roach in 2011. Phoenix will see the return of KUPD's "UFest" on April 24, 2022 after a two-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On January 9, 2023 KUPD announced the 2023 "UFEST" at Talking Stick Resort Amphitheater to be held May 6, 2023. The 2023 "UFEST" includes Godsmack, I Prevail, and other bands.

HD Radio
KUPD is also available via HD Radio.

title: KUPD


text:
Rebecca Burlend

Rebecca Burlend (1793–1872) is the author of A True Picture of Emigration, a journal and guide written during the period of 1831–1845. (The full title is A True Picture of Emigration or Fourteen Years in the Interior of North America Being a Full and Impartial Account of the Various Difficulties and Ultimate Success of an English Family Who Emigrated from Barwick-in-Elmet, near Leeds, in the Year 1831.) She published it anonymously in 1848, receiving credit for the work in 1936.

Rebecca and her John, a teacher and farmer, married in 1793. They and five of her seven children left their home in Barwick-in-Elmet, Yorkshire, England for Pike County, Illinois, in 1831. (A son and daughter, both employed, stayed in England.) When the Burlends arrived in New Orleans, Rebecca was shocked the city's nonobservance of the sabbath and the site of slaves yoked together for sale. The family traveled by steamer up the Mississippi River to St. Louis, and then the Illinois River to Phillips Ferry. Like many settlers arriving in the wilds of North America at the time, she and her family experienced numerous problems before finally achieving stability and success.

In 1846, Rebecca visited England and her son Edward wrote down her memories of her life. It was published anonymously in 1848. The pamphlet was republished under Edward Burlend's name in 1856 or 1857 as The Wesleyan Emigrants. Rebecca received credit for the work in 1936.

title: Rebecca Burlend


text: User talk:65.54.155.35

title: User talk:65.54.155.35


text:
User:Owapo

What's with your image uploads? --Dom 23:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Owapo


text:
Talk:Annie L. Gaetz School (Red Deer, Alberta)

About the name
Not that it's a huge deal, but "Elementary" is in the official name on the web site, but "School" is not. Logically, the article name should be Annie L. Gaetz Elementary (Red Deer, Alberta). Even Annie L. Gaetz Elementary School (Red Deer, Alberta) might be ok (on the assumption the web site shortened the name, to avoid being redundant). But, I suppose, until somebody builds an Annie L. Gaetz Middle School (Red Deer, Alberta) (which they have not), it's not a big deal either way. --rob 23:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Annie L. Gaetz School (Red Deer, Alberta).gif
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External links modified
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text: User talk:131.178.46.104

title: User talk:131.178.46.104


text:
La Courneuve

La Courneuve is a commune in Seine-Saint-Denis, France. It is located 8.3 km from the center of Paris.

History
Inhabited since pre-Roman times, the area is thought to have been a small village up through the Middle Ages. With its proximity to Paris, it soon became a fashionable country destination, with a number of gentry residing there. It had two notable châteaux - Sainte-Foi and Poitronville. Towards the end of Napoleon's reign, the entire area experienced large population growth. This along with improved methods of farming eventually transformed the area into the major legume producer for the Paris regional.

In 1863, the first major industrial enterprise was introduced and the area soon became a strange mix of factories and farmlands. Industrial estates were juxtaposed with bean plantations and that would continue until after World War II.

During the 1960s, as Paris could no longer meet the demands of a further exploding population (largely the result of immigration from former colonies), La Courneuve, like many other suburbs of Paris, was designated as one of the "zones à urbaniser en priorité" (areas to be urbanized quickly) and was built up at a very rapid pace, with the construction of large council estates and tower blocks and other HLM developments. Between 1962 and 1968 the population nearly doubled.

Typology
Pantin is an urban commune, as it is one of the dense or intermediate density communes, as defined by the Insee communal density grid. It belongs to the urban unit of Paris, an inter-departmental conurbation comprising 411 communes and 10,785,092 inhabitants in 2017, of which it is a suburban commune.

The commune is also part of the functional area of Paris where it is located in the main population and employment centre of the functional area. This area comprises 1,929 communes.

Education
Preschools and primary schools
 * Anatole-France
 * Charlie-Chaplin
 * Irène-Joliot-Curie
 * Louise-Michel
 * Paul-Doumer
 * Paul-Langevin / Henri-Wallon
 * Robespierre / Jules-Vallès
 * Saint-Exupéry
 * Raymond-Poincaré
 * Rosenberg
 * Joséphine-Baker
 * Angela Davis

High schools/junior high schools:
 * Collège Raymond-Poincaré
 * Collège Jean-Vilar
 * Collège Georges-Politzer

Sixth-form colleges/senior high schools:
 * Lycée Jacques-Brel
 * Lycée d'enseignement professionnel Denis-Papin
 * Lycée Arthur-Rimbaud

Transport
La Courneuve is served by La Courneuve – 8 Mai 1945 station on Paris Métro Line 7 and by La Courneuve–Aubervilliers station on Paris RER B.

Notable people

 * Haris Belkebla, Algerian footballer
 * Suzanne Masson, French resistance fighter, (1901-1943)
 * Dinos (rapper), French Rapper

title: La Courneuve


text: Category:Economy of Syria

title: Category:Economy of Syria


text:
Osmotic concentration

Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity, is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L). The osmolarity of a solution is usually expressed as Osm/L (pronounced "osmolar"), in the same way that the molarity of a solution is expressed as "M" (pronounced "molar"). Whereas molarity measures the number of moles of solute per unit volume of solution, osmolarity measures the number of osmoles of solute particles per unit volume of solution. This value allows the measurement of the osmotic pressure of a solution and the determination of how the solvent will diffuse across a semipermeable membrane (osmosis) separating two solutions of different osmotic concentration.

Unit
The unit of osmotic concentration is the osmole. This is a non-SI unit of measurement that defines the number of moles of solute that contribute to the osmotic pressure of a solution. A milliosmole (mOsm) is 1/1,000 of an osmole. A microosmole (μOsm) (also spelled micro-osmole) is 1/1,000,000 of an osmole.

Types of solutes
Osmolarity is distinct from molarity because it measures osmoles of solute particles rather than moles of solute. The distinction arises because some compounds can dissociate in solution, whereas others cannot.

Ionic compounds, such as salts, can dissociate in solution into their constituent ions, so there is not a one-to-one relationship between the molarity and the osmolarity of a solution. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) dissociates into Na+ and Cl− ions. Thus, for every 1 mole of NaCl in solution, there are 2 osmoles of solute particles (i.e., a 1 mol/L NaCl solution is a 2 osmol/L NaCl solution). Both sodium and chloride ions affect the osmotic pressure of the solution.

Another example is magnesium chloride (MgCl2), which dissociates into Mg2+ and 2Cl− ions. For every 1 mole of MgCl2 in the solution, there are 3 osmoles of solute particles.

Nonionic compounds do not dissociate, and form only 1 osmole of solute per 1 mole of solute. For example, a 1 mol/L solution of glucose is 1 osmol/L.

Multiple compounds may contribute to the osmolarity of a solution. For example, a 3 Osm solution might consist of: 3 moles glucose, or 1.5 moles NaCl, or 1 mole glucose + 1 mole NaCl, or 2 moles glucose + 0.5 mole NaCl, or any other such combination.

Definition
The osmolarity of a solution, given in osmoles per liter (osmol/L) is calculated from the following expression: $$ \mathrm{osmolarity} = \sum_i \varphi_i \, n_i C_i$$ where
 * $φ$ is the osmotic coefficient, which accounts for the degree of non-ideality of the solution. In the simplest case it is the degree of dissociation of the solute. Then, $φ$ is between 0 and 1 where 1 indicates 100% dissociation. However, $φ$ can also be larger than 1 (e.g. for sucrose). For salts, electrostatic effects cause $φ$ to be smaller than 1 even if 100% dissociation occurs (see Debye–Hückel equation);
 * $n$ is the number of particles (e.g. ions) into which a molecule dissociates. For example: glucose has $n$ of 1, while NaCl has $n$ of 2;
 * $C$ is the molar concentration of the solute;
 * the index $i$ represents the identity of a particular solute.

Osmolarity can be measured using an osmometer which measures colligative properties, such as Freezing-point depression, Vapor pressure, or Boiling-point elevation.

Osmolarity vs. tonicity
Osmolarity and tonicity are related but distinct concepts. Thus, the terms ending in -osmotic (isosmotic, hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic) are not synonymous with the terms ending in -tonic (isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic). The terms are related in that they both compare the solute concentrations of two solutions separated by a membrane. The terms are different because osmolarity takes into account the total concentration of penetrating solutes and non-penetrating solutes, whereas tonicity takes into account the total concentration of non-freely penetrating solutes only.

Penetrating solutes can diffuse through the cell membrane, causing momentary changes in cell volume as the solutes "pull" water molecules with them. Non-penetrating solutes cannot cross the cell membrane; therefore, the movement of water across the cell membrane (i.e., osmosis) must occur for the solutions to reach equilibrium.

A solution can be both hyperosmotic and isotonic. For example, the intracellular fluid and extracellular can be hyperosmotic, but isotonic – if the total concentration of solutes in one compartment is different from that of the other, but one of the ions can cross the membrane (in other words, a penetrating solute), drawing water with it, thus causing no net change in solution volume.

Plasma osmolarity vs. osmolality
Plasma osmolarity, the osmolarity of blood plasma, can be calculated from plasma osmolality by the following equation:

Osmolarity = osmolality $× (ρsol − ca)$

where:
 * $ρsol$ is the density of the solution in g/ml, which is 1.025 g/ml for blood plasma.
 * $ca$ is the (anhydrous) solute concentration in g/ml – not to be confused with the density of dried plasma

According to IUPAC, osmolality is the quotient of the negative natural logarithm of the rational activity of water and the molar mass of water, whereas osmolarity is the product of the osmolality and the mass density of water (also known as osmotic concentration).

In simpler terms, osmolality is an expression of solute osmotic concentration per mass of solvent, whereas osmolarity is per volume of solution (thus the conversion by multiplying with the mass density of solvent in solution (kg solvent/litre solution). $$ \text{osmolality} = \sum_i \varphi_i \, n_i m_i$$

where $mi$ is the molality of component $i$.

Plasma osmolarity/osmolality is important for keeping proper electrolytic balance in the blood stream. Improper balance can lead to dehydration, alkalosis, acidosis or other life-threatening changes. Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) is partly responsible for this process by controlling the amount of water the body retains from the kidney when filtering the blood stream.

Hyperosmolarity and hypoosmolarity
A concentration of an osmatically active substance is said to be hyperosmolar if a high concentration causes a change in osmatic pressure in a tissue, organ, or system. Similarly, it is said to be hypoossmolar if the osmolarity, or osmatic concentration, is too low. For example, if the osmolarity of parenteral nutrition is too high, it can cause severe tissue damage. One example of a condition caused by hypoosmolarity is water intoxication.

title: Osmotic concentration


text:
Palais des Sports (Grenoble)

Palais des Sports, known also as the Palais des sports Pierre Mendes  or "Le Stade Olympique de Glace" is an indoor ice hockey arena, located in Paul Mistral Park in Grenoble, France. The vaulted roof structure was built from November 1966 to April 1967, therefore having tough weather problems to add to construction difficulties. The stadium was conceived for the 1968 Winter Olympics held in Grenoble in 1968 and has a capacity of up to 12,000 spectators.

Events
The figure skating events and some ice hockey games along the closing ceremonies at the 1968 Winter Olympics were held at this arena called for the event Stade de glace.

The arena hosted the 1972 (3rd) European Athletics Indoor Championships over 11 and 12 March, the arena was featured on the medals awarded (pictured).

The arena hosted the 1979 FIBA European Champions Cup final in front of a crowd of 15,000, the 1983 final of the same competition and also the 1985 and 1988 Cup Winners' Cup final.

The arena hosted Bob Marley and the Wailers performance on 3 June 1980 in support of their Uprising Tour.

Structure
The structure consists of two crossing cylinders (95m by 65m). The double shell structure (6 cm thick) is a hyperbolic paraboloid which transfers the weight down its four resting points. In plan, the structure appears to be a square. At each corner is a 48m cantilever.

title: Palais des Sports (Grenoble)


text:
Casilda

Casilda is a city in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is the head town of the Caseros Department, and lies about 45 km west of Rosario and 202 km south-southwest of the provincial capital Santa Fe, on National Route 33. It has a population of about 35.058 inhabitants. Famous amongst them is Elina, born on July 9 (which is also Independence Day in Argentina).

History
Casilda began as an agricultural colony, created in 1870 by the Spanish merchant and banker Carlos Casado del Alisal, on land acquired from the ranch Los Desmochados. Casado del Alisal named it Colonia Candelaria (Candelaria was a stop on the way from Rosario to Mendoza). On 11 November 1873 the colony officially became a town, named Villa Casilda after Casado del Alisal's mother.

Casilda produced the first Argentine shipment of wheat to the European market. In 1883 the railway Ferrocarril Oeste Santafesino reached the town, prompting an accelerated growth and bringing prosperity. Casilda became a city on 19 November 1907.

Culture
The city is home to a Rural Extension Agency of the National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA) and the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences of the National University of Rosario (UNR).

Economy
The economy of the area is based on agriculture, especially soybean, wheat and corn; cattle farming has been largely displaced to less fertile lands and feed lots by the advance of these crops. Casilda also has flour mills, fertilizer factories, and many other industries, usually in the form of small and medium enterprises or cooperatives. In addition, Casilda produces honey and has received the title of Provincial Capital of Honey.

Notable people

 * Horacio Pagani, automobile designer
 * Agustín Magaldi, tango singer-songwriter
 * Federico Grabich, swimmer
 * Marcelo Trobbiani, footballer
 * Emanuel Villa, footballer
 * Jorge Sampaoli, football coach
 * Franco Armani, goalkeeper

title: Casilda


text:
Epsom Normal Primary School

Epsom Normal Primary School (abbreviated E.N.P.S.) is a co-educational state public primary school located in Epsom, Auckland, New Zealand which educates year 1-6 students. The school was established in 1886.

As of the 2013 Education Review Report, average attendance was 666 students, composed of 21% Pakeha, 34% Chinese, 19% Indian, 3% Maori, and 23% "Other".

title: Epsom Normal Primary School


text:
Category:Store brands

For more information, see the article store brands.

title: Category:Store brands


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Syria


text: User talk:69.232.56.76

title: User talk:69.232.56.76


text: Category:Religion in Syria

title: Category:Religion in Syria


text:
User:Soldier of Macedon

In the name of the blood and the sun, the dagger and the gun,

christ protect this soldier, a full-blooded Macedonian.

Vojnik od Makedon

title: User:Soldier of Macedon


text:
Talk:Introduction to quantum mechanics

encyclopedic tone
I removed the template:tone after I removed some uses of pronouns. If you have other specific complaints about tone, please add them here. Johnjbarton (talk) 17:29, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

Quantum entanglement
The section on "Quantum entanglement" says There is no such thing. Quantum states are superimposed. They are not "over" electrons. Where do I start? "emerge simultaneously" ? "functions...arrive at the screen"? And so on. The section may well be renamed: "Many things to unlearn about quantum mechanics". Johnjbarton (talk) 17:38, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Nature leaves open the possibility, however, that two electrons can have both states "superimposed" over each of them.
 * Recall that the wave functions that emerge simultaneously from the double slits arrive at the detection screen in a state of superposition.

 * The fundamental problem with the "Quantum entanglement" section is the doomed attempt to explain these issues using "particle" models. Superposition and entanglement are quantum phenomena, in fact quintessential quantum phenomena.
 * Unfortunately describing the phenomena correctly with QM with references at an introductory level is not easy. Most introductory texts assume readers want to know about particles and fall in to the trap of giving them what they want. Johnjbarton (talk) 18:19, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

EPR in "Introduction"
The EPR experiment confounds even advanced students of physics. The amount of space it takes in this "introduction" is not warranted IMO.

I think the key facts for introduction to EPR are: So nothing about entanglement/locality etc is really introductory. All that needs to be explained are "hidden variables", and very little about that. Our wikilinks can lead the curious to read more.
 * Einstein challenged QM, expecting to make the case for hidden variables.
 * Bell described an experiment which would test for hidden variables.
 * Experiments verified QM and not hidden variables.

The discussion of "entanglement" should be part of the egregiously missing section on superposition. Johnjbarton (talk) 15:59, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't think the topic of hidden variables can be covered without the concept of entanglement. Every no-hidden-variable theorem that doesn't use a many-particle state and entanglement is even more frightful to explain (e.g., Gleason's theorem). But entanglement is an important enough idea that an introduction could justifiably approach it from multiple directions, e.g., one section focused on no-hidden-variables results and another that tries to convey something about superpositions of tensor product states not being separable. XOR'easter (talk) 16:37, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * EPR managed to define hidden variables in one sentence: "While we have thus shown that the wave function does not provide a complete description of the physical reality, we left open the question of whether or not such a description exists."
 * We know there is a lot of nuance in the Bell analysis, but the question I raise is "what single fact about EPR is notable for someone with no QM background"? Theorems and entanglement do not make my candidate list. It's pointless to bring them up because we can't provide enough context for such a reader to get anything valuable from them. (A form of argument I have learned from @XOR'easter ;-) Johnjbarton (talk) 17:11, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's impossible to provide that context. If the question is "what single fact about EPR is notable for someone with no QM background?", the answer might well be "Einstein was part of it".  I'm certainly not dedicated to the text as it currently stands. My edits were just to replace the long meander that was there before with text adapted from articles that have been more thoroughly vetted. XOR'easter (talk) 17:17, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes I understood that, and its definitely better! Johnjbarton (talk) 17:38, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

Wave function collapse
I propose to delete this section. This is common topic in interpretations but not a matter subject to experimental observation. The current text makes statements that are not correct and which present a way of thinking outside of quantum physics, eg "its quantum wave function has disappeared with it." The presentation of a time-independent wavefunction with language of time-dependence is simply incorrect. Also no references.

The absence of a complete model for measurement is notable but I don't know of any source that we could cite explaining how QM can be both one of the most well verified models and yet not have such a model. Johnjbarton (talk) 17:37, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Introduction to quantum mechanics


text: Category:Society of Syria

title: Category:Society of Syria


text:
Talk:PeopleMover (Disneyland)

Incorrect close date.
The article claims the disneyland peoplemovers closed in 2007, but, thats impossible.

The rocket rods, which were built using the peoplemover track, opened in 1998.

This would mean the peoplemover had to shut down around 1996 or earlier... but I cannot find a proper date or source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8801:BE12:6D00:433:26DC:2499:2D64 (talk) 04:29, 11 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Corrected vandalism.Msw1002 (talk) 03:03, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

Clarification needed on years/dates
This passage under History doesn't make sense with the years cited: "In 1986, each of the 62 trains were retrofitted with safety rails for each car, to deter guests from climbing out. In 1985, these safety rails were modified to completely wrap around each car, making it even more difficult for possible accidents to occur." 100.40.1.223 (talk) 03:31, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:PeopleMover (Disneyland)


text:
User talk:Papa leaf

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --fvw *  23:37, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Papa leaf


text:
Rockman EXE The Medal Operation

Rockman EXE The Medal Operation is an arcade game in the MegaMan Battle Network sub-series of Mega Man games from Capcom. It uses various elements from the fifth Battle Network video game. It was never released outside Japan.

title: Rockman EXE The Medal Operation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/La Ballade d' O

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ryan Norton T 08:12, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

La Ballade d' O
Apparently a review of a song, unrecoverable content - C HAIRBOY  (☎) 23:37, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. C HAIRBOY (☎) 23:37, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. Agree.  Poorly written. Cannot tell significance of song at all from reading this.  --Daniel Lotspeich 18:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: Arizona State University


text:
Clavileño

Clavileño the Swift is a fictional wooden horse, notable in both European and Near Eastern folklore, also appearing in chapters 40 and 41 of the second part of the adventures of Don Quixote. It is governed by a pin in its forehead.

Don Quixote and Sancho Panza are tricked into using Clavileño, believing they have flown blindfolded and have controlled the horse with a peg in its head. The Dueña Dolorida (Countess Trifaldi) asserts that she and her ladies will be free of their charmed beards if knight and squire fly on the magical horse, sent by the sorcerer Malambruno. In reality the rocking horse is inanimate and goes nowhere, meanwhile explosives are planted near it to simulate a crash landing. Sancho Panza later goes on to say that he lifted his blindfold while "in flight" and saw the sky.

In Spanish, "peg" is clavija and "wood", leño, hence the name.

Clavileño is shown by some units of the Spanish Air and Space Force in its badges.

title: Clavileño