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David Shifrin

David Shifrin (born January 2, 1950) is an American classical clarinetist and artistic director.

Biography
David Shifrin received early musical training at the Interlochen Center for the Arts in 1963. He attended the Music Academy of the West summer conservatory in 1968 and later graduated from the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia in 1971, where he studied with Anthony Gigliotti. Shifrin has appeared as a concerto soloist with many major orchestras around the world, including the Philadelphia Orchestra, Minnesota Orchestra, Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Seattle Symphony, Houston Symphony, Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra, Hawaii Symphony and the Phoenix Symphony in the United States, and internationally with orchestras in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Shifrin commissioned and premiered a concerto by Pulitzer Prize winning composer Stephen Albert with the Philadelphia Orchestra during its 1991–1992 season, and in 1995 he premiered Ezra Laderman's Concerto for Clarinet and Strings with the Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra.

In 1984, Shifrin commissioned the construction of a special elongated clarinet, the basset clarinet, to enable the playing of Mozart's Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet in their original form. Shifrin's 1985 recording of the Mozart Clarinet Concerto and Quintet with Gerard Schwarz and the Mostly Mozart Festival Orchestra was named "Record of the Year" by Stereo Review magazine.

Shifrin has also received critical acclaim as a recitalist, performing at such venues as Alice Tully Hall, Zankel Hall at Carnegie Hall and the 92nd Street Y in New York City, as well as at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. A much sought after chamber musician, he has collaborated frequently with such distinguished ensembles and artists as the Tokyo String Quartet, the Emerson String Quartet, Wynton Marsalis, and pianists Emanuel Ax and André Watts.

An artist member of the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center since 1989, David Shifrin served as its artistic director from 1992 to 2004. He has toured extensively throughout the United States with CMSLC and hosted and performed in several nationally televised broadcasts on PBS’s Live from Lincoln Center. He has been the artistic director of Chamber Music Northwest in Portland, Oregon since 1981, and is also the artistic director of the Phoenix Chamber Music Festival.

Shifrin has served as Principal Clarinetist with the Cleveland Orchestra, American Symphony Orchestra (under the direction of Leopold Stokowski), Honolulu Symphony, Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra and the New York Chamber Symphony.

Shifrin joined the faculty of the Yale School of Music in 1987 and was appointed artistic director of the Chamber Music Society of Yale and Yale's annual concert series at Carnegie Hall in September 2008. He has also served on the faculties of The Juilliard School, University of Southern California, University of Michigan, Cleveland Institute of Music and the University of Hawaii. In 2007 he was awarded an honorary professorship at China's Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing.

David Shifrin has been instrumental in broadening the repertoire for clarinet and orchestra by commissioning and championing the works of 20th- and 21st-century American composers including John Adams, Joan Tower, Stephen Albert, Bruce Adolphe, Ezra Laderman, Lalo Schifrin, David Schiff, John Corigliano, Bright Sheng and Ellen Taaffe Zwilich. In 2020, he premiered a new clarinet concerto that he commissioned from David Ludwig at Chamber Music Northwest in Portland.

Awards
David Shifrin was awarded the Avery Fisher Prize by Lincoln Center in 2000 for recognition of outstanding achievement and excellence in music, and today is one of only three wind players to have received the prize since its inception in 1974. Shifrin is also the recipient of a Solo Recitalists' Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, an Avery Fisher Career Grant and the 2016 Concert Artists Guild Virtuoso Award. He was given an Honorary Membership by the International Clarinet Society in 2014 in recognition of lifetime achievement, and at the outset of his career he won the top prize at both Munich's ARD International Music Competition and the Geneva International Music Competition. In January 2018 he received the 2018 Richard J. Bogomolny National Service Award at the Chamber Music America National Conference, an award which recognizes an individual or entity who has provided historic service to the small ensemble music field. In 2019, Shifrin received the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center's Award for Extraordinary Service to Chamber Music.

Recordings
Shifrin's recordings on the Delos, Deutsche Grammophon, Angel/EMI, Arabesque, BMG, Sony Classical Records and CRI labels have consistently garnered praise and awards. In addition to his "Record of the Year" accolade from Stereo Review for his 1985 Mozart album, Shifrin has received Grammy Award nominations for three different recordings:
 * The Collected Chamber Music of Claude Debussy, with the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center (2002)
 * Copland's Clarinet Concerto, with Gerard Schwarz and New York Chamber Symphony (1989)
 * Ravel's Introduction and Allegro, with Nancy Allen, Ransom Wilson and the Tokyo String Quartet (1990)

Shifrin's recordings of the Copland Clarinet Concerto and Leonard Bernstein's Clarinet Sonata have been released on iTunes via Angel/EMI and Deutsche Grammophon. His most recent recordings include the Beethoven, Bruch and Brahms Clarinet Trios with cellist David Finckel and pianist Wu Han (pianist) on the ArtistLed label; and a recording for Delos of works by Carl Nielsen, which includes the first commercial recording of the Nielsen Clarinet Concerto arranged for chamber orchestra, as well as Nielsen's Wind Quintet and various short works either written or arranged for clarinet and piano. In the fall of 2018, Delos released a recording of three clarinet quintets written for Shifrin by Peter Schickele, Richard Danielpour and Aaron J. Kernis, and performed by Shifrin and the Miró, Dover and Jasper Quartets. Another Delos release from 2019 features Shifrin with the Dover and Harlem Quartets in music by Duke Ellington (arranged by David Schiff), Valerie Coleman and Chris Rogerson. An album of the chamber music of Francis Poulenc is forthcoming.

title: David Shifrin


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Sydney/Suburbs/Schools Project

Do you have questions about this project? Please ask them here, and the replies will be posted here too (use the "edit this page" link at the top of the page to do this).

If you are new to the Wikipedia, then welcome and enjoy Wikipedia. Your edits are much appreciated.

These links might help you with your contributions:
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You can also check out some other Australian resources, like The Australia Wikiportal, Australian Wikipedians' Notice Board, Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight, New Australian Articles and Australian stub articles.

By the way, you can sign your name when leaving messages on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Preferably, use four tildes (~~~~), which produces your name and the current date.

-- All the best, Nickj (t) 04:50, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

How is it coming along?
Regards--User:AYArktos | Talk 01:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Curious to see how you were going with this. I found on the Schools' FAQ the following useful section which might be a helpful way in dealing with areas which are already well written about: Schools%27_FAQ
 * It's hard to say. On one hand nobody has asked any questions, but on the other hand I'm watching most of the articles for Sydney suburbs and there seems to have been a pick up in the pace of changes, especially by anons. Some of those edits include adding information about schools in the area. Whether those anonymous edits were influenced by the schools mailout, or whether they originate from some other source (e.g. the recent articles in Icon section of the Sydney Morning Herald) is hard to tell (I suppose we could ask the editors or do a reverse lookup on their IP, but if they're connecting via an ISP that uses DHCP, as most of them do I suspect, then it might not help). -- All the best, Nickj (t) 03:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Communications in Armenia

title: Category:Communications in Armenia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ITOK

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE  Rob e  rt  23:21, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

ITOK
Not notable. Spam. Jwissick (t)  (c)  04:52, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.--KJPurscell 05:08, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advert. Nateji77 05:17, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The Google summary taken from the relevant hidden line in their site says they are a Fortune 500 co. But our Fortune 500 doesn't list them (though we have the 2004 list). I can't find a 2005 list, but I suspect they may just be googlebaiting. Can anyone help by finding a free 2005 F500 list? -Splash talk 21:17, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The relevant line from Google says "offers Fortune 500-class technical consulting", which is trivial sales puffery. I don't see anywhere wshere they actually claim to be a F500 company, which manifestly they aren't; they appear to be a nn local/regional PC support firm, with merely "hundreds" (from their site) of customers. MCB 01:16, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ITOK


text:
Man in the Attic

Man in the Attic is a 1953 mystery film directed by Hugo Fregonese. It was released in the United States on December 23 by Twentieth Century Fox. The movie is based on the 1913 novel The Lodger by Marie Belloc Lowndes, which fictionalizes the Jack the Ripper killings, and was previously filmed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1927, by Maurice Elvey in 1932, by John Brahm in 1944, and subsequently by David Ondaatje in 2009.

Plot
The story takes place in London in 1888. On the third night of the Jack the Ripper killings, Mr Slade, a research pathologist, arrives quite late at the home of Mr and Mrs Harley, looking to rent a room. Slade rents out a room and an attic, which he says he needs for his research work. Mrs Harley notices that Slade acts in a strange manner, for example turning several pictures of actresses to the wall, saying that he can feel their eyes on him. He also mentions that he is usually out late at night working, but he never explains what his research involves.

Mrs Harley's niece, Lily Bonner, arrives to stay at the house shortly afterwards; she is a beautiful stage actress and singer, recently returned from a successful stage production in Paris. Slade leaves the house for the evening, wearing an Ulster coat and carrying a small black bag, and meets Lily before her opening night in London. At the theatre an old colleague of Lily's, Annie Rowley (who has fallen on hard times), goes to see her backstage, but she is later murdered by the Ripper. Inspector Warwick, who is investigating the murders, informs Lily and tells her that the suspect was seen wearing an Ulster coat and a small black bag. The next morning, Warwick goes to see Lily again to ask a few questions, and Slade appears and gives some unorthodox opinions regarding the Ripper and says that he feels the police will never catch him. Mrs Harley's suspicions increase when she smells burning coming from Slade's attic room, and she is convinced that he is the killer when she discovers that Slade had been burning his black bag; however Mr Harley remains unconvinced.

Lily is attracted to Slade, and he tells her that his mother was also an actress, that she was both beautiful and evil, and that he both loved and hated her. She behaved in an adulterous manner, and his father became an alcoholic after she left him. She ended her life as a 'woman of the streets' (i.e., a prostitute) and died on the streets in Whitechapel. Slade shows Lily a picture of his mother. Inspector Warwick then arrives to take Lily to the Black Museum, and Slade joins them, much to Warwick's displeasure. At the museum, Slade makes numerous derisive comments about the gruesome nature of the exhibits, but he seems to take a particular interest in the five pictures on the wall of the five Ripper victims, again telling Warwick that the police will never catch the Ripper.

The same evening, another woman is murdered, and later Slade is seen washing his hands in the river. During the night, Lily is woken and goes downstairs to find Slade burning some items of clothing, including his Ulster coat, which appears to have blood stains on it. Slade claims that he spilled some solution on the coat, and it might be contaminated.

Meanwhile Warwick checks out Slade's credentials at the University hospital, and he is told that Slade is involved in research and works very late hours. Lily asks Slade to meet her backstage at the theatre that evening. Before they meet, Warwick sees if Slade's right thumbprint matches one left by the Ripper at the scene of one of his crimes, and he enlists Mr Harley's help to search Slade's room. Warwick discovers the picture of Slade's mother in a drawer, but Lily catches them and complains to Warwick that he is harassing an innocent man. Warwick later tries to match the fingerprint, but his assistant notices the picture of Slade's mother and realises that it is Anne Lawrence, the Ripper's first victim, whose picture is on the wall of the museum.

By this time, Slade has gone to the theatre to see the show, but he observes all the lustful looks on the faces of many of the men in the audience as they watch Lily dancing. He becomes agitated, and when he goes to see her backstage, he tells her that he hates other men looking at her in such a manner, and he begs her to go away with him somewhere. She resists, and he pulls a knife out of his pocket and prepares to cut her throat, but he cannot carry out the act, dropping the knife and escaping out of a window. The police, including Warwick, pursue Slade through Whitechapel, but Slade evades them and appears to drown himself in the river. However, despite Warwick and other officers searching for him in the river, his body is not found, and the possibility is left open that he may have escaped alive.

Cast

 * Jack Palance as Slade
 * Constance Smith as Lily Bonner
 * Byron Palmer as Insp. Paul Warwick
 * Frances Bavier as Helen Harley
 * Rhys Williams as William Harley
 * Sean McClory as Constable No. 1
 * Leslie Bradley as Constable No. 2
 * Tita Phillips as Daisy
 * Lester Matthews as Chief Insp. Melville
 * Harry Cording as Detective Sgt. Bates
 * Lisa Daniels as Mary Lenihan
 * Lilian Bond as Annie Rowley
 * Isabel Jewell as Katy
 * Noble Chissell as Theatre Patron (uncredited)
 * Ben Wright as Detective in Theatre Box

title: Man in the Attic


text:
User talk:Tuttleturtle

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed nobody had said hi yet... Hi!

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf melmac 04:53, 30 September 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Tuttleturtle


text:
User talk:Vutrty

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --fvw *  04:54, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vutrty


text:
Moronvilliers

In 1911, the small village of Moronvilliers had 86 inhabitants. On 2 September 1914, in the first month of World War I, the village, only 15 kilometers north-east from Rheims, was occupied by German troops. Situated on the frontline, the village was deserted and destroyed during the war.

The village was never rebuilt after the war. On June 17, 1950, part of its territory was merged with that of Pontfaverger, which changed its name to Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers. Other parts were added to Saint-Hilaire-le-Petit and Saint-Martin-l'Heureux.

The Camp de Moronvilliers has been the site of simulated nuclear testing or "cold firings" in the past, which caused many issues with both the general public and foreign observers.

title: Moronvilliers


text:
Henry Mountains

The Henry Mountains is a mountain range located in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Utah that runs in a generally north-south direction, extending over a distance of about 30 mi. They were named by Almon Thompson in honor of Joseph Henry, the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The nearest town of any size is Hanksville, Utah, which is north of the mountains. The Henry Mountains were the last mountain range to be added to the map of the 48 contiguous U.S. states (1872), and before their official naming by Thompson were sometimes referred to as the "Unknown Mountains." In Navajo, the range is still referred to as Dził Bizhiʼ Ádiní ("mountain whose name is missing").

Most lands within the Henry Mountains are federally owned, public lands administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. A herd of 350 American Bison roams freely in the Henrys.

Geography and geology

The range is clustered into two main groups, with Highway 276 dividing the two portions. The northern group is by far the higher and larger in area of the two with Mount Ellen: 11522 ft above sea level; Mount Pennell: 11371 ft; and Mount Hillers: 10723 ft. The southern group is much lower in elevation. The southern group has two peaks: Mount Ellsworth: 8235 ft and Mount Holmes: 8000 ft. The southern group is also known as the "Little Rockies".

The Henry Mountains are drained by several canyon systems which radiate away from the isolated range, flowing north into the Fremont River, east into the Dirty Devil River, or south into Lake Powell. Surface water is scarce in the Henrys. Precipitation is about 6 inch annually at an elevation of 5000 ft at the foot of the mountains, increasing to about 15 inch at 7000 ft elevation and then diminishing to about 13 inch at the highest elevations.

The geology of these mountains was first studied in 1875-1876 by Grove Karl Gilbert. He coined the term "laccolite" (now laccolith) to describe the characteristic shapes of some of the igneous intrusions that core the mountains. The main type of igneous rock is porphyritic diorite. This continues to be a unique area of study for geologists who focus on intrusion emplacement processes, since the near-horizontal sedimentary strata are clearly folded to accommodate the magma.

The ages of igneous rocks are important for understanding the evolution of the Colorado Plateau. The ages of these rocks measured by potassium–argon dating between 1969 and 1990 were discordant, ranging from 25 to 45 million years. However, uranium–lead dating of zircon, argon–argon dating of hornblende, and fission track dating have yielded consistent ages of about 23 to 31 million years. The intrusions are hosted by Permian to Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. The geology of these mountains is similar to the geology of the La Sal Range and of the Abajo Mountains, both also on the Colorado Plateau in southeastern Utah.

History
The Henry Mountains were sparsely occupied by Native Americans for thousands of years before the arrival of the first White settlers. The first exploration of the Henrys was in spring 1872 by Almon Harris Thompson, who climbed and named the highest summit in the Henrys after his wife Ellen. Several Mormon settlements, usually ephemeral, were established during the 1880s. In the 1890s the Henrys experienced several gold rushes of short duration. In about 1900, ranchers introduced large herds of sheep. By the 1930s, the Henrys were heavily overgrazed by sheep, causing erosion and damaging native vegetation. The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 curtailed most of the overgrazing. A 2015 report identified only a few small areas still impacted by overgrazing, and vegetation cover had improved in most areas.

"The conditions of aridity, isolation, and rugged surroundings . . . have always kept settlement and development in the Henry Mountains to a minimum . . . . The landscape is just too harsh, the distances too vast."

Bison

The Henry Mountains are home to approximately 350 American bison. Via genetic testing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, the Henry Mountains bison herd is one of only three free-roaming and genetically purebred bison herds on public lands in the United States. This study, published in 2015, also showed the Henry Mountains bison to be free of brucellosis, a bacterial disease that was imported with non-native domestic cattle to North America. The other two American herds are in Yellowstone National Park and Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota. The majority of free-ranging American Bison (approximately 90%) are found in Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories, with additional populations in Alaska transplanted from Canada in 2008.

The Henry Mountains Bison Herd was created in 1941 when 18 bison, including three bulls, were moved from Yellowstone National Park and released near the Dirty Devil River, south and east of Hanksville, Utah. An additional five bulls were added to the population in 1942. The herd has gradually moved toward the Henry Mountains, frequenting elevations up to 10000 ft. The Henry Mountain herd has been brucellosis-free since 1963.

Utah wildlife biologists set a population objective of 325 bison by 2012 for the Henry Mountain herd. As bison reproduce rapidly and the herds have been larger than this in the past, a decision was made to reduce the size of the herd. To achieve this objective and increase overall genetic diversity, breeding animals are transplanted to other locations from the herd. In January 2008, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources officials transplanted 31 animals to the Book Cliffs in eastern Utah. The new group joined 14 animals previously released in August, 2008 from a private herd on the nearby Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation. In addition, special licenses are issued annually to hunt the animals and help reduce the excess population. In 2009, 146 public once-in-a-lifetime Henry Mountain bison hunting permits were issued.

Management
Much of the area is managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management.

title: Henry Mountains


text: Category:Companies of Armenia

title: Category:Companies of Armenia


text:
CYPC

CYPC may refer to:

 * Paulatuk (Nora Aliqatchialuk Ruben) Airport
 * China Yangtze Power

title: CYPC


text: User talk:203.160.1.40

title: User talk:203.160.1.40


text:
Viewing (funeral)

In death customs, a viewing (sometimes referred to as reviewal, calling hours, funeral visitation in the United States and Canada) is the time that family and friends come to see the deceased before the funeral, once the body has been prepared by a funeral home. It is generally recommended (although not necessary) that a body first be embalmed to create the best possible presentation of the deceased. A viewing may take place at the funeral home's chapel, in a family home or at a place of worship, such as a church. Some cultures, such as the Māori of New Zealand, often take the body to the marae or tribal community hall.

Viewing is similar to a wake, which is a continuous watch kept over the dead by family and friends, usually in their own home. Many authorities consider the viewing or wake important to the grieving process as it gives a chance to say goodbye on a personal level. It can also make it easier to accept the reality of the death, which can often seem unreal especially in the industrial world where death is handled by professionals and the family may only know of a death through phone calls rather than experiencing it as it occurs.

Viewings differ by culture and religion. Approaches to viewings also depend on religious traditions and personal preference.

History
Ritualised behaviour in history has been seen as promoting and maintaining the emotional wellbeing of the individual, as well as the social cohesion of the wider group(Wass & Niemeyer, 2012). The process of viewing the body of the deceased is a ritual that is presumed to predate human history. Viewing the body is believed to be a fundamental part of coming to terms with the death of another human, across cultures throughout time. The primitive nature of viewing the body serves the most basic need to understand and adapt to the reality of death.

Although, in many parts of the world, viewings are seen to be declining in popularity, as death and dying become increasingly institutionalised. However, closed caskets, or no casket, is becoming a more standard practice today.

United Kingdom
Early in the 20th century it was common to view the body after death, but today in the United Kingdom it is usual to have a closed casket for the funeral, and people may not see the body beforehand.

United States
It has become a common practice among most religious faiths in America, with the notable exceptions of Judaism and Islam, to display the body of the deceased as part of the funeral ritual or service. It was argued by authors Maurice Lamm and Naftali Eskreis (1966) that viewings are a custom of recent American origin and have no roots in ancient culture or contemporary European culture except for the "lying in state" of kings and emperors.

Ireland
In Ireland the treatment of the dead has long been one of great respect. The term "viewing" is not used in Ireland. Rather, the event is referred to as a "reposal" (the body would be said to "be reposing"). Catholic tradition has meant that virtually all deceased persons are afforded a state of repose, regardless of whether the funeral is conducted as a Catholic or secular service. The reposal of the body can either occur within a funeral home or at the deceased's residence (or the residence of close family). If conducted in a funeral home, this usually occurs for a few hours on the evening before the funeral service and burial/cremation. If conducted in a house, this can be extended from several hours to even days, depending on the tradition of the individual locality. Reposals are usually open to the general public and no invite is required. Reposals in Ireland are usually conducted with the corpse displayed in an open coffin, so that the body itself is on display. Exceptions to this can occur; such as in the case of the death of a child or young person, or if the body sustained significant physical damage upon death (in the case of a fatal accident, for example). It is typical, particularly in rural areas, for neighbours, extended family and friends to attend the reposal as an opportunity to pay their respects to the deceased, as well as to sympathise with the deceased's immediate family (sometimes referred to as "mourners"). In the funeral home setting, the mourners are generally standing or sitting around the open casket or coffin to shake hands and accept offers of sympathy from the public.

Psychological
Mark Harris, in his book Grave Matters, describes some as finding viewings comforting, especially if the death was sudden, as it brings them to terms with their loss, while others find it uncomfortable and choose not to have a viewing. In an article published in 1966, Viewing the remains: A new American custom, authors Maurice Lamm and Naftali Eskreis argue that viewing the corpse can be seen as paying one's last respects to the deceased and a necessary aspect of "grief therapy", which allows mourners to see the deceased as they would like to remember them.

According to Dr Therese A. Rando, in the book Complicated Grieving and Bereavement: Understanding and Treating People Experiencing Loss, complications arise when a person chooses not to or is unable to view the body. Seeing the body assimilates the reality and allows the shock and denial to ease and allow for grieving to begin. This view, however, has been challenged by Maurice Lamm and Naftali Eskreis, who suggest it may prolong the natural grieving process rather than provide comfort.

A 2012 study, Family Members' Experiences with Viewing in the Wake of Sudden Death, conducted by Christina Harrington and Bethany Sprowl, looked at the consequences that viewing the body after a traumatic death has on bereaved relatives and whether it should be encouraged. The study revealed that viewing the body ultimately cemented the reality of death, and although it was found to be shocking or distressing to family members, only few in the study said they regretted it. A 2010 study conducted by BMJ, however, revealed that, following a traumatic death causing disfigurement, professionals may be reluctant to allow viewing because as they fear that relatives will leave with unpleasant, uninvited memories.

Religious
In Complicated Grieving and Bereavement, Dr Rando writes that viewings can be seen as allowing for those mourning to move from a physically present relationship to a spiritual relationship based on memory. Furthermore, physically seeing the body marks the end of the physical in order to begin a new spiritual relationship.

However, in the 1966 article Viewing the remains: A new American custom, Lamm and Eskreis say that some religions see the process of viewing the body as disregarding the rights of the deceased and detracting from the religious significance placed on life and death.

Legal
In cases where there is an ongoing investigation into the circumstances of someone's death, the police or coroner may have an officer observe the funeral and related gatherings.

Types
A viewing is when the body is on display and viewed by family and friends, or in some cases the public, in order to commemorate the deceased. There is no universal set of customs and practices for viewings – these vary based on factors such as religion and culture.

A visitation, also known as visiting hours, is when friends and family congregate to remember and celebrate the deceased. Unlike a viewing, the body may or may not be present and it may or may not be held in a funeral home.

Preparation
The body is transported from the place of death, often a hospital or place of residence, to a funeral establishment. There, the body is usually embalmed to greatly reduce the rate of decay. This may be required if the body will be transported a longer distance, or if burial will be delayed so mourners (especially those traveling a long way) have more time to come pay their respects. Embalming is generally a legal requirement when human remains will be transported long distances. This can happen when someone dies far from their home, but is to be buried near where they lived, or when someone is buried in their original hometown after having lived and died somewhere else.

The body is dressed neatly, and cosmetics are usually applied to ensure the body is presented in a pleasant way. The body is then placed in a casket, which is left open for a viewing or closed for a visitation.

Aboriginal Australian
Christianity is the dominant religion in many Aboriginal communities; however, aspects of traditional Aboriginal beliefs are often maintained as well. Traditional medicines such as sage and sweet grass are burned to purify the dead and all those present. Visitations help family, friends and clan members let go of the spirit of the deceased and help the grieving family move from feelings of anger and disbelief to acceptance and peace.

Buddhism
Viewings are acceptable in Buddhism, and involve the deceased being washed, dressed in “everyday clothes” and placed in a simple casket. Washing the deceased signifies a new and somewhat backwards beginning. From the moment one has passed on everything that would have been done in their day-to-day life is now reversed, such as putting on an item of clothing backwards. In the Buddhist religion, to ensure that the deceased is able to cross the river from the world of the living, a coin or sometimes a betel leaf is placed in their mouth. The viewing can last as long as the family desires. Since the 1940s, it has become more common for the coffin to be covered by a wooden lid.

Christianity
Most denominations in Christianity allow the body to be embalmed and viewed by loved ones. It is generally a matter of the family's personal preference, not church teachings.

Hinduism
In Hinduism, viewings are allowed, and usually take place before the cremation. Cremation usually takes place near a river bank at The Burning Ghats directly after dipping the body into the river. The body is to be displayed in a simple casket.

Islam
According to Islamic law, the body should be buried as soon after death as possible. As viewings delay burial, they are not practiced.

Judaism
Viewings are not part of traditional Jewish practice. Pre-burial gatherings of this kind do not fit well with the teaching that one cannot and should not comfort the mourners while the dead lie before them, but rather, the right time for comfort is after the funeral and burial.

Jews also believe that the soul leaves the body immediately after death to go back to heaven. Additionally, they do not practice embalming. For these reasons, the funeral and burial take place very soon after death and unnecessary delays are avoided.

During cleansing of the deceased, a prayer is read to ask for forgiveness of the dead and to present them to God.

Maori
In traditional Maori culture, most bodies are embalmed before being taken to the local marae where family and friends gather to pay their respects. A visitation takes place at the marae where family and friends sing songs, share food and speeches are given to remember the deceased.

title: Viewing (funeral)


text:
Category:Economy of Armenia

lt:Kategorija:Armėnijos ekonomika

title: Category:Economy of Armenia


text:
1946 NFL season

The 1946 NFL season was the 27th regular season of the National Football League. Before the season, Elmer Layden resigned as NFL Commissioner and Bert Bell, co-founder of the Philadelphia Eagles, replaced him. Meanwhile, the All-America Football Conference was formed to rival the NFL, and the Rams became the first NFL team based on the West Coast after they relocated from Cleveland, Ohio, to Los Angeles, California. A regular season game was played on Tuesday, the last until the 2010 season, on October 1, between New York and Boston.

The season ended when the Chicago Bears defeated the New York Giants in the NFL Championship Game.

Draft
The 1946 NFL Draft was held on January 14, 1946, at New York City's Commodore Hotel. With the first pick, the Boston Yanks selected quarterback Frank Dancewicz from the University of Notre Dame.

Major rule changes

 * A forward pass that strikes the goal posts is automatically ruled incomplete.
 * This is sometimes known as the "Baugh/Marshall Rule" after Washington Redskins quarterback Sammy Baugh and team owner George Preston Marshall: in the previous year's Championship Game, the Rams scored a safety when Baugh, attempting a pass from his own end zone, hit the goal posts. The two points provided the margin of victory, as the Rams won the game and the Championship 15–14, while Marshall was so outraged at the outcome that he was a major force in passing this rule change.
 * The free substitution rule was repealed, and substitutions were limited to no more than three players at a time.
 * The receiving team is permitted to return punts and missed field goal attempts from behind their own goal line.
 * The penalty for an invalid fair catch signal is 5 yards from the spot of the signal.
 * A fair catch signal is valid when it is made while the ball is in flight.

Division races
In the Eastern Division, the Giants, Eagles, and Steelers all had 4-2 records in Week Seven of an 11-week season, while in the Western Division, the Bears' 10–7 win over the Packers on November 3 put them a game ahead of the Rams.

In Week Eight, the Giants beat the Eagles 45–17, the Steelers lost to Detroit 17–7, and the Bears beat the Rams 27–21 to widen their lead.

Week Nine saw Giants tie with Boston, 28–28, putting them at 5–2–1, while the Steelers beat the Eagles 10–7 to be a half-game behind at 5–3–1.

The teams met in New York in Week Ten, and the Giants' 7–0 win put them in front again.

The final week of the season had the 6–3–1 Giants hosting the 5–4–1 Redskins: a Washington win would have given them both 6–4–1 records and forced a playoff.

That became a moot point with New York's 31–0 win in front of 60,337 at the Polo Grounds: more than the 58,346 that went there for the Championship Game a week later.

NFL Championship Game
Chicago Bears 24, New York Giants 14, at the Polo Grounds in New York City on December 15, 1946

Coaching changes

 * Chicago Bears: George Halas returned after serving in the U.S. Navy during World War II. In his place since the middle of the 1942 season, Hunk Anderson and Luke Johnsos served as co-coaches of the Bears.
 * Chicago Cardinals: Phil Handler was replaced by Jimmy Conzelman.
 * Pittsburgh Steelers: Jim Leonard was replaced by Jock Sutherland.
 * Washington Redskins: Dudley DeGroot was replaced by Turk Edwards.

Stadium changes
The relocated Los Angeles Rams moved from Cleveland's League Park to Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

January

 * January 22 – Lee Kizzire, age 30, Fullback, Detroit Lions in 1937.

February

 * February 7 – Ward Connell, age 44, Split End, 1926 Chicago Cardinals
 * February 14 – Art Haley, age 50, played Running back for 1920 Canton Bulldogs, 1921 Dayton Triangles, and 1923 Akron Pros

April

 * April 13 – Pahl Davis, Age 42, Fullback, 1922 Green Bay Packers

May

 * May 6 – Steve Sader, age 26, Running back for the 1943 Pitt-Phil Steagles.
 * May 10 – Bill Clark, age 54, Guard, 1920 Dayton Triangles
 * May 16 – Koester Christensen, age 41, Split End, 1930 Portsmouth Spartans
 * May 18 – Wop Drumstead, Guard, 1925 Hammond Pros

June

 * June 28 – John Howell, Age 30, Running Back, Green Bay Packers, Ninth round selection in the 1938 NFL draft

July

 * July 6 – Fred Brumm, age 58, Tackle, 1921 Tonawanda Kardex

September

 * September 3 – Duke Hanny, Age 48, Offensive line and Running Back, for the Chicago Bears from 1923 to 1927, and Providence Steam Roller from 1928 to 1930 and Green Bay Packers 1930.

August

 * August 25 – Don Jackson, age 32, Running Back and Defensive Back for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1936.

October

 * October 1 – Johnnie Hudson, Age 47, Running Back, for the Washington Senators in 1922.
 * October 22 – Doc Ledbetter, age 36, Running Back, Chicago Cardinals and Staten Island Stapletons from 1932 to 1933.

November

 * November 28 – Tom Henry, Age 51, Wing Back Rock Island Independents

title: 1946 NFL season


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Gary Silk

Gary Lee Silk (born 13 September 1984) is an English former professional footballer and first team physiotherapist for Premier League club Leicester City

As a player, he was a right back who played between 2003 and 2013 for Portsmouth, Barnet, Wycombe Wanderers, Boston United, Notts County, Mansfield Town and Grimsby Town.

Playing career
Born in Newport, Isle of Wight, Silk started his career as a youth player at Portsmouth. He made his professional debut as a player in December 2003 whilst on loan at Barnet, and since spent much of season 2004/05 on loan at Wycombe Wanderers. He was a presence in Wycombe's quarter-final Football League Trophy run of 2004–05.

At the end of the 2005–06 season he was released by Portsmouth and joined Notts County, before being released on 13 May 2008.

He joined their neighbours Mansfield Town and soon became a fans' favourite at Field Mill. He won every player of the year award available and signed a two-year deal with the Stags despite having an offer from a Football League club.

In June 2011, he left Mansfield Town after three seasons, to join Grimsby Town, he would become Grimsby's first new signing for 2011–12. After an injury plagued season in which Silk only featured 24 times in the league he was released by the club on 3 May 2012.

In July 2012 he joined Lincoln City on trial. In August, he signed a one-year deal with Jason Lee's Boston United. Following a managerial change at the club, new United boss Graham Drury released Silk on 12 February 2013 after his university commitments had prevented him from training on Thursday nights. Drury added "I need all my players to train on thursday nights". Silk played 26 times for The Pilgrims and made his final appearance against local rivals Gainsborough Trinity.

On 14 March it was announced on the Boston United website that Silk, whose registration had never been cancelled, was being brought back to the club by new manager Dennis Greene. Silk was released by Boston for a second time at the end of the 2012–13 season.

Personal life
Whilst playing for Mansfield, Silk gained a diploma in sports massage from Loughborough College.

Physiotherapist
He gained experience by joining the medical staff at Sheffield Wednesday before being appointed first masseur at Leicester City in 2013. He graduated from the University of Salford in July 2016 with a bachelor's degree in Physiotherapy and was appointed as a physiotherapist for the first team.

Grimsby Town

 * Lincolnshire Senior Cup: Winner, 2011–12

Mansfield Town

 * Player of the Season: 2008–09

title: Gary Silk


text: User talk:69.110.54.51

title: User talk:69.110.54.51


text:
User talk:Filipino Lover

Welcome
Hello, welcome maayong pagdating sa Wikipedia! Kumusta ka?

Sorry about the earlier Tambayan episode. I don't know if I can arbitrate your POVs but pls understand that POV disputes drain us. I have my own real job too you know. Please be as neutral and encyclopedic as possible. These is the rest of my typical welcome:.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Again, welcome! --Jondel 04:59, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Filipino Lover


text: Category:Mass media in Armenia

title: Category:Mass media in Armenia


text:
CIUP-FM

CIUP-FM (99.3 FM, Up! 99.3) is a radio station in Edmonton, Alberta. Owned by the Jim Pattison Group, it broadcasts an adult hits format.

History
The station received approval by the CRTC in July 2005 and was launched in September of that year for on-air testing. The station officially debuted at 2 p.m. on December 8, 2005 as CHMC-FM with a smooth jazz format branded as Magic 99. Magic's first song was Michael Bublé's Sway.

On October 19, 2010, the station dropped its smooth jazz format, in favor of its current adult hits format as ''Up! 99.3'', and adopted its current callsign. The first song on "Up!" was "Don't Stop" by Fleetwood Mac. The launch was simulcasted on Global TV. According to the station's website, the station plays a wide mix of classic songs from the late 1960s through the 80s with some currents/recurrents, along with 90s and 2000s music. Unlike most adult hits stations, CIUP leans towards heavier music.

On August 17, 2011, Rawlco Communications received CRTC approval to change the technical parameters of the station by increasing the effective height of antenna above average terrain from 148.4 to 272 meters and by relocating its transmitter.

On July 10, 2014, Rawlco announced the sale of its Edmonton radio stations to The Jim Pattison Group.

As of Feb 28, 2021, CIUP is the 2nd-most-listened-to radio station in the Edmonton market according to a PPM data report released by Numeris.

title: CIUP-FM


text:
International Federation of Model Auto Racing

The International Federation of Model Auto Racing (IFMAR) is the world governing body of professional radio controlled car racing.

The organization was created in 1979 by professional racer and RC model entrepreneur Ted Longshaw. At that time, many different governing bodies operated under their own rules throughout the world. IFMAR was conceived as a way to bring the different, fragmented organizations under a single, governing body. IFMAR's constitution also promotes international friendship and sportsmanship.

Each of the member blocs organises the IFMAR World Championship event on behalf of IFMAR.

Masami Hirosaka is perhaps the world's most distinguished racer. He has a record of 14 IFMAR World Championships, followed by Lamberto Collari with 9 titles, all within a single category and in nitro powered cars.

Governing bodies
IFMAR governs RC racing through four international governing bodies, or "blocs" representing 45 member nations and with full voting rights:

 * European Federation of Radio Operated Model Automobiles (EFRA) – Oversees racing in Europe.
 * Far East Model Car Association (FEMCA) – Governs Australasia and Asia.
 * Remotely Operated Auto Racers (ROAR) – Oversees and promotes races in Canada and the United States of America and is credited with producing more world champion drivers than any other bloc.
 * Fourth Association of Model Auto Racing (FAMAR) – The newest IFMAR bloc and oversees Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Uruguay, Chile and Venezuela.

Eligibility to IFMAR World Championship event
To be allowed to compete in an IFMAR World Championship event, the competitor has to be a member of a national body (such as ROAR of North America, SARDA from South Africa, BRCA from the United Kingdom, etc.). The competitor has to contact a representative of the body who will determine if they are competent enough to compete in the world championship round. The driver does not specifically have to have qualified in that discipline in which they choose to race (e.g. a driver who is competent in 1:10 on road racing wishes to qualify for 1:8 off-road).

Statistics
NB: Excludes World Cup winners

Updated as of 9 December 2023

A-main/finals appearances
Drivers with at least 10 finals appearances are listed

Italics: drivers who have not or yet to have won a Worlds title.

Bold: drivers who have actively appeared in a final race within the two previous Worlds

Craig Drescher has the most appearances for a driver who have yet to win a title as of 2024. Despite his last A-main appearance being in 2005, he inherited the title after Ralph Burch Jr. finally won his first title in 2010 having tried since 1981 at the age of 13. Ryan Maifield claimed the honor from Drescher in 2013, who held it until he win his off-road double in 2017.

Podium finishers
Drivers with at least 5 podium finishes are listed

Italics: drivers who have not or yet to have won a Worlds title.

Bold: drivers who have actively appeared in a final race within the two previous Worlds

Takaaki Shimo has the most podium finishes for a driver who have yet to win a title as of 2024, having inherited the honor from Ryan Maifield in 2017.


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User:Fropuff/Drafts/Unit quaternion group

''This is a draft article on the group of unit quaternions. I am not sure what the best name is for such an article. Suggestions are welcome. Others are welcome to contribute to this page; but, as it is still in my user space, I reserve the right to mutilate any contributions.''

Suggested names:
 * Sp(1)
 * SU(2)
 * Spin(3)
 * 3-sphere group
 * unit quaternion group
 * group of unit quaternions

The unit quaternion group is the set of all unit quaternions, i.e. those quaternions with absolute value equal to 1. As the name implies, they form a group under multiplication—a subgroup of the multiplicative group of all non-zero quaternions. This group is sometimes denoted Sp(1) since it is the first in the family of (compact) symplectic groups. In symbols,
 * $$\mathrm{Sp}(1) = \{q \in \mathbb H^\times : |q| = 1\}.$$

Some other common notations for the unit quaternion group include U(1,H) and SL(1,H).

The unit quaternion group can be understood as the quaternionic analog of the circle group—the set of unit complex numbers under complex multiplication. Rather than a circle, the set of unit quaternions make up a unit 3-sphere inside H since the quaternions are 4-dimensional. Algebraically, the primary difference with the circle group is that the unit quaternion group is nonabelian. This follows from the fact that quaternion multiplication is noncommutative.

The group Sp(1) is the primary, and perhaps most important, example of a Lie group; which is to say that the group space is a manifold and the group operations (multiplication and inversion) are smooth. It is, in fact, the simplest example of a compact, simply-connected, nonabelian Lie group.

The unit quaternion group appears in a variety of forms in mathematics. The most common alternative form is as the special unitary group SU(2), the group of all 2×2 unitary matrices with unit determinant. It also appears as the spin group Spin(3) which is a double cover of the rotation group SO(3). These isomorphisms and others are explained below.

Group structure
To verify that the unit quaternions form a subgroup of H× one needs to check that they are closed under multiplication and that every element has an inverse which is also a unit quaternion. These properties follow from the relations
 * $$|qp| = |q||p|\qquad\mbox{and}\qquad|q^{-1}| = \frac{1}{|q|}$$

which hold for all p, q ∈ H×.

The inverse of a unit quaternion q is given by the quaternionic conjugate
 * $$q^{-1} = \bar q$$

since
 * $$\bar q q = q\bar q = |q|^2 = 1.$$

A quaternion has absolute value 1 if and only if its inverse is equal to its conjugate.

Just as for complex numbers, every nonzero quaternion q can be written uniquely as a product of a positive real number (|q|) and a unit quaternion (q/|q|). In fact, the multiplicative group H× is isomorphic to the direct product of Sp(1) and the multiplicative group of positive real numbers.
 * $$\mathbb H^\times = \mathbb R^{+} \times \mathrm{Sp}(1).$$

As a Lie group
Sp(1) has a natural Lie group structure, with a topology and smooth structure inherited from H ≅ R4. Since the group manifold of Sp(1) is a 3-sphere it follows that Sp(1) is a compact, connected, and simply connected Lie group of dimension 3. Indeed, Sp(1) is the simplest example of a compact nonabelian Lie group. It is of fundamental importance in the theory of Lie groups.

As a symplectic group
The notation Sp(1) for the group of unit quaternions comes from the fact that Sp(1) is the first in the family of compact symplectic groups, denoted Sp(n). The quaternionic linear group GL(n,H) is the group of all invertible n×n quaternionic matrices under matrix multiplication. The group Sp(n) is the subgroup which preserves the standard hermitian form on Hn (thought of as a right H-vector space):
 * $$\langle x, y\rangle = \bar x_1 y_1 + \cdots + \bar x_n y_n$$

The group GL(1,H) is just the multiplicative group on nonzero quaternions H×, which acts on H by left multiplication. The group Sp(1) is the subgroup of quaternions q for which
 * $$\langle qx, qy\rangle = \overline{qx}qy = \bar x\bar qqy = \bar xy = \langle x, y\rangle.$$

for all x,y ∈ H. This is precisely the group of unit quaternions:
 * $$\{q\in \mathbb H^\times : \bar qq = |q|^2 = 1\}.$$

The compact symplectic groups are also sometimes called hyperunitary groups and denoted U(n,H), so that Sp(1) = U(1,H).

Pure unit quaternions
The pure or imaginary quaternions, denoted by Im H, are those quaternions whose real part is 0. The pure unit quaternions are the pure quaternions with absolute value 1. These are quaternions of the form
 * $$\tau = x_1 i + x_2 j + x_3 k\;\mbox{ where }\;x_1^2 + x_2^2 + x_3^2 = 1.$$

Geometrically, the pure units quaternions form a 2-sphere making up the "equator" of the unit 3-sphere in H (with ±1 as the poles). They form a single conjugacy class in Sp(1).

One can show that a quaternion $$\tau$$ is a pure unit quaternion if and only if $$\tau^2 = -1$$.

Exponential map and one-parameter subgroups
Just as every element of the circle group can be written in exponential form $$e^{i\theta}$$, every unit quaternion can be written as $$e^{\tau\psi}$$ where $$\tau$$ is a pure unit quaternion and $$\psi$$ is a real number.

The exponential map
The exponential function on the quaternions can be defined just as it is on the complex numbers, i.e. by its power series expansion:
 * $$e^x = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{x^k}{k!}.$$

This series converges for all x ∈ H.

In the complex case, one obtains a map to the circle group by restricting the exponential function to the imaginary numbers. For the quaternions, one obtains a map to Sp(1) by restricting to the imaginary quaternions:
 * $$\exp\colon \mathrm{Im}\,\mathbb H \to \mathrm{Sp}(1)$$

This follows from the fact that for x ∈ Im H we have
 * $$\overline{e^x} = e^{\bar x} = e^{-x} = \left(e^x\right)^{-1}.$$

Every unit quaternion can be written as the exponential of a pure quaternion so the above map is surjective. Using the formulas in the next section one can show that the exponential map is surjective onto Sp(1) when restricted to a ball of radius $$\pi$$ inside Im H. In fact, the mapping is bijective in this region except for the boundary of the ball, all of which maps to the point −1 ∈ Sp(1). (This reflects the topological fact that the 3-sphere can be constructed by identifying the boundary of a 3-ball to a point).

Euler's formula
For any pure unit quaternion $$\tau$$ and real number $$\psi$$, the exponential of $$\tau\psi$$ is given by the quaternionic analog of Euler's formula:
 * $$e^{\tau\psi} = \cos\psi + \tau\,\sin\psi.$$

This follows purely from the definition of the exponential and the fact that $$\tau^2 = -1$$. The proof is just as in the complex case where $$\tau = i$$. Note that the quaternionic analog of Euler's identity
 * $$e^{\tau\pi} = -1\,$$

is valid for all $$\tau$$ with $$\tau^2 = -1$$.

Any pure quaternion $$x$$ can be written in the form $$\tau\psi$$ where $$\tau$$ is a pure unit quaternion and $$\psi$$ is a nonnegative real number. Simply, take $$\tau = x/|x|$$ and $$\psi = |x|$$. Euler's formula then gives a method for computing the exponential of any pure quaternion $$x$$.

One-parameter subgroups
For every pure unit quaternion $$\tau$$, we have a one-dimensional Lie subgroup of Sp(1) given by the set of points
 * $$\{e^{\tau\psi} : \psi \in \mathbb R\}$$

The group law is just
 * $$e^{\tau\psi_1}e^{\tau\psi_2} = e^{\tau(\psi_1 + \psi_2)}.\,$$

These groups are just copies of the circle group inside Sp(1). For each such $$\tau$$, we have a Lie group homomorphism from R to Sp(1). In fact, for all x ∈ Im H we have a Lie group homomorphism R → Sp(1) given by
 * $$\psi \mapsto e^{x\psi}$$

These maps are called one-parameter subgroups of Sp(1). Note carefully the distinction between one-parameter subgroups, which are given by homomorphism and have a fixed parametrization, and one-dimensional subgroups, which are just Lie subgroups without any specified parametrization.

Action on the quaternions
The group Sp(1) has a natural smooth action on the quaternions H given by conjugation. For each q in Sp(1) and x in H this action is given by
 * $$\rho_q(x) = qx\bar q.$$

The function $$\rho_q$$ is easily seen be an automorphism of H. Since $$\rho$$ is an action the map
 * $$\rho : \mathrm{Sp}(1) \to \mathrm{Aut}(\mathbb H)$$

which sends $$q$$ to $$\rho_q$$ is a homomorphism of Lie groups. In fact, we shall see that this map is a surjective homomorphism with kernel {±1}.

One can show that every automorphism of H leaves the decomposition H = R ⊕ Im H invariant. That is to say, every automorphism of H reduces to an action on Im H. It follows that every automorphism of H preserves the norm on H, and is therefore a given by an orthogonal transformation. By examining the action on the basis i, j, k one can see that such a transformation must have determinant one. The automorphism group of H is therefore contained in the rotation group SO(3):

 * $$\mathrm{Aut}(\mathbb H) \sub \mathrm{SO}(\mathrm{Im}\,\mathbb H) = \mathrm{SO}(3).$$

Stated simply, every automorphism of H leaves the real part of a quaternion invariant and acts via a rotation on the imaginary part.

Since conjugation by a unit quaternion q is an automorphism it must act by rotation on Im H. In fact, one can show that conjugation by
 * $$q = e^{\tau\psi} = \cos\psi + \tau\sin\psi\,$$

(where $$\tau$$ is a pure unit quaternion) corresponds to a counterclockwise rotation about $$\tau$$ through an angle of $$2\psi$$. For details see the article on quaternions and spatial rotations.

Since every 3-dimensional rotation is a simple rotation about some axis, and every such rotation is given by conjugation by some unit quaternion, it follows that the automorphism group of H is all of SO(3) and the map $$\rho$$ is a surjection.

The map $$\rho$$ is not an isomorphism, however, since it is not injective. The kernel is the set of unit quaternions that commute with all of H. This is just the intersection of Sp(1) with the center of H. The center of H is just the real numbers R whose intersection with Sp(1) is {±1}. Therefore the map $$\rho$$ is a 2:1 homomorphism. Conjugation by q and −q give the same rotation.

It follows from the first isomorphism theorem that
 * $$\mathrm{Sp}(1)/\{\pm 1\} \cong \mathrm{Aut}(\mathbb H) = \mathrm{SO}(3).$$

Self action
Like all groups, Sp(1) acts on itself by conjugation. One simply restricts $$\rho_q$$ to Sp(1), giving a homomorphism
 * $$\rho : \mathrm{Sp}(1) \to \mathrm{Aut}(\mathrm{Sp}(1)).\,$$

The kernel of this homomorphism is just the center of Sp(1), which is again just {±1}. The inner automorphism group of Sp(1) is therefore isomorphic to SO(3). In fact, there are no outer automorphisms so this is the whole automorphism group:
 * $$\mathrm{Aut}(\mathrm{Sp}(1)) \cong \mathrm{SO}(3).$$

The conjugation action of the unit quaternion group on itself is given by rotation of the pure part of each unit quaternion. Viewing Sp(1) as a 3-sphere with poles at ±1, this action is just rotation of the sphere about the polar axis. Since any rotation is possible, the conjugacy classes of Sp(1) are the 2-spheres at a fixed "latitude", i.e. with a given real part. There are two degenerate classes at the poles, with ±1 each belonging to a singleton class. The space of conjugacy classes is therefore diffeomorphic to the real interval [−1,+1].

The centralizer of any unit quaternion is just the stabilizer under conjugation. For any unit quaternion q not lying in the center of Sp(1) the centralizer is the unique circle group containing q. It follows from the orbit-stabilizer theorem that the coset space Sp(1)/T (where T is any circle subgroup) is diffeomorphic to a 2-sphere. The group Sp(1) can then be viewed a principal circle bundle over the 2-sphere. This is the so-called Hopf bundle.

Adjoint representation
Every Lie group has a natural representation on its own Lie algebra called the adjoint representation. As explained below, the Lie algebra of Sp(1) can be identified with the space of pure quaternions, Im H. The adjoint action of Sp(1) on Im H is given simply by conjugation. That is, the adjoint map
 * $$\mathrm{Ad} : \mathrm{Sp(1)} \to \mathrm{Aut}(\mathrm{Im}\,\mathbb H)$$

is simply the restriction of $$\rho$$ to the pure quaternions. Indeed, the map $$\rho$$ is often called the adjoint map.

Automorphisms of a Lie algebra are linear maps with preserve the Lie bracket. So rotations are not only automorphisms of H (preserving quaternionic multiplication) but automorphisms of Im H (persevering the Lie bracket). The automorphism group of Im H is, again, the rotation group SO(3).

SU(2)
The algebra of quaternions has a convenient matrix representation over the complex numbers. Specifically, H is isomorphic to the real algebra of 2×2 complex matrices of the form
 * $$\begin{bmatrix}\alpha & -\bar \beta \\ \beta & \bar\alpha\end{bmatrix}.$$

One can check that the set of all such matrices forms a real subalgebra of M2(C). Quaternionic conjugation on this algebra is given by taking the conjugate transpose and the norm squared is given by taking the determinant.

In this representation, the group of unit quaternions is given by the set of all such matrices whose determinant is equal to 1. This group is precisely the special unitary group SU(2):
 * $$\mathrm{SU}(2) = \left\{\begin{bmatrix}\alpha & -\bar \beta \\ \beta & \bar\alpha\end{bmatrix} : \alpha^2 + \beta^2 = 1\right\}$$

The group SU(2) may be regarded as the intersection of the unitary group U(2) and the special linear group SL(2,C). In general, one can always represent n×n quaternionic matrices as 2n×2n complex matrices. The image of Sp(n) under such a representation is the intersection of U(2n) and the symplectic group Sp(2n,C) and is frequently denoted by USp(2n). For n = 1, one has Sp(2,C) = SL(2,C) so that USp(2) = SU(2).

Although the groups Sp(1) and SU(2) are isomorphic there is no canonical isomorphism between them. One must first choose a suitable identification of H with C2. For example, writing a quaternion q in the form α + jβ where α and β are complex numbers gives an isomorphism
 * $$(\alpha + j\beta) \mapsto \begin{bmatrix}\alpha & -\bar\beta \\ \beta & \bar\alpha\end{bmatrix}.$$

This map preserves the norm so it maps Sp(1) onto SU(2). All other isomorphisms can be obtained from this one by first conjugating q.

Spin(3)
The group of unit quaternions has a natural action on R3 when identified with the space of pure quaternions, Im H. This action is given by
 * $$\gamma_q(x) = qx\bar q\,$$

for all q ∈ Sp(1) and all x ∈ Im H. This action amounts to a rotation of the vector x. Explicitly, if
 * $$q = e^{\tau\psi} = \cos\psi + \tau\sin\psi\,$$

for some pure unit quaternion τ, then the map $$\gamma_q$$ corresponds to a counterclockwise rotation about the unit vector $$\tau$$ through an angle of $$2\psi$$. The factor of 2 here means that both q and −q map to the same rotation.

The map $$\gamma$$ then gives a surjective Lie group homomorphism from Sp(1) to the rotation group SO(3) with kernel {±1}.
 * $$\gamma\colon \mathrm{Sp}(1) \to \mathrm{SO}(3).\,$$

Since Sp(1) is connected and simply connected it acts as the universal covering group of SO(3) with $$\gamma$$ as the covering homomorphism. In the theory of the orthogonal groups, the universal cover of SO(n) for n ≥ 3 is called a spin group and denoted by Spin(n). The group of unit quaternions is then isomorphic to the spin group Spin(3):
 * $$\mathrm{Sp}(1) \cong \mathrm{Spin}(3).$$

For more on the relationship between Sp(1) and SO(3) see the article: quaternions and spatial rotations.

There is another interpretation of the map γ : Sp(1) → SO(3). If one thinks of Im H as the Lie algebra of Sp(1), then the map $$\gamma$$ is the adjoint action of Sp(1) on its own Lie algebra.

Embeddings in SO(4)
Quaternions act naturally on R4 = H by left and right multiplication. These actions are orthogonal when restricted to the group of unit quaternions. This gives rise to two embeddings of Sp(1) in SO(4) called the left and right embeddings.

For q in H let $$L_q$$ and $$R_q$$ denote the left and right multiplication maps respectively. That is,
 * $$L_q(p) = qp\qquad R_q(p) = pq$$

for all q and p in H. These maps satisfy the identites
 * $$\begin{align}

&L_pL_q = L_{pq}\qquad & &R_pR_q = R_{qp}\\ &L_{\bar q} = (L_q)^T & &R_{\bar q} = (R_q)^T\\ &\det(L_q) = |q|^2    & &\det(R_q) = |q|^2 \end{align}$$ It follows that the maps
 * $$q \mapsto L_q \qquad q \mapsto R_{\bar q}$$

are homomorphisms from Sp(1) to SO(4). They are embeddings since the kernel in each case is trivial. The images are sometimes denoted Sp(1)L and Sp(1)R.

Explicitly, for $$q = q_0 + q_1 i + q_2 j + q_3 k$$ one has
 * $$L_q = \begin{bmatrix}

q_0 & -q_1 & -q_2 & -q_3 \\ q_1 & q_0 & -q_3 & q_2 \\ q_2 & q_3 & q_0 & -q_1 \\ q_3 & -q_2 & q_1 & q_0 \end{bmatrix}\qquad R_{\bar q} = \begin{bmatrix} q_0 & q_1 & q_2 & q_3 \\ -q_1 & q_0 & -q_3 & q_2 \\ -q_2 & q_3 & q_0 & -q_1 \\ -q_3 & -q_2 & q_1 & q_0 \end{bmatrix}$$

Discrete subgroups
The discrete subgroups of Sp(1) fall into and ADE classification

 * An: cyclic groups
 * Dn: dicyclic groups
 * E6: binary tetrahedral group
 * E7: binary octahedral group
 * E8: binary icosahedral group

Lie algebra
The Lie algebra of a Lie group is defined as the tangent space to the identity element of the group together with a bilinear operator, called the Lie bracket, which is induced by group multiplication.

For the group Sp(1), the tangent space to the identity is the three-dimensional space of all pure quaternions, Im H. The Lie bracket is given by the commutator:
 * $$[x,y] = xy - yx.\,$$

A basis for Im H is given by the quaternions i, j, and k. These have the commutation relations:
 * $$[i,j] = 2k\,$$
 * $$[j,k] = 2i\,$$
 * $$[k,i] = 2j\,$$

and
 * $$[i,i]=[j,j]=[k,k]=0.\,$$

Representations
See: representation theory of SU(2)

Related topics

 * 3-sphere
 * quaternions and spatial rotation
 * rotation group
 * circle group
 * symplectic group

Category:Lie groups | Category:Lie algebras | Category:Quaternions


text:
Talk:Yi Jianlian

Scouting Report
Please do not put a report in unless you can back it up with references. Noble Story 01:29, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Height
Just for clarification, I changed the article to say he was 7'0", even though TIME said he was 6'11", because the article was written three years ago, when Yi was quite young and he has obviously grown since then. Hanuab 06:33, 2 May 2007 (UTC) Someone has changed everything to huge numbers. That is NOT okay.

Information
I added a good bit of information (i.e. draft info, expanded strengths and weaknesses, etc.) and corrected a few (minor) grammatical mistakes. Shenzhou

Age
Yi jianlian is born in 1987 not in 1984 ! Confusion only because some typo error in a tournament. China admitted that it was just a typo, so I changed the year into 1987.
 * I think we need a Category:Year of birth disputed. --fullcourt 10:14, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

The confusion with Yi's age is likely derived from cultural difference in the way the Chinese calculate a person's age. For example: A baby's birth date is December 31, 2006. If, on Jan 1, 2007, you ask the baby's mother how old her baby is, the answer very often will be "She is now two years old". To a Westerner, of course, the baby is barely two days old. She is not even two months old, not to mention being "two years old". (comment by NauticLee)
 * The discrepancy between the purported age of "two" and the actual age of "zero" in your example might explain a situation where age is misrepresented as +2 years older. On the contrary, Yi's purported age of "nineteen" is believed to be -3, -5, or -6 years younger than his real age. This cannot be explained by negligence in rounding numbers. --fullcourt 00:10, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

See the photo I just uploaded, it surely clears out some thoughts. To be honest, age falsification is pretty a normal case for Chinese sportsmen.--WikiNing (talk) 23:28, 23 November 2007 (UTC) Age falsification is a normal case for Chinese(not only sportsmen). but it's not falsification for Wang Zhizhi. Wang was born in 1977, and he never said that he was born in 1979. Even at the time that he joined NBA. --202.130.134.178 (talk) 09:27, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Yi Jianlian was definitely born in 1984. There were a number of investigations and hard evidences such as Yi's 1997 high school enrollment form to support this claim. Personally, I still remember that his DOB was being listed as October 27, 1884 in the official tournament website of the 2002 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship and I can also remember that the DOB of Tang Zhengdong, another Chinese big man and Yi's teammate in the Chinese junior national team at that time, was being listed as September 14, 1983 in the official tournament website of the 2003 FIBA Under-19 World Championship the following year. After that tournament, Yi and Tang both got signed by professional CBA clubs (Guangdong Southern Tigers and Jiangsu Dragons respectively) for the next CBA season, and subsequently, their DOB have been listed as October 27, 1987 and September 14, 1984 respectively and nothing has changed since then.

 * Due to the nature of commercial sports websites, those official tournament websites were closed soon after the completion of those tournaments. As a result, other than honest words, I couldn't retrieve anything to back up my claim. In any case, it is pretty common for athletes in China to change their DOB (usually by 2 to 4 years younger than their actual DOB) to get some sort of advantage. Fellow Chinese national basketball team players Wang Zhizhi and Zhang Qingpeng also intentionally falsified their DOB to July 8, 1979 and January 23, 1985 respectively, before media pressure and hard evidences such as Wang's Military ID Card forced most sources to change their DOB to July 8, 1977 and January 23, 1981 respectively. Energy110 (talk) 08:35, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

Mickey Adams?
Who's Mickey Adams? I've never heard of this guy and I couldn't find anything about him on google. --128.237.238.166 15:07, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I have removed the following text :
 * A news reporter from WEEI in Boston, Mickey Adams, who can speak Mandarin and Cantonese can confirm in private conversations that Yi is not really sure how old he is but believes he was born in 1984 because of a baby picture of himself with a newspaper dated December 29, 1984 in the background.
 * There's no reference to support this. The draftexpress.com ref does say he was born in 1984 but doesn't contain anything relevant to the "Mickey Adams" claims. Even there is a Mr. Adams who can confirm that such photos exist, they wouldn't prove anything. The "photo of you holding a newspaper" cliché would prove that "you were not dead yet" on the day the newspaper was published, but would obviously not prove that "you were already born" on that date. --fullcourt 00:26, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

The Chairman
How does this qualify as a "good article" candidate when it consistently refers to the subject by a derisive nickname coined by Bill Simmons? Other than that it's a generally well-written article, but that is pretty ridiculous. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.181.104.216 (talk) 01:23, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * That's called vandalism, and it was deleted. Noble Story (talk) 02:46, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Magazine
"A Chinese report in November 2007 by "Shidai" Magazine traced Yi's past in the Youth Sports School and middle school" -- isn't this just Time magazine? Just mentioning this so that a wider audience can appreciate the source. In any event, I think the publication should be italicised? Chensiyuan (talk) 02:40, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

GA Review
I will be reviewing this article. When performing reviews, I like to post a bit at a time, since I rarely have time to make it through a full article at once. Please feel free to address the concerns I bring up whenever you want (there is no need to wait for me to finish my review). Looking through the first bit of the article, a few things stand out:
 * 1) The parentheses in the lead are not correct. There are two "("s but three ")"s.
 * Done.

 * 1) The word "major" in the lead is an editor's interpretation of the facts. This is a point of view word that should be removed.
 * Done.

 * 1) In the first paragraph of the "Career in China" section, I am confused by a couple of statements. What is a "sports school"? And who discovered him? Currently, the article says that a basketball discovered him, so I'm sure this should be fixed.
 * Done.

 * 1) Who invited him to the camp in New Jersey?
 * The camp did, as I think it is made clear in the sentence. But correct me if I'm wrong.

 * 1) At the end of the first paragraph of the "Entering the NBA" subsection, "A year later, on November 1, 2006, the Tigers announced that Yi would enter the 2007 NBA Draft." needs a reference.
 * Done.

 * 1) Why did Fegan not want Milwaukee to draft Yi? This seems like an important aspect of his career.
 * Done.

 * 1) In the "Rookie season" subsection, was the game watched by 100 million viewers in China, or 100 million viewers in total?
 * Done.

 * 1) Later in that section, what does "1-10 shooting" mean? It needs to be explained so that any reader can understand the article.
 * Done.

 * 1) Would the Chinese government have any reason to falsify his birthdate? The controversy makes little sense unless there would be a reason to give an incorrect age.
 * Done.

 * 1) Reference 38 (China rushing to match talent on court before 2008 Olympics) gets redirected. The correct article needs to be found so that the link can be fixed.
 * Done.

That's all for right now. I'll go through the article in more detail tomorrow to do some copyediting, and I'll mention any new concerns that arise. Overall, it's looking pretty good, though. Best wishes, GaryColemanFan (talk) 05:18, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I know there's probably more, but I've addressed all points so far.

Thanks for the quick work on those. I started with the copyediting/proofreading, and it's looking pretty god so far. I'll finish it up tomorrow, but I was wondering if anything can be added to the "Personal life" section. It's pretty sparse. Is there anything off the court that would make a good addition to the article? GaryColemanFan (talk) 06:33, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
 * One other thing: I don't know if it appears this way on all screens, but the image of Yi being guarded by Battier pushes the title of the next section ("Off the court") over to the right. It would look better if the section header could be on the left margin. Is it possible to adjust the image location? GaryColemanFan (talk) 06:35, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
 * About the Personal Life: I really can't find anything besides what is already there, which leaves me wondering: Should I leave it as is, in which case it would probably be too short, or should I delete it?
 * The image doesn't do that for me. Maybe your default settings for thumbnail (found in Preferences - Files) is higher than the default 180 pixels? Other than that, I don't know why it would be. Noble Story (talk) 06:38, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Okay, not a problem then. I went through and did some copyediting. My remaining concerns are:
 * 1) In the second sentence of the Rookie season section, "grabbing" sounds informal. Could a better word be used?
 * Done.

 * 1) In the second paragraph of the Rookie season section, it states that the NBA expected 200 million viewers for the game, and then it says that there were 200 million viewers for the game. This is a little redundant.
 * Done.

 * 1) If no information is readily available for his personal life, could information be added about his endorsements in the Personal life section (monetary value of contracts, etc.)?
 * I've added a sentence about his being listed on Forbes celebrity list. Hopefully that satisfies.

 * 1) The Rookie season section is fairly brief. It describes three games and mentions that he played in the All-Star Game. Did he have any games with particularly impressive statistics? Currently, it seems like the claim for notability is that he played against Yao Ming. I'm assuming that some of his other games have been notable, though. Even if none have been particularly noteworthy, including his game with the best statistics would help make the section seem more like it's about him than about Yao Ming.
 * I've added something about his career-best game. However, there's not a lot besides what is already there. Playing against Yao was one of the biggest things to happen to him so far.

 * 1) Has China announced its roster for the Olympics? It was mentioned that they wanted him to play, but I don't know if more recent information is available.
 * They haven't announced it yet, although of course he will be playing for them, if that's what you're asking. Noble Story (talk) 02:06, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I was just wondering if it had been announced. For now, it doesn't need to be mentioned. GaryColemanFan (talk) 02:03, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Aside from that, it's looking good. I'll place the review on hold for now to give you a chance to address these issues. Best wishes, GaryColemanFan (talk) 21:04, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I think I've addressed all comments so far. Noble Story (talk) 02:22, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

I believe this article now meets the Good Article criteria, which are as follows:

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) It is stable.
 * No edit wars etc.:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:

I am passing this article. Congratulations! Please note, however, that it is early in Yi's career, so this article will require subsstantial upkeep to retain its GA status. I urge you to keep it on your watchlist so that you can ensure that it remains a quality article. I normally end my reviews by requesting that the nominator review an article in return (preferably from the Sports and recreation list), but you've been great about performing GA reviews. Best wishes, GaryColemanFan (talk) 02:35, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Chinese population in New Jersey?
After there was that much trouble with Yi not wanting to sign with Milwaukee because of the small chinese population I wonder how big it is in New Jersey and how happy he is with that aspect of his new city? He never said anything about it or was asked? 91.39.212.123 (talk) 01:27, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Criticism of Yi
In March 2009, Yi's play became the subject of much criticism. His string of poor performances led Lawrence Franks to bench Yi in the last quarter with the game on the line repeatedly. His disastrous 1 for 8 shooting night in Cleveland on March 22, 2009 contributed to a crucial loss in the Net's run at a playoff spot. It appears unlikely that Yi will hold his starting position. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.73.166.93 (talk) 02:25, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Year of birth issue
I find it incredibly hard to believe that Yi was born in 1987, as right here on his Wikipedia page it lists statistics from his CBA career, which started in 2002-03. So unless it is ordinary for 15 year olds to play professional basketball in China, and I highly doubt that it is, there is no way this kid was born in 1987. Can we get any further information as to the average age of rookies in the CBA? You'd think 15 year old playing professionally anywhere would be international news, on some level at least.
 * You are entitled to doubt the truthfulness of the birthdate. But we can't do anything about that, since it is supported by reputable sources.— Chris! c / t 04:06, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Andrei Kirilenko played for Spartak St. Petersburg when he was 15. So it's not impossible. Zagalejo^^^ 03:32, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

D-League assignments
The 2005 CBA allowed assignments of 1st or 2nd year players. The 2011 CBA says that in 2012–13, "there will be no limit on the number of times players with three years or less of experience can be assigned to their team’s NBA D-League affiliate." Is the cutoff for 2011–12 two years or less or three years or less experience?—Bagumba (talk) 07:58, 7 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I guess the cutoff is still two years of experience. I've fixed that. Anyway, Sean Williams who has 3 years of NBA experience has been assigned twice to the Legends, so Yi is clearly not the first player to be benefited from the rule, which justifies this revert, despite what the source says. — MT (talk) 08:16, 7 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, it fails WP:RS for that statement: "Each source must be carefully weighed to judge whether it is reliable for the statement being made and is the best such source for that context."—Bagumba (talk) 17:43, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Yi Jianlian


text:
Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers

Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

Before 1950, when it absorbed part of the territory of Moronvilliers, its name was Pontfaverger. Moronvilliers was destroyed during World War I and never rebuilt.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the Suippe river.

title: Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers