text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/De Hoef

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Physchim62 15:49, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

De Hoef
This article is in Dutch, and the subject matter is too insignificant to warrant an entry in the English wikipedia (it's a hamlet of less than 1000 inhabitants). DocendoDiscimus 10:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I'll finish the translation and remove the copyvio photograph (some time later today after work). Just because it's a small Dutch village doesn't mean it shouldn't be in the English Wikipedia. That would be systematic bias. - Mgm|(talk) 12:27, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep once translated, as per Mgm CLW 12:59, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Conditional Delete... if it gets translated before the end of the AfD I will certainly change my vote to Keep.--Isotope23 13:32, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Ganymead 14:39, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, neutral, factual and verifiable. Trollderella 16:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I will vote provisional keep providing that a translation is done. If not then delete. Capitalistroadster 16:45, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, real place. Kappa 18:59, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. as above. --Gaff talk 23:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/De Hoef


text:
Talk:Pilot (M*A*S*H)

Star Wars Ownership
In the extra notes section, it was suggested that 20th Century Fox owns Star Wars. In fact, Star Wars is wholly owned by George Lucas personnally though his company Lucasfilm (and whatever minor partners he has in that company) and all 20th Century Fox has is distribution rights, including video distribtion rights with Fox Home Video. That makes the ties between M*A*S*H and Star Wars even more tenuous and the likelyhood of something amiss with introducing a "Darth Vader" character for the episode to be a pure coincidence. --Robert Horning 10:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That entry in the article is a little far-fetched. I mean, come on.  Anyone who has seen the episode—and has a minimum-junior high school education—should be able to recognize a Japanese Samurai costume, instead of mistaking it for a "Darth Vader-esque" costume (in an episode years before Star Wars even came out, nonetheless).  I would consider that "original research," and better yet, "original research by a moron."  I mean, come ON.  Wavy G 04:20, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MASH-episode1.jpg
Image:MASH-episode1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:17, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mash pilot Pierce and McIntyre.jpg
Image:Mash pilot Pierce and McIntyre.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 10:55, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Henry's wardrobe
This is the only episode, where Henry wears a green shirt under his veigh vest. GoodDay (talk) 15:10, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pilot (M*A*S*H)


text:
Wikipedia:Stub types for deletion/Log/Not deleted/October 2005

Emulation-stub
Rather more specific than our current software stubs. And given that Category:Emulation software has 71 articles, probably not enough use for it, unless there's alot of uncategorized articles on the topic. Currently used on only 4 articles, altho it was created 3 days ago. Delete. --Mairi 04:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There are many emulation articles. - A Link to the Past (talk) 18:47, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. Many...71. And since there need to be 50-60 stub articles for a stub category to be really viable, then either someone needs to do some work on the Emulation category in general or this is simply not worthwhile. Many of the items in the Emulation software category relate specifically to cvg anyway and are stubbed accordingly. Grutness...  wha?  00:18, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Eh? What's there isn't necessarily what there is. I mean, when someone said there wasn't enough articles in the company stubs, I doubled the Namco and Capcom ones.
 * That actually works directly against what we're trying to achieve with stub sorting. Categories are created because there are already enough stubs, so as to encourage editors to reduce the number of stubs by turning them into full articles. They don't exist so as to get editors to write more stubs. We're trying to reduce the number of stubs, not increase it! You'd have probably been better employed by writing fewer large articles than more tiny ones. Grutness...  wha?  00:21, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * FWIW, that category includes all the articles listed at List of emulators and List of NES emulators (I went through both those lists before putting it up for deletion). --Mairi 00:25, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep good precedent. Will undoubtedly increase...unfortunatley. --Herzog 01:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Will grow with time, and there is absolutely no harm in it being here. Havok  (T/C) 10:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Washington-Metro-stub
Pretty much limited scope. Only has (count em) 3 articles. And it dosen't see mlike it gets much activity. Delete. Pacific Coast Highway 02:13, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A Wikiproject is in the process of being started for the Washington Metro, and this stub type will be better utilized once the project is underway.  Schuminweb 21:33, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Many stations can be included in this. Also a stub for a wikiproject doesn't save it from deletion. Although this stub template should be kept. Job  E  6  [[Image:Peru flag large.png|20px]] 03:17, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Washington Metro system will clearly generate a lot of stubs as each station is added to Wikipedia.  A2Kafir 17:14, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The wikiprojectexists, and all the stations already have articles. However, alot of them are stubs, altho not necessarily marked as such. --Mairi 23:01, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I just added an article today for which this stub is handy. Isn't it better to start with a stub category in anticipation of its use, rather than waiting until there are tons of articles in one huge category?Massysett 20:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually no - quite the opposite is the better way, which is why we use it at WP:WSS. Otherwise you end up with hundreds of virtually or completely unused stub templates annoying editors who want to expand articles, many of the templates linking with categories meeting the specifications for speedy deletion. Mind you, this stub does look like its in use, so I'll vote a weak keep on this one. Grutness...  wha?  00:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - in use, should get more populated --Alynna 00:36, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Almost a week after its nomination, the category has actually gone down to only one article. This, despite comments that the stub is in use, or could be applied to many articles. --TheParanoidOne 21:52, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Actually, if you look at what links to the stub template, there are currently fourteen articles linking to it. Why the stub category doesn't reflect this, I am not sure.  SchuminWeb | Talk 03:52, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * True, indeed. I have made the relevant null edits to push them into the category. --TheParanoidOne 10:49, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Swedish-politician-stub → Sweden-politician-stub →
We definitely follow a standard of always using a national noun rather than a national adjective in the stub template. The consensus seems that it would be a good idea to do the same with the categories, and since changing the stub will require restubbing anyway, it would be best to change the category at the same time if it is to be done. Caerwine 16:00, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A definite rename for the template. A weaker one for the category - we've got an awful lot of categories named like this, and "Sweden politician stubs" does sound a little stilted. Nouns seems a good way to go, though - although we also need to keep in mind the names of the main categories they're based on. I'm...just unsure. Grutness...  wha?  23:03, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I suppose we could always follow the single example of and go for something like  if we value euphony over brevity. Caerwine 20:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Definitely rename the template, but the category doesn't seem to do much harm as it is, and personally, I'd try to stay consistent with Category:Swedish politicians.  Rob e  rt  00:22, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Swedish-politician-stub has been orphaned. Consensu semmed to be to keep so I left it alone. Caerwine 03:31, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

''The category was not renamed; only the template was. --Mairi 18:01, 23 October 2005 (UTC)''

Netherlands-school-stub
Created today, no category (well it links to a non-existing category) and only used in one article. --Sherool 19:42, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * couldnt this one be useful? how many stubs are there in the school catagory from holland? BL   kiss the lizard  08:16, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Just a note that we already have Category:Universities in the Netherlands and Category:Education in the Netherlands Sherurcij 04:57, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Neither of which are stub cats, but... yeah, this one might be useful. Keep it for now - if it doesn't fill we can always reconsider it later. Grutness...  wha?  13:48, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Irregularly named US-road-stub sub-cats
The following were all created via process, it must be said, but are nonetheless erratically named (routes, roads, highways? Caps?  Hyphens?), inconsistently used (non-highways in titular "highway" categories, and where only one "road" category exists per state), and in several cases, well below the usual creation theshold (supposedly 60ish ordinarily, somewhat less with WP). Alai 01:54, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Arizona State Route Stub. 7 stubs, no WP.  Delete
 * Kentucky State Highway Stub. 10 stubs --  not all even highways.  Delete
 * Maryland-State-Highway-Stub. 11 articles, no WP.  Delete
 * Massachusetts-State-Highway-Stub. 18 stubs, WikiProject Massachusetts.  Rename as Massachusetts-road-stub
 * Michigan-State-Highway-Stub. 24 stubs, no WP.
 * Missouri-State-Highway-Stub. 0 stubs.  Delete
 * Nevada-State-Highway-Stub. 31 stubs, no WP.
 * New-Hampshire-State-Highway-Stub 83 stubs. Rename to New-Hampshire-road-stub.
 * Nhroute. 0 stubs, no category.  Delete
 * Washington-State-Highway-Stub. 45 stubs, not all "State Highways".  Rename to Washington-road-stub.

 * Rename to Kentucky-road-stub. Audubon Parkway, Louie B. Nunn Parkway, Wendell H. Ford Western Kentucky Parkway and William H. Natcher Parkway are officially designated Kentucky State Highway 9005, Kentucky State Highway 9008, Kentucky State Highway 9002 and Kentucky State Highway 9007, respectively. There are currently only 10 as the project is just getting started.  We had new members join this past week to help out.  Once underway, there is the potential for approximately 120 stubs at even given time--but once the project has accomplished its goals, I would see that the stub wouldn't necessarily be needed as US-road-stub could be used for any new highways created by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet--which doesn't happen often.  Renaming to Kentucky-road-stub will follow stub hyphenation presedence, alleviate confusion on the Parkway vs. Highway naming convention and provide for the segregation of KY road stubs from other state projects.  Thanks for pointing out the naming convention disparity.  I agree it needs to be cleaned up. >:  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist  •  E@ 02:28, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nhroute, Missouri-State-Highway-Stub as they are not used. As for the ones with stubs but no WikiProject, a move was underway to build a "catchall" project for roads that didn't have a state-related WikiProject. >:  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist  •  E@ 02:28, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I created it, see below. I did populate the missouri stub today. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 04:29, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

My exact votes are: (Changed to see below)
 * Rename for consitency. They were created as part of the state highways wikiproject I do believe.  I'd say "highway", "route", "road" etc should stay the way they are as long as they are consistent with the way the respective states name them.  Different states have different conventions on how to name their state highways and that should be reflected in these stub names.  However the capitalization needs to be changed.  An example is Maryland-State-Highway-Stub which should be capatalized Maryland-state-highway-stub since it is not a proper noun, the others should have thier capatalization changed accordingly as well.  Also "stub" should be lowercase and hyphens should be used to be consistent with the way other stubs are named.
 * Arizona State Route Stub rename Arizona-state-route-stub
 * Kentucky State Highway Stub rename Kentucky-state-highway-stub
 * Maryland-State-Highway-Stub rename Maryland-state-highway-stub
 * Massachusetts-State-Highway-Stub rename Massachusetts-state-highway-stub
 * Michigan-State-Highway-Stub rename Michigan-state-highway-stub
 * Missouri-State-Highway-Stub rename Missouri-state-highway-stub
 * Nevada-State-Highway-Stub rename Nevada-state-highway-stub
 * New-Hampshire-State-Highway-Stub rename New-Hampshire-state-highway-stub
 * Nhroute delete already one for NH
 * Washington-State-Highway-Stub rename Washington-state-highway-stub

-Jeff 02:41, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Maryland State Highway is a proper noun, see Talk:List of California State Routes/Archive2 for a similar discussion. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 03:41, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

*See my votes below I realize how weird that sounds but here is the breakdown: See my new votes below. All of these stubs DO have a WP- WikiProject U.S. Roads. Also, US-road-stub has over 500 pages, something needs to be done...
 * Rename Kentucky State Highway Stub to Kentucky-road-stub. Sorry, Roby, didn't realize there was an associated WP in that case.  Thanks for the info.  Alai 02:48, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Arizona State Route Stub. I'd say rename to Arizona-State-Route-Stub
 * Kentucky State Highway Stub. There is a WP with this one. Rename for hyphens
 * Maryland-State-Highway-Stub. Needed, see below
 * Massachusetts-State-Highway-Stub. Don't rename.
 * Michigan-State-Highway-Stub. Don't rename.
 * Missouri-State-Highway-Stub. I haven't gotten around to populating this category since I've been populating the other categories... but I did tonight.
 * Nevada-State-Highway-Stub. Keep.
 * New-Hampshire-State-Highway-Stub Keep as is
 * Nhroute. This is NOT a stub category. Therefore it goes to TFD. I dislike this since we have routeboxnh.
 * Washington-State-Highway-Stub. Keep, there shouldn't be other roads in here (I got lazy).

Eventually there will be WPs for all 50 state highway systems, so we will need stubs for these projects... --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 03:28, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

-Jeff 12:40, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think these ought to have been proposed individually; this discussion is getting far too confusing. Delete the mostly unused ones without WikiProjects. Rename Washington-State-Highway-Stub to Washington-road-stub, New-Hampshire-State-Highway-Stub to NewHampshire-road-stub and Massachusetts-State-Highway-Stub to Massachusetts-road-stub; as they don't have specific wikiprojects, there's no reason to make them overly specific. At the very least, rename all other kept ones to StateName-state-highway-stub (or StateName-statehighway-stub). --Mairi 04:28, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the unused ones. No opinion on Nhroute stub until someone tells me what a "Nh route" is (some weird abbreviation of north?) Rename all the others to either Statename-road-stub or Statename-state-highway-stub (preferably the former, as it's more all-inclusive - and there's a proposal at WSS/P to create some regional US-road-stub types anyway, so it would make a lot of sense (Highway wikiprojects notwithstanding) to combine what would be pairs of fairly small categories into larger (but still not huge) categories. Grutness...  wha?  04:47, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Nh' is the miscapitalized postal abbreviation for New Hampshire; so it's be New Hampshire routes. --Mairi
 * Gah. Should have guessed. Ridiculous stub name. Grutness...  wha?  05:02, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Nhroute is not a stub... but I'd like it gone anyway. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 02:01, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment It should be noted that these stubs are not for roads in these states but specifically for their state highways. Like I said before we should be using whatever convention each individual state uses for its state highways such as Maryland-state-highway-stub and not Maryland-road-stub for Maryland state highways and Arizona-state-route-stub for Arizona state routes.  As for Nhroute, it belongs in tfd but I say we cut out the middle man and just get rid of it.
 * Except that firstly, that's unduly narrow: why are they restricted to state highways only? Surely this just makes an already fiddly split of US-road-stub even more so, and delays them getting over a reasonable threshold for sensible creation.  Where they have WikiProjects specifically on the State Highways of that state (and I'm tempted to add, actual active ones with more than than just one member) that's partial justification, but stub categories for seven articles, is silly either way, and moreso with no WP.  And secondly, they already contain more than just state highways, and Rschen (main perpetrator and defender of this naming scheme) has said he uses them that way anyway.  So unless, as with California, more than one stub category can reasonably be created per state, inclusive is surely the way to go, and inclusive categories should have inclusive names.
 * You're right about Nhroute: I assumed it was intended to be a stub template of sorts, as it appears in the corresponding stub category.  I'd move it to tfd, but if it gets "erroneously" deleted here first I won't be sad. :) Alai 16:06, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There are no such state inactive ones with only one member. The only one is the US Highway one... people are working on the US Roads one. It's like the Highway one... it just holds things together, and sets a standard for things... like a Wikipedia namespace page for example. Also note that there are over 500 stubs in US-road-stub, and there are over 50 articles in a few of the categories above... --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 02:01, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please keep the threading intact, and in particular, don't post in the middle of two not-separately-signed paragraphs. I was actually thinking of WikiProject U.S. Roads, which has one (1) member, and has already been used by you as a justification for under-sized stub-categories.  You've made the point about there being 500 road-stubs before, but how is that material to the proposal here?  Firstly, that's not even "over-sized" by the usual metric:  they only "have" to be split when they're over 800.  Secondly, my proposal would make very little difference to this, as the only deletions I've proposed are for categories that are frankly tiny: a grand total of 28 between four categories at time of nomination.  And thirdly, I've already proposed an alternative, here, which would clearly be much more effective in reducing this, and without the need for 50 separate Wikiprojects just to justify nearly as many tiny stub categories, and without have to "eject" non-state-highways back into US-road-stub, as is the logic of your scheme.  Alai 17:52, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The purpose of the state highway WPs are not just for the stub classifications. If you look at WikiProject California State Highways, you will see that there is much more involved in a WP than just the stubs: a routebox, structure, state law, etc. And the purpose of the WikiProject U.S. Roads is to get these other WPs started using the same format as all the other ones, and to coordinate the launch of these separate WPs so we aren't overloaded (so we're not doing 50 WP's at once). --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 03:18, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all stubs using Jeff's outline above. --K1vsr (talk) 14:27, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to foo-road-stub. Someone interested in expanding an article about a state highway in a state should also be interested in other highways. Redirect the old names. Redirects won't kill you. --SPUI (talk) 17:13, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Rename all the ones requiring hyphens. Also keep the capitalization on them per the arguments previously held over whether is is a "California State Route" or the incorrect "California state route".Gateman1997 02:17, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to . Per Alai's comments I change my vote to rename these to , since the topics of state highways for each state are too narrow to have a stub category for, but as for all the roads in each state, that's a different story.
 * And since I've seen this mentioned a couple of times already I thought I'd just add that since California state route, Maryland state highway, etc. can be used as the subject of an indefinite article (California State Route 99 is a California state route) and can be pluralized (Ritchie Higway and Crain Highway are Maryland state highways) they can't possibly be refering to an individual person/place/thing, and therefore are not proper nouns. -Jeff 20:17, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Except for the fact that there are specific State Highway WPs... except for the county routes anything below a state highway gets sent to AFD (Ladner Trunk Road?) so I don't see the point in changing the templates... and some states don't have county routes. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 02:01, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete stubs, per Alai. Lower case for state route, state highway, etc. per Jeff02. Blank Verse  ∅  00:17, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * California State Route is a specific type of highway. Just like U.S. Highway 101 is an interstate highway, but it is not an Interstate Highway. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 02:17, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * California state route is a specific type (or group) of highway, but it is NOT a specific thing, so it is still not a proper noun, no matter how much you think that it is. Go ask your English teacher if you don't want to listen to what anyone on the Wikipedia says. Blank Verse <;;font color=#2554C7> ∅  02:27, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * From Naming conventions: "Convention: Do not capitalize second and subsequent words unless the title is a proper noun (such as a name) or is otherwise almost always capitalized (for example: John Wayne, but not Computer game)." Even if you do not consider California State Route a proper noun (which it is by the way), it is almost always capitalized, and this is why the Google test was performed on Talk:List of California State Routes. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 02:36, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment I'd say that we should close this debate and split things up, this is too confusing. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 02:01, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. It seems that some (myself included) have somewhat different stances on each one of these. --Chris 13:06, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Some people have managed to note their different stances fairly concisely. There may be a case for refactoring at least the discussion from the vote, and if strictly necessary, the votes themselves, but IMO that's hardly a justification for "closing" anything.  Alai 17:52, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment The Missouri stub now has 25 articles. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 03:29, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Since this is such a mess, let me quickly summarise my preferences in order now that there's been a load of discussion: (This also applies to the California dusty trails stub or whatever it's called, further up the page). Grutness...  wha?  07:06, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) delete any not used
 * 2) StateName-road-stub would be my first choice for all the rest - there is no need to restrict these to a specific type of road
 * 3) Failing that, StateName-state-highway-stub or StateName-state-route-stub, or whatever, depending on local usage. Hyphens,and all lower case except for state name.

I'm slightly changing my votes:
 * Nhroute delete
 * KY- rename to -road-stub... if the leader of the WP wants it then thats ok
 * Leave everything else as it is, with addition of hyphens. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 00:09, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * whatever happens they need a small s on stub and hyphens. same as all other stubs. This votes very confusing. Should it be splitted up? BL   kiss the lizard  05:39, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Comment Per another user's request I have created WikiProject New Hampshire State Highways. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 05:49, 29 October 2005 (UTC) Comment *WikiProject: Missouri State Highways has been created by another user. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 03:32, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Keep I can at least speak for Missouri's, it now has 52 and I plan on adding more as time permits. I started the Missouri WikiProject and am currently getting it off the ground; the stub should be tied into project. I think the name is fine personally: Missouri State Highway 1 is the official name of that road, the title of the stub should reflect that. Rt66lt 23:54, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Comment Washington-State-Highway-Stub is being proposed yet Washington State Highway Stub also exists and should be renamed and deleted if the properly-named one with hyphens is renamed. That said, they do seem to be all state highways in both categories so I'd say keep them. Tedernst 07:58, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The properly-named one? We'd have to find it first!  How difficult is it to name one's stub types so that they end in "-stub", and use the same capitalisation as the articles on their referents?  (He asked, seemingly rhetorically...)  BTW, the former is a redirect caused by the latter, so they don't have separate categories;  usage of the template just hasn't been updated.  Alai 04:49, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Washington State Highway Stub is a redirect... or it was last I checked. It's not needed if we use a bot to fix the articles that use the old redirect... I might have done it already. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 00:33, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * There's about 20 stubs that use this version of the template. While hardly a major chore, I wouldn't recommend rushing to empty it, since at a minimum this ought to be moving to the "-stub" version, as soon as someone attempts the thankless task of closing this puppy.  Alai 03:39, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah... there isn't really a consensus for any specific way... what happens now? Also, State highway is capitalized that way because it isn't referring to any specific system of state highways. For example, a California state highway could be, say, Coast Highway in Oceanside- it is a California County Route, and it uses the word "Highway" in its name after all? Therefore the capitals are needed to diffrentiate, i.e. California State Highway 241. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 05:37, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Search me, I'm new to this. :) As the nominator, I'd rather not be the person to try to sort this one out.  You keep claiming there's a distinction between "state routes" and "State Routes", but there's no evidence of this:  List of California State Routes uses caps on a plural, but cites legislation that defines these, which uses the term uncapitalised.  (Well, it capses "State", but not "route", to be precise.)  As has been pointed out numerous times, there's a clear difference between a phrase being used in a proper noun (like California State Route 1) and being a proper noun.  I have no idea whether your example is a state route within the meaning of California law, but I don't see how it's possible to argue that it (or anything else that actually is one) is a "state route", and therefore should be referred to as "State Route"; or that it's a "State Route" and not a "state route".  (Or if it's possible, it's at any rate not been accomplished.)  Alai 06:15, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Come to think if it... sorry, I forgot since I took a small wikibreak... we have agreed on Nhroute (for deletion) and Kentucky-road-stub (for renaming that has already been carried out). So I suppose that we could get that part out of the way. As for the capitals... we had a recent debate over at WP:CFD that involved the renaming of Category:U.S. highways in Alabama to Category:U.S. Highways in Alabama, and the same for the other ones that existed. This is because Interstate 5 is a highway that is in the United States... so it could be a U.S. highway right? Therefore the capital is needed. Also the... I think it's WP:MOS that says that if a subject is a proper noun or is almost always capitalized, then it should be capitalized in Wikipedia. A Google search shows that most results have "California State Route" or "California State Routes" capitalized (see Talk:List of California State Routes/Archive2.) --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 02:00, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

So, is this closed yet? karmafist 03:00, 28 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Except for the deletion of Nhroute and the renaming of the Kentucky stub (the latter having been done) there is no real consensus... I would leave it a bit. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 03:21, 28 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It's unfortunate that that's probably the right thing to do; because regardless of all the other issues, I think almost all people would agree that they ought to end in -stub, not -Stub. --Mairi 02:54, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * As nominator I don't plan to touch this with a ten-foot pole (well, maybe if it's still here after Christmas...), but I'd suggest the following: if there's a consensus for a rename to "-stub", as above, I'd perform a move to whatever name there's even so much as a plurality for;  but if there's not a 2:1 consensus for that name, leave (at least) the existing name as a redirect, however badly-formed.  It can always be re-nommed later.  Probably also worth creating a "-stub"ified version of the current name, if that's different from the most-popular-option.  On a case by case basis, what's worse. :(  Alai 03:35, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I am fine with -stub and the hyphens... maybe let's get the Nhroute and Kentucky-road-stub out of the way. Then um... well I believe that road and highway articles are among the most controversial things to do on Wikipedia. We've had all sorts of debates and other stuff with this topic. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 05:37, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kentucky one is done already, right? Yup, moved, and redirect deleted several weeks ago by Mairi (thanks).  Unless I'm missing something.  Maybe not among the most controversial, but a strong contender for the award of "Most Surprisingly Controversial".  Alai 05:49, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah... with that one I decided that if the WP was okay with it then it was fine... and that's why I pulled away from the WV one too. However, since a) there isn't a major presence of roadgeeks from the states above or b) I'm involved with the roadgeeks in Washington I have a concern about the renaming of these stubs. I'd like for there to be some consistency... I don't want to have to remember all these codes every time I want to do a highway article. But yup... we have California State Route 16, California State Highway 17, California State Route 18, California State Route 19, and California State Route 20. Yet we don't want to touch the 17 article so we don;t spark up another debate. But yup I'm just explaining where I'm coming from on this one. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 06:08, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It wasn't for nothing that I said "at least" the redirect from the existing template name; given the profusion of not-especially-consistent names, additional redirects would be a strong possibility.  We can be as consistent as we like about the our naming conventions, but if the US states can't manage it among themselves, we're somewhat swimming against the tide on trying to regularise "state highway" vs. "state route" and vice versa.  (To say nothing of "state route" vs. "State route" vs. "State Route"...)  Alai 06:42, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

This has been going on for over a month when it should have been done in a week. Make all of them "state name"-State-Highway-Stub considering that most of the state highways have that format. I'm being bold and taking the sfd tag off the New Hampshire State Highway Stub now considering strides towards consensus on anything don't really seem to be getting anywhere here and no end seems to be in sight. karmafist 06:35, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Please don't. The lack of said strides is neither here or there;  actually most of this discussion is moot as it was technically closed weeks ago.  However, the existing template name isn't a viable option, doesn't adhere to the naming conventions, and is supported by approximately no-one, so removing the tag solves nothing.  Alai 06:42, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Please give me an option then. The stub is posted on WP:NH(kind of as a point of pride), and that little "This Stub Is Up For Deletion" makes our state's transportation network to seem not worthy of its own stub despite the fact that there are nearly 100 in that stub cat. People looking at that little template on top of the stub may decide not to use it in the belief that it's temporary even though the worst possible thing that would happen here is that another, almost identical one would take its place. If SfD can't resolve this issue, i'm tempted to send SfD to MfD. karmafist 08:32, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't that be a hilarious prank. :-|  Other than a possible case for having separate templates for deletion and renaming nomination, I don't see any point here other than "it'd be nice if someone actually closed this properly" (as opposed to simple tag-removal).  BTW, had your WPJ turned out to vote on this, we might have had a more clear-cut outcome, so I can't imagine anyone there is that concerned about this.  Alai 13:06, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * That's no prank, and quite frankly, the reason why I said that is most likely the reason you put closing the discussion in hyphens(the rules for closing seem conspicuously absent in comparison to afd). No progress has been made in two months. The average afd takes a week, and has clear rules on closing. I'm moving over to the log now, that discussion has gone on for too long and somebody has to be bold here, I'll go to the village pump later to ask in a change of policy, but that rarely does anything, so I might have to still pull an Ed Poor and do what I said before.

By the way, our wikiproject just started halfway through this discussion, and we've already added 5 members and tagged around 3 dozen articles. We all have better things to do than deal with stub bureaucracy cruft. karmafist 16:33, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

No Consensus apparently...karmafist 16:37, 30 November 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Styria (province)

Move
Move completed. Ryan Norton T 05:32, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Styria (province)


text:
Type B1 submarine

The Type B1 submarine (巡潜乙型潜水艦), also called I-15-class submarine (伊一五型潜水艦) was the first group of boats of the Type B cruiser submarines built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1940s. In total 20 were built, starting with JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-15, which gave the series their alternative name.

Design and description
The Type B submarines were derived from the earlier KD6 sub-class of the Kaidai-class submarine and were equipped with an aircraft to enhance their scouting ability. They displaced 2589 LT surfaced and 3654 LT submerged. The submarines were 108.7 m long, had a beam of 9.3 m and a draft of 5.1 m. They had a diving depth of 100 m.

For surface running, the boats were powered by two 6200 bhp diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 1000 hp electric motor. They could reach 23.6 kn on the surface and 8 kn underwater. On the surface, the B1s had a range of 14000 nmi at 16 kn; submerged, they had a range of 96 nmi at 3 kn.

The boats were armed with six internal bow 53.3 cm torpedo tubes and carried a total of 17 torpedoes. They were also armed with a single 140 mm/40 deck gun and two single mounts for 25 mm Type 96 anti-aircraft guns. In the Type Bs, the aircraft hangar was faired into the base of the conning tower. A single catapult was positioned on the forward deck. Late in the war, some of the submarines had their aircraft hangar removed, to replace it with an additional 14 cm gun. In 1944, I-36 and I-37 had their aircraft hangar and catapult removed so that they could carry four Kaiten manned torpedoes, with I-36 later being further modified to carry six.

Service
The series was rather successful, especially at the beginning of the war.

 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-17 shelled an oil field up the beach from Santa Barbara and damaged a pump house in Elwood in February 1942. She was sunk by the New Zealand trawler Tui and two US Navy aircraft off Noumea on 19 August 1943.
 * On 15 September 1942 JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-19 fired six torpedoes at the aircraft carrier USS Wasp, three of which hit the carrier and sank her. The three remaining torpedoes went on for several thousand meters and hit another carrier force, damaging the battleship USS North Carolina and sinking the destroyer USS O'Brien. I-19 was sunk with depth charges by USS Radford (DD-446) on 25 November 1943.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-25 conducted one of the few attacks on the continental United States in September 1942. A year later she was sunk by destroyer USS Patterson off the New Hebrides on 3 September 1943.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-26 sank the US Army chartered merchant ship SS Cynthia Olson about 1,000 miles northeast of Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, causing 35 fatalities. She also crippled the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3) with one torpedo hit (out of six fired) on 31 August 1942. On 13 November 1942, she sank the cruiser USS Juneau. She was sunk off Leyte in October 1944.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-27 Between June 1942 and February 1944, she sank several ships including:  SS Iron Crown near Gabo Island, SS Fort Mumford and SS Montanan in the Indian Ocean, Liberty ship SS Sambridge, and the SS Khedive Ismail near the Maldives on February 12, 1944. Following her last success, she was sunk by escorting British warships.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-29 was used to conduct personnel, gold, and technology exchanges with Germany during WW2. Her most famous Yanagi mission was the successful transfer on 26 April 1943 off the coast of Mozambique, Africa, and safe return to Japan from German U-180 with Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, leader of the Indian Independence Movement and Indian National Army who was going from Berlin to Tokyo, and his Adjutant, Abid Hasan, while two Japanese naval officers sent to study U-boat construction and 2 tons of gold were transferred to U-180 as Japanese payment for German wartime technology. Both submarines returned safely to their bases.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-39 on 12 September 1943, torpedoed the 205 ft fleet tug USS Navajo en route from Pago Pago towing a gas barge.

Losses

 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-15 was sunk off San Cristobol on 2 November 1942 by destroyer USS McCalla (DD-488).
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-19 was sunk by USS Radford (DD-446) 25 November 1943
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-21 made her final report on 27 November 1943, off the Gilbert Islands, following which she was never heard from again. At least one source attributes her sinking to aircraft from escort carrier USS Chenango (CVE-28) on 29 November 1943.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-23 was lost in February 1942, following a final report made from off Oahu.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-25 was sunk by USS Patterson (DD-392) on 25 August 1943.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-27 was sunk by the British destroyers HMS Paladin (G69) and HMS Petard (G56) off Addu Atoll on 12 February 1944 after it had sunk the troopship SS Khedive Ismail with the loss of about 1,300 lives. She was first rammed by Paladin then torpedoed by Petard.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-28 was sunk by submarine USS Tautog (SS-199) south of Truk on 17 May 1942.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-29 was sunk by USS Sawfish in Balintang Channel on 26 July 1944.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-30 was the first Japanese submarine to reach Europe under the Yanagi missions, but she was sunk by a mine off Singapore on 13 October 1942.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-31 was sunk by destroyers USS Edwards (DD-619) and USS Frazier (DD-607) off Attu on 12 May 1943.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-32 was sunk by the destroyer escort USS Manlove (DE-36) and the subchaser USS Canastota (PC-1135) south of Wotje on 24 March 1944.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-33 was lost during sea trials in the Inland Sea on 13 June 1944.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-34 was sunk by submarine HMS Taurus (P399) off Penang on 13 November 1943.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-35 was sunk by destroyers USS Meade (DD-602) and USS Frazier (DD-607) off Tarawa on 23 November 1943.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-37 was sunk by destroyer escorts USS Conklin (DE-439) and USS McCoy Reynolds (DE-440) off Leyte on 19 November 1944.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-38 was sunk by destroyer USS Nicholas (DD-449) near Yap on 12 November 1944.
 * JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-39 was sunk by destroyer USS Boyd (DD-544) in the Gilberts on 26 November 1943.

Altogether the Type B submarines (B1, B2, and B3 combined) are credited with sinking 56 merchant ships for a total of 372,730 tonnes, about 35% of all merchant shipping sunk by Japanese submarines during the war.

All B1 type submarines were lost during the conflict, except for JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-36, which was scuttled off Gotō Islands by the US Navy on 1 April 1946.

title: Type B1 submarine


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William L. McKnight

William L. McKnight (November 11, 1887 – March 4, 1978) was an American businessman and philanthropist who served his entire career in the 3M corporation, rising to chairman of the board from 1949 to 1966. He founded the McKnight Foundation in 1953.

Biography
William L. McKnight was the third child born to homesteaders Joseph and Cordelia McKnight, who left the East in 1880 to claim a homestead in South Dakota. William was born in the family's sod house in White, South Dakota.

McKnight attended Duluth Business University, and after attending school for only 4 months of the 6-month program, began working for 3M Corporation as an Assistant Bookkeeper in May 1907, at a salary of $11.55 per week. McKnight began to understand the dire financial situation of 3M, and his ideas for making better products and cutting costs gained the admiration of the general manager, who promoted McKnight to cost accountant. Two years after that, he was placed in charge of the company's Chicago office.

In 1914, McKnight was promoted to general manager of 3M and moved to the company's headquarters in St. Paul. In June 1916 McKnight became 3M's vice president at age 29. Soon afterwards, Edgar Ober, the company's president, became ill, leaving McKnight running 3M - he officially became president in August 1929. He served as president until 1949, as chairman of the board from 1949 to 1966, and as honorary chairman of the board until 1972.

McKnight's business sense and emphasis on research and development helped bring 3M back from the brink of bankruptcy and turn it into the large, multinational corporation.

McKnight was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1995.

Business philosophy
McKnight encouraged 3M management to delegate responsibility and encourage men and women to exercise their initiative and his management theories are still the guiding principles for 3M.

Many believe McKnight's greatest contribution was as a business philosopher since he created a corporate culture that encourages employee initiative and innovation. His basic rule of management was laid out in 1948:

 * As our business grows, it becomes increasingly necessary to delegate responsibility and to encourage men and women to exercise their initiative. This requires considerable tolerance. Those men and women, to whom we delegate authority and responsibility, if they are good people, are going to want to do their jobs in their own way. Mistakes will be made. But if a person is essentially right, the mistakes he or she makes are not as serious in the long run as the mistakes management will make if it undertakes to tell those in authority exactly how they must do their jobs. Management that is destructively critical when mistakes are made kills initiative. And it's essential that we have many people with initiative if we are to continue to grow.

McKnight Foundation
The McKnight Foundation was established in Minneapolis in 1953 by William L. McKnight and his wife, Maude L. McKnight. One of the early leaders of 3M, William L. McKnight rose from assistant bookkeeper to president and CEO in a career that spanned 59 years, from 1907 to 1966. The McKnight Foundation, however, is an independent private philanthropic organization; it is not affiliated with the 3M Company.

In 1974, shortly after his wife's death, William L. McKnight asked their only child, Virginia McKnight Binger, to lead the Foundation. Working with Russell Ewald as executive director, Mrs. Binger established the formal grantmaking program and community-based approach that remain the Foundation's legacy today. In 2009, Robert J. Struyk was elected chair of the board of directors, succeeding Erika L. Binger and becoming the Foundation's fifth chair since it was established in 1953.

Personal life
McKnight married in 1915 and had one daughter, Virginia McKnight Binger, who married James H. Binger.

Thoroughbred racing
William McKnight was a fan of Thoroughbred horse racing and owned Tartan Farms, a breeding operation near Ocala, Florida. He raced under the name Tartan Stable. Among his most noted horses were the Eclipse Award winners Dr. Fager, Ta Wee, and Dr. Patches, and the sire Intentionally. Thoroughbred Racing William L. McKnight was a significant figure in American Thoroughbred racing. He was the owner of Tartan Farms, which produced numerous successful racehorses, including the notable filly Ta Wee. Ta Wee, owned by McKnight, was a champion sprinter in 1969 and 1970. Under the training of John A. Nerud and later Flint S. Schulhofer, Ta Wee demonstrated exceptional ability, winning several important races such as the Comely, Prioress, Miss Woodford, and Test Stakes. She is also recognized for her victories in the Interborough, Vosburgh, and Fall Highweight Handicaps, often carrying considerable weight while competing against male horses. Ta Wee was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1994.McKnight's contributions to horse racing are commemorated through the W. L. McKnight Handicap, a Grade 3 turf race at Gulfstream Park, which highlights his lasting impact on the sport

title: William L. McKnight


text: Category:Emulation software stubs

title: Category:Emulation software stubs


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Bernard J. McKenna

Bernard J. McKenna (February 16, 1842 – June 18, 1903) was the Mayor of Pittsburgh from 1893 to 1896. His nickname was "Barney."

Early life
Born on February 16, 1842, on Penn Avenue near Ninth Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the building in which he would later conduct his duties as a city alderman during his adult years, McKenna was a son of labor activist and politician James McKenna and grandson of Hugh McKenna, who had emigrated from Tyrone, Ireland to Quebec, Canada, and then on foot to Pittsburgh during the early 1800s.

Educated in Pittsburgh's third and fourth ward public schools, as well as the school at St. Paul's Cathedral, he was subsequently hired as an apprentice by John C. Parry & Co., where he learned the iron molding trade.

Sometime around 1862, while just twenty years old, he was elected to the post of captain of the Allegheny Volunteer Fire Company; he would go on to become one of the first volunteers to be given a paid job with the company. McKenna reportedly also served on a gunboat during the American Civil War.

After returning home to Pittsburgh, he worked in the iron industry, eventually organizing and becoming treasurer of the Iron Molders' Union, No. 11.

In 1872, he married Mary McShane.

Pittsburgh politics and later life
A member of the Democratic Party, McKenna was elected to the Pittsburgh city council in 1875, and served as an alderman for the city's Fourth Ward. In 1888, he was appointed as a police magistrate.

In 1893, he launched a successful bid to become mayor. His administration oversaw the completion of the Highland Park Zoo; the Carnegie Library's main branch was also completed during his time in office.

On September 12, 1894, he addressed a crowd of former Union Army soldiers, in his capacity as Pittsburgh's mayor, during the opening of the twenty-eighth National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic, which was held at Pittsburgh's Grand Opera House. On December 29, 1895, he delivered a welcome address to the members of the Pennsylvania State Music Teachers Association during the opening of their annual convention, which was held that year at Pittsburgh's Carnegie Music Hall. On New Year's Day in 1896, Andrew Carnegie announced that he was appointing McKenna to serve as one of the thirty-six members of the newly created board of trustees of the Carnegie Art Gallery Fund. Also named to the first board were prominent Pittsburgh civic leaders William Jacob Holland and the Rev. Dr. Andrew Arnold Lambing.

Following his tenure as mayor, he was appointed and re-appointed as police magistrate of the city's First Ward by his immediate successors, Mayors Henry P. Ford, William J. Diehl, Adam M. Brown, and Joseph O. Brown, serving in that capacity from 1896 to 1903.

In 1893, McKenna and his wife moved to a home on Howe Street in Pittsburgh's Twentieth Ward.

Death, funeral and interment
Following a long period of illness,  McKenna died from heart and stomach-related complications at his Marchand Street home in Pittsburgh on June 18, 1903. Friends were invited to pay their respects at a viewing of the body at his home on June 18. According to The Pittsburgh Post, "The body was placed before a bank of palms, on a couch in the library." His pallbearers were his friends William J. Brennen, Michael Feeney, John S. Flannery, Charles E. Flinn, Joseph F. Joyce, John Kearns, John J. Sweeney, and S.J. Toole. Three former Pittsburgh mayors were among those chosen to be honorary pallbearers. Thousands of mourners reportedly paid their respects during the viewing at his former home. The funeral was held at Sacred Heart Church on Saturday, June 20, and interment took place at St. Mary's Cemetery in the Pittsburgh neighborhood of Lawrenceville.

title: Bernard J. McKenna


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Olaf Haraldsen

Olaf Haraldsen (died c. 1143) was a Danish anti-king who ruled Scania for a few years from 1139. He never won control over the rest of Denmark, and he is not included in the list of Danish monarchs used by the Danish monarchy or Den Store Danske Encyklopædi. He is sometimes called "Olaf II" even though there was a later Olaf II of Denmark.

He was the son of Harald Kesja and thus nephew of King Eric II of Denmark. He seems to have been the only one who escaped Eric II's murder of Harald and his sons in 1135. After trying in vain to regain his heritage, Olaf proclaimed himself king in Scania in 1139, fighting his cousin King Eric III of Denmark. The civil war mostly consisted of alternating raids, during which Olaf killed Bishop Rike of Roskilde, an act that saw him excommunicated by the Pope. He was at last defeated by Eric III and was killed in a battle in Middle Scania around 1143.

Harald Skrænk, the leader of a peasant rebellion in Scania about 1182, is said to have been Olaf's illegitimate son, but their connection is unsure.

title: Olaf Haraldsen


text:
Flour bleaching agent

Flour bleaching agent is the agent added to fresh milled grains to whiten the flour by removing the yellow colour pigment called xanthophyll. It whitens the flour, which is used in the baking industry.

Overview
Usual flour bleaching agents are:
 * Organic peroxides (benzoyl peroxide)
 * Calcium peroxide
 * Chlorine
 * Chlorine dioxide
 * Azodicarbonamide
 * Nitrogen dioxide
 * Atmospheric oxygen, used during natural aging of flour

Use of chlorine, bromates, and peroxides is not allowed in the European Union.

Bleached flour improves the structure-forming capacity, allowing the use of dough formulas with lower proportions of flour and higher proportions of sugar. In biscuit making, use of chlorinated flour reduces the spread of the dough, and provides a "tighter" surface. The changes of functional properties of the flour proteins are likely to be caused by their oxidation.

In countries where bleached flour is prohibited, microwaving plain flour produces similar chemical changes to the bleaching process. This improves the final texture of baked goods made to recipes intended for bleached flours.

title: Flour bleaching agent


text:
Bosporus Germans

Bosporus Germans is the nickname given to ethnic Germans who were living in Istanbul from the second half of the 19th century.

Even before then there was evidence of a strong German presence in the city. For example, the Taksim German Hospital, founded by three nurses, started receiving patients in 1852. Today many German expatriates live in the city although they would not call themselves true Bosporus Germans.

Nineteenth century
The first generation came a few decades before and (especially) during the three political visits of Kaiser Wilhelm II to Constantinople (Istanbul), the capital city of the Ottoman Empire (on 21 October 1889, and on 5 October 1898, as the guest of Sultan Abdülhamid II; and on 15 October 1917, as the guest of Sultan Mehmed V). Most of the initial German settlers in Istanbul were craftsmen, industrialists and soldiers. Baron Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, also known as Goltz Pasha, who was the chief advisor of the Ottoman Army from 1883 to 1896; and General Otto Liman von Sanders, who was a successful commander of the Ottoman Army during World War I, may be the most famous of them in the military field. In 1890 the German architect August Jachmund designed Sirkeci Railway Station on the European side of Istanbul and the nearby Deutsche Orient Bank Headquarters, also in the Sirkeci quarter, during the last year of Otto von Bismarck's chancellorship (1889–90). Haydarpaşa Railway Station, on the Asian side of Istanbul, was also designed by a German architect in 1908. The German engineers and craftsmen working on Haydarpaşa Station also established a small German colony in nearby Yeldeğirmeni (now a neighbourhood of Kadıköy). Both these train stations played a vital role in the Berlin-Istanbul-Baghdad Railway project, which would enhance economic and political ties between the German and Ottoman empires and allow Germany to bypass the British-controlled Suez Canal to reach the lucrative markets and resources of the Orient.

The German Fountain in the Hippodrome was built in 1900 to commemorate the visit of the Kaiser to Constantinople. Some of the most beautiful Bosporus villas, such as the Krupp and Huber Villas, were also designed by Germans.

Many Germans in Istanbul supported the Young Turk movement of the early-20th century and nurtured the Young Turks' relationship with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) as well as with the German Liberals around Friedrich Naumann (1860–1919). From the circle around Naumann came Ernest Jäckh (1875–1959), a purveyor of Young Turk propaganda (and later professor at Columbia University.) Jäckh however did not live in Constantinople for long and so can't be considered a true "Bosporus German". Another visitor to Constantinople during the First World War was Theodor Heuss, a friend of Naumann and Jäckh, who designed the German Cultural Centre there and later became the first Federal President of Germany (in office from 1949 until 1959). Active Social Democrats in Constantinople included Alexander Parvus (1867–1924) (who lived in the city from 1910 to 1914), and Dr. Friedrich Schrader (1865–1922) (known as "İştiraki" {translation: Socialist}, who lived there from 1891 to 1918.

In his book Flüchtlingsreise, Schrader describes the preliminary end of the German community in Istanbul, when Article 19 of the 1918 ceasefire agreement between the Ottoman Empire and the Entente powers decreed that Germans and Austrians were to be expelled within one month. In December 1918 Germans were detained on the steamer Corcovado, formerly the floating HQ of the German Mittelmeerdivision. Some, like Schrader, tried to avoid detention and deportation by fleeing to Germany via Odessa and war-torn Ukraine. A few Germans were allowed to stay, including Paul Lange (1857–1919), the Master of the Sultan's Music, and his immediate family, who were however deported in May 1920 shortly after Lange was buried with great pomp in Istanbul in a state funeral, one of the last major events of the dying Ottoman Sultanate.

Twentieth century
A second generation of Germans arrived in İstanbul as refugees fleeing the Third Reich. The former Mayor of Berlin Ernst Reuter (1889–1953) and his son Edzard, later the president of Daimler-Chrysler, are two of the best known. Austrian architect Clemens Holzmeister (1886–1983) also lived in effective exile in Turkey. Many poorer Germans lived in Anatolia in poverty and despair. They were known as Haymatloz (in German: Heimatlos for homelandless) because of a stamp printed in their passports by the Turkish authorities.

The architect Bruno Taut arrived in Istanbul in 1936, settled in the city and built a pagoda-like house for himself in the hills above Ortaköy in 1938.

Twenty-first century
Currently Istanbul is home to a "third generation" of German expatriates, including the football trainer Christoph Daum (1953- ).

The Deutsche Schule Istanbul (1868) and St. George's Austrian High School (1882) are still well-attended German-language schools while the Istanbul Lisesi (1884) teaches in German as the primary foreign language and is recognised as a Deutsche Auslandsschule (German international school) by Germany.

However, the current generation of German residents of Istanbul are not 'Bosporus Germans' in the original sense of the world.

title: Bosporus Germans


text:
User:WikiWatcher~enwiki

I watch for vandalism of Wikipedia.

title: User:WikiWatcher~enwiki


text:
Rostral migratory stream

[[File:Rostral migratory stream mouse.jpg|thumb |(a) Head of a mouse showing the location of the brain and the rostral migratory stream, RMS (in red), along which newly generated neuroblasts migrate from the SVZ of the lateral ventricle into the olfactory bulb (OB). (b) The migration of newly generated neuroblasts begins at the lateral ventricle, continues along the RMS and terminates in the OB, where mature interneuron populations are generated. (c) Schematic based on electron microscopy showing the cytoarchitecture of the SVZ along the ventricle. Ependymal cells (gray) form a monolayer along the ventricle with astrocytes (green), neuroblasts (red) and transitory amplifying neuronal precursors (TAP) (purple) comprising the SVZ. (d) Schematic showing the migration of neuroblasts along the RMS. Astrocytes (green) ensheath the migrating neuroblasts (red) and are thought to restrict and contain the neuroblasts to their specific pathway. (e) Migrating neuroblasts enter the OB, migrate radially and give rise to granule or periglomerular cells.

From a paper by Jessica B Lennington, et al., 2003. ]]

The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is a specialized migratory route found in the brain of some animals along which neuronal precursors that originated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain migrate to reach the main olfactory bulb (OB). The importance of the RMS lies in its ability to refine and even change an animal's sensitivity to smells, which explains its importance and larger size in the rodent brain as compared to the human brain, as our olfactory sense is not as developed. This pathway has been studied in the rodent, rabbit, and both the squirrel monkey and rhesus monkey. When the neurons reach the OB they differentiate into GABAergic interneurons as they are integrated into either the granule cell layer or periglomerular layer.

Although it was originally believed that neurons could not regenerate in the adult brain, neurogenesis has been shown to occur in mammalian brains, including those of primates. However, neurogenesis is limited to the hippocampus and SVZ, and the RMS is one mechanism neurons use to relocate from these areas.

Brief history
The RMS was named and discovered by J. Altman in 1969 using 3H-thymidine autoradiography in the rat brain. He traced the migration of labeled cells from the SVZ, which is situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles, rostrally to the main olfactory bulb. He also quantitatively studied the effect of age on the size of the RMS. There is still some ongoing debate about the extent of the RMS and adult SVZ neurogenesis of new neurons in humans.

Vascular cells
Vascular cells are known to play a prominent role in regulating proliferation of adult neural precursors. In the adult subgranular zone (SGZ), dense clusters of dividing cells were found to be anatomically close to the vasculature, especially capillaries. Contacts between adult SVZ neuronal precursors and blood vessels are unusually permeable and frequently devoid of astrocyte and pericyte interferences, suggesting that blood-derived cues are gaining direct access to adult neural precursors and their progeny. The vasculature also provides the substrate for new neuron migration after injury in the adult striatum. In the RMS, vascular cells are arranged parallel to the route of the migrating cells and provide a scaffolding. Glial cells are also associated with the blood vessels; communication between these cells may be important for RMS migration, for example, in BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), a growth factor that is thought to module RMS migration.

Astrocytes
Astrocytes form gap junctions and are closely associated with the vasculature and its basal lamina in the adult SVZ and subsequently in the RMS. They may serve as an interface to modulate influences of endothelial and circulation-derived factors as well as the availability of cytokines and growth factors in this system. In addition, astrocytes derived from the neurogenic hippocampus and SVZ, but not from the non-neurogenic spinal cord, promote proliferation and neuronal fate commitment of multipotent adult neural stem cells in culture, suggesting a role in the RMS. Astrocytes express a number of secreted and membrane-attached factors both in vitro and in vivo that are known to regulate proliferation and fate specification of adult neural precursors as well as neuronal migration, maturation, and synapse formation. In the adult SVZ, astrocytes express Robo receptors and regulate the rapid migration of SLIT1-expressing neuroblasts through the RMS. Additionally, it has been proposed that the neuroblasts themselves play a role in modulating the astrocytes through Slit-Robo interactions. In the absence of Slit, astrocytic processes do not align correctly, or create the "tubes", instead running across the migrating neurons. Adult SVZ astrocytes also appear to release glutamate to regulate the survival of neuroblasts. Unique to the adult SVZ, ependymal cells lining the ventricular wall are in close association with neural precursors and their progeny, acting like a shield to protect the "neurogenic niche", a zone in which stem cells are retained after embryonic development for the production of new cells of the nervous system.

Other glial cells
Ependymal cells actively regulate neuronal fate specification of adult neural precursors through release of Noggin. Beating of the cilia of ependymal cells appears to set up concentration gradients of guidance molecules, such as cytokines TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor) and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor), to direct migration of neuroblasts, such as in the RMS. Microglia also actively regulate adult neurogenesis. Under basal conditions, apoptotic corpses of newly generated neurons are rapidly phagocytosed from the niche by unactivated microglia in the adult SGZ. Under inflammatory conditions, reactivated microglia can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on different aspects of adult neurogenesis, depending on the balance between secreted molecules with pro- and anti-inflammatory action. In one study, the activation of microglia and recruitment of T cells were suggested to be required for enriched environment-induced SGZ neurogenesis, suggesting a possible role in the RMS.

Migration mechanics
Cells in the RMS are believed to move by "chain migration". These neuroblasts are connected by membrane specializations including gap junctions and adherens junctions, moving along each other towards the olfactory bulb through glial tubes. The pathway and mechanisms behind this movement are a ventriculo-olfactory neurogenic system (VONS), a glial framework, and a chemotaxic cell signalling system.

Ventriculo-olfactory neurogenic system (VONS)
The olfactory system is made up in part of the RMS which stretches from the subventricular zone in the wall of the lateral ventricle, through the basal forebrain, to the olfactory bulb (OB). VONS is the name given to this pathway, and it consists of the subventricular zone, the RMS, the olfactory tract and the olfactory bulb. Developing neurons leave the subventricular zone and enter the RMS and travel caudally and ventrally along the undersurface of the caudate nucleus; this is referred to as the descending limb. Upon reaching the ventral side of the caudate nucleus, the neurons follow the rostral limb and travel ventrally and rostrally, entering the anterior olfactory cortex (AOC). The AOC gives rise to the olfactory tract, which ends in the olfactory bulb.

Glial framework
[[File:Phenotypes of proliferating cells in the Rostral Migratory Stream and Dentate Gyrus.jpg|thumb| Phenotypes of proliferating cells in the Rostral Migratory Stream and Dentate Gyrus. Phenotypes of proliferating cells in the RMS and DG. Double-labeled immunofluorescence studies showed that in the RMS most cells were BrdU+/nestin+ (arrow, a) and revealed the presence of GFAP+ filaments (arrow, b) surrounding BrdU+ cells (asterisk, b). In the DG, BrdU+/nestin+ cells (c) were seen and a few BrdU+/GFAP+ cells could also be found (arrow, d, e). BrdU (red); nestin, GFAP (green).

Adapted from a paper by Maryam Faiz, et al., 2005. ]] Developing neurons travel toward the olfactory bulb along the RMS via glial tubes, which mark the division between the differentiated nervous tissue and the tissue with embryonic characteristics. Uniquely, the cells travel tangential to the brain surface, parallel to the pial surfaces rather than radially like most developing neurons. Neurons that migrate tangentially are typically believed to migrate independently of radial glia but in the RMS researchers believe this is not the case. Adult rat glial tubes have been observed via light and electron microscopy and described as a meshwork of astrocytic bodies and processes. They have been determined to be astrocytes based on the typical expression of GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and more specifically as protoplasmic astrocytes based on their morphology. Furthermore, these glial cells were found to be positive for vimentin expression, a protein commonly found in embryonic or immature glial cells. The developing neurons are identified by their expression of the cell surface molecule, a polysialylated (PSA) embryonic form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) called PSA-NCAM, as well as β-tubulin, a protein often found in postmitotic neuroblasts, proving the cells of RMS are committed to developing into neurons and will do so upon entry into the olfactory bulb. With the removal of NCAM, the neuroblasts scatter, proving the importance of NCAM in chain formation. The neurons form both clusters and chains along the lumen of these glial tubes. Once the developing neurons reach the core of the olfactory bulb, they detach from the RMS, which is initiated by Reelin and tenascin and move radially toward glomeruli, this migration is dependent on tenascin-R, and differentiate into subtypes of interneurons. These neurons have been studied in vivo via electrophysiology and confocal imaging.

Cell signaling
The nature of the molecular cues involved in the correct targeting of the migrating precursors remains a question. The secretion of a chemoattractant factor by the OB appears as a possibility. Chemoattractants and repellants act on the migrating neurons by inducing changes in the growth cone to direct them. Nevertheless, tissue derived from this structure had no directive influence on the migration. On the other hand, a septum-derived secreted factor showed a repulsive effect on the SVZ cells. More recently, it has been shown that the secreted molecule SLIT shows such a repelling effect on SVZ-derived precursors. Furthermore, integrins have been demonstrated to have a regulatory influence on precursor cell chain-migration and regulation of their divisions. PSA-NCAM appears as another candidate. Mice lacking NCAM show a dramatically size-reduced OB and an accumulation of migrating precursors along the RMS. It is possible that lack of NCAM results in agitation of neuron–glia interactions, and modifications in these interactions might in turn be responsible for the inhibition of migration in the RMS. It has been demonstrated that a cross talk exists between neurons and glial cells and data in favor of an active role of PSA–NCAM in this process has been presented. The lack of PSA–NCAM on the surface of migrating precursors might alter the proliferative properties of this glial cell population, a scenario that appears reminiscent of astrogliosis occurring in neurodegenerative diseases even before any signs of neuronal damage.

Existence in humans
The presence of an analogous RMS in humans has been difficult to identify, possibly because the olfactory bulb is significantly less developed in humans than in rodents and thus harder to study, and much of the previous scientific work has been called into question concerning the RMS in humans. In the developing fetal brain and in young postnatal infants, chains of immature neurons typical of the RMS were observed. However, there was little evidence for the existence of a migrating chain along the SVZ or olfactory peduncle to the bulb in the adult human brain, even though there was a distinct population of adult neuronal stem cells in the SVZ. These researchers studied subjects from 0 to 84 years of age by analyzing brain sections that had been removed during surgery or during autopsies. They discovered that cells that expressed DCX (doublecortin) and PSA-NCAM are present in the brain sections taken from infants, but have disappeared by 18 months. Yet further studies indicated the presence of a small population of migrating immature neurons, which originate solely from the SVZ. These neuroblasts appear singly or in pairs without forming chains, in contrast to the elongated chains of neuroblasts observed in the rodent RMS. This suggests that the RMS is drastically reduced beyond infancy and especially into adulthood, but is not absent. However, a direct correlation between stem cell quiescence and age has not yet been defined due to a high level of variability between individuals. Thus an RMS analogous structure in the adult human brain remains highly controversial.

Age-related decline
The extent of age-related RMS decline in humans has been the subject of significant debate. The decline of neurogenesis in and migration from the hippocampus in humans has already been well documented. Furthermore, age-related declines in the activities of SVZ stem cells, which migrate to the OB via the RMS, are in place by middle age in rodents. In elderly mice, studies showed that the population of actively dividing SVZ cells and the rate of interneuron replacement in the OB are both drastically reduced, indicating an age-related decline in neuronal proliferation and migration through the RMS. This decline was shown to be due to neuronal stem cell quiescence in the SVZ even by middle age, and not destruction, much like in the hippocampus.

Pharmaceuticals
Another topic in current RMS research pertains to pharmaceuticals. Scientists are still trying to tackle the difficult task of administering drugs into the brain and getting them past the selective blood–brain barrier. In a recent study, researchers tested the role of the RMS in “intranasal delivery of drugs into the CNS”. In this study, the experimenters disrupted the RMS in mice, which obstructed “the uptake of intranasally administered radioligands into the CNS.” Fluorescent tracers were also used to track the medicine throughout the brain. It was found that the medicine spread to all regions of the brain, including the olfactory bulb. The study concluded that the RMS was extremely prevalent and necessary in the central nervous system in order to deliver drugs intranasally. The study also noted that this research on the RMS is not sufficient, but instead needs to be expanded. Some of the limits and capabilities of the RMS are still unknown, as well as some of the hazards of it. If drugs are to be administered into the CNS through the RMS, all of the details of the RMS must be known in order to ensure safe delivery of the drugs to the brain.

α6β1 integrin
A study was conducted testing a specific integrin, alpha-six-beta-one, and the role it plays in the RMS. The study researched the principle that chemoattractive molecules may play an important role in neuroblast migration in the RMS. The study of this one particular integrin was conducted in mice. By using antibodies to bind to α6β1 integrin subunits, found on the neuroblasts, the researchers observed that the migration was disrupted. Furthermore, they investigated the mechanism through which α6β1 integrin functions and determined it was via the chemoattractant laminin. This was completed by injecting laminin perpendicular to the RMS and observing that doing so drew “neuroblasts away from their normal course of migration”. The researchers concluded with the idea that this research could prove useful for therapeutics purposes in that neuroblasts could potentially be drawn to locations of injury or disease.

title: Rostral migratory stream


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Kapuas Hulu Regency

Kapuas Hulu Regency is a regency in West Kalimantan province of Indonesia. Located around the upper drainage area of the Kapuas River, it has a total land area of 31,318.25 square kilometres or around 21.3% of West Kalimantan province's area. The regency seat is located in town of Putussibau, where most of its economic and government activities take place. Kapuas Hulu Regency is one of the few Indonesian regencies having a land border with another country (in this case, with Malaysia). It is also the largest regency in the province by land area. Due to its relatively large area, it is sparsely populated compared to neighbouring regencies around it. The regency had a population of 222,160 at the 2010 Census and 252,609 according to the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 262,404 (comprising 134,520 males and 127,890 females).

History
The area was under kingdom of Selimbau, which was under influence of Sultanate of Sambas in early 17th and 18th century. Other than it, there were several smaller kingdoms and Malay chieftains such as Suhai, Jongkong, and Bunut, scattered around the region.

On 1823, Dutch settlers began exploring the region and Dutch colonial government signed a treaty with kingdom of Selimbau, acknowledging its domination over smaller kingdoms and chieftains in the region. Over time, the kingdom gradually lost its autonomy and the last king of Selimbau, Haji Gusti Usman, abdicated on 1925. The region was incorporated into Dutch East Indies and administrated from Sintang.

During Japanese occupation of Dutch East Indies, the region was administrated by Imperial Japanese Navy from Banjarmasin. Japanese opened a coal mine around Mentabah and Tebaung river in 1942 to support their war effort on Pacific. The locals welcomed Japanese at first, thought them to be liberator from Dutch rule. However, due to exploitation and treatment on locals, they turned against the Japanese later on. It was estimated around 1,000 native worked as Rōmusha died in the region during Japanese occupation. The occupation resulted in Majang Desa War or more popularly known as Dayak Desa War, with Japanese expelled from Borneo interior as the result. One of leader's war and Dayak chieftain, nicknamed Pang Suma, today is regarded as hero not only in the region but also Indonesia in general. The region became an autonomous royal region within West Kalimantan in 1946 and later became a regency under Law Number 3 of 1953.

There has been ongoing discussion about forming a new province, Kapuas Raya, which would include Kapuas Hulu as part of it, to be separated from West Kalimantan. However, due to a moratorium on new administrative division creations for financial reason since 2014, its creation has been put on halt by the Indonesian government.

Geography
The regency borders Sarawak in the north, Sintang Regency in the west and south, and East Kalimantan as well as Central Kalimantan in the east. Soil formation in the region is considered to be one of the oldest in Indonesian archipelago. There are numerous lakes, swamps, and wetlands in the region and lower region is often submerged by water from nearby rivers as long as six months a year. Settlements are mostly located around rivers due to historical importance of inland waterways in the past. There are 925,134 hectares of national park, 834.140 hectares of protected forest, and 769,000 hectares of production forest.

The regency has tropical climate with temperature between 22.9 and 33.5 Celsius, with 84.6% air humidity, and 38% sunlight intensity. The wettest month is May with average rainfall of 547.66 mm3, and the driest is August with average 222.2 mm3.

Administrative districts
At the time of the 2010 Census, the regency was divided into 25 administrative districts (kecamatan). However this has since been reduced to 23 by the amalgamation of the former Danau Sentarum District into Selimbau District, and the amalgamation of the former Hulu Kapuas District into Putussibau Selatan District. The regency seat, Putussibau, consists of the urban parts of two districts, which are North Putussibau and South Putussibau; both form the first and second most populous districts in the regency. Due to regency seat not having clear official boundaries, the estimated population of the town could be as high as 50,000 people depending on where the speculative border is drawn; but both districts include extensive rural regions. Below is a list of the districts with their areas and their populations according the 2010 and 2020 Censuses, as well as the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 278 rural desa and 4 urban kelurahan), and its post code.

Notes: (a) including 5,880 in the former Hulu Kapuas District. (b) including 2 kelurahan - Kedamin Hilir and Kedamin Hulu. (c) including 3,868 in the former Danau Sentarum District. (d) including 2 kelurahan - Putussibay Kota (town) and Hilir Kantor.

Local government
The regency is a second-level administrative division equivalent to a city. As a regency, it is headed by a regent who is elected democratically. Head of districts are appointed directly by the regent with the recommendation of the regency secretary. Executive power lies with the regent and vice regent, while legislative function is exercised by the regency's parliament.

Politics
On provincial parliament, the regency is part of 7th West Kalimantan electoral district together with Melawi Regency and Sintang Regency which together sends 11 out of 65 representatives. On regency level, it is divided into four electoral districts that in total has 30 representatives. The last election was in 2019 and the next one is in 2024.

Economy
Agriculture and construction are the biggest sector in the regency as of 2020. Agriculture consisted of 23% of the regency's gross regional product, while construction consisted of 22.42%. Manufacture industry is the third largest sector, with account of 11.28% of the regency's gross regional product. The most rapid growth is found on information and communication sector with figure of 7.02% as of 2020, while general service sector declined as many as 17.93% in the same year. Agriculture employed 62.61% of the regency's workforce, followed by service sector with 22.14% and manufacture with 15.25%.

The regency produced total around 680 tons of various vegetables such as cucumber and water spinach. Other than that, there were total 174,195 tons of fruit production in the regency due to significance of fruit plantation in regency's agriculture sector. The regency also produced 375 tons of rubber and 5 tons of coffee bean in the same year. Significant livestock includes chicken, with total meat production of 1,305 tons on 2020. In addition, there are 132,064 pigs, 3,991 goats, and 161,777 cows. Despite being landlocked, the regency also has significant fish catch, mostly from aquaculture and freshwater catches. Significant species from the regency included Nile tilapia with 7,073 tons, Clarias with 3,760 tons, Channa micropeltes with 17,007 tons, and Pangasius with 4,236 tons. There are noted 5,297 fish ponds used for aquaculture in the regency with total area of 8,258 hectares and 7,930 keramba with total area of 15,860 hectares. The actual figure is possibly higher due to informal nature of Indonesian economy. Tourism is a growing sector in the regency, especially ecotourism. There are 60 hotels in the regency as of 2020, and the regency was visited by 2,339 international tourists as well as 6,805 domestic tourists. In total there are 116 registered restaurants in the regency.

Unemployment rate on 2020 was 4.02% and poverty rate was 8.99%.

Demographics
As with most places in Indonesia, the population is generally young and consist of reproductive age workforce. From the population, as of 2022 there are 146,654 people considered as part of workforce above age 15. Two most populousdistricts, North and South Putussibau, contain nearly 20% of the regency's population; these contain the regency's largest towns in their urban (densely-populated) core, but also wide and sparsely-populated rural areas. Population growth was 3.48% with sex ratio of 105.5, meaning there are around 105 men per 100 women population. Dominant religion in the regency is Islam, with figure 153,486 Muslims as of 2022, followed by 83,979 Catholics, 21,880 Protestants, 330 Confucians, 291 Buddhists, 25 Hindus, and two people identified as folk religion followers.

Infrastructure
There are a total of 33 kindergartens, 417 elementary schools, 118 junior high schools, 37 senior high schools, and 6 vocational high schools, in addition to two higher education institutions as of 2020. One of the higher education institutions is Tarbiyah College, which is a private college focused on Islamic studies. The other higher education institution is a branch of Pontianak State Polytechnic. It is state-owned and the main campus is located in city of Pontianak with a smaller branch for Kapuas Hulu located in North Putussibau District. On healthcare sector, there are three hospitals, 132 puskesmas, and 183 village healthcare centers in the regency as of 2020. One of the main hospital, Dr. Achmad Diponegoro General Hospital, or sometimes referred as Putussibau General Hospital, is a public hospital owned by the regency government. It is classified as C-class hospital by Ministry of Health. On 2020, the hospital received building rehabilitation and expansion with new buildings. Another hospital, Pratama Semitau Hospital, is a private hospital and relatively new, inaugurated on 2019 and classified as D-class hospital. Badau Bergerak Hospital, located in Badau District, is the only hospital located outside of Putussibau and also owned by regency government as public hospital. In addition of that, there are total 28 family planning clinics.

There are exactly 505 mosques, 490 churches, and four Chinese Buddhist temple in the regency as of 2019. Total roads in the regency as of 2020 was 1,108.33 kilometres, out of which 217.34 kilometres have been paved with asphalt. The regency is served by Pangsuma Airport, which is located in Putussibau and has regular flights to Pontianak and Sintang. There's also a regular bus route from Pontianak to Putussibau, managed by Perum DAMRI. In Putussibau, usage of online ride-hailing app service is also present.

title: Kapuas Hulu Regency


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Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens

The Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens is a center for Japanese arts and culture located west of Delray Beach in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The campus includes two museum buildings, the Roji-en Japanese Gardens: Garden of the Drops of Dew, a bonsai garden, library, gift shop, and a Japanese restaurant, called the Cornell Cafe, which has been featured on the Food Network and Vizcaya Television. Rotating exhibits are displayed in both buildings, and demonstrations, including tea ceremonies and classes, are held in the main building. Traditional Japanese festivals are celebrated several times a year.

The park and museum are named after George Morikami, a native of Miyazu, Japan, who donated his farm to Palm Beach County to be used as a park. George Morikami was the only member of the Yamato Colony, Florida to stay in Delray Beach after World War II. He originally proposed donating the land to the City of Delray Beach which declined. The Museum was opened in 1977, in a building that is now named the Yamato-kan. The principal museum building opened in 1993. Construction of the Roji-en gardens began in 1993.

The Morikami Park, which includes the museum, is 188.5 acre. There is one picnic pavilion and six smaller picnic shelters and a playground. It is the location of the Challenger Astronaut Memorial and the Yamato Pioneer Memorial.

The Morikami Museum and Gardens host a number of Japanese-influenced festivals each year, including Oshogatsu (New Year's) in January, Hatsume Fair Festival in April, and Lantern Festival, (based on the Japanese Obon festival) in October. These festivals draw visitors from around the state, and feature both food and art vendors. The Lantern Festival also features an annual drum performance and an interactive dance routine. Visitors release their lanterns into the central lake after sunset.

Museum
The original museum building, Yamato-kan, is designed as a Japanese villa. It features a dry landscape garden and a permanent exhibit on the history of the Yamato Colony in Boca Raton, and a hands-on exhibit, "Japan Through the Eyes of a Child". The main museum building houses three exhibits, a 225-seat theater, a tea house, classrooms, a research library, a store, and the Cornell Cafe. There are more than 7,000 artifacts that make up Morikami's collection.

From May 2024 until August 2024 the museum will showcase Kip Fulbeck's The Hapa Project exhibit.

Gardens
The Roji-en Japanese Gardens were designed to complement the museum. The six gardens making up Roji-en are inspired by famous garden styles throughout Japan's history. They were designed by Hoichi Kurisu and completed in 2001. The six historical gardens are as follows: Shinden Garden, Paradise Garden, Early Rock Garden, Karesansui Garden, Hiraniwa Garden, and Modern Romantic Garden. The Shinden Garden is inspired by the gardens of the Heian period of the 9th–12th centuries. During this time Japanese nobility used Chinese garden designs that featured lakes and islands; this style of garden was usually viewed by boat. The Paradise Garden comes from the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. The gardens were designed as temples to the Buddha and represented Buddhist Heaven. The Early Rock Garden is also from the Muromachi period. This style of gardens was influenced by Chinese landscape art and the early concept of Zen. The Muromachi period Karesansui gardens are in true Zen style. These gardens were designed not to be walked through, but instead to be viewed from temples and reflected on. The "dry landscape" styles was almost empty of plants, instead having rocks and gravel. The Edo period was known for the Hiraniwa Flat Garden style. These gardens were hybrids of the late rock garden and tea garden. This garden style is known for its accents, such as pagodas, lanterns, and stepping stones. The last historical garden featured at Morikami is the Modern Romantic Garden. This garden originated during the Meiji period. Naturalism and Western influences were what spurred the creation of this garden style.

title: Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens


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Henry I. Gourley

Henry I. Gourley (October 3, 1838 – May 27, 1899) was Mayor of Pittsburgh from 1890 to 1893

Early life
Henry Irvin Gourley was born in Juniata County, Pennsylvania in 1838 to a peasant family. Because of his families inability to support themselves he was sent early in life to a farm in Pine Township, Pennsylvania in Allegheny County, where he displayed a great work ethic and eventually became a school teacher.

Pittsburgh politics
In 1876 he was elected to the City Council. Mayor Gourley took office in 1890 and his reputation for hard and honest work served him well in city hall. His term was noted for the trust it engendered in Pittsburgh residents. After he left office he served as city controller before his death in 1899 He is buried in Homewood Cemetery.

title: Henry I. Gourley


text: User talk:70.225.51.199

title: User talk:70.225.51.199


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Washington Irving Memorial Park and Arboretum

Washington Irving Memorial Park and Arboretum (32.5 acres) is a public park and arboretum located just north of the Arkansas River Bridge at 13700 S. Memorial Drive, Bixby, Oklahoma. The park is named in honor of American writer Washington Irving, who camped in the area in October 1832 while participating in a federal expedition to the American West led by Judge Henry L. Ellsworth of Connecticut. The expedition included a 31-day, 350 mi circular tour of central Oklahoma.

Overview
The park contains a wooded walking trail, the Laci Dawn Griffin Hill butterfly garden, and memorials to the children of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building bombing and to the September 11, 2001 attacks. It also contains a statue of Irving seated on an amphitheatre stage modeled after the facade of his home, Sunnyside in Tarrytown, New York.

Irving in Oklahoma
Ellsworth arrived at Fort Gibson in Oklahoma on October 8, 1832, along with Irving, naturalist Charles La Trobe, and Swiss nobleman Albert de Pourtalès. He promised the trio would have ample adventures in what was then Indian Territory. Irving had been absent from the United States for seventeen years before returning to New York only a few months earlier. Upon his return, he became interested in the country's efforts for westward expansion. Irving's experience in Oklahoma included scouting for prairie hens, hunting wolves, and trading with members of the Osage Nation. He also met Sam Houston, who Irving described as a "well formed fresh looking man".

Irving wrote of his experiences in Tour of the Prairies, published in 1835. The North American Review called the book "a sort of sentimental journey". The book was a popular success, and it was the author's first book written and initially published in the United States since A History of New York in 1809.


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Ammoniacum

Ammoniacum or the gum ammoniac is a gum-resin exuded from the several perennial herbs in the genus Ferula of the umbel family (Apiaceae). There are three types of ammoniacum: the gums ammoniac of Cyrenaica, of Persia (the commercial one today), and of Morocco.

Ammoniac of Cyrenaica
Ammoniacum was first documented in the 1st century by Dioscorides in his De materia medica. It got its name from the Temple of Jupiter Ammon in ancient Libya (located in the Siwa Oasis of Egypt today) near which it was produced. It is called the gum ammoniac of Cyrenaica to differentiate it from the commercial one used today, and its source plant has been identified as Ferula marmarica native to Libya and Egypt. The export of the gum ammoniac of Cyrenaica to Europe declined after Arab and Turk domination of the Middle East, but probably continued at least until the 18th century, as Linnaeus still cited Libya and Egypt as the places of origin of ammoniacum in his Materia medica.

Ammoniac of Persia
The gum ammoniac of Persia gradually replaced the one of Cyrenaica as the commercial ammoniacum exported to Europe. It was probably first mentioned in European literature in 1716 by Michael Bernhard Valentini. Its source plant is Ferula ammoniacum (syn. Dorema ammoniacum) native to Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The plant grows to the height of 2½ or 3 meters (8 or 9 ft.) and its whole stem is pervaded with a milky juice, which oozes out on an incision being made at any part. This juice quickly hardens into round tears, forming the "tear ammoniacum" of commerce. "Lump ammoniacum", the other form of the substance, consists of aggregations of tears, frequently incorporating fragments of the plant itself, as well as other foreign bodies.

Ammoniacum has a faintly fetid, unpleasant odor, which becomes more distinct on heating; externally, it possesses a reddish-yellow appearance, and when the tears or lumps are freshly fractured they exhibit a waxy luster. It is chiefly collected in central Persia, and comes to the European market by way of Bombay.

Ammoniacum is closely related to asafoetida and galbanum (from which, however, it differs in yielding no umbelliferone) both in regard to the plant which yields it and its putative effects.

Ammoniac of Morocco
The gum ammoniac of Morocco first received attention in Europe in 1809 when James Grey Jackson described a plant producing the gum ammoniac of Barbary. The source plant has been identified as Ferula communis subsp. brevifolia native to Morocco, Algeria and the Canary Islands. Though it has been used by local people as herbal medicine for hundreds of years, it probably has never been commercially important in Europe.

title: Ammoniacum