text:
User talk:Blakelaw

Just here to help out. I know lots of stuff! I'm like, well my friends call me Encylopedia Brown.

AfD Nomination: Mancake
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AfD nomination of Sacred Piece
An article that you have been involved in editing, Sacred Piece, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Sacred Piece. Thank you. John254 01:48, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Mancake
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Speedy deletion of Camp Deer Run
A tag has been placed on Camp Deer Run requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for companies and corporations.

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Proposed deletion of Camp Brookwoods

The article Camp Brookwoods has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "lacks sufficient coverage in reliable sources. does not meet notability. Unable to reach two sources. Passing mention in 3rd. 4th source is an advert page. While not overtly G11, content is promotional w/o indication notability."

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Speedy deletion nomination of Camp Brookwoods

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 * It appears to be about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), individual animal, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. (See section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

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Nomination of Camp Deer Run for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Camp Deer Run is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Blakelaw


text:
Talk:KVGS

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title: Talk:KVGS


text:
Říčky v Orlických horách

Říčky v Orlických horách (Ritschka) is a municipality and village in Rychnov nad Kněžnou District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.

title: Říčky v Orlických horách


text:
List of Auckland railway stations

This is a list of the railway stations in the public transport network of Auckland. It includes closed and planned stations. Auckland has 13 fare zones, with some zone overlap areas. The routes shown pass into and out of central, western, eastern, and southern zones.

Ownership and operation
Station platforms on the Auckland suburban network are owned by KiwiRail, who are responsible for building stations. Structures on the platforms (station buildings, shelters, lights, signage etc.) are owned by Auckland Transport, who are responsible for the operation and maintenance of stations.

The Waitematā railway station, Newmarket Railway Station and New Lynn Transport Centre are owned and managed by Auckland Transport.

Ticket office and platform staff, as well as train operating staff, are employed by Auckland One Rail.

Train services using stations in Auckland include suburban trains, which are owned by Auckland Transport and operated by Auckland One Rail, and the Northern Explorer long-distance train to Wellington operated by KiwiRail.

Network
{| class="wikitable"
 * align="left" colspan=7 |

Southern Line
This line follows the Newmarket Line from Waitematā to Newmarket, the North Auckland Line to Westfield Junction, and the North Island Main Trunk to Pukekohe. ! Distance from Waitematā !! Name !! Served by !! Opened !! Closed !! Notes
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 0.00 km || WaitematāH || Auckland Transport || 2003-7-7 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 1.2 km || Auckland (The Strand) || Te Huia, Northern Explorer, private excursions and charters || 1930-11-24 || 2003-7-7 || After the opening of Waitematā, one platform remained open for excursion trains and thereafter referred to as The Strand station. The Strand upgraded in 2011 with two platforms as a backup station for Waitematā. The Northern Explorer terminus was relocated here in December 2015.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * || Parnell || Auckland Transport || 2017-3-12 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 3.84 km || NewmarketH || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 4.91 km || Remuera || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 6.38 km || Greenlane || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 7.75 km || Ellerslie || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 9.2 km || Penrose || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-24 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 11.09 km || Southdown || N/A || 1905-8-8 || 2004-5-30 ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 13.01 km || Westfield || N/A || 1887-8-29 || 12 March 2017 ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 14.33 km || ŌtāhuhuH || Auckland Transport || 1875-5-20 || – || New station and bus-train interchange opened October 2016.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 15.46 km || Māngere || N/A || c. 1908-7 || 9 December 2011 || Services reduced to set-down of school students at the southbound platform only from 25 October 2005. Southbound platform closed on 9 December 2011. Both northbound and southbound platforms demolished 2012.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 16.2 km || Middlemore || Auckland Transport|| 1947-7-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 18.06 km || Papatoetoe || Auckland Transport || 1875-5-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 19.56 km || PuhinuiH || Auckland Transport, Te Huia || 1925-6-29 || – || Closed for upgrade, 21 September 2019 – 26 July 2021
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 20.88 km || Wiri || Auckland Transport || 1913-12-9 || Closed in 2005. Rebuilt in 2013. || Staff station only.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 22.78 km || Homai || Auckland Transport || 1924-8-15 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 24.41 km || ManurewaH || Auckland Transport || 1875-5-20 || – || Opened at a new site on 19 July 1993.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 26.24 km || Te Mahia || Auckland Transport || 1926-8-16 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 27.84 km || Takaanini || Auckland Transport || 1913-12-9 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 29.53 km || Tironui || N/A || 1926-5-10 || 1983-8-13 || New station currently (2012) proposed just north of former Tironui station at Walters Road by Papakura Local Board.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 31.46 km || PapakuraH || Auckland Transport, Te Huia, Northern Explorer || 1875-5-20 || – || The terminus for electric unit services (see note for Pukekohe below). Current station rebuilt and reopened in 2013.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 33.75 km || Ōpaheke || N/A || c. 1884-4 || 1955-11-13 ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 36.57 km || Drury || N/A || 1875-5-20 || 1972-5-21 || Opened at a new site on 8 December 1918 replacing the original station and another station at Runciman. New station at Drury Central to be built by 2025. ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 45.19 km || Paerātā || N/A || 1875-5-20 || 1972-7-24 || New station at Paerata Rise to be built by 2025. ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 49.62 km || PukekoheH || Auckland Transport || 1875-5-20 || – || From 20 July 2015, a diesel train shuttle service operates between Papakura and Pukekohe, necessitating a transfer by passengers at Papakura, as that section of line has not been electrified. In 2016 construction began on a new station and bus-train interchange. This opened on 6 June 2018. Closed for redevelopment from 13 August 2022 to late 2024.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 26.24 km || Te Mahia || Auckland Transport || 1926-8-16 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 27.84 km || Takaanini || Auckland Transport || 1913-12-9 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 29.53 km || Tironui || N/A || 1926-5-10 || 1983-8-13 || New station currently (2012) proposed just north of former Tironui station at Walters Road by Papakura Local Board.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 31.46 km || PapakuraH || Auckland Transport, Te Huia, Northern Explorer || 1875-5-20 || – || The terminus for electric unit services (see note for Pukekohe below). Current station rebuilt and reopened in 2013.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 33.75 km || Ōpaheke || N/A || c. 1884-4 || 1955-11-13 ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 36.57 km || Drury || N/A || 1875-5-20 || 1972-5-21 || Opened at a new site on 8 December 1918 replacing the original station and another station at Runciman. New station at Drury Central to be built by 2025. ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 45.19 km || Paerātā || N/A || 1875-5-20 || 1972-7-24 || New station at Paerata Rise to be built by 2025. ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 49.62 km || PukekoheH || Auckland Transport || 1875-5-20 || – || From 20 July 2015, a diesel train shuttle service operates between Papakura and Pukekohe, necessitating a transfer by passengers at Papakura, as that section of line has not been electrified. In 2016 construction began on a new station and bus-train interchange. This opened on 6 June 2018. Closed for redevelopment from 13 August 2022 to late 2024.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 45.19 km || Paerātā || N/A || 1875-5-20 || 1972-7-24 || New station at Paerata Rise to be built by 2025. ||
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * 49.62 km || PukekoheH || Auckland Transport || 1875-5-20 || – || From 20 July 2015, a diesel train shuttle service operates between Papakura and Pukekohe, necessitating a transfer by passengers at Papakura, as that section of line has not been electrified. In 2016 construction began on a new station and bus-train interchange. This opened on 6 June 2018. Closed for redevelopment from 13 August 2022 to late 2024.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * bgcolor=#ee2e27|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.

 * }

{| class="wikitable"
 * align="left" colspan=7 |

Eastern Line
This line follows the North Island Main Trunk from Waitematā to Puhinui. South of Puhinui it diverges onto the Manukau Branch line. ! Distance from Waitematā !! Name !! Served by !! Opened !! Closed !! Notes
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 0.00 km || WaitematāH || Auckland Transport || 2003-7-7 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 1.2 km || Auckland (The Strand) || Northern Explorer, private excursions and charters || 1930-11-24 || 2003-7-7 || After the opening of Waitematā, one platform remained open for excursion trains and thereafter referred to as The Strand station. The Strand upgraded in 2011 with two platforms as a backup station for Waitematā. The Northern Explorer terminus was relocated here in December 2015.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 4.62 km || Ōrākei || Auckland Transport || 1930-11-16 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 5.8 km || Meadowbank || Auckland Transport || 1947-7-21 || – || Replaced the original Purewa station but was also known as Purewa until 22 February 1954.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 6.6 km || Purewa || N/A || 1930 || 1947-4-16 ||
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 9.42 km || Glen Innes || Auckland Transport || 1930-5-6 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 10.78 km || Tamaki || N/A || 1930-11-16 || 2003-10-13 ||
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 12.13 km || PanmureH || Auckland Transport || 1930-11-16 || – || An upgraded station was opened in the first half of 2007.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 14.97 km || Sylvia Park || Auckland Transport || 1929-9-1 || – || Original station closed on 6 March 1983. A new station opened on 2 July 2007 adjacent to the Sylvia Park mall.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 16.59 km || Westfield || N/A || 1887-8-29 || 12 March 2017 ||
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * || ŌtāhuhuH || Auckland Transport || 1875-5-20 || – || New station and bus-train interchange opened October 2016.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * || Māngere || N/A || c. 1908-7 || 9 December 2011 || Services reduced to set-down of school students at the southbound platform only from 25 October 2005. Southbound platform closed on 9 December 2011. Both northbound and southbound platforms demolished 2012.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * || Middlemore || Auckland Transport|| 1947-7-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * || Papatoetoe || Auckland Transport || 1875-5-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * || PuhinuiH || Auckland Transport, Te Huia || 1925-6-29 || – || Closed for upgrade, 21 September 2019 – 26 July 2021
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 23 km || ManukauH || Auckland Transport || 2012-4-15 || – || A bus interchange (Manukau bus station) adjacent to the station was opened in April 2018.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * || Māngere || N/A || c. 1908-7 || 9 December 2011 || Services reduced to set-down of school students at the southbound platform only from 25 October 2005. Southbound platform closed on 9 December 2011. Both northbound and southbound platforms demolished 2012.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * || Middlemore || Auckland Transport|| 1947-7-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * || Papatoetoe || Auckland Transport || 1875-5-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * || PuhinuiH || Auckland Transport, Te Huia || 1925-6-29 || – || Closed for upgrade, 21 September 2019 – 26 July 2021
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 23 km || ManukauH || Auckland Transport || 2012-4-15 || – || A bus interchange (Manukau bus station) adjacent to the station was opened in April 2018.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * 23 km || ManukauH || Auckland Transport || 2012-4-15 || – || A bus interchange (Manukau bus station) adjacent to the station was opened in April 2018.
 * bgcolor=#fdb913|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.

 * }

{| class="wikitable"
 * align="left" colspan=7 |

Onehunga Line
This line follows the North Auckland Line from Newmarket to Penrose, where it diverges on to the Onehunga Branch line, which reopened in September 2010. ! Distance from Waitematā !! Name !! Served by !! Opened !! Closed !! Notes
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 0.00 km || WaitematāH || Auckland Transport || 2003-7-7 || – || Not served from 24 June 2022 due to City Rail Link construction.
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 1.2 km || Auckland (The Strand) || Northern Explorer, private excursions and charters || 1930-11-24 || 2003-7-7 || After the opening of Waitematā, one platform remained open for excursion trains and thereafter referred to as The Strand station. The Strand upgraded in 2011 with two platforms as a backup station for Waitematā. The Northern Explorer terminus was relocated here in December 2015.
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * || Parnell || Auckland Transport || 2017-3-12 || – || Onehunga Line services do not stop at this station.
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 3.84 km || NewmarketH || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 4.91 km || Remuera || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-20 || – || Effective from 26 August 2018, Onehunga Line services stop at this station in evenings only.
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 6.38 km || Greenlane || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-20 || – || Effective from 26 August 2018, Onehunga Line services stop at this station in evenings only.
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 6.79 km || Ellerslie Racecourse || N/A || c. 1884-4 || 1973 ||
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 7.75 km || Ellerslie || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 9.2 km || Penrose || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-24 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 11.15 km || Te Papapa || Auckland Transport || 1877-4-8 || – || Closed on 19 February 1973 and reopened on 18 September 2010. Services recommenced on 19 September 2010.
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 12.52 km || Onehunga || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-20 || – || Closed on 19 February 1973 and reopened on 18 September 2010. Services recommenced on 19 September 2010.
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 12.61 km || Onehunga Wharf || N/A || c. 1892-4 || 1927 ||
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * 9.2 km || Penrose || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-24 || – ||
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 11.15 km || Te Papapa || Auckland Transport || 1877-4-8 || – || Closed on 19 February 1973 and reopened on 18 September 2010. Services recommenced on 19 September 2010.
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 12.52 km || Onehunga || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-20 || – || Closed on 19 February 1973 and reopened on 18 September 2010. Services recommenced on 19 September 2010.
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * 12.61 km || Onehunga Wharf || N/A || c. 1892-4 || 1927 ||
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * 12.61 km || Onehunga Wharf || N/A || c. 1892-4 || 1927 ||
 * bgcolor=#00aeef|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.

 * }

{| class="wikitable"
 * align="left" colspan=7 |

Western Line
This line follows the Newmarket Line from Waitematā to Newmarket, then the North Auckland Line to Swanson. ! Distance from Waitematā !! Name !! Served by !! Opened !! Closed !! Notes
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 0.00 km || WaitematāH || Auckland Transport || 2003-7-7 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 1.2 km || Auckland (The Strand) || Northern Explorer, private excursions and charters || 1930-11-24 || 2003-7-7 || After the opening of Waitematā, one platform remained open for excursion trains and thereafter referred to as The Strand station. The Strand upgraded in 2011 with two platforms as a backup station for Waitematā. The Northern Explorer terminus was relocated here in December 2015.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Parnell || Auckland Transport || 2017-3-12 || – || Services initially stopped at this station in weekday evenings and at weekends only. From 26 August 2018, it became a stop for all services.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 3.84 km || NewmarketH || Auckland Transport || 1873-12-20 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Grafton || Auckland Transport || 2010-4-9 || – || Replaced the nearby Boston Rd Station.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Boston Road || N/A || 15 September 1964 || 2010-4-10 ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 6.44 km || Maungawhau || Auckland Transport || 1880-3-29 || – || Closed until late 2024 for redevelopment of the City Rail Link construction.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Kingsland || Auckland Transport || 1880-3-29 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Morningside || Auckland Transport || 1882-4 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 10.09 km || Baldwin Avenue || Auckland Transport || 1953-9-28 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 11.12 km || Mount Albert || Auckland Transport || 1880-3-29 || – || Platform rebuilt and upgraded and pedestrian walkways opened in 2-stage programme 2012–2016.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Avondale || Auckland Transport || 1880-3-29 || – || Original station replaced with a temporary facility on 19 January 2009 pending completion of new station. Reopened on 8 June 2010.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || St George's Street || N/A || November 1907 || 1980-8-18 || Closed on a six-month trial basis that was made permanent on 16 August 1981.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 15.55 km || New LynnH || Auckland Transport || 1880-3-29 || – || Original station closed on 28 June 1986. New station opened in 1984 and replaced with temporary facility on 4 May 2009 pending completion of trench. Current station opened on 24 Sep 2010.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 16.66 km || Fruitvale Road || Auckland Transport || 1953-9-28 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 17.63 km || Croydon Road || N/A || c. 1911-12 || 1980-8-18 || Closed on a six-month trial basis that was made permanent on 16 August 1981.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 18.46 km || Glen Eden || Auckland Transport || 1880-3-29 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 19.64 km || Westbrook || N/A || 1957-9-6 || 1980-8-18 || Closed on a six-month trial basis that was made permanent on 16 August 1981.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * ? || Waikomiti || N/A || c. 1880 || ? || Only used for cemetery services.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 20.77 km || Sunnyvale || Auckland Transport || 1924-2-28 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 22.39 km || HendersonH || Auckland Transport || 1880-12-21 || – || Rebuilt on 24 October 2006. Reopened on 2 November 2006.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 23.86 km || Sturges Road || Auckland Transport || 1934 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 25.71 km || Rānui || Auckland Transport || 1925-11-16 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 28 km || Swanson || Auckland Transport || 1881-7-18 || – || Terminus for electric unit services. Platform replaced in 2000.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 31.93 km || Waitākere || N/A || 1881-7-18 || 20 July 2015 || Hourly bus shuttles operate between Swanson station and Waitakere station as that section of line has not been electrified.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Kumeū || N/A || 1884-4 || 1967-7-31 ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Huapai || N/A || 1875-10-29 || 1967-7-31 || Originally opened as a station on the Kumeu–Riverhead Section, becoming a Western Line station in July 1881.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Waimauku || N/A || 1875-10-29 || 1967-7-31 || Originally opened as a station on the Kumeu–Riverhead Section, becoming a Western Line station in July 1881. Services were extended to Helensville station for a trial period from 2008 to 2009.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Helensville || N/A || 1881-7-18 || 1967-7-31 || Services were extended to Helensville station for a trial period from 2008 to 2009.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * }
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 22.39 km || HendersonH || Auckland Transport || 1880-12-21 || – || Rebuilt on 24 October 2006. Reopened on 2 November 2006.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 23.86 km || Sturges Road || Auckland Transport || 1934 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 25.71 km || Rānui || Auckland Transport || 1925-11-16 || – ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 28 km || Swanson || Auckland Transport || 1881-7-18 || – || Terminus for electric unit services. Platform replaced in 2000.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * 31.93 km || Waitākere || N/A || 1881-7-18 || 20 July 2015 || Hourly bus shuttles operate between Swanson station and Waitakere station as that section of line has not been electrified.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Kumeū || N/A || 1884-4 || 1967-7-31 ||
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Huapai || N/A || 1875-10-29 || 1967-7-31 || Originally opened as a station on the Kumeu–Riverhead Section, becoming a Western Line station in July 1881.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Waimauku || N/A || 1875-10-29 || 1967-7-31 || Originally opened as a station on the Kumeu–Riverhead Section, becoming a Western Line station in July 1881. Services were extended to Helensville station for a trial period from 2008 to 2009.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Helensville || N/A || 1881-7-18 || 1967-7-31 || Services were extended to Helensville station for a trial period from 2008 to 2009.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * }
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Waimauku || N/A || 1875-10-29 || 1967-7-31 || Originally opened as a station on the Kumeu–Riverhead Section, becoming a Western Line station in July 1881. Services were extended to Helensville station for a trial period from 2008 to 2009.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * || Helensville || N/A || 1881-7-18 || 1967-7-31 || Services were extended to Helensville station for a trial period from 2008 to 2009.
 * bgcolor=97c93d|
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * }
 * colspan=6 | H Major transport hub station.
 * }

New stations
Te Waihorotiu and Karanga-a-Hape stations, underground stations in the city centre, will open when the City Rail Link (CRL) is completed in 2026. Mount Eden railway station was closed in 2020 and is being replaced by Maungawhau / Mount Eden railway station; this is where the CRL meets the Western Line.

Drury, Ngākōroa and Paerātā stations are being built within the next decade, and a new station at Tironui is proposed, to serve new urban areas developing in the south of the city.

title: List of Auckland railway stations


text: Category:126 deaths

title: Category:126 deaths


text:
Yan Ji

Yan Ji (閻姬) (died 28 February 126 ), formally Empress Ansi (安思皇后, literally "the peaceful and deep-thinking empress"), was an empress during the Eastern Han dynasty. Her husband was Emperor An. She was known for her conspiratorial and nepotistic behavior, both as empress and (briefly) as empress dowager regent. She ruled as Regent for seven months during the rule of Marquess of Beixiang in 125. However, her plan, along with her brothers, to hold on to power for a long time ultimately resulted in failure and the deaths of her clan members.

Family background and marriage to Emperor An
Yan Ji's father Yan Chang (閻暢) was the son of Yan Zhang (閻章), an official under Emperor Ming whose two sisters were imperial consorts, and who was described as a capable official whose promotion however was halted by Emperor Ming, who did not want to appear nepotistic.

When Lady Yan was young, she was described as intelligent and beautiful. In 114, she was selected as an imperial consort for Emperor An, who was 20, and she quickly became his favorite. On 1 June 115, he created her empress—even though she was also described as jealous, to the extent that that year, she poisoned Consort Li, who had given birth to a son of the emperor, Liu Bao (劉保).

As empress
During most of Emperor An's reign, he was mostly overshadowed by his regent, Empress Dowager Deng Sui. But after Empress Dowager Deng died in April 121, he asserted his authority and put a number of his trusted individuals in power to displace the late empress dowager's family, many of whom were forced to commit suicide. Among these entrusted individuals were Empress Yan's brothers Yan Xian (閻顯), Yan Jing (閻景), Yan Yao (閻耀), and Yan Yan (閻晏), all were powerful, particularly Xian who was both reliable and powerful. Empress Yan herself influenced her husband in his actions greatly, much to the detriment of the empire. Empress Yan with her family and next to the eunuchs Jiang Jing (江京) and Li Run (李閏) and his wet nurse Wang Sheng (王聖), effectively ran the imperial administration, and used the opportunity to seize power and wealth for themselves. Emperor An, their advice, especially Empress Yan Ji's, was even if that advice was negative consequences accepted by him while he rejected the advice of his experienced and benevolent key officials. It is said that from the beginning she was trying to gain power after her husband's death and tried to eliminate the opposition, establish her own clan in key positions and collect a bunch of officials, generals and eunuchs close to the emperor. In 124, she falsely accused nine-year-old Prince Bao, who had been made crown prince because he was Emperor An's only son, of crimes, and Emperor An deposed Prince Bao and created him Prince of Jiyin. After this, Empress Yan, with the help of her family and a team of courtiers allied with her, she organized the entire palace and even the government according to her will that provided the basis for her later rise to power.

As empress dowager and regent
In April 125, Emperor An died suddenly while on a trip to Wancheng (宛城, in modern Nanyang, Henan). The empress, who was with him, did not immediately announce his death, but conspired with her brothers and the powerful eunuchs Jiang Jing (江京) and Fan Feng (樊豐), to find an alternative to Prince Bao, who would otherwise appear to be his father's natural successor. They chose a young cousin of Emperor An's, Liu Yi (劉懿) the Marquess of Beixiang, and Marquess Yi was made emperor over Prince Bao. (They had made this decision because the Marquess of Beixiang was young and easy to control.)

With the death of her husband and the ascension of Liu Yi (as Emperor Shao), Empress Dowager Yan achieved her long-held ambition and assumed power as regent and began to rule. The Yans, working with Jiang, quickly moved to grab more power. They falsely accused some other of Emperor An's trusted individuals—including his stepuncle Geng Bao (耿寶), his wet nurse Wang Sheng (王聖), and the eunuch Fan of crimes. Fan was executed, while Geng and Wang were exiled with their families. The Yans were firmly in power—or so they thought. A major illness to the young emperor would foil their plans.

The eunuch Sun Cheng (孫程), believing that Prince Bao was the proper emperor and knowing that the young emperor was ill, formed a conspiracy with Prince Bao's assistant Changxing Qu (長興渠) and a number of other eunuchs with intent to restore Prince Bao. When, late in the year, the young emperor died, Empress Yan and her brothers again did not announce his death but summoned the sons of the imperial princes to the capital, intending to again bypass Prince Bao. Several days later, Sun and 18 of his fellow eunuchs made a surprise attack on the palace, killing Jiang and several eunuchs in his party and forcing his colleague Li Run (李閏) to lead their coup d'état. They welcomed Prince Bao to the palace and declared him emperor (as Emperor Shun). For several days, the eunuchs' forces battled with the empress dowager's forces, finally defeating the empress dowager and her brothers. The Yan clan was slaughtered, while Empress Dowager Yan was confined to her palace.

Death
Some officials advised Emperor Shun to depose Empress Dowager Yan from her title of empress dowager. After some consideration, Emperor Shun declined such action and continued to treat her with the honors due an empress dowager. However, perhaps in fear and in mourning for her family, she died in February 126 and was buried with her husband Emperor An.

title: Yan Ji


text:
List of rivers of the United States: B

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - XYZ

This is a list of rivers in the United States that have names starting with the letter B. For the main page, which includes links to listings by state, see List of rivers in the United States.

Ba

 * Back Creek - Virginia, West Virginia
 * Back River - New Hampshire, Massachusetts
 * Bad River - South Dakota
 * Bad River - Wisconsin
 * Bad Axe River - Wisconsin
 * Baker River - New Hampshire
 * Baker River - Washington
 * Baker Brook River - Vermont
 * Bald River - Tennessee
 * Bald Eagle Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Ballona Creek - California
 * Ballston Creek - New York
 * Banister River - Virginia
 * Baraboo River - Wisconsin
 * Baranof River - Alaska
 * Bark River - Michigan
 * Bark River - Wisconsin (tributary of Lake Superior)
 * Bark River - Wisconsin (tributary of Rock River)
 * Barkers Creek - West Virginia
 * Barnes Creek - Washington
 * Barnes Creek - Wisconsin
 * Barren Fork - Tennessee
 * Barren River - Kentucky
 * Barrington River - Rhode Island
 * Barton Creek - Texas
 * Barton River - Vermont
 * Bass River - Massachusetts
 * Bass River - New Jersey
 * Bates Old River -South Carolina
 * Batsto River - New Jersey
 * Batten Kill - Vermont, New York
 * Battle Creek River - Michigan
 * Baudette River - Minnesota
 * Baugh Creek - Idaho
 * Bayou des Arc - Arkansas
 * Bayou des Cannes - Louisiana
 * Bayou Macon - Arkansas, Louisiana
 * Bayou Manchac - Louisiana
 * Bayou Nezpique - Louisiana
 * Bayou Plaquemine Brule - Louisiana
 * Bayou Queue de Tortue - Louisiana
 * Bayou Teche - Louisiana
 * Bayou Wikoff - Louisiana

Be

 * Bean River - New Hampshire
 * Bear Creek - Alabama
 * Bear Creek - Oregon
 * Bear River (Feather River tributary) - California
 * Bear River (Mokelumne River tributary) - California
 * Bear River - Michigan
 * Bear River - Utah, Idaho, Wyoming
 * Bear River - Wisconsin
 * Bearcamp River - New Hampshire
 * Beaucoup Creek - Illinois
 * Beaver Brook - New Hampshire, Massachusetts
 * Beaver Creek - Alaska
 * Beaver Creek - Iowa
 * Beaver Kill River - New York
 * Beaver River - New York
 * Beaver River - Oklahoma
 * Beaver River - Pennsylvania
 * Beaver River - Rhode Island
 * Beaver Dam River - Wisconsin
 * Beaverhead River - Montana
 * Beebe River - New Hampshire
 * Beech Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Beech Fork - Kentucky (Beech Fork of the Salt River)
 * Beech River - New Hampshire
 * Beech River - Tennessee
 * Bellamy River - New Hampshire
 * Belle River - Michigan
 * Belle Fourche River - Wyoming, South Dakota
 * Belt Creek - Montana
 * Berrys River - New Hampshire
 * Betsie River - Michigan

Bi

 * Big River - California
 * Big River - Missouri
 * Big River - New Hampshire
 * Big River - Oregon
 * Big River - Rhode Island
 * Big River - Wisconsin
 * Big Black River - Mississippi
 * Big Blue River - Indiana
 * Big Blue River - Nebraska, Kansas
 * Big Chico Creek - California
 * Big Coal River - West Virginia
 * Big Darby Creek - Ohio
 * Big Green River - Wisconsin
 * Big Hole River - Montana
 * Big Lost River - Idaho
 * Big Muddy Creek - Montana
 * Big Muddy River - Illinois
 * Big Pine Creek - Indiana
 * Big Rib River - Wisconsin
 * Big Quilcene River - Washington
 * Big Sandy Creek - Montana
 * Big Sandy Creek - West Virginia
 * Big Sandy River - Arizona
 * Big Sandy River - Kentucky, West Virginia
 * Big Sandy River - Tennessee
 * Big Sandy River - Wyoming
 * Big Sioux River - South Dakota, Iowa
 * Big South Fork of the Cumberland River - Tennessee, Kentucky
 * Big Sugar Creek - Missouri
 * Big Sur River - California
 * Big Thompson River - Colorado
 * Big Wood River - Idaho
 * Bighorn River - Wyoming, Montana
 * Bill Williams River - Arizona
 * Birch Creek - Alaska
 * Birch Creek - Montana
 * Birch River - West Virginia
 * Bitter Creek - Wyoming
 * Bitterroot River - Montana

Bl

 * Black River - Arizona
 * Black River - Arkansas, Missouri
 * List of Michigan rivers named Black River
 * Black River - New Jersey
 * Black River - New York
 * Black River - North Carolina
 * Black River - Ohio
 * Black River - South Carolina
 * Black River - northern Vermont
 * Black River - southern Vermont
 * Black River - Washington (Chehalis River tributary)
 * Black River - Washington (Duwamish River tributary)
 * Black River - Wisconsin (tributary of Lake Michigan)
 * Black River - Wisconsin (tributary of Mississippi River)
 * Black River - Wisconsin (tributary of Nemadji River)
 * Black River - Wisconsin, Michigan
 * Black Butte River - California
 * Black Fork of the Cheat River - West Virginia
 * Black Fork Mohican River - Ohio
 * Black Lake Bayou - Louisiana
 * Black Mallard River - Michigan
 * Black Warrior River - Alabama
 * Blackbird Creek - Delaware
 * Blackfoot River - Idaho
 * Blackfoot River - Montana
 * Blacklick Creek - Ohio
 * Blacklick Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Blacks Fork of the Green River - Wyoming, Utah
 * Blackstone River - Massachusetts, Rhode Island
 * Blackwater River - Alabama
 * Blackwater River - Florida
 * Blackwater River - Maryland
 * Blackwater River - Massachusetts, New Hampshire
 * Blackwater River - Missouri
 * Blackwater River - New Hampshire
 * Blackwater River - Virginia
 * Blackwater River - West Virginia
 * Blanchard River - Ohio
 * Blanco River - Texas
 * Blood River - Tennessee, Kentucky
 * Blue River - Arizona
 * Blue River - Colorado
 * Blue River - Kansas, Missouri
 * Blue River - Oklahoma
 * Blue River - Oregon
 * Blue River - Wisconsin
 * Blue Earth River - Minnesota
 * Blueberry River - Minnesota
 * Bluestone River - Virginia, West Virginia

Bo

 * Boardman River - Michigan
 * Boeuf River - Arkansas, Louisiana
 * Bog River - New York
 * Bogachiel River - Washington
 * Bogue Falaya River - Louisiana
 * Bohemia River - Delaware, Maryland
 * Bois Brule River - Wisconsin
 * Bois de Sioux River - Minnesota, South Dakota, North Dakota
 * Boise River - Idaho
 * Bonpas Creek - Illinois
 * Boone River - Iowa
 * Bosque River - Texas
 * Bouie River - Mississippi
 * Boulder River - Montana (tributary of the Yellowstone River)
 * Boulder River - Montana (tributary of the Jefferson River)
 * Boulder River - Washington
 * Bouquet River - New York
 * Bourbeuse River - Missouri
 * Boyer River - Iowa

Br

 * Braden River - Florida
 * Branch River - New Hampshire
 * Branch River - Rhode Island
 * Branch River - Wisconsin
 * Brandywine Creek (Broken Sword Creek) - Crawford County, Ohio
 * Brandywine Creek (Christina River) - Delaware, Pennsylvania
 * Brandywine Creek (Cuyahoga River) - Summit County, Ohio
 * Brays Bayou - Texas
 * Brazos River - Texas
 * Breitenbush River - Oregon
 * Bremner River - Alaska
 * Bridge Creek - Oregon
 * Brill River - Wisconsin
 * Broad River - Georgia
 * Broad River - North Carolina, northern South Carolina
 * Broad River - coastal South Carolina
 * Broadkill River - Delaware
 * Broglen River - Alabama
 * Brokenstraw Creek - New York, Pennsylvania
 * Bronx River - New York
 * Browns River - New Hampshire
 * Browns River - Vermont
 * Brule River - Michigan, Wisconsin
 * Bruneau River - Idaho
 * Brunet River - Wisconsin

Bu - By

 * Buck Creek - Alabama
 * Buck Creek (Mississippi River) - Iowa
 * Buckeye Creek - West Virginia
 * Buckhannon River - West Virginia
 * Buckland River - Alaska
 * Buffalo Bayou - Texas
 * Buffalo Creek - Illinois
 * Buffalo Creek (Allegheny River) - Pennsylvania
 * Buffalo Creek (Juniata River) - Pennsylvania
 * Buffalo Creek (West Branch Susquehanna River) - Pennsylvania
 * Buffalo Creek (Guyandotte River) - West Virginia
 * Buffalo Creek (Monongahela River) - West Virginia
 * Buffalo Creek (South Branch Potomac River) - West Virginia
 * Buffalo River - Arkansas
 * Buffalo River - Minnesota
 * Buffalo River - New York
 * Buffalo River - Tennessee
 * Buffalo River - Wisconsin
 * Bull River - West Virginia
 * Bull Run River - Virginia
 * Bull Run River - Oregon
 * Bullpasture River - Virginia
 * Bully Creek - Oregon
 * Bumping River - Washington
 * Bumps River - Massachusetts
 * Bungay River - Massachusetts
 * Burnshirt River - Massachusetts
 * Burnt River - Oregon
 * Bush River - South Carolina
 * Buttahatchee River - Alabama, Mississippi
 * Butte Creek - California
 * Butte Creek - Oregon
 * Byram River - Connecticut, New York

roa-rup:Aradamatã cu arãuri ditu Vãsãliili Diadun ali Amerikia: B

title: List of rivers of the United States: B


text:
Talk:Michiko Naruke

Untitled
This is Michiko Naruke, not Michiru Yamane, you noobs! >:O--Kaleb.G 00:53, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michiko Naruke


text:
Richard Roth (journalist)

Richard Roth (born 1955) is an American journalist, a CNN correspondent who covers the United Nations. He was the host of Diplomatic License (until its cancellation in January 2006), a weekly program that was devoted to United Nations affairs. Roth is a CNN "original" — one of the first employees when the network launched in 1980. He has covered a wide range of stories over the last 25 years, from the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the first Gulf War.

Biography
Roth was born into a Jewish family, Roth graduated from New York University with a degree in journalism. Roth lived in Whitestone, Queens, in the early 1970s. Before CNN, he was an news anchor and reporter for AP Radio and a producer for WPIX-TV in New York City.

In popular culture
Richard Roth appeared in Robert Wiener’s book Live from Baghdad. He appeared as a character in the 2002 HBO film of the same name where he was portrayed by actor Hamish Linklater.

The book as well as the film features Roth’s brief involvement with Wiener’s crew in Baghdad which was caused by sudden withdrawal of his fellow reporter colleague Tom Murphy on safety issues. Roth was stationed in Amman before joining Wiener and left the crew shortly before the Gulf War began, but within this time became part of an important coverage where the CNN team stepped into a messy US diplomatic mission in Baghdad and he interviewed a stranded US expatriate worker Robert Vinton. Roth’s interview of Vinton saw widespread coverage in the US and caused subsequent disappearance of Bob Vinton by the Iraqi authorities, though he was finally released and allowed to leave Iraq for home.

title: Richard Roth (journalist)


text: User talk:70.115.189.244

title: User talk:70.115.189.244


text:
Talk:Ada River (New Zealand)

Waiau River disambiguation
Could a knowledgable person please revise the wikilink for Waiau River to one of the two rivers by this name on the South Island? Thanks. Courtland 00:54, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ada River (New Zealand)


text: Category:Athenians

title: Category:Athenians


text: User:Wcquidditch/My Daily Feature/Sunday


text: Category:Cathedrals in Belgium

title: Category:Cathedrals in Belgium


text:
Category:Women of the Victorian era

''The category is for women of significance in the Victorian era of British history, from 1837–1901. It is a subcategry of People of the Victorian era, and should only contain women active in Britain or in the British Empire. Only women who were notable during the Victorian era should be placed here: women who were born during the Victoria era, but active later, such as in the Edwardian era, should not be placed here.''

title: Category:Women of the Victorian era


text:
BM-27 Uragan

The BM-27 Uragan (БМ-27 Ураган; GRAU index 9P140) is a self-propelled 220 mm multiple rocket launcher designed in the Soviet Union to deliver cluster munitions. The system began its service with the Soviet Army in the late 1970s, and was its first spin and fin stabilized heavy multiple rocket launcher.

An updated version known as Uragan-1M was commissioned in 2008. The truck vehicle has no similarities.

Description
The BM-27 Uragan is capable of launching 220 mm rockets from 16 launch tubes mounted on the rear of a ZIL-135 8×8 chassis. This vehicle is extremely similar to that used in the FROG-7 free flight rocket system. It has two gasoline engines that power its 20 tonnes to a maximum speed of 65 kilometers per hour. One engine drives the four wheels on the left of the truck, while the other engine drives the four wheels on the right. The ZIL-135 has eight wheel drive, but only the front and rear axles are used for steering. It has a maximum cruising range of 500 kilometers.

The cab of the ZIL-135 is NBC protected, allowing the rockets to be fired without exposing the crew to possible contaminants. The six-man crew can emplace or displace the system in three minutes.

Before firing, stabilizing jacks must be lowered and the blast shield raised to protect the cab and its occupants. Indirect fire aiming is achieved with the use of a PG-1 panoramic telescope. Although there are no night vision sights, the driver of the launch vehicle is equipped with a night vision device.

The BM-27 can use HE-FRAG, chemical, explosive or scatterable mine (PTM-3 or PFM-1) submunition equipped rockets, all of which are detonated by electric timing fuses. (However, chemical munitions have been officially off service in Russia since 2017.) Each rocket weighs 280.4 kilograms. The warheads weigh between 90 and 100 kilograms, depending on type. A full salvo of 16 rockets can be fired in 20 seconds and can engage targets within a range of 35 kilometers.

Because of the size of the warhead, the range of the rocket and the speed that a salvo can be delivered, the BM-27 is very effective at mine laying. Each 220 mm rocket can scatter 312 anti-personnel PFM-1 mines. Minefields can be laid behind a retreating enemy or even be used to trap an enemy by encircling them with mines. Tactics such as this were often used by the Soviets in Afghanistan.

Once the rockets have been fired, 9T452 (another ZIL-135 based vehicle) is used to assist in reloading. It carries additional rockets and a crane to transfer the rockets from the reload vehicle to the launcher. The entire reloading procedure takes around 20 minutes.

Rockets
Also 9M27S incendiary rockets.

Operational History
On 19 July 2024, it was revealed that Ka-52 was shot down by a BM-27 Uragan rocket, the location and date of the incident wasn't released, however both crew were killed. This followed a similar incident occurred where a similar rocket narrowly missed an Ka-52 which was caught on cockpit footage.

Variants

 * 9P140 Uragan: Standard variant on ZIL-135 truck.

Uragan-M

 * Uragan-1M: Variant presented to the public in 2007; all processes are automated. Can also fire the 300 mm rockets of the BM-30 Smerch system. Reloading is simplified by substituting barrels; can be fitted with two banks of six 300 mm launch tubes or fifteen 220 mm launch tubes. Deliveries to the Russian Army started as of September 2016. Can fire guided 220 mm rockets with a range of 70 km. On Belarusian MZKT 8x8 military truck chassis.

Uragan-U

 * 9A53 Uragan-U: Successor with 2 × 15 launch tubes; presented in 2009 on 8×8 MZKT-7930. Thanks to its modular assembly the BM-30 Smerch and BM-21 Grad rockets can also be fired.

Ukrainian models

 * Bastion-03: Prototype by Ukrainian company AvtoKrAZ, presented in 2010. Installed on a 6×6 truck type KrAZ-63221RA.
 * Bureviy (meaning "Storm"): Prototype by Ukroboronprom involving a new digital fire control system capable of target sharing and mounted on a Tatra 8x8 T815-7T3RC1 chassis, which can fire with modified armament up to 65 km (40 mi).

Operators

 * 🇦🇫 – 18 (not functional)
 * 🇦🇴 Angola
 * 🇧🇾 – 72
 * 🇪🇷 – 9
 * – 3
 * – Saw limited usage during Abkhazia War, out of service.
 * 🇮🇷 – Unknown
 * 🇰🇿 – 180
 * 🇰🇬 – 6
 * 🇲🇩 – 11
 * – unknown
 * 🇰🇵 – unknown
 * 🇷🇺 – 200 in service and 700 in storage
 * 🇹🇯 – 12
 * – 48
 * 🇹🇲 – 60
 * 🇺🇦 – 70
 * 🇺🇿 – 48
 * 🇾🇪 – Over 50. Seen intensive action in the ongoing civil war.
 * 🇾🇪 – Over 50. Seen intensive action in the ongoing civil war.

title: BM-27 Uragan


text:
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)

The Kuwait Liberation Medal (وسام التحرير Wisām al-Taḥrīr, Liberation Medal, lit. 'Medal of Liberation') is a medal created in 1994 that was issued by the government of Kuwait to both local and foreign military personnel who served in the Gulf War's "Liberation of Kuwait" campaign phase of 1990 and 31 August 1993.

Description
The Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait) was approved by the Kuwait Council of Ministers for award in five classes, generally according to the rank of the recipient. The medal was offered by the Chief of Staff of the Kuwait Armed Forces on July 16, 1994.

A nation of seafarers and ship builders, Kuwait chose as their coat of arms, the traditional dhow. Falconry is the sport of Kings in the Persian Gulf, and the falcon in the arms is seen as a symbol of Kuwaiti prowess. The official symbolism of the colors is that black symbolizes battlefields, white is for deeds, green is for the meadows, and red is for the blood of Kuwait's enemies.

 * Fifth Class

 * Medal: A Bronze medal with enamel, 1+9/16 in in diameter suspended from a bar by a wreath. The obverse bears the coat of arms of the State of Kuwait. The Coat of Arms consists of the shield of the flag design in color superimposed on a falcon with wings displayed. The falcon supports a disk containing a sailing ship with the full name of the State written at the top of the disk. At the top of the medal is the inscription "1991 LIBERATION MEDAL" in Arabic letters. The reverse side is the map of Kuwait on a rayed background.
 * Ribbon: The ribbon is the pattern of the flag of the State of Kuwait and consists of three equal stripes 29/64 in each of the following colors: Old Glory Red 67156; White 67101; and Irish Green 67189. A black trapezium is at the top of the ribbon drape and service ribbon.
 * Intended for non-commissioned personnel.

 * Fourth Class

 * A dull grey metal medal, suspended from a bar engraved with laurel leaves. The obverse bears a fully sized, five pointed star over a pattern of engraved rays with the centre containing the same falcon and dhow emblem as the fifth class medal and the reverse the same map and rayed background.
 * Intended for warrant and junior commissioned officers.

 * Third Class

 * A bright gilt medal of similar design to the fourth class medal. The points of the star are considerably rounded and, instead of the rayed background, the medal is pierced between the star and the outer circle.
 * Intended for field-grade and equivalent officers.

 * Second Class

 * Medal: A golden star overlaying a laurel wreath. The centre emblem is significantly smaller than for the lower classes of medal. There is Arabic writing above and below the centre emblem. The star is suspended directly from the ribbon, by a ring attached to the wreath.
 * Ribbon: Of identical pattern to the ribbons for the lower orders, this now bears a miniature of the centre emblem in gold-coloured metal and enamel.
 * Intended for one and two star officers.

 * First Class

 * Medal: A neck decoration of large pattern. Similar to the second class medal but the star is enamelled in with red points and a white circle surrounding the centre emblem. The white circle contains a geometric outer pattern in gold and Arabic writing above the centre. Pierced rays, of differing lengths, lie behind the wreath. The star is suspended from its high point.
 * Ribbon: Similar to that for the lower awards but double ended. No miniature emblem.
 * Intended for three and four star officers.

Australia
The Australian government has decreed that its military personnel may accept their medals as a keepsake, but permission to wear them in uniform has so far been refused. This is because the Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia) was approved to wear in uniform prior to the Kuwait issued medal being issued.

It was potentially due to a clerical error within the Australian government that medals were issued to serving personnel who had not participated in eligible operations, due to crew change-outs on participating ships.

Canada
The Canadian government has decreed that its military personnel may accept their medals as a keepsake, but permission to wear them in uniform has so far been refused.

Four Canadians were permitted by the government of Canada to wear their medals.

France
France accepted all grades version for their personnel according to their rank at the time of Operation Desert Storm, permission to wear them in uniform has been granted.

Italy
The Italian Ministry of Defense authorized the wearing of the medal from the beginning, as well as its transcription in personal service documents.

United Kingdom
The UK's government has decreed that its military personnel may accept their medals as a keepsake but that due to the fact that a UK-created campaign medal, the Gulf Medal, has already been issued, permission to wear the medal or ribbon was denied.

United States
The US accepted only the fifth class version for all eligible personnel.

Criteria: Awarded to members of the Armed Forces of the United States who served in support of Operation Desert Shield or Desert Storm in one or more of the following areas between 2 August 1990 and 31 August 1993: Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Aden, that portion of the Arabian Sea that lies north of 10 degrees north latitude and west of 68 degrees east longitude, as well as the total land areas of Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. To be eligible, a service member must have been:
 * (1) attached to or regularly serving for one or more days with an organization participating in ground/shore (military) operations;
 * (2) attached to or regularly serving for one or more days aboard a naval vessel directly supporting military operations;
 * (3) actually participating as a crew member in one or more aerial flights directly supporting military operations in the areas designated above;
 * (4) serving on temporary duty for 30 consecutive days or 60 nonconsecutive days. These time limitations may be waived for members participating in actual combat operations.

The government of Kuwait offered the Kuwait Liberation Medal to members of the Armed Forces of the United States by letter dated 16 July 1994. The medal was accepted by Secretary of Defense William J. Perry per memorandum dated 16 March 1995.

title: Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)


text: Category:Be stars

title: Category:Be stars


text:
Talk:Shaw Brothers Studio

Please update this article!
It is really important... JUST DO IT! 2601:181:401:49B0:6C4A:AE94:EB6F:F33F (talk) 16:02, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shaw Brothers Studio


text:
Saint-Laurent-sur-Gorre

Saint-Laurent-sur-Gorre (Sent Laurenç de Gòra) is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in west-central France.

Inhabitants are known as Laurentais.

title: Saint-Laurent-sur-Gorre


text: Category:Cathedrals in the United Kingdom


text:
Paddock (war rooms)

Paddock is the codeword for an alternative Cabinet War Room bunker for Winston Churchill's World War II government, located at 109 Brook Road, Dollis Hill, northwest London, NW2 7DZ; under a corner of the Post Office Research Station site.

History
The name derives from the nearby Paddock Road NW2, in turn named after a nineteenth-century stud farm, the Willesden Paddocks, situated nearby.

The bomb proof bunker was constructed 40 ft underground from reinforced concrete in total secrecy in 1939, but only rarely used during the war, with only two meetings of the War Cabinet being held there. It was abandoned in 1944.

It comprises some forty rooms on two floors, is semi-derelict, with original equipment abandoned and rusted, and a certain amount of water ingress which is kept at bay by an electric extraction pump.

Paddock was used after World War II by the General Post Office (GPO) for research and development and by the Post Office Research Laboratories Sports and Social Club. Paddock lay unused from when the Post Office moved to Martlesham Heath (Suffolk) and vacated the site in 1976, until Network Homes purchased the site (including Paddock) in 1997.

The bunker is now owned by Network Homes, an affordable housing association which is responsible for the properties now occupying part of the former research station site above. It used to be open to the public two or three times a year, with free guided tours provided by volunteers from the Subterranea Britannica organisation. It featured on the Channel 5 programme "Underground Britain".

title: Paddock (war rooms)


text: User talk:69.164.161.37

title: User talk:69.164.161.37


text:
Talk:New jack swing

Fails to define the rhythm pattern
Article is vague and ambiguous. Needs percussion music notation, drum tab, or programming example. Time? Subdivision? Pattern? Dare anybody to play or program New Jack Swing from this article! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.36.194.72 (talk) 02:23, 24 December 2017 (UTC)

Cleanup required
Artists have been added under "List of new jack swing artists", but some of them don't point to the correct artist (example: the link to Finest Hour is an article about an arcade game). Please provide the correct links for these artists. Thanks. | QzDaddy 17:52, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia does not have a Wikipedia page called Articles for deletion/New Jack Reunion Tour user:Krystal Cooper

self-referential
This sentence "Swing refers to the rhythmic pattern, which always consists of straight 8ths, 16th note shuffles and 16th note swing patterns." seems circular. If "swing" refers to a rhythmic pattern, one of the elements of that pattern should not be "swing patterns". And how is "shuffle" defined here? or is that a synonym for "swing"? I'm not a musician per se, but my understanding is that "swing patterns" can occur in any note increments, and that "swing" simply notes that the repetition occurs at different time intervals rather than at the same intervals. Is this correct? --csloat 10:17, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ahhh... this helps explain it.--csloat 10:18, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis were two years before Teddy Riley, doing the New Jack Swing, with Janet Jackson's Control album (the single Nasty was released in late 1985).

 * Nasty was released in 1986 a few months before the album. Around the same time, Teddy Riley was part of the group Guy, which was the first of many New Jack Swing groups.  Essentially, Riley and Jam/Lewis created similar sounds, but Jam/Lewis were influenced more by their former band(Morris Day and The Time), and Riley was more influenced by hip-hop.  The sounds are fairly similar, though.  ThePacMan 16:00, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Plus Teddy used a swing rhythm, and J&L didn't; so "Control" is technically not New Jack Swing  Nathan86

Gene Griffin was Teddy Riley`s partner in the early days of New Jack Swing production. He should at the very least get a mention.

Artist List
I'm removing Aaliyah and Kylie Minogue from this list. Aaliyah's sound has NEVER been classifiable as New Jack Swing. Her album was actually part of R&B's movement away from New Jack Swing. As for Kylie Minogue...she pretty much does only euro/electronic dance-pop. Nothing New Jack about her. I'm also removing Joey Lawrence as that is simply laughable. Whoever added him to the list does not know the definition of "New Jack Swing". ThePacMan 15:54, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * completely agree....I just removed them myself because some fool went and put them back.

 * I also have a problem with some of the other artists listed here:
 * Brandy, Monica, Usher, Xscape - IMO Hip Hop Soul, not NJS (I've removed them)
 * Soul II Soul, Lisa Stansfield - Not NJS IMO

 * Oh, and I see someone's added Mariah Carey--- having ONE NJS-styled song ("Someday") does not make you a New Jack Swing artist IMO....... Nathan86

I'm adding Paula Abdul, very similar in style to Janet Jackson

 * Agree with everything you've said about Kylie (from a die-hard Kylie fan) and the references to its relevance to Australia, a different version was released over here, so we didn't know she'd done an (apparent) NJS version of 'Word Is Out' until a 'best of' was released over here.... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.243.84.25 (talk) 11:15, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

The 2 songs listed from Janet Jackson "Miss You Much" and Love will never do without you" are not New Jack Swing Beats! Both of those beats are nearly the same with the Kick drum hitting once followed by snare once followed by kick drum twice before the next snare repeating. This same kick drum and snare drum pattern is the same on Janet Jacksons "The pleasure Principle" song from earlier in the 80's and may I remind everyone, Rhythm Nation was composed and recorded in the late 80's.

Now, for a true new jack swing beat, listen to the song "Aright" where in between the kick and snare, the measure in between both is emphasized with instrumentation elements such as prominent hi-hats and other noise elements. These beats don’t land directly on the 1, 4, and 8th measure as they are more of a “swing” with in the 4/4. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.88.222.106 (talk) 21:53, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

Blatantly wrong and misleading
There are elements about this article that are just flat out wrong. It 'implies' that Technotronic and Vanilla Ice were somehow involved with NJS (OMG SO WRONG!) and then blatantly states "Most notably: Raphael Saadiq, R. Kelly, TLC, Dallas Austin, Boyz II Men, Sean "Diddy" Combs, Will Smith, LL Cool J, and many others."

Will Smith represents the golden age of hip hop and LL Cool J? Come on! LL did not become known for NJS. He was an early pioneer! Underground? Yes. Socially conscious rap? Yes. Hardcore rap? Yes. Battle Rap? Yes. 20 years is a long time and a lot of styles... But New Jack? Give me a break. Someone really needs to clean up this article. It's like someone just put a lot of names in here to give it multiple points of index reference. Santavez 15:35, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Soul II Soul "Keep On Movin'" / Suzanne Vega "Tom's Diner"??
No mention of the greatest New Jack beat of all time. 76.20.135.33 01:40, 7 September 2007 (UTC)chewbaccawasawoman

In The Closet
In no michael jackson`s song remember the time is more successful than "In the Closet" but shoudn`t "In The Closet be included as a significant song? It is usually credited as being the best song off the Dangerous album. Realist2 22:14, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Paragraphs are more appropriate in an encyclopedia than bulleted lists
Hi, I am the editor who changed the list to a paragraph. Encycledias do not usually have bulleted lists of songs or albums, except perhaps if there was a short list of the "most influential" albums according to an influential music reviewer or music historian. Encyclopedias use written paragraphs of text. There are other problems with the bullet list, too. It makes it too easy for people to add their favorite band or song, even if the song only hit number 391 on the US charts, or didn't even chart. Having text also has advantages. It encourages other editors to "flesh out" the content with other facts. Bulleted lists are not interesting to read. Thanks for your comment.Nazamo (talk) 14:41, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Hi, another problem with the bulleted list, is that the list is just made up from posts by editors. That is fine for an Internet chat page called "New Jack Swing fans favorite songs", but WIkipedia is an encyclopedia. Since to my knowledge, there isn't an official list of the most important NJS songs (in Brittanica or the Rolling Stone encyclopedia), wikipedia editors like us have to make the list of songs. You can't invent new theories or ideas on WIkipedia (it's called Original Research). So we have to try and justify the inclusion of each song, using at least 2 criteria: 1) showing that the song is a NJS song 2) showing that the song is notable. For number 1), I am trying to show links to important NJS people such as Riley. For number 2), I am using top 10 status.Nazamo (talk) 14:54, 17 November 2007 (UTC)Nazamo (talk) 14:55, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi, here is an example from the new paragraph form which shows the benefits of using prose, rather than bullets. If this information was in bullets, we would just have 3 bullets informing us that Bell Biv Devoe, Johnny Gill, and Ralph Tresvant had hits in 1990, and giving us the song name and the chart ranking....BUT, you wouldn't know an important piece of information...that all these 3 are splinter groups from the band New Edition, a band which helped to establish the NJS sound.

Here is the excerpt from the article: After the band New Edition broke up, its former members formed several splinter groups or acts, including Bell Biv Devoe, Johnny Gill, Ralph Tresvant, and Bobby Brown. In 1990, several ex-New Edition members had hit songs. Bell Biv Devoe's song "Poison" and Johnny Gill's single "Rub You the Right Way" both made it to number 3 in the US top 100. Ralph Tresvant had a number 4 hit (US top 100 charts) and number 1 hit (US R&B) with his song "Sensitivity".Nazamo (talk) 18:33, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Capitalization standardization
This article uses both "New Jack Swing" and "new jack swing". In accordance with Manual_of_Style_(capital_letters), it should be all lowercase. So I've gone ahead and changed all the instances of "New Jack Swing" to "new jack swing", except in proper nouns. -kotra (talk) 19:36, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

List relocated to its own article
Hello all, Thanks to the person who created the list of artists. One issue, though, is that it has no sources. This can create quality control issues, because other editors add bands they like, which may not be NJS. As well, jokers and vandals add in random names. So I have relocated the list to its own List article, under List of New Jack Swing artists.OnBeyondZebrax (talk) 14:07, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Typical Instruments Back up for quick glance
So I am guessing 2017 is going to be the year no more typical instrument on infobox will be given wow? Please someone add the instruments its beginning to be ironic as if someone is removing them because they know me, I use that section for my research and to know what instruments to use to make a composition like New Jack Swing or others with a quick glance. I requested synthpop instruments back up and someone did that since I am not a member and know my correctings will be controvesal I just am a request style for those who agree with this mystery person. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.201.89.236 (talk) 11:58, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Per WP:V, the typical instruments list should be verifiable. That is, some published source should be found to support the list entries. Binksternet (talk) 16:09, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested New Jack swing Typical Instruments info box section
From listening to just "New Jack Swing songs," based on the song list given, the musical elements seem to be these in  New Jack Swing: 'Drums, Bass guitar,  Synthesizers, '''Saxophone, trumpet, Brass hit, synth bass, Organ, Keyboard, strings, piano, Drum machine, electric Yamaha DX keyboard, synth pads, singing, rapping, background vocals',Italic text' Also it is how these instruments are played that make it New Jack Swing. I cannot find any sited sources, but listening one can detect some of the instruments being used, even on the live videos you can somewhat see what instruments are used to make the sound.

I enjoy New Jack swing much. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.201.89.236 (talk) 20:58, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

 * If there are no sources then the information fails WP:V. We should say nothing about instruments until we can cite a source for typical instruments. Binksternet (talk) 23:26, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

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Odd Analogies in Opening
I find this opening sentence to be very un-encyclopedic:

"One can describe it as a modern-day upheaval of swing music, sophisticated bubblegum pop, a hip hop vibe in a church scenery or a minimal precursor or second-cousin to 90s dance and house music, the latter partly based on fashion"

I don't know what style guidelines it might violate, but it reads weird at best.

Quit adding the United kingdom
The UK has absolutely nothing to do with the origin's of New Jack Swing. which is 100% American created. stop adding it to the cultural origin tab. it's fine and dandy if they were listening to it. but they didn't create it. big difference. 2601:195:C581:26E0:311F:3E8:D41F:441A (talk) 20:10, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:New jack swing


text:
Marinism

Marinism (Italian: marinismo, or secentismo, "17th century") is the name now given to an ornate, witty style of poetry and verse drama written in imitation of Giambattista Marino (1569–1625), following in particular La Lira and L'Adone.

Features
The critic James V. Mirollo, the author of the first monograph in English on the subject, distinguished the terms as follows:

 * Marinismo first appeared in the last [19th] century as a label for the themes and techniques of Marino and his followers. It continues to be used synonymously with secentismo and concettismo, although the former has more pejorative connotations as well as wider cultural implications, while the latter embraces the European practice of the witty style. Marinista and Marinisti go back to the seicento [17th century]: Stigliani [a detractor] refers [in 1627] to Marino's followers as i Marinisti (Occhiale, p.516). Elsewhere (Epist., II, p. 304) he speaks of la trama marinesca (the Marinesque intrigue).

The following discussion is based on Mirollo's analysis.

Themes

 * "The activities of a Petrarchan lady who is designated simply as Donna or given the name Lilla." The lady is impossible, inaccessible, cruel, and yet fully occupied with walks, rides, games, and tourism, all of which Marino describes and comments on at length. "To sum up, the poet favoured material dealing with (1) the domestic and social activities of the beloved lady and any odd features of her appearance; (2) the variety of disguises under which she might be found, from socialite to sea nymph; (3) the talent or renown of famous women living at the time." The famous women include the Princess of Stigliano, Signora N. Biscia, Signora V. Spinola, and others.
 * "Subjects that allow the poet to develop fully and richly the motif of sensual delight." This ranges from fantasies about kissing the beloved, to actual kissing, through to the sexual act itself.
 * "Curious and bizarre subjects, sometimes bordering on the grotesque and ugly [...] capricci."

Ornament

 * "Latinate inversion and displacement," which is used not for obfuscation but to place the vital elements of each sentence in prominent positions, either at the beginning of every couplet or at the end of a stanza.
 * Non-standard syntax of various kinds, separating nouns from their adjectives, or putting a subject after its verb.
 * Doubling and tripling, "when two words are similar but contribute to a single idea".
 * Chiasmus and antithesis.
 * Repetition of words, and echo effects.
 * "Alliteration, assonance, and consonant."

Similitude and metaphor
The Marinist poet never hesitated to embark on a long string of comparisons with nature, most of them couched as metaphor rather than simile because this allowed for more striking statements. "There was hardly an area of human experience that could not be pressed into service for a comparison." Nevertheless, Marino leans heavily on both classical mythology and Christian imagery, adapting it freely to create a huge number of memorable word pictures: "gems, minerals, and precious metals [...] flowers (especially the rose and the lily), birds, fire, snow, the seasons, the sea, and, above all, sun and stars [...] milk, ivory, parturition, the arts and sciences, and a variety of actions and emotions useful for personification".

Legacy
Although it has some similarities with other European Baroque movements, such as Euphuism, préciosité and Culteranismo, Marinism is essentially an Italian literary phenomenon. However its influence is detectable in English poets such as Richard Crashaw, who translated the first book of Marino’s religious poem La strage degli innocenti (The Massacre of the Innocents), William Drummond of Hawthornden, whose poetry bear marks of a close study of Marino, and Edward Sherburne. Apart from Marino himself, Marinists of note include Claudio Achillini, Giuseppe Artale, Ciro di Pers, Vincenzo da Filicaja, Girolamo Fontanella, Giacomo Lubrano, Marcello Macedonio, Giovan Francesco Maia Materdona, Bernardo Morando, Girolamo Preti, and Giovan Leone Sempronio.

title: Marinism


text:
List of rivers of the United States: C

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - XYZ

This is a list of rivers in the United States that have names starting with the letter C. For the main page, which includes links to listings by state, see List of rivers in the United States.

Ca

 * Cabin Creek - West Virginia
 * Cacapon River - West Virginia
 * Cache Creek - Yolo County, California
 * Cache River - Arkansas
 * Cache River - Illinois
 * Cache La Poudre River - Colorado
 * Caddo River - Arkansas
 * Cahaba River - Alabama
 * Calapooia River - Oregon
 * Calaveras River - California
 * Calcasieu River - Louisiana
 * Calfkiller River - Tennessee
 * Calfpasture River - Virginia
 * Caloosahatchee River - Florida
 * Calumet River - Illinois, Indiana
 * Calvert Prong of the Little Warrior River - Alabama
 * Campbells Creek - West Virginia
 * Canadian River - New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas
 * Caney Fork - Tennessee
 * Caney River - Kansas, Oklahoma
 * Canisteo River - New York
 * Canning River - Alaska
 * Cannon River - Minnesota
 * Cannonball River - North Dakota
 * Canoe River - Massachusetts
 * Canoochee River - Georgia
 * Canyon Creek - Arizona
 * Cape Fear River - North Carolina
 * Carbon River - Washington
 * Carmans River - New York
 * Carmel River - California
 * Carp River - Michigan
 * Carr River - Rhode Island
 * Carrabassett River - Maine
 * Carson River - California, Nevada
 * Cartecay River - Georgia
 * Casey Creek - Illinois
 * Cass River - Michigan
 * Casselman River - Pennsylvania, Maryland
 * Castle Creek - South Dakota
 * Castor Creek - Louisiana
 * Castor River - Missouri
 * Catawba River - North Carolina, South Carolina
 * Catawissa Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Catharine Creek - New York
 * Catherine Creek - Oregon
 * Cattaraugus Creek - New York
 * Cayuta Creek - New York, Pennsylvania

Ce

 * Cedar Creek - Indiana
 * Cedar Creek - North Dakota
 * Cedar Creek - West Virginia
 * Cedar River - Iowa, Minnesota
 * Cedar River (Antrim County, Michigan) - tributary of the Intermediate River
 * Cedar River (Gladwin County, Michigan) - tributary of the Tobacco River
 * Cedar River (Menominee County, Michigan) - tributary of Lake Michigan
 * Cedar River - New York
 * Cedar River - Washington

Ch

 * Chagrin River - Ohio
 * Chakachatna River - Alaska
 * Chandalar River - Alaska
 * Chaplin River - Kentucky
 * Chariton River - Iowa, Missouri
 * Charles River - Massachusetts
 * Charley River - Alaska
 * Chassahowitzka River - Florida
 * Chatanika River - Alaska
 * Chateauguay River - New York
 * Chattahoochee River - Alabama, Georgia
 * Chattooga River - Alabama, Georgia
 * Chattooga River - North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
 * Chazy River - New York
 * Cheat River - West Virginia, Pennsylvania
 * Chehalis River - Washington
 * Chelan River - Washington
 * Chemung River - New York, Pennsylvania
 * Chena River - Alaska
 * Chenango River - New York
 * Chepachet River - Rhode Island
 * Cherry Creek - Colorado
 * Cherry Creek - South Dakota
 * Cherry River - West Virginia
 * Chestatee River - Georgia
 * Chester River - Delaware, Maryland
 * Chetco River - Oregon
 * Chevelon Creek - Arizona
 * Chewaucan River - Oregon
 * Chewuch River - Washington
 * Cheyenne River - Wyoming, South Dakota
 * Chicago River - Illinois
 * Chickahominy River - Virginia
 * Chickasawhay River - Mississippi
 * Chickwolnepy Stream - New Hampshire
 * Chicopee River - Massachusetts
 * Chief River - Wisconsin
 * Chikaskia River - Kansas, Oklahoma
 * Childs River - Massachusetts
 * Chilikadrotna River - Alaska
 * Chilkat River - Alaska
 * Chilkoot River - Alaska
 * Chillisquaque Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Chipola River - Florida
 * Chippewa River - Michigan
 * Chippewa River - Minnesota
 * Chippewa River - Wisconsin
 * Chipuxet River - Rhode Island
 * Chiques Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Chitina River - Alaska
 * Chiwawa River - Washington
 * Chockalog River - Massachusetts, Rhode Island
 * Chocorua River - New Hampshire
 * Choctawhatchee River - Alabama, Florida
 * Choptank River - Delaware, Maryland
 * Chowchilla River - California
 * Christina River - Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware
 * Christopher Creek - Arizona
 * Chugwater Creek - Wyoming
 * Chuitna River - Alaska
 * Chunky River - Mississippi
 * Chute River - Maine

Ci - Cl

 * Cibolo Creek - Texas
 * Cimarron River - New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas
 * Cimarron River (Gunnison River) - western Colorado
 * Cimarron River (Canadian River) - northern New Mexico
 * Cinder River - Alaska
 * Cispus River - Washington
 * Clackamas River - Oregon
 * Clam River - Wisconsin
 * Clarence River - Alaska
 * Clarion River - Pennsylvania
 * Clark Fork - Montana, Idaho
 * Clarks Fork Yellowstone River - Wyoming, Montana
 * Clarks River - Tennessee, Kentucky
 * Clatskanie River - Oregon
 * Clavey River - California
 * Cle Elum River - Washington
 * Clear Creek - California
 * Clear Creek - Colorado
 * Clear Fork (Big South Fork Cumberland River) - Tennessee
 * Clear Fork (Cumberland River) - Kentucky, Tennessee
 * Clear Fork (Guyandotte River) - West Virginia
 * Clear Fork Mohican River - Ohio
 * Clear River - Rhode Island
 * Clear Stream - New Hampshire
 * Clearwater River - Idaho
 * Clearwater River (Queets River) - Olympic Peninsula of Washington
 * Clearwater River (White River) - Cascade Range in Washington
 * Clinch River - Virginia, Tennessee
 * Clinton River - Michigan
 * Clover Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Clyde River - Vermont

Co

 * Coal River - West Virginia
 * Coan River - Virginia
 * Coast Fork Willamette River - Oregon
 * Cobb River - Minnesota
 * Cobbs Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Cocalico Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Cochato River - Massachusetts
 * Cocheco River - New Hampshire
 * Cockermouth River - New Hampshire
 * Cockle Creek - Virginia
 * Coeur d'Alene River - Idaho
 * Coginchaug River - Connecticut
 * Cohansey River - New Jersey
 * Cohas Brook - New Hampshire
 * Cohocton River - New York
 * Cold River - Maine
 * Cold River (Bearcamp River) - eastern New Hampshire
 * Cold River (Connecticut River) - western New Hampshire
 * Cold River - New York
 * Cold Spring River - Virginia
 * Coldwater River (Branch County) - Michigan
 * Coldwater River (Isabella County) - Michigan
 * Coldwater River (Western Michigan) - Michigan
 * Coldwater River - Mississippi
 * Coleen River - Alaska
 * Coleman River - Georgia
 * Collawash River - Oregon
 * College Creek - Virginia
 * Collins River - Tennessee
 * Colorado River - Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California
 * Colorado River - Texas
 * Columbia River - Washington, Oregon
 * Colville River - Alaska
 * Comal River - Texas
 * Combahee River - South Carolina
 * Comite River - Louisiana
 * Conasauga Creek - Tennessee
 * Conasauga River - Georgia, Tennessee
 * Concho River - Texas
 * Concord River - Massachusetts
 * Conecuh River - Alabama, Florida
 * Conejos River - Colorado
 * Conemaugh River - Pennsylvania
 * Conestoga River - Pennsylvania
 * Conewago Creek (east) - Pennsylvania
 * Conewago Creek (west) - Pennsylvania
 * Conewango Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Coney River - Wisconsin
 * Congaree River - South Carolina
 * Congdon River - Rhode Island
 * Conneaut Creek - Pennsylvania, Ohio
 * Connecticut River - New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut
 * Connetquot River - New York
 * Connoquenessing Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Conococheague Creek - Pennsylvania, Maryland
 * Conodoguinet Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Contoocook River - New Hampshire
 * Conway River - Virginia
 * Coonamesset River - Massachusetts
 * Cooper River - New Jersey
 * Cooper River - South Carolina
 * Coos River - Oregon
 * Coosa River - Georgia, Alabama
 * Coosawattee River - Georgia
 * Coosawhatchie River - South Carolina
 * Copicut River - Massachusetts
 * Copper River - Alaska
 * Copperas Mine Fork - West Virginia
 * Coquille River - Oregon
 * Corrotoman River - Virginia
 * Cosna River - Alaska
 * Cossatot River - Arkansas
 * Cosumnes River - California
 * Cotley River - Massachusetts
 * Cottonwood River - Kansas
 * Cottonwood River - Minnesota
 * Couderay River - Wisconsin
 * Courtois Creek - Missouri
 * Cow Creek - Montana
 * Cowanesque River - Pennsylvania, New York
 * Coweeman River - Washington
 * Cowlitz River - Washington
 * Cowpasture River - Virginia
 * Coyote Creek - California

Cr - Cu

 * Crab Creek - Washington
 * Cranberry River - Massachusetts
 * Cranberry River - West Virginia
 * Cranberry River - Wisconsin
 * Crawfish River - Wisconsin
 * Credit River - Minnesota
 * Crooked Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Crooked River - Massachusetts
 * Crooked River - Missouri
 * Crooked River - Oregon
 * Cross River - New York
 * Croton River - New York
 * Crow River - Minnesota
 * Crow Wing River - Minnesota
 * Crum Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Crystal River - Colorado
 * Crystal River - Florida
 * Crystal River - Michigan
 * Crystal River - Wisconsin
 * Cuivre River - Missouri
 * Cullasaja River - North Carolina
 * Cumberland River - Kentucky, Tennessee
 * Current River - Missouri, Arkansas
 * Cut River (Mackinac) and Cut River (Roscommon) - Michigan
 * Cut Bank Creek - Montana
 * Cutler River - New Hampshire
 * Cuyahoga River - Ohio
 * Cuyama River - California

title: List of rivers of the United States: C


text:
Tretyakovskaya (Moscow Metro)

Tretyakovskaya (Третьяко́вская. English: Tretyakov's) is a station complex of Moscow Metro located in the Zamoskvorechye District, Central Administrative Okrug. It offers a cross-platform interchange between Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya and Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya lines. It is named after the nearby Tretyakov Gallery.

Unlike Kitay-gorod which was purpose-built as a cross-platform interchange station, Tretyakovskaya operated as a normal station before the connection with Kalininskaya Line in 1986. At that time a second hall was opened forming a cross-platform interchange. The two halls are joined by a passage located midway along their length and also by the shared vestibule, which opens onto Klimentovsky Lane.

The southern hall of Tretyakovskaya opened on 3 January 1971. Designed by V. Polikarpova and A. Marova, it has block pylons faced with white Koyelga marble and joined by a continuous marble cornice. Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line trains stopped at both platforms of this hall until 1986, when the new northern hall opened. Currently the southern hall is served by northbound trains of both lines, terminating at Medvedkovo and Novokosino.

The northern hall, served by southbound trains terminating at Tretyakovskaya and Novoyasenevskaya, was designed by R. Pogrebnoy and V. Filippov. It features curved white marble separated by translucent panels which conceal fluorescent light fixtures. The walls are faced with red marble and decorated with a series of plaques by Alexander Bourganov depicting 16 great Russian painters, whose works the Tretyakov Gallery contains.

Cross-platform design
Each hall serves one of two routes of both line 6 and line 8, allowing quicker interchanging.

Transfers
The station is connected to Novokuznetskaya by a subway.

List of the painters, whose portraits decorate the station
1. Andrey Rublyov 2. Dionisius 3. Alexey Venetcianov 4. Vasily Tropinin 5. Alexander Ivanov 6. Karl Brullov 7. Ilya Repin 8. Vasily Surikov 9. Vasily Vereshchagin 10. Viktor Vasnetcov 11. Ivan Shishkin 12. Isaak Levitan 13. Mikhail Vrubel 14. Valentin Serov 15. Ivan Martos 16. Sergey Konenkov

title: Tretyakovskaya (Moscow Metro)


text:
Des

Des is a masculine given name, mostly a short form (hypocorism) of Desmond. People named Des include:

People

 * Des Buckingham, English football manager
 * Des Corcoran, (1928–2004), Australian politician
 * Des Dillon (disambiguation), several people
 * Des Hasler (born 1961), Australian rugby league player-coach
 * Desmond Des Kelly (born 1965), British journalist
 * Desmond Des Lynam (born 1942), British television presenter
 * Desmond Des Lyttle (born 1971), English footballer
 * Des McLean, Scottish stand-up comedian, actor and presenter
 * Desmond Des O'Connor (1932–2020), British entertainer
 * Des O'Connor, Australian rugby league player in the 1970s
 * Desmond Des O'Grady (born 1953), Irish retired Gaelic footballer
 * Des O'Hagan (1934–2015), Irish communist
 * Desmond O'Malley (1939–2021), Irish politician, government minister and founder and leader of the Progressive Democrats
 * Desmond Des O'Neil (1920–1999), Australian politician
 * Des O'Reilly (1954–2016), Australian rugby league player
 * Desmond Smith (general) (1911–1991), Canadian major-general
 * Des Smith (headteacher), British headteacher embroiled in the Cash for Honours scandal
 * Des Smith (ice hockey) (1914–1981), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
 * Desmond Sinclair Des Walker (born 1965), English international footballer

Fictional characters

 * Desmond Des Barnes, in the British soap opera Coronation Street
 * Desmond Des Clarke (Neighbours), in the Australian soap opera Neighbours
 * Desmond Des Tiny, in the book series The Saga of Darren Shan

title: Des


text:
Affine involution

In Euclidean geometry, of special interest are involutions which are linear or affine transformations over the Euclidean space Rn. Such involutions are easy to characterize and they can be described geometrically.

Linear involutions
To give a linear involution is the same as giving an involutory matrix, a square matrix A such that
 * $$A^2=I \quad\quad\quad\quad (1)$$

where I is the identity matrix.

It is a quick check that a square matrix D whose elements are all zero off the main diagonal and ±1 on the diagonal, that is, a signature matrix of the form

 * $$D=\begin{pmatrix}

\pm 1  & 0       & \cdots & 0       & 0      \\ 0      & \pm 1   & \cdots & 0       & 0      \\ \vdots & \vdots  & \ddots & \vdots  & \vdots \\ 0      & 0       & \cdots & \pm 1   & 0      \\ 0      & 0       & \cdots & 0       & \pm 1 \end{pmatrix}$$

satisfies (1), i.e. is the matrix of a linear involution. It turns out that all the matrices satisfying (1) are of the form
 * A=U−1DU,

where U is invertible and D is as above. That is to say, the matrix of any linear involution is of the form D  up to a matrix similarity. Geometrically this means that any linear involution can be obtained by taking oblique reflections against any number from 0 through n hyperplanes going through the origin. (The term oblique reflection as used here includes ordinary reflections.)

One can easily verify that A represents a linear involution if and only if A has the form
 * A = ±(2P - I)

for a linear projection P.

Affine involutions
If A represents a linear involution, then x→A(x−b)+b is an affine involution. One can check that any affine involution in fact has this form. Geometrically this means that any affine involution can be obtained by taking oblique reflections against any number from 0 through n hyperplanes going through a point b.

Affine involutions can be categorized by the dimension of the affine space of fixed points; this corresponds to the number of values 1 on the diagonal of the similar matrix D (see above), i.e., the dimension of the eigenspace for eigenvalue 1.

The affine involutions in 3D are:
 * the identity
 * the oblique reflection in respect to a plane
 * the oblique reflection in respect to a line
 * the reflection in respect to a point.

Isometric involutions
In the case that the eigenspace for eigenvalue 1 is the orthogonal complement of that for eigenvalue −1, i.e., every eigenvector with eigenvalue 1 is orthogonal to every eigenvector with eigenvalue −1, such an affine involution is an isometry. The two extreme cases for which this always applies are the identity function and inversion in a point.

The other involutive isometries are inversion in a line (in 2D, 3D, and up; this is in 2D a reflection, and in 3D a rotation about the line by 180°), inversion in a plane (in 3D and up; in 3D this is a reflection in a plane), inversion in a 3D space (in 3D: the identity), etc.

title: Affine involution


text:
Stuart Thayer

Stuart LeRoy Thayer (March 27, 1926 – June 24, 2009) was a historian of American circuses.

Biography
He was born on March 27, 1926, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to Louise and Lyle O. Thayer (1901-1968). Thayer served in World War II after which he graduated with a degree in literature from the University of Michigan. He operated an insurance agency in Ann Arbor until his late 40s, when he retired to devote the remainder of his life to documenting the history of the American circus. He began writing articles on circus history in Bandwagon, the journal of the Circus Historical Society, in the late 1960s, one a piece on Ringling cages co-authored by Richard Conover, then the leading student of American field shows.

His first major work was Mudshows and Railers, an account of the 1879 circus season based mainly on a close reading of the New York Clipper, the industry's trade paper, and metropolitan dailies. The first of his three groundbreaking books on the history of the American Circus before 1860, Annals of the American Circus, came out in 1976. It was the first extensively researched, comprehensive account of the ante-bellum American circus, obsoleting virtually all previous secondary work on the subject. He later co-authored books with fellow historians Fred Dahlinger and William L. Slout, and continued to publish in Bandwagon. Traveling Showmen, his masterpiece, was published in 1997. The distillation of his thirty years of research, the book analyzed the economic and operational aspects of pre-Civil War circuses. A companion volume on the performance and performers appeared in 2006. At the time of his death, he was finishing a biography of Adam Forepaugh, the late 19th century circus manager.

Thayer died in Seattle, Washington, on June 24, 2009. He was survived by his wife Boyka, son Preston, stepdaughter Katherine Davis, stepson Jon Davis, and grandchildren Amin, Nilofar, Aydan, and Thayer.

Publications

 * “One Sheet,” Bandwagon 18, no. 5 (1974): 23.
 * Annals of the American Circus: 1830-1847 (1976)
 * A capsule history of the Washtenaw County farm (1976) with Rhonda Barnat
 * “The Keeper Will Enter the Cage: Early American Wild Animal Trainers,” Bandwagon 26, no. 6 (1982): 38.
 * Annals of the American Circus: 1793-1829 (1986)
 * “The Elephant in America Before 1840,” Bandwagon 31, no. 1 (1987): 20-26.
 * “The Elephant in America, 1840-1860,” Bandwagon 35, no. 5 (1991): 34-37.
 * Annals of the American Circus: 1848-1860 (1992)
 * Grand Entree: The Birth of the Greatest Show on Earth, 1870-1875 (1997) with William L. Slout
 * Traveling showmen: the American circus before the Civil War (1997)
 * Badger State showmen: a history of Wisconsin's circus heritage (1998) with Fred Dahlinger

title: Stuart Thayer


text:
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title: User:Titoxd/sandbox