text:
Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway

The Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway was authorised in 1846. It agreed to joint construction with others of the costly Wolverhampton to Birmingham section, the so-called Stour Valley Line. This work was dominated by the hostile London and North Western Railway, which used underhand and coercive tactics. The section between Shrewsbury and Wellington was also built jointly, in this case with the Shropshire Union Railway.

The S&BR opened from Shrewsbury to its own Wolverhampton terminus in 1849. The Stour Valley Line was still delayed by the LNWR, but the S&BR eventually got access to it in 1852. By this time it was obvious that the LNWR was an impossible partner, and the S&BR allied itself to the Great Western Railway, which reached Wolverhampton in 1854. The S&BR merged with the GWR in 1854. With the S&BR and other absorbed railways, the GWR obtained a through route between London and the River Mersey at Birkenhead, and to Manchester and Liverpool by the use of running powers.

The S&BR route was an important part of this main line until the 1960s, when electrification of former LNWR routes compelled concentration of long-distance traffic elsewhere, and the line became a secondary route, still in important passenger operation.

The S&BR line had the distinction of having at one time the northernmost section of GWR broad gauge usage, and much later the first section of the former GWR to have overhead electrification.

Origins
Local people proposed a railway from Birmingham to Shrewsbury by way of Dudley and Wolverhampton in 1844. The London and Birmingham Railway was engaged at the time in competitive rivalry with the Grand Junction Railway and hoped that the Shrewsbury line might enable them to by-pass the GJR; accordingly they supported it, and provisionally agreed a lease.

In their own defence, the Grand Junction Railway devised a scheme for a railway from Wolverhampton to Shrewsbury as well as a line from Stafford, on their own main line, to join it. It was these lines that went to the 1845 session of Parliament as the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway, but the scheme failed Standing Orders and was rejected.

Shortly afterwards the London and Birmingham Railway and the Grand Junction Railway amalgamated, forming (with the Manchester and Birmingham Railway)the London and North Western Railway. This changed the competitive situation completely, and both factions within the LNWR abandoned their support for any Shrewsbury line.

The independent promoters of the Shrewsbury line called their line the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway. They decided to continue their attempt, but to leave the section of route between Birmingham and Wolverhampton to be built jointly with others: this was going to be the most expensive section to build, and the bigger railways already had plans for the district. That became the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway; it would be paid for jointly, with the S&BR, the LNWR and the Birmingham Canal each subscribing a quarter of the capital; the remaining quarter would come from ordinary public subscriptions.

Authorisation
The Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway bill (now for a railway between Shrewsbury and Wolverhampton only, under 20 miles) and the Stour Valley Railway (the short form name of the BW&SVR) both went to the 1846 session; so did the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Railway, destined to be the saviour of the S&BR later on. Sixteen railways in the district were under consideration, and the S&BR capital was £1.3 million. The Stour Valley capital was £1.11 million. The Bills were passed on 3 August 1846.

The Shrewsbury, Oswestry and Chester Junction Railway was authorised in 1845 to build to a terminus in Shrewsbury, but the obvious affinity of that line – it became the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway – with the Birmingham company led to the decision to have a joint station at Shrewsbury, at a modified location. It would also be jointly used by the Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway and the Shropshire Union company. It was ready in time for the opening throughout of the S&BR.

So far as the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway was concerned, the ten miles from Shrewsbury to Wellington, about a third of the extent of the line, was to be built and operated jointly with the Shropshire Union Railways and Canal Company; that railway was planning a line from Stafford to Wellington, in order to get access to Shrewsbury.

The final laying out of the line was entrusted to William Baker. The directors instructed that the major structures on the line be made suitable for broad gauge track, in case that were to be laid later.

In 1847 the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway got approval to build a branch from Shifnal to Madeley, and extend the Coalbrookdale branch to Ironbridge, as well as increasing capital.

The LNWR gathers strength
In the autumn of 1846 the LNWR took a lease of both the Shropshire Union Railway and Canal system, and of the Stour Valley Railway. The S&BR acquiesced in this, having been given assurances about traffic pooling. The LNWR had acquired share of the Birmingham Canal Company, so that the LNWR now had a 50% share of the Stour Valley Railway as well as the lease. Suddenly the LNWR was dominant in the area, and the Shrewsbury and Birmingham saw that its position was precarious. However an agreement was reached with the LNWR that traffic would not improperly be diverted away from the S&BR line, and the LNWR's Bill to authorise the lease was allowed to pass. The Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway was also given running powers over the Stour Valley line; and in addition that the short section of line from Wolverhampton station to the divergence of the Shrewsbury and Stafford lines would be joint. The running powers would lapse if the S&BR were taken over by the GWR or certain companies considered to be its allies.

Opening of the line
Oakengates tunnel, 471 yards, took some time to complete; although it was short, it was to be bored through solid rock. The S&BR opened its line as far as from Shrewsbury to Oakengates station, as well as the joint line on 1 June 1849. The LNWR opened its line from Stafford, joining the joint line at Wellington, on the same day. The rest of the S&BR through to a temporary station at Wolverhampton was opened on 12 November 1849. The Wolverhampton station was a small affair immediately south of the Wednesfield Road. It was at this stage not connected to any other railway, so one platform was enough for the passenger business.

War with the LNWR
At this period the LNWR decided to do all it could to harm the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway, and its natural allies the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway, and the Chester and Birkenhead Railway. This extended to illegal acts; the worst of these took place around Chester, involving the two railways that opposed the LNWR there. Further south the LNWR engaged in a price war, in which fares dropped to unreasonably low levels, in an attempt to coerce the S&BR.

In addition the LNWR as the major shareholder in the Stour Valley line ensured that the completion of the line, on which the S&BR relied, was delayed. The agreement about traffic pooling was ignored. The LNWR had the old Grand Junction Railway station at Wednesfield Heath, a mile or so from Wolverhampton, while the S&BR connected into no other line at Wolverhampton.

Obviously the S&BR was unable to convey goods traffic for points south of Wolverhampton because of LNWR intransigence, and they tried to construct a goods transhipment location alongside the canal at Victoria basin, just north of Wolverhampton, in April 1850. This was alongside their passenger terminus. As they attempted to lay boards to make a pathway for the physical transfer of goods from their wagons to canal barges, they suffered from LNWR physical violence and intimidation there too.

The S&BR was alienated from the LNWR, and turned to the Great Western Railway, which was building its own line towards Wolverhampton. On 10 January 1851 a traffic agreement was concluded between the S&BR and the S&CR with the GWR.

LNWR actions included packing shareholders’ meetings with nominees, the forging of a S&BR company seal, and numerous other improper procedures. As the S&BR and S&CR became increasingly aligned to the GWR, LNWR aggression turned to the Birkenhead, Lancashire and Cheshire Junction Railway. Nevertheless, in 1851 the Associated Companies (the GWR, the S&BR and the S&CR) obtained running powers over the BL&CJR, giving them ultimately access to Birkenhead, Liverpool and Manchester.

Stour Valley line
The Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway needed the Stour Valley line to be opened, to give them access to Birmingham. It was evidently physically completed, but the LNWR now adopted underhand tactics to delay opening that would permit the S&BR trains to run on the line. The escalation of this culminated in the S&BR deciding to run a train on 1 December 1851, despite the LNWR prevarication. The LNWR put physical obstructions on the lie to prevent the train running; a large number of men on both the S&BR and LNWR sides were present, but the planned run was frustrated.

The matter dragged on, with alleged unsafe factors on the line being used to delay opening, in some cases assisted by the Board of Trade inspector. At length the line opened on 1 July 1852. The LNWR was still able to prevent the S&BR trains running, by failing to agree operating rules at Wolverhampton and Birmingham stations, and numerous other artificial difficulties. Eventually on 4 February 1854 S&BR Trains started to run on the Stour Valley Line to Birmingham.

A GWR route at last
The opening of the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Railway in 1854 finally gave the S&BR access southwards to the GWR, and the LNWR was at last powerless to frustrate the S&BR in the Birmingham area. The Wolverhampton Junction Railway was an essential part of the connection. It was three-quarters of a mile long and connected the southward course of the S&BR at Stafford Road Junction into the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Railway, at Cannock Road Junction. It was wholly owned by the Great Western Railway.

Its course passed through the S&B locomotive and carriage works at Stafford Road; this was quite new, and many modern buildings were demolished to make way for the new connecting line. It opened in on 14 November 1854, at the same time as the BW&DR. It was mixed gauge; OW&WR broad gauge trains required access to Victoria Basin, and the headshunt into the Basin sidings was the northernmost point of the GWR broad gauge.

Amalgamation with the GWR
The determined hostility of the LNWR naturally led to a strong feeling of allied interests between the Great Western Railway, the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway and the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway, and they became known as the Allied Companies. It was clear that formal amalgamation was inevitable, and this was enacted on 7 August 1854, taking effect on 1 September 1854. The two Shrewsbury lines were narrow (standard) gauge and were referred to as the “northern division” within the enlarged GWR. There was no physical connection at first until the Wolverhampton line was opened in November 1854.

The Shrewsbury lines which the GWR now absorbed were not greatly profitable; and they had huge indebtedness in debentures and guaranteed preference shares. The two lines together had £3 million of capital, of which only £1.8 million was in ordinary shares. There was half a million in 8% preference shares.

Madeley and Lightmoor
The Lightmoor branch was authorised in S&BR days, to serve a mineral district. It opened in 1854 and was extended to Coalbrookdale in 1864, and the area was connected from the southern end also. The passenger service was never successful and closed in 1915. There was pressure locally to revive it, and remarkably a trial was arranged in 1925; it was unsuccessful and the service closed again two months later.

From 1969 the branch handled merry-go-round services to a coal-fired power station at Ironbridge. This work has ceased and the branch has closed.

In GWR days
In 1858 the GWR built a large goods depot at Herbert Street, Wolverhampton, near the Victoria Basin. In broad gauge days it was used as the transshipment shed at the break of gauge.

GWR passenger trains now used their own station at Wolverhampton, and in March 1859 the GWR sold its half share of the other (High Level) station, inherited from the S&BR, to the LNWR. The connection from the S&BR lines to the High Level station was then severed. Herbert Street depot was alongside that connection, and now traffic for Herbert Street accessed the depot by a one-mile connection from Stafford Road Junction.

From 1854 the Great Western Railway had a through route from Paddington to the Mersey at Birkenhead., albeit with a break of gauge at Wolverhampton. By this time it was obvious that extension of the broad gauge north of Wolverhampton was impossible, and the GWR progressively converted the broad gauge southward to mixed gauge. From 1 October 1861 narrow gauge trains ran between Paddington and Birkenhead.

The S&BR route proved to be an important part of the GWR connection with Birkenhead, and through expresses from London were booked on the route. Local traffic was never significant, and the development of reliable bus services in the 1920s and later took much traffic away from the line.

Oxley marshalling yard was developed just north of the divergence from the Stafford line, and a large carriage servicing depot was later established there.

After 1930
The GWR operated the line as an important main line; Birkenhead was a key access point for Liverpool passenger traffic, and trunk express trains, including a night sleeping car train ran. The Birkenhead, Lancashire and Cheshire Junction Railway network gave direct access for goods trains to Liverpool and Manchester. The BL&CJR was now owned jointly by the GWR and the London, Midland and Scottish Railway as successor to the LNWR. Birkenhead was itself a key destination for coal and an originating point for imported iron ore. As holiday and leisure traffic developed the seasonal train service included through trains to the coastal destinations of Aberystwyth, Barmouth and Pwllheli.

The main line railways of Great Britain were nationalised in 1948, but the train service pattern remained largely unchanged for some time. However, a changed pattern of leisure and holiday travel led to a gradual decline of those services, while the local passenger trains suffered a steep decline in patronage. The loss of heavy industry resulted in diminished mineral traffic; and the common ownership of alternative routes led to diversion of much trunk freight to other lines.

From 1966
The Stafford – Wolverhampton – Birmingham line was electrified in 1966. The Paddington to Birkenhead trunk passenger route was ended in 1967, with all through traffic from London to Crewe and beyond being handled over the former LNWR route. Wolverhampton Low Level, the GWR station, was closed to passengers on 6 March 1972 and all Wolverhampton passenger traffic was dealt with at the High Level (former LNWR) station. This required reinstatement of the short connecting line to the S&BR line near Stafford Road. Wolverhampton Low Level station was later used as a parcels concentration depot, from 6 April 1970.

Oxley Sidings had become an important carriage servicing depot, and the line from there to Wolverhampton High Level was electrified in 1972. This was the first section of the former GWR to be electrified with overhead equipment.

From 1967 development of a new town named Telford took place. The town has a station on the S&BR line, opened in 1986.

In 1983 a new spur line was built at Wolverhampton, enabling direct running from the Stafford direction to Oxley Carriage Sidings: from Stafford Road Junction to Bushbury Junction. The short line was largely built on the course of the Wolverhampton Railway connection from Stafford Road Junction, and a former gas works branch near Bushbury Junction. The connection was installed to enable empty coaching stock trains to access Oxley sidings, but there have been occasional instances of diverted passenger trains using the line.

In 2009 a rail freight depot known as Telford International Railfreight Park was opened, partly funded by generous Government grants. However it does not appear to have attracted much traffic.

The present-day (2019) passenger train service consists of typically three trains an hour on weekdays, with some through trains to Aberystwyth and Holyhead.

Main line

 * Shrewsbury; joint station; opened 1 June 1849;
 * Abbey Foregate Junction; convergence of Shrewsbury Loop, 1867 onwards;
 * Abbey Foregate; opened April 1887; former ticket platform; closed 30 September 1912;
 * Upton Magna; opened 1 June 1849; closed 7 September 1964;
 * Walcot; opened 1 June 1849; closed 7 September 1964;
 * Admaston; opened 1 June 1849; closed 7 September 1964;
 * Market Drayton Junction; convergence of Market Drayton branch 1867 – 1967;
 * Wellington; opened 1 June 1849; still open;
 * Stafford Junction; divergence of Stafford line 1849 - 1991;
 * End of Joint Line;
 * Ketley Junction; divergence of Wellington and Severn Junction Railway (later part of Wellington to Craven Arms Railway, 1857 – 1962;
 * New Hadley Halt; opened 3 November 1934; closed 13 May 1985;
 * Oakengates; opened 1 June 1849; renamed Oakengates West between 1951 and 1956; still open;
 * Telford Central; opened 12 May 1986; still open;
 * Hollinswood Junction; divergence of Stirchley branch 1908 - 1959;
 * Madeley Junction; convergence of Coalbrookdale line; below;
 * Shifnal; opened 13 November 1849;
 * Cosford Aerodrome Halt; opened for workmen only 17 January 1938; opened to public 31 March 1938; renamed Cosford 1940;
 * Albrighton; opened 13 November 1849; still open;
 * Codsall; opened 13 November 1849; still open;
 * Birches and Bilbrook; opened 1934; renamed Bilbrook 1974; still open;
 * Oxley North Junction; divergence of Kingswinford branch 1925 - 1965;
 * Oxley Middle Junction; convergence of line from Kingswinford branch 1925 - 1965;
 * Oxley Sidings;
 * Stafford Road Junction; 1854 divergence to Cannock Road Junction and Wolverhampton GWR station.
 * Wolverhampton Stafford Road; opened October 1850; closed June or July 1852;
 * Spur to LNWR 1852 to 1854;
 * Wolverhampton ; temporary station at Wednesfield Road; opened 13 November 1849; closed 24 June 1852, when LNWR station (later High Level) opened.
 * Wolverhampton; opened 1 July 1854; closed 6 March 1972.

Wolverhampton Junction Railway and Low Level Station

 * Stafford Road Junction; above;
 * Dunstall Park; opened 1 December 1896; closed 1 January 1917; reopened 3 March 1919; closed 4 March 1968;
 * Cannock Road Junction; convergence with former OW&WR line;
 * Wolverhampton Low Level; opened 1 July 1854; closed 6 March 1972.

Lightmoor branch
Opened 1854.
 * Madeley Junction (above);
 * Madeley Court; opened 2 May 1859; renamed Madeley 1897; closed 22 March 1915; reopened 13 July 1925; closed 21 September 1925;
 * Lightmoor (works).

title: Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway


text:
Anaimalai

Anaimalai is a Town Panchayat in Coimbatore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Agricultural day work is the main occupation. Paddy, banana, sugarcane and other crops are grown in the area. Anaimalai is a pilgrimage spot, due to the worship of the goddess Maasani Amman.

History
Anaimalai was carved out of Pollachi taluk in 2018.

Geography
As it is close to Kerala, it receives both southwest and northeast monsoon through the year.

It encompasses around 31 villages.

The Uppar River runs through Anaimalai and it's a drainage made by Anamalai city people.

Demographics
It had a population of 17,208 according to the 2011 Census, in 4,933 families. 8,279 are males and 8,929 are females; the average sex ratio is 1,079.

The literacy rate is 78.9%. Thus Anaimalai has lower literacy rate compared to 84% of Coimbatore district. The male literacy rate is 85.59% and the female literacy rate is 72.67% in Anaimalai.

Transport
Anaimalai is well connected by road, rail, and air. Coimbatore International Airport is the nearest airport. Anaimalai Railway Station and Pollachi Railway Station are the nearest.

Economy
The economy of Anaimalai is predominantly dependent on agriculture and independent businesses. Coir manufacturing units operate in the area with materials sourced from local farms.

Culture
Masaniamman Temple, Perumal Swamy Temple, Someswaran Temple, Saibaba Temple, Azhukku Swamy Siddhar Temple & Deivakulam Kaaliamman Temple are in the area.

Education
Schools include:

 * Anaimalai Govt. Hr Sec School
 * VRT Girls Hr Sec school
 * Oxford Matriculation Hr Sec School
 * Deeksha Vidhya MAndir Nursery & Primary School
 * Forest Hill Academy Mat. Hr. Sec. School

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anaimalai


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/204.113.91.11

=UPDATE: This RfC is now MOOT=

UPDATE: Barbara Schwarz has been banned by the Salt Lake City Library, the University of Utah, and the LDS Church (the three sites mentioned in the RfC), from using their computers any longer due to her multiple year spam and abuse run on USENET and the internet in general. It is no longer neccessary to make your comments about this user.

Thankfully UEN was able to isolate this particular user and ban them from their facilities, and apparently the LDS Church has also banned her. So we got the complete trifecta covered in the last month.

This is a much better solution than having Wikipedia block the Univ. of Utah, SLC Public Library, and the LDS Church.

Of course she is now using AOL to post to USENET, but thats another story we won't need to get into on this RfC anymore. Vivaldi 11:06, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I heard about it last night when she exposed my...umm, uhh..."confidential" personal information to Usenet where everyone can see it. I couldn't resist replying to her once, though I'm just going to ignore it from now on.  Somehow I doubt her rantings will cause any problems in the long run. --Modemac 12:21, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Whats the point?
Okay...I assume the point of this RfC is to get an endorsement for completely blocking off the known I.P. addresses used by Barbara Schwarz. If so, then I'm for it. :) Actually, this may be a newsworthy event in itself, because it means that out of necessity, Wikipedia would be blocking all edits made from three public libraries in that vicinity.  If a full block goes into effect, then we may actually want to contact their local newspaper (probably the same one that did the original expose of Schwarz) and make them aware of it. --Modemac 19:40, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

I think it's worth pointing out that Barbara did not confine this debate to Wikipedia; through Google Groups, she has taken it to Usenet as well. You may draw your own conclusions from that. 206.114.20.121 16:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

WP:VIP
Just curious, has this been taken to WP:VIP per the recommendations on the main page? Soltak | Talk 17:07, 17 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
1975 SEAP Games

The 1975 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, officially known as the 8th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Bangkok, Thailand from 9 to 16 December 1975. This was the third time Thailand hosted the games, and its first time since 1967. Previously, Thailand also hosted the 1959 inaugural games. South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, which only sent token squads made up of military personnel to previous games, declined to participate due to internal political problems. These were the last games to bear the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games name before it was renamed the Southeast Asian Games. The games were opened and closed by the King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, at Suphalachasai Stadium. The final medal tally was led by Thailand, followed by Singapore, Burma and Malaysia.

Participating nations

 * Burma
 * 🇹🇭 (Host)
 * 🇹🇭 (Host)
 * 🇹🇭 (Host)

Medal table
Host nation (Thailand)
 * Key

title: 1975 SEAP Games


text: User talk:207.16.50.27

title: User talk:207.16.50.27


text:
Charles Anderson (equestrian)

Charles Anderson (October 24, 1914 – March 27, 1993) was an American equestrian who won a gold medal for eventing at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

title: Charles Anderson (equestrian)


text:
User talk:LisaObrien

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

JDH Owenstalk 19:42, 10 October 2005 (UTC) P.S. I love recieving messages!

title: User talk:LisaObrien


text:
Silvanus Trevail

Silvanus Trevail (11 November 1851 – 7 November 1903) was a British architect, and the most prominent Cornish architect of the 19th century.

Early life
Trevail was born at Carne Farm, Trethurgy, in the parish of Luxulyan, Cornwall on 11 November 1851.

Career
Trevail rose to become Mayor of Truro and, nationally, President of the architects' professional body, the Society of Architects.

He was Cornwall's most famous architect, certainly of the 19th century. Following the Education Act of 1870 which created Board Schools, Trevail designed around fifty such schools throughout the county. He also designed hotels including the Headland Hotel, Newquay, Carbis Bay Hotel in Carbis Bay, and restored the church at Temple. He was said to be a man ahead of his time, a campaigner for sanitation improvements and an entrepreneur.

Selected works

 * Atlantic Hotel, Newquay
 * Great Western Hotel (Newquay)
 * Carbis Bay Hotel, Carbis Bay
 * Housel Bay Hotel, The Lizard
 * Castle Hotel, Tintagel
 * Headland Hotel, Newquay
 * St Lawrence's Hospital, Bodmin (which was demolished between September 2013 and February 2014).

Death
His success however, did not bring him happiness. Trevail had a history of depression and had been unwell for some time before killing himself. On 7 November 1903 he shot himself in the lavatory of a train as it entered Brownqueen Tunnel a short distance from Bodmin Road railway station.

title: Silvanus Trevail


text:
Blackburn Iris

The Blackburn Iris was a British three-engined biplane flying boat of the 1920s. Although only five Irises were built, it was used as a long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft by the Royal Air Force, where it equipped a squadron for four years, being used to carry out a number of notable long-distance flights. The final version of the Iris, the Iris Mark V was developed into the aircraft that replaced it in Squadron service, the Blackburn Perth.

Development and design
In 1924, the British Air Ministry issued Specification R.14/24 for a long-range reconnaissance flying boat for the Royal Air Force. To meet this requirement, Blackburn Aircraft proposed the R.B.1 (Reconnaissance Biplane 1), designed by Major John Douglas Rennie, who as Chief Technical Officer worked with John Cyril Porte at the Seaplane Experimental Station, Felixstowe.

The R.B.1 was a three-engined, three-bay biplane. The equal-span wings were of mixed wood-and-metal construction, with ailerons fitted to both upper and lower wings and floats fitted under the wingtips, while the aircraft had a large biplane tail (with a span of 30 ft (9.14 m)) with three fins and rudders. The aircraft's hull had a wooden structure covered in plywood, with a V-bottom with two steps to give good water handling. Three 650 hp (485 kW) Rolls-Royce Condor III water-cooled V12 engines driving four-bladed propellers were mounted in individual nacelles between the wings. It carried a crew of five, with two pilots sitting side by side in a cockpit forward of the wings, with nose and dorsal gun positions mounting Lewis guns on Scarff rings, with provision for a further two guns which could be operated through portholes in the rear fuselage. Bomb racks under the wings could carry up to 1,040 lb (470 kg) of bombs.

The prototype R.B.1, with the designation Iris I, and with the serial number N185, made its maiden flight from Blackburn's factory at Brough on 19 June 1926, being delivered to the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment at Felixstowe the next day, being fully tested during July and August. Wooden hulls were prone to soaking up large quantities of water (which could amount to several hundred pounds in additional weight) when kept afloat for long periods of time, so Rennie designed an all-metal hull for the Iris, constructed of duralumin before the Iris first flew. N185 returned to Brough in March 1927 when it was fitted with the new metal hull, together with more powerful engines and an additional gunner's position in the tail, becoming the Iris II.

On 12 August 1927, shortly after being redelivered, the Iris II started, along with the prototype Short Singapore I, an experimental metal-hulled Supermarine Southampton, and the prototype wooden-hulled Saunders Valkyrie (a direct competitor to the Iris), a 3,000 mi (4,800 km) tour of Scandinavia and the Baltic. The Iris performed well on the tour, particularly compared to the Valkyrie, which suffered much heavier water soakage than expected as well as engine problems, and the Air Ministry issued Specification R.31/27 for an improved version of the Iris, to act as a long-range supplement to the smaller Southampton.

Operational history
On 4 February 1928, a contract was placed for three Iris III aircraft, similar to the Iris II but with fabric-covered metal wings. The Iris II, meanwhile, continued in use, setting out on another long-range cruise on 27 September, carrying Sir Philip Sassoon, the Under-Secretary of State for Air and Air Commodore Sir Arthur Longmore on a tour of RAF Stations of the Mediterranean and Middle East. It reached Karachi on 14 October, finally returning to RAF Calshot on 14 November, having flown a total distance of 11,360 mi (18,290 km) with a flight time of 125 hr 5 min.

The first Iris III flew on 21 November 1929, with the three Iris IIIs equipping No. 209 Squadron which reformed at RAF Mount Batten, Plymouth in January 1930. 209 Squadron continued the pattern of long-range flights carried out by the Iris II, with one Iris visiting Reykjavík in June 1930 to celebrate the 1,000th anniversary of the Icelandic Althing (parliament), and another making the first crossing of the Bay of Biscay by flying boat when visiting Lisbon in August 1930.

The first Iris III was destroyed in a fatal crash on 4 February 1931, killing nine of twelve aboard, when the pilot misjudged a landing approach over a glassy-smooth Plymouth Sound. A replacement was ordered. Although still an Iris III, this had a number of changes, being fitted with provision to carry a COW 37 mm gun in its bow. The weight of the Iris had grown considerably since the Iris I, and it was decided to replace the Iris III's Condors with more powerful (825 hp (615 kW) Rolls-Royce Buzzard engines to restore performance and improve reliability, with the three re-engined aircraft re-entering service in 1932 as the Iris V. The Iris II was also re-engined, being fitted with three 800 hp Armstrong Siddeley Panther radial engines, with the centre engine in a pusher configuration to become the Iris IV.

An Iris III S1263 of 209 Squadron, Mount Batten, sank following collision with dockyard launch after landing in Plymouth Sound; 12 Jan 1933; of 9 airmen, 1 drowned and 7 injured

The Iris Vs were replaced in squadron service in 1934 by the Blackburn Perth, four very similar Buzzard-powered aircraft closely based on the Iris. One of the Iris Vs was converted for use as a testbed for the Napier Culverin, a licence-built Junkers Jumo 204 diesel engine, flying in this form in June 1937 and continuing flight trials until April 1938.

Variants

 * R.B.1 / Iris I: Prototype, wooden hull and mixed construction wings, powered by three 650 hp (485 kW) Rolls-Royce Condor III engines. One built.
 * R.B.1A / Iris II: The Iris I with a new, all-metal hull and three 675 hp (503 kW) Rolls-Royce Condor IIIA inline piston engines.
 * R.B.1B / Iris III: Five-seat long-range maritime reconnaissance flying boat for the Royal Air Force. Metal hull and wings. Powered by three 675 hp (503 kW) Rolls-Royce Condor IIIB inline piston engines. Four built.
 * R.B.1C / Iris IV: Conversion of the Iris II with three 800 hp (600 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Leopard III radial piston engines.
 * R.B.1D / Iris V: This was the final variant. Three Iris Mk IIIs were fitted with 825 hp (615 kW) Rolls-Royce Buzzard IIMS piston engines.

Operators

 * Royal Air Force
 * No. 209 Squadron RAF
 * No. 209 Squadron RAF

title: Blackburn Iris


text:
User talk:169.227.253.3

Proposed deletion of Pat Croce: Moving In

The article Pat Croce: Moving In has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unsourced stub. Only aired in a few markets"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 02:13, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:169.227.253.3


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/October 11, 2005


text:
Bulleteer

Bulleteer is a fictional character and DC Comics superheroine, a member of the Seven Soldiers. She debuted in Seven Soldiers: The Bulleteer #1 (November 2005), and was created by Grant Morrison and Yanick Paquette. The character is based in part on the Fawcett Comics character Bulletgirl.

Fictional character biography
27-year-old Alix Harrower is married to Lance, a research scientist who has developed a thin metal skin that can bond with collagen, turning tissue indestructibly hard. When this "smartskin" is applied to a living being, such as Lance's initial test subject, a mouse named "Metal Mickey", the subject becomes endowed with superhuman strength. Though the potential military applications are obvious, Lance dreams of using it on himself, modeling a superhero career after the WWII superheroes Bulletman and Bulletgirl, but after testing it on himself, he begins to suffocate. When he touches Alix, the smartskin bonds to her. Rushed to the hospital, she is saved thanks to medics gaining access to bare skin covered by her wedding ring. Lance was not wearing his, and dies of asphyxiation.

Alix spirals into depression as her new appearance forces her to quit her job teaching autistic children. Another emotional blow comes at the discovery that her deceased husband's superhero dreams stemmed from a fixation on superhero-based pornography and an online affair with "Super Sally Sonic", an immortal superhuman porn star. Distraught, Alix attempted suicide. While trying to find a structure hard enough to kill her on impact, she comes across a train wreck, and saves the people still inside. After those she saved call her a superhero, she decides to live up to the title, taking the name Bulleteer.

In Seven Soldiers: Bulleteer #2, it is revealed that Alix was going to be the seventh member of Greg Saunders' ill-fated new Seven Soldiers of Victory, but got cold feet and thus escaped the massacre. She meets Agent Helligan from Seven Soldier: Shining Knight #3 and helps her interrogate Ramon Solomano, alias "the Iron Hand" (an old enemy of Saunders from his days as the costumed hero Vigilante), for information on the Nebula Man and the deaths of the six other soldiers as seen in Seven Soldiers of Victory #0.

In Seven Soldiers: Bulleteer #3, Alix works as a bodyguard to a mermaid movie star at a convention for C-list superheroes, interacts with various secondary Soldiers characters (including the original Bulletgirl), and eventually survives an assassination attempt by the apparently undead Spider. Alix also learns more about Sally Sonic from a superhuman porn actress, and discovers that Sally enjoys seducing husbands and breaking up couples. Upon her return home, Alix is crushed with a refrigerator by the indestructible Sally Sonic, who was posing as her boarder.

In Seven Soldiers: Bulleteer #4, Sally Sonic beats Alix while ranting about her ruined life. Flashbacks reveal Sally's backstory as a 1940s superheroine who is immortal and stuck in the body of a superpowered teenager. After outliving all of her friends and family and being forced to live in an abusive orphanage (since no one believed her true age), Sally Smart met "Vita-Man", a superhuman who manipulates her into a sexual relationship and a role in a pornographic film. Sally is pulled into the seedy underworld of superhuman sex work and drug abuse, and eventually goads Alix' husband into the experiment that killed him and transformed Alix. Her motivation for this act is revealed to be jealousy: Sally loathed Alix for having the life Sally could never have. Alix refuses to let Sally take her grief out on her and manages to knock Sally out with a car engine, despite a broken arm. Afterwards, a ghostly Greg Saunders approaches Alix and attempts to recruit her to 'save the world'. Though she is not even sure that Saunders is real, she rejects him and the entire superhero role.

In Seven Soldiers of Victory #1, Alix tries to drive Sally to the hospital when the Sheeda launch the invasion on Manhattan. Sally wakes up and tries to kill Alix yet again, until the car collides with the fallen Sheeda queen, Gloriana Tenebrae, and bursts into flames. Alix survives, but Sally and Gloriana do not.

It is revealed that Alix is The Spear that Was Never Thrown, the ultimate downfall of the Sheeda race. This Spear is thrown by Aurakles, the world's first superhero from 42,000 years ago, and Alix's ancestor. Aurakles appears as an imprisoned demi-god in the pages of Mister Miracle.

Other appearances
Alix appears in Infinite Crisis #7 as one of the heroes fighting against the rampaging villains in Metropolis and is later seen in the two-page line up of the heroes of the DCU. She appears to be flying.

She appears in 52 #24, as a member of an interim JLA, also featuring Firestorm, Firehawk, Super-Chief, and Ambush Bug. This goes badly, as their first major villain, Skeets, kills Super-Chief and many innocent civilians. She then reappeared in issue four of the World War III event. That and her appearance in 52 issue #50 both involve her efforts as part of a multi-hero, worldwide attempt to take down the insane Black Adam.

She appeared in Birds of Prey #100 as one of Oracle's potential recruits for the team. Despite this, she made no further appearances in the series, indicating that she ultimately did not join the team.

She is later seen in Final Crisis #2 and #5, as part of a resistance group of heroes battling Darkseid's invading forces.

Alix appears in the final issue of Justice League: Cry for Justice, where she and Mr. Scarlet rescue Freddy Freeman after he is tied up and has his mouth sewn shut by Prometheus. When asked by Ray Palmer how she was able to contact the JLA Watchtower, Alix explains that she kept the communicator given to her by Firestorm during her brief tenure with his League.

She later appears as part of Wonder Woman's all-female strikeforce when a group of androids invade Washington D.C. After the robots are defeated, Alix attempts to strike up a conversation with Wonder Woman, and nervously tells her that she must not have any idea who she is. Wonder Woman tells Alix that she does indeed know who she is, which makes her day.

Bulleteer is later shown aiding the JLA during their mission into Hell, where she helps Donna Troy defeat the demon Lilith. Following this, Alix is recruited by Congorilla as part of an emergency Justice League hastily assembled to repel Eclipso's invasion of the Emerald City on the moon. Alongside her teammates, Alix is quickly defeated and brought under Eclipso's mental control. The reserve JLA members are all freed after Eclipso is defeated.

Post-Rebirth, Bulleteer helps with search and rescue when a tropical storm floods a town. She is again shown to be capable of flying. After events have calmed down, she approaches Green Lantern Simon Baz and asks if he has seen her friend, Night Pilot. Bulleteer reveals that she and Night Pilot sometimes work together in New York, and that Night Pilot didn't show up for a recent fight with the villain Snowflame. She appears to be good friends with Night Pilot, despite neither knowing the other's secret identity; she is aware of Night Pilot's multiple dates with a Green Lantern and that Night Pilot had a date with another, unknown, individual before disappearing. She requests Baz's help with finding her.

Powers and abilities
Alix Harrower was originally a normal human with no superhuman abilities. After bonding with "Smartskin" created by her husband, Alix's body became coated in a virtually indestructible metal shell, though it was implied that her bones and other organs remained mostly unaltered. This metal coating originally granted Alix a degree of superhuman strength and near invulnerability to harm, though an assassin attempted to bypass this invulnerability by shooting her in the ear with a diamond tipped arrow and her arm was broken by the super strong Sally Sonic. In her appearances after Seven Soldiers, Alix also seems to have developed the power of flight.

title: Bulleteer


text:
Stephen Brooks (academic)

Stephen Gallup Brooks (born 1971) is a Professor of Government in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College.

Academic career
Brooks was educated at the University of California, Santa Cruz (B.A.) and Yale University (Ph.D.). He has taught at Dartmouth College since 2001. Brooks is well known in the international relations community for his contributions to international political economy and American grand strategy. Along with William Wohlforth, he has authored a number of articles related to American foreign policy and has advocated for continued American primacy around the world.

Books

 * America Abroad: The United States’ Global Role in the 21 st Century (Oxford, 2016) (with William Wohlforth)
 * World Out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy (Princeton University Press, 2008) (with William Wohlforth)
 * Producing Security: Multinational Corporations, Globalization, and the Changing Calculus of Conflict, Princeton University Press, 2005.

Articles

 * “The Myth of Multipolarity: American Power’s Staying Power,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 102, No. 3 (May/June 2023), with William Wohlforth
 * “Europe Cannot Defend Itself: The Challenge of Pooling Military Power,” Survival, Vol. 63, No.1 (2021), with Hugo Meijer, pp. 33-40.
 * "Power Transitions, then and now: Five new structural barriers that will constrain China’s rise," China International Strategy Review, Vol. 1, 2019.
 * Roundtable on "America Abroad: The United States’ Global Role in the 21st Century" H-Diplo, (2018)
 * “Assessing the Scope of U.S. Security Commitments in Asia,” Asia Policy, Vol. 13, No. 3 (July 2018), pp. 144-149.
 * “Distinguishing a Minimalist Role for Grand Theorizing,” International Relations, Vol. 31, No.1 (March 2017), pp. 85-90.
 * “Can We Identify a Benevolent Hegemon?” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 1 (2012), pp. 27-38.
 * “US Decline or Primacy?” with William Wohlforth. In US Foreign Policy, Michael Cox and Doug Stokes, editors (Oxford University Press, 2012)
 * “Assessing the Balance,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 201-219 (July 2011), with William Wohlforth
 * Roundtable on World Out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy," H-Diplo, (2009)
 * “Reflections on Producing Security,” Security Studies, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Winter 2008)
 * “Clarifying the End of Cold War Debate,” Cold War History, Vol. 7, No. 3 (August 2007), pp.447-454, with William Wohlforth
 * "Economic Constraints and the Turn Toward Superpower Cooperation in the 1980s," with William C. Wohlforth, in From Conflict Escalation to Conflict Transformation: The Cold War in the 1980s, Olav Njnillstad, ed., Frank Cass, 2004.
 * "Economic Constraints and the End of the Cold War," with William Wohlforth, in Cold War Endgames, William Wohlforth, editor, Penn State University Press, 2002.
 * "The Globalization of Production and the Changing Benefits of Conquest," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 43, No. 5:646-670, October 1999.
 * "Dueling Realisms," International Organization, Vol. 51, No. 3: 445–477, Summer 1997.

title: Stephen Brooks (academic)


text:
User:Nethency

Neth is for Netherlands, ency is for encyclopedia. Harm is my first name, it means the same as Herman. Due to using SUL, I changed this user name for Apdency in September 2009.

title: User:Nethency


text: Wikipedia:POTD/October 11, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/October 11, 2005


text:
Zeta Arae

Zeta Arae (ζ Ara, ζ Arae) is the third-brightest star in the southern constellation Ara. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is 3.1, which can be seen from suburban skies in the southern hemisphere. From the parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of 490 ly from Earth.

The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of K3 III. The luminosity class of 'III' indicates this is a giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It is radiating energy from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,246 K which is what gives it the orange hue of a K-type star. This star displays an excess of infrared emission that may indicate circumstellar matter.

In Chinese, 龜 (Guī), meaning Tortoise, refers to an asterism consisting of ζ Arae, ε1 Arae, γ Arae, δ Arae and η Arae. Consequently, the Chinese name for ζ Arae itself is 龜五 (Guī wǔ, the Fifth Star of Tortoise.)

Allen called it Tseen Yin, together with δ Arae, from the Chinese 天陰 (Mandarin pronunciation tiānyīn) "dark sky". However, 天陰 is in Aries. so Allen probably confused constellation "Ara" with "Ari".

title: Zeta Arae


text:
Wings of a Butterfly

"Wings of a Butterfly" (released as "Rip Out the Wings of a Butterfly" on the album) is a song by Finnish gothic rock band HIM. It is the second track on their fifth studio album, Dark Light (2005), and was released as the album's first single that year. The song reached number one in Finland and Hungary, number 10 in Germany and the United Kingdom, and number 87 in the United States, making it the biggest single from Dark Light worldwide. The music video, filmed at Union Station in Los Angeles, was number one on the Rock Countdown on MTV2 in late 2005 for five weeks until it was retired.

Track listings
Finnish and European maxi-CD single
 * 1) "Wings of a Butterfly"
 * 2) "And Love Said No" (616 version)
 * 3) "Vampire Heart" (live at Donington)
 * 4) "Wings of a Butterfly" (video)

European CD single
 * 1) "Wings of a Butterfly"
 * 2) "Poison Heart" (Ramones cover)

US DVD single
 * 1) "Wings of a Butterfly" (video)
 * 2) Making of "Wings of a Butterfly"

title: Wings of a Butterfly


text:
Cuckoo Trail

The Cuckoo Trail is a 14 mi footpath and cycleway which runs from Hampden Park to Heathfield in East Sussex. It passes through the towns of Polegate and Hailsham, as well as the villages of Hellingly and Horam.

History
The Trail largely follows the route of a disused railway line, the Cuckoo Line, which opened in 1880 and ran between Eridge and Polegate railway stations, creating a direct route between Eastbourne and London. It obtained its name from the tradition that the first cuckoo in Spring was heard at the Heathfield Fair. The line closed in 1968 under the programme of closures put forward by Forest Row resident and British Transport Commission Chairman Richard Beeching.

In 1981 the route of the old railway line to the south of Heathfield was purchased by Wealden District Council and East Sussex County Council. From 1990 Sustrans developed the route along with District Council and the County Council into a shared track for walkers and cyclists, with horses also allowed on some sections. An extension was constructed to the south into Eastbourne and the trail became part of National Cycle Network Route 21. The Trail is currently used by around 200,000 people per year and serves as a traffic-free route between several local schools. It is jointly managed by the latter in conjunction with East Sussex County Council. Along the route of the Trail are six original sculptures which act as mileposts. In May 1993 a dozen wooden benches were installed which had been hand-carved by a local artist out of trees felled during the Great Storm of 1987. In 2003 a five-year £65,000 package of grants for improvements to the Cuckoo Trail was awarded as part of the Woodland Grant Scheme. Part of these funds went towards the resurfacing of the Trail as far as Heathfield in October 2006.

Extension north
As of 2008, the Cuckoo Trail remains incomplete. The remaining section of the disused railway line north of Heathfield is largely inaccessible and in the ownership of 12 different individuals who have resisted attempts to establish a path/cycleway over their land. Until 1986, East Sussex County Council owned 11 mi of the Cuckoo Trail to the south of Mayfield but, seeking to reduce expenditure, it abandoned the idea of reopening it as a public footpath, and parcels of land were sold off in a piecemeal fashion.

The trail has therefore been re-routed from Heathfield over nearby roads, diverging from the railway alignment to join the A265 at Mutton Hall Hill before heading north on Newick Lane through Mayfield town centre. That route caused controversy amongst local residents.

The inability to extend the trail north means that it cannot reach Groombridge and link with the Forest Way, another footpath and bridleway following the route of a disused railway line. Numerous reports have been prepared which identified various routes which would connect with the Forest Way, from a Sustrans report in 1995, to three Owen Williams reports in 1998 and 1999, and finally an Atkins feasibility study in 2006, which confirmed that reusing the old railway line would be the best way forward, with the alternative on-road route as a short-term means of access to Groombridge.

As part of the extension north, the 265 yd Heathfield Tunnel was repaired and restored in 1997, funded by a derelict land grant of £198,000 from English Partnerships and a contribution of £60,000 from Wealden District Council. Gates were fitted to the tunnel in 1999 at a cost of £22,000 which allowed access to be restricted to daylight hours. Access became unrestricted from 2002 but ceased entirely following an alleged rape incident on 12 March 2005. A trial reopening period began on 26 March 2007. In 2019, Wealden District Council was contacted due to the full closure of the tunnel. The response was: "due to constant vandalism and anti-social behaviour, the tunnel is to remain closed indefinitely with no plans to look into it".

title: Cuckoo Trail


text:
Talk:Pat Goss

Help?
Can someone help me on that broadcasting stub? I need to find out what the "code" is for that template so I can put in my Pat Goss page. Thanks!-Signed by MemeGood (not intended to be a Wikipedia user, also known as --Tlozano 19:54, 10 October 2005 (UTC))

 * I put him under a TV bio stub :) I think he's better suited there.  I also moved Pat Goss (radio show) to Pat Goss.  The disambiguation is unecessary (We'd end up with "Pat Goss (News Channel 8 Show)", "Pat Goss (The Washington Journal Colum)", etc :) )  --Kevin McManus 00:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Pat Goss. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071212183109/http://cfc.news8.net/news8/shows/goss/index.cfm to http://cfc.news8.net/news8/shows/goss/index.cfm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051214012405/http://www.mpt.org/motorweek/goss.shtml to http://www.mpt.org/motorweek/goss.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:56, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pat Goss


text:
User talk:Notch

Welcome!

Hello Notch, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Wikiacc (talk) 19:50, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image Tagging Image:Jesus and Winston.jpg, Image:Burrows group.jpg and Image:Man from Black Tor.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Jesus and Winston.jpg, Image:Burrows group.jpg and Image:Man from Black Tor.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much.--Wikiacc (talk) 20:15, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for providing the sourced versions. I will be listing the old images for deletion on WP:IFD as they have been replaced. Thanks for your help and cooperation, Wikiacc (talk) 19:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Searching for an article
There is no verification process before articles can be viewed and edited. All articles can only be accessed through search or a link from either another article or an external site, not just new ones. Hope this answers your question. --Wikiacc (talk) 19:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Image source/licensing for Image:Burrows group.jpg
This message notification has been automatically sent by NotificationBot managed and run by AllyUnion. Please leave comments regarding bot operations at AllyUnion's talk page. Please direct all comments regarding licensing information at Wikipedia talk:Images for deletion. --NotificationBot 13:24, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DarkThirdAmerican.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:DarkThirdAmerican.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:04, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DarkThird.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:DarkThird.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:04, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Notch


text:
Arthur Diehl

Arthur Vidal Diehl (1870 – 12 January 1929) was a prominent English impressionist landscape artist.

Diehl was born in London, England, but for most of his career, he lived in Provincetown, Massachusetts, United States where he painted Old World and New World landscapes. Diehl's Old World subjects include scenes from Italy, Morocco, England, and the Netherlands. His subjects in the United States include Cape Cod, Boston, St. Augustine, Florida, and New York City.

title: Arthur Diehl


text:
User talk:Sara John2

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

JDH Owenstalk 19:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC) P.S. I love recieving messages!

title: User talk:Sara John2


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael G. Turnbull

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. Linuxbeak | Talk 00:13, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Michael G. Turnbull
non notable architect. only google hits are wikipedia pages. this page was written by the same IP adresses as the Mark G. Turnbull page, which is also up for deletion Alhutch 19:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn-bio. Nothing here meets my criteria for notability.--Isotope23 20:32, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. -Greg Asche (talk) 21:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for lack of significance. Depite the length and name-dropping, there's no real claim to fame.  It's better written and less obvious than most vanity we get, though. Friday (talk) 23:30, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - He is current Assistant Architect of the Capitol. While this may not be the most glorious position in the Federal Government, attaining this position still sets him apart from the thousands of other architects in the United States. Epolk 16:22, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment as I pointed out in the nomination, searching "michael g. turnbull" on google turns up only wikipedia pages. searching "michael g. turnbull capitol" gets a few more hits (5 or 6). If he's so important, then why doesn't anyone know who he is?--Alhutch 17:10, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Response I reviewed the Criteria for inclusion of biographies and it is a close call as to whether he deserves an article. Two possible areas he fits under are Political figures holding international, national or statewide/provincewide office and Painters, sculptors, architects, engineers, and other professionals whose work is recognized as exceptional and likely to become a part of the enduring historical record of that field.  If this was just an architect who worked for Joe Blow & Associates Architecture firm, or if he was an orphan article (he is linked from Architect of the Capitol), I would be all for deleting him.  The fact is, he is employed as the number two person of a U.S Federal Government ageny.  His architecture work involves some of the most well known structures in the United States (and possible the world). The number of people that know of him is not the only factor in deciding whether he gets an article.  I think there is room for him on Wikipedia.  That being said, as always on Wikipedia, majority rules.  :)  Epolk 17:58, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I have come to see that Epolk's reasoning makes sense. Since it's not an orphan article, and since this person has some significance, I think that we have to keep this article. Having changed my mind, i struck through the non notable part of my nomination.--Alhutch 20:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.217.155.97

title: User talk:69.217.155.97


text: User talk:84.66.150.58

title: User talk:84.66.150.58


text:
ATV: Quad Power Racing 2

ATV: Quad Power Racing 2 is a racing video game developed by Climax Brighton and published by Acclaim Entertainment under their AKA Acclaim label for PlayStation 2, GameCube and Xbox. It's a sequel to ATV: Quad Power Racing. The game is notable for its inclusion of a three-wheeled ATV, not seen in any other video games, and not sold in the real world since the late 1980s.

Gameplay
ATV Quad Power Racing 2 includes overall 20 characters, 10 of which are original for the game and 10 professional ATV racing drivers. All 15 tracks are set over different terrains, like mud, sand or snow. There are multiple playable modes: Career (championship seasons), Arcade (increasingly difficult challenge), Challenge (racing against the top riders), Freestyle (based on scores achieved through aerials) and Time Trial (players race against the clock). During the race, every air jump that lands correctly will retain momentum and speed in an efficient way. The players are also able to kick the opponents off their rides at any time, and doing so steals the stored boost power for use. While there is no online play, the game has several multiplayer modes for two players in split screen: Championship, Freestyle Battle, Single Race, and Head-to-Head.

Reception
The game received "average" reviews on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Cancelled sequel
At E3 2004, Acclaim Entertainment announced new titles for release, one of them being ATV Quad Power Racing 3 which was to be developed by Acclaim Studios Manchester instead of Climax Brighton and to be released in the winter of 2005. The game was later cancelled after Acclaim closed down the Acclaim Studios Manchester and Cheltenham studios due to their financial difficulties and eventual bankruptcy.

With plans for a third ATV Quad Power Racing game scrapped, Climax Studios was eventually approached by Rainbow Studios for another opportunity to develop another ATV racing game, which would be to continue Rainbow Studio's ATV Offroad Fury series, starting with ATV Offroad Fury 3 in 2004, which Rainbow had to abandon after being purchased by THQ to develop MX Unleashed and the MX vs. ATV series. Climax Studios would go on to develop two installments of the Offroad Fury series on PlayStation 2 and port them both to the PlayStation Portable.

title: ATV: Quad Power Racing 2


text:
Kelvedon railway station

Kelvedon railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line (GEML) in the East of England, serving the villages of Kelvedon and Feering, Essex. It is also the closest station to the settlements of Coggeshall and Tiptree. Kelvedon is 42 mi down the line from London Liverpool Street. It is situated between Witham to the west and Marks Tey and to the east. Its three-letter station code is KEL.

The station was opened in 1843 by the Eastern Counties Railway. It is currently operated by Greater Anglia, who also operate all trains serving it, as part of the East Anglia franchise.

To the north-east was a separate station called Kelvedon Low Level, which until 1951 was the terminus of the now disused Kelvedon and Tollesbury Light Railway.

History
The section of the Eastern Counties Railway between Brentwood and Colchester was opened on 29 March 1843, and one of the original stations on that section was Kelvedon.

In common with most rural stations, Kelvedon handled local goods and a 1923 plan shows sidings with cattle pens on the up-side at the London end, and sidings with a goods shed on the down-side at the London end of the station. There was also a large warehouse which was used by King Seeds for many years on the down-side. The goods yard closed on 7 December 1964.

There was a link line to Kelvedon Low Level railway station with a drop of 1 in 50, which joined the main line at the country end of the up line.

The station complex was controlled by a signal box at the London end of the up platform which closed on 3 December 1961 when Witham power box became responsible for the section through to Marks Tey.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 17 October 1872, one passenger was killed and 16 people were injured in a derailment at Kelvedon. The 09:45 express service from Yarmouth to Bishopsgate left the tracks as it approached Kelvedon at a speed of up to 40 mph. A Board of Trade investigation blamed a suspension defect through lack of maintenance.
 * On 4 October 2005, a team of track maintenance staff was working by a set of points at Kelvedon when the 13:30 passenger train from Norwich to Liverpool Street passed through the station. The team had taken refuge in a place of safety as the train passed, but one of them was injured by a steel threaded plug which flew off the moving locomotive, which was travelling at speed. The worker suffered a fracture to his skull and injury to his hand.

Services
The following services typically call at Kelvedon:

title: Kelvedon railway station


text:
Henry Hose

The Hussey family, after 1066, settled in Dorset, but were also found in Berkshire, Wiltshire and Somerset. In medieval England the name of Hussey was generally spelt as 'Hose', evolving into Hoese, Huse, Husee, and thence to Hussey, and in Latin was first known as Hosatus.

 * Hubert de Hoese (Hose or Hussey) was Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1225
 * Henry de Hoese (Henry Hussey), Lord Hastings, was Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1236–1241

title: Henry Hose


text: Category:North Eastern Railway locomotives


text:
Suffield University

 * The subject of this article should not be confused with Sheffield University (formally the University of Sheffield) or Suffolk University

Suffield University (sometimes referred to as Suffield College and University) is an unaccredited internet school specializing in what it calls Life Experience Degrees, issued upon payment, with life experience assessment based on the word of the applicant. Suffield is not accredited by any accreditation body recognized by its country. According to the US Department of Education, unaccredited degrees and credits might not be acceptable to employers or other institutions, and use of degree titles may be restricted or illegal in some jurisdictions.

Offering degrees for a fixed fee based on life experience is generally considered to be indicative of the institution being a diploma mill, and Suffield has been identified as such. In 2003, an article in The New Republic noted that in 2002 a fire department training commander had been "caught" with a degree in fire science from Suffield. The magazine described the university as a diploma mill "accredited" by "the bogus National Distance Learning Accreditation Council". In 2004 an Indiana state board denied a firefighter's request to use a Suffield degree as a job qualification, stating that the institution "apparently ... is not a college" but rather a body that provides a transcript in exchange for a fee. In 2004, one candidate's Suffield degree became an issue in the election campaign for mayor of South Milwaukee, Wisconsin, when the incumbent told voters that his opponent's master's degree came from an unaccredited school offering life experience degrees for $500.

In 2004 the Hartford Courant reported that state authorities in Connecticut had ordered Suffield to cease operations. The states of Oregon, Texas, and Maine have listed Suffield University as "operating illegally in Connecticut". As of January 2014, an institution calling itself Suffield University is using the website domain suffield-university.com, which does not identify a geographic location.

The person behind Suffield is also responsible for other unaccredited universities such as Redding University, Glendale University, Greenwood University and Bryson University.

title: Suffield University


text:
Talk:Comitology

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Comitology. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030422013441/http://www.eipa.nl/Topics/Comitology/comitology.htm to http://www.eipa.nl/Topics/Comitology/comitology.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050124180951/http://secretariat.efta.int/Web/InfoKit/Info_Kit/EEAdecisionshaping to http://secretariat.efta.int/Web/InfoKit/Info_Kit/EEAdecisionshaping
 * Added tag to http://www.eutests.eu/lib/pdf_out.php?fileid=155

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:11, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Comitology. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://ec.europa.eu/translation/english/guidelines/documents/misused_english_terminology_eu_publications_en.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050104010143/http://aei.pitt.edu/view/subjects/D004006.html to http://aei.pitt.edu/view/subjects/D004006.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:43, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

Implementing acts not of the Commission
These also exist and doesn't involve comitology, e.g. Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 282/2011 of 15 March 2011 laying down implementing measures for Directive 2006/112/EC on the common system of value added tax. Kaihsu (talk) 09:16, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comitology


text:
Just the Girl

"Just the Girl" is a song by American rock band the Click Five. It was released on June 13, 2005, as the first single from their debut studio album, Greetings from Imrie House (2005). The band formed in Boston and were managed by talent scout Wayne Sharp, who assisted in signing the band to Lava Records. "Just the Girl" was composed by songwriter Adam Schlesinger, best-known for his work with Fountains of Wayne, as well as his career in film and television.

The single was the band's biggest mainstream hit, achieving heavy airplay on top 40 radio in the United States. It reached number 11 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. For Schlesinger, it was his highest-charting effort. The song received positive reviews from critics.

Background
The pop-rock quintet the Click Five emerged from Boston in the early 2000s. Their manager was Wayne Sharp, a talent scout with a background in jazz. Sharp had previously attempted to form a radio-ready pop outfit two decades prior with Candy, and styled the Click Five with identical suits and mod haircuts. The group signed to major label Lava Records in 2004, touring in support of singer Ashlee Simpson. Afterward, the band began recording their debut LP, Greetings from Imrie House, with producer Mike Denneen. The engineer had previously worked with power-pop band Fountains of Wayne, producing their 2003 hit album Welcome Interstate Managers.

"Just the Girl" was supplied to the group by that band's bassist, songwriter Adam Schlesinger, also-known for writing the title song to the film That Thing You Do!, which coincidentally also centered on a manufactured band "designed to generate Beatlemania-type hysteria." The band were fans of Fountains of Wayne, commenting in an interview that they were essentially "handed" the "unreleased Fountains of Wayne song."

Chart performance
"Just the Girl" debuted at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 the week of July 30, 2005. Two weeks later, it moved sixteen spots from number 68 to number 52 the week of August 13, 2005. It reached the top 40 on the week of August 20, 2005, moving thirty-one spots to number 21. It peaked at number 11 the week of September 3, 2005 and stayed there for two weeks, remaining on the chart for twenty weeks.

For Schlesinger, it was the highest-charting single of his career.

Reception
Initial reviews of the song were positive. Billboard contributor Chuck Taylor considered it reminiscent of boy-band LFO, dubbing it "just tough enough to be cool, but power poppy enough to have the braces crowd bellowing in unison." Jessica Grose of Spin viewed the band's debut, Greetings from Imrie House, as banal and manufactured, but singled out "Just the Girl" as the "only palatable song [...] and that's because Click Five didn't write it."

After Schlesinger's passing, Tom Breihan at Stereogum described the song as a "processed, professional, infectious teen-longing jam that evoked the Cars and Ashlee Simpson at the same time." Evan Sawdey from PopMatters similarly viewed the track as full of hooks but cringe-inducing all the same. Songwriter Sam Hollander praised the tune as among Schlesinger's best, "brilliantly crafted" and evoking the great "power pop songbook". In a New Yorker piece examining Schlesinger's "incandescent" skill at songwriting, critic Jody Rosen included it among his best: "cleverness is on display in all [of Schlesinger's collaborations], but the songs are never mere exercises in style. They’re always full of feeling and ideas. They're always a little weird."

Music video
Directed by Paul Hunter & Vem Miller (aka Vem of Vem & Troy), the video features the band arriving on the roof of the fictional Paul Stanley Preparatory High School ("Home of the Fighting Starchildren"), named after Kiss frontman Paul Stanley, via helicopter, with the students passing a note saying that the band is performing on said roof and leaving their classrooms to watch them perform. Then-couple Christopher Knight and Adrianne Curry appear in the video as a teacher named Mr. Denneen, a nod to the band's producer Mike Denneen, and one of his students who has braided pigtails, respectively.

title: Just the Girl


text:
Spīn Ghar

The Spīn Ghar (سپین غر) or Safēd Kōh  (, less used in this area) meaning both White Mountains, or sometimes (Pashto: Selseleh-ye Safīd Kūh ) meaning white mountain range, is a mountain range to the south of the Hindu Kush. It ranges from eastern Afghanistan into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and forms a natural border between the two areas. Its highest peak is Mount Sikaram on the Afghanistan–Pakistan border, which towers above all surrounding hills to 4755 m above mean sea level. The lower hills are mostly barren and treeless, but pine grows on the main mountains that form the East Afghan montane conifer forests.

Geography
The range extends from the Peshawar valley in the east about 160 kilometers west to the Logar valley in Afghanistan. The Kabul River cuts a narrow trough through the Spīn Ghar mountains to flow eastward into the Indus River. The range connects directly with the Shandur Top offshoot of the Hindu Kush mountain system.

The highest peak is Mount Sikaram (Sikaram Sar), near the Pakistani town of Parachinar in the Kurram Valley. From here it passes to Tari Mangal, Pewar, Alizai, Khewas, Shilawzan, Luqman Khel, Maikay, Chappri Rest House, Zeran, and Upper Khyber Agency. The Spīn Ghar form the watershed between the river systems of the Kabul and Kurram.

The closest cities to the Spīn Ghar are Jalalabad to the north; Gardez to the west; and Khost, and Parachinar in Pakistan to the south.

The range between Herat in the west and Chaghcharan in the east is called Paropamisus Mountains.

Geology
The White Mountains are part of the western rim that separates the Indian subcontinent from the Eurasian plate.

The base of the mountains consists of Proterozoic gneisses and granites with admixtures of gabbros, mafic metavolcanic rocks, marble and migmatites. On the summit there are cirque glaciers, some of which are filled with scree.

On the southern flank of the Sikaram Sar follow from 2500 m from bottom to top: alluvial soils in valleys, limestone and dolomite up to 4000 m, an intermediate zone of slate at 4000 m, above crystalline rock.

Fauna
A 20,000 hectare biotope in the southwest of Spīn Ghar is listed as an important bird area in Afghanistan.

Agriculture and forestry
Above the nearly barren lower slopes, forests of pine and deodar cedar thrived on the main range, but devastation during the Afghan civil wars reduced timber resources. The valleys still support some agriculture.

The rivers of the White Mountains serve the irrigation of the fields in the densely populated river valleys, which allows the pelvis of Jalalabad multiple harvests. Wheat, maize, various types of vegetables (onions, green beans, okra, tomatoes, etc.), cotton, opium poppies, lemons, sugar cane, and olives are also grown around Jalalabad. The Bara high valley in the southeast of the range is one of the most intensively used agricultural areas of the Pakistani tribal areas under Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Older reports speak of rich orchards in the valleys of Spīn Ghar with mulberry and pomegranate trees.

Wood from the eastern Afghan forests has been exported mainly to Pakistan since the 19th century, and in increasingly irresponsible quantities, so that Afghanistan imposed a complete export ban in 1975, which smugglers circumvented. In addition to the actual forestry there is or was a collection economy for pistachio nuts and the edible seeds of Pinus gerardiana.

Passes
There are a few notable mountain passes in or near the Spīn Ghar mountain range. The famous Khyber Pass crosses a spur of the Spīn Ghar. A second crossing, near Mount Sikaram, is called Peiwar Pass or Gawi Pass and connects Parachinar city on the Pakistani side with the Aryob Valley of Paktia Province, Afghanistan. The most viable route over the main ridge of the White Mountains is the Agam Pass (3586 m), over which the distance from Jalalabad to Parachinar is 92 km.

History
The Durand Line border formed in 1893 between Afghanistan and British India cuts through these mountains.

According to US military intelligence, many al-Qaeda fighters, including Osama bin Laden, crossed the Spīn Ghar to escape to Pakistan during the Tora Bora offensive in 2001. Bin Laden hid in the sparsely vegetated mountains in the northern part, called Tora Bora. After 2004, the Spīn Ghar mountain range was a pivotal place and theater of many battles fought between the foreign fighters of al-Qaeda and the joint Northern Command of the Pakistani military, with the latter trying to prevent the foreign fighters' incursion into Pakistan.

title: Spīn Ghar


text: User talk:62.101.126.226

title: User talk:62.101.126.226


text: User talk:80.136.63.138

title: User talk:80.136.63.138


text:
User talk:Daphne Peterson

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

JDH Owenstalk 19:58, 10 October 2005 (UTC) P.S. I love recieving messages!

title: User talk:Daphne Peterson


text:
User:GrumpyTroll/Template:To-do list

To-do list
 * Jersey Evening Post, Jèrriais
 * Update Image:Jersey Evening Post.jpg
 * Update Image:Jersey Evening Post Jersey Norman-French.jpg

title: User:GrumpyTroll/Template:To-do list


text: User talk:71.244.86.180

title: User talk:71.244.86.180


text:
List of country genres

This is a list of music subgenres of country music.

• Alternative country

• *Americana

• *Cowpunk/Country-punk

• *Gothic country

• *Roots rock

• Australian country

• *Bush band

• Bakersfield sound

• Bluegrass

• *Old-time bluegrass/Appalachian bluegrass

• *Traditional bluegrass/Neo-traditional bluegrass

• *Progressive bluegrass/Nu-grass

• *Bluegrass gospel

• Blue Yodeling

• Bro-country

• Cajun

• * Cajun fiddle

• Canadian country

• *Franco-country

• Christian country

• Classic country

• Country and Irish

• Country blues

• Country en Español

• Country folk

• Country pop/Cosmopolitan country

• Country rap/Hick-hop

• Country rock

• Cowboy pop

• Dansband

• Gulf and Western

• Hokum

• Honky tonk

• Instrumental country

• Lubbock sound

• Nashville sound

• *Countrypolitan

• Neotraditional country

• *New country

• Old-time

• Outlaw country

• Pop country

• Progressive country

• Regional Mexican

• Rockabilly/Neo-Rockabilly

• *Psychobilly/Punkabilly

• **Gothabilly/Hellbilly

• Southern rock

• Southern soul

• Sertanejo

• Talking blues

• Traditional country

• Truck-driving country

• Western/cowboy music

• *New Mexico music

• *Red dirt

• *Tejano/Tex-Mex

• *Texas country

• *Western swing

• Zydeco

title: List of country genres


text:
Gamma Arae

Gamma Arae (γ Ara, γ Arae) is a star in the southern constellation of Ara. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.3, it is the fourth-brightest star in the constellation and is readily visible to the naked eye. From parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, the distance to this star can be estimated as 1110 ly from Earth.

This is an enormous star with 23 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 120,000 as much energy as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 21,500 K. This heat gives the star the blue-white glow of a B-type star. The spectrum shows it to match a stellar classification of B1 Ib, with the luminosity class of 'Ib' indicating this is a lower luminosity supergiant star. It is a relatively young body, with an estimated age of around 15.7 million years.

Gamma Arae is rotating rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 269 km s−1, causing it to complete a full rotation about every 4.8 days. In the spectrum of this star, this high rate of spin is causing absorption lines to blend together because of the Doppler effect, making them more difficult to analyze. It is a periodically variable star that undergoes non-radial pulsations with a primary period of 1.1811 days and a secondary period of 0.1281 days.

There is some disagreement about the mass of this star in the literature. Tetzlaff et al. (2011) estimate the mass as 12.5 ± 0.6 solar masses, while Fraser et al. (2010) give a mass of around 19 and Lefever et al. (2007) lists a value of 25. It is shedding mass through its stellar wind at the rate of 3.0 × 10−8 solar masses per year, which is equivalent to losing the mass of the Sun every 33 million years. The wind is being affected by the star's rapid rotation, resulting in an enhanced outflow along the equator.

Gamma Arae has an optical companion located at an angular separation of 17.9 arcseconds, which is an A-type main sequence star with an apparent magnitude of 10.5.

title: Gamma Arae


text:
Black Watch (wristwatch)

The Black Watch is an electronic wristwatch launched in September 1975 by Sinclair Radionics. It cost £24.95 ready-built, but was also available for £17.95, as a kit. These prices are equivalent to around £0 and £0 respectively in, when adjusted for inflation.

The Black Watch was supplied with a plastic band as standard, with a black stainless steel bracelet available as an extra at £2.00.

Design
The Black Watch was equipped with a red light emitting diode display, which illuminated only when the watchcase's surface was pressed; pressing one part of the case displayed hours and minutes, pressing another displayed minutes and seconds. The Black Watch was later available in grey and white, with these versions also having a date function.

The product was beset by technical problems, including short battery life, variable accuracy and a very sensitive integrated circuit which could be rendered useless by static shock. In spite of this, Sinclair's advertising still claimed:

 * If that sounds technical, think of the outcome: a watch with no moving parts, a watch with nothing to go wrong, a watch which gives accuracy never achievable by the most precise mechanical engineering.

Reception
The watch suffered from serious inherent design flaws. These included the batteries only having a 10-day life and being difficult to replace. This was despite advertisement claims that the batteries lasted a year. The quartz crystal was temperature-sensitive, causing the watch to run at different speeds according to the ambient temperature. The LED display brightness was rather weak, making it difficult to read in well-lit environments. The case switches were unreliable, as were the clips that were intended to hold the plastic case together. The kit version was found to be very difficult for hobbyists to assemble.

A large number of watches were returned for repair or replacement. This completely overwhelmed Sinclair's customer service department, which still had a backlog of watches awaiting repair two years later. The watch was a commercial disaster for the company, which made a loss of £355,000 for 1975-6 on a turnover of £5.6m (in, when adjusted for inflation equivalent to a loss of £0 on a turnover of £0). But for a government subsidy, the company would have been bankrupted.

After the failure of the watch, Sinclair Radionics had a stockpile of unsold and faulty watches. To make use of this, the company released the Microquartz car clock in November 1977; this was simply a watch circuit in a different case and intended to be attached to the dashboard of a car. The new case resolved some of the watch's faults and the product sold reasonably well.

title: Black Watch (wristwatch)


text:
Jun Jin

Park Choong-jae (born August 19, 1980), known professionally as Jun Jin, is a South Korean singer, actor and entertainer, known as a member and rapper of six-member boy band Shinhwa. He debuted as a dancer and rapper in Shinhwa in 1998 but started singing small parts in 2002; the release of Shinhwa's fifth album. He debuted as a solo artist in November 2006 with the single Love Doesn't Come.

Early life
Jun Jin was the first-born child of singer Charlie Park, also known as Park Young-chul , who debuted with a solo album Casanova Sarang in 2004. Jun Jin was born out of wedlock and due to strong opposition from his maternal family, Jun Jin's mother and father split, leaving Jun Jin to be raised by his grandmother. His father remarried, but divorced during Jun Jin's teenage years. His father's third wife proved to be a loving mother as she took care of Jun Jin and his younger sister like her own children. She also located Jun Jin's birth mother and reconnected the two. Although he wasn't able to see her frequently, the two did promise to keep in touch.

1998: Debut with Shinhwa
Backed by his high school friend, An Chil-hyun, Jun Jin was able to make it through the audition as a member for Shinhwa. He debuted with them as a rapper, alongside Eric Mun and Andy Lee. However, in the release of Shinhwa's fifth album Perfect Man, he began singing small parts. He would still continue to sing small parts with the release of Shinhwa's later albums until the band switched to a different label, Good Entertainment. Under Good Entertainment, Jun Jin advanced further, singing a solo song entitled "Painfully Loving You." Jun Jin soon released a single, "Sarangee Ohji Anayo" (Love Doesn't Come), thus starting his solo career.

Jun Jin starred in the hit 2004 KBS drama Forbidden Love in 2004, alongside popular actress Kim Tae-hee. He also starred in various other Banjun Dramas as well. In 2009, he and the other members of Infinite Challenge appeared in an episode of MBC drama Queen of Housewives.

2006–2007: Solo artist
Jun Jin released his first single in November 2006 titled "사랑이 오지 않아요" (translated to "Love Doesn't Come"), with a total of five songs, including the title song and its instrumental. Surprisingly, he decided to go into ballad even though he is known for his strong dance skills. However, this is because ballads are popular in Korea right now; dance artists such as Baek Ji-young and even Jun Jin's own group Shinhwa have released ballads for their lead singles as well. The single did fairly well on the chart, though not a major hit. In December 2006, Jun Jin was hospitalised; although recommended to stay in the hospital, he quickly left and returned to his promotional schedule.

In January 2007, Jun Jin took part in the Hallyu Festival in Osaka which also featured bandmate Lee Min-woo, Kangta of H.O.T, SG Wannabe and actor Song Seung-heon at the Osaka Dome.

In early January 2007, Jun Jin filmed a music video with Taiwanese singer Linda Liao. The music video was by the Korean group, The Name, titled "It Could Be Love." He later recorded a duet with Lao, entitled "Forever" and also has a version in Mandarin. He later released a repackage version of "Love Doesn't Come," which included the duet with Lao. The repackage version fared better in sales, selling 44,724 at the end of 2007. In mid-2007, Jun Jin left his group's management company and set up his own call JF Story Entertainment to concentrate on his solo career more. But has since been managed by Open World Entertainment.

2008–2011: Television and military service
He released his first full-length solo album on 25 April 2008. Titled New Decade, the first single from the album was "Wa". The single encountered controversy when the music video was given a 19+ rating due to sexual content, in effect banning the video from major networks. On 26 April, Jun Jin held his first solo concert at Shibuya Public Hall, Tokyo. An extra show was added when the 2,500 tickets sold out in five minutes.

Jun Jin appeared variety programme Infinite Challenge firstly in April 2008 as a replacement for Haha, officially known as 'the 7th member' in June 2008. Later he joined We Got Married in early 2009 with actress Lee Si-young as his "wife". The couple was dubbed "Gundam Couple" due to Lee Si-young's obsession with Gundam. They officially departed from the show on May 3, 2009 due to the restructuring of the show's format.

He later released a mini album, titled Fascination. The title-track "Hey Ya" featuring Son Dam-bi and Big Tone did fairly well on the charts but a track on the mini album titled "Like A Fool" featuring his "wife" Lee Si-young managed to fare better on the charts. The album was a mild success.

Jun Jin enlisted for mandatory military service on 22 October 2009 as a public service worker after enduring four weeks of basic training at Nonsan military camp in South Chungcheong Province Province. He was discharged on 14 November 2011, after working at the Gangnam Management Corporation, managing the culture center's fitness club and parking lot. He then participated at his agency's 1st Open World Festival Tokyo on 26 November. Since being discharged he held the Jun Jin: The singer's Christmas Day fan meeting in Taipei on 25 December 2011.

2012: Shinhwa comeback
In March 2012, Jun Jin played the male lead in the music video of "U.F.O" by girl group Stellar, who is produced by bandmate Eric, under his agency Top Class Entertainment.

In March 2012, Jun Jin made a group comeback with his Shinhwa bandmates after four years, under the management of 'Shinhwa Company'. It is a joint venture agency for members to perform as a group, of which Eric and Lee Min-woo are co-CEOs and the remaining members are shareholders. The Company manages the group as a whole, whilst members' individual activities are managed by their respective agencies. The group released their tenth studio album The Return on 23 March 2012, launched their comeback concerts 2012 Shinhwa Grand Tour: The Return throughout Asia  and their first exclusive variety program Shinhwa Broadcast premiered on 17 March 2012 on cable channel JTBC.

As of 26 June, Jun Jin has reportedly left Open World Entertainment. Ahead of 2012 Shinhwa Grand Tour in Guangzhou: The Return on 30 June, he had microscopic nerve decompression surgery on a lumbar disc from chronic back pain. His condition had deteriorated despite being medicated since their comeback leading him to seek medical advice and subsequent surgery. He has been advised rest and physical therapy for the next six weeks, but will continue with the tour till its conclusion. Due to the surgery he was absent from the recording of episode 17, "School Channel: God of Classroom", of Shinhwa Broadcast aired on 7 July 2012. Also, still recovering from surgery, he did not take part in some of the dance numbers in both the Guangzhou and final concert in Beijing.

2013: Shinhwa Comeback
On February 8, 2013, Shinhwa's agency announced the legendary group's comeback through their official website. The poster for their comeback 2013 Shinhwa Grand Tour: The Classic to commemorate the group's 15 years since their debut was revealed. The album's name called The Classic.

Jun Jin is holding a live talk concert in Seoul, his first fan event here in four years, on August 18 at 5 p.m. KST, a night before his 34th birthday, according to its organizing firm SHOWNOTE on Thursday. Dubbed the “JUNJIN Live Talk 2013 – 34, Between Jun Jin and Chungjae [his real name]” (translated title), around all 900 seats to the upcoming event sold out in half a minute yesterday, SHOWNOTE added. Despite his tight schedule due to SHINHWA's on-going Asia tour, Jun is said to have worked hard to give his best performance for several of his songs including his solo tunes “Love Is Not Coming” and “WA,” as well as talk honestly about his past 16 years as an idol singer, actor and human being.

2014: Shinhwa 16th anniversary
Jun Jin participated in the Shinhwa 16th Anniversary Concert along with other Shinhwa members in Olympic Gymnastics Arena. The concert was held for two days: 22 and 23 March and Jun Jin said he will consider to record a new solo album in this year.

Television series

 * 2003 - Nonstop 4
 * 2004 - Forbidden Love
 * 2005 - Let's Go To The Beach
 * 2005 - Banjun Drama
 * 2008 - Here He Comes
 * 2008 - You Are My Dreams
 * 2009 - MBC Best Theater: That Person is Coming

Awards

 * Best Star award at the 2008 MBC Entertainment Awards -Infinite Challenge
 * Hot Character Star: Jun Jin in Mnet 20's Choice Awards 2008
 * 14th SBS Entertainment Awards Best Teamwork Award 	 Same Bed, Different Dreams 2: You Are My Destiny

title: Jun Jin