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Peter Benoit

Peter Benoit (17 August 1834 – 8 March 1901) was a Flemish composer of Belgian nationality.

Biography
Petrus Leonardus Leopoldus Benoit was born in Harelbeke, Flanders, Belgium in 1834. He was taught music at an early age by his father and the village organist. In 1851 Benoit entered the Brussels Conservatoire, where he remained till 1855, studying primarily with FJ Fétis. During this period he composed music to many melodramas, and to the opera Le Village dans les montagnes for the Park Theatre, of which in 1856 he became the resident conductor. In 1857 he won the Belgian Prix de Rome for his cantata Le Meurtre d'Abel. The accompanying money grant enabled him to travel through Germany. In the course of his journings he found time to write a considerable amount of music, as well as an essay called L'École de musique flamande et son avenir.

Fétis loudly praised his Messe solennelle, which Benoit composed in Brussels on his return from Germany. In 1861 he visited Paris for the production of his opera Le Roi des Aulnes ("The Erl King"), which, though accepted by the Théâtre Lyrique, was never performed. (He also composed a work for piano and orchestra called Le Roi des Aulnes.) While there he conducted at the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens. Again returning home in 1863, he astonished the musical community with the production in Antwerp of a sacred tetralogy, consisting of his Cantate de Noël, the above-mentioned Mass, a Te Deum and a Requiem, in which were embodied to a large extent his theories about Flemish music. At that time he also came under influence of the novelist Hendrik Conscience.

Benoit passionately pursued the founding of an entirely separate Flemish school, and to that purpose even changed his name from the French "Pierre" to the Dutch equivalent "Peter". Through prodigious effort he succeeded in gathering a small group of enthusiasts who recognized with him the potential for a Flemish school that would differ completely from the French and German schools. However, these intentions failed, as the school's faith was tied too closely to Benoit's music, which was hardly more Flemish than it was French or German.

Benoit's most important compositions include the Flemish oratorios De Schelde (The river Scheldt) and Lucifer (which met complete failure when it was staged in London in 1888), the operas Het Dorp in 't Gebergte (The village in the mountains) and Isa, and the Drama Christi, a huge body of songs, choruses, small cantatas and motets. Benoit also wrote a great number of essays on musical matters.

He also composed a Flute Concerto (Symphonic Tale), Op. 43a, and a Piano Concerto (Symphonic Tale), Op. 43b.

He died in Antwerp on 8 March 1901, aged 66. In Harelbeke a museum remembers of his life and work, called the Peter Benoit Huis.

Honours

 * 1881: Commander in the Order of Leopold.
 * 1882: Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium.

title: Peter Benoit


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Bulnesia

Bulnesia is a genus of flowering plants in the caltrop family, Zygophyllaceae. The wood of some – particularly B. arborea and B. sarmientoi – is traded as verawood (colloquially "vera") or "lignum vitae". They are close relatives of the "true" lignum vitae trees of genus Guaiacum.

Species

 * Bulnesia arborea – Maracaibo lignum vitae; 'True' Verawood
 * Bulnesia bonariensis Griseb.
 * Bulnesia carrapo Killip & Dugand
 * Bulnesia chilensis Gay
 * Bulnesia foliosa Griseb.
 * Bulnesia loraniensis Griseb.
 * Bulnesia macrocarpa Phil.
 * Bulnesia rivas-martinezii G.Navarro
 * Bulnesia retama (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Griseb
 * Bulnesia sarmientoi – Argentine lignum vitae, Paraguay lignum vitae, "palo santo", ibiocaí
 * Bulnesia schickendantzii Hieron.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bulnesia


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Monoceros (album)

Monoceros is an album of solo soprano saxophone improvisations by British jazz saxophonist Evan Parker. It was recorded directly to disk using the direct-cut technique, with assistance from Numar Lubin, Gerald Reynolds and Michael Reynolds of Nimbus Records. It was initially released on Parker and Derek Bailey's Incus Records label in 1978, and was reissued by Chronoscope (1999), Psi (2015), and Treader (2020).

In the album liner notes, Parker wrote: "The aim in placing the one stereo microphone used was to find a position in which the sound of the saxophone in that room was reproduced most convincingly. The ambience is the natural acoustic of the room. For two years I have been looking for a situation where this technique could be used."

Reception
In a review for AllMusic, Henry M. Shteamer wrote that the album is "perhaps the next best thing to seeing him perform live," and commented: "When one listens to Evan Parker, one hears a note as well as all the residual tones around it; each breath ends up sounding like a battle between the different registers of the horn. At various times, Parker's saxophone sounds like dolphin speech, electronic tape squeals, or human murmurs; namely, anything but what it actually is. His language on the instrument is essential listening for anyone interested in acoustic experimental music."

A review for All About Jazz states: "On Monoceros, Parker explores a wide range of soprano saxophone work, though most of it is hardly recognizable as such: squeaking, squawking, and birdlike noises persist throughout... The guiding principle of this music, as realized by Parker, was to use technical prowess to remove the barriers between the sounds in his head and the sounds coming from his horn. Generations of saxophone players who followed in Parker's footsteps owe a huge debt to his innovations on the instrument. Indeed, none of Monoceros is easy listening: Parker seems driven to play as freely and outspokenly as possible."

Writing for The Quietus, Nick Roseblade remarked: "The opening track, 'Monoceros 1', is a twenty-two-minute hypnotic thing of beauty. The playing has a fierce intensity to it. The way Parker intertwines his saxophone is just mesmerising. It's as if the instrument has come alive and all Parker can do is hold on and remember to blow. However, there are times when Parker is very much in control and it feels like he is playing for all he's worth. His triple-tongued technique sounds as unconventional now, but in 1979 it must have sounded other worldly. In your mind you can almost see the veins sticking out on Parker's lips as he applies more pressure to the reed and just blows. His overtone control is also on full display throughout Monoceros. This technique was picked up from exposure to folk music in Africa and the Middle East. If this is all that Parker had recorded, Monoceros would still have been a seminal release. But it wasn't. There are another three songs on the album's second side. 'Monoceros 2, 3 and 4' are music shorter. The longest being nine minutes, but they possess the same levels of intensity and inventiveness that made 'Monoceros 1' such a joy."

Henry Kuntz, in a review for Bells, said: "played at a high volume, Monoceros is as close a duplication of the way the music sounds in performance as you might hope to hear."

Track listing

 * 1) "Monoceros 1" - 21:30
 * 2) "Monoceros 2" - 5:12
 * 3) "Monoceros 3" - 8:58
 * 4) "Monoceros 4" - 4:03

Personnel

 * Evan Parker: soprano saxophone

title: Monoceros (album)


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Bagatelle (music)

A bagatelle is a short piece of music, typically for the piano, and usually of a light, mellow character. The name bagatelle literally means "a short unpretentious instrumental composition" as a reference to the light style of a piece. Although bagatelles are generally written for solo piano, they have also been written for piano four hands, harpsichord, harp, organ, classical guitar, vibraphone, unaccompanied oboe, clarinet, violin, viola, various chamber-music configurations, orchestra, band, voice and piano, and a cappella choir.

Earliest known bagatelle
The earliest use of the name "bagatelle" for a musical work was by François Couperin, in his tenth harpsichord ordre (1717), in which a rondeau is titled "Les bagatelles."

Best-known bagatelles
The best-known bagatelles are probably those by Ludwig van Beethoven, who published three sets, Op. 33, 119 and 126, and wrote a number of similar works that were unpublished in his lifetime including the piece that is popularly known as Für Elise. Other notable examples are Franz Liszt's Bagatelle sans tonalité (an early exploration into atonality), a set for violin and piano (Op. 13) by François Schubert of which No. 9, The Bee, is often performed, the set by Antonín Dvořák for two violins, cello and harmonium (Op. 47), and sets by Bedřich Smetana, Alexander Tcherepnin and Jean Sibelius. Anton Diabelli also wrote a bagatelle in a short, happy form. Mauro Giuliani wrote ten for guitar in his Bagattelle per la chitarra, Op. 73. Camille Saint-Saëns wrote Six Bagatelles, Op. 3, and Friedrich Baumfelder also wrote one bagatelle, Op. 386, which was composed in his later years.

In the 20th century, several composers have written sets of bagatelles, including Béla Bartók, who wrote a set of fourteen (Op. 6); Anton Webern, who wrote a set of six for string quartet (Op. 9); Gerald Finzi, who wrote Five Bagatelles for clarinet and piano; Alan Hovhaness, who wrote Four Bagatelles for string quartet (Op. 30). Another canonical modern bagatelle is the set by György Ligeti, who originally composed a set of eleven short works for piano entitled Musica Ricercata (1951–53), and later arranged a selection of them as Six Bagatelles for Wind Quintet (1953).

The Northern Irish composer Howard Ferguson wrote a set of Five Bagatelles for piano (Op. 9), which, along with his Piano Sonata in F minor, are among the composer's few regularly performed works. William Walton also wrote Five Bagatelles for the classical guitar for Julian Bream dedicated to composer Malcolm Arnold around 1970. These five pieces have been recorded by several eminent classical guitarists including Julian Bream, Sharon Isbin, Christopher Parkening, and Ana Vidović. The American composer Charles Wuorinen wrote a Bagatelle for solo piano, which he later orchestrated. The Australian composer Carl Vine also wrote Five Bagatelles for piano (1994), which are quite frequently performed at piano competitions, especially in Australia. Peruvian composer Jorge Villavicencio Grossmann also wrote Cinco Bagatelas Opacas y Traslucidas for violin and piano (also existing in a trio version with bass clarinet). In 2015 John Zorn composed a book of 300 Bagatelles for open instrumentation that were premiered that same year by Sylvie Courvoisier, Mark Feldman, John Medeski, Craig Taborn, Uri Caine, Jamie Saft, Marc Ribot, Gyan Riley, Julian Lage, Erik Friedlander, Peter Evans, Jon Irabagon, Jim Black and Ikue Mori among others.

title: Bagatelle (music)


text: Template:Wikimania winner

title: Template:Wikimania winner


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File:The Snake Decides.jpg

Summary
Cover of Evan Parker's The Snake Decides LP.

title: File:The Snake Decides.jpg


text: User talk:70.16.198.103

title: User talk:70.16.198.103


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Saltus Grammar School

Saltus Grammar School, founded in 1880, is an independent school in Pembroke Parish, Bermuda. It was a boys' school until 1992, when it became co-educational. It has two campuses, one for the Lower Primary (Foundation - Year 2) and one for the Upper Primary, Middle School and Secondary.

The school is a member of the US-based National Association of Independent Schools and also the Canadian Accredited Independent Schools.

The schools motto, displayed on its crest, is "Labor omnia vincit" meaning "Work conquers all".

History
Samuel Saltus, after whom the school is named, was a descendant of Richard Norwood who first surveyed the Bermuda Islands in 1622. At his death in 1880 Saltus left a bequest in his will for the founding of a boys' school, but it was not until 6 February 1888 that Saltus Grammar School first opened its doors in the Pembroke Sunday School Building at the corner of North and Angle Streets in Hamilton, with thirty-five students enrolled.

In 1893, the School moved to "Woodlands," a historic house which still serves as the heart of the current main campus. The following decade saw modest improvements being made. Classrooms were added in 1923 to accommodate the increase in students, the veranda was added to the main building in 1953 and, by the middle 1960s, enrolment had reached 170. Up until this time the School had been grant aided, but in 1971 the Trustees made the major decision to have Saltus become a completely independent, fee-paying school.

To handle the larger numbers and the increasingly diverse curriculum, major additions were made to the campus to the Laboratory and Science Block in 1969 and the Cavendish-Preparatory Department in 1972.

Saltus leased Cavendish Hall in 1972, thus establishing a second campus. Thanks to the generosity of the Cavendish Trustees, that school has now been incorporated into Saltus Grammar School.

Other major projects since then included: The Reiss Library (1975), The Haygarth Gymnasium (1979), and The Henry Hallett Art and Music Facility (1982). Also in 1982, land leased to the Bermuda Swimming Association enabled a 25-metre swimming pool to be constructed on the main campus with the School having use of the facility.

In 1990, the Trustees made the decision to extend co-education, previously only at Grade 12 level, throughout the School and, in September, 1991, eighty-nine girls joined 608 boys to commence a new era in the history of the School. At the same time, an extensive building programme was undertaken, adding a new block to Cavendish plus several additional classrooms at the main campus and including major reconstruction to the interior of "Woodlands."

Rebuilt in 1993, the new "Woodlands" centre now contains: administrative offices including the Headmaster's office, Upper Primary classrooms, an Art classroom and the Secondary Design Technology Department. This phase of construction was concluded in late 1993 when total enrolment stood at 780, including 156 girls. By this time, the teaching staff numbered 59, and the School was led by its 6th Headmaster in 106 years, Mr. James Keith McPhee.

In August 1995, Mr. R. Trevor Rowell joined the school as its next Headmaster and immediately launched a consultative School Development Plan with input from staff, parents, trustees and students.

In June, 1999, Mr. Nigel J. G. Kermode, then a twenty-two year veteran teacher at Saltus, became the School's 8th Headmaster. He sought to continue the pace of the School's advances whilst retaining both its high academic standards and its nurturing and caring atmosphere. During his tenure as Headmaster, Saltus developed a school-wide strategic plan that resulted in the development of a Foundation Year Programme at the Preparatory level, the establishing of a Centre for Learning and significant curricular developments and additions to the School's physical plant on both its campuses—the largest and most significant of these being The Francis "Goose" Gosling Centre on the main campus. Mr. Kermode retired in August 2009.

In summer 2009, Saltus recruited a new headmaster, Mr. E. G. Staunton from St. Andrew's College in Canada.

In July 2013 Mrs. Claire Charlemagne was appointed as Saltus’ 10th Head of School and first female Head following an extensive international search. Having formerly served at Saltus as Head of Modern Languages, Director of Studies and Deputy Head (Academics) for a period of eleven years, Mrs. Charlemagne worked to establish the ‘Saltus Teachers’ Academy’ with links to the National College for Teaching and Leadership (UK) and Nottingham Trent University, through which professional qualifications are offered to faculty both from Saltus and other island schools, fostering increased professional growth and collaboration.

In 2015, former Headmaster, Ted Staunton returned to Saltus to guide the board of trustees in selection of a next Head of School. This led to the appointment of Ms. Deryn Lavell, Bishop Strachan School in 2017.

Notable Alum
The following are the notable alumni of Saltus Grammar School:
 * Nick Dill, Bishop of Bermuda
 * Michael Dunkley, Former Premier of Bermuda
 * John Waddington, colonial administrator

title: Saltus Grammar School


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John Brown Media

John Brown Media is one of the world's largest content marketing agencies. It was bought by Dentsu Aegis in May 2015. While originally formed as a magazine company, the company creates multichannel content for various brands, with services including social media, film and audio, mobile.

History
Originally based in Ladbroke Grove in London, the company was formed in 1987 by John Brown, who had previously run Virgin Books. The business was launched with two magazines: the adult comic magazine Viz, for which John Brown had secured the rights, and HotAir, Virgin Atlantic's inflight title.

In 1989 John Brown acquired the comics fanzine Speakeasy, converting it to a proper magazine. In mid-1991 it launched the comics magazine Blast!.

While going on to publish several other newsstand titles, however, it was the customer magazine side of the business that grew most dramatically, with early clients including Debenhams, IKEA, the Dorchester, and Eurotunnel. (John Brown shut down both Speakeasy and Blast! by the end of 1991.) In 2001 the company disposed of its consumer titles (including Viz) in a £6.4 million deal with I Feel Good (IFG), a company belonging to ex-Loaded editor James Brown, to concentrate on customer communications, and quickly absorbed Citrus Publishing. This helped move establish John Brown as the UK's largest customer publishing house.

In 2004, CEO Andrew Hirsch (formerly of Pearl and Dean) initiated a successful management buyout. A broadening of the group's activities and a number of acquisitions followed as did board appointments in marketing and strategy. In 2008 the senior management team restructured all the acquired businesses to trade under the single John Brown banner.

In 2006, specialist catalogue publishing agency CodeLondon was acquired.

In 2007, digital communication agency Fingal was acquired.

In 2007, a South African office was opened in Cape Town.

In 2008, a company rebrand was undertaken with all companies trading under the John Brown name.

In 2011, Hong Kong agency Kleio was acquired and rebranded as John Brown Hong Kong.

In 2013, offices were opened in Dubai, with a US office opened in 2015.

In 2015, John Brown Media joined the Dentsu Aegis Network.

title: John Brown Media


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Alban Köhler

Alban Köhler (1 March 1874 – 26 February 1947) was a German radiologist best known for his discovery of a rare foot disorder found in children that was named Köhler disease in his honor.

Early life and education
Köhler was born on 1 March 1874 in Petsa, Thuringia. He studied medicine in Freiburg, Erlangen, and Berlin, graduating in 1899. He then went on to three years of surgical practice at St. Joseph's Hospital in Wiesbaden.

Career in radiology
In 1902, Köhler established himself as a radiologist.

Death
Köhler died on 26 February 1947 in Wiesbaden.

title: Alban Köhler


text:
Edward Bellingham

Sir Edward Bellingham (1506 –1549) was an English soldier and lord deputy of Ireland.

Life
He was a son of Edward Bellingham of Erringham, Sussex, his mother being Jane Shelley of the Shelley family. After his father's death in 1511, he and his brother became wards to the Duke of Norfolk. He served with Sir Thomas Seymour as envoys to Hungary during the sieges of Pesth and Buda before the Hungarian forces were defeated by the Ottoman Empire. He further fought through the Low Countries against the French before being captured. He was also present at the Siege of Boulogne. His most notable achievement was the defence of the Isle of Wight and repulsion of French raiding forces during the attempted French invasion in 1545.

After King Henry VIII's death he eventually became a member of the English House of Commons and a member of the privy council under the rule of King Edward VI, and in 1547 took part in some military operations in Ireland, during which time he may have rebuilt Leighlinbridge Castle in County Carlow. In May 1548 he was sent to that country as Lord Deputy. Ireland was then in a very disturbed condition, but the new governor crushed a rebellion of the O'Connors in Leinster, freed the Pale from rebels, built forts, and made the English power respected in Munster and Connaught.

Bellingham, however, was a headstrong man and was constantly quarreling with his council; but one of his opponents admitted that he was the best man of war that ever he had seen in Ireland. His short but successful term of office was ended by his recall in 1549.

There is no evidence of him having married or having fathered children. He died of ill health in 1549.

title: Edward Bellingham


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Conway Scenic Railroad

The Conway Scenic Railroad is a heritage railroad in North Conway, New Hampshire, owned by Profile Mountain Holdings Corp. The railroad operates over two historic railway routes: a line from North Conway to Conway that was formerly part of the Conway Branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad, and a line from North Conway through Crawford Notch to Fabyan that was once part of the Mountain Division of the Maine Central Railroad. The Conway line is owned by Conway Scenic, and the Mountain Division is owned by the State of New Hampshire.

The railroad's main terminal is located in historic downtown North Conway in the Mount Washington valley. The station complex has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979.

History
The Conway Scenic Railroad was formed by Dwight Smith, who was an employee of the Boston and Maine Railroad in the late 1960s. After years of negotiations, Smith was able to convince his employer to sell a portion of the Conway Branch, which it planned to abandon, to him and two local businessmen in 1974, and the Conway Scenic Railroad began that year. In 1999, the original owners were bought out by husband and wife Russ and Dot Seybold and on January 30, 2018, the railroad was sold again to Profile Mountain Holdings Corp.

Operations
The railroad operates passenger trains out of its station in North Conway Village from April to December each year.

Special freight operation
On June 20, 2009, a 20-axle Schnabel car was brought down through Crawford Notch carrying a 227-ton transformer for Public Service of New Hampshire, an electrical utility company. The train was led by locomotives No. 573, No. 6505 and No. 6516. It was the first scheduled freight train through Crawford Notch since September 3, 1983, and the first freight train of any kind since October 1984. The empty cars were shipped out nine days later, led by No. 6505 and No. 4266. This shipment completed the first and only revenue freight move for the Conway Scenic to date.

Locomotives
No. 7470 is a former Canadian National Railway locomotive, named in honor of Dwight Smith, who purchased it in 1968. It is New Hampshire's only active coal-fired standard-gauge steam locomotive, and has been operating at the Conway Scenic since the railroad's inception.

No. 501 is a former Maine Central Unit. It was purchased from the 470 Railroad Club in early 2019. Having arrived in November 1983, it has been on display for several years. It is undergoing restoration inside the railroad’s roundhouse, as of November 2022.

No. 573 is a former Maine Central unit. It arrived on property in 1995 from the Springfield Terminal. It was named in honor of longtime engineer Gordon Lang in 2021. This unit is typically assigned to the Heritage Excursions.

No. 4266 is a former Boston and Maine Railroad unit. It arrived on property in the early 1980's after being purchased by the 470 railroad club of Portland, Maine. This locomotive is not owned by Conway Scenic. The engine sees limited service, including an annual 470 railroad club special in the fall.

No. 4268 is another former Boston & Maine Railroad unit. It arrived at the Conway Scenic in 1992 were it sat on static display for twenty years. It returned to active service in April 2022.

No. 216 was acquired from Pan Am Railways in March 2010 along with No. 252, and it arrived in May 2010. The locomotive is usually seen in service on the Mountaineer.

No. 252 is a former Maine Central unit. It was acquired in a trade from Pan Am Railways in March 2010. Named in honor of Kurt Ward, it is primarily used in rotation to pull the Mountaineer trains.

No. 255 is another former Maine Central unit. It was acquired from the Vermont Railway in 2021.

No. 1751 was acquired in 2012 in a trade with Finger Lakes Railway. It arrived on property in September 2012. Today, 1751 sees usage on the Mountaineer, Heritage Excursions, and occasional work extras.

No. 23 was originally built for the New Haven Railroad. It arrived on property in 2008 from the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway. The RDC sees limited service on the railroad, typically reserved for charters or special events.

No. 360 is owned by the State of New Hampshire. This engine arrived on property in June 2005 from the New Hampshire Central Railroad and has since been on static display. It is the only unit that has never been in operation for the Conway Scenic Railroad and, as of 2017, there are no plans of restoring this unit back to full operation.

No. 1741 is another former Boston & Maine Railroad unit. It is owned by the 470 Railroad Club. It arrived in October 2020 and is inoperable as of December 2020.

Former units
No. 15 is an ex-Maine Central unit. This engine arrived by rail in 1975 and was the first ever diesel engine for the railroad. It was used as the primary power when the railroad was not operating a steam engine. Operated for Conway Scenic Railroad from 1975 to 2005, it last operated during Railfans' Weekend in October 2005. It was later sold to the Southern Prairie Railway in 2011 where it received a full restoration and continues service.

No. 108 is an ex-San Augustine County Lumber Company and later ex-Angelina and Neches River Railroad and ex-Reader Railroad. It was acquired from the Reader Railroad in 1976. Operated for Conway Scenic Railroad from 1977 to 1988. In 1999, it was moved back to Texas, where, as of July 2011, it is stored at the Blacklands Railroad in a disassembled state. The engine is now owned by Robbins Rail Museum.

An ex-Portland Terminal Company unit. This locomotive arrived by rail in 1981 and immediately became the primary power for the railroad and later the Valley Train excursions, until the arrival of 573 in 1996. From then on the engine was used as backup for the valley trains and special duty only, until the engine was sold to the Downeast Scenic Railroad on April 9, 2010. The engine was shipped out by rail on May 14 of that year and became the primary power for the Downeast Scenic Railroad.

No. 1757 is a former ex-Penn Central, ex-Conrail and ex-New Hampshire North Coast Railroad. It was originally owned by the 470 Railroad Club. This engine arrived in September 2012, and its engine was used to help restore B&M No. 4268. In 2018, the generator, engine, and trucks were transferred over to the No. 4268. In March 2022, the shell of the locomotive was shipped to Hudson, Maine to be cut up for scrap.

2022 accident
On the morning of January 3, 2022 at 4:44am, a radio inside No. 7470's cab caught fire, and it caused the inside of the locomotive's cab to burn up as well. The fire also damaged the spring in the whistle valve, causing the whistle to continuously blow, which alerted the nearby steam locomotive mechanic, who called 9-1-1. The nearby fire department arrived shortly afterward to put the fire out. Had it not been for the whistle valve blowing itself, the 1874-built roundhouse it was stored in would have received critical fire damage and collapsed onto No. 7470. The cab has since been repaired and the engine returned to service in June 2022.

Appearances in film
In the 2005 Christmas television film, The 12 Dogs of Christmas, starring Jordan-Claire Green, the museum's depot was filmed in several scenes during the beginning of the film, and the Conway Scenic's passenger cars were also used in the film.

title: Conway Scenic Railroad


text: Category:Schools in Bermuda

title: Category:Schools in Bermuda


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Amédée Courbet

Anatole-Amédée-Prosper Courbet (26 June 1827 – 11 June 1885) was a French admiral who won a series of important land and naval victories during the Tonkin Campaign (1883–86) and the Sino-French War (August 1884 – April 1885).

Early years
Courbet was born in Abbeville as the youngest of three children. His father died when he was nine years old. He was educated at the École Polytechnique.

From 1849 to 1853 Courbet served as a midshipman (aspirant) on the corvette Capricieuse (capitaine de vaisseau Roquemaurel). Capricieuse circumnavigated the globe during this period and cruised for several months along the China Coast, giving Courbet his first experience of the seas in which, thirty years later, he would win fame. After his return to France he was posted to the brick Olivier, attached to the Levant naval division. In December 1855, at Smyrna, he intervened to quell a mutiny aboard the Messageries impériales packet Tancrède, and was subsequently commended for his conduct by the navy ministry. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant de vaisseau in November 1856.

From 1864 to 1866 Courbet served on the two-deck broadside ironclad battleship Solferino as aide-de-camp and secretary to Admiral Bouët-Willaumez, commander of the escadre d'évolutions. He was promoted capitaine de frégate in August 1866 and posted to the ironclad frigate Savoie as chief of staff to Admiral de Dompierre d'Hornoy, commander of the North Sea and English Channel naval division. In March 1870 he was posted to the Antilles naval division as captain of the despatch vessel Talisman. This posting, which gave him no opportunity for action during the Franco-Prussian War, was his first independent command. He returned to France in May 1872.

In early 1873 Courbet returned to the Antilles as second officer on the frigate Minerve. He was promoted capitaine de vaisseau in August 1873. Between December 1874 and January 1877 he commanded the School of Underwater Defences (école des défenses sous-marines) at Boyardville (Ile d'Oléron). From 1877 to 1879 he was posted to the ironclad Richelieu, where he again served as chief of staff to Admiral de Dompierre d'Hornoy, now commander-in-chief of the escadre d'évolutions.

In May 1880 Courbet succeeded Admiral Olry as governor of New Caledonia. He returned to France in the autumn of 1882, where he was promised command of the Levant naval division by Admiral Bernard Jauréguiberry, the navy minister. Jauréguiberry was replaced as navy minister in January 1883 when Charles Duclerc's cabinet was replaced by the brief administration of Armand Fallières, and Courbet was instead appointed commander of the division navale d'essais in the Mediterranean. In April 1883 he hoisted his flag aboard the ironclad Bayard at Cherbourg.

Command of Tonkin Coasts Naval Division
In June 1883 Courbet was transferred from the division navale d'essais and given command of a new Tonkin Coasts naval division (division navale des côtes du Tonkin). The French government was attempting to impose a protectorate in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) at this period, in the face of bitter opposition from Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army. The Black Flag Army was covertly armed and supplied by China, and the role of the new naval division was to cut the flow of weapons and ammunition to the Black Flags by blockading the Gulf of Tonkin. The Tonkin Coasts naval division included the ironclads Bayard and Atalante from Courbet's Mediterranean command and the cruiser Châteaurenault from Algiers. Courbet was also given two torpedo boats, Nos. 45 and 46, and was ordered to take over the seagoing vessels of the Cochinchina naval division on his arrival in Tonkin. Courbet arrived at Along Bay in July 1883.

In August in response to the death of the Vietnamese emperor Tự Đức and a consequent succession crisis, the French government approved an operation to coerce the Vietnamese court at Huế. On 18 August Courbet's naval division bombarded the Thuận An forts at the entrance to the River of Perfumes, and on 20 August, in the Battle of Thuận An, a landing force of sailors and marine infantry overran the Vietnamese defences and captured the forts. Courbet's victory, which enabled the French to occupy Huế whenever they wanted, compelled the Vietnamese court to submit to French authority and sign the Treaty of Huế, which recognised the French protectorate in Tonkin.

Command of Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
In October 1883 Courbet was placed in command of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps. In December 1883 he struck at Sơn Tây. The Sơn Tây Campaign was the fiercest campaign the French had yet fought in Tonkin. Although the Chinese and Vietnamese contingents at Sơn Tây played little part in the defence, Liu Yongfu's Black Flags fought ferociously to hold the city. On 14 December the French assaulted the outer defences of Sơn Tây at Phu Sa, but were thrown back with heavy casualties. Hoping to exploit this reverse, Liu Yongfu attacked the French lines the same night, but the Black Flag attack also failed disastrously. After resting his troops on 15 December, Courbet again assaulted the defences of Sơn Tây on the afternoon of 16 December. This time the attack was thoroughly prepared by artillery, and delivered only after the defenders had been worn down. At 5 p.m. a Foreign Legion battalion and a battalion of marine fusiliers captured the western gate of Sơn Tây and fought their way into the town. Liu Yongfu's garrison withdrew to the citadel, and evacuated Sơn Tây under cover of darkness several hours later. Courbet had achieved his objective, but at considerable cost. French casualties at Sơn Tây were 83 dead and 320 wounded. The fighting at Sơn Tây also took a terrible toll of the Black Flags, and in the opinion of some observers broke them once and for all as a serious fighting force.

Command of Far East Squadron
The 1883 campaigns in Tonkin had been conducted, like most French colonial enterprises, by the troupes de marine, and had been overseen by the navy ministry. In December 1883, however, in view of the increasing commitment of troops from Algeria to Tonkin, the army ministry insisted on appointing a general from the regular army to command of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, which would be henceforth be constituted as a two-brigade infantry division with the normal complement of artillery and other supporting arms. Jules Ferry's cabinet approved this recommendation, and Courbet was replaced in command of the expeditionary corps on 16December 1883 by General Charles-Théodore Millot—ironically, on the very day on which he captured Sơn Tây. He resumed command of the Tonkin Coasts naval division, and for the next six months played a most unwelcome subordinate role, hunting down bands of Vietnamese pirates in the Gulf of Tonkin while Millot was winning glory in the Bắc Ninh campaign.

Courbet's luck changed in June 1884. On 27June, in response to the news of the Bắc Lệ ambush, the Tonkin Coasts naval division and the Far East naval division were amalgamated into a Far East Squadron. The new squadron, which would remain in existence throughout the Sino-French War, was placed under Courbet's command, with Admiral Sébastien Lespès (the commander of the Far East naval division) second in command. Courbet's squadron initially included the ironclads Bayard (the flagship), Atalante, La Galissonnière and Triomphante, the cruisers FRENCH CRUISER Châteaurenault, FRENCH CRUISER D'Estaing, FRENCH CRUISER Duguay-Trouin and FRENCH CRUISER Volta, the light frigates Hamelin and Parseval, the gunboats Lynx, Vipère, Lutin and Aspic, the troopships Drac and Saône and Torpedo Boats Nos. 45 and 46. In July 1884 Courbet was ordered to concentrate part of the squadron at Fuzhou, to threaten the Fujian fleet (one of China's four regional fleets) and the Foochow Navy Yard.

Min River operations, August 1884
Negotiations between France and China to resolve the crisis over the Bắc Lệ ambush broke down in mid- August and on 22August Courbet was ordered to attack the Chinese fleet at Fuzhou. In the Battle of Fuzhou (also known as the Battle of the Pagoda Anchorage) on 23August 1884, Courbet's Far East Squadron annihilated China's outclassed Fujian fleet and severely damaged the Foochow Navy Yard. Nine Chinese ships were sunk in less than an hour, including the corvette Yangwu, the flagship of the Fujian fleet. Chinese losses may have amounted to 3,000 dead, while French losses were minimal. Courbet then successfully withdrew down the Min River to the open sea, destroying several Chinese shore batteries from behind as he took the French squadron through the Min'an and Jinpai passes.

Operations in Formosa, October 1884
In late September 1884, much to his distaste, Courbet was ordered to use the Far East Squadron to support the landing of a French expeditionary corps at Keelung and Tamsui in northern Formosa (Taiwan). Courbet argued vigorously against a campaign in Formosa and submitted alternative proposals to the navy ministry for a campaign in northern Chinese waters to seize Port Arthur or Weihaiwei. He was supported by Jules Patenôtre, the French minister to China, but both men were overruled.

On 1 October Lieutenant-Colonel Bertaux-Levillain landed at Keelung with a force of 1,800 marine infantry, forcing the Chinese to withdraw to strong defensive positions which had been prepared in the surrounding hills. The French force was too small to advance beyond Keelung. Meanwhile, after an ineffective naval bombardment on 2October, Admiral Lespès attacked the Chinese defences at Tamsui with 600 sailors from his squadron's landing companies on 8October, and was decisively repulsed by forces under the command of the Fujianese general Sun Kaihua (孫開華). The French were now committed to a prolonged Keelung Campaign, and Courbet's squadron was tied down in a largely ineffective blockade of Formosa.

Battle of Shipu Bay, February 1885
After several months of inactivity, Courbet won a series of victories in the spring of 1885. Courbet's squadron had been reinforced substantially since the start of the war, and he now had considerably more ships at his disposal than in October 1884. In early February 1885 part of his squadron left Keelung to head off a threatened attempt by part of the Chinese Southern Seas fleet to break the French blockade of Formosa. On 11February Courbet's task force met the cruisers Kaiji, Nanchen and Nanrui, three of the most modern ships in the Chinese fleet, near Shipu Bay, accompanied by the frigate Yuyuan and the composite sloop Chengqing. The Chinese scattered at the French approach, and while the three cruisers successfully made their escape, the French succeeded in trapping Yuyuan and Chengqing in Shipu Bay. On the night of 14February, in the Battle of Shipu, both ships were crippled during a daring French torpedo attack, Yuyuan by a French spar torpedo and Chengqing by Yuyuan's fire. Both ships were subsequently scuttled by the Chinese.

Blockade of Ningbo, March 1885
Courbet followed up this success on 1 March by locating Kaiji, Nanchen and Nanrui, which had taken refuge with four other Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay, near the port of Ningbo. Courbet considered forcing the Chinese defences, but finally decided to guard the entrance to the bay to keep the enemy vessels bottled up there for the duration of hostilities. A brief and inconclusive skirmish between the French cruiser FRENCH CRUISER Nielly and the Chinese shore batteries on 1March enabled the Chinese general Ouyang Lijian, charged with the defence of Ningbo, to claim the so-called Battle of Zhenhai as a defensive victory.

Rice blockade, March–June 1885
In February 1885, under diplomatic pressure from China, Britain invoked the provisions of the 1870 Foreign Enlistment Act and closed Hong Kong and other ports in the Far East to French warships. The French government retaliated by ordering Courbet to implement a 'rice blockade' of the Yangzi River, hoping to bring the Qing court to terms by provoking serious rice shortages in northern China. The rice blockade severely disrupted the transport of rice by sea from Shanghai and forced the Chinese to carry it overland, but the war ended before the blockade seriously affected China's economy.

Pescadores campaign, March 1885
A major French victory at Keelung in early March 1885 enabled Courbet to detach a marine infantry battalion and a marine artillery section from the Keelung garrison to capture the Pescadores Islands in late March. Courbet directed operations in person, and this brief colonial campaign was fought in the traditional style, by ships of the French navy and by the troupes de marine. Strategically, the Pescadores Campaign was an important victory, which would have prevented the Chinese from further reinforcing their army in Formosa, but it came too late to affect the outcome of the war. A proposal to use the Far East squadron to make a landing in the Gulf of Petchili was cancelled on the news of the French defeat in the Battle of Bang Bo (24March 1885) and the subsequent retreat from Lạng Sơn, and Courbet was on the point of evacuating Keelung to reinforce the Tonkin expeditionary corps, leaving only a minimum garrison at Makung in the Pescadores, when hostilities came to an end in April 1885.

Courbet's death and state funeral, June–September 1885
The French occupied the Pescadores until July 1885. Courbet and several dozen other French soldiers and sailors died of cholera during the brief French occupation. He had already suffered a severe bout of dysentery in April 1885, and his health declined rapidly during the next two months. On 8 June he walked with his head bared under the hot sun of the Pescadores in the funeral procession of sous-commissaire Dert, a marine infantry officer who had just died of cholera, and this duty critically weakened him. He died aboard his flagship Bayard in Makung harbour on the night of 11June 1885. Admiral Sébastien Lespès assumed command of the Far East Squadron, and presided at a memorial service for Courbet at Makung on 13 June.

On 23 June Bayard left Makung, to a 19-gun salute from more than thirty French warships, to take Courbet's body back to France for a state funeral in Paris. After a two-month voyage back to France that included stops at Singapore, Mahé (in the Seychelles), Aden, Suez, Alexandria and Bône, Bayard reached the coast of Provence on 24August and joined the French Mediterranean fleet in the harbour of Les Salins d'Hyères. Courbet's coffin was ceremoniously landed on 26August, and taken in state to Paris aboard a special train. At Avignon and other stations on the route to Paris patriotic crowds lined the route, eager to pay their last respects to France's most famous admiral. A state funeral for Courbet was held at Les Invalides on 27August. The funeral oration was pronounced by Charles Émile Freppel, bishop of Angers, one of the most fervent supporters of Jules Ferry's policy of colonial conquest in Tonkin. Courbet's body was then taken by train to his home town of Abbeville in Picardy, where a burial service was held on 1 September. Following a further oration by bishop Freppel, the final eulogy to Courbet was delivered in Abbeville's collegiate church of Saint Vulfran by the recently appointed navy minister, Admiral Charles-Eugène Galiber.

Courbet's leadership
Courbet was a cautious, methodical commander, who calculated the odds carefully before committing his men to battle. Wherever possible he sought to minimise French casualties, and on several occasions he cancelled an attack which he had previously ordered. He was a deeply private individual, who discouraged familiarity from his subordinates, both officers and men. At the same time, he was deeply respected and loved. One of the sailors of the Far East Squadron summed up the reason why he was so popular: 'Admiral Courbet is a great man. He doesn't get his men killed for nothing!'

Colonel Thomazi, commenting on the French government's choice of Courbet to command the Tonkin Seas naval division in 1883, gave a perceptive analysis of Courbet's approach to leadership: Rear Admiral Courbet, then aged 56, had enjoyed rapid promotion, although by a remarkable chance he had never taken part in any military operation. He had been in the Levant during the Crimean War, and had taken part neither in the Italian War nor the China and Mexico expeditions. In 1870 and 1871 he had been in the Antilles. But his naval career had been extremely active. He had sailed all of the world's oceans, had exercised numerous commands, and had won the reputation of a first-class tactician. He had not wished to specialise in one particular branch of naval science, but had studied them all deeply, from astronomy and gunnery to engines and torpedoes. He was the model of a well-rounded officer, familiar with everything which concerned his profession.

He was as judicious as wise, as helpful as intelligent. He studied with minute care the problems to be resolved, weighed his decision carefully, and when he had made it carried it out with inflexible energy. His orders were short and lucid, and he never shrank from accepting responsibility. While chary in his praises, he was a fair man, and recognised good service in others. As a result he was able to get the best out of his subordinates, and they in turn had complete confidence in him. He was one of those rare men who were born to command others. It is certain that in any other career he would have displayed the same superiority and authority as in the navy. Circumstances would highlight his magnificent leadership qualities.

Enseigne de vaisseau Louis-Marie-Julien Viaud (1850–1923), who served under Courbet's command in Tonkin and described his experiences in a number of popular articles published under the pen name Pierre Loti, discerned Courbet's more human side: He set a very high price on the lives of the sailors and soldiers, which after two years seemed not to be rated at their true value in far-off France, and begrudged spilling a drop of French blood. His battles were concerted and worked out in advance with such minute precision that the results, often devastating, were always obtained with very small losses on our side. In battle he was stern and unbending, but when the fighting was over he became a different man, a very gentle man, who made his rounds of the hospitals with a fine, sad smile. He wanted to see the wounded, even the most humble of them, and to shake their hands; and they died the happier, comforted by his visit.

Courbet's memory
The old Haymarket Square (Place du Marché-au-Blé) in Courbet's home town of Abbeville was renamed Place de l'Amiral Courbet by the city authorities in July 1885, shortly after the news of Courbet's death reached France. The town of Zemmouri in Algeria was renamed Courbet in 1886, and kept the name until 1962. An extravagant baroque statue of Courbet was erected in the middle of the square at the end of the nineteenth century. The statue was damaged in a devastating German bombing raid during the Second World War.

Three ships of the French Navy have been named after Admiral Courbet: an ironclad (Courbet, in service from 1882 to 1909), a battleship (Courbet, in service from 1913 to 1944), and a modern stealth frigate, Courbet (F 712), presently in active service.

Decorations

 * Legion of Honour
 * Knight (22October 1857)
 * Officer (30December 1868)
 * Commander (23July 1879)
 * Grand Officer (20December 1883)
 * Médaille militaire (13September 1884)

title: Amédée Courbet


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Category:Education in Bermuda

This category collects all articles about education in Bermuda. Please use the respective subcategories.

title: Category:Education in Bermuda


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William I, Count of Holland

William I (c. 1167 – 4 February 1222) was count of Holland from 1203 to 1222. He was the younger son of Floris III and Ada of Huntingdon.

Early life
William was born in The Hague, but raised in Scotland. He participated in the Third Crusade under Emperor Frederick I alongside his father, Floris, and his uncle Otto of Bentheim. He started a revolt against his brother, Dirk VII and became count in Friesland after a reconciliation. Friesland was considered a part of Holland by the counts of Holland. His niece Ada inherited Holland in 1203, but William refused to accept this. After a war of succession, known as the Loon War (1203–1206), William won the county. Ada and her husband, Louis II of Loon, were supported by the bishop of Liège, bishop of Utrecht, and the count of Flanders. William was supported by the duke of Brabant and by the majority of the Hollanders.

Countship
Emperor Otto IV acknowledged him as count of Holland in 1203 because he was a supporter of the Welfs. He and many others changed allegiance to Frederick II after the battle of Bouvines in 1214. He took part in a French expedition against King John of England. The pope excommunicated him for this. Possibly because of this, William then became a fervent crusader and by this his excommunication was lifted. He campaigned in Prussia. In Europe, he came to be called William the Crazy for his chivalric and reckless behaviour in battle. On his way to the Egypt, he commanded a joined force of Frisian, Dutch, Flemish and Rhenish crusaders that helped the Portuguese conquered the city of Alcácer do Sal from the Almohads as it is noted in the De itinere Frisonum and the Gesta crucigerorum Rhenanorum. William helped to conquer the city of Damietta during the Fifth Crusade.

There were great changes in the landscape of Holland in the end of the 12th and during the 13th century. Many colonists bought land to turn the swamps into polders. Most of the swamps had been sold, and irrigation had started during the reign of William. Huge infrastructural works were done; the island called Grote Waard was enclosed with dikes all around and a dam was built at Spaarndam. New governmental bodies were created, the so-called water boards, which were charged with the task of protecting the polders against ever-present threat of flooding. Count William granted city rights to Geertruidenberg in 1213, to Dordrecht in 1217, to Middelburg in 1220 and perhaps also to Leiden. In this way he gave an impulse to trade.

Family
Count William was married twice. First, he was married in 1197 at Stavoren to Adelaide of Guelders, daughter of Otto I, Count of Guelders and Richarde of Bavaria. They had the following children:
 * 1) Floris IV (1210 – 19 July 1234), who succeeded William I as count of Holland
 * 2) Otto (died in 1249), regent of Holland in 1238–1239, bishop of Utrecht
 * 3) William (died in 1238), regent of Holland in 1234–1238
 * 4) Richardis (died in 1262)
 * 5) Ada, abbess at Rijnsburg in 1239

Adelaide died on 12 February 1218 while William was away on crusade. In 1220 Count William married Marie of Brabant, widow of Emperor Otto IV.

title: William I, Count of Holland


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Timeline of Harry Potter fan fiction

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:28, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Timeline of Harry Potter fan fiction

 * NOTE: original nominator did not list this. The five days should therefore instead start from *clicks save on other page* now. GarrettTalk 14:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

I can't see any importance in this article. It contains no particular major development in fanfiction as a whole, merely a natural process and it is also one of potentially thousands of similar timelines, if timelines of this sort are allowed. Not only that, but this article appears to be already present in its entirety under Fan Fiction. Made2Fade 12:18, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, take it away Vi—no, wait, Hagor's still passed out... um, on to you ladies! "Away, away with cruft we must, with cruft we must, with cruft we must! Away, away with cruft we must, the song of the Anticruft Union!" GarrettTalk 14:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete pretty much all fanfiction. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 16:07, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Fancruft.--Isotope23 19:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete my eyes! My eyes! Sabine's Sunbird 23:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but could be put on Harry Potter Wiki -LtNOWIS 02:26, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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The Snake Decides

The Snake Decides is a studio album by British jazz saxophonist Evan Parker. It was released in 1988 on Parker and Derek Bailey's Incus Records label, re-released on Parker's Psi label in 2003, and reissued again in remastered form with new liner notes by Brian Morton on the Otoroku label in 2018.

The album features four unaccompanied soprano saxophone solos, recorded by sound engineer Michael Gerzon in St Paul's Church, Oxford, England in 1986. The wood cut reproduced on the cover is by George Murphy, and is also titled "The Snake Decides."

Reception
The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded the album one of its rare crown accolades, in addition to featuring it as part of the Core Collection, calling it "a great record," "an essential document of modern music," and "a hyper-subtle document of one of Parker's keynote performances, in which he takes the language experiments of the previous two decades and compresses them into one flowing and involving performance." They also praised Gerzon's engineering skills, calling him "possibly the only man in Britain whose ears were more finely tuned to the highest harmonic levels than Parker's own," and stating that the album "can create the impression that you are actually inside Parker's instrument."

François Couture, writing for AllMusic, commented: "One pictures a mad snake charmer, playing multiple melodies at once to make the snakes stretch into different directions and move in interlocking patterns. In 'Buriden's Ass' and 'Haine's Last Tape,' the number of notes per minute hits a peak. But Parker's music has never been about keeping score. The flurry is necessary to mesmerize the listener, to hypnotize him, to make everything else within earshot fade away. All that remains is this kaleidoscope of multiphonics."

In a review for All About Jazz, John Eyles stated that the album "provides a ready-made excuse to focus on the serpentine qualities of Parker's soprano playing. His relentlessly energetic flurries of notes defy logic or reason, seeming to spiral and to tie themselves in knots and coils... Highly recommended."

Writing for The Guardian, Stewart Lee included The Snake Decides on his list of "Top Five Evan Parker Albums", calling it "A gripping solo set, brilliantly recorded."

Matt Micucci of JazzIz included the album in his list of "Five Essential albums of 1986", calling it "arguably the most celebrated of [Parker's] solo saxophone records", and stating that it "gives Parker an opportunity to focus on the serpentine qualities of his playing."

Track listing

 * All compositions by Evan Parker

 * 1) "The Snake Decides" – 19:56
 * 2) "Leipzig Folly" – 11:42
 * 3) "Buriden's Ass" – 6:29
 * 4) "Haine's Last Tape" – 6:01

Personnel

 * Evan Parker – soprano saxophone

title: The Snake Decides


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English-language vowel changes before historic /l/

In the history of English phonology, there have been many diachronic sound changes affecting vowels, especially involving phonemic splits and mergers. A number of these changes are specific to vowels which occur before, especially in cases where the is at the end of a syllable (or is not followed by a vowel).

Historical diphthongization before /l/
Diphthongization occurred since Early Modern English in certain -al- and -ol- sequences before coronal or velar consonants, or at the end of a word or morpheme. In these sequences, became  and then, while  became  and then. Both of these merged with existing diphthongs: as in law and  as in throw.

At the end of a word or morpheme, this produced in all, ball, call, fall, gall, hall, mall, small, squall, stall, pall, tall, thrall and wall; in control, droll, extol, knoll, poll (meaning a survey of people,) roll, scroll, stroll, swollen, toll, and troll. The word shall did not follow this trend, and remains today.

Before coronal consonants, this produced in Alderney, alter, bald, balderdash, false, falter, halt, malt, palsy, salt, Wald and Walter;   in bold, cold, fold, gold, hold, molten, mould/mold, old, shoulder (earlier sholder), smolder, told, and wold (in the sense of "tract of land"). As with shall, the word shalt did not follow this trend, and remains today.

Before, this produced in balk, caulk/calk, chalk, Dundalk, falcon, stalk, talk and walk;  in folk, Polk, and yolk.

This L-vocalization established a pattern that would influence the spelling pronunciations of some relatively more recent loanwords like Balt, Malta, waltz, Yalta, and polder. It also influenced English spelling reform efforts, explaining the American English mold and molt vs. the traditional mould and moult.

Certain words of more recent origin or coining, however, do not have the change and retain short vowels, including Al, alcohol, bal, Cal, calcium, gal, Hal, mal-, pal, Sal, talc, Val, doll, Moll, and Poll (a nickname for a parrot.)

The Great Vowel Shift altered the pronunciation of the diphthongs, with becoming the monophthong, and  raising to.

Historical L-vocalization
In -alk and -olk words, the subsequently disappeared entirely in most accents (with the notable exception of Hiberno-English). This change caused to become, and  to become. Even outside Ireland, some of these words have more than one pronunciation that retains the sound, especially in American English where spelling pronunciations caused partial or full reversal of L-vocalization in a handful of cases:
 * caulk/calk can be or.
 * falcon can be, or.
 * yolk can be or .  yoke as  is only conditionally homophonous.

Words like fault and vault did not undergo L-vocalization, but rather L-restoration, having previously been L-vocalized independently in Old French and lacking the in Middle English, but having it restored by Early Modern English. The word falcon existed simultaneously as homonyms fauco(u)n and falcon in Middle English. The word moult/molt never originally had to begin with, instead deriving from Middle English mout and related etymologically to mutate; the  joined the word intrusively.

The loss of in words spelt with -alf, -alm, -alve and -olm did not involve L-vocalization in the same sense, but rather the elision of the consonant and usually the compensatory lengthening of the vowel.

Variation between /ɔːl/ and /ɒl/ before a consonant in salt and similar words
Some words such as salt, traditionally pronounced by most RP speakers with /ɔːl/ followed by a consonant, have alternative pronunciations with /ɒl/ that are used more frequently by younger British English speakers. This variation between /ɔːl/ and /ɒl/ occurs primarily before voiceless consonants, as in salt, false and alter; less commonly, /ɒl/ may also be used in words where the /l/ comes before a voiced consonant, as in bald, scald and cauldron. In Great Britain, this laxing before /l/ was traditionally associated with Northern England and Wales, but has in recent decades become more widespread, including among younger speakers of RP.

Modern L-vocalization
More extensive L-vocalization is a notable feature of certain dialects of English, including Cockney, Estuary English, New York English, New Zealand English, Pittsburgh and Philadelphia English, in which an sound occurring at the end of a word or before a consonant is pronounced as some sort of close back vocoid, e.g.,,  or. The resulting sound may not always be rounded. The precise phonetic quality varies. It can be heard occasionally in the dialect of the English East Midlands, where words ending in -old can be pronounced. KM Petyt (1985) noted this feature in the traditional dialect of West Yorkshire but said it has died out. However, in recent decades l-vocalization has been spreading outwards from London and the south east,  John C Wells argued that it is probable that it will become the standard pronunciation in England over the next one hundred years, an idea which Petyt criticised in a book review.

In Cockney, Estuary English and New Zealand English, l-vocalization can be accompanied by phonemic mergers of vowels before the vocalized, so that real, reel and rill, which are distinct in most dialects of English, are homophones as.

Graham Shorrocks noted extensive L-vocalisation in the dialect of Bolton, Greater Manchester and commented, "many, perhaps, associate such a quality more with Southern dialects, than with Lancashire/Greater Manchester."

In the accent of Bristol, syllabic can be vocalized to, resulting in pronunciations like  (for bottle). By hypercorrection, however, some words originally ending in were given an : the original name of the town was Bristow, but this has been altered by hypercorrection to Bristol.

African-American English (AAE) dialects may have L-vocalization as well. However, in these dialects, it may be omitted altogether (e.g. fool becomes . Some English speakers from San Francisco - particularly those of Asian ancestry - also vocalize or omit.

Salary–celery merger
The salary–celery merger is a conditioned merger of (as in bat) and  (as in bet) when they occur before, thus making salary and celery homophones. The merger is not well studied. It is referred to in various sociolinguistic publications, but usually only as a small section of the larger change undergone by vowels preceding in articles about l-vocalization.

This merger has been detected in the English spoken in New Zealand and in parts of the Australian state of Victoria, including the capital Melbourne. The merger is also found in the Norfuk dialect spoken on Norfolk Island. The salary-celery merger is also characteristic of Chicano English in Los Angeles and has been attested in the Chicano English of northern New Mexico and Albuquerque as well. is also often lowered before in El Paso, but not all speakers show a merger. In varieties with the merger, salary and celery are both pronounced.

The study presented by Cox and Palethorpe at a 2003 conference tested just one group of speakers from Victoria: 13 fifteen-year-old girls from a Catholic girls' school in Wangaratta. Their pronunciations were compared with those of school girl groups in the towns of Temora, Junee and Wagga Wagga in New South Wales. In the study conducted by Cox and Palethorpe, the group in Wangaratta exhibited the merger while speakers in Temora, Junee and Wagga Wagga did not.

Deborah Loakes from Melbourne University has suggested that the salary-celery merger is restricted to Melbourne and southern Victoria, not being found in northern border towns such as Albury-Wodonga or Mildura.

In the 2003 study Cox and Palethorpe note that the merger appears to only involve lowering of /e/ before /l/, with the reverse not occurring, stating that "There is no evidence in this data of raised /æ/ before /l/ as in 'Elbert' for 'Albert', a phenomenon that has been popularly suggested for Victorians."

investigates the effects of postvocalic on the preceding vowels in New Zealand English; her investigation covers all of the New Zealand English vowels and is not specifically tailored to studying mergers and neutralizations, but rather the broader change that occurs across the vowels. She has suggested that further research involving minimal pairs like telly and tally, celery and salary should be done before any firm conclusions are drawn.

A pilot study of the merger was done, which yielded perception and production data from a few New Zealand speakers. The results of the pilot survey suggested that although the merger was not found in the speech of all participants, those who produced a distinction between and  also accurately perceived a difference between them; those who merged  and  were less able to accurately perceive the distinction. The finding has been interesting to some linguists because it concurs with the recent understanding that losing a distinction between two sounds involves losing the ability to produce it as well as to perceive it (Gordon 2002). However, due to the very small number of people participating in the study the results are not conclusive.

Fill–feel merger
The fill–feel merger is a conditioned merger of the vowels and  before  that occurs in some accents. In Europe, it is commonly found in Estuary English. Otherwise it is typical of certain accents of American English. The heaviest concentration of the merger is found in, but not necessarily confined to, Southern American English: in North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, northern Alabama, Mississippi, northern and central Louisiana (but not New Orleans), and west-central Texas (Labov, Ash, and Boberg 2006: 69-73). This merger, like many other features of Southern American English, can also be found in AAE.

Fell–fail merger
The same two regions show a closely related merger, namely the fell–fail merger of and  before  that occurs in some varieties of Southern American English making fell and fail homophones. In addition to North Carolina and Texas, these mergers are found sporadically in other Southern states and in the Midwest and West.

Full–fool merger
The full–fool merger is a conditioned merger of and  before, making pairs like pull/pool and full/fool homophones. The main concentration of the pull–pool merger is in Western Pennsylvania English, centered around Pittsburgh. The merger is less consistently but still noticeably present in some speakers of surrounding Midland American English. The Atlas of North American English also reports this merger, or near-merger, scattered sporadically throughout Western American English, with particular prevalence in some speakers of urban Utahn, Californian, and New Mexican English. Accents with L-vocalization, such as New Zealand English, Estuary English and Cockney, may also have the full–fool merger in most cases, but when a suffix beginning with a vowel is appended, the distinction returns: Hence 'pull' and 'pool' are, but 'pulling' is whereas 'pooling' remains.

The fill–feel merger and full–fool merger are not unified in American English; they are found in different parts of the country, and very few people show both mergers.

Hull–hole merger
The hull–hole merger is a conditioned merger of and  before  occurring for some speakers of English English with l-vocalization. As a result, "hull" and "hole" are homophones as. The merger is also mentioned by Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006: 72) as a merger before in North American English that might require further study. The latter merger can also involve or  before.

Gulf-golf merger
The gulf-golf merger is the merger of the diaphonemes and  before /lC/, where C denotes a consonant. It is attested in Australian English, in which it can co-occur with the Doll-dole merger. In Australian English the result of this 2-3 way merger is [ɔ], the vowel of.

Doll–dole merger
The doll–dole merger is a conditioned merger for many Southern England English, Australian English and New Zealand English speakers, of  and  before syllable-final (or non-prevocalic), resulting in homophony between pairs like doll and dole. The distinction between and  is maintained in derived forms containing prevocalic, such as dlling herself up  vs. dling it out, which means that the underlying vowel is recoverable if the  is morpheme-final, as in doll and dole. But when the is followed by a consonant within the same morpheme, as in solve, the distinction is not recoverable; this may be the cause, via hypercorrection, of pronunciations such as  for solve in place of RP.

Goat split
The goat split is a process that has affected London dialects, Australian English, and Estuary English. In the first phase of the split, the diphthong of goat developed an allophone  before "dark" (nonprevocalic). Thus goal no longer had the same vowel as goat ( vs. ). In the second phase, the diphthong spread to other forms of affected words. For example, the realization of rolling changed from to  on the model of roll. This led to the creation of a minimal pair for some speakers: wholly vs. holy  and thus to phonemicization of the split. The change from to  in derived forms is not fully consistent; for instance, in cockney, polar is pronounced with the  of goat even though it is derived from pole.

In broad Cockney, the phonetic difference between the two phonemes may be rather small and they may be distinguished by nothing more than the openness of the first element, so that goat is pronounced whereas goal is pronounced.

Goose split
Similar to the Goat split, the Goose vowel has developed contrasting phonetic outcomes before /l/ in some Southeastern English dialects, exhibited by the pair ruler (measuring instrument), pronounced with a fronter vowel that can be transcribed  or, and ruler ('one who rules'), pronounced with a backer vowel that can be transcribed ,  or. This contrast developed from an allophonic distribution where a back variant of the goose vowel is used before tautosyllabic /l/, as in rule, but a fronted variant closer to  is used elsewhere, as in ruler (instrument).

This distribution has become complicated by morphology in a way that is leading to a phonemic split in words with pre-vocalic /l/: those where the /l/ is stem-final are pronounced with the phonetically back vowel (as in ruler (monarch), a morphologically transparent derivative of rule), whereas those where the /l/ is stem-medial are pronounced with a fronted vowel  (as in ruler (measuring instrument), which is treated as an unanalyzable unit). The difference in vowel quality is presumably accompanied by a difference in the pronunciation of the following /l/ ([ɫ] after, [l] after ).

A similar backing change has occurred in many North American dialects, but this has remained allophonic. For example, in California English, the Goose vowel is realized as a back vowel in words such as school where it is followed by /l/, but is fronted in words where it is not followed by /l/, such as new.

Fool–fall merger
For some English speakers in the UK, the vowels of goose and thought may be merged before dark syllable-final /l/, which may be caused by the raising of the thought vowel to   or  in combination with the backing of the goose vowel before /l/ as part of the Goose split. This neutralization has been found to exist for clusters of speakers in the southern UK, especially for speakers from areas of the south coast and the Greater London area.

Vile–vial merger
The vile–vial merger is where the words in the vile set ending with (bile, file, guile, I'll, Kyle, Lyle, mile, Nile, pile, rile, smile, stile, style, tile, vile, while, wile) rhyme with words in the vial set ending with  (decrial, denial, dial, espial, Niall, phial, trial, vial, viol). This merger involves the dephonemicization of schwa that occurs after a vowel and before, causing the vowel- sequence to be pronounced as either one or two syllables.

This merger may also be encountered with other vowel rhymes too, including:
 * (jail, sale, tail, etc.) and (betrayal, Jael), usually skewing towards two syllables.
 * (coil, soil, etc.) and (loyal, royal), usually skewing towards two syllables.
 * (ceil, feel, steal, etc.) and (real), usually skewing towards two syllables.
 * (all, drawl, haul, etc.) and (withdrawal), usually skewing towards one syllable.
 * (bowl, coal, hole, roll, soul, etc.) and (Joel, Noel), usually skewing towards one syllable.
 * (cool, ghoul, mewl, rule, you'll, etc.) and (cruel, dual, duel, fuel, gruel, jewel), usually skewing towards one syllable.
 * (owl, scowl, etc.) and (bowel, dowel, Powell, towel, trowel, vowel), inconsistently skewing towards either one or two syllables.  Some words may wander across this boundary even in some non-merging accents, such as owl with, and bowel with.
 * In some rhotic accents, (girl, hurl, pearl, etc.) and  (referral), usually skewing towards two syllables.  This historically happened to the word squirrel, which was previously  (and still is in certain accents) but became one syllable  in General American today.  Some accents with one-syllable squirrel later broke it into two syllables again, as.
 * In some rhotic father–bother merged accents, (Carl, marl, etc.) and  (coral, moral), usually skewing towards two syllables.

For many speakers, the vowels in cake, meet, vote and moot can become centering diphthongs before, leading to pronunciations like , , and  for tail, teal, toll and tool.

Merger of non-prevocalic, , , with morpheme-internal
Cockney features a THOUGHT-split whereby the (the -- vowel) is pronounced differently depending on its position in the syllable structure:  in checked syllables and  in free syllables.

The L-vocalization of Cockney can leads to non-prevocalic /l/ being pronounced with a quality around, resulting in it being entirely absorbed by the preceding when it folllows a (by definition, morpheme-internal free syllable)  vowel in words such as bald, call and Paul, leading to homophonous pairs such as bald and board , called and cord , Paul's and pause.

Such homophones can only arise when the word without a historic /l/ also has the -- vowel in a morpheme-internal position, as in morpheme-final positions it will be pronounced as rather than, thus Paul's  and paws , bald  and bored  etc remain distinct.

The full-fool and fool-fall mergers, both of which are common in Cockney, can cause, to also merge with morpheme-internal , leading to homophonous pairs such as wolf and wharf  and cools and cause ; and 'pulls, pools, Paul's and pause all becoming homophonous as.

Non-prevocalic (as in bottle) can also merge with morpheme-interal, leading to musical being homophonous with music hall as. Cockney speakers usually regard both syllables of awful as rhyming:.

In the following list, the only homophonous pairs that are included are those involving a word with /l/ and a word without. As the merger is restricted to non-rhotic accents, morpheme-internal in the fifth columns is assumed to cover not only  but also  and.

Other mergers
Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006:73) mention four mergers before that may be under way in some accents of North American English, and which require more study:
 * and (bull vs bowl)
 * and (hull vs hall)
 * and (bull vs hull) (effectively undoing the foot-strut split before )
 * and (hull vs bowl)


text:
Talk:Reality therapy

Untitled
I will try to clean this up and expand it into something fairly thorough, and I welcome comments and suggestions. Of course anyone can contribute directly to the article, but if it helps I'll volunteer to coordinate things; so, maybe we could contribute to the discussion before editing the article? For what it's worth, I have no philosophical ax to grind so I will be writing very carefully, neutrally, and simply as much as possible.

I will initially simply try to add structure and clarity, rather than majorly re-write the article. First, let's try to add a structure with appropriate sections - thoughts?

Possible sections:

 * Introduction (to be written in very simple language with minimal assumptions of prior knowledge)
 * History
 * Philosophy & approach
 * RT in practice & applications
 * Research (I will certainly need help here, this I may leave for now)
 * Criticism/comments of RT (to be done very neutrally, I'm not at all anti-RT)
 * Comparison/contrast with other approaches (main points only, no flamewars!) and placing in *context.
 * References
 * More reading

I will edit and come back to it as much as possible, it will be a work in progres for the time being. Note, I do have some knowledge of the area and related areas, but I would very much welcome expert input.

If I don't hear from people I'll just go ahead! :-)

Paulc1001 12:20, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks a good structure to me. For my part, go for it. I've done some minor clean-up too, not major as although I understand the theory, I'm not an expert in it. My interest is to see a clean article, basically. FT2 22:50, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Process before Theory
I saw this article hadn't been edited for a while, so I added a section on the process itself (and removed a redundant paragraph from another section). The article as a whole still needs a lot of cleanup.

I think it's important to acknowledge that the process was developed before the theory-- Reality Therapy was being used successfully before Glasser came up with a theory to explain it (maybe some discussion of Glasser's early experiences at the VA hospital would be appropriate here).

I see Reality Therapy as a sort of bare-bones behavioral theory: convince the client to take any positive action, and build from there. IMHO much of Glasser's success is due to his emphasis on building and maintaining the therapeutic relationship while this is going on (as opposed to just focusing on the behaviors themselves). -Rbean 16:33, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

readibility
Under Criticisms An opposing view to this is, that many other schools of therapy (especially cognitive approaches) focus on the present rather than the past, and that the concept of disconnection (or failure to correctly perceive how motive and inner need/intent are linked), is in some form or other, at the root of dysfunction is also considered not unusual, according to several other accepted schools of therapy, from transpersonal therapy through neuro-linguistic programming to transactional analysis.

Any one can rewrite this? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 219.79.66.126 (talk) 18:47, 20 March 2007 (UTC).

Positive Addictions
I noticed nothing has been referenced to Dr. Glasser's theorem of Positive Addictions. Perhaps someone could address this in the appropriate place. CWatchman (talk) 01:20, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Wuggy Vandalism?
"Establishing a wuggy relationship with the client is believed to be the most important factor in all types of therapy. Without this relationship, the other steps will not be effective." I've never seen the word wuggy used with Reality Therapy before. Is this vandalism? Jeff Vollmer 4/30/08 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.141.199.148 (talk) 22:37, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
Move (moves that bring pages into conformity with the MOS are usually uncontroversial, so in the future, just list them in the uncontroversial section at WP:RM) Parsecboy (talk) 16:51, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

I request this is moved to Reality therapy per MOS:CAPS; see this discussion. /skagedaltalk 09:43, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Citation needed.
The entire first section of this article is basically taken word for word from the following website: http://www.realitytherapycentral.com/index.php and should be acknowledged! JodyR 1/14/201171.186.124.168 (talk) 01:42, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

Advertisement
This article is a mess, it sounds like an advertisement for Reality Therapy. Let's not deny how unscientific this method and its basis is. The whole article has so little citations, and sounds like it was copied from a RT advocating website. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.53.0.17 (talk) 15:47, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Lack of Empirical Support
To my knowledge, there is little or no empirical support for the effectiveness of this therapy method. This treatment method seems logical, reasonable and constructive, but that doesn't mean that it is actually more beneficial than a placebo treatment, in the real world.

The article emphasizes theory over method. However, theories don't improve functionality and quality of life. Treatment methods do that -- and in many cases, fail to do that.

It's possible that the method of Reality Therapy was never standardized and manualized. In that case, it's impossible to study its effectiveness in a controlled clinical trial, because it's impossible to know if the therapist is actually doing reality therapy.108.211.84.128 (talk) 22:04, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Lewis University supported by WikiProject Psychology and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:56, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reality therapy


text:
User talk:Sailin

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Chk-Chm

 * 1) CHK file
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 * 6) Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide
 * 7) Chlorine Deficiency
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 * 10) Chloromonadida
 * 11) Chlorophenol
 * 12) Chlorophycota
 * 13) Chlorotrifluoroethylene
 * 14) Chlotar IV
 * 15) Chmode
 * 16) CHMOS

Cho

 * 1) Cho Sok-Chin
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Choc-Chon

 * 1) Chochana Boukhobza
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Chop-Chot

 * 1) CHOP
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text:
SLOWPOKE reactor

The SLOWPOKE (acronym for Safe LOW-POwer Kritical Experiment) is a family of low-energy, tank-in-pool type nuclear research reactors designed by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) beginning in the late 1960s. John W. Hilborn (born 1926 or 1927 ) is the scientist most closely associated with their design. They are beryllium-reflected with a very low critical mass, but provide neutron fluxes higher than available from a small particle accelerator or other radioactive sources.

Basic design
The SLOWPOKE-2 reactors (most numerous of SLOWPOKE-family reactors) originally used 93% highly enriched uranium in the form of 28% uranium-aluminium alloy with aluminium cladding, and then in 1985 a new low enriched uranium design (~19.9 % enriched) was commissioned using ceramic UO2 fuel. The core is an assembly of about 200-300 fuel pins, only 22 cm diameter and 23 cm high, surrounded by a fixed beryllium annulus and a bottom beryllium slab. Criticality is maintained as the fuel burns up by adding beryllium plates in a tray on top of the core. The reactor core sits in a pool of regular light-water, 2.5 m diameter by 6 m deep, which provides cooling via natural convection. In addition to passive cooling, the reactor has a high degree of inherent safety; that is, it can regulate itself through passive, natural means, such as the chain reaction slowing down if the water heats up or forms bubbles. These characteristics are so dominant, in fact, that the SLOWPOKE-2 reactor is licensed to operate unattended overnight (but monitored remotely). Most SLOWPOKES are rated at a nominal 20 kW, although operation at higher power for shorter durations is possible.

SLOWPOKE-1 and SLOWPOKE-2
The SLOWPOKE research reactor was conceived in 1967 at the Whiteshell Laboratories of AECL. In 1970 a prototype unit called SLOWPOKE (both the name of the reactor and of the prototype reactor class of 2 reactors it was a member of; especially later when further generations of SLOWPOKE reactors had appeared, these type of reactors were named SLOWPOKE-1), was designed and built at Chalk River Laboratories. It was primarily intended for Canadian universities, providing a higher neutron flux than available from small commercial accelerators, while avoiding the complexity and high operating costs of existing nuclear reactors. The Chalk River prototype went critical in 1970, and was moved to the University of Toronto in 1971. It had one sample site in the beryllium reflector and operated at a power level of 5 kW. In 1973 the power was increased to 20 kW and the period of unattended operation was increased from 4 hours to 18 hours. The reactor was dismantled in 1976 and replaced in University of Toronto by a next generation SLOWPOKE-2 reactor.

The first commercial example started construction in 1970 and was started up 14 May 1971 at AECL's Commercial Products Division in Tunney's Pasture - 20 Goldenrod Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario. It had a power output of 20 kW (thermal) and it was of the SLOWPOKE/SLOWPOKE-1 type. The reactor was a prototype and was shut down 1984.

Two reactors of SLOWPOKE aka SLOWPOKE-1 type were built. Both reactors have been decommissioned.

In 1976 a next generation commercial design, named SLOWPOKE-2 (again both the name of the reactor and reactor class, further members of which were constructed elsewhere), was installed at the University of Toronto, replacing the original SLOWPOKE-1 unit (see above). The commercial model has five sample sites in the beryllium reflector and five sites stationed outside the reflector.

Between 1976 and 1985, further seven SLOWPOKE-2 reactors with Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) fuel were commissioned in six Canadian cities and in Kingston, Jamaica. In 1985 the first Low-Enriched Uranium (LEU) fuelled SLOWPOKE-2 reactor was commissioned at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) in Kingston, Ontario. Since then five SLOWPOKE-2 reactors have been decommissioned (Saskatchewan Research Council, University of Toronto, University of Alberta, Dalhousie University, and AECL/MDS Nordion reactor in Kanata), and three converted to LEU (Polytechnique Montreal, University of the West Indies and Royal Military College of Canada ).

All in all, eight SLOWPOKE-2 reactors were built, seven in Canada and one in Jamaica. of the eight, three are operational (the ones using/converted for LEU) and five have been decommissioned.

SLOWPOKE-3 and SLOWPOKE-4
AECL also designed and built (start of construction 1985, start of operation 1987) a scaled-up version (2-10 MWth) called the SLOWPOKE Demonstration Reactor (SDR, SLOWPOKE-3) for district heating at its Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment in Manitoba. The economics of a district-heating system based on SDR technology were estimated to be competitive with that of conventional fossil fuels. However, the market for this technology did not materialize, and the proposed SES-10 (SLOWPOKE-4 based on SDR experience) was never built, and the SDR shutdown for decommissioning in 1989.

Marine power source
During the mid-1980s Canada briefly considered converting its Oberon-class submarines to nuclear power using a SLOWPOKE nuclear reactor to continuously recharge the ship's batteries during submerged operations. A good deal of work had been done on potential marine applications of the reactor at Royal Military College of Canada.

Current applications
SLOWPOKE reactors are used mainly for neutron activation analysis (NAA), in research and as a commercial service, but also for teaching, training, irradiation studies, neutron radiography (only at the Royal Military College of Canada), and the production of radioactive tracers. The main advantages are the reliability and ease of use of this design of reactor and the reproducibility of the neutron flux. Since the fuel is not modified at all for at least 20 years, the neutron spectrum in the irradiation sites does not change and the neutron flux is reproducible to about 1%.

Three of the original reactors are still in operation. Although all of the technical goals of this reactor were achieved, the lack of foreign sales was disappointing.

 * Royal Military College of Canada's non-power reactor operating licence was renewed and will be valid from July 1, 2023 until June 30, 2043. RMC has operated a small SLOWPOKE-2 reactor (nominal reactor power of 20 kW thermal) since 1985 (start of construction and operation 1985). A Neutron Beam Tube (NBT) was added in February 1999 to the SLOWPOKE-2 facility for radioscopy and tomography operations (2-dimensional and 3-dimensional non-destructive imaging techniques).
 * École Polytechnique de Montréal's SLOWPOKE-2 non-power reactor (20 kW thermal) operating licence was renewed and will be valid from July 1, 2013 until June 30, 2023. The reactor has been in operation for 36 years (construction started 1975, operation started 1976) and is used for research, teaching, neutron generation and isotope production.
 * The University of the West Indies International Centre for Environmental and Nuclear Sciences in Kingston Jamaica continues to operate their SLOWPOKE-2 reactor, which has since been converted to LEU in 2015 through a partnership with the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and with the assistance of the IAEA.

Former applications
Two of the SLOWPOKE/SLOWPOKE-1 reactors (out of 2 built), five of the SLOWPOKE-2 reactors (out of 8 built) and the single SLOWPOKE-3 reactor (out of 1 built) have been decommissioned. No SLOWPOKE-4 reactor was ever built.

 * Dalhousie University applied for, and was issued, a Licence to de-fuel, and decommission the SLOWPOKE-2 Reactor Facility, which was part of Dalhousie’s Trace Analysis Research Centre in Halifax, Nova Scotia on August 31, 2011. Dalhousie's SLOWPOKE-2 reactor (20 kW thermal) was built and started operation in 1976; it was dismantled 2011.
 * The University of Toronto’s SLOWPOKE/SLOWPOKE-1 reactor (first 5 then 20 kW thermal) operated first in Chalk River Laboratories in 1970 and in the University of Toronto 1971-1976. The SLOWPOKE/SLOWPOKE-1 reactor was dismantled in 1976. University of Toronto’s SLOWPOKE-2 reactor (20 kW thermal) operated from 1976 until December 31, 1998. The University of Toronto applied for, and was issued, a Licence to Decommission its SLOWPOKE-2 Nuclear Research Reactor Facility in 2001.
 * The AECL's Commercial Products Division (Tunney's Pasture - 20 Goldenrod Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario) SLOWPOKE/SLOWPOKE-1 reactor (20 kW thermal) operated 1971-1984. The building that housed it has since been demolished.
 * University of Alberta’s SLOWPOKE-2 reactor (20 kW thermal) operated from April 22, 1977 until being dismantled on August 5, 2017. The University of Alberta applied for, and was issued a Licence to Decommission its SLOWPOKE-2 Nuclear Research Reactor Facility in 2017.  The U of A SLOWPOKE console is now part of the collection of the Society for the Preservation of Canada's Nuclear Heritage, Inc, in Deep River, Ontario, along with other SLOWPOKE artifacts.
 * Saskatchewan Research Council's SLOWPOKE-2 reactor (16 kW thermal) operated from 1981, until being shut down in December 2017. Decommissioning was expected to be completed sometime in 2020.
 * The SLOWPOKE-2 reactor (20 kW thermal) located in Kanata, originally owned and operated by AECL and later by MDS Nordion, started construction and operation in 1984. It was shut down 1989.
 * The SLOWPOKE Demonstration Reactor (SDR or SLOWPOKE-3; 2-10 MWth) at AECL's Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment operated 1987–1989 (start of construction 1985).
 * The proposed SES-10 (SLOWPOKE-4) reactor was never built.

title: SLOWPOKE reactor


text:
Talk:Norris Green

When was this built? When was the land donated? Which Lord Derby, for that matter? If these questions can't be answered then the article might as well be deleted. Mackensen (talk) 12:22, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Someone keeps amending perfectly accurate information with nonsense. Can this person explain why they get a kick out of this?

Public houses
To say that no public houses have been built within the boundaries of Norris Green is not entirely correct. Initially this may have been the case, as the Corporation wished to encourage temperance and abstinence. However, for may years there has been several licenced bars in the estate: The Conservative Club and the Broadway Club (both in Broadway), The Norgreen (Townsend Avenue - now closed) and the Green Peppers (Parthenon Drive).

As well as these social clubs two pubs opened in the 1990's O'Rourke's (In Broadway - next to the market) and Valentinos(Utting Avenue East in the old Broadway Hall building).

Deletions
The folloing keeps getting removed.

'''Though neither organization accepts complaints from the public. The mechanism by which the members of the various boards of LHT are appointed is not open to public scrutiny. LHT also sells property on the open market there is little or no supervison of the standards of these properties above standard commercial requirments.

LHT also uses the Independent Housing Ombudsman scheme, the IHOS is funded by the housing trusts which use it. The IHOS it has been found in breach of the Data Protection act when responding to complaints by members of the public. The mechanism by which the Ombudsman is appointed is also not open to public scrutiny.'''

If it is not true provide some evidence that they do accept complaints, that the IHOS is not funded by the Housing Trusts which use it together with the way in which the boards is slected.--84.9.192.214 00:17, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * On Wikipedia, the burden of proof traditionally lies with the person making the claim. If you believe it is true, you should provide a source. Also, it may be being removed because of the grammatical mistakes. (|-- UlT  i  MuS  ( U • T • C 00:19, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The IHOS web site say's how they are funded. And neither of the other two organisation accept complaints from the public. Have a look at there web site. You'll also note that they have not backup any of there claims. I'm sure you could fix the gramtic aerrors if you wanted, so why don't you? Why is the gramar content more important thanthe facts?

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title: Talk:Norris Green