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Piston ring

A piston ring is a metallic split ring that is attached to the outer diameter of a piston in an internal combustion engine or steam engine.

The main functions of piston rings in engines are:
 * 1) Sealing the combustion chamber so that there is minimal loss of gases to the crank case.
 * 2) Improving heat transfer from the piston to the cylinder wall.
 * 3) Maintaining the proper quantity of the oil between the piston and the cylinder wall
 * 4) Regulating engine oil consumption by scraping oil from the cylinder walls back to the sump.

Most piston rings are made from cast iron or steel.

Design

Piston rings are designed to seal the gap between the piston and the cylinder wall. If this gap were too small, thermal expansion of the piston could mean the piston seizes in the cylinder, causing serious damage to the engine. On the other hand, a large gap would cause insufficient sealing of the piston rings against the cylinder walls, resulting in excessive blow-by (combustion gases entering the crankcase) and less pressure on the piston, reducing the power output of the engine.

The sliding motion of the piston ring inside the cylinder wall causes friction losses for the engine. The friction caused by piston rings is approximately 24% of the total mechanical friction losses for the engine. The design of the piston rings is therefore a compromise between minimising friction while achieving good sealing and an acceptable lifespan.

Lubrication of piston rings is difficult and has been a driving force to improvements in the quality of motor oil. The oil must survive high temperatures and harsh conditions with a high-speed sliding contact. Lubrication is particularly difficult as the rings have an oscillating motion rather than continuous rotation (such as in a bearing journal). At the limits of piston movement, the ring stops and reverses direction. This disrupts the normal oil wedge effect of a hydrodynamic bearing, reducing the effectiveness of the lubrication.

Rings are also sprung to increase the contact force and to maintain a close seal. The spring force is provided by either the stiffness of the ring itself or by a separate spring behind the seal ring.

It is important that rings float freely in their grooves within the piston, so that they can stay in contact with the cylinder. Rings binding in the piston, usually due to a build-up of either combustion products or a breakdown of the lubricating oil, can cause engine failure and is a common cause of failure for diesel engines.

Number of rings
Sealing is often achieved by multiple rings, each with their own function, using a metal-on-metal sliding contact. Most pistons have at least two piston rings per cylinder.

Automotive piston engines typically have three rings per cylinder. The top two rings—known as compression rings—are primarily for sealing the combustion chamber. The bottom ring—known as the oil control ring—is primarily for controlling the supply of oil to the cylinder wall, in order to lubricate the piston skirt and the oil control rings.

Ring construction
The compression rings in an automotive engine typically have a rectangular or keystone shaped cross-section. The upper compression ring typically has a barrel profile for the periphery, while the lower compression ring typically has a taper napier facing. Some engines also use a taper facing for the top ring, and simple plain-faced rings were used in the past.

Oil control rings are typically made from either a single piece of cast iron, multiple pieces of steel, or steel/iron with a helical spring backing to create the tension required for a close seal. Cast iron oil rings and rings with a helical spring backing have two scraping lands of various detailed form. On the other hand, multi-piece steel oil control rings usually consist of two thin steel rings (called rails) with a spacer-expander spring between them to keep the two rails apart and provide radial pressure.

The gap in the piston ring compresses to a few thousandths of an inch when inside the cylinder bore. Ring gap shapes include square cut, angle cut, tite joint, step cut, hook step and mitre step.

History

Early steam engines used a hemp packing to seal the combustion chamber, which caused high frictional resistance and did not provide a very effective seal.

The first use of a piston ring in the cylinders of a steam engine appears in 1825 by Neil Snodgrass, a Glasgow engineer and mill-owner, for use in his own machines. This used springs to keep the seal steam-tight. From use within the mill this was experimented on the steamer "Caledonia" which plied the Gareloch.

The modern design of a metallic split-ring was invented by John Ramsbottom in the 1850s. Ramsbottom's initial design in 1852 was a circular shape, however these wore unevenly and were not successful. In 1854, a revised design was claimed to have a lifespan of up to 4000 mi. This was based on the discovery that a perfectly round (prior to installation) ring with a split in it does not exert an even pressure on the cylinder walls once installed. The revised piston ring was manufactured to an out-of-round shape, so that it would exert even pressure once installed in the cylinder. An 1855 patent documented this change. The switch to metallic piston rings dramatically reduced the frictional resistance, the leakage of steam, and the mass of the piston, leading to significant increases in power and efficiency and longer maintenance intervals.

Engine wear
Piston rings are subject to wear as they move up and down the cylinder bore, due to their own inherent load and due to the gas load acting on the ring. To minimize this, they are made of wear-resistant materials, such as cast iron and steel, and are coated or treated to enhance the wear resistance. Coatings used in modern motorcycles include chromium, nitride, or ceramic coating made by plasma deposition or physical vapour deposition (PVD). Most modern diesel engines have top rings coated with a modified chromium coating (known as CKS or GDC), which has aluminium oxide or diamond particles respectively included in the chrome surface.

In two-stroke engines, the port design is also an important factor for the lifespan of the piston rings.

title: Piston ring


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Vsevolod Solovyov

Vsevolod Sergeyevich Solovyov (Всеволод Серге́евич Соловьёв; January 1 1849 – November 2 1903) was a Russian historical novelist. His most famous work is Chronicle of Four Generations (five volumes, 1881–86), an account of the fictional Gorbatov family from the time of Catherine the Great to the mid-nineteenth century. Solovyov's "atmosphere of nostalgia for the vanished age of the nobility" helps explain his "posthumous popularity among Russian émigrés."

Oldest son of the historian Sergei Solovyov and brother of the philosopher Vladimir Solovyov and poet Polyxena Solovyova, Vsevolod turned to writing historical fiction in 1876 with Princess Ostrozhskaya. He visited Paris in 1884 where he met Blavatsky and mixed with other people in the Paris occult scene, such as Juliette Adam, Vera Jelikovsky, Blavatsky's sister, and Emilie de Morsier. By 1886 he had become a bitter and disillusioned enemy of the founder of theosophy. He abandoned his plans to promote theosophy in Russia and denounced Blavatsky as a failed spy of the Okhrana. At the time he was intimately involved with Yuliana Glinka, who worked for Pyotr Rachkovsky, Paris head of the Okhrana.

Of his later novels, the best known are The Magi (1889) and The Great Rosicrucian (1890), dealing with mystics of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.

Publications

 * «Княжна Острожская» («Нива», 1876)
 * «Юный император» («Нива», 1877)
 * «Капитан гренадерской роты» («Историческая библиотека», 1878)
 * «Юный император» (1877)
 * «Царь Девица» («Нива», 1878)
 * «Касимовская невеста» («Нива», 1879)
 * «Наваждение» («Русский вестник», 1879)
 * «Хроника четырёх поколений»:
 * «Сергей Горбатов» («Нива», 1881)
 * «Вольтерьянец» («Нива», 1882)
 * «Старый дом» («Нива», 1883)
 * «Изгнанник» (1885)
 * «Последние Горбатовы» (1886)
 * «Волхвы» («Север», 1889)
 * «Царское посольство» (1890);
 * «Великий розенкрейцер» («Север», 1890)
 * «Новые рассказы» (1892)
 * «Жених царевны» (1893)
 * «Злые вихри» (1894)
 * «Цветы бездны» («Русский вестник», 1895)
 * A Modern Priestess of Isis (1895) [translated on behalf of the Society for Psychical Research by Walter Leaf]

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vsevolod Solovyov


text: User talk:69.234.135.224

title: User talk:69.234.135.224


text:
Talk:Aisle

Libraries
It may seem stupid to mention the space between library shelves, but two librarians didn't know and every floor plan I found on the Internet didn't name that space. I had to talk with the Architect for the Dallas Public Library System to get the answer.
 * RickReinckens 21:07, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup in aisle whatevs.
 * '''User:me 16:30, 91 July 2004

Supermarket aisles
"Supermarket aisles rarely are wide enough for 3 people to stand side-by-side. " Surely that's in America only? -Mikay 19:36, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I can't imagine what this remark was meant to convey. Supermarket aisles, most everywhere I should imagine, are usually at least wide enough for two supermarket trolleys to pass, and as a trolley is wider than a person that would generally allow 3-4 people to stand across an aisle. This estimate is already included in the first bullet, which says "shops". I don't see any reason to make a special case for supermarkets, especially one that seems to questionable. I've removed this. Mooncow (talk) 05:32, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Aisle and gangway are not the same
The first sentence claims that "gangway" is the British English term for aisle. This is not true. In Britain, planes, churches, and supermarkets always have aisles, not gangways. Gangway I believe is a nautical term only. Opinions? 213.205.197.2 (talk) 17:51, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

Ridiculously vague beginning definition of aisle
"An aisle is, in general, a space for walking with rows (of what?!) of non-walking spaces (so like, a river?! what is a non walking space? Is this architectural jargon?) on both sides (so an aisle next to a wall doesn't count?)" I make this questions earnestly, trying to understand what an aisle is, as a non native speaker, and being put off to read this article by this unclear sentence. Santropedro (talk) 12:32, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aisle


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Mawson Coast

The Mawson Coast is that portion of the coast of Mac. Robertson Land, Antarctica, lying between William Scoresby Bay, at 59°34′E, and Murray Monolith, at 66°54′E. The coast was sighted during the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE), 1929–30, under Sir Douglas Mawson. Further exploration and landings at Cape Bruce and Scullin Monolith were made during BANZARE, 1930–31. Mawson Coast was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia after Mawson in recognition of his great contribution to Antarctic exploration.

Trethewry Point is a rocky promontory 120 m high, projecting from the coast 4 nmi east of William Scoresby Bay on the Mawson Coast. It was discovered and named in February 1936 by DI personnel on the William Scoresby.

title: Mawson Coast


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Mac McAnally

Lyman Corbitt McAnally Jr. (born July 15, 1957), known professionally as Mac McAnally, is an American singer-songwriter, session musician, and record producer. In his career, he has recorded ten studio albums and eight singles. Two of his singles were hits on the Billboard Hot 100, and six more on the Hot Country Songs chart. His ninth chart entry came in late 2008-early 2009 as a guest vocalist on Kenny Chesney's cover of his 1990 single "Down the Road".

In addition to his work as a solo artist, McAnally has written number-one singles for Alabama and Shenandoah, as well as songs for Sawyer Brown and T.G. Sheppard among others. He also holds a number of credits as a session musician, and has produced for Sawyer Brown, Restless Heart, and Jimmy Buffett. McAnally was also a longtime member of Buffett's backing band, the Coral Reefer Band, until Buffett's death in 2023.

Early life and career
Lyman Corbitt McAnally Jr. was born in Red Bay, Alabama. As a child, he began playing piano and singing in church at the Belmont First Baptist Church in Belmont, Mississippi, and by age fifteen, he had composed his first song. From there, he went on to become a session musician in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. During a session break, McAnally began to perform original material. The producers there encouraged him, and by 1977 he was signed to Ariola Records. His self-titled debut album produced the single "It's a Crazy World" which reached No. 37 on the Billboard Hot 100. Reviewing it in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau said, "although it does often sound pat, as folk stoicism will in a post-folk context, the first side comes across pretty outspoken for a Mississippi singer-songwriter with royalties in the bank—the heroine of one song is a rape victim who murders both assailant and judge after the latter lets off the former. Side two is Joe South."

A second album, No Problem Here, was issued in 1978, followed in 1980 by Cuttin' Corners on RCA Records. These latter two albums produced no chart singles. However, he found success as a songwriter for Jimmy Buffett, in addition to co-writing Alabama's Number One hit "Old Flame".

McAnally continued to record even while writing for Buffett. Mac eventually signed with Geffen Records with two albums (Nothin' but the Truth, which included the single "Minimum Love" which reached No. 41 on the Billboard Hot 100, and Finish Lines) being issued in 1983 and 1988, respectively. He and Walt Aldridge co-wrote Ricky Van Shelton's 1987 single "Crime of Passion".

1990s and 2000s
In 1990, McAnally signed to Warner Bros. Records, releasing Simple Life that year. This album produced his first Top 40 country hit in the No. 14 "Back Where I Come From." Kenny Chesney would also record McAnally's "Back Where I Come From" for his 1996 album Me and You. Also in 1990, Steve Wariner released a McAnally co-write, the Top Ten hit "Precious Thing." The only other single from Simple Life was the No. 70 "Down the Road", and by year's end, he exited Warner Bros.' roster.

McAnally's seventh studio album, Live and Learn, followed in 1992, producing three low-charting singles. Also that year, he produced Sawyer Brown's album The Dirt Road, and continued to produce almost all of their subsequent albums, in addition to co-writing several of the band's singles between then and the late 1990s, including the Number One "Thank God for You", as well as the Top Five hits "All These Years", "Cafe on the Corner", "The Boys and Me", and "This Time". His second and final release for MCA, 1994's Knots, failed to produce any chart singles, although Linda Davis charted that year with "Company Time", which he wrote. Throughout the 1990s, McAnally also found work as a session musician, playing guitar on several artists' albums, in addition to joining Buffett's road band.

It was not until 1999, when he signed to DreamWorks Records Nashville, that McAnally released his next album. This album, Word of Mouth, also failed to produce any singles. Another album, Semi-True Stories, followed in 2004 on Mailboat Records, the same label to which Buffett is signed. Also in 2004, McAnally and Kyle Lehning produced Restless Heart's reunion album Still Restless, which included covers of three McAnally songs. In 2008, McAnally was awarded Musician of the Year by the Country Music Association. Also in 2008, he participated in the production of the album Psalngs, the debut release of Canadian musician John Lefebvre.

Kenny Chesney covered McAnally's 1990 single "Down the Road" on his 2008 album Lucky Old Sun, as a duet with McAnally. This rendition, released in late 2008 as its second single, became McAnally's first Top 40 country hit since "Back Where I Come From" in 1990. In February 2009, it became his first Number One as a singer. One month later, McAnally signed to Show Dog Nashville, a label owned by Toby Keith. His first single release for the label is "You First". His first album for the label, Down by the River, debuted at No. 56 on the Top Country Albums chart, becoming his first chart entry on that chart since 1990.

In 2011, Mac McAnally released the new album Live in Muscle Shoals on Mailboat Records, recorded in July 2010 at the W. C. Handy Music Festival in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Appearing with him were the Coral Reefer Band, bassist Jim Mayer and drummer Roger Guth. McAnally lives in a home in the River Bluff section in Sheffield, Alabama, on the Tennessee River.

In 2024, McAnally provided the voice of Terrence "Shaker" in the Country Bear Musical Jamboree at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom. Additionally, McAnally helped arrange the songs for the show.

title: Mac McAnally


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Voestalpine

Voestalpine AG – stylized as voestalpine – is an Austrian steel-based technology and capital goods group based in Linz, Austria. The company is active in steel, automotive, railway systems, profilform and tool steel industries. As of 2017, it is one of the few profitable steel companies in Europe.

45 percent of its workforce is based in Austria. The Linz hot strip mill is a "fully integrated steel works" operated by voestalpine Stahl GmbH, a part of the steel division of voestalpine AG. In addition to Linz the most important plants are in Leoben in Styria and in Krems in Lower Austria. It had a large plant at Liezen in Styria which closed in the 1990s. Voestalpine is responsible for 10% of all Austrian CO2 emissions, which makes it the biggest emitter in the country.

The name of the company amalgamates its two principal components, the VÖEST (Vereinigte Österreichische Eisen und Stahlwerke) in Upper Austria, established through nationalization in July 1946, and the ÖAMG (Österreichische-Alpine Montangesellschaft) in Styria, established in 1881.

Major divisions
Major divisions of Voestalpine are:
 * Voestalpine Steel, a market leader for steel strip, heavy plate and casings for large turbines
 * Voestalpine High Performance Metals, specialized in high performance materials and services like high-tech surface treatments, heat treatment and additive manufacturing processes
 * Voestalpine Metal Engineering, railway infrastructure and industrial systems, including full welding solutions and seamless tubes
 * Voestalpine Metal Forming, produces tubes, sections and precision strip steel products

Alpine Montan (1881–1945)
The Alpine Montangesellschaft (English: Alpine Mining Society) was founded in Vienna on July 19, 1881, as a vehicle of consolidating Austrian iron and steel assets. Some of these assets were later depleted, abandoned or sold. The core assets that remained concentrated in Styria: the iron ore pits in Erzberg and a steel mill in Donawitz. The company also owned smaller businesses and railroads in the Mur River valley and in Lower Austria (Krems and Schwechat). Alpine, chaired by Karl Wittgenstein, peaked in 1912, when it owned four coal mines, two iron ore mines and six metallurgical plants.

In 1922 fifty-six percent of Alpine Montangesellschaft, then owned by Fiat (see Camillo Castiglioni), was purchased by Hugo Stinnes for the German giant Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG (VS). After the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, the Nazi leadership and the German steel barons clashed in a conflict over the rate of economic growth: the Nazis demanded rapid buildup of industrial capacity while the big business feared overproduction and preferred to keep status quo. In the first half of 1937 the Nazi leadership openly broke with the steel barons and settled for state control over iron and steel production. In the same year Hermann Göring expressed his desire to control Austrian iron reserves at Erzberg. After the Anschluss state-owned Reichswerke Hermann Göring purchased a 13% share in Alpine, and for the next six months wrestled with the VS over control of the company. In March 1939 the VS stepped aside and the Reichswerke acquired 70% share of Alpine in exchange for a 10% share in the new plant in Linz. In June 1939 its name was changed to Alpine Montan AG Hermann Göring. The Reichswerke continued acquisitions and outright confiscations, and soon controlled around half of Austrian heavy industries. In 1944, the peak year for Alpine, its sales reached, 16% of the whole mining and steel sales of the Reichswerke.

Construction of Reichswerke in Linz (1938)
The Reichswerke announced its plans for a new steel mill in Linz before the takeover of Alpine, as an incentive for VS to extract more ore at Erzberg. Linz had a special place in Nazi system, and the steel project received full financial commitment of the state. On May 13, 1938 the ground breaking ceremony for the Hermann Göring Werke in Linz was held. Paul Pleiger was appointed chief of the Reichswerke in Linz for his services to the Nazis during the Anschluss. The synergy of steel works in Linz and ore reserves at Erzberg, vertically integrated into the Reichswerke, made it virtually independent of the steel elite of the Ruhr. The works in Linz were viewed as a hub of a future steel conglomerate spanning over the whole Central Europe.

The integration was completed with the takeover of Danube shipping companies and local construction businesses. The steel mill was completed during the war and was generously subsidized by the state. In 1943–44, when the Ruhr was heavily bombed (see Battle of the Ruhr), Hitler demanded a sharp increase in steel production in Austria. Göring launched a huge and unmanageable expansion campaign and spared no expense, all in vain: the Allied bombers levelled most of Linz, too.

Reconstruction (1945–1955)
In 1945 Allied-occupied Austria was partitioned into four occupation zones; the heavy industries of the former Reichswerke concentrated in the American (Linz) and British (Erzberg) zones. The future of Linz was debated in 1945–1946. Local government of Styria and the British objected to reconstruction of Linz works, calling it the white elephant, too far from coal and ore reserves, and too large to be economical. The American authorities at first concurred and suggested to reduce the Linz works to eight coke ovens under Alpine-Mountain management, dismantle the furnaces and use the parts for the needed repairs in Donawitz (Styria). The Soviets voted to dismantle Linz altogether.

The Austrian national government carefully persuaded the Americans to save Linz. In the summer of 1946, when allied negotiations on Linz reached a stalemate, the Americans decided to restore Linz unilaterally, regardless of British or Soviet opinion. Tactics of reconstruction became a subject of a debate between the Department of State, which advocated nationalization, and the U. S. Army, represented by Mark W. Clark, who stood for privatization. The diplomats prevailed, and the Austrian government was allowed to nationalize the former German assets at will. The mills of Linz were nationalized in July 1946 as the VÖEST (Vereinigte Österreichische Eisen und Stahlwerke, United Austrian Iron and Steelworks).

VÖEST decided to dispose with three of its six blast furnaces. One was dismantled and sold to SSAB (then known as Norrbottens Järnverk AB) in Luleå, Sweden; the proceeds were used to purchase coal in Poland. The supply of coal allowed VÖEST to restart its pig iron smelting in June 1947; the first pig iron was shipped to Sweden. Two other furnaces were earmarked for sale to Czechoslovakia; Mark Clark objected to this deal since 1946 and it finally fell apart after the Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948.

VÖEST assets became the principal Austrian recipient of the Marshall Plan aid but access to American cash came only after a protracted political battle within Austrian establishment. Geoffrey Keyes had to recruit steel expert William E. Brewster to sort through the Austrian proposals. Brewster supported the Austrian four-year plan but its key opponent Franz Nemchak called it "a colossal stupidity" and demanded a halt on VÖEST program. The controversy spilled into the U. S. Senate, causing delays in Marshall Plan financing for VÖEST. VÖEST received its new slabbing mill but the new hot strip mill was delayed by the opposition of the Pentagon, which feared that VÖEST product would be sold to the Soviet bloc. The Pentagon removed their objections in January 1952, conforming to the consensus of other U. S. agencies. The hot and cold strip mills were, at last, put into operation in 1953. By the end of 1953 the first phase of reconstruction was complete.

Post war, development of Linz-Donawitz process (1948–1990)
In the summer of 1948 VÖEST, ÖAMG and Swiss Roll AG agreed to co-develop the basic oxygen steelmaking process proposed by Robert Durrer (itself a development of Henry Bessemer's 1858 patent). By June 1949 VÖEST developed an adaptation of Durrer's process, the LD (Linz-Donawitz) process, (German: LD Verfahren; U.S. names: Oxygen Converter Process, Basic Oxygen Furnace Process, BOP, OSM). In December 1949 the VÖEST and the ÖAMG committed to building their first 30-ton oxygen converters. They were put into operation in November 1952 and May 1953 and temporarily created a surge in steel-related research. Thirty-four thousand businesspeople and engineers visited the VÖEST converter by 1963. The LD process reduced processing time and capital costs per ton of steel, contributing to the competitive advantage of Austrian steel. However, errors made by the VÖEST and the ÖAMG management in licensing their technology made control over its adoption elsewhere impossible and by the end of the 1950s the Austrians lost their competitive edge.

VÖEST was merged with Österreichisch-Alpine Montangesellschaft and other companies in the 1970s, and the resulting company took the name Vöest-Alpine AG.

Restructuring of Austria's nationalised industries by 1988 produced a company called Voest-Alpine Stahl AG.

Private corporation (1990–2001)
In 1990, Österreichische Industrieholding AG (Austrian Industry Holding AG) became Austrian Industries AG as it took the first steps toward privatisation. In 1993, three companies formed from Austrian Industries AG--Voest-Alpine Technologie AG, and Voest-Alpine Stahl AG, and Böhler-Uddeholm. Privatisation began in 1995, when Voest-Alpine got listed on Vienna Stock Exchange. and the government sold its last shares of the company in 2003. Voest-Alpine Stahl owned 21.25 of Voest-Alpine Technologie, which was the parent company of the former Voest-Alpine plant-building unit Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau, split from the larger company in 1956.

In 2001, voestalpine bought Polynorm, a Bunschoten, Netherlands manufacturer of auto parts, for $118 million. The company's goal was a 15 percent share of European auto-body parts.

In 1998, Voest-Alpine Stahl and Vossloh AG joined to purchase 90 percent of VAE Group. The Austrian manufacturer of railroad switches, turnout systems and related products was founded in 1851. as Hugo-Hütte by Hugo Henckel von Donnersmarck and owned by Österreichisch-Alpine Montangesellschaft from 1889 until that company's 1973 merger with Voest-Alpine AG, and had been independent since 1990. In 2002 the 45% Vossloh share in VAE was bought by Voest-Alpine for €140 million, and in 2003 VAE Group GmbH became a subsidiary of voestalpine Bahnsysteme division.

voestalpine AG (2001–present)
In 2001, the name of Voest-Alpine Stahl Group changed to voestalpine AG in order to fit the standard naming pattern of Austrian public corporations.

In 2006, voestalpine decided to sell its steel trading group. Voestalpine Stahlhandel is now Cognor Stahlhandel, still based in Linz and part of the Cognor Group, a division of Zlomrex S.A. Capital Group.

In April 2007, voestalpine made a bid for 20.95 percent of the Austrian tool steel producer Böhler-Uddeholm, which was created in 1991 from the merger of Böhler Group and Swedish Uddeholm Group, the latter acquired by Voest-Alpine Stahl AG in 1990. The combined company was one of three created from Austrian Industries AG in 1993. By June, voestalpine held 55 percent of voting stock after "the largest acquisition in Austria’s industrial history", worth 2 billion Euros. In March 2008, voestalpine said it owned 90.24% of Böhler-Uddehom and intended to buy the rest.

In February 2018, voestalpine started constructing a steel mill in Linz, Austria specifically utilizing 6 MW hydrogen fuel technology instead of coal, which started in late 2019.

North American operations
Voest-Alpine Eisenbahnsysteme and Nortrak Railway Supply Ltd. of Richmond, British Columbia, Canada formed a joint venture in 1990 called VAE Nortrak North America, Inc., which later added operations in the United States.

The Birmingham, Alabama plant opened in 1992, followed by the Cheyenne, Wyoming plant in 1997, now the company's headquarters.

As a result of two 2004 acquisitions, Nortrak has other U.S. facilities in Pueblo, Colorado; Newton, Kansas and Chicago Heights, Illinois; and Seattle, Washington.

Roll Forming Corp., incorporated in 1947 and headquartered in Shelbyville, Kentucky, is the roll forming division of voestalpine AG. The company has supplied parts for the aerospace industry since 1949 and for Boeing airplanes since 1969. It also supplies NASA and McDonnell Douglas. Products also include model train tracks and gymnasium bleachers. At first the company made aluminum parts for airplane structures, but in the late 1980s, Roll Forming added preparing parts for assembly. The company still uses this process for Spirit AeroSystems, which puts together stringers for many of Boeing's larger planes. Other locations for Roll Forming are Jeffersonville, Indiana and Farrell, Pennsylvania. Roll Forming agreed to the purchase by Voest-Alpine Krems in 2000, giving the Voest-Alpine Stahl AG subsidiary its first manufacturing facilities in the United States.

The latest and biggest investment was a $740 million HBI plant near Corpus Christi, Texas. Groundbreaking was in April 2014, and the start of production was on September 28, 2016. In 2022, the majority stake of the plant was sold to ArcelorMittal.

In 1978, Voest-Alpine and other European companies started Bayou Steel Corporation, incorporated in Louisiana in 1979. The first mill opened in LaPlace, Louisiana in 1981, but the company did not do well because of high energy prices and cheaper foreign steel. In 1986, Voest-Alpine sold its interest to R.S.R. Corporation.

In addition, voestalpine AG owned a portion of Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau (VAI), whose Voest-Alpine Industries subsidiary had its American headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Siemens purchased VAI parent VA Tech in 2005.

UK operations
Metsec plc, previously known as Metal Sections and TI Metsec, is a UK-based cold roll-forming company which was acquired by voestalpine AG in 1998. The company is based in Oldbury, and makes metal products for the construction and manufacturing industries. It was established in 1931 and is now (since 2014) known as voestalpine Metsec plc.

Submission of false information
On March 9, 2016, the World Bank Group announced the debarment of Isando-based Voestalpine VAE SA (Pty) Ltd and its affiliates for a period of 27 months. The punitive measure was applied following the failed disclosure of relevant information in the company's bid for a contract under the Multimodal Transport Project in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The debarment of Voestalpine VAE SA (Pty) Ltd and affiliates qualifies for cross-debarment by other Multilateral Development Banks under the Agreement for Mutual Enforcement of Debarment Decisions.

title: Voestalpine


text:
Kemp Coast

Kemp Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica that lies between the head of Edward VIII Bay, at 56°25′E, and William Scoresby Bay, at 59°34′E. It is named for a British sealing captain, Peter Kemp, who discovered land in this vicinity in 1833.

title: Kemp Coast


text: User talk:68.99.188.215

title: User talk:68.99.188.215


text:
Talk:KOMO-TV

2005 unsourced claims
An anon user has added several claims for firsts and awards for KOMO to the article. I gotta say, without seeing some sources being cited for those claims, that I'm somewhat skeptical of them.

Some of the firsts being mentioned are also ambiguous. Were they the first to do it in Seattle-Tacoma? The Northwest? The country? Also, I do know that KOMO's been claiming its newscasts as being rated "the best in America", but I forget who it was that did the rating.

Perhaps the anon user (or someone else) would be kind enough to provide some sources for those claims in the article?

- Hinto 22:10, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * This is probably about a year late, but I was the one who'd added those "Broadcasting firsts" portion of the KOMO TV Wikipedia entry. When I was young, I'd done a project on the history of KOMO TV and decided to write to KOMO TV for as much information as possible. They were more than happy to oblige, and sent me tons of old station memorabilia in addition to several dozen newspaper clippings citing the new innovations KOMO has led the industry with. Many of those newspaper and article clippings came from sources like the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Seattle Times, and several broadcast trade publications of that time. Srosenow 98 05:08, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Broadcasting scheduling change
I've heard that KOMO says that they're changing the 5pm newscast to 30 minutes, moving ABC's World News with Charles Gibson to 5:30 pm, and put a 6pm newscast (for a full hour). They're confirmed as of now, and I seen a promotional campaign that they're changing the structure. They're not going to change the "First News at 4" scheduling. I think they're going competitive against KIRO-TV, which was the first station to broadcast a newscast at 6pm, with its slogan named "The Only Local News and Weather at 6". But with KOMO-TV changing its evening news structure, I think KIRO-TV should remove its current slogan because of KOMO-TV's 6pm newscast entry.

This was their previously evening news format had:
 * 4:00 pm: First News at 4
 * 5:00 pm: KOMO 4 News at 5pm
 * 6:00 pm: World News with Charles Gibson (previously World News Tonight)
 * 6:30 pm: KOMO 4 News at 6:30pm

This is the  new  scheduling as of now: (changes in red)
 * 4:00 pm: First News at 4
 * 5:00 pm: KOMO 4 News at 5pm (shortened to 30 minutes for a quick rundown)
 * 5:30 pm: World News with Charles Gibson (new time)
 * 6:00 pm: KOMO 4 News at 6pm (new: moved the second half of current KOMO 4 News at 5pm to 6:00 pm; to be competitive with KIRO 7 Eyewitness News at 6)

Source: - Note that these schedules may be subject to change without notice; however, KOMO 4 might not change its new format as of now. -- Big  top  19:19, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Update: KIRO-TV removed the "Only Local News and Weather at 6" slogan recently; found evidence (yesterday) by having the introduction a shared 6am/6pm ident. -- Big  top  00:12, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Update: KOMO-TV says that they will make the big changes as of August 14, 2006. I think this will be a more competitive format. -- Big  top  18:58, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

New image
I've been thinking of a newer logo because of the new appearance released today. Could you try to look it up at various sources, like http://www.komotv.com? Thanks. Big  top  02:41, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Is it possible to create a Wikipedia Commons entry to KOMO TV? I have LOADS of available logos from their past, as well as images of their previous sets, etc. With that said, I would like to expand on the "logos" portion as well.Srosenow 98 05:40, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

NPOV, no sources cited
I've plowed through and tried to remove all the POV issues. This piece makes a lot of (sometimes outrageous) claims that need to be cited, or should be removed. Boisemedia 02:40, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I was the one who'd added those "Broadcasting firsts" (Later renamed "History") portion of the KOMO TV Wikipedia entry. When I was young, I'd done a project on the history of KOMO TV and decided to write to KOMO TV for as much information as possible. They were more than happy to oblige, and sent me tons of old station memorabilia in addition to several dozen newspaper clippings citing the new innovations KOMO has led the industry with. Many of those newspaper and article clippings came from sources like the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Seattle Times, and several broadcast trade publications of that time. Unfortunately, most of the material used to create a large portion of this article is not available for instant reference online.

 * Additionally, much of the information contained herein is my own personal knowledge about the station, which goes back to childhood. The Keith Eldridge/Skokomish River portion of this article is a fact because I was there along with Eldridge and several other Mason County residents when he was stranded. I can even vividly recall their old Newstar4 satellite truck parked across from my house for a couple days while their crews waited for Highway 101 to reopen.

 * The discovery by KOMO news photographer to develop color film in a matter of hours instead of days back in 1957? That was shown repeatedly during the station's 40th anniversary back in December of 1993 (again on their 50th in December of 2003), and again when KOMO announced that they were moving out of the old KOMO building and into Fisher Plaza (which was built on the site of the old KOMO building's parking lot). During both instances, KOMO showed an incredible amount of old archival footage.

 * The fact that Dan Lewis became the first American journalist to interview then-newly-elected President Clinton in the Oval Office is widely known in the broadcasting industry, and for years was a part of Dan Lewis' own biography at KOMO's own website. (See link here: Dan Lewis' own bio courtesy Archive.ORG, from the KOMO website in 1996)[|Dan Lewis biography from the KOMO website in 1996, courtesy Archive.ORG]

 * In doubt of Eric Johnson being listed in the credits of "Prefontaine"? See [| this link].

 * If you're in doubt of anything else in this article, contact KOMO themselves and I'm sure they'll be happy to oblige in supplying the footage of that particular event, or anything else in this article you may be in question over.

 * Their address is:

 * KOMO-TV
 * 140 4th Avenue North
 * Seattle, WA 98109.

With that said, I'm removing the "sources needed" tags.

Srosenow 98 05:51, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Another thing, some sources(i.e., Newsblues)say that the station may have slipped to third in the local news ratings behind a resurgent KIRO-TV(which has even at times threatened to knock KING-TV out of first)in recent years, and this fact has been largely ignored in this article... Ranma9617 18:36, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * All entries on Wikipedia must be verifiable and may not include original research. When I have a moment, I will be re-adding the citation needed tags -- and then the content will be removed if verification cannot be provided. Boisemedia 07:01, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

This article almost got a totally-disputed
Instead, I put a missing info tag. This article conveniently forgets how their newscasts have done historically and in recent rating periods... Ranma9617 01:46, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It's not a matter of "conveniently forgetting" as you put it. It's a matter of there being no real web-based source of information to go from in terms of citing.

 * I can certainly say without a shadow of a doubt though that for most of the 1980s leading into the very late 1990s, KOMO was the leader in TV news for the Seattle market. I can also add with certainty that while KING 5 News consistently ran "Number One at 5 o'clock..." voiceover tags during their news intros, it was infact KOMO that led the ratings race (predominantly due to the fact that during much of the 1980s and 1990s, ABC News was the most-watched network news organization).

 * It's also worthy to note that in 1996, KOMO held the top spot nationally for "Best Newscast" and infact won that title six out of eight years in a row. Also, in 1995 and 1996, KOMO won 18 emmy awards, including the top six, and consistently beats KING in annual emmy award counts.

 * I'm not here to start a flame war with anybody nor an edit war, but I've noticed a considerable amount of bias against KOMO on Wikipedia. Srosenow 98 09:46, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Violate NPOV?
The following statement should at least be sourced and probably deleted: "After being purchased by Fisher Broadcasting, KOMO News began demonstrating a noticeably more conservative and sensationalistic bent to their news." 71.142.91.222 03:49, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I deleted it outright. KOMO has always been a Fisher station - even before KOMO TV was a forethought. Whoever added that (and the nonsensical, full of dribble babble about Natasha Curry) should be IP blocked from Wikipedia for good. Srosenow 98 07:56, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Newscasts in HD??
I'm still confused about this. Everything I've heard indicates that KOMO's local newscasts are only 16x9 SD, not HD. Sure, they may be on the digital channel, but they're still SD. See page 3: NATASNW Monitor May 2007. -Joshuadkelley (talk) 07:49, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure that their newscasts are not in HD, I do believe the only station in Seattle with HD newscasts is KING. --Emarsee (Talk • Contribs) 16:42, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

KOMO has been broadcasting its newscasts in HD since May of 1999(http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_May_24/ai_54715957). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Twudude (talk • contribs) 22:13, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * There are too many conflicting arguments on that for me to believe the newscasts are truly in HD. I think that article has some incorrect information in, confusing a digital signal broadcasting HD video and newscasts themselves being in HD. Unfortunately, I don't have an HD set to verify for sure, but I'd like to hear from someone who DOES. - Joshuadkelley (talk) 06:28, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

In an e-mail sent to me about 1 year ago from a KOMO TV Engineer, the Local news is broadcast in 16x9 SD —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.153.87.191 (talk) 09:18, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Where's Dave Crockett now?
What happened to Dave Crockett after 1980? Is he still alive? Bizzybody (talk) 07:39, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

Morning co-anchor
It appears either Brad Goode or Peggy Bunker will be leaving KOMO soon. On the Fisher Communications Career page KOMO is looking for a Morning Co-Anchor for weekdays 4:30-7:00 a.m. and report for the 11:00 a.m. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Drewgu111 (talk • contribs) 07:58, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

March 2014 ENG helicopter crash
As of now, no details have yet been released on the possible cause of the helicopter crash that took the lives of two KOMO-TV staffers. Watch the NTSB monthly listing for March 2014 for the preliminary accident report. — QuicksilverT @ 21:02, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Here it is, posted today: http://www.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/brief.aspx?ev_id=20140318X21532&key=1 — QuicksilverT @ 06:09, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

KOMO-TV logo (Sept. 2015)
Can someone provide multiple reliable sources for "this new logo" for KOMO-TV? I have yet to see one and the website still shows the logo currently in the article. Thanks. Corkythe hornetfan  22:44, 29 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I can show you a video of their newscast if you want. Not sure if that is reliable enough, though. There are also signs on Facebook pointing to the change. I don't know; Sinclair may take a while to even update their website. SmartAn01 (talk) 22:52, 29 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Please provide a link the video. I'll agree to keep the new logo if I see the video. Corkythe hornetfan  23:15, 29 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't know. Can I send the video directly to you, as I recorded it myself, or do I have to upload to YouTube? SmartAn01 (talk) 00:45, 30 September 2015 (UTC)
 * You can email it to me. Just go to my talk page and on the lefthand side under the "Tools" section and click "Email This User". It is unanimous so I won't see yours and you won't see mine. Corkythe hornetfan  01:25, 30 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Am I still required to supply a link? I'm looking at the page now, and it doesn't show any attachment button. SmartAn01 (talk) 02:18, 30 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Probably so. I'll take your guys's word on this new logo thing for now (although I'm still not sure right now), but the SVG will need work. It is almost unreadable with that white streak through the middle of the image. Regardless if that is in the actual logo, I think the letters just need to be a solid gray.
 * Since you are the user who uploaded the new logo, please comment about my comments towards the logo. Corkythe hornetfan  04:05, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

Hello, Corky and SmartAn01. I did my faithful recreation of the new KOMO 4 logo. In fact, I did not only the 3D vector recreation with the wordmark colored in the silver-white hybrid, but the 2D vector recreation as well with the wordmark colored in black. It may take weeks for the KOMO News website to be updated by replacing the past KOMO 4 and KOMO Newsradio logos with the new ones. Don-Don (talk) 05:02, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

There's a better version of the logo here: http://www.adweek.com/tvspy/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/10/KOMO-logo.jpg Rebel shadow 20:27, 23 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I would have to agree with Rebel shadow. Would you mind using this one instead? Corkythe hornetfan  23:04, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

Okay, sure. With your permission (and that of AdWeek), I shall do a faithful recreation of the all-black KOMO 4 logo. Don-Don (talk) 04:13, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

JerMolly2014 edits
Can you please explain your edits here, JerMolly2014? I have no idea what most of the edits you did on the article are, and some of them might be unnecessary or need to be backed with a reference. SmartAn01 (talk) 01:18, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:KOMO-TV


text: User talk:207.69.139.153

title: User talk:207.69.139.153


text:
ChemComm

ChemComm (or Chemical Communications), formerly known as Journal of the Chemical Society D: Chemical Communications (1969–1971), Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (1972–1995), is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It covers all aspects of chemistry. In January 2012, the journal moved to publishing 100 issues per year. The current chair of the editorial board is Douglas Stephan (University of Toronto, Canada), while the executive editor is Richard Kelly.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 4.3.
 * Chemical Abstracts
 * Science Citation Index
 * Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
 * Scopus
 * Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed

title: ChemComm


text: File:Moisant-John 021.jpg

title: File:Moisant-John 021.jpg


text:
User:Mrbowtie

I am a science geek/nerd depending upon your interpretations. I like Science/Maths and Computer Games (and Wikipedia)

My Contributions
I started a bunch of computer game articles and I spent a while correcting spelling, punctuation and grammar on assorted articles. There is no conspiracy. There is always a conspiracy.

Affiliations

 * Soviet Union
 * GDI
 * The Fish
 * St Paul's School

title: User:Mrbowtie


text:
Talk:County Armagh

==Local Government details are out of date=

Untitled
I propose an edit update to state the following in local government section. County Armagh ceased to serve as a local government unit in 1973 and the county was divided into four district councils for local government purposes, namely Armagh City and District Council, most of Craigavon Borough Council, approximately the western third of Newry and Mourne District Council and a part of Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council, centred around Peatlands Park. These councils in turn were disbanded in a streamlining of local government in April 2015 with Armagh being placed into three new districts of Armagh, Banbridge & Craigavon, Mid Ulster and Newry, Mourne & Down. Armagh is one of the four counties of Northern Ireland presently to have a majority of the population from a Catholic background, according to the 2011 census. Captainbeecher (talk) 20:30, 16 February 2016 (UTC)

Untitled
Before we start a revert war lets; 1) discuss it and how disagreements can be resolved, 2) "the Troubles" are more complicated than simply the presence of "the British" and theirfore we should refain from implying that this is the only reason for a military presence, and 3) their is more to the county than simply a military presence and theirfore we should seek balance. Djegan 22:13, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

By the way my edit summary, for the article, should of been "move towards npov". Djegan 22:19, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

County crest in irish? Any crest should have the words in English primarily. 86.131.202.57 23:05, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

It should be in English but lets not go there, more importantly I'm not entirely sure this is actually the county crest. The City & District council use a different one & a google search brings up similar but different versions. I think the actual, or perhaps historical, county crest is a harp on a plain backround as seem on Bank of Ireland sterling bank notes.

 * Well i know its not the county crest, its the crest of the county GAA board. Any county crest that you would find for any of the counties in NI are going to be historical crest, being that currrently non of the counties in NI have a political status/structure, ulink their counterparts in the Republic, to take a crest from. --Boothy443 | trácht ar 06:50, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

The crest is in English, not Gaelic. The alternative would be delusional. Woodstockrocker 10:20, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

How exactly would this be delusional? This county is after all in Northern Ireland, not in Northern England. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.165.195.244 (talk) 20:32, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Does anyone know what the old County Arms was / still is for lieutenancy purposes? e.g. that with the Harp (i.e. http://www.triskelle.eu/tourism/todoarmagh.php) or that with blue background (i.e. ). I'm not sure that the latter is necessarily that of the GAA Armgah County Board given that they use a different one. I'd like to redo the article and would like to get the Coat of Arms up given that Tyrone, etc, have one. Thanks (User:Deathpool4}

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:03, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Northern Ireland county maps
There is a discussion ongoing about the locator maps for Northern Ireland counties — see here. ~Asarlaí 19:47, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

Population of County Armagh in the 2011 UK Census
Whilst one must be cautious when one speaks about population figures for any of Northern Ireland's counties (because data are no longer collected on a county basis), a relatively reliable estimate can be made using the figures and maps provided by the Ordnance Survey and the figures from the 2011 Census freely available from NISRA.gov.uk. As an overview, many Local Government Areas' boundaries (drawn up in the 1970s) fall into line with the old county structure (eg. Armagh City & District Council area lies entirely within the bounds of County Armagh). Where this is not the case, Electoral Wards prove an invaluable agent to plug the gaps (eg. Craigavon Borough Council is mostly in County Armagh, but some parts of the eastern and southeastern rural hinterland are in County Down; Donaghcloney is one such electoral ward - Donaghcloney is in Co. Down but is administered as part of Craigavon Borough Council area). Sometimes the electoral ward boundaries were drawn (or in other cases redrawn) in such a way that they are split by counties. In this instance one can use the Census Output Areas (or their new 2011 equivalent: the Small Area which are almost always synonomous with one another) to break up the Electoral Ward into its constituent parts (eg. the Small Area N00002882 (previously known as Census Output Area 95OO170004) is in County Armagh, but also forms part of Killyman Electoral Ward, which is part of Dungannon and South Tyrone District Council area - most of the Killyman Electoral Ward are in County Tyrone). On the rare occassion that the borders of the Small Area/Census Output Area are not in line with the old County boundaries, I have either chosen or excluded any given area depending on where most of the Small Area lies and where most of the population of that given area live (eg. Small Area N00002331 (formerly the old Census Output Area 95LL190007) is split between Counties Armagh and Down, but one can see on NISRA maps that well over 2/3 of the land and roughly the same fraction (if not more) of the population reside on the County Armagh side of the old county boundary - the rest ofMagheralin Electoral Ward is in County Down). Thus insofar as possible I have only included those statistical areas that lie within the County Boundaries in order to arrive at the figure of 174,792. I must stress that this is only an approximate figure as certain Small Areas have been included in the 174,792 figure which have small amounts of territory outside of the county, and some Small Areas which have portions of themselves within County Armagh have been excluded because most of the Small Area lies in another County. In all, these factors may well even each other out. Nonetheless, the actual figure could be out by a hundred or so. If anyone has any queries or suggestions please get in contact. Cuirfear fáilte roimh chomhfhreagras i nGaeilge. Correspondance in Irish is welcomed.

Newry 99480 (39979) TOTAL: 174792 D.de.loinsigh (talk) 18:15, 15 March 2013 (UTC)
 * County Armagh:
 * Armagh 59340
 * Craigavon 93023 ''(except the County Antrim and Down portions thereof)
 * Aghagallon -4931 (in County Antrim or Down except for)
 * N00002175 (formerly 95LL010005) 742
 * N00002176 (formerly 95LL010006) 570
 * Bleary (in County Armagh, except for)
 * N00002206 (formerly 95LL050001) -325
 * N00002204 (formerly 95LL050005) -431
 * N00002207 (formerly 95LL050006) -299
 * N00002208 (formerly 95LL050007) -334
 * N00002209 (formerly 95LL050008) -361
 * N00002210 (formerly 95LL050009) -417
 * Donaghcloney -3989
 * Magheralin -5148
 * Except N00002331 (formerly 95LL190007) 606
 * Waringstown -4536
 * Dungannon: only
 * Killyman
 * N00002880 (formerly 95OO170002) 438
 * N00002882 (formerly 95OO170004) 375
 * Moy
 * N00002892 (formerly 95OO190003) 500
 * Newry and Mourne 99480 (except the County Down portion thereof)
 * Annalong -3211
 * Ballybot (in County Armagh, except for)
 * N00003678 (formerly 95VV020003) -378
 * N00003679 (formerly 95VV020004) -327
 * N00003681 (formerly 95VV020006) -409
 * N00003682 (formerly 95VV020007) -226
 * Binnian -2752
 * Burren and Kilbroney -4506
 * Clonallen -4393
 * Daisy Hill (in County Armagh, except for)
 * N00003738 (formerly 95VV100002) -292
 * N00003741 (formerly 95VV100008) -244
 * N00003742 (formerly 95VV100009) -316
 * Derryleckagh -4458
 * Donaghmore -3473
 * Drumalane (in County Armagh, except for)
 * N00003772 (formerly 95VV140002) -186
 * N00003773 (formerly 95VV140003) -323
 * N00003769 (formerly 95VV140006) -351
 * Drumgullion (in County Armagh, except for)
 * N00003776 (formerly 95VV150003) -384
 * N00003778 (formerly 95VV150005) -391
 * N00003779 (formerly 95VV150006) -355
 * Kilkeel Central -3687
 * Kilkeel South	-2983
 * Lisnacree -2990
 * Mayobridge -4037
 * Rostrevor -2893
 * Seaview -3067
 * Spelga -3583
 * St. Mary’s -2284
 * St. Patrick’s -3530
 * Tullyhappy (in County Armagh, except for)
 * N00003880 (formerly 95VV290007) -469
 * Windsor Hill -3003

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on County Armagh. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120717083407/http://www.tourismireland.com/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=dd88f67c-d3bd-465b-800d-b7fe8244f3cf to http://www.tourismireland.com/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=dd88f67c-d3bd-465b-800d-b7fe8244f3cf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130227120556/http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/web_2006_ulster_scots_report.pdf to http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/web_2006_ulster_scots_report.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120217095720/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census to http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census

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External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on County Armagh. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050309005718/http://www.cso.ie/census/ to http://www.cso.ie/census
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023856/http://www.histpop.org/ to http://www.histpop.org/

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South Armagh?
Re these edits - should such articles refer to "South Armagh"? If so, where should the link point? If not, how else should the term be conveyed?

"South Armagh" is a widely used term. It is used in English news reporting, usually in conjunction with the term "bandit country". It is the basis of constituencies for both Stormont and Westminster. Yet, before the republican chorus starts, it's also the name of an IRA brigade. So this is a term used by both sides. So why is WP seemingly against it?

Andy Dingley (talk) 15:30, 3 July 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm not against it as it is the name of an area just like South Londonderry or North Antrim, however it is wrong and factually incorrect to Wikilink South Armagh to Armagh, which is about the city not the county, and a city not even in the south of the county! Unless we have an article about South Armagh, all we can do is link to the county and state southern or south before the link. However fear not I have just discovered a disambiguation page called South Armagh, which states its uses (excluding IRA brigade) so I'd suggest linking to that. Mabuska (talk) 19:32, 3 July 2017 (UTC)
 * But we should avoid linking directly to a disambig page, as that will only sprout a dn tag and someone else has to come along and fix it.
 * I'd favour linking to the county article, but is there a usable section target within that? And should that then become a redirect, with South Armagh (disambiguation) for the disambig page? Andy Dingley (talk) 21:35, 3 July 2017 (UTC)
 * It doesn't always. I'd wait and see on that one. Mabuska (talk) 00:15, 5 July 2017 (UTC)

Coat of arms
Several users, most recently, have attempted to add the arms of Armagh City to this article. This is erroneous. The city and county are separate entities; one is armigerous and the other is not. Jacob argues that since the Armorial of Ireland page uses the city's arms as a "stand-in" for the county's, we should do likewise. However, it's hardly appropriate to perpetuate an inaccuracy on the basis that the inaccuracy already exists elsewhere. Zacwill (talk) 13:23, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

 * According to the source on Armorial of Ireland it has been previously used to represent the county on Northern Irish banknotes, and any search for "County Armagh Coat of Arms" online will return that shield, or the simplified version. It therefore holds some degree of common recognition as a representation of the county despite not being an officially issued arms. Seeing as County Armagh doesn't exist as an administrative entity anymore I don't see it getting an officially issued COA anytime soon. I'd love to see others opinions on this but I think a recognisable COA that has been previously used (albeit again, not in an official capacity) is preferable to having nothing until, presumably, the end of time. --Jacobfrid (talk) 20:41, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

 * The traditional symbol of Armagh is a harp, and this often does double duty as a county symbol (on Bank of Ireland notes, for example). However, the arms currently displayed in the article were specifically granted to the City of Armagh in 1958. Only those who don't know any better use them as a "County Armagh coat of arms". It's a shame that Co. Armagh never received a proper CoA like the other Irish counties, but that doesn't mean we should purloin or invent one for the sake of completion.

 * As an aside, File:Armagh coat of arms.png is a pretty poor rendition of Armagh's arms. It's clearly been cobbled together from odds and ends found on Wikimedia Commons, and the crown in the crest looks nothing like the one in the official version (likely because the creator couldn't find an asset that resembled it). Zacwill (talk) 23:34, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * If that's the COA used on banknotes that the source in armorial of Ireland is referring to then I see the issue. The city arms bears almost no resemblance to it. I was under the impression that the text in the armorial article was referring to the present COA, but seeing as that rendition was only made in 2019 I suspect whatever used to be there was actually swapped out with the current one. As per the banknote you linked, and examples 1 and 2, the county symbol is clearly just a harp.
 * I have removed the city COA as it's clearly not the same as the symbol used to represent the county. Jacobfrid (talk) 10:24, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:County Armagh


text:
User:Solidmelts2air

Hello, my name is Keith. I am from Austin, Texas. Thank you.

title: User:Solidmelts2air


text:
Framnes Mountains

The Framnes Mountains is a group of Antarctic mountain ranges in Mac. Robertson Land, to the south of the Mawson Coast. The range is surrounded by, and largely covered by, an ice sheet.

Discovery
The three major ranges and other lesser features were sighted and named in February 1931 by the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition under Douglas Mawson. This coast was also sighted by Norwegian whalers in the same season. The whole area was mapped in detail by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition in January 1937. This overall name for the several ranges was given by Lars Christensen after Framnesfjellet, a hill near Sandefjord, Norway. The first person to land in the area was Dr. Phillip Law in February 1954. He chose the site for the Mawson Station on the coast to the north of the Framnes Mountains for the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE). Australia has occupied Mawson Station continuously since then.

Appearance
The Framnes Mountains have elevations up to 1500 m above sea level, and rise up to 400 m above the ice surface. They have dark, weathered charnockite bedrock that is littered with light-coloured quartz-rich, granitic gneiss glacial erratics. The range is surrounded by, and largely covered by, an ice sheet. Only the peaks are visible.

Geology
The geology of the Framnes Mountains is very similar to that of the Eastern Ghats in India, which lay beside the Mawson Coast before Gondwana broke up. The mountains are mostly formed of charnockite, a homogeneous brown rock similar to granite that mainly consists of potassium feldspar, quartz and pyroxene. These rocks were formed about 960 million years ago at a depth of about 20 km as a molten mass within older metamorphosed sedimentary rocks.

Glacial erratic boulders of light-colored granitic gneiss cover the lower slopes of Mount Henderson, the David Range and Mount Hordern, but are not found more than about 250 m above the present-day ice surface. Above this level the darker charnockite bedrock is exposed. Probably the boulders were transported from the south and deposited by ice during the last glacial maximum, while the exposed bedrock would have remained above the ice.

The charnockite contains regions up to 20 km wide of the older metamorphosed sedimentary rock, one of which includes most of the Casey Range. Painted Peak in the North Masson Range is an example, composed of rocks that were metamorphosed and deformed 1200 to 1000 million years ago. They include interlayered, metamorphosed arkose, metapelite, calcsilicates and granitic gneiss. Common minerals in the metamorphosed sedimentary rocks include cordierite, sillimanite, spinel, garnet and biotite.

Glaciation
The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) formed about 34 million years ago, and seems to have persisted since then with periodic fluctuations in thickness between glacial and inter-glacial cycles. During the last glacial cycle the ice sheet thickened more near the coast, less further inland. This is shown by the upper limit of glacial erratic boulders, ranging from 820 m on Fang Peak near the sea in the north of David Range, to 1300 m on Mount Hordern, which is about 30 km from the sea. The ice surface appears have lowered by several hundred meters during the present interglacial.

ANARE conducted glaciological surveys in the late 1950s between Fischer Nunatak and the Casey Range, where they found that the ice was about 500 to 600 m thick, and flowed at a rate of 15 to 35 m per year. The David and Masson ranges divide the ice flow in the Framnes Mountains into three outlet glacial streams, which cover an area of about 2400 km2. They carry ice from the East Antarctic ice sheet into Holme Bay. Ice surface velocities of 21 m per year have been measured in the ice stream to the east of the David Range, and 31 m per year in the ice stream to the west.

Lakes
The Framnes Mountains contain perennially frozen freshwater glacial lakes, some over 100 m deep. These are isolated from the surrounding ice sheet by moats of melt water and granular ice above the perennial ice. The perennial ice within the moat is slightly elevated above the moat. In the summer months snow banks that formed in the winter on nearby rocky banks melt and feed streams that drain into the lake. With lakes like Patterned Lake in the north end of the Central Masson Range there does not seem to be any drainage on or below the surface, so water is lost only through evaporation.

There are diverse biological communities in a series of deep epiglacial lakes in the Framnes Mountains about 30 km inland from Mawson Station. These lakes are covered by as much as 5 m of permanent ice, so have no contact with the atmosphere. Their temperature is less than 0.2 C, they are slightly brackish and are oxygenated throughout. They are basic with high pH readings of 10.5 to 11.0. Based on chlorophyll content their biomass is low to moderate. One lake had a cyanobacterial mat under the ice with a community of grazing animals that included nematodes, tardigrades and perhaps copepods. The dominant grazers in other lakes were rotifers.

Features
The Framnes Mountains consist of Casey Range, Masson Range, David Range, and Brown Range, and adjacent peaks and mountains. The east of the Framnes Mountains, from north to south, contains the Mount Henderson massif, Masson Range, Trilling Peaks and Shark Peak. The central section from north to south holds the David Range, Butler Nunataks and Brown Range. The Casey Range is west of the David Range.

Mount Henderson massif
-67.7°N, 63.06667°W. A massive mountain, 970 m, rising through the ice sheet 5 mi southeast of Holme Bay and a like distance northeast of the north end of the Masson Range. Discovered in February 1931 by the BANZARE under Mawson, who named it after W. Henderson, Director of the Australian Department of External Affairs and a member of the Australian Antarctic Committee in 1929.

Masson Range

-67.85°N, 62.83333°W. A high broken chain of mountains, consisting primarily of North Masson, Central Masson, and South Masson Ranges, forming a part of the Framnes Mountains. Having several peaks over 1000 m, the range extends in a north-south direction for 15 mi. Discovered and charted by the BANZARE, 1929–31, under Mawson, and named for Professor Sir David Orme Masson, a member of the Advisory Committee for this expedition as well as the AAE, 1911–14, under Mawson. First visited by an ANARE party led by John Béchervaise in 1956.

Trilling Peaks
-67.96667°N, 62.75°W. A group of linear nunataks comprising three main peaks standing 3 mi south S of the South Masson Range in the Framnes Mountains, Mac. Robertson Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and named Trillingnutane (the triplet peaks). Not: Trillingnutane.

Shark Peak
-68.05°N, 62.68333°W. An isolated nunatak 3.5 mi south-southwest of Van Hulssen Nunatak in the Framnes Mountains. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and named Hånuten (the shark peak). The translated form of the name recommended by ANCA has been adopted.

David Range
-67.9°N, 62.5°W. A range 5 mi west of Masson Range, which it parallels, in the Framnes Mountains. It extends 16 mi in a north-northeast – south-southwest direction, with peaks rising to 1,500 meters. Discovered on 14 February 1931 by the BANZARE under Mawson, who named it for Professor Sir T.W. Edgeworth David.

Butler Nunataks
-68.05°N, 62.4°W. A small group of nunataks immediately north of Mount Twintop in the Framnes Mountains. Mapped from ANARE surveys of 1954–62. Named by ANCA for W.J. Butler, senior diesel mechanic at Mawson Station in 1967.

=== Sørtindane Peaks or Brown Range===

-68.13333°N, 62.4°W. A group of peaks just south of Mount Twintop at the south end of the David Range, Framnes Mountains. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936–37) and named Sortindane (the southern peaks). Not: Brown Range, Gory Sørtindane.

Casey Range
-67.78333°N, 62.2°W. A jagged, razor-backed ridge and a few nunataks in a line extending north–south, standing 8 mi west of David Range, in the Framnes Mountains. Discovered by the BANZARE, 1929–31, under Mawson, who named it for Rt. Hon. Richard G. Casey.

title: Framnes Mountains