text:
Oxymetholone

Oxymetholone, sold under the brand names Anadrol and Anapolon among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used primarily in the treatment of anemia. It is also used to treat osteoporosis, HIV/AIDS wasting syndrome, and to promote weight gain and muscle growth in certain situations. It is taken by mouth.

Side effects of oxymetholone include increased sexual desire as well as symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, and voice changes. It can also cause liver damage. The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It has strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects.

Oxymetholone was first prescribed in 1959 and was introduced for medical use but shortly after was discontinued due its high lipid toxicity in the year 1961. It is used mostly in the United States. In addition to its medical use, oxymetholone is used to improve physique and performance. The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit.

Medical uses
The primary clinical applications of oxymetholone include treatment of anemia and osteoporosis, as well as stimulating muscle growth in malnourished or underdeveloped patients. However, in the United States, the only remaining FDA-approved indication is the treatment of anemia.

Following the introduction of oxymetholone, nonsteroidal drugs such as epoetin alfa were developed and shown to be more effective as a treatment for anemia and osteoporosis without the side effects of oxymetholone. The drug remained available despite this and eventually found a new use in treating HIV/AIDS wasting syndrome.

Presented most commonly as a 50 mg tablet, oxymetholone has been said to be one of the "strongest" and "most powerful" AAS available for medical use. Similarly, there is a risk of side effects. Oxymetholone is highly effective in promoting extensive gains in body mass, mostly by greatly improving protein synthesis. For this reason, it is often used by bodybuilders and athletes.

Non-medical uses
Oxymetholone is used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters.

Side effects
The common side effects of oxymetholone include depression, lethargy, headache, swelling, fast and excessive weight gain, priapism, changes in skin color, urination problems, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain (if taken on an empty stomach), loss of appetite, jaundice, breast swelling in men, feeling restless or excited, insomnia, and diarrhea. In women, side effects also include acne, changes in menstrual periods, voice deepening, hair growth on the chin or chest, pattern hair loss, enlarged clitoris, and changes in libido. Because of its 17α-alkylated structure, oxymetholone is hepatotoxic. Long term use of the drug can cause a variety of serious ailments, including hepatitis, liver cancer, and cirrhosis; therefore periodic liver function tests are recommended for those taking oxymetholone.

Pharmacodynamics
Like other AAS, oxymetholone is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR). It is not a substrate for 5α-reductase (as it is already 5α-reduced) and is a poor substrate for 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD), and therefore shows a high ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity.

As a DHT derivative, oxymetholone is not a substrate for aromatase and hence cannot be aromatized into estrogenic metabolites. However, uniquely among DHT derivatives, oxymetholone is nonetheless associated with relatively high estrogenicity, and is known to have the potential to produce estrogenic side effects such as gynecomastia (rarely) and water retention. It has been suggested that this may be due to direct binding to and activation of the estrogen receptor by oxymetholone. Oxymetholone does not possess any significant progestogenic activity.

Pharmacokinetics
There is limited information available on the pharmacokinetics of oxymetholone. It appears to be well-absorbed with oral administration. Oxymetholone has very low affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), less than 5% of that of testosterone and less than 1% of that of DHT. The drug is metabolized in the liver by oxidation at the C2 position, reduction at the C3 position, hydroxylation at the C17 position, and conjugation. The C2 hydroxymethylene group of oxymetholone can be cleaved to form mestanolone (17α-methyl-DHT), which may contribute to the effects of oxymetholone. The elimination half-life of oxymetholone is unknown. Oxymetholone and its metabolites are eliminated in the urine.

Chemistry
Oxymetholone, also known as 2-hydroxymethylene-17α-methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone (2-hydroxymethylene-17α-methyl-DHT) or as 2-hydroxymethylene-17α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a 17α-alkylated derivative of DHT.

History
Oxymetholone was first described in a 1959 paper by scientists from Syntex. It was introduced for medical use by Syntex and Imperial Chemical Industries in the United Kingdom under the brand name Anapolon by 1961. Oxymetholone was also introduced under the brand names Adroyd (Parke-Davis) by 1961 and Anadrol (Syntex) by 1962. The drug was marketed in the United States in the early 1960s.

Generic names
Oxymetholone is the generic name of the drug and its INN, USAN, USP, BAN, and JAN, while oxymétholone is its DCF.

Brand names
Oxymetholone has been marketed under a variety of brand names including Anadrol, Anadroyd, Anapolon, Anasterona, Anasteronal, Anasterone, Androlic, Androyd, Hemogenin, Nastenon, Oxitoland, Oxitosona, Oxyanabolic, Oxybolone, Protanabol, Roboral, Synasterobe, Synasteron, and Zenalosyn.

United States
Oxymetholone is one of the few AAS that remains available for medical use in the United States. The others (as of August 2023) are testosterone, testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, testosterone undecanoate, methyltestosterone, fluoxymesterone, and nandrolone

Other countries
The availability of oxymetholone is fairly limited and seems to be scattered into isolated markets in Europe, Asia, and North and South America. It is known to be available in Turkey, Greece, Moldova, Iran, Thailand, Brazil, and Paraguay. At least historically, it has also been available in Canada, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland,The UAE, Israel, Hong Kong, and India.

Legal status
Oxymetholone, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act.

title: Oxymetholone


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Sleep/archive1

Sleep
Fantastic article! Satisfies all FAC criteria (neutral, well researched, factual, referenced). I really believe that it covers the topic sleep very well. - Ta bu shi da yu 12:58, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No. It doesn't. Request opinion of sleep experts.Jclerman 13:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It appears I was premature here. This should be sent to peer review. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:07, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Refer to peer review.
 * 1) A lot of unexplained jargon.
 * 2) Lead is too short.
 * 3) Has numerous (too) short sections.
 * 4) Should have a summary of the article on dreaming in a section with a link to the main article.
 * 5) A lot of the terms in the "see also" section need to be discussed in the article itself; not comprehensive. - Mgm|(talk) 15:12, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The Medicine Collobaration of the Week might be interested in taking this one on.--nixie 01:52, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment This article isn't there yet, by any means. But please take another look. Substantial changes have been made since this (premature) nomination was entered. Except perhaps for the back-and-forth on the caffeine issue, which may have been resolved already, I don't see that it needs peer review at this point. Sfahey 09:46, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The caffeine issue has not a verifiable peer-reviewed reference. Jclerman 12:05, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * See the Discussion page. Jclerman 03:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Now I see how contentious that seemingly minor point had become. I rewrote the claim in perhaps a more palatable way, and put it in a footnote, which I believe is appropriate in the English wikipedia. Parenthetically, there IS some rationale for serving coffee at bedtime(the use of caffeine in infants) and while it for sure wouldn't work for me I see no reason to question that it is done. My efforts to translate the relevant paper myself were unsuccessful. Sfahey 04:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment As above, request reviewers to give this article another look. I believe the objections have largely been addressed. Sfahey 04:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The objections I had 3 days ago have not been addressed. I still think this would benefit peer review. - Mgm|(talk) 09:07, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Like I said, the lead has been rewritten, over half of the old "see also" list is now eliminated and incorporated into the article, and the only "short" section is the one on "measuring sleep." This could be merged with the "Physiology" section, but since I was the only critic who chose to work on, rather than simply disparage, this nomination I didn't get as far as doing that, or writing a new section on "Dreams". Sfahey 01:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * '''More comments:
 * If the Caffeine Note refers to: <<(CoffeeInElderlyDe In verbatim, this source states under "Sonstiges": "Coffee: Helps in many elderly people because of the decrease in respiratory rate". German text: "Evtl. Kaffee: hilft bei vielen älteren Menschen wegen des nächtlichen RR-Abfalls")>>, the German quotation is NEITHER from what is understood to be a "paper" NOR it has been peer-reviewed: it is just a list of points without references, thus not a "verifiable source." See numerous entries in the Discussion page.Jclerman 12:02, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The need for a close scrutiny of the verifiability and reliability of sources on which the article is based has been emphasized by the comments on an edit by "user 80.129.140.252" who stated: "(→Notes - german 'RR' is Riva-Rocci (method of measuring blood pressure, used as synonym with blood pressure), not respiratory resistance!)".  See full discussion of this point in the article's discussion page which contains numerous exchanges about the caffeine issue and its repercussion on other web articles. Jclerman 20:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, to reach a consensus text a detailed verification of its statements, based on reliable sources, and the opinion of sleep experts will be needed. Jclerman 20:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 *  I thought that is what I have been doing for the last few months. I have been working on a grant for the last couple of weeks... So I have been busy, but I have put a lot of effort into this article. When I found it, this article was a shambles. I have added properly referenced materials, and useful information. Unfortunately, whenever I remove less relevant information, it turns into an edit war (just look at the discussion page). While some of the "fat" on this page does need to be trimmed, that is almost an impossibility in this format. It is difficult to keep a page like this clean when people start posting their own unsubstantiated pet theories, and hold on to them until the bitter end.However, I will continue adding and subtracting based on what is happening in the field (which I am a part of) because of the time I have already invested. Sleep is an issue that few people know much about, and, as a sleep researcher, I feel it's part of my job as a responsible scientist to direct the public to information that reflects the popular consensus in the field.

MrSandman 03:52, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Comment re above issues: I still do not understand why this point seems so controversial. This is a tempest in a teapot. User "Keimzelle" has presented:
 * 1. A (sloppily) translated quotation supported coffee at bedtime.
 * 2. A personal report from a German nursing home confirming this.

Additionally, there is a physiological rationale (caffeine's demonstrable ability to stimulate respiration) for this unusual practice. As for a documented source, how about the German wikipedia article on Sleep. In its "Pharmacology" section the authors describe the paradoxical benefit of caffeine in the elderly:
 * Es klingt paradox – in der Pflege wird Kaffee manchmal gebraucht, um das Ein- und Durchschlafen zu fördern. Besonders bei älteren Menschen hilft das Koffein, den Abfall der Atemfrequenz zu bekämpfen.
 * This German translation is affected by the loss in translation pointed out above under "more comments"; plainly stated: the original German cited means "blood pressure" incorrectly translated as "Atemfrequenz = respiratory rate".Jclerman 15:28, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

This is not to suggest that this article is up to "F.A." quality. But it is a lot closer than the current flock of naysayers insist. Sfahey 02:12, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Howard Smith (diplomat)

Sir Howard Frank Trayton Smith (15 October 1919 – 7 May 1996) was a British diplomat who served as Director General of MI5 from 1978 to 1981.

Career
Smith was born and raised in Wembley. He was educated at Regent Street Polytechnic and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he won an exhibition to read mathematics and was a contemporary of Asa Briggs, with whom he played chess. At the outset of the Second World War he was drafted to work at Bletchley Park as a codebreaker, recommending his friend Briggs to fellow Cambridge mathematician Gordon Welchman for service in Hut 6.

From 1946 to 1950, Smith served in the Foreign Service in Oslo and Washington. In 1953, he was Consul in Caracas; between 1961 and 1963, he was Counsellor of State in Moscow. Returning to London, he was the Head of the Department at the Foreign Office dealing with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe for the next five years. He then served as Ambassador to Czechoslovakia from 1968 to 1971 and later served as Ambassador to the Soviet Union in Moscow from 1976 to 1978.

In 1978 Smith was unexpectedly appointed Director General (DG) of MI5, the United Kingdom's internal security service, by Prime Minister James Callaghan, serving until March 1981. He was the first DG from a background in the diplomatic service. Callaghan later explained that he wanted 'to bring someone into the office from a different culture'.

Honours

 * Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1966
 * Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1976
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1981

title: Howard Smith (diplomat)


text:
European Parliament constituency

Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are elected by the population of the member states of the European Union (EU). The European Electoral Act 2002 allows member states the choice to allocate electoral subdivisions or constituencies (circonscriptions électorales; Wahlkreise; circoscrizioni elettorali; valkretsar) for the European Parliament elections in several different ways.

Most EU countries operate a single national constituency which elects MEPs for the whole country. Belgium and Ireland are each subdivided into constituencies, with electoral results calculated separately in each constituency. Germany, Italy and Poland are each subdivided into electoral districts, with the number of representatives determined at the national level after each election in proportion to the votes cast in each district.

In Germany, political parties are entitled to present lists of candidates either at Länder or national level.

Currently, all constituencies use various forms of proportional representation (PR), except the single-seat German-speaking electoral college in Belgium, which uses first-past-the-post. The parliament as a whole is not PR, because seats are apportioned between member states by degressive proportionality.

Denmark
Denmark had a separate constituency for Greenland until 1985, when the autonomous territory withdrew from the EEC (later expanded to become the EU).

France

Between 2004 and 2019, France was divided into 8 constituencies:
 * East
 * Île-de-France
 * Massif-central–Centre
 * North-West
 * Overseas Territories
 * South-East
 * South-West
 * West

Ireland
Ireland's constituencies have changed several times:
 * 1979 to 2004: Connacht–Ulster, Dublin, Leinster, Munster
 * 2004 to 2014: Dublin, East, North-West, South
 * 2014 to present: Dublin, Midlands–North-West, South

United Kingdom

Before the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the EU, there was a 3-member single transferable vote constituency covering Northern Ireland. The constituencies covering England, Scotland, and Wales changed several times:
 * Between 1979 and 1994, there were 78 first-past-the-post single-member constituencies.
 * Between 1994 and 1999, there were 84 first-past-the-post single-member constituencies.
 * Between 1999 and 2020, there were 11 d'Hondt multi-member constituencies, one for each of Scotland, Wales, and the nine regions of England. From 2004, the South West England constituency also covered Gibraltar.

Proposed pan-European constituency
On May 3, 2022, the European Parliament passed (323 votes to 262) a "legislative resolution on the reform of European electoral law". Among the proposals is the creation of a 28-member pan-Union constituency elected by party-list proportional representation on a list separate from elections for regional constituencies. However in July 2023 the reference to it was removed by the European Council.

title: European Parliament constituency


text:
Morinda, Inc.

Morinda is a multi-level marketing company based in American Fork, Utah that sells Tahitian Noni juice and other products made from the noni plant. The company was founded in 1996 and has manufacturing facilities in Tahiti, Japan, China, Germany, and Utah. Morinda, formerly known as Tahitian Noni International and Morinda Bioactives, was a subsidiary of Morinda Holdings, Inc. prior to merging with and becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of New Age Beverages Corporation in December 2019.

Products
Morinda's main product is a noni juice blend sold under the brand name Tahitian Noni. The company also markets various dietary supplements, personal care products, and essential oils.

Tahitian Noni juice consists of a blend of pasteurized reconstituted noni puree (89%) mixed with grape and blueberry juice concentrates (11%), which is pasteurized prior to bottling. The manufacturer's recommended serving size is 30 mL/day (1 ounce). Several websites and blogs claimed there are many health benefits of noni juices. However, according to the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Food, the nutritional content (i.e., macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals) of Tahitian Noni juice is comparable to the ranges known for typical fruit juices, and the agency concluded that there was no evidence that the juice had any special health benefits beyond those of other fruit juices. The nutritional content of noni juice is roughly comparable to that of apple juice.

Attorneys General (AZ, CA, NJ, TX) vs. Morinda Holdings, Inc.
On August 26, 1998, the Attorneys General of Arizona, California, New Jersey, and Texas announced a multi-state settlement with Morinda, Inc., the charges stating that Morinda had made "unsubstantiated claims in consumer testimonials and other promotional material that its Tahitian Noni juice could treat, cure or prevent numerous diseases, including diabetes, clinical depression, hemorrhoids and arthritis." Such claims rendered the beverage an unapproved new drug under state and federal food and drug laws and should not have been sold until it received approval. Under the terms of the agreement, Morinda agreed to:
 * No longer make drug claims, or claims that the product can cure, treat, or prevent any disease until "Tahitian Noni" is approved and cleared for those uses by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
 * Not make any other claims, whether health claims or others, regarding the benefits of Tahitian Noni unless such claims are true and the company can substantiate the claim by reliable scientific evidence.
 * Not use testimonials which imply that the advertised claimed results are the typical or ordinary experience of consumers in actual conditions of use, unless Morinda possesses and relies upon adequate substantiation that the results are typical or ordinary.

The settlement also called for Morinda to pay $100,000 for investigative costs and to provide a refund for the full purchase price to any consumer who submitted a written refund request.

Tahitian Noni & XanGo settlement
Tahitian Noni sued XanGo and several of its top executives in February 2003 in 4th District Court in Provo, Utah, alleging that executives stole Tahitian Noni's concept for a mangosteen-based supplement while they were employed by TNI's parent-company, to which XanGo counter-sued. In a joint statement, Tahitian Noni and XanGo did not disclose particulars regarding the settlement, only stating that they have "agreed to resolve their disputes and the litigation between them and their founders."

Possible contamination in Spain
Residents of Spain were alerted in February 2007 to avoid consuming certain improperly labeled bottles of Tahitian Noni Juice while the health department there awaited toxicology reports for a man who died after drinking the juice. According to reports in Spain, a 40-year-old man from Ogijares drank some noni juice for breakfast and began to experience strange sensations in his mouth and blurred vision. He died shortly thereafter, and another family member, who also drank some juice, reported similar symptoms. Reports stated that there were large amounts of cocaine found in the bottles and the body of the deceased man.

The bottles recovered from the deceased man's home were submitted to the Spanish Institute of Toxicology, where it was confirmed the bottles were contaminated with cocaine. The bottles in question bore labels from Mexico, and the lot number and expiration dates were illegible. Spanish authorities urged consumers to check the labels on their bottles of juice and report any irregularities. Consumers were also asked not to purchase bottles of juice outside the company's normal distribution channels.

Hepatotoxicity
Following several medical case reports of hepatotoxicity among consumers of noni juice, a 2009 study on Tahitian Noni by the European Food Safety Authority advised that data available at the time of the case reports were not sufficient to establish a causal relationship between consumption of the juice and hepatotoxicity; however, an increasing number of subsequent case reports suggested that some individuals may be particularly sensitive to hepatotoxic effects of noni fruit products.

title: Morinda, Inc.


text:
Talk:ODF (disambiguation)

At Undisambiguated abbreviations/CIA World Factbook ODF was also mentioned, with a third meaning of ODF. Because the article said "Please don't disambiguate the abbreviations in this list, as it is an aid for disambiguating abbreviations in these articles." I don't know what to do now. Please give some assistance. SietskeEN 13:00, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:ODF (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Percy Williams Bridgman

Ice and the Bridgman nomenclature
The "Bridgman nomenclature" in mentioned in the articles about the crystalline forms of ice, eg. Ice_Ic, and they link to this biography but there is no mention of either ice or the nomenclature in the article. ?:-/ Ferdinangus (talk) 08:53, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Pressure
Shouldn't pressure be measured Newtons per square metre, rather than kilograms per square metre? Cjb 13:00, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

I was just about to say the same thing! --Peter Lund  82.143.195.103 16:20, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Death of Bridgman
The text says Bridgman took his own life "after being diagnosed," which is technically correct but it implies the timing was right after he was diagnosed. Bridgman had been suffering for some time and in a note left explained that this was the last day he would physically be able to take his own life owing to the progress of his disease. (See Robert M. Hazen, The Diamond Makers) To many, the circumstances under which Bridgman took his own life, together with Bridgman's Nobel status, has been of singular relevance to how society views end-stage terminal illness and the choice made by the individual sufferer. I wonder if the article might not explain this. --PotomacFever 15:00, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Does not do justice to Bridgman the philosopher
Usually, first rate practitioners of science and reflecters upon science are disjoint sets. Bridgman was a rare exception, but this entry does not do justice to that fact. Bridgman was a rare scientist whose writings are of major importance to the philosophy of science and to the study of how scientific ideas should be structured. I grant that much of Bridgman's thinking may not be in fashion at present.202.36.179.65 19:59, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree about Percy Bridgman as a cosmological theorist and on the epistemology of physics and the sciences. MaynardClark (talk) 03:30, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Date discrepancy
Under 'Major Works' there is a work published in 1980 listed. Given Bridgman died some 2 decades previously, exactly what this work is should be specified.

“Bridgman's words have been quoted by many on both sides of the assisted suicide debate.[3][4]”
The statement is unsupported by its citations. While the two citations come from sources that typically back opposing views on this issue, when you read the citations themselves, both sources use this quote to (editorially) show the (presumed) injustice of outlawing assisted suicide. I would be interested to see if someone can find a source that uses this quote to advance the anti-assisted-suicide position of the argument. — cyberbisson (talk) 17:02, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

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Force
Force is the ratio of the square of viscosity to density. This understanding could have been Bridgman's as he wrote about both relativity and dimensional analysis. But he did not take to heart the fusion of L and T in Minkowski's spacetime: "Henceforth, space by itself, and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality", spoke Minkowski in 1908.

Rather than use the L, M, T of Bridgman’s book, here force F = kg m / s2, kilogram meters per second squared. And density is ρ = kg/ m3, kilograms per meter cubed. Then
 * $$F \times \rho = \frac{kg \ m}{s^2} \times \frac{kg}{m^3} = (\frac{kg}{m \cdot s} )^2 = \mu^2 ,$$

where μ = kg / (m • s), kilograms per meter-second, is dynamic viscosity measured in Poise. One can say that the viscosity is the geometric mean of force and density. Thus
 * $$F = \frac{\mu^2}{\rho} ,$$ a sophisticated consequence of relativistic thought with dimensional analysis.

As a geometric transformation, the Lorentz motion of a spacetime plane is a hyperbolic rotation which preserves hyperbolic angle, the geometric configuration used to have rapidity in kinematic description. The meter-second in the denominator of dynamic viscosity is area in a spacetime plane. The Lorentz motions, as any squeeze mapping, preserve this area. Rgdboer (talk) 01:10, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

Since area is preserved, dynamic viscosity is constant under Lorentz motion, whereas force and density are subject to relativistic effect. — Rgdboer (talk) 00:49, 18 November 2023 (UTC) When μ is constant, then (F, ρ) is confined to a hyperbola. — Rgdboer (talk) 00:23, 19 November 2023 (UTC) c/e — Rgdboer (talk) 01:48, 26 November 2023 (UTC) c/e — Rgdboer (talk) 01:54, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

Osborne Reynolds used kinematic viscosity to define the Reynolds number, the threshold of turbulence in fluid flow. The notion is developed in the study of aerodynamics and hydrology, referring to fluid flow rather than relativity. — Rgdboer (talk) 01:17, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Percy Williams Bridgman


text:
Canadia

Canadia may refer to:

 * Canadia, a place in South America
 * Canadia (annelid), a genus of stem group annelid worms, found in the Burgess Shale
 * Canadia Bank, a bank in Cambodia
 * Canadia: 2056, a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation radio series
 * "Canadia", a song by MC Frontalot on the album Final Boss

title: Canadia


text:
Svyatoslav Piskun

Svyatoslav Mykhaylovych Piskun (Святослав Михайлович Піскун, born 1 March 1959) was 3 times Prosecutor General of Ukraine. He served in this role in 2002–2003, 2005 and 2007 until President Viktor Yushchenko's dismissed Piskun on 24 May 2007. He worked as a prosecutor in several important cases, including murder of Georgiy Gongadze and investigation of United Energy Systems of Ukraine.

Political career
In March 2006 he was elected as a people's deputy of the Verkhovna Rada from Party of Regions list as No.96 – but he was not a party member. Piskun was elected in parliament for Party of Regions again in 2007. He became a full member of Party of Regions in October 2008. Piskun did not return to parliament after the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election after losing in single-member districts number 63 (first-past-the-post wins a parliament seat) located in Zhytomyr Oblast. In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election Khoroshkovskyi tried to return to national politics this time from the party of Strong Ukraine (placing 16th on the parties election list). But in the election the party failed to clear the 5% election threshold (it got 3.11% of the votes) and thus Piskun was not elected into parliament. Piskun was only allowed to take part in the election after a court decision validated his entrance in the election, at first the Central Election Commission of Ukraine had refused to register him because in the last 5 years leading up to the election he had not lived in Ukraine.

Dismissals as Prosecutor General of Ukraine
According to Piskun, his dismissal by President Yushchenko in October 2005 came because he stopped criminal proceedings against Yulia Tymoshenko and refused to drop proceedings against Petro Poroshenko. He was criticized for closing the criminal case related to the United Energy Systems of Ukraine while serving under Viktor Yushchenko's government in 2005. and dropping criminal cases regarding back-then Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko.

Piskun is the only Prosecutor General of Ukraine in Ukraine whose dismissals by two Presidents have been overturned as unlawful by courts. The latest being a 24 April 2009 Kyiv Court of Appeals passing of a ruling saying President Yushchenko's decree dated 24 May 2007, dismissing Sviatoslav Piskun from the post of the prosecutor general was unlawful, but Piskun did not submit any application for his reinstating on the post of Prosecutor General.

Career since 2014
On 30 March 2014 during an interview with Inter TV channel he called for the criminal prosecution of Ukrainian officials who are responsible for allowing the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea.

On 30 July 2020 Prosecutor General Iryna Venediktova appointed Piskun as her personal adviser on a voluntary basis. On 25 August 2020 Venediktova (without communicating the reason) realised him as her personal adviser.

title: Svyatoslav Piskun


text:
Irish Workers' Party

The Irish Workers' League (1948–1962) and Irish Workers' Party (1962–1970) were names used by the communist party in the Republic of Ireland.

Background
The Southern section of the Communist Party of Ireland had suspended its activities from 1941 onwards, because of police interference in its activities and the difficulties imposed by the emigration of many members to find work in England. Members were encouraged instead to join the Labour Party (although many were subsequently expelled).

The influx of communists to the Labour Party and the union movement, from both James Larkin's party and the Communist Party of Ireland, caused a split in Labour, with the formation in 1944 of the National Labour Party. During this time, the communists still ran a revolutionary book-shop called New Books and produced a publication, Irish Review.

Irish Workers' League
After the Second World War, internees released from the Curragh Camp such as the Connolly Group and with expulsions from the Labour Party, the party was re-established in the South in 1948 under the name Irish Workers' League. Michael O'Riordan became its secretary, others involved in early meetings of the party included Dominic Behan, Sam Nolan, Joe O'Connor and Sean Mulready. The IWL resumed publication of The Irish Workers' Voice which had been a publication of the Communist Party. The IWL ran candidates unsuccessfully in the, 1951, 1954, and 1961 general elections.

Change of name to Irish Workers' Party
The group's name was changed to the Irish Workers' Party in 1962, but this organization did not register itself as a political party. Thus, it did not select candidates until the 1965 general election, when it fielded some candidates unsuccessfully, and again in the general election of 1969. In December 1965 the IWP began publishing a monthly newspaper, The Irish Socialist, from its New Books bookshop.

In 1970, the Irish Workers' Party merged with the Communist Party of Northern Ireland to reconstitute the all-Ireland Communist Party of Ireland.

General Secretary

 * 1948–1970: Michael O'Riordan

title: Irish Workers' Party


text:
User:RicJac

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I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:RicJac


text:
Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown

Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown (11 March 1701 – 2 October 1783) was an Irish peer and politician.

Background
He was the son of Joseph Leeson, a brewer in Dublin, and Mary Brice, daughter of Alderman Andrew Brice, Sheriff of Dublin. His grandfather Hugh Leeson of Culworth in Northamptonshire came to Ireland about 1680, as an officer in military service, and made a fortune as a brewer, acquiring much property in the area around what is now Dawson Street. The name Leeson is found in Ireland before 1680; four Leesons occurred in the lists of army personnel in the Ormond Manuscripts, the earliest in 1644. The Earl had one known sibling – his sister, Joyce Leeson, who married Sir Robert Blackwood, 1st Baronet, the ancestor of the Barons Dufferin and Claneboye).

Political career
Between 1743 and 1756, Leeson sat in the Irish House of Commons for Rathcormack. He was created Baron Russborough, in the County of Wicklow, on 5 May 1756, Viscount Russborough, of Russellstown in the County of Wicklow, on 8 September 1760, and Earl of Milltown, in the County of Dublin, on 10 May 1763.

Family and legacy
On 20 January 1729, he married Cecilia Leigh, daughter of Francis Leigh. They had three children:
 * The Hon. Joseph Leeson, later styled Viscount Russborough, later 2nd Earl of Milltown (1730–1801)
 * The Lady Mary Leeson (1734–1794) (married the 2nd Earl of Mayo)
 * The Hon. Brice Leeson, later 3rd Earl of Milltown (1735–1807)

Cecilia had died by 1738, when Leeson married Anne Preston, daughter of Nathaniel Preston, on 20 October 1738. They had one daughter:
 * The Lady Anne Leeson (married Hugh Henry)

Anne died on 17 January 1766, and Leeson married thirdly Elizabeth French, daughter of the Very Revd William French, Dean of Ardagh, on 10 February 1768. They had four children:
 * The Hon. William Leeson (1770–1819)
 * The Hon. Robert Leeson (1773–1850)
 * The Lady Cecilia Leeson (married David La Touche and had a daughter Elizabeth who married William Crosbie, 4th Baron Brandon, and gained notoriety as the reputed mistress of William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne)
 * The Lady Florence Arabella Leeson (d. 1840) (married Marcus Beresford, a grandson of the 1st Earl of Tyrone)

Lord Milltown died on 2 October 1783 at the age of 82. His third wife died on 23 January 1842 having lived 55 years past his death. In 1728 Suesey Street in Dublin was renamed Leeson Street, presumably in his honour. Lord Milltown commissioned Russborough House, a particularly fine example of Palladian architecture, designed by Richard Cassels and built between 1741 and 1755. The interior of the house contrasts with the austere exterior by way of some ornate plasterwork on the ceilings by the Lafranchini brothers. It is the longest house in Ireland, with a frontage measuring 210 m/700 ft, and is considered by some the most beautiful.

The title Earl of Milltown became dormant in 1891 on the death of the 7th Earl, as it is thought that there may still be living male descendants of the youngest son of the 1st Earl.

title: Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown


text: User talk:64.56.47.35

title: User talk:64.56.47.35


text:
Talk:Waiver

Waiver and Contract Law
This is under the contract law category, but there isn't anything about waiver. I'll get around to adding it.

We probably also need some more global perspective. For example, the personal jurisdiction example is the leading case on waiver and consent, but what about elsewhere? Mmmbeer 13:06, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Agreed - I've added a short (and basic) section outlining the main legislation applicable in the UK. It would be nice if others could add similar sections relating to their local jurisdictions or any others with which they may be familiar. --62.173.76.218 16:01, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waiver


text:
User talk:Megagod

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title: User talk:Megagod


text:
User talk:Richard grace

gurls only write to richard grace no dudes ok i want to talk to girls only

title: User talk:Richard grace


text:
User talk:Foysa1

Bold textItalic textIn the Name of Allah"       boggan waxaan ku eegi doonaa umuuraha kasocda deegaanka Raaso kaasoo maalmahan aad u khadhaadhaa sababtuna ay tahay doqon isku dayaysa inay quwad ku qaado risqi aan eebaba u qorin................. waa Mubarek (M20)

title: User talk:Foysa1


text:
Listening station

A radio listening station (also: listening post, radio intercept station or wireless intercept station, W/T station for wireless telegraphy) is a facility used for military reconnaissance, especially telecommunications reconnaissance (also known as signals intelligence SIGINT) by "intercepting" radio transmitter communications. In contrast to the original eavesdropping on an acoustic speech conversation, radio eavesdropping stations are used to eavesdrop on the information transmitted wirelessly using radio technology. For this purpose, highly sensitive radio receivers and suitable receiving antennas are used (see images).

First World War
After Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) succeeded in 1886 as the first to generate electromagnetic waves in the ultra-short wave range, and Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) around 1900 was able to increase the range of his radio transmissions to hundreds of kilometers, thus radiotelegraphy technology was used in the First World War (1914–1918), for example: within the German Imperial Army, the Imperial Russian Army (with fatal consequences in the Battle of Tannenberg due to intercepted Russian radiogram traffic by Germany and Austria), and in aeronautical radio communication. Conversely, France was already using the Eiffel Tower, which was closed to the public during the first year of the War, as a radio listening station to intercept wireless telegraphy (see image). There, in addition to other French listening stations, encrypted wireless telegraphy messages from the German western front were intercepted, the message content of which would later be deciphered, notably by Frenchman Georges Painvin. This includes the so-called Radiogram of Victory (Radiogramme de la Victoire); the ADFGVX-telegram cipher used by the German Imperial Army.

Second World War
In the interwar period between the end of World War I and the beginning of World War II, radio technology had developed considerably and was now used extensively by all warring parties. Detection and evaluation of radio transmissions had become all the more important and were operated by all sides. The encrypted German communications (Enigma, Lorenz, etc.), which were intercepted by British radio listening stations around the world, were of vital importance to the war effort.

Dozens of so-called Government Communications Wireless Stations (GCWS), or Y-stations for short which had initially been established during World War I, and the Admiralty Civilian Shore Wireless Service (ACSWS), were used by the British for this purpose, in Great Britain and elsewhere. German Intercept Station Operations during World War II were comparable, albeit less effective, in the form of the General der Nachrichtenaufklärung (General Intelligence Service) of the German Army and the B-Dienst (observation service) of the Kriegsmarine (German Navy).

Cold War
With the approach of the Cold War, modern radio listening stations established themselves on both sides of the Iron Curtain, especially in the divided Allied-occupied Germany. Up until 1989, for example, there were two powerful monitoring systems on the summit of the Brocken, which lies directly on the former inner German border. One belonged to the Soviet military secret service GRU and was thus also the westernmost outpost of the Soviet Union, the other was subordinate to the main Department III (radio reconnaissance, radio defense) of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The stations had the code names "Yenisei" and "Urian", the latter colloquially known as the "Stasi mosque" (Stasi-Mosche). After 1989, a much larger listening complex was planned on the Brocken summit, which was no longer implemented due to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the peaceful revolution in the German Democratic Republic.

During the Cold War period, the United States Army Security Agency built an airspace surveillance and listening station on the man-made hill called Teufelsberg, located in the former West Berlin region of West Germany, to listen to Soviet, East German and other Warsaw Pact nations' military radio communications traffic. The listening station named Field Station Berlin (also known as USM 620 Kilo) was mainly operated by the US National Security Agency (NSA) and served as part of the worldwide surveillance network ECHELON. The installation was also shared with the British Army 26th Signal Battalion and 13th Signal Regiment since it was located in the British occupation zone. During the German reunification process in 1989 and 1990, the facility's electronic equipment was removed and the amassed classified information archives destroyed as it had become redundant with the end of the Cold War. In 1991 the US and British withdrew from Teufelsberg, and the Senate of Berlin sold the 4.7 hectare area of the listening station for 5.2 million Deutsch Mark to a private investor consortium.

A so-called "listening station" in the corner building on Mittelstrasse/Neustädtische Kirchstrasse in Berlin centre (Mitte-district), was believed to have been used between 1977 and 1989 by the East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi) to listen to the American embassy on the opposite side of the street.

Post-Cold War
The superpowers and their allies in particular still operate a wide-ranging network of eavesdropping listening stations around the world. One of the most famous is ECHELON, which is operated by the intelligence agencies of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Another is the Swiss Onyx interception system, and Frenchelon used by France.

Stationary radio listening stations in Germany are, for example, the Federal Intelligence Service (BND) outposts located in Bad Aibling and Gablingen; both are former US listening stations built during the Cold War in Allied-occupied Germany and are now operated by the German Federal Intelligence Service (BND). In England, RAF Menwith Hill should be mentioned, including BBC Monitoring at Crowsley Park and Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) in Cheltenham.

There are also mobile radio listening stations, such as specially adapted radio intercept road vehicles and mobile field tent stations,  reconnaissance ships or special reconnaissance aircraft for telecommunication reconnaissance.

Literature

 * Wilhelm Flicke: The Beginnings of Radio Intercept in World War I. www.nsa.gov (PDF)
 * Michael E. Bigelow: A Short History of Army Intelligence fas.org (PDF)
 * David Kahn: The Naval Intercept Station at Bainbridge Island, Washington. Cryptologia, 38:244–247, 2014,
 * Kenneth Macksey: The Searchers – Radio Intercept in Two World Wars. Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2004, ISBN 978-0304366514

title: Listening station


text:
User talk:Tomwalls

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title: User talk:Tomwalls


text:
John Jones (MI5 officer)

Sir John Lewis Jones, KCB (17 February 1923 – 9 March 1998) was Director General of MI5, the United Kingdom's internal security service, from 1981 until 1985.

Career
Jones was a native of Wigton in Cumbria, and went to The Nelson Thomlinson School in that town. A graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, where he read History, he became an officer in the Royal Artillery during World War II and served as a civil servant in the pre-independence Government of Sudan. He joined the Security Service in 1955. He became Deputy Director General in 1976. He was Director General of MI5 from 1981 to 1985.

He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1983 New Year Honours.

title: John Jones (MI5 officer)


text:
Jean-Baptiste Romuald Fiset

Jean-Baptiste Romuald Fiset (7 February 1843 – 5 January 1917) was a Canadian physician and parliamentarian.

Born in St-Cuthbert, Canada East, the son of Henri Fiset, he was educated at the Collège de Montréal and the Université Laval. Fiset practised medicine at Rimouski. He also served on the town council and was mayor of Rimouski. In 1869, he married Aimée Plamondon.

Fiset was elected five times as the Liberal Member of Parliament representing the Quebec electoral district of Rimouski in the House of Commons of Canada. He was first elected in the Canadian federal election of 1872, and was re-elected in 1874 and 1878. Although he was defeated in 1882, he regained his seat in 1887. This pattern repeated when he lost once again in 1891, but regained his seat a final time in 1896.

A notable moment in his career in the house took place on 30 March 1874 when Fiset guided a hooded Louis Riel into the parliament buildings so that he might sign the parliamentary registry and thereby become an official Member of Parliament. Despite having been elected to parliament as the member for Provencher, Riel at that time was a fugitive because of his role in execution of Thomas Scott during the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870.

Fiset was appointed to the Senate of Canada on 20 October 1897 on the recommendation of Sir Wilfrid Laurier. He represented the senatorial division of Gulf, Quebec until his death in Rimouski at the age of 73.

title: Jean-Baptiste Romuald Fiset


text:
IND

Ind or IND may refer to:

General

 * Independent (politician), a politician not affiliated to any political party
 * Independent station, used within television program listings and the television industry for a station that is not affiliated with any network
 * Independent Subway System, a former rapid transit rail system in New York City that is now part of the New York City Subway
 * International Nurses Day, celebrated in early May of each year to mark the contributions nurses make to society

Science and technology

 * Improvised nuclear device, theoretical illicit nuclear weapon
 * IND, the Index control character in the C0 and C1 control codes
 * Induced representation, in mathematics, an operation for passing from a representation of a subgroup to a representation of the group itself
 * Indus (constellation), a constellation in the southern sky
 * Investigational New Drug, an experimental drug permitted by the U.S. FDA to be transported across the U.S. state lines
 * Indulgence vs. restraint (IND), a Geert Hofstede's cultural dimension refers to the degree of freedom that societal norms give to citizens in fulfilling their human desires

Organizations

 * Immigration and Nationality Directorate, a former part of the Home Office, a department of the United Kingdom government
 * Immigration and Naturalisation Service (Netherlands), the organization that handles the admission of foreigners in the Netherlands
 * Independent News Distributors, a defunct comics and magazine distributor
 * Institute of Notre Dame, a high school in Baltimore, Maryland
 * Interplanetary Network Directorate, a branch of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory that manages the agency's Deep Space Network
 * Iota Nu Delta, the first South Asian interest college fraternity

Locations and languages

 * India, a country in South Asia
 * Indonesia, a country in South-east Asia
 * Indiana, a state in the United States of America (archaic: 2-letter abbreviation "IN" is now preferred to avoid confusion with India or Indianapolis)
 * Indianapolis, a city in the U.S. state Indiana (also abbreviated as "Indy")
 * Indianapolis (Amtrak station), a railway station located in the city
 * Indianapolis International Airport, the IATA abbreviation code for an airport located in the city
 * Scoreboard and/or statistics line abbreviation for sports franchises located in Indianapolis:
 * Indiana Fever, the city's Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) team
 * Indiana Pacers, the city's National Basketball Association (NBA) team
 * Indianapolis Colts, the city's National Football League (NFL) team
 * Indianapolis Indians, the city's International League (IL) baseball team
 * Indy Eleven, the city's United Soccer League (USL) team
 * Indy Fuel, the city's ECHL hockey team
 * Indonesian language, the official language of Indonesia

title: IND


text:
Stop the violence

Stop the violence may refer to:

 * "Stop the Violence Movement", started by KRS-One
 * "Stop the Violence", a song by Boogie Down Productions from the album By All Means Necessary
 * A slogan used in civil rights movements and other organizations, such as:
 * Gender Equality Bureau
 * Hip Hop Caucus
 * Stop the Violence campaign by radio station KHUM
 * Stop the Violence screening tour for the film Sin by Silence
 * Stop the Violence Committee in Seattle, which featured an artwork by Gerard Tsutakawa
 * "Stop the Violence", song by Mo' Hits All Stars from the album Curriculum Vitae
 * "Stop D Violence", a slogan by clothing brand Cross Colours
 * "Stop the Violence", song by The Silvertones
 * "Stop the Violence", song by A Global Threat from the album What the Fuck Will Change?

title: Stop the violence


text: File:Jean-Baptiste Romuald Fiset.jpg

title: File:Jean-Baptiste Romuald Fiset.jpg


text:
Canadaville, Louisiana

Canadaville (formally Magnaville) was a small community in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana just south of the town of Simmesport on Louisiana Highway 105. It was a project by Austro-Canadian industrialist Frank Stronach to build an experimental model community for people displaced by Hurricane Katrina. Canadaville occupied 3.69 square kilometres (912 acres) of land near the Atchafalaya River and opened in early December 2005. Rather than simply providing temporary shelter to the evacuees, Stronach intended Canadaville to help its residents integrate into a long-term holistic farming community that would raise livestock and seafood to be served at Gulfstream Park in Hallandale, Florida. The community was technically called Magnaville but the community members themselves decided that they preferred to be known as Canadaville.

The 75 mobile housing units are 1,420 square feet (132 square meters) in size, and have three bedrooms and two bathrooms, air conditioning, washers, dryers, and other amenities. As former Canadian member of Parliament Dennis Mills described it, "this is no FEMA Village."

Residents, which numbered over 200 by August 2006, Katrina's first anniversary, were able to stay rent-free for five years, with the requirement that (if able-bodied) they contribute to the community by learning new skills or using their existing skills. Since many of the Katrina evacuees were extremely poor and generally not well-educated, Canadaville's backers hoped that the Canadaville experience would help the evacuees gain self-reliance that they didn't have before. Stronach explained, "we would hopefully be able to put in an infrastructure whereby you would create a new life for them, a life of hope, spirit, so that they will be self-supporting and not on welfare. That's the idea."

In 2007, CTV Television Network (Canada) aired a documentary called "Welcome to Canadaville," showing the opposition that the Canadaville project met from some residents of its host town, Simmesport, led by the mayor. "Welcome to Canadaville" was directed by Mike Sheerin and produced by 90th Parallel Productions. Another documentary entitled "Canadaville, USA" was produced by DLI Productions.

Canadaville shut down at the end of 2010 and is now known as Port of Avoyelles.

title: Canadaville, Louisiana


text:
Leray cover

In mathematics, a Leray cover(ing) is a cover of a topological space which allows for easy calculation of its cohomology. Such covers are named after Jean Leray.

Sheaf cohomology measures the extent to which a locally exact sequence on a fixed topological space, for instance the de Rham sequence, fails to be globally exact. Its definition, using derived functors, is reasonably natural, if technical. Moreover, important properties, such as the existence of a long exact sequence in cohomology corresponding to any short exact sequence of sheaves, follow directly from the definition. However, it is virtually impossible to calculate from the definition. On the other hand, Čech cohomology with respect to an open cover is well-suited to calculation, but of limited usefulness because it depends on the open cover chosen, not only on the sheaves and the space. By taking a direct limit of Čech cohomology over arbitrarily fine covers, we obtain a Čech cohomology theory that does not depend on the open cover chosen. In reasonable circumstances (for instance, if the topological space is paracompact), the derived-functor cohomology agrees with this Čech cohomology obtained by direct limits. However, like the derived functor cohomology, this cover-independent Čech cohomology is virtually impossible to calculate from the definition. The Leray condition on an open cover ensures that the cover in question is already "fine enough." The derived functor cohomology agrees with the Čech cohomology with respect to any Leray cover.

Let $$\mathfrak{U} = \{U_i\}$$ be an open cover of the topological space $$X$$, and $$\mathcal{F}$$ a sheaf on X. We say that $$\mathfrak{U}$$ is a Leray cover with respect to $$\mathcal{F}$$ if, for every nonempty finite set $$\{i_1, \ldots, i_n\}$$ of indices, and for all $$k > 0$$, we have that $$H^k(U_{i_1} \cap \cdots \cap U_{i_n}, \mathcal{F}) = 0$$, in the derived functor cohomology. For example, if $$X$$ is a separated scheme, and $$\mathcal{F}$$ is quasicoherent, then any cover of $$X$$ by open affine subschemes is a Leray cover.

title: Leray cover


text:
Talk:John Greaves

Untitled
Pronounced "Graves" not "Greeves", am I right? --Wetman 13:15, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

This comment is old, but I thought I'd throw in my 2 cents: Greaves is my surname, and in my family it is pronounced "Greeves" ... for what that's worth. I don't know how it was pronounced historically, although "graves" is a common attempt at pronunciation by substitute teachers and the like.

title: Talk:John Greaves


text:
User talk:Lg52xmax

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! andy 15:15, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Lg52xmax


text:
User talk:Lg52xmax1

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! andy 15:14, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Lg52xmax1


text:
Battle of Sangju (1592)

The Battle of Sangju was a battle during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98). After capturing Busan and Dongnae, the Japanese army under Konishi Yukinaga  advanced at a rapid rate of almost 20 kilometer per day towards the Joseon capital of Hanseong (present-day Seoul).

Background
Joseon General Yi Il arrived at Sangju on 2 June with only a force of 60 cavalrymen. On receiving his formal assignment to block the Japanese advance from Busan towards Hanseomg while he was still in Gyeongsang Province, he found that his company of 300 supposedly first-rate troops consisted largely of untrained students and clerks conscripted out of government offices to replace men whose names were on the military lists, but who were either missing, already deceased, or claiming exemption due to illness. Rather than attempting to march this untrained force into battle, he took only his veterans, and hoped to recruit forces from the local garrison. On arriving in Sangju, he found that the garrison was completely depleted, as all of the soldiers had been called away to defend the provincial capital of Daegu to the south. With no soldiers, Yi decided to use grain from the government warehouses to recruit local peasants, and managed to gather a force of 900 men. These men were untrained and were little more than a mob, and Yi thought that he might have perhaps a week to train them. however, the Japanese army under Konishi Yukinaga arrived the following day.

Battle
When one of Yi's peasant conscripts brought word that the Japanese advance contingent had been spotted, Yi refused to believe it and had the man beheaded for spreading rumors. He felt that it was impossible that the Japanese could have advanced from Busan to Sangju in only ten days. However, the report was soon verified, and Yi deployed his force on a hill behind Sangju.

Konishi divided his army into two groups. The first, led by Konishi and Matsura Shigenobu took the town of Sangju without a fight. The second, consisting of 6700 men led by Sō Yoshitoshi, Ōmura Yoshiaki, and Gotō Mototsugu, headed directly to confront Yi. They approached through a forest, observed but out of range of Yi's archers. The archers failed to send warning to Yi, fearing the same fate as the man who had just been beheaded, and Yi was unaware of the Japanese approach until the vanguard emerged from the forest and shot down a scout less than a 100 meters from his position. The Japanese army then fanned out in three groups and rushed the Koreans. At 50 meters Yi's untrained forces broke and were cut down.

Aftermath
Yi managed to escape north, discarding his armor and his horse in the process. He continued through the strategic Choryong Pass, which could have been held to good effect against the Japanese, and joined his superior, General Sin Rip at Chungju.

The Japanese army continued its advance towards Chungju.

title: Battle of Sangju (1592)


text:
Patrick Walker (MI5 officer)

Sir Patrick Jeremy Walker, KCB (25 February 1932 – 13 October 2021) was a British civil servant who was Director General (DG) of MI5, the United Kingdom's internal security service, from 1988 to 1992.

Early life and education
Walker was the only surviving son of civil servant Reginald Plumer Walker and his wife, Gladys. He was born at Bungsai Hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, where his parents were married in 1929. The Walkers had once owned considerable lands in northern Nottinghamshire around Mattersey and Lound, but, according to his research, lost it all "thanks to a combination of incompetence and the agricultural slump" at the end of the 19th century. His paternal grandfather, Plumer Cosby Walker, worked for the Great Northern Railway.

After three years in Malaysia, the family moved to Nairobi, Kenya, where his father was chief accountant of East African Railways. At age 13, Walker left Kenya to be educated at The King's School, Canterbury, followed by Trinity College, Oxford.

Career
From 1956 to 1962, Walker served in the colonial administration in Uganda as part of the Foreign Service. He joined MI5 from the Ugandan Colonial Service in 1963.

Walker worked extensively in counter-terrorism. At the behest of Sir Maurice Oldfield (MI5) and incoming RUC Chief Constable John Hermon, in January 1980 he was asked to review the practices and organisation of intelligence gathering by the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Northern Ireland. Recommendations from the report were implemented via a memo issued in February 1981. The report established primacy of RUC Special Branch over all areas of intelligence gathering, and the Branch would also absorb weapons and firearms analysis. All intelligence contacts were to be offered to Special Branch, and all proposed arrests were to be cleared with the Branch. As a "basic rule" Criminal Investigation Department (CID) officers were not to discuss a Special Branch operation or investigation with other members of CID without express permission from the Branch. It is claimed by critics that the Walker Report cemented the position of RUC Special Branch as a force within a force, beyond normal checks and balances; established a policy of primacy of intelligence requirements over criminal investigation; led to a perception of informants as an untouchable "protected species"; and to an acceptance of cover-up and fabrication of evidence, such as that revealed after the so-called "shoot-to-kill" killings by police in 1982, that formed the subject of the Stalker inquiry. The implementing memo became known in 2001; the underlying report itself was declassified in June 2018.

Walker went on to be head of the counter-terrorism department. He was Director General of MI5 from January 1988 to February 1992. His term of office saw the statutory basis of MI5 established for the first time through the Security Service Act 1989 and the end of the Cold War. He was knighted in the 1990 Birthday Honours.

Personal life
Walker, whose father was a Presbyterian and his mother an Anglican, was baptised in the Presbyterian Church of England in York at a few months old. He was confirmed as a member of the Church of England by Ven. Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury, at 16 years old while attending school. He would convert to Roman Catholicism two years after marrying his wife, Susan Hastings, in April 1955, making him the first Roman Catholic to serve as DG of MI5. They had three children and nine grandchildren.

In 2009, Walker wrote an autobiography of his days in Africa, Towards Independence in Africa: A District Officer in Uganda at the End of Empire.

He died on 13 October 2021, at the age of 89.

title: Patrick Walker (MI5 officer)


text:
Antony Duff

Sir Arthur Antony Duff (25 February 1920 – 13 August 2000) was a senior British diplomat and Director General of MI5.

Early life and naval service
Born in 1920 to Admiral Sir Arthur Allen Morison Duff KCB and Margaret Grace Dawson at Var Trees House, Moreton. Educated at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, Duff started his career in the Royal Navy where he was a submarine commander during the Second World War; he briefly commanded HMS Otway and HMS L23 in 1942 before commanding HMS Stubborn (P238) from December 1942 to July 1944.

Diplomatic career
After the war Duff joined the Diplomatic Service in January 1946. He was Counsellor and Head of the Chancery of the United Kingdom Embassy in West Germany from 1962 to 1964, the British Ambassador to Nepal from 1964 to 1965; the Head of the South Asia Department of the Foreign Office from 1965 to 1969; the Deputy High Commissioner to Malaysia from 1969 to 1972; and the British High Commissioner to Kenya from 1972 to 1975.

Duff was the Deputy Under Secretary for Middle East and Africa from 1975 to 1977; and the Deputy Under Secretary for Defence and Intelligence from 1977 to 1990, including serving concurrently as the Senior Deputy Under Secretary from 1976 to 1979. Having led the British official delegation to the Lancaster House talks, he became Deputy Governor of Southern Rhodesia under Lord Soames from 1979 to 1980.

Cabinet Office and MI5
Duff was sworn of the Privy Council in 1980, the first diplomat to be so honoured since Sir Alexander Cadogan in 1940. Duff was Deputy Secretary (Intelligence and Security Co-ordinator) at the Cabinet Office with responsibility for security matters from 1980 to 1984. He was then Director General of the Security Service (MI5) from 1985 to 1988.

Later life
After his retirement in January 1988, Duff worked as a volunteer in a centre for the homeless and was a board member of Homeless Network in London.

title: Antony Duff


text:
Talk:You Sexy Thing

Speedy delete
The article didn't have any contents, so it could have been deleted, but there was enough to write something and save it. Also, removed the old link which didn't go anywhere. --DannyWilde 13:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

My mistake, not being more explicit. The link I added leads to a page where "you sexy thing" is featured in a funny video, which is a minor scale internet phenomenon. More than 90% of mouse.mpeg or mouse.mpg files you can find via google are this particular video. vaceituno 00:00, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

other covers?
I know it was covered by Tom Tom Club; will have to look up the date. Others? —Tamfang 22:27, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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Removing songs from commercials
The reason why removing songs from commercials on articles like this is because of the fact Commercials I Hate and Am I Right exist, and because of the retail apocalypse. — Preceding unsigned comment added by CodyFinke2019 (talk • contribs) 18:30, 23 June 2019 (UTC)
 * In order to consolidate discussion of this subject, which has been raised on multiple articles, please consider contributing at Talk:I Can See for Miles. Thank you.  02:19, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:You Sexy Thing


text:
Telephone counseling

Telephone counseling refers to any type of psychological service performed over the telephone. Telephone counseling ranges from individual, couple or group psychotherapy with a professional therapist to psychological first aid provided by para-professional counselors. In-person therapists often advise clients to make use of telephone crisis counseling to provide the client with an avenue to obtain support outside of therapy if they cannot be reached in an emergency or at the conclusion of a therapeutic relationship.

Telephone counseling is also provided by crisis hotlines, quitlines, and child helplines.

Professional counseling by telephone
Researchers have begun observing a growing trend in which licensed psychotherapists and psychologists are now seeing at least some of their clients via the telephone. A body of research exists comparing the efficacy of telephone counseling to in-person counseling and to no treatment. A recent study found that more than half of clients (58%) who had experienced both in-person and phone counseling preferred phone counseling. A 2002 study found that phone counseling clients rate their counseling relationship similarly to in-person clients. Phone counseling has been established as an effective treatment for diagnoses ranging from depression to agoraphobia.

Crisis hotlines
Crisis hotlines, also known as helplines, provide telephone support services which  often serve the primary function of suicide prevention. However, many of these helplines also accept calls from people who are not in active suicidal crisis, and the term "emotional support helpline" is sometimes used to avoid the implication that a caller must be in crisis to use these services. Some emotional support services employ email and messaging technologies. Crisis hotlines may be state-funded or provided by churches or charities.

Quitlines
Quitlines are helplines that offer advanced treatment for addiction and behavior change. Quitlines should not be confused with centralized call centers offering advice in a wide spectrum of fields for the purpose of receiving and transmitting a large volume of requests.

Child helplines
Child helplines are help and support services for children, run by civil society organizations and or government bodies. Child helplines specialize in offering information, support, advice or counseling to people 18 years of age or younger. Child Helpline International, an international network of child helplines, was formed in 2003 to support the development of child helplines and enable the information gathered by child helplines around the world on children's rights and welfare issues to be assembled for advocacy purposes.

Advantages over in-person therapy
Unlike other forms of counseling, telephone counseling is potentially free of certain constraining factors that affect traditional therapy, including geography, time, duration, and cost, making this form of counseling more accessible for a number of people who would be unable to attend traditional psychotherapy. It also provides a degree of anonymity that is comforting to some callers, reducing the intimidation that some people may feel at the prospect of seeking treatment with a traditional in-person therapist and encouraging disclosure. Also research shows telephone counseling to have better results among patients with depression.

Disadvantages over in-person therapy
Being physically present with your counselor may help you feel more connected with him or her; the telephone may contribute to "distance" in the therapeutic relationship. Some people feel safer letting themselves become emotional in the physical presence of another person.

Because the client often calls from a location that is part of their day-to-day life, calls often center around, or are interrupted by, situational pressures that the person is currently immersed in. This can have both positive and negative effects on the counseling provided; by allowing the counselor some insight into the person's situation, the counselor can be more objective. Conversely, the disruptions and pressures of situational factors may make it difficult for the client to adopt a reflective state or maintain full focus on the counseling session.

In the case of para-professional counseling (meaning a non-licensed therapist), there may not be guaranteed privacy; the electronic technologies involved make it difficult to prevent multiple phone connections, loudspeakers, or recording of the interactions. This fact may present a problem to a paranoid personality who suspects that others are monitoring his or her calls.

If the counseling is provided by an organization staffed by a number of employees or volunteers, a repeat caller cannot develop a relationship with a counselor in the same way as in traditional therapy, which may impede progress. These organizations typically limit calls in time and frequency, preventing deeper analysis and thus the use of therapeutic modalities that depend on it (i.e. psychoanalysis).

Phone counseling is not appropriate for people who are homicidal, suicidal, self injuring, or requiring more care than one session per week. Phone counselors may not be acquainted with local emergency service options. Counselors at locally operated suicide hotlines are trained in emergency services and acquainted with local resources.

Examples of nonprofit telephone counseling services

 * The Jeevan Aastha Helpline is an initiative by the Gandhinagar Police Department, Gujarat to provide assistance to those seeking immediate mental health counselling across India. The helpline has a toll free number 1800 233 3330 which can be called on 24/7. The team comprises eight counsellors and one senior counsellor, all of whom have at least a master's degree in Psychology.
 * The Volunteer Emotional Support Helplines (VESH) is an organisation representing helplines in 61 countries. It has been formed by
 * New Zealand has a community-based, youth-oriented Telephone counseling service, Youthline. Based in 11 local centers around the country, Youthline enlists 1100 volunteers nationwide (100 of whom are working in an online context).
 * Australia has a national Telephone counseling service, Lifeline. Also, the larger cities in Australia have other specialised Telephone counseling services, for example:  domestic violence, war-victims, youth, gambling, finances, substance abuse, parenting or child care.
 * The United States has a government-funded suicide prevention hotline called the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which provides 24/7 crisis intervention counseling to suicidal callers. It involves thousands of volunteers at over 120 crisis centers nationwide.  It also has a 24/7 National Domestic Violence Hotline.
 * In the United Kingdom, well known helplines include ChildLine and The Samaritans. There are a range of specialist helplines for victims of rape, sexual violence and sexual abuse run by third sector organisations, many of which are brought together through membership of The Survivors Trust network.
 * In Canada, Kids Help Phone is the best known youth helpline, operating since 1989. Naseeha is the first youth helpline specifically for Muslim youth in Canada.
 * Childline India Foundation: CHILDLINE "1098" is a non-profit helpline for children.
 * In Egypt, National council for childhood and motherhood provides the only helpline for domestic violence, reproductive health issues, family planning, marriage counseling, health education. Also receive reporting on any form of child trafficking victims. Clients are invited for in-person counseling sessions.
 * Healmind is an initiative by the students of National Institute for Empowerment of Persons with Multiple Disabilities in kerala to help those seeking mental health counselling in south india including Kerala, Tamilnadu ,Karnataka  their online service available  24/7. The team Healmind comprises six Clinical Psychologist whom have MPhil in Psychology.

title: Telephone counseling


text:
Guajira Peninsula

The Guajira Peninsula (Península de La Guajira, also spelled Goajira, mainly in colonial period texts, ) is a peninsula in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela in the Caribbean. It is the northernmost peninsula in South America and has an area of 25,000 km2 extending from the Manaure Bay (Colombia) to the Calabozo Ensenada in the Gulf of Venezuela (Venezuela), and from the Caribbean to the Serranía del Perijá mountains range.

It was the subject of a historic dispute between Venezuela and Colombia in 1891, and on arbitration was awarded to the latter and joined to its Magdalena Department. Nowadays, most of the territory is part of Colombia, making it part of La Guajira Department. The remaining strip is part of the Venezuelan Zulia State. The northernmost part of the peninsula is called Punta Gallinas (12° 28´ N) and is also considered the northernmost part of mainland South America.

Etymology
The name Guajira comes from the Cariban languages; it is the Spanish pronunciation of Wajiira or Wahiira. According to Picon, the word Guajiros was first used in the year 1600 to designate some 200 indigenous families inhabiting the region of Riohacha. They were known for having large herds of goats. The Spanish applied the term to all the indigenous in the peninsula who were goat herders. According to Oliver, the term Guajiro did not appear on Spanish records until the year 1626, in a document by a friar named Pedro Simón.

Climate
The region receives the flow of the trade winds from the northern hemisphere. The northeastern coast of Venezuela and the Antilles have Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub. The trade winds cause a resurgence of the deep littoral waters and make the sea more rich in living species on the western side of the peninsula. The northeastern flank of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range acts as a barrier that generates abundant rainfall in its steppes, forming the headwaters of the Ranchería River, the only major river in the area. Climate and vegetation varies from south to north, presenting hyper-humid jungle weather in the southern part (with 3000 mm of rainfall a year) to the desertic areas in the north (300 mm a year).

In the northern area, a small range of mountains known as the Macuira reaches 900 m above sea level; they trap some of the trade winds and mist forms. Most of the mountain range is a protected area called National Natural Park of Macuira. Nearby there is also the 80 km2 Flamingos Fauna and Flora Sanctuary.

Economy
The peninsula is inhabited mainly by members of the native tribe of the Wayuu, who use the plains to raise cattle, sheep, goats and horses. The descendants of Spanish colonists settled in the southeastern part of the peninsula, sometimes referred to as the Padilla Province. This has more fertile land, due to the proximity to other river basins, such as the Cesar River basin. It has been developed for large plantations of cotton and sorghum, and for cattle ranching.

Since the 1980s the central area of the peninsula was subject to the exploration and exploitation of coal and natural gas in the area of Cerrejón and of oil in the littoral. A popular ecotourism destination in the area is Cabo de la Vela, a headland and village on the peninsula on the Colombia side.

Missionary history
The mission of Goajira was carried out since the 1880s by Capuchin friars. It was elevated by Pope Pius X on 17 January 1905, into a vicariate Apostolic, dependent on the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. Attanasio Maria Vincenzo Soler-Royo was appointed to the vicariate, as titular Bishop of Citharizum, on 18 April 1907. The early 20th-century missionaries described the inhabitants of the area as: "'tall and well made. Formerly they were very intractable, but the Capuchins, who were in charge of the Catholic missions, have had a great influence over them, and large numbers have been converted. The chief towns are Paraguaipoa, Calabacito, Maricha, Marocaso, and Soldado, La Guajira.'" The Capuchins established three major orphanages, where they educated Wayuu children in Catholicism, Spanish, and European culture. In the 21st century, the government no longer requires Catholic education for the indigenous peoples. They are allowed to educate their children in the Wayuu traditions and language (Wayuunaiki).

In the novel Papillon (1970), Henri Charrière writes: "'The Goajira Indians are seafarers who fish for pearls. Their primary diet is said to consist of fish, turtle meat, turtle eggs and big green lizards, most likely Iguanas. Men and women are dressed only in a loincloth which covers their crotch.'"The women wear dresses of woven cotton; and the men often wear shirts and pants to protect their legs from desert winds and plants.

title: Guajira Peninsula


text:
Talk:Toaplan

game
http://www.rom-world.com/viewscreenshots.php?id=10455

Company History
Was there any reason behind user DuoDeathscyther 02 removing reference to Cave and 8ing from the 1st paragraph?

We know members moved over to form Cave at least, 8ing/Raizing perhaps too..Tychom

 * See section "Companies spun-off from Toaplan". DuoDeathscyther 02 00:22, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

1994 Disestablishments
Is it okay if I edit the category of the Toaplan company by adding in "1994 Disestablishments"?

I want to avoid making unnecessary edits unto any particular article and only do useful edits here. --CSL1 (talk) 04:12, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Successor in copyright interest
At Toaplan's (presumed) bankruptcy auction, who ended up with the copyrights in the video games? --Damian Yerrick (talk | stalk) 14:54, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

Dozens of reference errors
Edits in the last couple of days by have introduced dozens of big red reference errors into the text. Please fix these reference errors so that the new text can be verified. – Jonesey95 (talk) 16:43, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

Good Article Nomination
, are you sure you want to proceed with this nomination? I'd really suggest you withdraw. There are multiple issues at present that would merit a quick-fail. —  CR 4 ZE (T • C)  16:47, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, I'd withdraw anyways. I « ias! :,,.: usbk » I 16:48, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Due to the article's numerous glaring issues, I have demoted it to C-class. —  CR 4 ZE (T • C)  16:57, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm glad that I expanded it, still the article has issues. I « ias! :,,.: usbk » I 16:58, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Me too—but it is going to need lots of work. From the outset, you'll need to fix the broken references and the significant layout issues. Keep going! —  CR 4 ZE (T • C)  17:18, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Toaplan
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Toaplan's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "B!MD55": From Grind Stormer:  From Snow Bros. 2: With New Elves:

Reference named "ATVGL:JaO1971-2005": From Flying Shark:  From Twin Hawk:  From FixEight:  From Out Zone:  From Tiger-Heli:

From Repulse (video game):

From Mahjong Sisters:

From Hellfire (video game):

From Snow Bros. 2: With New Elves:

From Knuckle Bash:

From Fire Shark:

From Twin Cobra:

From Rally Bike:

From Ghox:

From Snow Bros.:

From Zero Wing:

From Teki Paki:

From Slap Fight:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 16:09, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toaplan


text:
User talk:Erome

Winstrol image
Since you are the original creator of this image, and have released it under the GFDL, would it be possible for you to resubmit it without the copyright watermark on the current image? If so, I'll whack it back onto Stanozolol. GeeJo (t) (c) 13:25, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Anadrol.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Anadrol.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Liftarn 08:27, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Winstrol.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Winstrol.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Liftarn 09:15, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Winstrol.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Winstrol.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to , stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to .

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. — Bility (talk) 23:20, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

File:Stanoject.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Stanoject.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 14:46, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erome


text:
User talk:Remis master

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Lupo 13:25, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Remis master


text:
Sempill Mission

The Sempill Mission was a British naval aviation technical mission led by Captain William Forbes-Sempill and sent to Japan in September 1921, with the objective of helping the Imperial Japanese Navy develop its aeronaval forces. The mission consisted of a group of 30 instructors and support staff; the mission was headed by Colonel Sempill and stayed in Japan for 18 months.

Background
The Imperial Japanese Navy had closely monitored the progress of aviation of the three Allied naval powers during World War I and concluded that Britain had made the greatest advances in naval aviation, they had also learned a good deal about naval aviation through their contacts within the Royal Navy. In 1920, a representative had also been sent to Britain to observe air operations off the decks of HMS Furious (47). In 1921, the Japanese government formally requested that the British dispatch a naval air mission, in order to develop and to provide a professional edge to Japanese naval aviation. There were reservations on the part of the Admiralty about granting the Japanese unrestricted access to British technology, yet after refusing the Japanese a total of ten times, the British government relented and sent an unofficial civil aviation mission to Japan.

Arrival of the mission
The Sempill Mission was led by Captain William Forbes-Sempill, a former officer in the Royal Air Force experienced in the design and testing of Royal Navy aircraft during World War I. The mission consisted of 30 members, who were largely personnel with experience in naval aviation and included pilots and engineers from several British aircraft manufacturing firms. The British technical mission left for Japan in September with the objective of helping the Imperial Japanese Navy develop and improve the proficiency of its naval air arm, the British government also hoped it would lead to lucrative an arms deal. The mission arrived at Kasumigaura Naval Air Station the following month, in November 1921, and stayed in Japan for 18 months. Although civilians, the Japanese granted active commissions to all members of the mission and a suitable uniform was provided. Sempill was given the rank of a naval captain by the Japanese while other members of the team were given lesser ranks.

The Japanese were trained on several new British aircraft such as the Gloster Sparrowhawk; as the mission also brought to Kasumigaura, well over a hundred aircraft comprising twenty different models, five of which were then currently in service with the Royal Air Force, including the Sparrowhawk. These planes eventually provided the inspiration for the design of a number of Japanese naval aircraft. Technicians became familiar with the newest aerial weapons and equipment-torpedoes, bombs, machine guns, cameras, and communications gear. While naval aviators were trained in various techniques such as torpedo bombing, flight control and carrier landing and take-offs; skills that would later be employed in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor in December 1941. The mission also brought the plans of the most recent British aircraft carriers, such as HMS Argus (I49) and HMS Hermes (95), which influenced the final stages of the development of the carrier Hōshō. Although Hōshō was already launched by that time, she became the first aircraft carrier laid down as such in the world when she was commissioned in 1922, one year before Hermes.

Impact
By the time the last members of the mission had returned to Britain, the Japanese had acquired a reasonable grasp of the latest aviation technology and the Sempill mission of 1921–1922, marked the true beginning of an effective Japanese naval air force. Japanese naval aviation also, both in technology and in doctrine, continued to be dependent on the British model for most of the 1920s. The Imperial Japanese Navy were also aided in their quest to build up their naval forces by Sempill himself, who had later become a Japanese spy. Over the next 20 years, the British Peer provided the Japanese with secret information on the latest British aviation technology. His espionage work helped Japan rapidly develop its military aircraft and its technologies before the Second World War.

title: Sempill Mission