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Attenborough, Nottinghamshire

Attenborough is a village in the Borough of Broxtowe in Nottinghamshire, England. It forms part of the Greater Nottingham area and is 4 + 1/2 miles to the south-west of the city of Nottingham, between Long Eaton (to the south-west) and Beeston (to the north-east). It adjoins the suburbs of Toton to the west and Chilwell to the north. The population of the ward, as at the 2011 Census, was 2,328.

The village is home to Attenborough railway station and the Attenborough Nature Reserve.

Features
Attenborough Nature Reserve is a series of gravel pits, which were flooded after gravel extraction and are now a haven for birds and other wildlife.

The main commercial centre of Attenborough is around the junction of Nottingham Road (the A6005) and Attenborough Lane.

Nearer to the nature reserve is a tennis club, along with a private day-nursery, which, in 2005, along with the Attenborough Prep School, was bought by Robert Everist, who then sold the nursery and closed the 100-year-old school. In media coverage, it was claimed that Everist's company had pressured employees into handing in their notice a week before closing the company. The Attenborough Cricket Club (which doubles as the village green) and St. Mary's Church (a Church of England parish church). This southeastern part of Attenborough is bounded to the northwest by the railway line and on the other three sides by the wetlands of the nature reserve. It is the historic part of the village, with two listed buildings and the listed church itself.

In 1944, a plot of land was given on Attenborough Lane by Mr E.V. Brown and Mr J.M. Barnett for a village hall, but it was not until 1955 when funds permitted that construction began. The building was designed by Lionel Thraves of Messrs. Thraves and Son of Nottingham and built by the contractor A.H. Taylor (Nottingham) Ltd. It was named the Lucy Brown Village Hall in memory of the late wife of Mr. E.V. Brown. The cost of construction was £8,200. The opening on 15 September 1956 was attended by Mr. V.H. Oade (vice-chairman of Beeston and Stapleford Council) and Martin Redmayne, Baron Redmayne (M.P. for Rushcliffe).

In 1966 a hoard of Roman coins was found on the footpath that runs over the railway and onto Barrett Lane.

Conservation areas
There are two conservation areas which Broxtowe Borough Council has designated in Attenborough. These are Attenborough Village and Attenborough Barratt Lane.

Attenborough Village Conservation Area
The conservation are comprises Church Lane, the north side of Shady Lane as far as Field House, The Strand and Sportsground and Attenborough Lane to its junction with Allendale Avenue. The conservation area was established in June 1977. Notable buildings include:
 * Hycroft. 202 Attenborough Lane
 * Cloud House. 233 Attenborough Lane
 * St. Mary's Church. Grade I listed
 * The Orchards, 1 Church Lane, Attenborough
 * Blue Gate, Church Lane, Attenborough
 * Woodbine Cottage, 9 Church Lane, Attenborough
 * Red Ridges, Church Lane, Attenborough
 * Thatched Cottage, Church Lane, Attenborough
 * Croft Cottage. 13 Church Lane, Attenborough
 * Ireton House. 15 Church Lane, Attenborough Grade II listed
 * Rothmere (formerly Glebe Croft). 17 Church Lane, Attenborough
 * Vale Cottage. 19 Church Lane, Attenborough
 * Field House Shady Lane
 * Long Acres, 25 Shady Lane
 * Rose Cottage, 45 The Strand, Attenborough. Grade II listed
 * Brookside. 49 The Strand, Attenborough Architect John Rigby Poyser
 * The Willows, 51 The Strand, Attenborough. Architect John Rigby Poyser

Attenborough Barratt Lane Conservation Area
The conservation area comprises the major part of Barratt Lane from number 23 to Attenborough Lane, Attenborough Lane from the level crossing to house number 201, and 1, 2 and 3 Long Lane. The conservation area was established in November 1980. The first nine houses were built at the end of the nineteenth century along the south side of Barratt Lane and had their fronts facing the railway rather than the lane, offering fine views towards the church and the River Trent beyond. Notable buildings include:
 * The Haven, 15 Barratt Lane
 * 16 Barratt Lane. Architect H.H. Brittle 1937
 * 17 Barratt Lane
 * 18 Barratt Lane. Architect John Frederick Dodd 1936
 * The Firs, 19 Barratt Lane
 * Attenborough House 21 Barratt Lane.
 * Norfolk House, 1 Long Lane
 * 2 Long Lane
 * 3 Long Lane

Flood defences

The village was flooded in November 2000. In 2006, plans were drawn up for substantial flood defences for the village. However, the scheme proved controversial because of the impact of a proposed high flood wall along The Strand. After a series of negotiations, planning permission was granted in August 2010, with the defences being moved to behind the village green. The work was completed in summer 2012.

Local government and politics
Attenborough is an unparished area and has no parish council. For local government and electoral purposes, Attenborough is within one of the wards of Broxtowe Borough Council, 'Attenborough & Chilwell East' Ward, and returns one Borough Councillor. In the 2007 local elections, the Conservatives won the seat. For elections to Nottinghamshire County Council the village is covered by the electoral division of Beeston South & Attenborough (consisting of the Beeston Central, Beeston Rylands and Attenborough wards). In 2009, the Conservative candidate won the division.

For elections to Parliament, the village is part of the Broxtowe constituency for which the present Member for Parliament is Darren Henry, for the Conservatives.

History
Attenborough was known in Saxon times as Addensburgh. It was the home village of Henry Ireton (1611 – 26 November 1651), an English general in the army of Parliament during the English Civil War and son-in-law of Oliver Cromwell.

In the graveyard of St Mary's Church, there is a memorial to the 134 people killed on 1 July 1918 in an explosion in the shell factory in nearby Chilwell. This death toll remains the largest number of deaths caused by a single explosion in mainland Britain.

A ferry (Barton Ferry) used to cross the River Trent from the mouth of the River Erewash (near Attenborough) to Barton in Fabis. A crossing existed at this point since before 1774.

Bus
Bus services in the area are operated by Trent Barton and Nottsbus Connect; key routes are:
 * Indigo: Nottingham – QMC – University Boulevard – Beeston – Chilwell – Attenborough – Toton – Long Eaton - Spondon - Derby
 * Skylink: Nottingham - South Lenton - University Boulevard - South Beeston - Chilwell - Attenborough - Long Eaton - Sawley - East Midlands Airport - Coalville
 * 510: Beeston - Toton - Stapleford

Railway
Attenborough railway station is managed by East Midlands Railway, who operate the following services that stop here:
 * An Every 2 Hours (Hourly at peak times) service between Matlock and Nottingham, via Derby.
 * An hourly service between Leicester and Lincoln or Grimsby.

CrossCountry operate a small number of stopping services, in the early morning and late evening, on the route between Nottingham, Birmingham and Cardiff.

Beeston railway station is approximately 1 + 1/2 miles away, where additional stopping services are available on these routes; in addition, Hourly inter-city services between Nottingham, Leicester and London St Pancras stop there.

Road
This is the primary method of transport in and out of the area, which is connected to Nottingham by the A6005.

Air
East Midlands Airport is approximately 7 + 1/2 miles away; the airport serves domestic and international routes, focused mainly within Europe.

Sport
The village has its own non league football club, Attenborough F.C. founded in 1947, who currently play in the at the Strand.

Notable residents

 * Henry Ireton Roundhead General during the English Civil War, and son-in-law to Oliver Cromwell, born in Attenborough in 1611.
 * Sophia Di Martino actress in TV series including Flowers, Friday Night Dinner, Casualty and Loki, born in Attenborough in 1983.

title: Attenborough, Nottinghamshire


text:
Spoliarium

The Spoliarium is a painting by Filipino painter Juan Luna. Luna, working on canvas, spent eight months completing the painting which depicts dying gladiators. The painting was submitted by Luna to the Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884 in Madrid, where it garnered the first gold medal (out of three). The picture recreates a despoiling scene in a Roman circus where dead gladiators are stripped of weapons and garments. Together with other works of the Spanish Academy, the Spoliarium was on exhibit in Rome in April 1884.

In 1886, the painting was sold to the provincial government of Barcelona for 20,000 pesetas. It currently hangs in the main gallery at the first floor of the National Museum of Fine Arts in Manila, and is the first work of art that greets visitors upon entry into the museum. The National Museum considers it the largest painting in the Philippines with dimensions of 4.22 meters x 7.675 meters.

Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo writes, "...the fact remains that when Luna and Félix Resurrección Hidalgo won the top awards in the Madrid Exposition of 1884, they proved to the world that indios could, despite their supposed barbarian race, paint better than the Spaniards who colonized them."

José Rizal and the Spoliarium
At a gathering of Filipino expatriates in Madrid, José Rizal enthusiastically toasted the triumphs of his two compatriots had achieved, the other being Félix Hidalgo who won a silver medal, calling it "fresh proof of racial equality".

"Luna's Spoliarium with its bloody carcasses of slave gladiators being dragged away from the arena where they had entertained their Roman oppressors with their lives... stripped to satisfy the lewd contempt of their Roman persecutors with their honor...." Rizal was footnoted in his speech that the Spoliarium, "embodied the essence of our social, moral and political life: humanity in severe ordeal, humanity unredeemed, reason and idealism in open struggle with prejudice, fanaticism and injustice."

Rizal was inspired to carve a mark of his own to give glory to his country by writing his 'Spoliarium' since early that year 1884 "he had been toying with the idea of a book" for he has seen and described the painting as "the tumult of the crowd, the shouts of slaves, the metallic clatter of dead men's armor, the sobs of orphans, the murmured prayers..." Rizal's book would be called Noli Me Tangere, "the Latin echo of the Spoliarium".

Return to the Philippines
In 1885, the painting was bought (while still in Paris) by the provincial government of Barcelona for 20,000 pesetas, after being exhibited in Rome, Madrid, and Paris. It was transferred to the Museo del Arte Moderno in Barcelona in 1887, where it was in storage until the museum was burned and looted during the Spanish Civil War in 1937. Under orders of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, the damaged painting was sent to Madrid for restoration, where it stayed for 18 years. The calls for the painting's transfer to Manila by Filipinos and sympathetic Spaniards in the 1950s led to Franco's orders to finish the painting's restoration and eventual donation to the Philippines. After the restoration work was done in late 1957, the painting was then turned over to Philippine ambassador to Spain Manuel Nieto Sr. in January 1958, and later sent to the Philippines as a gift from the government of Spain.

The Spoliarium was broken up into three pieces, with each piece going into its own shipping crate, because of its size. The painting was mounted on a wooden frame at the then-Department of Foreign Affairs building (present-day Department of Justice) building) on Padre Faura Street, Ermita, Manila. Artist Antonio Dumlao was chosen by Carlos da Silva, as head of the Juan Luna Centennial Commission, to perform relining and cleaning of the painting. The mounting, framing, and architectural work was done by Carlos da Silva. A newly restored Spoliarium was then unveiled in the Hall of Flags of the Department of Foreign Affairs in December 1962.

The painting was cleaned by Suzano "Jun" Gonzalez in 1982. In 2005, another restoration was made by Art Restoration and Conservations Specialists Inc., headed by painter June Poticar Dalisay. As of the present day, the painting is housed in the National Museum of Fine Arts.

Existing versions of the Spoliarium
Philippine historians Ambeth Ocampo and Santiago Albano Pilar have stated that there are at least four known versions of the Spoliarium that exist with the much larger 1884 version being in the collection of the National Museum of Fine Arts. Two smaller versions are known to exist that are presently in private collections, while the other was commissioned for a Russian nobleman that remains unlocated.

The boceto for Spoliarium
In 2018, a forgotten boceto (study) of the Spoliarium was rediscovered after nearly 125 years. The boceto is considered the earliest version of the work and is dated from 1883, made ascribed on the canvas itself with the words, SPOLIARIVM - boceto LVNA, R[OMA], 1883, making this version the earliest. Based on the literature, the study featured a peculiar signature written by Luna in baybayin script on the canvas's lower right side. The script for the word BU LA[N], was deduced from the Ilocano language for moon, which the artist added only to about four of his known works.

The boceto was last publicly exhibited at the 1893 Exposición Histórico-Natural y Etnográfica at the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid. Further research revealed that its provenance is part of the collection of the Philippine politician Pedro Paterno, a known friend and patron of Luna.

The painting later ended in the ownership of Don Jose Vazquez Castiñeira, a former mayor of Sarria, a municipality in the province of Lugo in Spain for nearly 130 years. It is believed that Paterno having been appointed as the new Director of the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas, the paintings were later sold or given to the Vazquez Castiñeiras. Paterno was married to Maria Luisa Piñeiro de Paterno who originated from Galicia, the same area were Vazquez Castiñeiras hailed from.

In 1996, Maria Nuñez Rodriguez, a childless widow of Don Francisco Vazquez Gayoso summoned her relatives into her household able to divide her estate. Included in the said estate were Philippine works of art that included an earlier version of España y Filipinas (1884) by Luna, the Spoliarium study, La Pintura, a work by Luna's contemporary Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, and other Philippine works of art.

The work was subsequently sold for a record price of PHP73.584 million (US$1.36 million) at a Salcedo Auctions' Important Philippine Art sale in the Philippines.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Spoliarium


text:
Mutiu Adepoju

Mutiu Adepoju (born 22 December 1970) is a former Nigerian professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

He spent most of his career in Spain, amassing La Liga totals of 175 games and 22 goals over the course of seven seasons and representing mainly Racing de Santander and Real Sociedad.

A Nigeria international for 12 years, Adepoju appeared for the country in three World Cups and as many Africa Cup of Nations.

Club career
Born in Ibadan, Adepoju (also called by his first name in Spain) left Nigeria in 1989 to join Real Madrid, but never made it past their reserves. The 1992–93 season was impressive as he scored 11 Segunda División goals to help Racing de Santander return to La Liga, and he continued to feature regularly for the Cantabrians over the next three years.

Mutiu left for Real Sociedad for 1996–97 but, after a solid first campaign, struggled heavily to hold down a regular place with the Basques. In 2001–02 he represented Saudi Arabia's Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah), but quickly returned to Spain where he featured rarely for second division club UD Salamanca.

After two more weak years, in Turkey and Cyprus, Adepoju retired in 2006 in Spain's lower leagues. He subsequently returned to his first team Shooting Stars FC, as general manager.

International career
Adepoju was a member of the Nigeria U20 team that played in the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship. His brace against the United States (which featured Kasey Keller in goal) in the semi-finals ensured a final against Portugal, a 2–0 defeat.

Adepoju went on to collect 48 caps for the full side, with six goals. He made his debut against Togo in August 1990, but his breakthrough came during the 1992 Africa Cup of Nations, and he helped his nation win the next continental edition.

Adepoju was part of Nigeria's squads for the FIFA World Cups in 1994, 1998 – where he scored in a 3–2 win against Spain – and 2002, although he did not play in the latter tournament.

title: Mutiu Adepoju


text:
User talk:Sharprs

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --TimPope 17:21, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Wonder when you'll get this message... (ESkog)(Talk) 22:06, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sharprs


text:
Andrew Johnson National Cemetery

The Andrew Johnson National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery on the grounds of the Andrew Johnson National Historic Site in Greeneville, Tennessee. Established in 1906, the cemetery was built around the resting place of Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States, and holds more than 2,000 graves.

History
Amidst some kind of dispute with his neighbors in 1847, Johnson wrote, "If I should happen to die among the damn spirits that infest Greeneville, my last request before death would be for some friend I would bequeath the last dollar to some Negro to pay—to take my dirty stinking carcass after death out on some mountain peak, and there leave it to be devoured by the vultures and wolves or make a fire sufficiently large to consume the smallest particle that it might pass off and smoke and ride upon the wind in triumph over the God-forsaken and hell-deserving, money-loving, hypocritical, backbiting, Sunday-praying scoundrels of the town of Greeneville." It seems that Johnson more or less kept this vow. Andrew Johnson acquired twenty-three acres outside Greeneville on "Signal Hill" in 1852. According to Robert W. Winston's Plebian and Patriot (1928), "Though little given to sentiment, he pointed out this spot to a friend, saying that there he wished to rest and to take his final sleep. Searching out the owner, he acquired this property, and took a deed to the same."

It became known as Signal Hill due to being an excellent place for soldiers to signal to friendly forces. When Johnson died, he was buried on the property on August 3, 1875. The funeral was performed by Freemasons. On June 5, 1878, a 28 ft tall marble statue was placed by Johnson's grave. The monument was considered so dominant that the place came to be known as Monument Hill. Andrew Johnson's daughter Martha Johnson Patterson willed on September 2, 1898, that the land become a park. She further pushed in 1900 to make the site a national cemetery, so that instead of the Johnson family maintaining it, the federal government would. The United States Congress chose to make the site a National Cemetery in 1906, and by 1908 the United States War Department took control of it. By 1939 there were 100 total graves in the cemetery. On May 23, 1942, control of the cemetery went to the National Park Service.

When the National Park Service was given jurisdiction of the cemetery in 1942, they ruled to allow no more interments, in order to preserve the historic nature of the cemeteries. Due to efforts by the American Legion and the Daughters of the American Revolution, the cemetery once again accepted new interments, making the national cemetery one of the few controlled by the National Park Service to contain soldiers of the World Wars, Spanish–American War, Korean War, Vietnam War, and the Gulf War. Aside from Andersonville National Cemetery, it is the only National Cemetery controlled by the United States Department of the Interior to accept new burials.

Johnson monument
At the time of Johnson's death in 1875, a Knoxville paper wrote that the burial place was called Johnson's Hill, located about .5 mi southeast of town, and could be seen "the right of the railroad as you approach Greeneville from the west."

When the area was made into a cemetery following the death of Andrew Johnson, two of Andrew Johnson's sons were reinterred: Charles Johnson, who had originally been buried in Nashville, Tennessee, and Robert Johnson, originally buried elsewhere in Greeneville. Several other members of the Johnson family, including grandchildren, would later be buried in the cemetery. Amongst these are his daughter Martha and her husband, former Tennessee United States Senator David T. Patterson. The 26 ft-tall monument was made in Philadelphia and was paid for by the three surviving Johnson children, Martha, Mary, and Frank. The marble monument depicts the United States Constitution, an eagle, and the Bible. The cost was said to be US$10000 1878 with the carving of the eagle costing US$500 1878 on its own. The base, granite "with a plinth die," is 9 ft square. The monument was dedicated in 1878. Planned speakers for the dedication ceremony were former United States and Confederate States congressman George W. Jones and biographer of First Ladies Laura C. Holloway.

Johnson's grave marker is inscribed "his faith in the people never wavered." One newspaper account of Andrew Johnson's life, published in 1891, stated "There is something singularly enigmatic in the epitaph, for no one ever knew precisely what is meant by 'His faith in the people never wavered.'"

"It is supposed that they were well-satisfied that their work would be the only monument ever erected to the man. Of one thing we may feel quite sure, unless there is a great change in the feelings of the American people Andrew Johnson is one dead American to whose memory no public monument of any great value will ever be reared."

title: Andrew Johnson National Cemetery


text: User talk:66.238.170.50

title: User talk:66.238.170.50


text:
Chancellor (disambiguation)

Chancellor is a political title
 * Chancellor of Germany
 * Chancellor of Austria
 * Federal Chancellor of Switzerland

Titles

 * Chancellor (ecclesiastical), a church official
 * Chancellor (education), a university official
 * Chancellor (Masonic), an officer in some lodges of Freemasons
 * Chancellor, a Presiding Judge in a Court of Chancery in the United States
 * Supreme Chancellor, a fictional senate position in Star Wars. (see Palpatine)

Places

 * Chancellor, Alabama
 * Chancellor, Alberta, a hamlet in Canada
 * Chancellor, South Dakota
 * Chancellor, Virginia
 * Chancellor Peak, a mountain summit in British Columbia, Canada

People

 * Chancellor (surname)
 * Chancellor (musician), an American musician based in South Korea
 * Philip the Chancellor, French medieval composer

Others

 * Chancellor (chess), a fairy chess piece
 * Chancellor (grape), a hybrid grape variety
 * Chancellor Media Corporation, a media company acquired by Clear Channel Communications in 2000
 * Cessna Model 414 Chancellor
 * Chancellor’s Pudding, a food
 * Chancellor Records, a record label
 * Hotel Grand Chancellor, a hotel chain in Australia

title: Chancellor (disambiguation)


text: User talk:82.41.254.116

title: User talk:82.41.254.116


text:
Fourth Crossing, California

Fourth Crossing (formerly, Foremans) is an unincorporated community in Calaveras County, California. It lies at an elevation of 922 feet (281 m) and is located on State Route 49 at 38.13139°N, -120.63472°W. The community is in ZIP code 95248 and area code 209.

Located on San Antonio Creek, the town was originally named Foremans, after its founder David Foreman, but became known as Fourth Crossing, as it was located at the fourth river crossing on the Stockton–Murphys Road. Foreman had established a ferry to cross the river, which they replaced with a toll bridge. The bridge is still standing to the west of the bridge that Hwy. 49 runs on.

The town was famous in the 1850s for its rich placer ores, which were replaced by lode mining. After the gold ran out, the town continued to operate as an important stagecoach and freighting depot, serving the southern mines until after the turn of the 20th century. The county's first Justice Court was established here, complete with a Justice of the Peace.

Today the town is little more than a few buildings and it is registered as California Historical Landmark #258.

A post office was opened in 1855 and discontinued in 1888; re-established in 1892 and closed for good in 1925.

Politics
In the state legislature, Fourth Crossing is in, and. Federally, Fourth Crossing is in.

title: Fourth Crossing, California


text:
Chic Stone

Charles Eber "Chic" Stone (January 4, 1923 – July 28, 2000) was an American comic book artist best known as one of Jack Kirby's Silver Age inkers, including his landmark run of Fantastic Four.

Early life and career
Chic Stone studied at the School of Industrial Art (later renamed the High School of Art and Design), and the Works Projects Administration School. He broke into comics in 1939, at age 16, apprenticing with the comic book packager Eisner & Iger. In the 1940s, he worked on the original Captain Marvel for Fawcett Comics, and Boy Comics for Lev Gleason Publications. For Timely Comics, the 1940s predecessor of Marvel Comics, he contributed to Blonde Phantom Comics, "Eustis Hayseed" in Joker Comics; and "Jeep Jones" in All Select Comics and Kid Komics.

Silver-Age Stone
Stone largely left comics during the 1950s to become an art director for magazines including True Experience and The American Salesman, and to publish a magazine, Boy Illustrated, which folded after two issues. He did commercial art for Grey Advertising and TV commercial storyboards for Filmack Studios. Stone, at this time living in Hollywood, California, then became art director of Modern Teen and Dig Magazine. At unspecified points, he did art for magazines including Esquire and Mechanics Illustrated, and was publisher and art director of Boy Illustrated.

He returned to comic books during the 1960s Silver Age, initially with the small American Comics Group (ACG) on titles including Adventures into the Unknown, for which he would pencil from 1962-1967. He also variously penciled and inked, uncredited, for DC Comics, and occasionally ghosted for artists Bob Kane (on Batman stories) and George Papp (inking his Superboy pencils).

Shortly thereafter, Stone began inking industry legend Jack Kirby's pencils on Fantastic Four (issues #28-38, Annual #2). He also inked Kirby on early issues of X-Men and the feature "Thor" in Journey into Mystery, and the two artists collaborated on covers across the spectrum of Marvel's comics.

Of his pairing with Kirby, Stone recalled in a 1997 interview, "Just before 1964 I was pounding the pavement, going from one publisher to another, picking up jobs at random. At the time I was penciling Batman, and inking Superman covers for [editor] Mort Weisinger at DC. I happened to walk into the Marvel offices at the time [editor-in-chief] Stan Lee was editing a Kirby pencil job. Looking over his shoulder I was totally awestruck by the magnificent penciling. Stan looked at me and asked, 'Chic, would you like to ink this?' My knees turned to Jell-o; all I could murmur was, 'You're kidding?' ... [After I turned in the assignment,] Stan was exceedingly pleased with my rendition of Jack's work, and from that time on I would finish one job to have another waiting. There were times I'd be working on three stories at once; working 12 to 16 hours a day was not unusual. The page rate for inking was not that great, but being able to work on Jack's pencils was a substantial bonus."

Cartoonist Fred Hembeck, describing Stone as "my favorite Kirby inker", said that "beyond the bold and expressive line Stone's varied brushwork brought to Jack's power-packed pencils, the sheer fact that, by year's end, he was inking the King on Fantastic Four, Avengers, X-Men, and the Thor and Captain America features in their respective home titles gave the entire line a warm and homey sense of visual cohesiveness that it's never quite managed to achieve since."

Later in the decade, Stone returned to freelancing for DC Comics, penciling an occasional Batman story — including the lead tale in the anniversary-issue Batman #200 (March 1968). He additionally pencilled numerous stories for Tower Comics' T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, Dynamo and NoMAN.

Other work around this time includes a run of the character Nemesis in ACG's Forbidden Worlds and Unknown Worlds; Dell Comics' Flying Saucers, and a Garrison's Gorillas TV tie-in comic; and early-1970s work for Skywald Publications' black-and-white horror magazines Psycho and Nightmare. Stone's art for an AMT model car-kit ad ("Grandpa Munster 'Digs' The Drag-U-La!") appeared in DC's Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #64 (April 1966), and elsewhere.

Later career
In the late 1970s and 1980s, Stone began a long association with Archie Comics, including its Red Circle and Archie Adventure Series superhero lines. This work includes a story written by future Marvel editor-in-chief Tom DeFalco in Archie's Super Hero Special #2 (Aug. 1979), and Stone's inking of fellow Silver Age veteran Dick Ayers on a Black Hood story in Blue Ribbon Comics #11 (Aug. 1984). Stone also worked on the regular Archie teen-humor line.

Stone was inking for Marvel as late as The A-Team #1 (March 1984). In the early 1990s, he drew commissioned art in Silver Age Kirby-Stone style for sales through dealers.

Comics artist Jimmy Palmiotti recalled, "I first started working on comics when I was in the eleventh grade at the High School of Art and Design in New York City. At that time, I was taking illustration and cartooning as a major, and a friend told me about a guy that needed background help. I called the guy, Chic Stone, and made an appointment to meet him at his Queens home. When I got there, he handed me an Invaders page for Marvel that Frank Robbins had roughed out. He told me he would give me ten bucks to finish drawing a train yard and some other backgrounds on the page and told me to bring it back the next day.

That afternoon I went to the Coney Island train yard and sat on the platform above and drew all the trains sitting in the yard. This panel had the Human Torch flying above it. I did what I thought was a great job and proudly brought it back into Chic's smokey Queens apartment the next day. Well, he took one long hard look at it, said it was no good and that it looked like a photo, and gave me five bucks. He told me to go home. You got to remember, this was the most exciting thing to happen to me ever and I got shot down in about ten seconds. I left ... pissed and upset. ... [However, h]e was a nice guy that gave me a shot, more than most would, and he didn't like what I did, so I did not get the job. That's it. I did not know him well, but he was nice about it in my five minutes of dealing with him. He was talented and I was a kid, wanting so hard to break in. That's how it goes sometimes."

Stone died in 2000 in Autauga County, Alabama.

Awards

 * 2024: Stone was inducted into the Inkwell Awards Joe Sinnott Hall of Fame.

Audio

 * Audio of Merry Marvel Marching Society record, including voice of Chic Stone

title: Chic Stone


text:
Talk:Ænema

This should be a redirect
I'm not a serious wikipediest, but isn't this the exact same article as this one: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86nima

Note the spelling with an I (aenIma). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.230.102.116 (talk) 19:45, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

speculation?
"which was probably the inspiration for Bill Hicks" - speculation unless referenced somehow. - IstvanWolf 04:21, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

The 7th instalment of the Tony Hawk series is set entirely in the Los Angeles area and is entitled American Wasteland. The last gap, worth 5000 points, for the Beverley Hills level requires you to perform a manual across a water fountain and is called "Learn to Swim". It is pure speculation on my part to make a connection to this song; however, it almost seems too fitting to be a coincidence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.89.232.113 (talk) 19:21, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Maybe?
possibly, we should add the famous rumors and reason this song brought up when it came out about sinking and L.A fault line being destroyed etc... Masterbeef66 02:28, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Tool aenema.jpg
Image:Tool aenema.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Tool aenema.jpg
Image:Tool aenema.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 16:57, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Song meaning?
Upon reading the lyrics I found this song pretty interesting. Enema is the process of cleaning the rectum of fecal matter. The song makes references to the act, and the title is a variation on it. I'd interpret the lyrics to be an rant about the evils of the modern world; lines like Fret for your figure and fret for your latte and fret for your lawsuit and fret for your hairpiece and fret for your prozac and fret for your pilot and fret for your contract and fret for your car. suggest a moral outrage at the pettiness of the modern world with respect to more troubled times (maybe biblical times and themes?). He's quite literally calling the modern world shit, and asking for cleansing.

Perhaps somebody could take a look, pretty up the idea, and include a write-up of possible meaning? 24.193.207.137 (talk) 14:36, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Assessment comment
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title: Talk:Ænema


text:
Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha

Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha ("Ibrahim Pasha of Parga"; c. 1495 – 5 March 1536), also known as Frenk Ibrahim Pasha ("the Westerner"), Makbul Ibrahim Pasha ("the Favorite"), which later changed to Maktul Ibrahim Pasha ("the Executed") after his execution in the Topkapı Palace, was the first Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire appointed by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.

Ibrahim, born as Orthodox Christian, was enslaved during his youth. He and Suleiman became close friends in their youth. In 1523, Suleiman appointed Ibrahim as grand vizier to replace Piri Mehmed Pasha, who had been appointed in 1518 by Suleiman's father, the preceding Sultan Selim I. Ibrahim remained in office for the next 13 years. He attained a level of authority and influence rivaled by only a handful of other grand viziers of the Empire, but in 1536, he was executed on Suleiman's orders and his property (much of which was gifted to him by the Sultan) was confiscated by the state.

Origin
Ibrahim was born to Orthodox Christian parents in Parga, Epirus, then part of the Republic of Venice. His ethnicity is unknown, but he probably originally spoke a Slavic dialect and also knew Greek and Albanian. His father was either a sailor or a fisherman. Some time between 1499 and 1502 he was captured in a raid by Iskender Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Bosnia, becoming a slave. He first met Prince Suleiman while residing at Iskender Pasha's estate near Edirne, most likely in 1514. It was then that he was taken into Suleiman's service.

Political career
After his rival Hain Ahmed Pasha, the governor of Egypt, declared himself independent of the Ottoman Empire and was executed in 1524, Ibrahim Pasha traveled south to Egypt in 1525 and reformed the Egyptian provincial civil and military administration system. He promulgated an edict, the Kanunname, outlining his system.

In a lavish ceremony in 1523, Ibrahim Pasha was married to Muhsine Hatun, the granddaughter of the same Iskender Pasha who had captured him more than two decades previously. This marriage appears to have been politically motivated as a method of integrating Ibrahim, an outsider, into the Ottoman elite. While Muhsine was initially skeptical about her new husband, they eventually formed a loving relationship. Although historians once believed that the woman Ibrahim married was Hatice Sultan, the sister of Sultan Suleiman, this had been based on scanty evidence and conjecture. As a result of research carried out by the historian Ebru Turan, including the discovery of multiple references to Muhsine in Venetian and Ottoman texts as well as a signed letter from her to Ibrahim, it is now accepted that Ibrahim's wife was Muhsine and not Hatice. They had at least a son, Mehmed Şah Bey (dead in 1539).

His palace, which still stands on the west side of the Hippodrome in Istanbul, has been converted into the modern-day Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum.

On the diplomatic front, Ibrahim's work with Western Christendom was a complete success. Portraying himself as "the real power behind the Ottoman Empire", Ibrahim used a variety of tactics to negotiate favorable deals with the leaders of the Catholic powers. The Venetian diplomats even referred to him as "Ibrahim the Magnificent", a play on Suleiman's usual sobriquet. In 1533, he convinced Charles V to turn Hungary into an Ottoman vassal state. In 1535, he completed a monumental agreement with Francis I that gave France favorable trade rights within the Ottoman Empire in exchange for joint action against the Habsburgs. This agreement would set the stage for joint Franco-Ottoman naval maneuvers, including the basing of the Ottoman fleet in southern France (in Toulon) during the winter of 1543–1544.

Although Ibrahim Pasha had long since converted to Islam, he maintained some ties to his roots, even bringing his parents to live with him in the Ottoman capital, where they also converted to Islam. His father took the name Yusuf and joined the Ottoman elite, becoming a governor in Epirus.

As his power and wealth grew, so did his arrogance, and he behaved as if he were in charge, not the Sultan. This deeply troubled the Sultan's wife, Hurrem, who plotted Ibrahim's downfall. After a dinner with the Sultan on 5 March 1536, Ibrahim Pasha went to bed. Upon arrival to his room, he was seized, and killed. Thus, Hurrem became the chief political advisor to her husband, the Sultan.

In popular media

 * In the internationally popular Turkish television series Muhteşem Yüzyıl, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha is portrayed by actor Okan Yalabık. In this series, Ibrahim Pasha is married with Hatice Sultan.
 * He appears as a unique Ottoman governor in the video game Civilization 6 in the Gathering Storm expansion.

title: Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha


text:
Category talk:Warhammer Fantasy (setting)

Help! How do I add the Storm of Chaos article) sindreman

The Malekith-article has to be added to.

Disambiguation
The disambiguation page was listed as the main page for this category; I feel that the category actually does a better job of clarifying so am changing the link.

All three main articles are sizable; therefore I have changed the link to Warhammer Fantasy Battle as that came first chronologically.

Dave T Hobbit 12:44, 21 August 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Ancient Egyptian race controversy

Asiatic race theory, Caucasian / Hamitic hypothesis and Dynastic race theory are the same
Reading the last part of the article, I wonder why these sections are arbitrarily split, when they all seem to argue for a West Asian component? Which is basically what has since been confirmed by genetic testing, though the article presents it as if it's completely rejected. FunkMonk (talk) 02:21, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

 * @FunkMonk There is a clear distinction between the old, racialist hypotheses from the 19th century and modern genetics. These old, essentialist models argued that an “advanced”, “external” race displaced the local, African populations and initiated the development of the Egyptian civilization. This is completely different from the conclusions of some genetic studies. Those studies have identified lineages (genetic mutations) from haplogroup J which originated from West Asia along with haplogroup group E which derived from East Africa. Furthermore, haplogroup E emerged earlier and has been attributed to a local population which descended from groups in northeast Africa/Horn of Africa whereas the younger haplogroup J has been attributed to a gradual genetic flow from the Near East over time. Also, haplogroups do not conclusively indicate skin color but population relationships and ancestry.There is still dispute among modern scholars about the value of genetics in relation to this specific question. Several scholars favor a multi-disciplinary approach rather than relying on genetics as a conclusive answer. Currently, the international consensus (UNESCO) among scholars is that the Egyptian civilization was ethnically heterogeneous and this view was based on a range of evidence including historical linguistics, biological anthropology, historical texts and visual iconography. Those scholars opposed the other aforementioned models and the corresponding information has already been cited. WikiUser4020 (talk) 05:54, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I see, the part about the genetics was more of an afterthought, the main point being that the three sections listed all appear to be arguing for the same thing (West Asian/Mesopotamian influence), but now they're represented as distinct, while the "Black Egyptian hypothesis" section also draws on various different theories, but is presented as one monolithic theory. FunkMonk (talk) 10:36, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * This is merely standard POV pushing. Any arbitrary comment which even vaguely supports a Black Egyptian position gets massively emphasized, no matter how tenuous the samples and the connections, while hard science which supports a West Asian origin is fudged out. The DNA evidence is continually stacking up in support of a West Asian origin, and so the Black Egyptian authors are reduced to trying to discredit the DNA evidence - by citing tenuous linguistic "connections", reinterpreting skull measurements and scrutinizing carefully selected 4000-year-old paintings etc. However the mountain of hard evidence which supported the old 19th century hypotheses has not gone away either, and so it gets presented in carefully structured ways in attempts to diminish its significance. Interesting times. Wdford (talk) 10:59, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Wdford Stop with the personal attacks and accusations. I have explicitly made it clear that the international consensus among historians in regards to the issue (“mixed population”).@FunkMonk is simply enquiring on the format of the sub-sections. Secondarily, genetics do not point to a West Asian origin but have determined the majority of the Y-chromosome paternal clades among Egyptians to fall under the E haplogroup which stemmed from a source population that emerged in East Africa. I would rather avoid wasting time debating this as the forthcoming UNESCO publication will conclude the matter. WikiUser4020 (talk) 11:28, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @FunkMonk That is a valid point. I suppose those hypotheses were formulated by different authors(i.e. Petrie and Seligman) whereas the Black Egyptian hypothesis is usually associated with Diop as the original proponent. Other scholars within the Black Egyptian hypothesis seem to echo Diop’s views rather than posit a fundamentally distinct view. I think the sub section could be combined but other users may have a differing view ? (You’ll probably need a consensus vote for that type of change) WikiUser4020 (talk) 11:00, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I don't think it's going to be easy, was just throwing it out there, as it seems like a mess. As it is now, I think most people skimming the article would think "Asiatic race theory" would refer to East Asians, when it's basically the same as the other two. FunkMonk (talk) 11:09, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @FunkMonk The section title could be renamed but I would await for other responses on this issue. WikiUser4020 (talk) 11:31, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * "would think "Asiatic race theory" would refer to East Asians" How is East Asia remotely relevant to Asiatics or Asians? Dimadick (talk) 09:16, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Because most people today would think that to be synonymous with East Asians, just look at common usage. I'm well aware and have made perfectly clear that in this context it refers to West Asia, which is part of the point of this thread, various synonyms for basically the same theory is used in three different titles. FunkMonk (talk) 15:23, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 August 2023
23.28.167.2 (talk) 12:49, 7 August 2023 (UTC) This statement is false. The beginning was not the upper Nile. It was in the kingdom of KUSH [ancient Sudan] where the first Sultan was crowned Pharaoh. Its in the stories. I t was a giant cliff side that a man climbed and spoke with Ra. Here is where Ra declared the explorer the First of the Pharaohs.
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made.  — Paper9oll  (🔔 • 📝)  13:35, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

genetic study of ancient Egyptian mummies
the genetic study of Egypt by schuenman 2017 on 91 mummies the first successful genomic study that utilized two previous DNA studies explained explained by supported by 4 references/ articles / study by a forensic company, should be included. The recent scientific studies of genetic ancestry of ancient Egyptians reveal high level of affinity between the Ancient Egyptians to modern populations from the Near East and the Levant, and revealed the genetic continuity between ancient Egyptians and modern Egyptians with minute influx from central Africans and Ethiopia. i object to removing this well made contribution to this Wikipedia article Zahida2013 (talk) 22:32, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

 * concur Viibird (talk) 22:34, 3 September 2023 (UTC) Struck sockpuppet comment. MarioGom (talk) 20:50, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
 * re arrange the study to add a newer study about the male haplogroup of the three men whose complete genome was deciphered:
 * As a result of recent ancestral genaeology study of the first successful genomic wide data of mummies of Ancient Egyptians with successful complete genome data from three males, published in 2017 by Schuenemann et al. extracted DNA from 151 Egyptian mummies from Middle Egypt, confirmed that the ancient Egyptians were most closely related to the non-african peoples of the Near East, particularly from the Levant. This is the Eastern Mediterranean which today includes the countries of Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. The study also found genetic continuity between ancient Egyptians and modern Egyptians and no relationship with Ethiopian DNA.
 * Modern Egyptians share 8% of their genome with central Africans/Sub Saharan, far more than ancient ones, according to the study, published in the journal Nature Communications. The influx of sub-Saharan genes only occurred within the last 700 years.
 * The genetic did not undergo any major shifts during the 1,300 year timespan studied, suggesting that the population remained genetically relatively unaffected by foreign conquest and rule.
 * The far-reaching data set gained from looking at mitochondrial/nuclear genomes: “This is not just the DNA of one person. It’s the DNA of the parents, grandparents, grandparents’ parents, grand-grand-grandparents’ parents and so for. This study counters prior skepticism about the possibility of recovering reliable ancient DNA from Egyptian mummies.
 * Forensics company Parabon Nanolabs recreated faces of the three ancient Egyptian men whom all their genome was deciphered using DNA technology and thermal meshing. It showed that all three of the mummies had once been young men with skin the color of modern Mediterranean or Middle Eastern people with deep brown eyes.
 * . Two of the three men had Y paternal haplogroup of J1-m267 reported by a later study, and one with haplogroup L1a1a1 specific to North Africa. Zahida2013 (talk) 23:34, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * This latest edit from was clearly very unbalanced:  Presenting a single study of three individuals is one thing, but acting as though that single study of three individuals allows us to make sweeping generalizations about the ethnic makeup of all ancient Egypt is wildly off-base, and violates not only WP:SECONDARY but WP:NPOV. Generalrelative (talk) 00:21, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Generalrelative the study is about DNA from 91 mummies of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA and 3 complete complete full DNA of three men. the nuclear and mitochondrial of the 91 mummies which is the DNA of the 91 mummies plus their parents and grand parents all showing close affinity with DNA of contemporary and ancient DNA of east Mediterranean Levant. resembling current Egyptian DNA but is far from Ethiopian DNA and central Africans DNA and other DNA of the rest of the world. the study was conforming to archaeological studies mentioned in the study. the study is cited by 5 later studies who used the DNA results in their own analysis. Zahida2013 (talk) 00:32, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * How spread out along the geographic clines of ancient Egypt were these mummies? How representative of the various strata of society? How deep was the time horizon? Not very, right? And even if it were a very representative sample, we'd still need a reliable secondary source in order for us to make a sweeping statement about the ethnic makeup of ancient Egypt. Hell, we'd need several. Because this is, after all, a controversial topic. And by reliable secondary source, I do not mean an op-ed by a non-expert (is this the same Philip Perry who is married to Liz Cheney?) or a press release. Generalrelative (talk) 00:46, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Generalrelative my contribution about 2017by Schuenemman was removed and replaced with incorrect edit that gave themselves to make wrong conclusions not found in the study. the study included 2 previous studies of mummies from upper Egypt. the new edit ignored the nuclear DNA which is a compilation of several generations back in time of each individual of the 91 mummies studied spread along 1300 years. I have provided expert second opinions from 4 articles and i add this does
 * the new edit is incorrect. I am a physician epidemiologist with 20 years of study of DNA science especially the ancestry genetics ancestral genealogy which this study is about.
 * nuclear DNA included the gene of whiteness of skin color and 3 complete DNA of three males found to be 2 j1-m267-p58 as reported by another study taking the DNA data from this study. 5 studies have cited this study and used their data in their studies. I will provide the new study later. the third male was haplogroup l1a1 but specific to North Africa. the study found no relationship with Ethiopian DNA and only 2% of subsaharan DNA compared to 8% in current Egyptians confirmed to be from recent influx in the last 700 years. Zahida2013 (talk) 01:49, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry but you do not seem to understand the issue here. My problem was not with the study itself but rather with the interpretation you gave to it, which went far beyond what the authors themselves stated, and the way you used it in the article to make a sweeping conclusion. Further, as WikiUser4020 explained to you in their edit summary, The wider conclusions of the study have already been referenced in a sub section in relation to this topic and criticised for sampling bias. Dumuzid and Austronesier also reverted you and endorsed WikiUser's rationale. Please understand that your expertise is valuable to the project, but only if you can learn and abide by our rules, which include WP:NPOV and WP:CONSENSUS. The latter means that you will actually need to persuade others rather than simply informing us about your credentials. As to your assertion the new edit is incorrect, I'm not sure what you mean, since the four of us have simply reverted what you sought to add. Generalrelative (talk) 02:26, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Generalrelative I did not provide my own interpretation. my contribution only reported info taken verbatim from the citations I included ( the study itself Schuenemman 2017, the report by max blanck website who made the study, another study from Nature journal, and Parabon. you did not read the legitimate citations I provided from nature journal, max blanck, CNN, Parabon etc Zahida2013 (talk) 14:53, 4 September 2023 (UTC) Zahida2013 (talk) 15:12, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Generalrelative I did not provide my own interpretation. my contribution only reported info taken verbatim from the citations I included ( the study itself Schuenemman 2017, the report by max blanck website who made the study, another study from Nature journal, and Parabon. you did not read the legitimate citations I provided from nature journal, max blanck institute , CNN, Parabon etc Zahida2013 (talk) 14:53, 4 September 2023 (UTC) Zahida2013 (talk) 15:17, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Umm, I did read them. Telling me I did not is assuming bad faith, which is prohibited.
 * Since you appear to need this spelled out for you "verbatim", here are some quotes from the original piece (Schuenemman et al. 2017).
 * 1: 2:
 * I hope that's helpful. Generalrelative (talk) 15:22, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Generalrelative these are the articles I took info verbatim from :
 * Watson T. Mummy DNA unravels ancient Egyptians' ancestry. Nature. 2017 May 30;546(7656):17. doi: 10.1038/546017a. PMID: 28569832.
 * Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. (2017, May 30). The first genome data from ancient Egyptian mummies: Ancient Egyptians were most closely related to ancient populations from the Near East. ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170530115141.htm
 * Schuenemann, V. J.; Peltzer, A.; Welte, B.; Pelt, W. P. v.; Molak, M.; Wang, C.-C.; Furtwängler, A.; Urban, C.; Reiter, E.; Nieselt, K. et al.: Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods. Nature Communications 8, 15694 (2017)
 * https://www.shh.mpg.de/423779/mummy-genomes|Max Planck institute of GeoAnthropology|The First Genome Data from Ancient Egyptian Mummies
 * https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/22/health/ancient-egypt-mummy-dna-genome-heritage|DNA discovery reveals genetic history of ancient Egyptians by Thomas Page
 * Even Parabon Nanolabs rereated faces of the three ancient Egyptian men whom all their genome was deciphered using DNA technology and thermal meshing. It showed that all three of the mummies had once been young men with skin the color of modern Mediterranean or Middle Eastern people with deep brown eyes.
 * Zahida2013 (talk) 15:42, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll say this one last time for your benefit: even if we take facial reconstruction at face value, showing that three individuals "looked Middle-Eastern" tells us almost nothing about ancient Egyptian phenotypes in general. This is because we know that ancient Egypt was highly diverse –– with significant variation along the Nile valley cline in particular –– with near-constant influx of populations from both the Middle-East and Nubia. Further, when we're looking at individuals from the Ptolemaic or Roman periods, there's a good chance we're looking at people who identified as ethnically Greek, Roman or something else. Generalrelative (talk) 16:04, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Generalrelative the study says the rule of foreigners did not affect the DNA composition from 1400 BCE to 300 AD. two of the men were from pre ptolomic ( see study discussion and were j1-p58 (dubbed semitic per familytreeeDNA website) dominant in current Arabic people. the nuclear DNA composition of the three men which is taken from their parents and grand parents and grand grandparents, and this nuclear DNA (aka autosomal DNA aka genomic AKA chromosomes) are similar to the nuclear DNA mix found in 80 mummies and mitochondrial DNA in all 90 mummies. this nuclear/mitochondrial is the same in all time span spread around from 1400 BCE to 300 AD proving continuity of DNA of the residents of the city proving foreign rule did not change that continuity. also the study confirmed the continuity to present egyptians but with increase from 8% of subsaharan mitochondrial to 16% in current egyptians explained by recent influx of the past 700 years as both this study and Pagani et Al confirmed 80% of ancient Egyptian DNA in non African. this 2017 study utilized Pagani study and all other previous studies in their analysis.
 * here is what I found in the study and supplements:
 * https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15694/figures/4
 * Genetic continuity between ancient and modern Egyptians cannot be ruled out by our formal test despite this sub-Saharan African influx, while continuity with modern Ethiopians, who carry >60% African L lineages, is not supported (Supplementary Data 5
 * The ancient DNA data revealed a high level of affinity between the ancient inhabitants of Abusir el-Meleq and modern populations from the Near East and the Levant. This finding is pertinent in the light of the hypotheses advanced by Pagani and colleagues, who estimated that the average proportion of non-African ancestry in Egyptians was 80% and dated the midpoint of this admixture event to around 750 years ago17.
 * Population genetic analysis of nuclear DNA:
 * On the nuclear level we merged the SNP data of our three ancient individuals with 2,367 modern individuals34,35 and 294 ancient genomes36 and performed PCA on the joined data set. We found the ancient Egyptian samples falling distinct from modern Egyptians, and closer towards Near Eastern and European samples (Fig. 4a
 * Our genetic time transect suggests genetic continuity between the Pre-Ptolemaic, Ptolemaic and Roman populations of Abusir el-Meleq, indicating that foreign rule impacted the town’s population only to a very limited degree at the genetic level.
 * This scientific study of genetic ancestry reveals that:
 * Ancient Egyptian mummies DNA data revealed a high level of affinity between the ancient Egyptians and modern populations from the Near East and the Levant, and genetic continuity between ancient Egyptians and modern Egyptians” and no proven relationship with Ethiopian DNA or east horn of Africa.
 * Our analyses reveal that ancient Egyptians shared more ancestry with Near Easterners than present-day Egyptians, who received additional sub-Saharan admixture in more recent times.
 * but we clearly show that 2,000 years ago, Egypt was more Near-Eastern, not less, as proposed by the model in Pagani et al. with non-African ancestry appearing more recently. We discuss this in the Discussion section (see line 406 to 419).
 * we can more reliably estimate the origin and timing of admixture with nuclear data.
 * background information on Egypt’s history (lines: 57-69) Zahida2013 (talk) 22:27, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Generalrelative How did you "we know ancient Egypt was highly diverse ethnically, and what made you think Nubia and upper Egypt were different from lower Egypt?? you made assumption that Nubia is not Arabic against nubians belief. DNA testing of Sudan and Nubia show 80% j1 haplogroup. how do you know ancient nubians were different?? Zahida2013 (talk) 00:43, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Generalrelative You took paragraphs from discussion section of study and out of context cutting off the author need for studies to prove premises. a premise that nubians were not semites is baseless, photos on mummies are of Greek persons is guess work because they most likely how the ancient egyptians looked like white but not Greeks Zahida2013 (talk) 14:52, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Zahida2013 This is largely unbalanced and inaccurate. First of all schuenamenn 2017 study concluded that “Genetic continuity between ancient and modern Egyptians cannot be ruled out by our formal test despite this sub-Saharan African influx”, not that “The study also found genetic continuity between ancient Egyptians and modern Egyptians and no relationship with Ethiopian DNA.”
 * another thing you seem to be missing is that the conclusion of this study is exclusive about ancient Egyptians of late period of middle Egypt only. It’s not to be generalized on all late period ancient Egyptians (i.e upper Egypt), nor to be generalized on Egyptians of earlier periods like middle kingdom or old kingdom including their inhabitants of middle Egypt. There is stated by academics and reliable sources. (William H. Stiebing, 2023) in Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture writes:
 * However, this study was conducted on a small sample sizeof mummies from one site in Middle Egypt dating to the New Kingdom and later. Therefore, the results cannot represent earlier populations of Egyptians or Egyptians from Upper Egypt who were geographically closer to sub-saharan populations Stephan rostie (talk) 04:21, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * another thing you seem to be missing is that the conclusion of this study is exclusive about ancient Egyptians of late period of middle Egypt only. It’s not to be generalized on all late period ancient Egyptians (i.e upper Egypt), nor to be generalized on Egyptians of earlier periods like middle kingdom or old kingdom including their inhabitants of middle Egypt. There is stated by academics and reliable sources. (William H. Stiebing, 2023) in Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture writes:
 * However, this study was conducted on a small sample sizeof mummies from one site in Middle Egypt dating to the New Kingdom and later. Therefore, the results cannot represent earlier populations of Egyptians or Egyptians from Upper Egypt who were geographically closer to sub-saharan populations Stephan rostie (talk) 04:21, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

Leaving aside the question of whether modern aDNA research can produce meaningful results about the immediate geographical origin (autochthonous, migrants from the northwest, or migrant from the south) of the population that produced the Ancient Egyptian civilization at the current state of spatiotemporal sampling density, what you're doing here is basically applying results of this research to a debate that is based on an obsolete paradigm of "classifying" human diversity, viz. "human races". The Ancient Egyptian race controversy is therefore essentially dead in scientific discourse and only survives in popular discourse kept alive by people who personally choose to continue classifying human individuals into races based on crude phenotypical features even when modern science tells us that this choice is baseless. Throwing in modern aDNA research into this debate is like using modern physics to establish the density of the luminiferous aether, or the distance to the rim of the Flat Earth. –Austronesier (talk) 18:05, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

 * @Austronesier the three males have Nuclear DNA (admixture of several generations of 100 ancestral) which match Nuclear DNA found in 80 mummies and found the three males are from the community which did not differ between the three groups ( pre ptolomic, ptolomic, Roman eras) and close to near eastern peoples from near east like Saudi Arabia Yemen Emirates and Levant) . nuclear DNA have the genes for physical features such as eye color, skin color, face physical features such as nose size etc, heights, etc called genetic phenotyping used by forensics. it's not guess work but used by forensics and police to identify old remains in cold cases. Parabon Nanolabs company used DNA phenotyping and physicals of remains to identify the three egyptians.
 * see Parabon. https://snapshot.parabon-nanolabs.com/phenotyping Zahida2013 (talk) 18:58, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * the three males had full nuclear DNA mix that matches the partial DNA nuclear mix found in 80 mummies and that's how they decided the sex of mummies. so the three males' nuclear DNA!! was chosen to compare with nuclear DNA of ancient and current nuclear!! DNA of many countries. they closely were matched to near east nuclear DNA. their full!! nuclear DNA contained all the physical features genes of hair type and color face shape skin and eye color etc. Parabon used by department of health in USA and by FBI to see facial and physical profiles of old case remains and suspects with absolute convicting results. codis used to get race of person since 1980s from one str test( native American or white European or Arabic ancestry ). however DNA detective is increasing on fast pace with full genome! collected from hundreds millions around the world with results in seconds by computer informatics apps Zahida2013 (talk) 00:25, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Austronesier nuclear DNA was found partially in 80 mummies and fully from three male mummies. the nuclear DNA was similar along all 80 mummies and the three men were chosen to represent the similar nuclear DNA among the 80 mummies. the nuclear DNA contain morphology genes ( phenotyping, genetic) shown in mugshot photos by Parabon Nanolabs. each nuclear DNA of the 80 mummies represent a mix of last ten generations ( 300 years) of 400 different ancestors of each nuclear DNA profile. all nuclear DNA remnants in 80 mummies across 1300 years were similar ( melting pot) found close affinity to current and ancient Near easterners of Saudi Arabia Yemen Levant. the nuclear DNA in the 80 mummies was enough to distinguish males from females! Zahida2013 (talk) 22:06, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The problem with Schuenemann-Krause is interpretation and misrepresentation. The mummies and remains they studied were not Ancient Egyptian, they were Late Period, and had nothing to do with the Ancient Egyptians of the New Kingdom, for instance. In the Parabon study, all 3 whole genome mummies were identified as most similar to Mizrahi Jews living in Morocco, Tunesia and Yemen, respectively, even more than the Modern Egyptian population. What seems to stump Schuenemann and Krause is the presence of Bantu and Nilotic dna in the Modern Egyptians, which they attributed to the (19th century) slave trade. Problem: their dna goes back in the region over 10,000 years.

 * (PARABON NANOLABS) DNA Phenotyping on Ancient DNA from Egyptian Mummies
 * Janet Cady, Mark Wilson, and Ellen Greytak*

 * The Snapshot ancestry database of subjects with known ancestry was searched for the subjects with the most similar admixture proportions to each individual. They were found to be Jewish individuals from Yemen, Morocco, and Tunisia, respectively.

 * On how they guestimated the features of the 3 faces.

 * The two lower-coverage subjects were both missing the SNP rs12913832, which is the primary SNP associated with eye color, so eye color and hair color were predicted assuming AA and AG genotypes, which are the most common genotypes in the Middle Eastern population. There were also very few skin color SNPs available for these two subjects, resulting in low-confidence predictions.
 * They may have 3 or so haplotypes from the New Kingdom era, which doesn't justify the claim that his study spans the width of the New Kingdom and Late Period to Roman Era. The 3 whole genome mummies or remains are dated to the 8th-6th century BC and the 1st century BC, the Roman Era.

 * JK2134 776 – 569 BC
 * JK2888 97 – 2 BC
 * JK2911 769 – 560 BC

 * How did they end up with the faces we're now familiar with?

 * Each subject was compared to the previous subject and heat maps were calculated to show the differences among the face predictions. These differences were then emphasized to create caricatured faces, which were combined with the pigmentation predictions to create composites of the individuals’ likely appearance at age 25 by a forensic artist.

 * So this is the problem: in Egyptology, the whole Fayoum complex is considered not Ancient Egyptian. So when Schuenemann and Krause talk about "These Ancient Egyptians", they're either being deceptive or fraudulent. And when they elevate the Late Period remains from an obscure graveyard south of Cairo, over the dna from the Valley Of The Kings, of famous pharaohs, that's an agenda.

2001:1C00:1E20:D900:D108:E292:4ECE:682B (talk) 02:04, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

Academic views on bias in Egyptology/modern studies Pov
The sheer amount of cherrypicked Afrocentric pov in this section is astounding the arguments put forward here are no different than those of any other afrocentric conspiracy theory and give undue weight to these fringe views i recommend this section which is entirely the product of a single agenda driven account should be deleted 64.90.222.34 (talk) 04:44, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

 * The section seems quite well sourced to me. Generalrelative (talk) 04:53, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @ In line with Generalrelative’s comments. A range of mainstream sources are included and this subsection has already received consensus agreement from other users over the previous year. The only identifiable source which can be described as “Afrocentric” is Cheikh Anta Diop who predates the concept and was a professional historian that served as a member of the International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of the General History of Africa which is a key source for this article. WikiUser4020 (talk) 08:02, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Christopher Ehret and S.O.Y Keita are both well known to be sympathetic to afrocentrism. The egyptian section of the General History of Africa has been widely criticized and Is generally considered suspect amongst anthropologists, archeologists, and egyptologists precisely because Cheik Anta Diop inserted his biases into it 64.90.222.34 (talk) 16:32, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The personal sympathies of the authors does not diminish the quality of their academic output. All historians have perspectives and personal persuasions. Keita and Ehret are both mainstream sources and widely cited across the field. Keita has also worked with the UNESCO President of the International Scientific Committee for Volume IX of General History of Africa, Augustin Holl, who will iterate the consensual view on the issue. The initial reception to the Diop’s chapter was initially negative although this has improved over time with some authors noting the Eurocentric climate during the context of his writings (1974-1981). You have not presented any opposing references which dispute the criticisms raised by these authoritative sources. Also, critics of Afrocentrism are also cited such as Frank Yurco, Zahi Hawass, Bernard R. Ortiz De Montell and Mary Lefkowitz. Although, several of these critics have died or have become inactive over the years. Regardless, the article captures a wide range of views. All the sources including Ehret and Keita share the current consensus view that Ancient Egypt was a heterogeneous society but the latter two have a greater scholarly focus on its early origins and its African context. WikiUser4020 (talk) 17:23, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I would like to invite to participate in this discussion rather than edit warring. Do you take issue with any of the points raised by WikiUser4020 above? If so, which ones? Generalrelative (talk) 20:55, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Generalrelative Similarly, Ario1234 provide sourced evidence for your criticisms of the cited references rather than removing long-established content. WikiUser4020 (talk) 05:11, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll go through the section bit by it:
 * "Various scholars have highlighted the role of colonial racism in shaping the attitudes of early Egyptologists, and criticised the continued over-representation of North American and European perspectives in the field."
 * -- This tries to insinuate that the supposed over-representation of modern North American and European scholars in the field is the same thing as bias (in particular racist bias), which it isn't. The second part of the sentence should be removed as the geographic or ethnic origin of scholars is not in itself relevant to the issue of bias.
 * "Christopher Ehret in 1996 wrote that "Ancient Egyptian civilization was, in ways and to an extent usually not recognized, fundamentally African. The evidence of both language and culture reveals these African roots. The origins of Egyptian ethnicity lay in the areas south of Egypt".
 * -- This claim by Ehret is not relevant to the issue of bias so should be removed. It's just a statement of Ehret's theories regarding the origin of Egypt.
 * "In 2023, Ehret recounted that the previous two centuries of Western scholarship had presented Egypt as an “offshoot of earlier Middle Eastern developments”. He continued to argue that these old ideas had influenced the attitudes of scholars in other disciplines such as genetics and their approaches even when existing archaeological, linguistic and biological anthropological evidence had determined the founding locales of Ancient Egypt to be the descendants of longtime populations in Northeastern Africa which included Nubia and the northern Horn of Africa."
 * -- This paragraph just asserts that Ehret's theories are correct and insinuates that anyone who has a different view is biased. This whole paragraph should be removed.
 * "Stuart Tyson Smith wrote in 2018 that a common practice among Egyptologists was to "divorce Egypt from its proper northeast African context, instead framing it as fundamentally part of a Near Eastern or "Mediterranean" economic, social and political sphere, hardly African at all or at best a crossroad between the Near East, the eastern Mediterranean and Africa, which carries with it the implication that it is ultimately not really part of Africa". He explicitly criticises Van De Mieroop's comments that ancient Egypt was clearly 'in Africa' it was not so clearly 'of Africa' as reflecting "long-standing Egyptological biases". He concluded that the interrelated cultural features shared between northeast African dynamic and Pharaonic Egypt are not "survivals" or coincidence, but shared traditions with common origins in the deep past"."
 * -- This is just another assertion that anyone who disagrees with the "African origin" theories of people like Stuart Tyson Smith are necessarily biased, rather than just having a different view.
 * "Andrea Manzo wrote in 2022 that early Egyptologists had situated the origins of dynastic Egypt within a "broad Hamitic horizon that characterised several regions of Africa" and that these views had continued to dominate in the second half of the twentieth century. Manzo stated more recent studies had "pointed out the relevance of African elements to the rise of Egyptian culture, following earlier suggestions on Egyptian kingship and religion by Henri Frankfort" which countered the traditional view that considered Egypt "more closely linked to the Near East than to the rest of Africa"."
 * -- This is just about different theories not about bias. Again the insinuation is that anyone who supports a 'Middle Eastern origin' rather than an 'African origin' of Egypt is necessarily biased, just because they have a different view. The paragraph should be removed
 * "Genetic studies have been criticised by several scholars for a range of methodological problems and providing misleading, interpretations on racial classifications."
 * -- This is just trying to insinuate that genetic studies can't be trusted and are biased. "misleading, interpretations on racial classifications" doesn't mean anything but makes it sound like genetic studies are racist somehow. Most of the references are old and pre-date the proper development of ancient DNA studies so are outdated.
 * "Boyce and Keita argued that certain studies have adopted a selective approach in sampling, such as using samples drawn mostly from northern (Lower) Egypt, which has historically had the presence of more foreigners from the Mediterranean and the Near East, and using those samples as representing the rest of Egypt. Thus, excluding the 'darker' south or Upper Egypt which presents a false impression of Egyptian variability. The authors also note that chromosomal patterns have featured inconsistent labelling such as Haplotype V as seen the with use of misleading terms like "Arabic" to describe it, implying this haplotype is of 'Middle Eastern' origins. However, when the haplotype V variant is looked at in context, it does have a very high prevalence in African countries above the Sahara and in Ethiopia."
 * -- This is from a 2005 paper which pre-dates the proper development of ancient DNA studies. Terms like 'Haplotype V' aren't even used anymore. Again it insinuates that DNA studies are biased, rather than possibly lacking sufficient data. The section is supposed to be about bias so this paragraph can be removed.
 * "In 2022, Danielle Candelora criticised how modern DNA studies are misused for political and racist agendas. As an example she cites the media echo about the Schuenemann genome study published in 2017, which was "sensationalized in the media as proof that Egyptians were not black Africans" in spite of its methodological limits, and taken by white suprematists as "scientific evidence" to justify their view on the achievements of the Ancient Egyptian civilisation. Candelora also noted that the media overlooked methodological limitations with the study such as the "untested sampling methods, small sample size, and problematic comparative data".
 * -- This is about media reporting on ancient DNA studies rather than supposed bias in Egyptology or genetic studies. It insinuates that the media is biased by insinuating that they intentionally "overlooked" supposed shortcomings in the Scheunemann study, rather than just reporting the findings of the study. It tries to smear the media and Schuenemann by mentioning white supremacists and 'political and racist agendas'. The misuse of DNA studies by white supremacists doesn't in itself have anything to do with supposed bias (or lack of bias) in DNA studies. None of this paragraph really has any demonstrable connection to bias in the media or in genetic studies so should be removed. Ario1234 (talk) 08:53, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * None of the assertions above have any supporting, sources. Various academic sources have stated that bias has been an underlying feature of the race controversy and approach of the related disciplines. None of the cited sources state or implicitly imply that genetic studies should not be trusted. They are critical of the interpretations and use of the genetic studies to make wider, conclusive claims in relation to this topic. Your claims are a clear, misrepresentation of the sources. Hence, unless you can provide countervailing sources then this is rooted in your personal lay views which should not take precedence over credible, well sourced references as noted by Generalrelative. WikiUser4020 (talk) 09:06, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The problem is rather your presentation of sources, your inclusion of irrelevant content/sources, outdated sources, meaningless statements, insinuations etc, which are all clearly driven by your personal agenda, which can be seen from your other comments further up this page. Ario1234 (talk) 11:22, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Ario1234 You ignored my point about providing credible sources to support your views and continue with these claims of bad faith. The sources are clearly quoted, the material is directly relevant for this article in terms of providing a more rounded, contextual basis and the statements are far from meaningless but carry strong informative value for the wider public. Your inability to provide credible sources, accusations of bad faith and continued disruptive edit warring show this is a fruitless discussion. Others have reverted your edits and your actions lack consensus hence the paragraph can stand. In future, I would recommend you raise disputes via talk rather than simply remove credible sources simply because you dislike the information and have a particular viewpoint. WikiUser4020 (talk) 12:00, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * It's pretty obvious what game you're trying to play here, inserting your spam into every page about Egypt and pretending that its reasonable because you post a bunch of 'sources'. Ario1234 (talk) 14:00, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Ario1234 You again ignore my points repeatedly about providing supporting sources and evidence. Instead, you continue with personal attacks as you cannot or seem reluctant to provide objective and credible sources which counter the views of experts in those fields. Attacking my efforts to help develop the encyclopedia for public information does not help your case either. I will not respond to any of your personal attacks but await others to make any conclusive judgements on this matter per consensus. WikiUser4020 (talk) 14:24, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I won't address all points raised, and will first of all refrain from labelling any of the participants in this discussion with ideological tags (which is a silly excercise, unless you're out to get blocked).
 * About Candelora (2022): it is a very intelligent and insightful piece that deserves to be cited here. I had some issues before with the way paraphrased its key points into wikitext, but this has long been settled. Nothing in her paper is a "smear"; read it well. If you find fault with the way her observations are represented here, I am open to further changes. But a big NO from me if you want to remove it as a source.
 * Ehret (1999) is indeed misplaced in the section "Scholarly views on bias...". I have repeatedly explained that this article is not to present arguments in favor of one or the other side of the "Ancient Egyptian race controversy"; obviously, this is not the place to enact the controversy here (which is a stupid thing to do in the 21th century, not just here, but generally). Ok, Ehret says that the "Ancient Egyptian civilization was [...] fundamentally African". Great, but how is this related to the question of bias? Ehret is of course 100% citeable as a giant of African studies, but please always in the proper context. It's not material for this article, but belongs in an article about the Origins of the Ancient Egyptian civilization without any reference to the fucking dead "race controversy". (The smear starts when you contexualize great scholarship such as Ehret's in a pseudo-scientific discussion such as the "Ancient Egyptian race controversy".)
 * Ehret (2023) is a different story. It is very explicitly about bias; maybe it needs to be paraphrased more clearly (what about citing what Ehret says about where old biased notions come from: "rooted as they are in the self-serving racialist presumptions of nineteenth-century Europeans"). So again, no, don't remove it. –Austronesier (talk) 18:50, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Austronesier You offer some valid points and are proposing amendments rather than outright removal which is a far more constructive point of discussion. However, I still disagree with the point about Ehret’s 1997 quotation. He is noting that the Africa origins of Ancient Egypt is not usually recognized which is suggestive of implicit bias in interpretations and wider perceptions. I can agree with moving it into the section on modern scholarship rather than a total removal. WikiUser4020 (talk) 18:59, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a reasonable compromise to me. And I like Austronesier's suggestion to quote rather than paraphrase Ehret 2023. Generalrelative (talk) 19:24, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * "In ways and to an extent usually not recognized" is about facts, not causes (= bias). Anyway, moving it to a different section is a good solution.
 * Maybe off-topic here, but what is actually the purpose of "Position of modern scholarship"? IMO, it should present the position of modern scholarship about the controversy (in a nutshell: the "Ancient Egyptian race controversy" is dumb, per Yurco and myriads of other scholars). Nothing else. Plus maybe about one or two pointers to what acutally matters in modern scholarship when discussing the origins of the Ancient Egyptian civilization (+ links to WP pages that cover these things). Origins means a lot. Origins of cultural expression, the physical origins of its people, the origins of its language. Three related but different things that defy one-dimensional monocausal narratives. –Austronesier (talk) 19:27, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Yep, that pretty much summarizes what we need to convey to the reader (IMHO). Generalrelative (talk) 19:31, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Austronesier@Generalrelative, Austronesier can perhaps add the specific quote from Ehret in relation to bias as this issue is discussed across several pages in his 2023 book.
 * In relation to the point on modern scholarship, it appears to convey the views of current scholars on the ethnicity of ancient Egyptian which overlaps with the history of the race controversy. These two subject matters are often featured in academic publications as interchangeable. The purpose of the article may need to be expanded upon to account for this in that case considering the difficulty in maintaining a separate distinction over the long-term. WikiUser4020 (talk) 19:40, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

Mistranslation or misquote
"Africans have nothing to do with the pyramids scientifically" - >this cannot be right since Egyptians are Africans and the pyramids were built by inhabitants of Africa. (t · c)  buidhe  06:26, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * That's a direct quotation taken from one of the cited sources. Two sources are cited for that statement. One of them contains the quotation, and the other one says the same thing paraphrased, and makes it clear that "Africans" in this context refers to the Black race, not the inhabitants of the entire continent, which includes a variety of ethnic groups. This quote was made in response to attempts by US comedian Kevin Hart promoting the revisionist claim that ancient Egypt's rulers and its people were Black. This context seems clear enough in the sentences following that quotation. ~Anachronist (talk) 07:26, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, I read the surrounding text.
 * Perhaps it's verifiable, but I don't think it's necessary to include. The only source supporting the translation may not be wp rs. There's another quote later on which gets the point across and doesn't make him sound like an idiot. (t · c)  buidhe  14:26, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

Egyptologists React To The Schuenemann Krause Study
Egyptologists react to the Schuenemann study in Nature:

Stuart Smith, 'Black Pharaohs? https://youtube.com/watch?v=4QK7P0Bdpj0&t=2951

Vanessa Davies https://youtube.com/watch?v=U2GgiSnE3BY&t=1627

Christopher Ehret The Africanity of Ancient Egypt: Huggins Lectures https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_DD4nmyoss&t=1210s

2001:1C00:1E20:D900:D108:E292:4ECE:682B (talk) 02:58, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ancient Egyptian race controversy


text:
Talk:Hyena

size/appearance
The article has a section covering the stature of the hyena, and mentions that some females are larger than the males, but nowhere does it inform the reader of the dimensions of the hyena (i.e., body length, tail, weight). For that, I had to turn to a search engine which took me to a page on the African Wildlife Foundation website --> https://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/hyena. Here are some data: 37.4 - 59.1 inches (95-150 cm) in length, 29.5 - 33.5 inches (75-85 cm) in height.72.174.131.123 (talk) 01:07, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Necks...
I know in the original source ("Mammals of the Soviet Union"): Hyenas' necks are described as "quite short and thick," which is what is mentioned on this wiki too... I agree with the thick part. For the length tho.... I suppose it is relative. Shorter than say several equid species (horses, zebras, etc.) but still longer than several canid or felid species I think (not all ofc, but still many). 117.195.17.150 (talk) 14:50, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

Why hyena is carnivor
Why hyena is carnivor 180.242.197.104 (talk) 13:30, 3 November 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Bio 488 Mammalogy
— Assignment last updated by Bentheiler (talk) 02:14, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Personal Suggestion...
Some of the facts mentioned in the article generally apply to species in Hyaeninae (spotted, striped and brown hyenas).

But they either don't apply or are not well known in Proteles' (aardwolf) case. Some examples:

- "both hyenas and canines are non-arboreal, cursorial hunters that catch prey with their teeth rather than claws. Both eat food quickly and may store it, and their calloused feet with large, blunt, nonretractable claws are adapted for running and making sharp turns." Meanwhile, aardwolf is a non-arboreal forager (insectivore) that catches insect prey with its tongue (rather than teeth or claws). Due to the nature of its food, it is not known to store it anywhere. It's feet are not large but do retain nonretractable claws.

- "(Hyenas) ... are fairly massive and wolf-like in build.... Their skulls superficially resemble those of large canids, but are much larger and heavier, with shorter facial portions." Aardwolves are much smaller and lighter in terms of their general build as well as skull. Skull Specs of example species: Aardwolf: 14.4 cm * 7.85 cm * 5.6 cm (79.6 g) Spotted Hyena: 23.9 cm * 14.9 cm * 10.9 cm (667 g) Striped Hyena: 22.4 cm * 14.8 cm * 10.4 cm (493 g)

Grey Wolf: 26.5 cm * 14.4 cm * 11.6 cm (532 g) African Wild Dog: 21.2 cm * 13.1 cm * 9.2 cm (294 g) (Ref: https://skullbase.info/skullbase/skulls/)

- The paragraph on dentition (in Build): I think the para can elaborate how different the aardwolf skull and dentition is from other hyenas' skulls. There are similarities in the external shape but otherwise differences in the overall skull size and dentition. Aside from the reduced cheek teeth (which is mentioned), they retain sharp canines and a fairly strong jaw, but it's still much weaker compared to other hyenas and certainly not for crushing bones or anything similarly hard. Also for the dental formula: The more recently reported for Proteles is 3/3, 1/1, 3/2-1, 1/1-2 = 28-32 (as opposed to 3/3, 1/1, 4/3, 1/1 = 34 in other hyenas) (Ref: The Teeth of Mammalian Vertebrates by B. Berkovitz and P. Shellis).

There are few more examples as well... but I digress.

One suggestion I'd make is to use a term that can be easily used to refer to all species other than the aardwolf. E.g., Hyaeninae species (whereas aardwolf is in Protelinae), large hyenas, durophagous hyenas, etc. 59.88.161.237 (talk) 14:38, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

 * This lack of differentiation between the aardwolf and other hyena species in the article partially contributes to the general public's inability to identify different hyena species. (I've seen way too many images and videos of striped and even brown hyenas being mislabeled as "Aardwolf".) This is especially a problem when you consider that they fulfill different ecological niches and have differing habits. 117.202.207.234 (talk) 15:46, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hyena


text:
Rocambole

Rocambole may refer to:

Botany

 * The sand leek, Allium scorodoprasum
 * An alternative name for the shallot, Allium ascalonium
 * A variety of Hardneck garlic, Allium sativum var. ophioscorodon

Other uses

 * Rocambole (character), created by Pierre Alexis Ponson du Terrail as the main character of a series published in daily newspapers between 1857 and 1870
 * Rocambole (1948 film), a 1948 French-Italian historical thriller film starring Ponson du Terrail's character
 * Rocambole (French TV series), a 1964 French drama
 * Rocambole (Mexican TV series), Mexican telenovela
 * Rocambole, a section of Stay-behind in Norway
 * A Brazilian variant of Swiss roll

title: Rocambole


text:
The Star (Sheffield newspaper)

The Star, often known as the Sheffield Star, is a daily newspaper published in Sheffield, England, from Monday to Saturday each week. Originally a broadsheet, the newspaper became a tabloid in 1993. The Star, the weekly Sheffield Telegraph and the Green 'Un are published by Sheffield Newspapers Ltd (owned by National World), based at The Balance in Pinfold Street in Sheffield City Centre.

History
The Star is marketed in South Yorkshire, North Derbyshire and North Nottinghamshire and reaches its readers through its main edition and district edition for Doncaster. The Rotherham and Barnsley district editions closed in 2008. The total average issue readership for The Star is 105,498.

The newspaper which subsequently became The Star began as the Sheffield Evening Telegraph, the first edition of which was published on 7 June 1887.

It soon took over its only local rival, the Sheffield Evening Star, and from June 1888 to December 1897 it was known as the Evening Telegraph and Star and Sheffield Daily Times, then from 1898 to October 1937 as the Yorkshire Telegraph and Star.

In 1931, it took over the Sheffield Mail, which had been its main rival since 1920. From 1937 to November 1938, the newspaper became the Telegraph & Star, and finally, from 14 November 1938 was known as The Star.

In April 1989, the newspaper published false reports about the Hillsborough disaster which occurred in the city and in which 97 Liverpool F.C. fans were fatally injured at an FA Cup semi-final tie. It claimed that the key factor of the tragedy was the drunkenness of Liverpool fans. These claims were met with outrage by Liverpool fans, particularly when it was established that police loss of crowd control and the presence of perimeter fencing between the stands and the pitch were the key factors in the tragedy, although The Sun caused the most offence for its reporting on the event.

Current operations
Johnston Press began printing The Star at their new £60 million printing plant in Dinnington, near Rotherham, in September 2006. The plant includes the first 'triple width' newspaper press in the UK. The plant also prints several other Johnston Press titles, including the Sheffield Telegraph, Scarborough Evening News, Wakefield Express, Derbyshire Times, and Chesterfield Advertiser, and a number of external publications, including The Sun and (for several years) the News of the World for News International.

In March 2011, The Star sports columnist and Features Editor Martin Smith received a top national award at the British Sports Journalism Awards. He was named Regional Sports Writer of the Year, for the third time in eight years, by the Sports Journalists' Association.

Nancy Fielder was made the editor of The Star in April 2016. James Mitchinson, Jeremy Clifford and John Furbisher held the position previously after Alan Powell retired in 2010. The current editor is Claire Lewis.

title: The Star (Sheffield newspaper)