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Hepatocyte growth factor receptor

Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGF receptor) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MET gene. The protein possesses tyrosine kinase activity. The primary single chain precursor protein is post-translationally cleaved to produce the alpha and beta subunits, which are disulfide linked to form the mature receptor.

HGF receptor is a single pass tyrosine kinase receptor essential for embryonic development, organogenesis and wound healing. Hepatocyte growth factor/Scatter Factor (HGF/SF) and its splicing isoform (NK1, NK2) are the only known ligands of the HGF receptor. MET is normally expressed by cells of epithelial origin, while expression of HGF/SF is restricted to cells of mesenchymal origin. When HGF/SF binds its cognate receptor MET it induces its dimerization through a not yet completely understood mechanism leading to its activation.

Abnormal MET activation in cancer correlates with poor prognosis, where aberrantly active MET triggers tumor growth, formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) that supply the tumor with nutrients, and cancer spread to other organs (metastasis). MET is deregulated in many types of human malignancies, including cancers of kidney, liver, stomach, breast, and brain. Normally, only stem cells and progenitor cells express MET, which allows these cells to grow invasively in order to generate new tissues in an embryo or regenerate damaged tissues in an adult. However, cancer stem cells are thought to hijack the ability of normal stem cells to express MET, and thus become the cause of cancer persistence and spread to other sites in the body. Both the overexpression of Met/HGFR, as well as its autocrine activation by co-expression of its hepatocyte growth factor ligand, have been implicated in oncogenesis.

Various mutations in the MET gene are associated with papillary renal carcinoma.

Gene
MET proto-oncogene (GeneID: 4233) has a total length of 125,982 bp, and it is located in the 7q31 locus of chromosome 7. MET is transcribed into a 6,641 bp mature mRNA, which is then translated into a 1,390 amino-acid MET protein.

Protein
MET is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is produced as a single-chain precursor. The precursor is proteolytically cleaved at a furin site to yield a highly glycosylated extracellular α-subunit and a transmembrane β-subunit, which are linked together by a disulfide bridge.

Extracellular

 * Region of homology to semaphorins (Sema domain), which includes the full α-chain and the N-terminal part of the β-chain
 * Cysteine-rich MET-related sequence (MRS domain)
 * Glycine-proline-rich repeats (G-P repeats)
 * Four immunoglobulin-like structures (Ig domains), a typical protein-protein interaction region.

Intracellular
A juxtamembrane segment that contains:

 * A serine residue (Ser 985), which inhibits the receptor kinase activity upon phosphorylation
 * A tyrosine residue (Tyr 1003), which is responsible for MET polyubiquitination, endocytosis, and degradation upon interaction with the ubiquitin ligase CBL
 * Tyrosine kinase domain, which mediates MET biological activity. Following MET activation, transphosphorylation occurs on Tyr 1234 and Tyr 1235
 * C-terminal region contains two crucial tyrosines (Tyr 1349 and Tyr 1356), which are inserted into the multisubstrate docking site, capable of recruiting downstream adapter proteins with Src homology-2 (SH2) domains. The two tyrosines of the docking site have been reported to be necessary and sufficient for the signal transduction both in vitro.

MET signaling pathway
MET activation by its ligand HGF induces MET kinase catalytic activity, which triggers transphosphorylation of the tyrosines Tyr 1234 and Tyr 1235. These two tyrosines engage various signal transducers, thus initiating a whole spectrum of biological activities driven by MET, collectively known as the invasive growth program. The transducers interact with the intracellular multisubstrate docking site of MET either directly, such as GRB2, SHC, SRC, and the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), or indirectly through the scaffolding protein Gab1

Tyr 1349 and Tyr 1356 of the multisubstrate docking site are both involved in the interaction with GAB1, SRC, and SHC, while only Tyr 1356 is involved in the recruitment of GRB2, phospholipase C γ (PLC-γ), p85, and SHP2.

GAB1 is a key coordinator of the cellular responses to MET and binds the MET intracellular region with high avidity, but low affinity. Upon interaction with MET, GAB1 becomes phosphorylated on several tyrosine residues which, in turn, recruit a number of signalling effectors, including PI3K, SHP2, and PLC-γ. GAB1 phosphorylation by MET results in a sustained signal that mediates most of the downstream signaling pathways.

Activation of signal transduction
MET engagement activates multiple signal transduction pathways:

 * The RAS pathway mediates HGF-induced scattering and proliferation signals, which lead to branching morphogenesis. Of note, HGF, differently from most mitogens, induces sustained RAS activation, and thus prolonged MAPK activity.
 * The PI3K pathway is activated in two ways: PI3K can be either downstream of RAS, or it can be recruited directly through the multifunctional docking site. Activation of the PI3K pathway is currently associated with cell motility through remodeling of adhesion to the extracellular matrix as well as localized recruitment of transducers involved in cytoskeletal reorganization, such as RAC1 and PAK. PI3K activation also triggers a survival signal due to activation of the AKT pathway.
 * The STAT pathway, together with the sustained MAPK activation, is necessary for the HGF-induced branching morphogenesis. MET activates the STAT3 transcription factor directly, through an SH2 domain.
 * The beta-catenin pathway, a key component of the Wnt signaling pathway, translocates into the nucleus following MET activation and participates in transcriptional regulation of numerous genes.
 * The Notch pathway, through transcriptional activation of Delta ligand (see DLL3).

Role in development
MET mediates a complex program known as invasive growth. Activation of MET triggers mitogenesis, and morphogenesis.

During embryonic development, transformation of the flat, two-layer germinal disc into a three-dimensional body depends on transition of some cells from an epithelial phenotype to spindle-shaped cells with motile behaviour, a mesenchymal phenotype. This process is referred to as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Later in embryonic development, MET is crucial for gastrulation, angiogenesis, myoblast migration, bone remodeling, and nerve sprouting among others. MET is essential for embryogenesis, because MET −/− mice die in utero due to severe defects in placental development. Along with Ectodysplasin A, it has been shown to be involved in the differentiation of anatomical placodes, precursors of scales, feathers and hair follicles in vertebrates. Furthermore, MET is required for such critical processes as liver regeneration and wound healing during adulthood.

HGF/MET axis is also involved in myocardial development. Both HGF and MET receptor mRNAs are co-expressed in cardiomyocytes from E7.5, soon after the heart has been determined, to E9.5. Transcripts for HGF ligand and receptor are first detected before the occurrence of cardiac beating and looping, and persist throughout the looping stage, when heart morphology begins to elaborate. In avian studies, HGF was found in the myocardial layer of the atrioventricular canal, in a developmental stage in which the epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of the endocardial cushion occurs. However, MET is not essential for heart development, since α-MHCMet-KO mice show normal heart development.

Tissue distribution
MET is normally expressed by epithelial cells. However, MET is also found on endothelial cells, neurons, hepatocytes, hematopoietic cells, melanocytes and neonatal cardiomyocytes. HGF expression is restricted to cells of mesenchymal origin.

Transcriptional control
MET transcription is activated by HGF and several growth factors. MET promoter has four putative binding sites for Ets, a family of transcription factors that control several invasive growth genes. ETS1 activates MET transcription in vitro. MET transcription is activated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1), which is activated by low concentration of intracellular oxygen. HIF1 can bind to one of the several hypoxia response elements (HREs) in the MET promoter. Hypoxia also activates transcription factor AP-1, which is involved in MET transcription.

Role in cancer
MET pathway plays an important role in the development of cancer through:
 * activation of key oncogenic pathways (RAS, PI3K, STAT3, beta-catenin);
 * angiogenesis (sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones to supply a tumor with nutrients);
 * scatter (cells dissociation due to metalloprotease production), which often leads to metastasis.

Coordinated down-regulation of both MET and its downstream effector extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) by miR-199a* may be effective in inhibiting not only cell proliferation but also motility and invasive capabilities of tumor cells.

MET amplification has emerged as a potential biomarker of the clear cell tumor subtype.

The amplification of the cell surface receptor MET often drives resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in colorectal cancer.

Role in autism
The SFARIgene database lists MET with an autism score of 2.0, which indicates that it is a strong candidate for playing a role in cases of autism. The database also identifies at least one study that found a role for MET in cases of schizophrenia. The gene was first implicated in autism in a study that identified a polymorphism in the promoter of the MET gene. The polymorphism reduces transcription by 50%. Further, the variant as an autism risk polymorphism has been replicated, and shown to be enriched in children with autism and gastrointestinal disturbances. A rare mutation has been found that appears in two family members, one with autism and the other with a social and communication disorder. The role of the receptor in brain development is distinct from its role in other developmental processes. Activation of the MET receptor regulates synapse formation    and can impact the development and function of circuits involved in social and emotional behavior.

Role in heart function
In adult mice, MET is required to protect cardiomyocytes by preventing age-related oxidative stress, apoptosis, fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. Moreover, MET inhibitors, such as Crizotinib or PF-04254644, have been tested by short-term treatments in cellular and preclinical models, and have been shown to induce cardiomyocytes death through ROS production, activation of caspases, metabolism alteration and blockage of ion channels.

In the injured heart, HGF/MET axis plays important roles in cardioprotection by promoting pro-survival (anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic) effects in cardiomyocytes, angiogenesis, inhibition of fibrosis, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory signals, and regeneration through activation of cardiac stem cells.

PTEN
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is a tumor suppressor gene encoding a protein PTEN, which possesses lipid and protein phosphatase-dependent as well as phosphatase-independent activities. PTEN protein phosphatase is able to interfere with MET signaling by dephosphorylating either PIP3 generated by PI3K, or the p52 isoform of SHC. SHC dephosphorylation inhibits recruitment of the GRB2 adapter to activated MET.

VHL
There is evidence of correlation between inactivation of VHL tumor suppressor gene and increased MET signaling in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and also in malignant transformations of the heart.

Cancer therapies targeting HGF/MET
Since tumor invasion and metastasis are the main cause of death in cancer patients, interfering with MET signaling appears to be a promising therapeutic approach. A comprehensive list of HGF and MET targeted experimental therapeutics for oncology now in human clinical trials can be found here.

MET kinase inhibitors
Kinase inhibitors are low molecular weight molecules that prevent ATP binding to MET, thus inhibiting receptor transphosphorylation and recruitment of the downstream effectors. The limitations of kinase inhibitors include the facts that they only inhibit kinase-dependent MET activation, and that none of them is fully specific for MET.

 * K252a (Fermentek Biotechnology) is a staurosporine analogue isolated from Nocardiopsis sp. soil fungi, and it is a potent inhibitor of all receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). At nanomolar concentrations, K252a inhibits both the wild type and the mutant (M1268T) MET function.
 * SU11274 (SUGEN) specifically inhibits MET kinase activity and its subsequent signaling. SU11274 is also an effective inhibitor of the M1268T and H1112Y MET mutants, but not the L1213V and Y1248H mutants. SU11274 has been demonstrated to inhibit HGF-induced motility and invasion of epithelial and carcinoma cells.
 * PHA-665752 (Pfizer) specifically inhibits MET kinase activity, and it has been demonstrated to represses both HGF-dependent and constitutive MET phosphorylation. Furthermore, some tumors harboring MET amplifications are highly sensitive to treatment with PHA-665752.
 * Tivantinib (ArQule) is a promising selective inhibitor of MET, which entered a phase 2 clinical trial in 2008. (Failed a phase 3 in 2017)
 * Foretinib (XL880, Exelixis) targets multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) with growth-promoting and angiogenic properties. The primary targets of foretinib are MET, VEGFR2, and KDR. Foretinib has completed a phase 2 clinical trials with indications for papillary renal cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, and head and neck cancer
 * SGX523 (SGX Pharmaceuticals) specifically inhibits MET at low nanomolar concentrations.
 * MP470 (SuperGen) is a novel inhibitor of c-KIT, MET, PDGFR, Flt3, and AXL. Phase I clinical trial of MP470 had been announced in 2007.
 * Vebreltinib, approved in China for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer.

HGF inhibitors
Since HGF is the only known ligand of MET, blocking the formation of a HGF:MET complex blocks MET biological activity. For this purpose, truncated HGF, anti-HGF neutralizing antibodies, and an uncleavable form of HGF have been utilized so far. The major limitation of HGF inhibitors is that they block only HGF-dependent MET activation.

 * NK4 competes with HGF as it binds MET without inducing receptor activation, thus behaving as a full antagonist. NK4 is a molecule bearing the N-terminal hairpin and the four kringle domains of HGF. Moreover, NK4 is structurally similar to angiostatins, which is why it possesses anti-angiogenic activity.
 * Neutralizing anti-HGF antibodies were initially tested in combination, and it was shown that at least three antibodies, acting on different HGF epitopes, are necessary to prevent MET tyrosine kinase activation. More recently, it has been demonstrated that fully human monoclonal antibodies can individually bind and neutralize human HGF, leading to regression of tumors in mouse models. Two anti-HGF antibodies are currently available: the humanized AV299 (AVEO), and the fully human AMG102 (Amgen).
 * Uncleavable HGF is an engineered form of pro-HGF carrying a single amino-acid substitution, which prevents the maturation of the molecule. Uncleavable HGF is capable of blocking MET-induced biological responses by binding MET with high affinity and displacing mature HGF. Moreover, uncleavable HGF competes with the wild-type endogenous pro-HGF for the catalytic domain of proteases that cleave HGF precursors. Local and systemic expression of uncleavable HGF inhibits tumor growth and, more importantly, prevents metastasis.

Decoy MET
Decoy MET refers to a soluble truncated MET receptor. Decoys are able to inhibit MET activation mediated by both HGF-dependent and independent mechanisms, as decoys prevent both the ligand binding and the MET receptor homodimerization. CGEN241 (Compugen) is a decoy MET that is highly efficient in inhibiting tumor growth and preventing metastasis in animal models.

Immunotherapy targeting MET
Drugs used for immunotherapy can act either passively by enhancing the immunologic response to MET-expressing tumor cells, or actively by stimulating immune cells and altering differentiation/growth of tumor cells.

Passive immunotherapy
Administering monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a form of passive immunotherapy. MAbs facilitate destruction of tumor cells by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). In CDC, mAbs bind to specific antigen, leading to activation of the complement cascade, which in turn leads to formation of pores in tumor cells. In ADCC, the Fab domain of a mAb binds to a tumor antigen, and Fc domain binds to Fc receptors present on effector cells (phagocytes and NK cells), thus forming a bridge between an effector and a target cells. This induces the effector cell activation, leading to phagocytosis of the tumor cell by neutrophils and macrophages. Furthermore, NK cells release cytotoxic molecules, which lyse tumor cells.

 * DN30 is monoclonal anti-MET antibody that recognizes the extracellular portion of MET. DN30 induces both shedding of the MET ectodomain as well as cleavage of the intracellular domain, which is successively degraded by proteasome machinery. As a consequence, on one side MET is inactivated, and on the other side the shed portion of extracellular MET hampers activation of other MET receptors, acting as a decoy. DN30 inhibits tumour growth and prevents metastasis in animal models.
 * OA-5D5 is one-armed monoclonal anti-MET antibody that was demonstrated to inhibit orthotopic pancreatic and glioblastoma tumor growth and to improve survival in tumor xenograft models. OA-5D5 is produced as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. It is composed of murine variable domains for the heavy and light chains with human IgG1 constant domains. The antibody blocks HGF binding to MET in a competitive fashion.

Active immunotherapy
Active immunotherapy to MET-expressing tumors can be achieved by administering cytokines, such as interferons (IFNs) and interleukins (IL-2), which triggers non-specific stimulation of numerous immune cells. IFNs have been tested as therapies for many types of cancers and have demonstrated therapeutic benefits. IL-2 has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma, which often have deregulated MET activity.

Interactions
Met has been shown to interact with:

 * CDH1,
 * Cbl gene,
 * GLMN,
 * Grb2,
 * Hepatocyte growth factor,
 * PTPmu, and
 * RANBP9

title: Hepatocyte growth factor receptor


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Bit banging

In computer engineering and electrical engineering, bit banging or bit bashing is a term of art for any method of data transmission that employs software as a substitute for dedicated hardware to generate transmitted signals or process received signals. Such software directly sets and samples the states of GPIOs (e.g., pins on a microcontroller) to transmit and receive, respectively, and is responsible for meeting all timing requirements and protocol sequencing of the signals. In contrast to bit banging, dedicated hardware (e.g., UART, SPI, I²C) satisfies these requirements and, if necessary, provides a data buffer to relax software timing requirements. Bit banging can be implemented at very low cost, and is commonly used in embedded systems.

Bit banging allows a device to implement different protocols with minimal or no hardware changes. In some cases, bit banging is made feasible by newer, faster processors because more recent hardware operates much more quickly than hardware did when standard communications protocols were created.

C code example
The following C language code example transmits a byte of data on an SPI bus.

Considerations
The question whether to deploy bit banging or not is a trade-off between load, performance and reliability on one hand, and the availability of a hardware alternative on the other. The software emulation process consumes more processing power than does supporting dedicated hardware. The microcontroller spends much of its time sending or receiving samples to and from the pins, at the expense of other tasks. The signal produced usually has more jitter or glitches, especially if the processor is also executing other tasks while communicating. However, if the bit-banging software is interrupt-driven by the signal, this may be of minor importance, especially if control signals such as RTS, CTS, or DCD are available. The implementation in software can be a solution when specific hardware support is not available or requires a more expensive microcontroller.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bit banging


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Bridgewater-Raritan High School

Bridgewater-Raritan High School (commonly abbreviated as BRHS) is a four-year comprehensive public high school. It is the lone secondary school of the Bridgewater-Raritan Regional School District serving students in ninth through twelfth grades from Bridgewater Township and Raritan in Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The school has been recognized by the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program, the highest award an American school can receive.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 2,711 students and 224.7 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1. There were 214 students (7.9% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 72 (2.7% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch. Based on 2021-22 data from the New Jersey Department of Education, it was the sixth-largest high school in the state and one of 29 schools with more than 2,000 students.

History and symbols
Until the 1950s, high school students from the Bridgewater-Raritan Regional School District attended Somerville High School and Bound Brook High School. With the opening of the high school, the Somerville district saw the loss of 370 Bridgewater students that had attended the district's high school.

Bridgewater-Raritan High School was opened in September 1959, with students in ninth and tenth grades; those students moving into eleventh and twelfth grades remained at Somerville High School, with the final set of Bridgewater and Raritan students graduating with the Class of 1961. Norman A. Gathany serving as the school's first principal. Increasing enrollments in the early 1960s led to the construction of a second high school in 1966, which was named Bridgewater-Raritan High School East (the Minutemen), while the original high school was renamed Bridgewater-Raritan High School West (the Golden Falcons). Declining enrollments led to their consolidation into a single high school during the 1990s. The former High School West was expanded and updated over a period of several years, during which all of the district's high school students attended what had been High School East. The former High School West reopened in 1992 as the new consolidated Bridgewater-Raritan High School, while the High School East became the district's middle school.

The mascot of BRHS is the panther. BRHS's school colors were previously black and silver, with red serving as an accent color, but now are primarily only black and white.

The high school's football field is "Basilone Field", named for John Basilone, a World War II recipient of the Medal of Honor who grew up in Raritan. On the wall of the field house next to the field is a mural honoring Basilone.

In December 2009, two minors, a 16-year-old Bridgewater-Raritan student and a 17-year-old student from nearby Immaculata High School, were arrested in connection with an alleged Columbine-like plan to attack the school.

Awards, recognition and rankings
During the 1999–2000 school year, Bridgewater-Raritan High School was recognized with the National Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education.

For the 1997–98 school year, Bridgewater-Raritan High School was named a "Star School" by the New Jersey Department of Education, the highest honor that a New Jersey school can achieve.

BRHS is one of only three high schools in the state to have received both awards.

In the 2011 "Ranking America's High Schools" issue by The Washington Post, the school was ranked 36th in New Jersey and 1,190th nationwide. In Newsweek's May 22, 2007 issue, ranking the country's top high schools, Bridgewater-Raritan High School was listed in 983rd place, the 29th-highest ranked school in New Jersey.

The school was the 76th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 113th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 67th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 91st in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was also ranked 83rd in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. In previous years, the school had been ranked in the 20s in the same ranking. Following publication of the 2006 New Jersey Monthly article, the school's principal issued a public statement explaining changes in the magazine's ranking methods that altered the school's standing, and generally criticizing the ranking methodology. Schooldigger.com ranked the school tied for 83d out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (a decrease of 20 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (89.0%) and language arts literacy (96.1%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).

In its 2013 report on "America's Best High Schools", The Daily Beast ranked the school 442nd in the nation among participating public high schools and 37th among schools in New Jersey.

In its listing of "America's Best High Schools 2016", the school was ranked 108th out of 500 best high schools in the country; it was ranked 20th among all high schools in New Jersey and seventh among the state's non-magnet schools.

In 2023, the school ranked in the top 42 schools in New Jersey, as well as in the top 1000 ranked schools nationally according to a report by U.S. News & World Report.

Choir
There are three curricular choirs: the Mixed Choir and two choirs that require an audition Select Women's Ensemble and Symphonic Choir. There are four extra-curricular ensembles, Ensembros (all male a cappella), the Glee Club, the Lorelei women's ensemble, and Men's Choir. Choirs at BRHS often collaborate with other ensembles, most recently having performed the Mozart Requiem with the Central New Jersey Symphony Orchestra. In the spring of 2015, the Symphonic Choir performed Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Solemn Vespers with the National Festival Chorus at Carnegie Hall. In 2009, the Chamber Choir participated in a concert of Brazilian music at Westminster Choir College. In the spring of 2008, the BRHS Chamber Choir performed Joseph Haydn's Kleine Orgelmesse with Masterwork Chorus and Orchestra at Drew University's Dorothy Young Center for the Arts.

Orchestra
The orchestras travel the region attending various festivals and events.

The ensembles annually approach serious orchestral literature, including performing movements from Sibelius' Fifth Symphony. Past achievements include performing at Carnegie Hall in March 2008 along with the school's Wind Ensemble. There are two curricular orchestral ensembles, the Concert Orchestra and the auditioned Symphonic Orchestra.

Band
The school's wind ensemble has performed in the State Gala concert numerous times within the past decade. The symphonic band and wind ensemble have performed at Carnegie Hall for the Eastern Wind Symphony Symphonic Gala in March 2013. Since 2002 BRHS has won three NJAJE state jazz band titles, eight NJ state marching band championships, four BOA regional class championships. In fall 2012, the BRHS marching band finished 18th in the nation as BOA semi-finalist and was awarded the national The Albert J Castronovo Esprit de Corp Award, the highest placement of a band from New Jersey in the history of Bands of America.

Extracurricular clubs
The high school currently has many ongoing clubs and activities, such as the Forensics Speech and Debate Team. In the past, the Forensics team has had National Championship qualifiers, as well as numerous state champions and one national champion. The Forensics team has been ranked third in the state of New Jersey.

BRHS also is the home of Team 303 in the FIRST Robotics Competition, TEST Team 303. At the 2007 FIRST Robotics Challenge World Championships in Atlanta, Team 303 ranked 23 in their division out of the 1500+ teams from across the globe that had attended the event. At the 2010 New Jersey Regional Competition, Team 303 were semifinalists. In the 2011 season the team won both the New Jersey and Philadelphia Regional Competitions, and were division quarter-finalists at the championships in St. Louis. In 2013, Team 303 ranked third in the Newton Division, and went on to win the Division against the number one alliance. The following year, Team 303 won the Chairman's Award at the Clifton District Event and at the Mid Atlantic Regional Championship, advancing them to the World Championship.

BRTV is the school's television program, produced in the school's own television studio, that goes live on weekdays to provide announcements and information about school events.

Athletics
The Bridgewater-Raritan High School Panthers compete in the Skyland Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools in Hunterdon, Somerset and Warren counties in west Central Jersey, and operates under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 2,072 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group IV for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 1,060 to 5,049 students in that grade range. The football team competes in Division 5B of the Big Central Football Conference, which includes 60 public and private high schools in Hunterdon, Middlesex, Somerset, Union and Warren counties, which are broken down into 10 divisions by size and location. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group V North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 1,313 to 5,304 students.

The school was recognized as the Group IV winner of the NJSIAA ShopRite Cup in 2005–06. The award recognized the school for achieving first-place finishes in boys soccer, boys swimming, boys tennis and boys volleyball; second place in field hockey; and third place in boys lacrosse (tie), girls soccer (tie) and girls volleyball (tie); plus bonus points for no disqualifications in two of three seasons.

The boys basketball team won the Group IV state championship in 1965 (against Bloomfield High School in the finals), won the Group III title in 1987 (vs. Malcolm X Shabazz High School) and 1988 (vs. Shabazz), and won the Group II title in 1989 (vs. Abraham Clark High School). The 1965 team won the Group IV title with a 63–55 victory against Bloomfield in the championship game played in front of 10,000 spectators at Atlantic City Convention Hall. The 1987 team finished the season with a record of 29-1 after defeating Shabazz by a score of 76–57, led by 28 points from Eric Murdock, in the championship game played at the Louis Brown Athletic Center.

The 1976 girls basketball team won the Group IV state title in 1976, defeating Bayonne High School by a score of 60–51 in the tournament final. Kristen Helmstetter broke the girls basketball record for most points in her high school career, topping her coach's previous record with 1,476 career points.

The boys soccer team has won the Group IV state championship in 1998 (as co-champion with Columbia High School) and 2005 (vs. Shawnee High School). The team won the 2005 Group IV state championship, finishing the season with a program-best 23 wins and one loss, a ranking of second in the state and a national ranking of 24th. In 2006, the boys soccer team repeated as Group IV North II state sectional champions, defeating Elizabeth High School 3–0. In 2017, the boys soccer team finished with an undefeated season. They were co-champions in the 2017 Somerset County Tournament and were also North II Group IV sectional winners. They lost to eventual state champions Kearny on penalties in the semi-finals.

The Bridgewater-Raritan East football team won the NJSIAA Central Jersey Group III state sectional championships in 1974 and the Central Jersey Group II title in 1989. The 1974 team, which featured Jeffrey Vanderbeek as a running back, won the first Central Jersey Group III sectional title of the playoff era with a 20–6 victory against Carteret High School in a game played indoors at the Atlantic City Convention Hall. The Bridgewater-Raritan football team made a run in the 2015 playoffs. Carrying a perfect 11–0 record to the Group V North state championship game, they played and lost to another undefeated team, the Westfield High School Blue Devils.

The boys volleyball team won the New Jersey State Volleyball Coaches Association Tournament (the predecessor to the NJSIAA tournament) in 1989 (defeating St. Joseph High School in the tournament final), 1990 (vs. St. Josephs), 1991 (vs. Fair Lawn High School), 1993 (vs. Memorial High School of West New York) and 1994 (vs. Memorial of West New York). The team has won the NJSIAA state championship in 2005 (vs. Clifton High School) and 2015 (vs. Southern Regional High School). The seven combined state titles are the most of any school in the state. The team won the 2005 state championship over Clifton High School, 25–20, 21–25, 25–20. In 2015 the team was recognized by NJ.com as its team of the year after winning the Group IV title against Southern Regional and finishing the season with a 37–1 record.

The boys tennis team won the 2005 North II, Group IV state sectional championship with a 4–1 win against Westfield High School. The tennis team won the 2006 Group IV state championship, defeating Cherry Hill High School East 3–2 in the semifinals and West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South 3–2 in the finals to take the title.

The girls tennis team won the Group IV state championship in 2007 (vs. Bergen County Academies in the group finals), 2011 (vs. Livingston High School), and 2018 (vs. Montgomery High School). The 2007 girls tennis team won the North II, Group IV state sectional championship with a 5–0 win over J. P. Stevens High School in the tournament final. The team moved on to win the Group IV state championship with a 3–2 win over Montgomery High School in the semifinals and Bergen County Technical High School in the finals by a 4–1 score. The 2011 girl tennis team, although "relatively inexperienced," won the Group IV title over Livingston High School (4-1). The 2011 team finished the season with a 23-2 record, with the two losses coming once in the regular season and in the semifinal round of the Tournament of Champions. The 2018 team won the Group IV title with a 3–2 win at Mercer County Park over previously undefeated Montgomery High School.

The girls swimming team won the Division A state championship in 1992 and the Public A championship in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. The boys swimming team won the Public A championship in 2007, 2011 and 2018. The boys swimming team won the 2006 Public A state championship over Cherry Hill High School West with a score of 88–82, winning their first state championship after going into the final event in a tie. In back to back seasons in 2010 and 2011 the boys swim team took home the New Jersey state championship trophy, defeating Cherry Hill High School East both years.

The field hockey team won the North I/II Group IV state sectional championship in 2005, the North I Group IV in 2006, 2007, 2011 and 2013, and the North II, Group IV in 2008, 2009, 2012 and 2014. The team was the runner up for the Group IV state championship in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014. In 2007, the field hockey team won the North I, Group IV state sectional championship with a 2–0 win over Montclair High School in the tournament final.

In 2003, the girls soccer team won the North II, Group IV state sectional championship with a win over Roxbury High School and were Group IV state finalist. The girls soccer team won the North II, Group IV state sectional championship in 2007 with a 2–1 win over Ridge High School in the tournament final. In 2013, the girls soccer team captured their first ever Group IV state title by defeating defending champion Montgomery High School 1–0. The team ended the season ranked second in New Jersey by The Star-Ledger.

The boys lacrosse team won the Group IV state title in 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015 and 2022, and won the overall state championship in 1998 (defeating Mountain Lakes High School in the finals), 2011 (vs. Summit High School), 2012 (vs. Delbarton School) and 2015 (vs. Bergen Catholic High School). The program's six group titles are tied for sixth-most in the state. The team won the 2011 Tournament of Champions with a 6–5 win over Summit High School, marking the program's second state title and breaking Summit's 68 game winning streak. The Panthers won their first state lacrosse title in 1998. To begin the 2012 season, the Panthers were ranked 5th in the nation and 1st in the state. They finished the 2012 season undefeated at 21–0, extending their overall winning streak to 36 games. Along the way, the Panthers won their second consecutive Somerset County, state Group IV and NJ Tournament of Champions titles. With a 23–0 record, the team was the state's only undefeated team in 2015, winning the Somerset County tournament, Group IV title and the Tournament of Champions with a 16–13 win against Bergen Catholic High School. In May 2018, the boys lacrosse coach earned his 500th win as head coach, making him the third coach in the state to reach this milestone in the sport, having compiled a career record of 500 wins and 211 losses since being hired in 1980.

The girls' lacrosse team won the Group IV state championship in 2009 (defeating Washington Township High School in the tournament final) and 2017 (vs. Eastern Regional High School). The team won the Group IV state title in 2017 with a 16–4 win against Eastern Regional in the championship game and went on to win the program's first Tournament of Champions with a victory in the finals against Oak Knoll School of the Holy Child.

Administration
The school's principal is Daniel Hemberger. His core administration team includes three assistant principals.

Notable alumni
Alumni of Bridgewater-Raritan High School and its predecessor schools Bridgewater-Raritan High School East and West are included.
 * Catherine Caro (born 1995, class of 2013), field hockey player on the United States women's national field hockey team
 * Fousheé (born 1996), singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * Paul Heck (born 1967), music producer and artist liaison for the Red Hot Organization and an independent sound manager
 * Matt Kassel (born 1989, class of 2008), midfielder who played for the Philadelphia Union in the MLS
 * Andy Kessler (born 1958), businessman, investor and author
 * Paul Laird (born 1958, class of 1976), musicologist at the University of Kansas
 * Derek Luke (born 1993), professional soccer who plays for FC Cincinnati in the United Soccer League
 * Juliet Macur, journalist
 * Eric Murdock (born 1968), former professional basketball player
 * Casey Murphy (born 1996), professional soccer player who plays goalkeeper for North Carolina Courage of the National Women's Soccer League
 * Mark Oldman (born 1969), entrepreneur, wine expert and author
 * Jack Terricloth (1970–2021), lead singer of the cabaret-punk band The World/Inferno Friendship Society and guitarist and vocalist of Sticks and Stones
 * Jeffrey Vanderbeek (born 1957, class of 1975), former owner of the New Jersey Devils
 * David Wiesner (born 1956), author and illustrator of children's books and publications, whose work has won several honors, including three Caldecott Medals
 * Tom Wilson (born 1967), chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee from 2004 to 2009

title: Bridgewater-Raritan High School


text:
Gustloff

Gustloff is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Wilhelm Gustloff, the German leader of the Swiss Nazi party

title: Gustloff


text: User talk:67.102.171.24

title: User talk:67.102.171.24


text:
Holme, Cambridgeshire

Holme is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England. Holme lies approximately 7 mi south of Peterborough, near Conington and Yaxley. Holme is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. The parish contains the lowest point in Great Britain, 2.75 m below sea level.

Government
As a civil parish, Holme has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. The parish council consists of nine councillors and has a parish clerk.

Holme was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Holme became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Holme is a part of the district ward of Stilton and is represented on the district council by one councillor. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Holme the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Holme is part of the electoral division of Norman Cross and is represented on the county council by two councillors.

Holme is in the parliamentary constituency of North West Cambridgeshire and has been represented by Shailesh Vara (Conservative) since 2005. The previous MP was Brian Mawhinney (Conservative) who represented the constituency from 1997.

Population
In the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Holme was recorded every ten years by the UK census. During this time the population was in the range of 218 (the lowest was in 1801) and 658 (the highest was in 1901).

From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 (due to the Second World War).

All population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight.

In 2011, the parish covered an area of 4329 acre and so the population density for Holme in 2011 was 94 persons per square mile (36.3 per square kilometre).

Holme Fen
Holme Fen, specifically Holme Posts, is believed to be the lowest land point in Great Britain at 2.75 m below sea level.

Before drainage, the fens contained many shallow lakes, of which Whittlesey Mere was one of the largest. The River Nene originally flowed through this mere, then south to Ugg Mere, before turning east towards the Ouse. By 1851, silting and peat expansion had reduced Whittlesey Mere to about 400 ha and only a metre deep. In that year the mere disappeared, when new drains carried waters to a pumping station and up into Bevill's Leam. The drainage turned both the mere and the Holme Fen into usable farmland, but subsidence followed.

In anticipation of the ground subsidence, the landowner William Wells had an oak pile driven through the peat and firmly embedded in the underlying clay; he then cut the top level with the ground in 1851 and used it to monitor the peat subsidence. A few years later, the oak post was replaced by a cast-iron column (reputedly from The Crystal Palace building at The Great Exhibition of 1851), that was similarly founded on timber piles driven into the stable clay, with its top at the same level as the original post. This is the Holme Post that survives today. As it was progressively exposed it became unstable, and steel guys were added in 1957, when a second iron post was also installed 6 m to the northeast. The post now rises 4 m above the ground, and provides an impressive record of the ground subsidence; both posts are standing today.

Holme Fen is the largest Silver birch woodland in lowland Britain. It contains approximately 5 hectares of rare acid grassland and heath and a hectare of remnant raised bog, an echo of the habitat that would have dominated the area centuries ago. This is the most south-easterly bog of its type in Britain.

Holme approximately marks the south-western limit of Stage 2 of the Great Fen Project. The reserve is open to the public throughout the year.

Holmewood Hall
The Victorian Holmewood Hall on Church Street is now a wedding venue owned by Country House Weddings ltd. The current structure was built around 1873 by Scottish architect Willam Young for MP William Wells, the grandson of Admiral Thomas Wells.

During World War II, the Hall was used by US Office of Strategic Services for packing airborne containers to be parachuted into occupied Europe. The OSS called this effort to supply anti-Nazi resistance groups Operation Carpetbagger.

Culture and community
Holme is a small village and there are few services for its population of around 700. These include a pub called the Admiral Wells and a village hall. The village has a primary school and a parish church, dedicated to St Giles, which was rebuilt in 1862 by Edward Browning. There is a large village green and a nature reserve, and Holme is surrounded by fields, forests and fens. It may be the location of the Battle of the Holme in 902.

The Floating Church
The village sign (above right) shows a man leading a horse towing the Floating Church of Holme that was dedicated to St Withburga by the Archdeacon of Huntingdon on 5 April 1897. The Fenland Ark was the idea of the rector of Holme, Rev George Broke, who thought that a church on a boat could reach families living in remote cottages in the Fen to allow them to worship. The horse-drawn boat or barge was 30 ft long and about 10 ft wide; it boasted an altar, a font, a lectern which doubled as a pulpit, and a harmonium. Between 1897 and 1904, 74 baptisms took place on board.

Employment
Most of Holme's population work outside the village in Huntingdon or Peterborough.
 * Agriculture and associated trades

title: Holme, Cambridgeshire


text:
File:Australian Active Service Medal.jpg

This is an image of the Australian Active Service Medal. Produced by the Awards and Culture Branch, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Under Australian Copyright

The image is from this site: http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040%20Campaign%20Medals/+010%20Since%201975/+010%20AASM/default.htm


text: User talk:80.142.226.58

title: User talk:80.142.226.58


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xboxphreaker

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 17:59, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Xboxphreaker
Completing an unfinished AfD by an anon user, but also voting Delete. Advertising. KeithD (talk) 15:17, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Fansite for a single Xbox game? I see no expansion potential for this article beyond the web address and one line blurb that it currently contains. Saberwyn 23:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete its not notable. — Wackymacs 20:25, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:71.247.41.206

title: User talk:71.247.41.206


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Pechora

Pechora (Печо́ра; Печӧра) is a town in the Komi Republic, Russia, located on the Pechora River, west of and near the northern Ural Mountains. The area of the town is 28.9 km2. Population:

History
Pechora was granted town status in 1950. Pechora was also the site of a Stalin-era gulag that operated from 1932 to 1953, although it was partially emptied in 1941 as many of the inmates were forced into service in the Red Army. There is a dedicated room at the Pechora museum where they display many of the records and artifacts that were recovered from the gulag. "Pechora" translates to "cave" in Ukrainian.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, the town of Pechora is, together with two urban-type settlement administrative territories (comprising the urban-type settlements of Kozhva and Puteyets and eleven rural localities) and four rural-type settlement administrative territories (comprising seventeen rural localities), incorporated as the town of republic significance of Pechora—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of republic significance of Pechora is incorporated as Pechora Municipal District; the town of Pechora is incorporated within it as Pechora Urban Settlement. The two urban-type settlement administrative territories are incorporated into two urban settlements, and the four rural-type settlement administrative territories are incorporated into four rural settlements within the municipal district.

Local government
Heads of the Pechora Urban Settlement:
 * Vladimir Mennikov (United Russia), October 2008 - October 2012
 * Konstantin Garkais (United Russia), 18 October 2012 - 25 December 2012
 * Vladimir Anischik (United Russia), 25 December 2012 - September 2015
 * Alexander Shabanov (A Just Russia), September 2015 - 30 September 2021
 * Alexander Baka (United Russia), 30 September 2021 - current

Transportation
The town is served by the Pechora Airport and the Pechora Railway.

Military
Pechora Kamenka military air base and Pechora Radar Station are located nearby.

Climate
Pechora has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc). Winters are very cold, with average low temperatures in January of -22.5 C in January. Summers are mild, with average high temperatures in July of +21.7 C. Precipitation is moderate and is somewhat higher in summer than at other times of the year.

title: Pechora


text:
Hartford (village), Vermont

Hartford is one of five unincorporated villages in the town of Hartford, Windsor County, Vermont, United States. It is also referred to as Hartford Village. For the 2020 census it was listed as a census-designated place, with a population of 754, out of 10,686 in the entire town of Hartford.

Hartford is the birthplace of Horace Wells, the first dentist to use nitrous oxide or "laughing gas" as anesthesia.

History
Hartford village was first established in the late 18th century, when it was called White River Village. In its early years, it was the town's principal community center, but it was later supplanted in that role by White River Junction, which is approximately one mile east of Hartford village. In the 19th century Hartford village was the site of several industries, including a grain mill, a chair factory, and a woolen mill.

Hartford Village Historic District
The Hartford Village Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The 50 acre historic district includes portions of Hartford Main Street, Park Street, Pleasant Street, School Street, Summer Street, Elmwood Court, Mapleside Terrace. There are 80 contributing and 20 non-contributing buildings in the district, consisting mainly of 19th-century era residences.

Some of the more significant properties in the historic district are:
 * 1) Second Congregational Church, 237 Hartford Main Street, 1828.
 * 2) Hartford Library, 217 Hartford Main Street, 1893.
 * 3) Gov. Samuel E. Pingree House, 13 School Street, c.1867.
 * 4) Hartford Village Grammar School, 23 School Street, 1906.
 * 5) Cascadnac Grange, 194 Hartford Main Street, c.1870.
 * 6) Hartford Diner, 190 Hartford Main Street, c.1940.
 * 7) Kneeland-Cone House, 173 Hartford Main Street, 1804, 1890/1897.
 * 8) Wyllys Lyman House, 185 Hartford Main Street, 1828.
 * 9) Brooks Store-Pease Block, 201-203 Hartford Main Street, c.1900.
 * 10) French Mercantile Block, 209 Hartford Main Street, 1804.
 * 11) Horace Pease House ("Sunnyacre")/Elks Lodge, 215 Hartford Main Street, 1884.
 * 12) Ephraim Morris House, 221 Hartford Main Street, 1894.
 * 13) House (Horace Wells birthplace), 9 School Street, c.1840.

title: Hartford (village), Vermont


text:
Samuel Bell (New Hampshire politician)

Samuel Bell (February 9, 1770 – December 23, 1850) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the eighth governor of New Hampshire from 1819 to 1823, and as the United States Senator for New Hampshire from 1823 to 1835.

Early life and education
Samuel Bell was born on February 9, 1770, in Londonderry, New Hampshire, to John and Mary Ann (Gilmore) Bell. Until he was eighteen, Bell worked on his father's farm, and was educated at common schools during winter seasons. Wishing to undertake higher education, Bell began studying Latin in April 1788, and later enrolled at the New Ipswich Academy. From October 1790 to April 1791, he was a teacher in Londonderry, and in the May following entered the sophomore class at Dartmouth College. Graduating in 1793, Bell proceeded to study law and was admitted to the Hillsborough bar in September 1796, after which he worked as a lawyer in Francestown, New Hampshire.

Early career
Bell first entered politics when he became a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1804; he was re-elected in the two following years, during both he was the Speaker of the House. In 1806, he became the President of The Bank of Hillsborough, but by the end of his tenure in that position in 1810, it was the only New Hampshire bank to fail between 1792 and 1840. Bell was offered to become the New Hampshire Attorney General in 1807, but declined because he felt the salary was too small. He was a member of the New Hampshire Senate from 1807 to 1809, and was the President of that body during those two years, and from 1809 to 1811 was in the Executive Council of New Hampshire. Bell was appointed to be the trustee of Dartmouth College from 1808 to 1811. However, in 1809, due to a severe lung problem which showed the signs of tuberculosis, he was advised by his doctors to take an extended vacation away from the practice of law and to travel, which he did according to The American Quarterly Review; also according to this source, Bell spent parts of several following years traveling to relatively distant areas, primarily on horseback, which gradually recovered his health. However, the Biographical Director of the Library of Congress says that Bell continued practicing law between 1810 and 1812, moving to Amherst in 1810 and to Chester at those respective times.

State Supreme Court and Governor of New Hampshire
In 1816, Bell was elevated to the New Hampshire Supreme Court as an associate justice, but resigned in 1819 to become Governor of New Hampshire on June 3, 1819, as a Democratic-Republican In the election for the governorship that year, Bell had secured 13,751 of 24,265 votes. He was re-elected in 1820, 1821, and 1822; in 1822, he gained 22,934 out of 23,980 votes cast, which was the largest share of votes cast for a governor candidate of New Hampshire since John Taylor Gilman's victory in 1795. In all re-election campaigns, Bell faced token opposition. Whilst governor, crime within the state was reduced, and New Hampshire's industry was promoted and developed. In June 1822, Bell declined to run again for governor, and he left the governorship on June 4, 1823.

United States Senate and later life
On March 4, 1823, Bell was elected to the United States Senate as an Adams-Clay Republican; by the end of his service in the Senate on March 3, 1835, he was affiliated with the Adams Party, the Anti-Jacksonian Party, and in 1834 the Whig Party. He was re-elected in 1829, and during the 23rd United States Congress, Bell was the chairman of the Committee on Claims. After he left the Senate, Bell retired from public life, and retreated to a farm in Chester that he had purchased in 1813. He spent his later years cultivating his farm, and died on December 23, 1850, in Chester, and was interred in the Village Cemetery.

Personal life
In November 1797, Bell married Mehitable Bowen Dana, and together they had six children; four sons: Samuel, John, James and Luther; two daughters: Mary-Anne, and another who died in infancy. In August 1810, Dana died, and in July 1828, Bell married Lucy G. Smith, with whom he had four sons. In 1820, he was awarded a Doctor of Laws from Bowdoin College. John, his brother, served as Governor of New Hampshire from 1828 to 1829, and Bell was also the uncle of Charles Henry Bell, who was the governor from 1881 to 1883.

Bell died in Chester, New Hampshire, at the age of 80. He is buried in Chester Village Cemetery, Rockingham, New Hampshire.

title: Samuel Bell (New Hampshire politician)


text:
Mae Nak Phra Khanong

Mae Nak Phra Khanong (แม่นากพระโขนง, meaning 'Lady Nak of Phra Khanong'), or simply Mae Nak (แม่นาก, 'Lady Nak') or Nang Nak (นางนาก, 'Miss Nak'), is a well-known Thai ghost. According to local folklore the story is based on events that took place during the reign of King Rama IV.

A shrine dedicated to Nak was constructed at Wat Mahabut. In 1997, the shrine was relocated to the nearby Suan Luang district of modern Bangkok.

Common legend
A beautiful young woman named Nak, who lived on the banks of the Phra Khanong canal, had an undying love for her husband, Mak.

While Nak was pregnant, Mak was conscripted into the Thai Army and sent to war where he was seriously wounded (in some versions it is the Kengtung Wars, while others are not specific). While he was being nursed back to health in central Bangkok, Nak and their child both died during childbirth. But when Mak returned home, he found his loving wife and child waiting for him. Neighbors warned him that he was living with a ghost but he rebuffed them.

One day, as Nak was preparing nam phrik, she dropped a lime off the porch. In her haste to retrieve it, she stretched her arm to an impossible length to pick it up from the ground below. Upon seeing this, Mak realized his wife was a ghost. That night, Mak sneaked out the house and fled with Nak in pursuit. According to Thai folklore, ghosts are afraid of sticky Blumea leaves so Mak hid behind a Blumea balsamifera (หนาด; pronounced nat) bush. He then ran into Wat Mahabut temple, which as holy ground, a ghost cannot enter.

In her grief, Nak terrorized the people of Phra Khanong, furious at them for causing Mak to leave her. However, a powerful monk captured Nak's ghost; and after confining her in an earthen jar, threw it into the Phra Khanong canal.

There are regional variations to the rest of the story. In one, an old couple new to Phra Khanong find the jar while fishing; in another two fishermen dredge up the jar. In both cases, Nak is freed when the jar is opened.

In alternative versions, a venerable monk named Somdet Phra Phutthachan (To Phrommarangsi) defeats Nak by confining her spirit in the bone of her forehead and binds it to his waistband. Legend says the waistband is currently in the possession of the Thai royal family. Admiral Prince Abhakara Kiartivongse, Prince of Chumphon, also claimed to have had the relic. In another, the monk assured Nak that in a future life she would be reunited with her beloved husband, so she voluntarily departed for the afterlife.

Research
Anek Nawikamul, a Thai historian, researched the story and found an article in the Siam Praphet newspaper written by K.S.R. Kulap, dated March 10, 1899. Kulap claimed the story of Mae Nak was based on the life of Amdaeng Nak (อำแดงนาก, 'Mrs Nak'), daughter of a Tambon Phra Khanong leader named Khun Si. Amdaeng Nak died while she was pregnant. Her son, worried that his father might remarry and his inheritance shared with his step-mother, invented the ghost story. He dressed in women's clothing and threw rocks at passing boats to make people think it was Nak's ghost. Kulap also suggested that Nak's husband was named Chum, not Mak.

Mae Nak Shrine
The shrine of Mae Nak stands next to Klong Phra Khanong, at Wat Mahabut, a large temple on Soi 77 off Sukhumvit Road (On Nut Road). The shrine is a low building under large trees with a roof that encompasses the tree trunks. The main shrine has several minor shrines around it.

A statue of Mae Nak and her infant form the centerpiece of the shrine. Devotees often make offerings, accompanied by a request for help, generally by women seeking easy childbirth or for their husband to be exempted from military conscription. Offerings are usually lengths of colored cloth, wrapped around the trunk of the Bo tree. Other offerings include fruit, lotuses, and incense sticks.

Toys for her child and portraits of the ghost are displayed in the shrine's inner sanctum. A collection of fine dresses offered to her are displayed behind her statue.

Offerings are also made at Phra Khanong Canal, where fish purchased live at markets are brought in buckets to the edge of the canal and freed. Stalls at the shrine sell toys, fish, lotus buds, incense sticks, and garlands for those who wish to make an offering.

In popular culture
Mae Nak's story has enjoyed sustained popularity because her undying devotion to her husband inspires people of all ages. Prince Damrong, a son of King Mongkut, revealed that when he was a child, he kept asking Wat Phra Kaeo visitors who was the most popular person in their opinion, and most people answered "Mae Nak".

The story of Mae Nak Phra Khanong is also the subject of many films, television series, and printed media. Among these are:

 * Mae Nak Phra Khanong, a 1959 Thai film
 * Mae Nak Khuen Chip, 1960 Thai film
 * Winyan Rak Mae Nak Phra Khanong, a 1962 Thai film
 * Mae Nak Khanong Rak, 1968 Thai film
 * Mae Nak Phra Nakhon, a 1970 Thai film
 * Mae Nak Phra Khanong, 1973 Thai film
 * Mae Nak Alawat, 1973 Thai film
 * Mae Nak Amerika, 1975 Thai film
 * Mae Nak Buk Tokiao, 1976 Thai film
 * Mae Nak Phra Khanong, 1978 Thai film
 * Sannya Chai Mae Nak Phra Khanong, 1992 Thai film The Siam Prabheth Mae Nak of Phra Khanong Original Document.jpg
 * Mae Nak Choe Phi Pop (Mae Nak meets Phi Pop), 1992 Thai TV series
 * Nang Nak, a 1999 film by Thai director Nonzee Nimibutr
 * Ghost of Mae Nak, a 2005 Thai film by British director Mark Duffield
 * Mae Naak, (แม่นาก) an opera composed by Somtow Sucharitkul. It premiered in 2003 and was revived in 2005 by the Bangkok Opera, with soprano Nancy Yuen performing the title role and baritone Kyu Won Han as Mak in both productions. It was restaged again in 2011 in Bangkok and London.
 * Nak (นาค), a Thai 2008 animated film.
 * Maenak Prakanong the Musical, a 2009 musical directed by Takonkiet Viravan and starring Myria Benedetti and Anatpol Sirichumsang.
 * Mae Nak Patha Pop Sam Tua, a 2011 comedy.
 * Mae Nak 3D, a 2012 Thai film
 * Pee Mak, (พี่มาก..พระโขนง), a 2013 comedy horror Thai film by GMM Tai Hub
 * Make Me Shudder 2 (Shudder Me Mae Nak), a 2014 Thai film

Representations of Mae Nak, sometimes humorous, are very common in Thai comic books. and animated cartoons.

title: Mae Nak Phra Khanong


text:
Glatton

Glatton is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England, some 8 mi south-west of Peterborough, near the villages of Conington, Yaxley and Stilton. It lies in the non-metropolitan district of Huntingdonshire, which is part of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county. A World War II airfield (RAF Glatton) built nearby is now known as Peterborough's Conington Airport.

History
In 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.

Glatton was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Normancross in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Glatune in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at Glatton; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £10 and the rent was the same in 1086.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there was 35 households at Glatton. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Glatton in 1086 is that it was within the range of 122 and 175 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acre; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were sixteen ploughlands at Glatton in 1086 and that there was the capacity for a further eight ploughlands. In addition to the arable land, there was 60 acre of meadows and 22 acre of woodland at Glatton.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount varied; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manor at Glatton the total tax assessed was eight geld.

By 1086 there was already a church and a priest at Glatton.

In the 1870s, John Marius Wilson described the village as "GLATTON, a village and a parish in the district of Peterborough and county of Huntingdon. The village stands 3 miles SSW of Stilton, and 3½ WSW of Holme r. station."

In 1881 Glatton had a total population of 249.

Government
As a civil parish, Glatton has a parish council, the lowest tier of government in England. It consists of five councillors and it has a parish clerk. It normally meets on a Wednesday, some 4–6 times a year.

Glatton was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Glatton became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is the Huntingdonshire District Council of Cambridgeshire, with its headquarters in Huntingdon. Its 52 councillors represent 29 district wards. Glatton is a part of the district ward of Sawtry and represented on the district council by two councillors. District councillors serve four-year terms.

For Glatton, the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council, based in Cambridge. It consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Glatton is part of the electoral division of Sawtry and Ellington and represented by one county councillor. At Westminster Glatton is in the parliamentary constituency of North West Cambridgeshire, held by Shailesh Vara (Conservative) since 2005. The previous member was Brian Mawhinney (Conservative) between 1997 and 2005.

Population
In the period 1801 to 1901 the census population of Glatton ranged between 189 in 1901 and 358 in 1821.

All population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight.

In 2011, the parish covered an area of 2174 acre, giving a population density in 2011 of 90.7 persons per square mile (35 per square kilometre). Of the 2011 population of 308, 35 were in the 0–19 cohort, 62 aged 20–44, 142 aged 45–74 and 79 over 75 years old. The structure is weighted to the older population; 72 per cent are above 45 years old. Census records show a decline until 1951, to 136, then a relatively swift rise.

Occupations
In 1881 there was a clear gender divide in occupations. Most men worked in agriculture (74 per cent), with a fairly even spread among other occupations. Most women had were of unknown occupation or worked in domestic services/ offices. In the 2011 census, both men and women had the highest levels of employment in associate professional and technical occupations, with a far greater number in management or as professionals. There was still some gender-specific employment, for example administrative and secretarial jobs employed more women (5:1) and the skilled trade sector more men (4:1). However, men and women appear more evenly across all occupations in the later census. Agricultural and domestic jobs, the commonest in 1881, were non-existent in 2011.

Education
There are no schools in Glatton. The closest is Stilton Church of England VC Primary School 1.8 miles (2.9 km) away. The closest secondary school is Sawtry Community College 2.1 miles (3.4 km) away.

Landmarks
Among the listed buildings in Glatton are Grade-I listed St Nicholas's Parish Church and the Addison Arms, which won the Rural Pub of The Year award in Huntingdonshire in 2014. Allways was the home of the writer Beverley Nichols from 1928 to 1937.

Transport
The A1 (M) is the closest motorway, about a mile to the east of Glatton parish. There is a railway line about 3 miles east of Glatton, but the closest station is Peterborough, about 10 miles away.

Parish church
Glatton has a parish church dedicated to St Nicholas belonging to the Diocese of Ely. The church is mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book, but none of that building remains. A notable feature of today's church is its tower, built about 1500. Its four bells bear the inscriptions 1) COMM COMM AND PREAY 1595, 2) SEARVE GOD AND OBEAY THY PRINCE 1595, 3) J.TAYLOR & CO FOUNDERS LOUGHBOROUGH 1863, and 4) OMNIA FAINT AD GLORIAM DEI SOLI THO. EAYRE 1736.

title: Glatton


text:
Talk:Pedro Eugenio Aramburu

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 August 2021 and 10 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): ParkerBarkr. Peer reviewers: Seagullsoars, Stevetheepic, Skillebrew25.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:19, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

scanning GENTE ...
I am preparing images, with origin in old GENTE magazine. Of the kidnapping and the reactions of GENTE. In addition to opinion columns in GENTE. I suppose that someday will be ready...... --Zzzzzzus 15:19, 3 October 2005 (UTC)zzzzzzus

 * I read you would like to upload some scanned pictures from Argentine magazines. First, have in mind the Copiright problems: If the magazine is at least 25 years old, then you can upload them under the Argentine Law 11723: Check the combo-box at the uploading page for the Public Domain Argentina's Law 11723 for all fotographic work 25 years after its publication. That 25 is a mistake, its 20.
 * Yet, you have to add a reference to the source of the picture (say Revista Gente, and the name of the photographer if available).
 * Please, upload the pictures at commons: from commons:Special:Upload, since that way they are available to all the wikipedias, and not just the English one.
 * Thanks, Mariano(t/c) 08:49, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Everything will be ok... those pics are 30 years old, anyway will be fine... tx for the tip. Ill use it, of course...--Zzzzzzus 13:00, 4 October 2005 (UTC)zzzzzzus

POV???
-- POV sources?? I don't think Aramburu had any agreement with Illian and the coupe de etat to the Illia seams to prove it:::consagrated a branch of the UCR (Union Civica Radical), that competed with Aramburu): being --
 * But the article doesn´t say nothing about that. --Zzzzzzus 15:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)zzzzzzus

'Socialist and even communist"
Even while political parties on the centre-left tend to call themselves socialists and those definitely on the left are called communists, it should be remembered that Marxism and Marxism-Leninism are the main currents of Socialism, so we can say that Communism is in fact part of Socialism, not another ideology. Thus, the statement socialist and even communist is biased and/or non exact, and I think that should be rephrased. In fact, the mere even communist part is somewhat POVed.

 * Right.. the concept was like the first one of those: centre-left/definitely-left. I dont like the POVing... --Zzzzzzus 15:05, 22 October 2005 (UTC)zzzzzzus
 * By the way, that "generational support of international socialism", switched (more later) in the 80s to a very different more democratic way of living.
 * But in the 70s, the imminence of Peron´s return, with the CheGuevara´s fame was (historically) like catastrophic for my country. --Zzzzzzus 15:09, 22 October 2005 (UTC)zzzzzzus

POV tag
This is about tag cleanup. As all of the tags are more than a year old, there is no current discussion relating to them, and there is a great deal of editing done since the tags were placed, or perhaps there is a consensus on the discussion page, they will be removed. This is not a judgement of content. If there is cause to re-tag, then that of course may be done, with the necessary posting of a discussion as to why, and what improvements could be made. This is only an effort to clean out old tags, and permit them to be updated with current issues if warranted.Jjdon (talk) 21:33, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Orphaned references in Pedro Eugenio Aramburu
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Pedro Eugenio Aramburu's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "pot": From 1957 Argentine Constitutional Assembly election: Potash, Robert. The Army and Politics in Argentina. Stanford University Press, 1996. From 1963 Argentine general election:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 07:39, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

Biased writing
This is suched a biased article, it claims that:

- "Aramburu did not have the slightest trait reminiscent of an authoritarian military man. He had the manners of a true democrat.", which is based on a 2000 article from a conservative newspaper, written from the perspective of someone who obviously admires him.

- "For peronists, his assassination was a dream came true", a bizarre claim to make if you don't support it with any evidence.

- It somehow paints the Revolución Libertadora in a positive light (that it was deserved, because Peron did [x things], even though it's widely agreed upon by everyone that it was a military coup and that Aramburu became president because he was a hard-liner.

Genuinely a shameful effort - this isn't neutral in the slightest. 2A02:A44C:8BDF:1:C169:9B09:14DA:A21E (talk) 21:06, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

 * @2A02:A44C:8BDF:1:C169:9B09:14DA:A21E

totally biased article and an example of why Wikipedia can't be really trusted GeorgeMarg (talk) 08:22, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pedro Eugenio Aramburu


text:
User talk:Somtow

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Qaz  ( talk ) 15:19, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:Naak2sm.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Naak2sm.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image:PrincessandCardinal.jpg
Don't you have a bigger version of that photo? It would also serve as a good illustration for the article on Cardinal Kitbunchu himself, which is currently without photo, however for future printed versions higher resolution photos would be much better. Also, as your photos would also fit for the wikipedias in other languages, it is probably better to move them to Commons, our repository of free images (and other multimedia).

BTW: In case you haven't found it yet, there's also the Thailand-related topics notice board, where the Wikipedians from or interested in Thailand meet. andy 08:17, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

I will post a bigger version of that photo as soon as I can dig the original out of our files. It was taken before all our files went digital. - Somtow

Inquestor
Really enjoyed the Inquestor stories in the mid-1980s. Even have "Fire from the Wine-Dark Sea" somewhere under this pile of books ("Sunsteps" was seriously weird, but in an interesting way...) AnonMoos 08:58, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

• Thanks so much for your kind words ... Somtow somtow

Non-free use disputed for Image:Vjn.jpg
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Replaceable fair use Image:Naak2sm.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Naak2sm.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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Non-free use disputed for Image:Vampirejunction.jpg
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Somtow
Thank you for The Shattered Horse. I read it many years ago (several times) and feel that its robust spirit helped to drive some of the changes in my early life.

Michael

response from Somtow
Michael thanks for your kind words about my book (you must be one of the few who read that one) ... Somtow

Fiddling for Waterbuffalos?
Story: Archaeologists dig up an object in Isan that they break in trying to figure out what it is. It was an intergalactic space beacon, and its owners are pissed. Locals not impressed -- aliens pop into Isan all the time [I'm one] and, if they mind their manners, are welcome -- don't have to conform to local customs, either, just show a bit of respect. The ETs didn't, a local stole the beacon and held it for ransom. When the ransom was paid, the local turned over -- a knockoff, keeping the original. Would that be Fiddling for Waterbuffalos, Analog, April 1986?

BTW, representatives of Thailand's Fine Arts Department are ETs in these parts, too. While unearthing the original That Glong Khao Noi Kaa Mae ธาตุก่องข้าวน้อย บ้านสะเดา, they found an unusual Buddha image at the Wat of the Field. They had a copy made for the yokels and think they have the original in Bangkok. Wanna bet? Pawyilee (talk) 17:10, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:PrincessandCardinal.jpg
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title: User talk:Somtow


text: User talk:172.141.61.10

title: User talk:172.141.61.10


text:
User:Super1~enwiki/wikipedian

Paul|talk

title: User:Super1~enwiki/wikipedian


text:
User talk:Kimpearl

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Qaz  ( talk ) 15:20, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Kimpearl


text:
List of megafauna discovered in modern times

The following is a list of megafauna discovered by science since the beginning of the 19th century (with their respective date of discovery). Some of these may have been known to native peoples or reported anecdotally but had not been generally acknowledged as confirmed by the scientific world, until conclusive evidence was obtained for formal studies. In other cases, certain animals were initially considered hoaxes – similar to the initial reception of mounted specimens of the duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in late 18th-century Europe.

In zoology, megafauna (from Greek μέγας megas "large" and Neo-Latin fauna "animal life") are large animals. The most common thresholds to be a megafauna are weighing over 46 kg  (i.e., having a mass comparable to or larger than a human) or weighing over a tonne,  1000 kg  (i.e., having a mass comparable to or larger than an ox).

This list includes some of the more notable examples discovered in modern times.

Megafauna believed extinct, but rediscovered

 * Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchellii), 2004
 * Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchellii), 2004

Megafauna previously unknown from the fossil record

 * Western grey kangaroo Notamacropus fuliginosus (1817)
 * Malayan tapir Tapirus indicus (1819)
 * Red kangaroo Osphranter rufus (1822)
 * Lowland anoa Bubalus depressicornis (1827)
 * Mountain tapir Tapirus pinchaque (1829)
 * Baird's tapir Tapirus bairdii (1865)
 * Bonobo Pan paniscus (1928)
 * Kouprey Bos sauveli (1937)
 * Saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis (1993)

Megafauna initially believed to have been fictitious or hoaxes

 * Przewalski's horse Equus ferus przewalskii (1881 - current wild population descended from zoo breeding since 1945)
 * Okapi Okapia johnstoni (1901)


text:
User talk:0366172

Welcome!

Hello, 0366172, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place   on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Qaz  ( talk ) 15:23, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:0366172