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William Wyggeston

William Wyggeston (sometimes spelt William Wigston; ca. 1467 to 1536) was an English wool merchant based in Leicester. He was part of the Wyggeston family, which included at least one other William Wyggeston.

Although the family had been influential before, he became extremely wealthy (in 1522 records indicate he paid 22% of the tax levied on Leicester), and became Mayor of the Corporation of Leicester twice, and represented Leicester in the Seventh Parliament of Henry VII.

Life
He was born c.1467, the son and heir of Alderman John Wigston of the Newarke, Leicester, who had been Mayor of Leicester in 1469. William was made a freeman of Leicester in 1493–94, filled various municipal offices and became Mayor of Leicester in 1499, was elected M.P. for Leicester in 1504, and was again made mayor in 1510.

He was a wool merchant of the Staple of Calais, and it is stated on his monument that he was mayor of Calais four times. He was certainly mayor of Calais in November 1514.

He married twice, firstly Isabella, sister of Alderman Richard Gillot, and secondly Agnes, the widow of a Mr Trotter. He had no children.

Legacy
Wyggeston was also known as a benefactor, and set up an early 'hospital' (almshouse) in Leicester in 1513, now called Wyggeston's Hospital, and funded by the income of the Swannington estate, which he bought in 1520. The hospital still exists as a retirement home for old people, based on Hinckley Road in the West End of Leicester. The original hospital was next to St Martin's Church (now Leicester Cathedral)

After Wyggeston's death, his brother Thomas Wyggeston, as a trustee, used part of the money to establish a grammar school in Leicester. Whilst this eventually became defunct, it gave its name to the later Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys, succeeded by the Wyggeston and Queen Elizabeth I College. Wyggeston Grammar School for Girls was founded not long after the Victorian boys' school. In 1981 it merged with another girls' grammar school in Leicester, Collegiate Girls' School, and stopped taking in girls at eleven. It instead became a Sixth Form college known as Wyggeston Collegiate Sixth Form College. Later still it became known as Regent College.

Wyggeston is one of the figures honoured by Leicester's Clock Tower (which spells his name 'Wigston').

A Freemasons' meeting in Leicester named a Lodge after William Wyggeston which was consecrated on 1 July 1910. The Wyggeston Lodge, No.3448 also takes William Wyggeston's motto, "Date eleemosynam et ecce omnia munda sunt vobis"/"Give freely of yourself and behold all Worlds are yours".

There is a pub in Wigston named after him. The name is there spelt "Wygston"

title: William Wyggeston


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Category:Crime comedy films

This category consists of crime comedy films where crime is a feature in the film's plot.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Crime comedy films


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User talk:ZenDude

List of warez groups
Do not remove the commented instructions at the top of the page. If you continue to remove them, I will consider it vandalism, for which you can be blocked from editing. Thanks. · Katefan0(scribble) 21:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

3RR
Do not revert an article more than 3 times in a 24 hour period. If you do so you can be blocked. Please read WP:3RR. · Katefan0(scribble) 18:45, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ZenDude


text:
Washdown

Washdown (also wash down) is the process of cleaning or washing a surface for appearance, sanitation, or removal of contamination. It may involve pressure washing. Sometimes wash down involves rinsing with fresh water; other times it involves use of detergents and other chemicals.

Food processing and packaging machinery
Regulations for processing sensitive products such as food and pharmaceuticals require periodic thorough washing and sanitizing. Some equipment can be moved to a central washing facility. Other machinery must be cleaned in place using portable specialized washing equipment. High-pressure cleaning is used with water and cleaning chemicals. A washdown is usually a manual operation and is designed to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. Automatic cleaning of industrial equipment is often carried out by clean-in-place (CIP) and/or steam-in-place (SIP) operations. CIP (CIP) systems often make use of programmable logic controllers and SCADA software.

Decks and driveways
Washdown is the process of using a stream of water to clean a flat or nearly flat outdoor surface. Typically the area cleaned is a large expanse of concrete or asphalt. The area is cleaned of dirt and debris with the force and dissolving power of stream of water projected from a hose. Generally, one person holds and aims the hose, though if the hose is longer than 300 feet then another person may be required to help move the hose itself. Water is typically squirted from the hose at a pressure of 300 psi. The hose itself can vary in length from 75 to 425 feet. Typically the hose when used by a single person is 300 feet long. The hose itself carries water from a water main which attaches to the hose through what is called a “stinger“. The stinger screws into the water main pipe and is held there.

Also, the stinger as it is pushed down into the water supply pipe opens a seal which releases the water into the hose. At the other end of the hose a nozzle regulates the flow of water and allows for a large fanned-out spray, as well as a more concentrated stream termed a needlepoint.

Contamination
Military and civil defense have exercises to remove chemical and radioactive contamination from vehicles, buildings, people, etc.

title: Washdown


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Martin Donovan

Martin Donovan (born Martin Paul Smith; August 19, 1957) is an American actor. He has had a long collaboration with director Hal Hartley, appearing in many of his films, such as Trust (1990), Surviving Desire (1991), Simple Men (1992), Amateur (1994), Flirt (1995), and The Book of Life (1998), starring as Jesus Christ in the latter. Donovan also played Peter Scottson on Showtime's cable series Weeds. He made his writing/directorial debut with the film Collaborator (2011). Donovan played Detective Hap Eckhart in Christopher Nolan's psychological thriller Insomnia (2002) and the Protagonist's CIA handler, Fay, in Nolan's science fiction action thriller film Tenet (2020).

Early life
Donovan was born Martin Paul Smith in Reseda, California.

He graduated from Crespi Carmelite High School and attended Pierce College for two years. He attended American Theater Arts, a combined conservatory and theater company in Los Angeles, where he appeared in the plays Richard's Cork Leg by Brendan Behan and Private Life of the Master Race by Bertold Brecht. In 1983, he and his future wife, Vivian, moved to New York City. He joined the off-off-Broadway Cucaracha Theater on Greenwich Street.

Career
Donovan has appeared in fourteen episodes of the Showtime television series Weeds, which stars Mary-Louise Parker, for which he was nominated for a SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by An Ensemble in a Comedy Series. He has also acted with Parker in Saved!, Pipe Dream and The Portrait of a Lady. For the latter film, he won the National Society of Film Critics' Award for best supporting actor.

Personal life
Donovan married actress Vivian Lanko in 1984; they have two sons. They lived in New York City for many years before relocating to Vancouver.

title: Martin Donovan


text: Category:Airports in Cuba

title: Category:Airports in Cuba


text:
Patrick Tobin Asselin

Joseph Patrick Tobin Asselin (March 29, 1930 – August 31, 2005), known as Patrick Tobin Asselin, was a Canadian politician. A Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of Canada for two terms in the 1960s, he returned to Parliament a quarter-century later to work as a security guard.

He was born on a farm in Bromptonville, Quebec in the Eastern Townships and was educated in Montreal at both English and French high schools. Asselin was descended from politicians on both sides of his family. He was the grandson of Edmund William Tobin, who had spent thirty years in the House of Commons, representing the same Quebec riding Asselin later represented. Tobin was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 1930.

His father, Joseph-Omer Asselin, was chairman of Montreal City Council's powerful executive committee. His mother, Beatrice Tobin, was a Liberal organizer in the era of William Lyon Mackenzie King, and served as president of the Women's Liberal Association of Canada in the 1960s. Her two sons both served as Liberal MPs. She had been awarded an Order of the British Empire during World War II for her work in establishing an organization to help Canadian Prisoners of War.

After graduating from high school, Asselin attended St. Mary's College in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and then returned to his home town to run the family's dairy farm. He was also a captain in the Canadian Army for ten years.

During the 1963 federal election, he was serving as president of the Liberal riding association in Richmond—Wolfe, the rural Quebec constituency in which he lived, when the nominated Liberal candidate unexpectedly dropped out of the race 30 days before election day. Asselin stepped in as the new candidate, and defeated incumbent Social Credit MP André Bernier by 350 votes. Asselin's brother, Edmund Tobin Asselin, was re-elected in the Montreal riding of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce in the same election. The election brought to power a Liberal minority government under the leadership of Lester Pearson. Pearson appointed Asselin chairman of the House Standing Committee on Agriculture. Under his stewardship, the committee inaugurated Canada's marketing board system. Asselin's margin of victory increased to 2,000 votes at the 1965 election. When Pearson announced his retirement, Asselin supported Pierre Trudeau's campaign to become Liberal leader at the 1968 Liberal leadership convention. However, despite Trudeaumania, Asselin lost his seat at the 1968 election after the right-wing Ralliement Créditiste attacked the Liberal government in the rural, socially conservative riding over the government's social liberalism, particularly Trudeau's decriminalization of homosexuality. Both Asselin and Trudeau were accused of being Communists by supporters of Asselin's rival, Léonel Beaudoin.

"I got out of politics because of illness -- the voters got sick of me," said Asselin. His defeat came six months short of the minimum period of service required at the time to qualify for a parliamentary pension. Following his defeat, Asselin worked as an aide to Agriculture minister Bud Olson.

He returned to politics to serve as mayor of Aylmer, Quebec from 1979 to 1983. He subsequently returned to Ottawa to work as a security supervisor on Parliament Hill.

Warren Allmand, a former Liberal Canadian cabinet minister, later said of Asselin: "He wasn't egotistical. Even though he had been an MP, he wasn't at all embarrassed to get a job as a security guard in order to earn a living and support his family.... Security work was all he could get, so he did it."

Asselin died in Ottawa in 2005 of a neurological disease.

title: Patrick Tobin Asselin


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Colegio San José (San Juan, Puerto Rico)

Colegio San José is a Catholic school for boys in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, that offers education from grades 6 to 12. The school is located on 6½ acres of land situated on a hill in Río Piedras.

Around 50–70% of graduates study in a university outside of the island, mainly in the continental United States. San José has 25 organized clubs, a varsity program in eleven sports (volleyball, basketball, baseball, tennis, golf, soccer, indoor soccer, cross-country, track and field, swimming, bowling), a junior varsity program with six sports (basketball, tennis, Cross Country, soccer, Swimming, Track and Field and volleyball) and a juvenile program with three sports (basketball, cross country and volleyball). San José has a student newsletter called La Lanza, award-winning student publication and a Student Council. Qualified students are selected as National Honor Society and National Junior Honor Society members. Recent victories achieved by the school during the school year 2008–2009 include winning 7 out of 8 categories during the Intercollegiate League of History and Geography's annual competition.

Colegio San José has had more than 100 National Merit Scholars and several nominations for Presidential Award, during the past five years.

The school was founded by the Society of Mary (Marianists) in 1938.

Middle school (7th-8th)

 * 2 years of Ethics
 * 2 years of Spanish
 * 2 years of English
 * 1 year of Social Studies (7th Grade)
 * 1 year of Geography (8th Grade)
 * 1 year of Pre-Algebra (7th Grade)
 * 1 year of Algebra (8th Grade)
 * 1 year of Life Science (7th Grade)
 * 1 year of Physical Science and Chemistry (8th grade)
 * 2 years of Physical Education - Health
 * 1 year of Fine Arts (Music and Art)
 * 2 years of Keyboarding and Word Processing

High School (9th-12th)

 * 4 years of Ethics
 * 4 years of Spanish
 * 4 years of English
 * 4 years of Mathematics
 * 4 years of History
 * 4 years of Science (Biology in 9th; Chemistry in 10th; Physics in 11th; Elective in 12th)
 * 3 years of Physical Education (all grades except 12th)
 * 1 year of Health

Elective Classes

 * All students in 10th grade and up can take elective classes.

For 10th graders

 * Art 1
 * Computer 1
 * French 1
 * Music 1
 * Psychology
 * Creative Writing and Oratory

For 11th graders

 * Art 2
 * Modern World Issues
 * Bioethics and Human Sexuality
 * Computer Science (AP program)
 * Economy and Political Science
 * French 2
 * Music 2
 * Creative Writing and Oratory

For 12th graders

 * Advanced Placement (AP) Computer Science
 * Drafting, Design, and Computer Aided Design (CAD)
 * Economics and Political Science
 * Français III
 * Introduction to Western Philosophy and Chaminade Theological Thought (Honors)
 * 官話 I (Mandarin Chinese)
 * Advanced Placement (AP) Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
 * Instrumental Music (Requires interview, audition, and Maestro's approval)
 * Financial Accounting and Business Administration
 * Computer Programming in High Abstraction Languages
 * Introduction to the Harvard Turing Machine Computer Architecture
 * Public Speaking, Creative Writing, and Forensics
 * Advanced Placement (AP) Univariate Calculus
 * Advanced Placement (AP) Univariate Statistics
 * Advanced Physics or Chemistry
 * Advanced Anatomy and Modern Medicine
 * Juventud Marianista, honours, or by the instructors' appointment French Revolution, Higher Education and the Theological Philosophy of Guillaume-Joseph Chaminade & the Society of Mary

Honor and Advanced Placement classes

 * Most of the classes at Colegio San José have honor and AP levels.
 * Starting in 9th grade, students who are among the first 25 in grade ranking have the option to take Honor Classes.
 * Starting in 11th grade, students have the option to select Advanced Placement (AP) Classes.

Advance Placement Classes

 * Spanish, English, History, Statistics, Calculus AB, Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Microeconomy, and Macroeconomy.

Community service

 * All grades have 2 annual community service activities, for example: going to Casa Cuna in San Juan to help orphan children.
 * Senior (12th grade) students must complete 40 hours of community service to receive their diploma.

Engineering

 * José Domingo Pérez II & III, P.E., Founding Partner Heir Apparent of Caribe Tecno CRL, Puerto Rico's fifth largest construction company.

Politics

 * Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, Former Governor of Puerto Rico
 * Jaime Areizaga-Soto, Former President of the Democratic Latino Organization of Virginia, and a former White House Fellow at the U.S. Treasury Department.
 * Eduardo Bhatia, former Senator, Director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration, Representative of the Governor in Washington and current senator of the Puerto Rico Commonwealth government.
 * Jose Izquierdo Encarnacion, former Puerto Rico Secretary of State and Secretary of Transportation and Public Works
 * Ron de Lugo, Former U.S. Virgin Islands Delegate to the Congress
 * Felo Alejandro Bonete, former political analyst and current panel member of the "Puerto Rico: Volvemos A lo Mismo" analysis quartet. Current resident of Mayaguez "La Sultana de Puerto Rico".
 * Sergio Peña Clos, former member of the Senate of Puerto Rico
 * J. Gerald Suarez, Ph.D., former Director, Presidential Quality. Served in direct support of President Bill Clinton and President George W. Bush The White House
 * Gabriel Maldonado, Secretary for the Department of Labor of Puerto Rico
 * Javier Bayon, Director of the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company
 * Raul de Vidal y Sepulveda, Member of the Board of the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company, Knighted by King Felipe VI of Spain

Business and professionals

 * Hugo Poza Vice President, PhD - Homeland Security Strategic Business Area Raytheon Company
 * Roger Maldonado, Esq., Partner, Balber Pickard Maldonado & Van Der Tuin, PC, New York
 * Angel Torres – Former President of Bacardi-Martini Caribbean and current President of Plaza Provision Company
 * Leonardo Cordero - Former President of the Puerto Rico Chamber of Commerce, President of Leonardo's, a tuxedo rental store.
 * Dr. Angel M. Garcia Otano, physician in Naperville, IL
 * Dr. Benigno J. Fernandez, child-adolescent psychiatrist in San Antonio, Texas.
 * Nelson De Jesus, Business Executive, The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia

Fine arts

 * Danny Fornaris Producer of many Reggaeton and Techno artists, including Don Omar, among others
 * Bruce John Graham, Colombian-American architect. Among his most notable buildings are the Inland Steel Building, the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), and the John Hancock Center.
 * Gabriel Mora Quintero, known artistically as Mora, is a singer, writer, producer, and reggaeton artist who rose to prominence by releasing music on SoundCloud in mid-2017. He has collaborated with prominent members of the Puerto Rican urban scene such as Anuel AA, Myke Towers, Eladio Carrión, while also having writing credits for Jhay Cortez and Bad Bunny. He appeared on the latter's sophomore studio album, YHLQMDLG, and is signed to his label, Rimas Entertainment.
 * Black Guayaba, a Grammy-winning Puerto Rican rock band that was formed in 2000. It is composed by Gustavo González (vocalist), Javier Morales (guitar), Carlos "Toro" Ortiz (bass), Carlos Colón (keyboards), and Gabriel Calero (drums).

Athletes

 * Ramón Ramos, Puerto Rican basketball player, who played collegiate basketball at Seton Hall University and professionally for the Portland Trail Blazers
 * Luis Allende, Puerto Rican basketball player
 * Federico ("Fico") López Camacho (March 26, 1962 – November 6, 2006) was a Puerto Rican basketball player, member of the Guaynabo Mets.


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User talk:I seek the heart

Please stop removing information from articles without discussing it first. --fvw *  21:15, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

WP:3RR Derex 22:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:I seek the heart


text: Template:User py-4

title: Template:User py-4


text: User talk:86.137.73.125

title: User talk:86.137.73.125


text:
Talk:Enrique Gratas

Untitled
Real Good Article

Editing
It is recognized not recognised

 * It may be either of both, and it's OK to use either in an article. See Manual of Style. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 14:48, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enrique Gratas


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African helmeted turtle

The African helmeted turtle (Pelomedusa subrufa), also known commonly as the marsh terrapin, the crocodile turtle, or in the pet trade as the African side-necked turtle, is a species of omnivorous side-necked terrapin in the family Pelomedusidae. The species naturally occurs in fresh and stagnant water bodies throughout much of Sub-Saharan Africa, and in southern Yemen.

Description
The marsh terrapin is typically a rather small turtle, with most individuals being less than 20 cm ranging from 15 to 21 centimeters in straight carapace length, but one has been recorded with a length of 32.5 cm. It has a black or brown carapace. The top of the tail and limbs are a grayish brown, while the underside is yellowish.

The male turtle is distinguished by its long, thick tail. A female tends to have a shorter tail and a broader carapace. A hatchling has a shell size of about 3 cm in length, and is olive to black in color. It also has two small tubercles under the chin and musk glands in the sides of the carapace.

Uniquely, the genus Pelomedusa does not have a hinged plastron (lower shell). All the other species in the family Pelomedusidae, however, do have this feature with which they can, using muscles, close the plastron to the carapace to cover the head and front limbs. Unlike many chelonians, the African helmeted turtle is able, when it finds itself upside down, to right itself with a vigorous flick of its long muscular neck.

Recent genetic research suggests that Pelomedusa comprises at least 10 different species, and not only one as previously thought. In the past the physical differences between populations were not regarded as substantial enough to recognise more than one species.

Geographic range
The geographic range of P. subrufa covers a large portion of Africa, from the Cape Peninsula to the Sudan. It can be found as far west as Ghana and as far south as Cape Town. It has also been found in Madagascar and Yemen.

Habitat
P. subrufa is a semiaquatic animal, living in rivers, lakes, and marshes, and it also occupies rain pools and places that are fertilized.

Its preference seems to be for standing water, such as swamps, pans, dams, and lakes. However it is found to a lesser extent along rivers. It is generally absent from regions that are mountainous, forested, or desert.

Diet
The African helmeted turtle is an omnivorous eater and will eat almost anything mainly involving aquatic invertebrates, small fish, and vegetation. It may feed on carrion. The fine claws on its feet help it tear its prey apart. Hatchlings will eat tadpoles of many frog species, including Phrynomantis microps.

Groups of P. subrufa have been observed capturing and drowning larger prey such as doves that come to drink; the commotion caused by these group attacks is often mistaken for crocodiles. All food is taken underwater to be eaten.

Several large mammals such as warthogs, Cape buffalo, and rhinoceroses have recently been documented utilizing the turtles to remove parasites at popular wallowing holes. One such incident in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi park involved two African helmeted turtles removing ticks and blood-sucking flies from the body of a wallowing warthog. Though the turtles probably do not have a symbiotic relationship with these animals, it is very likely that the buffalo, rhinos, and warthogs seek them out and have learned to utilize them from past experiences. This behavior was documented for the first time in the September 2015 issue of Herpetological Review by Andy and Michelle Leighty Jones.

Seasonal movements
During wet weather P. subrufa will often leave water bodies and embark on long overland journeys. During exceptionally dry weather when water bodies dry up, it will typically dig into the ground and bury itself until rains return; it has been known to spend months or even years in such a state. It will also hibernate during very cold weather, and aestivate during unusually hot, dry weather.

Reproduction
Courtship of P. subrufa is held year round. The male will follow the female, nodding his head in front of hers. If she is not responsive, she will nip and snap and walk away. If she is willing, she responds by nodding her head or just standing still, so he can mount her. While mating, each of the turtles shakes its head.

The female will lay two to ten eggs on average, normally during late spring and early summer. The eggs are placed in a flask-shaped nest about 4 to 7 in deep. The eggs hatch in 75– 90 days.

Captivity
The African side-necked turtle is popular as a pet because of its unusual head tucking behavior.

title: African helmeted turtle


text: User talk:69.194.1.195

title: User talk:69.194.1.195


text:
Yealand Conyers

Yealand Conyers is a village and civil parish in the English county of Lancashire. It is in the City of Lancaster district.

Community
The community is in the same electoral district as Yealand Redmayne and Silverdale. The Yealands and Silverdale were originally in the same manor of Yealand in Domesday Book.

Yealand Conyers has three religious institutions, the Church of England St John's and Catholic St Mary's but is particularly of note for its early support of Quakerism. Richard Hubberthorne, one of the early Quaker preachers was from the Yealands. George Fox preached a sermon in the village in 1652 and the village's Meeting House dates from 1692. The Quaker's Old School is today used as a simple hostel and can host people visiting the '1652 country'.

The village has both a manor house and a stately home Leighton Hall. The bulk of the Leighton Moss RSPB reserve is in Yealand Conyers but main visitor access is from Silverdale.

Yealand Conyers was for many years home to the noted manchester born Quaker writer Elfrida Vipont Foulds. She was the Headmistress of the Yealand Manor Quaker Evacuation School.

Geography
Like its neighbour, Yealand Redmayne, it is north of Lancaster, and close to the border of Cumbria.

To the north is Yealand Redmayne and beyond that is Beetham and Milnthorpe, to its north east is Holme and Arnside, with the River Kent to the north west while Warton is to the south.

title: Yealand Conyers


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E. D. Morel

Edmund Dene Morel (born Georges Edmond Pierre Achille Morel Deville; 10 July 1873 – 12 November 1924) was a French-born British journalist, author, pacifist and politician.

As a young official at the shipping company Elder Dempster, Morel observed a fortune being made in the export of Congo rubber and the shipping in of guns and manacles. He correctly deduced that the rubber and other resources were being extracted from the population by force and began to campaign to expose the abuses. In collaboration with Roger Casement, Morel led a campaign against slavery in the Congo Free State, founded the Congo Reform Association and published the West African Mail. With the help of celebrities such as Arthur Conan Doyle and Mark Twain, the movement successfully pressured the Belgian King Leopold II to sell the Congo Free State to the Belgian government, ending some of the human rights abuses perpetrated under his rule. Morel played a significant role in the British pacifist movement during the First World War, participating in the foundation of and becoming secretary of the Union of Democratic Control, at which point he broke with the Liberal Party. In 1917 he was jailed for six months for his antiwar activism, which had a permanent effect on his health. After the war, he edited the journal Foreign Affairs, through which he sharply criticised what he considered French aggression and mistreatment of the defeated Central Powers. As part of his campaign against the French, he became the most important English proponent of the Black Shame campaign, which accused black French troops of outrages against the population of the occupied Rhineland.

Morel was elected to Parliament in 1922 as a Labour candidate, defeating the incumbent Winston Churchill for his seat, and was re-elected in 1924, dying in office. Morel collaborated closely with future Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and was considered for the post of Foreign Secretary, though he ultimately acted only as an unofficial adviser to MacDonald's government.

Background
Morel was born in the Avenue d'Eylau, Paris. His father, Edmond Pierre Marie Morel de Ville, was a French civil servant; his mother, Eliza Emmeline de Horne, was from an English Quaker family and landed gentry - the De Hornes of Stanway Hall. Edmond died when his son was four years old, leaving no pension, and Emmeline subsequently fell out with her late husband's family. As a consequence, Emmeline changed her name to Deville and raised her son on her own. To remove her son from the family's influence, she worked as a teacher so that she could send him to boarding school at both Madras House school in Eastbourne and later at Bedford Modern School.

When Emmeline Deville fell ill in 1888, the money for school fees was no longer available and Edmund was forced to return to Paris to work as a bank clerk. He was able to move his mother back to England in 1891. Five years later, he successfully applied for naturalisation as a British subject and anglicised his name. He married Mary Richardson that same year; they had five children. His daughter Stella married the Polish political activist Joseph Retinger in 1926. They had two daughters.

Discoveries at Elder Dempster
In 1891, Morel obtained a clerkship with Elder Dempster, a Liverpool shipping firm. To increase his income and support his family, from 1893 Morel began writing articles against French protectionism, which was damaging Elder Dempster's business. He came to be critical of the Foreign Office for not supporting the rights of Africans under colonial rule. His vision of Africa was influenced by the books of Mary Kingsley, an English traveller and writer, which showed sympathy for African peoples and a respect for different cultures that was very rare amongst Europeans at the time. Groups such as the Aborigines' Protection Society had already begun a campaign against alleged atrocities in Congo.

Elder Dempster had a shipping contract with the Congo Free State for the connection between Antwerp and Boma. Due to his knowledge of French, Morel was often sent to Belgium, where he was able to view the internal accounts of the Congo Free State held by Elder Dempster. The knowledge that the Elder Dempster ships leaving Belgium for the Congo regularly carried guns, chains, ordnance and explosives, and articles which were remote from trade purposes, while ships arriving from the colony came back full of valuable products such as raw rubber and ivory, led him to the conclusion that Belgian King Leopold II's policy was exploitative and a type of slavery. According to author Adam Hochschild, Morel's conclusions were correct—the value of the goods coming from the Congo Free State was five times that of the goods coming from Europe, and the difference was being extracted from the Congolese population through force and mass atrocities.

Morel discussed the discrepancies with the head of the Elder Dempster line, who responded coldly and dismissively. The company soon offered Morel an overseas promotion and then a sinecure consultancy in return for a guarantee of his silence. Morel refused both offers, and left the company in 1901 to become a full-time journalist.

Journalism and Congo Reform Association
In 1900, Morel put new life into the campaign against Congo misrule (begun a decade before by the American George Washington Williams) with a series of articles detailing his discoveries about the Congo Free State trade imbalances. His inside information made him a powerful voice against the exploitation, as previous activists had lacked his access to precise figures about the trade. In 1903, he founded his own magazine, the West African Mail, with the collaboration of John Holt, a businessman and friend of Mary Kingsley, who feared that the system of the Congo Free State would be applied upon the rest of the West African colonies. The Mail was an "illustrated weekly journal founded to meet the rapidly growing interest in west and central African questions". The paper also received initial financial backing from Sir Alfred Lewis Jones, Morel's former employer at Elder Dempster, apparently in a final attempt to moderate Morel's criticism of the company, but Jones soon discontinued his support. Morel published several pamphlets and his first book, Affairs of West Africa, a collection of his essays. In 1903, under pressure from Morel's campaign, the British House of Commons passed a resolution protesting human rights abuses in the Congo. Subsequently, the British consul in the Congo, Roger Casement, was sent up country by the Foreign Office for an investigation. Casement was outraged by the evidence of atrocities that he discovered and wrote a blistering report in 1904, discussing its contents with the London press even before its official release. Morel was introduced to Casement by their mutual friend Herbert Ward just before the publication of the report and realised that in Casement he had found the ally he had sought. Casement convinced Morel to establish an organisation for dealing specifically with the Congo question, the Congo Reform Association; because of the restrictions placed on Casement by his official duties, Morel would be the organisation's head. Affiliates of the Congo Reform Association were established as far away as the United States. The Congo Reform Association had the support of famous writers such as Joseph Conrad (whose Heart of Darkness was inspired by a voyage to the Congo Free State), Anatole France, Nobel laureates Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and John Galsworthy, Sherlock Holmes creator Arthur Conan Doyle, civil rights activist Booker T. Washington, and Mark Twain. Conan Doyle wrote The Crime of the Congo in 1908, while Twain gave the most famous contribution with the satirical short story King Leopold's Soliloquy. Conrad and Ford Madox Ford also included a devastating parody of Leopold II in their cowritten novel The Inheritors.

Morel's best allies, however, may have been the Christian missionaries who furnished him with eyewitness accounts and photographs of the atrocities, such as those given by the Americans William Morrison and William Henry Sheppard, and the British John Hobbis Harris and Alice Harris. The chocolate millionaire William Cadbury, a Quaker, was one of his main financial backers. The Belgian socialist leader Emile Vandervelde sent him copies of Belgian parliamentary debates and was recruited by Morel to successfully defend the missionaries Sheppard and Morrison pro bono in a libel suit brought by Kasai Rubber Company. Morel also had secret connections with some agents within the Congo Free State itself. Even the Church of England and American religious groups backed him.

In 1905 the movement won a victory when a Commission of Enquiry, instituted (under external pressure) by King Léopold II himself, substantially confirmed the accusations made about the colonial administration. In the face of mounting public and diplomatic pressure, in 1908 the Congo was annexed to the Belgian government and put under its sovereignty. Despite this, Morel refused to declare an end to the campaign until 1913 because he wanted to see actual changes in the situation of the country. The Congo Reform Association ended operations in 1913.

Foreign policy
During the Agadir Crisis of 1911, Morel was entirely in sympathy with Germany and opposed to what he regarded as bellicosity by the United Kingdom and France, as well as secret diplomacy between the states involved. He wrote Morocco in Diplomacy (1912) to express his views on the issue. At this time he was also selected by the Liberal Party as a prospective House of Commons candidate for Birkenhead.

Pacifism and formation of Union of Democratic Control
As the tension grew in the run-up to World War I, Morel was again sympathetic to Germany, disinclined to stand by Belgium under German pressure, and opposed to the United Kingdom and France getting involved in war. He campaigned for neutrality but on the outbreak of war accepted that the fight was lost, and with Charles Trevelyan, Norman Angell and Ramsay MacDonald, formed the Union of Democratic Control to press for a more responsive foreign policy (he also resigned his candidature at this time). He was Secretary of the UDC until his death. The main demands of the UDC were: (1) that in future to prevent secret diplomacy there should be parliamentary control over foreign policy; (2) there should be negotiations after the war with other democratic European countries in an attempt to form an organisation to help prevent future conflicts; (3) that at the end of the war the terms of peace should neither humiliate the defeated nation nor artificially rearrange frontiers, as this might provide a cause for future wars.

The Union of Democratic Control became the most important of all the anti-war organisations in Britain, with membership reaching 650,000 by 1917. His political courage was praised by people such as Bertrand Russell and the writer Romain Rolland, but his leading role in the pacifist movement exposed him to violent attacks led by the pro-war press. He was pictured as an agent of Germany in the Daily Express, a newspaper that also listed details of future UDC meetings and encouraged its readers to attend and break them up. The accusation gained some credibility when Roger Casement, who was known as a friend and supporter of Morel, was hanged for treason (he had contacted the Germans seeking support for Irish nationalism). Morel was even the victim of occasional physical assaults.

Imprisonment
On 22 August 1917 Morel's house was searched and evidence was discovered that he had sent a UDC pamphlet to Romain Rolland in Switzerland, a neutral country, which was a breach of the Defence of the Realm Act. Morel was sentenced to six months' imprisonment, which he served in Pentonville Prison. Although along with other pacifists, he was placed in the 'second division', allowing some privileges over the majority of prisoners, conditions were very hard, and Morel's health was seriously damaged. Russell described his condition at his release:

"His hair is completely white (there was hardly a tinge of white before) when he first came out, he collapsed completely, physically and mentally, largely as the result of insufficient food. He says one only gets three quarters of an hour reading in the whole day – the rest of the time is spent on prison work, etc."

Morel was released in January 1918.

Independent Labour Party membership
In April 1918, he joined the Independent Labour Party, and began to feed his views into the Labour Party to which it was affiliated and which adopted his critical view of the Treaty of Versailles. Morel explained his decision to join the Independent Labour Party to a friend: "I have long been gravitating towards the Socialist position—of course there is Socialism and Socialism, and mine is of the reasonable and moderate kind. When I look over my public efforts through the years, it seems to me that I have been a Socialist all my life. So far as any Party can express what appears to me to be the country's needs, the ILP approximates nearer to my outlook that any other, although I still look forward to and hope for the day when all really progressive forces can unite under the title of the Democratic Party. But Liberalism as represented by both wings—the Lloyd George wing, and the Asquith wing, is right outside my outlook now."

Treaty of Versailles
Morel was severely critical of the Treaty of Versailles and warned that it would lead to another war. He particularly opposed the assignment of "war guilt" exclusively to the Central Powers as well as the mandate system for former German colonies. The latter theme became the focus of his 1920 book The Black Man's Burden.

He did not give up his career as a journalist, becoming director of the UDC's journal, originally titled The UDC, later Foreign Affairs: A Journal of International Understanding. Foreign Affairs became a significant voice of the English left about foreign politics at the time and represented the views of the UDC. In his articles for the magazine, Morel blamed France and Tsarist Russia, not the Central Powers, for the origins of the war and was scathingly critical of French imperialism. Morel's articles also deplored the fate of the new nation of Hungary, which had been part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary before the war. The former Kingdom of Hungary was stripped of more than two thirds of its territory and most of its population in the 1920 Treaty of Trianon. Morel portrayed Hungary as a victim of French rapacity that reduced it to "Hopeless, Heart-Breaking Bondage".

The Black Horror on the Rhine
As part of his general opposition to French foreign policy, Morel played a key role in launching the British-based part of the Black Shame campaign, a campaign against the use of 'primitive' black troops by the French Army during its occupation of the Rhineland. In a front-page article in The Daily Herald on 9 April 1920 by Morel about the French occupation of the Rhineland, the headline read, ": "Frankfurt runs red with blood French Blood Troops Use Machine-guns on Civilians". The following day, the same paper had another cover story by Morel, the title of which was "Black Scourge In Europe Sexual Horror Let Loose by France On Rhine Disappearance of Young German Girls". In it, Morel wrote that France is "thrusting her black savages into the heart of Germany" and that the "primitive African savages, the carriers of syphilis, have become a horror and a terror" to the Rhinelanders. In his article, Morel claimed that the Senegalese soldiers serving in the French Army were "primitive African barbarians" who "stuffed their haversacks with eye-balls, ears and heads of the foe". Morel declared in his article: "There [the Rhineland] they [the Senegalese soldiers] have become a terror and a horror unimaginable to the countryside, raping girls and women – for well known physiological reasons, the raping of a white woman by a negro is nearly always accompanied by serious injuries and not infrequently has fatal results; spreading syphilis, murdering inoffensive civilians, often getting completely out of control; the terrible barbaric incarnation of a barbarous policy, embodied in a so-called peace treaty which puts the clock back 2,000 years'." Morel wrote that "black savages" have uncontrolled sexual impulses that "must be satisfied upon the bodies of white women!" (emphasis in the original).

The phrase that Morel coined to describe the alleged terror by Senegalese troops in the Rhineland was the "Black Horror on the Rhine", which became internationally famous, and the campaign against the "black horror" took much of his time for the last four years of his life. Morel predicated the "black horror" would cause another world war, writing that the average German boy was thinking: "Boys these men raped your mothers and sisters" (emphasis in the original). Morel used the "black horror" as a way of attacking France, which he claimed had caused a "sexual horror on the Rhine" and whose "reign of terror" was a "giant evil" that should inspire "shame into all four corners of the world" and ultimately should "a revision of the Versailles Treaty and the relief for Germany".

The German sociologist Iris Wigger wrote that Morel's "Black Horror on the Rhine" campaign has caused much embarrassment to Morel's admirers today, who would rather remember the man who campaigned against the Congo Free State, but in fact, both campaigns were manifestations of the same racism since he believed that all black people were innately stupid and inferior to white people in all respects. Though Morel had been very forceful in condemning the cruel exploitation of the Congo Free State, he believed in a liberal imperialism, just not the cruel exploitative imperialism of the Congo Company. He wrote that it was the duty of whites to serve as the "trustees" for blacks and the "great white father" who would protect the "basic human rights" of Africans while at the same time accepting the "infantile" nature of black people, who not the equal in any way of whites. Morel himself did not see his campaign as racist and always presented himself as a friend to black people. In France, the French socialist Charles Gide wrote about Morel's claims to be a protector of Africans: le genre de protection de M. Morel rappelle un peu le precepte que fait afficher la Society protectrice des animaux: 'Soyez bons pour les betes' (Mr. Morel's kind of protection remind a little of the precepts of the Society for the Protection of Animals: 'Be good to the animals').

In particular, Morel believed that Africans, lacking the self-discipline of whites, had an uncontrolled sexuality and often wrote about that subject. Morel believed that because of the high infant mortality in the tropics Africans had evolved in such a way as to be obsessed with sex, to the exclusion of everything else, as they needed a high birth rate to maintain their numbers. Precisely because Morel believed in the uncontrolled sexuality of blacks, he considered it self-evident that the "sexually uncontrolled and uncontrollable" Senegalese would run amok in the Rhineland and rape every German female in sight. Two contemporaries challenged Morel on that: Claude McKay, the Jamaican poet and labour activist, and Norman Leys, the British Africanist. Leys stated that such allegations constituted "one of the great sources of race hatred" and "should never be repeated by any honest man or honest newspaper".

Morel was very anti-French because of his opposition to the Treaty of Versailles but also the nature of France's mission civilisatrice ("civilizing mission") in Africa, with any African willing to embrace the French language and culture becoming French and theoretically the equal of whites, threatened to upend Morel's beliefs in the essential biological inferiority of blacks. Morel believed that the Africans were committing outrageous crimes against Germans in the Rhineland because the French had empowered them, at least theoretically, by making them into black Frenchmen, who were just as much French citizens as anyone else.

Parliament
In the 1922 general election, which followed the retirement of an incumbent Labour Member of Parliament, Alexander Wilkie, Morel fought the two-member Dundee constituency as a sole Labour candidate. Although he gained fewer votes than Edwin Scrymgeour of the Scottish Prohibition Party, he won the second seat, in the process defeating one of the outgoing members, Winston Churchill, standing as a National Liberal. Morel regarded Churchill as a warmonger and took pride in having defeated him: "I look upon Churchill as such a personal force for evil that I would take up the fight against him with a whole heart".

With his foreign affairs specialty, he was expected to be appointed as Foreign Secretary in the government of Ramsay MacDonald in 1924, but MacDonald decided to serve as his own Foreign Secretary. Possibly in compensation, MacDonald led an attempt to nominate Morel for the Nobel Prize for Peace. In August 1924, Morel is believed to have persuaded MacDonald to recognise the communist government in the Soviet Union and nominations on the Anglo-Soviet trade treaty. Shortly after his re-election in the 1924 general election, Morel suffered a fatal heart attack in London. He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.

Legacy
Arthur Conan Doyle became acquainted with Morel through the work of the Congo Reform Association. In his novel The Lost World (1912), he used Morel as an inspiration for the character of Ed Malone. Philosopher and activist Bertrand Russell said of Morel, "No other man known to me has had the same heroic simplicity in pursuing and proclaiming political truth." George Orwell, writing in 1946, described Morel as "heroic but rather forgotten man." Author Jasper Morel Fforde states that Morel is his great-grandfather.

In assessing Morel's impact on the Congo, contemporary author Adam Hochschild—whose bestseller King Leopold's Ghost had revived Morel's reputation—wrote: Did the Congo Reform campaign save millions of lives? For many years, the conventional answer was yes ... but the truth is more somber. Some of the worst abuses in the Congo, such as the kidnapping of hostages, did stop as a result of the publicity. But the near-genocidal death rate in the territory continued for more than a decade under Belgian rule. After making this statement, Hochschild concludes, Morel's movement served two great purposes: "First, they put a remarkable amount of information on the historical record ... The movement's other great achievement is that, among its supporters, it kept alive a tradition, a way of seeing the world, a human capacity for being outraged because pain is being inflicted on another human being, even when that pain is inflicted on someone of another color, in another country ... It is this spirit that underlies organisations like Amnesty International ... and Médecins Sans Frontières."Morel left a historical impact which has been a source of inspiration to many congolese people such as, Khembo Massanga, a Congo-Malawi African American politician, religious leader, and founder of the upcoming political diaspora party, "The Party for Reform and Development of Congo (P.R.D.C)" known in french as "Party Pour La Reforme et Le Development Du Congo".

P.R.D.C is set to contest in 2029 election in the DRC.

Books published

 * Affairs of West Africa (1902)
 * The British Case in French Congo (1903)
 * King Leopold's Rule in Africa (1904)
 * Red Rubber – The story of the rubber slave trade that flourished in Congo in the year of grace 1906 (1906)
 * Great Britain and the Congo: the Pillage of the Congo Basin (1909) - Introduction by A. Conan Doyle
 * Nigeria: Its Peoples And Its Problems (1911)
 * Morocco in Diplomacy (1912) (reissued as Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy in 1915)
 * Truth and the War (1916)
 * The African problem and the peace settlement (1917)
 * The Black Man's Burden (1920)
 * Thoughts on the War
 * The Peace, and Prison
 * Pre-War Diplomacy
 * Diplomacy Revealed (1921)
 * The Horror on the Rhine (1921) (pamphlet)
 * Military preparations for the Great War : fact versus fiction (1922)
 * The Secret History of a Great Betrayal (1924)

title: E. D. Morel


text:
Gonzales v. Oregon

Gonzales v. Oregon, 546 U.S. 243 (2006), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court which ruled that the United States Attorney General cannot enforce the federal Controlled Substances Act against physicians who prescribed drugs, in compliance with Oregon state law, to terminally ill patients seeking to end their lives, commonly referred to as assisted suicide. It was the first major case heard by the Roberts Court under the new Chief Justice of the United States.

Background
In November 1994, voters in the state of Oregon approved Measure 16, a ballot initiative that established the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, with 51.3% of voters supporting it and 48.7% opposing it. The Act legalized assisted suicide in the state of Oregon. The law permits physicians to prescribe a lethal dose of medication to a competent adult, agreed by two doctors to be within six months of dying from an incurable condition.

As of February 29, 2012, the Oregon Public Health Division reported that since "the law was passed in 1997, a total of 935 people have had DWDA prescriptions written and 596 patients (64% of prescriptions) have died from ingesting medications prescribed under the DWDA."

Opponents of the measure sued, and on December 27, 1994, U.S. District Judge Michael Robert Hogan issued a preliminary injunction forbidding the state from enforcing the statute, then, on August 3, 1995, declared the law unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. However, after the Supreme Court of the United States rejected that reasoning in Washington v. Glucksberg (1997), the measure was allowed to take effect. A 1997 referral to voters by the Oregon Legislative Assembly aimed to repeal the Death with Dignity Act but was defeated by a 60% margin.

Members of Congress next sought to have the federal government prosecute physicians obeying the new Oregon law, and DEA Administrator Thomas A. Constantine told them that he had authority to do so under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). However, Attorney General Janet Reno rejected that interpretation of the law and determined the federal government had no power to interfere with physicians obeying the Oregon law. Senator John Ashcroft then supported legislation explicitly granting the Attorney General that authority, but the bills failed to pass.

After Senator Ashcroft became United States Attorney General in 2001, he secured a memorandum from the Office of Legal Counsel concluding that physician-assisted suicide violates the CSA. On November 9, 2001, Attorney General Ashcroft published an "Interpretive Rule" that physician-assisted suicide was not a legitimate medical purpose and that any physician administering federally controlled drugs for that purpose would be in violation of the Controlled Substances Act.

Oregon Attorney General Hardy Myers, joined by a physician, a pharmacist, and a group of terminally ill patients, all from Oregon, filed a challenge to Attorney General Ashcroft's interpretation in the United States District Court for the District of Oregon. On April 17, 2002, U.S. District Judge Robert E. Jones granted summary judgment to Oregon and issued a permanent injunction against the enforcement of the Interpretive Rule. On May 26, 2004, that ruling was affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, with Judge Richard C. Tallman joined by Senior Circuit Judge Donald P. Lay, over the dissent of Senior Circuit Judge John Clifford Wallace. The circuit panel majority invoked a clear statement rule regarding federalism in the United States to reject Attorney General Ashcroft's interpretation.

The federal government's petition for a writ for certiorari was granted and one hour of oral arguments were heard on October 5, 2005, with Paul Clement, the Solicitor General of the United States, personally appearing.

Opinion of the Court
On January 17, 2006, the Court delivered judgment in favor of Oregon, affirming the lower court by a vote of 6–3. Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Justices John Paul Stevens, Sandra Day O'Connor, David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Stephen Breyer determined that the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) did not give the Attorney General the power to interfere with physicians obeying the state law. The Court did not dispute the power of the federal government to regulate drugs, but it disagreed that the statute in place empowered the attorney general to overrule state laws on the appropriate use of medications allowed.

The Court first determined it did not need to grant substantial deference to the Justice Department's interpretation of its own regulation under Auer v. Robbins (1997) because the regulation merely restated the terms of the CSA. Likewise, the Court found that, although the phrase "legitimate medical purpose" in the statute is ambiguous, the Attorney General's interpretation was not entitled to Chevron deference because the CSA delegated medical judgments to the expertise of the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, not to the Attorney General. Finally, the Court found the Attorney General's conclusions regarding the phrase unpersuasive under Skidmore v. Swift & Co. (1944) because Congress would have been more explicit if it had intended to empower the Attorney General to unilaterally create new crimes through regulation.

Justice Scalia
Justice Antonin Scalia, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Clarence Thomas, dissented. Scalia believed that agency deference should be given to the Attorney General under both Auer and Chevron. Even without granting any agency deference, the Attorney General's interpretation was reasonable because, Scalia argued: "If the term 'legitimate medical purpose' has any meaning, it surely excludes the prescription of drugs to produce death."

Justice Thomas
Justice Thomas also filed a brief dissent, alone. Thomas made clear that, although he still believes the CSA is not empowered by the Constitution's Interstate Commerce Clause to regulate purely intrastate conduct, if it were, the Attorney General's interpretation of the statute would be reasonable. Thomas argued that the opinion of the Court was inconsistent with the reasoning in Gonzales v. Raich (2005). He also dissented in that decision in which five of the six justices in the majority in Oregon found broad federal authority under the CSA for Congress to forbid the growth of medical marijuana.

Thomas had argued for a more limited congressional power under the Commerce Clause in Raich, which focused on intrastate and interstate commerce. In Oregon, by contrast, the case was a matter of the validity of an executive interpretation of that statute.

title: Gonzales v. Oregon


text:
User:Timtom27

Wikipedia

 * Contributions
 * User talk

title: User:Timtom27


text:
Boar's Nest

The Boar's Nest is a fictional local restaurant and tavern appearing in the television series The Dukes of Hazzard and its various spinoff films and other productions, and the movie Moonrunners.

It is the oldest establishment in Hazzard County, and is owned by Boss Hogg. It is the main social gathering place for the Duke family—cousins Bo, Luke and Daisy, and their Uncle Jesse—and their friends and adversaries. One source describes it as the place "where the Dukes unwound with a beer at the end of most episodes". Daisy is employed as a waitress at the business. In the 2007 made-for-TV movie, The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning, she was depicted as being conservatively-dressed until she sought a job there, adopting her trademark "sexy attire" to gain the approval of bartender Hughie Hogg.

The establishment contains ample seating room for customers, a small kitchen and a bar. The main bar also contains a popcorn machine, a jukebox, a pinball machine, a pool table and pay telephone. There is also a small stage area, where plays, contests and performances by big-name country music stars perform, usually to settle trumped up traffic violations applied by Sheriff Rosco when they pass through his jurisdiction. One group shown performing there was The Oak Ridge Boys, twice featured on the show. Member Joe Bonsall wrote that these were "[t]wo of our most popular appearances on television". Cast member Ben Jones, who played mechanic Cooter in the series, explained:

"We had an occasional piece at the end of some episodes called “ Boss Hogg's Speed Trap, " a musical ending that featured Nashville stars who had been stopped in Hazzard's speed trap and had to perform at the Boar's Nest in lieu of a huge fine. Boss, who owned the joint, would make a killing when Tammy Wynette or Roy Orbison did a show at his honky-tonk."

Jones noted that he suggested having James Brown appear in this way, which the cast supported. The network vetoed this, asserting that this would not appeal to the show's audience, which the cast considered an insulting reaction.

In the back of the restaurant is an office where Boss Hogg conducts many of his crooked business schemes. The basement has an escape tunnel, which was used in the days when the Hogg and Duke families were involved in moonshine running and were trying to elude the authorities.

Outside the business are two HoggoCo gas pumps and ample parking space. The parking lot often serves as the starting and finishing lines for various races that take place in Hazzard County.

In the 1997 The Dukes of Hazzard: Reunion! movie, the original Boar's Nest had been burned down by a wedding party, and a new one was built in town.

Origin
The Boar's Nest was an actual bar in the area where Jerry Rushing used to run moonshine. His stories were the basis for the film Moonrunners (the precursor to the Dukes of Hazzard, and the first appearance of the Boar's Nest on camera). The fictional bar was also described as resembling the well-known honky-tonk, Gilley's, in Pasadena, Texas, which was used in the 1980 John Travolta film, Urban Cowboy.

The building used as the Boar's Nest at 290 Flat Rock Road, just north of Covington, Georgia, during the filming of the first five episodes of season one still exists. It is now being used as a church. During later filming of the TV series, the Boar's Nest was one of the standing sets at the Valencia Oaks ranch, near Los Angeles, California.

title: Boar's Nest


text:
User:81.154.89.216

I am a notorious, anonymous sock puppet.

I post from the following ISPs:
 * User:217.43.172.38
 * User:217.43.196.187
 * User:217.43.197.44
 * User:217.43.198.7
 * User:81.153.145.102
 * User:81.153.150.86
 * User:81.154.89.216
 * User:81.154.91.48

title: User:81.154.89.216


text: User talk:69.72.13.201

title: User talk:69.72.13.201


text:
Robin Milhausen

Robin Milhausen (born August 25, 1975) is a Canadian sexologist, professor and former talk show host. She edits the newsletter Sexual Science, published by the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality.

Early life
Milhausen was born in Kitchener, Ontario and raised in Collingwood, Ontario, on Georgian Bay. She decided at a young age to become a sex educator. She cites fellow Canadian sexologist Sue Johanson as a role model.

Education
Milhausen received a Bachelor's Degree in Psychology and a Master's Degree in Human Development and Human Relations at the University of Guelph in Ontario and went on to earn a Ph.D. at Indiana University, with a minor from the Kinsey Institute of Human Sexuality.

In 2003, Milhausen won the Outstanding Student Research Award from the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality.

Career
In 2004, Milhausen began hosting the talk show Sex, Toys & Chocolate on Life Network and Discovery Health in Canada. Since the show began, she finished her Ph.D. and engaged in a post-doctoral fellowship in 2004–05 at Emory University in Atlanta while commuting to Toronto several times each month to tape the talk show. In 2005–06, she engaged in another post-doctoral fellowship at the Social Justice and Sexual Health Research Centre at the University of Windsor. In 2006, Milhausen became an assistant professor of sexuality and family relations at the University of Guelph.

Milhausen was the resident sexologist for the Canadian talk show Steven and Chris.

Personal life
Milhausen married Steve Jett in late 2004, gave birth to son Leo in 2006, and daughter Molly in 2010.

title: Robin Milhausen


text:
Edmund Morel

Edmund Morel may refer to:

 * Edmund Morel (engineer) (1840–1871), British railway civil engineer
 * E. D. Morel (1873–1924), British journalist, author, and socialist politician

title: Edmund Morel