text:
User talk:Raghava~enwiki

ARTICLE Electro Magnetic Contactors

Introduction: Motor is the most widely used Electrical equipment to convert electrical energy in to mechanical energy. In day-to-day operations, Contactor accomplishes the desired switching on and off of these moto rs from various locations.

A contactor is a switching device capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions including operating in overload conditions. Based on the working principle, there are so many types of contactors are available, i.e.,pneumatic, Hydraulic,Electromagnetic etc., But the most commonly used one is Electromagnet type because of its simple operating principle and rugged construction. Here we are discussing about Electro magnetic contactors.

Definition: Electromagnetic Contactors are power utilization electro mechanical switches, which are magnetically closed and magnetically held. In electromagnetic contactors the force for closing the main contacts is provided by an electromagnet. They are multiple-pole air break switches capable of repetitive operations with mechanical life expectancy that may approach a 10 million operations. Operating Principle: Basic operation principle is converting electrical energy in to mechanical energy in a magnetic field. When the supply extended to the coil, it will energize and become an electromagnet,which attracts the moving core towards fixed core. While starting, coil draws more current than holding period as moving core has to overcome the initial inertia. The ratio of starting and holding currents are approximately 10. When the moving contact ”Just ” touches the fixed contact, it experiences bounce. Bounce is detrimental to the life of contacts, as every bounce will generate an arc and reduce the contact material. Bounce is minimized by, reducing the speed of armature movements and improving the material property of contacts. While in “just” touch position of the main contacts, moving core of the electromagnet is still not in contact with fixed core. This gap is desirable as the further travel of the core generates the extra contact pressure on the contacts. This extra travel of the core is called “over travel”. Simultaneously auxiliary N/C contact opens first and then N/O contact closes. This design is called for in most applications. E.g. Star contactor is connected to the coil of the Delta contactor to ensure this.

Construction of contactor: A contactor is composed or the following 3 systems.

i) Contact System: This is the current carrying part of the contactor. This includes Power contacts, Auxiliary contacts & contact springs. Contactors making capacity is at 10 times the rated current of the contactor.

Power contacts: These are designed to make, carry and break the current in the power circuit. They include a fixed contact and a moving contact. During closing operation,the moving contacts, which are linked to moving cores, are pulled towards the fixed contacts, thus closing the circuit. They are highly conductive and suitably arranged for bounce free operation. Auxiliary contacts: They are used for signaling/interlocking purpose. They are available in different versions: Normally Open (N/O), Normally Closed (N/C). The combination of N/O and N/C depends on the usage. Contact tip: Contact tips brazed to each contacts. These tips are made of Silver Cadmium Oxide to provide high mechanical strength & resistance to welding. Contact springs: Moving contacts and auxiliary contacts are provided with contact spring. These springs are provided to exert sufficient pressure on the contacts, so that,that flow of rated current does not cause over-heating. These springs are energized during “over travel”.

ii) Electro magnet System: This is a driving unit of contact system. Force for closing of contacts is provided by t 'Electromagnet:' it consists of Fixed & Moving core & coil. Its shape varies as a function of the type of contactor, alternating or direct current. A small gap provided in the magnetic circuit in the closed condition between the central limbs of fixed & moving cores eliminates any residual magnetism (becoming a permanent magnet). This gap is generated by removal of metal or by insertion of a non-magnetic material (e., copper, brass). Magnet gap: This is the distance between moving core and fixed core in OFF condition.

Contact gap: This is the distance between fixed contact and moving contact when the contactor is in OFF condition.

Over travel of moving contact: This is the distance between moving core & fixed core when the fixed and mo ving contacts “just” touch during contactor closing operation. Therefore we can say,

MAGNET GAP = CONTACT GAP + OVERTRAVEL

AC Magnetic Cores: The moving core and the fixed cores are made of riveted silicon steel laminations. Laminated cores are used in order to reduce eddy current, which are created in any metal body subjected to an alternating current flux. Grinding of pole faces is done to ensure silent operation. Pole faces are generally matched perfectly to ensure low reluctance path for magnetic core. Two shading rings (made of nonmagnetic material) are fitted on the extreme and pole faces of the fixed/moving core to create a flux out-of-phase with the main alternating flux. This out-of-phase flux prevents periodic cancellation of total flux and thereby chattering. DC Magnetic cores: In case of DC no eddy currents are formed. So these parts can be solid/laminated cores. To avoid permanent magnetism a small gap is provided between the armature and magnet by a non-magnetic material piece. Coil: Coil is the driving force for the contactor operation. The coil produces the magnetic flux required to attract the moving core of the electromagnet. The coil is designed to withstand mechanical shocks caused by the closing and opening of the moving & fixed cores. In order to reduce mechanical shocks, the coil or the core, and sometimes both, are mounted on shock absorbers. The coil is made of super enameled copper wire. The windings are wound on a Bobbin and covered with polyester tapes suitable for withstanding high temperature. Coils are generally designed to 0.8 to 1.1 of rated voltage. Return spring: This spring is fitted in between moving core & fixed core. When the moving core closes, it closes against the fore of the turn spring. This spring is provided to avoid accidental touch of moving & fixed core in OFF condition. This helps in breaking of contacts very effectively. Enclosure System: An external frame housing the contact and the electromagnet made of insulating materials like Bakelite, Nylon 6, thermosetting plastics etc. to constitute a protective structure, adequate insulation, protection to the components within, protection to personnel coming in contact & protection against dust & ingress of vermin. Arc Chutes: Arc Chutes are fitted above the moving and fixed power contactor. The purpose of Arc chutes is to split the arc established at contactor tips while breaking the current and to quench the arc. Arc chutes also provides phase barriers between the phases. Terminals: These are hold the input / output supply cables.

Selection of Contactor: Proper selection of a contactor avoids many problems and gives maximum efficiency. The various factors to be considered while selecting a contactor are

-The type of voltage (AC / DC) and mains supply (Single / three phase). -The installed capacity. -The load characteristics. -The duty requirements -The standards required by certain organizations -The environmental conditions Application to motor control: For selection of contactors for motor application following points to be taken care of -Type of duty -Rating of the motor -Type of starting – DOL, Star-Delta, Autotransformer, etc. -Acceleration time. Various problems encountering with contactors in industries the controlled switching on and off of the motors are achieved by electromagnet contactors. One can operate these contactors from various locations, i.e. push button stations, DCS and PLC systems. The most common problems every one facing with these contactors due to the increased number of operations and aging of the contactors are

-Chattering of contactors -Frequent burning of contactor coils -Excessive pitting and welding of contacts -More hum noisy magnets -Failure to pick up and seal -Failure to drop out -Over heating of the contactor -Contactor flash over -Sluggish in operation

Chattering of contactors: The main five reasons for contactor chattering and remedies are i) Inadequate control voltage. Due to low control voltage, sufficient magnetic force may not produce and Hence contactor starts chatter.

Ensure the coil end voltage and in case of persistent low voltage, change the coil to lower voltage rating or change the control transformer tapping. ii) Poor contact or loose connections in control circuit. These loose contacts cause major voltage drop and hence coil gets low voltage.

Use proper lugs for termination of all control cables and tighten all control connections regularly. Replace the rusted lugs periodically. iii) By misplacing or because of broken poles shading ring of contactor, it may get chatter at very high rate. Ex.100/per sec. In this case we have to replace the contactor as the mechanical life of the contactor is over. iv) Smaller cross-section or long length of control cable also cause for chatter.

When long and smaller cross section control cables are used for actuating the contactor, large voltage drop may occur causing chattering of the contactor or even failure to pick up. In this case use higher size of cable or use a signal relay for the contactor. v) If system starts from PLC or DCS due to faulty system, control relays or overload relay with auto reset may cause for chattering of contactors. Check the control circuit and rectify the problem. Frequent burning of contactor coils: Major share of failures with contactors are due to burning of coils. These failures are mainly due to

i) Core gap is major cause for coils burning. If core faces are not closing properly leads to sharp rise in magnetizing current. General reasons for core gaps are

-Any obstruction in operation of the contactor or foreign material in side the contactor. In this case coil tries to close the contactor and hence draw more current. Check the contactor and remove the obstruction. -Rusting of Core face due to humidity. Corrosive atmosphere has a profound effect on the performance of the contactors. Overheating takes place due to the formation of the foreign films at the connections, on the springs and core faces. Other reasons are Dust formation between core faces or Deformation of core faces shape. Deformation of contactor tips may cause of core gap. For such applications contactors are suitably derated. Occasional spraying with Dehumidity sprays prevents reaction of the silver parts with the atmosphere and minimizes damage. Strictly maintain anti condensation of heaters in side the panel where relative humidity is more than 90%. i.e. at sea shore areas. -Due to inadequate heat ventilation, coil gets heated up and leads to insulation failure.

Provide suitable cooling of the coil. -Peak voltage surges while coil operation. Induced voltage in the coil is proportional to rate of change of current and the inductance of the coil. While switching off the contactor the di/dt is very high and induces high voltages, which is much more greater than the coil operating voltage. This may result burning of coils. Provide suitable resistance across the coil. The added resistance discharges the stored energy in the coil when supply cuts keeping di/dt to small.

Provide a series resistance to the coil to reduce the coil across voltage as well as coilholding current which in term reduces the self induced EMF.

-Natural aging of coil insulation.

Check coil resistances periodically. Use varnish to increase the coil insulation.

-Inter turn short circuit of coil turns due to coil insulation failure, Thermal aging of the coil insulation.

Replace the Coil.

-High control voltages and low frequencies are also causes of coil burning. Use Suitable fuses for protecting the coil. -Under voltage failure of magnet to seal-in. In this case coil draws more and more current and resulting coil burning.

Excessive pitting and welding of contacts

Pitting means worn out of the contactor tips due to the mechanical impact and due to arching in every contactor operation. The excessive pitting causes welding of the contactor tips. IN this case contactor fails to open even though supply cuts. Main Reasons for this type of problems are

-In adequate rating of contactor according to drive duty and rapid inching. In this case the current drawn by the contactor is more than its rating.

Use suitable contactor. -A drive starting current is 7 to 8 times more than the rated current. So prolonged starting current may leads to contactor tips welding.

-Insufficient contact pressure leads to sparking at tips due to improper contact and gets weld.

Do regular checkups and adjust the contact tips and springs.

-While Short circuit conditions if fuse is fails to isolate the fault, leads to tips welding. -Due to more number of operations and due to bounce excessive pitting will takes place. Bounce is minimized by, reducing the speed of armature movements and improving the material property of contacts.

More hum noisy magnets

Some contactors while operation produce a low continuous sound, which we known as humming. The main reasons for the humming noise are due to -Minor gap in magnetic faces due to dirt or rust accumulation on magnet faces or due to cracked shaded ring. To prevent these clean the cores faces regularly and protect the faces from rust.

-Loose stocking of core laminations vibrate while contactor operation and produce high hum noise. Check contactor core regularly.

Failure to pick up and seal Sometimes contactors may not respond for the close command. In those cases check the following conditions

-Contactor unable to prick up due to low control voltage at coil end.

Check the control supply voltage, check for loose connections in the circuit and tightened it if any.

-Coil open or shorted. Due to dry soldering, thermal insulation failure or aging coil may open or shorted. In this case replace the coil.

-Control circuit problems. Check the control circuit, interlocks etc.,

-Due to mechanical obstruction of contact assembly. Check for the foreign material, arc chute positions and mechanical interlocks etc.,

Failure to drop out

In some cases Contactors may not respond for the open command. This problem we call as contactor fails to drop out. The main reasons are -Control supply may extend continuously due to earth faults or control circuit disorders. Check and normalize the control circuit. In case of earth faults in the circuit isolate them immediately.

-Worn out or rusted parts will cause binding. Hence contactor tips get welded and oppose to drop in absence of control supply. Replace those parts with new parts.

-Residual magnetism due to lack of air gap in magnet path. Core may saturate and behaves as a permanent magnet. Replace the core. Over heating of the contactor Owing to the following reasons, Contactor temperature rises abnormally and gives poor performance -Improper terminations of contactors terminals and loose Connections are the main reason for over heating.

Always use proper size of lugs and ensure sufficient contact area at terminals.

Avoid loose connections by tightening the terminals regularly.

- High contact resistance at tips due to carbonization of tips. Insufficient contact pressure also offers high resistance and causes temperature rise at rated power output. Clean the tips frequently. Check the contact area and pressure.

-Improper selection of contactor according to drive duty and rating. So contactor has to conduct more than its rated current, which in turn produce high temperature.

Always select the contactor accordingly the drive.

- Poor heat ventilation also causes for temperature rise. Contactor flash over

Generally most of the times contactor flash over occur due to -While starting the bigger drives if contactor opens due any reason, inducing high voltage (di/dt) causes a flash over. - If control gear in conductive dust environment flash over may occur.

- Due to condensation of moisture (wherever relative humidity more than 90%) flash over may occur. Provide space heaters. - If separator between phases (phase barrier) get broken while open/close time, flash over may occur due to phase to phase short circuits.

Sluggish in operations: Contactor responds slowly and moves lazily. It is also a most common problem facing with contactors over period of a time and the increased operations. This may be due to

- Low control voltage at the coil end. Check the control circuit. -Due to less no of magnetizing turns, or may be due to inter-turn shorting of coil turns. To overcome this problem, replace the coil.

-Due to influence of dust in the path of core traveling area, contactor may be sluggish in operations. Clean the core path area.

-Due to improper strength of restoring springs. Adjust the spring tension periodically and replace the rusted, broken springs. Good maintenance steps to follow

-Execute routine inspections. Inspect terminals, contacts, arc chambers periodically.

Connections have tendency to loose with time and no. of operations, Hence tighten terminals regularly. Use always-suitable torque of terminals tightening. -Do not alter contact arrangement and never remove any unutilized contact from the contactor. This will effects the balance / performance of the contactor.

- Observe always nameplate details of contactor and select correct size of contactor, suitable to the motor rating, duty cycle and control voltage.

-Never operate contactor with out back up fuse, because contactor is not designed for short circuit currents. Select proper fuse rating suitable to fault level.

- In dust prone areas keep contactor in enclosure or clean contactor periodically.

- Clean the contactor tips periodically with suitable cle aners. Don’t apply grease to contactor parts. Grease reduces the contact area and affects the performance. - In case if tips gets roughened, clean dirt and carbon with solvents and keep as its original location. Do not grind the contractor tips. Do not use emery paper to clean the tips. Do not use abrasives to clean the contactors as they will remove the silver from contact tips and drastically reduce the contact life. -In high humidity and chemical zone areas, Occasional spray with CRC 2-26 to prevent reaction of the silver parts with the atmosphere and minimizes damage. -Do not operate the contactor with out the Arc chamber. Do not use broken / cracked damaged arc chambers. Such arc chambers can cause to flashovers hence replace them.

-In case of rust / dust accumulated on the magnet faces, clean them with CRC or Chamois leather. Do not use degreasing agent as petrol. Do not clean the magnets with sharp / pointed objects. -Never replace parts other than the standard spares. Parts othe r than the standard spares are designed to last for the lifetime of the contactor. -Do not replace slightly pitted contact. Replace contacts when the contact tip has become less than 40% of its original volume.

-The contact condition should be inspected after a fault, i.e. short circuits. If the contacts are slightly welded separate them with a screw diver. If the contacts are not easily separable, i.e. permanently welded, replace the contacts and use the contactor, provided its other parts are in proper co ndition.

-Replace contacts in pairs, fixed and moving contacts of one pole together. This ensures proper matching of the contact tips.

-Check the pole face regularly. If pole face is not matching properly due to deformations replace the magnet cores.

-Check the contact tips pressure and adjust the springs accordingly. Don’t elongate or compress the restraining springs is contactor. -Ensure the bounce free operation of contactor.

-Select always suitable control fuses in control circuits for the protection of the coil in case of faults.

-Provide suitable surge protectors across the coil to protect the coil from high voltage surges.

-Strictly maintain anti condensation of heaters in side the panel where relative humidity is more than 90%. i.e. at sea shore areas.

REFERENCES 1. Switch gear and Controls -Robert W.Smeaton 2. Industrial power system analysis- Beeman 3. Siemens Contactor service manual 4. Crompton Contactor service manual 5. Power station & Sub station maintenance – S.Leznov A.Taits

WRITTEN BY

CH.RAGHAVARAO Dy.General Manager (E&I) ESSAR STEEL LTD, VISAKHAPATNAM. chcrr@rediffmail.com, powerch@gmail.com

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Raghava. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Raghava~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:16, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:53, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raghava~enwiki


text:
Category:Blood disorders

For more information see the articles hematology and blood diseases

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Blood disorders


text:
User:Kalenl

hello

title: User:Kalenl


text:
WMAG

WMAG (99.5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to High Point, North Carolina, and serving the Piedmont Triad, including Greensboro and Winston-Salem. It is owned by iHeartMedia and it broadcasts an adult contemporary radio format, switching to Christmas music for much of November and December. In the evening, WMAG carries the nationally syndicated Delilah call-in and dedication show. The studios and offices are on Pai Park in Greensboro.

WMAG is a Class C station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most stations. The transmitter tower is off Davis County Road in Randleman. The signal provides at least secondary coverage as far east as Raleigh, as far north as Martinsville and as far south as the Charlotte suburbs.

WMFR-FM
The station signed on the air in 1946 as WMFR-FM. It broadcast at 97.7 MHz as a sister station of WMFR 1230 AM. In 1947, WMFR-FM moved to 99.5 MHz; by the 1960s, it had increased its power to 8,000 watts.

The two stations simulcast their programming until the late 1960s. By that time, the Federal Communications Commission was encouraging FM stations in larger communities to offer separate programming from their co-owned AM counterparts. WMFR-FM switched to beautiful music. It played automated quarter-hour sweeps of instrumental music. The playlist was mostly soft cover versions of popular adult songs, along with Broadway and Hollywood show tunes.

WMAG
In 1982, WMFR-FM was purchased by Voyager Communications. The facilities were upgraded and the station became WMAG "Magic 99.5" with an adult contemporary format. During the 1980s and early 90s the station's competitors in the adult contemporary format were WWWB and WMQX. In later years, "Magic 99.5" began describing its music as "soft rock" and dropped the "Magic" handle in favor of just the call sign.

Voyager Broadcasting sold WMAG in the early 1990s to what would become AMFM Broadcasting. In 1999, San Antonio-based Clear Channel Communications acquired AMFM Broadcasting, including WMAG. Its original transmitter site, still used by 1230 WMFR, is visible atop The Radio Building on Main St. in downtown High Point.

Changes in staff
At the end of 2009, Bill Flynn ended a 26-year career as WMAG morning host when he moved to 94.5 WPTI. After the local classic hits station WTHZ "Majic 94.1" switched to a contemporary Christian format, WMAG added more 1970s and 1980s music in effort to gain some of the former WTHZ listeners.

Another local radio personality, Rod Davis, lost his job as the co-host on WMAG's morning show, on Wednesday October 26, 2011. As a cost-cutting move, Clear Channel Communications announced that it had dismissed some on-air and off-air staff, within that same week, throughout the United States.

On December 18, 2020, WMAG rebranded as "Mix 99.5". In November and December, Mix 99.5 calls itself "The Triad's Christmas Station" playing all Christmas music through Christmas Day.

title: WMAG


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/YTMND Forums

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:47, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

YTMND Forums
Let us consider the notoriety of this topic. Does Wikipedia really need an aricle about a forum? Jaberwocky6669 | ☎ 18:11, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Jaberwocky6669 | ☎ 18:11, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, the Montreal Forum is notable! This one, however, is not (nor is it that kind of forum). Delete . Lord Bob 19:14, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why did I say that? I knew there was a YTMND article. I freakin' knew that. Merge. Lord Bob 23:49, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Or Do Not Merge If this article wasn't related to the encyclopedic YTMND article then I would agree with you, but since it is I'm voting keep. The forum's influence on YTMND cannot be denied and the forum's history is too detailed to be included in the main article. Further, Wikipedia admins and mods basically said that YTMND forum history and information has no place in the main YTMND article. NOTE #1: I am not a YTMND forums user. NOTE #2: I created the YTMND forums article by culling the admin/mod deleted forum history material from the YTMND article and pasting it there. I don't know enough about the forums to do anything else really besides fight vandalism on that article. I'm just a lone YTMND editor who strongly believes that the YTMND forum users need their own article. Not only does it keep the YTMND article clean, but it also documents an important part of an important pop culture artifact.Celerityfm 19:15, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The main article has everything it needs about the forums in it already. The whole point of the forums article was/is for stuff that is not appropriate for the main article. Celerityfm 21:27, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to YTMND. Friday (talk) 22:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep dowgs Because I said so. (69.207.150.112)
 * Delete Non notable and unencyclopedic. Jtkiefer 01:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and please sign your votes. -- Kjkolb 03:50, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this fairly boring 'article'. Not just because it's nn, but b/c (unless somebody has archives of all the posts) its unverifiable and could even be original research (it appears to be told by a participant). Eaglizard 15:24, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into parent article. -Sean Curtin 03:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn.  Grue  18:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Unnecessary and unimportant. --Dd42 22:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * merge anything useful into ytmnd.com article.
 * (Note, I added the above vote and here is the tag--- 06:07, 15 October 2005 Youngamerican) Youngamerican 01:16, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep needs a clean up badly, but would rather it be deleted than merged Macks 19:31, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete So much stuff happens on the ytmnd forums that most of these 'events' aren't even noticable. The forced fad section should be merged into the YTMND article and the rest deleted Rwed 17:43, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Pretoro

Pretoro (locally Pretèure) is a town of about 1,100 inhabitants situated in Majella National Park, in the province of Chieti, Abruzzo, southern Italy. It is located on a steep hillside on the eastern side of the Maiella mountains. Its proximity to Passo Lanciano-La Majelletta ski area, guarantees the availability of winter sports, while the town is also only 20 minutes by car from the Adriatic Sea. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

History
The area in which Pretoro is located has been occupied since prehistoric times; remains from that period have been found here, as well as inscriptions in Latin from the Roman era. The first documented mention of the town is in a 12th-century record. Pretoro's name may derive from the word "preta", an earlier form of the word "pietra" or stone. The town stands on a rocky landscape that does not lend itself to farming. Because the town is surrounded by beech-forest, the people of Pretoro have specialized over the centuries in woodcarving.

Main sights
Pretoro is composed of a cluster of stone buildings which climb the steep mountainside; the oldest part of the town is at the highest point, while down below is a newer section.

The 13th century Sanctuary of the Madonna della Mazza is located a little above the town. This was a hermitage built by Benedictine and Cistercian monks from Santa Maria Arabona at Manoppello. A work of art is the 16th century sculpture of the Pietà preserved in the church of San Nicola.

Within the town's territory is a nature preserve, the Riserva Naturale Valle del Foro.

People

 * Maria Pellegrini, operatic soprano

title: Pretoro


text:
User talk:Kapuster

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Pharos 18:12, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Kapuster


text:
Ishu Patel

Ishu Patel is an Indian-Canadian animation film director/producer and educator. During his twenty-five years at the National Film Board of Canada he developed animation techniques and styles to support his themes and vision. Since then he has produced animated spots for television and has been teaching internationally.

Background and Studies
Ishu Patel was born on April 20, 1942, in the State of Gujarat, India.

He received his Bachelor of Fine Arts from M.S.University of Baroda, Gujarat, following which he was accepted into the first cohort of faculty trainees hired at the newly formed National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

This was an exceptional design school created by the Government of India under the auspice of the influential industrialist family of Gautam and Gira Sarabhai. The school was based upon the recommendations and philosophy of the American industrial designers Ray and Charles Eames, as found in The India Report.

Through a Ford Foundation Grant provided to the National Institute of Design, Ishu Patel was able to finish his post graduate studies in Graphic Design under Armin Hoffman at the Allgemeine Gewerbeschule in Basel, Switzerland, and returned to the National Institute of Design where he taught and became Head of Visual Communications.

Career
A Rockefeller Foundation Scholarship brought Ishu Patel to the National Film Board of Canada to study animation filmmaking for a year, and in 1972 he joined the NFB where, for the next twenty-five years under the NFB mandate Ishu Patel produced and directed animated films and mentored young animation filmmakers.

There he both adapted and originated several notable techniques: in the abstract film Perspectrum he adapted the Norman McLaren technique of multiple passes and variable exposures; the films Afterlife and Top Priority were the result of accidentally discovering, and then developing, the under-lit plasticine technique; for the film Paradise he developed the under-lit pin hole technique with multiple passes; and for The Bead Game he created the procedures for moving thousands of tiny beads under an ever-zooming-outward camera.

He co-produced animation projects with NHK of Japan and Channel Four of Britain, and contributed French language segments to Sesame Street for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

His many international awards include the British Academy Award, two Oscar nominations, the Silver Bear Award at the Berlin Film Festival, Grand Prix at the Annecy International Animation Film Festival, and Grand Prix at the Montreal World Film Festival. He is particularly known for his 1977 film Bead Game which was nominated for an Academy Award.

Teaching and Master Classes
Through the National Film Board of Canada Outreach Program Ishu Patel conducted animation workshops with Inuit artists of Cape Dorset, with healthcare fieldworkers in Ghana, and with students in the former Yugoslavia, Korea, Japan and the United States. During those years he returned regularly to Ahmedabad, India where he often taught his approaches and techniques to the animation students at his alma mater the National Institute of Design, and contributed some assistance in formulating the animation program.

After leaving the NFBC he conducted student workshops and Master Classes throughout Asia, mentoring young faculty and developing curricula. He has conducted Master Classes at Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, Jerusalem, and the Animation Image Society of Toronto, at the School of Animation, Communication University of China, Beijing, and at the School of Animation, Southwest University of Nationalities, Chengdu, China. Ishu Patel was Special Guest and conducted screenings and a Master Class at the 7th. Big Cartoon Festival in Moscow, Russia, November 2014. He was Visiting Professor at the School of Art, Design and Media, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Filmography

 * Moondust
 * Divine Fate
 * Paradise (Paradis)
 * Top Priority
 * Afterlife
 * Bead Game
 * Perspectrum
 * How Death Came to Earth

Awards
Moondust:
 * 2009: AWARD OF EXCELLENCE - ANIMATION, 50th Annual Illustration Exhibition, New York, USA

Divine Fate:
 * 1995: UNICEF PRIZE, Ottawa International Animation Film Festival, Ottawa, CANADA
 * 1995: SILVER MEDAL - ECOLOGY, Medikinale International Film Festival, Parma, ITALY
 * 1994: SPECIAL DISTINCTION FOR ITS MESSAGE, Annecy International Animation Film Festival, Annecy, FRANCE

Paradise/Paradis:
 * 1985: OSCAR NOMINATION FOR BEST ANIMATED SHORT, 57th Annual Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Hollywood, California, USA
 * 1985: SILVER BEAR AWARD, 35th Berlin Film Festival, Berlin, GERMANY
 * 1985: SPECIAL JURY AWARD, 25th International Animation Film Festival, Annecy, FRANCE
 * 1985: FIRST PRIZE FOR THEATRICAL SHORT, Melbourne Film Festival, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
 * 1985: SPECIAL AWARD BEST FILM FOR YOUNG PEOPLE, 23rd International Film Festival for Children and Young People, Gijon, SPAIN
 * 1985: FIRST PRIZE, 1st Los Angeles International Animation Celebration, Los Angeles, USA

Top Priority:
 * 1983: BLUE RIBBON HUMAN CONCERN AWARD, 25th American Film Festival, New York, New York, USA
 * 1982: BEST SHORT FILM, XXIV Seaman International De Cinema, Barcelona, SPAIN
 * 1982: SPECIAL RECOGNITION OF MERIT, Los Angeles Film Exposition Filmex, Los Angeles, USA

Afterlife:
 * 1979: GRAND-PRIX, 12th International Animation Film Festival, Annecy, FRANCE
 * 1979: OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT AWARD, London Film Festival, London, ENGLAND
 * 1979: SPECIAL HONOUR, Los Angeles International Film Exposition Filmex, Los Angeles, USA
 * 1978: GRAND PRIX DE MONTREAL, Festival des Films du Monde, categorie court metrage, Montreal, CANADA
 * 1978: SILVER HUGO, 14th International Film Festival, Chicago, USA
 * 1978: ETROG AWARD: BEST ANIMATED FILM, Canadian Film Awards, Toronto, CANADA

Bead Game
 * 1978: OSCAR NOMINATION FOR BEST ANIMATED SHORT, 50th Annual Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Hollywood, California, USA
 * 1978: BEST SHORT FICTIONAL FILM, British Academy of Film and Television Arts, London, ENGLAND
 * 1978: GOLD MEDAL, SPECIAL JURY AWARD, Greater Miami International Film Festival, Miami, USA
 * 1978: AWARD OF EXCELLENCE, Film Advisory Board Inc., Los Angeles, USA
 * 1978: BLUE RIBBON AWARD - VISUAL ESSAY, 20th Annual American Film Festival, New York, USA
 * 1978: BEST OF CATEGORY - FILM AS ART, Pacific Association for Communication and Technology Film Festival, Honolulu, USA
 * 1977: SPECIAL PRIZE FOR ANIMATION, International Documentary and Short Film Festival for Cinema and Television, Leipzig, GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

Juryships

 * 2015: International Jury President - Animation, 18th Shanghai International Film Festival, Shanghai, CHINA
 * 2014: International Jury Member, SICAF (Seoul International Cartoon & Animation Festival), Seoul, SOUTH KOREA
 * 2013: International Jury Member, AniWow Student Animation Film Festival, Beijing, CHINA
 * 2009: Chairperson, International Jury, Etiuda & Anima International Film Festival, Kracow, POLAND
 * 1997: International Jury Member, SICAF (Seoul International Cartoon and Animation Festival), Seoul, SOUTH KOREA
 * 1995: International Jury Member, Film and Video Festival on Science, Society and Development, Trivandrum, INDIA
 * 1990: International Jury Member, Bombay International Film Festival for Documentary Short and Animated Films, Mumbai, INDIA
 * 1987: Chairperson, International Jury, Zagreb International Animation Film Festival, Zagreb, CROATIA
 * 1985: International Jury Member, 1st International Animation Film Festival HIROSHIMA '85, Hiroshima, JAPAN

title: Ishu Patel


text:
The Point, Cardiff

The Point was a music venue in Cardiff Bay, Cardiff, Wales, located in the deconsecrated Grade II-listed St Stephen's Church.

Church
The Point was situated in the old merchant's quarter of Mount Stuart Square. The focal point of the square was St Stephen's church, that would later be turned into The Point.

The church was designed by architect E. M. Bruce Vaughan and constructed between 1900-2 to replace a temporary iron frame church and opened as the chapel of St. Mary's. In 1912, it became a separate parish under the name of St. Stephen. The church was designed in a Gothic style, the interior dominated by a single nave with six bays of pointed arches and an arch-braced roof. The exterior includes a bell tower at the northeast corner with an octagonal spire.

In May 1975 it became a Grade II listed building, presently listed as "The Point (Formerly St Stephen's Church)". The church was deconsecrated in 1992.

Entertainment venue
The church was used as a community centre and theatre until 2001, when it was purchased by its current owners. Renovations in 2003 transformed the church to a venue for live music performance and regular club-nights, including Bogiez. The entire building was restored and much of the original architecture was kept, including all the stained glass windows. The Point is now equipped with a fully functional and permanent stage, lighting system, in-house PA, and projection system.

In early 2009 The Point announced its closure, citing reasons such as continued noise complaints from neighbours, which had led to a costly refurbishing and soundproofing bill. Singer Cerys Matthews weighed in her support for the venue, saying her 2006 gig there was "one of the most memorable gigs I’ve ever played. The acoustics are brilliant and it’s a very intimate experience with the audience... Singers come to Wales to play places like The Point so we can’t really afford to lose them."

title: The Point, Cardiff


text:
User:Kgf0/Stöhr

Joachim "Jo" Stöhr (b-) is an x-ray physicist and Professor at Stanford University. His studies of magentic materials have led to discoveries regarding the speed at which magnetized bits can change directions, and the origin of liquid crystal alignment on rubbed polymer films (such as those used in LCD flat panel displays).

Honors
In October 2005, Stöhr was named the Director of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, a Department of Energy National User Facility at SLAC National Laboratory.

Degrees

 * M.S. Washington State University, U.S. 1971
 * Ph.D. Technische Universität München, Germany 1974

Awards
Fulbright Scholar 1969-71

title: User:Kgf0/Stöhr


text: User talk:165.190.89.134

title: User talk:165.190.89.134


text:
User talk:Sara Love~enwiki

This D_ck!!!!!!!!

 * DISS DICK!!!!!!!!

Wat?
Why did you post on my talk page, please dont waste my time with stupid edits. Job e  6   19:09, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sara Love. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sara Love~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:50, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:32, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sara Love~enwiki


text:
Percy Sparks

Roderick Percy Sparks (March 7, 1880 – March 29, 1959) was a Canadian manufacturer and environmentalist. He is widely credited with being the Father of Gatineau Park.

Born on March 7, 1880, in Ottawa, Canada, Sparks was the great grandnephew of Ottawa pioneer Nicholas Sparks. Educated at the Ottawa Public School, and the Ottawa Collegiate Institute, he was a garment manufacturer as well as president and executive committee member of various commercial associations, including the Canadian Manufacturers Association.

He married Rheba Fraser on February 11, 1911, and they had three children.

He served as the president/commodore of the Britannia Boating Club from 1910 to 1913.

Gatineau Hills
The Ottawa Journal of March 30, 1959, credited Percy Sparks with being the "father of the Gatineau Park," adding that, as chairman of the Federal Woodlands Preservation League from 1937 to 1947, he "brought about the first purchase by the Dominion government of what is now […] Gatineau Park." On May 12, 1955, the same paper said that "Mr. Sparks and his associates are generally credited with 'selling' the late Prime Minister Mackenzie King the idea of setting aside a national recreation area on the outskirts of Canada's capital."

A noted conservationist, tariff expert and successful businessman, he waged battles against government corruption in the 1920s, playing a key role in the 1926 Customs Investigation, and defended workers' rights in the 1930s, helping Conservative MP Harry Stevens establish the Select Committee on Price Spreads. He also dedicated nearly a quarter century of his life to building a park in the Gatineau Hills.

As chairman of the research committee of the Federal Woodlands Preservation League, Sparks had urged the Bennett government to commission a survey of the Gatineau forests in a letter of April 3, 1935, to Interior Minister T. G. Murphy. The importance of the resulting study was acknowledged in the 1952 annual report of the Federal District Commission:

"The government, having been concerned about the cutting of the forest cover in the Kingsmere area, authorized an extensive survey of this matter and the findings were published in the Lower Gatineau Woodlands Survey. [In 1938], as a result of the above-mentioned report, the Commission commenced the development of Gatineau Park by the acquisition of land."

While chairman of the League, Sparks also wrote several documents that were crucial to the creation and initial development of Gatineau Park. They include a December 13, 1937, memorandum to the office of Prime Minister King outlining a proposal for creating the park; a preliminary master plan proposal for Gatineau Park sent to the Federal District Commission on October 9, 1945; and a 1946 memorandum to the Standing Senate Committee on Tourist Traffic.

Sparks also played a central role in helping orient the park's design and development in his capacity as chairman of the Advisory Committee on Gatineau Park from 1947 to 1954. He did so by, among other things, writing the 1949 Report of the Advisory Committee on Gatineau Park and – perhaps most importantly – the 1952 Report on a Master Plan for Development of Gatineau Park (the latter being, in effect, the first comprehensive master plan for the park, though the NCC has failed to acknowledge this). Sparks was also a member of the Advisory Committee's Parkway subcommittee which had been created to study the possibility of building a parkway through Gatineau Park. In July 1953, the subcommittee went on a fact-finding mission to Virginia's Shenandoah National Park and Tennessee's Great Smoky Mountain National Park. The recommendations made in its report were largely inspired by Shenandoah's Skyline Drive, and many of them were later implemented in Gatineau Park. The park's Étienne Brulé Lookout is a mirror image of lookouts found throughout Shenandoah.

In his last major contribution to the park, a 1956 memorandum to a joint parliamentary committee, Sparks argued that the public interest had been seriously ignored in the planning and management of Gatineau Park. He underlined that the personal, financial and political interests of area landowners exercised undue influence over park development:

"All of the property owners in [the Meech Lake and Kingsmere] area have a direct financial interest in the plans of the Commission [...]. In fact it is no reflection on them to say that their interest may be in direct conflict with the public interest."

Perhaps his most eloquent vision statement for the park is to be found in the 1949 Report of the Advisory Committee on Gatineau Park:

"The prime objective of this plan should be to retain throughout the main area of the park the atmosphere of the Canadian woods and preserve for all time the natural beauty of the lakes and wooded hills as an inspiration to all … While this park will serve a useful purpose as a place of recreation, bringing physical benefits, its greater purpose lies in its possibilities as a moral and spiritual force in the lives of those who visit it."

Roderick Percy Sparks died of pneumonia in Ottawa on March 29, 1959, following a holiday in Tucson, Arizona.

Continuing influence
Sparks' influence continues to be evident throughout Gatineau Park, most notably in policies advocated in successive NCC master plans. The extent of that influence was acknowledged in 1950 by French urban planner Jacques Gréber in his landmark report on Canada's capital:

"The Advisory Committee to the Federal District Commission on Gatineau Park, of which Mr. P. Sparks is Chairman […] are in full and enthusiastic accord with us on the possibilities of this wooded reserve, and have, in large measure, inspired our recommendations relative to practical developments of this providential asset of the Capital Region."

Official recognition
As well, the NCC recognized Sparks' key contribution to the park, albeit belatedly, when it dedicated the Roderick Percy Sparks Exhibition Hall at an official ceremony in the park's visitors centre on July 8, 2005. Speaking on that occasion, Sparks' grandson, Sandy Crawley, recalled memories of his grandfather:

"One of the lessons I learned from my grandfather, whom we called Pop, was that you have to fight for what you believe in. Pop understood that parks like this one don't get started on their own [...] He knew that it sometimes takes a little arm twisting to get things done.

Pop also taught me when I was very young that if I was ever worried or agitated or upset, I could always go into the woods and I was surrounded by nature, which was really my best friend. He taught me that when I was four years old and it still serves me now that I'm 57. The park is a testament to that set of values and to his profound appreciation for nature."

Words from his eldest granddaughter, Ms. Michal Anne Crawley, were also spoken during the dedication ceremony: "Pop gave us an appreciation for nature and a heritage which, even if we live in cities, can never be taken away. It is in our blood. And in our family's particular blood are the Gatineau Hills, thanks to him. We hope Gatineau Park will continue to give that heritage to all who visit. It is a special place, one to be cherished and taken care of."

His grandson, Rod Crawley, also related vivid impressions of Percy Sparks:

"I remember holding his hand, being led on walks along well-worn paths, made by him, listening to and witnessing the unfolding natural world. What especially struck me as a child were the animals of the forest and the relationship they have with each other, and with the forces of nature, which I was able to witness on a daily basis.

Pop built a wonderful set of swings at "Stone Acres," his farm on the Meech Lake Road. The ropes were so long we could touch the leaves of the tall maples with our toes – like flying, if only for an instant.

He built a dam on one of the creeks that ran through the property and created a small pond on which we skated with joy each winter. He built a barn, and chicken house. The barn had a tin roof. To be inside it, and hear the rain on the tin roof was one of our coziest feelings."

title: Percy Sparks


text: User talk:209.106.163.8

title: User talk:209.106.163.8


text: User talk:72.1.206.172

title: User talk:72.1.206.172


text:
Fernando Platas

Fernando Fabricio Platas Álvarez (born March 16, 1973, in Mexico City) is a Mexican diver. He began diving since he was a young boy. In 1990 he won in Germany two tests of 2 and 10 metres, and in that same year he won three gold medals in the Central American Games which took place in Mexico City.

In 1992, he represented Mexico in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain and in 1993 he won a silver medal in the FINA Championships.

Winner of the silver medal in the FINA Championships, for 1999 he won the gold medal in the 3 metre springboard.

During the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia he won the silver medal in the 3 metre springboard.

In his résumé, he is also distinguished by winning the Sport National Award in 1995, and he has been twice the standard-bearer of the Mexican Olympic Delegation in the 2000 Summer Olympics and in the 2004 Summer Olympics, in Athens, Greece.

He ran the National Action Party federal deputy for the Federal Electoral District XXIV Mexico State in the elections of 2009.

title: Fernando Platas


text:
Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Norse mythology)

Introduction
When one particular Anglicized form for a name is overwhelmingly most common and well known to the average English speaking person, it is used for the article title (such as Odin and Thor). When no particular Anglicized form can be said to be in common use in everyday English, and English speaking scholars use the standardized Old Norse spelling, use the standardized Old Norse spelling except replace the o-ogonek character (ǫ) with the character 'ö'. We should endeavour to supply every variant of Anglicized spelling somewhere within the article, in the first paragraph if practical and it does not make the lead hard to read.

Preliminaries
Our knowledge of Norse mythology comes principally from two 13th century works compiled in Iceland. Those are the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda. At that time there were no standard rules for spelling Old Norse. 19th century scholars, feeling the need for a standard representation of Old Norse, developed such rules based on the original manuscripts and the phonetics of the language. Those rules remain in use and when a word is quoted in Old Norse spelling it is almost invariably this system that is used.

In scholarly English publications, like Ursula Dronke's translation of the Poetic Edda, the standardized spelling is commonly used. It is also sometimes employed in works intended for a more general audience, like Rudolf Simek's Dictionary of Northern Mythology or even Peter Sawyer's The Oxford History of the Vikings.

In English works intended for the general public it is common to use some system for anglicizing the names. Frequent features of such systems include the replacement of 'ð' with 'th', 'dh' or 'd' and of 'þ' with 'th'. Less commonly, vowels with an acute accent, indicating a long vowel in Old Norse, are replaced with unaccented characters. The ligatures œ and æ are also sometimes replaced with 'oe' and 'ae' although this is less common. Nominative endings are sometimes dropped, especially if they follow a consonant. For more information on this see Old Norse orthography.

Since Wikipedia is intended to be an educational resource it seems natural to provide readers with information on the standardized Old Norse spelling of names. To many this has connotations of accuracy and professionalism. On the other hand the encyclopedia must be accessible to general readers which may only be familiar with Anglicized names. This proposal attempts to achieve both goals.

Use of familiar names
When one particular Anglicized form for a name is overwhelmingly most common and well known to the average English speaking person it is incumbent on us to use this form as the title of the relevant article. This follows the Use English guideline which says: If you are talking about a person, country, town, movie or book, use the most commonly used English version of the name for the article (as you would find it in other encyclopedias). This makes it easy to find, and easy to compare information with other sources. For example, Christopher Columbus, Venice.

This means that we should use well known Anglicized names like Odin and Thor as article titles. Reasonable people can disagree on when a particular anglicization is so familiar that this applies - there are always borderline cases. Such cases can be discussed on individual talk pages. When an Anglicized form is used as the article title the Old Norse spelling should be given prominently in the first paragraph. In other articles where the Anglicized name is used the Old Norse spelling can be given within parentheses the first time the name is mentioned. This aids readers in understanding which forms are Anglicized and which are not.

Multiple anglicizations
Since there are many possible anglicizations for any given name and a given reader may only be familiar with one of them we should endeavour to supply every variant within the article, in the first paragraph when that is practical. When it is not practical or aesthetically pleasing, we can place one or two common forms in the first paragraph and the others elsewhere in the article. Including every variant within the article among other things, enables our readers to find the article using many different search engines no matter which original form of the name they happen to have. This is in accordance with the Use English guideline: The body of such an article, preferably in its first paragraph, should list all of the other names by which the subject is known, so those too can be searched for. Redirects should be used generously for the same purpose.

Standard spelling
For the names of relatively obscure characters, places or artifacts it is usually the case that no particular Anglicized form can be said to be in common use in everyday English, while English speaking scholars will use the standardized Old Norse spelling. For example Veðrfölnir is not familiar to the general English speaking public or even casual readers of mythology. The name can be Anglicized a number of ways (Vethrfolnir, Vedhrfolnir etc.) and no particular form is likely to be considered familiar. This falls under the following section in the Use English guideline: If there is no commonly used English name, use an accepted transliteration of the name in the original language. Latin-alphabet languages like Spanish or French should need no transliteration, but Chinese names can use Pinyin, for example. Since Old Norse is written in the Latin alphabet no transliteration is necessary and the standardized spelling can be used - though we propose one minor modification. In its most original form the standardized Old Norse spelling uses the o-ogonek character (ǫ). For technical reasons it is commonly replaced, even in scholarly discourse, with the character 'ö'. This causes no ambiguity since that character is not otherwise used in Old Norse. Since this is likely to be more accessible to our readers (o-ogonek will fail to display on many systems) and in no way sacrifices professional accuracy this convention can be used on Wikipedia. All other characters used in the standardized Old Norse spelling are used in modern Western-European languages and will display correctly on the overwhelming majority of computer systems.

When the Old Norse spelling is used for the title of a particular article it is important that all significant Anglicized forms occur as well in the article. When the subject of the article is referred to with the Old Norse spelling in other articles common anglicization possibilities can be given in parentheses at the name's first occurrence.


text:
Talk:Jim Fung

Advertisement?
'''This message was originally posted by some unknown person. I have answered their points in bold. Takunr3 13:55, 15 August 2006 (UTC)'''

I'm sorry but this article is in no way impartial. It is advertising copied almost word for word from his site.

the following things are simply not verified:

"which opened in South Australia in 1973, is now the largest martial arts school in Australasia. "

'''See the editor's column of Blitz Magazine, May 2003. Takunr3 13:55, 15 August 2006 (UTC)'''

"his own remarkable prowess are undoubtedly other important factors. Over the years, Grandmaster Fung’s mastery of Wing Chun’s devastating ‘thought force’ (or chi) has become well known in martial arts circles. Two examples are his famous one-inch-punch, in which a punch delivered just one inch from its target can send an opponent sprawling up to three metres away, and the equally effective thrust kick."

Grandmaster Fung's striking power is well documented in the mainstream press.

See newspaper articles: http://www.wingchun.com.au/img/scans/auschinesedaily.jpg http://www.wingchun.com.au/img/scans/singtao.jpg

'''Additionally, refer to the video clip of the IWCA's 30th Anniversary. 2500 members of the public witnessed the event, as well as many news reporters:''' http://www.wingchun.com.au/multimedia/open%20day/openday_highlights.wmv Takunr3 13:55, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * User if you can make NPOV improvements to the article, please do. Please be sure to follow the wiki guidelines on biographies. Rpf 13:40, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

is chi supposed to be fact now?

"However, he says the greatest honour thus far was having his Academy officially recognised by the Chinese Government and world ruling body for Chinese martial arts in the All Chinese Martial Arts Register published in 1998."

there is no recognised world ruling body. this is blatant exaggeration for purposes of advertising.

'''The All China Martial Arts Register is a well known branch of the Chinese Government. See: http://www.wingchun.com.au/credentials.shtml Takunr3 13:55, 15 August 2006 (UTC)'''

There is no functioning world ruling body for Chinese Martial Arts, period.

I agree - this page is 95% advertising and in appropriate for Wikipedia and should be removed

Wikipedia is not about hyperbole or recruiting new students. Sadly I don't have the time or inclination to do anything about this. For anybody reading, take this article with a pinch of salt... Or make that two.

 * Could all parties concerned please stick to the rules of biography such as: The writing style should be neutral, factual, and understated, avoiding both a sympathetic point of view and an advocacy journalism point of view. Rpf 13:47, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Clarifications
With a student body of over 2,000, there is no other single Australasian martial arts establishment of this size.

It is informally known as the 'All China Martial Arts Register', not 'All Chinese Martial Arts Register'. However, no official English name exists for this well known Chinese body. You may read the entry, and even have the Chinese title looked up by a Chinese speaker here: http://www.wingchun.com.au/credentials.shtml

Chi has its own entry on Wikipedia, so what do you have against the author for referring to it in this article? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi

This entry lists achievements of Grandmaster Fung and the IWCA. Although these achievements are greater than those of a common martial arts schools, they are nevertheless factual, and are noteworthy for use in a biographical entry.

I do not see this article to be any more self promoting than any other martial artist's Wikipedia page. This is a high quality article of solid fact. I have confirmed this article's statistical content to be correct, and do not think that this article's hard statistics should be replaced by ambiguities.

Tall poppy syndrome has no place on Wikipedia.

Images removed
I've removed the images from this article - according to http://www.wingchun.com.au/wikipedia/wikipedia.html these images are copyrighted but licensed for use on Wikipedia. However, please see http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-May/023760.html which explains why such images cannot be used here. CLW 09:31, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Information on Grandmaster Fung's Academy belongs in this section
The establishment of Grandmaster Fung's school in Adelaide was an important milestone in the development of Chinese culture in South Australia in the 70s. Anyone living in Australia at that time, particularly South Australia will recall the change of events in the 70s and the expansion of SA's Chinatown post-1973 and the White Australia Policy. For this reason and due to the fact that the query for 'International Wing Chun Academy' points to this page, I am reinserting information about the school into this section. Storkrodent 06:05, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Agenda fueled edit war.
Looking over past edits to this page, I have become aware that the user Wgungfu has consistently reverted legitimate submissions to this page by other members. His motives are clearly agenda driven as his edits to other Wing Chun kung fu related pages are not consistent with his edits to this page.

Recently he submitted that the titles 'Grandmaster' and 'Master' only apply to students under this lineage. He used this as a basis for editing a reverted version of this page in an attempt to make his version 'stick'. I have accepted his submission regarding the titles 'Grandmaster' and 'Master' and have included them in my own submissions to this page. However, Wgungfu has once again reverted to an inferior copy of the page, which I do not accept.

From what I have gathered, Wgungfu seeks to remove information regarding Fung's well known school, the 'International Wing Chun Academy'. In Australia, the school's official registration under the Australian Government's Vocational Education and Training Accreditation Board places the school on the same tertiary level as schools such as TAFE, which have their own pages on Wikipedia. I do not think there is enough information on Fung's International Wing Chun Academy to warrant creating an entirely new page for it, so the information is contained within Fung's biography page. It should also be noted that the search term, International Wing Chun Academy, also points to Fung's biography page.

Storkrodent 12:08, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You can claim an agenda war, but that does not make it so. Wiki MOS plainly states this is not to be used for self-promotion.  The academy was not being cut entirely out of the article, it was still being mentioned under "accomplishments" along with his other accomplishments (his accounting degree and move to Australia info you added for example are still there).  However, this is an encyclopedia article on Jim Fung, not a brochure for the academy.  If people want more detailed info about his academy, they simply can visit his website.  Likewise, claiming edits by other students to keep adding in said info as "legit" hardly makes it "legit".  The fact is, its people related to Jim Fung that have cause for an agenda here.  And frankly, the other wing chun related articles I've made edits to hadn't read like a promotional brochure for a school.  If they did, I'd be happy to change those to (and in some cases, other editors had already edited out that type of material).  However, they did have other issues that needed editing that this one did not - strange no claim of agenda there.  So please at least have some understanding of edit hierachy before claiming "agenda".  Usually people who don't like the same well stated rules applied to them are the ones that cry "agenda".  And I do apply said rules across the board, such as with the GM/GGM edits issue which you'll plainly see were applied across several entries (another well known editor also contributed a few).  Once again, strange no claim of "agenda" driven edits there.  --Marty Goldberg 17:30, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 17:10, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Exaggerated claims
Please do not use Blitz magazine as a reference. 95% of this magazine is either advertisement or articles written by martial artists (or their shools) themselves —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.10.25.250 (talk) 06:47, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Please stop making edits based on your own personal opinions and unverifiable claims about Jim Fung. Unless you can provide your own references to back it up, its WP:OR.  --Marty Goldberg  06:52, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Why do you think my 'personal opinion' is not verifiable? What makes a reference to his own website verifiable? Are you an instructor from his school that you defend him so passionately?

1, Jim Fung was training under Chu Shong-tin only about 3 years since age of 15; he left for Australia when he was 18 years old. He trained under Chu Shong-tin only occasionaly on his visit to Hong Kong. This was publicly admited by Chu Shong-tin in Fung's memorial service. This claim is VERIFIABLE.

I was personally at Sifu Fung's Memorial Service and Sigung Chu said nothing of the sort. Fighter5765 12:33, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

2, Jim Fung used to claim that he used to train under Chu Shong-tin 'every day, all day' for eleven years. This (exaggerated claim) is verifiable - and it's a lie.

'''Where did this claim come from? I do not know if Sifu Fung trained continuously ever day all day for eleven years but in total he certainly would have trained far longer than eleven years under the private tuition of Sigung Chu. These years of training were reflected in Sifu Fung's skill, which I and many others have felt.''' Fighter5765 12:33, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

3, Jim Fung used to claim he had Nim Lik. This is verifiable. Chu Shong-tin says he was far from this skill. This is verifiable.

'''He says she says? Sigung Chu denouncing his top student and protege? The student Sigung Chu owes much of his worldwide fame and success to? Your comment doesn't make sense. In every one of Sifu Fung's demonstrations, he showed the use of 'thought force', which for your information is English for 'Nim Lik Fighter5765 12:33, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

4, Jim Fung used to claim he was the secong best practicioner of Wing Chun in the world, second only to Chu Shong-tin. This is verifiable - and not true. Chu Shong-tin is opposed that Jim Fung has ever been one of his best students. This is VERIFIABLE

'''He said that Sifu Fung is his top student at the memorial. He has also said so in many interviews. You do not need to look far to find this information. In fact, why not ask him this week? He will be giving private seminars at Sifu Fung's school this week as well as teaching Sifu Fung's most senior Chief Instructors in private all week long, which is an honour to Sifu Fung, Sifu Fung's school, and his instructors.''' Fighter5765 12:33, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

5, As far as 'references' goes, can you provide reference that he has been training 'till his last days'? Please do not ask his 'senior' instructors, they just need to keep the business running. Just for an illustration - the school has some 1000 full-time (ovrerseas) students, each paying some AUD $4,500 a year. That gives $ 4,500,000 a year. A good reason to exaggerate anyone's skills, don't you think so? The claim about fees is VERIFIABLE.

Sure, go to the Sydney IWCA and you will see framed photographs on the wall of Sifu Fung and his son training in private with Sigung Chu in December 2006. Fighter5765 12:33, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Way to slander the dead guy without references.Rpf 17:34, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

'''Rpf, I consider your description of Sifu Fung unacceptable and demand that you retract it. Afford others the same respect that you expect them to afford you.''' Fighter5765 12:33, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Err, Figheter5765 Rpf was actualy saying that the comment was slander he didn't make the comments, check the edit history. --Nate1481(t/c) 13:38, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Also, can you please provide reference to claim mentioned above (Blitz) that >Grandmaster Fung’s mastery of Wing Chun’s devastating ‘thought force’ (or chi) has become well known in martial arts circles< Who exactly is 'martial arts circles'? A general public having no idea about Wing Chun - or perhaps people who spend 9 dollars for Blitz so they can read this 'article' written by a manager of Jim Fung's school? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.10.25.250 (talk) 06:56, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * a) I'm not affiliated in any way with Jim Fung or his linneage. b) Once again, you've provided only personal opinions.  Stating something is fact or "verifiable" without providing actual verifiable references is called WP:OR for a reason.  That's the way Wikipedia works.  And posting a long rant and making accusations about others doesn't change that fact or put forth a convincing argument.  And it appears all your attempted edits of this article has followed the same pattern.  --Marty Goldberg 07:27, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Marty, isn't this article exactly what you just wrote - WP:OR? All references are in Jim Fung's website - a bit too circular, don't you think so? You ask me to put forth 'a convincing argument'. I am asking anybody to put an argument proving that this article is not a pure fabrication. Without references to IWCA's website, please. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.241.176.197 (talk) 12:05, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The current article is WP:OR? Hardly, because it has references.  Most of the content in this entry (and much of it was removed by myself and others because it read like an advertisement), was written when Mr. Fung was still alive.  Consequently it had to follow WP:BLP, in which it clearly states self published material by the subject is entirely permissible. WP:OR covers what you're trying to do - claiming viewpoints and saying your statements are true just because you say so.  You need actual WP:V references that back up your claims about Mr. Fung and your statements about the magazine, etc. etc.  That's what you were asked to do, not "provide a convincing argument".  You can argue until you're blue in the face and waste more time here, but that won't change a thing unless you have actual citable references to back it up. Likewise, just because you don't agree with the current references that go against your opinion (which is all it is at this point), doesn't make them any less credible.   What this entry does need now however, and why there's currently a tag calling for it, are additional references.  Once again though, your emotional rants, accusations, and pure lack of desire to follow Wikipedia policy is not helping the matter or getting anyone to take you seriously.  --Marty Goldberg 16:05, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Original Resarch tag
Dose someone want to explain why this tag has been fliping on and off this article, someone obvious questions the content & someone else seems to be protecting it what it contentious bit? --Nate1481(t/c) 08:47, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Nate, if it were a legitimate concern for WP:OR I wouldn't care. However, its being used as a tool by the same guy out of Sydney that was making the bordering on vandalism edits to the page and that started the "Exaggerated claims" thread above. Basicly thinking if he can't get his own WP:OR in here he'll use the same call on the article itself.  --Marty Goldberg 15:21, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Sibak Fung
I am writing this note to address the ridiculous comment above by someone who clearly knows nothing of the Sigung Chu Shong Tin lineage. I am a fifth year student of Sifu Lai in the UK who is a student of Sigung Chu Shong Tin. There is no doubt in my school that Sibak Fung was the most senior student of Sigung Chu.

The comments made about Sibak Fung are of no substance and are clearly worded to bring undue criticism to a greatly respected Master of my lineage. I respectfully submit that they should be removed by moderation staff.

Humblepersistence 04:37, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm assuming you mean the comments by 203.10.25.250.  While his material was removed from the main page entry, the comments above are not subject to that sort of editing.  This is a Talk_page, an area for discussing (and debating) the editing of the main article.  It is against Wikipedia policy to edit another person's comments on a talk page, unless they had nothing to do with the article editing discussion.  And in this case they did. --Marty Goldberg 05:03, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Jim Fung. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070424193633/http://notices.smh.com.au:80/death/28308/notice.aspx to http://notices.smh.com.au/death/28308/notice.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:06, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jim Fung


text:
Mehamn

Mehamn (Meehamina) is the administrative centre of Gamvik Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The village is located on the small Vedvik peninsula, itself part of the greater Nordkinn Peninsula, at the southern end of the Mehamnfjorden, a bay off of the Barents Sea. The village of Gamvik lies about 16 km to the east and the village of Kjøllefjord (in Lebesby Municipality) lies about 30 km to the southwest. Mehamn Chapel is located in this village. The 0.59 km2 village has a population (2023) of 703 which gives the village a population density of 1198 PD/km2.

Whaling
Svend Foyn established the whaling station in Mehamn that was built in 1884-1885. It was put into use starting in the spring of 1885, and it became the largest of its kind in Finnmark County. After Foyn’s death in 1894, the whaling station was run by Foyn’s whaling company. Svend Foyn also established the Svend Foyn Chapel, in Mehamn starting in 1887.

Mehamn Rebellion
The background for the Mehamn rebellion was a period of miserable cod and capelin fishing. The fishermen blamed the local whaling. They believed that the whales chased the fish towards the shore. With few whales left, the fish stayed out of reach. Frustrations were growing by the day during the spring of 1903. By Whitsunday, about 2000 angry fishermen were in the harbor in Mehamn. At the time, the village had 123 permanent residents.

When the new manager of the whaling station denied help to a fishing boat that came from the sea with a broken helm, the fishermen had had enough. On 2 June 1903, a large number of them gathered outside the factory. During the following two days, machinery was destroyed, chimneys were torn down, and the large steam boilers were sunk. The guard and the single police officer could do nothing but watch. Military forces from Vardø and Harstad were mobilized, but did not reach Mehamn before the factory was completely destroyed and the situation was calm again.

Some of the vandals were caught and convicted. They received very light sentences in jail and then the following autumn, general elections were held, and the Labour Party, which had fought for the protection of the whales, entered parliament for the first time with four MPs. They all represented the three northernmost counties of Norway. They were said to have "ridden to Parliament on a whale’s back." In December, a law was passed ensuring the preservation of the whales in Norwegian waters off the coast of Nordland, Troms and Finnmark.

1982 air crash
On 11 March 1982, a Widerøe Twin Otter crashed into the sea on approach to Mehamn Airport during the flight from Berlevåg Airport, killing all on board. Despite controversies regarding the cause of the crash, clear-air turbulence over the Mehamnfjorden was determined as the official cause.

Climate
Mehamn has a boreal (subarctic) climate (Köppen: Dsc), with short and cool summers. The winters are long and sometimes windy, but winter temperatures are moderated by the nearby open sea and mild for the latitude. Mehamn is also sometimes affected by heat waves, the heat waves in 2018 and 2022 both saw high temperatures above 30 C.

Transportation
Norwegian County Road 888 connects Mehamn to the European route E6 highway at the base of the Nordkinn Peninsula, and from there on to the towns of Kirkenes in the east and Alta in the west. Mehamn is a port of call for the Hurtigruten coastal ship. Mehamn is also connected by air via Mehamn Airport, with services by Widerøe to the nearby city of Tromsø.

title: Mehamn


text:
Douglas Yeo

Douglas Yeo (born 1955) is an American bass trombonist who played in the Boston Symphony Orchestra from 1985 to 2012, where he held the John Moors Cabot Bass Trombone Chair. He was also on the faculty of the New England Conservatory. In 2012 he retired from the BSO and accepted a position as professor of trombone at the Arizona State University School of Music, a position he held until 2016. From 2019 to 2023, he was trombone professor at Wheaton College (Illinois), and he was professor of trombone at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign from 2022-2024.

Background
Born in Monterey, California in 1955, Yeo first learned to play the trombone as a child living in Valley Stream, New York and continued while living in the Oak Ridge section of Jefferson Township, New Jersey, graduating in 1973 from Jefferson Township High School. Yeo holds a bachelor of music degree with honors from Wheaton College in Illinois and a master of arts degree from New York University. His principal teachers were Edward Kleinhammer and Keith Brown.

Before joining the Boston Symphony Orchestra/Boston Pops Orchestra in May 1985, Yeo was a member of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, (1981–1985), and was on the faculties of the Peabody Conservatory of Music, in Baltimore, and The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.. His background has included a four-year tenure with the Goldman Band, and performances with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Mostly Mozart Festival Orchestra, the Gerry Mulligan Big Band, and orchestras for numerous Broadway shows.

From 1998 to 2008, he was Music Director of the New England Brass Band, which released five compact disc recordings under his direction. In 2006, the New England Brass Band, under Mr. Yeo's direction, won first place in the Honors Section at the North American Brass Band Association National Championship, held in Louisville, Kentucky.

He announced his retirement from the BSO, effective on August 27, 2012, at the conclusion of the Tanglewood 75th anniversary season. He moved to Arizona, where he was appointed Professor of Trombone at Arizona State University (Tempe).

In 2014, he was the recipient of the International Trombone Association's highest honor, the ITA Award, presented to him "in recognition of his distinguished career and in acknowledgement of his impact on the world of trombone performance." He was given the International Trombone Association's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2024, "in recognition of his lifelong commitment to the trombone and a career that has reflected a commitment to excellence and achievement.

Performance and recording highlights

 * He has been a soloist with the Boston and Baltimore Symphony Orchestras; on both occasions becoming the first bass trombonist to perform as soloist with either orchestra.
 * In 1991, he gave the premiere of Vaclav Nelhybel's Concerto for Bass Trombone with the New England Conservatory Wind Ensemble.
 * He performed John Williams' Tuba Concerto with the Boston Pops Orchestra under Mr. Williams, becoming the first bass trombonist to perform the piece.
 * He gave the first performance of Lawrence Wolfe's Wildfire with the University of Washington Wind Ensemble in 1995.
 * He has premiered numerous compositions by Norman Bolter including Temptation for serpent and string quartet, Ancestors for digeridoo, shofar and serpent, and La Grotte Cosquer for tenor and bass trombones.
 * His first solo recording, Proclamation, with The Black Dyke Mills Band, featured premieres of four newly commissioned works: Proclamation by Gordon Langford, Rainy Day in Rio by Goff Richards, Triptych by Lawrence Wolfe, and Tribute to George Roberts, arranged by Bill Geldard.
 * His second solo recording, Take 1, featured live solo performances given in concert from 1975 to 1997 including Alan Hovhannes' Symphony Number 34, Opus 310 for Bass Trombone and Strings.
 * His solo recording, Cornerstone, of arrangements of hymns and gospel songs for bass trombone and piano, was released in 2000.
 * In March 2002, he recorded Two of a Mind, an album of solos and duets with British tenor trombonist Nick Hudson, accompanied by the Williams Fairey Band and pianist David Chapman.
 * In May 1997, he performed Simon Proctor's Concerto for Serpent and Orchestra with the Boston Pops Orchestra under the direction of John Williams.
 * An album released in 2003, Le Monde du Serpent, features his playing serpent in repertoire spanning over three centuries.
 * In 1982, 1999, 2004, 2014, 2017, and 2018 he was a featured guest artist and clinician at the International Trombone Festival.
 * In 1999 he also performed the Christopher Brubeck Concerto for Bass Trombone and Orchestra with the Boston Pops Orchestra.
 * In 2000, his performance of the finale of the Brubeck Concerto, "James Brown in the Twilight Zone", was broadcast on television as part of the "Evening at Pops" series on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).

Historic brass speciality
In addition to playing the bass trombone, Yeo plays bass trumpet, contrabass trombone, and has become a leading exponent of historical brasses such as the buccin, serpent, ophicleide and bass sackbut.

 * In 2001 he joined the orchestra of Boston Baroque for performances of Monteverdi's L'Orfeo (on bass sackbut) and Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks (on serpent), the latter of which released in 2003 on the Telarc label. He joined Boston's Handel and Haydn Society for performances of Berlioz' Symphonie Fantastique (playing ophicleide) in 2002 and in the Monteverdi Vespers of 1610 (playing bass sackbut) in 2003.

 * In 2005 he played serpent with wind players from the Handel & Haydn Orchestra on the Divertimento in B flat [St. Antoni Chorale] attributed to Haydn and in Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas. Also in 2005 he played ophicleide in the first North American performance on original instruments of Berlioz's Romeo and Juliet with Chorus Pro Musia in Boston.

 * In June 2005 he presented a paper on serpent and ophicleide players in brass bands at the Great American Brass Band Festival's History Conference (Danville, Kentucky) and also performed a solo on ophicleide accompanied by the Athena Brass Band.

 * He presented a recital of music for serpent at the 2000 Historic Brass Festival at the University of Connecticut (Storrs, Connecticut), has lectured on the serpent at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the National Music Museum in Vermillion, South Dakota and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and is named in the New Grove II Dictionary of Music's article on the serpent.

Other activities
Yeo has been extensively involved in teaching. In addition to his major positions at New England Conservatory of Music, Arizona State University, Wheaton College, and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, he has eight times been on the faculty of the annual Hamamatsu International Wind Instrument Academy and Festival (Hamamatsu, Japan), and has been guest artist and teacher at the International Trombone and Tuba Festival (Beijing, China), the Dutch Bass Trombone Open (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), and the Nagoya Trombone Festival (Nagoya, Japan).

A prolific writer, Yeo has written more than forty articles on the trombone and orchestral playing for various publications, including International Musician, The Instrumentalist, The Brass Herald, Christianity Today, the Historic Brass Society Journal, the International Trombone Association Journal, and the T.U.B.A. Journal.

He did extensive research in the Boston Symphony archives, resulting in the publication of four photo/historical articles on BSO brass players from 1881 to the present; he mounted an exhibit at Symphony Hall on the history and hobbies of members of the Boston Symphony from 1881 to the present during the 1993–94 season. In 2000, he wrote a trombone teaching curriculum for the University of Reading's (United Kingdom) Music Teaching in Private Practice Initiative of their Department of Arts and Humanities in Education.

He is the co-author, along with Edward Kleinhammer, of Mastering the Trombone (Ensemble Publications. 1997), and is author of The One Hundred: Essential Works for the Symphonic Bass Trombonist (Encore Music Publishers, 2017/2024), and Serpents, Bass Horns and Ophicleides in the Bate Collection (Oxford University Press, 2019). In 2021, he published two books, Homer Rodeheaver and the Rise of the Gospel Music Industry (University of Illinois Press), co-authored with Kevin Mungons, and An Illustrated Dictionary for the Modern Trombone, Tuba, and Euphonium Player (Rowman & Littlefield).

Yeo was the plaintiff in a 1994 court case, Yeo vs. Lexington, that tested important issues in scholastic media law. In 1997 Yeo won on appeal to the First Circuit Court of Appeals but subsequently lost at the First Circuit Court of Appeals (en banc) and carried the case to the US Supreme Court which declined to hear it.

title: Douglas Yeo


text:
Coal Exchange

The Coal Exchange (also known as the Exchange Building) is a historic building in Cardiff, Wales. It is designed in Renaissance Revival style. Built in 1888 as the Coal and Shipping Exchange to be used as a market floor and office building for trading in coal in Cardiff, it later became a hub of the global coal trade. It is situated in Mount Stuart Square in Butetown, and was for many years the hub of the city's prosperous shipping industry.

It later became a music venue, with offices remaining in use in the West Wing, before being closed indefinitely in 2013 due to building safety issues. Following a series of proposals to demolish the building, Cardiff Council purchased the Coal Exchange. In 2016 the property was sold to the Liverpool-based hospitality company Signature Living, which began a programme of restoration and conversion of the building into a hotel.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Liverpool-based company Signature Living entered administration leaving the future of the building in limbo. During the summer of 2020, the Coal Exchange Hotel was saved by Cardiff-based company Eden Grove Properties, the company saved 56 jobs and reopened the hotel during September 2020 with no affiliation to the former owners Signature Living. After just two weeks the hotel was forced to close again inline with the firebreak lockdown in Wales to help stop the spread of COVID-19. The hotel will reopen during 2021 and the new owners are in the latter stages of completing the legal documents with the relevant companies to commence work on the rear and underground section of the building with hopes to complete the building. Once fully completed the hotel will host 146 bedrooms, an on-site restaurant and bar, spa, gym, learning zone, conference rooms and the Grand Hall wedding venue.

Construction and early history
Before the Coal Exchange was built in Mount Stuart Square, the area was a residential square with a central garden. It was taken over by commerce as the city grew in prosperity. Built to provide a dedicated location for merchants and traders to sell coal, it followed construction of buildings of a similar function in London, Liverpool and Manchester. Prior to its construction, coal merchants used to chalk up the changing prices of coal on slates outside their offices or struck deals in the local public houses. It was built and opened in stages, the central trading hall and east block completed first. The trading hall was a large central space around which suites of offices were located. The London and Provincial Banking Company occupied the majority of the north side.

As Cardiff became the biggest coal port in the world, the building was constructed between 1884 and 1888 by Edwin Seward as a base from which to conduct trade negotiations regarding the coal mines of the South Wales Valleys – most of which was shipped to Cardiff for distribution.

The building played an important role in the industrial Cardiff of the 19th century. Paired Corinthian columns, an oak balcony, and rich wood panelling adorn the trading hall, which was reconstructed by Edwin Seward in 1911.

Following its opening, coal owners, ship owners and their agents met daily on the floor of the trading hall where agreements were made by word of mouth and telephone. During the peak trading hour of midday to one o'clock, the floor might have as many as 200 men gesticulating and shouting. It was estimated that up to 10,000 people would pass in and out of the building each day. At one time the price of the world's coal was determined here. It was at the Coal Exchange that the first ever £1,000,000 deal was agreed in 1904. The building interior was lavishly refurbished in 1912 by Edwin Seward, and reopened as the ‘New Exchange Building’. In 1915, an extension was added to the southern section, connected to the trading hall.

Post-war period
Cardiff's reliance on coal made the Bute Docks highly vulnerable to any downturn in the demand for it. With the end of the war the docks went into further decline. The Coal exchange closed in 1958 and coal exports came to an end in 1964. The southern extension was demolished in the 1970s. The building became Grade II* listed in 1975.

In 1979 the Coal Exchange was earmarked as a future home of the proposed Welsh Assembly and a heavily reinforced underground carpark was constructed (also envisaged to act as a nuclear shelter) but the plan for devolution was rejected by the Welsh people in a referendum. In 1983 the building was considered as a headquarters for the Welsh language television station, S4C, though this also failed to take off. The Exchange Hall was used with great regularity during this period as a filming location for various parts of the entertainment industry, for example the BBC drama Bevan.

Re-opening and closure
In 1988 the building was re-acquired and subsequently completely refurbished in 2001 to turn it into a major venue. The venue hosted acts such as the Arctic Monkeys, Manic Street Preachers, Ocean Colour Scene, Stereophonics, Van Morrison and Biffy Clyro.

The Coal Exchange closed on 7 August 2013 as a result of building safety issues. With the subsequent liquidation of the company which owned it in 2014, ownership of the Coal Exchange passed to the Crown Estate. It then became the subject of efforts to preserve the historic fabric of the building by the not-for-profit organisation Save the Coal Exchange Limited. In February 2015, Welsh Government Economy Minister Edwina Hart commissioned a feasibility study into future re-use of the building. In May 2015 it was confirmed that the exchange would be used for filming of the remake of The Crow. In 2016, filmmaker Nick Broomfield visited the building as part of his documentary Going Going Gone, which investigated the deterioration and heritage of the Coal Exchange.

The Exchange Hotel
In 2016 it was announced that the building was to be fully refurbished as a hotel by private company Signature Living, with a museum detailing the history of the building and of the Cardiff Docks. The proposal received some opposition, including from the Victorian Society and MP Stephen Doughty. Cardiff council granted planning permission in July 2016. In June 2017, the BBC broadcast a documentary entitled Saving The Coal Exchange, which looked at the development of the building into a hotel. As part of the phased restoration programme, rooms were opened as works were completed. The first 30 rooms of the hotel opened in May 2017. This was followed by a further 30 rooms in both June and September 2017, bringing the total to 50.

The Coal Exchange Hotel
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Liverpool-based company Signature Living entered administration leaving the future of the building in limbo, During the summer of 2021, the Coal Exchange Hotel was saved by Cardiff-based company Eden Grove Properties, the company saved 56 jobs and reopened the hotel during September 2020 with no affiliation to the former owners Signature Living. After just two weeks the hotel was forced to close again inline with the firebreak lockdown in Wales to help stop the spread of COVID-19. The hotel will reopen during 2021 and the new owners are in the latter stages of completing the legal documents with the relevant companies to commence work on the rear and underground section of the building with hopes to complete the building towards the end of 2021 start of 2022. Once fully completed the hotel will host 146 bedrooms, an on-site restaurant and bar, spa, gym, learning zone, conference rooms and the Grand Hall wedding venue.

Design
The building is constructed largely in limestone, in the French Renaissance style. The exterior is made of pale Corsham stone on three sides, with yellow brick on the western elevation. The roof is slate, topped with multiple chimneys mainly in yellow brick. Its style was derived from French Renaissance models. The main entrance front faces south. The building is made up of three storeys and basement, plus attic storeys in the central pedimented 'frontispiece', with a hipped pavilion roof. The entrance is guarded by a pair of fluted Corinthian columns, and topped by a floral relief in a triangular pediment surmounted by Royal Arms. On the north east corner, steps lead up to a projecting porch which housed Barclays Bank, resident here since building opened.

The interior retains an entrance hall with a Jacobethan style moulded plaster ceiling, panelled walls, and woodblock and inlay floor. At the rear are two lions on high plinths supporting clock faces showing times of Cardiff high tides. The central Coal and Shipping Hall dominates the building, surrounded by galleried tiers, in Jacobethan style dark wood. A false ceiling has reduced the height to 2 storeys, hiding a centrally glazed roof.

Access
Coal Exchange is served by Cardiff Bay railway station and Cardiff Bus service 7, 8, 35, and Baycar.

title: Coal Exchange


text:
User talk:Gene Rhough

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Gamaliel 18:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gene Rhough


text:
User:Chronodm

David Moles is a software engineer, science fiction writer and occasional historian living in California.

title: User:Chronodm