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Rockingham, Nova Scotia

Rockingham is a community located within the urban area of the Halifax Regional Municipality, in Nova Scotia, Canada.

History
The first Europeans to settle in what was to become Rockingham were foreign Protestant farmers and innkeepers, starting in 1784. While the inns were too close to the city to benefit from stage coach traffic, they were conveniently located for drovers bringing their livestock to the Halifax market. Drovers lodged at the inns and kept their animals in the pastures while they arranged for their sale and slaughter.

In the 1840s, William Evens and William Davey bought properties on the western shore of the basin. Evens, a butcher, built a slaughterhouse, while Davey established a large inn called the Four Mile House. When the Nova Scotia Railway was being built the two men persuaded the railway board to locate the first stop at Four Mile House. On 1 February 1855, the first ceremonial run of the Nova Scotia Railway came to Four Mile House. The village that grew up around the railway station took the name "Four Mile House".

The construction of the Nova Scotia Railway in 1855 altered the character of the community. Destruction of the shoreline cut off farmers from some resources, but eventually the railway helped the village to grow and prosper. Country life was now easily accessible; wealthy families built grand summer homes and transient visitors enjoyed staying at the Wayside Inn (formerly the Five Mile House) and other tourist accommodations in Rockingham.

The Four Mile House district was selected by the Roman Catholic Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul in the early 1870s for a convent and institution of higher learning. Mount Saint Vincent was built up the hill on a large parcel of land almost directly opposite the Nova Scotia Railway station. In 1873, the convent, along with its women's finishing school, Mount Saint Vincent Academy and associated residence facilities opened after approximately one year of construction.

In 1886, the residents of the Four Mile House district decided their community needed a name that better reflected its growing prosperity. The name Rockingham Station was inspired by the Rockingham Inn that had been located 3 km north at Prince's Lodge. This particular inn had burned down in 1833, but lived on in memory due to its links with Lieutenant Governor Sir John Wentworth, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, and Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, a powerful English noble and friend of the Wentworths.

The Intercolonial Railway, which had taken over the Nova Scotia Railway, expropriated waterfront land at Rockingham Station from the Sisters of Charity during the early 1900s to widen its trackage leading to Fairview. Immediately prior to the Halifax Explosion, telegraph operator Vince Coleman (train dispatcher) managed to warn an incoming passenger train to hold at Rockingham Station's passenger station (the last Intercolonial Railway station stop before Richmond terminal), ultimately saving countless lives. The new rock cut being built for the railway through south end Halifax was finished in 1918 under the newly created Canadian National Railways, with some of the blasted rock being used as infill to create the Halifax Ocean Terminals in the south end of the city, as well as infill of Bedford Basin off Rockingham Station to create what is now the Rockingham Railway Yard.

In 1925, Mount St. Vincent Academy was upgraded in status to a women's junior college. The community of Rockingham Station began to experience some subdivision of land as it was located in a cheaper tax jurisdiction (the Municipality of the County of Halifax) as opposed to the adjacent city which ended at Fairview.

On 5 April 1961, the village's name was formally simplified by the provincial government to just Rockingham.

The creation of Bicentennial Drive, an all-weather bypass highway to Bedford, likely spurred construction of the first major subdivision developments in 1962, although much of the Rockingham area on the hillside overlooking Bedford Basin would require significant blasting to create streets and underground services. Mount St. Vincent College was upgraded to a full university, named Mount St. Vincent University, in 1966. Many homes that faced the original road, had to move or be renovated as the entrances no longer faced the street.

On 1 January 1969, the community of Rockingham--as well as Prince's Lodge, Armdale, Clayton Park, Fairview, and Spryfield--were annexed into the City of Halifax.

Rockingham continued to benefit from being located immediately north of the peninsular city on the Highway 102 corridor to Bedford and beyond. The opening of the A. Murray MacKay Bridge in 1970 led to improved connections between Rockingham to the City of Dartmouth and particularly a new industrial park named Burnside which would become a major regional employer. A smaller industrial park named Bayers Lake was also built near Rockingham on the west side of Highway 102. New residential developments in the expanding city were subsequently built near Rockingham; such as the Clayton Park subdivision, located along the eastern slope of Geizer's Hill.

During the 1970s-and-1980s, CN Rail--and later Via Rail--operated a form of commuter rail passenger service on the railway line along Bedford Basin into downtown Halifax using frequently scheduled Budd Diesel Rail Cars which were destined for exurban destinations, suburban destinations, and farther-afield destinations. Rockingham's station was closed after the 15 January 1990 budget cuts to Via Rail saw these services discontinued. The Bedford Highway was redeveloped during the mid 1990s into a major collector road from Birch Cove into the city.

On 1 April 1996, Halifax County was dissolved and all of its places (cities, suburbs, towns, and villages) were turned into communities of a single-tier municipality called the Halifax Regional Municipality. Subsequently, Rockingham was turned into a community within the new Halifax Regional Municipality.

Preceding and following amalgamation, subdivision development in the western part of Rockingham continued apace, spurred in particular by the opening of Dunbrack Street and Northwest Arm Drive, however the most significant period of recent growth in Rockingham occurred between 1997-and-2003 with the Clayton Park West subdivision which was a 20-year development that filled within a quarter of the budgeted timeframe. Clayton Park West became one of the fastest-growing, densest new developments in Nova Scotian urban history. The rapid development was spurred by the conversion of the Bayers Lake Industrial Park into a business park (Bayers Lake Business Park) model containing Halifax's first big box outlet stores, as well as new highway interchange construction between Lacewood Drive and Highway 102.

Today, as the Halifax area grows at a strong pace, Rockingham continues to diversify and urbanize.

Geography
The Halifax Regional Municipality Urban Forest Master Plan of 2013 splits Rockingham into two-sections; Rockingham East--and--Rockingham West. Rockingham East has a landmass of 94 ha, > and Rockingham West has a landmass of 105 ha. Rockingham's total landmass is 199 ha.

Rockingham is situated on the western shore of the Bedford Basin. It is located north-north-east of Clayton Park and Fairview, and south of Bedford; specifically, Birch Cove and Prince's Lodge. Its eastern extent is formed by the shore of the Bedford Basin and its western extent is generally the top of the ridge that rises from the Bedford Basin, although this was subsequently extended westward to an area near the Birch Cove Lakes and Highway 102.

Transportation
A major thoroughfare, Highway 2 (the Bedford Highway), provides residents of Rockingham a route to exurban, suburban, and rural communities further-afield to the north. Additionally, it provides residents of Rockingham to more urban communities within the municipality.

Public transit within Rockingham is provided by Halifax Transit, and provides several routes to the community.

Halifax Transit Routes
 * Route 8 (Sackville)
 * Route 39 (Flamingo)
 * Route 90 (Larry Uteck)
 * Route 91 (Hemlock Ravine)
 * Route 93 (Bedford Highway)
 * Route 135 (Flamingo Express)
 * Route 196 (Basinview Express)

Education
All public schools within Rockingham are administered by the Halifax Regional Centre for Education.

Elementary Schools
 * Duc d'Anville Elementary
 * Grosvenor-Wentworth Park Elementary
 * Park West School
 * Rockingham Elementary

High Schools
 * Halifax West High School

Junior High Schools
 * Clayton Park Junior High
 * Park West School

Universities
 * Mount St. Vincent University

title: Rockingham, Nova Scotia


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Black Jack (horse)

A coal-black Morgan-American Quarter Horse cross, Black Jack served in the Caisson Platoon of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard). Named in honor of General of the Armies John J. "Black Jack" Pershing, he was the riderless horse in more than 1,000 Armed Forces Full Honors Funerals (AFFHF), the majority of which were in Arlington National Cemetery. With boots reversed in the stirrups, he was a symbol of a fallen leader.

Black Jack was purchased by Jacqueline Kennedy, widow to John F Kennedy, upon his retirement and her request.

Early life
Black Jack was foaled January 19, 1947, and came to Fort Myer from the cavalry remount station at Fort Reno, Oklahoma, on November 22, 1952. Black Jack was the last of the Quartermaster–issue horses branded with the Army's U.S. brand (on the left shoulder) and his Army serial number 2V56 (on the left side of his neck).

Career
Black Jack served a long and respectable military career.

Among the highlights were that he participated in four state funerals:

 * Presidents:
 * John F. Kennedy (1963)
 * Herbert Hoover (1964)
 * Lyndon B. Johnson (1973)
 * Five-star general:
 * Douglas MacArthur (1964)

Army Major General Philip C. Wehle was the Commanding General of the Military District of Washington during those state funerals, except for LBJ. At that time Army Major General James Bradshaw Adamson served as commanding general. It was just after that funeral Black Jack was retired.

Death and burial
Black Jack died after a 29-year military career on February 6, 1976. He was cremated, with his remains laid to rest in a plot at Fort Myer, Virginia, on Summerall Field; his final resting place lies 200 feet (60 m) northeast of the flagpole in the southeast corner of the parade field. He is one of four horses in United States history to be buried with Full Military Honors, the others being Chief, Sergeant Reckless, and Comanche.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Black Jack (horse)


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Psi Aquarii

The Bayer designation ψ Aquarii (psi Aquarii, ψ Aqr) is shared by three stars/star systems in the constellation Aquarius:

 * ψ1 Aquarii (91 Aquarii), a multiple star system with an exoplanet orbiting the giant primary
 * ψ2 Aquarii (93 Aquarii), a solitary Be star
 * ψ3 Aquarii (95 Aquarii), a binary star system

All of them were members of the asterism 羽林軍 (Yǔ Lín Jūn), Palace Guard, in the Encampment mansion.

title: Psi Aquarii


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Category:Cathedrals in France

This category is for functioning cathedrals in France, i.e., cathedrals which are the current seats of bishops. For cathedral buildings no longer in existence, in use for other purposes, or no longer the seats of bishops, see the sub-category Category:Former cathedrals in France.

title: Category:Cathedrals in France


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Demersal fish

Demersal fish, also known as groundfish, live and feed on or near the bottom of seas or lakes (the demersal zone). They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks. In coastal waters, they are found on or near the continental shelf, and in deep waters, they are found on or near the continental slope or along the continental rise. They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as abyssal depths or on the abyssal plain, but they can be found around seamounts and islands. The word demersal comes from the Latin demergere, which means to sink. Demersal fish are bottom feeders. They can be contrasted with pelagic fish, which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column. Demersal fish fillets contain little fish oil (one to four per cent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 per cent.

Types

Demersal fish can be divided into two main types: strictly benthic fish which can rest on the sea floor, and benthopelagic fish which can float in the water column just above the sea floor.

Benthopelagic fish have neutral buoyancy, so they can float at depth without much effort, while strictly benthic fish are denser, with negative buoyancy so they can lie on the bottom without any effort. Most demersal fish are benthopelagic.

As with other bottom feeders, a mechanism to deal with substrate is often necessary. With demersal fish the sand is usually pumped out of the mouth through the gill slit. Most demersal fish exhibit a flat ventral region so as to more easily rest their body on the substrate. The exception may be the flatfish, which are laterally depressed but lie on their sides. Also, many exhibit what is termed an "inferior" mouth, which means that the mouth is pointed downwards; this is beneficial as their food is often below them in the substrate. Those bottom feeders with upward-pointing mouths, such as stargazers, tend to seize swimming prey.

Benthic fish
Benthic fish are denser than water, so they can rest on the sea floor. They either lie-and-wait as ambush predators, at times covering themselves with sand or otherwise camouflaging themselves, or move actively over the bottom in search for food. Benthic fish which can bury themselves include dragonets, flatfish and stingrays.

Flatfish are an order of ray-finned benthic fishes which lie flat on the ocean floor. Examples are flounder, sole, turbot, plaice, and halibut. The adult fish of many species have both eyes on one side of the head. When the fish hatches, one eye is located on each side of its head. But as the fish grows from the larval stage, one eye migrates to the other side of the body as a process of metamorphosis. The flatfish then changes its habits, and camouflages itself by lying on the bottom of the ocean floor with both eyes facing upwards. The side to which one eye migrates depends on the species; with some species both eyes are ultimately on the left side, whereas with other species the eyes are on the right.

Some fishes do not fit into the above classification. For example, the family of nearly blind spiderfishes, common and widely distributed, feed on benthopelagic zooplankton. Yet they are strictly benthic fish, since they stay in contact with the bottom. Their fins have long rays they use to "stand" on the bottom while they face the current and grab zooplankton as it passes by.

The bodies of benthic fish are adapted for ongoing contact with the sea floor. Swimbladders are usually absent or reduced, and the bodies are usually flattened in one way or another. Following Moyle and Cech (2004) they can be divided into five overlapping body shapes:

Benthopelagic fish

Benthopelagic fish inhabit the water just above the bottom, feeding on benthos and zooplankton. Most demersal fish are benthopelagic.

Deep sea benthopelagic teleosts all have swimbladders. The dominant species, rattails and cusk eels, have considerable biomass. Other species include deep sea cods (morids), deep sea eels, halosaurs and notacanths.

Benthopelagic sharks, like the deep sea squaloid sharks, achieve neutral buoyancy with the use of large oil-filled livers. Sharks adapt well to fairly high pressures. They can often be found on slopes down to about 2000 metres, scavenging on food falls such as dead whales. However, the energy demands of sharks are high, since they need to swim constantly and maintain a large amount of oil for buoyancy. These energy needs cannot be met in the extreme oligotrophic conditions that occur at great depths.

Shallow water stingrays are benthic, and can lie on the bottom because of their negative buoyancy. Deep sea stingrays are benthopelagic, and like the squaloids have very large livers which give them neutral buoyancy.

Benthopelagic fish can be divided into flabby or robust body types. Flabby benthopelagic fishes are like bathypelagic fishes; they have a reduced body mass, and low metabolic rates, expending minimal energy as they lie and wait to ambush prey. An example of a flabby fish is the cusk-eel Acanthonus armatus, a predator with a huge head and a body that is 90 per cent water. This fish has the largest ears (otoliths) and the smallest brain in relation to its body size of all known vertebrates.

Deepwater benthopelagic fish are robust, muscular swimmers that actively cruise the bottom searching for prey. They often live around features, such as seamounts, which have strong currents. Commercial examples are the orange roughy and Patagonian toothfish.

Habitats
The edge of the continental shelf marks the boundary where the shelf gives way to, and then gradually drops into abyssal depths. This edge marks the boundary between coastal, relatively shallow, benthic habitats, and the deep benthic habitats. Coastal demersal fishes live on the bottom of inshore waters, such as bays and estuaries, and further out, on the floor of the continental shelf. Deep water demersal fish live beyond this edge, mostly down the continental slopes and along the continental rises which drop to the abyssal plains. This is the continental margin, constituting about 28% of the total oceanic area. Other deep sea demersal fish can also be found around seamounts and islands.

The term bathydemersal fish is sometimes used instead of "deep water demersal fish". Bathydemersal refers to demersal fish which live at depths greater than 200 metres.

The term epibenthic is also used to refer to organism that live on top of the ocean floor, as opposed to those that burrow into the seafloor substrate. However the terms mesodemersal, epidemersal, mesobenthic and bathybenthic are not used.

Coastal
Coastal demersal fish are found on or near the seabed of coastal waters between the shoreline and the edge of the continental shelf, where the shelf drops into the deep ocean. Since the continental shelf is generally less than 200 metres deep, this means that coastal waters are generally epipelagic. The term includes demersal reef fish and demersal fish that inhabit estuaries, inlets and bays.

Young mangrove jacks, a sought after eating and sport fish, dwell in estuaries around mangrove roots, fallen trees, rock walls, and any other snag areas where smaller prey reside for protection. When they mature, they migrate into open waters, sometimes hundreds of kilometres from the coast to spawn.

Stargazers are found worldwide in shallow waters. They have eyes on top of their heads and a large upward-facing mouth. They bury themselves in sand, and leap upwards to ambush benthopelagic fish and invertebrates that pass overhead. Some species have a worm-shaped lure growing out of the floor of the mouth, which they wiggle to attract prey. Stargazers are venomous and can deliver electric shocks. They have been called "the meanest things in creation."

Other examples of coastal demersal fish are cod, plaice, monkfish and sole.

Deep water

Deep water demersal fish occupy the benthic regions beyond the continental margins.

On the continental slope, demersal fishes are common. They are more diverse than coastal demersal fish, since there is more habitat diversity. Further out are the abyssal plains. These flat, featureless regions occupy about 40 per cent of the ocean floor. They are covered with sediment but largely devoid of benthic life (benthos). Deep sea benthic fishes are more likely to associate with canyons or rock outcroppings among the plains, where invertebrate communities are established. Undersea mountains (seamounts) can intercept deep sea currents, and cause productive upwellings which support benthic fish. Undersea mountain ranges can separate underwater regions into different ecosystems.

Rattails and brotulas are common, and other well-established families are eels, eelpouts, hagfishes, greeneyes, batfishes and lumpfishes.

The bodies of deep water demersal fishes are muscular with well developed organs. In this way they are closer to mesopelagic fishes than bathypelagic fishes. In other ways, they are more variable. Photophores are usually absent, eyes and swimbladders range from absent to well developed. They vary in size, and larger species, greater than one metre, are not uncommon.

Deep sea demersal fish are usually long and narrow. Many are eels or shaped like eels. This may be because long bodies have long lateral lines. Lateral lines detect low-frequency sounds, and some demersal fishes have muscles that drum such sounds to attract mates. Smell is also important, as indicated by the rapidity with which demersal fish find traps baited with bait fish.

The main diet of deep sea demersal fish is invertebrates of the deep sea benthos and carrion. Smell, touch and lateral line sensitivities seem to be the main sensory devices for locating these.

Like coastal demersal fish, deep sea demersal fish can be divided into benthic fish and benthopelagic fish, where the benthic fish are negatively buoyant and benthopelagic fish are neutrally buoyant.

The availability of plankton for food diminishes rapidly with depth. At 1000 m, the biomass of plankton is typically about 1 per cent of that at the surface, and at 5000 m about 0.01 per cent. Given there is no sunlight, energy enters deep water zones as organic matter. There are three main ways this happens. Firstly, organic matter can move into the zone from the continental landmass, for example, through currents that carry the matter down rivers, then plume along the continental shelf and finally spill down the continental slope. Other matter enters as particulate matter raining down from the overhead water column in the form of marine snow, or as sinking overhead plant material such as eelgrass, or as "large particles" such as dead fish and whales sinking to the bottom. A third way energy can arrive is through fish, such as vertically migrating mesopelagic fishes that can enter into the demersal zone as they ascend or descend. The demersal fish and invertebrates consume organic matter that does arrive, break it down and recycle it. A consequence of these energy delivery mechanisms is that the abundance of demersal fish and invertebrates gradually decrease as the distance from continental shorelines increases.

Although deep water demersal fish species are not generally picky about what they eat, there is still some degree of specialisation. For example, different fish have different mouth sizes, which determines the size of the prey they can handle. Some feed mostly on benthopelagic organisms. Others fed mostly on epifauna (invertebrates on top of the seafloor surface, also called epibenthos), or alternatively on infauna (invertebrates that burrow into the seafloor substrate). Infauna feeders can have considerable sediment in their stomachs. Scavengers, such as snubnosed eels and hagfish, also eat infauna as a secondary food source.

Some feed on carrion. Cameras show that when a dead fish is placed on the bottom, vertebrate and invertebrate scavengers appear very quickly. If the fish is large, some scavengers burrow in and eat it from the inside out. Some fish, such as grenadiers, also appear and start feeding on the scavenging invertebrates and amphipods. Other specialization is based on depth distribution. Some of the more abundant upper continental slope fish species, such as cutthroat eel and longfinned hake, mainly feed on epipelagic fish. But generally, the most abundant deep water demersal fish species feed on invertebrates.

At great depths, food scarcity and extreme pressure limits the ability of fish to survive. The deepest point of the ocean is about 11,000 metres. Bathypelagic fishes are not normally found below 3,000 metres. It may be that extreme pressures interfere with essential enzyme functions.

The deepest-living fish known, the strictly benthic Abyssobrotula galatheae, eel-like and blind, feeds on benthic invertebrates. A living example was trawled from the bottom of the Puerto Rico Trench in 1970 from a depth of 8,370 metres (27,453 ft).

In 2008, a shoal of 17 hadal snailfish, a species of deep water snailfish, was filmed by a UK-Japan team using remote operated landers at depths of 7.7 km in the Japan Trench in the Pacific. The fish were 30 centimetres long (12 in), and were darting about, using vibration sensors on their nose to catch shrimps. The team also reported that the appearance of the fish, unlike that of most deep sea fish, was surprisingly "cute", and that they were surprised by how active the fish were at these depths.

Demersal fisheries
Most demersal fish of commercial or recreational interest are coastal, confined to the upper 200 metres. Commercially important demersal food fish species include flatfish, such as flounder, sole, turbot, plaice, and halibut. Also important are cod, hake, redfish, haddock, bass, congers, sharks, rays and chimaeras.

The following table shows the world capture production of some groups of demersal species in tonnes.

Black sea bass inhabit US coasts from Maine to NE Florida and the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and are most abundant off the waters of New York. They are found in inshore waters (bays and sounds) and offshore in waters up to a depth of 130 m (425'). They spend most of their time close to the sea floor and are often congregated around bottom formations such as rocks, man-made reefs, wrecks, jetties, piers, and bridge pilings. Black sea bass are sought after recreational and commercial fish, and have been overfished.

Deepwater benthopelagic fish are robust, muscular swimmers that actively cruise the bottom searching for prey. They often live around features, such as seamounts, which have strong currents. Commercial examples are the orange roughy and Patagonian toothfish. Because these fish were once abundant, and because their robust bodies are good to eat, these fish have been commercially harvested.

Conservation status
Major demersal fishery species in the North Sea such as cod, plaice, monkfish and sole, are listed by the ICES as "outside safe biological limits."

The by-catch problem

A major problem in conservation of demersal fish populations is that of by-catch, whereby fish are caught by accident when targeting other species. The European Commission has written that “A key issue is that many of the most important demersal stocks (i.e. those that live on or near the bottom of the sea) are caught in mixed fisheries. In practice, this means that each time a vessel retrieves its fishing gear, its catch will consist of a mix of different species.” This has led to a situation whereby, even when the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea recommends a Total Allowable Catch of zero for a given demersal species in order to allow replenishment of population, the European Council nonetheless sets the Total Allowable Catch far above zero so long as the catch is by-catch, in order not to prevent trawlers fishing for other species. This means that those threatened species do not get the chance to replenish even when not directly targeted by trawlers.

 * The Common Sole, Solea solea, is sufficiently broadly distributed that it is not considered a threatened species; however, overfishing in Europe has produced severely diminished populations, with declining catches in many regions. For example, the western English Channel and Irish Sea sole fisheries face potential collapse according to data in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.
 * Sole, along with the other major bottom-feeding fish in the North Sea such as cod, monkfish, and plaice, is listed by the ICES as "outside safe biological limits." Moreover, they are growing less quickly now and are rarely older than six years, although they can reach forty. World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish such as sole and flounder were estimated in 2003 to be only about 10% of pre-industrial levels.  According to the World Wildlife Fund in 2006, "of the nine sole stocks, seven are overfished with the status of the remaining two unknown." Data is insufficient to assess the remaining stocks; however, landings for all stocks are at or near historical lows."
 * World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish such as sole and flounder were estimated in 2003 to be only about 10% of pre-industrial levels, largely due to overfishing. Most overfishing is due to the extensive activities of the fishing industry.    Current research indicate that the flounder population could be as low as 15 million due to heavy overfishing and industrial pollution along the Gulf of Mexico surrounding the coast of Texas.
 * Seafood Watch have placed on their list of seafood that sustainability-minded consumers should avoid the following demersal fish: sturgeon (imported wild), Chilean seabass, cod (Atlantic, imported Pacific), flounder (Atlantic), halibut (Atlantic), sole (Atlantic), grouper, monkfish, orange roughy, demersal shark, red snapper and tilapia (Asia farmed).

title: Demersal fish


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List of rivers of the United States: E

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - XYZ

This is a list of rivers in the United States that have names starting with the letter E. For the main page, which includes links to listings by state, see List of rivers in the United States.

Ea

 * Eagle Creek - Arizona
 * Eagle River - Alaska
 * Eagle River - Colorado
 * Eagle River - Michigan
 * Eagle River - Wisconsin
 * Eagle Hill River - Massachusetts
 * East River - Florida
 * East River - New York
 * East River - Tidewater Virginia
 * East River - Virginia, West Virginia (tributary of New River)
 * East River - Wisconsin
 * East Bay River - Florida
 * East Branch Dead Diamond River - New Hampshire
 * East Branch Delaware River - New York
 * East Branch Pecatonica River - Wisconsin
 * East Branch Pemigewasset River - New Hampshire
 * East Branch Saco River - New Hampshire
 * East Brookfield River - Massachusetts
 * East Canada Creek - New York
 * East Fork River - Alabama
 * East Gallatin River - Montana
 * East Nishnabotna River - Iowa
 * East Twin River - Wisconsin
 * East Verde River - Arizona
 * East Walker River - Nevada, California
 * Eau Claire River - Wisconsin (tributary of Chippewa River)
 * Eau Claire River - Wisconsin (tributary of St. Croix River)
 * Eau Claire River - Wisconsin (tributary of Wisconsin River)
 * Eau Galle River - Wisconsin
 * Eau Gallie River - Florida
 * Eau Pleine River, see Big Eau Pleine River and Little Eau Pleine River - Wisconsin

Ec - Ek

 * Econfina River - Florida
 * Econlockhatchee River - Florida
 * Ecorse River - Michigan
 * Edisto River - South Carolina
 * Edwards River - Illinois
 * Eek River - Alaska
 * Eel River - California
 * Eel River (Wabash River) - Indiana
 * Eel River (White River) - Indiana
 * Eel River - Massachusetts
 * Egegik River - Alaska
 * Egypt River - Massachusetts
 * Eightmile River - Connecticut
 * Eklutna River - Alaska

El

 * Ela River - New Hampshire
 * Eleven Point River - Missouri, Arkansas
 * Elizabeth River - New Jersey
 * Elizabeth River - Virginia
 * Elk Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Elk Creek - West Virginia
 * Elk Fork - West Virginia
 * Elk River - Kansas
 * Elk River - Maryland
 * Elk River - Michigan
 * Elk River - Minnesota
 * Elk River - Missouri, Oklahoma
 * Elk River - North Carolina, Tennessee
 * Elk River - Oregon
 * Elk River - Tennessee, Alabama
 * Elk River - West Virginia
 * Elk River - Wisconsin
 * Elkhart River - Indiana
 * Elkhorn River - Nebraska
 * Ellicott Creek - New York
 * Ellis River - Maine
 * Ellis River - New Hampshire
 * Elm River - Illinois
 * Elm Fork Red River - Oklahoma
 * Elwha River - Washington

Em - Ex

 * Embarras River - Illinois
 * Embarrass River - Wisconsin
 * Emory River - Tennessee
 * Encampment River - Wyoming
 * Endicott River - Alaska
 * English River - Iowa
 * Eno River - North Carolina
 * Enoree River - South Carolina
 * Entiat River - Washington
 * Escalante River - Utah
 * Escambia River - Florida
 * Escanaba River - Michigan
 * Escatawpa River - Alabama, Mississippi
 * Esopus Creek - New York
 * Espenberg River - Alaska
 * Estero River - Florida
 * Estrella River - California
 * Etivluk River - Alaska
 * Etowah River - Georgia
 * Evitts Creek - Pennsylvania, Maryland
 * Exeter River - New Hampshire

title: List of rivers of the United States: E


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John Kennedy Sr. (footballer)

John James Kennedy Sr. (29 December 1928 –24 June 2020) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Hawthorn Football Club and coached Hawthorn and the North Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He coached Hawthorn to premierships in 1961, 1971, and 1976.

Early life/playing career
Kennedy was born in Camberwell, Victoria, on 29 December 1928. In 1950, he joined the Hawthorn Football Club as a ruckman. Over the next ten years, he played 164 games for Hawthorn, winning the club's Best and Fairest award four times (in 1950–1952, and 1954) and serving as captain from 1955 until his retirement in 1959.

Coaching career
Kennedy received a rushed introduction to coaching in 1957 when regular coach Jack Hale was involved in a vehicle accident on the way to Glenferrie Oval and missed the Round 11 match.

He took over permanently as Hawthorn coach for the 1960 season and led the team to their first premiership in 1961. Following a Grand Final defeat to Geelong in 1963, he was forced to step down as coach when the Victorian Education Department offered him a job as a school principal in Stawell. Hawthorn's poor on-field performance over the next few years saw him recalled to the role in 1967. He coached Hawthorn to premierships in 1971 and 1976 and a Grand Final loss in 1975. He stepped down as coach again in 1976, in all coaching Hawthorn to three premierships from five Grand Finals.

In 1985, Kennedy became the coach of the North Melbourne Football Club, and coached the club until 1989; his best result with North Melbourne was fourth in 1985. In total he coached for 412 games, winning 236, losing 171, and drawing five.

Coaching statistics
! colspan=2 | Career totals ! 412 !! 236 !! 171 !! 5 !! 57.3% !! colspan=2 |
 * 1957 ||
 * 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0.0% || N/A || 12
 * 1960 ||
 * 18 || 11 || 7 || 0 || 61.1% || 5 || 12
 * bgcolor=F0E68C | 1961# ||
 * 20 || 16 || 4 || 0 || 80.0% || 1 || 12
 * 1962 ||
 * 18 || 5 || 13 || 0 || 38.5% || 9 || 12
 * 1963 ||
 * 21 || 14 || 6 || 1 || 70.0% || 1 || 12
 * 1967 ||
 * 18 || 5 || 13 || 0 || 38.5% || 10 || 12
 * 1968 ||
 * 20 || 9 || 10 || 1 || 45.0% || 6 || 12
 * 1969 ||
 * 20 || 13 || 7 || 0 || 65.0% || 5 || 12
 * 1970 ||
 * 22 || 10 || 12 || 0 || 45.5% || 8 || 12
 * bgcolor=F0E68C | 1971# ||
 * 24 || 21 || 3 || 0 || 87.5% || 1 || 12
 * 1972 ||
 * 22 || 13 || 9 || 0 || 59.1% || 6 || 12
 * 1973 ||
 * 22 || 11 || 11 || 0 || 50.0% || 7 || 12
 * 1974 ||
 * 25 || 16 || 9 || 0 || 64.0% || 3 || 12
 * 1975 ||
 * 24 || 18 || 6 || 0 || 75.0% || 1 || 12
 * bgcolor=F0E68C | 1976# ||
 * 25 || 19 || 6 || 0 || 76.0% || 2 || 12
 * 1985 ||
 * 24 || 14 || 9 || 1 || 58.3% || 5 || 12
 * 1986 ||
 * 22 || 12 || 10 || 0 || 54.5% || 7 || 12
 * 1987 ||
 * 23 || 13 || 9 || 1 || 56.5% || 4 || 14
 * 1988 ||
 * 22 || 7 || 14 || 1 || 31.8% || 11 || 14
 * 1989 ||
 * 22 || 9 || 13 || 0 || 40.9% || 9 || 14
 * - class=sortbottom
 * 24 || 18 || 6 || 0 || 75.0% || 1 || 12
 * bgcolor=F0E68C | 1976# ||
 * 25 || 19 || 6 || 0 || 76.0% || 2 || 12
 * 1985 ||
 * 24 || 14 || 9 || 1 || 58.3% || 5 || 12
 * 1986 ||
 * 22 || 12 || 10 || 0 || 54.5% || 7 || 12
 * 1987 ||
 * 23 || 13 || 9 || 1 || 56.5% || 4 || 14
 * 1988 ||
 * 22 || 7 || 14 || 1 || 31.8% || 11 || 14
 * 1989 ||
 * 22 || 9 || 13 || 0 || 40.9% || 9 || 14
 * - class=sortbottom
 * 1988 ||
 * 22 || 7 || 14 || 1 || 31.8% || 11 || 14
 * 1989 ||
 * 22 || 9 || 13 || 0 || 40.9% || 9 || 14
 * - class=sortbottom
 * - class=sortbottom
 * }

Playing
Individual
 * 4× Hawthorn Best and Fairest: 1950, 1951, 1952, 1954
 * Hawthorn captain: 1955–1959

Coaching
Team
 * 3× VFL Premiership coach : 1961, 1971, 1976
 * 4× Minor premiership : 1961, 1963, 1971, 1975
 * 2× Night Series premiership : 1968, 1969

Individual
 * 3× Jock McHale Medal: 1961, 1971, 1976
 * Hawthorn Team of the Century – Coach

Hall of Fame/Life membership

 * Australian Football Hall of Fame – Legend status
 * Hawthorn Hall of Fame – Legend status
 * Hawthorn life member

Legacy
As a player, Kennedy was renowned for his toughness and skill. As a coach, he had a similar reputation for toughness but also for oratory. He was notorious for borrowing ideas from any source he thought would inspire the players, but it was his passion rather than his quotations that he was best known for. In the 1975 VFL Grand Final against North Melbourne, his exhortation to the Hawthorn players at half-time was: "At least do something! Do! Don't think, Mick! Don't hope; do! At least you can come off and say, 'I did this, I shepherded, I played on. At least I did something.'" Despite this, his team still lost convincingly.

He was famous for his battered brown overcoat, which is now on display at the Hawthorn Football Club.

He was an inaugural inductee into the Australian Football Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1999.

His son John Kennedy Jr., also played for the Hawks, playing eight matches against Kangaroo teams coached by his father. Kennedy's grandson Josh Kennedy was recruited by Hawthorn under the father/son rule in the 2006 AFL Draft, but played most of his career with the Sydney Swans.

On 1 June 2020, John Kennedy Sr. became the 29th legend of the Australian Football Hall of Fame. AFL Commission Chairman Richard Goyder said: "In the Australian Football Hall of Fame, our Legends stand above our greats and, on behalf of the selectors, it is my great honour to declare John Kennedy was elected as a Legend, recognising his six-decade contribution to our game."

Statue

In honour of Kennedy's 80th birthday, a statue of him overlooking the Hawthorns' Waverley Park stadium was unveiled. The text on the plaque reads:
 * John "Kanga" Kennedy played 164 games for the Hawthorn Football Club in 1950–59, including its first ever finals appearance in 1957. In 1960 aged just 31 Kennedy became coach and transformed Hawthorn and led the club to its first three premierships in 1961, 1971 and 1976.
 * Kennedy's Hawthorn teams became known as "Kennedy's Commandos". Wearing his trademark overcoat, his booming voice and stirring words inspired generations of Hawthorn players, taking them from easy beats to the most respected and revered club in the League.
 * He epitomised and taught all the values and attitudes that the Club cherishes. These were overwhelmingly a sense of TEAM, total DISCIPLINE, total INTEGRITY, and WILL to WIN at all costs. They are now core values, part of the club's character and as we compete in the 21st century this legacy as defined by John Kennedy will never be forgotten.

Death
Kennedy died at the age of 91, on 24 June 2020, the day before his grandson Josh Kennedy was to play his 250th AFL game.

title: John Kennedy Sr. (footballer)


text: User talk:70.51.209.234

title: User talk:70.51.209.234


text:
91 Aquarii

91 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation for a triple star system in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. It also bears the Bayer designation Psi1 Aquarii. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.248. Parallax measurements yield an estimated distance of around 150 ly from Earth. An extrasolar planet is known to orbit the main star.

Stellar system
91 Aquarii is a triple star system. The primary component, 91 Aqr A, is a giant star with a stellar classification of K1 III. This is an evolved star with 138% of the Sun's mass that has expanded to over 10 times the size of the Sun. It is radiating 54 times the Sun's luminosity from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 4,730 K. This gives it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

The primary shares a common proper motion with two others stars, 91 Aqr B and C, suggesting that they are physically connected. The latter pair form a binary system located at an angular separation of 52 arcseconds from the primary. They are 10th magnitude stars separated by 0.3 arcseconds from each other.

Because it lies near the same line of sight, the binary star system CCDM J23159-0905DE was listed to belong to the 91 Aquarii system according to the CCDM catalogue. However, it is listed as physically unconnected in the WDS catalogue and the pair have a different proper motion than 91 Aquarii. CCDM J23159-0905DE has two components, the 13th magnitude CCDM J23159-0905D 80.4 arcseconds from 91 Aquarii, and the 14th magnitude CCDM J23159-0905E 19.7 arcseconds from 91 Aquarii.

Planetary system
In 2003, the discovery of an extrasolar planet orbiting 91 Aquarii A was announced, but its confirmation was not formally published until 2013.

title: 91 Aquarii


text:
Psi2 Aquarii

Psi2 Aquarii, Latinized from ψ2 Aquarii, is the Bayer designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.4. Based upon parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, the distance to this star is roughly 400 ly.

This is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B5 Vn. The 'n' suffix indicates that the absorption lines in the spectrum are being broadened by Doppler shift from the star's rapid rotation rate. The projected rotational velocity of the star is 341 km/s. Psi2 Aquarii is 4.6 times as large as the Sun with an effective temperature of 15,212 K in its outer envelope.

It is a λ Eridani variable, or periodic Be star, with a pulsation cycle lasting 1.073 days. The amplitude of the variation is 0.024 in magnitude.

title: Psi2 Aquarii


text:
Psi3 Aquarii

Psi3 Aquarii, Latinized from ψ3 Aquarii, is the Bayer designation for a visual binary star system in the constellation of Aquarius. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.98, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements give a distance estimate of roughly 262 ly.

The main component of this system is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A0 V. Its companion is an 11th magnitude star 1.5 arcseconds from the primary. This system is an X-ray source with a luminosity of 8.34 × 1029 erg s−1. This radiation most likely comes from the companion star.

title: Psi3 Aquarii


text:
Ruth Law Oliver

Ruth Law Oliver (May 21, 1887 – December 1, 1970) was a pioneer American aviator during the 1910s.

Biography
She was born Ruth Bancroft Law on May 21, 1887 to Sarah Bancroft Breed and Frederick Henry Law in Lynn, Massachusetts.

She was inspired to take up flying by her brother, parachutist and pioneer movie stuntman Rodman Law, with whom she challenged herself to physically keep up during their childhood.

She was instructed by Harry Atwood and Arch Freeman at Atwood Park in Saugus, Massachusetts, having been refused lessons by Orville Wright because, according to Law, he believed that women weren't mechanically inclined, but this only made her more determined, later saying "The surest way to make me do a thing is to tell me I can't do it." She was an adept mechanic. She received her pilot's license in November 1912, and in 1915 gave a demonstration of aerobatics at Daytona Beach, Florida, before a large crowd. She announced that she was going to "loop the loop" for the first time, and proceeded to do so, not once but twice, to the consternation of her husband, Charles Oliver. In 1915 she participated in a publicity stunt for baseball's Grapefruit League. Dodgers manager Wilbert Robinson and outfielder Casey Stengel heard that Law had been dropping golf balls from the sky for a nearby golf course and decided that a similar stunt would be good for publicity. On March 13, 1915, Law flew with Stengel on board (though, later, Stengel would recant his role in the tale, saying it was team trainer) ready to drop the baseball to Robinson's waiting mitt. But instead of a baseball, a grapefruit was flung out the plane, either as a prank or by mistake. The fruit shattered on impact, covering Robinson in the "ooze and goo" and making him believe he was injured and covered with blood. Fortunately, this was not the case, but a popular legend is that this incident was how the Grapefruit League earned its nickname.

In the spring of 1916, she took part in an altitude competition, twice narrowly coming in second to male fliers. She was furious, determined to set a record that would stand against men as well as women.

Her greatest feat took place on 19 November 1916, when she broke the existing cross-America flight air speed record of 452 mi set by Victor Carlstrom by flying nonstop from Chicago to New York State, a distance of 590 mi. The next day she flew on to New York City. Flying over Manhattan, her fuel cut out, but she glided to a safe landing on Governors Island and was met by United States Army Captain Henry "Hap" Arnold (who changed her spark plugs in the Curtiss pusher), who would one day become Commanding General of the United States Army Air Forces. President Woodrow Wilson attended a dinner held in her honor on December 2, 1916. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, she campaigned unsuccessfully for women to be allowed to fly military aircraft. Stung by her rejection, she wrote an article entitled "Let Women Fly!" in the magazine Air Travel, where she argued that success in aviation should prove a woman's fitness for work in that field.

After the war, she continued to set records. After Raymonde de Laroche of France set a women's altitude record of nearly 13,000 ft on 7 June 1919, She broke Laroche's record on 10 June, flying to 14,700 ft. Laroche, in turn, broke Oliver's record on 12 June, flying to a height of 15,748 ft.

On a morning in 1922, Law woke up to read with surprise an announcement of her retirement in the newspaper; her husband had tired of her dangerous job and had taken that step to end her flying career, and she acquiesced to his demand.

She attributed a 1932 nervous breakdown to the lack of flying, having settled down in Los Angeles, spending her days gardening.

In 1948, Law attended a Smithsonian event in Washington, D.C. celebrating the donation of the Wright brothers' Kitty Hawk plane, despite Orville Wright's earlier refusal to teach her. Notwithstanding her accomplished career in aviation, she traveled by train.

She died on December 1, 1970, in San Francisco. She is buried in Pine Grove Cemetery in Lynn, Massachusetts.

title: Ruth Law Oliver


text:
List of rivers of the United States: F

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - XYZ

This is a list of rivers in the United States that have names starting with the letter F. For the main page, which includes links to listings by state, see List of rivers in the United States.

Fa - Fe

 * Fabius River - Missouri
 * Fall River - Kansas
 * Falling Water River - Tennessee
 * Falls River - Connecticut
 * Falls River - Michigan
 * Farmington River - Massachusetts, Connecticut
 * Fawn River - Indiana, Michigan
 * Feather River - California

Fi

 * Firehole River - Wyoming
 * Firesteel River - Michigan
 * First River - New Jersey
 * First Broad River - North Carolina
 * Fish River - Alabama
 * Fish River - Alaska
 * Fish Hook River - Minnesota
 * Fisher River - Montana
 * Fisher River - North Carolina
 * Five Mile River - Massachusetts
 * Fishing River - Missouri

Fl

 * Flag River - Wisconsin
 * Flambeau River - Wisconsin
 * Flat River - Michigan
 * Flat River - North Carolina
 * Flat River - Rhode Island (tributary of the South Branch Pawtuxet River)
 * Flat River - Rhode Island (tributary of the Wood River)
 * Flathead River - Montana
 * Flatrock Creek - Indiana, Ohio
 * Flatrock River - Indiana
 * Flint River - Alabama, Tennessee
 * Flint River - Georgia
 * Flint River - Michigan
 * Flint Run - West Virginia
 * Floyd River - Iowa
 * Floyds Fork - Kentucky (Floyds Fork of the Salt River)
 * Flushing River - New York

Fo

 * Fond du Lac River - Wisconsin
 * Fore River - Maine
 * Forest River - North Dakota
 * Forge River - Massachusetts
 * Fork River - California
 * Forked Deer River - Tennessee
 * Fortymile River - Alaska
 * Fossil Creek - Arizona
 * Fourche River - Arkansas
 * Fourche La Fave River - Arkansas
 * Fourche Maline - Oklahoma
 * Fourteen Mile Creek - Indiana
 * Fowl River - Alabama
 * Fowler River - New Hampshire
 * Fox River - Southern Illinois
 * Fox River - Wisconsin, Northern Illinois
 * Fox River - Wisconsin

Fr

 * Frankstown Branch Juniata River - Pennsylvania
 * Fraser River - Colorado
 * Frazier Brook - New Hampshire
 * Fremont River - Utah
 * French Creek - New York, Pennsylvania
 * French Creek - South Dakota
 * French River - Massachusetts, Connecticut
 * French Broad River - North Carolina, Tennessee
 * Fresh Kills - New York
 * Fresh River - New Hampshire
 * Fresno River - California
 * Frio River - Texas
 * Fryingpan River - Colorado

title: List of rivers of the United States: F


title: User:JonMoore/temp1


text:
List of rivers of the United States: G

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - XYZ

This is a list of rivers in the United States that have names starting with the letter G. For the main page, which includes links to listings by state, see List of rivers in the United States.

Ga

 * Gakona River - Alaska
 * Gale River - New Hampshire
 * Galena River - Wisconsin, Illinois
 * Galien River - Michigan
 * Gallatin River - Wyoming, Montana
 * Garcia River - California
 * Gasconade River - Missouri
 * Gasper River - Kentucky
 * Gauley River - West Virginia

Ge - Go

 * Genesee River - Pennsylvania, New York
 * Gibbon River - Wyoming
 * Gila River - New Mexico, Arizona
 * Glady Fork of the Cheat River - West Virginia
 * Glover River - Oklahoma
 * Goodhope River - Alaska
 * Goose Creek - Virginia

Gr

 * Grand River - Michigan
 * Grand River - Missouri, Iowa
 * Grand River - Ohio
 * Grand River - Oklahoma
 * Grand River - North and South Dakota
 * Grand River - Wisconsin
 * Grand Calumet River - Indiana
 * Grande Ronde River - Oregon, Washington
 * Grant River - Wisconsin
 * Grass River - Michigan
 * Grasse River - New York
 * Gray Wolf River - Washington
 * Grays River - Washington
 * Great Brook - New Hampshire
 * Great Brook - New Jersey
 * Great Chazy River - New York
 * Great Egg Harbor River - New Jersey
 * Great Miami River - Ohio
 * Great Trough Creek - Pennsylvania
 * Great Works River - Maine
 * Green River - Illinois
 * Green River - Kentucky
 * Green River, a tributary of the Housatonic River in Massachusetts and New York
 * Green River, a tributary of the Hoosic River in Massachusetts
 * Green River, a tributary of the Deerfield River in Massachusetts and Vermont
 * Green River - North Carolina
 * Green River - North Dakota
 * Green River - Tennessee
 * Green River - Utah, Colorado, Wyoming
 * Green River, a tributary of the Duwamish River in Washington
 * Green River, a tributary of North Fork Toutle River in Washington
 * Green Fall River - Connecticut, Rhode Island
 * Greenbrier River - West Virginia
 * Greenwater River - Washington
 * Greys River - Wyoming
 * Gridley River - New Hampshire
 * Gros Ventre River - Wyoming

Gu

 * Guadalupe River - California
 * Guadalupe River - Texas
 * Gualala River - California
 * Guest River - Virginia
 * Gulkana River - Alaska
 * Gunnison River - Colorado
 * Gunpowder River - Pennsylvania, Maryland
 * Gunstock River - New Hampshire
 * Guyandotte River - West Virginia

title: List of rivers of the United States: G


text: User talk:24.54.31.53

title: User talk:24.54.31.53


text:
Pat Fiacco

Pat (Pasquale) Fiacco is the former mayor of Regina, the capital city of Saskatchewan, Canada from 2000 to 2012. In June 2014, he became president and chief executive officer of the Hospitals of Regina Foundation, after serving as the CEO of Tourism Saskatchewan since November 2012. On January 27, 2015, it was announced Fiacco had stepped down from his position with Hospitals of Regina Foundation, effective January 21, 2015. He was born and raised in Regina.

Personal history
Fiacco served in the 2004 Athens Olympics as the Canadian referee and judge for the boxing event, and has held provincial and Canadian amateur boxing championships, such as Canada's amateur bantamweight crown in 1980. He has also served as the Head Official of Boxing Canada. Ken Goff's son George Goff and Fiacco implemented the Ken Goff Memorial Boxing Classic, in memory of Ken Goff.

Fiacco has also contributed to the Canadian Olympic Committee, Telemiracle 22, the Big Valley Jamboree, the Ken Goff Memorial Boxing Classic, Sask Sport and Hockey Regina.

Political career
Fiacco was elected mayor in 2000, as a political newcomer. He received an endorsement from the Regina Police Association by then union president Troy Hagen after the number of police officers serving with the Regina Police Service decreased by 31 during the mayoralty of Doug Archer. Fiacco was elected by acclamation in 2003, and re-elected on October 25, 2006. On October 28, 2009, Fiacco was elected to his fourth term. He did not run for a fifth term, and was succeeded as mayor by former councillor Michael Fougere.

He serves as a member on the Regina Regional Economic Development Authority (RREDA); the Mayor’s Task Force on Regina’s Future; the Regina Board of Police Commissioners; the Regina Crime Prevention Commission; the Wascana Centre Authority; the Big City Mayors’ Caucus; the Canadian Capital Cities Organization and the Saskatchewan City Mayor’s Caucus.

On November 28, 2012, Fiacco received the President’s Community Award from the University of Regina in recognition of service to the province of Saskatchewan.

title: Pat Fiacco


text:
Marko Lopušina

Marko Lopušina (Марко Лопушина) (born 1951) is a Serbian journalist and publicist, known for writing a number of books on the Serbian diaspora, and also on secret services and their role in contemporary Serbian politics.

Biography
Lopušina was born in Raška, Yugoslavia, present day Serbia. He finished primary school and secondary school in Brus and completed his undergraduate degree at the Faculty of Politics in the University of Belgrade.

He worked for the newspaper Sekundarne sirovine as a journalist and editor in 1976, for the paper Zdravo as a journalist in 1978, for the magazine Interview since 1981 as a journalist and editor, and since 1997 as the editor-in-chief. Then he became the editor of the magazine Profile. He was the Belgrade reporter of the newspaper Nedeljni telegraf until 2008.

He has been a contributor to many newspapers, including Politika, Ilustrovana Politika, Revija 92, TV Novosti, Dnevnik, Jedinstvo, TV Politika, Arena, Start, Penthouse from Belgrade, Novi Sad, Pristina and Zagreb.

Lopušina has authored over 50 books on the Serbian diaspora, emigration, the Serbian secret services and secret foreign diplomacies.

Awards

 * 2002: Laza Kostić Award for journalism
 * 2004: Best journalist in Serbia, awarded by the Udruženje novinara Srbije (Association of Serbian Journalists)
 * Included in the 2008-09 edition of Who is who in USA and Canada of the Library of Congress in Washington.

Books

 * Crna knjiga: cenzura u Jugoslaviji, 1945-91 (Belgrade: Fokus, 1991). ISBN 978-8-67613-005-4
 * Ubij bližnjeg svog: Jugoslovenska tajna policija od 1945. do 1997 (Belgrade: Narodna Knjiga Alfa, 1997).
 * KGB protiv Jugoslavije (Belgrade: Evro, 2000).
 * CIA u Srbiju (Belgrade: Knjiga komerc, 2010). ISBN 978-8-67712-259-1
 * Ubice u ime države (Novi Sad: Prometej, 2012). ISBN 978-8-65150-777-2
 * Ubij bližnjeg svog: Jugoslovenska tajna policija. 1945–2002. (Belgrade: Marso, 2014). ISBN 978-8-66107-140-9
 * Enciklopedija srpske dijaspore - Srbi u prekomorskim zemljama ( Sluzbeni glasnik, 2016) ISBN 978-8-65191-248-4

title: Marko Lopušina


text:
List of rivers of the United States: H

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - XYZ

This is a list of rivers in the United States that have names starting with the letter H. For the main page, which includes links to listings by state, see List of rivers in the United States.

Ha

 * Hackensack River - New York, New Jersey
 * Hackers Creek - West Virginia
 * Haigler Creek - Arizona
 * Halifax River - Florida
 * Halls Stream - New Hampshire
 * Ham Branch - New Hampshire
 * Hamma Hamma River - Washington
 * Hammonasset River - Connecticut
 * Hampton River - New Hampshire
 * Hampton River - Virginia
 * Hampton Falls River - New Hampshire
 * Hanalei River - Hawaii
 * Hardware River - Virginia
 * Harbor River - South Carolina
 * Harlem River - New York
 * Harpeth River - Tennessee
 * Hassayampa River - Arizona
 * Hatchie River - Mississippi, Tennessee
 * Haw River - North Carolina
 * Hawlings River - Maryland
 * Hay River - Wisconsin
 * Hazel River - Virginia

He - Hi

 * Heart River - North Dakota
 * Henry Fork - West Virginia
 * Henrys Fork - Idaho
 * Hillsborough River - Florida
 * Hiwassee River - Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee

Ho

 * Hockanum River - Connecticut
 * Hocking River - Ohio
 * Hockomock River - Massachusetts
 * Hogatza River - Alaska
 * Hoh River - Washington
 * Holitna River - Alaska
 * Holly River - West Virginia
 * Holston River - Virginia, Tennessee
 * Homochitto River - Mississippi
 * Hood River - Oregon
 * Hoosic River - Massachusetts, Vermont, New York
 * Hop River - Connecticut
 * Horsepasture River - North Carolina
 * Horton Creek - Arizona
 * Housatonic River - Connecticut & Massachusetts
 * Houston River-New York

Hu - Hy

 * Hudson River - New York
 * Huerfano River - Colorado
 * Huff Creek - West Virginia
 * Huff Run - Ohio
 * Hughes River - Virginia
 * Hughes River - West Virginia
 * Humboldt River - Nevada
 * Humptulips River - Washington
 * Hungry River - North Carolina
 * Hunt River - Rhode Island
 * Huron River - Michigan
 * Huron River - Ohio
 * Hurricane Creek - Alabama
 * Huslia River - Alaska
 * Hutchinson River - New York
 * Hyco River - North Carolina, Virginia

title: List of rivers of the United States: H


text:
Iota Aquarii

Iota Aquarii, Latinised from ι Aquarii, is the Bayer designation for a binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of +4.279. Based upon parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, the distance to this star is around 175 ly. The system is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −10 km/s.

The binary nature of this system was reported in 2009 following a radial velocity survey using the HARPS instrument. A 2010 infrared search for companions around this star was unsuccessful. The presence of a stellar companion was confirmed through direct spectral detection in 2016. The companion shows a significant velocity variation over a 77-day interval, suggesting a short orbital period.

The spectrum of the primary, component A, fits a stellar classification of B8 V, showing that this is a B-type main-sequence star. It is roughly 124 million years old and is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 135 km/s. The star has 3.2 times the mass of the Sun and 2.7 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 74 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of ~11,284 km/s. The secondary, component B, has a spectrum of a solar-mass star. The system is a source for X-ray emission.

title: Iota Aquarii


text:
User:Bronkula

I am merely passively interested in updating the wikipedia site, but i have seen a few edits that could be made, and so i have created myself a user account.

title: User:Bronkula


text:
Category:Cathedrals in Germany

This category is for buildings, not for denominations.

title: Category:Cathedrals in Germany


text:
User talk:Chrisjustinparr

License tagging for Image:Wikipedia userbar.png
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Welcome
Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions.
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You've been here a while, but I see no one has formally welcomed you.

Again, welcome! --Usgnus 22:21, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Nofollow vote
Why on earth did you vote on the Nofollow vote which was closed in March 2005? --Firi e n § 13:51, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Civility
Refer to another editor as a "tool" again, and you'll find yourself blocked from editing. WP:CIVIL AlistairMcMillan (talk) 21:21, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * If you looked more closely you'd actually see that half the time I am restoring properly sourced criticism.

 * Please read WP:V. You need to provide a source actually making that criticism. None of the sources you have pointed to actually made that criticism. AlistairMcMillan (talk) 22:29, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Something else you should read: Three-revert rule. Another thing that can get you blocked from editing.

 * Let me ask you again, who is making this criticism? If you can't point us to an actual person making this criticism, then it doesn't belong in the article. See No original research. AlistairMcMillan (talk) 22:38, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I've edited the article based around the source you just pointed to, however I linked directly to the Yahoo! guy actually making the criticism, not TUAW which is just pointing others to it. AlistairMcMillan (talk) 22:56, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * BTW We never accept forum postings as "reliable sources". Any idiot can register an account with a forum and anonymously post whatever nonsense they want. Please read Verifiability. AlistairMcMillan (talk) 22:59, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Cover Flow "bug"

 * Step 1) Select all the tracks that make up the album.
 * Step 2) Select Get Info from the File menu, the "Multiple Item Information" dialog should appear.
 * Step 3) Change Compilation to "Yes" in the bottom-right corner of the "Multiple Item Information" dialog.
 * Step 4) Profit!!!

Now your compilation album should appear as a single album in Cover Flow. AlistairMcMillan (talk) 23:11, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * If it is a compilation how can the artist field all be the same?

 * Are you absolutely sure that the album title is all the same? If you select all the tracks and open Get Info does it show the Album field come up filled or blank? AlistairMcMillan (talk) 00:58, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * What do you see when you have all the album tracks selected and you open Multiple Item Information dialog? I'm genuinely curious because this works for me on multiple machines (both Windows and Mac) and I have a hell of a lot of compilation albums. AlistairMcMillan (talk) 01:50, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah a screenshot of the Multiple Item Information dialog would be great. You can use this email address if you want: pwifenould@farifluset.mailexpire.com AlistairMcMillan (talk) 02:06, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry never received it, could you try sending again please. AlistairMcMillan (talk) 22:04, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Userbar
Another editor has added the "prod" template to the article Userbar, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 18:15, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:BobSinclar-LoveGen.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:BobSinclar-LoveGen.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

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Answer
I have answered your question at File talk:Nankin enfants.jpg. DS (talk) 23:46, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Sébastien Léger

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 * WP:SOAP

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Orphaned non-free image File:Logo Oliver Peoples.gif
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title: User talk:Chrisjustinparr


text:
List of rivers of the United States: I

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - XYZ

This is a list of rivers in the United States that have names starting with the letter I. For the main page, which includes links to listings by state, see List of rivers in the United States.

I

 * Ichawaynochaway Creek - Georgia
 * Ichetucknee River - Florida
 * Iditarod River - Alaska
 * Igushik River - Alaska
 * Illinois River - Arkansas, Oklahoma
 * Illinois River - Colorado
 * Illinois River - Illinois
 * Illinois River - Oregon
 * Imnaha River - Oregon
 * Imperial River - Florida
 * Independence River - New York
 * Indian Creek - West Virginia (Guyandotte River tributary)
 * Indian Creek - West Virginia (Middle Island Creek tributary)
 * Indian Creek - West Virginia (New River tributary)
 * Indian Head River - Massachusetts
 * Indian River - Alaska
 * Indian River - Delaware
 * Indian River - Florida
 * Indian River - Lower Peninsula Michigan
 * Indian River - Upper Peninsula Michigan
 * Indian River - New Hampshire
 * Indian River - South Dakota, a minor tributary of the Big Sioux River
 * Indian River - Virginia
 * Indian Stream - New Hampshire
 * Innoko River - Alaska
 * Iowa River - Iowa
 * Ipswich River - Massachusetts
 * Iron River (disambiguation) - Michigan
 * Iron River - Wisconsin (Bad River tributary)
 * Iron River - Wisconsin (Lake Superior tributary)
 * Iroquois River - Indiana, Illinois
 * Isabella River - Minnesota
 * Isinglass River - New Hampshire
 * Island Bayou - Oklahoma
 * Island Creek - West Virginia
 * Island River - Minnesota
 * Israel River - New Hampshire
 * Itkillik River - Alaska
 * Ivishak River - Alaska
 * Izavieknik River - Alaska

title: List of rivers of the United States: I


text:
Category:Cathedrals in Italy

This category is for articles about cathedrals in Italy, not locations in Italy with cathedrals. Please remove unsuitable articles.
See also:
 * List of the Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy

title: Category:Cathedrals in Italy


text:
Memphis, New York

Memphis is a hamlet in the Town of Van Buren, west of Syracuse in Onondaga County, New York, United States.

Because of its location on the southern town line of Van Buren, above the Towns of Elbridge and Camillus, the Memphis area can also be considered to extend into Elbridge and Camillus. A section of Memphis lies on Cross Lake and Seneca River.

In the early 1800s, the hamlet was named "Canton". Sometime after the 1850s, the name was changed to the current "Memphis", presumably because Canton was already established. Now the name "Canton" refers to a small community between Memphis and Camillus.

From 1825 to 1918, The Erie Canal ran through the north side of Memphis. The First Baptist Church of Memphis was also located in Memphis from 1815 to 2013.The Plainville Turkey Farm used to be in Memphis, which included a restaurant, which closed in February 2010.

The small community is spread over a wide area due to the primary use of land for farming. Well known farms include a portion of Hourigan's Farms, the Hooper Farm, and a portion of Blumer's Farms. There is also an area known by locals as "The Kingdom," named for Kingdom Road. The road follows the east side of the Seneca River, traveling from Jack's Reef to State Route 31.

Directly north of Memphis, past the hamlet of Ionia, lies a small unmarked community. Formerly called Sand Springs in the 1800s, the area is now more commonly known as Whisky Hollow. It is home to the Whiskey Hollow Nature Preserve, a rough road bridging Perry Road to West Dead Creek Road. The preserve has been relatively untouched in the past century. Within the preserve lies a natural spring, which the local community uses as a fresh source of water.

title: Memphis, New York


text:
User:Hamma~enwiki

Re-defining vandalism!

title: User:Hamma~enwiki


text:
Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab

The Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab, also referred to as the Liberation Movement (حركة تحرير), Movement for the Liberation of the Sahara, Advanced Organization of the Sahara, or simply the Muslim Party, was a Sahrawi movement created in the late 1960s by Muhammad Bassiri, a Sahrawi journalist and teacher of Qur’an.

Its aim was the peaceful overturning of Spanish colonial rule and achievement of Western Sahara's self-determination. It initially organized and operated in secret, but revealed its existence in a demonstration in El-Aaiun (Laayoune) against Spanish rule in 1970, attempting to hand over a petition to the Spanish colonial rulers calling for better treatment and Western Sahara's independence.

The protest was immediately and bloodily suppressed by the colonial forces. The massacre and ensuing disturbances has been named the Zemla Intifada, or uprising, after the place the demonstration was held. A nationwide hunt for members of the movement followed: Bassiri himself was arrested and "disappeared" in Spanish custody. He is assumed to have been killed by his jailors, and is counted by the present-day Sahrawi nationalist movement as its first modern-day martyr (Morocco, which claims Western Sahara as its own province, has also similarly attempted to appropriate his legacy, arguing that the Harakat Tahrir was primarily interested in ejecting Spain, not in achieving independence as a nation separate from Morocco).

After the crushing of the Harakat Tahrir, Sahrawi nationalists abandoned the hope of a peaceful end to colonial rule. In May 1973 the militant Front Polisario formed under the leadership of El-Ouali, calling for armed revolution against Spanish rule. The Polisario, which is still active, would later turn its guns on the Moroccan and Mauritanian forces which invaded Western Sahara upon Spain's departure in 1975.


text: Category:Cathedrals in Romania

title: Category:Cathedrals in Romania


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dying Breed

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 02:29, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Dying Breed
Delete. Seems like a local nonnotable band and this reads like a vanity page. Elf | Talk 01:33, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete fails WP:Music, non-notable. --W.marsh 02:32, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 02:36, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Although if anyone can provide substantiation of the claim that local town officials have actually condemned the band's "cult-like followers", I'd switch my vote to keep. Justin Bacon 03:28, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Allmusic does not mention this band, although it has a substub about another by the same name. That page has no information and lists only a single album without comment. The artists are unknown to allmusic entirely as well as to Google, save for Wikimirrors. There's no sensible means to verify any of the article's claims, since Google doesn't find even a website for them for things like "Jimmesworth K. Velenka" + "Dying Breed". -Splash talk 03:33, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for failing wp:music. Make Dying Breed extinct (har har). I wish we could keep all the bands which want so much to be included but that is not how the consensus came out. Qaz  ( talk ) 07:28, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.196.232.234

title: User talk:69.196.232.234


text:
List of rivers of the United States: J

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - XYZ

This is a list of rivers in the United States that have names starting with the letter J. For the main page, which includes links to listings by state, see List of rivers in the United States.

J

 * Jacks River - Georgia
 * Jacks Fork - Missouri
 * Jackson River - Virginia
 * Jail Branch River - Vermont
 * James Fork - Arkansas, Oklahoma
 * James River - Missouri
 * James River - North Dakota, South Dakota
 * James River - Virginia
 * Jarbidge River - Nevada, Idaho
 * Jefferson River - Montana
 * Jemez River - New Mexico
 * Jeremy River - Connecticut
 * John River - Alaska
 * John Day River - northeastern Oregon
 * John Day River - northwestern Oregon
 * Johns River - New Hampshire
 * Johnson Creek - Oregon
 * Jones River - Massachusetts
 * Jordan River - Michigan
 * Jordan River - Utah
 * Jordan River - Virginia
 * Jorgenson River - South Dakota
 * Jourdan River - Mississippi
 * Judith River - Montana
 * Jump River - Wisconsin
 * Juniata River - Pennsylvania

title: List of rivers of the United States: J


text:
Digital signature transponder

The Texas Instruments digital signature transponder (DST) is a cryptographically enabled radio-frequency identification (RFID) device used in a variety of wireless authentication applications. The largest deployments of the DST include the Exxon-Mobil Speedpass payment system (approximately 7 million transponders), as well as a variety of vehicle immobilizer systems used in many late model Ford, Lincoln, Mercury, Toyota, Nissan, Kia, Hyundai and Tesla vehicles.

The DST is an unpowered "passive" transponder which uses a proprietary block cipher to implement a challenge–response authentication protocol. Each DST tag contains a quantity of non-volatile RAM, which stores a 40-bit encryption key. This key is used to encipher a 40-bit challenge issued by the reader, producing a 40-bit ciphertext, which is then truncated to produce a 24-bit response transmitted back to the reader. Verifiers (who also possess the encryption key) verify this challenge by computing the expected result and comparing it to the tag response. Transponder encryption keys are user programmable, using a simple over-the-air protocol. Once correctly programmed, transponders may be "locked" through a separate command, which prevents further changes to the internal key value. Each transponder is factory provisioned with a 24-bit serial number and 8-bit manufacturer code. These values are fixed and cannot be altered if the transponder is locked.

The DST40 cipher
Until 2005, the DST cipher (DST40) was a trade secret of Texas Instruments, made available to customers under non-disclosure agreement. This policy was likely instituted due to the cipher's non-standard design and small key size, which rendered it vulnerable to brute-force keysearch. In 2005, a group of students from the Johns Hopkins University Information Security Institute and RSA Laboratories reverse-engineered the cipher using an inexpensive Texas Instruments evaluation kit, through schematics of the cipher leaked onto Internet, and black-box techniques (i.e., querying transponders via the radio interface, rather than dismantling them to examining the circuitry). Once the cipher design was known, the team programmed several FPGA devices to perform brute-force key searches based on known challenge/response pairs. Using a single FPGA device, the team was able to recover a key from two known challenge/response pairs in approximately 11 hours (average case). With an array of 16 FPGA devices, they reduced this time to less than one hour. Additionally, researchers from the COSIC research group of KU Leuven implemented a time/memory trade-off attack for which a 5.6 TB lookup table has to be precomputed, after which a key can be recovered in two seconds using a Raspberry Pi 3B by sniffing two challenge-response pairs.

DST40 is a 200-round unbalanced Feistel cipher, in which L0 is 38 bits, and R0 is 2 bits. The key schedule is a simple linear feedback shift register, which updates every three rounds, resulting in some weak keys (e.g., the zero key). Although the cipher is potentially invertible, the DST protocol makes use of only the encipher mode. When used in the protocol with the 40–24-bit output truncation, the resulting primitive is more aptly described as a Message Authentication Code rather than an encryption function. Although a truncated block cipher represents an unusual choice for such a primitive, this design has the advantage of precisely bounding the number of collisions for every single key value.

The DST40 cipher is one of the most widely used unbalanced Feistel ciphers in existence.

The DST80 cipher
As a reaction to the discovery that the key size used in DST40 is too short to stop brute-force attacks, TI developed the DST80 cipher, which has a key size of 80 bits. Challenges are still 40 bits in size, however. As, like its predecessor, DST80 documentation was never released to the public either, researchers from the COSIC research group of KU Leuven managed to extract the firmware of several vehicle immobilizer implementations, and reverse-engineer the cipher from these implementations. Additional to the cryptanalysis of DST80, they also found a side-channel attack that can also be used to extract the cryptographic keys.

DST80 is still an unbalanced Feistel network of 200 rounds with the same values for L0 and R0. The key schedule, now updating every round and using 80-bit keys, is still based on an LFSR. While this would fix the brute-force attack used against DST40, the issue of weak keys still persists. Furthermore, several manufacturers improperly configured their DST80-based transponders reducing the security of the overall system against brute-force attacks to hardly any higher than that of DST40 (a downgrade from 280 to 241). Furthermore, as some manufacturers (Kia, Hyundai, and Toyota) used easy-to-guess low-entropy keys, the upper bound is often even lower. Finally, its implementation is vulnerable to side-channel attacks.

Reaction and fixes
It is unclear if the security threats to the DST-based immobilizer systems and Exxon-Mobil Speedpass system have been addressed. It is possible that these systems have been updated with more secure transponders or that additional measures have been put in place to protect against vulnerabilities. It is important for users of these systems to continue to be vigilant in protecting their transponder keys and to carefully review their Speedpass invoices for any signs of fraud. The use of metallic shields may also provide additional protection against unauthorized scanning of DST tags. It is recommended for users to stay informed about the security of these systems and to take necessary precautions to protect themselves.

title: Digital signature transponder


text:
Talk:Nez Perce Horse

NO ACCENT
The name of the breed is spelled without the accent, as is the name of the tribe (but that is a battle I lost.) Please check out the official handbook of the Registry for verification.

To change the spelling is similar to changing the name of any other established breed. Why? It is what it is. PERIOD!

Robbie Giles 01:35, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

The argument is not convincing, as the document seems to be simply typed up using a standard American (accent-less) keyboard. I suspect the NPHR simply does not care about the accent. Which makes a little bit of sense: in the American vision, accents don't change the spelling. The only thing solidly established is the name of the tribe, Nez Percé, attested by myriads of sources (starting with the Britannica). Note how the Handbook.pdf spells this "Nez Perce Tribe". Surely the NPHR isn't trying to change the "spelling" of the tribal name? Urhixidur 03:17, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I give up! There is absolutely no argument about the correct spelling. You are wrong to spell it with the accent. The name is spelled by the tribe without the accent in all its literature. The United States National Parks and Forest Services spell the official names of the forests and monuments without the accent in all their literature. The Horse Registry in its by-laws (a legal document) uses the accent-less spelling. But hey! They are just being lazy Americans with no respect for accents. Keep putting in the accents and making the articles incorrect. I'm not bashing my head any longer. Besides, the tribe never ever used piercing as an ornamentation; so the French trappers and priests made a mistake in the first place. Robbie Giles 21:52, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Photos
Maybe these are Nez Perce horses? ,, , Kersti Nebelsiek (talk) 19:00, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Maybe. They do have the right body build, and the horse with the bronze coat looks like a purebred Akhal-Teke. The background also looks like the Nez Perce reservation, at least it's similar to the landforms around Lewiston, Idaho (grin). Can you read the language in which the photos were posted? I get "Cavallo" and "Nez Perce," but the question is if they are really Nez Perce horses or just rather lean Appaloosa horses that happen to be owned by members of the Nez Perce tribe? Can you shed any light on that? Montanabw (talk) 05:42, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Picture #3 is at the registry site, as I recognize the barn. I hope to be down there in Lapwai either this weekend or next to take a few photos for the article. --Robbie Giles (talk) 21:55, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

 * If Kersti -- or anyone else -- wants to upload the flickr images into Commons (she's good at that), I would be OK with #3. It would be nice to have an image without the feet of the horse chopped off. Montanabw (talk) 00:35, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It ist in the Nez Perce Reservation, but they didn't mention the breed. "Cavall a la reserva Nez Perce" means "Horse in the Nez Perce Reservation". Kersti Nebelsiek (talk) 21:24, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It looks enough like one to me, particularly given that one of the horses in the sequence on flickr is clearly an Akhal-Teke in color and body build. I say "proceed until apprehended." (grin) It doesn't really look like an "old style" Appy, and if robbie recognizes the place, I'm OK with it. (All I can say is the countryside looks like Idaho, anyway!) Montanabw (talk) 05:22, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Nez Perce Horse