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In the Presence of Mine Enemies

In the Presence of Mine Enemies is a 2003 alternate history novel by American author Harry Turtledove, expanded from the eponymous short story. The title comes from Psalm 23:5. The novel depicts a world in which the United States remained isolationist and so did not participate in the Second World War, thus allowing a victory to the Axis powers, which divided the world among themselves. However, some years after the war, the Third World War occurred and featured the Axis powers defeating the United States and Canada.

Set in 2010, the novel focuses on Heinrich Gimpel and a small group of Jews who survived the Holocaust by passing as Gentiles; all the book's viewpoint characters are members of this secret Jewish group. The events occur against a backdrop that parallels the Soviet Union's last days, with characters based upon Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin, and others.

Plot summary
Wehrmacht officer Heinrich Gimpel astonishes his 10-year-old daughter, Alicia, with a secret that has been hidden from her all her life: the family is Jewish. He explains that the Gimpels, their friends Walther and Esther Stutzman, and their extended families all belong to the remnants of Jews who now survive by hiding in plain sight within the very society that wants them dead. Now old enough, by family tradition, to be trusted with this life-or-death deception, Alicia is obliged to hide the truth from her friends, her classmates, and even her younger sisters, even as she is forced to regard her school's racist curriculum from a new perspective that leaves her sick and angry over all the anti-Semitic propaganda that she had always learned and parroted without question.

Meanwhile, Heinrich finds himself caught in the marital strife between his co-worker, Willi Dorsch, and Willi's wife, Erika. Willi, doubting Erika's fidelity due to her constant flirting with Heinrich, begins an extra-marital affair with his secretary. Embittered by her husband's infidelity, Erika seeks to have a retaliatory affair with Heinrich. He resists, which leads to Erika accusing him of being a Jew and Heinrich being arrested by the Sicherheitspolizei. It is only after Erika realizes that her accusation caused Heinrich's children to be taken as well that she confesses her lie and attempts to commit suicide, unaware the entire time that Heinrich and his family actually are Jewish.

Esther Stutzman, who works as a receptionist in a doctor's office, also experiences a close call with Nazi policies when her friends Richard and Maria Klein, closeted Jews like herself, bring their ailing eight-month-old baby, Paul, in for a checkup. The diagnosis, Tay–Sachs disease, is a disease known to be prevalent among Jews. A subsequent investigation into his family background would spell doom for his parents and any names that they might be forced to reveal under torture. Although Esther's husband, Walther, is able to hack into the Reich's computer network and change the Klein's family history, it is the revelation that Reichsführer-SS Lothar Prützmann has a nephew with Tay-Sachs that brings the investigation to a halt.

In the background, the death of the current Führer, Kurt Haldweim (modelled on the real-life Austrian president Kurt Waldheim), causes him to be replaced by the reform-minded Heinz Buckliger, who relaxes the oppressive laws of the Reich. In a secret speech, with word-of-mouth spreading it to the populace, the new Führer denounces his predecessors and says that the Reich committed crimes in the past. Reactionary opposition rallies around the SS, and the populist Gauleiter of Berlin, Rolf Stolle, champions accelerated reform.

Things come to a head with the announcement of relatively free elections: candidates need not be Nazi Party members though they must be Aryan. Led by Reichsführer-SS Lothar Prützmann, the SS carries out a conservative coup d'état, imprisons the Führer, and installs former High Commissioner of Ostland Affairs, Odilo Globocnik, as the new Führer. However, Stolle instigates a people power movement, which the Wehrmacht supports. The coup d'état is defeated after Walther Stutzman salts the country's computer network with the information about Reichsführer-SS Prützmann's Tay-Sachs afflicted nephew. Soon, Berlin comes to the conclusion that Prützmann is a Jew, which definitively turns the tide against the coup. In the aftermath, Prützmann kills himself, Globocnik is lynched, and Buckliger is re-enstated as Führer (albeit harrowed by his detainment and eclipsed by the popular Stolle).

At the end of the novel, elections deliver a pro-reform majority to the Reichstag, with Stolle as its speaker, and produces a mandate for the independence of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in a concurrent referendum. Also, the Gimpels and the Stutzmans gather to tell the ten-year-old Francesca that she is a Jew.

Viewpoint characters

 * Heinrich Gimpel, a hidden Jew serving as an officer at the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht in Berlin. Heinrich is careful and meticulous about maintaining his masquerade and originally even from the reader, who does not before nearly a whole chapter learn that Gimpel is a hidden Jew and a leader of a secret Jewish community. Heinrich's specific job is to monitor the American payment of tribute to Germany and to detect the frequent attempts to avoid payment. Gimpel is arrested because a friend's wife denounces him as a Jew although she did not know that he really is one after he resisted her sexual advances. Gimpel is eventually released from custody, with an SS major who escorts him out the door casually remarking to him: "You find us in the oddest places."
 * Lise Gimpel, Heinrich's wife, also a Jew.
 * Alicia Gimpel, Heinrich and Lise's ten-year-old daughter and oldest of three sisters. At the beginning of the book, she is initiated into the secret that she and other family and friends are Jewish. She is stunned but gradually comes to accept it.
 * Susanna Weiss, a Medieval English scholar at the Friedrich Wilhelm University. She is also one of the few surviving Jews left in the Reich.
 * Esther Stutzman, a receptionist at a Berlin area pediatrician's office. She and her husband, Walther, are also hidden Jews. She is a tuckerization of the well-known science-fiction/fantasy author Esther Friesner.
 * Walther Stutzman, a computer programmer at Zeiss. He has unauthorized access into many of the Reich's databases using codes created by his father, who was involved with transferral of paper records to computer records. He can assign false Aryan pedigrees to Jewish people to allow them to avoid detection by the Reich.

Political alignment
The Führer of the Greater German Reich is the world's most powerful political leader. Besides the Reich itself, the "Greater Germanic Empire" includes countries that are occupied (but not annexed) and others that are allied. The occupied countries have their own governments but limited sovereignty; the Nazis interfere in their internal affairs, especially in applying racial ideology. The allies, though technically independent, are subject to heavy Nazi influence; most of them represent the local varieties of racist, fascist, and radical nationalist forces.

Italy's empire is around the Mediterranean Sea, including the parts of Africa granted by the Reich. The Nazis compel the Italians to carry out large-scale massacres of Arabs in their territories in the Middle East. The nation is controlled by the House of Savoy (headed by King Umberto) and the Duce of the Italian Empire. While much of Africa is divided up among Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, an "Aryan-dominated" Union of South Africa remains as an independent ally of the German Reich. Spain is mentioned as being governed by a caudillo, but no mention is made about the status of the Spanish monarchy.

Although it is less powerful than Germany, Imperial Japan is a nuclear power that keeps the Reich at bay with the implicit threat of mutually assured destruction. Moreover, Japan has its own subordinate rulers (only the Emperor of Manchukuo is mentioned) in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Despite having "an ocean of slave labor" at its disposal, Japan now concentrates upon developing high technologies. Despite the Germano–Nipponese alliance, the Nazis consider the Japanese to be racially inferior and lacking in creativity, using propaganda pointing to a perceived decrease in Japan's technological advances as proof. Even so, Japanese tourists, students and restaurants are commonly seen within the Reich.

United States and Canada
In the 1960s and the 1970s, Germany and the Axis powers defeated the United States and Canada in the Third World War with the nuclear bombs that they had developed. The key American cities of Washington, DC and Philadelphia were destroyed by the bombs, with their environments being rendered uninhabitable for years to come. Other cities such as New York City, St. Louis, and Chicago were heavily damaged by conventional bombing raids. The US capital was moved to Omaha, Nebraska, where a pro-Nazi puppet government was set up, and the Reich maintains Wehrmacht occupation forces in New York City, Chicago, St. Louis, and Omaha itself. Upon conquering the US, the Einsatzkommandos and the American white supremacists systematically kill the country's Jewish and most of its Black populations, with any remaining Black people being used for slave labor by the Reich.

The US pays annual tribute, an important income for Germany's economy, despite US hyperinflation and the US dollar's disappearance as a world currency. Whenever possible, the US evades paying the tribute.

Other occupied nations
Henry IX is the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (although his lineage is never explained), which has been annexed by the Reich. The British Union of Fascists is the governing party, with Charlie Lynton as Prime Minister; however, it is internally divided over the extent of the Reich's influence in its governance (reminiscent of British euroscepticism) and the selection process for a new Führer.

The Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, and Serbs are killed because they are Untermenschen, and the Arabs for being as "Semitic as Jews." Moreover, the Reich, Italian Empire, Portugal, and Spain commit the genocide of the African populations and enslave survivors. South Africa, however, still continues its apartheid and so ironically keeps the Black South Africans from being either killed off or used for slave labor.

Any Jews found are immediately killed on sight, and while "the surviving Russians were pushed far east of the Urals," there is much guerrilla fighting, which requires forts to protect the German settlers.

The Nazis treat the Czechs, Croats, and Bulgarians relatively well, despite being Slavs: the Czechs greatly contribute to the Reich's economy, and the Croats and Bulgarians savagely persecute the Serbs by severe racial discrimination, suppressing rebellions, and enslavement or killing of dissidents. Iranians and Indians are classified as "Aryan" and so are not persecuted by the Nazis; some are even invited to study at German universities.

Technology
The level of technology in the novel is much the same as in the actual 21st century. The Wehrmacht uses jet aircraft, panzers, U-boats, armoured personnel carriers, assault rifles, and a variety of naval warships. The "Ministry of Air and Space" is mentioned as having planted a permanent outpost on the Moon and to be carrying out a human landing on Mars, and it may be planning a crewed mission to the Jovian moons. Orbital weather platforms are also mentioned in the novel.

Civilian technology has also advanced similarly to its military counterpart in the 21st century. Jet airliners, televisions (called televisors), computers (although the Internet has not reached the same level as its real-life counterpart for fear of it being a "security nightmare"), modern cars, microwaves, and dishwashers are used throughout the Reich. The German population enjoys very high living standards at the expense of non-Germans throughout the Reich and occupied nations.

Society
The Reich's society is culturally dominant because of its victories in the Second and the Third World Wars, and German companies and organizations dominate the economies of the allied and occupied nations. Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen are thriving, and Zeiss produces the Reich's computers and software. Agfa-Gevaert produces television commercials that encourage Germans to migrate to the Ostland territories, and Lufthansa covers the air.

The British Broadcasting Corporation is mentioned throughout the novel, with the Reich's counterpart being the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (RRG). A RRG newscaster, Horst Witzleben, appears several times in the novel, and his "Seven O'clock News" is highly influential.

The Reich Genealogical Office has online genealogical records, which can define life and death to persons suspected of being Jewish. (In real-life, the Nazi state already used the punchcards developed by IBM to mark out the Jews and eventually arrest them and send them to extermination camps. )

Economy
The Reichsmark is the dominant world currency and is legal tender in the Greater German Reich, but most of the Reich's member states, territories, and allies (including the Empire of Japan, Latin America, Britain, and the United States) have national currencies. Since the Reich dictates favorable exchange rates, the Reichsmark is readily accepted (and apparently welcome) even in places in which it is not legal tender. Britain continues to use its pre-decimal pound sterling currency, but the five-shilling Crown coin is struck in cheap aluminum, not silver, as "silver" coins were at least partly made of before World War II and briefly afterward.

Education
School is the way with which the German Reich indoctrinates and controls the citizenry, starting in its youth. Corporal punishment is practiced in schools against actions such as disrespecting a superior, not doing one's school work, and for not knowing the correct answers to teachers' questions in the classroom. The school year occupies most of the calendar year, with the only major holidays being the two-week holiday between Christmas and the New Year, and the week-long break after Easter. The remainder of the year is school work though one-day holidays occur infrequently.

The Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel are compulsory for children in the German Reich, the Nazi gender roles having changed little. At the end of the novel, the Hitlerjugend implements changes towards preparing boys into becoming responsible, adult citizens, rather than army conscripts.

The Reich education system is only for Germany; allied states and occupied territories control their own education systems. In the US, American children continue to have long summer holidays from school, a fact that German teachers emphasize as one of the reasons for its defeat to the German Reich.

German academics have key roles in the processes of racial discrimination and genocide. The German Institute for Racial Studies, part of Friedrich Wilhelm University, is charged with defining the peoples and ethnic groups of the "Germanic Empire" that are subhuman and so are marked for genocide or slavery. At its side, as the smiling face of the Reich, is the German Institute for Foreigners (founded in 1922), charged with instructing those foreigners who fortunately were classed as "Aryans", such as Iranians and Indians, in the German language and culture.

Academic life is male-dominated. Although it is possible for a woman to have an academic career, the few who do so face great difficulties and must engage in daily, petty struggles to gain privileges that are granted to men. Under Reich sexism, an assertive woman might be accused that she is "not a proper National Socialist woman," but such attitudes are regarded as old-fashioned and challenged by younger people.

Sports
The Reich's sports are the sole province of the Aryans and are controlled by the German Federation of Sport, which favors German sportsmen over sportsmen from other states. It has the power to reserve the right to withdraw from competition with foreign teams and to withhold the rights of foreign teams to tour the Reich when political relations sour. An example is the boycott of Italian sports teams after a riot at a football match in Milan between the home team's fans and the visiting Leipzig team's fans. The deprivation of the right to tour the Reich and of having the Reich's teams visit is financially hurtful. Germany won a recent World Cup but now is challenged by a powerful, multi-racial Brazil, with Negroes and Native Americans, among others.

Surviving Jews
Although the Jews are considered to be exterminated in 2010, anti-Semitic stereotypes remain strong in popular culture and official propaganda and are an important part of school education. The books of anti-Semitic author Julius Streicher (Trust No Fox in the Green Meadow, No Jew on His Oath, and The Poison Mushroom) are universal reading for German children. The hidden Jews feel obliged to buy them for their children since doing otherwise might arouse suspicion.

Jews both are and are not of the society surrounding them. They must constantly play the role of parroting the prevailing anti-Semitic clichés. They keep as much of their Jewish identity as can be imparted in secret meetings among themselves, with purely oral lore though some written Hebrew is taught. With the exception of the Bible, which can be kept openly, since Christianity, while not encouraged, is allowed by the Reich, they dare not possess books on Judaism though they still exist.

All of the viewpoint characters were born under the Nazis, and maintaining the masquerade is second nature. The greatest danger is when a child is told of his or her true identity, usually aged ten, which is considered old enough to keep the secret. Children often are shocked, since like all other German children, they grew up exposed to constant anti-Semitism from teachers and children's books. The adults soften the shock by teaching the children to feel privileged to belong to such a secret society.

It is mentioned that the hidden Jews regard it as too dangerous to gather on the Major Holidays and fasts of Judaism, such as Passover and Yom Kippur, and so they hold their secret gatherings on Minor Holidays such as Purim.

Other minorities
German industry uses Slavic, Black, and Arab slave laborers for "dirty" or dangerous work. In one passage, an industrial accident in the Ruhr is reported on television as having caused the deaths of "Twelve Aryans and an unknown number of Untermenschen."

Homosexuals are actively persecuted. Unlike Jews, Gypsies, and other "inferior races," which are thought to have been wiped out" homosexuals continue to arise and are hunted by the security police unless they have political connections to protect them.

Berlin
Much of the story occurs in Berlin. The Reich capital is replete with the monumental architecture of Albert Speer. An important example is the Great Hall, which can house more than 100,000 people and held the funeral of deceased Führer Kurt Haldweim. With a dome 200 m high and 250 m wide, it is crowned with a massive, gilded German eagle holding a swastika.

Nearby is the Führer's Palace, the Führer's official residence, which is guarded by soldiers from the Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland, which is barracked near the Palace. Aside from security, it is a ceremonial, dress corps armed with (antique) Gewehr 98 rifles and an arsenal that includes assault rifles and tanks. Next is the Adolf-Hitler-Platz, a grand public square for rallies and such.

The Soldier's Hall commemorates the German Reich's military might by exhibiting the radioactive remains of the Liberty Bell (displayed behind lead glass), gliders that were used to invade Britain, the first Panzer IV to enter the Kremlin, and the railroad carriage in which Imperial Germany surrendered to the Allies in 1918, at Compiègne, France, and in which France surrendered to Nazi Germany in 1940.

The Arch of Triumph is 170 m wide and 1700 m deep although it is modelled on the smaller Arc de Triomphe in Paris; much of the Berlin district's automobile traffic transits through it. Because the city is populous, public transport (rapid transit trains, U-Bahn, and commuter railroads) is well developed; one rail station is the "South Station," near government offices. Speer's plans cause the anchoring of the south end of the main boulevard with the most monumental structures. Captured enemy weapons and battle wreckage (a British fighter plane, a Soviet tank, a US submarine conning tower) are displayed outside the station.

Berlin also has the headquarters to the key government ministries: Air and Space, Justice, Interior, Transport, Food, Economics, Colonial, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, and the Führer's Office.

The Kurfürstendamm is a commercial district that glitters with neon signs and reflected sun light, but the citizens of Berlin use the street's full name in their daily lives, instead of the abbreviated slang of the native. Berlin is culturally vibrant by offering residents and visitors a wildly successful musical on Churchill and Stalin and cosmopolitan cuisines, but under the Reinheitsgebot, the nation's medieval beer-purity law bans the importation of Japanese beer. American fast food is a rarity because of the American economic collapse after it was defeated in World War III, despite the existence of eateries such as The Greasy Spoon.

Culturally, the toy store Ulbright offers pretty "Vicki" dolls and the "Landser Sepp" action figures (a boy's doll) to the Reich's children. Vicki dolls are made in the US with slave labour and come in different varieties, but all dolls look perfectly Aryan and so abide to Reich policy.

London
Parts of the story also take place in London, the capital of Britain. In the novel, the British people are impoverished because of the German occupation. William Shakespeare and his works are more widely known and published in Germany than in his homeland, partly because of Britain's economic collapse. During the war, much of London was destroyed by aerial bombing and fierce urban fighting during the last-ditch resistance by Churchill and his supporters. Key British buildings, including the Parliament building, Big Ben and St Paul's Cathedral, have been completely destroyed, with photographs and paintings being their only remaining legacy. Some areas of the city have been in ruins for over 70 years because of both the harsh reparations imposed on the British by the Germans and the partisan uprisings that were completely crushed only by the mid-1970s. German city planners often visit Britain to see how it deals with building from the clean slate that they can never have.

The Crown is a hotel that serves as the meeting place of the British Union of Fascists; as its name implies, it is dominated by an enormous crown. The BUF's members have a reputation of being violent thugs, and a fight involving its members takes place outside and within the hotel. A second hotel, the Silver Eagle, hosts the Medieval English Association conference and bears a glass and steel eagle on its top. Both hotels are modern, glass-fronted structures.

Literary criticism and significance
Gavriel David Rosenfeld, in his work The World Hitler Never Made, notes that unlike other alternate histories that deal with a Nazi victory, In the Presence of Mine Enemies humanizes the Nazis. Rosenfeld stated that would have been impossible in earlier years, when the trend was to show the Nazis in alternate histories as the "incarnation of evil." Rosenfeld, however, noted that despite Turtledove's reputation as an acclaimed and skilled writer in alternate history, Turtledove received a lot of criticism for the novel, which made Rosenfeld assume that most American audiences do not wish to humanize the Nazis.

Adam-Troy Castro, however, gave a good review of the novel. Though he found that the hidden Jewish characters of the novel weathered their secret life too well and compared others who live secret lives in our society (for examples homosexuals) who sometimes have to deal with incidents of self-loathing, alcoholism, drug abuse and even suicide. In the end Castro was thrilled to see at the end of the novel the main characters standing tall against an oppressive government.

title: In the Presence of Mine Enemies


text: User talk:70.28.110.145

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.28.110.145


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Grant Leadbitter

Grant Leadbitter (born 7 January 1986) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He made more than 500 appearances in the Premier League and Football League, which included 212 for Middlesbrough, 180 for Sunderland and 116 for Ipswich Town. Leadbitter retired at the end of the 2021 season, having won the EFL Trophy in his final season with Sunderland.

Leadbitter played for Sunderland from 2003 until 2009 after rising as a product from the team's Youth Academy before signing for Ipswich Town. He spent seven seasons with Middlesbrough before finishing his career with Sunderland. In 2007 Leadbitter received a call-up for England U21, and featured for them three times.

Leadbitter spent the 2021/2022 season gaining his UEFA A License. Since October 2022, he has been part of the first-team coaching staff at Middlesbrough.

Early life
Leadbitter was born in Chester-le-Street, County Durham. He grew up in Fence Houses as a Sunderland fan, and joined the Sunderland youth academy at the age of 16. He progressed through the ranks and represented England at the U19 level in 2002, scoring against Brazil to help England finish in the top four in the league tournament.

Sunderland
Leadbitter's first professional appearance for Sunderland came as a substitute in a League Cup defeat against Huddersfield Town in September 2003. Before obtaining a regular first-team place at the club, he was loaned to Rotherham United in September 2005, where he scored once against Swansea in five league games. After his loan stay in Hibernian, he began to be selected regularly by then manager Mick McCarthy, and played in 11 of Sunderland's final 14 matches of the season.

After Sunderland's relegation in 2006, Leadbitter stalled on contract talks, with many predicting he was aiming to attract the attention of a Premier League club after his impressive displays during the previous season. However, a contract was subsequently agreed with the player claiming he only ever wanted to stay with Sunderland and, henceforth, Leadbitter played an important role in the Black Cats' revival under the management of Roy Keane. Leadbitter took part in every one of Sunderland's games in the 2006–07 season and contributed seven goals, ranking as the club's third top scorer of that season. On Sunderland's return to the Premier League, Leadbitter continued to feature regularly with Keane, even making comparisons with Paul Scholes (he allegedly wears the number 18 shirt in honour of his hero Scholes). In June 2008 Leadbitter signed a new contract with Sunderland, keeping him at the club until 2011.

On 4 October 2008, Leadbitter scored a memorable goal against Arsenal after just coming off the bench. The 25-yard goal was celebrated in emotional style, as he ran over to his manager and had his head on the floor, nearly in tears. This emotional celebration was because his father, Brian Leadbitter, had died just weeks beforehand and his ashes had been buried right on that spot under the grass on the Stadium of Light. "People close to me know why I went down on the floor like I did, I just want to leave it at that. The people who know me know why I kissed that area of the ground. My dad's ashes were buried there. I don't want to go on about it. It just means a lot to me and my family. It's exactly that spot and it was always my intention to do something like that when I scored my first goal here." Leadbitter said to the press after the match.

Ipswich Town
On 1 September 2009, Leadbitter transferred to Championship club Ipswich Town for a fee of £2.6 million, along with team-mate Carlos Edwards. He made his first-appearance on 12 September, starting in a 3–1 loss to Middlesbrough. He scored his first goal for the club against Nottingham Forest on 15 September, netting the opening goal in a 1–1 draw. Leadbitter became a first-team regular during his first season at Portman Road, making 40 appearances in all competitions and scoring 3 goals.

He continued to feature as a regular in the first-team during the 2010–11 season. He scored his first goal of the season on 21 August in a 2–1 away win over Crystal Palace. He made 50 appearances over the course of the season, scoring 6 goals, including a brace in a 3–3 home draw with Middlesbrough at Portman Road.

Leadbitter was named club captain for the 2011–12 season, following the departure of David Norris. On 10 March, he scored a brace as Ipswich came from behind to draw 2–2 with Hull City. Following a spell on the sidelines due to injury, Ipswich manager Paul Jewell gave the captain's armband to Carlos Edwards, who remained as the captain for the remainder of the season. He made 36 appearances during the 2011–12 season, scoring 5 goals.

Middlesbrough
On 29 May 2012, it was announced that Leadbitter had signed a three-year contract with Championship club Middlesbrough, on a free transfer, following the expiry of his contract at Ipswich Town. Leadbitter scored on his debut in a 7–3 pre-season friendly win against Falkirk. He scored his first league goal on 30 November 2012 in a 2–3 away defeat against Birmingham City. Leadbitter scored twice as Boro lost 3–2 away to Wolverhampton Wanderers in March 2013. After a string of consistent performances throughout the 2012–13 season, Leadbitter was awarded Middlesbrough's player of the season in his first season at the club. Leadbitter scored his fourth goal for Middlesbrough on 25 August 2013 at Wigan. On 21 September 2013, he scored Boro's final goal in a 3–3 draw at home to Bournemouth. On 19 December 2014 Leadbitter agreed a 3-year contract extension with the club. Leadbitter's commanding performances and selection of spectacular goals lead to him being named in the Championship PFA Team of the Year.

On 7 May 2016, Leadbitter won promotion to the Premier League with Middlesbrough after a 1–1 draw at home against Brighton & Hove Albion.

Return to Sunderland
Leadbitter re-signed for Sunderland on a free transfer in January 2019. He was named captain at the start of the 2019–20 season. In February 2020, he was given an extended leave of absence from the club for personal reasons, returning for pre-season in July. On 25 May 2021 it was announced that he would leave Sunderland at the end of the season, following the expiry of his contract. On 14 September 2021 Leadbitter announced his retirement from football, most notably winning the EFL trophy with the club in his final season.

International career
Leadbitter came on as a late substitute replacing Gabriel Agbonlahor, in a 2–0 win in England Under 21s 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification group, against Bulgaria. He featured again for England U21 on 25 March 2008 and made his final appearance in a 0–0 draw against Poland U21, not being picked after that and turning 23 soon after.

Honours
Sunderland
 * Football League Championship: 2006–07
 * EFL Trophy: 2020–21; runner-up: 2018–19

Middlesbrough
 * Football League Championship runner-up: 2015–16

Individual
 * Middlesbrough Player of the Year: 2012–13
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2014–15 Championship

title: Grant Leadbitter


text:
User:Mvalue

Mvalue is a shortening of Mr. Value.

Contributions

 * Calling Fives

Recommended

 * Mozilla Firefox
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title: User:Mvalue


text:
Talk:Great Railroad Strike

Problem: this article covers the same content as Railroad Strikes of 1877. I'm not a labor historian, but I would suggest merging both under the title Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Billbrock 05:19, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Railroad Strike


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gacne

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 05:45, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Gacne
Neologism at best, no Wikitionary or Dictionary entry, and Google search shows sites in foreign languages. Article is nothing but a dic def anyway. — Kjammer ⌂  05:19, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I dont think I want to know what a gooch or a taint is. Delete as per Kjam and may god rest your soul. CastAStone 05:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The taint is known scientifically as the perineum. Xoloz 06:26, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete/Speedy even' for already stated reasons Qaz  ( talk ) 00:00, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gacne


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User talk:Kittynboi

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers such as yourself:

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Doughnuts
"Shrouded in mystery" is really a little flowery for an encyclopedia. :P Also be careful in changing how you spell words. The doughnut article consistently spells it that way, rather than donut. - BalthCat 03:40, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kittynboi


text:
Talk:Room101

— J I P | Talk 05:20, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Room101


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User:Zippoist

Zippoist is the nickname I use on English websites. I am usually more active on the Hebrew Wikipedia, and I will probably only be active on the English Wikipedia for small edits like links, categories and the like.

Subjects I'm interested in are Entertainment, Fraternities and Sororities, Baseball the Military, and History in general. I try to expand stubs into articles and remove unncessary stub tags as well.

title: User:Zippoist


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File:Psg renaissance.jpg

Summary
Author: Sifur (Alias) Contact: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sifur

Description: A fashion show at Renaissance 2003 (organized by the PSG Tech Student Union).

title: File:Psg renaissance.jpg


text: User talk:70.109.187.103

title: User talk:70.109.187.103


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Cosmo the Cougar

Cosmo is the official mascot of Brigham Young University's (BYU) athletic teams. He can be seen at almost all sporting events, wearing the uniform of the team that is playing. In the past, Cosmo's job was a volunteer position, and no scholarship or academic assistance was given. However, scholarships and other benefits are offered today. The mascot is expected to be involved in civic events and university functions. He is also the brother of Cosmo Cougar Junior, Cooper Cougar, Corbin Cougar, Cosmabelle Cougar, and Charlotte Cougar.

Cosmo was named the Mascot "National Champion" in the SXM College's Twitter poll in April 2020.

Cosmo comes to life
On October 15, 1953, Cosmo made his first appearance in front of BYU fans. Dwayne Stevenson, the pep chairman of BYU, bought the costume for $73 and persuaded his roommate Daniel T. Gallego to wear it and thus become the first Cosmo. The name Cosmo derives from the word "cosmopolitan" and was chosen because BYU had recently been selected as a Cosmopolitan school. Cosmo became immediately popular, and since Gallego many people have been Cosmo, including BYU president Ernest L. Wilkinson, who once put on the costume at a pep rally. LaVell Edwards, the legendary football coach for the Cougars, wore the Cosmo costume during the final season basketball game against Utah in 1981.

Cosmo undergoes cosmetic surgery
On September 2, 1997, BYU's Athletic Media Relations announced that while hunting Swoop the Hawk (rival) Utah's mascot in Rock Canyon, Cosmo fell 100 feet. Several students saw the fall, however, and called Utah Valley Search and Rescue, which performed emergency surgery on Cosmo. This included reduction in head size, which allowed Cosmo more range in motion and the ability to perform more daring stunts. Cosmo frequently does flips, walks on stilts, rides motorcycles, and performs slam dunks in order to please the crowd. It was remarked once on ESPN that Cosmo was "probably the most athletic mascot in college basketball."

Cosmo today

Cosmo's workload of performances at more than 450 functions a year necessitates that there be more than one Cosmo at a time. A team of people, Team Cosmo, helps him with his antics. He drives around in the Cosmobile, a van retrofitted for Cosmo's active lifestyle, and also owns a go-cart. In 2020, Cosmo won the Sirius XM Mascot Bracket Championship and was named National Champion of Mascots.

In popular culture
In 2012 Cosmo has been the subject of a series of short films, "Cosmo Begins," and "Cosmo: Reloaded," which have been displayed between the third and fourth quarters at home football games. He also participated in the Capital One Mascot Bowl and was featured on several commercials that showed on national television.

Past Cosmos
Over 70 people have been Cosmo over the years. Some of them include:
 * Daniel T. Gallego, 1953–54
 * Clive Moon, 1954–55
 * Ray Pope, 1955–56
 * Peggy Herron Mortensen, 1955–56
 * Daniel T. Gallego, 1959–60
 * Roy Spradley, 1960–61
 * Buddy Youngreen, 1961–62
 * John Bennion, 1971–72
 * Michael T. Dowling, 1976–77
 * Jim Daly, 1977–78
 * Dave Wright, 1982–83
 * Scott Bateman, 1985–86
 * David Broach, 1987–88
 * Paul Thorley, 1988–89
 * Bret Pope, 1989–90
 * Jerry Kearns, 1990-91; Michael Porter, 1990–91
 * G. Craig Randall, 1990–92
 * Richard Dee Lalliss, 1990–92
 * Brent Hales, 1992–93
 * Gary R. Arbuckle Jr., 1993–94
 * Cameron K. Mylroie, 1994-95
 * Aaron G. McGavock, 1999–2001,
 * Rich Summers, 2001-04
 * Devin Nelson, 2002-2005
 * C. Ryan Osorio, 2004-05
 * Justin Leavitt 2005–07
 * Andrew Syndergaard 2005–09
 * Chris Sullivan 2008-2010
 * Stephen Jones ca. 2010
 * Josh Drean, 2008–2011
 * Matt McClure, 2012–2015
 * Charlie Bird, 2015–2018
 * Grant Taylor, 2016-2020
 * Stephan Millard, 2017-2020

title: Cosmo the Cougar


text:
Ali Haydar Şen

Ali Haydar Şen (born 12 April 1939) is a former president of the Turkish club Fenerbahçe SK.

Early life
Şen was born to an ethnic Turkish family in Prizren, Kosovo (at the time Kingdom of Yugoslavia).

Career
He worked as a journalist for a short time, before he first came to Fenerbahçe in 1975, when he was made the head of the club's basketball branch. On 12 April 1981, he was chosen as club president, taking the reins from Razi Trak.

During his first spell as club president, the club's football team won the league and cup double in the 1982–83 season, and his tenure ended on 10 December when he resigned. He had one more spell at the club, from December 1994 through until 1998 with the football side again winning a championship a year after he came to power. He is famous for the then popular chant of club supporters, "Ali Şen başkan, Fenerbahçe şampiyon" (If Ali Şen is president, Fenerbahçe is victorious/champion).

In the 1995–96 season, goals from club legends Aykut Kocaman and Oğuz Çetin against Trabzonspor in the third last game of the season all but sealed the championship for Fenerbahçe. But it wasn't enough to convince Ali Şen, and at the end of the season, both players and Emre Aşık were sacked, leading to huge controversy amongst the club's faithful.

In late 1997, he announced that he would not run for a third time at the club. Next year, the presidency was taken over by Aziz Yıldırım.

title: Ali Haydar Şen


text: Category:Economy of Slovenia

title: Category:Economy of Slovenia


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Keep Austin Weird

Keep Austin Weird is the slogan adopted by the Austin Independent Business Alliance to promote small businesses in Austin, Texas. It is intended to promote local businesses and is inspired by comments made by Red Wassenich in 2000 while giving a pledge to a Austin radio station KOOP Radio. He later began printing bumper stickers and operated the website keepaustinweird.com until his death in 2020 and published Keep Austin Weird: A Guide to the Odd Side of Town.

Despite a challenge from Wassenich, the slogan was later trademarked by Outhouse Designs and used to market T-shirts, hats, and mugs. Other cities have since mimicked the nickname, including Portland in 2003, Louisville in 2005, and Indianapolis in 2013.

A 2010 book on the topic, Weird City: Sense of Place and Creative Resistance in Austin, Texas, discusses the cultural evolution of the "Keep Austin Weird" movement as well as its commercialization and socio-political significance. The origins of Austin's unique culture have been claimed to be the product of unusually cheap housing prices following the end of a housing boom in the 1980s, combined with the location of the University of Texas at Austin in the city.

The Austin Independent Business Alliance is among at least 85 community organizations affiliated with the American Independent Business Alliance, a national non-profit that supports and connects pro-local community-based organizations.

title: Keep Austin Weird


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Prince George Railway and Forestry Museum

The Prince George Railway & Forestry Museum is in Prince George, British Columbia. Its collection consists of over sixty pieces of rolling stock (including a 1906 steam locomotive being restored and a GMD GF6C electric locomotive), ten historical buildings and numerous smaller artifacts on an 8 acre site. The Museum opened on July 20, 1986.


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Heimaey stave church

Heimaey Stave Church (Stafkirkjan) is a close replica of Haltdalen stave church situated in the Skansinn area of the harbour of Vestmannaeyjabær on Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland.

History
The church was completed on July 30, 2000, and was a gift from Norway to Iceland in connection with the millennial anniversary of the conversion of Iceland to Christianity by Olav Tryggvason in the year 1000. Developing from a suggestion by the Icelandic government, the Norwegian state presented Iceland with a replica of the Haltdalen Stave Church (Haltdalen stavkirke), originally from around the 1170s. The first church known on Iceland was a post church and not a stave church.

The replica was erected by the harbour of Vestmannaeyjabær in the Vestmannaeyjar, in an area formed by the lava of the 1973 eruption of Eldfell. The replica was undertaken by the Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research as a three-year research and reconstruction project from 1998 to 2000 under the leadership of professor Elisabeth Seip, Head of Research at the  Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research.

The church was constructed at Lom from materials deliberately drawn widely from around Norway, including timber from Røros, shingles from Odalen, tar from Skjåk, wrought iron from Vågå, and a doorstep from Holtålen. A gallery was added around the outside of the building, inspired by other stave churches, to provide the building with extra strength against the stormy weather of the Vestmannaeyjar. The church was built and consecrated in summer 2000, and was completed on 30 July 2000. The project was supported by a Norwegian government grant of 5.5m Norwegian kroner; Icelandic government funding for the redevelopment of the Skansinn area of Vestmannaeyjarbær as a heritage area; and some private sponsorship was also involved, most importantly that the Icelandic company Eimskip shipped the church to Iceland for free.

The National Church of Norway also gave an altar piece. It is replica of the St Olav frontal, one of the finest surviving medieval Norwegian works of art, undertaken under the leadership of Terje Nordsted. The original is at Nidaros Cathedral but is said (without any substantial supporting evidence) once to have been situated in the Haltdalen stave church.

title: Heimaey stave church


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John Van Hamersveld

John Van Hamersveld (born September 1, 1941, Baltimore, Maryland, United States) is an American graphic artist and illustrator who designed record jackets for pop and psychedelic bands from the 1960s onward. Among the 300 albums are the covers of Magical Mystery Tour by the Beatles, Crown of Creation by Jefferson Airplane, Exile on Main Street by the Rolling Stones, and Hotter Than Hell by Kiss. His first major assignment, in 1963, was designing the poster for the surf film The Endless Summer, after which he served as Capitol Records' head of design from 1965 to 1968. During that time, he worked on the artwork for albums by Capitol artists such as the Beatles and the Beach Boys. He also oversaw the design of the psychedelic posters for the Pinnacle Shrine exposition.

Endless Summer
In 1964, Van Hamersveld was a student at the Art Center College of Design and the art director of Surfing Illustrated magazine and Surfer magazine. Van Hamersveld was also a local surfer and was hired by director and filmmaker Bruce Brown to design the iconic Endless Summer movie poster using a photograph taken by Bob Bagley, general manager and cameraman for Bruce Brown Films. To produce the image that would become iconic, he organized a photo session with the producer and the two stars at Salt Creek Beach in Dana Point. Using photo techniques for the central image and hand-lettering the title Van Hamersveld created a "national phenomenon" image that has endured as a classic. He was paid $150 for the art. The poster is featured in the National Museum of American History section of the Smithsonian Institution, The Museum of Modern Art, and The Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

In its description, the Smithsonian noted, "The poster’s premise was Browns but Van Hamersveld took Bob Bagley’s image of the movie’s stars Mike Hynson and Robert August and Brown and transformed it into a 1960s neon masterpiece of the LA modernist poster, having been an Art Center College of Design student".

Other work
He designed an official poster and 360-foot-long mural for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games; illustrations for Esquire, Rolling Stone, Billboard; and branding and logos for Fatburger, Contempo Casuals, and Broadway Deli.

Later projects
In 1997, Van Hamersveld started his own line of products revisiting his work from 1964 to 1974, which he calls "Post-Future". With the printmaking of a fine art edition of the Endless Summer poster, he moved his design work into his Coolhous studio in Santa Monica and between analog and digital environments managed to create works such as the posters for the 2005 Cream reunion concert at the Royal Albert Hall.

In 2013, Van Hamersveld celebrated 50 years in graphic design by producing a vinyl EP sleeve for Liverpool-based blues-rockers Sankofa, in addition to publishing the book John Van Hamersveld—Coolhaus Studio: 50 Years of Graphic Design. He continued that line of work in 2014 with two more artworks for records by Asher Roth and the Gaslight Anthem.

In April 2018, Van Hamersveld completed a mural on a storage tank near Grand Avenue in El Segundo, California. "El Segundo is where my career started, as a surfer and an artist," he told the Los Angeles Times.

Album covers
Among his album covers are: • Magical Mystery Tour - Beatles - 1968

• Vincebus Eruptum - Blue Cheer - 1968

• Crown of Creation - Jefferson Airplane - 1968

• The Travel Agency - The Travel Agency - 1968

• Turn Around, Look At Me - The Vogues - 1968

• The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band - Vol. 2 - 1968

• The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band - Vol. 3 - 1968

• Catch - Catch - 1969

• Extremely Heavy! - The Underground All-Stars - 1969

• Overdub - Womb - 1969

• Be a Brother - Big Brother And The Holding Co. - 1970

• Vol. II - Liz Damon's Orient Express  - 1970

• Silverbird - Mark Lindsay - 1970

• The Ventures - The Ventures - 1970

• Truk Tracks - Truk - 1970

• Beans - Beans - 1971

• Come Back Home - Bobby Goldsboro - 1971

• Communication - Bobby Womack - 1971

• Beast of the Bonzos - Bonzo Dog Band - 1971

• What You Hear Is What You Get - Live At Carnegie Hall - Ike & Tina Turner  - 1971

• Black Pearl - Jimmy McGriff - 1971

• Mudlark - Leo Kottke - 1971

• Long John's Blues - Long John Baldry And The Hoochie Coochie Men - 1971

• We're All Going Down Together - Michael Jarrett - 1971

• Comin' On Home - Richard Groove Holmes - 1971

• Theme From Shaft - The Ventures - 1971

• Hot Platters - Various - 1971

• Lo & Behold - Coulson, Dean, McGuinness, Flint* - 1972

• Superpak - George Jones - 1972

• Live At The Lighthouse - Grant Green - 1972

• Less Than The Song - Hoyt Axton - 1972

• Out The Window - Jim Pulte - 1972

• I, Capricorn - Shirley Bassey - 1972

• Exile On Main St - The Rolling Stones - 1972

• Joy - The Ventures - 1972

• Rock And Roll Forever - The Ventures - 1972

• Introspection - Thijs Van Leer - 1972

• Tarot - Touchstone - 1972

• The Best Of Vikki Carr - Vikki Carr - 1972

• Pat Garrett & Billy The Kid - Original Soundtrack Recording - Bob Dylan - 1973

• 2000 And Thirteen - Carl Reiner & Mel Brooks - 1973

• Phew! - Claudia Lennear - 1973

• High Life - Frankie Miller - 1973

• Gemini Suite - Jon Lord / London Symphony Orchestra - 1973

• Live - Lee Michaels - 1973

• My Feet Are Smiling - Leo Kottke - 1973

• The Red Back Book - Scott Joplin, The New England Conservatory Ragtime Ensemble Conducted By Gunther Schuller - 1973

• The Joker - Steve Miller Band - 1973

• T.B. Sheets - Van Morrison - 1973

• The Best Of Willie Nelson - Willie Nelson - 1973

• All Around Us - A Foot In Coldwater - 1974

• +'Justments - Bill Withers - 1974

• The Best Of The Grateful Dead: Skeletons From The Closet - Grateful Dead - 1974

• Joey Stec - Joey Stec - 1974

• Here's Johnny.... Magic Moments From The Tonight Show - Johnny Carson - 1974

• Hotter Than Hell - Kiss - 1974

• Dreams And All That Stuff - Leo Kottke - 1974

• Ice Water - Leo Kottke - 1974

• Lane Changer - Michael Fennelly - 1974

• Differently - Ralph Graham - 1974

• Peace on You - Roger McGuinn - 1974

• Small Talk - Sly & The Family Stone - 1974

• I've Got Time - Allan Clarke - 1976

• Stretchin' Out In Bootsy's Rubber Band - Bootsy's Rubber Band - 1976

• We've Got A Live One Here! - Commander Cody & His Lost Planet Airmen - 1976

• Rock 'N' Country - Freddy Fender - 1976

• 1971 - 1976 Did You Hear Me? - Leo Kottke - 1976

• Leo Kottke - Leo Kottke - 1976

• Love Potion - New Birth - 1976

• Waking And Dreaming - Orleans - 1976

• Taught By Experts - Peter Allen - 1976

• Fly Like An Eagle - Steve Miller Band - 1976

• Motown Disc - Tech #3 - Various - 1976

• Welcome To L.A. - Various - 1976

• Sweet Forgiveness - Bonnie Raitt - 1977

• Dragon - Dragon - 1977

• No Accident - Driver - 1977

• Feel The Fire - Jermaine Jackson - 1977

• White Room - Jimmy Ponder - 1977

• Carnival - John Handy - 1977

• Sammy Johns Sings The Van / Original Motion Picture Sound Track - Sammy Johns - 1977

• New Conversations - Bill Evans - 1978

• An American Prayer - Jim Morrison Music By The Doors - 1978

• Burnt Lips - Leo Kottke - 1978

• Between The Hard Place & The Ground - Michael Bloomfield - 1978

• Rock Rose - Rock Rose - 1978

• Greatest Hits 1974 - 1978 - Steve Miller Band - 1978

• Eat To The Beat - Blondie - 1979

• John Fahey Visits Washington D.C. - John Fahey - 1979

• Slug Line - John Hiatt - 1979

• Balance - Leo Kottke - 1979

• Girls Go Wild - The Fabulous Thunderbirds - 1979

• Autoamerican - Blondie - 1980

• Mississippi Blues - Bukka White - 1980

• Reads His Poetry - Charles Bukowski  - 1980

• Rock Therapy - Colin Winski - 1980

• Hell of a Spell - Doug Sahm - 1980

• Blues Stay Away From Me - Frank Wakefield - 1980

• Welcome To The Club (Live) - Ian Hunter - 1980

• Two Bit Monsters - John Hiatt - 1980

• Greatest Hits - KC & The Sunshine Band  - 1980

• Unspoken Intentions - Michael Gulezian - 1980

• Ozark Mountain Daredevils - Ozark Mountain Daredevils - 1980

• Flash Gordon (Original Soundtrack Music) - Queen - 1980

• Louisiana Blues - Robert Pete Williams - 1980

• Ron Cuccia And The Jazz Poetry Group - Ron Cuccia & The Jazz Poetry Group - 1980

• The Best Of The Sir Douglas Quintet - Sir Douglas Quintet - 1980

• Truth Decay - T-Bone Burnett - 1980

• On The Edge - The Babys - 1980

• Love's Melodies - The Searchers - 1980

• Rare Blues (The Takoma Blues Series) - Various - 1980

• The Last Stroll - Walter Egan - 1980

• One Man Band - Dr. Ross* - 1981

• The 1976 Solo Keyboard Album - George Duke - 1981

• Live in Tasmania - John Fahey - 1981

• Guitar Music - Leo Kottke - 1981

• Cruisin' for a Bruisin' - Michael Bloomfield - 1981

• Border Wave - Sir Douglas Quintet - 1981

• Butt Rockin' - The Fabulous Thunderbirds - 1981

• The Roulettes - The Roulettes  - 1981

• Chicago Breakdown - Various - 1981

• Hit 45's Of The 70's, Vol. I - Various - 1981

• Hit 45's Of The 70's, Vol. II - Various  - 1981

• American Fool - John Cougar - 1982

• Beacon - The Cornelius Bumpus Quartet  - 1982

• The Sir Douglas Quintet Live - The Sir Douglas Quintet* - 1983

• Rare Blues - Various - 1983

• Signs Of Life - Billy Squier - 1984

• This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get - Public Image Ltd. - 1984

• E S P - Espionage - 1985

• Passion - Robin Trower - 1986

• The Best Of - Sir Douglas Quintet - 1986

• Make Me Sweat - Savoy Brown - 1988

• All Day Thumbsucker Revisited - The History Of Blue Thumb Records -Various - 1988

• Get It On! - The Fraternity Of Man - 1995

• The Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad Lads (CD, Album, RE, Pap) - The Mad Lads - 1995

• Theme From Shaft / The Horse (CD, Comp) - The Ventures - 1995

• Cold Cuts - Nicholas Greenwood* - 2004

• Royal Albert Hall - London May 2, 3, 5, 6, 2005 - Cream - 2005

• The Collection - Sly And The Family Stone - 2005

• Chapter Two - HE3 Project - 2010

• Hard Work / Carnival - John Handy  - 2010

• Exile On Main St (Rarities Edition) - The Rolling Stones - 2010

• Live In Vancouver 1970 -The Doors - 2010

• The Complete Album Collection Vol. One - Bob Dylan - 2012

• Get Hurt - The Gaslight Anthem - 2014

• Studio Albums Vinyl Collection 1971 - 2016 - The Rolling Stones - 2016

title: John Van Hamersveld


text: Category:Science and technology in Slovenia


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Talk:Vitamin C (Artist)

— J I P | Talk 05:31, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vitamin C (Artist)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sequel Trilogy (Star Wars)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus · Katefan0(scribble) 20:16, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Sequel trilogy (Star Wars)
This article is speculation about movies that are not going to be made, based largely on conjecture from expanded universe (licensed) Star Wars works. Only one source is cited, and that source, as far as I can tell, only confirms an incidental fact (in which year the movies would be set). - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 05:31, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Based on further revelations, I'm changing my vote to Keep, with an eye to possibly merging it somewhere. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 10:42, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete a) this is a possible copyvio from the fool who made it up on supershadow 10 years ago. b) its made up - he "devised it" from "conjectures" of things George Lucas once said. c) fancruft CastAStone 05:47, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nn fancruft. MCB 06:58, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fancruft, original research. — J I P | Talk 07:18, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Use namespace as redirect to one of the main star wars articles, delete all content. Nateji77 07:42, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Merge with the article Star Wars speculation. Decimus Tedius Regio Zanarukando 08:28, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I support the idea of a sequel trilogy. Originally, Lucas decided to stop making Star Wars films after Return of the Jedi.  Contrary to what the media says, there is still a chance for a sequel trilogy.  The sequel trilogy would star Ben Skywalker as an adult.  It would take place about a decade after the Dark Nest trilogy.  There can be up to three sequel trilogies.  If there are to be 15 episodes total, Episode XV would take place in 203 ABY. Decimus Tedius Regio Zanarukando 08:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Contrary to what the media says, there is still a chance for a sequel trilogy. Unless and until someone adds some sort of proof of this claim to the article, it's unverified speculation. (Plus, given Lucas's track record, I think it's exceedingly unlikely he'd make a trilogy of movies based on EU canon.) - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 09:05, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The sequel trilogy does not necessarily have to be based on Expanded Universe canon. The earlier facts state that it would take place after all Expanded Universe canon, ranging from 40 ABY to 203 ABY. The Dark Nest trilogy, the latest in the Expanded Universe canon, takes place in 35-36 ABY. Decimus Tedius Regio Zanarukando 06:42, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * DELETE. This is not a bloody crystal ball for Lucaszoids and basement Jedi. --80.222.69.104 09:00, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP. This is not really speculation. It is based on early facts from George Lucas and on possibility. Decimus Tedius Regio Zanarukando 09:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP. First off, I am the author of this article, I wrote this article based on actual facts. Actually, this is based on facts from Lucas himself in the 80's. I would never believe that damn Supershadow for a second. The information contained in that page is based on factual information in The Star Wars Timeline Gold by Nathan Butler, which can be found here. The Wookieepedian 10:07, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You say "facts" twice, but the only source you have cited is a dubious secondary source that doesn't cite primary sources for this speculation, as far as I can tell. If there are primary sources that can be cited, particularly ones I missed from that timeline, please add them to the article. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 10:18, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Check the new reference I added to the page. The other sources the timeline used I cannot locate.. It found its facts in an old issue of Time magazine, and other off-hand comments Lucas made to the media. The Wookieepedian 10:28, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow, that's insanely obscure, but it looks like it's there. (Page 141 of the appendices PDF from the linked timeline page, for anyone who wants to check the timeline page). Well, in that case, the speculation/conjecture needs to be trimmed, primary sources need to be tracked down and cited, and this probably needs to be merged (Star Wars speculation seems like a logical merge target). I've amended my vote in respect of this revelation. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 10:42, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, the guy who wrote that knows obscurity very well, as his timeline shows. I believe this page needs to be here to let everyone know that Lucas has in fact, based on his own former statements, planned to do such a trilogy, or triloggies at one point. Since he now denies he even considered such a thing, I thought it might be interesting to create a page using his own words against him. I don't knoiw if this would be considered speculation, except for the part about the name of Luke's son. This is more of construcing a basic storyline, based on Lucas' words. The Wookieepedian 11:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems like this needs to be merged into Star Wars speculation as the source of the "What would the sequels be?" speculation, and smerged into Star Wars as a few sentences describing Lucas's change of heart about having/not having sequels. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 14:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Conjectural. Not a crystal ball. I find the fact Lucas mentioned it irrelevant. It doesn't exist until it exists. Marskell 11:26, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The enitre purpose of the article is to give the reader a good idea of what he had in mind and let people know that he lies when he says he never even considered doing such a trilogy. The purpose of this article is not to say that he is going to make it, or speculate, just show what it would have basically been like, had he made one. It is notable. The Wookieepedian 11:30, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem is that the only facts here (as opposed to conjecture) are that Lucas was planning to make some sequels (the number varying, depending on the source and the time he was interviewed), and that he broached the subject of having Mark Hamill play an "Obi-Wan-type character." Other than that, nothing is verifiable (and a chunk of it was borderline fanfic and copyvio, and has been removed), so there's no real verifiable claim about what such movies would have been like if they had existed. Don't make this article out to be more than it is. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 14:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Here's basically what I want to do with this article: I want it to tell only the confirmed, verifyable facts first, in a section of its own. Then, based on these facts, I want to, along with help from others, construct the logical story based on these facts, noting that it isn't the actual story, just an approximation of what it would have been. The only time I will bring in the EU is when mentioning Luke's son, which I will use the name, "Ben," which has been established in The New Jedi Order. I will have a section showing proof of other sequels he has had in mind, but don't need their own page to be mentioned. I will then have one mentioning what many fans have considered the sequel trilogy in their minds (The Thrawn Trilogy for example). Finally, I will need to move the page, in order for its name to be consistant with the original trilogy and prequel trilogy articles. I hope this explains to you and everyone that votes and is involved with this issue what exactly I plan to do. The way it is in its current form isn't nearly what I had in mind. It was just a quick thing I created last night, without expanding it. If it survives deletion, though, I will expand it, becuase I strongly feel the subject is notable.
 * I'm sorry if you have serious plans on this one. "What he had in mind" is absolutely not a criteria for inclusion even if verifiable. Think about it. Every script that makes it to the talking stage of studio consideration could be included. Every plan or future desire of a notable person, subsequently scrapped, could be included. Every agreed upon role for an actor, declined at the last minute, could be included.
 * "Construct(ing) the logical story based on these facts, noting that it isn't the actual story, just an approximation of what it would have been" is absolutely a no go. I—and I'm sure not just I—would delete it in a second. It would actually constitute OR for one thing and the criticism about speculation would only be stronger. Marskell 17:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I haven't got time to disentangle all of this. I will say only this. I'm not much of a Star Wars fan. I saw the first movie, then entitled simply "Star Wars," in 1977 on its first run in Boston and walked out before the end because I was getting just too irritated with winged spacecraft developing lift forces in a vacuum. Anyway, I certainly read interviews at the time, and in fairly mainstream places, possibly Time Magazine?, explaining that it was actually the fourth in a projected series of nine films. I've recently wondered when the seventh, eighth, and ninth will be coming out. Apparently Lucas has now backpedalled on this. Information on what has been said when about this third trilogy is legitimate, and ought to be included somewhere. This is a legitimate topic. I can't speak to whether the information currently in the article is well-researched or not. The article cannot be a reconstruction by a Wikipedia editor of what the third trilogy might have been. However, if a series of well-sourced, verifiable quotations from Lucas and others can be put together in such a way that the reader can construct a plausible storyline for him- or herself, that would be IMHO perfectly legitimate. Dpbsmith (talk) 18:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That's exactly what my goal is. And in response to another editors comments that every author's screenplay or failed production should be listed if this one is, well, that's not exactly so. The talk of a sequel trilogy to Star Wars has been around since the late 70's. The talk of such a thing happening really habven't ceased. That is what makes it notable, the fact that people have known and discussed it for so long. I suppose I couldn't construct the story, but maybe explain, based only on what he has said, what was going to happen in these movies. And, by the way, the man who created the star wars timeline I list as a source is certainly not dubiou, as one said. His timeline is over 1,000 pages, as seen in the PDF, and he has worked it constantly, since 1997. He is sort of a Star Wars historian. Things he has in the timeline, are likely to be true. Also, he happens to be a high school history teacher with a intense interest in chronology. So his project is a pretty trustworthy source. Now, I won't actually construct a story, as in a plot summary, like the movie articles do, just basically what were to happen. I hope to do it in a similar format to the articles for the prequel trilogy and the original trilogy articles. The Wookieepedian 19:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent summary by Dpbsmith. Following that logic, my vote would be to keep, rename as Sequel trilogy (Star Wars), and ruthlessly edit out any "reconstruction" that can't be traced back to things Lucas actually said or wrote.  It is therefore likely to remain a very small article or a stub, but that seems appropriate.  Bikeable 19:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but retitle, maybe to Star Wars Third Trilogy or something a bit more useful. The fact Lucas planned a third trilogy is an historical fact dating back to around 1977-78 if not earlier, and considering the cultural significance of the Star Wars films, I think it's worthy of its own article. Any speculation regarding plot, etc. should be restricted to statements made by Lucas, though. 23skidoo 21:19, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "The fact that Lucas planned a third trilogy is an historical fact"—hey sure. But there is no third trilogy and likely never will be. How are people dropping the logic ball so completely on this one? If you want to rename it go for: Speculation on the Star Wars Sequel Trilogy. That's all it can ever be. Marskell 21:30, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, by all means rename it if it needs renaming. And... just being argumentative here, not serious... incomplete works are frequently completed by others, when there is good evidence of the author's intention. Many unfinished symphonies have been finished or reconstructed; Jack London's half-completed novel The Assassination Bureau, Ltd. was completed by Robert L. Fish; Raymond Chandler's novel Poodle Springs was completed by Robert B. Parker; various stories referred to within the Sherlock Holmes stories but never written by Arthur Conan Doyle have been written by others, and it goes on and on and on. If Lucas never makes episodes 7, 8, and 9, I think it is a virtual certainly that someone else will, someday, e.g. after he dies if his heirs see money in it. Of course it would require a crystal ball to write an article on that basis now, but the article could conceivably be more than speculation... someday. Dpbsmith (talk) 22:44, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * And when somebody else does create them then add the page. My goodness. From Not A Crystall Ball: "Articles that present extrapolation, speculation, and "future history" are original research and therefore inappropriate." Simple stuff.Marskell 09:03, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Star Wars speculation. With the merged material, remove the conjecture and keep it to just the evidence. Saberwyn 22:53, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't want to write this article in the form of a crystal ball. In its final form, I want it to basically be a place that tells only the story which is based off of facts from Lucas. At the beginning, I tell that these haven't been made, and I never try to speculate what they would be about. I don't want this to be redirected to the speculation page, I'm not speculating on what these films would be like if they were made, just telling what they could have been, according to Lucas. The Wookieepedian 01:54, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "Telling what they could have been" IS BY DEFINITION SPECULATION. Marskell 19:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As in could, I am referring to what they were going to be if he made them, not what I or others think they were going to be about. I was not using could to mean speculation, I was using it to mean what they were to be. The Wookieepedian 11:08, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "I am referring to what they were going to be if he made them" You don't know what they would've been if he made them—it's as simple as that. "I'm not speculating on what these films would be like if they were made, just telling what they could have been" makes as much as sense as "It's not raining, there's just water falling from the sky." Marskell 14:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There are actually more sources than listed above or in the article: the Annotated Screenplays, for one. --Maru (talk) 03:42, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * weak keep, per The Wookiepedian -LtNOWIS 19:06, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - it's an important part of the Star Wars history - deleting it smacks of a cover-up!
 * Of course it's a coverup! Didn't you see my username? - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 13:29, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Any speculation in this article will be stated in a way where it is presented as the opinion of an outsider, and will be clearly labeled as their opinion or contribution. For this, I will, of course, use the remarks of notable sources (Steve Sansweet, Lucas emploiyees, The Star Wars Timeline Gold). Any information like this will be there for informative purposes only, stating only what those in the know speculate the story would have been, based on their inside jknowledge and actual facts. THIS WILL NOT BE AN ARTICLE TO SPECULATE, ANY SPECULATION WILL BE A RECORD OF WHAT OTHERS HAVE SAID. The Wookieepedian 13:46, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Conditional Keep - This can be an article of vifiable information on an encyclopedic topic. As long as sources are cited and there is no speculation nobody should have a problem. The assertion that "It doesn't exist until it exists." has absoultly nothing to do with the validity of the topic. There are many things that were planned but did not come to frutiton because of a vairety of reasons. Should we not inculde an article about Copland because there was no released product? As far as the public was concerned there was never a project so it does not exist. I'm sure that there are numerous articles about failed government or NASA projects that never got off the ground, should those be deleted too? Of course not. Assuming the information in this article is not merely speculation there is no reason to delete it. --Ctachme 16:56, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If someone else have nominated this and I had voted after this, my entry would have been "per Ctachme." These are my exact feelings. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 17:23, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Looking at your example I don't see it as analogous given that it was an up and running project for two years. Granted, "It doesn't exist until it exists" is a touch didactic but it does have something to do with the validity of the topic: Copland "exists" as a scrapped project that reached a significant level of development, which is not the case here. "The Star Wars Sequel Trilogy was a film trilogy originally to be made by George Lucas" is arguably inaccurate. "The Star Wars Sequel Trilogy was a twinkle in the eye of George Lucas that fans really want to be made and really want to speculate about here on Wiki" has more truth. I can think of very few cases where we've opened the door to things that were never or are not now extant, and I think the bar should be high (i.e., World War III makes sense). Marskell 17:27, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A sequel trilogy was not sprung from fan fantasies, Lucas said on multiple occasions to several sources in the late 70's abd early 80's that he had plans for such a trilogy. No, it will never be made. On numerous occasions he has firmly stated he will never do another trilogy after this prequel trilogy he just finished. I'm arguing that since he did at once confirm such plans, and people like Gary Kurts have claimed that he even saw outlines for the stories, it is farely notable to eb put on here. We can't forget Lucas' statements in the 1994 release of Splinter of the Mind's Eye where he said "I reallized my story would take a total of nine films to tell." The Wookieepedian 18:09, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. per The Wookieepedian, Ctachme. This is a very well known part of Star Wars history/lore/whatever, the original plan was for Lucas to make 3 trilogies.  This isn't knowledge just limited to Star Wars fans. --Kewp (t) 19:45, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. speculation. Basing speculation on "facts" doesn't mean it's not speculation. Ctachme's points are valid, but "removing speculation" would leave very little verifiable encyclopedic content, and what's left is best merged, along with Star Wars speculation into Star Wars, and whichever "expanded universe" topics might be appropriate, and mostly offloaded to the Star Wars Wiki. Dystopos 23:28, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect/or Expand As far as I can tell, there's nothing wrong with the facts of the article.  Currently though, I feel that it either needs to be merged with the Star Wars speculation or expanded to cover more information.--FDIS 00:00, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I plan on adding all known facts about the sequel trilogy to the article, with the help of others, of course. Like the prequel and original trilogies, I feel this needs an article of its own, since you can't really list a group of related facts as speculation, can you? Expand is the option I prefer, merging with the speculation article doesn't do the topic justice. It iswell known, as another user said, beyond the star wars fans. As I have said, it is something that has been known for almost 30 years, by both the fans and the general public. The Wookieepedian 00:59, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why do bees get in bonnets? I don't know but I can't seem to get rid of this bee. "It is something that has been known for almost 30 years." No: "It is something that has been speculated about for almost 30 years" Marskell 01:12, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Many facts are not encyclopedic. Reporting that someone speculated is not encyclopedic without some other context. Lucas' statements about the number of films are marginally notable (and already covered in Star Wars). Fan speculation (even second-hand) about the content of any such films is trivia unbecoming to WP. How many "known facts" do you propose that there might be about these non-existent productions? Dystopos 01:16, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Exactly. Speculation from Al Gore about what he might have done as President does not deserve an article (even if it deserves a mention on Al Gore). This is an article about a might-have-been, not an extant topic. Marskell 02:12, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, but a might-have-been that is notable and widely-known. The Wookieepedian 13:27, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP: I found this page useful in uncovering needed info...even if it was just speculation.
 * KeepI think this is relevant because the sequel trilogy has been a constant thought of people whether or not they are Star Wars fans. I'm sure there are many people out there who would like to learn about the prospects of Episodes VII to IX, and would like to learn about that here. (Jamandell (d69) 22:24, 8 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Keep. It is an interesting article, but it needs to be expanded and need more sources. Carioca 22:32, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep and expand if only to prevent SuperShadow nonsense from taking over SW articles. Add a paragraph explaining that SuperShadow's claims on a sequel trilogy are entirely false. - Sikon 10:47, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. I made a section linking to his article and explaining that his own words have shown him to be a fraud. I have a bad feeling, though, that I will have to constantly revert SuperShadow editors who come by here and were "inspired" by his "revelations." The Wookieepedian 17:20, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Aoba

Aoba or AOBA may refer to:

Places

 * Aoba-ku, Sendai
 * Aoba-ku, Yokohama
 * Aoba-dōri Station
 * Aoba Island, also known as Ambae, Vanuatu

People

 * Aoba (surname)

Organizations

 * American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology

Astronomy

 * 4292 Aoba, an asteroid.

Other

 * Japanese cruiser Aoba
 * Aoba (train), the name of a train service in Japan
 * Green perilla

Ninja del Villaggio della Foglia

title: Aoba


text:
Harold E. Puthoff

Harold Edward "Hal" Puthoff (born 1936) is an American electrical engineer and parapsychologist.

Early life and career
Puthoff was born in Chicago, Illinois. He received a BA and an MSc in electrical engineering from the University of Florida. In 1967, Puthoff earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University with a thesis, "The stimulated Raman effect and its application as a tunable laser". Puthoff then worked on tunable lasers and electron beam devices and co-authored (with R. Pantell) Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics (Wiley, 1969). Puthoff also published papers on polarizable vacuum (PV) and stochastic electrodynamics.

He took an interest in the Church of Scientology in the late 1960s and reached what was then the top OT VII level by 1971. Puthoff wrote up his "wins" for a Scientology publication, claiming to have achieved "remote viewing" abilities (called exteriorization in Scientology). In 1974, Puthoff also wrote a piece for Scientology's Celebrity magazine, stating that Scientology had given him "a feeling of absolute fearlessness". Puthoff severed all connection with Scientology in the late 1970s.

Business ventures
In 1985, Puthoff founded The Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin (IASA), later incorporated under EarthTech International, Inc., in 1991, which pursues energy generation and propulsion research.

Puthoff and EarthTech were granted a US Patent in 1998, with claims that information could be transmitted through a distance using a modulated potential with no electric or magnetic field components. While "the invention does appear to rest on solid, albeit somewhat obscure, physics principles", the case is used for educational purposes in patent law where "the examiner failed to make a prima facie case for inoperability or lack of enablement". According to the Wisconsin Law School case study, "The lesson of the Puthoff patent is that in a world where both types of patents are more and more common, even a competent examiner may fail to distinguish innovation from pseudoscience."

In the 2010s, he co-founded the UFO-dedicated company To the Stars with Tom DeLonge.

Parapsychology and pseudoscience
In the 1970s and 1980s, Puthoff directed a program at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) to investigate paranormal abilities, collaborating with Russell Targ in a study of the purported psychic abilities of Uri Geller, Ingo Swann, Pat Price, Joseph McMoneagle and others, as part of what they called the Stargate Project. Both Geller and Swann convinced Puthoff and Targ that they possessed psychic powers, though Geller employed sleight of hand tricks.

Puthoff and Targ studied Uri Geller at SRI, declaring that Geller had psychic powers, though there were flaws with the controls in the experiments, and Geller used sleight of hand on many other occasions. According to Terence Hines:

"Geller turned out to be nothing more than a magician using sleight of hand and considerable personal charm to fool his admirers. The tests at SRI turned out to have been run under conditions that can best be described as chaotic. Few limits were placed on Geller's behavior, and he was more or less in control of the procedures used to test him. Further, the results of the tests were incorrectly reported in Targ and Puthoff's Nature paper."

Psychologists David Marks and Richard Kammann attempted to replicate Puthoff and Targ's remote viewing experiments. In a series of thirty-five studies, they could not replicate the results. While investigating the procedure of the original experiments, Marks and Kammann discovered that the notes given to the judges in Puthoff and Targ's experiments contained clues as to which order they were carried out. Examples included referring to yesterday's two targets or the inclusion of the date of the session written at the top of the page. They concluded that these clues were the reason for the experiment's high hit rates. Terence Hines has written:

"Examination of the few actual transcripts published by Targ and Puthoff show that just such clues were present. To find out if the unpublished transcripts contained cues, Marks and Kammann wrote to Targ and Puthoff requesting copies. It is almost unheard of for a scientist to refuse to provide his data for independent examination when asked, but Targ and Puthoff consistently refused to allow Marks and Kammann to see copies of the transcripts. Marks and Kammann were, however, able to obtain copies of the transcripts from the judge who used them. The transcripts were found to contain a wealth of cues."

Marks noted that when the cues were eliminated the results fell to a chance level. James Randi noted that controlled tests by several other researchers, eliminating several sources of cueing and extraneous evidence present in the original tests, produced negative results. Students also solved Puthoff and Targ's locations from the clues that had inadvertently been included in the transcripts. Marks and Kamman concluded: "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis." According to Martin Gardner, Puthoff (and Targ) "imagined they could do research in parapsychology but instead dealt with 'psychics' who were cleverer than they were".

Zero-point energy
In the late 1980s and 1990s, Puthoff co-authored papers using the model of stochastic electrodynamics that leads to a model of inertia as an electromagnetic drag force on accelerating particles produced by interaction with the zero-point field. This concept built on Andrei Sakharov's proposal in 1968 that the gravitational constant was a consequence of zero-point fluctuations in the vacuum. Steve Carlip disputed one of Puthoff's 1989 papers for containing a serious computational error which makes the effect negligible; Puthoff responded that a different parameter value in the model would restore its usefulness. The 1994 paper was the subject of a news article in Science. Subsequent analysis by Yefim S. Levin raising numerous questions concerning the mathematical correctness of the formula and the use of non-relativistic treatments of magnetic effects, concluding that model does not show inertia as a result of zero-point-field effects. The cosmological implications of a different 1989 paper by Puthoff on the origin electromagnetic zero point energy was examined by Paul S. Wesson Among numerous difficulties, general relativity requires that such energy not gravitate, so it cannot be similar to electromagnetic radiation.

Building on earlier theoretical work by Robert L. Forward leveraging the Casimir force to extract electrical energy, Daniel Cole and Puthoff analyzed the thermodynamics of a simple hypothetical Casimir force device. The hypothetical devices discussed in these articles are capacitors, multiple layers of charged conductors sufficiently close for the short-range Casimir force to compress the structure. This works against the mutual repulsion of the conductor's electrical energy stores; external electricity would be needed to recharge the device. Other authors have studied mechanical and thermal devices based on Casimir forces.

Massimo Pigliucci called Puthoff's hopes to extract zero-point energy as running contrary to the laws of physics: "a proposition... that violates basic principles of thermodynamics and that is considered pseudoscience by credentialed physicists."

title: Harold E. Puthoff


text: File:Macromedia Freehand screenshot.png

title: File:Macromedia Freehand screenshot.png


text: Category:Mass media in Slovenia

title: Category:Mass media in Slovenia


text:
7800

7800 may refer to:

 * 7800, the 800th year of the 8th millennium
 * Atari 7800, a third-generation video game console
 * Nvidia GeForce 7800, a graphics card in the GeForce 7 series

title: 7800


text: Category:Communications in Slovenia

title: Category:Communications in Slovenia