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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Stub sorting/Discoveries/Archive

Organization
The organization of this system is extremely awkward and is inconsistent with that of other maintenance pages. The latest month should come first, then the latest listings should be organized in the same manner only under the month in which they were discovered. Adraeus 02:52, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * There's no standard way for maintenance pages to be organised - each is organised as best suits the people who use it most and as best suits the information carried on the page. Have a look at WP:CP, WP:IRR, WP:DA, WP:VPM, WP:RFD, WP:AFD.... In any case, this is part of a WikiProject, rather than being a direct Wikipedia maintenance page, and this method has been found to work well by members of that WikiProject. Grutness...  wha?  03:44, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

"Stubs" in the Main namespace
I recently discovered Simpsons-stub, which is a redirect to Simpsons-stub. I wonder how many other "stubs" there are in the Main namespace. This one, obviously, can be sent to Redirects for deletion. If there are any "stubs" that aren't redirects, I'd probably turn them into redirects just to avoid WP:AFD. Blank Verse  ∅  15:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * These should probably be speediable - articles shouldn't redirect to templates. I'll mention it on RFD's talk page. Grutness...  wha?  23:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've suggested on Wikipedia talk:Criteria for speedy deletion that such cross-namespace redirects could be added to their criteria, and - after reading between the lines on the reply I got - surreptitiously deleted this redirect. As to how many others there are... who can say? Hopefully not many, if any (to quote New Zealand's top rapper). Grutness...  wha?  05:48, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

To use or not to use...
If I'm stub sorting, say from Category:Stubs, and I encounter a new stub, I assume I am to use something from the official stub types list, and not from here. What if I encounter an article already tagged with one of these "discovered" templates? (Like Sasdk) Should I remove it, and replace it with one of the official ones? Any feedback is welcome... -GTBacchus 06:07, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * If one of the items from the stub types list is appropriate, then yes. However, it may be the case that the stub article may cover an area that is not catered for by any of the existing stub types. In which case, it could be left as is. In either case, you should note your discovery on the Discovery page, assuming it hasn't already been listed there. --TheParanoidOne 06:30, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Ideally, there'd be an "emergent consensus" on the project page (truculent acceptance vs. outraged demands that something by SfD'd, soonest, are two running themes) that would guide such a decision. If not, add in your own thoughts on the topic. In the case you mention, it's actually the only actual article in the whole stub category, so there are distinct "viability issues", to put it mildly, Wikiproject or no. It also has no parent stub category, which is a little silly... I'm reluctantly forced to say it may not be a good idea simply to remove the existing tag, as it doesn't deal with the existence of the category itself (but do consider whether it's worth listing on WP:SFD yourself. If all else fails, you could consider "double-stubbing" with the "discovered" tag, and with the "project approved" one (useful in this case, as otherwise it's otherwise completely outside of the stub hierarchy). Alai 06:38, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you both... It really ought to be deleted, or else filled up with stubs and added into the heirarchy properly... I'm going to give the WikiProject the benefit of the doubt for now, and just double-stub it. If someone stumbles across this conversation later, and there's still hardly anything in Category:.NET stubs - well, do what you will.... -GTBacchus 06:45, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Time to bing the axe!
I think it's time to archive older stuff (at leat the months of August and september, and the deleted stuff), but for that we need to decide what gets kept and what goes.

Proposal
This proposal deals with every entry from August through October. and could be rapidly archive to de-clutter the page.

Direct archive
These have been dealt with without any doubt.

 * Maoririder's contributions (mostly deleted)
 * india-film-stub (accepted)
 * ContemporaryArtStub (deleted)
 * Switzerland-bio-stub (accepted)
 * India-eco-stub (deleted)
 * Off-stub (deleted)
 * Rapper-stub (redirected)
 * compilation-album-stub (accepted)
 * Tvhost-stub (deleted)
 * Hebrides-geo-stub (deleted)
 * Category:United Nations stubs (accepted)
 * Azeri-stub (deleted)
 * Env-stub (renamed and accepted)

Speedy keep, then archive
these are implemented for all practical purposes (or probably should) but don't have WP:WSS/ST listings and appropriate tag in cat page (I included here those that have one, but not the other). Some of them also could use better categorizing.
 * Chile-bio-stub
 * After sorting from Chile-stub, this reached 60. I'm adding it on WP:WSS/ST. Conscious 09:57, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Scotland-bio-stub -is listed at WSS/ST,but lack maintenance tag
 * Latvia-bio-stub - has maintenance tag, but isn't listed and has a sfd tag withoutbeing at WP:SFD... Also pretty small.
 * I've added stubs from euro-footybio-stub, which took the category from 22 to 39 stubs. It has survived SFD previously (no consensus). Adding to WP:WSS/ST, maybe it'll help the category grow. Conscious 10:54, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * ITCDistributions-stub now has a cat, and a wikiproject.
 * single-stub
 * Taken to SFD instead. Conscious 15:31, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * film-studio-stub
 * Cfl-stub is listed at WSS/ST,but lack maintenance tag
 * Taken to SFD to rename. Conscious 15:31, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * webcomic-author-stub has awebproject, but is not official
 * UK-retail-stub has been populated
 * Videogame companies stubs - These four things are esthetic changes to cvg-stub and feeds into the same cat through a group ofseveral additional themed templates, apparently.
 * organic-chem-stub on list, without maintenance tag, and does not include its list children
 * textiles-stub definitely viable. Needs proper categorization
 * On SFD for renaming. Conscious 06:56, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Canada-law-stub

Speedy delete through WP:SFD, then archive
All sort of nonsense here, including still-categoryless templates

 * Gloucestershire-stub - still only two articles, made obsolete by Gloucestershire-geo-stub,article is better off as an animal-stub
 * Argentina-poli-stub too small for the time being
 * Electric-loco-stub, Diesel-loco-stub, Steam-loco-stub unneeded and never implemented.
 * I think that the latter two should be adopted. Conscious 10:02, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * HK-road-stub unused redirect
 * Iraq-war-stub same as theology-stub, but unused
 * organometallic-compound-stub and organometallic-compound-start former has maintenance tag, but virtually unused, latter more used, but still not enough

To be debated
These have not been clearly discussed and consensus to move into one of the speedy cat is needed, many are too small for speedy keep, but of uncertain growth potential. At worse, go through SFD with each of them and include accepted ones in WSS/ST with proper cats and categorization and all.

 * tea-stub
 * On proposals page. Conscious 08:02, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Portugal-royal-stub
 * On SFD for renaming. Conscious 08:02, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Argentina-sport-stub went through CFD, was kept,but never officialized. Still small and cutting through cats. Debate fodder if I ever saw any.
 * UK-bank-stub barely populated, but bank-stub can be expected to split before long, so should probably be kept.
 * Listed. Conscious 07:45, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * NZ-university-stub
 * Listed on WP:WSS/ST. Conscious 08:19, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Germany-university-stub
 * On SFD. Conscious 08:02, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Taiwan-university-stub
 * On SFD. Conscious 08:02, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Delaware-stub small. COuld set a precedent for other state-geo-stubs, though...
 * Listed. Conscious 07:45, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Slovakia-bio-stub
 * Populated and listed. Conscious 08:47, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Image-Comics-stub
 * On SFD. Conscious 07:45, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Theology-stub no cat, used on a couple articles. Viable?
 * Redirected to reli-stub. Conscious 08:08, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Cape Verde-geo-stub
 * Listed on WP:WSS/ST. Conscious 08:19, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Circeus (talk • contribs) 08:18, 28 December 2005 UTC

Comments
I think this is probably a good idea, as long as whoever does the archiving remembers to update the WSS/ST list at the same time. As to the problem cases, CapeVerde-geo-stub is fine (but without the gap - I thought that had been fixed), and NZ-university-stub survived SFD (and is now up to about 35 stubs) - the other university stubs and UK-bank-stub are probably fine, too. The others, though...need work, to say the least. Grutness...wha?  23:43, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure what to do with Argentina-sport-stub. IIRC, SFD nomination resulted in no consensus. I can only think of listing it now or of nominating it for deletion again... say, in a month. Conscious 07:47, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * list again at sfd in a month. if this ones not deleted it will open all sorts of flood gates. do we want country-sport-bios for loads of countries? BL   kiss the lizard  23:22, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * country-sport-bios would atleast be better than country-sport, tho ;) but i agree about listing it at sfd again, perhaps in less than a month --Mairi 09:34, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * um yeah :) i meant country-sport-stubs BL   kiss the lizard  10:05, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Any number of apparently undersized stubs
I've noticed there's a rather huge number of stub categories that have less than "threshold"; 633 have less than 60 members, 414 less than 30, and 139 just one (and only five of these seem to be speediable as "empty"). Any number of these may actually be "in good standing", but it seems a lot to deal with, on any basis. But if anyone wants to help with "pre-discovery" on these, I could upload and wikify a list of them from some selected cut-off (I have no idea, don't ask me). Though I think we went through a similar exercise not that long ago, so if people are still "undersized-stubbed out" out from that... Alai 02:52, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm up for that. The stub types page is becoming a little unwieldy and needs pruning. --TheParanoidOne 06:44, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll wager many of these haven't been near /proposals, much less /types! What's your poison as regards the cut-off?  Alai 07:01, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * 40? -GTBacchus(talk) 07:21, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * yeah, 40 sounds reasonable. Perhaps with so many (if it's not too much work) it should be done in groups, starting with those with under 10, then moving to those with 10-20... that way any newer ones might creep up towards threshold. Grutness...wha?  09:57, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll take a closer look at the subtypes under rail-stub and try to summarize my findings this weekend as I'm in that section on an almost daily basis. Slambo (Speak)  11:59, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Sold at 40. I've split them up into increments of 10, too. Grutness's suggestion about doing this smallest-up is a good one, partly to save work when the list is re-generated, which will requiring manually re-removing any "good" types from the list. The good news is, a lot of the 'singletons', and no few of the others, are simply redlinks, so are just a matter of fixing wherever points to them, and striking them off the list. Anyhoo, please do with them as thou wilt. Alai 16:20, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Reverso?
The proposals page has been in reverse order for a couple of weeks now, with no ill effects (other than never noticing when anything gets added to the "other business" section...). Are we going to complete the job by doing the same to the discovery page? And if so, when? Grutness...wha?  12:04, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Small stub types, opus 2
I've uploaded an updated list of stub types with 40 articles or fewer. This time I've excluded the redlinks (as of the last dump), the types with any subtypes -- and as an act of mercy, the schools and novels. Hopefully, at least, on all counts. Have your will of them! Alai 04:18, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

What to do when stubs are listed on only one list?
I have recently found a number of stub types which are included in the list at WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types or the page Category:Stub categories, but not both. Can anyone tell me who I should contact about this, if anyone? Badbilltucker 18:13, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * That's exactly the sort of thing this page is for. If they're on the stub type list but not in then simply add the  to the cat - it probably accidentally got missed off during the creation of the category. If a category is in  but not on the list at WP:WSS/ST, then it probably got created "out of process" and needs to be checked over - please add it to the bottom of WP:WSS/D so that we can see whether it's correctly formatted and worth keeping or not. Grutness...wha?  23:49, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * A list of the stub categories not found in WP:WSS/ST is here. Conscious 04:52, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the quick responses. I will start making changes as you indicated immediately. Badbilltucker 18:58, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Probably due to inexperience, I am not clear about the directions for "stub type but not categories": is what I add literally "c||Stubcategories" within the double brackets-- is the "category" always exactly the same wording as the "type" ? DGG 22:25, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

needs archiving
This page is in desparate need of archiving (waaay too long to sort through), but I don't have the knowledge or confidence to do it myself. Most of the discussions are so old that I wasn't around then, so I don't know what really took place. I'll help if someone could give me guidelines or would be willing to assist in this. ~ Amalas rawr  =^_^=  20:35, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I had been waiting for Argentina-sport-stub to finish its SFD, now that it has I'll be doing some archiving soon. Caerwine Caerwhine 04:09, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ive been hoping someone would transclude it like WSS/P -itd be a big help.  BL Lacertae -  kiss the lizard  04:29, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Transclusion per se is easy, the art is deciding when a discussion is "done", or at least "too old to care about". Do we want to say, have a rolling two- or three-month window, as at /P?  Again, manual per-item archiving does not seem a popular activity.  Another alternative would be to set up auto-archival of sections older than days.  Alai 06:50, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Archive12 is now done (43KB) and I'll be getting to work soon on Archive 13 and likely a 14 as well. Caerwine Caerwhine 20:47, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Here's a plan: seemingly Werdnabot also works on project pages, so I propose to use it here on a trial basis. I'm thinking in terms of setting the parameters to be stale-for-270-days, and reducing it progressively from there until the page is down to reasonable size, perhaps to say stale-for-60-days. Thereafter we can decide whether to continue on a similar basis, or to use per-month transclusion, "rotating" two months or so at a go. This should require only a "changing the tape" style of of maintenance (updating the target archive every so often, or else simply making that per-month, too). Alai 22:41, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Support. I was actually considering bunging Werdnabot on the Talk page of the WP:SCOWNB, but wasn't sure if that might not be what it is for. But after seeing this I may give it a spin. --Mais oui! 12:31, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Support in theory, but... when things are archived here, we check whether they've been added to the stub type list, deleted, or need to be sent to sfd - can Werdnabot deal with that too? Grutness...wha?  23:23, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Nope. We don't even have a completely standard format for listings: any sort of automation would be a bit of a nightmare, in my opinion, at least until that's made more fixed, and it's not an area of 'botting that I for one am up on.  Someone familiar with the code used on some of the other process pages might be able to help out.  Caerwine made a similar point when I mentioned this on his talk page.  My thinking was that we could define a "too old to care about" threshold, but CW makes the point that this could result in "rediscovery", and prefers to keep things here until they're dealt with.  If people were willing to monitor what's been archived, and take that as cue to so deal with it, that would serve the same purpose, but it's not clear that that would happen any more reliably than archiving does at present.  Alai 03:01, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm trying my best to get through these right now, and I'm sending the more obvious ones that haven't been dealt off to SFD or adding them to the stub list or redirect as appropriate. Once I get through with that (and the results of the resulting SFD's if those can be handled fairly quickly) I'll procede to some of the thornier ones.  I've managed to archive some 80KB (of what had been 223 KB) so far, and I'm only up to the middle of the Februaries so far, with all of the remaining Octobers and Novembers fully archived. Caerwine Caerwhine  17:57, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * While slave labour someone kind enough to volunteer is taking care of archiving this faster than it's growing, that's the ideal method. We could also implement per-month transclusion, though that would have little, indeed no benefit for archiving, if that has to wait until each item has been "actioned"; though it would mean that those keen not to load the whole page would have the option of skipping to the current month.  Alai 00:10, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That would be a huge boon for those of us with old modems! Might I suggest too that if this page gets cut to a reasonable size, and if we do have monthly transcribing, it might be worth using the "new at top" method used on the proposal and deletion pages? Grutness...wha?  00:42, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've no particular feelings either way on top-down, vs. bottom-up. Per-month transclusion we can go over to at any point if there are no objections:  we could wait until the start of next month and start then, or else retro-transclude the current month in a day or three if there's general support.  Alai 01:46, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I just want to bump this topic a bit. I'd love to implement a per-month transclusion to aid this page.  I think we should switch the order of this page so that we add new material to the top, just like the other pages (SFD, proposals), for consistency.  Also, I was thinking that we could create some templates similar to the proposals ones, something like sfdisc sfd (for sending to sfd), sfdisc list (for simply listing something that, while created out of process, is an okay stub), and a generic sfdisc top with a parameter (for everything else).  That way someone (probably me) could go through all the discoveries and decide what to do with them.  If someone could help jump-start this, I might be able to have this cleared away pretty soon (project just got done at work, so currently have a lot of free time).  ~ Amalas  rawr  =^_^=  16:16, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * So, I was bored at work and decided to go ahead and implement my above solution. I went through the entire discoveries page and tagged them as best as I could.  I created Archive 15 with all the discoveries that had pretty much been dealt with and just needed to be removed from the page.  I made a small dent, but /D could still use some work.  I may list a bunch of stuff on WP:STUBS this afternoon, but I could use some help in that, as well as with sending stuff to SFD.  I would suggest creating a new archive if you do more work on this, to avoid massive archive pages.  <b style="color:maroon;">~ Amalas</b>  rawr  <sup style="color:navy;">=^_^=  17:28, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Good work! Looks like several comments in favour of reversal/transclusion, BTW, so perhaps that is worth doing after all? Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  00:06, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

trivial changes
It would be much quicker improving the lists of orphan categories and stubs if, when the ommision (or error) is obvious (and not an attempt to elude NPOV), the obvious category could be directly added  (or changed). They could be kept in a subcategory like: "Trivial Changes Made" so any doubters coud check. DGG 22:34, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Help! WTF is happening???
I need some help here. I've twice tried to edit WP:WSS/D to add a comment to the belgium-sport-stub section, and each time, when i tried to save it, the whole section and part of the section above it disappeared. I though it was an editing glitch, but my edit appears OK enough in the page history. And no, it's not a caching problem - I tried opening the page in a different browser and i get the same weird glitch. Can anyone fix whatever it is I've done, please??? Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  03:51, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I've copied the entry and added the section again below, however if I remove the old entry the NEW ONE disappears as well. I did a few experiments (unsaved):

 * 1) Does it help to remove listings from previous months or the listings of entire month(s)? No.
 * 2) Does it help to remove the planet-stub debate or converting it - from headline to end - into a "nowiki" block? Yes.
 * 3) Does it help to remove previous entries from the October section? No

 * I don't think you did anything wrong G. I see two possibilities: 1) the structure of the entire paragraph and/or of the October listings has got way too complex for the software to handle. 2) There is a bug somewhere that hides item no. 70-odd on the list of paragraphs. The copied code seems to do the trick (whatever it is) so let's just sweep it under the carpet. Valentinian (talk) / (contribs) 10:40, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually your edit doesn't look okay. " {[cl|Belgian sports stubs}} "  Do you see a problem?  Valentinian says it's fixed, so it's not a big deal now, but I just thought I'd point out what might have been causing the issues.  <b style="color:maroon;">~ Amalas</b>  rawr  <sup style="color:navy;">=^_^=  16:03, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I've removed the duplicate entry now and I-don't-know-why but everything seems to work now so let's settle it there. Valentinian (talk) / (contribs) 22:37, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the help - it had me completely baffled. Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  23:04, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Haitian stubs
I just found two stub categories, Haiti-painter-stub and Haiti-writer-stub, which have no articles in them yet. I don't think they were necessarily cleared by your group, but I can't be sure. That's why I posted the information here on the talk page. Badbilltucker 16:25, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * They've been approved, but not populated yet. Here's the painter proposal and the writer proposal. <b style="color:maroon;">~ Amalas</b>  rawr  <sup style="color:navy;">=^_^=  16:33, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the information. We're starting a new project on the area of the Caribbean, and I wasn't sure whether to include them on the list of stubs or not. I will now. Badbilltucker 17:33, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Transc ription lusion
Now seems the perfect time to suggest this again. This page is very long, and takes forever to load for that reason. <S>Transcription Transclusion by month, a la WP:WSS/P, would solve a lot of these problems, I'm sure. Are there any violent objections? If there are no objections, I could start making subpages in the next few days. Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  05:53, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * No objections per se. But if we do, we should also use the same archiving mechanism, so start off with January 2007 and let the main page shrink as discoveries get archived. Caerwine <small style="font-family:sans-serif;color:darkred">Caer’s whines  06:08, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * OK - so that would mean just transcribing the current month and leave the older stuff to dwindle... fair enough - that means less transcription work :) Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  06:49, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

There's been no arguments against this, so here goes... Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  02:07, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Ack! Why didn't I see this before. I know it's a bit late, but YES PLEASE.  Transcription makes sense and it'll help out with archiving in the future (right now, it's a yucky cut/paste thing).  Thank you Grutness! <b style="color:maroon;">~ Amalas</b>  rawr  <sup style="color:navy;">=^_^=  16:42, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, I just thought of a problem with this. If we transcribe by month, then we will have to wait until the entire month is dealt with before we can archive it.  Does that mean we should stick with a cut/paste archive solution?  I'm a bit unsure as to how the process will work out.  <b style="color:maroon;">~ Amalas</b>  rawr  <sup style="color:navy;">=^_^=  15:03, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * How ios it dealt with for WSS/P? That's transcribed monthly but IIRC proposals are dealt with on an individual basis. If it works there, it will probably work here, too - and probably should be used for the sake of not needing to learn another load of instructions! Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  23:41, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it'd remain a yucky cut/paste thing, as Amalas so accurately puts it. We'd have to go to per-entry or per-day transclusion in order to realistically change that.  Basically changing to per-month will make no real change to archiving, and no real change to loading the page, incurs a fairly small overhead in having to create and transclude the individual pages, but would allow loading of just a single month at a time.  I've no objections, at any rate.  Alai 01:06, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * That last point (loading only one month) makes a huge difference to those of us on dial-up! :) Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  01:28, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Indeed, I appreciate that. (Even moreso after being temporarily marooned on dialup over Christmas.)  Just trying to sum up the implications as explicitly as possible.  Alai 01:47, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Stub broken by faulty redirect
The useful US-company-stub has been broken, apparently by a brand-new editor who should not have been mucking around with redirects. Instead of redirecting an article, he redirected the stub template, with the result being an ugly (and irrelevant) redirect being posted on every page that uses the stub. I can't revert it, because there is no history (which confuses me). What needs to be done to fix the stub template? Horologium t-c 18:58, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

✅ I've cleaned it up. Thanks for the report. If you're in doubt another time, try finding a related stub template that works (in this case, e.g. Company-stub), use copy-paste on its content, and use it as the basis for a new version of the broken template, just remember to modify the text line and the stub category. If you do this, please remember that the stub category must never be a redlink. If it is, something remains broken. If any of this sounds tricky, don't hesitate to ask again. Best. Valentinian T / C 21:30, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Update. The edit history is present, but he seems to have moved something in a way that left the template's edit history as part of the edit history of his new article (which looks a lot like a copyvio from his company's website. I just checked the first lines of text, but they matched. Valentinian T / C 21:36, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Housekeeping
Per the many comments on this page, I have (a) reversed the order of the Discoveries page and (b) begun archiving the rest of the 2006 discussions. If someone else could take on the task of keeping up with archiving here, it would be lovely, as I'm already the Proposals archive maven. Cheers, Her Pegship <small style="color:green;"> (tis herself) 21:56, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Notification templates
I've finally got round to making a suite of templates for notifying the creators of unproposed stub types that their creations have been either sent to SfD or reported on WSS/D. Have a look at Sfdnotify1, Sfdnotify2 and Wssdnotify and tell me what you think. It';s likely someone with more technical skill could parameterise the sfd ones so that only one template is needed, but I'll leave that to someone more skilled than I am. Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  01:30, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Potentially unapproved stub types using asbox
I found these templates using asbox that don't appear at WP:SST (incl. /Culture+/Geography) prior to starting the conversion. Some may need to be listed, and some may need discussed. I haven't really looked through it. –<b style="font-family:verdana; color:black;">xeno</b><sup style="color:black; font-family:verdana;">talk 02:46, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

 * 1) Template:Aeroengine-term-stub
 * 2) Template:Almería-geo-stub
 * 3) Template:AnGiang-geo-stub
 * 4) Template:Arab-cuisine-stub
 * 5) Template:AtlantaBraves-season-stub
 * 6) Template:Australia-baseball-bio-stub
 * 7) Template:Aviation-accident-stub
 * 8) Template:Aviation-bio-stub
 * 9) Template:Aviation-term-stub
 * 10) Template:Ávila-geo-stub
 * 11) Template:Ayeyarwady-geo-stub
 * 12) Template:Azerbaijan-struct-stub
 * 13) Template:BacGiang-geo-stub
 * 14) Template:BaltimoreOrioles-season-stub
 * 15) Template:Bartending-stub
 * 16) Template:Belgium-company-stub
 * 17) Template:Blood-disease-stub
 * 18) Template:Bread-stub
 * 19) Template:Canada-restaurant-stub
 * 20) Template:Chef-bio-stub
 * 21) Template:Chicago-metro-stub
 * 22) Template:China-biologist-stub
 * 23) Template:Circulatory-disease-stub
 * 24) Template:Clermont-geo-stub
 * 25) Template:Colombia-baseball-bio-stub
 * 26) Template:Commelinales-stub
 * 27) Template:Component-aircraft-stub
 * 28) Template:Computational physics
 * 29) Template:Congenital-malformation-stub
 * 30) Template:Cuba-baseball-manager-stub
 * 31) Template:Cue-sports-stub
 * 32) Template:CzechRepublic-orienteering-bio-stub
 * 33) Template:Devon-stub
 * 34) Template:Distilled beverages-stub
 * 35) Template:DominicanRepublic-baseball-manager-stub
 * 36) Template:Ear-disease-stub
 * 37) Template:East-Africa-politician-stub
 * 38) Template:Ecuador-struct-stub
 * 39) Template:Electric-vehicle-stub
 * 40) Template:ElSalvador-sports-venue-stub
 * 41) Template:England-cricket-bio-1960s-stub
 * 42) Template:England-footy-defender-1860s-stub
 * 43) Template:England-footy-defender-1990s-stub
 * 44) Template:England-footy-midfielder-1860s-stub
 * 45) Template:England-footy-midfielder-1870s-stub
 * 46) Template:England-footy-striker-1850s-stub
 * 47) Template:England-footy-striker-1860s-stub
 * 48) Template:Europe-baseball-bio-stub
 * 49) Template:Europe-footyclub-stub
 * 50) Template:Eye-disease-stub
 * 51) Template:Finland-orienteering-bio-stub
 * 52) Template:FordIL-geo-stub
 * 53) Template:France-restaurant-stub
 * 54) Template:Gametheory-stub
 * 55) Template:Genitourinary-disease-stub
 * 56) Template:Herb-stub
 * 57) Template:HongKong-law-stub
 * 58) Template:Illinois-basketball-team-stub
 * 59) Template:Illinois-newspaper-stub
 * 60) Template:Illinois-railstation-stub
 * 61) Template:Illinois-road-stub
 * 62) Template:Illinois-sports-venue-stub
 * 63) Template:India-cuisine-stub
 * 64) Template:InheritanceTrilogy-stub
 * 65) Template:Injury-stub
 * 66) Template:Isotope-stub
 * 67) Template:Italy-baseball-bio-stub
 * 68) Template:Japan-baseball-bio-stub
 * 69) Template:Japan-baseball-business-bio-stub
 * 70) Template:Japan-baseball-catcher-stub
 * 71) Template:Japan-baseball-center-fielder-stub
 * 72) Template:Japan-baseball-first-baseman-stub
 * 73) Template:Japan-baseball-infielder-stub
 * 74) Template:Japan-baseball-left-fielder-stub
 * 75) Template:Japan-baseball-manager-stub
 * 76) Template:Japan-baseball-outfielder-stub
 * 77) Template:Japan-baseball-right-fielder-stub
 * 78) Template:Japan-baseball-second-baseman-stub
 * 79) Template:Japan-baseball-shortstop-stub
 * 80) Template:Japan-baseball-third-baseman-stub
 * 81) Template:Japan-cuisine-stub
 * 82) Template:Japan-footy-defender-stub
 * 83) Template:Japan-footy-goalkeeper-stub
 * 84) Template:Japan-footy-midfielder-stub
 * 85) Template:Japan-footy-striker-stub
 * 86) Template:Kite-stub
 * 87) Template:Korea-baseball-outfielder-stub
 * 88) Template:Korea-baseball-shortstop-stub
 * 89) Template:LACMTA-stub
 * 90) Template:Mental-disorder-stub
 * 91) Template:Mexico-baseball-manager-stub
 * 92) Template:Mexico-restaurant-stub
 * 93) Template:Missile-stub
 * 94) Template:Mobile-stub
 * 95) Template:Musculoskeletal-disease-stub
 * 96) Template:Nervoussystem-disease-stub
 * 97) Template:Nicaragua-baseball-bio-stub
 * 98) Template:Norway-orienteering-bio-stub
 * 99) Template:Orienteering-bio-stub
 * 100) Template:Orienteering-org-stub
 * 101) Template:Orienteering-stub
 * 102) Template:Paleo-carnivora-stub
 * 103) Template:Panama-baseball-bio-stub
 * 104) Template:Perinatal-disorder-stub
 * 105) Template:Quarterback-1860s-stub
 * 106) Template:Quarterback-1870s-stub
 * 107) Template:Quarterback-1880s-stub
 * 108) Template:Quarterback-1890s-stub
 * 109) Template:Quarterback-1900s-stub
 * 110) Template:Quarterback-1910s-stub
 * 111) Template:Quarterback-1920s-stub
 * 112) Template:Quarterback-1930s-stub
 * 113) Template:Quarterback-1940s-stub
 * 114) Template:Quarterback-1950s-stub
 * 115) Template:Quarterback-1960s-stub
 * 116) Template:Quarterback-1970s-stub
 * 117) Template:Quarterback-1980s-stub
 * 118) Template:Respiratory-disease-stub
 * 119) Template:Restaurateur-bio-stub
 * 120) Template:Russia-orienteering-bio-stub
 * 121) Template:SaintVincent-stub
 * 122) Template:Salamanca-geo-stub
 * 123) Template:SanFrancisco-metro-stub
 * 124) Template:Scotland-rugbyunion-bio-stub
 * 125) Template:Soft-drink-stub
 * 126) Template:SouthKorea-university-stub
 * 127) Template:Spain-restaurant-stub
 * 128) Template:Spicemix-stub
 * 129) Template:Spice-stub
 * 130) Template:StLouisCardinals-season-stub
 * 131) Template:Stublist
 * 132) Template:Stublist/doc
 * 133) Template:Sweden-orienteering-bio-stub
 * 134) Template:Switzerland-orienteering-bio-stub
 * 135) Template:Synapsid-stub
 * 136) Template:Taiwan-baseball-catcher-stub
 * 137) Template:Taiwan-baseball-infielder-stub
 * 138) Template:Taiwan-baseball-outfielder-stub
 * 139) Template:Taiwan-baseball-pitcher-stub
 * 140) Template:Taiwan-baseball-shortstop-stub
 * 141) Template:Taiwan-business-bio-stub
 * 142) Template:Taiwan-gov-stub
 * 143) Template:Taiwan-music-stub
 * 144) Template:Taiwan-newspaper-stub
 * 145) Template:Taiwan-org-stub
 * 146) Template:TAMU-stub
 * 147) Template:TexasTech-stub
 * 148) Template:Tv-character-stub
 * 149) Template:UK-biologist-stub
 * 150) Template:UK-canal-stub
 * 151) Template:UK-restaurant-stub
 * 152) Template:UKward-geo-stub
 * 153) Template:UnitedArabEmirates-struct-stub
 * 154) Template:US-baseball-center-fielder-stub
 * 155) Template:US-baseball-left-fielder-stub
 * 156) Template:US-baseball-manager-stub
 * 157) Template:US-baseball-outfielder-stub
 * 158) Template:US-baseball-pitcher-1910s-stub
 * 159) Template:US-baseball-right-fielder-stub
 * 160) Template:US-metro-stub
 * 161) Template:US-restaurant-stub
 * 162) Template:US-software-company-stub
 * 163) Template:US-wrestling-bio-stub
 * 164) Template:Water-stub
 * 165) Template:Widereceiver-1990s-stub

Now that I am about half way done the conversion, I can tell you that 3549 stubs using asbox do not appear on the WP:SST+Culture+Geo pages. See. –<b style="font-family:verdana; color:black;">xeno</b><sup style="color:black; font-family:verdana;">talk 04:21, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Thankfully, many of these seem to be approved but missing from the list. There are enough here that aren't however, to make many a WP:WSS/P regular weep. Some have inappropriate names through form (e.g.UKward-geo-stub, which appears to be an attempt to make a UK-constituency-stub), others through ambiguity (Mobile-stub is not about the city in Alabama). Others fail both quite spectacularly (e.g. Distilled beverages-stub, with its inappropriate space and plural form, and lack of detail as to whether it's about alcoholic spirits or bottled water). Others have been listed at WP:WSS/D in the past (or at WP:SFD). One or two are not in use and unlikely to get much use even if accepted (e.g. InheritanceTrilogy-stub -the parent, which is at not, only has 12 articles). All in all, it looks like quite a big cleanup job is ahead... (PS, for anyone else interested in this, Xeno has provided a longer list at User:WOSlinker/stublist). As far as getting all stub types approved, somedays it feels that we're repeatedly halving the distance to that target but never finally reaching it :) Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  00:12, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Once the the list is updated, we can run another sweep. It will be quite easy to identify unproposed stubs from here on out. –<b style="font-family:verdana; color:black;">xeno</b><sup style="color:black; font-family:verdana;">talk 00:26, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Here is pretty much the most up-to-date list of stub templates I can generate: 12,916 (alpha order, to see an earlier list roughly sorted by creation date click here). This excludes redirects (!).
 * Comparing this to WP:SST+Culture+Geo, I found 7,429 unlisted. (Don't shoot the messenger!). On the flipside, I found 80 listed that don't correspond to my list, mostly that have been moved. –<b style="font-family:verdana; color:black;">xeno</b><sup style="color:black; font-family:verdana;">talk 16:18, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

 * 1) Template:2000s-Christianrock-album-stub
 * 2) Template:Afl-bio-stub
 * 3) Template:Afl-stub
 * 4) Template:Algae-stub
 * 5) Template:Animated-film-stub
 * 6) Template:Auto-company-stub
 * 7) Template:Autoracing-stub
 * 8) Template:BadenWurttemberg-geo-stub
 * 9) Template:Bangkok-geo-stub
 * 10) Template:BiH-geo-stub
 * 11) Template:Binary-star-stub
 * 12) Template:Biosci-stub
 * 13) Template:California-south-geo-stub
 * 14) Template:Cattheory-stub
 * 15) Template:Charity-org-stub
 * 16) Template:Cuesports-stub
 * 17) Template:Doctorwho-stub
 * 18) Template:DragonQuest-stub
 * 19) Template:Earwig-stub
 * 20) Template:Economics-stub
 * 21) Template:Euro-academic-bio-stub
 * 22) Template:Euro-actor-stub
 * 23) Template:Euro-bank-stub
 * 24) Template:Euro-business-bio-stub
 * 25) Template:Euro-composer-stub
 * 26) Template:Euro-footyclub-stub
 * 27) Template:Euro-journalist-stub
 * 28) Template:Europe-mil-stub
 * 29) Template:Europe-tram-stub
 * 30) Template:Euro-politician-stub
 * 31) Template:Euro-rail-stub
 * 32) Template:Euro-school-stub
 * 33) Template:Euro-sports-venue-stub
 * 34) Template:Euro-university-stub
 * 35) Template:Filming-stub
 * 36) Template:Gaelic-sport-stub
 * 37) Template:Game-tv-prog-stub
 * 38) Template:Haute-Normandie-geo-stub
 * 39) Template:Hiphop-band-stub
 * 40) Template:Hip-hop-song-stub
 * 41) Template:Hoops-stub
 * 42) Template:Hoops-team-stub
 * 43) Template:India-food-stub
 * 44) Template:India-sports-stub
 * 45) Template:Int-org-stub
 * 46) Template:Japan-food-stub
 * 47) Template:LondonTransport-stub
 * 48) Template:London-tube-stub
 * 49) Template:Manchester-geo-stub
 * 50) Template:Manchester-railstation-stub
 * 51) Template:MTR-stub
 * 52) Template:Myanmar-stub
 * 53) Template:Norway-scientist-stub
 * 54) Template:Parapsychology-stub
 * 55) Template:PRC-airport-stub
 * 56) Template:PRC-struct-stub
 * 57) Template:Reli-struct-stub
 * 58) Template:Rhondda-Cynon-Taff-geo-stub
 * 59) Template:Ride-stub
 * 60) Template:RnB-song-stub
 * 61) Template:Roma-stub
 * 62) Template:RugbyLeague-stub
 * 63) Template:SanFranciscoMunicipalRailway-stub
 * 64) Template:SaoTomePrincipe-stub
 * 65) Template:Slovenia-university-stub
 * 66) Template:Soviet-stub
 * 67) Template:Speed-skating-bio-stub
 * 68) Template:Sportbio-stub
 * 69) Template:StarTrek-char-stub
 * 70) Template:StarTrek-episode-stub
 * 71) Template:StarTrek-novel-stub
 * 72) Template:StarTrek-stub
 * 73) Template:SunshineCoastQueensland-geo-stub
 * 74) Template:Terrorism-bio-stub
 * 75) Template:Terrorism-stub
 * 76) Template:Theater-stub
 * 77) Template:Truebug-stub
 * 78) Template:Truefly-stub
 * 79) Template:US-dramatist-stub
 * 80) Template:Video-game-company-stub

Non-standard names
I assume these need to be renamed, deleted, or merged. And probably listed. –<b style="font-family:verdana; color:black;">xeno</b><sup style="color:black; font-family:verdana;">talk 15:40, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) Template:D&DVG stub
 * 2) Template:River City stub
 * 3) Template:South Korea-bio stub
 * 4) Template:Star Trek article stub
 * 5) Template:Star Trek character stub
 * 6) Template:Star Trek episode stub
 * 7) Template:Star Trek print stub
 * 8) Template:Columbia, Missouri stub
 * 9) Template:Adult industry project stub
 * 10) Template:State Legislatures Stub

All these at the very least need to be changed with the current names deleted - assuming they're needed. In some cases, I can see no practical use for these at all, so deletion's the most reasonable option. In which case they definitely shouldn't be listed at WP:SST, but rather at WP:SFD. So that's 9/10 that probably require deletion (four of them speedily so), and the tenth is not a hard-and-fast keeper either. Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  00:54, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) Template:D&DVG stub. Redlinked stub category. No permcat parent type. Main stubcat parent is well below level required for a split.Unsed on just three articles
 * 2) Template:River City stub. No stub category, unused, permcat parent has only 65 articles, many of which should probably be merged.
 * 3) Template:South Korea-bio stub (and also Template:South Korea-poet-stub}}. Korean bio-stubs are not split into North and South since the vast majority of the stubs are for people born before 1950. This has been debated before at [[WP:WSS/P. Between them, these two stubs (and the associated category) are used witha total of eight stubs
 * 4) Template:Star Trek article stub. Moved "for consistency"(!) to an inconsistent and incorrect name from the proper name of StarTrek-stub.
 * 5) Template:Star Trek character stub. Ditto
 * 6) Template:Star Trek episode stub. Ditto
 * 7) Template:Star Trek print stub. Ditto. All four have been moved back to their proper names, with these ones deleted.
 * 8) Template:Columbia, Missouri stub. This and its stubcat are used on only two articles. In general, only very large cities have their own stub categories - the rest of the US is divided by county. This one's vaguely plausible as a stub type, but only if it has far more stubs that two.
 * 9) Template:Adult industry project stub. Unused, no stubcat link, and other stub templates cover this field adequately.
 * 10) Template:State Legislatures Stub. Unused, no stubcat link, and other stub templates cover this field adequately.

Category:Pedagogue stubs
I just discovered this stub. In Wikipedia, the articles in this category are classified under educationist. There is no reason to classify the stubs differently. Besiders according to Webster's, pedagogue is someone who educates: these are classified in Wikipedia as educators. Educationists are, also according to Webster's the persons who specialize in the theory of education. The discussion page of the stub indicates that pedagogue stub is wrong. It is therefore suggested that the category be changed to educationist stub.Afil (talk) 02:39, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Best thing to do would be to list it under its own heading either at WP:WSS/D (this page's project page) or at the proposals page WP:WSS/P - though this isn't truly a proposal since it's already been created, the proposals page is on far more watchlists so will probably get more comments. I'm personally undecided oen way or the other whether a separate stub for public art is the best way to go - it's another axis to split art on other than medium and nationality, which are the two ways art would normally be split by stubs - and era/style would be a more obvious third way. In any case, with most WikiProjects a banner talk-page template is far more useful than a stub type, since you can use it to assess all your project's articles rather than justb stubs (see the section of WP:STUB on WikiProjects and assessment templates) Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  21:41, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

public-art-stub
Hello: It was pointed out to me that I skipped quite a few steps in creating the public art stub and it is now listed here as a discovery. I just wanted to make myself known and let you know that I'm certainly willing to do whatever steps I need to to make things right and be an official, vetted stub. We spent a lot of time over the past month fixing up WikiProject Public art and obviously that task was hastily completed without looking into the proper process. I apologize for skirting the system; it wasn't intentional! Do let me know what you'd like me to do, since it's already created and has articles associated with it. Thank you and apologies again! HstryQT (talk) 13:35, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Best thing to do would be to list it under its own heading either at WP:WSS/D (this page's project page) or at the proposals page WP:WSS/P - though this isn't truly a proposal since it's already been created, the proposals page is on far more watchlists so will probably get more comments. Since it's already been listed here at the discovery page it's probably best to leave it here (I've also commented under its heading on WP:WSS/D. Grutness...<small style="color:#008822;">wha?  21:54, 2 February 2011 (UTC)


text:
Appointment of Bishops Act 1533

The Appointment of Bishops Act 1533 (25 Hen. 8. c. 20), also known as the Act Concerning Ecclesiastical Appointments and Absolute Restraint of Annates, is an Act of the Parliament of England.

This Act remains partly in force in England and Wales at the end of 2010.

It was passed by the English Reformation Parliament in 1534. It abolished all annates and made de jure the royal domination of ecclesiastical elections, which theretofore had been de facto.

After the Act of Conditional Restraints of Annates (23 Hen. 8. c. 20) of 1532, Thomas Cromwell, chief minister of Henry VIII of England, wanted to abolish all payments to the Holy See in Rome and to assign them to the King of England to strengthen royal finances. Sometime before January 1533, the Crown prepared a list of "acts necessary to be made at this Parliament," and one item included what the historian Stanford E. Lehmberg believes is probably the first known source for this Act:

"Item, an act that if the Pope attempts to vex our Sovereign Lord the King of this realm, by interdiction, excommunication, or otherwise for the said marriage, which is ratified and established by this realm, that then no subject of this realm after such attempt shall pay to the Pope any manner of annates, porcions, pensions, Peterpens, ne other profit that the Pope now hath out of this realm, but that the same shall be paid to our said Sovereign to retain for his defence and the realm, till it shall please his Highness otherwise to dispose and order the same to the Pope or see apostolik."

Thus the Act was meant to transfer the payment of annates from the Pope to the King and was introduced to the House of Commons of England early in the session of Parliament in 1534. The bill seemingly encountered little opposition in the Commons, possibly because of persuasion of Cromwell. In the Upper House, it did not meet with such approval and was subsequently dropped. Historians do not know the original wording of the bill nor the reason for it being dropped. After the passage of the Annates Act in 1531, however, the Lords Spiritual had complained that the annates "utterly undone and impoverished" them. Therefore, Stanford Lehmberg postulates that the Lords Spiritual probably objected to the King retaining annates.

A new bill dealing with the annates was introduced into the House of Lords on 27 February and passed it on 9 March and was approved in the Commons a week after. Parliament thus passed this Act, which ended all annates. The Act as finally enacted did not require the payment of annates to the Crown, rendering it financially useless to the King, clearly a partial victory for the clergy.

The other part of the Act dealt with the method of electing bishops. Before the Act, the dean and chapter of a cathedral held an election for a new bishop and customarily chose the candidate supported by the King. The Act bound the cathedral chapter to elect the candidate whom the King selected in his "letter missive". If the dean and chapter declined to make the election accordingly, or if the bishops of the church refused to consecrate the King's candidate, then they would be punished by praemunire. The Act therefore established royal domination of the election of bishops as an enforceable legal right with a heavy penalty.

The repeal by the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1969 of section 2 of the Act of Supremacy 1558 (1 Eliz. 1. c. 1) (1558) does not affect the continued operation, so far as unrepealed, of the Appointment of Bishops Act 1533.

As a result of the Cathedrals Measure 1999, the College of Canons must now perform the functions conferred by the Appointment of Bishops Act 1533 on the dean and chapter, and that Act accordingly has effect as if references to the dean and chapter were references to the College of Canons. This applies to every cathedral church in England other than the cathedral church of Christ in Oxford.

This Act was applied by section 23(2) of the Cathedrals Measure 1931

The preamble and sections 1 and 2 were repealed by section 1 of, and Part II of the Schedule to the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1969.

Section 6 was repealed by section 13 of, and Part I of Schedule 4 to, the Criminal Law Act 1967.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Appointment of Bishops Act 1533


text:
Leones del Caracas

The Caracas Base Ball Club C.A., better known by its commercial name as the Leones del Caracas, is a professional baseball team of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League (LVPB). The owner and sole shareholder of the sports club is Ricardo Cisneros, president of Ateneas Sports Holding.

Its name comes from the official name of the city of Caracas—Santiago de León de Caracas—which Diego de Losada assigned to it when it was founded in 1567. Consequently, a lion appears as a symbol on the representative coat of arms of the city of Caracas.

Los Leones del Caracas is a very popular team in Venezuela, and is the team with the most titles (21), and has runners-up (17), played finals (34), played post-seasons (3&). Second highest win percentage in the LVBP in regular season: (D-D 2187-2100 51%), post-season: (D-D 206-178 55.0%), finals (D-D 97-78 55.4%).

The team's colors are dark blue and gold and the crest features a lion, a symbol of the city of Caracas since 1591.

History

Cervecería Caracas was founded in 1942, after Cervecería Princesa, an early team, was bought and transformed into Caracas. At first, the team played its home games at the old Estadio Cerveza Caracas, which was located in the capital city of Caracas. The team was founded by Martín Tovar Lange and managed by big leaguer Alejandro Carrasquel.

The Princesa team played its last game on May 7, 1942. Then, Caracas debuted four days later with a 7–3 victory over the Criollos (Creoles). The game was played in Puerto Cabello, a city on the north coast of Venezuela. Caracas faced its later nemesis, the Navegantes del Magallanes for the first time on December 27 of that year, winning this now historic game by a 3–0 score.

In its first stage, the team won two championship titles before moving to the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League in January 1946.

Since its inception, the Caracas team was characterized by having only Venezuelan players on their roster. The club changed its policy in 1950, after signing catcher Lester Fusselman and outfielder Maurice Mozzali, two St. Louis Cardinals prospects.

In 1952, the franchise was bought by the publicist and sport commentator Pablo Morales and christened Leones del Caracas as a new franchise. Since then, the team plays its home games at the Estadio Universitario in Caracas. Later, businessman Oscar Prieto Ortiz joined Morales as a legal partner.

Pete Rose was benched after a slump late in the 1964 MLB season, finishing with a .269 average, but continued to play winter ball in Venezuela with the Leones del Caracas team during the 1964–1965 season to improve his batting.

By 2001, the descendants of Morales and Prieto sold their shares to the Grupo Cisneros, giving it majority control of the team.

Through 2024, the Caracas team has won 21 championship titles (3 as Cervecería Caracas and 18 as Leones del Caracas), more than any other team in Venezuelan Professional Baseball League history.

In the 2015-16 season, they became the club with the highest average home attendance in the league, with an average of 10,845. The next season, the average attendance was 6,539.

Ballpark
The Estadio Universitario is a multi-use stadium located in Caracas, Venezuela. The stadium holds 22,690 people and was built in 1952.

This stadium forms part of the Central University of Venezuela campus and was designed by architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva. It is considered a masterpiece of urban planning and was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2000. Caracas played in this stadium until the 2022/2023 season. For the 2023/2024 season the club moved to the brand new Monumental Stadium of Caracas Simón Bolívar.

Caribbean World Series titles
On February 9, 1982, the Leones earned Venezuela's third Caribbean World Series and the franchise's first, by defeating Dominican Republics's Leones del Escogido with a 3-1 score. The Leones ended the series with a record of 5 wins and 1 defeat. The Venezuelan team, with Alfonso Carrasquel at the helm, gained the championship title with a 5-1 record. Leones was led by catcher and Series MVP Baudilio Díaz (.412 BA, two home runs, five RBI, .500 OBP, .765 SLG), CF Tony Armas (.375, six RBI) and LF Luis Salazar (six runs, four stolen bases). The pitching staff was led by Luis Leal, who posted a 2-0 record with a 2.08 ERA and 10 strikeouts and a in 13.0 innings of work. Behind him were Bud Black (1-0, 1.29), Dennis Burtt (1-0, one save, seven SO in 10⅔ innings) and Tom Dixon (nine scoreless innings in Game 7). Venezuela also featured 2B Steve Sax, SS Ron Gardenhire, 1B Danny Garcia, 3B Leonardo Hernández, pinch-hitter Andrés Galarraga and pitcher Joe Cowley, among others.

On February 7, 2006, the Leones earned Venezuela's first Caribbean World Series title in 16 years, by defeating the Tigres del Licey of the Dominican Republic with a 5-4 score in the last game; this left the Leones with a record of six wins and no defeats at the 2006 Caribbean Series, ahead of Licey's four wins and two defeats record. With the victory, the Leones won Venezuela's sixth Caribbean Series title, and the franchise's second after the 1982 Caribbean Series. This also marked the first time a Venezuelan team sweeps the Caribbean Series, a feat previously accomplished only by teams from Cuba (Almendares in 1949, Habana in 1952, and Cienfuegos in 1960), from Puerto Rico (Cangrejeros de Santurce in 1953 and 2000, and Senadores de San Juan in 1995) and from the Dominican Republic (Tigres del Licey in 1971, 1977 and 1991, and Águilas Cibaeñas in 1998).

Retired uniform numbers
* Retired by VPBL

title: Leones del Caracas


text:
Heaven (Bryan Adams song)

"Heaven" is a song by the Canadian singer and songwriter Bryan Adams recorded in 1983, written by Adams and Jim Vallance. It first appeared on the A Night in Heaven soundtrack album the same year and was later included on Adams' album Reckless in 1984. It was released as the third single from Reckless and reached number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in June 1985, over a year and a half after the song first appeared on record. The single was certified Gold in Canada in 1985.

Heavily influenced by Journey's 1983 hit "Faithfully", the song was written while Adams served as the opening act on the band's Frontiers Tour, and features their drummer, Steve Smith. It provided Adams with his first number one single and third top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The track placed number 24 on Billboard magazine's Top Pop Singles of 1985.

Writing and recording
Adams had played over 100 dates with Journey during 1983, serving as the opening act on their Frontiers Tour. During that time, he and Jim Vallance co-wrote "Heaven", which was inspired by Journey's hit "Faithfully". It was recorded at the Power Station in New York City on June 6 and 7, 1983. Halfway through the recording session, drummer Mickey Curry – who had warned Adams about his limited availability that day – announced that he had to leave since he had committed in advance to a Hall & Oates session. Since the recording session for "Heaven" was running behind schedule, Adams called Journey drummer Steve Smith, who happened to be in New York City at the time and he filled Curry's drumming position. The song first appeared on the soundtrack to the 1983 film, A Night in Heaven, although it was not released as a single at that time.

Adams was unconvinced that "Heaven" was suitable for his next studio album, Reckless, a feeling that was echoed by producer Jimmy Iovine, who was working with Adams at the time. Iovine thought the song was too 'light' for the album and recommended that Adams not include it. But at the last moment, Adams changed his mind.

Reception and awards
For All Music Guide, Stewart Mason called the song "the power ballad that transcends the inherent cheesiness of the style to become a genuinely effective single." Mason also praised the "solid melody" and "appropriately bombastic arrangement...over which Adams delivers his most effective vocal performance ever."

In 1984, "Heaven" won the Procan Award (Performing Rights Organization of Canada) for Canadian radio airplay, in 1985, it won the BMI (Broadcast Music Inc.) Citation of Achievement for U.S. radio airplay and ten years later, it won a Socan Classics Award for more than 100,000 Canadian radio performances.

Chart performance
"Heaven" first appeared on the A Night in Heaven soundtrack album in 1983 and received substantial airplay on album-oriented rock radio stations, reaching the number nine on Billboard's Top Tracks chart in February 1984. It was released as the third single from the album Reckless in April 1985 and hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, the highest-charting single from "Reckless". The song also re-entered the Top Rock Tracks chart at that time, peaking at number 27. "Heaven" also peaked at number 12 on the Adult Contemporary chart during its second run, becoming Adams' second single to reach that chart after "Straight from the Heart" in 1983, and his biggest AC hit until 1991.

In Canada, "Heaven" reached number 11 on the RPM Singles Chart.

The song was also released in Australia, Europe, and New Zealand in 1985. "Heaven" peaked at number 38 in the UK. In several mainland European countries, "Heaven" was the first hit for Adams. "Heaven" reached the top 10 in Sweden and Norway and then the top 20 in Austria, Ireland, Switzerland, and Sweden, it was a moderate top hundred success in Germany where it peaked at number 62. In Australia, it peaked at number 12.

Music video
There were two videos, one shot at the Stanley Industrial Alliance Stage in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and directed by Steve Barron. That video includes appearances by Lysette Anthony, Garwin Sanford and Anthony Harrison. The second video was shot in London, England, and features Adams singing the song in a live concert setting; behind him, stacked video monitors show his band playing along. Video monitors also occupy each seat of the otherwise empty theater. At the end it is all revealed to be a dream of Adams. The video was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography.

Track listings
All live tracks were recorded at the Hollywood Palladium on February 1, 1985.

 * US 7-inch (A&M 2729)
 * 1) "Heaven"
 * 2) "Heaven" (live)

 * UK 7-inch (A&M AM256)
 * 1) "Heaven"
 * 2) "Diana"

 * UK 12-inch (A&M AMY256)
 * 1) "Heaven"
 * 2) "Diana"
 * 3) "Heaven" (live)
 * 4) "Fits Ya Good"

Personnel

 * Bryan Adams – vocals, piano and tambourine
 * Keith Scott – electric guitar
 * Rob Sabino – synthesizers
 * Dave Taylor – bass
 * Steve Smith – drums

DJ Sammy and Yanou version
Spanish DJ Sammy and German DJ Yanou recorded a dance cover of "Heaven" with vocals from Dutch singer Do. It was initially released on November 21, 2001, as the first single from DJ Sammy's second studio album Heaven (2002).

Chart performance
The song reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100. On October 28, 2009, over seven years after its release, the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000. It has also been certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales and streams of over 1,200,000 units.

Music video
The music video was directed by Oliver Bradford. It features Yanou, DJ Sammy and Do viewed briefly from a television. The video features two Asian girls, androgynous people and a Black man. It featured a family of four. There is a second version, with extended scenes of a stationary Do singing and no scenes of Yanou.

Live performances
Do performed the song with Westlife live in 2002 in the UK, and also with Westlife at the TMF Awards in 2003. Do also performed the song several times together with Bryan Adams, in the Netherlands and Germany.

Track listings
Spanish maxi-CD single
 * 1) "Heaven" (S'N'Y mix radio edit) – 3:54
 * 2) "Heaven" (S'N'Y mix extended) – 5:16
 * 3) "Heaven" (Green Court remix) – 8:27
 * 4) "Heaven" (Simon & Shaker remix) – 9:01
 * 5) "Heaven" (Commander Tom remix) – 6:35
 * 6) "Heaven" (Anastasia remix) – 10:51
 * 7) "Heaven" (Yanou's Candlelight mix) – 4:02
 * 8) "The Blue" – 7:00

UK CD single
 * 1) "Heaven" (radio edit)
 * 2) "Heaven" (original mix)
 * 3) "Heaven" (Flip and Fill remix)
 * 4) "Heaven" (CD-ROM video)

US maxi-CD single
 * 1) "Heaven" (radio version) – 3:55
 * 2) "Heaven" (extended mix) – 5:15
 * 3) "Heaven" (Green Court remix) – 6:19
 * 4) "Heaven" (Commander Tom remix) – 6:35
 * 5) "Heaven" (Anastasia remix) – 10:50
 * 6) "Heaven" (Simon & Shaker remix) – 9:00

Candlelight Mix
Because of the Eurodance version's popularity, a stripped-down "Candlelight Mix" ballad version was made and sung by Do, and received airplay on adult contemporary radio stations as well as contemporary hit radio stations.

9/11 remix
An unauthorized remix of the Candlelight Mix was made by KKXX in Bakersfield, California to commemorate the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks, featuring a kindergarten-aged girl telling the story of her father's death in the attacks, interspersed with the original chorus. While the monologue is based on a true story, the girl was actually the daughter of a former KISS FM program director, who was reading off a script and did not know about the attacks at the time.

title: Heaven (Bryan Adams song)


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CHSN-FM

CHSN-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 102.3 FM in Estevan, Saskatchewan. The station is currently owned & operated by Golden West Broadcasting and plays a hot adult contemporary format under the brand name Sun 102.

History
Golden West received approval from the CRTC on April 26, 2001, and the station was launched in November of the same year. CHSN was the first sister station to CJSL. At launch, the station had an adult contemporary format.

CHSN's format, branding and call sign were all adopted from a radio station in Saskatoon whose owner, Rawlco Communications, dropped them to launch a new active rock station, CJDJ.

In 2012, following the launch of CKSE-FM, CHSN switched to a hot adult contemporary format, with a much heavier emphasis on Top 40 pop. The station currently uses the slogans "Today's Best Music" and "Estevan's Best Music".

title: CHSN-FM


text:
Hello Broadway

Hello Broadway is the fourth studio album by soul singer Marvin Gaye, released in 1964. It is an album of standards and Broadway material.

Released during the middle of Gaye's coming-of-age as Motown's premier male solo star, the album showcases more of Gaye's personal desire to be a Nat King Cole/Frank Sinatra styled crooner rather than the R&B hitmaker Motown was grooming him into. Hello Broadway and Gaye's When I'm Alone I Cry albums were released at a time when Motown executives wanted Gaye to record for strictly the young R&B crowds rather than capture a more mature audience. It would take Gaye years to craft an album of standards that were more of his making, rather than the Cole-styled vocals he laid during this earlier period.

Track listing
Side One
 * 1) "Hello Broadway" (Ronald Miller, William O'Malley) – 3:11
 * 2) "People" (Bob Merrill, Jule Styne) – 3:03
 * 3) "The Party's Over" (Betty Comden, Adolph Green, Jule Styne) – 3:02
 * 4) "On the Street Where You Live" (Frederick Loewe, Alan Jay Lerner) – 2:24
 * 5) "What Kind of Fool Am I?" (Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley) – 3:40
 * 6) "My Kind of Town" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 2:36

Side Two
 * 1) "Days of Wine and Roses" (Henry Mancini, Johnny Mercer) – 3:36
 * 2) "This Is the Life" (Charles Strouse, Lee Adams) – 2:36
 * 3) "My Way" (Richard Jacques, Ronald Miller) – 2:53
 * 4) "Hello Dolly!" (Jerry Herman) – 2:53
 * 5) "Walk on the Wild Side" (Mack David, Elmer Bernstein) – 2:18

Personnel

 * Marvin Gaye – vocals
 * Jerry Long – arranger

title: Hello Broadway


text:
Talk:Kangxi radical

Untitled
My Chinese-English dictionary (An FLTRP Revised purchased in China) has only 189 radicals on the list (as does the Oxford one listed in the article) -- HOWEVER, I note that mine often consolidates less-common radicals under more common ones, as well, as non-simplified under their simplified heading. I think this may be the case with most dictionaries that list less than 214 radicals. The other radicals are still in there _somewhere_, just generally consolidated under something else.

For example, for Group 1 Radicals there are only 5 radicals listed, the first five of the standard Kangxi list. The rest of the Group 1 Radicals are listed under Radical 5 in my dictionary, in parentheses after the main radical. (It's the z-shaped one.)

meat
This 月 is moon, not meat. The key of meat start with a | (有 肌 肝 肥 育), not a piě (like moon => 月) Yug 17:13, 10 May 2006 (UTC) zh:Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88/%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96 See the english discussion of this page. Yug
 * 130'. 月 (standing meat) - 有 肌 肝 肥 育

en:List of Kangxi radicals
from zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他

Hello, I'm french, I seen one mistake (?) on Wikipedia about the 214 Kanxi Keys, it's about the key of 肉. See bellow : I learned that 月 is moon, not meat 肉. The key of meat start with a | 豎 shù (有 育), not a 撇 piě (like moon => 月). Can you correct the english article, and replace 月 (moon) by the right key ... (meat, as in 有) Yug 21:24 2006年5月11日 (UTC)
 * 130'. 月 (standing meat) - 有 肌 肝 肥 育
 * "冃, 月 (standing meat) - 有 肌 肝 肥 育", c'est ce que vous voulez?--鄧啟昌 01:06 2006年5月12日 (UTC)
 * Done by using image [[Image:Standing meat.png|14px]].--[[image:Crystal_keditbookmarks.png|16px]]百楽兎 01:10 2006年5月12日 (UTC)
 * 冃 is the unicode caracter of "standing meat" ? I think put the caracter is better than put a pic. Can we replace the pic [[Image:Standing meat.png|14px]] by the caracter 冃 ?  Yug  21:02 2006年5月14日 (UTC)
 * En fait 冃 est la forme ancienne pour le caractere 冒... Notez les deux barre horizontale à 冃 ne touchent pas l'interieur... il n'y a pas de graphie dans Unicode pour la "viande qui semble lune"... --鄧啟昌 02:18 2006年5月15日 (UTC)
 * O.o Merde.... We have all the 214 keys (and 276 variants) in unicode caracter except this one ... >0<" Yug.

The unicode for the standing meat seem to be ⺼ (cf : http://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=2EBC&useutf8=false ). I think this is a recent adding in the Unicode database, and is not yet in all software and encoding systems. Have you an other explaination ? Yug 21:22 2006年5月16日 (UTC)
 * seems to be the case... but I can't type it anyway...--鄧啟昌 00:07 2006年5月18日 (UTC)

Readings
Where did the readings of those radicals come from? In Microsoft Windows, some of those characters yield different readings: 一(yī)丨(shù)丶(diǎn)丿(piě)乙(yǐ)亅(jué) --Voidvector 02:43, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

walk enclosure
I can't make any sense of the phrase walk enclosure. What does it mean? --08-15 (talk) 18:25, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
 * It is because the two parts of radical 144 enclose the additional strokes in compositions. -- 193.196.166.161 (talk) 15:52, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect pinyin for 彡?
Comparing the pinyin listed for 彡, "xū" conflicts with the list here, http://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/radicals.php, where it is listed as shān. Wikionary also lists it as shān (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/彡). Also, my pinyin input program (SCIM) also pulls it up under "shan". I've not seen it listed as xū from any other source, leading me to think this entry is incorrect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.192.89.16 (talk) 22:11, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Radicals and characters may have different pronuntiations. 丨 (rad002) is called gǔn when radical, and otherwise shù. 丶 (rad003) is called zhǔ when radical, and dian otherwise. Yug (talk)  07:09, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

Is 纟 missing?
Is it me, or is the radical 纟 missing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kevin chen2003 (talk • contribs) 04:13, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

Overlap & difference with Chinese radical?
Could someone describe the difference & overlap with Chinese radicals? A lot of radicals seem to be the same, but Unicode has two separate blocks, for Kanxi and CJK radicals. -DePiep (talk) 12:03, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

lang
5 of the radicals are {lang=zh-Hant} rather than {lang=zh-Han}. is this intentional or a mistake? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.16.102.206 (talk) 21:39, 13 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Probably. bd2412  T 21:47, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Frequency
Does the frequency of the radical in the table signify the frequency of the radical AND its variants, or only the main radical? I think it's worth putting a footnote about this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 221.255.29.221 (talk) 11:21, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

骨 (#188) Incorrect in the .png
Maybe it's a problem with the font, but according to my default font (wenquanyi) and the oxford dictionary, the character gu3 骨 is incorrectly written in the .png chart. I'ts between 馬 and 高. The 3rd stroke should be left of centre, not right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Stozi (talk • contribs) 22:50, 18 September 2010 (UTC)
 * You are using simplified chinese fonts and dictionary, simplified such 冎. The traditional (kangxi) is on the right side, such 骨 (display right side on my PC). Yug (talk)  07:02, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

List of modern radicals
The 189 modern radicals are to manage better on this page. There is a column for them, which display simplified version. This column should also display deletion and conservation within from Kangxi to the modern list. Yug (talk)  07:06, 20 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Suggestion, Column Simplified: Add deleted radicals (—), and conserved radical ( → or ↔ ). Yug (talk)  07:14, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

List of Japanese radicals removed?
This list must have been there once, but appears to be removed now. As it's now a red link, I've wiped its reference off the article. Does anyone know when this was removed, and why? -andy 77.190.3.220 (talk) 19:56, 9 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't remember it having existed, but if it doesn't, it really should. bd2412  T 20:07, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Disrepancies
As a student of Japanese, I decided to learn the meaning of these radicals by heart, in order to improve my memory retention of kanji. I studied some, but noticed disrepancies with the list and the indicated sources. As a good wikipedian, I edited the content to better reflect the truth. Though after much confusion, I've realized that the webpage sources have different and often conflicting translations of the radicals indicated on this webpage. Beckons the question, which source is reliable and which one is not? As for now, I've decided to trust the Unicode definition of these radicals as it seems to be the most reliable of the sources indicated. I suggest the list should be edited to reflect the Unihan definition of these radicals. I will wait some time, but unless there is some better suggestion, I will look through the list and make the necessary changes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kinekun (talk • contribs) 22:13, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Edit: After thinking it through, I'm not going to change anything. With all the contradictory sources, we would really need someone who know what he/she is talking about it to make the necessary changes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kinekun (talk • contribs) 22:22, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

collapsed table of radicals
It looks to me that the full Table of radicals is the main content of this article that is not also in the Radical (Chinese character) article, and as such is this article's primary reason for existing. Also, the table isn't appreciably longer than many other lists on WP (e.g. List of countries by x). Wouldn't it make more sense to display the full table rather than hiding in collapsed form?--Wikimedes (talk) 15:35, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Agree. Would not look bad in the article, both in size and in relevance. -DePiep (talk) 15:48, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Done.--Wikimedes (talk) 06:45, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Error in table of radicals?
In the Kangxi table of radicals, I think there is an error for radical 96. The table lists 玉, but elsewhere it is given as 王. I'll be honest, I don't know whether this is an error or a variant form, but I think the discrepancy needs to be addressed. Chasuk (talk) 23:34, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

 * There's no mistake. Kangxi Radical 96 is the 'jade' 玉 radical, but when written on the left side of a character the jade radical is written without a dot, like 王 (it is still written with a dot at the bottom of a character). I don't know what discrepancy needs to be fixed as you do not specify what exactly you mean by "elsewhere it is given as 王". BabelStone (talk) 00:44, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

Simplified column "pr." entries
I might be misreading this, but the simplified column often lists traditional forms in parentheses with "pr." before them. Does 'pr.' stand for "PRior form?" Easy fix -- could we add some sort of annotation or endnote to explain that?

On another level, I'm not sure why that's in the "Simplified" column. And it seems like some of the variants in the first column are regional variants, but others usage variants, based on when the radical is placed inside other characters. It's hard to distinguish them all.

It would be really helpful to have a "Variants" column for all of these, and within that explain each form with a few words. "Side of characters," "Regional - Japan," etc. Bit of an overhaul, but does anybody else think that might be more clear? --Thomas B♘ talk 18:20, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

Radical 76: 木
Should 朩 be added as a variant? Schaumbur (talk) 13:01, 24 January 2021 (UTC)

Radical 47: 川
Should 巜 be added as a variant? Schaumbur (talk) 13:11, 24 January 2021 (UTC)

radical table should not be subdivided by stroke count
Given that the stroke count is also displayed within the table, dividing the table up into multiple tables according to stroke count doesn't show any new information. On the other hand, it is no longer possible to sort the entire table by one column. For example, it can be quite useful to sort by frequency, but at the moment it is only possible to sort by frequency within radicals with a given stroke-count. I'm not sure if anything else was also changed when the table structure was modified, but if that change to the structure could be reverted I think it would make the table more useful. Thanks. (Feb 20, I have changed it back, being unaware of a compelling reason to split the table up.)Straw Dogberry (talk) 16:01, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

Radical 53 广 is pronounced yǎn, not guǎng
I changed it back. Also some advice to people who know only simplified characters: please double check all sources before you make a change.

title: Talk:Kangxi radical


text:
User talk:P.G.Walker

A student in Palo Alto, California. Interested in P.G. Wodehouse and others like him (e.g. english sense of humor). An avid reader with interests in biology, law, and english. Always up for a lively debate.

title: User talk:P.G.Walker


text: Talk:CILQ-FM

title: Talk:CILQ-FM


text: Talk:CHSN-FM

title: Talk:CHSN-FM


text:
Cryptoprocta

Cryptoprocta is a genus of carnivoran endemic to Madagascar. It contains the living fossa and its larger, recently extinct relative, the giant fossa. The fossas are the largest of Madagascar's mammalian carnivores.

title: Cryptoprocta


text:
Call sign

In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign (also known as a call name or call letters—and historically as a call signal—or abbreviated as a call) is a unique identifier for a transmitter station. A call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a station's identity.

The use of call signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one telegraph line linking all railroad stations, there needed to be a way to address each one when sending a telegram. In order to save time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in radiotelegraph operation; radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations on board ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a one-letter company identifier (for instance, 'M' and two letters as a Marconi station) was later added. By 1912, the need to quickly identify stations operated by multiple companies in multiple nations required an international standard; an ITU prefix would be used to identify a country, and the rest of the call sign an individual station in that country.

Maritime

Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities. In the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters (for example, 3LXY, and sometimes followed by a number, e.g. 3LXY2). United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters "W" or "K" while US naval ships are assigned call signs beginning with "N". Originally, both ships and broadcast stations were assigned call signs in this series consisting of three or four letters. Ships equipped with Morse code radiotelegraphy, or life boat radio sets, aviation ground stations, broadcast stations were given four-letter call signs. Maritime coast stations on high frequency (both radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony) were assigned three-letter call signs. As demand for both marine radio and broadcast call signs grew, gradually American-flagged vessels with radiotelephony only were given longer call signs with mixed letters and numbers.

Leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US still wishing to have a radio license are under FCC class SA: "Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped." Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers (such as KX0983 or WXX0029). U.S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows (i.e. port and starboard) in which the first two digits indicate the nominal length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47-foot motor lifeboats. The call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example: Coast Guard zero two one.

Aviation
Originally aviation mobile stations (aircraft) equipped with radiotelegraphy were assigned five-letter call signs (e.g. KHAAQ). Land stations in aviation were assigned four-letter call signs (e.g. WEAL – Eastern Air Lines, NYC.) These call signs were phased out in the 1960s when flight radio officers (FRO) were no longer required on international flights. The Russian Federation kept FROs for the Moscow-Havana run until around 2000.

Currently, all signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation and whether or not the caller is in an aircraft or at a ground facility. In most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircraft's registration number (also called N-number in the U.S., or tail number). In this case, the call sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, followed by a unique identifier made up of letters and numbers. For example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, and instead use the name of the aircraft manufacturer or the specific model. At times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields (those without control towers) when reporting traffic pattern positions or at towered airports after establishing two-way communication with the tower controller. For example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base. In commercial aviation, the callsign is usually the ICAO Flight number. For example, Delta Airlines Flight 744 would have the flight number DL744 and the callsign would be Delta 744.

In most countries, the aircraft call sign or "tail number"/"tail letters" (also known as registration marks) are linked to the international radio call sign allocation table and follow a convention that aircraft radio stations (and, by extension, the aircraft itself) receive call signs consisting of five letters. For example, all British civil aircraft have a five-letter registration beginning with the letter G, which can also serve for a call sign. Canadian aircraft have a call sign beginning with C–F or C–G, such as C–FABC. wing-in-ground-effect vehicles and hovercraft in Canada are eligible to receive C–Hxxx call signs, and ultralight aircraft receive C-Ixxx call signs. In days gone by, even American aircraft used five-letter call signs, such as KH–ABC, but they were replaced prior to World War II by the current American system of civilian aircraft call signs (see below). One exception to the parallelism between registration and call sign is ultralight airplanes in France, who are not obliged to carry a radio and indeed often don't.

Spaceflight
Radio call signs used for communication in crewed spaceflight are not formalized or regulated to the same degree as for aircraft. The three nations currently launching crewed space missions use different methods to identify the ground and space radio stations; the United States uses either the names given to the space vehicles, or else the project name and mission number. Russia traditionally assigns code names as call signs to individual cosmonauts, more in the manner of aviator call signs, rather than to the spacecraft.

The only continuity in call signs for spacecraft have been the issuance of "ISS"-suffixed call signs by various countries in the amateur radio service as a citizen of their country has been assigned there. The first amateur radio call sign assigned to the International Space Station was NA1SS by the United States. OR4ISS (Belgium), DP0ISS (Germany), and RS0ISS (Russia) are examples of others, but are not all-inclusive of others also issued.

Broadcasting

Broadcasters are allocated call signs in many countries. While broadcast radio stations will often brand themselves with plain-text names, identities such as "Cool FM", "Rock 105" or "the ABC network" are not globally unique. Another station in another city or country may (and often will) have a similar brand, and the name of a broadcast station for legal purposes is normally its internationally recognised ITU call sign. Some common conventions are followed in each country.

Broadcast stations in North America generally use call signs in the international series. In the United States of America, they are used for all FCC-licensed transmitters. The first letter generally is K for stations located west of the Mississippi River and W for eastern stations. Historic exceptions in the east include KYW in Philadelphia and KDKA in Pittsburgh, while western exceptions include WJAG in Norfolk, Nebraska, and WOAI in San Antonio. All new call signs have been four-character for some decades, though there are historical three-character call letters still in use today, such as KSL in Salt Lake City; KOA in Denver; WHO in Des Moines; WWJ and WJR in Detroit; WJW-TV in Cleveland; WBT in Charlotte; WBZ in Boston; WSM in Nashville; WGR in Buffalo; KFI; KNX and KHJ in Los Angeles; and WGN, WLS and WLS-TV in Chicago. American radio stations announce their call signs (except for rare cases in which would interfere with the broadcast of very long works of classical or opera music) at or near the top of each hour, as well as sign-on and sign-off for stations that do not broadcast 24 hours. Beginning in the early 2000s, digital subchannels were assigned a -DT# suffix, where # is the subchannel (starting with the number 2).

In Canada, the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation uses the prefix CB; privately owned commercial broadcast stations use primarily CF and CH through CK prefixes; and four stations licensed to St. John's by the Dominion of Newfoundland government retain their original VO calls. In Mexico, AM radio stations use XE call signs (such as XEW-AM), while the majority of FM radio and television stations use XH. Broadcast call signs are normally four or five alpha characters in length, plus the -FM, -TV, or -TDT suffix where applicable.

In South America call signs have been a traditional way of identifying radio and TV stations. Some stations still broadcast their call signs a few times a day, but this practice is becoming very rare. Argentinian broadcast call signs consist of two or three letters followed by multiple numbers, the second and third letters indicating region. In Brazil, radio and TV stations are identified by a ZY, a third letter and three numbers. ZYA and ZYB are allocated to television stations; ZYI, ZYJ, ZYL, and ZYK designate AM stations; ZYG is used for shortwave stations; ZYC, ZYD, ZYM, and ZYU are given to FM stations.

In Australia, broadcast call signs are optional, but are allocated by the Australian Communications and Media Authority and are unique for each broadcast station.

Most European and Asian countries do not use call signs to identify broadcast stations, but Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, the Philippines and Taiwan do have call sign systems. Spanish broadcasters used call signs consisting of E followed by two letters and up to three digits until the late 1970s. Portugal had a similar system, their callsigns beginning with C; these also ceased to be used in the 1970s. Britain has no call signs in the American sense, but allows broadcast stations to choose their own trade mark call sign up to six words in length.

Amateur radio

Amateur radio call signs are in the international series and normally consist of a one or two character prefix, a digit (which may be used to denote a geographical area, class of license, or identify a licensee as a visitor or temporary resident), and a 1-, 2-, or 3-letter suffix. In Australia, call signs are structured with a two letter prefix, a digit (which identifies geographical area), and a 2, 3 or 4 letter suffix. This suffix may be followed by a further suffix, or personal identifier, such as /P (portable), /M (mobile), /AM (aeronautical mobile) or /MM (maritime mobile). The number following the prefix is normally a single number (0 to 9). Some prefixes, such as Djibouti's (J2), consist of a letter followed by a number. Hence, in the hypothetical Djibouti call sign, J29DBA, the prefix is J2, the number is 9, and the suffix is DBA. Others may start with a number followed by a letter, for example, Jamaican call signs begin with 6Y.

When operating with reciprocal agreements under the jurisdiction of a foreign government, an identifying station pre-pends the call sign with the country prefix and number of the country/territory from which the operation is occurring. For example, W4/G3ABC would denote a licensed amateur from the United Kingdom who is operating in the fourth district of the United States. There are exceptions; in the case of U.S./Canadian reciprocal operations, the country/territory identifier is, instead, appended to the call sign; e.g., W1AW/VE4, or VE3XYZ/W1.

Special call signs are issued in the amateur radio service either for special purposes, VIPs, or for temporary use to commemorate special events. Examples include VO1S (VO1 as a Dominion of Newfoundland call sign prefix, S to commemorate Marconi's first trans-Atlantic message, a single-character Morse code S sent from Cornwall, England to Signal Hill, St. John's in 1901) and GB90MGY (GB as a Great Britain call sign prefix, 90 and MGY to commemorate the 90th anniversary of historic 1912 radio distress calls from MGY, the Marconi station aboard the famed White Star luxury liner RMS Titanic).

The late King Hussein of Jordan was issued a special amateur license number, JY1, which would have been the shortest possible call sign issued by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

When identifying a station by voice, the call sign may be given by simply stating the letters and numbers, or using a phonetic alphabet. Some countries mandate the use of the phonetic alphabet for identification.

Military call signs
In wartime, monitoring an adversary's communications can be a valuable form of intelligence. Consistent call signs can aid in this monitoring, so in wartime, military units often employ tactical call signs and sometimes change them at regular intervals. In peacetime, some military stations will use fixed call signs in the international series.

The United States Army uses fixed station call signs which begin with W, such as WAR, used by U.S. Army Headquarters. Fixed call signs for the United States Air Force stations begin with A, such as AIR, used by USAF Headquarters. The United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, and United States Coast Guard use a mixture of tactical call signs and international call signs beginning with the letter N.

In the British military, tactical voice communications use a system of call signs of the form letter-digit-digit. Within a standard infantry battalion, these characters represent companies, platoons and sections respectively, so that 3 Section, 1 Platoon of F Company might be F13. In addition, a suffix following the initial call sign can denote a specific individual or grouping within the designated call sign, so F13C would be the Charlie fire team. Unused suffixes can be used for other call signs that do not fall into the standard call sign matrix, for example the unused 33A call sign is used to refer to the company sergeant major.

Transmitters requiring no call signs
No call signs are issued to transmitters of the long-range navigation systems (Decca, Alpha, Omega), or transmitters on frequencies below 10 kHz, because frequencies below 10 kHz are not subject to international regulations. In addition, in some countries lawful unlicensed low-power personal and broadcast radio signals (Citizen's Band(CB), Part 15 or ISM bands) are permitted; an international call sign is not issued to such stations due to their unlicensed nature. Also, wireless network routers or mobile devices and computers using Wi-Fi are unlicensed and do not have call signs. On some personal radio services, such as CB, it is considered a matter of etiquette to create one's own call sign, which is called a handle (or trail name). Some wireless networking protocols also allow SSIDs or MAC addresses to be set as identifiers, but with no guarantee that this label will remain unique. Many mobile telephony systems identify base transceiver stations by implementing cell ID and mobile stations (e.g., phones) by requiring them to authenticate using international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI).

International regulations no longer require a call sign for broadcast stations; however, they are still required for broadcasters in many countries, including the United States. Mobile phone services do not use call signs on-air because the phones and their users are not licensed, instead the cell operator is the one holding the license. However, the U.S. still assigns a call sign to each mobile-phone spectrum license.

In the United States, voluntary ships operating domestically are not required to have a call sign or license to operate VHF radios, radar or an EPIRB. Voluntary ships (mostly pleasure and recreational) are not required to have a radio. However, ships which are required to have radio equipment (most large commercial vessels) are issued a call sign.

Callbooks

A directory of radio station call signs is called a callbook. Callbooks were originally bound books that resembled a telephone directory and contained the name and addressees of licensed radio stations in a given jurisdiction (country). Modern Electrics published the first callbook in the United States in 1909.

Today, the primary purpose of a callbook is to allow amateur radio operators to send a confirmation post card, called a QSL card to an operator with whom they have communicated via radio. Callbooks have evolved to include on-line databases that are accessible via the Internet to instantly obtain the address of another amateur radio operator and their QSL Managers. The most well known and used on-line QSL databases include QRZ.COM, IK3QAR, HamCall, F6CYV, DXInfo, OZ7C and QSLInfo.

title: Call sign


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Naples post office explosion

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to 1943 Naples post office bombing which has already been discussed here at Articles for deletion/An explosion at the Naples post office kills 100 people. The explosion was caused by a Nazi time bomb placed there 6 days beforehand.. -- RHaworth 15:01, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Naples post office explosion

 * del. Nonnotabel event in the context. We are not going to have an article for every newspaper article, are we? mikka (t) 02:58, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This seems like a pretty notable event to me.  How many times in history have retreating soldiers left behind a massive time-bomb that killed 100 people?--Pharos 04:13, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Pretty many times at the end of WW2. Nazis mined quite a few towns for demolition. That's why I put it on VfD: one case of many. mikka (t) 05:33, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * How many comparable incidents could you name where a time bomb killed so many unexpectably after the German units had already left? Is it more than a handful?--Pharos 06:09, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rewrite. This was already on AfD with a title that almost told the entire news story. This is a much better title but needs rewritting not to read like a news item. — J I P | Talk 05:09, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * On AfD where? mikka (t) 05:31, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This appears to be a rewrite unrelated to the previous AfD/VfD, either that, or someone deleted a redirect by mistake. - Mgm|(talk) 09:33, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and rewrite. It's... Thelb4! 07:02, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep of course. CalJW 09:36, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
John Gillanders Turriff

John Gillanders Turriff (14 December 1855 – 10 November 1930) was a Canadian parliamentarian.

Born in Petit-Métis, Canada East, Turriff as a young man settled in Western Canada, first in Manitoba, where he established himself as a farmer, and subsequently in that part of the North-West Territories which corresponds to the modern province of Manitoba. After moving to the North-West Territories, he became a successful merchant. A Liberal, he first ran for a seat as a Member of Parliament for the electoral district of Assiniboia East in 1891, but was defeated by Conservative Edgar Dewdney. He did not run again for federal office until the Canadian federal election of 1904, when he succeeded in securing the seat for Assiniboia East. He was subsequently re-elected in 1908, 1911, and 1917. During the later years of World War I, Turriff sat as a Liberal-Unionist and was a reluctant supporter of the Unionist coalition government led by Conservative Robert Laird Borden. In recognition of his support, Turriff was appointed on 23 September 1918 to the Senate of Canada on Borden's recommendation, and represented the senatorial division of Assiniboia, Manitoba as a Liberal until his death.

title: John Gillanders Turriff