text:
International response to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake

The international response to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake was widespread and immediate, as many countries, international organizations and non-governmental organizations offered an abundance of relief aid to the affected regions − particularly Pakistan, which was hit the hardest due to the earthquake's epicentre being around Muzaffarabad, the capital city of Pakistani-administered Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The aid given was in the form of monetary donations and pledges, as well as relief supplies including food, various medical supplies, tents and blankets. Rescue and relief workers as well as peacekeeping troops were sent from different parts of the world to the region, bringing along rescue equipment, including helicopters and rescue dogs. The earthquake displaced some 3.3 million people, while killing around 80,000–100,000.

Africa

 * 🇹🇳 - The Tunisian government sent a C-130 plane with 14 tons of relief supplies, including food, blankets and medical supplies to Pakistan.

Asia
India opened the first of three points at Chakan Da Bagh, in Poonch, on the Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake relief work.
 * 🇦🇫 Afghanistan - The Afghan government sent four rescue helicopters from its nascent air force, as well as a fixed-wing plane loaded with four tons of medicine and army medical personnel, to help with disaster relief in the hardest-hit areas of Kashmir. The country also pledged US$500,000 in aid. The Afghan Red Crescent Society also announced that it would donate 20 tons of dried food and send teams of medical personnel. The aid was given to the local authorities, with Pakistan getting most of it because the damages were greater on the Pakistani side of the border.
 * – The Prime Minister of Cambodia, Hun Sen, pledged US$60,000 in assistance.
 * - The government of the People's Republic of China offered emergency aid worth US$6.2 million to help earthquake victims in Pakistan. A 49-member international rescue team and the first batch of rescue materials were sent to Pakistan on October 9, 2005. US$1 million in cash was sent out on October 10, 2005. Rescue teams with sniffer dogs were deployed throughout the region to search for and rescue any survivors.
 * 🇭🇰 - The government of Hong Kong approved a grant of HK$3.5 million from the Disaster Relief Fund to World Vision Hong Kong in order to undertake relief projects. Hong Kong procured and arranged to air-freight 20 tons of relief supply, including tents and blankets, to Pakistan.
 * 🇮🇳 - Prime Minister Manmohan Singh offered quake assistance to Pakistan. Indian and Pakistani High Commissioners were in touch regarding cooperation in relief work. India sent 25 tons of relief material to Pakistan including food, blankets and medicine. Indian MNCs companies such as Infosys have offered aid up to $226,000. On October 12, an Ilyushin-76 cargo plane ferried across seven truckloads (about 82 tons) of army medicines, 15,000 blankets and 50 tents and returned to New Delhi. A senior air force official also stated that they were asked by the Indian government to be ready to fly out another similar consignment. On October 14, India dispatched the second consignment to relief material to Pakistan, by train through the Wagah Border. The consignment included 5,000 blankets, 370 tents, 5 tons of plastic sheets and 12 tons of medicine. The third consignment was of medicine and relief material and was supposed to be sent, also by train. India also pledged $25 million as aid to Pakistan.

 * 🇮🇩 - Indonesia sent a C-130 Hercules aircraft with a medical team, medicine and various emergency materials to Pakistan. The Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) also prepared to send humanitarian relief and a special team.
 * 🇮🇷 - Iran dispatched different food items, blankets, tents and medicine through two aircraft.
 * 🇮🇱 - Israel offered aid to Pakistan and India immediately following the earthquake; Pakistan accepted the aid on the condition that the aid be channeled through a third-party organization such as the United Nations.  The nature of the aid is unknown.
 * 🇯🇴 – Prince Rashid bin Al Hassan, chief of the Jordanian Relief Agencies arrived in Pakistan on October 11, 2005, bringing with him a 50-bed mobile hospital to be deployed in Rawalakot.
 * 🇯🇵 - Japan provided experts and equipment for rescue operations. On October 11, 2005, Japan pledged a further US$20 million and stated that it was ready to dispatch dozens of troops and several transport helicopters to aid relief efforts. A statement by the Japanese Defense Ministry clarified on October 12, 2005, that they would be sending approximately 290 troops and three helicopters to help with the relief work in Pakistan.
 * - The Kuwaiti government announced US$100 million in aid to Pakistan. Half of the aid package was expected to be offered in the form of relief assistance, while the other half (approximately $51 million) would be used to repair damaged infrastructure.
 * - Malaysia dispatched a search-and-rescue team to quake-ravaged Pakistan and US$1 million (MYR 3.8 million) to its government. The Malaysian team comprised 50 men from various agencies and non-governmental organizations, including the National Security Division, Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (SMART), Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Malaysian Red Crescent Society and Mercy Malaysia.
 * – Nepal offered US$50,000 in relief to Pakistan.
 * 🇵🇰 - In late 2006, a staggering $20 billion development scheme was mooted by Pakistan for reconstruction and rehabilitation of the earthquake hit zones in Azad Kashmir. A land use plan for Muzaffarabad city had been prepared by Japan International Cooperation Agency.
 * 🇶🇦 - A spokesman for the Qatari foreign ministry said that the country was also willing to give humanitarian assistance to Pakistan.
 * 🇸🇦 - Saudi King Abdullah announced an emergency aid package worth 133 million dollars for Pakistan. Earlier, Saudi King Abdullah ordered the rapid establishment of an airlift of doctors, medicine, tents and emergency supplies to the affected region. The Saudi public also made a big contribution to helping victims of the earthquake, on the call of Saudi government. The Saudi government went one step further by institutionalizing this assistance in the form of Saudi Public Assistance for Pakistan Earthquake victims (SPAPEV).
 * - Singaporean response to 2005 Kashmir earthquake: Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, on behalf of the people of Singapore, expressed his deepest condolences and sympathies to the families of the victims. The Singapore Civil Defence Force was preparing to dispatch a 44-member Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team to help Pakistan's relief and rescue operations. Another two medical relief teams were also sent.
 * 🇰🇷 - The South Korean government sent US$500,000 along with blankets, relief food, and medical supplies to Pakistan as part of their initial response. A further $3 million in aid was announced by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade on October 10, 2005.
 * 🇹🇷 - Turkey sent 30 aircraft carrying medical teams to Pakistan. Furthermore, on October 20, 2005, Turkey announced a relief package of US$150 million; financial assistance of $100 million and relief goods worth $50 million including 1 million blankets, 50,000 tonnes of flour and 25,000 tonnes of sugar. The Turkish Red Crescent sent 90 health personnel to Pakistan, built tent cities and hospitals. The Turkish Red Crescent also started building a new tent city that will provide shelter for 70,000 people.
 * 🇦🇪 - The total monetary commitment, as of October 10, 2005, was US$100 million. United Arab Emirates President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, ordered the immediate dispatch of humanitarian aid to the region and rescue teams. The Dubai police also left for Pakistan.

Europe

 * 🇳🇴 - Norway provided some NOK 240 million ($38 million) in aid.
 * 🇵🇱 - Poland sent rescue dogs, medics and other disaster specialists
 * 🇧🇪 - Belgian Federal Government allocated EUR 250,000 (PKR 18 million) and Flemish Government EUR 125,000 (PKR 9 million) for equipment and relief assistance in Pakistan and India. A 5 people strong rescue team was sent and 22 people of the special B-fast rescue team, departed for the region on October 11, 2005. The main purpose of the B-fast team was to set up a field hospital for performing basic operations.
 * 🇨🇿 - The prime minister Jiří Paroubek announced on TV, that the Czech Republic would provide the victims with CZK 25 million (PKR 61 million).
 * - The Danish Government initially granted DKK 10 million (PKR 97 million) in aid, but later offered two additional grants of DKK 20 million each, making the total aid DKK 50 million (PKR 485 million).
 * 🇪🇪 - Estonia sent an 18-member medical disaster relief team to the northern Pakistan city Batagram. The team worked there for two weeks, during which they built up a hospital tent complex, which was the main facility in the city for medical assistance
 * 🇫🇮 - Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland allocated EUR 1 million to support the joint field hospital of Finnish and Norwegian Red Cross organizations. The hospital staff included 20 Finnish medical workers, who left for Pakistan on October 12, 2005, and October 13, 2005. Finland also donated 1.000 tents capable of housing 15.000 individuals.
 * 🇫🇷 - France continued its efforts to assist the earthquake victims in Pakistan. After sending many rescue teams with dogs and equipment for rescue operations, French aid to Pakistan was, in November 2005, reaching 10.5 million euros. In addition to this, once must have also considered France's contribution to EU programs and the generous contributions to various NGOs and private companies mobilized in France and in the stricken region since the first day of the quake. On the night of the earthquake, French authorities rushed 25 civil security personnel, 20 rescuers accompanied by dogs and specialized search and rescue material, 41 SAMU (France's emergency medical agency) personnel, and 18 military doctors along with relief materials.
 * 🇩🇪 - Germany sent a team of 16 THW experts with dogs and equipment for locating people in collapsed buildings. The German Red Cross stood by with tents, water-purification equipment and mobile hospitals, to support the work of its partner organizations in the region.
 * 🇳🇱 - The Dutch Department of International Co-operation promised EUR 1 million. A team of 66 rescue workers arrived and worked in Bagh. The government added EUR 10 million, on October 11, 2005.
 * 🇷🇺 - Russia sent two flights carrying rescue teams with dogs and equipment for rescue operations, and it also sent a field hospital.
 * 🇸🇪 - Sweden gave 196 million kronor (24,2 million dollars approximately). Sweden prepared to assist a rescue effort led by the UN in Pakistan according to Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs Laila Freivalds.
 * - Switzerland dispatched ten disaster relief experts to Islamabad and the Swiss government pledged CHF 1 million and non-governmental organizations pledged another CHF 750,000.
 * 🇬🇧 - Foreign Secretary Jack Straw said that Britain was sending out 60 disaster response workers including 50 medical staff. International Development Secretary Hilary Benn announced an initial allocation of PKR 10 million, or about GBP 95,000. As of mid-November 2005, Britain has pledged over GBP 100 million. On October 31, 2005 Virgin Atlantic operated a humanitarian aid charter flight to the capital of Pakistan, Islamabad with 55 tonnes of aid for the affected by the earthquake in Pakistan.

Americas

 * 🇨🇦 - Canada offered CAD 100,000 (PKR 5 million) to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement for early needs assessment. An additional CAD 200,000 (PKR 10 million) was provided to the Canadian High Commission in Pakistan to respond to urgent requirements, i.e. housing, water, food and clothing. The Minister for International Cooperation, Aileen Carroll, also announced a pledge of CAD 20 million (PKR 1 billion), including 21 tonnes of blankets, dispatched by Canadian Forces aircraft, some of which are being routed to Pakistan from current operations in Afghanistan. The Canadian government also pledged to match all public funds as well as lease two helicopters from the United Nations. A joint team of government officials also was sent to evaluate further assistance, including the possibility of sending the Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART). Also, due to the fact that many Canadians criticized their government of reacting slowly 10 months ago when the Asian tsunami hit, Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin challenged Canada by saying that his government will match whatever donations Canadians make over the next two weeks to NGOs operating in the region. On October 26, 2005, CIDA increased its funding to $57 million, including $10 million donated to the South Asia Earthquake Matching Fund and the other half to the UN and the Red Cross movement.
 * 🇨🇺 – President Fidel Castro offered, in a letter addressed to the President of Pakistan and made public by officials in Havana, to send 200 doctors to Pakistan in order to help treat the victims of the earthquake. Some 2,260 Cuban health brigadistas, more than 1,400 of them doctors, were in the area of Kashmir. The fully equipped Cuban Field Hospitals was handed over to the Pakistani government. The Cuban Government provided 234.5 tons of medicines and disposable materials, and 275.7 tons of most leading-edge equipment. More than 300 students of medicine took courses in the Cuban Field Hospitals. The Cuban Government decided to offer a wide and free medicine scholarships program for 1,000 young Pakistanis from rural communities. The first Cuban medical team was in Pakistan on October 14, six days after the earthquake, the fast acceptance of the aid was a surprise due to the close relation of Pakistan and the US; the two countries have not even exchanged Ambassadors at that time. The leading Pakistani newspaper Dawn quoted President Musharraf as saying that "one of the most heart-warming letters of support" following the earthquake was from Fidel Castro. In his letter, Castro said that it was difficult for him to rest when thousands of Pakistanis were spending their days in pain, awaiting surgery.
 * 🇺🇸 - The United States announced that it would provide an initial contribution of US$156 million (PKR 3 billion) for emergency relief in Pakistan, and teams from the United States were the first on the scene to deliver assistance. The U.S. military also provided supplies and assistance. As of November 3, 2005, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) had 933 personnel providing relief and reconstruction assistance in support of the Pakistan earthquake relief effort. Five CH-47 Chinook and three UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters were moved into Pakistan immediately, and a C-17 Globemaster III military aircraft was assigned to bring blankets, tents and other relief supplies to the victims. The 212th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH), established October 25 in Muzaffarabad, had 36 Intensive Care Unit beds, 60 intermediate minimal care beds, and two operating rooms. To date the MASH has performed 46 surgeries, and treated 548 non-surgical patients. Furthermore, a 23-member logistical support group was also being dispatched from McGuire Air Force Base in New Jersey. The United States Agency for International Development provided more than US$41.8 million for relief work in Pakistan, including nine completed airlifts of relief supplies. The airlifts delivered a total of 45,000 blankets, 1,570 winterized tents, 6,150 rolls of plastic sheeting for approximately 30,750 families, 15,000 water containers, 17 water bladders, 2 water purification units, 10 WHO emergency health kits, and 20 concrete cutting saws. USAID has also committed funds to the UN, other international organizations and NGOs. On Wednesday, November 9, 2005, business leaders from GE, UPS, Pfizer, Xerox, and Citigroup met with President Bush at the White House to announce the launch of the South Asia Earthquake Relief Fund and website.

Oceania

 * 🇦🇺 - Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs Bruce Billson offered condolences and said that Australia was donating A$500,000 (PKR23 million) for medical and relief assistance to help provide medical help and shelter to affected communities. Later, Foreign Minister Alexander Downer said the Government has increased its total aid pledge to A$5.5 million (PKR250 million). On 11 October 2005, this was extended by A$4.5 million (PKR 204 million), bringing its total contribution to A$10 million (PKR 453 million)   In a Ministerial Press Release Defence on November 9, 2005, Defence Minister Robert Hill announced an ADF deployment of about 140 personnel; comprising a command element, an aviation detachment of four Blackhawk helicopters, and logistics and communication personnel. They were to be based in Islamabad and establish a central medical facility located in Dhanni a region 20 km north-east of Muzaffarabad to support efforts.  The deployment lasted six months with an estimated cost of A$20 million.
 * 🇳🇿 - Caretaker Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Marian Hobbs said the government aid agency NZAID would make an initial contribution of NZD 750,000 (PKR 31 million) to the international relief effort. On 14 October 2005, this was extended by NZD 750,000 (PKR 31 million), bringing its total contribution to NZD 1.5 million (PKR 62 million)

Multinational organizations

 * 🇺🇳 United Nations — An eight-member U.N. relief team arrived in Pakistan to aid in search-and-rescue operations, coordinate relief efforts and assess the impact of the quake. Agencies involved included the: United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations World Food Programme, United Nations Population Fund and the International Nongovernmental Organizations Forum. Supplies such as blankets, clothes, tents, food for infants and medicine were sent to the disaster regions. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs released US$100,000 (PKR 5 million) of emergency fund for immediate relief aid.
 * World Health Organization - WHO rushed 100,000 doses of anti-tetanus globulin to Pakistan as part of their relief effort. WHO had an extensive deployment in Pakistan's affected area.
 * 🇪🇺 European Union — The European Commission released EUR 3.6 million (PKR 260 million) on 9 October 2005. Funds were made available to partner humanitarian organisations through ECHO, the humanitarian aid department of the European Commission.
 * Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) — Secretary general Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu expressed immense shock and sadness at the tragedy and conveyed his "profound and sincere condolences to the government and the brotherly people of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan". He strongly appealed to all OIC member states and the international community, to expeditiously extend all possible humanitarian assistance and support to the Government and people of Pakistan, to overcome the impact of this tragedy.
 * World Bank Group - On October 9, 2005, the World Bank committed US$20 million for recovery in Pakistan. This amount was raised to $40 million on October 11, 2005. A further $100 million was offered to build "designed houses" in Northern Pakistan and Kashmir area.

Non-governmental organizations

 * Human Aid Focus- was the first NGO to start work in Bagh, Azad Kashmir and won numerous awards for their emergency response. After the 2005 earthquake, they continued working in the area building shelters, school and on women empowerment projects.
 * Humanity First- The first to reach the earthquake zone. Doctors, paramedics and volunteers from the UK, Canada, USA and Pakistan opened medical and tent camps which continued to provide longterm health care and shelter to the victims of the earthquake.
 * Direct Relief - Through October 31, 2006, Direct Relief provided 1.5 million courses of treatment of specifically requested medicines, supplies, and equipment, along with $1.1 million in cash grants to 12 clinics, hospitals, and organizations, to the relief effort, and continues to provide ongoing programmatic support to its partners.
 * Oxfam - An emergency assessment and response team was dispatched to the region. A coordinator said that the "initial needs appear to be tents, blankets, medical kits, food aid, water and trauma counseling for those affected."
 * The Sarhad Rural Support Programme provided immediate relief efforts at a large scale following which it was involved in making damage assessments and paying compensation and monitoring the rebuilding of over 62,000 houses under the project named Earthquake Relief and Rehabilitation Project.
 * The International Rescue Corps deployed a specialist Urban Search and Rescue team of 14 volunteers to Pakistan as part of the wider UK response.
 * Red Crescent - Emergency assessment and response teams were deployed in all parts of the affected region. A team of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) reached Muzaffarabad on October 10, 2005. Further teams deployed in Uri and Jammu with the Indian Red Cross Society. The ICRC set up a website to facilitate the contact between relatives and friends unable to get in touch with each other.
 * The Salvation Army - Is mobilizing some truckloads of relief supplies.
 * SOS Children's Villages announced an emergency relief program in Jammu and Kashmir.
 * Subh-e-Nau: An Environment and Public Health Concern was the first to initiate an aid and volunteer coordination mechanism. It later studied and put together the SN Disability Reduction and Rehabilitation Strategy that was presented to the international relief community. The SN Disability Program then focused on rehabilitation of persons with spinal cord injury, with the help of national and international volunteers, mainly from Canada.
 * The Minhaj Welfare Foundation has been active in Pakistan over a decade. At the time of the earthquake they established tent villages with supplies and full medical facilities.
 * The Edhi Foundation has been active in Pakistan for two decades. They provided food, clothes, blankets and medicine to those affected by the disaster.
 * The World Islamic Mission Welfare Trust - sent out phases of doctors to the area, including both General Physicians and Surgeons with tens of thousands of pounds worth of medicine. They also set up various dispensaries within affected areas, as well as collaborated with hospitals within the area to take airlifted injured survivors. Rehabilitation became the main focus after the immediate phase has passed.
 * SPO - Provided relief aid and medical goods at the Lady Reading and Khyber Hospitals, in Peshawar. Till date, goods worth 850 000 Rs. were sent.
 * DEMIRA Deutsche Minenraeumer e.V. deployed an emergency team to Balakot district only hours after the earthquake. In cooperation with the Pakistan army DEMIRA set up a medical facility in the valley of Ghanool providing the hard-hit mountain communities with lifesaving triage and air ambulance.
 * JEN Japan Emergency NGOs worked for the relief operation on 9 October 2005. Expert came from Japan to provide Non Food Items (NFIs) to the affected people in District Bagh. JEN worked in District Bagh until December 2008. JEN constructed 3 permanent structure (earthquake proof)Schools and 3 Shelter schools, each school contains 2 shelters.

Estimate of financial aid
On November 19, 2005, it was estimated that the international community as a whole pledged about US$5.8 billion.

Effects
A 2016 study showed that the Pakistanis affected by the international relief effort showed markedly higher trust in Europeans, Americans and Cubans.


text: User:Saikiri/titlebox

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Saikiri/titlebox


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Talk:Cabinet of Germany

Merkel cabinet
The list under Merkel cabinet is inconsistent with the news I have read about the coalition agreement. In particular, reports stated (eg. NYT)that the Ministership for Economics and Labor was to be split into two posts, with the Finance post going to Stoiber, and the Labor post going to the SPD. Where did the information for the current table come from? --- Charles Stewart 01:46, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have read several stories which indicate that SPD will get finance, foreign affiars, justice and labor while Stoiber will get the "economy ministry". It is conceivable that Stoiber is intended to get a ministry as a result of a split of the existing Economics and Labor portfolio however I have not seen any mention of this in any of the coverage I have read.  Perhaps you could provide a link to the article in which such a split is reported?  Here is the most recent link backing up the above from Reuters it refers to SPD in Labor and Stoiber in an "economy and technology" portfolio but it is unclear whether this is an evolution of the exisiting Economic Development portfolio or a split of Economics and Labor.  In my mind, it is best for us to assume no chance in the structures of ministries unless there is a source that says otherwise - Jord 13:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Mea cupla. After reading the new article I posted above, which I had not yet read, it is clear that SPD will continue to hold the economic development & cooperation ministry thus Stoiber must indeed be getting a ministry created out of Economics and Labour.  I have changed the article to reflect this. - Jord 13:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * A search for "stoiber economics-minister" gives dozens of hits confirming this appointment. The detail about the split of the economics and labor ministry I read in the New York Times, and I can't find a URL for the story (it is probably not open anymore), and in the Financial Times via LexisNexis (Oct 11, Gerrit Wiesmann, Horse-trading is still far from over), which has lots of detail on the agreement.   FT doesn't open much of its content to non-subscribers, though, I'm afraid. --- Charles Stewart 14:47, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

FT quote
Why don't I just quote some of the article? From the Financial Times article I cited above:
 * One crucial aspect of the agreement was the distribution of portfolios between the parties. In addition to the chancellery and the chancellery's chief of staff - a post that is being upgraded to a full cabinet portfolio - the CDU and the Christian Social Union, its Bavarian sister party, are to receive six portfolios.

 * The economics ministry will be stripped of its labour market element and renamed the economics and innovation ministry. The new portfolio, which will go to Edmund Stoiber, the CSU chairman, will also spearhead European Union negotiations in industry policy.

 * The CDU and CSU will also run the defence, interior affairs, consumer protection and agriculture, education and research, and family ministries.

 * The SPD's portfolios will include foreign policy, finance, a new labour and social security portfolio carved out of the old economics and health ministries, development, justice, environment, transport, and the new health ministry amputated from its social security component.

 * Among the most urgent decisions to be made is the staffing of the ministries, which an SPD spokeswoman said should become clear about halfway through the coalition negotiations.

 * The distribution of the portfolios is particularly controversial within the SPD, where the left and right wings of the party are battling for influence. Some of the names of possible SPD ministers being floated yesterday - Peer Steinbruck, the former state premier of North Rhine-Westphalia, and Ulla Schmidt and Brigitte Zypries, respectively social security and justice ministers in the outgoing government - could be unacceptable to the left. "I would be very careful with all these names," a member of the SPD's Prasidium (the party's 13-strong executive) told the Financial Times yesterday. "Nothing, absolutely nothing is clear right now."

 * CDU/CSU ministers are likely to include former CDU leader Wolfgang Schauble and CSU vice-chairman Horst Seehofer. Ms Merkel is also lining up two of her close female allies in regional governments - Annette Schavan and Ursula von der Leyen - as education and family ministers respectively.

Hope it's interesting. --- Charles Stewart 14:50, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting indeed. As I indicated in my "mea cupla" above, I had already split the economics and labour portfolios on the main page before you posted these articles. - Jord 14:52, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Bundesregierung August 2007
http://www.finanztreff.de/ftreff/news--a.sektion.nachrichten.r.0.awert..id.27300377.headline.Bundeskabinett_will_Risiken_aus_Finanzinvestitionen_begrenzen.-b.enMmgtfDquYCTUEh8CsD3A.html 192.194.84.253 11:09, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Could you explain the significance of this link. Is the reader expected to use this German language magazine article/advert to improve the Wikipedia article? I notice that here and on the German Wikipedia you have added several marginally relevant links to talk and article pages. Most seem to link to press articles. It looks a bit like a "search engine optimization" trick.--Boson 21:11, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

The cabinet and the Federal Government
Are "Cabinet of Germany" and "Federal Government of Germany" really synonyms? (compare Cabinet of the United Kingdom and Her Majesty's Government). UweBayern (talk) 01:51, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the word government ("Regierung") is used in a much narrower sense in German, more like the English word "Administration". So yes, both words are often used synonymously though it could be argued that Bundesregierung (like "Administration") is still a bit more comprehensive than "cabinet". --93.129.124.125 (talk) 19:06, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

.

Minority government
Does anyone knows is by german constitution opportunity to form minority government?--Ventusa (talk) 07:02, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

In general yes, but it has never happened yet except the cabinet schmidt IV, which only lasted 14 days after the fdp had left the coalition and before kohl won the constructive vote of no confidence in 1982. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:810A:D40:56C:E8C8:1C61:CD7C:1BE (talk) 21:53, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Cabinet of Albania which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 19:46, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

Article title
Considering the Government itself prefers the term Bundesregierung or Federal Government (https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en), should that not be the title of this article, or at the very least the first name listed in the Introduction? I have listened to German and Swiss news for a few years now, and I have rarely, if ever, heard the Government called a "Kabinett", especially outside of the context of elections. However, I would like to hear the opinions of more experienced editors or people with closer ties to Germany as well. Toadspike (talk) 05:43, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * As further justification for this change, the Grundgesetz (German constitution, https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/BJNR000010949.html) mentions "Regierung" over a hundred times, while "Kabinett" does not appear once. Toadspike (talk) 05:48, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * The german government is referred to solely as the Federal Government (Bundesregierung). Compare the German Wikipedia article (de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesregierung_(Deutschland)), the legal texts and the website of the Federal Government (www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en). The federal government consists of the federal cabinet (Bundeskabinett), which is made up of the federal chancellor and the federal ministers. However, the word "Bundeskabinett" has no legal meaning in Germany and is not widely used in German. As a German, I therefore also stumbled across the title of this article, which needs to be changed. Essixt (talk) 15:51, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cabinet of Germany


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Talk:J.Crew

Untitled
9/8/09 - Removed the inaccurate assertion that a Macy's New York employee is the maintainer of the "J. Crew Aficionada" blog. The employee named has no connection whatsoever with that blog. The assertion seems to be a malicious attempt to make trouble for the person named, whose maintenance of such a blog might well be construed as a conflict of interest by her employer. MTDecerbo (talk) 16:21, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

7/06/06 - Under the "Initial Public Offering" section, the sentence "J.Crew, which is owned by private equity giant Texas Pacific Group, had it's stock market debut IPO on June 28, 2006, causing J. Crew's share price to increase by nearly $25." has an extra apostrophe in the "it's" and is generally inaccurate.

Post-IPO, it is no longer primarily owned by Texas Pacific Group, although TPG does own a large stake in it. More importantly, the IPO did not cause "J. Crew's share price to increase by nearly $25." For one thing, it did not have a publicly traded share price before the IPO. A more accurate statement would be that "J. Crew's share price opened over 25% above its IPO offer price on its first day of trading."

10/12/05 - Removed link to "J. Cruel." No reference to this site is made in the body of the article and the link served no purpose beyond publicity for the site.

Adspeak
This article needs a serious revamp. It reads like an advertisement. -Plasticbadge 01:56, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Origin of name
Where did it come from? Imagine Reason (talk) 15:22, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

The name didn't come from an actual person, but it just embodied the image they were trying to capture. It says it in a Teen Vogue article. Cameron Carone 22:18, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Info on company sales
J. Crew has been in the news recently as it has been suffering from a severe decline in sales. The page needs to be updated to include the company's recent struggles. SpiritedMichelle (talk) 04:55, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

Covid-19 bankruptcy claims
Can we get a reliable source, or press release from the actual company stating that they are filing for bankruptcy due to the coronavirus? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.112.177.218 (talk) 11:58, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:J.Crew


text:
National Committee for Modification of the Volstead Act

The National Committee for Moderation of the Volstead Act was an organization established in January 1931 by the American Federation of Labor. Headed by AFL vice-president Matthew Woll, he testified before a Congressional committee that workers and organized labor opposed prohibition in the United States. Labor leadership argued that the 18th Amendment establishing federal prohibition was the first instance in American history when an amendment to the United States Constitution denied rights instead of creating or expanding them. The Committee's activities helped lead to the repeal of prohibition.


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Norton, New Brunswick

Norton is a former village in Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada, now part of the village of Valley Waters. It was likely named for Norton, Massachusetts.

History
On 1 January 2023, Norton annexed all or part of five local service districts to form the new village of Valley Waters. The community's name remains in official use. Revised census figures have not been released.

Geography
It is situated on the Kennebecasis River 55 kilometres northeast of Saint John. The European and North American Railway began serving Norton in 1859. Norton is home to the oldest fossil forest in Canada.

Present day
Family Frolic Days used to be an annual village festival.

Country music singer Chris Cummings and rock musician, Ian Sherwood, of "Down With The Butterfly" and "Acres and Acres" are both natives of Norton.

Norton Elementary School, located at the intersection of Route 121 and Route 124, serves Norton students from kindergarten to grade five. It is a small, rural school is closely tied with the local community. French immersion is not offered at Norton Elementary but students can be bussed to Sussex Elementary if families wish to enroll students in French immersion before Middle School. Students are bussed to Sussex Middle after grade five and continue on to Sussex Regional High School afterward.

Norton is situated within the shale gas exploration area currently licensed to Corridor Resources.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Norton had a population of $1,410$ living in $547$ of its $578$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $1,382$. With a land area of 75.35 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Norton, New Brunswick


text:
User:Interiot/Wikipedia/WP:Notability

There is no Wikipedia policy on notability, nor is this a proposal for one.

A topic has notability if is known outside of a narrow interest group or constituency, or should be because of its particular importance or impact. It's an extension of the notion of "notoriety" for biographical articles. It differs, however, from fame and importance; while all articles on "famous" and "important" subjects are notable, not all notable articles are famous or important.

Notability and deletion
It has been argued that lack of "notability" is not a criterion for deletion, because (among other things) this isn't specifically stated in the deletion policy; and since Wikipedia is not paper with (in theory) no size limits, there's no reason why wikipedia shouldn't include "everything" that fits in with our other criteria, such as verifiability and no original research.

Arguments for deleting non-notable articles

 * Since Wikipedia is not a primary or secondary source—much less a vehicle for publication of direct observation—non-notable subjects do not belong in it. Some have said, "Why not write an article on your next-door neighbor's dog, as long as it's verifiable and NPOV?"
 * The word notable is often used as a synonym of "unique" or "newsworthy." Many vanity articles are deleted because the people discussed are non-notable. Sometimes, there is some content in a non-notable article that can be merged into another article. For example, If a British boy wins an award from his police station for creating a new organization scheme for the British Police Cadets, he may write a vanity article about himself. It may be judged that the new organizational scheme was notable while the details of the award ceremony and the identity of the boy were non-notable. In this case, the notable content in the vanity article on the British boy can be merged into a larger article on cadet schemes in Britain.

Arguments against deleting articles for non-notability

 * These Wikipedians argue that the "an article on your next-door neighbor's dog" is almost certainly not verifiable as there are no secondary sources on the subject, such as academic journals or the media. If there does happen to be an extensive literature on your neighbor's dog it is probably worth including.
 * Opponents feel that the No original research rule keeps out most of what is unencyclopedic; such as your direct observations of the dog. If the dog appears in a reputable publication, that's another story.
 * Notability is not needed as long as the verifiability rules are strictly applied. There is a level of ease with which facts can be checked that must be maintained in order to be verifiable in a practical sense: theoretical verifiability isn't enough. A garage band in Seattle may consist of Mike, Jeff, Scott and Mike, and that may theoretically be verifiable (if one traveled to Seattle); but that's not enough. One needs to be able to look it up in a book or on the Web. And not just any source: blogs, zines, e-zines, stuff you printed up, self-recorded CDs, and other "vanity media" don't count as "sources." And a single source isn't really enough. No context or comparison is possible with a single source. The standard could apply to things which are public record (after all, many people have birth certificates, but that doesn't make us notable) or are mentioned once or twice in public works. Notable subjects will provide a choice of sources—even if only one is cited to begin with, future editors have the opportunity to counter, compare and revise according to information in other sources. Without this choice of sources, this isn't possible.
 * Some Wikipedians feel that the term "notability" has acquired a bad reputation on Wikipedia because it is often used as a proxy for "I haven't heard of it" or "I don't think it's an interesting subject."

 * There are no objective criteria for notability.

title: User:Interiot/Wikipedia/WP:Notability


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Cape Times

The Cape Times is an English-language morning newspaper owned by Independent News & Media SA and published in Cape Town, South Africa.

the newspaper had a daily readership of 261000 and a circulation of 34523. By the fourth quarter of 2014, circulation had declined to 31930.

History
The Cape Times had its origins in the great economic and social boom years that followed the Cape's attainment of "Responsible Government" (local democracy) in 1872. The first edition of the newspaper, a small four-page sheet, was published on 27 March 1876 by then editor Frederick York St Leger. St Leger was assisted by Richard William Murray Jr, whose father of the same name had been one of the founding partners of the Cape Argus. It was the first daily paper in southern Africa, and soon became one of the principal newspapers of the Cape. Modelled on The Times, its primary target was the poor working class, as it attempted to expose early government corruption.

From 1936 the paper, along with its printing operation, occupied Newspaper House on Greenmarket Square.

The Cape Times gained international prominence when it published an interview with the then banned leader of the African National Congress (ANC), Oliver Tambo in 1985. The interview, published in the Cape Times under the heading "A Conversation with Oliver Tambo of the ANC,” was an important event in South African history as it allowed the ANC to present its vision of a non-racial South Africa to the public and thereby alleviate fears held by White South Africans for a post-apartheid South Africa. This ultimately helped created the political conditions for the negotiated settlement that ended apartheid and established a non-racial democratic government.  The Cape Times editor that conducted the interview, Tony Heard, was later arrested and charged with contravening the Internal Security Act. The charges were later dropped.

The paper was later bought by Irish group Independent News and Media, the South African portion, including the Cape Times, was sold to Sekunjalo Investments (Independent News and Media SA) in 2013.

Supplements

 * Business Report (Mon-Fri)
 * Career Times (Mon)
 * Drive Times (Thur)
 * Top Of The Times (Fri)
 * Book Times (Once a month)
 * Escape (Once a month)
 * Health Times (Once a month)
 * Play (Once a month)

Controversies and criticisms
The editor of the newspaper, Tony Heard, was sacked in 1987 after refusing a R1 million (equivalent to R0 in ) offer to resign that contained conditions that, Heard alleged, would have muzzled him. The newspaper had decided to remove him following the publication of his interview with ANC leader, Oliver Tambo, almost two years prior, for which the paper was forced to pay a R300 admission-of-guilt fine for breaching the apartheid era Internal Security Act.

Sekunjalo ownership: 2013 onwards
Since being taken over by Iqbal Survé's Sekunjalo Investments in 2013 the newspaper has experienced a number of scandals. Critics in the rest of the South African media, including former staff at the newspaper, allege that the newspaper's credibility has been damaged, the quality of journalism significantly reduced, and staff mistreated.

On 16 April 2013 the Cape Times was cautioned by the Press Ombudsman "for untruthfully, inaccurately and unfairly suggesting that a poll showed that the majority of [Israeli] Jews believed that the Jewish state was practicing apartheid." The poll related to a hypothetical situation, whether Palestinians living in the West Bank should be allowed to vote if Israel annexed the territory, rather than the way that Israel was actually being governed at the time. The newspaper was directed to correct its mistake after a complaint by Sidney Kay.

Then editor, Alide Dasnois, was dismissed by Survé following the publication of a story in the Cape Times that covered a report by the South African Public Protector that was critical of a tender awarded to a Sekunjalo subsidiary; the story was published on the same day as the death of former president Nelson Mandela on 5 December 2013. Sekunjalo was accused of dismissing Dasnois for publishing a story critical of a Survé owned company, Sekunjalo claimed that Dasnois was dismissed due to declining newspaper sales and for not putting Mandela's death on the front page of the Cape Times. The dismissal of Dasnois was seen as an attack on the independence of the media and widely criticized. Sekunjalo and Dasnois settled out of court and issued a statement that acknowledged that Dasnois did not show disrespect to Mandela's legacy, nor was her conduct in any way motivated by racism.

In January 2015 the company and its director Iqbal Survé were accused of pro-African National Congress (ANC) political bias in how they operated Independent News and Media SA and its subsidiary newspapers such as the Cape Times. The accusation of bias came about after executives at Independent News, the Cape Times partent company, Karima Brown and Vukani Mde, wore ANC colours at an ANC rally. The accusations were first made by former Independent News columnist Max du Preez in his open resignation letter as reasons for his refusal to work for the company any longer. Opposition leader Helen Zille stated that Skunjalo's operation of Independent media was an example of state capture that threatens both the independence of the media and the development of democracy in South Africa.

The company was again criticised for its close links with the ANC and of allegedly having an anti-Democratic Alliance (DA) bias in a report on Al-Jazeera in March 2016. The DA for its part was accused of trying to silence criticism from the Cape Times by threatening to cancel the City of Cape Town's subscription to that publication. In the same report the Cape Times rejected any accusation that it or any Sekunjalo owned publication was reporting unfairly towards any opposition political party.

On 28 June 2016 The Press Ombudsman found "The Cape Times has repeatedly made this totally false allegation (stated as fact) on its front page over the course of several months, beginning in November last year." In July 2016 the Cape Times was again ordered to issue a front-page apology to Premier Helen Zille, after making false allegations that she hired a spy. Despite this, the newspaper has failed to comply with the previous order, as handed down by Judge Bernard Ngoepe, Chair of the Press Council's Appeals Panel.

16 August 2017, veteran journalist Ed Herbst debunked Cape Times claims of it receiving awards, "has run a series of front-page articles claiming that an international media organisation, Newseum, has rated the front page of the Iqbal Survé-owned newspaper as among the best in the world." The reports turned out to be untrue.

Famous staff and contributors

 * Roy Campbell
 * Alide Dasnois (editor 2009-13)
 * Tony Heard (editor 1971-1986)
 * James Matthews
 * Sol Plaatje
 * William Plomer
 * Allister Sparks (columnist)
 * Barry Streek (political journalist 1976-2001)
 * Laurens van der Post (reporter 1930s)
 * Tony Weaver (Reporter, columnist, opinion editor)
 * Desmond Young- reporter

Readership figures
Estimates of readership are maintained by the SAARF with 95% confidence intervals of about 15%. Within the estimated error readership has remained constant since 2009. Methodological changes introduced in 2009 by SAARF make comparison to previous years difficult.

External sources

 * Cape Times Collection, University of Cape Town Libraries
 * Cape Times Collection, University of Cape Town Libraries

title: Cape Times


text:
Yann Danis

Yann Joseph Richard Danis (born June 21, 1981) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Islanders, Edmonton Oilers, and New Jersey Devils. He played in the butterfly style of goaltending.

Early life
Danis was born to Yves Danis and Ginette Boucher in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec. He is the couple's only child. Danis graduated from École Secondaire St-Joseph in Saint-Hyacinthe, a Francophone high school, in 1999. He did not start playing hockey until age seven because he was afraid of getting bodychecked. After being reassured by his parents that he would not get hit in minor hockey, however, Danis began playing as a forward at the age of seven. When he was eight, he told his parents that he wanted to switch to goaltender because, he said, "I liked the big goalie pads, and I thought having a catching glove was cool." His parents subsequently bought him the goaltending equipment for Christmas.

Danis played in the 1995 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Sélects-du-Nord minor ice hockey team. After playing for Cap Jeunesse in 1995–96 and Polyvalente of St. Jérôme from 1996–1998, Danis was named to the Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League's seventeen-year-old all-star team in 1998–99. He then played with the Cornwall Colts of the Central Junior A Hockey League (CJHL) in 1999–2000. He led the league in goals against average during the regular season, and he was named to the Academic All-Star Team and the Rookie All-Star Team. The Colts finished first in the regular season standings, and they won the Bogart Cup (presented to the CJHL champion) as Danis posted the lowest goals against average of any CJHL goalie in the playoffs. His team competed at the Fred Page Cup (presented to the Eastern Canadian Junior "A" Champions) before the Colts finally finished in fourth place overall in Canada Junior "A" Hockey tournament.

College
Danis was first noticed by Brown University during the 1999 QJAAAHL All-Star Game. Following his year with Cornwall, he chose to attend Brown so he could focus on education along with his hockey career. In attending Brown, he became the first member of his family to attend a university. He started his career with the Brown Bears backing up Brian Eklund in goal. He took over for Eklund in the middle of the season, however, and he went 2–8–1 with a 3.60 GAA and an .888 save percentage in 12 games in a four-win season for Brown. Following the year, he was named a co-recipient of the Kevin R. Pope Memorial Trophy, presented annually by Brown University to the freshman who contributes most to the success of the team. The following year, Danis went 11–10–2 in 24 games. His 1.86 GAA and .938 save percentage (second in the nation) both set Brown single-season records, and his three shutouts (ninth in the nation) tied Brown's single season record. Brown made the playoffs that year, but they were swept by Harvard University in the first round. Danis did gain attention in the final game of the series, though, when he made 66 saves in a 2–1 defeat. Following the season, he was named Brown's most valuable player, and he became Brown's first All-American since 1992. He was also named to the ECAC All-Academic team and the New England Hockey Writers Association (NEHWA) All-Star team, and he was named Academic All-Ivy.

Danis posted a 15–14–5 record in 2003, and his .929 save percentage and his 2.31 GAA were second and eighth in the nation, respectively. He set Brown records for shutouts in a season (five, third in the nation), shutouts in a career (eight), and saves in a season (1,043). He became the fourth two-time Brown MVP winner, and he was again selected to the NEHWA All-Star team. He was selected to the All-Academic team again, and he was again named an All-American. His performance helped Brown advance for the first time since 1994 to the ECAC Final Four. In 2003–04, Danis posted a 15–11–4 record along with a 1.81 GAA and .942 save percentage that ranked third and second in the nation, respectively. Brown made it to the ECAC quarterfinals, but they were again eliminated by Harvard. However, Danis won multiple awards once again, including First Team Jofa All-American honors, All-United States College Hockey Online (USCHO) First Team honors, NEHWA All-Star honors, and First Team All-ECAC and First Team All-Ivy honors. In addition, he was named the 2004 ECAC Player and Goaltender of the Year, the USCHO Defensive Player of the Year, and the Ivy League Player of the Year. He also took home the Leonard Fowle Award as the MVP of New England, as voted on by the NEHWA, and he became the first Brown finalist for the Hobey Baker Award. During the season, Danis set ECAC records for single-season save percentage and career shutouts (13), and he tied Kevin McCabe for the most career wins by a Bears goaltender with 43. He also graduated from Brown with a degree in Public and Private Sector Economics.

Professional
The Washington Capitals and the Montreal Canadiens both showed interest in Danis following his junior year in college, but he chose to remain with Brown for his senior year. Following his college career, the Canadiens were still interested in him, and he signed with them on March 19, 2004. Upon signing, he was assigned to the Hamilton Bulldogs of the American Hockey League, where he backed up Jean-François Damphousse. He started two games for Hamilton and won both of them, and he also appeared in a playoff game in relief of Damphousse.

In 2004–05, Danis became the starting goalie for the Bulldogs, as Damphousse signed with the Quebec Radio X of the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey. In 53 regular season games, he had 28 wins, 17 losses, six ties, five shutouts, a 2.34 GAA, and a .924 save percentage. The Bulldogs made the playoffs that year, but they were swept in the first round by the Rochester Americans, as Danis lost all four games of the series.

Danis was the starting goalie again for the Bulldogs in 2004–05, but he was also called up by the Canadiens several times. He played in six games with Montreal in 2005–06. On October 12, 2005, Danis earned a shutout against the Atlanta Thrashers in his first NHL game.

On July 2, 2008, he signed as an unrestricted free agent with the New York Islanders. After one season in the Islanders organization, he signed with the New Jersey Devils as an unrestricted free agent on July 10, 2009.

On July 27, 2010, Danis signed with Amur Khabarovsk of the Kontinental Hockey League. The following year, he signed a one-year contract with the Edmonton Oilers of the NHL. He signed a one-year contract to remain with the Oilers on July 1, 2012. After that contract expired, Danis signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Philadelphia Flyers.

In the 2014–15 season, Danis belatedly signed as a free agent to a try-out contract with the Norfolk Admirals on November 10, 2014. After 11 games with the Admirals he was released from his try-out and signed with fellow AHL club the Hartford Wolf Pack.

On July 3, 2015, Danis returned to the New Jersey Devils organization as a free agent, signing a one-year, two-way contract. On March 14, 2016, Danis made his first NHL appearance since March 10, 2013, coming in relief of Keith Kinkaid, allowing one goal in a 7–1 loss to the Anaheim Ducks.

On October 18, 2016, Danis signed an AHL contract with the St. John's IceCaps of the Montreal Canadiens organization.

He officially announced his retirement on February 11, 2018.

Personal life
Danis has a wife, Kyla, who is originally from Barbados, and two sons, Jayden and Ryder. They currently reside in Edmond, Oklahoma.

title: Yann Danis


text:
Tanjil Bren

Tanjil Bren is a small town in Victoria, Australia, on Mount Baw Baw Tourist Road, 12 km west of Mount Baw Baw in the Shire of Baw Baw. It was established during the Victorian Gold Rush. Four accommodation lodges, Mooshead, Reindeer, Jenny's and Timbertop Lodge, are located in Tanjil Bren. At the, Tanjil Bren and the surrounding area had a population of 110.

Tanjil Bren Post Office opened on 1 November 1939 and closed in 1971.

Climate
Tanjil Bren has a cold rainforest climate, with especially high rainfall between May and November. Heavy snowfalls are a frequent occurrence and can occur even in late spring to early summer.

title: Tanjil Bren


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White buffalo (disambiguation)

White buffalo are bison (American buffalo) that are white in color, instead of the usual brown. Several Native American religions consider them to be sacred signs.

White buffalo may also refer to:

Animals

 * A white colored African buffalo
 * A white colored water buffalo

People

 * White Buffalo (chief) (1862–1929), chief of the Northern Cheyenne
 * Francois Botha, South African boxer, nicknamed "The White Buffalo"

Fictional entities

 * White Buffalo, from the video game Power Instinct
 * White Buffalos, mascot of Madras High School in Madras, Oregon, United States

Groups

 * The White Buffalo (band), an Americana band
 * The White Buffaloes, a rock band featuring Dave Graney

Songs

 * "White Buffalo", a song by Cusco from the album Apurimac III
 * "White Buffalo", a song by Running Wild from the album Pile of Skulls
 * "The Great White Buffalo", a song by Saxon from the album Dogs of War
 * "Great White Buffalo", a song by Ted Nugent and The Amboy Dukes from the album Tooth Fang & Claw

Television

 * "Rin Tin Tin and the White Buffalo", a 1955 episode of the series The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin
 * "White Buffalo", a season 9 episode of the series Walker, Texas Ranger

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * The White Buffalo (1977), a film starring Charles Bronson and Jack Warden
 * White Buffalo Gazette, an Obscuro Comix & Art newsletter

Other uses

 * White Buffalo Calf Woman, a figure in Lakota religion
 * White Buffalo Cow Society, the most respected women's society amongst the Mandan and Hidatsa tribal peoples

title: White buffalo (disambiguation)


text:
Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal

Nkandla is a town in the uThungulu district of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is the seat of the Nkandla Local Municipality, and the district in which the residence of the former President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, is located. The residence is located 40 kilometres to the south of the town of Nkandla, beyond the Nkandla Forest and on the road to Kranskop.

The Nkandla region encompasses nearly 115,000 inhabitants, spread relatively sparsely over a large area. Nkandla is mainly a rural area and is in the top five of the poorest places in KwaZulu-Natal province. Poverty is prevalent, with 44% unemployment. The majority of the population are Zulus.

The Nkandla Local Municipality is a Category B municipality situated within the King Cetshwayo District in the KwaZulu-Natal Province. It is one of the five municipalities that make up the district. Nkandla has a claim to be the ‘cradle' of Zulu history. From Malandela to Shaka, to Dingane and Cetshwayo, Nkandla has been at the centre stage of the Zulu nation's history.

The graves of King Malandela and Cetshwayo and Inkosi Sgananda are at Nkandla. Nkandla Municipality is one of the municipalities in the province of KwaZulu-Natal that prides itself on with rich and opulent history.

The area is located approximately 50 km southwest of UMthonjaneni Local Municipality, 70 km from UMlalazi Local Municipality, and approximately 50 km away from Isandlwana battlefields.

A 2004 documentary, The Orphans of Nkandla, by the BBC and Truevision, recounted the hardships and poverty of orphans in Nkandla. The land is owned by the Ingonyama Trust, which, through Zulu King Misuzulu kaZwelithini, administers KwaZulu-Natal's traditional lands on behalf of the state for the benefit of its occupants. Zuma's property comprises 3.83 hectares.

Zuma was joined by Nelson Mandela to open Mnyakanya High School in 2004.

title: Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal


text:
User talk:Jim215

hi,

umm.....work suks hehe

Your edits to Nick
Welcome, and thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox.

Keith D (talk) 10:07, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jim215


text:
Sōsuke Aizen

Sōsuke Aizen (藍染 惣右介) is a fictional character in the Japanese manga series Bleach created by Tite Kubo. He is the main antagonist of the first half of the anime adaptation, as well as the most significant one for the entirety of the adaptation. He is the captain of the Fifth Division of Soul Reapers when he is introduced. He later betrays the Soul Society in search of immense power to overthrow and defeat the Soul King, before Ichigo Kurosaki and Kisuke Urahara defeat him. His former lieutenant is Momo Hinamori.

Background
Aizen spent his life working in the Fifth Division, eventually becoming its lieutenant under the former captain, Shinji Hirako. Aizen gained followers, including Gin Ichimaru and Kaname Tōsen. A century before the series' setting, after Kisuke Urahara created the Hōgyoku, an item he believed creates Soul Reaper and Hollow hybrids, Aizen began to experiment using the Soul Reapers that would become the Vizards. Among his test subjects was Shinji, who knew about Aizen, but learned too late that Aizen used his mistrust against him. Having also framed Kisuke for the Vizards' creation and forced his exile, Aizen learned the Hōgyoku actually grants its user's desires if they have the will to carry it out. But as Kisuke took the Hōgyoku with him, Aizen bides his time to take the item when the time comes.

At some point, Aizen saw the potential of Shuhei Hisagi, Momo Hinamori, Izuru Kira and Renji Abarai, and Aizen took the latter three into his division. Aizen continued experimenting on Soul Reaper/Hollow hybrids with his creations Metastacia and White, playing a respective role between Rukia Kuchiki and those of Isshin Shiba and Masaki Kurosaki. After leaving the Soul Society, Aizen, Ichimaru and Tosen travelled to Hueco Mundo and arranged an alliance with the self-proclaimed god king of Hueco Mundo, Barragan Luisenbarn. As Barragan refused, Aizen revealed all of the Hollow minions were killed during the discussion and forces Barragan into servitude. From there, Aizen appropriates Barragan's palace Las Noches and reconstructs it in his own image, recruiting Tier Halibel and other Arrancars that would become his Espadas.

Abilities
Aizen is an extremely powerful and intelligent combatant, well above many captain-level Soul Reapers, which is the highest-ranking position just under the head captain. When preparing to activate the Hōgyoku, he states that despite its half-awakened state, it can be fully activated temporarily when fusing with someone with at least twice as much spirit pressure as an average captain-level Soul Reaper, referring to himself. After Aizen embedded the Hōgyoku into his body, he undergoes a series of transformations that give him extraordinary boosts in his strength and power. There are very few that can battle him and survive.

Originally, Aizen carried a zanpakutō called Kyōka Suigetsu (鏡花水月). Kyōka Suigetsu's Shikai ability Kanzen Saimin (完全催眠), activated with the command "shatter" (砕けろ), is effective if the target watches the Shikai sequence once and thus can fall under Aizen's deception any time he wishes. There are only a few means to escape the sword's influence such as touching the blade before it is activated as Gin overheard. Though unaware of that fact, in his gambit to take down Aizen, Yamamoto grabbed the blade when it pierced him and read the blade's force to distinguish Aizen. After his final evolution by the Hōgyoku, he was made immortal. It was only thanks to Ichigo's Mugetsu technique that Aizen was able to be sealed. Afterwards, Aizen finds that he no longer needs Kyōka Suigetsu itself as the weapon completely dissolves with its powers now a part of his being.

Manga and anime
Setting up the events from the shadows, Aizen arranged for Rukia Kuchiki to meet with Ichigo Kurosaki so he can become a Soul Reaper. From there, by sending Hollows in Karakura Town to alert the Soul Society for the location to get the Hōgyoku that is concealed within her body, Aizen created an elaborate conspiracy among the Thirteen Court Squad captains by secretly killing the members of Central 46 Chambers and using his Zanpakutō to create an illusion of them and sentence Rukia to death. Gin fakes Aizen's death to have the captains and lieutenants fighting against themselves. However, Squad 4 Captain Retsu Unohana uncovered the truth, as Aizen removed the Hōgyoku from Rukia, before he, Gin and Tōsen escape into Hueco Mundo. There, Aizen prepares his goal: Using the Hōgyoku to sacrifice the souls of Karakura Town in order to create an Ōken (王鍵) and kill the Soul King.

From there, Aizen begins to make several Arrancars in his service stronger using the Hōgyoku and sends some of his Espadas to the Land of the Living to gain information on Ichigo. Eventually, claiming to have an interest in her power, Aizen has Orihime Inoue brought to Las Noches on the notion that he needs her to save the powers of the deteriorating Hōgyoku. However, sacrificing the weakest members of the Espadas in the process, Aizen revealed the kidnapping as a distraction for Ichigo and as part of a scheme to cut the Soul Society's forces in half by the time he enacts his attack on Karakura Town. Though he came with three of his strongest Espadas, the defeat of Staark and Baraggan convinces Aizen that he has surpassed his own minions and strikes Halibel down to deal with the opposition personally. When confronted by Ichigo, who is the only person not affected by his Zanpakutō, Aizen reveals his role in the youth's life and struggles since meeting Rukia. Aizen then almost reveals Ichigo's lineage when Isshin intervened to take over the fight. Aizen reveals that he absorbed the Hōgyoku as it grants his desire for a Hollow-like form to easily defeat his enemies.

Aizen makes his way to the Soul Society so that he can create the Ōken, finding Ichigo's school friends and deciding to kill them first before enacting his goal. Aizen is wounded by Gin, who reveals he tricked Aizen by pretending to be his right-hand man until the time was ideal to betray him. However, his will to survive answered by the Hōgyoku, Aizen evolves into another form and mortally wounds Gin as Ichigo arrives. Though expecting him not to be a threat due to his sudden lack of spirit energy, Aizen finds himself overwhelmed by Ichigo's newly enhanced physical strength. Though his fear caused the Hōgyoku to turn him into a Hollow-like monster, Aizen barely survived Ichigo's final attack as he evolved once more to the point that he became immortal. However, Ichigo's attack weakened and defeated Aizen to the point that the Hōgyoku no longer acknowledges him as he is reverted to his human form while engulfed in a specially made kidō "Seal" that Urahara planted on him. Ten days later, numerous seals placed on his body to render him immobile and to keep his now vast reiatsu around his body, Aizen is sentenced by Central 46 to 18,800 years of imprisonment in the lowest underground prison, the 8th prison known as "Muken". Aizen's arrogance towards the matter results with him being gagged as the final seals are added and the sentence escalated to 20,000 years.

Later, when the Wandenreich invade the Soul Society, Yhwach asks Aizen to join up with them, but he refuses and delays the time sufficiently in conversation and he is forced to retreat. During the second invasion by the Wandenreich, with the Soul King's Palace breached, Aizen is visited by the new Head-Captain Shunsui Kyōraku. Initially believing Aizen is being responsive, entrusted with the keys to unlock the seals, Shunsui claims to have three as he unseals the gag so Aizen can speak. However, this act of kindness allows Aizen to remove the other seals on his own with the exception of the last two. Once freed, Aizen accompanies Shunsui to the Seireitei where his power is needed as Yhwach reached the Soul King's chambers and killed the deity while taking his powers for his own. Despite the other Soul Reapers flustered by Shunsui freeing him after what he put them through, Aizen uses his powers to destroy the shadowy creatures that Yhwach produced from his body, before creating a path to the Soul King's Palace. Aizen confronts Yhwach, playing a role in the final battle when he nearly gets himself killed using his Kyoka Suigetsu illusion to give Ichigo an opening to fatally wound Yhwach. In the end, hearing Yhwach's dying words following his defeat at Ichigo's hands, Aizen willingly returns to his cell.

Ten years later, Aizen senses that the last remnants of Yhwach's Reiatsu have disappeared completely. He recalls Yhwach's final words about how his defeat meant the continuation of death and the fear accompanying it, remarking that the world Yhwach wanted would be a failed paradise. He states to create such a world would result in one which would be without hope. He remarks while people could go through life simply living, it does not compare to courageous individuals like Ichigo, who is willing to face death and cut through fate without fear.

In other media
Aizen appears in video games for the series, the most recent ones with him in his post-Soul Society outfit. He also has his own Bleach Beat Collection, a brief CD of character image songs. The tracks are Shinsen. In 2021, Kubo made an illustration of Aizen to promote the Loki television series, drawn in a similar pose to the ephonymous character in a show's poster to emphasize the similarities in their traitorous and conniving personalities.

Reception
Charles White of IGN commented that the plot twist in the story and the truth about Aizen was "fascinating and interesting", but also criticized it, saying his Zanpakuto's power was "far-fetched" and overpowered, and Aizen did not have any flaws and that his betrayal was "too planned out to [be] believ[able]". Despite this, the change in mood accompanying Aizen's revelation as a villain was also praised; White praised the animators' job at "giving his face this evil thing about it" without changing anything about the animation itself, citing that "the Aizen that we first knew was the nicest guy ever, he looked it, and now this Aizen actually looks like the most evil jerk we've ever seen". Carl Kimlinger from Anime News Network comments that Aizen's revelation as an antagonist is "brutally unpredictable". He notes the violence from that part to be frustrating but in the same time satisfying, praising the large number of revelations. Aizen was additionally noted to have a remarkable development in his introduction as a villain with Kimlinger wondering "If only all villain grandstandings were so thrilling". Theron Martin from the same site noted that this scene makes the anime deserve credits for "one of the biggest 'I am a total bastard' moments in anime history". Mania Entertainment's Bryce Coulter noted that such episode "makes you [viewers] want to hate Aizen" due to how he controlled the character's actions in previous episodes and how he now easily defeats most of them. Aizen's English voice actor, Kyle Hebert, describes Aizen as a "mysterious, calm, cool character"" and that gives an air of "where does this guy come from?".

Nik Freeman of Anime News Network tried to summarize why Bleach's popularity declined between 2005 and 2015 from one of the most popular shonen series to "a shell of its former self that subsists on the memory of its glory days". Freeman's main thesis involving Aizen's declining popularity because of how Kubo changed his characterization within the series. The reviewer affirmed Aizen was the most important character on the series for most fans even surpassing Ichigo's influence. Initially a character that had "an excellent balance between being cool as hell and incredibly detestable", Aizen eventually "stopped bothering to devise clever schemes and instead relied purely on his own immense strength to get the job done. In other words, Aizen lost all the qualities that captivated fans when he first revealed himself as the villain." More positive was Carlo Santos from the same site who believed Aizen's character had grown "deliciously cruel" and that his ability to match the entirety of Soul Society via constantly-shifting technique made his battles "impossible to be bored with". Santos considered the battle between Aizen and Ichigo which ended Aizen's tenure as series villain a "predictable yet satisfying" scene which represented, for Tite Kubo, the culmination of many years of development as an artist. He felt, however, that after the years of buildup of Aizen as the villain, his defeat may have been too swift. Freeman was even more negative on the ending of Aizen's position as the series' main villain. He wrote that "when Aizen was defeated, the story felt finished" and that "a ton of people stopped reading at that point, even though it was widely known that the series would be continuing anyway". As part of 2018's April Fools, a joke was made by Shonen Jump stating Aizen took over the manga magazine.

title: Sōsuke Aizen


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Neerim

Neerim is a locality in Victoria, Australia, on Main Neerim Road in the Shire of Baw Baw.

The locality was connected to the Victorian Railways network when on 27 March 1917 an extension of the line from Warragul to Neerim South was opened, later connecting to Noojee in 1919. The line closed in 1958.

The Post Office opened on 25 August 1877 and closed in 1967.

The locality, in conjunction with neighbouring township Neerim South, has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Ellinbank & District Football League.

title: Neerim


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Rafael Belliard

Rafael Leonidas Belliard Matias (born October 24, 1961) is a Dominican former professional baseball shortstop who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1982 to 1998 with the Pittsburgh Pirates and Atlanta Braves. He was a member of Atlanta's 1995 World Series winning team against the Cleveland Indians. He served as the infield and first base coach for the Detroit Tigers from 2006 to 2013.

Playing career
Belliard won a silver medal with the Dominican Republic at the 1979 Pan American Games, then signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates as an amateur free agent in 1980. He played in the Pirates' minor-league system, reaching the Double-A level in 1982. He made his major-league debut as a pinch runner against the New York Mets on September 6, 1982.

It was not until 1986 that Belliard became a regular in the Pirates' lineup, batting .233 in 117 games. He remained a versatile yet seldom used player until 1990, when he left Pittsburgh and signed a free agent contract with the Atlanta Braves.

Belliard arrived in Atlanta just as the team was emerging as a National League powerhouse. The team made World Series appearances in 1991 and 1992 before finally winning the championship in. Though he had appeared in only 75 games that season, Belliard played shortstop in all six of Atlanta's World Series games.

Belliard made his final major-league appearance on April 9, 1998, in a 4–3 Braves win over the Pirates. He concluded his playing career with the Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs of the independent Northern League in 1999.

Overall during his professional career, Belliard played in 464 minor-league games over seven seasons, batting .247, and played in 1155 major-league games over 17 seasons, batting .221 and hitting only two home runs. Despite being a weak hitter and below-average base stealer, he was an excellent and reliable fielder during his career.

Post-playing career
After his retirement as a player, Belliard served five seasons in the Braves' minor-league system as a roving fielding instructor. He was named infield coach for the Detroit Tigers on October 11, 2005. He was a uniformed member of Detroit's major league coaching staff through the 2013 season.

On December 5, 2019, Belliard was named a special assignment coach for the Kansas City Royals.

Personal life
While coaching with Detroit, Belliard, his wife Leonora, and son Kevin resided in Boca Raton, Florida. His cousin Ronnie Belliard was also a major-league player.

title: Rafael Belliard


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Japanese encyclopedias

In Japanese, encyclopedias are known as hyakka jiten (百科事典), which literally means "book of a hundred subjects," and can trace their origins to the early Heian period, in the ninth century. Encyclopedic works were published in Japan for well over a thousand years before Japan's first modern encyclopedias were published after Japan's opening to the West, during the Meiji Period (1868–1912). Several encyclopedias have been published in Japan since World War II, including several children's encyclopedias, and two major titles are currently available: the Encyclopedia Nipponica, published by Shogakukan, and the Sekai Dai-Hyakka Jiten, compiled by the Heibonsha publishing company. A Japanese Wikipedia is also available.

History
The antecedents of the modern Japanese encyclopedia date from the ancient period and the Middle Ages. Encyclopedic books were imported from China from an early date, but the first proto-encyclopedia produced in Japan was the 1000-scroll Hifuryaku (秘府略), compiled in 831 upon the emperor's orders by Shigeno no Sadanushi (滋野貞主) and others, only fragments of which survive today. The first truly Japanese-style encyclopedia is said to be Minamoto no Shitagō's 10-scroll work, Wamyō Ruijushō, which was written in the ancient Japanese syllabary system of man'yōgana and contained entries arranged by category. During the 13th century, an 11-scroll book appeared on the origins of things, Chiribukuro (塵袋) (literally, “rubbish bag”), and its innovative question-and-answer format was much imitated throughout the medieval period.

In the 17th century, the Sancai Tuhui (三才図会; Sansai Zue in Japanese) (literally, "illustrated book of the 'Three Powers,' i.e., heaven, earth, and man"), a 14-part, 106-scroll illustrated encyclopedia published in Ming China in 1609, entered Japan. In 1712, emulating the Sancai Tuhui, Terajima Ryōan published the Wakan Sansai Zue (和漢三才図会) ("illustrated book of the three powers in Japan and China"), the first Japanese illustrated encyclopedia. Written in classical Chinese (the language of scholarship throughout East Asia at the time), the book reflected the outlook of its day with such fantastical entries as "The Country of the Immortals" (不死国) and "The Land of the Long-Legged People" (長脚国). Its logical presentation, topical divisions, and discussion of alternative explanations for the same phenomena, however, anticipated the modern encyclopedia.

During Japan's Civilization and Enlightenment Movement (文明開化) at the time of the Meiji Period, the westernizer Nishi Amane (西周) compiled Japan's first modern encyclopedia, the Hyakugaku renkan (百学連環). Beginning in 1873, the Ministry of Education sponsored the translation of Chambers' Information for the People into Japanese under the name Hyakka Zensho (百科全書, the "Comprehensive Encyclopedia"), which was completed in the 1880s. Later, the Ministry of Temples and Shrines sponsored the compilation by Nishimura Shigeki (西村茂樹) and others of another encyclopedic work, the Koji ruien (古事類苑), which was finally completed in 1914. The publishing house Sanseido published its 10-volume encyclopedia, the Nihon Hyakka Daijiten (日本百科大辞典, the "Great Japan Encyclopedia"), between 1908 and 1919, and Heibonsha published a 28-volume work, the Dai-Hyakka Jiten (大百科事典, the "Great Encyclopedia"), between 1931 and 1934. The Dai-Hyakka Jiten was the first publication to use the characters 事典 (jiten) rather than 辞典 (jiten) to represent the word "encyclopedia," starting the convention whereby 事典 is used to mean "encyclopedia" and 辞典 is used to mean "dictionary."

After World War II, Heibonsha responded to Japan's new internationalization by publishing the Sekai Dai-Hyakka Jiten (世界大百科事典, the "Great World Encyclopedia") in 32 volumes, between 1955 and 1959. Shogakukan then published the 19-volume Encyclopedia Japonica, Japan's first full-color reference work, between 1967 and 1972. Between 1970 and 1974, Gakushu Kenkyusha published a 21-volume encyclopedia, the Gurando Gendai Hyakka Jiten (グランド現代百科事典, the "Great Modern Encyclopedia"). In 1974 and 1975, a 30-volume Japanese version of the Encyclopædia Britannica, the Buritanica Kokusai Hyakka Jiten (ブリタニカ国際百科事典, the "Britannica International Encyclopedia"), was also published in Japan. In 1984, Heibonsha returned with a 16-volume compilation, the Dai-Hyakka Jiten (大百科事典, the "Great Encyclopedia"), and Shogakukan began publishing a 25-volume encyclopedia, the Nihon Dai-Hyakka Zensho (日本大百科全書, literally, the "Japan Comprehensive Encyclopedia," but officially known by the English title, Encyclopedia Nipponica) the same year, finishing in 1989. A second edition was published in 1994. Various children's encyclopedias were also published in the 1950s and 1960s.

Encyclopedia Nipponica
Encyclopedia Nipponica (日本大百科全書) is an encyclopedia published by Shogakukan in Japan. It is published in five formats: traditional book form, CD-ROM, e-book, Internet, and as an i-Mode service. Both the Internet and i-Mode versions require payment to use.

Sekai Dai-Hyakka Jiten
The Sekai Dai–Hyakka Jiten (世界大百科事典, literally the “World Comprehensive Encyclopedia”) is an encyclopedia compiled by the Japanese publisher Heibonsha. It is published in three formats: traditional book form, CD-ROM, and Internet. The online version is known as the Network Encyclopedia (ネットで百科).

Heibonsha has also compiled a smaller encyclopedia called the Mypedia (マイペディア), published in five formats: a single-volume book form, CD-ROM, electronic dictionary, memory card for PDAs, and Internet.

Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei
The "Encyclopedia of Japanese Historical Place Names" (日本歴史地名大系) is a fifty-volume encyclopedia published by Heibonsha between 1979 and 2005. It is similar in scope to the "Kadokawa Dictionary of Japanese Place Names" (角川日本地名大辞典), published in forty-nine volumes by Kadokawa Shoten between 1978 and 1990.

Digital and online encyclopedias
The advent of personal computers and the Internet has brought encyclopedias into the digital age. In addition to the Japanese version of Wikipedia, the Encyclopædia Britannica and Microsoft's Encarta both appear on CD-ROM in Japanese versions.

Other Japan related encyclopedias
Though not technically a Japanese encyclopedia because it is not written in Japanese, the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan is an English-language encyclopedia on Japan, first published by Kodansha in 1983, supplemented in 1986, and revised in 1993. An online version of this encyclopedia also exists at www.ency-japan.com.

title: Japanese encyclopedias


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All the Tired Horses

"All the Tired Horses" is a song written by Bob Dylan, released on his 1970 double album Self Portrait.

The song is the first track on the album. It is most notable for its absence of Dylan's singing. It consists of a small choir of female voices (Hilda Harris, Albertine Robinson, and Maeretha Stewart) repeating the same two lines

 * All the tired horses in the sun
 * How'm I s'posed to get any ridin' done? Hmm.

to the same melody for 3 minutes and 14 seconds, with varying instrumental accompaniment. In the key of C major, this song consists musically of the chord structure I-vi-iii-V, repeated throughout. This translates in the given key to C-Am-Em-G.

All the Tired Horses was used in the 2001 film Blow.

All the Tired Horses covered by Lisa O’Neill was used in the last scene of the 2022 finale of the TV series Peaky Blinders.

All the Tired Horses was used in the 2023 series Black Cake.

Cover versions

 * The Sports: The Sports Play Dylan (and Donovan) (1981)
 * Tim Heidecker & The Earth Is A Man (2012) (single)
 * Lisa O'Neill (2022)
 * Anna Calvi (2022)

title: All the Tired Horses


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Isadore Twersky

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. DS 02:56, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Isadore Twersky

 * Article does not explain why this rabbi is notable abakharev 01:58, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep After the rewrite the article is acceptable. abakharev 21:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete A7 Article makes no attempt to assert notability, merely provides basic geneology (which might be okay for Michel Foucault, but not for wiki).--CastAStone 05:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete I'm impressed with the rewrite, but still unsure as to the notability of the man, he edited some books? I would be willing to change again if I misread the article or something... --CastAStone 17:39, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * strong keep, I completely rewrote the article, it is now an acceptable stub. Deletion at this stage would be nonsensical. Isadore Twersky is a notable talmudic scholar and harvard u professor. Please reconsider your vote for deletion. --Isolani 14:40, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, notable, thanks Isolani. Kappa 15:18, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, clearly notable. Uppland 16:03, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, endowed chair at Harvard and many publications. Chick Bowen 22:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as notable published theologian. Well done, Isolani for the rewrite.Capitalistroadster 23:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Spider Sabich

Vladimir Peter Sabich Jr. (January 10, 1945 – March 21, 1976) was an American alpine ski racer, a member of the U.S. Ski Team on the World Cup circuit in the late 1960s. He competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics and was the pro ski racing champion in 1971 and 1972. Sabich was killed by gunshot under controversial circumstances involving Claudine Longet in 1976.

Early life
The grandson of Croatian immigrants, Sabich was the second child of Vladimir (1915–2001) and Frances Sabich (1911–2003). His lifelong nickname "Spider" was given by his father, as a result of thin arms and legs at a premature birth. Spider's father was an officer of the California Highway Patrol and had volunteered in World War II as a B-25 pilot in the Air Force; he was held as an internee in Siberia by the Soviets for a year after his plane was shot-up over northern Japan and forced down near Vladivostok. After the war, Vlad was a test pilot and then returned to his job with the CHP in Sacramento, and in 1950 he was transferred to Kyburz on Highway 50, southwest of Lake Tahoe.

The three Sabich children (Mary, Spider, and Steve) learned to ski at Edelweiss ski area, about a dozen miles (20 km) up the highway, a mile past Twin Bridges. They attended a one-room school in Kyburz, Silver Fork Elementary, and went to class in the summer and skied during the winter, frequently arriving in their father's patrol car.

Spider and Steve were altar boys at the Catholic church across the highway from the ski area (Chapel of Our Lady of the Sierras), and would often strap on their skis immediately following Mass. Their ski coach was Lutz Aynedter, a downhill champion from the 1940s who emigrated from Germany to California after the war. He taught the Sabich boys European-style ski racing, and Spider and Steve became junior stars among the fearless young racers of Edelweiss, who became known as the "Highway 50 Boys." The Edelweiss ski area closed in the early 1960s after a poor snow year; the location is now called Camp Sacramento.

Despite their outdated equipment, Spider and Steve established themselves as top junior ski racers in northern California in the early 1960s. After graduation from El Dorado High School in Placerville, both were offered skiing scholarships to the University of Colorado in Boulder, one of the dominant collegiate programs of the era. Head coach Bob Beattie was also the coach of the U.S. Ski Team, and the national team was heavy with CU skiers. While at Colorado, Spider majored in aeronautical engineering and was selected to the national team. Steve's career was ended by a knee injury while at CU.

Olympics and World Cup
Sabich skied on the World Cup circuit for its first four seasons, and finished fifth in the slalom in the thick fog at the 1968 Winter Olympics at age 22. His sole World Cup victory came two months later in April, a slalom at Heavenly Valley at South Lake Tahoe, just east of his hometown of Kyburz. He finished eighth in the slalom standings for the 1968 season and was the U.S. downhill champion.

Sabich reached the World Cup podium (top three) three more times in the slalom in 1969. He finished seventh in the 1969 season standings for the slalom and 11th overall, but fell out of the top ten in the slalom the following year.

Sabich had 18 top ten finishes in Olympic and World Cup competition: two in downhill, three in giant slalom, and 13 in slalom.

Season standings
Points were only awarded for top ten finishes (see scoring system).

Race podiums

 * 1 win - (1 SL)
 * 4 podiums - (4 SL), 18 top tens (2 DH, 3 GS, 13 SL)

World Championship results
From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing. At the World Championships from 1954 through 1980, the combined was a "paper race" using the results of the three events (DH, GS, SL).

World Pro Ski Tour
Sabich turned professional after the 1970 season, following his friend Billy Kidd, who joined the pro tour in mid-February 1970 and won the first title. Pro ski racing was conducted in a dual slalom (and giant slalom) format, with racers going head-to-head in elimination heats. It was staged primarily in the United States, rather than Europe, and was headed by his former coach, Bob Beattie.

The attractive and charismatic Sabich helped popularize skiing in the U.S. in the late 1960s and early 1970s; he was the suspected inspiration (along with Kidd) for the 1969 film Downhill Racer, starring Robert Redford (although Sabich was much more light-hearted than Redford's Dave Chappellet). Sabich won the pro championship in 1971 and 1972. The prize money was modest (he took home $21,189 as champion in 1971), but handsome endorsements for the era followed, which pushed his annual income well over $100,000. This allowed him to move from his collegiate (and World Cup) base of Boulder to the ski resort of Aspen in 1971.

With his brother's help, Sabich built a house in 1971 in the gated Starwood area northwest of Aspen, near the home of singer John Denver. (Sabich's chalet was originally built for $90,000; its estimated value was $250,000 in 1976 and $3 million by the mid-1990s.) A lifelong appreciator of aviation, Sabich earned his pilot's license and owned a twin-engine Piper Aztec that he flew to his pro skiing events in North America.

While chasing Jean-Claude Killy for the 1973 pro title, Sabich incurred a back injury (compressed vertebra) on the final weekend of the season at Aspen Highlands. In the semifinals of the giant slalom, he hurtled over the second jump at 50 mph and caught his arm on a gate, and somersaulted onto the back of his neck in an explosion of snow and skis. He struggled to stand up, but was too stunned to walk and was hospitalized. Sabich was out of the next day's slalom, and Killy won the season title in his first (and only full season) on the pro tour. Sabich finished third on the money list, at $36,500.

Unfortunately, injuries curtailed Sabich's success over the next three seasons, and his last victory on the pro circuit was in early January 1974 at Mount Snow, Vermont. A few months later he hurt his knee in Sun Valley, and finished fifth on the money list in 1974 at $25,100, with Killy sitting out the season. Sabich had knee surgery in August, and was featured on the cover of GQ magazine in November as "pro skiing's richest racer," holding his tri-color K2 skis, but sat out the 1975 season. He returned to the circuit in 1976 but qualified for only two races, with just $800 in earnings.

Death
Late in the afternoon on Sunday, March 21, 1976, Sabich returned from a training session at Aspen Highlands and a brief visit with Bob Beattie, whom he planned to meet for dinner. While preparing to shower, he was shot in the bathroom of his Starwood home by his live-in girlfriend, singer-actress Claudine Longet. The two had met at a pro-celebrity event four years earlier in 1972 in Bear Valley, California. She claimed the gun discharged accidentally, when he was showing her how it worked. Sabich was hit by a single gunshot in the abdomen and lost a significant amount of blood before an ambulance arrived. He died on the way to Aspen Valley Hospital with Longet at his side, shortly after 5:00p.m. Sabich was 31 years and 2 months old.

Longet, 34, was arrested and charged with the shooting. At the trial, Longet repeated the claim that the gun had accidentally fired when Sabich was showing her how to use it.

The Pitkin County Sheriffs, who made the arrest, made two procedural errors that aided Longet's defense: without warrants, they took a blood sample from her and confiscated her diary. According to prosecutors, the sample showed the presence of a trace amount of cocaine in her blood, and her diary reportedly contradicted her claim that her relationship with Sabich had not soured. In addition, the gun (which had a defect requiring multiple trigger pulls before discharging) was mishandled by non-weapons experts. As they were unable to cite any of the disallowed material, prosecutors did use the autopsy report to suggest that when Sabich was struck, he was bent over, facing away, and at least 6 ft from Longet, which would be inconsistent with the position and relative distance of someone demonstrating the operation of a firearm.

The jury convicted her of a lesser charge—misdemeanor criminal negligence—and sentenced her to pay a small fine and spend 30 days in jail. The judge allowed Longet to choose the days she served, believing that this arrangement would allow her to spend the most time with her children, and she chose to work off most of her sentence on weekends. (Critical reaction to the verdict and sentencing was exacerbated when she subsequently vacationed with her defense attorney, Ron Austin, who was married at the time; Longet and Austin later married and still live in Aspen.)

After the criminal trial, Sabich's parents filed a civil lawsuit against Longet in May 1977. The case was eventually resolved out of court in September 1979, with the provision that Longet never tell nor write about her story.

Burial
Sabich is buried in northern California at Westwood Hills Memorial Park in Placerville, where he attended high school. His hometown of Kyburz, 25 mi east and upstream, did not have a cemetery in 1976. Kidd delivered the eulogy at the brief service, with former coach Beattie and former teammates as pallbearers. The presence of Longet and her supporters, including ex-husband Andy Williams and their children, at Sabich's memorial service in Aspen two days later was awkward for the Sabich family.

Sabich is buried next to his older sister, Mary Frances Sabich, a physician who died of brain cancer in 1988 at the age of 45. Younger brother Steve died of melanoma in 2004 at age 57, shortly after the deaths of their parents.

Media portrayals
TV Series Dominick Dunne's Power, Privilege, and Justice aired an episode on the case in Season 6, Episode 5, "The Starlet And The Skier".

title: Spider Sabich


text:
Talk:Japanese encyclopedias

Proposed changes
Please do not use the construction “There are currently two major encyclopedias in the Japanese language”: it is much more direct to say “Currently, the two major encyclopedias in the Japanese language are. . .” But even before this, you should say something much broader about the history of the encyclopedia in Japan. What is the source of the term “hyakka jiten”? (I suspect it is modern, which means you need a broader discussion of the historical terminology.) It would be nice to have proper encyclopedic information on Wikipedia, Silabel, etc: when did they begin, what are they (in the case of Silabel). The links to lists of online encyclopedias should have a separate sub-section of “links.” Also, aren’t some of the links mentioned worth bringing into the main article? I notice that the main Wikipedia article on “Encyclopedia” has nothing about Japan. Why don’t you add something? Jb05-Hds2 00:08, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japanese encyclopedias


text:
Vela International Marine

Vela International Marine Limited (فيلا) is a Bahri-owned company. Vela, established in 1984, currently owns 29 oil tankers most of which are very large crude carriers (VLCCs).

Vela International Marine's ship the MV Sirius Star was hijacked by Somali pirates on 15 November 2008 and released 9 January 2009 after a $3 million ransom was paid.

Vela was owned by Saudi Aramco but was sold to Bahri for $1.3 billion 2012.

The Vela Fleet
The current fleet consists of:
 * Albutain Star --
 * Aldebaran Star --
 * Almizan Star --
 * Alnasl Star --
 * Altair Star --
 * Alphard Star--
 * Altarf Star --
 * Antares Star --
 * Aries Star --
 * Capricorn Star --
 * Gemini Star--
 * Homan Star--
 * Janah Star --
 * Leo Star --
 * Markab Star --
 * Mirfak Star--
 * Perkhad Star --
 * Phoenix Star--
 * Pisces Star --
 * Polaris Star --
 * Saiph Star --
 * Serius Star --
 * Shaula Star--
 * Manifa --.
 * Suhail Star--
 * Vega Star --
 * Virgo Star --
 * Zaurak Star --

Vela International Marine Limited is ranked the sixth largest VLCC owner in the world:
 * 1,100 Employees Worldwide.
 * 1,000 Voyages/Year.
 * Own & Operate 26 Tankers.
 * 22 VLCC Vessels: 2.1 MM BBL/Voyage.
 * One Aframax Tanker: 0.6 MM BBL/Voyage.
 * Four Medium Rang Tankers: 0.3 MM BBL/Voyage.
 * Vela Transports 3 MM BBL/Day, 83% Internationally, 17% Domestically.

title: Vela International Marine