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Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Notre Dame)

The Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Notre Dame, Indiana, is a Catholic church on the campus of the University of Notre Dame, also serving as the mother church of the Congregation of Holy Cross (C.S.C.) in the United States. The neo-gothic church has 44 large stained glass windows and murals completed over a 17-year period by the Vatican painter Luigi Gregori. The basilica bell tower is 230 ft high, making it the tallest university chapel in America. It is a contributing building in Notre Dame's historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The basilica is a major tourist attraction in Northern Indiana, and is visited annually by more than 100,000 tourists.

History
In 1686, Fr. Claude-Jean Allouez, S.J., established the Ste-Marie-des-Lacs mission on the south shore of the St. Mary's lake, in order to serve the local Potawatomi tribe along with French trappers and settlers in the area. The French Catholic missionaries were expelled by the British from the area following the French and Indian War in 1763, but in 1832 Ste-Marie-des-Lacs was re-established by Stephen Badin and the Log Chapel was built.

The first church
When Rev. Edward Sorin, C.S.C., established the University of Notre Dame, the community held religious services in the small log cabin built by Stephen Badin. This was replaced by a larger log cabin built by Sorin and dedicated on 19 March 1843, slightly to the east of Badin's log chapel and about the same size. Sorin's log chapel had become much too small for the needs of the growing college, and despite the lack of funds, Sorin decided to start construction on a proper church building in August 1847. School leaders decided to spend $1500 to construct a new edifice. Work began on 25 May 1848, and the structure was dedicated on 12 November the following year. The solemn consecration took place a year later, on 11 November 1849, with Bishop of Vincennes, Maurice de St. Palais presiding. The building was 90 feet long, 38 wide, and 20 high, with twin towers on its front, and was located next to the college building. Father Sorin described the first church: "The style is Greek, with rounded arches. There are three vaults and six columns which produce a very pretty effect. The tribune, which has been built for the use of the Sisters, is elliptical like the sanctuary. It is already enriched with an organ of Mr. H. Erben, and, though a little weak for the church, is one of its most precious ornaments." The church was built in Carpenter Gothic. The chancel organ had 1527 pipes and part of the statuary was donated by King Louis Philippe of France.

Shortly after the completion of the church, the university added a bell to its tower. In the spring of 1851, the wind swept tower and bell to the ground. That summer, university leaders purchased a larger bell in Cincinnati weighing 3220 lb and installed it in one of the church towers after it was blessed on the feast of the Assumption. In 1852 double spires were built by a local carpenter in exchange for his son's tuition at the school. The church contained two round stained glass windows purchased from the Carmel du Mans Glassworks of Le Mans. A third window, a gift to Sorin from the Carmelites, depicted “The Divine Face.” Sorin, on a visit to France some years later, purchased a carillon. Initially placed on the tower spires, those proved too weak, and a standalone bell tower was the constructed and placed in front of the church.

In 1864 the church was the venue of the funeral (performed by Rev. Sorin) of Charles Celestine Sherman, infant son of William Tecumseh Sherman and Eleanor Boyle Ewing Sherman, who died at age five months. The infant was buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery before being moved to the family plot at Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis.

The second (and present) church
The university's needs soon outgrew the small first church and in spring of 1869 the leaders decided to build a new church dedicated to Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, despite the lack of funds in the school's treasury.

Popular architect Patrick Keely drew the first plans which envisioned a baroque plan similar to the Church of the Gesu in Rome. Because of the limited budget, the church at Notre Dame was not to be as large or as elaborate as the Roman edifice, but rather the size of the church of the same name in Montreal. The original plan featured a cruciform church two hundred feet in length with three naves and a transept, a dome over the crossing, two large bell-towers, and a capacity of 2,000. The estimated cost would be around $100,000.

Fr. Sorin decided that these plans were too grandiose, and that the church could not cost more than half that sum, since at the moment they had only about $8,000 at hand. In January 1870, a new architect, Mr. T. Brady from St. Louis, drew new plans for the church. It is not sure who drew the definite plans, but it is likely that also Fr. Sorin, Rev. Alexis Granger, C.S.C., and Irish-born Brother Charles Borromeo Harding, C.S.C., a self-taught campus builder, were part of the planning and building. The new church was erected in Gothic Revival architecture rather than baroque, reflecting Fr. Sorin's French taste and his will to build a remarkable and striking landmark. Work on the foundations for the new church began in the spring of 1870, and the cornerstone was laid on 31 May 1871, with six bishops present, including Cincinnati Archbishop John Purcell. The building took many years to finish and underwent many changes. As soon as it was habitable, university leaders installed an organ and held functions and celebrations in the unfinished building. The first mass was held on 15 August 1875. In 1887, the Lady Chapel was added; the north end of the church, completed in 1875, was previously bricked off. Bishop Joseph Gregory Dwenger finally consecrated the new sanctuary on 15 August 1888, during the celebrations for the golden jubilee of the ordination of Edward Sorin. The steeple was completed in 1892.

When the new church was begun in 1870, Fr. Sorin decided to order glass windows from the Carmel du Mans Glassworks, owned by the Carmelite nuns, who had provided windows for the first church in 1863 and with whom Sorin had a long-standing relationship. This was a large order, which amounted to more than 450 square meters of glass. Meanwhile, the Carmel du Mans Glassworks had been suffering financial troubles, also in part due to the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. To keep the business solvent and the workers employed, the Carmelites replaced the windows of their own chapel in 1871, featuring Carmelite saints (these drawings would also be re-used in the windows sold to Notre Dame). In 1873, the Carmelite nuns sold the Glasswork business to Edouard Rathouis, glasswork importer and nephew of Mother Eléonore, mother prioress of the nuns. This sale occurred only a few months after the order for the Notre Dame windows had begun, hence only the first windows painted in 1874 were made by the Carmelites themselves.

To pay for the windows, due to the financial troubles Notre Dame was in given the Long Depression and the 1879 fire of the main building, sponsors were solicited. Major contributors to buy the windows were Alexis Coquillard and Sister M. Germaine of the Passion, CSC, who donated her inheritance of seventeen thousand francs for the chapel and sanctuary windows. Additionally, Notre Dame received a ten percent commission on all windows ordered due to Sorin's influence, who publicized the company in America. The Carmel du Mans Glassworks realized the potential publicity of a large order in America, and hence did a high-quality job and also signed all their windows with the company name, which they previously had not done. In 1880, Edouard Rathouis sold the Carmel du Mans Glasswork to Eugène Hucher. This is reflected in the signage of the windows, which read first “Carmel du Mans, E. Rathouis” (in the earlier works in the nave) and finally “Fabrique du Carmel du Mans, Hucher et Fils, Successors” (in the last windows in the Lady Chapel). The contract for the windows was negotiated by Sorin and signed by Auguste Lemonnier, CSC, who was president at the time.

In April 1899, the church was the site of the first wireless transmission in the United States by Jerome Green and his assistants. He then went on to replicate these experiments the following month in Chicago.

The church was the location of the funeral of Knute Rockne, following his death in a plane crash in 1931. CBS, WGN in Chicago and WSBT, a local station, broadcast the services from the church.

In 1931, it underwent its first thorough renovation by New York architect Wilfred E. Anthony. A new automatic clock was placed in the tower and the chimes were automated so that bells would strike on the quarter hour. Additionally, bars of some music were also automated to ring on occasion.

On 25 October 1936 the church was visited by Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, future Pope Pius XII, on his stop at Notre Dame during his visit to the United States.

Recent history
Between the late 60s and early 70s, the church was renovated with the intention of bringing it in line with the liturgical reform of the Second Vatican Council. The high altar was retained, but moved back and an ornate wooden freestanding altar was placed at the crossing. The choir stalls were removed from the presbytery and moved to the Lady Chapel and the stations of the Cross painted by Gregori were put in storage. In 1969, the altar rail were removed and the pulpit was substituted with one at a shorter height. These changes, in line with the direction of the council, were meant to remove barriers between the celebrant and the congregation.

The church again received a renovation 20 years later, executed by Conrad Schmitt Studios, during which some of the 1968 renovations were reverted, including the return of the Gregori stations of the Cross and a return of more ornate decoration. The conservation and restoration of the historic stained glass windows, created in Le Mans, France, was one of the studio's largest single projects, with 116 windows and over 1,200 panels of glass. On 17 January 1992, Pope John Paul II raised the Church of the Sacred Heart to the status of Minor basilica, which had been Sorin's desire since 1888. This designation is one factor in making it a popular destination for approximately 50,000 pilgrims and tourists who visit annually. From 1977 through 1997, Rev. Daniel R. Jenky, C.S.C., of the Diocese of Peoria, Illinois, served as rector of the basilica, before he became head of the religious community there and later Auxiliary Bishop and vicar general of the Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend and later Bishop of the Diocese of Peoria, Illinois. Under his tenure, the church was elevated to a basilica.

The basilica was the site of the funeral of many members of the community, including that of Theodore Hesburgh and Regis Philbin.

On 28 October 2021 Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople visited the basilica where he delivered an address on environmental stewardship and received an honorary degree. The Patriarch was accompanied by Archbishop Elpidophoros of America and the official delegation also included Metropolitan Emmanuel of Chalcedon, Metropolitan Iosif of Proikonissos, Metropolitan Ioustinos of Nea Krini and Kalamaria and the basilica hosted a concert by the Archdiocesan Byzantine choir of the Greek Orthodox Diocese of America. The Patriarch was originally scheduled to deliver the commencement address at Notre Dame in 2020, but had to cancel due to COVID-19.

Exterior
The exterior of the church is constructed of Notre Dame brick and features a bell tower with a spire and two lateral pinnacles. The bell tower is 218 feet tall, and topped by a 12 feet tall golden cross, making its total of 230 feet the tallest height on campus.

World War I Memorial Door
Plans for a memorial for Notre Dame's contributions to World War I began in 1919 shortly after the Armistice. Funds were collected by the Notre Dame Service Club and the local chapter of the Veterans of Foreign Wars. Notre Dame architects Francis Kervick and Vincent Fagan designed the work for a memorial door on the east transept of the basilica. The final design featured a door surmounted by a pointed arch and flanked by two buttresses, all in gothic style and yellow brick as the rest of the basilica. Initially, the memorial was meant to commemorate all 2,500 Notre Dame affiliates who fought in the war, including future presidents Rev. Matthew J. Walsh and Rev. Charles L. O'Donnell who had served as military chaplains. However, later revisions to the plan reduced it to two plaques flanking the door and commemorating the 46 Notre Dame students, alumni, and faculty who died in combat. The door itself is in oak with iron hinges, and contains two stained glass windows displaying the Tudor Rose and the Poppy. The stone lintel topping the door is inscribed with the words “In Glory Everlasting”, while above the lintel a carved panel depicts two eagles supporting a shield with the old university seal (in use before 1930) and carrying in their claws a ribbon which the words “God, Country, Notre Dame.” Above the door, the words "Our Gallant Dead" are inscribed in the stone facade. Statues of Jean of Arc and St. Michael by Rev. John J. Bednar, CSC, were added to the niches in the buttresses above the door in 1944, during the a campus beautification project. President Rev. Matthew J. Walsh dedicated the World War I Memorial Door on Memorial Day 30 May 1924 with a military mass.

Altars
The basilica has three altars. The first is a high altar in Gothic Revival style, a graceful object in bronze built in shops of Froc-Robert in Paris for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, during which it won a design award. After the Exposition, Father Sorin purchased the piece for the church. The tabernacle tower, which holds the reserved Blessed Sacrament, was inspired by Revelation 21:9, the vision of the new Jerusalem. Following the Second Vatican Council the gothic altar was moved to the apse, and a new altar was placed in the transept. This altar, called the Altar of Sacrifice, was made from old pews and choir stalls from the Lady Chapel. The third altar is a baroque altar in the Lady Chapel believed to come from the studios of Giovanni Bernini in Rome. Next to the gothic altar there are the Umbraculum and the Tintinnabulum, which are adorned with the insignia of the Pope and the coat of arms of the basilica, the dioceses, and the congregation. These two objects are symbols of the designation of minor basilica. The baptismal font, which is located at the entrance of the church, dates from 1871.

Frescoes
The frescoes adorning the walls and the ceilings of the nave were painted by Vatican painter and artist in residence Luigi Gregori. The ceilings are filled with a starry sky with angels, while the walls and transept are decorated with figures of saints. Each of the 12 bays of the vaulted veilinceuling is decorated with an angel, for a total of 96 painted angels. Gregori also painted the stations of the Cross that decorate the walls of the main nave. The neogothic style of the frescoes is similar to that of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, which was done by Bernardino Riccardi, Pietro Gagliardi, Tommaso Greggia, and Raffaele Casnedi in the mid-1800s. This style was inspired by Italian gothic decorations, such as the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi or the Scrovegni Chapel.

The saints depicted on the left side of the nave: Apollonia, Anthony, Bernard of Clairvaux, Dominic, Francis, Stanislaus Kostka, Aloysius Gonzaga, Rose of Lima, Agnes. On the right side of the nave: John the Baptist, John the Evangelist, Mary Magdalene, St Alexius, Benedict Joseph Labre, Thomas Aquinas, St. Jerome, St. Lucy, St. Cecilia. On the left side of the choir the paintings of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Gregory the Great, Ignatius of Loyola and on the right side of the choir: Immaculate Heart of Mary, Augustine of Hippo, Benedict of Nursia.

At the crossing, the ceiling is gold instead of blue, marking the sanctuary of the church, and is adorned with the figures of the four evangelists and Old testament prophets: Isaiah holding a scroll, David with a harp, Jeremiah with a scroll, and Moses with the tablet of the law, plus the evangelists Matthew (angel), John (eagle), Luke (ox), and Mark (lion) from the New Testament. The frescoes in the transept episodes of the life of Mary, such as the Nativity of Mary, Presentation of Mary, the Annunciation, Marriage of the Virgin, the Visitation, Nativity of Jesus, Mary Queen of Heaven. The fresco at the entrance of the Lady Chapel depicts the Coronation of the Virgin Mary as Queen of Heaven and was devised in 1874 and painted in 1887. Mary is crowned with a tiara of roses by Christ and God the Father under a dove symbolizing the Holy Spirit; the group is surrounded by figures from the Old and New Testaments holding scrolls and quills. At the end of apse, on the left wall, there is a mural depicting apparition of Our Lady of Lourdes to St. Bernadette in 1858 and on the right one a mural depicting the death of St. Joseph. In the Lady Chapel, Gregori painted the luminous exaltation of the Cross, where the True Cross is exalted under the motto, Spes Unica. At the center of the fresco is the cross, supported by angels. A holy host carrying the instruments of Christ's passion surrounds the cross. Saints and prophets are arranged all around: St. Patrick is depicted behind St. Mark, holding a clover, and was added by Gregori after requests from the student body to honor its Irish heritage. In the foreground there are the figures of Saint Helena, the mother of the Roman Emperor Constantine, and Saint Macarius, the bishop of Jerusalem, who are said to have found the Cross in 325 AD.

Windows
The 116 stained glass windows consist of more than 1,200 individual panels and were designed and made by the Carmel du Mans Glassworks, owned first the Carmelite nuns in Le Mans, France and then by Eugène Hucher and associates. The 44 large windows depict 114 life-size scenes and 106 smaller scenes. They were installed beginning in 1873, over a period of 15 years. The subjects of the windows were carefully chosen by Fr. Sorin with a pedagogic purpose, and the choice and positioning of the depicted figures is intentional and highly symbolic. Following Northern French custom, windows are read left to right, first the lower panel and then the upper.

The church's window's iconographic program was chosen carefully by Sorin. The large size of the order and the number of windows enabled such artistic and pedagogic program to be cohesive and planned out. The windows in each part of the church hosts a different theme: those of the narthex focus the mercy of God (featuring Purgatory and the Last Judgement), those of the nave feature saints, those of the transept regard the Church, and those in the sanctuary feature the most important saints of the Church. The chapels windows have a distinct and secondary message from that of the main body of the church, and each chapel focuses on a specific message or devotion.

Each of the 16 windows in the nave and transepts depicts 4 saints for a total of 64 figures, and each window has a theme (for example 4 saints who were kings or 4 who were nuns). The fourth windows of the nave represent the Great Fathers: the window on the east side of the nave depicts the Eastern Church fathers: Basil of Caesarea, Gregory Nazianzus, Athanasius of Alexandria, John Chrysostom; the window on the west side represent the Western Church fathers: Augustine, Saint Jerome, Ambrose, Gregory the Great.

The window on the north side of the west transept depicts the Sacred Heart of Jesus that inspired the basilica's name, while another on the south side shows Father Sorin presenting the building to God. The windows in the Lady Chapel depict stories for Christ's Life and each side chapel has its own theme that is depicted in its windows. The East and West transepts feature two large windows: the eastern window depicts the Pentecost, and its positioned towards the rising sun to symbolize rebirth, while the western transept depict the Dormition of Mary, and it is positioned towards the setting sun to symbolize the end of earthly life.

Side chapels
The basilica contains seven side chapels. From left to right:

 * The Chapel of the Holy Cross with the Stations of the Cross contains the tomb of John Francis O’Hara, C.S.C., university president from 1934 to 1940 and the first member of the Congregation of Holy Cross named a cardinal. The chapel also holds the Return of the Prodigal Son statue by Ivan Meštrović. The windows depict six of the stations of the cross: Jesus takes up the cross, Jesus falls the first time, Jesus meets his afflicted mother, Jesus falls the second time, Veronica wipes the face of Jesus, Jesus falls the third time. The selection of these six among the fourteen stations is due to the chapel's dedication to the cross itself. The crucifixion is not present, but all three times Jesus falls are, as well as his encounters Simon of Cyrene, his mother, and Veronica.
 * The Chapel of Our Lady of Victory contains a statue of Blessed Basil Moreau, C.S.C., founder of the Congregation of Holy Cross and beatified on 15 September 2007. The statue was sculpted by Robert Graham and contains a relic of Blessed Basil Moreau. It also hosts a copy of the 'New Icon of the Martyrs and Witnesses to Faith of the Twentieth Century', kept at San Bartolomeo all'Isola. Although the Notre-Dame-des-Victoires (Our Lady of Victories) church in Paris is a major place of devotion for Congregation of Holy Cross and Sorin had been there made pilgrimages, the original plan for the church did not include a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Victories. However, Sorin was lost at sea in 1875 and he credited the providential rescue of the disabled and drifting ship to Our Lady of Victories and in September 1876, added this chapel dedication. The windows in the chapel depict stories connected to traditional stories of Mary's intercession in history: two panels depict the Battle of Lepanto, the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, Louis XIII and the Siege of La Rochelle (during which the king is seen with a scroll with the plans for the construction of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires), the Plan of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires (in which the king agrees to finance the construction of the church for the Discalced Augustinians), Fr. Charles-Éléonore Dufriche-Desgenettes establishing the Archconfraternity of the Most Holy and Immaculate Heart of Mary (which was founded and revitalized the Notre-Dame-des-Victoires parish, and of which Sorin was a member), and finally then Our Lady of Victories with the Child Jesus above the globe of universe (as depicted in a statue in Notre-Dame-des-Victoires in Paris).
 * The Chapel of Holy Angels contains a framed modern painting of Our Lady of Guadalupe, painted by art professor Maria Tomasula in 2008. The stained glass windows depict the three major archangels from the Bible: Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel. They are shown in typical nineteenth century style, with feminine traits and incorporeal aspect, depicted on clouds and wearing fine garments and a circlet crown. The windows portray Saint Michael the Archangel defeating Satan (and featuring a depiction of Mont-Saint-Michel), the Inspiration for Mont-Saint-Michel (which depicts Michael appearing to Aubert of Avranches and commanding him to build the monastery), the liberation of Peter by Raphael, a guardian angel protecting a child, the Annunciation to Zechariah by Gabriel, and the Annunciation to Mary by Gabriel.
 * [[File:Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Notre Dame, Indiana) - interior, The Lady Chapel, baroque altar built by Bernini's studio.jpg|thumbnail|left|Lady Chapel with Bernini Altar|233x233px]]The center chapel behind the altar, the largest and most prominent, is the Lady Chapel. The Lady chapel was a common feature in medieval cathedrals and it was also inspired by the one present in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York. The main feature of the chapel is the statue of Mary. Under it, is a baroque altar believed to come from the studios of Giovanni Bernini in Rome, where Fr. Sorin found it during one of his trips. The tabernacle doors contain a fragment of wood which tradition says to be from a table on which St. Peter celebrated Mass in Rome. The chapel, also known as Chapel of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (depicted in the ceiling painted by Luigi Gregori) and Sacred Heart Chapel, was added on to the basilica in 1886 to help celebrate the 50th anniversary of Fr. Sorin's ordination in 1888. The windows depict stories from the life of Jesus and the biblical basis for the devotion to the Sacred Heart. The windows on the western side, read bottom to top, depict: The Birth of Jesus, The Last Supper, Gethsemane, The Crucifixion, The Pieta, The Risen Jesus and Doubting Thomas. The eastern windows depict the historical devotion to the Sacred Heart: Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque's great apparition (who was really important in the development of the devotion to the Sacred Heart), Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque's vision in the Filbert grove, the Consecration of the city of Marseille to the Sacred Heart (done by bishop Henri de Belsunce in response to the plague and an important step in the spread of the devotion), Pope Clement XIII proclaiming the devotion to the Sacred Heart in Poland in 1765, the homage of France to the Sacred Heart (a popular Catholic lithograph likely printed as part of the campaign for the construction of the Basilica of Sacré-Coeur, Paris), and finally founders of Sacred Heart devotion (which depicts Saints Bridget of Sweden, Teresa of Avila, Margaret Mary Alacoque, Bernard of Clairvaux, Francis de Sales, Augustine, Francis of Assisi, figures from history that contributed to the evolution of the devotion).
 * The Reliquary Chapel houses relics of the Twelve Apostles, a piece of the True Cross, the burial of St. Severa, and numerous other objects of veneration. The wax figure is of St. Severa, a third century martyr. The cloth covered boxes at her head and feet contain her relics. Above the relic case is a copy of a portion of Raphael's fresco, Disputation of the Holy Sacrament. The chapel also hosts a copy of the Bronze statue of Saint Peter in Saint Peter's Basilica and a copy of the icon of Our Lady of Czestochova. The windows, installed in 1884, depict stories and miracles relating to the discovery or translation of relics. They depict the translation of the relics of Saint Martin of Tours, the finding of the relics of Saint Stephen, the translation of the Relics of Saint Nicholas from Myra to Bari, and King Louis IX carrying the Crown of thorns in Paris, The Return of Saint Eutropius's Relics from Bordeaux to Saintes in 1602 (although this window has also been interpreted by some scholars as the relics of Augustine ), and the translation of Saint Eutropius's Relics in 1843.
 * The Brother Andre Chapel, which houses a statue of Saint Andre Bessette, C.S.C., is dedicated to the first saint of the Congregation. He was canonized in 2010 for his work among the needy in Montreal. The chapel holds a statue of Saint André Bessette was designed by the Rev. Anthony Lauck, C.S.C. (1985). The windows depict episodes about the life and devotion to Mary. They depict the Nativity of Mary (in typical fifteenth-century style), the presentation of Mary, the Assumption (including a fifth century tradition that when Mary's sepulchre was opened it contained only flowers), the coronation of the Mary in Heaven, the proclamation of the Immaculate Conception (depicting Pope Pius IX proclaiming the dogma on 8 December 1854), and Mary as the Immaculate Conception with three angels.
 * The Holy Family Chapel honors the life of St. Joseph and hosts Ivan Meštrović's masterpiece, the Pietà. The sculptor did the sketches for this magnificent pieta while he was a political prisoner of the Nazis. Mestrovic used his own likeness for Joseph of Arimathea. The work was exhibited at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art before going on display in the church in 1955. A bronze copy of it is held at the Vatican Museums and a gesso copy to the Ivan Meštrović Gallery in Split. The windows of the chapel depict stories of the Holy Family and the Nativity, with stories centered around Saint Joseph taken from apocrypha. They depict:the Selection of Joseph as Mary's husband (from the Protoevangelium of James), the wedding of Joseph and Mary, the presentation of Jesus at the temple, Joseph Is warned by an angel to flee to Egypt, the Flight into Egypt, and the Death of Joseph.

Organ
The first Sacred Heart Church had a small reed organ in the 1850s. In 1865 Father Edward Sorin approved its replacement with a hand-pumped organ of 1,500 pipes. In 1875 Derrick and Felgemeker of Erie installed a 2,000 pipe organ inside the new and still incomplete Sacred Heart Church, which was eventually brought inside the completed church. In 1961 university president Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh approved the addition 300 pipes to the organ. On 2 April 1978 a new organ was installed, donated by Marjorie O'Malley and built by the Holtkamp Organ Company of Cleveland, Ohio. It debuted at a dedication Mass celebrated by Hesburgh and a recital performed by Professor Michael Schneider of Cologne, Germany. Professor Craig Cramer joined Notre Dame's Department of Music in the fall of 1981 and inherited department chair Calvin Bower's charge to form the organ performance program.

In late 2006, Campus Ministry formed a committee to consider replacement of the basilica organ, headed by Dr. Gail Walton, the basilica's director of music since 1988. The committee performed a nationwide search, and in December 2006 it traveled to Columbus, Ohio, for the dedication of the new Paul Fritts organ in Saint Joseph Cathedral and decided to commission the new organ to Fritts, which became Fritt's second commission from Notre Dame. Previously, Paul Fritts and Company Organ Builders of Tacoma, Washington, had finished a 35-stop organ, also an O’Malley gift, designed in the northern German tradition, for the Reyes Organ and Choral Hall of the new DeBartolo Performing Arts Center in 2004. The Great Recession of 2008 halted the project by taking a hit on the university endowment and benefactions, and the idea of replacing the basilica organ was tabled indefinitely. The project was further dealt a blow by the death of its foremost champion Gail Walton in February 2010. Yet, in the fall of 2010, the university approved a plan to commission a new organ for the basilica and started the search for a donor. As decided previously, organ maker Paul Fritts was commissioned for the project, and initial design work began in 2012 with work on the case in Tacoma beginning in 2013. The project called for a four-manual instrument with 70 stops, 5,164 pipes and a case inspired by Dutch masterpieces, and it was to become Fritts’ magnum opus. The basilica closed in Christmas 2013 for the first phase of the organ project, which included a 44-day replacement of the church carpeting with 25,000 slate-colored porcelain tiles to improve acoustics. Meanwhile, a third Fritts commission, sponsored by Denis ’67 and Susan McCusker, saw a studio organ designed in 2014 for the Walton Choir Rehearsal Hall in Coleman-Morse Center. On 28 December 2015 the Holtkamp organs played its last song, Silent Night, before its dismantling started the next morning. The organ pipes were donated to the reconstruction of a local parish, Saint Pius X in Granger, Indiana. In October 2015, Fritts loaned the church a temporary organ once the Holtkamp was removed. Work commenced on reinforcing the choir loft's concrete and adding steel support structures to the foundation. During the installation of the new organ, the basilica choirs sang next to the interim organ in the west transept.

The new organ, named after benefactors Wayne and Diana Murdy, was transported on a pair of tractor-trailers to the basilica on Sunday 31 July 2016. By end of August 2016, the façade and case was completed, and Fritts Company began the process of tuning and voicing the pipes and connecting the organ's key action, stop action, windworks and electrical wiring. The organ's first full performance test occurred during the annual Blue Mass honoring police, firefighters and emergency medical personnel on October 6, with the tuning of last rank of pipes in the following weeks. It was finished on schedule for Christmas 2016. The new four-manual 70-stop Murdy Family Organ was designed and built by Paul Fritts & Company Organ Builders as its Opus 37. It has 4 keyboards, 70 stops and 5,164 pipes and stands 40 feet high and weighs more than 20 tons. Before installation, workers had to reinforce the loft to support the larger instrument. Bishop Daniel Jenky returned to campus to dedicate the instrument on 20 January 2017 which featured a recital by university professor and organist Craig Cramer.

Basilica museums
The basilica's museum, located behind the sacristy, displays artifacts from the history of the university and the Congregation of Holy Cross. Many items belonged to Fr. Edward Sorin, founder of the university. Items on display also include liturgical vessels and chalices, personal effects of Luigi Gregori, a cassock that belonged to Pope Paul VI, chalices and cassock of Pope Pius IX, and a six-foot- high processional cross presented to Notre Dame by Napoleon III and Empress Eugenie. Of particular significance, a papal tiara from the 1850s donated to Edward Sorin by Pope Pius IX. It is only one of two in existence outside the Vatican, and of these two the only traditional one, the other being the modernist tiara of Paul VI.

The basement holds the Bishop's Museum, which contains pontificalia of various American bishops, dating from the 19th century. It hosts ornate and embroidered vestments, mitres, shoes, caps, sandals, sashes, gloves, Cardinals’ galeros, chalices, vestments embroidered by the daughter of the Empress of Austria. These include Rev. Alexis Granger's sick-call satchel, containing oils to anoint the sick; crosier and pectoral cross of the Reverend John Carroll (first Catholic bishop of the United States); a gold screen from the sanctuary of Santa Brigida through which St. Bridget of Sweden used to hear Mass; mitre of bishop Michael Francis Egan (first bishop of Philadelphia); crosier, mitre, and rabbi used by cardinal John McCloskey, first bishop of Albany; maniple from 1840 of the first bishop of California, Francisco García Diego y Moreno; cassock and books written by and about Archbishop Marcos G. McGrath, CSC.

Liturgies
The basilica is the main liturgical center for the university community. Mass is held twice daily, while the university is in session, and once daily during breaks. Each weekend there are three Sunday masses celebrated for students, faculty, staff and community members. The basilica is a popular place for weddings of Notre Dame alumni, hosting several weddings each Saturday, whenever the Fighting Irish do not have a home football game. The basilica has also been the site of final professions and ordination masses for the Congregation of Holy Cross, as well as funerals for the religious community and for alumni. Each Sunday evening the basilica holds Solemn Vespers and a special service during Advent, known as Lessons and Carols. Stations of the Cross is celebrated each Friday during the season of Lent. At other times throughout the year, the basilica hosts special liturgies of all kinds. The Paschal Triduum is celebrated every Easter and it lasts from Holy Thursday with the celebration of the Last Supper until Easter Sunday with Vespers. These celebrations are very popular among students and local inhabitants, and Easter liturgies are always very crowded. Located in the Crypt Church (basement level) of the basilica is Sacred Heart Parish. Two people are buried in the basilica: Cardinal John Francis O'Hara, who is buried in the Chapel of the Holy Cross, and Orestes Brownson, who is buried in the crypt.

Broadcasts
Since 2002, Sunday masses from the basilica have been broadcast nationwide. Special care is taken to ensure that broadcasting equipment captures the beauty of the mass without impacting the rite. Currently, the 10:00 A.M. mass is broadcast on CatholicTV, while the 11:45 A.M. mass is broadcast online at NDPrayerCast.org and through iTunes.

Carillon
The original 23 bells were installed in 1856 and make-up the oldest carillon in North America. They were made in France, and each has a name related to Mary. The final bell, which is one of the grandest in the United States was blessed in 1888, during Father Sorin's Golden jubilee and it is named for St. Anthony of Padua, it is an immense non swinging bourdon, more than seven feet tall and weighing 15,400 pounds.


text:
User talk:Gelgs

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User page
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Gelgs


text: Category:Subdivisions of Armenia

title: Category:Subdivisions of Armenia


text:
WMGM

WMGM may refer to:

 * WMGM (FM), a radio station on 103.7 MHz, licensed for Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States since the 1960s
 * WMGM-TV, a television station (channel 40 analog/36 digital) licensed for Wildwood, New Jersey
 * WMGM-LP, a defunct low-power television station (channel 7) formerly licensed for Atlantic City, New Jersey, and which simulcast WMGM-TV
 * WEPN, a radio station on 1050 kHz, licensed for New York City, which used the WMGM call sign from 1948 to 1962
 * WMGM-FM (New York City), a defunct radio station on 100.3 MHz, licensed for New York City from 1942 to 1955

title: WMGM


text:
YIO

YIO may refer to:

 * Pond Inlet Airport (IATA code: YIO), Nunavut, Canada
 * Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Tokyo, Japan

title: YIO


text:
Julius Leber

Julius Leber (16 November 1891 – 5 January 1945) was a German politician of the SPD and a member of the German resistance against the Nazi regime.

Early life
Leber was born in Biesheim, Alsace, out of wedlock, to Katharina Schubetzer and later adopted by her husband, mason Jean Leber. Leber ended his school days in Breisach in 1908 with a Mittlere Reife qualification from a vocational high school, having completed training in salesmanship in a wallpaper factory in Breisach. From 1910, he attended an Oberrealschule (a higher vocational school) and also wrote newspaper reports. To finance his training, he worked as a tutor.

After his Abitur in 1913, Leber studied national economics and history in Strasbourg (then Straßburg, Germany) and at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau. He also joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany in this year (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands; SPD). In 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, Leber volunteered for military service.

Military service
As a soldier, Leber was wounded twice, promoted to lieutenant, and served after the war in the Reichswehr (regular army) with border security troops in the east. At the time of the Kapp Putsch in 1920, he took the Weimar Republic's side. He subsequently resigned from the Reichswehr in protest, as some of its leaders had been behind the putsch. After leaving the Reichswehr, Leber received a doctorate from the University of Freiburg.

Political career
In 1921, Leber became the editor-in-chief of the social-democratic newspaper Lübecker Volksboten – for which then-student Willy Brandt also wrote in the early 1930s. He was also a member of the Lübeck city council from 1921 to 1933. As a member of the Reichstag from 1924, Leber concerned himself above all with defense politics.

Resistance to Nazis
Adolf Hitler seized power in 1933, after which there was an attempt on Leber's life; he was detained, released after pressure from his Lübeck colleagues, and then arrested anew in March. In 1933 he was imprisoned by the Nazis and was later held in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp as a "dangerous opponent of the regime" until 1937. Following his release, he worked as a coal dealer in Berlin-Schöneberg, which camouflaged his more important role in the resistance to the Nazi régime, in which he was supported by, among others, Gustav Dahrendorf – Ralf Dahrendorf's father, Ernst von Harnack and Ludwig Schwamb.

In 1940, Leber sought contact with the armed forces' leadership and got to know Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg. Thereafter, he was also in contact with Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and the Kreisau Circle around Helmuth James Graf von Moltke. Stauffenberg's circle foresaw Leber as Germany's new Interior Minister after their planned coup d'état.

Arrest and execution
Leber was betrayed by an informer among an underground communist group led by Anton Saefkow, with whom he had sought contact. He was arrested by the Gestapo on 5 July 1944, fifteen days before Stauffenberg's attempt on Hitler's life in the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia. On 20 October, Leber was accused in a trial before the Volksgerichtshof alongside Adolf Reichwein, Hermann Maass and Gustav Dahrendorf. Leber was sentenced to death, and executed on 5 January 1945 at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin.

Recognition

A bridge in Berlin-Schöneberg is named after Julius Leber and bears a commemorative plaque. The inscription reads "Julius Leber, member of the German Reichstag until 1933, sacrificed his life for FREEDOM and JUSTICE." The nearby S-Bahn station is named "Julius-Leber-Brücke".

A public square in the Neudorf suburb of Strasbourg, France is named for Leber.

An Bundeswehr (army) barracks in Berlin is named after Julius Leber. The army coordination centre during the COVID-19 pandemic was based in these barracks.

On 5 November 1991, the German Post Office issued a postage stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of Leber's birth. The stamp shows an image of Leber in profile with his birth and death dates.

title: Julius Leber


text: Category:Military of Armenia

title: Category:Military of Armenia


text:
Charles Jacque

Charles-Émile Jacque (23 May 1813 – 7 May 1894) was a French painter of Pastoralism and engraver who was, with Jean-François Millet, part of the Barbizon School. He first learned to engrave maps when he spent seven years in the French Army.

Biography

Fleeing the Cholera epidemics that besieged Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, Charles Jacque relocated to Barbizon in 1849 with Millet. There, he painted rustic or pastoral subject matter: shepherds, flocks of sheep, pigs, and scenes of farm life. In addition to painting, Jacque was also famous for his etchings and engravings. He, along with Félix Bracquemond and Felix Buhot, is credited with the nineteenth-century revival of seventeenth-century techniques. He began his career as an engraver around 1841 by publishing a series of etchings with Louis Marvy. He followed this work with a series of engravings based on the works of Adriaen van Ostade, after which he began to create original engravings / artworks. Charles Baudelaire said of him, "Mr. Jacque’s new reputation will continue to grow always, we hope. His etchings are very bold and his subject matter is well conceived. All that Mr. Jacque does on copper is filled with a freedom and a frankness which reminds one of the Old Masters."

Henri Béraldi distinguished two periods in Jacque's career. The first saw his creation of more spontaneous, Dutch inspired vignettes. In the second, for which he is more famous, he produced larger plates which, according to Fanica, were "marked by the Dutch character of his work".

Jacque also provided the illustrations for numerous books, in particular the Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith; The Indian Cottage, a novella published with Paul et Virginie; Picturesque Greece by Christopher Wordsworth; the Works of Shakespeare; and Ancient and Modern Versailles by Alexandre de Laborde.

Family
His sons Émile Jacque (1848–1912) and Frédéric Jacque (1859–1931) were both painters and engravers especially of rural subjects. Another son, Lucien, was executed as a Communard during the French State's bloody repression of the Paris Commune.

title: Charles Jacque


text:
SexBomb Girls

The SexBomb Girls (also known as SB Girls, SBG, SexBomb Dancers, and now SB NewGen) is a Filipino girl group formed by dance guru Joy Cancio in 1999. Known for their novelty music and stage performances, they are credited as one of the leading figures of the P-pop wave in the Philippines. They rose to fame as dancers of the noontime variety show Eat Bulaga! and eventually branched into singing and acting, becoming the best-selling girl group in Asia in the 2000s, prior to the rise of K-pop. In 2007, they were elevated into the Hall of Fame of the Box Office Entertainment Awards after winning five consecutive times as the "Most Popular Dance Group".

History
The SexBomb Dancers were originally composed of four dancers upon their formation in November 1999 (Rochelle, Che-che, Debra, and Janine) under the name Chicken Sandwich Dancers as the background dancers of Eat Bulaga! and an offshoot of the Danz Focus Dancers (house dancers of the said show). The name "Sex Bomb" came from the 1999 hit song of Tom Jones. Of the four, only Rochelle remained (thus landing her the role and title as the group leader) until the group expanded during the SexBomb dance searches in 2000–2001, reaching an all-time high of 26 members. In 2002, the SexBomb Singers were formed and were billed as "SexBomb Girls" in their shows and promotional materials. Their first studio album, Unang Putok included the hit songs "Bakit Papa?" ("Why Daddy?"), "Crush Kita", "Pretty Little Baby", "Di Ko Na Mapipigilan" ("I Can No Longer Stop") and "Tulog Na Baby" ("Sleep Now Baby"). In 2003, they released their sophomore album entitled Round 2 which featured the hit song "Spageti Song (Pababa nang Pababa) featuring Joey de Leon. In 2004, the SexBomb Girls released their third album entitled Bomb Thr3at featuring the song "Halukay Ube". The SexBomb Dancers did show and danced to songs from their dance albums, Sexiest Hits (2002), Sexiest Hits 2 (2003) and Sexiest Hits 3 (2004). The SexBomb Singers and Dancers were then collectively referred to as The SexBomb Girls. The SexBomb Girls were managed by Joy Cancio, of Focus Entertainment. Cancio was a former member of the Vicor Dancers of the 1980s.

The group's fame continued to permeate with the said album releases, constant national television show guests, live shows in political campaigns and comedy bars, and their longest drama series on Philippine television, Daisy Siete that ended in July 2010, extending to 26 seasons (a total of almost 7 years). Upon the group's dismissal from their house show Eat Bulaga! in 2011, the SexBomb Girls became freelance and appeared in GMA, ABS-CBN and TV5, while maintaining outside shows. In December 2013, the original members of the dance group went their separate ways.

The group has performed in night shows and concerts at The Library in Malate, Manila, Joketime in Pasay and Cavite, Oblivion Bar and Longue, Dutdutan Tattoo Conventions by Tribal Philippines, Yamaha Philippines, and at Zirkoh and Klownz in Quezon City every week, and also traveled across the country to host festivals, special occasions, and requested town event guestings.

The SexBomb Girls are managed by Jara Cancio, the daughter of Joy Cancio, and Aira Bermudez (original SexBomb Dancer). The group is known as SexBomb NewGen or SB NewGen to represent the new generation of the SexBomb Girls, producing all-female talents with expertise in dance genres such as hip-hop, contemporary and urban, as well as in singing, slowly deviating from the original group's main focus on novelty and jazz.

According to PARI, Sexbomb Girls is the best selling girl group of the decade (2000s) in the Philippines by selling over 12 million sales (4 studio albums, 4 compilation albums and Christmas singles)

As of August 4, 2017, it was announced that SB NewGen would be co-managed in unison by J Entertainment and Viva Artists Agency.

In 2023, Sexbomb Dancers are reunited when an online streaming giant Netflix announced their new subscription rate in a new advert featuring members Rochelle Pangilinan, Jopay Paguia, Che-che Tolentino, Sunshine Garcia, Mia Pangyarihan, and Johlan Veluz. They reprised ‘The Spageti Song’ with new lyrics advertising the online streaming giant lowering their rate for all devices.

Current members

 * SB NewGen

 * Lea Jane (2014-present)
 * Daphny Red Apigo (2015-present)
 * Keshia Almoroto (2015–present)
 * Nikkie Millares (2017-present)
 * Eunice Andrea (2018-present)
 * Jelai Ahamil (2020-present)
 * Jade Rodriguez (2023-present)
 * Rei Young (2023–present)
 * Audrey Abalos (2023–present)

Former members

 * Original SexBomb Girls
 * Rochelle Pangilinan-Solinap (1999-2007,2008–2011)
 * Debbie 'Debra' Ignacio                             (1999–2000)
 * Cheryl 'Che-Che' Genove-Shimabukuro                (1999–2000)
 * Janine Reyes                                  (1999–2000)
 * Aira Bermudez                                  (2000–2017)
 * Jopay Paguia-Zamora                                   (2000–2010, 2012–2014)
 * Mia Pangyarihan                                    (2000–2013)
 * Jayne Lao-Ng                                       (2000-2002)
 * Cherrie Nhorren Ingal                              (2000)
 * Michelle Reyes                                     (2000–2002)
 * Izzy Trazona-Aragon                                (2000-2001, 2002–2010)
 * JB Cifra-Cuellar                                   (2000–2001)
 * Yvette Lopez                                       (2001)
 * Mae Acosta-Valdes                                  (2001–2005, 2007-2013)
 * Grace Nera                                         (2001–2013)
 * Sandy Tolentino                                    (2001–2005, 2007-2014)
 * Che-Che Tolentino                                  (2001–2014)
 * Weng Ibarra                                        (2001–2007, 2008–2010)
 * Evette Pabalan-Onayan                              (2001–2007, 2008-2010)
 * Sugar Mercado                                  (2001-2002, 2004–2006)
 * Natalie 'Babat' Imperial-Baron                     (2002)
 * Aba 'AB' Chiongson                                 (2002)
 * Jacky Rivas                                        (2002–2010, 2012, 2014–2016)
 * Sunshine Garcia-Castro                             (2001, 2003-2013)
 * Monique Icban-Diamante                             (2002-2005, 2008–2010)
 * Johlan Veluz                                       (2002–2013)
 * Cynthia 'CY' Yapchingco-lim                           (2003–2010)
 * Jacquelline Esteves-Tran                           (2002, 2003–2006)
 * Nimfa Rafidi                                       (2002)
 * Aifha Medina-Cheng                                 (2003–2010)
 * Jhoana Orbeta                                      (2003–2005, 2007-2012)
 * Mariam Al-Obaidi                                   (2003-2004)
 * Rodellyn 'Joice' Pecho                             (2004–2005)
 * Jovel Palomo                                       (2004–2009)
 * Danielle Ramirez–Hartmann                          (2004–2010)
 * Louise Bolton                                      (2004–2016)
 * Mhyca Bautista                                     (2004–2014)
 * Cherry Ann Rufo                                    (2004–2007)
 * Molly Baylon                                       (2006)
 * Hazel Taligatos-Burgos                             (2006–2007)
 * Kate Sacay                                         (2006–2007)
 * Danica Gulapa-Habib                                (2006–2012)
 * Kristel "Kryz" Moreno (2007)
 * Charm Saldon-Jamarolin                             (2007)
 * Alice Almocera-Jackson                             (2007)
 * Michelle Mercado                                   (2007–2009)
 * Shane Gonzales-Ignacio                             (2007–2010)
 * Sheena Flores-de Castro                            (2008–2011)
 * Jomarie Gutierrez-Olaes                            (2009–2014)
 * Stephanie Lantion                                  (2009)
 * Jaja Barro                                         (2010–2014)
 * Dona Veliganio                                     (2010–2016)
 * Yui Guiterrez                                      (2010–2011)
 * Trizia Ramis                                       (2012–2014)
 * Krizia Ramis                                       (2012–2014)
 * Kristine Saludo-De Vera                            (2012–2013)
 * Kristine 'Joyz' Decena                             (2012–2013)
 * Jane Albarracin                                    (2012–2013)

 * SB NewGen
 * Joyce Canimo                                       (2012–2016; 2018–2019)
 * Camille Lazo                                       (2012–2018)
 * Angel Gavilan                                      (2014–2016)
 * Ynna Marie Bayot                                   (2014–2016)
 * Gera Yulo                                          (2014–2015)
 * Janine 'Tricia' Ravancho                           (2014–2015)
 * Kimberly 'Khim' Zolina                             (2014)
 * Chubbie 'Chachi' Bardon                            (2015–2016)
 * Erika Grulla                                       (2015–2016)
 * Julie May Aring                                    (2016–2022)
 * Nerizza 'Nerz' Germina                             (2016–2017)
 * Janaira 'Rai' Martinez                             (2017–2018)
 * Charlie Carpio                                     (2017)
 * Maria Fheb Vida                                    (2018)

Discography
The first attempt of creating a singing compartment for SexBomb occurred in 2001 with Rochelle Pangilinan (the group leader), Jopay Paguia (nicknamed as the Pambansang Hita), Evette Pabalan (discovered in 2001 Eat Bulaga! singing contest, impersonating Alanis Morissette), Weng Ibarra, Izzy Trazona, Sugar Mercado, and Aibee Chiongson. However, due to Aibee's departure from the group, this first attempt dissolved quickly.

The official line-up of the SexBomb Singers (officially named as the SexBomb Girls) debuted in 2002 with the successful release of their first album, Unang Putok, that garnered a 4× Platinum award: Rochelle, Jopay, Evette, Weng, Izzy, and Monique Icban (newest member auditioned for the Singers). 2002 marked the first categorical division of the group: the SexBomb Girls (SexBomb Singers) (led by Rochelle) and the SexBomb Dancers (led by Aira Bermudez).

2004 was a year of new and young SexBomb members (for both Singers and Dancers) pulled from Eat Bulaga! auditions and private screenings. Half-Filipina, half-Egyptian Mariam Al-Obaidi was added to the SexBomb Singers roster, with a debut in the 2× Platinum album Bomb Thr3at. After a few months, Al-Obaidi left the group and was seen in the rival show Wowowee (ABS-CBN) as the newest ASF Dancer. Around the same time, Original SexBomb Singer Monique Icban left the group (returning later in 2008). Later in 2004, new members Danielle Ramirez and Jovel Palomo were joined to form a singing duo, separate from the Singers division, as DJ Bomb in which they released songs such as Kaibigan and Kutob. In 2005, SexBomb Dancer Che-che Tolentino was introduced as the newest SexBomb Singer as a replacement for past members Monique and Mariam. She was debuted in the last ever studio album, Sumayaw, Sumunod: The Best of the Sexbomb Girls.

Due to several group disputes and near break-up issues, little was done by the SexBomb Singers (besides political campaigns and outside shows) until 2010 for the last season of Daisy Siete. In honor of the noontime drama series, a singing sub-group named Daisies was formed with their debut single Take One for the soundtrack album of the last season of Daisy Siete, Adam or Eve. The Daisies composed of the five youngest members of SexBomb, each having their own color: Louise Bolton (Daisy Green), Mhyca Bautista (Daisy Blue), Che-che Tolentino (Daisy Yellow, replacing Shane Gonzales), Jomarie Gutierrez (Daisy Lavender), and Jaja Barro (Daisy Pink). With the final departure of the frontliners of the dance group such as Rochelle and Jopay in 2011, the grand champion of Danz Showdown: The Search for the Next SexBomb Girls Dona Veliganio was added to the Daisies as Daisy Red. The Daisies re-covered DJ Bomb's songs such as Kutob.

In 2012, the Daisies were no longer onset and an official set of vocalists named the New Generation SexBomb Singers composed of Louise, Jomarie, Jaja and Dona.

Upon Jomarie and Jaja's departure from the group in 2014, the SexBomb Girls were re-launched under a new company, J Entertainment, as the NewGen SexBomb Girls with three separate compartments: SexBomb NewGen (performed in national television), SexBomb Dancers (performed in outside shows), and SexBomb GKiss (the singers). SexBomb GKiss was initially composed of Louise Bolton, Dona Veliganio, and Joyce Canimo, but was later augmented in early 2015 with former Original Mocha Girl: Hershey Delas Alas and with back-up SexBomb Dancers Jacky Rivas, Ynna Bayot, and Angel Gavilan.

Upon the departure of Louise, Jacky, Dona, Joyce, Ynna, Angel, and Hershey in late 2015, the current line-up of the NewGen SexBomb Girls (now formally known as SexBomb NewGen) was established. Though no singing compartment is currently on the air, NewGen leader Jane Lumabi and hip-hopper Nerizza Germina stand as SB NewGen's singers in their shows starting December 2016.

With Nerizza leaving in 2017 for the Mocha Girls, named 'Singing Princess' Eunice Andrea was added to the SB NewGen roster in early 2018 to stand as the lead singer of the girl group in mall tours and daily shows.

In February 2019, SB NewGen released their first self-composed single in their music video entitled "Want U" featuring Michael "Cursebox" Negapatan under Viva Records and Cursebox Productions.

Studio albums

 * 2002: Unang Putok (4× Platinum)
 * 2003: Round 2 (5× Platinum)
 * 2004: Bomb Thr3at (2× Platinum)
 * 2005: Sumayaw, Sumunod: The Best of the Sexbomb Girls (Platinum)
 * 2007: Itaktak mo at iba pang Pasaway na Hits (With various artists)

Christmas albums

 * 2002: Wish Ko sa Pasko (Gold)
 * 2003: Spaghetti Sa Pasko (single)
 * 2004: Pik-piripik-pik ng Pik-Pik (single)

Dance compilation albums
The songs on these albums are performed mostly by European Eurodance artists. The choreography to the songs on these albums was popularized by the Sexbomb Dancers. Mall shows were held nationwide to promote these albums.

 * 2002: Sexbomb's Sexiest Hits (Gold)
 * 2002: Sexbomb: I Like & Other Hits (Gold)
 * 2003: Sexbomb's Sexiest Hits: 2 (Gold)
 * 2004: Sexbomb's Sexiest Hits: 3 (4× Platinum)

Compilation albums

 * 2006: Daisy Siete: V-DAY Music from the TV Series
 * 2007: Tabachingching: Sexbomb
 * 2008: Vaklushii: Daisy Siete Season 19 Soundtrack
 * 2010: Adam or Eve

Solo albums

 * 2005: Jacque Estevez (Gold)
 * 2007: ROC: Rocaholic (Gold)

SB NewGen

 * 2019: Single Want U (850,000 YouTube views)
 * 2019: Single Newgen Shake (800,000 YouTube views)
 * 2020: Single Halo Halo (290,000 YouTube views)

Acting career
The Sexbomb Girls have their own movie, Bakit Papa, which was released nationwide in the Philippines in 2002. The Sexbomb Singers took the lead, with the Dancers playing support. Others in the cast include Allan K., Wendell Ramos, Epi Quizon, Chynna Ortaleza and Richard Gutierrez. It was produced by Regal Films and had an opening day of P3.5 million, with the total box-office sales estimated at P20.6 million.

The group had their own afternoon drama series Daisy Siete, which aired on GMA Network weekdays at 2:30 pm.

Daisy Siete had been a rating mogul since its premiere, charting its highest rating at 30% in December 2003 (season 1). It later rated anywhere from 19% to 25%. Rival networks tried to compete by airing their own shows; some of these shows were Colgate Trip Kita, Sarah the Teen Princess and Kapamilya Cinema.

From 2002 to 2003, the girls were also part of Daboy en Da Girl, with Rochelle as Britney, and the girls as Japayukis.

The girls have appeared on different guestings on the GMA Network. Magpakailanman has featured the life stories of several Sexbomb Girls with them playing themselves: Sunshine Garcia, Jacque Estevez, Aira Bermudez, Evette Pabalan, Johlan Veluz and Aifha Medina. Rochelle Pangilinan's story was played by Rufa Mae Quinto. Pangilinan has portrayed other characters twice, and Bermudez played the Aeta featured in one episode.

The Sexbomb Dancers were mainstays on QTV Channel 11's Let's Get Aww! which aired last November 2005. The show was short-lived.

Aira was part of the cast in afternoon drama series Dragon Lady she portrays as Janine Gutierrez's assistant her catchphrase is "Get Get Out" instead of "Get Get Aww".

Television

 * 2002: Daboy en Da Girl (Aira, Jopay, Natalie, Rochelle, Evette)
 * 2003–2010: Daisy Siete
 * 2004: Love to Love (Jacque, Jopay)
 * 2005: Darna (Rochelle, Jacque)
 * 2005: Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia (Jopay)
 * 2006: Encantadia: Pag-ibig Hanggang Wakas (Jopay)
 * 2007–2008: Tok! Tok! Tok! Isang Milyon Pasok!
 * 2009: Adik Sa'Yo (Rochelle)
 * 2009: Show Me Da Manny (Rochelle)
 * 2009: Darna (Rochelle, Cynthia, Mia, Sandy)
 * 2010: Diva (Rochelle)
 * 2010: Pilyang Kerubin (Sunshine)
 * 2010: Smile TV (Cheche, Johlan)
 * 2011: Amaya (Rochelle, Mia)
 * 2012: Luv U (Trizia, Krizia, Camille)
 * 2012: Broken Vow (Rochelle)
 * 2013: Be Careful With My Heart (Jopay)
 * 2013–present: Magpakailanman (Rochelle)
 * 2013: My Husband's Lover (Mia)
 * 2014: The Ryzza Mae Show (Rochelle, Jopay, Che-che)
 * 2014: Marian (Rochelle, Johlan, Aira, Weng, Sandy, Mia, Louise, Che-Che, Evette)
 * 2014: Carmela (Rochelle)
 * 2014: Ang Lihim ni Annasandra (Rochelle)
 * 2015: Luv U (Camille)
 * 2015: Bridges of Love (Jopay, Janine, Angel)
 * 2016: Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho (Cheche)
 * 2016: That's My Amboy (Mia)
 * 2016: Tubig at Langis (Jopay)
 * 2016: The Millionaire's Wife (Louise)
 * 2016: The Story of Us (Kristel Moreno)
 * 2016: Encantadia 2016 (Rochelle, Cheche, NewGen Jane, Camille)
 * 2016: Banana Sundae Angelica Birthday (Jopay, Mia, Cheche, Louise)
 * 2017: A Love to Last (NewGen Julie)
 * 2017: Haplos (Mia, Cheche, Johlan, Cynthia, Aira, Louise)
 * 2018: Lip Sync Battle Philippines (Joy Cancio, Rochelle, Aira, Cheche, NewGen)
 * 2019: Inagaw na Bituin (Cheche, Sandy, Mia)
 * 2019: Dragon Lady (Aira)
 * 2019: World of Dance Philippines
 * 2021: Wowowin (Aira)
 * 2021-2022: The World Between Us (Mia)
 * Various Year: Mars Pa More (Rochelle, Izzy, Mia, Sandy, Che-che, Aira, Mycha, Johlan, Jopay)

Film

 * 2001: Tusong Twesome (Debra)
 * 2002: Bakit Papa (Sexbomb Girls
 * 2002: Bertud ng Putik (Rochelle)
 * 2002: Lastikman (Jopay)
 * 2004: Anak ka ng Tatay Mo (Cynthia) (Jomar)
 * 2004: Fantastikman (Jopay, Grace, Rochelle, Jacky, Cynthia)
 * 2004: Enteng Kabisote (Aira)
 * 2005: Ispiritista (Aifha, Cynthia, Sugar, Danielle, Jovel)
 * 2005: Enteng Kabisote 2 (Louise, Mhyca, Cherry Ann)
 * 2008: Iskul Bukol 20 Years After (Ungasis and Escaleras Adventure) (Aira)
 * 2011: Panday 2 (Jhoana, Jomarie)
 * 2019: Indak (film) (SB NewGen)

Music videos
The girls starred in the music video for "Askal" in 2013, sung by Jose Manalo and Wally Bayola, and the song entry for the second Philippine Popular Music Festival.

Joyce Canimo of the NewGen SexBomb Girls starred in the official music video for "Sa'Yo" in 2014, sung by Silent Sanctuary.

The NewGen SexBomb Girls starred in the official dance music video for "Kinikilig" in 2016, sung by Hazel Faith as choreographed by Joy and daughter Jara Cancio.

Lea Jane of SexBomb NewGen starred as the demoness in the official music video for "Apoy" in 2018, by rapper Abra.

Daphny and Eunice of SB NewGen starred in "Di Lahat" music video by Donnalyn Bartolome.

Awards
Guillermo Mendoza Memorial Scholarship Foundation, Inc. Awards:
 * 2007: "Hall of Famer" - Sexbomb Dancers
 * 2002–2008: "Most Popular Dance Group" - Sexbomb Dancers

YouTube:
 * 2023: "Silver Play Button Award" - SB GIRLS PH (100,000 subscribers)
 * 2018: "Silver Play Button Award" - SB NewGen (400,000 subscribers)

title: SexBomb Girls


text:
Talk:Kiss of the Dragon

Kiss of the Dragon?
Does that needle-in-the-back-of-the-neck thing really work?--64.79.177.254 (talk) 18:04, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

If it does, it doesn't work like that. If anything, if you jam a needle into someone's spine it would either hurt like hell or just paralyze. Disturbed286 (talk) 17:44, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Ouyang
I could've sworn that Jet Li's character's surname is Ouyang. Shenzhou

 * lol, that's Jin's last name, are you watching the new sdxl too, it actually not as good as I expected it?

This movie is propaganda, the US is jealous of the strong Sino-France relations in recent years, and everyone knows that the two things the Americans hate the most are French and Communism --Exult 20:13, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * well did you notice it's a french-american coproduction? :)

--Tartaros 22:50, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Sources?
Couldn't find verifiable sources (yet), but I've just finished seeing the film on TV (Channel 7, in NSW) and the plot summary in this article is right. Regards, DPdH (talk) 14:14, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

WP:FILMS Assessment
After looking the article over, it looks like the article should remain a start class. If you would like to improve it to B class, look at the template located in the film banner above, under "Editing Guidelines" (click "show"). There you will see instructions on how you can improve the article from a start to B class. The article should be expanded, add more sources, get an image for the infobox, and address the other issues in the template. If you have any questions, please let me know on my talk page. Good job so far and happy editing! --Nehrams2020 (talk) 08:08, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

The supposed sources for the information about CG and wire used don't appear to have anything about that on the site. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0271027/trivia this has some of the stuff used though. Disturbed286 (talk) 17:41, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081204154909/http://www.dvdtown.com/reviews/kiss-of-the-dragon/4097 to http://www.dvdtown.com/reviews/kiss-of-the-dragon/4097

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title: Talk:Kiss of the Dragon


text:
West Caucasian tur

The West Caucasian tur (Capra caucasica) is a mountain-dwelling goat-antelope native to the western half of the Caucasus Mountains range, in Georgia and European Russia. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, as the wild population is estimated to be between 5,000 and 6,000 individuals.

Names
It is also known by the names "zebuder," "zac" and "Caucasian ibex."

Description
West Caucasian turs stand up to 1 m tall at the shoulder and weigh around 65 kg. They have large but narrow bodies and short legs. West Caucasian turs have a chestnut coat with a yellow underbelly and darker legs. Their horns are scimitar-shaped and heavily ridged. In males, these horns are around 70 cm, while in females they are much smaller.

Habitat
West Caucasian turs live in rough mountainous terrain between 800 and 4000 m above sea level, where they eat mainly grasses and leaves.

Predators
They are preyed upon by steppe wolves and lynxes; Persian leopards and Syrian brown bears may also be possible predators. Humans are also a risk due to hunting expeditions.

Behaviour
The West Caucasian tur is nocturnal, eating in the open at night, and sheltering during the day. Females live in herds of around 10 individuals, while males are solitary.

title: West Caucasian tur


text:
Talk:Charles Jacque

Untitled
The information on this page was translated from the Russian Version. If you speak Russian, please help me expand this translation. Sowelilitokiemu 05:14, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Jacque


text:
1947 NFL season

The 1947 NFL season was the 28th regular season of the National Football League. The league expanded the regular season by one game from eleven games per team to twelve, a number that remained constant for fourteen seasons, through 1960.

The season ended when the Chicago Cardinals defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in the NFL Championship Game on December 28.

Draft
The 1947 NFL Draft was held on December 16, 1946 at New York City's Commodore Hotel. With the first pick, the Chicago Bears selected halfback Bob Fenimore from Oklahoma State University–Stillwater.

Major rule changes

 * A fifth official, the Back Judge, is added to the officiating crew.
 * When a team has fewer than 11 players on the field prior to a snap or kick, the officials are not to notify them.
 * An illegal use of hands penalty will be called whenever a defensive player uses them to block the vision of a receiver during any pass behind the offensive team's line.
 * During an unsuccessful extra point attempt, the play becomes dead as soon as failure is evident.
 * Roughing the kicker will not be called if he kicks after recovering a loose ball or fumble on the play.
 * All teams are required to use prescribed standard yardage chains, down boxes, and flexible shaft markers.
 * Games are no longer played on Tuesdays.

Division races
Starting in 1947, the NFL teams played a 12-game schedule rather than the previous 11 games. The twelfth game proved to be crucial for the Steelers, Eagles, Cardinals and Bears.

In the Eastern Division, Pittsburgh took a half-game lead over Philadelphia after a 35–24 win in Week Five.

In Week Eleven, the Eagles won the rematch, 21–0, to take a 7–3–0 to 7–4–0 lead, while the Cardinals lost to the Giants, 35–31, and the Bears beat Detroit 34–14, leaving the 7–3–0 Cards a game behind the 8–2–0 Bears in the Western Division.

In Week Twelve, the Cardinals beat the Eagles, 45–21, and Pittsburgh beat Boston 17–7, but the Bears lost to the Rams, 17–14.

The Steelers finished at 8–4, leaving the 7–4 Eagles needing to win their last game, while the Bears and Cardinals were both at 8–3, making the Bears-Cardinals game the following week a de facto playoff for the Western title: a tie would force a second playoff game between them.

In Week Thirteen, Philadelphia beat Green Bay 28–14 to force a playoff with Pittsburgh for the Eastern title, while before a sold-out crowd of 48,632 at Wrigley Field, the Cardinals beat the Bears 30–21 to win the Western title and the right to host the Championship Game.

Playoffs

 * Home team in capitals

Eastern Division Playoff Game NFL Championship Game
 * Philadelphia 21, PITTSBURGH 0
 * CHI. CARDINALS 28, Philadelphia 21

Coaching changes

 * Boston Yanks: Herb Kopf was replaced by Maurice J. "Clipper" Smith.
 * Los Angeles Rams: Adam Walsh was replaced by Bob Snyder.

title: 1947 NFL season


text:
Brooks Firestone

Anthony Brooks Firestone (born June 18, 1939) is an American businessman and politician.

The son of Leonard Firestone, a grandson of Harvey Samuel Firestone and Idabelle Smith, and a nephew of Harvey Firestone Jr., he was educated at The Webb School, and graduated from Columbia University with an A.B in economics in 1961. He worked for Firestone until 1972, when he quit the company, and moved his family to the Santa Ynez Valley in California.

He represented the 35th District in the California State Assembly for two terms (1994–1998). In 1998, he ran for the United States House of Representatives to succeed the late Walter Capps, but lost the Republican nomination to Tom Bordonaro, who went on to lose the general election to Lois Capps, the widow of the prior incumbent. Firestone operated the San Antonio Ranch, Firestone Vineyard, Prosperity Wines, and other businesses.

His son, Adam, and his son-in-law, David Walker, both together co-run Firestone Walker Brewing Company; his other son, Andrew, appeared on ABC's show The Bachelor.

In the 2004 election for the District 3 seat on the Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisors, Firestone defeated John Buttny, Slick Gardner and Steve Pappas. As a supervisor, Firestone was criticized for his plan to get rid of the county's Oak Tree Protection ordinance, a historic 1998 compromise between agriculture and environmental interests. He served only one term on the Board, suffering health problems in 2008, the last year of his term.

In his personal life, Firestone has written and published three books, including the Valley Animals Series: Valley Animals (2010) and More Valley Animals (2020), and the semi-autobiographical Evensong. In 2020 these titles were published and re-distributed by Polyverse Publications.

title: Brooks Firestone


text:
Jimmy Marks

Jimmy Marks (February 14, 1945 – June 27, 2007) was a Romani American who lived in Spokane, Washington. He referred to himself as a "Rom".

Marks became widely known in 1986 when the Spokane police department raided his home, performed searches, and confiscated property ($1.6 million in cash and $160,000 in jewelry) without a valid search warrant. The police claimed that 35 items were from burglaries.

The Markses claimed that the cash was being held for other Romani families who did not trust banks. Marks brought suit against the city of Spokane for $59 million, and after 11 years the case was settled out of court for $1.43 million. The lawsuit has been cited as a landmark case in the civil rights of Romani Americans.

Due to bringing too much exposure to the Romani community of Spokane, Marks was deemed marime by the community and therefore an outcast. He was not invited to social events such as weddings and funerals and was refused food when he arrived uninvited.

title: Jimmy Marks


text:
Auto Focus

Auto Focus is a 2002 American biographical drama film directed by Paul Schrader and starring Greg Kinnear and Willem Dafoe. The screenplay by Michael Gerbosi is based on Robert Graysmith's book The Murder of Bob Crane (1993).

Auto Focus tells a dramatized story of actor Bob Crane, an affable radio show host and amateur drummer who found success on the popular sitcom Hogan's Heroes, and his dramatic descent into the underbelly of Hollywood after the series was cancelled and he formed a friendship with videographer John Henry Carpenter.

Carpenter was later tried, and acquitted in 1994 of Crane's murder. Although the crime remains officially unsolved, Carpenter has remained the main subject of suspicion even after his death in 1998.

Synopsis
Disc-jockey-turned-actor Bob Crane develops a secret personal life, focusing on his relationship with John Henry Carpenter, an electronics expert involved with the nascent home video market. Encouraged by Carpenter and enabled by his expertise, Crane—a church-going, clean-cut family man—becomes a sex addict obsessed with women and with recording his encounters using video and photographic equipment, usually with Carpenter participating.

As the years pass, the relationship between Crane and Carpenter unravels in a dangerous way. Crane is divorced by his wife Anne before marrying Patricia Olson, a former co-star from his hit television series Hogan's Heroes. After the show goes off the air, Crane struggles to find work while dealing with money troubles. By the time Walt Disney Productions hires him for the leading role in a family movie, Superdad, his reputation for being obsessed with sex and pornography starts to jeopardize his image.

Confined to doing dinner theater in mid-sized cities, Crane's attempts to distance himself from Carpenter fail as their sexual escapades continue. Carpenter soon becomes "my only friend", but after a final falling-out between them in Scottsdale, Arizona, someone bludgeons Crane to death inside a motel room. Carpenter is tried for the murder, but many years later, he is acquitted in 1994. To this day, Crane's murder remains unsolved.

Production
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and was shown at the San Sebastián Film Festival, the Helsinki International Film Festival, the Chicago International Film Festival, the New Orleans Film Festival, and the Bergen International Film Festival before going into limited release on eleven screens in the US, earning $123,761 on its opening weekend. It grossed $2,063,196 in the US and $641,755 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $2,704,951.

Critical reception
The film met with a largely positive reception from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 71% based on 163 reviews, and an average rating of 6.64/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Kinnear and Dafoe help make this downward spiral of one man's life a compelling watch." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

A. O. Scott of The New York Times said the film "gets to you like a low-grade fever, a malaise with no known antidote. When it was over, I wasn't sure if I needed a drink, a shower or a lifelong vow of chastity ... there is [a] severe, powerful moralism lurking beneath the film's dispassionate matter-of-factness. Mr. Schrader is indifferent to the sinner, but he cannot contain his loathing of the sin, which is not so much sex as the fascination with images ... To argue that images can corrupt the flesh and hollow out the soul is, for a filmmaker, an obviously contradictory exercise, but not necessarily a hypocritical one. There is plenty of nudity in Auto Focus, but you can always glimpse the abyss behind the undulating bodies, and the director leads you from easy titillation to suffocating dread, pausing only briefly and cautiously to consider the possibility of pleasure."

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars, calling it "a hypnotic portrait ... pitch-perfect in its decor, music, clothes, cars, language and values ... Greg Kinnear gives a creepy, brilliant performance as a man lacking in all insight ... Crane was not a complex man, but that should not blind us to the subtlety and complexity of Kinnear's performance."

Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle called it "a compelling, sympathetic portrait ... Kinnear undercuts the seaminess of the Crane story, and shows us a man with more dimension and complexity than his behavior might suggest."

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded it three and a half out of four stars and added, "Schrader, the writer of Taxi Driver and the director of American Gigolo, is a poet of male sexual pathology. Shot through with profane laughs and stinging drama, Auto Focus ranks with his best films."

Todd McCarthy of Variety called it "one of director Paul Schrader's best films, and like Boogie Nights ranks as a shrewd exposé of recent Hollywood's slimy underside ... Schrader directs with a very smooth hand, providing a good-natured and frequently amusing spin to eventually grim material that aptly reflects the protagonist's almost unfailing good humor ... Pic overall has an excellent period in Los Angeles feel without getting elaborate about it, and musical contributions by Angelo Badalamenti and a host of pop tunes are tops."

Criticism by Scotty Crane
One of Bob Crane's sons, Scotty, bitterly attacked the film as being inaccurate. In an October 2002 article, Scotty said that his father was not a regular church-goer and had only been to church three times in the last dozen years of his life, including his own funeral. There is no evidence that Crane engaged in S&M, and director Paul Schrader told Scotty that the S&M scene was based on Schrader's own personal experience. Scotty claims that his father and John Carpenter did not become close friends who socialized together until 1975, and that Crane was already a sex addict and had recorded his sexual encounters since 1956, long before he became famous.

Scotty and his mother had written their own script for a film biography on Crane. The spec script, alternately titled "F-Stop" and "Take Off Your Clothes and Smile", was written up in Variety by columnist Army Archerd, but after Auto-Focus was announced, interest in Scotty's script ceased.

Awards and nominations
Paul Schrader was nominated for the Golden Seashell at the San Sebastián International Film Festival. Willem Dafoe was nominated for Best Supporting Actor by the Chicago Film Critics Association but lost to Tim Robbins for Mystic River.

Home media
The DVD release includes a 50-minute documentary, Murder in Scottsdale, which delves into the initial murder investigation and the reopening of the case some 15 years later. The DVD also features several audio commentary tracks.

title: Auto Focus


text:
Talk:Western Canada High School

History
I'm a little sketchy on the history of the school, in terms of dates. The board's web site doesn't say much, and the timeline (see external links), isn't completely clear to me (and is even a little inconsistent with the board's). Ideally, there should be a full section on the history, with more sources. This could be the most interesting part of the article, if done properly (which I haven't). --rob 05:19, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Tommy Chong
I removed Tommy Chong from the "notable alumni" list, as unverifiable. Chong was born in Edmonton. According to this CBC profile he did attend a Calgary high school, but dropped out. His family apparently lived on the outskirts of Calgary. Its not clear which high school he attended. Western was, of course, around at the time, and there were fewer high schools at the time, so its entirely possible he did attend Western. But, clearly, there's not sufficient (or any) verification yet, and sadly we can't use this (yet), even if somebody knows it to be true. If it is ever verified, I would love it to be added back. --Rob 01:58, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I've personally seen his photo on the wall. 2001:56A:7794:300:F566:3016:E368:D4A2 (talk) 03:35, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

I'm fairly sure that Tommy Chong did go to Western. I distinctly remember him being in a picture of past students in one of the hallways. Perhaps someone who's currenly at Western could verify?

According to his biography book. Tommy Chong went to Crescent Heights High School.--Thecker 18:53, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Notable students
Ezra Levant 2604:3D09:3481:7F00:D4E7:5CE4:364B:1DBF (talk) 04:31, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Western Canada High School


text:
Agave chiapensis

Agave chiapensis is a species of Agave native to the Mexican states of Chiapas and Oaxaca. It has also been reported from Costa Rica and Guatemala. Populations of this species are relatively small and isolated, and are threatened by urban and agricultural expansion, particularly in Chiapas.

It is a medium-sized agave, with spreading rosettes of light green leaves that are variable, but tend toward the ovate. The teeth of the leaf margins are deltoid and may be found either small (3–4 mm) and closely spaced, or larger (5–10 mm) and further apart. The strong terminal spine of the leaf is 2–3.5 cm in length.

The flower spike typically reaches 2 m in height, with the flowers spread along the upper third to quarter of its length. The flowers are 60–70 mm long, and yellow or green in color, but flushed with red or purple shading, as well as the bractlets, giving an overall darker appearance. The filaments are also dark and at 70–80 mm extend far out of the flower, with 30-mm anthers on the ends.

title: Agave chiapensis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Benzie Playboyz

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 22:17, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Benzie Playboyz
I go away for a few days in space and when I return, it's the same old place complete with band vanity! Delete. - Lucky 6.9 05:19, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete poorly written (the lyrics, not the music, is sung) self-promotion. Nateji77 05:22, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN band. Cnwb 06:34, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Do not Delete. Well-known band in northern Michigan. Article may need to be re-written with more historical perspective of the music and unusual focus of band.71.134.212.255 15:09, 30 September 2005 (UTC)blackraven@damnedgames.com
 * Delete. No evidence of meeting WP:MUSIC.  no AMG entry.  Friday (talk) 15:42, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * And now we have support hosiery weighing in. Yes, it's now double delete. - Lucky 6.9 23:33, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Talk:.wrap

title: Talk:.wrap


text:
Talk:Viewing (funeral)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 August 2020 and 24 November 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Watersamber1013.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:25, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Merge
This will likely be merged with Funeral, unless the article is expandad, particularly in regard to differing cultural viewing practices. - RoyBoy 800 05:21, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

I think Wake (ceremony) should be merged with this page.

NWH5305 14:57, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Viewing, visitation, and wake
It might be useful to clarify the difference between "Viewing", "Visitation", and "Wake". Though each of these can be different events, they are sometimes merged. However, this topic might be best approached through a higher level article such as Funeral. However, the funeral article is very broad and should probably be split apart by custom. Rklawton 15:35, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Viewing (funeral). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071217141958/http://www.funerals.org:80/faq/visit.htm to http://www.funerals.org/faq/visit.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:42, 15 October 2015 (UTC)

Fuzzy subject & scope
This article has a fair amount of info on viewings, but it also has a lot of stuff that’s relevant to funerals overall, but not to viewings in particular.

The subject and scope need to be clarified overall – is it viewings? Viewings and visitations? There appears to be a lot of redundancy between this article and Funeral, but also a significant contradiction. That article presents “viewing” and “visitation” as synonyms. Currently, this article presents visitations as a type of viewing, but also, not a viewing at all. Very confusing! I don’t know enough about the subject to fix it, but it needs attention from someone who does.

––2600:1001:snip (talk) 02:36, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Viewing (funeral)


text:
Open business

Open business is an approach to enterprise that draws on ideas from openness movements like free software, open source, open content and open tools and standards. The approach places value on transparency, stakeholder inclusion, and accountability.

Open business structures make contributors and non-contributors visible so that business benefits are distributed accordingly. They seek to increase personal engagement and positive outcomes by rewarding contributors in an open way.

Main ideas
Central to the concept are:
 * Open learning/sharing — a fundamental tenet is open collaboration at all levels in all locations
 * Open participation — open invitation to join the organization (similar to SourceForge, Blender community, where individual/team input within the community framework [for special services, consulting, training, adaptions, courses, camps, symposiums, books] can help to build individual income)
 * Individual rights — each person is supported and encouraged to identify and optimise their personal development, i.e. technical, personal, spiritual, etc.
 * Community focus — productivity activities are seen as part of a range of normal human activities e.g. family life, community life, religious commitments, etc.
 * Institution free — the organization is not based on any existing institution - state, religious or otherwise. Members can hold whatever views or affiliations they like.
 * Open knowledge — the free exchange of knowledge by making use -as much as possible- of open standards, open-source and open content principles.
 * Open member details — including open access to the contact details of all other members in a convenient form (i.e. once the range and depth of those details have been approved for release by that particular member)
 * Open financials — all accounting information including the compensation of others

Knowledge

 * All knowledge and information is free and open between members (but also to the public at large via membership)
 * Knowledge and information gets converted continuously from any location into a ubiquitously accessible form (via Internet Browser), converted from
 * physical documents,
 * individually held electronic documents,
 * closed databases, etc.
 * Knowledge is built and cared for by the participants of the Open Business
 * Knowledge becomes available in statu nascendi, i.e. just when created, not as a secondary reprocessing afterthought (Co-Creating in public a book on Wikinomics )

Financials
Business means the state of being busy. The concept of business includes all the activities of earning money.
 * Individual pay/income is based on individual social and professional competence, hours worked, performance
 * Net profit is split between members, depending on their transparent individual contributions

Management

 * Management is just another (moderating and facilitating) role to optimize group processes (as primus inter pares, taking into account the varying individual skills and competencies)
 * Decisions rise from a continuous Open Process by consensus building and voting, available to all involved members
 * Management roles in projects are rotating (they come from the initiative of appropriate persons, who are selected and approved by the project members)

Focused on transparent goods
Businesses that sell consumer products can operate in open ways, for example by disclosing prices for components and publishing operating information. There is an interest in the benefit of most stakeholders, whether shareholders, workers, families etc.

The risk of bankruptcy of such open-movement businesses is reduced because the fruits of their work remain in the commons and therefore remain as a permanent base for recovering the open business, even in their most critical situations.

Focused on transparent services
A service orientated business can also operate in open ways. A business that documents all transactions (donations and use of donated money) real-time on their websites in public, is very open. Another example might be Canonical Ltd.

Open businesses can be more attractive to donors, especially if the name of the donors in social networks (as real names, Twitter-, Facebook- or other branded Online Ids) are made public too. So in this case even the donors participate in the charity as business and beyond by increasing their positive community karma (earning "whuffies") and building their reputation.

The risk of bankruptcy of such transaction-oriented businesses is reduced due to the fact, that
 * they earn an increased trust by disclosing the cash flow to the public
 * get more support by "vested" visible supporters

Members
The degree of freedom to participate may vary:

 * Any person may be a member, regardless of their races, sex, religion or political persuasion
 * either with the approval of the majority of members or
 * simply by an online registration process (with certifying Identity to avoid Identity theft, like PayPal does it, or Twitter does it now in a beta project)
 * the degree of participation depends on social and professional competence and on self-regulating transparent business rules, constantly developed and cared for by the whole business community.
 * the members may determine more or less their working time and location
 * from a rigid: 8-18 Monday to Friday as the expected working availability time
 * to a self-determined, synchronized or more a-synchronic schedule as need be (to give more space to individual preferences [creativity, qualification, family, community life, political engagement, etc.]).

title: Open business


text: User talk:65.43.81.134

title: User talk:65.43.81.134


text:
User talk:T.Jiang

You've been unblocked. Apologies; someone thought you were impersonating a user named Jiang. N (t/c) 23:37, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:T.Jiang


text: User talk:68.74.165.78

title: User talk:68.74.165.78


text: User talk:71.116.65.161

title: User talk:71.116.65.161


text:
User talk:Myv

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Blank Verse  ∅  05:22, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Myv


text: Category:Foreign relations of Armenia

title: Category:Foreign relations of Armenia


text: Category:Government of Armenia

title: Category:Government of Armenia


text:
Hiroshi Suzuki

Hiroshi Suzuki may refer to:

 * Hiroshi Suzuki (swimmer) (鈴木 弘), Japanese swimmer
 * Hiroshi Suzuki (trombonist) (born November 1933), Japanese trombonist
 * Hiroshi Suzuki (鈴木 寛), better known as Papaya Suzuki, Japanese actor, dancer and television personality
 * Hiroshi Suzuki (bobsledder) (鈴木 寛), Japanese bobsledder
 * Hiroshi Suzuki (baseball) (鈴木 博志), Japanese baseball player
 * Hiroshi Suzuki (cinematographer), on films such as Love Letter
 * Hiroshi Suzuki, CEO of the Japanese corporation Hoya Corporation
 * Hiroshi Suzuki, CEO of the Japanese corporation skip Ltd.
 * Hiroshi Suzuki, President & CEO of the Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corporation

title: Hiroshi Suzuki


text:
User:Speight

I am a graduate student in Computer Science at UC Berkeley.

I like email, but don't like spam; you can contact me as user amettler on host gmail.com.

According to SQLBot's stats page, back when it existed, it stated that negative ten of my edits had been deleted. Weird.

More to come? Or, perhaps, less?

title: User:Speight