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Cockenzie power station

Cockenzie power station was a coal-fired power station in East Lothian, Scotland. It was situated on the south shore of the Firth of Forth, near the town of Cockenzie and Port Seton, 8 mi east of the Scottish capital of Edinburgh. The station dominated the local coastline with its distinctive twin chimneys from 1967 until the chimneys' demolition in September 2015. Initially operated by the nationalised South of Scotland Electricity Board, it was operated by Scottish Power following the privatisation of the industry in 1991. In 2005 a WWF report named Cockenzie as the UK's least carbon-efficient power station, in terms of carbon dioxide released per unit of energy generated.

The 1,200 megawatt power station ceased generating energy on 15 March 2013 around 8.30am. There are plans to replace the station with a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power station. The removal of the power station was done in stages with the twin chimneys and turbine hall being demolished in a controlled explosion on 26 September 2015, the front section of the boiler house on 4 November 2015 and the rest of the boiler house on 17 December 2015. This was the last remaining major structure to be removed.

History
Under a design by the firm of celebrated architect Sir Robert Matthew, construction of Cockenzie power station began in 1959 on the site of the former Preston Links Colliery. The site is also thought to have been the hiding place of General John Cope after the defeat of his army at the Battle of Prestonpans on 21 September 1745. Much of the electrical equipment for the station was manufactured by Bruce Peebles & Co., Edinburgh. SSEB set aside £60 million for the station's construction; the final cost was £54 million, around £6 million under budget.

The station began generating electricity in 1967 for the then South of Scotland Electricity Board (SSEB). It was officially opened on 24 May 1968 by William Ross, Secretary of State for Scotland. In 2000-01, Cockenzie generated a record load factor, supplying 3,563 GWh of electricity and burning 1,500,000 tonnes of coal.

The power station occupied a 24 hectare site. It generated electricity at a frequency of 50 Hertz using four identical 300-megawatt (MW) generating units, for a peak supply of 1200 MW.

Coal deliveries
Coal was originally supplied to the station directly from the deep mines of the neighbouring Midlothian Coalfield, but these have since been exhausted or closed. Subsequently coal was supplied from open cast mines in the Lothians, Fife, Ayrshire and Lanarkshire. Russian coal was used latterly as it has a low sulfur content which helped reduce sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The power station was the first to use the "merry-go-round" system of coal deliveries by rail. This system uses hopper wagons which carry around 914 tonnes of coal per train. Coal was also delivered by lorries.

Coal handling plant
Coal was delivered to the station's coal plant, which has the capacity to hold up to 900,000 tonnes of coal on a storage bing. The coal plant and storage bing were situated on the opposite side of B1348 road between Prestonpans and Cockenzie and Port Seton, and the main station. The coal, known as 'raw coal' at this stage was weighed, sampled and screened for metal and stones before being transported to the main station and stored in bunkers. Coal was transported from the coal plant to storage bunkers in the main station by a conveyor belt.

Milling plant
There were six pulverising mills per unit which ground down the raw coal until it had the consistency of sand. The ground coal is called 'pulverised fuel' (PF). PF burns more efficiently than large lumps of coal, which reduces waste. The PF was then blown into the furnace along with preheated air by six large mechanical fans called Primary Air (PA) Fans. At full load each unit burned around 100 tonnes of coal per hour.

Draught plant
Each unit had two large Forced Draft (FD) Fans. For efficiency these fans drew warm air from an intake at the top of the station. This combustion air was passed through the Air Heater which increased its temperature. Dampers were used to control the quantity of air admitted to the furnace and direct some of the air to the Primary Air (PA) Fans. There were also two large Induced Draft (ID) Fans on each unit. These drew the hot gases from the Boiler, through the Air Heater where the heat is transferred to the incoming combustion air. The gases were then exhausted up the chimney. The exhaust flow of these fans was also controlled by dampers in the ducting. Working in tandem the Draught plant ensured the boiler was always under a slight vacuum. This created a draw of combustion air into the boiler and an exhaust to the chimney. The exhaust gases could not be allowed to cool below a certain temperature, as there was a risk of the sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the flue gases condensing and forming acids which could have damaged the ID Fans.

Water use
The water used in the station's boilers was taken from the local water supply, known as 'towns water'. This is the same as the drinking water used to supply households. This water was used as it had already been screened and purified by Scottish Water.

Demineralisation plant
The station's water treatment plant further demineralised the town’s water and removed any impurities. Although safe to drink water still contains dissolved silica (sand) and salt. Silica particles leave scale deposits on the boiler pipes which acts as an insulator, reducing heat transfer from the furnace to the water inside. This reduces the efficiency of the station and leads to increased running costs. Salt encourages rust which weakens the walls of the boiler pipes and can cause them to fracture and burst, known as a boiler tube leak. A serious tube leak can lead to reduced generation or loss of the unit until repairs are carried out.

Hydrazine was added and used as a reducing agent to remove excess oxygen from the water. Free oxygen atoms in the water also encourage rust to form inside the boiler pipes. Sodium hydroxide was also added to 'scour' the inside of the boiler tubes and remove any silica particles.

The demineralised water was then stored in large tanks inside the main station, ready to be used in the boilers.

Feedheating plant
Before the feedwater was introduced to the boiler it was heated up in stages. There were seven feedwater heaters on each unit which gradually increased the pressure and temperature of the water, until it reached a final feed temperature of around 210 °C. A steam driven Main Boiler Feed Pump (MBFP) pumped the water through the boiler Economiser and into the boiler Drum.

Boiler
The boilers were conventional water-tube boilers. The Boiler Drum was a high tensile steel pressure vessel where water and steam were separated. The water here was pressurised to 170 bar and heated further to 360 °C. On the bottom of each Drum were six large bore pipes known as Downcomers. These directed the water into the boiler water pipes where it was heated by the furnace. The water was then directed back into the Drum where it flashed off into saturated steam. The steam was then further heated by passing through Primary and Secondary Superheaters until it reached 565 °C. The superheated steam was then piped to the high-pressure turbine, back to the boiler for reheat, and then back to the intermediate and low-pressure turbines in series.

Turbine
There was one turbine and one alternator per unit. Each turbine had a High Pressure (HP) stage, an Intermediate Pressure (IP) stage and two Low Pressure (LP) stages all connected in tandem to the same shaft. The superheated steam entered the HP turbine at a temperature of 566 °C and a pressure of 162 bar. The exhaust steam from the HP turbine travelled back through the boiler Reheater and entered the IP turbine at the same temperature but at a lower pressure of 43.5 bar. The exhaust steam from the IP turbine then entered the LP turbines. The steam was used to drive the turbines, causing the shaft to rotate at 3,000 rpm. This speed drove the alternator and gave a frequency of 50 cycles per second (Hz) and allowed connection to the National Grid. Electricity was generated at 17 kilovolts (kV).

Condenser
After use, the steam was condensed back into water, by passing it through the condenser. Seawater from the Firth of Forth was used as a cooling medium. Over 500,000 litres per minute of water were used for cooling. The seawater was then discharged back into the Firth of Forth. Controls ensured the discharged seawater was kept close to the temperature of the sea, to avoid creating a 'tropical' environment and upsetting the local ecosystem.

Ash removal and use
The burning of coal in power stations generates ash and dust. The station's electrostatic precipitators captured fly ash from the flue gases, preventing it from entering the atmosphere. Bottom ash was also produced by the station. Ash from the station was sold through the ScotAsh company, a joint venture between Scottish Power and Blue Circle. It was used in the construction industry and in products such as grout and cement. Any remaining ash was piped to the large lagoons in the nearby town of Musselburgh, where it was capped and planted, and used as a nature reserve.

Electricity distribution
The electricity was initially generated at 17 kV. This was stepped up via a transformer to 275 kV for distribution on the National Grid. The electricity was distributed to Scotland, and England too, which it is connected to via a double circuit overhead line, operating at 275 kV and 400 kV, to Stella near Newcastle upon Tyne.

Post-privatisation and future
From 1991 to 2013, the station was operated by the privatised Scottish Power utility group. It surpassed its originally intended lifespan. It was run as a 'marginal station', guaranteeing seasonal and peak supply and covering non-availability of other power stations. For this reason considerable investment was made to improve start-up times to maximise generating opportunities in the deregulated electricity generation market. This upgrading was in the form of an operating system that used gas, oil and finally coal in a three-stage modified burner control system developed by Eurotherm Controls. From 2001, the station exported electricity to Northern Ireland via an undersea power link.

CCGT replacement
The coal-fired power station was forced to close due to the Large Combustion Plant Directive (LCPD). This was an EU directive that aims to reduce acidification, ground level ozone and particulates by controlling the emissions of sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and dust from large combustion plants. To reduce emissions a Boosted Over Fire Air plant was fitted to reduce the concentration of oxides of nitrogen in the flue gas. The station closed on 15 March 2013, earlier than expected.

Scottish Power had considered construction of a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power station on the site. Natural gas is a much more efficient fuel than coal and would have created less than half the carbon and nitrogen dioxide emissions compared to the old power station. If the new station had been built, it would have required a 17 km gas pipeline from East Fortune, to supply it with fuel.

In 2011 planning permission to replace the coal-fired power station was approved by the Scottish Government. The new 1,000 megawatt (MW) CCGT power station would have created up to 1,000 jobs in demolition and construction and 50 full-time positions when completed. The approval was in line with the recommendations of the report of the public inquiry. Conditions imposed on the consent were made to minimise disturbance in the area during construction. These conditions would have also lessened impacts on the environment and protected species. The development would have been carbon capture ready and would have required full carbon capture and storage technology if it was commercially and technically proven. A separate application for a 17 km (11 mi) pipeline from the existing gas network at East Fortune to the new power station was also approved.

Cruise ship terminal
In the 1990s, leading maritime expert Professor Alf Baird was hired by ScottishPower to investigate the case for a £30 million marine terminal to replace Cockenzie Power Station that would bring the world’s biggest cruise ship companies to the East Lothian community. Cockenzie was said to be the "optimal" site for a port because it has little tidal movement, strong rail links and room for expansion. While ships can already dock at Leith, Rosyth and Hound Point, these locations are thought to lack the necessary infrastructure to cater for large cruise liners. As of 19 June 2013, Scottish Power was considering the cruise project.

In May 2015 Cockenzie Development Company Ltd (CDC) proposed a significant development for the power station site. Based around the hub of the first purpose built cruise terminal on mainland Scotland, the development could expand to incorporate a cruise terminal, retail centre, visitor centre, eco village and industrial/business park. CDC expect the facility to attract around 200 ships per annum, bringing in around 500,000 visitors a year to Scotland, to create around 2,000 jobs directly, with others created indirectly, and to boost demand for Scottish products. Visitors are expected to generate £100m for the Scottish economy. The servicing of the cruise ships could generate a further £10m spend on local skills and produce. The scheme was still under discussion in 2019.

title: Cockenzie power station


text:
Talk:Love & Basketball

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title: Talk:Love & Basketball


text:
Talk:Picture archiving and communication system

Someone
Someone wanted support for the assertion that Andre Duerinckx coined "PACS". The ImagingEconomics link at the bottom counts Duerinckx as a pioneer in PACS, so it sounds reasonable. JFW | T@lk  00:37, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It turns out there is some disagreement as to who came up with the term. I have sent Dr Duerinckx (http://www.duerinckx.com/) an email to find out when he used the term first. But Dwyer apparently credits Dr Prewitt so both need to be mentioned. JFW | T@lk  13:56, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Dr Duerinckx kindly provided me with the original reference by email. For the sake of WP:NPOV I shall have to leave in the mention of Dr Prewitt. JFW | T@lk  12:02, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Airport Security
I believe PACS is also used in airport security. Does anyone know enough about this to create a section in the article? Zabdiel 16:17, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think that is the case. PACS is a term related to radiology in health care. I don't think airport security uses radiography, CT, MRI or any other modality on a regular basis. The only application I can think of would be radiography in very select cases such as someone who is suspected of swallowing drugs but then that study would be done in a clinic or hospital of some kind, not at the security checkpoint. Corto 13:12, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * PACS specifically relates to healthcare and describes a system for long-term storage of images, and the infrastructure to transfer those images to multiple viewing points. This isn't what you need for airport security - for security purposes all you need is a real-time image display (of baggage). If there's a problem it can be acted on immediately by physically examining the baggage.

 * Fluoroscopy (real-time X-ray imaging) is used ubiquitously for screening baggage at airports. A new development has been the installation of industrial CT scanners for more thorough baggage examination.ChumpusRex 16:27, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Consideration
This is all very interesing... But of course PACS systems are used in security! I don't believe we need any source for that, it's a fact airport security systems are using digital radiography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_machine#How_They_Work and therefore PACS systems.

I will not go into details about the technology they use, fluroscopy has been mentionned before, though I would think this would need to be demonstrated.

--Nicolas Couture (talk) 14:17, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

I disagree. PACS has a very specific meaning in the healthcare context. A digital radiography system is not a PACS, nor is a simple image store, nor a network with such equipment attached; there are a lot of medical imaging networks that are not PACS systems. The key criteria being that a PACS system must have a long-term, or permanent, archive of all images, that it provides a single point of access for all images in an institution, and that it must file each image along with all the information needed to link it to associated images in a searchable form.

For instance, a digital radiography system with its own limited internal database, linked to a single proprietary viewing terminal over a network, is emphatically not a PACS system.

While the term PACS is ubiquitous within healthcare, I have never heard the term in industrial usage, nor have I seen it in any literature. I therefore think it inappropriate that non-healthcare uses are mentioned in the article, unless it is possible to demonstrate the usage of the term "PACS" in these fields with appropriate references.

--ChumpusRex (talk) 16:53, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

A PACS Vendor (Guardian Technologies) signs a contract for its PinPoint product for Airport Security http://sec.edgar-online.com/2007/04/09/0001349905-07-000021/Section17.asp, here is their product page for their "PinPoint" software: http://www.guardiantechintl.com/security.php?npage=pinpoint. I have contacted the vendor of PinPoint and asked for specific information about the product. --74.210.81.219 (talk) 13:13, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Just my opinion, but a single SEC filing may not necessarily be "critical mass" for referencing broad multi-industry trends in Wikipedia. In any case, the contents of this first link only mention PACS strictly in the context of healthcare, and the company's long-term desire to enter that market with their (to date) pre-PACS product. The text in the second link (guardiantechintl) contains no specific reference to PACS.

A note regarding edit by 87.194.157.28
For reference, that IP is mine (i.e. static), and I made that edit before I had an account. Feel free to delete this note.

--Elrebrin (talk) 14:26, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Greeting from Cape Canaveral
Hello, I thought I'd take this opportunity to introduce myself. I'm writing white papers on the migration of medical imaging to the cloud based systems. I would like to add some parts of my findings to enhance articles here at Wikipedia. I welcome you adding your insights to this growing trend. --Ourhistory153 (talk) 16:04, 11 November 2011 (UTC)


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Dudley Fishburn

John Dudley Fishburn (born 8 June 1946) is a British businessman, journalist, and politician. He was Executive Editor of The Economist and Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom (MP) for Kensington.

Early life and family
Educated at Eton and Harvard College, from which he graduated in American history and literature and was a member of the Harvard Lampoon, he has an honorary Doctorate from the Open University and the University of Reading. He was married to Victoria Boles, who served as High Sheriff of Berkshire in 2016, a daughter of Sir Jack Boles and sister of one-time Conservative MP Nick Boles, by whom he has four children. Alice, the eldest, works as a journalist on the Financial Times; Honor was an assistant at Downing Street, having been David Cameron's diary secretary.

Business career
Fishburn is the chairman of Bluecube Technology Solutions Ltd, and Mulvaney Capital Management Ltd. He is on the board of GFI Group, the European subsidiary of a Wall Street broker, BGC. He once was a Director of Altria Inc, then one of America's ten biggest companies. He was also on the board of Philip Morris International Inc, and of HSBC Bank plc, Beazley Group plc, and Saatchi and Saatchi plc.

Not-for-profit organisations
Fishburn has a long connection with universities on both sides of the Atlantic. He was chairman of the Trustees of the Open University Foundation. He was the first Englishman to be elected to Harvard University's governing board, the Board of Overseers and served on the Council of Reading University and as a Trustee of the Foundation for Liver Research, which is affiliated to the University of London. He chaired the Visiting Committee of the Cambridge University Library.

For 10 years he chaired the committee for the foremost private library and research system, that of Harvard University's schools and faculties. He won the Harvard Alumni award for this work. Fishburn served of the advisory board of the Centre for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania.

Fishburn is currently Chairman of the Governors of Theale Green Academy, a school for 1,100 students in Theale, Berkshire, sponsored by Bradfield College.

Dudley Fishburn has worked for heritage organisations. He is currently chairman of the Heritage of London Trust and chairs the Friends of the Silchester Archaeological Dig. For 10 years he was on the Executive Committee of the National Trust and was the National Trust's Treasurer. Fishburn recently retired as Deputy Chairman of the Peabody Housing Trust. He is an advisor to the Parasol Charitable Trust.

Politics and journalism
In the 1970s, Fishburn twice stood unsuccessfully for Parliament for the Isle of Wight. He was elected to the House of Commons, as the MP for Kensington, in a by-election in 1988 and re-elected in 1992. In 1997, he stepped down claiming "there were too many MPs" and has since campaigned for a reduction in the size of the House of Commons.

In Parliament, he made his name campaigning for leasehold reform which led, after much resistance, to the Leasehold Reform Act. He was made "Radical of the Year" in 1990. Fishburn also brought to the Statute Book a private bill that permitted qualified nurses to write prescriptions, thus breaking the doctors’ monopoly. Fishburn served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Sir Timothy Sainsbury in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Department of Trade.

During his terms in Parliament, he continued as Associate Editor of The Economist producing 13 annual editions of its publication The World in..., which is published in 15 languages. He has been published in The New York Times and The Times. He is now President of the Newbury Conservative Association; the Member of Parliament for Newbury was Laura Farris until 2024, when Lee Dillon was elected for the Liberal Democrats.

title: Dudley Fishburn


text:
Dear Me (book)

Dear Me is an autobiography by Peter Ustinov, published in 1977. The book's title is a play on words, since, in addition to "dear me" being a lament, it refers to the fact that the book is addressed to himself, as a conversation between Ustinov's "all too solid flesh" and "remorseless spirit."

title: Dear Me (book)


text:
Granite State College

Granite State College was a public college in Concord, New Hampshire. It was part of the University System of New Hampshire.

In 2023, it merged into the University of New Hampshire as the College of Professional Studies.

History
Founded in 1972 and headquartered in Concord, Granite State College's mission was to serve adult students of all ages.

Academics
Accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education, Granite State College offered associate and bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, post-baccalaureate programs for teacher education, transfer opportunities, and 100% online degree programs.

In 2021 Granite State College online undergraduate programs were ranked 57th and its online graduate business programs were ranked 105th among "Best Online Degree Programs" by U.S. News & World Report. In 2017, Granite State College was ranked 13th in ranking in Washington Monthly's 2017 rankings and 1st in New England.

Locations
Granite State College was headquartered in Concord and maintained a campus in Manchester, as well as online. The college nurtured strong partnerships with the Community College System of New Hampshire, which included on-site classrooms at Nashua Community College and the Lebanon campus of River Valley Community College. Additional partnerships with Manchester Community College and Great Bay Community College's Pease International Tradeport campus provided shared resources and transfer pathways for local students.

title: Granite State College


text:
User talk:Andrewjwalks

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Image Tagging Image:Che.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Che.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged imaged will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --feydey 00:39, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andrewjwalks


text:
Lake Superior Railroad Museum

The Lake Superior Railroad Museum is a railroad museum in Duluth, Minnesota, United States.

Opened in 1973, the museum focuses on railroading in the Lake Superior region. It is housed in the restored Duluth Union Depot complex.

The museum also operates the North Shore Scenic Railroad, which runs excursion trains from Memorial Day through mid-October using historic rail equipment from the museum collection.

The collection includes the William Crooks, which became the first locomotive to operate in the state of Minnesota in 1861, and Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway Number 227, a 2-8-8-4 "Yellowstone" locomotive that was among the largest steam engines to operate.

Several museum spaces are available for rent as an event venue.

Cabooses

 * Burlington Northern #12410
 * Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range #C-9
 * Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range #C-12
 * Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range #C-205
 * Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific #76923
 * Great Northern #X-452
 * Northern Pacific #1311
 * Soo Line #1
 * Soo Line #99017

Service & miscellaneous equipment

 * Burlington Northern Motor Powered Wrecker #D-161 - Built 1915
 * Erie Mining Co. #8440 Pontiac Hy-rail Inspection Car - Built 1957
 * Northern Pacific Rotary Snow Plow #2 - Built 1887 by the Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works, #2 is the world's oldest surviving rotary snow plow. The museum acquired it in 1975 and it was designated a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 2015.
 * Northern Pacific Wedge Snowplow #19 - Built 1907
 * Northern Pacific Steam Powered Wrecker #38 - Built 1913
 * 1920 McGiffert log loader

Former equipment

 * Burlington Northern, Dynamometer Car #B10: Sold to the Ironhorse Railroad Park
 * Canadian National, Coach #5375: Sold to the Mid-Continent Railway Museum
 * Duluth Missabe & Iron Range, Refrigerator Car #7122: Sold to the Mid-Continent Railway Museum
 * Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range, EMD SD-M #316: Traded for Northern Pacific #245
 * Metra, Bi-Level Coach #7781: Scrapped
 * Milwaukee Road, EMD F7B #X1: Sold to the Escanaba & Lake Superior Railroad
 * Minntac, EMD SW9 #935: Sold to Cargill, to provide funds for the purchase of GN #192
 * North Shore Scenic Railroad #652, EMD GP9, Ex-MKT 95: Sold to Minnesota Northern as ILSX 1380.
 * Northern States Power Co, EMD SW1 #1364: Given to Rail Legacy Museum, St. Cloud
 * Peavey Grain Co, EMD SW1 #1279: Scrapped after engine seized

title: Lake Superior Railroad Museum


text: User talk:70.26.22.88

title: User talk:70.26.22.88


text:
Jinghu (instrument)

The jinghu (京胡; pinyin: jīnghú) is a Chinese bowed string instrument in the huqin family, used primarily in Beijing opera. It is the smallest and highest pitched instrument in the huqin family. The jinghu has a tone similar to a violin but raspier.

Construction
Like most of its relatives, the jinghu has 2 strings that are customarily tuned to the interval of a 5th which the hair of the non-detachable bow passes in between. The strings were formerly made of silk, but in modern times are increasingly made of steel or nylon. Unlike other huqin instruments (erhu, gaohu, zhonghu, etc.) it is made of bamboo. Its cylindrical soundbox is covered with snakeskin on the front (playing) end, which forms a taut drum on which the bridge rests, sandwiched between the drum and the strings, which are connected to a peg at the bottom of the soundbox.

Use
In Beijing opera, the jinghu often doubles the singer's voice. Jinghu performers in Beijing opera rarely shift into higher positions, and instead choose to compress the melody into a single octave.

The jinghu was also featured prominently in the single "Shinjitsu no Uta" by the Japanese band Do as Infinity.

title: Jinghu (instrument)


text:
Rusanivka

Rusanivka (Русанівка) is a man-made island and neighbourhood surrounded by a canal, the Rusanivs'kyi Kanal. The canal is an artificial distributary of the Dnieper River. The river and canal make the neighborhood resemble an island. The island is located in the left-bank part of Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. It is surrounded by neighborhoods such as Hidropark, Darnytsia, Berezniaky, and Livoberezhnyi Masyv.

History
During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian shelling struck the neighborhoods of Rusanivka during the Battle of Kyiv.

Overview

The Entuziastiv Street and Rusanivs'ka Naberezhna (embankment) form the perimeter of Rusanivka. The Ihor Shamo Boulevard cuts Rusanivka in half and branches out into a short Rusanivskyi Boulevard. There are many stores and cafés on the Rusanivs'ka Naberezhna, the main street in Rusanivka. Closer to the river, Rusanivka has a couple small beaches.

The neighbourhood has many apartment buildings, most are which are 9 or 16 stories tall. There are three schools that teach grades 1 through 12. Lacking industry, Rusanivka was conceived from the start as a purely residential neighbourhood according to the Soviet concept of allocating the so-called sleeping districts (dormitory neighbourhoods) in large industrial cities. It was envisaged, during creation of this neighbourhood, that the area would be served by two main types of public transportation – buses and river boats on Dnieper and canal – so private cars would not be necessary for the residents. The river boats would have created a Venice-like atmosphere in the area. In reality, mass transit based on river boats proved uneconomical and was discontinued. Instead, buses and trolleybuses are available on the island. The island is known for its dancing fountains at the canal open from spring till autumn every year.

title: Rusanivka


text:
File:Mellencamp-scarecrow.jpg

Summary
John Cougar Mellencamp's Scarecrow

title: File:Mellencamp-scarecrow.jpg