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Talk:Captains Flat

Suburbs
Although locals (I live there) still refer to Bogtown and sometimes Newtown it's usually in jest, and there aren't really any distinct suburbs any more. If someone believes so, perhaps they could post a map showing them?

Pete www.captainsflat.org.au

As no-one has supplied any information to support the existence of suburbs in 2007, I have deleted the reference to them.

Pete

Photos
I can't remember remember how many times I've driven past the turnoffs to Captains Flat without batting an eye. However this article has tweaked my interest and I'll be heading out there in the next couple of weeks to have a look and take some photos for the article. Garglebutt / (talk) 10:47, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Links not worthy for article
includes the claim about the longest bar which I have heard elsewhere. It is in this link here which is good enough for the article and contains a lot of the history: --User:AYArktos | Talk 19:44, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

The mycanberra link is a joke article - nothing in it can be taken as fact. Pete - www.captainsflat.org.au

Mining company
In the article we have how the mining company (Lake George Mines) was not held accountable for the pollution ... Is this a bit anachronistic? Was anybody held accountable in the 40s and 50s when the pollution happened? When the remediation work was done in the 70s, was the company or its owners still around to contribute?--User:AYArktos | Talk 20:16, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That was an edit by User:Codman that I toned down. Garglebutt / (talk) 22:45, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Hmmm.... it is believed that although the exact company doesn't exist any more, I have heard that it was subsumed into BHP. Pete - www.captainsflat.org.au

Amounts of Silver and Gold mined
The numbers sound very high, especially 2850 tonnes of gold is a huge amount. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.129.50.166 (talk) 03:17, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

101%
Did anyone add up the percentages for the concentrations in the article? 39 + 33 + 24 + 5 = 101. 129.11.250.139 14:01, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * A simple rounding error. Gillyweed 20:33, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Captains Flat. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100226063237/http://www.monaromining.com:80/exploration/captains_flat.php to http://www.monaromining.com/exploration/captains_flat.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:00, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Captains Flat


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fyx

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Phroziac(talk) 00:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Fyx
Looks like fancruft or something, but I have no idea of what. Maybe some private joke? - Andre Engels 10:47, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Player character in an online game called Hyperiums, which itself is only barely notable (Alexa rank near 200K) and its individual players and their characters certainly are not. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 11:06, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as insignificant gamecruft. MCB 17:36, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete gaming clans and their members do not deserve articles unless they win a major tournament covered by the media. - Mgm|(talk) 08:21, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable --Interiot 18:53, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fyx


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Panther–Wotan line

The Panther–Wotan line, or Ostwall in German, was a defensive line partially built by the German Wehrmacht in 1943 on the Eastern Front. The first part of the name refers to the short northern section between Lake Peipus and the Baltic Sea at Narva. It stretched all the way south towards the Black Sea along the Dnieper.

Planning
After a number of strategic reverses on the Eastern Front in 1942, there were calls in early 1943 for the construction of fortifications and defenses-in-depth along the Dnieper river. After the Battle of Kursk and the invasion of Italy, the need arose to both conserve forces in the east as well as shift to defensive operations. Adolf Hitler ordered the construction of the defensive lines in August 1943; with this command, he demonstrated that he had accepted the fact that Nazi Germany was no longer capable of offensive operations in the east.

A large portion of the line ran along the Dnieper River, from just west of Smolensk to the Black Sea. The line left the banks of the Dnieper only where another major tributary offered similar defensive capabilities. In the south, where the Dnieper curved (western Dnipropetrovsk Oblast) to the west, it was decided to construct the line east of the Dnieper in order to avoid the evacuation or isolation of the Crimea.

When the order was signed for its construction on 11 August 1943, the Wehrmacht held positions sometimes hundreds of kilometers to the east of the proposed defensive line, generally along the Donets River in the south and along a line roughly from Smolensk to Leningrad in the north.

Defensive operations
The confidence in the effectiveness of the line was poor in Army Group North, with its commander, General Georg von Küchler, refusing to refer to the line by the "Panther Line" name for fear that it would instill false hope by his troops in its strength. Construction had barely started when Manstein's Army Group South commenced to fall back on it as part of a general withdrawal ordered on 15 September 1943.

The Red Army immediately attempted to break the line to deny the OKH time to plan a long-term defence. It launched the Lower Dnieper strategic offensive operation along a 300 km front. The line was particularly weak in the area just north of the Black Sea where it departed from the Dnieper to cover the approaches to the Crimea. The Soviet Southern Front breached the barely constructed fortified line with relative ease, thereby cutting off the German 17th Army on the Crimean Peninsula from its land retreat route. The Red Army casualties were 173,201 unrecoverable and 581,191 sick and wounded (total 754,392).

The fighting afterward involved the gradual establishment of multiple Soviet bridgeheads across the Dnieper. While the crossing operations of the Dnieper were difficult, the Wehrmacht was unable to dislodge the Red Army from its positions once across the river. The bridgeheads and the Soviet forces deployed in them grew. By late December 1943, Kiev had been taken by the Red Army and broke the line along the Dnieper, forcing a Wehrmacht retreat toward the 1939 Polish border.

The only part of the line to remain in Wehrmacht possession after 1943 was the extreme northern section, the Panther line between Lake Peipus and the Baltic Sea at Narva. The small portion of the line was assaulted during the Battle of Narva, with the Baltic States and the Gulf of Finland remaining in German hands well into 1944.

The defensive positions along the Dnieper were able to slow but not to stop the Soviet advance. The river was a considerable barrier, but the length of the line made it difficult to defend. The inability of the Germans to roll back the Soviet bridgeheads after they were established meant that the line could not be held.

title: Panther–Wotan line


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User:The Minister of War/Sandbox/Political1

 * colspan="2" |Casus Belli:
 * colspan="2" |Outcome:
 * colspan="2" |Territory changes:
 * colspan="2" |Outcome:
 * colspan="2" |Territory changes:
 * colspan="2" |Territory changes:


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User:The Minister of War/Sandbox/Image1

 * colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: center;"|
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title: User:The Minister of War/Sandbox/Image1


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Talk:Maria Aitken

What we learn about Maria Aitken

 * from her own Wikipedia stub:

 * She is married to politician and convicted perjuror Jonathan Aitken.

 * from the article on Patrick McGrath:

 * He is married to actress Maria Aitken.

Which is correct?   10:50, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Jonathan Aitken is her brother94.196.189.112 (talk) 18:36, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Drug charges
I have restored the item about her drug charge. Although the charges were dropped I think it is worth a mention due to the Carman link.Piersmasterson 16:49, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maria Aitken


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Thee Unstrung

Thee Unstrung were an English group, signed to Mercury Records (originally signed to Alan McGee's record label Poptones. Thee Unstrung released an album in 2005 entitled Lie, Cheat and Steal.

Thee Unstrung was made up of Ben Bailey (lead guitar), Steve Holbrook (rhythm guitar, vocals), Rob Power/Bobby Cooper (bass guitar) and Ben Tweedy (drums). They toured extensively in 2005. Over the 10 years the band were together many members came and went, although Bailey was the founder of the group. He went on to form a new band, His Lost Boys. Holbrook, Power and Tweedy went on to form 1984, joined by lead guitarist Gareth Sutherland and were featured on a Japanese compilation album, Sound Of An Era II.

Singles

 * "Contrary Mary" (2004) - No. 59 UK
 * "Psycho" (2005) - No. 41 UK

Albums

 * Lie, Cheat and Steal (2005)

EPs

 * "Who Runs The Show"

title: Thee Unstrung


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User:Markus Schweiss~enwiki

 R  E   T   I   R   E   D

This user is no longer active on Wikipedia.

title: User:Markus Schweiss~enwiki


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matthew Davis (footballer)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus.  Rob e  rt  00:07, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Matthew Davis (footballer)
Player on the Sydney Swans list. Recreate the article when/if he actually plays a game. JPD 10:51, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Playing a game I find a rather non-stringent criterium still. One season in the base squad might cut it. - Andre Engels 12:06, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It's worthwhile to cover the entire squads of major clubs, and he is at a leading club in Australias main sport, which has something like the 6th highest average attendance of any league in the world. CalJW 20:17, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep based upon the rationale provided by CalJW. Hall Monitor 23:41, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. His team just won the AFL Grand Final, one of Australia's largest sporting events, so I believe his entry is valid. Cnwb 00:31, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm fine with creating articles on players - even those who have played very few games. But this guy hasn't even played one. It's vanity if I ever saw it. Ambi 05:00, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain. In principle, I don't like to vote to delete people, but I think that if we do -- and we do -- a criterion for sportspeople that they should have played one game for a professional club is not wholly unreasonable. This guy would be the absolute borderline, I think, if you took that view. Grace Note 05:11, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I am have been a Swans fan and passionate supporter of Australian football since a young age, and I still nominated this article for deletion. I don't think the importance of the sport or the team are relevant here. If he had played in the Grand Final, or even one game in the season, I would be more than happy to keep it, but as it is there's not much to go in this article, and no guarantee that there ever will be. JPD 08:38, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as per JPD, who seems the only knowledgeble one about the article at the moment. Proto t c 10:17, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep As someone who has been creating these stubs, I am actually not sure...I know Matthew Davis has played a few games, but as a relatively new fan I think I will keep him. I mean if you're going to delete Matty Davis why not go ahead and delete Stevie Doyle as well? J L C Leung 17:42, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Stephen Doyle has played 40 senior games for the Swans, Matthew Davis has played 0. That's the difference from my point of view. Do we create these stubs for every player who has ever been on a team's list for 1 or 2 years? JPD 14:40, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Waitaminute...I thought he played at LEAST one. Maybe I could be wrong...but when I created all those stubs I looked at the Swannies' senior player page to start it all. So I really was quite blind to who has played a game at the AFL level or not...and besides, I did all those stubs at 4:30 in the morning two days after the qualifying final vs. West Coast. I'm sorta bound to make a mistake or two...! --J L C Leung 09:58, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The individual players' pages at the moment list all the games played by that player in the 2005 season. Nothing is listed for M Davis. He didn't play last year either. The only reason I nominated this article for deletion is because it seemed it must have been a mistake. JPD 10:08, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * weak keep. He appears to have been in the Swans' base squad for 2005, even if he never got onto the ground. --Scott Davis Talk 08:57, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Aussie rules is major sport. --MacRusgail 15:45, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge with the article on the club. No one is arguing it's not a major sport, but this guy didn't even play. Jonathunder 02:29, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Loaísa expedition

The Loaísa expedition was an early 16th-century Spanish voyage of discovery to the Pacific Ocean, commanded by García Jofre de Loaísa (1490 – 20 July 1526) and ordered by King Charles I of Spain to colonize the Spice Islands in the East Indies. The seven-ship fleet sailed from La Coruña, Spain in July 1525 and became the second naval expedition in history to cross the Pacific Ocean, after the Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation. The expedition resulted in the discovery of the Sea of Hoces south of Cape Horn, and the Marshall Islands in the Pacific. One ship ultimately arrived in the Spice Islands in September 1526.

Origins
De Loaísa's expedition was conceived both as a rescue mission and a voyage of discovery. The Victoria, a vessel from Magellan's expedition to the Pacific, had returned to Spain in 1522 with word that her sister ship the Trinidad had last been seen attempting to return home by sailing east from the Spice Islands to South America. De Loaísa was ordered to seek Trinidad, or news of her fate, by voyaging along her expected return route to Spain. Failing this he was to locate and colonise Magellan's Spice Islands, and also to bring back news of Tarshish and Ophir, where, according to the Bible, King Solomon, exploited precious metals and gems (Spanish scholars believed that those biblical islands might be somewhere near China). For this purpose, de Loaísa was assigned seven vessels and a total of 450 men, including tradesmen and administrators for the Spice Islands settlement.

Atlantic voyage
The expedition set sail from Corunna on 24 July 1525. It consisted of seven ships, Santa María de la Victoria, Sancti Spiritus, Anunciada, San Gabriel, Santa María del Parral and San Lesmes and a patache, Santiago. De Loaísa was named captain along with Juan Sebastián Elcano, who had reached the Spice Islands in 1521 during the Magellan expedition.

The fleet headed southwest to the Canary Islands and then south along the African coastline. In November 1525 de Loaísa moved west across the Atlantic to Brazil, reaching the Patagonian shore in January 1526. There was no sign of Trinidad, and de Loaísa decided to abandon the search for her and continue instead to the Spice Islands. However the weather was poor, and over the next several weeks, in high winds while trying to enter the Strait of Magellan, the ships alternately gathered and dispersed. Two ships, Sancti Spiritus and Anunciada were wrecked, and one, San Gabriel tacked into the Atlantic and deserted the expedition.

The San Lesmes under the captaincy of Francisco de Hoces was driven south along the coast, possibly to a latitude of 57°, where the crew noted "an end of land" which could have been the first European sighting of Cape Horn. After some difficulty Hoces was able to steer his galleon northward once more, rejoining the other three vessels that remained with the expedition. On 26 May 1526, this diminished fleet of four ships (three galleons and the patache), passed through the Strait and entered the Pacific.

Pacific voyage
The bad weather which had originally scattered de Loaísa's fleet continued in the Pacific. The four remaining vessels quickly lost sight of each other in the heavy rain and were unable to regroup when the storm finally passed on 1 June.

The Santiago sailed north, and in a 10,000-kilometre voyage, reached the Pacific coast of Mexico in July 1526, achieving the first navigation from Europe to the western coast of North America. 50 people survived and some of them took part in the expedition commanded by Álvaro de Saavedra which would also cross the Pacific between 1527 and 1529.

The San Lesmes disappeared entirely. Twentieth century speculation suggests she ran aground in the Tuamotus, either on the island of Anaa where a 1774 expedition found a cross erected on the beach, or off the Amanu atoll where an old Spanish cannon was later found.

The third ship, Santa María del Parral, sailed the Pacific to Sangir off the northern coast of Sulawesi, where the ship was beached and its crew were variously killed or enslaved by the natives. Four survivors were rescued in 1528 by Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón's Spanish expedition coming from Mexico.

The last galleon, Santa Maria de la Victoria, was the only ship to reach the Spice Islands, landing in September 1526.

Survivors
Loaísa himself died on 30 July 1526 in Elcano a few days later, and Alonso de Salazar three weeks after that. Yñiguez reached the islands of Visayas and Mindanao in the Philippines and the Moluccas, but died of food poisoning. Only Andrés de Urdaneta and 24 other men survived to land in the Spice Islands. They returned to Spain in 1536 in the Portuguese India Armada and under Portuguese guard to complete the second world circumnavigation in history. One of the survivors was Maestre Anes (Hans von Aachen), who previously served as gunner on the Victoria under Magellan and Elcano, becoming the first man to circumnavigate twice. He subsequently joined the disastrous Villalobos Expedition whose survivors composed the third group of circumnavigators.

Theories of the wreck of the San Lesmes
Australian researcher Robert Adrian Langdon hypothesised that the San Lesmes, after being lost in a storm off the coast of South America, deviated through the Pacific Ocean, stopping in Tahiti, before being wrecked on the coast of New Zealand. French historian Roger Hervé claimed that the Spanish caravel was diverted to Tasmania also, until it went up the Australian eastern coast and was captured by the Portuguese near what is now Cape York. New Zealand film maker Winston Cowie assesses the San Lesmes theory in his books Nueva Zelanda, un puzzle histórico: tras la pista de los conquistadores españoles and Conquistador Puzzle Trail, the Spanish version of which was completed with the support of the Embassy of Spain to New Zealand, adding the oral tradition of the Pouto Peninsula to Langdon's work. Cowie concludes that there is a possibility that the San Lesmes was wrecked on the Pouto Peninsula, with more research required to take the theory from possibility to probability.

Greg Scowen's fiction conspiracy thriller The Spanish Helmet is based on Langdon's theory.

title: Loaísa expedition


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Espenmoos

Espenmoos Stadium, is a football stadium in St. Gallen, Switzerland. It was the home ground of the FC St. Gallen until their current stadium Kybunpark opened in 2008. The stadium has since been demolished except for the main seated stand.

title: Espenmoos


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Solar physics

Solar physics is the branch of astrophysics that specializes in the study of the Sun. It intersects with many disciplines of pure physics and astrophysics.

Because the Sun is uniquely situated for close-range observing (other stars cannot be resolved with anything like the spatial or temporal resolution that the Sun can), there is a split between the related discipline of observational astrophysics (of distant stars) and observational solar physics.

The study of solar physics is also important as it provides a "physical laboratory" for the study of plasma physics.

Ancient times
Babylonians were keeping a record of solar eclipses, with the oldest record originating from the ancient city of Ugarit, in modern-day Syria. This record dates to about 1300 BC. Ancient Chinese astronomers were also observing solar phenomena (such as solar eclipses and visible sunspots) with the purpose of keeping track of calendars, which were based on lunar and solar cycles. Unfortunately, records kept before 720 BC are very vague and offer no useful information. However, after 720 BC, 37 solar eclipses were noted over the course of 240 years.

Medieval times
Astronomical knowledge flourished in the Islamic world during medieval times. Many observatories were built in cities from Damascus to Baghdad, where detailed astronomical observations were taken. Particularly, a few solar parameters were measured and detailed observations of the Sun were taken. Solar observations were taken with the purpose of navigation, but mostly for timekeeping. Islam requires its followers to pray five times a day, at specific position of the Sun in the sky. As such, accurate observations of the Sun and its trajectory on the sky were needed. In the late 10th century, Iranian astronomer Abu-Mahmud Khojandi built a massive observatory near Tehran. There, he took accurate measurements of a series of meridian transits of the Sun, which he later used to calculate the obliquity of the ecliptic. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Western Europe was cut from all sources of ancient scientific knowledge, especially those written in Greek. This, plus de-urbanisation and diseases such as the Black Death led to a decline in scientific knowledge in Medieval Europe, especially in the early Middle Ages. During this period, observations of the Sun were taken either in relation to the zodiac, or to assist in building places of worship such as churches and cathedrals.

Renaissance period
In astronomy, the renaissance period started with the work of Nicolaus Copernicus. He proposed that planets revolve around the Sun and not around the Earth, as it was believed at the time. This model is known as the heliocentric model. His work was later expanded by Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. Particularly, Galilei used his new telescope to look at the Sun. In 1610, he discovered sunspots on its surface. In the autumn of 1611, Johannes Fabricius wrote the first book on sunspots, De Maculis in Sole Observatis ("On the spots observed in the Sun").

Modern times
Modern day solar physics is focused towards understanding the many phenomena observed with the help of modern telescopes and satellites. Of particular interest are the structure of the solar photosphere, the coronal heat problem and sunspots.

Research
The Solar Physics Division of the American Astronomical Society boasts 555 members (as of May 2007), compared to several thousand in the parent organization.

A major thrust of current (2009) effort in the field of solar physics is integrated understanding of the entire Solar System including the Sun and its effects throughout interplanetary space within the heliosphere and on planets and planetary atmospheres. Studies of phenomena that affect multiple systems in the heliosphere, or that are considered to fit within a heliospheric context, are called heliophysics, a new coinage that entered usage in the early years of the current millennium.

Helios
Helios-A and Helios-B are a pair of spacecraft launched in December 1974 and January 1976 from Cape Canaveral, as a joint venture between the German Aerospace Center and NASA. Their orbits approach the Sun closer than Mercury. They included instruments to measure the solar wind, magnetic fields, cosmic rays, and interplanetary dust. Helios-A continued to transmit data until 1986.

SOHO
The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, SOHO, is a joint project between NASA and ESA that was launched in December 1995. It was launched to probe the interior of the Sun, make observations of the solar wind and phenomena associated with it and investigate the outer layers of the Sun.

HINODE
A publicly funded mission led by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency, the HINODE satellite, launched in 2006, consists of a coordinated set of optical, extreme ultraviolet and X-ray instruments. These investigate the interaction between the solar corona and the Sun's magnetic field.

SDO
The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) was launched by NASA in February 2010 from Cape Canaveral. The main goals of the mission are understanding how solar activity arises and how it affects life on Earth by determining how the Sun's magnetic field is generated and structured and how the stored magnetic energy is converted and released into space.

PSP
The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) was launched in 2018 with the mission of making detailed observations of the outer solar corona. It has made the closest approaches to the Sun of any artificial object.

ATST
The Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) is a solar telescope facility that is under construction in Maui. Twenty-two institutions are collaborating on the ATST project, with the main funding agency being the National Science Foundation.

SSO
Sunspot Solar Observatory (SSO) operates the Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope (DST) on behalf of the NSF.

Big Bear
The Big Bear Solar Observatory in California houses several telescopes including the New Solar Telescope(NTS) which is a 1.6 meter, clear-aperture, off-axis Gregorian telescope. The NTS saw first light in December 2008. Until the ATST comes on line, the NTS remains the largest solar telescope in the world. The Big Bear Observatory is one of several facilities operated by the Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT).

EUNIS
The Extreme Ultraviolet Normal Incidence Spectrograph (EUNIS) is a two channel imaging spectrograph that first flew in 2006. It observes the solar corona with high spectral resolution. So far, it has provided information on the nature of coronal bright points, cool transients and coronal loop arcades. Data from it also helped calibrating SOHO and a few other telescopes.

title: Solar physics


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Ahfad University for Women

Ahfad University for Women (جامعة الأحفاد للبنات) is a private women's university in Omdurman, Sudan that was founded in 1966, by Yusuf Badri, son of the Mahdist soldier Babiker Badri. The university began with only 23 students and 3 teachers. It was the first Sudanese women's college. The current president is Prof. Gasim Badri, Yusuf Badri's son.

History
Ahfad University for Women was founded in a familial tradition of educating girls in Sudan. After the battle of 1898 when Sudanese Mahdist forces were defeated by the Anglo-Egyptian army, Babiker Badri — a Sudanese survivor — settled in the village of Rufu'a. It was there that he opened a secular school for boys. In 1904, he asked the British authorities for permission to open an elementary school for girls — who he believed also needed to be educated. His request was denied twice, before it was finally granted by James Currie, the Director of the Educational Department of the British administration in Sudan. In 1907, Babiker Badri opened his secular school for girls in a mud hut with nine of his own daughters along with eight neighborhood girls.

The Badri family carried on this tradition of private education for three generations in Sudan. Babiker's son Yusuf established Ahfad University in 1966, and it started with only 23 students and three faculty members, including Yusuf.

The university was granted full university status in 1995 by the Sudan National Council for Higher Education, due to its expansion of curriculum and student body. It is the oldest and largest private university in Sudan to date.

In a 2018 interview, British-Sudanese journalist Zeinab Badawi talked about her great-grandfather Babiker Badri:

"At that time, girls were not educated but my great-grandfather wanted to change this, and he started with his own daughters. Despite the hostility from the British authorities and the Sudanese community, he established a school for his children in his own house."

Schools
The university has the following undergraduate schools:
 * School of Management Studies (formerly School of Organizational Management)
 * School of Health Sciences
 * School of Psychology and Pre-School Education
 * School of Rural Extension Education and Development
 * School of Medicine
 * School of Pharmacy.

It offers graduate programs in:
 * Human Nutrition
 * Gender and Development
 * Gender and Peace Studies
 * Sustainable Rural Development
 * Business Administration
 * Microfinance
 * Counseling and Heath Psychology
 * High Diploma in Teaching of English as a Foreign Language
 * High Diploma in Teaching of Family Sciences

AUW's medium of instruction is English.

title: Ahfad University for Women


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User talk:Photosynthesis Is Hot

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Lupo 10:55, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Photosynthesis Is Hot


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User:Jan Willems~enwiki

Jan Willems (1953) is a amateur musician (guitar, mandolin, accordion and singer) from Veghel, The Netherlands.

He plays with friends in three, localy well-known bands: Party Colare with dutch singalongs for elderly people, Les Gens for background music at parties and receptions, Robert Allen Trio with close harmony songs of Bob Dylan and others.

In his playing he is heavily influenced by Doc Watson, but also by dutch singers like Johnny Jordaan. You can find more info on http://www.muzinfo.net

title: User:Jan Willems~enwiki


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The Original Sin (book)

The Original Sin is Anthony Quinn's first autobiography. The full title is The Original Sin: A Self-Portrait by Anthony Quinn, and it was first published in October 1972 by Little, Brown & Company, Boston & Toronto with ISBN 0-316-72898-5.

Quinn's autobiography is a sweeping and very personal account of his life. His story is that of a man who has difficulty accepting unconditional love (this is the original sin) and the death of his son at an early age.

He explores his past and reveals his darkest feelings with his psychiatrist and the reasons why he was finally able to accept love and the death of his son Christopher at the age of two.

Quinn describes his upbringing, the poverty and his affections for his mother and father which helped define the character he became. His anecdotes of working in Hollywood are also entertaining and reveal a human side of Hollywood. He reveals how he met some of his famous friends which include Mae West, Katharine Hepburn, Rita Hayworth, Carole Lombard, Frank Lloyd Wright, John Barrymore, Gary Cooper, Cecil B. de Mille.

title: The Original Sin (book)


text:
Talk:Weymouth, Dorset

Missing info?
This is a good well written article. But a Google search throws up lots of references to social problems, inequality, and significant deprivation in the town, especially in the Melcombe Regis area which isn't mentioned by the article at all. Also the history section stops in 1945. MapReader (talk) 21:36, 1 May 2018 (UTC)

Featured Article in need of review
This Featured Article was promoted in 2006 and has never been reviewed since. The article's nomination at FAC was very, very superficial and the nominator, User:Rossenglish, has not edited since 2008.

A few of the issues spotted:

 * There is significant unsourced content in this article, particularly in the History section;
 * Prose does not meet FA standards at times, and the History section is particularly clumsy;
 * The relationship between Weymouth and Melcombe Regis has to be better explained, from what I gather they were separate towns that were unified at one point, but the prose is clumsy;
 * You gather correctly; hopefully I have now made clearer.--Ykraps (talk) 12:05, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
 * The History section feels disjointed, in one sentence we're talking about coastal erosion, in the next about the English Civil War;
 * "Weymouth's esplanade is composed of Georgian terraces, which have been converted into apartments, shops, hotels and guest houses." - Why is this in the History section?
 * No idea. Moved.--Ykraps (talk) 12:05, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
 * There is a circular reference to Wikipedia in the Governance section;
 * Fixed.--Ykraps (talk) 12:05, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
 * This article follows a not very intuitive structure (History --> Governance --> Geography), shouldn't it be Geography --> History --> (...) --> Politics?
 * I somewhat agree but this article follows the order set out in WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements' MOS.--Ykraps (talk) 12:05, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I was under the impression that several English seaside resorts suffered from deprivation, is this not the case in Weymouth? The above comment seems to hint at it, and I find claims, for instance, that "Weymouth & Portland among 10% most deprived areas in UK". Compare how the issue is given its due weight in recently promoted Featured Article on an English seaside town Skegness.

The article does not meet the Featured article criteria and needs substantial work to rise to current standards. RetiredDuke (talk) 23:28, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Following FAR, I've spotted some close paraphrasing of thewordtravels that should be resolved. The source does not seem high quality, but it definetely pre-dates the inclusion of that Thomas Hardy paragraph in the Wikipedia article. RetiredDuke (talk) 17:45, 28 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Fixed.--Ykraps (talk) 12:05, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

So I've been around the media section (which is funny because I've never heard about 3/4ths of these services/franchises) and I think that Westcountry Television is the local ITV television franchise is no longer true. ITV Westcountry says there was a merger to form ITV West Country. I found this source that talks a bit about it but I'm still looking for the follow up. If you could add it to the article I would appreciate it, since I'm not familiar with any of that. Also, this source that I added talks about Freeview (UK), so maybe that's relevant. RetiredDuke (talk) 15:03, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I hadn't really looked at that section yet and, as it's an optional one, was half considering its deletion. This explains more about the franchise change.[] --Ykraps (talk) 15:47, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I also found this map that supports three relay transmitters in the town (Wyke Regis, Bincombe Hill and Preston) from Stockland Hill. Got it from here. If useful, could you add it? I'm not familiar with this stuff, I'm just doing a bit of research. RetiredDuke (talk) 15:50, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I've indicated at the FAR page that it's coming along, so there's no rush. RetiredDuke (talk) 15:56, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Pronunciation is currently wrong. The 'ou' sound in the name is the same as the 'u' in 'push'. I don't know where the 'a' in 'about' comes from, but it's not how we say it, here in Weymouth. You can take the word of a Weymouthian on that. 2A00:23C7:3119:AD01:39C9:8B8A:89EC:8C29 (talk) 05:56, 9 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Please provide a reliable source rather than the word of a Weymouthian.SovalValtos (talk) 07:27, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Provided a source for standard English pronunciation. A local variant may be added with a valid ref. 〜 イヴァンスクルージ九十八 ［IvanScrooge98］ （ 会話 ） 16:32, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

Misleading statement in lead
Prior to local government reorganisation in April 2019, Weymouth formed a borough with the neighbouring Isle of Portland. Since then the area has been governed by Dorset Council.

This gives the impression that the town is now in Dorset but wasn't before 2019. In fact it's been in Dorset throughout the last 1,000 years. What happened in 2019 was that Weymouth (as a town council) was split away from Weymouth and Portland (a district). Maproom (talk) 07:28, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

 * It doesn't give me that impression but if you want to rework the sentence, I don't think anyone will object. --Ykraps (talk) 07:59, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Weymouth, Dorset


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Badley

Badley is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk district, in Suffolk, England. It is located between Stowmarket and Needham Market. With an electorate of less than 100, it has an infrequent parish meeting rather than a parish council. Badley is listed as a settlement with 41 households in the 1086 Domesday Book. In 1901 the population was 77, and the parish covered 1 050 acres.

title: Badley


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Crop yield

In agriculture, the yield is a measurement of the amount of a crop grown, or product such as wool, meat or milk produced, per unit area of land. The seed ratio is another way of calculating yields.

Innovations, such as the use of fertilizer, the creation of better farming tools, new methods of farming and improved crop varieties, have improved yields. The higher the yield and more intensive use of the farmland, the higher the productivity and profitability of a farm; this increases the well-being of farming families. Surplus crops beyond the needs of subsistence agriculture can be sold or bartered. The more grain or fodder a farmer can produce, the more draft animals such as horses and oxen could be supported and harnessed for labour and production of manure. Increased crop yields also means fewer hands are needed on farm, freeing them for industry and commerce. This, in turn, led to the formation and growth of cities, which then translated into an increased demand for foodstuffs or other agricultural products.

Measurement
The units by which the yield of a crop is usually measured today are kilograms per hectare or bushels per acre.

Long-term cereal yields in the United Kingdom were some 500 kg/ha in Medieval times, jumping to 2000 kg/ha in the Industrial Revolution, and jumping again to 8000 kg/ha in the Green Revolution. Each technological advance increasing the crop yield also reduces the society's ecological footprint.

Yields are related to agricultural productivity, but are not synonymous. Agricultural productivity is measured in money produced per unit of land, but yields are measured in the weight of the crop produced per unit of land. A farmer can invest a large amount of money to increase his yields by a few percent, for example with an extremely expensive fertilizer, but if that cost is so high that it does not produce a comparative return on investment, his profits decline, and the higher yield can mean a lower agricultural productivity in this case. A yield is a 'partial measure of productivity', because it may fail to accurately measure the actual productivity of the farming operation by not including the totality of the inputs.

Seed multiplication ratio
The seed multiplication ratio is the ratio between the investment in seed versus the yield. For example, if three grains are harvested for each grain seeded, the resulting multiplication ratio is 1:3, which is considered by some agronomists as the minimum required to sustain human life. One of the three seeds must be set aside for the next planting season, the remaining two either consumed by the grower, or for livestock feed. In parts of Europe the seed ratio during the 9th century was merely 1:2.5, in the Low Countries it improved to 1:14 with the introduction of the three-field system of crop rotation around the 14th century.

Seed multiplication ratio is variable, subject to several factors. Agricultural improvements can raise the ratio, and revisions were recommended in 2018 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

Law of physiological relations
Alexander Mitscherlich studied crop yields in 1909 and articulated a "law of physiological relations". It was compared to the law of diminishing returns in 1942, when Liebig's law of the minimum and the limiting factors of Frederick Blackman were also noted:
 * Liebig's Law of the Minimum was the formulation of an idea that yield of a crop was determined primarily by the amounts of plant food that were present in minimum quantities. His idea was discussed later as the Limiting Factor by BLACKMAN and again by MITSCHERLICH as the Law of Physiological Relations. The latter was expressed as a logarithmic function between yield and the quantity of plant food constituents, which is virtually the Law of Diminishing Returns.

The relation was reviewed by Hans Schneeberger in 2009.

title: Crop yield


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Chiang Hsiao-wu

Chiang Hsiao-wu (also known as Alex Chiang; April 25, 1945 – July 1, 1991) was the second son of Chiang Ching-kuo, the President of the Republic of China in Taiwan from 1978 to 1988. His mother is Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang. He had one older brother, Hsiao-wen, one older sister, Hsiao-chang, and one younger brother, Hsiao-yung. He also had two half-brothers, Winston Chang and John Chiang, with whom he shared the same father.

He was president of the state-run Broadcasting Corporation of China from 1980 to 1986, and later headed the Republic of China mission to Singapore for two years, starting in April 1986 as the deputy trade representative before being transferred to the mission to Japan in 1990. In a December 1985 speech, Hsiao-wu's father Chiang Ching-kuo declared ″If someone asks me whether anyone in my family would run for the next presidential term, my reply is, ′It can't be and it won't be.′″  Prior to the speech, Chiang Hsiao-wu was the only one of Chiang Ching-kuo's sons mentioned as a potential successor.

He died at the age of 46, on July 1, 1991, at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital in Taiwan as a result of congestive heart failure brought on by chronic inflammation of the pancreas. He was survived by his wife and two children.

title: Chiang Hsiao-wu


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Portal:Trains/Featured picture candidates/92220 Evening Star (Dave Cooper).jpg

92220 Evening Star
92220 Evening Star, the last steam locomotive built by British Railways. Photo credit Dave Cooper Dunc|☺ 10:59, 29 September 2005 (UTC)


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Tristan Peersman

Tristan Peersman (born 28 September 1979 in Antwerp) is a Belgian footballer. He is a goalkeeper who is currently unattached. He formerly played for various clubs, including Anderlecht and Willem II. He was transferred to OFI Crete on 25 June 2007 but left the club the next year.

Since then, he has played for FC Dordrecht and R.A.E.C. Mons.

Personal life
Peersman's son Kjell Peersman is also a professional footballer.

title: Tristan Peersman


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Portal:Trains/Featured picture candidates/73129 Caprotti standard five.jpg

Image:73129 Caprotti standard five.jpg
BR standard class 5 no 73129, one of 30 built with British Caprotti valve gear, and the only one of those preserved. Dunc|☺ 11:01, 29 September 2005 (UTC)


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User talk:Nebel

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG (talk) 11:02, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Nebel


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Union des étudiants juifs de France

The Union des étudiants juifs de France ("Union of French Jewish students", UEJF) is a French organization that aims to assist French Jewish students.

History
UEJF was founded in 1944 to assist young Jews who came back from concentration camps or, more generally, who had escaped the Holocaust. As of July 2011, the union had 15,000 members across France.

In March 2018, a UEJF office at Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne was vandalized with antisemitic graffiti. In April 2019, the organization's office at Paris Dauphine University was vandalized by individuals unaffiliated with the university, who allegedly entered the premises and urinated on equipment, with the incident recorded and shared on Snapchat, according to UEJF.

Activities
UEJF is well known in part for its participation in litigation about issues involving antisemitism, as in the case of LICRA v. Yahoo!.

title: Union des étudiants juifs de France


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Unity High School (Sudan)

Unity High School is an independent multi-denominational co-educational private school in Khartoum, Sudan, which uses the English language and provides a British-style education to children from 4 to 18 years of age. It opened as an all-girls school in 1902, and in its current form goes back to 1928. Unity High is situated in the center of Khartoum.

History
The school was founded in 1902 as an all-girls school and was originally called the Coptic Girls School. In the preceding years, the Coptic community in Khartoum had established a boys' school but lacked the resources to found a girls' school. Some Coptic families then approached the Anglican missionary Llwellyn Gwynne (who later became Bishop of Khartoum) for help and the Coptic Girls School was opened in 1902 but changed its name to the Church Missionary Society Khartoum Girls School in 1903. In 1928 the Church Missionary Society school closed and the land reverted to Bishop Gwynne who with the support of four local Christian communities and the financial help of Christian merchants, then opened the Unity High School for Girls.

An Old Girls Association was formed in 1928. In 1948 Margo Iskinazi, a Jewish girl who was a student, at the Unity High, noted that there were Egyptian Copts, Sudanese Muslims, Greek Orthodox and Armenian Christians among her classmates. Unity High School became co-educational in 1985.

The principal before 2008 was Dr Marina Hitchen. It had Mrs Stephanie King as a vice principal from the year 2008 onwards, the director of the School was Mr Robert Boulos and the principal was Richard Woods. In 2019, it had an enrollment of some 630 pupils and the current principal (since August 2019) is Fiona Beevers.

Teddy bear blasphemy case
On 25 November 2007 the school came to international attention when one of its teachers was arrested by Sudanese authorities for allegedly insulting Islam by allowing the children in her class to name a teddy bear "Muhammad".

The school was closed until January 2008 for the safety of pupils and staff as reprisals were feared.

Notable former pupils
Angela Isaac and Khalda Zahir graduated from the Unity High School in 1946 and that year Angela became the first Sudanese girl to enter university (University of Khartoum). Khaida entered university in 1947 and graduated as the first Sudanese woman doctor in 1952.

Fatima Talib Isma'il was the first Sudanese woman to get a degree from the University of London and pioneered the Sudanese Woman's movement.

Another Unity High School graduate, Takwi Sirskisian, was the first female Sudanese journalist and published a monthly magazine for women called "Bint Alwady" (The Valley Daughter).

Meena Alexander, an internationally acclaimed poet, scholar, and writer, graduated from the Unity High School in 1964.

title: Unity High School (Sudan)


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Ethnogenesis

Ethnogenesis is the formation and development of an ethnic group. This can originate by group self-identification or by outside identification.

The term ethnogenesis was originally a mid-19th-century neologism that was later introduced into 20th-century academic anthropology. In that context, it refers to the observable phenomenon of the emergence of new social groups that are identified as having a cohesive identity, i.e. an "ethnic group" in anthropological terms. Relevant social sciences not only observe this phenomenon but also search for explanations for its causes. The term ethnogeny is also used as a variant of ethnogenesis.

Passive or active ethnogenesis
Ethnogenesis can occur passively or actively.

A passive ethnogenesis is an unintended outcome, which involves the spontaneous emergence of various markers of group identity through processes such as the group's interaction with unique elements of their physical environment, cultural divisions (such as dialect and religious denomination), migrations and other processes. A founding myth of some kind may emerge as part of this process.

Active ethnogenesis is the deliberate, direct planning and engineering of a separate identity. This is a controversial topic because of the difficulty involved in creating a new ethnic identity. However, it is clear that active ethnogenesis may augment passive ethnogenesis. Active ethnogenesis is usually inspired by emergent political issues, such as a perceived, long-term, structural economic imbalance between regions or a perceived discrimination against elements of local culture (e.g., as a result of the promotion of a single dialect as a standard language at the national level). With regard to the latter, since the late 18th century, such attempts have often been related to the promotion (or demotion) of a particular dialect; nascent nationalists have often attempted to establish a particular dialect (or group of dialects) as a separate language, encompassing a "national literature", out of which a founding myth may be extracted and promoted.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, societies challenged by the obsolescence of those narratives that previously afforded them coherence have fallen back on ethnic or racial narratives to maintain or reaffirm their collective identity or polis.

Language revival
Language has been a critical asset for authenticating ethnic identities. The process of reviving an antique ethnic identity often poses an immediate language challenge, as obsolescent languages lack expressions for contemporary experiences.

In the 1990s, proponents of ethnic revivals in Europe included those from the Celtic fringes in Wales and nationalists in the Basque Country. Activists' attempts since the 1970s to revive the Occitan language in Southern France are a similar example.

Similarly, in the 19th century, the Fennoman movement in the Grand Duchy of Finland aimed to raise the Finnish language from peasant status to an official national language, which had been solely Swedish for some time. The Fennomans also founded the Finnish Party to pursue their nationalist aims. The publication in 1835 of the Finnish national epic, Kalevala, was a founding stone of Finnish nationalism and ethnogenesis. Finnish was recognized as the official language of Finland only in 1892. Fennomans were opposed by the Svecomans, headed by Axel Olof Freudenthal (1836–1911). He supported continuing the use of Swedish as the official language; it had been a minority language used by the educated elite in government and administration. In line with contemporary scientific racism theories, Freudenthal believed that Finland had two races, one speaking Swedish and the other Finnish. The Svecomans claimed that the Swedish Germanic race was superior to the majority Finnish people.

In Ireland, the revival of the Irish language and the creation of Irish national literature was part of the reclamation of an Irish identity beginning at the end of the 19th century.

Since its independence from the Netherlands in 1830, language has been an important but divisive political force in Belgium between the Dutch and Germanic Flemings and Franco-Celtic Walloons. Switzerland has four national languages--German, French, Italian, and Romansh--each concentrated in four regions of the country. The Alemannic German-speaking (die Deutschschweizer) region is in the north and east, the French-speaking (Romandie) region in the west, the Italian/Lombard (la Svizzera italiana) region in the south, and the small Romansh-speaking population in the south-eastern corner of the country in the Canton of Graubüen.

Ancient Greeks
Anthony D. Smith notes that, in general, there is a lack of evidence that hampers the assessment of the existence of nations or nationalisms in antiquity. The two cases where more evidence exists are those of ancient Greece and Israel. In Ancient Greece, cultural rather than political unity is observed. Yet, there were ethnic divisions within the wider Hellenic ethnic community, mainly between Ionians, Aeolians, Boeotians, and Dorians. These groups were further divided into city-states. Smith postulates that there is no more than a semblance of nationalism in ancient Greece.

Americans in the United States
In the 2015 Community Survey of the United States Census, 7.2% of the population identified as having American ancestry, mainly people whose ancestors migrated from Europe after the 1400s to the southeastern United States. Larger percentages from similarly long-established families identified as German Americans, English Americans, or Irish Americans, leaving the distinction between "American" and specific European ethnicity largely as a matter of personal preference.

African Americans in the United States
The ethnogenesis of African Americans begins with slavery, specifically in the United States of America. Between 1492 and 1880, 2 to 5.5 million Native Americans were enslaved in the Americas in addition to 12.5 million African slaves. The concept of race began to emerge during the mid-17th century as a justification for the enslavement of Africans in colonial America. Later, scientists developed theories to uphold the system of forced labor. Native Americans of darker skin tones were included in this construct with the arrival of African slaves. Some Native Americans of lighter complexions, however, owned slaves, participating in race-based slavery alongside Europeans. American society evolved into a two-caste system, with two broad classes: white and non-white, citizen and non-citizen (or semi-citizen). Non-white, non/semi-citizens were regarded as "Black" or "Negro" as a general term, regardless of their known ethnic/cultural background.

The lives and identities of African Americans have been shaped by systems of race and slavery, resulting in a unique culture and experience. Cultural aspects like music, food, literature, inventions, dances, and other concepts prominently stem from the combined experience of enslaved African American people and free African Americans who were still subject to racist laws in the United States.

Even though there were free individuals of African descent in the U.S. while slavery was legal, the year 1865 marked the emancipation of all individuals classified as "Black" or "Negro" in the United States. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in December 1865, signifying the end of the Black American ethnogenesis. This introduced a solidified, collective identity and culture of "African Americans," as they were now all assumed to be rightful and equal citizens. African American ethnicity, identity, lineage, culture, and history are rooted in U.S. chattel slavery. Therefore, individuals without ancestors classified as "Black" or "Negro" in the United States before 1865 are not considered to be of African American ethnicity or lineage. Even people who are considered racially ‘black’ in the United States with immigrant backgrounds are not regarded as African American because, as Professor Celeste Watkins-Hayes, an African American studies professor at Northwestern University explains, "African American is nation-specific." This also includes citizens residing in or arriving from U.S. territories. Despite having current U.S. citizenship, those territories were not territories of the United States during the African American ethnogenesis.

Ethnicity is not solely based on race. However, due to the race-based history, system, and lifestyle of American society, African Americans tend to prefer to identify racially, rather than ethnically. This racialized identity has created the common misconception that African Americans are virtually a mono-racial African-descendant ethnic group in the United States. Still, the genetic architecture of African Americans is distinct from that of non-American Africans. This is consistent with the history of Africans, Europeans, and Native Americans intermixing during the transatlantic slave trade and race being a social construct created in the United States.

Despite typically carrying segments of DNA shaped by contributions from peoples of Indigenous America, Europe, Africa, and the Americas, the genetics of African Americans can span across more than several continents. Within the African American population, there are no mono-ethnic backgrounds from outside of the U.S., and mono-racial backgrounds are in the minority. Through forced enslavement and admixing, the African American ethnicity, race, lineage, culture, and identity are indigenous to the United States of America.

Jonathan M. Hall's work “Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity” (1997), was acclaimed as the first full-length modern study on Ancient Greek ethnicity. According to Hall, Ancient Greek ethnic identity was much based on kinship, descent and genealogy, which was reflected in elaborate genealogy myths. In his view, genealogy is the most fundamental way any population defines itself as an ethnic group. There was a change in the way Greeks constructed their ethnic identity in the Persian Wars period (first half of 5th c BC). Before that (archaic period), Greeks tended to connect themselves through genealogical assimilation. After the Persian invasion, they began defining themselves against the enemy they perceived as the barbarian “other”. An indication of this disposition is the Athenians' speech to their allies in 480 BC, mentioning that all Hellenes are bound with the ' ("same blood"), ' ("same language"), and common religious practices. Hall believes that Hellenic identity was envisaged in the 6th century BC as being ethnic in character. Cultural forms of identification emerged in the 5th century, and there is evidence that by the 4th century, this identity was conceived more in cultural terms.

Goths
Herwig Wolfram offers "a radically new explanation of the circumstances under which the Goths were settled in Gaul, Spain and Italy". Since "they dissolved at their downfall into a myth accessible to everyone" at the head of a long history of attempts to lay claim to a "Gothic" tradition, the ethnogenesis by which disparate bands came to self-identify as "Goths" is of wide interest and application. The problem is in extracting a historical ethnography from sources that are resolutely Latin and Roman-oriented.

Indigenous peoples of southwestern North America
Clayton Anderson observed that with the arrival of the Spanish in southwestern North America, the Native Americans of the Jumano cultural sphere underwent social changes partly as a reaction, which spurred their ethnogenesis. Ethnogenesis in the Texas Plains and along the coast occurred in two forms. One way involved a disadvantaged group being assimilated into a more dominant group that they identified with, while the other way involved the modification and reinvention of cultural institutions. Nancy Hickerson argued that the disintegration of 17th-century Jumano, caused in part by the widespread deaths from introduced diseases, was followed by their reintegration as Kiowa. External stresses that produced ethnogenetic shifts preceded the arrival of the Spanish and their horse culture. Drought cycles had previously forced non-kin groups to either band together or disband and mobilize. Intertribal hostilities forced weaker groups to align with stronger ones.

Indigenous peoples of southeastern North America
From 1539 to 1543, a Spanish expedition led by Hernando de Soto departed Cuba for Florida and the American Southeast. Although asked to practice restraint, Soto led 600 men on a violent rampage through present-day Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and East Texas. Frustrated with not finding gold or silver in the areas suspected to contain such valuable materials, they destroyed villages and decimated native populations. Despite his death in 1542, Soto's men continued their expedition until 1543 when about half of their original force reached Mexico. Their actions introduced European diseases that further weakened native populations. The population collapse forced natives to relocate from their cities into the countryside, where smaller villages and new political structures developed, replacing the older chiefdom models of tribal governance. By 1700, the major tribal settlements Soto and his men had encountered were no more. Smaller tribes began to form loose confederations of smaller, more autonomous villages. From that blending of many tribes, ethnogenesis led to the emergence of new ethnic groups and identities for the consolidated natives who had managed to survive the incursion of European people, animals, and diseases. After 1700, most North American Indian "tribes" were relatively new composite groups formed by these remnant peoples who were trying to cope with epidemic illnesses brought by and clashes with the Europeans who were exploring the area.

Indigenous peoples on the Canadian prairies
European encroachment caused significant demographic shifts in the size and geographic distribution of the indigenous communities, leading to a rise in mortality rates due to conflict and disease. Some Aboriginal groups were destroyed, while new groups emerged from the cultural interface of pre-existing groups. One example of this ethnogenesis is the Métis people.

Italian
During the Middle Ages in Italy, the Italo-Dalmatian languages differentiated from Latin, leading to the distinction of Italians from neighboring ethnic groups within the former Roman Empire. Over time, ethnological and linguistic differences between regional groups also developed, from the Lombardians of the North to the Sicilians of the South. Mountainous terrain allowed the development of relatively isolated communities and numerous dialects and languages before Italian unification in the 19th century.

Jew
In classical antiquity, Jewish, Greek, and Roman authors frequently referred to the Jewish people as an ethnos, one of the numerous ethne that lived in the Greco-Roman world. Van Maaren demonstrates why ancient Jews may be regarded as an ethnic group in current terms by using the six characteristics that co-ethnics share as established by Hutchinson and Smith:
 * (1) the usage of several ethnonyms to refer to the Jewish ethnos, including "Jews", "Israel" and "Hebrews";
 * (2) Jews believed they shared a common ancestor as descendants of patriarch Jacob/Israel, and the Hasmonean dynasty (which controlled Judea between 140 and 37 BCE) employed the perceived common descent from Abraham to broaden definitions of Jewishness in their era;
 * (3) historical events and heroes narrated in the Hebrew Bible and later scriptures served as a fundamental collection of shared memories of the past, and their community reading at synagogues helped instill the collective Jewish identity;
 * (4) a shared culture including the religion of Judaism, worship of the God of Israel, Sabbath observance, kashrut, and the symbolic significance of the Hebrew language, even for Jews who did not speak it at the time;
 * (5) a connection to the Land of Israel, Judaea or Palaestina, as their homeland to both local Jews and those residing abroad;
 * (6) a sense of solidarity between Jews, on the part of at least some sections of the ethnic group as shown, for example, during the Jewish-Roman wars.

Moldovan
The separate Moldovan ethnic identification was promoted under Soviet rule when the Soviet Union established an autonomous Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924. This republic was situated between the Dniester and Southern Bug rivers (Transnistria), distinct from the Ukrainian SSR. Scholar Charles King concluded that this action was partly support for Soviet propaganda and help for a potential communist revolution in Romania. Initially, people of Moldovan ethnicity supported territorial claims to the regions of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, which were part of Romani at the time. The claims were based on the fact that the territory of eastern Bessarabia with Chisinau had belonged to the Russian Empire between 1812 and 1918. After having been part of the Romanian Principality of Moldova for 500 years, Russia was awarded the East of Moldova as compensation for its losses during the Napoleonic Wars. This marked the beginning of the 100 years of Russian history in East Moldova. After the Soviet occupation of the two territories in 1940, potential reunification claims were offset by the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. When the Moldavian ASSR was established, Chișinău was named its capital, a role it continued to play even after the formation of the Moldavian SSR in 1940.

The recognition of Moldovans as a separate ethnicity, distinct from Romanians, remains today a controversial subject. On one hand, the Moldovan Parliament adopted "The Concept on National Policy of the Republic of Moldova" in 2003. This document states that Moldovans and Romanians are two distinct peoples and speak two different languages. It also acknowledges that Romanians form an ethnic minority in Moldova, and it asserts that the Republic of Moldova is the legitimate successor to the Principality of Moldavia. On the other hand, Moldovans are only recognized as a distinct ethnic group by former Soviet states.

Moreover, in Romania, people from Wallachia and Transylvania call the Romanians inhabiting western Moldavia, now part of Romania, as Moldovans. People in Romanian Moldova call themselves Moldovans, as subethnic denomination, and Romanians, as ethnic denomination (like Kentish and English for English people living in Kent). Romanians from Romania call the Romanians of the Republic of Moldova Bessarabians, as identification inside the subethnic group, Moldovans as subethnic group and Romanians as ethnic group. The subethnic groups referred to here are historically connected to independent Principalities. The Principality of Moldavia/Moldova founded in 1349 had various extensions between 1349 and 1859 and comprised Bucovina and Bessarabia as regional subdivisions. That way, Romanians of southern Bukovina (today part of Romania and formerly part of the historical Moldova) are called Bukovinians, Moldovans and Romanians.

In the 2004 Moldovan Census, of the 3,383,332 people living in Moldova, 16.5% (558,508) chose Romanian as their mother tongue, and 60% chose Moldovan. While 40% of all urban Romanian/Moldovan speakers indicated Romanian as their mother tongue, in the countryside, barely one out of seven Romanian/Moldovan speakers indicated Romanian as their mother tongue.

Singaporean
In Singapore, most of its country's policies have been focused on the cohesion of its citizens into a united Singaporean national identity. Singapore's cultural norms, psyche, and traditions have led to the classification of "Singaporean" as a unique ethnocultural and socio-ethnic group that is distinct from its neighboring countries.

In 2013, Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong stated that "apart from numbers, that a strong Singapore core is also about the spirit of Singapore, who we are, what ideals we believe in and what ties bind us together as one people." According to a 2017 survey by the Institute of Policy Studies, 49% of Singaporeans identify with both Singaporeans and their ethnic identity equally, while 35% would exclusively identify as "Singaporeans."

Historical scholarship
Within the historical profession, the term "ethnogenesis" has been borrowed as a neologism to explain the origins and evolution of so-called barbarian ethnic cultures, stripped of its metaphoric connotations drawn from biology, of "natural" birth and growth. That view is closely associated with the Austrian historian Herwig Wolfram and his followers, who argued that such ethnicity was not a matter of genuine genetic descent ("tribes").

Rather, using Reinhard Wenskus' term Traditionskerne ("nuclei of tradition"), ethnogenesis arose from small groups of aristocratic warriors carrying ethnic traditions from place to place and generation to generation. Followers would coalesce or disband around these nuclei of tradition; ethnicities were available to those who wanted to participate in them with no requirement of being born into a "tribe". Thus, questions of race and place of origin became secondary.

Proponents of ethnogenesis may claim it is the only alternative to the sort of ethnocentric and nationalist scholarship that is commonly seen in disputes over the origins of many ancient peoples such as the Franks, Goths, and Huns. It has also been used as an alternative to the Near East's "race history" that had supported Phoenicianism and claims to the antiquity of the variously called Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac peoples.

title: Ethnogenesis


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Clayton Zane

Clayton Zane (born 12 July 1977) is an Australian association football coach and former player, who played as a striker.

In the 2001 season, he was the top scorer and awarded the Kniksen award as Striker of the Year in Norway. He earned 14 caps for the Australia national team, scoring six goals. His last club as a player was R.S.C. Anderlecht, where a two-year-long injury prematurely ended his career in late 2005.

Following his retirement from playing Zane worked as a coach at Newcastle Jets, serving as a head coach in 2014.

Club career
Zane was first brought to Europe as a relative unknown by Norwegian team Molde. After scoring no goals in 14 matches he was sold to Lillestrøm. In his first season in Lillestrøm he ended top scorer of the Norwegian Premier League with 17 goals and he was voted Norwegian Player of the Year some weeks later. He was then sold to Belgian club R.S.C. Anderlecht in 2002 where he scored twice in ten games.

International career
Zane represented the Australia national team at the 2001 Confederations Cup and is best remembered for scoring the only goal when Australia defeated subsequent champion France in the group stage. He scored a hat-trick for Australia against Cook Islands in June 2000. Zane was a member of the Australian squad at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.

Coaching career
On 9 August 2011, it was announced that Zane had signed a contract to be the coach of the Newcastle Jets W-League team.

On 8 June 2012, he was announced as the youth team coach of the Newcastle United Jets Youth Squad.

In January 2014 Newcastle Jets head coach Gary van Egmond was sacked due to poor results and Zane was appointed interim head coach until the end of the season. The club chose to appoint Phil Stubbins as head coach of the club for the following season and returned Zane to the position of 1st team assistant coach.

Zane, along with goalkeeping coach Neil Young and strength & conditioning coach Andrew Packer were sacked as part of a club cleanout of players and staff.

On 7 September 2016, Zane became the caretaker coach of the Newcastle Jets after the termination of Scott Miller. Zane is regarded as well liked by the playing group and has a "Calming presence".

Career statistics

 * Scores and results list Australia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zane goal.

Honours
Individual
 * Norwegian Premier League top scorer: 2001
 * Kniksen award: Striker of the Year 2001

title: Clayton Zane


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El Cerrito del Norte station

El Cerrito del Norte station (Spanish for "The Northern Little Hill") is a Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station located on Cutting Boulevard in El Cerrito, California. The station is served by the Orange and Red lines. Located near San Pablo Avenue and Interstate 80, it serves as a regional transit hub for local AC Transit bus services, and for commuter feeder services from Solano, Napa, and Marin Counties in the North Bay plus western Contra Costa County. Opened in 1973, the station was renovated in 2017–2021 to add additional elevators, stairs, and lobby space.

The station features large parking areas throughout, including surface parking and a four-story parking garage on the east side. There are also reserved bicycle lockers and open air racks available. There is a kiss and ride and taxi zone on the east side of the station. The Ohlone Greenway runs through the station area.

History
The BART Board approved the name "El Cerrito del Norte" in December 1965. El Cerrito del Norte station opened on January 29, 1973 when service began between MacArthur station and Richmond station. As with El Cerrito Plaza station, the escalator walls feature tile mosaics by Alfonso Pardiñas. Seismic retrofitting of the parking garage took place in 2010.

A 2004 study recommending expanding the station paid area, platforms, and vertical logistics (more stairs and elevators within the paid area) to allow more passengers to use the station and decrease dwelling times during congested alighting times. Conceptual plans for modernization of the two El Cerrito stations were released in December 2013. By 2017 the station had more than 9,000 passengers boarding per weekday, exceeding its design capacity. BART awarded the construction contract for the $33.9 million station expansion that February, with an expected completion in May 2019.

The expanded paid area, new elevators and stairs, and updated bus boarding area were completed in February 2021. The second phase of the renovation, which included new restrooms and a new busway, was completed on March 29, 2021. It also included the installation of El Cerrito Homes, two porcelain tile murals by artist Kyungmi Shin.

BART developed a station improvement plan in 2004 to create a transit village in the surrounding area. The city of El Cerrito is additionally planning and searching for funds to develop the area around the station as a transit oriented development (TOD) similar to other transit villages, with the reservation that the development must be appropriately scaled. An apartment complex to be built on a former parking area was approved in 2017. , BART anticipates soliciting developer proposals by 2028.

Bus connections
El Cerrito del Norte station serves as the primary northern bus terminal for the Richmond branch due to its proximity to I-80 (compared to the Richmond BART station). A two-lane busway on the west side of the station, plus additional stops on San Pablo Avenue and on the east side of the station, as are used by five public transit agencies. AC Transit provides both local and express service, while the other agencies provide commuter-oriented express service from western Contra Costa County, Marin County, Napa County, and Solano County. Flixbus intercity bus service and a California Department of Public Health employee shuttle also serve the station.
 * AC Transit: 7, 72, 72M, 72R, 76, 376, 667, 800, L
 * Golden Gate Transit: 580, 580X, 704
 * Napa VINE: 29
 * SolanoExpress (SolTrans): Red Line, Green Line
 * WestCAT: JL, JPX, JR, JX

title: El Cerrito del Norte station


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Health Care Card

The Australian Health Care Card is a card issued by the Australian Government which evidences the entitlement of the cardholder to concessions, such as the cost of some prescription medicines, medical services, and other government concessions. Eligibility for the card is determined by the eligibility (and registration) for various federal government welfare payments (see Centrelink). The benefits are clearly shown on the card. Some benefits (most notably public transport ones in some areas) are only available to recipients of certain Centrelink benefits.

The card is issued after an applicant has successfully applied for one or more of the associated payments. The card is valid for six months, after which time it is renewed if the holder continues to be in receipt of the payment for which the card was granted. This includes periods in which the holder received a "zero rate" of payment due to income reported.

Eligibility
A person may be eligible for a Low Income Health Care Card if they are not eligible to a Pensioner Concession Card. This is assessed through a separate claim to a health care card, based on the average weekly income received by the claimant (and their partner, if applicable) in the eight weeks prior to claiming the card. Income thresholds for the card vary depending on the claimant's circumstances (i.e.: if single, a member of a couple, and a member of a couple with children), which the threshold increasing based on the number of children in care. Eligibility for the card is reassessed every six months.

A claim may be made for a Health Care Card from the age of 16 onwards. Eligibility criteria vary depending on the age and circumstances of the claimant.

Benefits
A health care card will general cover the cardholder's family (cardholder, partner and children). An exception to this may be where a partner does not meet residency requirements for a health care card, or where the health care card has been issued in conjunction with a claim for Carer Allowance (in which case the card will be in the name of the person being cared for, and not the payment recipient).

Advantages of holding the card can include reduced:
 * health care costs including PBS medicines, ambulance transportation, dental care and eye care
 * public transport costs in many areas (excluding Queensland)
 * water rates
 * gas and electricity bills.

Some private businesses may also give discounts to cardholders, which are subject to the discretion of the provider, and are not administered by Centrelink.

title: Health Care Card


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Anatoli Gerk

Anatoli Anatolyevich Gerk (Анатолий Анатольевич Герк; born 20 November 1984) is a Russian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Club career
Gerk previously played for Anderlecht in the Belgian First Division and Twente in the Dutch Eredivisie.

In 2007, Gerk returned to Russia to sign with Saturn Ramenskoye which was managed by Gadzhi Gadzhiyev. He failed to make an appearance for the club, and only played for the reserves, scoring one goal against Shinnik Yaroslavl. In March 2009, he signed a contract with Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast. In 2011, he joined Mordovia Saransk, where he was part of the team winning the second-tier Russian Football National League in the 2011–12 season. In 2012–13, he returned to play for Ural. In 2014, Gerk signed with FC Tambov.

International career
Gerk took part in the 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Championship where he scored the only goal of the Russia team during the tournament against the Turkey, which proved to also be the 1–0 winner.

Honours
Anderlecht
 * Belgian First Division: 2003–04

Mordovia Saransk
 * Russian Football National League: 2011–12

Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast
 * Russian Football National League: 2012–13

title: Anatoli Gerk


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Vivian Fine

Vivian Fine (28 September 1913 – 20 March 2000) was an American composer.

Life
Fine was born in Chicago to David and Rose Fine. A piano prodigy, she became at age five the youngest student ever to be awarded a scholarship at the Chicago Musical College. At age eleven she became a student of Scriabin disciple Djane Lavoie-Herz. Fine composed her first piece at thirteen while studying harmony with Ruth Crawford, who considered Fine her protégée. Through Madame Herz and Crawford, Fine met Henry Cowell, Imre Weisshaus, and Dane Rudhyar, who were supporters of her talent.

Professional career
Fine made her professional debut as a composer at age sixteen with performances in Chicago, New York (Solo for Oboe, at a Pan-American Association of Composers' concert) and Dessau (Four Pieces for Two Flutes, at an International Society of Contemporary composers' concert). In 1931, the 18-year-old Fine moved to New York to further her studies. She was a member of Aaron Copland's Young Composers Group, and a participant at the first Yaddo Festival in 1932. In 1937 she helped found the American Composers Alliance and served as its vice-president from 1961 to 1965. In addition to her career as a composer, Fine continued to perform. In the 1930s she was perhaps the best-known performer of contemporary piano music in New York. She premiered works of Charles Ives, Aaron Copland, Brant, Henry Cowell, Rudhyar, and others, and studied piano with Abby Whiteside from 1937 to 1945.

Compositional style and themes
Fine's early compositional style was highly dissonant and contrapuntal. In 1934 she began a nine-year course of composition studies with Roger Sessions, and her work became for a time more tonal, as exemplified by Suite in E Flat (1940) and Concertante for Piano and Orchestra (1944). In 1946, with Capriccio for Oboe and String Trio and The Great Wall of China, she returned to a freer mode of expression, to which she adhered for the remainder of her career, steadily expanding her expressive and generic range. She employed diverse techniques corresponding to a wide range of musical subjects. Henry Brant noted that "No two Fine pieces are alike either in subject matter or instrumentation; each new work appears to generate its own style appropriate to the subject, and there are no mannerisms which persist from work to work."

Notable in Fine's work is a sense of fun, either as a major element in the piece (The Race of Life, Memoirs of Uliana Rooney) or as a humorous section or reference inserted into a more serious piece (The Women in the Garden, Songs and Arias).

Fine wrote extensively for voice, employing the poetry of Shakespeare, Racine, Dryden, Keats, Whitman, Dickinson, Kafka, Neruda, and others in a wide variety of settings. She composed two chamber operas, The Women in the Garden (1978) and Memoirs of Uliana Rooney (1994). In The Women in the Garden, Fine used the writings of Emily Dickinson, Virginia Woolf, Isadora Duncan and Gertrude Stein to fashion conversations among the four women and a tenor representing the various men in their lives. Memoirs of Uliana Rooney (1994), Fine's last major composition, is a contemporary opera buffa, with libretto and videography by Sonya Friedman. The work, autobiographical in spirit if not in factual detail, follows American composer Uliana Rooney as she journeys through the 20th century, surviving changing political climates and several husbands to ultimately triumph.

Awards, accolades, and legacy
Among Fine's many awards were a Guggenheim Fellowship, grants from the Ford, Rockefeller, Ditson, Woolley, Koussevitsky, Reader's Digest and Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge foundations, several grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, and the Dollard and Yaddo Awards. In 1980, she was elected to the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. For many years, Fine was a beloved member of the faculty of Bennington College in Vermont, where her students included composer Patsy Rogers. Her 1982 orchestral suite Drama for Orchestra was a finalist for the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Music''. ''

Fine's manuscripts are housed at the Library of Congress.

Death
She died in Bennington, at the age of 86, following an automobile accident.

title: Vivian Fine


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Yamaha XV750

The Yamaha XV750 or Virago 750 was a Yamaha V-twin cruiser motorcycle. Made from 1981 to 1983 and 1988 to 1998, it was part of Yamaha's Virago line of cruisers. It was Yamaha's first foray into the V-twin cruiser market and shares a frame and many components with the larger XV1100 Virago.

title: Yamaha XV750


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User:The Minister of War/Sandbox/Fight1

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title: User:The Minister of War/Sandbox/Fight1


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User:The Minister of War/Sandbox/Troop1

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title: User:The Minister of War/Sandbox/Troop1


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Beeley

Beeley is a village and civil parish in northern Derbyshire, England. Located near Bakewell in the Derbyshire Dales, it is situated on the B6012 road, between Rowsley and Edensor. The civil parish population at the 2011 Census was 195.

It is part of the Peak District National Park, and has been part of the Chatsworth estate since the 18th century, when the Duke of Devonshire bought Beeley Hill Top and then much of the property piecemeal. Beeley Old Hall dates from the 17th century. On School Lane there is an outdoor centre called Dukes Barn.

The Peak District Boundary Walk runs through the village.

title: Beeley