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UKErevyen

UKErevyen (literally meaning "The revue of UKA") is the traditional revue shown during the biannual cultural festival UKA in Trondheim, Norway.

Overview
The revue UKErevyen has been made by students every second year since the beginning in 1917, except during World War II, in order to supply the students' society with enough money to run for another two years. During the years, both the revue and its subsequent festival has grown continuously.

In detail
Back in 1917, the newly founded students' community in Trondheim (Samfundet) was in a financial crisis. As a last resort, the students made a revue on their own; the revenue were to assure the future of Samfundet. The boss of Samfundet's own theatre got a script from the student theatre in Oslo, and managed to talk the others into trying to make money on it, despite the fact that the earlier shows they had put on had just worsened the financial situation. Less than a month later, the first UKErevy (revue of UKA) premiered. The show lasted for a week (a "week" in Norwegian is "uke", hence the name UKA, "the week") and was a huge success. After a couple of years the money was spent, the urge and need was back, and thus a tradition began: Every second year a show would be put on to assure Samfundet's future. However, from now on, they would write the material themselves.

The first UKA revues were never really finished before opening, and it wasn't before the 1933 NÆMESiS that the audience could experience a large-scale, thoroughly worked-with revue. From now on the UKErevy became a more professional revue.

During the 1930s the revues were coloured by the social and political disturbances in Europe. The 1939 revue Tempora criticized largely the rearmament and racial discrimination seen on the continent. The revue's poster, where a threatening giant lizard arises behind partying students, proved an omen of what to come.

The line of festivals was itself affected by World War II, as the nazis took over the community's house and thus in 1941 and 1943 there was no revue shown. However, the 2005 revue Origo tells the story of a show indeed being written and rehearsed in 1943, on the authority of Norwegian Nazi sympathizer Vidkun Quisling, in order to turn the citizens of Trondheim to the nazi's side. However, the show was sabotaged by a Norwegian rebel, not unlike the sabotage at Rjukan during the war. Quisling discovered the day before the premiere that his revue made fun of the nazis instead of portray them well, and in rage he demanded the revue cancelled. Origo further on tells that the script, film reels and costumes was found below Samfundet during a renovation in 2005, and so a reconstruction of the sabotaged never-existing play Quiss-e-ling could be shown in the 2005 revue, to acclaim the until-now unknown war hero.

Already in 1945, UKErevyen was back with Go-a-head, an optimistic show that looked forward, telling the viewers not to let blame and hatred reign. 1947's Fandango, however, had already discovered the Cold War, and in a time where most Norwegians focused on rebuilding the country, the revue warned about the technological society and uncritical use of science.

Themes brought up over the years include communism, worshipping one's own reflection, technology hype, and more recently, the new generation of people who has everything they want and still want more, and coping with the world's numerous demands to you as an individual, when you perhaps should listen more to yourself.

Since the beginning, the revue has grown largely in both terms of the number of people involved and revenue. As mentioned; over the years a full-blown festival blossomed up around the revue. Its primary goal is still to keep the students' community running, and 2003 was in fact the first year in the history of UKA and UKErevyen that Samfundet made enough money on its own to be able to survive without UKA. The festival and its heart, the revue, is regardlessly continuing to prosper, and "the week" now ironically lasts over three weeks. During the 24 days the festival lasts, the revue is shown 30 times, selling somewhere around 25.000 tickets.

Traditions
Both UKA and the revue has many traditions. Some evolve over time, likewise some fade out and are forgotten as new students arrive to arrange new festivals. Thus, it's just as hard to determine how old the current traditions are, as it is to try to find out what traditions are lost. One set of traditions concern the name of UKErevyen, which also becomes the name of the entire festival.

The content
A few traditions follow the revue itself as well.

Songwise, there must be a song about or related to drinking and one that revolves around the city in which the revue is played, Trondheim. A tradition that used to be, is that there should be a song about being a student. This tradition is, to some extent, awoken again in 2005.

When it comes to the sketches, few traditions remain. There is said to be a "rule" that at least one of the skits have to include some kind of animal.

title: UKErevyen


text: Talk:Michael Bossy Trophy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Michael Bossy Trophy


text:
User talk:Muchness

Auckland Museum Wiki-Award

 * Thank you! --Muchness (talk) 02:08, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Your GA nomination of Mountain Fountain
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Your GA nomination of Mountain Fountain
The article Mountain Fountain you nominated as a good article has passed ; see Talk:Mountain Fountain for comments about the article, and Talk:Mountain Fountain/GA1 for the nomination. Well done! If the article has never appeared on the Main Page as a "Did you know" item, and has not appeared within the last year either as "Today's featured article", or as a bold link under "In the news" or in the "On this day" prose section, you can nominate it within the next seven days to appear at DYK. Bolded names with dates listed at the bottom of the "On this day" column do not affect DYK eligibility. Message delivered by ChristieBot, on behalf of Cessaune -- Cessaune (talk) 03:43, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Muchness


text:
Long March 2

Long March 2 rocket family or Chang Zheng 2 rocket family as in Chinese pinyin is an expendable launch system operated by the People's Republic of China. The rockets use the abbreviations LM-2 family for export, and CZ-2 family within China, as "Chang Zheng" means "Long March" in Chinese pinyin. They are part of the larger Long March rocket family. Development and design falls mostly under the auspices of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT).

History
Long March 2 was the original model in the Long March 2 rocket family, which was derived from China's first ICBM, the DF-5. The development work began in 1970. The first rocket was launched on November 5, 1974, but the launch failed. After the failed first launch of Long March 2, its design was slightly modified and designated as Long March 2A. Long March 2A was successfully launched in 1975. The production of the Long March 2A ended in 1979.

Long March 2C and Long March 2D's first launches occurred in 1982 and 1992 respectively.

The Long March 2E was the first in the Long March rocket family to introduce liquid rocket boosters, as well as a solid rocket perigee kick stage, to improve its GTO payload capacity to satisfy the domestic and international launch market in the 1990s. It was first launched in 1992. However, the Long March 2E had problems with excessive vibration, destroying the Optus B2 and Apstar 2 satellites and damaging AsiaSat 2. After 2 failures and 1 partial failure, the Long March 2E was withdrawn from the market after just 5 years in operation.

The development of Long March 2F began in 1992 as a human-rated version of the Long March 2E. Its first launch was in November 1999 (See also Shenzhou 1). This version is the safest model in the Long March 2 family, with 11 launches and no failure record. An unmanned derivative called Long March 2F/G carries the bulkier Tiangong space laboratories.

Long March 2D and Long March 4 were developed by the Shanghai Academy of Space Flight Technology (SAST), while all others are developed by CALT.

Long March 3
The designations Long March 2A and Long March 2B were originally applied to design studies of Long March 2 derivatives for geostationary payloads. Long March 2A would use a cryogenic third stage, and Long March 2B a hypergolic one. Neither design was finalized. The 2A design was adopted as the Long March 3.

Launch history
The following launch statistics are gathered from the individual Wikipedia pages of each CZ-2x variants as those pages are updated more frequently by various editors; the numbers are current as of 13 November, 2023.

title: Long March 2


text:
Clarendon-Linden fault system

The Clarendon-Linden fault system is a major series of fault lines in western New York state,

title: Clarendon-Linden fault system


text:
Talk:Intrinsic and extrinsic properties (philosophy)

I was looking for relational properties but they are not even here.91.92.179.156 (talk) 09:33, 18 May 2008 (UTC) Yes, they are the extrinsic ones, as stated in the first paragraph of the article, you just have to wrap your mind around the word "extrinsic" instead of "relational" when you think of it ! Or you could just add a "relational properties" redirection page to here. Zigomar7 (talk) 19:00, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

Is mass really an intrinsic property ?
I want to manifest against the cited example : "mass is an intrinsic property", since mass will also change with context, the mass will increase with speed, speed being relative to the environment, but maybe looking at things this way there is nothing left that is intrinsic, which seems an interesting proposition, but I'm not sure I can draw any useful conclusions of it - feel free to comment if you have some hints ? Zigomar7 (talk) 19:00, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

 * What you praobably mean is energy, in this case: energy of movement. Energy of movement increases with speed. Mass is measured in (kilo)grams, and this does not change with speed. See the article "Mass"! Steue (talk) 04:48, 16 May 2019 (UTC)

Intrinsic example
Does any significant source actually claim that guns are intrinsically evil? The reference does make the claim that people do, but I'd want to see a reliable source actually making such a claim; otherwise, it sounds rather like a strawman to me. --J. Randall Owens (talk) 04:56, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

Valuable or not
In: "3.1 Intrinsicism".

First: Value is on a scale (a scalar). Even a sandcorn has some value. There is no such thing as a valueless thing. A piece of ricin of the size or mass of a dust flake, if introduced into a body, is said to be enough to kill a man within a few days.

Second: The value of a thing depends on the person. For example: To one person a specific lock of hair means everything and he would run into a burning house to rescue this lock, but to all other people it means almost nothing.

A thing is as valuable as a specific person: can make use of it or is willing to pay a specific price for it.

Intrinsicism is: pre-occupation and ignorance of the reality.

Steue (talk) 05:18, 16 May 2019 (UTC)


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Austrian Littoral

The Austrian Littoral (Österreichisches Küstenland, Litorale Austriaco, Austrijsko primorje, Avstrijsko primorje, Osztrák Tengermellék) was a crown land (Kronland) of the Austrian Empire, established in 1849. It consisted of three regions: the Margraviate of Istria in the south, Gorizia and Gradisca in the north, and the Imperial Free City of Trieste in the middle. The region has been contested frequently, with parts of it controlled at various times by the Republic of Venice, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Yugoslavia among others.

The Kingdom of Italy annexed most of the area after World War I according to the Treaty of London and later the Treaty of Rapallo. After World War II it was split, with Italy in the west and Yugoslavia in the east.

Trieste had strategic importance as Austria-Hungary's primary seaport, and the coast of the Littoral was a resort destination known as the Austrian Riviera. The region was a multi-ethnic one, with Italians, Slovenes, Croats, Germans and Friulians being the main groups. In 1910, it had an area of 7969 km² and a population of 894,287.

History
The territory of the medieval Patriarchate of Aquileia had gradually been conquered by the Republic of Venice (Domini di Terraferma) until the early 15th century. In the east, the Habsburg archdukes of Austria, based on the March of Carniola they held from 1335, had gained suzerainty over Istrian Pazin in 1374 and the port of Trieste in 1382. They also purchased Duino and Rijeka (Fiume) on the northern Adriatic coast in 1474, and inherited more territory in Friuli when the Counts of Görz line died out in 1500. In 1511, Emperor Maximilian I annexed the city of Gradisca from Venice. The Habsburgs did little initially to consolidate or develop their holdings in the Littoral. The supremacy of the Republic of Venice in the Adriatic, and the Austrian archdukes' attention to the threat posed to them by an expanding Ottoman Empire, gave them little opportunity to enlarge their coastal possessions. Incorporated into the Austrian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, Görz, Trieste and Istria remained separately administered and retained their autonomy until the 18th century.

Emperor Charles VI increased the sea power of the Habsburg monarchy by making peace with the Ottomans and declaring free shipping in the Adriatic. In 1719, Trieste and Fiume were made free ports. In 1730, administration of the Littoral was unified under the Intendancy in Trieste. However, in 1775, Emperor Joseph II put the two main ports under separate administration, assigning Trieste as the port for the Austrian "hereditary lands" and Fiume for the Kingdom of Hungary. Shortly after that, Trieste was merged with the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca in the north.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the Habsburg monarchy gained Venetian lands in the Istrian Peninsula and the Quarnero (Kvarner) Islands as part of the Treaty of Campo Formio of 1797. However, these territories and all of the new Austrian Empire's Adriatic lands were soon lost to the French Empire's puppet state the Kingdom of Italy, by the Treaty of Pressburg of 1805. The 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn then transferred the area to the Illyrian Provinces, which were directly ruled by France.

When Napoleon was later defeated, the Austrian Empire regained the region. In 1813, all of the Littoral including Trieste, Gorizia and Gradisca, all of Istria, the Quarnero Islands, Fiume, and the hinterland of Fiume, Civil Croatia, including Karlstadt (Karlovac), became one administrative unit. From 1816, the Littoral was a part of the Austrian Empire's Kingdom of Illyria. In 1822, Fiume and Civil Croatia were separated from the territory and ceded to the Kingdom of Hungary (and in 1849 went to Croatia).

The Littoral was officially the Triest (Trieste) Province, one of two gouvernements (provinces) of the kingdom, the other being Laibach (Ljubljana). It was subdivided into four kreise (districts): Görz (Gorizia), including Gorizia and the Julian March; Istrien (Istria), which was eastern Istria and the Quarnero Islands; Triest (Trieste), which was the Trieste hinterland and Western Istria; and the Triester Stadtgebiet (city of Trieste).

Around 1825, the Littoral was reorganized into only two subdivisions: Istria, with its capital at Mitterburg (Pisino/Pazin), and Gorizia. Trieste and its immediate surroundings were put under the direct control of the crown, separate from the local administrative structure.

In 1849, the Kingdom of Illyria was dissolved and the Littoral became a separate crown land with a governor in Trieste. It was formally divided into the Margravate of Istria and the Princely County (Gefürstete Grafschaft) of Gorizia and Gradisca with Trieste remaining separate from both.

By the 1861 February Patent, Gorizia and Gradisca and Istria became administratively separate entities and, in 1867, Trieste received separate status as well, and the Littoral was divided into the three crown lands of the Imperial Free City of Trieste and its suburbs, the Margraviate of Istria, and the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, which each had separate administrations and Landtag assemblies, but were all subject to a k.k. statholder at Trieste.

Following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Littoral fell within Italy's newly expanded borders as part of the Julian March. An area of similar extent under the name of Adriatic Littoral (Adriatisches Küstenland) was one of the operational zones of German forces during World War II after the capitulation of Italy in September 1943 until the end of the war. After World War II, most of it was included in the Second Yugoslavia.

Today Croatia and Slovenia each hold portions of the territory, and the city of Trieste remains under Italian rule. The name of the region lives on in its Slovene version, Primorska (Slovenian Littoral), a region of Slovenia.

Area and population
Area:
 * Gorizia and Gradisca: 2,918 km2
 * Istria: 4,956 km2
 * Triest: 95 km2

Population (1910 Census):
 * Gorizia and Gradisca: 260,721 - 89.3 persons/km2
 * Istria: 403,566 - 81.4 persons/km2
 * Triest: 230,000 - 2414.8 persons/km2

Linguistic composition
According to the last Austrian census of 1910 (1911 in Trieste), the Austrian Littoral was composed of the following linguistic communities:

Total:
 * Italian: 356,676 (including estimated 60,000–75,000 Friulian language speakers) (39.85%)
 * Slovene: 266.845 (29.82%)
 * Croatian: 170,706 (19.08%)
 * German: 29,615 (3.31%)
 * Other languages or unknown: 66,560 (7.44%)

Gorizia and Gradisca:
 * Slovene: 154,564 (58%)
 * Italian: 90,119 (including 60,000–75,000 Friulian-speakers) (36%)
 * German: 4,486 (2%)

Trieste:
 * Italian: 118,957 (51.85%)
 * Slovene: 56,845 (24.78%)
 * German: 11,856 (5.17%)
 * Serbo-Croatian: 2,403 (1.05%)
 * Other: 779 (0.34%)
 * Non-Austrian citizens, among them 75% from Italy: 38,597 (16.82%)

Istria:
 * Serbo-Croatian: 168,184 (43.5%)
 * Italian: 147,417 (38.1%)
 * Slovene: 55,134 (14.3%)
 * German: 12,735 (3.3%)

The Austrian censuses did not count ethnic groups, nor the mother tongue, but the "language of daily interaction" (Umgangssprache). Except for a small Serbian community in Trieste and the village of Peroj in Istria.

After 1880, Italian and Friulian languages were counted under one category, as Italian. The estimated number of Friulian speakers can be extrapolated from the Italian census of 1921, the only one in the 20th century when Friulian was counted as a distinct linguistic category. The Austrian Littoral had a large number of foreign nationals (around 71,000 or 7.9% of the overall population), which were not asked about their language of interaction. More than half of them resided in the city of Trieste. The majority were citizens of the Kingdom of Italy, followed by citizens of the Kingdom of Hungary (part of the Dual Monarchy) and the German Empire. It can be supposed that the majority of these foreign citizens were Italian speakers, followed by German, Croatian (from Rijeka and Croatia-Slavonia) and Slovene (from Venetian Slovenia), and Hungarian speakers.

Gorizia and Gradisca

 * Gorizia City (Stadt Görz)
 * Gorizia (Görz Land)
 * Gradisca
 * Monfalcone (Falkenberg)
 * Sežana (Sesana)
 * Tolmin (Tolmein, Tolmino)

Istria

 * Koper (Capodistria)
 * Krk (Veglia)
 * Lošinj (Lussin)
 * Poreč (Parenzo)
 * Pazin (Mitterburg, Pisino)
 * Pula (Pola)
 * Volosko (Volosca)

title: Austrian Littoral


text:
Pecs

Pecs may refer to:
 * Pécs, a city in Hungary
 * Pécsi MFC, a football club in the Hungarian city
 * The pectoralis major, a major human muscle
 * PECS, the Picture Exchange Communication System, a means of communication for children on the autism spectrum
 * PECS, Plan for European Cooperating State, European Space Agency enlargement charters

title: Pecs


text: User talk:81.214.99.135

title: User talk:81.214.99.135


text:
Riverland Community College

Riverland Community College is a public community college with three campuses in southeastern Minnesota: Albert Lea, Austin, and Owatonna. Founded in 1940, Riverland offers educational programs and courses to over 4,900 students annually through traditional, hybrid, and online delivery systems.

The college offers academic degrees including bachelor's degrees through partner institutions, Associate of Arts (two-year transfer degrees), Associate of Arts with Emphasis, Associate of Fine Arts, diplomas, and certificates.

Riverland Community College is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and is one of 31 institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities (now Minnesota State) system, Minnesota's largest provider of higher education.

1940: Austin Junior College
According to Academic Dean Ruben Meland’s document “Austin Junior College – Nine Years of Community Service”, Austin Junior College opened on September 3, 1940. Enrollment was 138 freshmen, served by a faculty of five full-time and four part-time instructors.

1951: Austin Area Vocational-Technical School
According to the “Selected Report on Austin Junior College Prepared for Minnesota Junior College Board dated December 1963”, “The Austin Area Vocational-Technical School was established in Austin, Minnesota as a part of the public school system in 1951 and at present (Dec. 1963) provides post high school training to an enrollment of about 250 in: Carpentry, Farm Equipment Mechanics, Welding, Machine Shop (tool & die), Automotive Mechanics, Auto Body Rebuilding, Industrial Electronics, Practical Nursing, and Cosmetology (beauty school).”

1966: Austin Junior College moves to new location, changes name to Austin State Junior College
Ruben Meland, college dean and president, wrote in his memoirs, “In June 1966, we moved our offices into the new administration wing and we opened for classes September 22, 1966, (our 26th year) with about 850 students and a faculty of 40. At this same time our name was officially changed to Austin State Junior College. The new college campus was officially dedicated on January 29, 1967.”

1968: Albert Lea Area Vocational-Technical School established
According to “A Brief History of the MN AVTI System and Directors”, “Albert Lea was tentatively approved by the State Board of Education on September 30, 1968. They received the final approval on November 4, 1968.” Mr. Wayne Broecker is the Director of the AVTI at Albert Lea.”

1971: Austin State Junior College Owatonna Extension Center opens
An Owatonna People’s Press advertisement dated September 16, 1971, reads, “Austin State Junior College Owatonna Extension Center, classes starting Monday, September 20, 1971 at 12:30 p.m.” An Owatonna People’s Press advertisement dated November 17, 1971 reads, “Let’s start college in Owatonna, Minnesota, Austin State Junior College. Owatonna campus located on the beautiful grounds of the State School.”

1972: Austin Area Vocational-Technical School changes name to Austin Area Vocational-Technical Institute
An undated document created for the Mower County Historical Society states, “During February of 1972 the move from the various sites started and the total moving of all programs to the new Austin Area Vocational-Technical School were completed in March of 1972. It was also during this time that the State Department of Education changed the names of all Area Vocational-Technical Schools to Area Vocational-Technical Institutes.”

1985: Owatonna Higher Education Center opens
A March 3, 1998, memo from Tim McManimon, Owatonna community leader, to John Gedker, college president, reads, “Riverland Community College has served the Owatonna area for the past 13 years, primarily in the area of customized training for business and industry. It is the Owatonna community vision to create a seamless link between education, work and the community."

1991: Minnesota Riverland Technical College
According to “Historical Overview 1945–1995, 50 Years Minnesota Technical College System”, “Minnesota Riverland Technical College, District #2501, was formed on July 1, 1991. MRTC is comprisedof [sic] the Austin, Faribault, and Rochester campuses and the Owatonna Technical Training Center.”

1996: Riverland Community College established on July 1, 1996
A November 1996 memorandum from John Gedker, college president, reads, “Riverland Community College was established on July 1, 1996. Austin Community College (established in 1940 as Austin Junior College), Riverland Technical College–Austin (established in 1951 as Austin Area Vocational School) and Owatonna campuses, and South Central Technical College–Albert Lea (established in 1968 as Albert Lea Technical Education Center) campuses merged to form Riverland Community College.”

2001: Owatonna College & University Center
According to a March 22, 2003, Owatonna People’s Press article, “January 14, 2002 was the first day classes were held at Owatonna College and University Center. Currently, Riverland is the host institution at OCUC and also offers classes at the site. Concordia University, St. Paul; Minnesota State University, Mankato; Southwest State University; University of St. Thomas; and South Central Technical College also offer classes.”

2008: The Owatonna College And University Center (OCUC) is acquired by Minnesota State
The OCUC Celebration brochure dated February 17, 2009, states: “In April 2008, Gov. Tim Pawlenty signed into law a bonding bill that allowed the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system to acquire the Owatonna College & University Center. On December 31, 2008, MnSCU finalized the sale. Three Partners. One Purpose. Minnesota State University, Mankato, Riverland Community College, and South Central College."

Notable alumni

 * Alvin Baldus, U.S. Representative from Wisconsin, 1975-1981
 * Sandy Wollschlager, Minnesota state representative and chemist

title: Riverland Community College


text: User talk:69.8.148.130

title: User talk:69.8.148.130


text:
Lou Taylor Pucci

Lou Taylor Pucci (born July 27, 1985) is an American actor who first appeared on film in Rebecca Miller's Personal Velocity: Three Portraits in 2002. Pucci had his breakthrough leading role in Thumbsucker (2005), for which he won a Special Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival and the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin Film Festival. Pucci then starred in The Chumscrubber (2005), Fast Food Nation (2006), The Go-Getter (2007), Explicit Ills (2008), and Carriers (2009). Pucci had starring roles in the 2013 Evil Dead remake, as well as The Story of Luke (2013) and Spring (2014).

Early life and education
Pucci was born in Seaside Heights, New Jersey. His mother, Linda Farver, is a former model and beauty queen (Miss Union County), and his father, Louis Pucci, worked as a guitarist for the bands The Watch and Leap of Faith. He has two brothers and one sister Penelope. At the age of two, he moved to Keansburg, New Jersey. He is a graduate of Christian Brothers Academy in Lincroft, New Jersey.

Career
He first acted at the age of ten in a hometown production of Oliver!. Two years later he acted as an understudy on Broadway playing Freidrich in The Sound of Music. He can be seen in Arie Posin's The Chumscrubber, the HBO miniseries Empire Falls, and starring as the lead in Mike Mills' film Thumbsucker, for which he received the Special Jury Prize for Acting at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival and the Silver Bear Award for Best Actor at the 2005 Berlin Film Festival. He also played "St. Jimmy" in Green Day's "Jesus of Suburbia" music video (with Thumbsucker co-star Kelli Garner).

In 2009, Pucci had three films that screened at the Sundance Film Festival: Brief Interviews with Hideous Men, directed by John Krasinski; The Informers, with Billy Bob Thornton, Winona Ryder, Kim Basinger and Mickey Rourke, based on Bret Easton Ellis' collection of short stories of the same name; and The Answer Man (formerly Arlen Faber and The Dream of the Romans) with Jeff Daniels and Lauren Graham. Pucci was also a juror for the short film competition.

Pucci had roles in multiple indie films for the latter part of the decade, and had a leading role playing an autistic man in The Story of Luke (2013), alongside Seth Green. He also had a starring role in the Evil Dead (2013) remake, based on Sam Raimi's 1981 original and played one of the leading roles in the thriller Spring. In November 2014, Pucci starred as Teddy Courtney in a Law & Order: Special Victims Unit-Chicago P.D. crossover.

He also portrayed Ben in the horror film Ava's Possessions. In 2016, he starred alongside Michael Shannon in the western thriller Poor Boy, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2016.

In 2018, Pucci guest-starred in the first 3 episodes of Lifetime's thriller series You as Benji. In 2019 he guest-starred as Nock Nock in the FX comedy series You're the Worst, then went on to play a recurring role in American Horror Story: 1984.

title: Lou Taylor Pucci


text:
VARTA

VARTA AG (Vertrieb, Aufladung, Reparatur transportabler Akkumulatoren – lit. 'distribution, recharging and repair of portable accumulators') is a German company manufacturing batteries for global automotive, industrial, and consumer markets.

History
VARTA was founded by Adolf Müller in 1887, and established in 1904 as a subsidiary of Accumulatoren-Fabrik AFA. After World War I, VARTA together with AFA was acquired by German industrialist Günther Quandt and industrialist and VARTA CEO Dr. Carl Hermann Roderbourg. After World War II, most of the VARTA shares passed from Günther Quandt to his son, Herbert Quandt. The subsidiary in East Berlin was later occupied by the Soviet Union, and was named BAE Batterien.

In 1977, VARTA AG's businesses were split up by Herbert Quandt; battery and plastics operations were retained in VARTA AG, but the pharmaceuticals and specialty chemical businesses were transferred to a new company called Altana, and the electrical business was spun off into a company called CEAG. Herbert Quandt left the company's shares to his children.

In 2002, the consumer battery activities (excluding button cells) were sold to Rayovac. The automotive battery business was acquired by Johnson Controls. The button cell and home energy storage businesses were acquired by Montana Tech Components.

By 2006, VARTA AG had sold all its operating divisions, and the Quandts had sold their shares. VARTA AG then liquidated its remaining assets, contracts, liabilities and shareholdings, in particular the manufacture and sale of VARTA batteries, while continuing its company businesses.

On 19 October 2017,	11,600,000 shares of the VARTA AG were floated on the stock market (Prime Standard), with an additional 1,740,000 bought by underwriters (green shoe), out of a total of 38,200,000 shares. With an issue price of 17.50 euro the company had a value of 668.5 million euro. On 2 January 2019, American company Energizer Holdings, Inc. took control over VARTA's consumer battery segment. On 29 May 2019, VARTA AG signed an agreement to acquire the VARTA Consumer Batteries business for the Europe, Middle East and Africa regions (including the manufacturing and distribution facilities in Germany) from Energizer Holdings, which was completed on 2 January 2020.

title: VARTA


text:
Jared Lorenzen

Jared Raymond Lorenzen (February 14, 1981 – July 3, 2019) was an American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons with the New York Giants. He played college football for the Kentucky Wildcats, where he set the school records for passing yards and passing touchdowns, and was signed by the Giants as an undrafted free agent in 2004. At 285 lb (129 kg), Lorenzen was the heaviest quarterback to play in the NFL. He was nicknamed "Hefty Lefty" because of his weight and being left-handed.

Seeing little playing time in NFL, Lorenzen spent his entire career as a backup, although he was part of the Giants team that won Super Bowl XLII. Following a preseason stint with the Indianapolis Colts, Lorenzen played indoor football for the AF2, Ultimate Indoor Football League (UIFL), and Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL) from 2009 to 2014. He also served as the commissioner of the UIFL in 2012.

Lorenzen struggled with his weight throughout most of his life, which was exacerbated following a leg injury that ended his playing career. Amid various health complications deriving from his weight, he died in 2019 at the age of 38.

Early life
Lorenzen attended Highlands High School in Fort Thomas, Kentucky, and was a letterman in football, basketball, and baseball. In basketball, he was a three-year letterman and helped lead his team to Kentucky Sweet 16 appearances. As a junior, he passed for a Northern Kentucky-record 2,759 yards and 37 touchdowns in 13 games. As a senior in 1998, he completed 62 percent of his passes for 3,393 yards, 45 touchdowns and six interceptions. He also rushed for 904 yards (8.4 average per carry) and 15 TDs in leading Highlands to a 15–0 season and No.19 national ranking as a senior, earning him the Mr. Football Award. Five games into his senior season, Lorenzen committed to the University of Kentucky.

College career
When Lorenzen arrived at the University of Kentucky, he redshirted as a true freshman. As a redshirt freshman, he was named the team's starting quarterback by Wildcats head coach Hal Mumme ahead of returning starter Dusty Bonner. The move caused Bonner to transfer. Lorenzen's career at Kentucky was marked by two head coaching changes; Mumme departed as an investigation into NCAA rules violations brought down his staff and resulted in the program being placed on probation with scholarship limitations. After Lorenzen helped lead the team to a 7–5 record in 2002, head coach Guy Morriss left to become the head coach at Baylor University and was replaced by Rich Brooks, who designed plays in which Lorenzen lined up as a receiver while Shane Boyd played quarterback. Despite all the turmoil, Lorenzen set school records in total offense, passing yards, and passing touchdowns, eclipsing many marks set by 1999 NFL No. 1 overall draft pick Tim Couch.

New York Giants
Lorenzen was not selected in the 2004 NFL Draft and signed as undrafted free agent with the New York Giants. He declined an offer by coach Tom Coughlin to play in NFL Europe in 2005. Lorenzen was the third string quarterback for 2004 and 2005 for the Giants, behind starter Eli Manning and backup Tim Hasselbeck.

In the 2006 preseason, Lorenzen led his team to victory by engineering a game-winning drive against the Baltimore Ravens. Following that performance and an impressive training camp he was officially named the Giants' backup quarterback three weeks later. Lorenzen made his first appearance on the field in a Giants uniform on December 30, 2006. During this game, he was used for one play, a quarterback sneak to make a first down on a third-and-one. Lorenzen made his second appearance on Sunday, January 7, 2007, in the Giants' wild card loss against the Philadelphia Eagles. On the Giants' opening drive, he lined up at quarterback on a third-and-one and got the first down, "shifting the pile" in the process, on the way to a Giants touchdown. Lorenzen's first significant regular season appearance occurred on September 9, 2007, when he took over for the injured Manning in the fourth quarter of the season opener against the Dallas Cowboys. Lorenzen made both his first regular season pass and rush, but failed to earn a first down. He played again the following week, against the Green Bay Packers, completing three passes in five attempts for 21 yards. This proved to be his final appearance in the NFL, as Manning's injury did not cost him any further playing time and Lorenzen did not see further action in the 2007 season. He continued to serve as Manning's backup for the remainder of the season, which concluded with the Giants winning Super Bowl XLII against the then-undefeated New England Patriots and Lorenzen earning a championship ring. After the team's Super Bowl win, Lorenzen was released by the Giants on June 23, 2008.

Indianapolis Colts
On July 24, 2008, Lorenzen was signed by the Indianapolis Colts. He played during the preseason, but was waived during the final cuts for the 53-man roster.

Kentucky Horsemen
On February 10, 2009, Lorenzen was assigned to the Kentucky Horsemen of the AF2 league. The team went bankrupt and was dissolved in October 2009.

Coaching
After the Horsemen folded, Lorenzen retired as a player. On March 23, 2010, he was hired as the quarterbacks coach at his alma mater, Highlands High School, in Fort Thomas, Kentucky.

Northern Kentucky River Monsters
In 2011, Lorenzen returned to professional football, this time working as the general manager of the Northern Kentucky River Monsters of the Ultimate Indoor Football League. Still wanting to compete on the field, Lorenzen resigned as GM to become the team's starting quarterback. Lorenzen had a highly successful season, throwing for 81 touchdowns and winning the league's MVP award.

After gaining some positive press for his return to football, Lorenzen was named commissioner of the league after the 2011 season.

Owensboro Rage
Still wanting to play, Lorenzen quit the UIFL's top job and signed with the Owensboro Rage of the Continental Indoor Football League partway through the 2013 season. The Rage folded two weeks prior to the end of the season due to lack of funds.

Return to the River Monsters
Lorenzen returned to the River Monsters, by this point a member of the Continental Indoor Football League, on December 17, 2013. In Lorenzen's first game of the season, Lorenzen showed that he still had plenty of skill, side-stepping defenders. Lorenzen's play was filmed and the videos ended up all over the internet, overshadowing the River Monsters' 36–20 victory over the Bluegrass Warhorses. The following week, however, Lorenzen broke his tibia in a 42–30 loss to the Erie Explosion, ending his pro playing career.

Post-football career
Lorenzen was a guest host of the Lexington-based radio show Kentucky Sports Radio, mainly during UK football season. In 2015, he started a T-shirt company, ThrowboyTees.

On July 28, 2017, Lorenzen launched "The Jared Lorenzen Project", where he chronicled online his attempts at fighting his obesity, weighing over 500 lbs. By April 2018, Lorenzen had lost over 100 lbs. His story was documented by ESPN in July 2018.

Death
Lorenzen died on July 3, 2019, at age 38, from an acute infection, complicated by heart and kidney problems.

title: Jared Lorenzen


text: Template:Long March rockets

title: Template:Long March rockets


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Imperiali

Imperiali may refer to
 * Imperiali quota
 * Imperiali family

title: Imperiali


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Glass bottle

A glass bottle is a bottle made from glass. Glass bottles can vary in size considerably, but are most commonly found in sizes ranging between about 200 millilitres and 1.5 litres. Common uses for glass bottles include food condiments, soda, liquor, cosmetics, pickling and preservatives; they are occasionally also notably used for the informal distribution of notes. These types of bottles are utilitarian and serve a purpose in commercial industries.

History

Glass bottles and glass jars are found in many households worldwide. The first glass bottles were produced in Mesopotamia around 1500 B.C., and in the Roman Empire in around 1 AD. America's glass bottle and glass jar industry was born in the early 1600s, when settlers in Jamestown built the first glass-melting furnace. The invention of the automatic glass bottle-blowing machine in 1903 industrialized the process of making bottles.

Manufacture
The earliest bottles or vessels were made by ancient man. Ingredients were melted to make glass and then clay forms were dipped into the molten liquid. When the glass cooled off, the clay was chipped out of the inside leaving just the hollow glass vessel. This glass was very thin as the fire was not as hot as modern-day furnaces. The blowpipe was invented around 1 B.C. This allowed molten glass to be gathered on the end of the blow pipe and blown into the other end to create a hollow vessel. Eventually, the use of a mold was introduced, followed by the invention of a semi-automatic machine, called the Press and Blow, by Yorkshire Iron founder, Howard Matravers Ashley, in 1886. In 1904 Michael Owens invented the automatic bottle machine, after working on the production of Electric lightbulbs, in Ohio, for Edison.

Once made, bottles may suffer from internal stresses as a result of unequal, or too rapid cooling. An annealing oven, or 'lehr', is used to cool glass containers slowly to prevent stress and make the bottle stronger. When a glass bottle filled with liquid is dropped or subjected to shock, the water hammer effect may cause hydrodynamic stress, breaking the bottle.

Markings
Modern bottles, when moulded, will be given marks on the heel (bottom) of the bottle. These marks serve a variety of purposes, such as identifying the machine used in the production of the bottle (for quality control purposes), showing the manufacturer of the bottle, how much to fill the bottle to, the date the bottle was manufactured, as well as other information. Embossing on a bottle consists of raised lettering, numbers, and/or designs which were intended to inform the purchaser in some way of the contents or to establish ownership of the bottle.

Closures
Glass bottles have a variety of closures to seal up the bottle and prevent the contents escape. Early bottles were sealed with wax, and later stoppered with a cork. More common today are screw caps and stoppers.

Disposal
Glass recycling recovers a high rate of raw materials. Some countries have adopted container-deposit legislation to encourage recycling.

Examples
Common shapes in modern commerce include:
 * Boston round or Winchester bottles - cylinder with heavily rounded top and bottom; thick glass, typically clear, blue, or amber. Common in medical and scientific applications.
 * Long-necked or Woozy bottles - tall cylinder with a prominent neck, many of which are used as beer bottles
 * Wine bottle - very standard shape, mostly cylindrical but gradually narrowing into the neck
 * Spice bottles
 * Liquor bottles
 * Olive oil bottles - tall and relatively thin with a prominent neck. Marasca bottles are rectangular cuboids on the bottom and rounded on top; Dorica bottles are cylinders.

title: Glass bottle


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Long March 1D

The Long March 1D was a member of China's Long March rocket family. During the 1990s CALT developed an improved version of the DF-4 to test the reentry vehicle warheads of the DF-31. They took advantage of this development and offered it as the Long March 1D for commercial application. The modifications included:
 * An DF-4 improved first stage, which used the new version of the YF-2B, and switched propellants to UDMH/N2O4 for improved performance.
 * The replacement of the DF-4 second stage motor YF-3A. The proposed replacement was the Long March 4 third stage engine, the YF-40.
 * A new inline inter-stage would replace the existing tapered connector between the second and third stages, which allowed for an additional 70 cm diameter to be added to the third stage skirt. This would allow for the addition of RCS to the third stage.
 * A new third stage with a new motor, the FG-36 and an optional RCS.
 * A new computer inertial guidance system which enabled the third stage to be 3-axis stabilised for added precision.

The new design did not have a good reception and was only used for reentry vehicle tests. It flew three suborbital missions from Taiyuan LC-1 with two successes and a failure on the final mission. The first launch was on June 1, 1995 and the second one was in November 1997. The final and failed launch was on January 3, 2002.

title: Long March 1D


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Vampire Science

Vampire Science is the second novel in the BBC Books series, the Eighth Doctor Adventures, based upon the BBC's long-running science fiction television series, Doctor Who. It was written by Jonathan Blum and Kate Orman.

Synopsis
An ancient Time Lord enemy, 'vampires', have been spotted on earth. Some of these creatures want to co-exist with humanity, but others want to cause destruction.

Reviews

 * The Whoniverse's review of Vampire Science
 * Zealot Script's review on Vampire Science

title: Vampire Science


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Daren Sammy

Daren Julius Garvey Sammy (born 20 December 1983) is a Saint Lucian cricketer who played international cricket for the West Indies. He is currently serving as the head coach of the West Indies cricket team in limited overs cricket. On making his One-Day International (ODI) debut against Bangladesh in 2004, Sammy became the first person from the island of St Lucia to play international cricket. Three years later he made his Test debut against England, taking 7/66 which were the best bowling figures for a West Indian in his first Test since Alf Valentine in 1950. Under his captaincy West Indies won the 2012 and 2016 ICC WorldTwenty20. He is the only captain to win the T20 World Cup twice. He was also a member of the West Indies team that won the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy.

Sammy is the only captain to have won World T20 twice. He captained West Indies to the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 victory against Sri Lanka, West Indies' first major trophy for 8 years (having won the ICC Champions trophy against England in 2004). Sammy again captained West Indies to victory in the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 against England. Sammy captained Peshawar Zalmi in the Pakistan Super League from 2017 until 2020, when he stepped down due to fitness. He then agreed to a two-year head coaching contract for Peshawar Zalmi.

On 5 August 2016, Sammy was informed he was being dropped as T20I captain of West Indies.

In the 2017 Birthday Honours, Sammy was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to sports.

For his part in bringing back international cricket to Pakistan, Sammy received the highest civilian medal of Pakistan, Nishan-e-Pakistan on 23 March 2020. He was also awarded honorary Pakistani citizenship by the President of Pakistan Arif Alvi.

In June 2021, Sammy was appointed as a member of the Cricket West Indies (CWI) Board of Directors as an independent non-member director.

Debut
On 2 October 2001 Daren Sammy made his List A debut at the age of 17. Playing in the Red Stripe Bowl for the Northern Windward Islands against Jamaica he bowled nine overs without taking a wicket and scored 25 runs before he was run out as his team slid to defeat. Playing three matches Sammy was his team's second-highest run-scorer with 90 runs, and took one wicket. Sammy was a member of the West Indies team to the 2002 Under-19 World Cup, which was held that year in New Zealand; he made 22 runs and took three wickets. Other members of that team, which lost to Australia in the semi-final, included Dwayne Bravo, Narsingh Deonarine, Ravi Rampaul, Shane Shillingford, Lendl Simmons, and Gavin Tonge all of whom went on to play for the West Indies senior team.

Upon his return from New Zealand, Sammy was picked to attend the Shell Cricket Academy at St. George's University in Grenada in 2002. The scheme aimed to help what were considered the Caribbean's "brightest cricketing prospects" develop skills to help them professionally, including areas such as money management to complement their cricketing ability. Other notable players in that class – just a handful would go on to play senior cricket for West Indies – included Dwayne Smith, Narsingh Deonarine, Carlton Baugh, Daren Powell, and Omari Banks.

On 31 January 2003, Sammy made his first-class debut for the Windward Islands against Barbados in the 2002/03 Carib Beer Cup. Batting at number seven, he scored no runs before being dismissed by spin bowler Sulieman Benn in the first innings, but fared better in the second, scoring 25 and falling to Benn again. Sammy bowled six overs in the match without taking a wicket. He played one further match in that season's cup, again succumbing for a duck in the first innings and failing to take a wicket. In the second innings he recorded his maiden first-class half-century, scoring 53 runs from 70 balls before he was dismissed by spin bowler Mahendra Nagamootoo. At the start of the 2003 season in England, Sammy joined the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Young Cricketers. Whilst still a member of the Young Cricketers, Sammy was called to the West Indies to join the University of the West Indies Vice Chancellor's XI against England in a warm-up match.

First international experience
Following a successful domestic season in which Sammy finished as the Windward Islands' second highest wicket-taker in the Regional Four Day Competition with 22 scalps and 261 runs, he was the only uncapped player selected in the 15-man West Indies squad for the NatWest Triangular One Day International Series with England and New Zealand in June 2004. Counting in favour of his selection was Sammy's experience of English conditions: in 2003 he played for Barnes Cricket Club in the Middlesex Premier Cricket League. He subsequently earned his first West Indies cap in odd circumstances. Due to heavy rain the West Indies' match against New Zealand at the Rose Bowl was abandoned without a ball being bowled. But the captains had already completed the toss, and the fixture counts in ICC records as Sammy's first match.

In September, Sammy was recalled to the senior team in place of 22-year-old Jamaican fast bowler Jermaine Lawson who withdrew from the Champions Trophy squad with a stress fracture of the lower back. Sammy, at the age of 20, became the first international cricketer to emerge from St Lucia. For his actual playing debut, back at the Rose Bowl, Sammy took 1 wicket for 19 runs (1/19) off six overs and held on to three catches as West Indies beat Bangladesh by 138 runs. It was the only match Sammy played in the tournament. The West Indies went on to win the trophy, beating England in the final.

Early international career
When the West Indies toured India in January 2007 Sammy was included in the squad, with a chance to make his Test debut. However, shortly before the team departed, he suffered an injury that ruled him out of the tour. After that set-back, Sammy travelled to England in April and May where he played in the Central Lancashire League ahead of the West Indies' tour of the country in May. He was selected in the touring squad. This time, the team won the NatWest limited overs series. And the 23-year-old St Lucian won his first Test cap in the third Test match at Old Trafford on 7 June. He claimed his first Test wicket when he dismissed Alastair Cook caught by Dwayne Bravo, but his first innings was unremarkable save for his economy, giving up just 1.88 runs per over off 17 completed overs. In the second innings, though, Sammy caught England captain Michael Vaughan off his own bowling, with the England score 99/2. In his 17th over, he had Ian Bell caught behind by Ramdin. Next ball he had Matt Prior by the same route. A couple of balls later, on the same score he dismissed Liam Plunkett, caught by Bravo. Five wickets gone, four to Sammy, three in five balls. He continued his excellent debut, capturing the wickets of Steve Harmison and Monty Panesar, before snagging Paul Collingwood to end with seven wickets for 66 runs. His bowling figures were the best at Old Trafford since Malcolm Marshall's 7/22 in 1988, and the best by any West Indian on debut since Alf Valentine took 8/102 in 1950.

As an all-rounder Sammy did not cover himself in glory on that tour, averaging just 14.20 runs from 10 innings, twice unbeaten. He had just the tenth highest aggregate on a tour that included matches against Scotland and the Netherlands. As a bowler, he excelled with a team-best average of 17.72, 18 wickets (third on the team) from 93.5 overs (five other players bowled more overs than Sammy).

Sammy was called up to the Stanford Superstars, a team compiled by American billionaire Allen Stanford, when Dwayne Bravo pulled out with an injury. He was not slated to play the first game, but Shivnarine Chanderpaul had a neck strain that precluded his participation. So all Sammy did was to provide electric fielding and consistent bowling to force his way into the side. As expected, the Superstars made it to the series finale to face England. The prize money at stake was US$20 million, $1 million each to the players on the winning team. Bowling first, the Superstars dismissed England for 99 runs. Sammy took 2/13 and made one catch. He did not bat in the series.

During the 2008/09 Regional Four Day Competition, Sammy played seven matches for the Windward Islands, scoring 476 runs at an average of 43.27 (the second highest for the club that season) and recording his maiden first-class century. His innings of 121 came from 140 balls and was scored against Barbados who were fielding a bowling line up including Tino Best, Kemar Roach, and Corey Collymore who all had international experience. During the innings he also passed 2,000 runs in first-class cricket. Sammy took 23 wickets in the competition at an average of 21.65.

In July 2009, there was a pay dispute between the West Indies players and the West Indies Cricket Board (WICB). An understrength squad was picked for the series against Bangladesh. Of the 15 players named, nine were uncapped; Sammy was appointed vice-captain and in the Test seven West Indies players made their debut. The West Indies lost the series 2–0 as Bangladesh secured their first overseas series win. Sammy was the West Indies second-highest wicket-taker in the series with 12 wickets at an average of 17.33. he also scored 90 runs at an average of 22.50.

The WICB announced its central contracts in November 2009, and Sammy was included in the 33-man list. He was given a Grade B contract (the second-highest level) worth $80,000. His career-best Man of the Match figures of 4–26 in the third ODI in Saint Vincent & the Grenadines would have been more flattering still had captain Chris Gayle been able to hold on to a catch that would have given the tall Saint Lucian the distinction of becoming the first West Indian to take a five-fer in every form of the game; he had 5–26 off the same opponents in a Twenty20 International earlier in the series. West Indies bowled Zimbabwe for 104, having made 245.

In the fourth ODI, Sammy took 1–24 as West Indies won by four wickets; in the final match, he had 3–33 as West Indies again won by four wickets. Sammy finished the series as West Indies' joint top wicket-taker, himself and Kemar Roach sharing 16 scalps equally.

Playing at home, the West Indies had high hopes for the 2010 version of the Twenty20 competition. The tournament did not start off too badly, Sammy scoring 30 as the West Indies made 138–9 against Ireland, then capturing 3–8 and holding on to a record four catches as Ireland were routed for just 68, the second-lowest total in Twenty20s, and losing by 70 runs. But eventually West Indies were knocked out of contention when they were drubbed by Australia at Beausejour Cricket Ground in Saint Lucia. He had a forgettable match in front of his home crowd, but overall, Sammy had had a good series. He ended with 51 runs in four innings, the fourth highest aggregate for West Indies, and his 12.75 was the seventh best average. But as a bowler, his six wickets and average of 12.0 topped the West Indies, and his economy rate of 5.26 runs per over was second.

In the second ODI against South Africa at the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium in Antigua-Barbuda, West Indies appeared well on their way to a second consecutive loss. 200–6 in the 41st over, well short of their winning target of 301, Sammy joined Dwayne Bravo at the crease. But six sixes and two fours later, it looked as though West Indies might just win. Sammy had amassed 58 runs, the fifty coming up off just twenty deliveries. It was the fastest fifty ever by a West Indies player, and more importantly, it had brought West Indies within reach of victory. But successive run-outs – Denesh Ramdin, Ravi Rampaul and Nikita Miller all went by that route – left Sammy stranded and the West Indies 17 runs shy.

West Indies captain
On 17 October 2010 Sammy was named captain of the West Indies Test team for its tour to Sri Lanka and until the end of the 2011 season, replacing Chris Gayle. At the time Sammy had played 8 Tests and 41 ODIs. The previous captain and vice, Chris Gayle and Dwayne Bravo respectively, had chosen not to sign central contracts with the West Indies Cricket Board and were replaced. Between January 2004 and the start of the tour to Sri Lanka in November, the West Indies had won just five of their previous 62 Tests and were expected to lose the three match series against a team with a good home record. In a series shortened by poor weather Sammy scored 10 runs and took two wickets at an average of 75.50, and while he said he wanted to improve his own performance Sammy stated that he was pleased with the 0–0 result of the series. In the 2–0 defeat to Sri Lanka in the subsequent ODI series, Sammy scored 28 runs and sent down 19 wicketless overs.

Pakistan toured the West Indies in April and May 2011 for a T20I, five ODIs, and two Tests. In the first match of the Test series West Indies secured their first victory since 2009, ending a 17-match run without a win. Sammy took seven wickets in the match, including five in Pakistan's second innings, and was named Man of the Match for his performance. West Indies lost the second match, drawing the series 1–1; Sammy was his team's second-highest wicket-taker, claiming ten at an average of 17.90. The following month Sammy was named T20I player of the year at the West Indies Players Association awards. When India toured in June and July the West Indies lost the Test series 1–0. ESPNcricinfo recorded that Sammy led with passion and "bowled his heart out"; he finished with seven wickets from three matches at an average of 38.28. While playing, Sammy had to deal with distractions from hostile crowds and pundits who criticised his appointment as captain as some believed he could not hold down a place as a player alone.

Initially named as captain until the end of the 2011 season, Sammy was retained as captain across all formats for the tours of Bangladesh and India. In October Sammy's Grade B central contract was renewed; he was one of four players with a Grade B contract, the second highest category (Shivnarine Chanderpaul was the only player with a Grade A). Later that month, the West Indies toured Bangladesh. Sammy missed the first ODI through illness, but returned to captain the side in the remaining two. West Indies won the series 2–1 and Sammy took two wickets. The first Test was curtailed by rain and ended in a draw, and Sammy top-scored for his team. Having played 17 Tests, the innings of 58 runs from 43 balls was Sammy's first half-century in the format. West Indies won the second Test to take the series, and in the process Sammy dismissed Bangladesh all-rounder Shakib Al Hasan to claim his 50th Test wicket.

Following on from the Bangladesh series, the West Indies moved on to India in November for three Tests and five ODIs. West Indies lost the Test series 2–0 and Sammy finished as his team's highest wicket-taker with nine at an average of 34.77. In the ODI series, Sammy took a single wicket from 21.5 overs as West Indies succumbed to a 4–1 defeat. The West Indies faced Australia in a five-match ODI series in March 2012. Sammy's team won the second match by five wickets, ending a series of 13 defeats against Australia that extended back to 2006. The West Indies entered the final match with a 2–1 lead and a chance to register their first series win against Australia since 1995. In the event Australia won by 30 runs, but the margin of victory was smaller than it would have been had Sammy not scored 84 runs from 50 deliveries, his highest score in the format and an effort for which he was named Man of the Match. In the Test series that followed, Sammy managed just five wickets from three matches at an average just above forty. As a batsman he was more successful, and was one of three West Indies batsmen to score more than 150 runs in the series. With the West Indies on 13/2 chasing 215 to win from 61 overs on the final day of the second Test, Sammy promoted himself up the batting order to number three to accelerate the scoring rate. He managed 30 not out from 26 deliveries before rain intervened and the match ended in a draw. West Indies lost the third Test by 75 runs to lose the series 2–0, but during his team's chase of 370 to win on the final day Sammy scored his second Test half-century, 61 from 51 deliveries, bettering his previous highest Test score of 58.

The 2011/12 season saw Sammy improve as a batsman: in the series against India and Australia Sammy scored over 100 runs, which he had not done previously in a Test series. This trend continued when the West Indies toured England in May 2012. Sammy began the series with scores of 17 and 37 in the first Test at Lord's, during which he passed 3,000 runs in first-class cricket. In the following Test, in his 26th Test, Sammy registered his maiden Test century. It was just the seventh time a number eight batsman had scored a century for the West Indies. Sammy partnered Marlon Samuels in a 204-run stand, the second-highest for the West Indies' seventh wicket. The West Indies lost the Test and drew the next one to lose the series 2–0; Sammy finished with 201 runs from five innings and was his team's third highest run-scorer in the series while his six wickets cost 48.50 runs each. Commenting on Sammy's performance in the series, former West Indies captain Viv Richards said "All of a sudden there was this new-found confidence. You need to have a leader who can come out to the middle and make some sort of contribution. He has done enough and should not feel he has one foot in and one foot out as far as the leadership in concerned. He has done his bit to provide a winning environment."

New Zealand toured the West Indies between June and August 2012. The fixtures included two Tests, five ODIs, and two T20Is, and the West Indies won every match apart from the third ODI. Sammy guided the team to their first Test series victory since 2009 against a Test side other than minnows Bangladesh and Zimbabwe. He carried on his good form with the bat, scoring a half-century in the first Test.

Sammy led the West Indies in the 2012 World Twenty20 hosted by Sri Lanka. For the first time in a long time, the West Indies were considered realistic contenders for the title, a measure of how the team has matured under the auspices of Sammy. However, it was as an individual player that he came under scrutiny in the tournament. In the journey from group stages to the final, Sammy contributed 27 runs with the bat from four visits to the crease and overall bowling figures of 2/125, and drew a lot of criticism as many people felt he was keeping better players out of the side. But in the final, when it mattered most, Sammy scored 26 not out from 15 balls and took two key wickets (almost matching his batting and bowling tally for the rest of the tournament) to help his team overcome a slow start and defeat Sri Lanka.

In the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy he along with Kemar Roach set the record for the highest 10th wicket partnership in ICC Champions Trophy history (51*)

In March 2016, Sammy captained West Indies to victory in the 2016 edition of ICC World Twenty20, beating England in the final in India.

On 6 April 2016, Beauséjour Cricket Ground, a cricket ground located near Gros Islet, St Lucia having a seating capacity of 15,000 was renamed to the Darren Sammy National Cricket Stadium.

In August 2016 he was dropped as T20I captain and the chairman of selectors said he did not merit a place in the West Indies squad. Carlos Brathwaite replaced him for the T20I leadership role.

In August 2017, he was named in a World XI side to play three Twenty20 International matches against Pakistan in the 2017 Independence Cup in Lahore.

Domestic and T20 franchise career
At the launch of the Caribbean Premier League Sammy was announced as a franchise player for the 2013 tournament.

Sammy played professionally in the Indian Premier League for Hyderabad, and he was made captain of that franchise in 2014. For the 2015 edition, he was released by Hyderabad, and subsequently signed by Royal Challengers Bangalore. He was then picked up by Kings XI Punjab for the 2017 tournament.

The Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pervaiz Khattak, offered the all-rounder honorary Pakistani citizenship in response to a special request by Peshawar Zalmi ownership, which Sammy accepted. Sammy played for Peshawar Zalmi in the inaugural Pakistan Super League in 2016. In the 2017 PSL draft, he was retained by Peshawar Zalmi. During the draft, captain Shahid Afridi made the announcement of naming Sammy the new captain of Peshawar Zalmi. With Sammy as its captain, the team won the second edition of the PSL.

In May 2018, he was named as one of the ten marquee players for the first edition of the Global T20 Canada cricket tournament. On 3 June 2018, he was selected to play for the Toronto Nationals in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the tournament. In June 2019, he was selected to play for the Brampton Wolves franchise team in the 2019 Global T20 Canada tournament. In July 2020, he was named in the St Lucia Zouks squad for the 2020 Caribbean Premier League.

Coaching career
During the 2020 Pakistan Super League, Sammy was named as Peshawar Zalmi's head coach and he retained the position during the 2021 season. He was reappointed as Zalmi's head coach for the 2023 season.

In May 2023, Sammy was named as the head coach of the West Indies cricket team in limited overs cricket.

Playing style
Sammy has a reputation for bowling long spells and his medium-fast pace bowling is used to support strike bowlers. He has commented that "We all have roles in the team and I've clearly understood what my role is in the team, which is to build pressure and be the workhorse of the team. I've accepted that and that's how I've played throughout my career." He aims to do this by bowling dot balls to create pressure. Sammy feels that because he is a support bowler batsmen relax against him and are more prone to make mistakes. A consistent bowler, though he does not move the ball much Sammy delivers the ball with an upright seam and uses the crease to vary his angle of delivery. As a batsman, his strike-rate in ODIs of 98.11 is the second highest amongst West Indian players who have faced at least 500 deliveries (behind all-rounder Andre Russell on 119.34), and in ODI innings of at least 25 runs holds the second, third, and fourth highest strike rates of West Indian players.

Personal life
Sammy grew up in a very religious household. His mother wanted him to become a pastor at the local Adventist Church. Sammy married Cathy Daniel in 2010. He has four children. He has established the Darren Sammy Foundation that works with the youth by giving them scholarships. He joined Jomboy Media to become a commentator on their cricket series that combines elements of cricket and blitzball into one sport.

title: Daren Sammy


text:
Opistophthalmus boehmi

Opistophthalmus boehmi, the yellow forest scorpion, is a small (around 5 cm - 2 in) scorpion native to southern Africa. It is a burrowing scorpion which can create intricate tunnels and spend days buried at the bottom of its lair.

Behavior
This scorpion is quite nervous and can display defensively. It should not be kept communally, as fights and cannibalism are frequent. The toxicity of its venom is usually deemed to be low, though its sting can be quite painful.

title: Opistophthalmus boehmi


text:
List of Shahnameh characters

Here is a list of characters represented in the Persian epic poem Shāhnāmeh by Ferdowsi, including both heroes and villains :

A

 * Arash
 * Afrasiab
 * Abteen
 * Arnavaz
 * Armin
 * Arman

B

 * Babak
 * Bārbad
 * Bizhan
 * Bahram
 * Bahman
 * Borzou
 * Bijan
 * Behzad

E

 * Esfandyar

F

 * Faramarz
 * Faranak
 * Farangis
 * Fereydun
 * Farhad

G

 * Garshasp
 * Ghaaran
 * Ghobad
 * Giv
 * Goodarz
 * Gordafarid
 * Garsivaz
 * Giti

H

 * Haftvad
 * Hushang

I

 * Īrāj
 * Iskandar

J

 * Jamshid

K

 * Kaveh the blacksmith
 * Kai Khosrow
 * Keshvad
 * Keyumars
 * Kai Kavoos
 * Katayoun
 * Kasra
 * kamus
 * Kianoosh

M

 * Manuchehr
 * Manijeh
 * Mardas
 * Mehrab Kaboli
 * Mehran

N

 * Nariman
 * Nowzar

Q

 * Qaydafeh

R

 * Rakhsh
 * Roham
 * Rostam
 * Rostam Farrokhzād
 * Rudaba

S

 * Saam
 * Salm
 * Sasan
 * Sekandar
 * Sarv
 * Shaghad
 * Shahran Goraz
 * Shahrasb
 * Shahrnaz
 * Shahzreh
 * Shirin
 * Simurgh
 * Siamak
 * Siyâvash
 * Sohrab
 * Sudabeh

T

 * Tahmina
 * Tahmoores
 * Tur

Z

 * Zal
 * Zahhāk
 * Zarvan
 * Zoo Tahmasp

title: List of Shahnameh characters


text:
Transverse rib

A transverse rib (arc doubleau) is the term in architecture given to the rib of a rib vault which is carried across the nave, dividing the same into bays. Although as a rule it was sunk in the barrel vault of the thermae, it is found occasionally below it, as in the piscina at Baiae and the so-called Baths of Diana (Nymphaeum) at Nîmes. In the Romanesque and Gothic styles it becomes the principal feature of the vault, so much so that Scott termed it the "master rib".

title: Transverse rib


text:
Idlewild (Outkast album)

Idlewild is the sixth and final studio album by the American hip hop duo Outkast. It was released on August 22, 2006, by LaFace Records and served as the soundtrack album to the duo's musical film of the same name, which was released that same month. Containing themes relating to the music industry, the album also featured songs not included in the film while incorporating jazz, blues, swing, and soul styles in its music.

The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 196,000 copies in its first week. It achieved minimal international charting and produced five singles that attained moderate Billboard chart success. Despite mixed criticism towards its unconventional musical style and loose thematic structure, Idlewild received positive reviews from most music critics upon its release. The album has been certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of one million copies in the United States.

Background
Though less a soundtrack and more of a companion album, the Idlewild album features seven songs from the Idlewild film: "Chronomentrophobia", "Makes No Sense at All", "PJ and Rooster", "Greatest Show on Earth", "When I Look in Your Eyes", and, from the end credits, "Morris Brown". Two snippets of film dialogue are also included on the album as interludes. The rest of the songs performed in the film were included on the earlier OutKast LPs Big Boi and Dre Present...Outkast and Speakerboxxx/The Love Below. In an interview for Billboard, Big Boi stated "This is an OutKast album. It isn't like a soundtrack where we go get this person or that person".

According to PopMatters critic Tim O'Neil, Idlewild's music was "not merely contemporary hip-hop, but a unique hybridization of modern hip-hop with vintage big-band jazz and Delta blues." Jess Harvell from Pitchfork observed imitations of hot jazz and jump blues songs throughout the record, while New York Post writer Dan Aquilante said the album mixed hip hop, jazz, blues, swing, and soul music, as OutKast "chronicled African American musical history with original tunes that transcend race and time".

Release and reception
Idlewild's release was delayed several times in 2005 before being released in 2006. In its first week, the album charted at number two on the Billboard 200 and sold 196,000 copies in the United States. The album dropped to the number seven in its second week, selling an additional 78,000 units. On September 26, 2006, it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, having shipped one million copies in the US. In Canada, it was certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association.

Idlewild received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 72, based on 30 reviews. Q called it "a dazzling album", while Ben Williams of New York found it "entertaining and surprisingly consistent". The Guardian's Alexis Petridis wrote that it "bulges with brilliant ideas... Ambitious but flawed, at turns stunning, maddening and confusing". Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone compared Idlewild to Prince's Parade (1986), while praising its "deeply eccentric richness" and calling it "so suave on the surface, it takes a few spins to absorb how radical it is". Although she felt it lacked cohesion and a "clear message", Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times found the album "sonically challenging and lyrically wide-ranging", including songs for "contemplation and booty-shaking". Writing for MSN Music, Robert Christgau called Idlewild "a joyous mishmash" and praised each OutKast-member's distinct performance: "from the mainstream hip-hop Big Boi articulates with so much muscle to the retro swing Andre sings just fine, they sound happy to parade their mastery". Uncut described it as "Stylish and substantial, it's a deft masterpastiche that dissolves history for its own entertainment". Mojo stated, "Every time you think you've got Idlewild figured out, it zips off in a totally unexpected new direction".

According to NME critic Dan Martin, other critics might have found Idlewild to be "a bit long and uneven and self-indulgent". In a negative review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Jim DeRogatis viewed the album as unfocused and stated, "it's all about heavy-handed, faux Scott Joplin ragtime piano; showy but lame Cab Calloway horn arrangements; fake Rudy Vallee crooning (courtesy of Benjamin's nasal, off-key whine) and ultra-hammy vaudeville shucking and jiving". The Washington Posts J. Freedom du Lac noted a "creative schism" in the duo and wrote, "For all of its flashes of greatness – the brassy marching-band rap of 'Morris Brown', the psychedelic hip-hop flashback 'Train', the Stevie Wonder-inspired acoustic blues number 'Idlewild Blue (Don'tchu Worry 'Bout Me)' – the staggeringly eclectic 'Idlewild' includes too much filler and too many outright stink bombs to deserve a place alongside the best pop offerings of 2006, let alone Aquemini', et al". Preston Jones from Slant Magazine called it "frustrating, uneven, and strained ... an interesting failure". Spin magazine's Charles Aaron called it "a perplexing album", despite how it "grasps for a distinctive sound, departing almost entirely from rap per se" in favor of music from "the jazz/jump blues from the film's '30s/40's demimonde, as well as shades of Prince's most fitfully eclectic periods".

Track listing
Notes
 * In the album booklet, the producer for "A Bad Note" is listed as Johnny Vulture, which actually stands as a nickname for André 3000.

Sample credits
 * "Mighty 'O" contains a portion of the composition "Minnie the Moocher" – written by Cab Calloway, Clarence Gaskill and Irving Mills – as performed by Cab Calloway.
 * "Peaches" contains a sample from "Cuss Words" as performed by Too Short.
 * "The Train", "Call the Law", "Buggface" and "PJ & Rooster" contain dialogue from the film Idlewild.

Personnel
Credits for Idlewild adapted from AllMusic.

 * Kory Aaron – assistant engineer
 * Malik Albert – engineer, audio production
 * Victor Alexander – drums
 * Vincent Alexander – assistant engineer
 * Kori Anders – engineer, assistant engineer, mixing assistant
 * André 3000 – executive producer, guitars, piano, arranger, keyboards, programming, vocals, background vocals, producer, drum programming
 * Bamboo – vocals
 * Warren Bletcher – assistant engineer, mixing assistant
 * Steven Boos – drums
 * Jeff Bowden – keyboards
 * Leslie Brathwaite – mixing
 * David "Whild" Brown – background vocals
 * Myrna "Peach" Brown – vocals
 * Sleepy Brown – vocals, background vocals
 * Ralph Cacciurri – engineer
 * Chris Carmouche – engineer, mixing, audio production
 * Preston Crump – bass
 * Cutmaster Swift – scratching
 * Regina Davenport – A&R
 * Sean Davis – engineer, audio production
 * Dookieblossumgame – vocals
 * Tom Doty – mixing assistant
 * Eddie Ellis – conductor
 * Gary Fly – engineer, assistant engineer, mixing assistant
 * Jerry Freeman – cornet, horn, horn arrangements
 * John Frye – audio production, engineer, mixing
 * Joi Gilliam – vocals, background vocals
 * Macy Gray – vocals
 * Bernie Grundman – mastering
 * Robert Hannon – engineer, assistant engineer
 * Mike Hardnett – guitar
 * Tuesday Henderson – percussion
 * John Holmes – engineer, assistant engineer, mixing assistant, audio production
 * Aaron Holton – assistant engineer
 * Hot Tub Tony – background vocals
 * Josh Houghkirk – mixing assistant
 * Chris Jackson – engineer
 * Kevin Kendricks – piano, keyboards, horn arrangements, producer
 * Debra Killings – bass, vocals, background vocals
 * Chuck Lightning – arranger, producer
 * Lil Wayne – vocals
 * Ryan McDaniels – assistant engineer
 * Janelle Monáe – arranger, vocals, background vocals, producer
 * Morris Brown College Gospel Choir – instrumentation
 * Vernon Mungo – engineer
 * Christian Jones - guitar
 * Wyatt Oates – assistant engineer
 * Organized Noize – programming, producer, drum programming
 * Marvin "Chanz" Parkman – keyboards
 * Mike Patterson – bass, guitar
 * Antwan Patton – executive producer
 * Josh Phillips – assistant engineer
 * Neil Pogue – mixing
 * Chris Rakestraw – mixing assistant
 * Dave Robbins – bass, keyboards
 * Albey Scholl – harmonica
 * Rob Skipworth – assistant engineer, mixing assistant
 * Skreechy Peachy – vocals, background vocals
 * Terry Smith – background vocals
 * Snoop Dogg – vocals
 * Matthew Still – audio production, engineer, assistant engineer
 * Phil Tan – mixing
 * Denise Trorman – art direction, design
 * Uncoolgirlz Choir – background vocals
 * Johnny Vulture – producer
 * David Whild – guitar, background vocals
 * Melissa Zampatti – vocals

title: Idlewild (Outkast album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris Mandemaker

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete as performed by User:Gamaliel. Hall Monitor 22:27, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Chris Mandemaker
I dont think this is notable --Hiall:) 20:36, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete. Vanity & bad Batman rap. Blame it on the Joker. JJay 20:44, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as per WP:CSD A7. Hall Monitor 21:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon

The Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon was signed on March 6, 1728, between Bajirao I of the Maratha Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah I, in what is present-day Shevgaon. According to the terms of the treaty, the Nizam granted the Marathas the authority to collect Chauth, a type of tax, from the six Subahs located in the Deccan region. Additionally, the treaty recognized Shahu I as the Emperor of the Maratha Empire, and in return, the Maratha Emperor agreed not to apprehend Sambhaji II, who had allied himself with the Nizam against the Emperor.

Background
The seeds of this battle date back to the year 1713 when Maratha king Shahu I appointed Balaji Vishwanath as his Peshwa, or Prime Minister. In 1724, Mughal control waned, and Asaf Jah I, the first Nizam of Hyderabad, proclaimed independence from Mughal rule, thus establishing his own kingdom, which came to be known as Hyderabad Deccan. The Nizam aimed to strengthen his province by curbing the increasing influence of the Marathas. He took advantage of the growing division within the Maratha Empire, as both Shahu and Sambhaji II of Kolhapur claimed the title of King. The Nizam chose to support the faction led by Sambhaji II, which angered Shahu, who had also declared himself King. Additionally, the Nizam decided to stop the payment of Chauth, which had been agreed upon by many landowners in the Deccan province to the Marathas, as per the arrangement made by the Syed Brothers in 1719.

Campaigns of Bajirao and Nizam
The battle strategy unfolded as Baji Rao's army retreated from the southern regions of the Maratha empire in May 1727. Shortly afterward, Shahu ended negotiations with Nizam-ul-Mulk regarding the restoration of the Chauth.

Over the course of approximately six months, the Nizam chased Baji Rao's army in the Pune area. During this time, Baji Rao employed a series of tactical maneuvers, leading to the eventual encirclement and cornering of the Nizam's forces at Palkhed.

Baji Rao and the Maratha armies were summoned back from their campaign in Karnataka. In May 1727, Baji Rao requested Shahu to terminate negotiations with Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I, who had proposed arbitration regarding the payment of Chauth and sardeshmukhi. Baji Rao then began the process of mobilizing an army.

With the monsoon season concluded and the terrain favorable for the upcoming campaign, Baji Rao's forces advanced towards Aurangabad.

Following a skirmish near Jalna, where the Marathas continued their strategy of avoiding direct confrontation with the enemy, Baji Rao, as expected, withdrew from the battlefield and redirected his forces toward Burhanpur.

Nizam-ul-Mulk's army initially pursued Baji Rao, but Baji Rao changed his course and moved westward into Gujarat from North Khandesh. Surprisingly, the Nizam-ul-Mulk decided to abandon the pursuit and instead headed southward toward Pune. Sambhaji II accompanied the Nizam during this movement. Upon learning of the situation, Baji Rao quickly moved toward Pune and arrived at the Nizam's camp. The Marathas then encircled the camp, effectively cutting off the supply lines to the Nizam's forces. The shortage of food supplies, caused by the Marathas surrounding Nizam's camp, played a crucial role in his decision to sign a treaty with them.

The treaty
Baji Rao and the Nizam initiated negotiations, during which Baji Rao proposed the retirement of the Maratha army in exchange for Nizam handing over Sambhaji II to him. However, the Nizam declined this offer and instead, they forged a treaty that granted the Marathas the right to collect taxes (known as Chauth) from the six Subahs of Hyderabad. This arrangement was made in order to safeguard their ally, Shambaji II. The Nizam of Hyderabad and Baji Rao I signed a peace treaty on 6 March 1728 at the village of Mungi-Paithan. According to the treaty:

By the treaty of Mungi-Shivagaon, the Nizam agreed to make certain concessions to the Peshwa.

 * 1) Chhatrapati Shahu was recognised as the sole Maratha ruler.
 * 2) Marathas were given the right to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of Deccan Subahs.
 * 3) The Marathas agreed not to capture Shambhaji II and allowed him to remain free.
 * 4) The balance revenue was to be paid to Chhatrapati Shahu.
 * 1) The balance revenue was to be paid to Chhatrapati Shahu.

title: Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon


text:
Talk:Griggs v. Duke Power Co.

Questions
Where was this case tried? Would it be possibble to get a photo of Willie Griggs? Knerq

 * It went to the supreme court, but if you mean where was it appealed from, apparently 4th Circuit court of appeals. See the findlaw external link. RJFJR 22:47, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps the article should point out that this ruling only applies to business with 15 or more employees. Smaller businesses are exempt from laws against discrimination in hiring.

Why was this paragraph deleted? https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co.&diff=660064388&oldid=656369519 The article makes no sense now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.100.177.115 (talk) 23:20, 6 February 2017 (UTC)

Missing information on the actual complaint.
The article should mention at the beginning why the lawsuit appeared, to begin with. Namely, the power company was doing aptitude tests on employees.

The question was (see Oyez.com) "Did Duke Power Company's intradepartmental transfer policy, requiring a high school education and the achievement of minimum scores on two separate aptitude tests, violate Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act?" --Nanite (talk) 18:05, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Exactly What "Tests" Was the Duke Power Co. Using
I've heard it was IQ tests, but see no mention of that here. In fact the entirety of the article seems dedicated to the singlular purpose of talking about the case while studiously avoiding exactly what "tests" the Duke Power Co. was using.

What TESTS were they using? It's a court case, Duke Power Co. was a real company, they had real people and those people were putting real pieces of paper in front of real applicants and it was some kind of TEST, but WHAT TEST WAS IT, and WHY DOES THIS ARTICLE PUT SO MUCH EFFORT INTO NOT MENTIONING WHAT TESTS DUKE POWER CO. WAS USING?2605:6000:6947:AB00:1D9B:AE9C:E37E:9175 (talk) 06:40, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Griggs v. Duke Power Co.


text:
Imphy

Imphy is a commune in the Nièvre department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France.

Industrial history
Imphy is known in particular for its steel-works, renowned for their special steels which were useful in particular for the north foot of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. The Société de Commentry, Fourchambault et Decazeville was formed in 1853 through a merger of the Fourchambault foundry, Imphy steelworks, Montluçon (Allier) foundry and Commentry (Allier) colliery. The Imphy steelworks was detached from the company and combined with the Saint-Seurin steelworks. They were adapted to use the Bessemer process. In 1869 the two steelworks were reunited with the company. In 1954 the company was renamed the Société métallurgique d'Imphy. In 1968 it was merged with the Société des forges et aciéries du Creusot, which in 1971 became Creusot-Loire. The combined company was in turn absorbed by Creusot-Loire (Saône-et-Loire) in 1971. The Creusot-Loire group was liquidated in December 1984.

Demographics
The fall in population since the 1990s is attributed to a decline in industrial activities in the area. At one time the factories of Imphy employed up to 3,000 workers. Today, they (ArcelorMittal and Aubert&Duval) employ only about 1,000 workers.

Notable personalities

 * Hubert Bourdot (Imphy, 30 October 1861 – 30 September 1937) was a French Roman Catholic priest and mycologist
 * Charles Cliquet (Imphy, 21 January 1891 - Paris, 27 March 1956), member of French Resistance, Compagnon de la Libération
 * Stéphane Faye (Imphy, 10 May 1867 - Saint-Avé, 15 November 1947), writer

Imphy in the cinema
In Luc Moullet's short film, Imphy capitale de la France (1995), Moullet proposed making the town of Imphy the new capital of France, being ideally situated at the geographic centre of France.

title: Imphy


text: User talk:163.231.6.65

title: User talk:163.231.6.65


text: User talk:64.106.61.102

title: User talk:64.106.61.102


text:
Alex Odeh

Alexander Michel Odeh (اسكندر ميكل عودة; April 4, 1944 – October 11, 1985) was a Palestinian activist who was assassinated in a bombing in 1985. Odeh was the West Coast regional director of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee.

Life and murder
Born into a Palestinian Catholic family in Jifna, Mandatory Palestine, Odeh immigrated to the United States in 1972 at the age of 28. He was a lecturer and poet who had published a volume of his poetry, Whispers in Exile.

The Boston office of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee suffered a bombing on August 16, 1985, injuring two officers. The Santa Ana bombing came the day after the ending of the Palestine Liberation Front–sponsored Achille Lauro hijacking in which Jewish American Leon Klinghoffer was killed. The night before his death Odeh denied to the media that the PLO was involved in the hijacking and portrayed Palestinian leader Yassir Arafat as being ready to make peace.

The day of his murder, October 11, he had been scheduled to speak at Friday prayer services at a synagogue in Fountain Valley, California. Shortly before his killing, Odeh appeared on the television show Nightline. The program featured a back-and-forth between Odeh and a representative from the Jewish Defense League. Odeh was later killed by a bomb as he opened the door of his office at 1905 East 17th Street in Santa Ana, California.

Reaction to murder
The Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Committee both condemned the murder. United States President Ronald Reagan sent a message of condolence.

Irv Rubin, who had become chairman of the Jewish Defense League (JDL) the same year, immediately made several public statements in reaction to the incident. "I have no tears for Mr. Odeh", Rubin said. "He got exactly what he deserved." He also said: "My tears were used up crying for Leon Klinghoffer."

Helen Hatab Samhan, deputy director of the Arab American Institute in 1987, wrote that the murder of Odeh "shocked the Arab American community nation-side and demonstrated how political intolerance had crossed the line into anti-Arab terrorism on American soil." She labeled the crime an example of "political racism," meaning racism that targeted pro-Palestine Arab viewpoints and individuals and groups associated with espousing those particular views.

Samhan also notes that FBI Director William Webster warned following Odeh's murder that "Arab individuals or those supporting Arab points of view have come within the zone of danger, targeted by a group as of yet to be fully identified and brought to justice."

Criminal investigation
Four weeks after Odeh's death, FBI spokesperson Lane Bonner stated the FBI attributed the bombing and two others to the JDL. Rubin criticized the FBI for implying his organization's guilt without evidence, saying the FBI "could take their possible link and shove it." In February 1986, the FBI classified the bombing that killed Alex Odeh as a terrorist act. In July, they eased away from their original position, saying the JDL was "probably" responsible for this attack and four others, but that final attribution to the JDL or any other group "must await further investigation." Rubin again denied the JDL's involvement. "What the FBI is doing is simple", he stated, "Some character calls up a news agency or whatever and uses the phrase Never Again, ... and on that assumption they can go and slander a whole group. That's tragic." The JDL denied any involvement in Odeh's killing.

Immediately after the 1985 assassination the FBI identified three suspects, Robert Manning, Keith Fuchs and Andy Green, all of them believed to be affiliated with the JDL, who fled to Israel soon after the incident. Floyd Clarke, then assistant director of the FBI, claimed in an internal memo that key suspects had fled to Israel and were living in Kiryat Arba, an Israeli settlement in the West Bank.

Arrest and trial of Robert Manning
In 1988, the FBI arrested Rochelle Manning, Robert Manning's wife, as a suspect in a mail bombing which killed a computer company secretary, Patricia Wilkerson, in Manhattan Beach, California, in July 1980. Rochelle Manning was also considered a possible suspect in Odeh's murder. It also charged her husband, Robert Manning, who was considered a prime suspect in the Odeh bombing. Manning had previously been convicted of a 1972 bombing of the home of an Arab activist in Hollywood, and was a suspect in three other bombings in 1985, one of which killed Tscherim Soobzokov. Both Rochelle and Robert Manning were members of the JDL. Rochelle's jury deadlocked, and after the mistrial she left for Israel to join her husband.

In 1989, American journalist Chris Hedges discovered Robert Manning's residency in Kiryat Arba due to his use of a compromised alias. The US government requested Robert Manning's extradition in 1991. It also requested Rochelle Manning be extradited for a retrial. After an unsuccessful two-year legal battle in the Israeli courts to prevent his extradition, Robert Manning was extradited in 1993. Robert Manning was charged with the bombing attack that killed Wilkerson and convicted; in February 1994, Judge Dickran Tevrizian sentenced him to life imprisonment with a minimum of 30 years before parole. This was subsequently reduced to a minimum of 10 years before parole. After some years imprisoned at USP Lompoc, Manning was transferred to the medium security federal prison in Phoenix, Arizona. Rochelle Manning died in an Israeli prison on March 18, 1994, while awaiting extradition to the United States after the Israeli Supreme Court rejected her final appeal against extradition.

Later developments
In April 1994, the Alex Odeh Memorial Statue, created by Algerian-American sculptor Khalil Bendib, was erected in front of the Santa Ana Central Library over protests by the Jewish Defense League. On October 11, 1996, the eleventh anniversary of his murder, vandals defaced the statue. On February 6, 1997, vandals poured two gallons of red paint on the statue. JDL chairman Irv Rubin commented: "I think the guy [Odeh] is a war criminal." The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee called for greater government efforts to catch Odeh's killers.

On August 27, 1996, the FBI announced a $1 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Odeh's killers. JDL members heckled the FBI spokespersons announcing the reward. The reward is still in force.

In 2007, the FBI revealed they had received information from a deceased informant, believed to be former Jewish Defense League member Earl Krugel, who had been sentenced to 20 years in federal prison for 2001 plots to bomb a Southern California mosque and office of an Arab American congressman. It is believed that Irv Rubin, who died in prison while awaiting trial on the same charges, revealed to Krugel the names of those responsible for Odeh's death and Krugel shared those with the FBI before he, too, died in prison. The bombers are believed to be Manning and two other JDL activists, Keith Fuchs and Andy Green, all of whom fled to Israel where they have avoided prosecution and extradition. Manning is believed to have settled in West Bank Israeli settlement of Kiryat Arba.

The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee continues to honor Odeh's memory and call for prosecution of his killers. In October 2023, Robert Manning was granted parole and is set to be released in July 2024.

title: Alex Odeh