text:
Talk:One Sweet Day

Untitled
Who are the Crittenden-Joneses? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.54.230.106 (talk) 06:43, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

Unified charts
To User:Hoary: because unified charts suck. --Winnermario 22:05, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

This terse comment will surely benefit from a little explanation. It's a response to the following message that I posted on Winnermario's talk page:

 * Hello, I see that in this edit ("Fixed the charts"), you have split a single table into two tables, "U.S. Billboard" and "World", and have added a column, "Single". (You also seem to have added one row.) I'm puzzled by (i) your splitting of the table into "U.S. Billboard" and "World", where "World" has no obvious meaning, and (ii) your addition of a column that results in the same cell being inserted over and over again, with no exception. The former seems merely strange, the latter strange and also a waste of bytes. Could you please explain, either here or on the article's talk page? Thanks. -- Hoary 02:01, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

To recap:

 * 1) My reasons for unifying the tables are that doing so saves a few bytes and that a pair of tables seems to require a pair of titles that nobody has yet managed to get right. Winnermario's reasons for not doing so are that "unified charts suck". Perhaps Winnermario (or somebody else) could be more specific.
 * 2) I see no reason to add a column whose every cell is the same. Winnermario has ignored this. Perhaps Winnermario (or somebody else) could provide some reasoning.

Hoary 01:21, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * If "world" has no obvious meaning, you are not very intelligent. It mean, well, the world! Charts around the world! Oh my God, this is earth-shaking!!!

 * I added the title of the song to the charts because beforehand it was misleading. I was looking at it thinking, "What is this?" And then I realized it was referring to the song. You might like to look at some other music single articles that have the title in their tables: Cool, Behind These Hazel Eyes, We Belong Together. It will become an ongoing trend. Please leave it there for consistency.

 * --Winnermario 19:53, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Winnermario, it may be that I am not very intelligent; but perhaps because of this and perhaps because I'm an atheist, I don't see how "U.S. Singles Chart" is any more "world" or "around the world" than "Billboard Adult Contemporary" is. (Neither do I see how it's any more "international".) The titling problem goes away if the two tables are merged.

 * To say the tables are misleading without a reminder on every line of the name of the song is mindboggling (perhaps again because I'm not very intelligent). Do you really mean that you might have taken, or actually took, such a table stripped of this (to me) utterly superfluous column to refer to some other song, or to some congeries of other songs?

 * Yes, I have seen the other articles. Perhaps because of the lack of intelligence that you tentatively attribute to me, they all look pointlessly bloated. Is it desirable to be consistent with pointless bloat? I counterpropose a new trend: to cut the bloat. -- Hoary 22:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps because you are unintelligent. --Winnermario 20:35, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * This is indeed a possibility. But don't worry about it: after all, my intelligence (limited though it may be) has sufficed to get and keep me a paying job. I suggest that my intelligence is also up to the task of understanding any rational argument (as opposed to mere bluster) for (i) the different "world" statuses of "U.S. Singles Chart" and "Billboard Adult Contemporary" and (ii) the need for columns whose every cell is identical. So let's hear this rational argument. -- Hoary 01:52, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Speaking as an outsider to this discussion I, too, fail to understand the term World in this context. I see three options: 1) Merging the tables, 2) Using the heading "Other charts" instead of "World", 3) Moving "U.S. Singles Chart" to the U.S. chart and replacing the heading "World" with something like "Non-U.S.".

I don't see any need for columns that repeat the same information throughout. Such information is usually best included in the table heading, if it is needed at all. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 18:01, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks to me as if the real intelligent people are the Germans, who had enough sense to stop this wretched song from climbing any higher than number 25. -- eo 18:04, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Chart positions
The song is #2 on the 1996 Year-End Chart and #1 on the Chart of the Decade ? This is not consistent... --Europe22 (talk) 22:04, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

 * It does not matter. Thats how it is. Remember it spent like 5 weeks at #1 in 1995, thats why. So its 16 weeks are split in between 1995 and 1996. Got it? :)-- CallMe Nathan  •  Talk2Me   22:59, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Thank you for this explanation! ;-) -- Europe22 (talk) 23:19, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

How about sticking to the subject?
One paragraph goes into great detail about other songs that have been #1. Interesting, but wrong article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.127.128.197 (talk) 13:45, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

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Billboard’s Top Hits of the ‘90s chart is not the same thing as the decade-end chart
“One Sweet Day” was still the the number one song of the ‘90s at decade-end as published at the end of the decade. These updated charts Billboard periodically released include data up to the present if I’m not mistaken, and by definition, are not decade-end charts. MarkMc1990 (talk) 01:47, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I’m not sure how many articles this affects, even outside the scope of Mariah’s discography, but I would propose creating another sub-section for “retrospective charts” if we deem these important. MarkMc1990 (talk) 01:56, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

France certification
One Sweet Day is certified Gold in France according to SNEP. (250,000 units) Source: https://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?interprete=Mariah%20Carey&titre=One%20Sweet%20Day Justabadguy (talk) 20:37, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:One Sweet Day


text: User talk:82.31.3.140

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:82.31.3.140


text:
User:Eve7698

The screen name and general internet handle of Ryan M. Lewis.

title: User:Eve7698


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User talk:King of Scarecrows

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Tonywalton | Talk 22:06, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:King of Scarecrows


text: User talk:134.250.61.132

title: User talk:134.250.61.132


text: Template:Infobox Gaelic games county board


text:
Day of Solidarity with Belarus

A Day of Solidarity with Belarus (Дзень нашай салідарнасці) is an action proposed by the Belarusian journalist Iryna Khalip, supported by the civic initiative We Remember and the Zubr movement.

 * Let us all together switch off the light in our apartments for several minutes on October 16 evening, and put burning candles on the windows. We should imagine Belarus in which we could live. Maybe everything is to start with that. Dark cities, dark windows, where only shadows of burning candles are seen - this could become a mirror for us to see that we are really many!

It was offered to announce October 16, 2005 to be a Day of Solidarity with Belarusian "political prisoners", the "disappeared" persons Yury Zakharanka, Viktar Hanchar, Anatol Krasouski, and Dzmitry Zavadski, their families, and other advocates of a transition to representative democracy and to a market economy in Belarus. Belarusians are called to turn their light off for 15 minutes on October 16, at 8 p.m, and put burning candles to their window boards as a solidarity sign.

An estimated 100,000 people took part in the action. Encouraged, it was proposed to carry out this action on 16th day of each month.

title: Day of Solidarity with Belarus


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Voula Patoulidou

Paraskevi ("Voula") Patoulidou (Παρασκευή "Βούλα" Πατουλίδου, born 29 March 1965) is a Greek former athlete and politician. Born in Tripotamo (part of Florina prefecture), Patoulidou throughout her athletics career competed in the 100 metres, 100 metres hurdles and in the long jump events. In 1992, she was the surprise winner of the Women's 100 m hurdles race at the Olympic Games in Barcelona, and she was voted the Best Balkan Athlete that same year.

Her spouse is Dimitrios Zarzavatsidis. She was the Deputy Regional Governor of Thessaloniki in the Region of Central Macedonia.

Barcelona 1992
On 5 August 1992, Patoulidou qualified for the final in the 100 m hurdles by improving her personal best from 12.96 (set in the qualifying round) to 12.88 seconds in the semi-finals. This success made her the first Greek woman ever to reach a track final in the Olympic Games.

One day later, the clear favourite of the 100 m hurdles final, Gail Devers of the United States, made a mistake and tripped on the last hurdle. Patoulidou took advantage and lunged her body forward for the finishing line. She crossed the line in 12.64 seconds, a Greek national record that still stands.

After 1992
After her Olympic gold medal Patoulidou decided to switch back to the long jump, her first love, believing that she had achieved as much as possible in the 100 m hurdles. She is vindicated for her choice when she participated in her second Olympic Games Final, in the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, finishing 10th.

In the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, Patoulidou was a member of the 4 × 100 m relay team that reached the semi-finals and ended up in the 13th place. She was given an honorary place in the 4 × 100 m relay team in the Athens Olympic Games in 2004, participating for the fifth time in the Olympic Games at the age of 39.

She was the only woman amongst the five Greek sporting legends chosen to be the penultimate runners in the 2004 Olympic torch relay, along with Nick Galis, Mimis Domazos, Kakhi Kakhiashvili and Ioannis Melissanidis (see 2004 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony). She was also one of the penultimate runners of the 1996 torch relay in Atlanta, joining Evander Holyfield and Janet Evans.

title: Voula Patoulidou


text:
User talk:71.10.248.189

July 2023
Hello, I'm UtherSRG. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Eastern wolf have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Teahouse or the Help desk. Thanks. UtherSRG (talk) 15:59, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

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Civil service of Japan

The Japanese civil service employs over three million employees, with the Japan Self-Defense Forces, with 247,000 personnel, being the biggest branch. In the post-war period, this figure has been even higher, but the privatization of a large number of public corporations since the 1980s, including NTT, Japanese National Railways, and Japan Post, already reduced the number.

The vast majority of civil servants (2.74 million) are employed by local governments, while around 585,000 are national government civil servants. National civil servants are divided into "special" and "regular" service categories. Appointments in the special service category are governed by political or other factors and do not involve competitive examinations. This category includes cabinet ministers, heads of independent agencies, members of the Self-Defense Forces, Diet officials, and ambassadors.

The core of the national civil service is composed of members of the regular service, who are recruited through competitive examinations. This group is further divided into the General Service and the Comprehensive Service, the latter forming a civil service elite.

Composition
As of 2018, there are approximately 3.33 million civil servants in Japan. Among these, the vast majority of around 2.74 million are local civil servants (地方公務員) working for local governments and agencies. Among the around 585,000 national civil servants (国家公務員), roughly 298,000 are in Special Service (特別職) and 287,000 are in Regular Service (一般職).

Special Service includes:

 * 1) Politicians, such as ministers, senior vice-ministers, ambassadors and National Diet members,
 * 2) Judges, court employees, and employees of the Diet,
 * 3) Employees of the Ministry of Defense (approx. 268,000, consisting of the lion's share of Special Service employees), and
 * 4) Other employees with special duties, to whom certain civil service principles (e.g. recruitment by examination and guarantee of status) do not apply, such as Imperial Household Agency employees.

Regular Service employees form the rest of the national civil service, including various ministries and Incorporated Administrative Agencies. After the privatization of Japan Post, the incorporation of certain Japanese universities, and other civil service reforms, the number of regular service employees decreased from over 800,000 to around 287,000 in 2019.

Recruitment and examination
Civil servants are generally recruited through competitive examinations. Civil servants are classified into three types: (1) Comprehensive Service, which engages in policy-making and research, (2) General Service, which engages mainly in "routine work", and (3) Specialists, such as tax inspectors, air traffic controllers, doctors and teachers, who are recruited by exams or other forms of assessment.

The Comprehensive Service recruits through several types of exams (known as Level I Examination), testing at levels of a university undergraduate or a graduate degree, with different exams based on the division of the Service. The General Service also recruits through exams, with an exam aimed at university graduates (Level II Examination) and an exam for high school graduates (Level III Examination). Successful candidates are interviewed, and final selection takes into account the result of interviews.

Historically, all senior officials were promoted from Comprehensive Service recruits, although there are recent efforts to offer General Service employees opportunities of promotion as well. In the Japanese Cabinet Secretariat, for example, among the 4,715 employees in management positions, 73.1% were recruited by Level I examination, while 21.8% were recruited by Level II and III examinations. Among kachō level (課長級) positions, 87.2% were recruited by Level I examination.

Elite bureaucracy
According to a Library of Congress report published in 1992, many Japan analysts have pointed to the elite bureaucracy as the people who really govern Japan, although they composed only a tiny fraction of the country's more than 1 million national government employees. The elite civil servants' power was especially strong in the years of rapid economic growth, before the 1990s.

Several hundred of the elite are employed at each national ministry or agency. Although entry into the elite through open examinations does not require a college degree, the majority of its members are alumni of Japan's most prestigious universities. The University of Tokyo law faculty is the single most important source of elite bureaucrats. After graduation from college and, increasingly, some graduate-level study, applicants take a series of difficult higher civil service examinations: in 2009, for example, 22,186 took the tests of higher (the 1st grade) civil service, but only 1,494, or 6.7 percent, were successful. Of those who were successful, only 660 were actually hired.

Like the scholar-officials of imperial China, successful candidates were hardy survivors of a grueling education and testing process that necessarily began in early childhood and demanded total concentration. The typical young bureaucrat, who is in most cases male, is an intelligent, hardworking, and dedicated individual. But some bureaucrats, critics argue, lack imagination and compassion for people whose way of life is different from their own.

The public's attitude toward the elite is ambivalent. The elite enjoy great social prestige, but its members are also resented. They live in a realm that is at least partly public, yet far removed from the lives of ordinary people. Compared with politicians, they are generally viewed as honest. Involvement of top officials in scandals such as the Recruit affair, however, had to some extent tarnished their image.

Japan's elite bureaucrats are insulated from direct political pressure because there are very few political appointments in the civil service. Cabinet ministers are usually career politicians, but they are moved in and out of their posts quite frequently (with an average tenure of under a year), and usually have little opportunity to develop a power base within a ministry, or force their civil service subordinates to adopt reforms. Below the cabinet minister is the administrative vice minister (事務次官 ja:事務次官). Administrative vice ministers and their subordinates are career civil servants whose appointments are determined in accordance with an internally established principle of seniority.

Reform of the elite civil service since the 1990s
The autonomy and power of the bureaucracy has been substantially reduced since the 1990s. In the 1990s, electoral reforms gave politicians stronger links to their constituencies, strengthening their position. In the 2000s, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi reduced the power of “tribal politicians” who spoke for special interests such as farmers, and brought in policy advisers to circumvent the civil service. Successive reforms also restricted the practice of amakudari (天下り), the “descent from heaven”, where retiring bureaucrats were sent to lucrative jobs at the public body they used to oversee. Because of these reforms, since the late 1990s, many top-class candidates in Japanese universities prefer to choose to join investment banks rather than the civil service.

Finally, in 2014, Prime Minister Abe Shinzo again reduced bureaucratic autonomy by centralizing the appointment of all senior civil servants in the Cabinet Office. Civil servants must now impress the prime minister's lieutenants to reach to the top, instead of their civil service colleagues.

Certain commentators have linked the reduction of the civil service's autonomy to recent scandals, including allegations of sexual harassment, falsified documents, obvious lies to parliament and misplaced military records.

Women in the civil service
In 2020, the Japanese government reported that 36.8% new civil servants hired in fiscal year 2020 were women, a new high. Of 8,461 civil servants hired in the career-track, general, and specialized positions, 3,117 were women. In the percentage of women hired is 1.4% higher than in 2019. By type of positions, 35.4% of new hires in career-track positions were women, compared to 39.1% in general positions, and 33.8% in specialist work.

As late as 2014, the percentage of women in new hires was 20–25%, before a jump to 30% in 2015 and further increases since 2017. The increase in 2015 was accredited to the Cabinet's Fourth Basic Plan for Gender Equality, which set a goal of 30% for new hires in the civil service. From 1990 to 2003, around 10% to 15% of new civil service recruits each year were women.

Japan before World War II
The Japanese had been exposed to bureaucratic institutions at least by the early seventh century A.D. (Nara period), when the imperial court adopted the laws and government structure of Tang China. However, the distinctive Chinese (Confucian) institution of civil service examinations never took root, and the imported system was never successfully imposed on the country at large. But by the middle of the Tokugawa period (1600-1867), the samurai class functions had evolved from military to clerical and administrative functions. Following the Meiji Restoration (1868), the new elite, which came from the lower ranks of the samurai, established a Western-style civil service.

Occupied Japan
Although the United States occupation dismantled both the military and zaibatsu establishments, it did little, outside of abolishing the prewar Home Ministry, to challenge the power of the bureaucracy. There was considerable continuity —in institutions, operating style, and personnel — between the civil service before and after the occupation, partly because General Douglas MacArthur's staff ruled indirectly and depended largely on the cooperation of civil servants. A process of mutual co-optation occurred. Also, United States policy planners never regarded the civil service with the same opprobrium as the military or economic elites. The civil service's role in Japan's militarism was generally downplayed. Many of the occupation figures themselves were products of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and had strong faith in the merits of civil service professionalism. Finally, the perceived threat of the Soviet Union in the late 1940s created a community of interests for the occupiers and for conservative, social order-conscious administrators.

1970s and 1980s
In a 1975 article, political scientist Chalmers Johnson quotes a retired vice minister of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) who said that the Diet was merely "an extension of the bureaucracy". The official claimed that "the bureaucracy drafts all the laws.... All the legislature does is to use its powers of investigation, which for about half the year keeps most of the senior officials cooped up in the Diet."

In the years since this official made his proud boast, however, it became apparent that there were limits to the bureaucrats' power. The most important was the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan's growing role in policy formation. Political scientist B.C. Koh suggested that in many cases members of the LDP policy-oriented tribes (zoku) had greater expertise in their fields than elite bureaucrats. Before the latter drafted legislation, they had to consult and follow the initiatives of the party's Policy Research Council. Many analysts consider the role of the bureaucracy in drafting legislation to be no greater than that of its counterparts in France, Germany, and other countries. Also, the decision of many retired bureaucrats to run as LDP candidates for the Diet might not reflect, as had been previously assumed, the power of the officials but rather the impatience of ambitious men who wanted to locate themselves, politically, "where the action is."

An intense rivalry among the ministries came into play whenever major policy decisions were formulated. Elite civil servants were recruited by and spent their entire careers in a single ministry. As a result, they developed a strong sectional solidarity and zealously defended their turf. Non-bureaucratic actors—the politicians and interest groups—could use this rivalry to their own advantage.

1990s
The Ministry of Finance is generally considered the most powerful and prestigious of the ministries. Its top officials are regarded as the cream of the elite. Although it was relatively unsuccessful in the 1970s when the deficit rose, the ministry was very successful in the 1980s in constraining government spending and raising taxes, including a twelve-year battle to get a consumption tax passed. The huge national debt in the early 1990s, however, may be evidence that this budget-minded body had been unsuccessful in the previous decade in curbing demands for popular policies such as health insurance, rice price supports, and the unprofitable nationwide network of the privatized Japan Railways Group. Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) frequently encountered obstacles in its early post-occupation plans to reconsolidate the economy. It has not always been successful in imposing its will on private interests, politicians, or other ministries. According to law professor John Owen Haley, writing in the late 1980s, MITI's practice of gyōsei shidō, or administrative guidance, often described as evidence of the bureaucracy's hidden power, was in fact a second-best alternative to "express statutory authority that would have legitimated its exercise of authority." Administrative reform policies in the 1980s imposed ceilings on civil service staff and spending that probably contributed to a deterioration of morale and working conditions.

Still another factor limiting bureaucratic power was the emergence of an affluent society. In the early postwar period, the scarcity of capital made it possible for the Ministry of Finance and MITI to exert considerable influence over the economy through control of the banking system (see Monetary and fiscal policy). To a decreasing extent, this scarcity remained until the 1980s because most major companies had high debt-equity ratios and depended on the banks for infusions of capital. Their huge profits and increasing reliance on securities markets in the late 1980s, however, meant that the Ministry of Finance had less influence. The wealth, technical sophistication, and new confidence of the companies also made it difficult for MITI to exercise administrative guidance. The ministry could not restrain aggressive and often politically controversial purchases by Japanese corporate investors in the United States, such as Mitsubishi Estate's October 1989 purchase of Rockefeller Center in New York City, which, along with the Sony Corporation's acquisition of Columbia Pictures several weeks earlier, heated up trade friction between the two countries.

The whole issue of trade friction and foreign pressure tended to politicize the bureaucracy and promote unprecedented divisiveness in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During the Structural Impediments Initiative talks held by Japan and the United States in early 1990, basic changes in Japan's economy were discussed: reforms of the distribution and pricing systems, improvement of the infrastructure, and elimination of official procedures that limited foreign participation in the economy. Although foreign pressure of this sort is resented by many Japanese as an intrusion on national sovereignty, it also provides an opportunity for certain ministries to make gains at the expense of others. There is hardly a bureaucratic jurisdiction in the economic sphere that is not in some sense affected.

Internationally minded political and bureaucratic elites have found their market-opening reforms, designed to placate United States demands, repeatedly sabotaged by other interests, especially agriculture. Such reactions intensified United States pressure, which in turn created a sense of crisis and a siege mentality within Japan. The "internationalization" of Japan's society in other ways also divided the bureaucratic elite. MITI, the Ministry of Labor, and the Ministry of Justice had divergent views on how to respond to the influx of unskilled, usually South Asian and Southeast Asian, laborers into the labor-starved Japanese economy. An estimated 300,000 to 400,000 of them worked illegally for small Japanese firms in the late 1980s. Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture revision of guidelines on the writing of history textbooks, ostensibly a domestic matter, aroused the indignation of Japan's Asian neighbors because the changes tended to soften accounts of wartime atrocities (see Japanese history textbook controversies).

2000s and 2010s
Civil services in Japan underwent significant changes and reforms to work more efficiently in severe budget situation of the government. In 2001, Central Government Reform was implemented to merge existing ministries, strengthen the operation of cabinet and achieve more efficient work. Criticism to civil services from media and the public has got stronger against some scandals, such as the practice of amakudari to assure the advantages of high-rank officials after retirement, salary standard and many other factors.

In 2007, Junichiro Koizumi passed the postal privatisation bills (see ja:聖域なき構造改革). The major concern was Japan Post, with government backing, stymieing competition and giving politicians access to postal savings to fund pet projects. Japan post was split into three companies in 2007, intending to be privatized by 2017. Koizumi also reformed Independent Administrative Institution staff as privatized officers, which reduced half of the civil service. Japan post employed 280,000 people, or one-third of civil servants. However, as of 2020, the government still holds 57% of shares, and March 2028 was announced as the target date of privatization.

In the 2009 general election, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) came to power after many years of Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (LDP) government. DPJ set up the policy of “leadership by politics”, criticized the initiative of bureaucracy in the era of LDP, and planned to reform civil service. However, the DPJ was defeated in the 2012 general election, and the LDP regained power.

In 2014, Prime Minister Abe Shinzo again reduced bureaucratic autonomy by centralizing the appointment of all senior civil servants in the Cabinet Office.

title: Civil service of Japan


text:
User talk:128.190.62.54

Proposed deletion of CPI Aero

The article CPI Aero has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The article only cites self-published sources. Further searches turn up nothing other than automated stock entries and press releases (1, 2), suggesting a failure of WP:NCORP."

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Proposed deletion of Black River Technical College

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Varmint hunting

Varmint hunting or varminting is the practice of hunting vermin — generally small/medium-sized wild mammals or birds — as a means of pest control, rather than as games for food or trophy. The targeted animals are culled because they are considered economically harmful pests to agricultural crops, livestocks or properties; pathogen-carrying hosts/vectors that transmit cross-species/zoonotic diseases; or for population control as a mean of protecting other vulnerable species and ecosystems.

The term "varminter" may refer to a varmint hunter, or describe the hunting equipments (such as a varmint rifle) either specifically designed or coincidentally suitable for the practice of varmint hunting. Varmint hunters may hunt to exterminate a nuisance animal from their own property, to collect a bounty offered by another landowner or the government, or simply as a hobby.

Targets of varmint hunting
The term varmint is a US colloquial term for vermin, though it refers more specifically to mammalian or avian pests, including:
 * Predators which can kill/maim domestic animals: badger, coyote, foxes, mink, raccoons, snakes, snapping turtles, weasel, and wolverine.
 * Rodents and lagomorphs that can damage croplands or pastures: beaver, gophers, groundhogs, muskrat, coypu (also known as nutria), prairie dogs, porcupine, and rabbits.
 * Urban wildlife that can cause damage to buildings and properties, create mess/fecal pollutions, or carry disease: feral pigeons, rats, and squirrels.
 * Birds perceived as damaging to crops: crows and ravens, sparrows, as well as passenger pigeons and Carolina parakeets,one of which was driven to extinction in part by pressure from indiscriminate hunting.
 * Invasive species, such as starlings and wild boar/hogs, that are preying on or displacing desirable native species.

Blowgun
Shorter blowguns and smaller bore darts were used for varmint hunting by pre-adolescent boys in traditional North American Cherokees villages. They used the blowguns to cut down on smaller raiding rodents such as rats, mice, chipmunks and other mammals that cut or gnaw into food caches, seed and vegetable stores, or that are attracted to the planted vegetables. While this custom gave the boys something to do around the village and kept them out of mischief, it also worked as an early form of pest control. Some food and skins were also obtained by the boys, who hunted squirrels with blowguns well into the 20th century.

Airgun
Air rifles are commonly used in built-up environments, where the targets might not be particularly far away but are high up on trees/structures or in obscure corners, and the risk of overpenetration, ricochets and stray shots need to be minimized. Airguns are more powerful and accurate than blowguns, but much quieter and with less terminal damage than firearms, and thus more suitable in urban and suburban environments where noise complaint and ballistic safety can be an issue.

Firearms
Since varmint hunting is a form of pest control, and minimally regulated by law, the definition of what constitutes a varmint firearm tends to vary by regional pests. The definitive varmints are ground burrowing animals such as groundhogs and prairie dogs. These animals are small, alert and difficult to approach closely, and hunting them requires a long-range, highly accurate rifle. Because of this, models labelled "Varminter" will generally fit the following characteristics:
 * high-velocity caliber, for a flat trajectory (see external ballistics)
 * lightweight projectile, designed for minimum overpenetration (see terminal ballistics)
 * extreme accuracy, for the ability to hit small targets at long range (see accurizing)
 * heavier barrel, for more consistent internal ballistics so the gun can be fired more frequently without its precision being detrimented by heat build-up

Examples

 * Bushmaster AR-15 based Varminter model; includes extended heavy barrel, adjustable trigger, and no iron sights (being designed for dedicated use with telescopic sights).
 * Remington 700 SPS: Has a 26" heavy contour barrel with standard features that include a hinged floorplate magazine, sling swivel studs, and a drilled and tapped receiver.
 * Ruger No. 1 Varminter single-shot rifle; equipped with scope base and rings for telescopic sight, available in high velocity calibers with extended heavy barrels. While the trigger is factory set and locked, the trigger does include sear engagement and overtravel adjustment screws, which can be adjusted by a gunsmith.
 * Savage Model 12 Varminter; includes adjustable trigger, and free floated extended heavy barrel, no iron sights, and a benchrest style stock.
 * Sierra Varminter line of bullets; light weight, hollow point and soft point bullets designed for high velocities, minimal penetration, and maximum expansion needed for varmints.
 * Henry Repeating Arms Varmint Express .17 HMR: Features a high-comb Monte Carlo style buttstock optimized for use with a scope, fiber optic sights, and an 11-round capacity. Henry Repeating Arms produces over a dozen different lever action rifles chambered for .22 WMR and .17 HMR, both of which are ideal cartridges for varminting.

Impacts on varmint populations
Hunting of varmint has typically been to reduce crop loss and to stop predation of livestock. This hunting has imposed an artificial selection pressure on the organisms being hunted. The selection pressure on varmints is probably for younger reproduction ages and earlier maturity. Varmint hunting is also potentially selecting for behavioral changes that are desired, animals avoiding human populated areas, crops, and livestock.

title: Varmint hunting


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Talk:Coin collecting

Untitled
Reverted childish comment at the end of the "Casual Collector" section. Gmrx 15:37, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Coin collecting specialties
I have never once heard some of these 'categories' of coin collectors in any kind of book, website or in any general conversation among coin collectors and numismatists. 'Curious Collector'? Not once have I ever heard that one in any way shape of form, anywhere but here. I am not sure where this section came from but it needs some serious work (or deletion as I would vote for). --70.225.45.252 02:15, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I would much rather see text on types of collecting as opposed to types of collectors. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Qwertypoiuy/proposed_coin_collecting for an example. Obviously, this is a quick example but I could easily take a little time to expand it to replace the current text as long as I am not wasting my time on it. ;)

 * I agree with these comments. Qwertpoiuy, I was thinking of proposing something along the lines you suggested.  From what I am aware, the major types of collecting are country (collect an example from each country - often a crown sized coin), type, year (including mintmark), then variety.  I listed them in this way as they are in descending order of specialisation.  What country/region/period to collect is then a separate question - I once met a guy who collected world coins by year - that was ambitious!  Qwertypoiuy, if you want to go ahead with your idea, then I will help you out - as long as you don't mind me correcting the grossly US specific items ;)  I think we need to give some pretty good examples of exactly WHAT a variety is - we will need some good images.  Let me know what you think.

--PatClay 23:03, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

tone
This article has a non encyclopedic tone. so... yeah. that should be fixed..TastemyHouse Breathe, Breathe in the air 08:15, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * parts of the article are more a how-to guide - that should be moved to wikibooks

Change
Hi

I just submitted a pretty major change to the article along the lines others have suggested earlier. The majority of what I have done is changed the curious/advanced categories, which other people have also found strange.

I have replaced it with a breakdown of the types of things people use to define their collection, countries, errors, years etc.

I think that this is an improvement, and hope that I have not broken any rules by the major rewrite, let me know.

Thx --PatClay 18:32, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Things look good at quick glance. One thing, if you got these from a source, either paper or online, a reference would help a lot.   :)   Jo  e  I  22:35, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Numismatics
I wrote this in the numismatics article: "History of Numismatics Coin collecting has existed since ancient times, it is know that Roman Emperors were among some the earliest coin collectors. It is called the "Hobby of Kings" and rightfully so due to its most esteemed founders. Numismatics reached its apex due to the great demand during the late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance. In this period ancient coins were collect a great deal by European Kings, Princes, and nobility. It is know that Emperors Augustus and Julius collected Greek coins. Other collectors of coins are Pontif Boniface VIII, Itlaina poet Petrarch, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg who started the Berlin coin cabinet and Henry IV of France to name a few."

 * I was wondering should'nt coin collecting be merged with the numismatics article? There seems to problems with both articles, however if they are made one they would be great --Margrave1206 18:02, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the main argument right now for keeping them separate is that numismatics is more of a science, and "coin collecting" is a hobby. Note that I do not necessarily endorse this argument, just that it's my understanding of why we have two articles.--chris.lawson 04:03, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree with you, Chris.lawson, they should be merged, not that I'm an expert or anything, but as a collector or beginning numismatic, to me it takes both science an a eye for collecting. If you think not, try this, ask a random person, to look at a coin you have that's a collectors gem piece, say 1889 Morgan Silver Dollar an ask them if they think its worth anything, 10 out of 10 say yes...now take a 2006 Freakinthesheetz69 (talk) 02:58, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

Ok now take a 2005-P-Kansas quarter with mint error of spitting Bison Die Crack or Extra Hump...ask them same question, more than half will say no its worth a quarter. So to the eye of a collector it's both to me......just my opinion Freakinthesheetz69 (talk) 03:03, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

Copy Edit
I have made several edits to improve the structure/flow and tone of this article. I am by no means a coin collecting expert and if I have removed any encyclopedic information that should have been contained in the article, please let me know. I removed the "rewrite" and "cleanup" templates in favor of a "copy edit" template. The "Coin collecting specialties" section needs to be renamed or the information merged into other sections. I placed the "copy edit" template as I don't think that the article needs a complete rewrite any more, but could do with further touch-up. Also, it needs to be sourced, particularly with regard to the historical claims.  Into The Fray  T / C  17:03, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It is far better now, no doubt about that. I think that now it would really benefit from a well referenced expansion. Similarly Numismatics needs immediate attention, I only recently carried out a brief copyedit, added an image and so forth. The prose from both articles was also a little iffy with respect to their encyclopaedic tone, but they seem to be improving now. It's also useful to have a look at Philately and Stamp collecting, neither are perfect (far from it), but they help to draw the line of inclusion, and where the coin related articles are lacking, given that coins and stamps are similar in some respects. And it's also useful to use the 1911 version of the Encyclopædia Britannica which is available online and is surprisingly packed with perfectly suitable information. -- Chris.B

USA only
This is an interesting article, but there are more coins in the world than only American currency. Also, I would welcome an insightful paragraph about prices in the times of Eliasberg and his fellows and now, especially with the onslaught of the internet and Ebay. Soczyczi 02:12, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Emperors who collected
It is a fact that the Emperors Augustus and Julius collected Greek coins as little works of art and not for material value.--Margrave1206 (talk) 21:03, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Catalogs?
How about mentioning the catalogs available for coin collectors? A catalog is quite an important tool for collectors. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.172.136.141 (talk) 07:18, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Adding section "storage"
I'm going to put this here on the talk page instead of the main page because I don't think it's completely ready to go (it's something I wrote a while back), but it's here for starters if someone wants to edit it and then put it in. I think it would fit after "Coin condition and value."

Once you have bought your coins, you need a safe way to store them. There are several different ways to store your coins. For sets of coins that are less valuable, folders are often a good way to store them. Make sure that they do not contain PVC (polyvinyl carbonate). PVC is used to soften hard plastic into vinyl, but over time, it will leak out of coin holders and onto coins. It is possible to remove PVC, but you would rather not to have to clean your coins and run the risk of damaging them, right? Folders have holes that are usually labeled in which you can put your coins. There is a huge range of coin folders, ranging from 3-page cardboard ones, which you pop your coins into the holes, to large, plastic ones that look more like books with holes in the pages. Be careful when removing the slides on these, this can leave scratches on the coins. They can be found at coin stores and many hobby stores.

Cardboard 2x4s are little pieces of cardboard with holes in them, and thin plastic on one side. Just place your coin over one of the holes, and fold the other half over and staple it together. These are good for sets of coins that include one or two coins of several different sizes, such as world coins. These, like coin folders, can be found at most coin stores and hobby stores. Tubes are just round plastic holders for storing large amounts of lower-grade coins. Do not use them for valuable coins, because stacking them together will create nicks and scratches on the surfaces of the coins. These are harder to find at smaller coin stores, but common at hobby stores.

Paper envelopes are a cheap way to store coins, but you have to take your coin out of the folder to look at it. You can buy all different sizes at office supply stores, and they are also becoming popular at coin shops.

Hard plastic holders consist of three pieces of plastic: one, which the coin sits on, one that goes around the edge of the coin, and another to go on top of the coin, and all three pieces of plastic are screwed together. These are somewhat expensive, and are generally used only for high-grade, valuable coins. They are usually found only at coin shops, and similar versions that snap together can be found at hobby shops also.

Slabs are becoming ever popular for valuable coins. When you submit a coin to a grading service, such as PCGS, ANA, etc. they return them in slabs, which are similar to hard plastic holders, but instead of being screwed together, they are sonically sealed. The cost of slabbing the coin ranges from $10 to over $100 depending on the quality of service, etc. Abcasada (talk) 03:15, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Starting Major Copy Edit
As per the Copy Edit request placed on the page in Aug 2007, I've begun a major copy edit of the article. This should take about a week. I won't make significant changes in content; rather I'll be scanning for clarity, grammar, usage, punctuation, references/citations and so on. The general aim to improve the quality and readability of the article. Please let me know if I make any factual or other errors. Likewise, please tell me if you plan any major changes to the content in the near future and I'll hold off on editing those sections affected. Thanks! --Whoosit (talk) 00:02, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Copy editor's notes
→ Stepping out of the copy editor role for a time, I have made some significant additions in the HISTORY section. I've included extra content to flesh out the development of the hobby in the time period from the Renaissance to the present day. --Whoosit (talk) 05:51, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

→I've cut the following largely nonsensical paras from the section on Common collection themes. The two refer to paper money and are so badly written as to be irredeemable from a copy writer's perspective

 * Signature collections: Collectors with an interest in acquiring signatures of Finance Secretory (in India), RBI governor (in India), Chairman of Board of Commissioners of Currency (in Singapore), Gabenor (in Malaysia), treasurer (in United States and other countries) on the paper money (e.g., presently RBI governor Dr. D. Subbarao signs on all Indian Paper Money (except on Re.1), pastly Finance Secretory signs on Re. 1 Paper Money

 * Series collections: Often a collection consists of an example of number series for a period of time in one country. This will be encouraged as the number would be lucky for collector or represents some mythological Symbols (e.g., 786 for Muslim religion, they store that currency bearing 786 on them though they may not fall in any of the below mentioned category of "Types of Collector"). Some also interested in collecting paper money bearing a numerical series, an A.P., a G.P., an H.P., a number of identical numbers (90505050, 99910299), others (1030507, 987654, 24680, 1235813, 1491625).

Nevertheless I think the two categories are potentially useful. For example, the illustration of collectors who collect "lucky" series numbers seems uniquely Asian to me. This would make a worthy addition to show regional/cultural varriations on a universal hobby. But I can find no online source that refers to series or signature collections. Can anyone assist with references?? --Whoosit (talk) 00:59, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Copy Edit Done: Assessment Requested
I've finished copy editing this page. I've made major copy revisions to the text for clarity and readability, and made a few contextual changes, mostly additional examples/illustrations/clarifications. I changed bare URL references into Wikipedia standard refs. Please, if you have the time, review the changes and give me your opinion. --Whoosit (talk) 23:30, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Coin collecting


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Atomic Skull

The Atomic Skull is a supervillain in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an enemy of Superman. The character first appeared in 1978.

Publication history
The Albert Michaels version of the Atomic Skull first appeared in Superman #323 (May 1978), and was created by Martin Pasko and Curt Swan.

The Joseph Martin version of the Atomic Skull first appeared in The Adventures of Superman #483, and was created by Roger Stern and Bob McLeod.

Albert Michaels
Albert Michaels was a brilliant, but unfriendly scientist-administrator at S.T.A.R. Labs with a rare nervous system disorder that short-circuited the electrical impulses in his brain, creating painful and uncontrollable seizures. When he could not find a cure, he secretly contacted the criminal organization SKULL, and they implanted him with a radium-powered device designed to harness his neural disorder into deadly atomic "brain-blasts" in exchange for him becoming their agent. However, these mental blasts were difficult to control and only made his condition worse, a situation that he blamed on Superman after the Man of Steel captured the only SKULL scientists who could have cured him. Swearing revenge, the evil genius donned his distinctive yellow and green costume with its visored, cowl-topped skull mask, called himself the Atomic Skull, and eventually became the organization's leader, flying around in a sleek skull-shaped hovercraft of his own design and assisted by his similarly costumed lover Felicia, who was a panther that he had artificially evolved into a human form.

Following Crisis on Infinite Earths, Michaels made one appearance, battling Thunder and Lightning in Teen Titans Spotlight. It is assumed that his background has not changed, although instead of being diagnosed with a nervous disorder, it was said that his powers came because he sought immortality and presumably mutated himself. It is not known if he ever fought the post-Crisis version of Superman before, as his first (Post-Crisis) appearance was in Captain Atom, yet his history with S.T.A.R. Labs and SKULL remained as established in The DC Comics Encyclopedia.

Michaels returned in 2007 in Birds of Prey. He also appeared in the miniseries Villains United, where he joined Luthor's Society.

Joseph Martin
Student Joseph Martin was at S.T.A.R. Labs for a routine check-up when it was struck by an intense blast of energy from the Dominators' gene-bomb that gave him superhuman strength and caused his flesh to become invisible. Later attacked by some thugs, the resulting brain damage caused insanity, and he took on the guise of "the Atomic Skull" who was a hero from an old movie serial that he loved. He also emitted dangerous amounts of radiation, later gaining the ability to project it as energy blasts. He has plagued Superman, whom he believed to be the serial's villain Doctor Electron (particularly when Superman had currently acquired electricity-based powers), and Lois Lane, whom he saw as the Skull's love interest, Zelda Wentworth.

He was later given enhanced powers by the demon Neron in exchange for his soul. Cured of his delusions, he at first intended to follow the character's example for real as a superhero, but has since appeared as a more conventional supervillain.

He is killed in battle by the Maximums, an alternate reality superhero team, but is later seen alive in the pages of Action Comics, assuming that Mister Mxyzptlk reversed his death, along with other events having to do with the Maximums.

Recently, Martin crashed a movie premiere in Hollywood, having become obsessed with an actress who was in the film. He was defeated by Manhunter.

Martin was among the villains in the ambush of the JSA led by the Tapeworm.

While Superman is off-world, Martin attempts to cause trouble in downtown Metropolis, but is defeated by Mon-El.

The New 52
In The New 52 reboot launched in 2011, the Joseph Martin version of the Atomic Skull is re-introduced in Action Comics vol. 2 Annual #1, penned by Chronicle writer Max Landis.

When a S.T.A.R. Labs submarine crashes far below the surface of the ocean, one of its scientists is exposed to experimental radiation. He is washed to shore, with memories of the life he had, and the woman he loved and lost. Alone on a desert island, he fights to survive, eating the local, tropical vegetation. When a leopard finds and attacks him, he unexpectedly emits a blast of radiation that vaporizes its body. Eventually, he learns to use this power to his benefit, killing animals for food, and blasting away holes in the rock faces for shelter. The radiation soon takes its toll on him, as he remembers how he had caught his wife flirting with someone at a dance club and murdered her in a jealous rage. In anger, he destroys most of the island. His face, meanwhile, practically melts away, revealing his radioactive skull.

DC Rebirth
In DC Rebirth, the Atomic Skull is seen imprisoned in Kamen Maximum Security Prison in Superwoman #1.

In Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps #45, the Atomic Skull is shown trying to make amends by being the warden at Stryker's Island Penitentiary. When Hal Jordan tried to break out Hector Hammond, the Atomic Skull fought him, but before he could do anything else, Hector Hammond renders him temporarily brain dead using his psychic powers and Hal Jordan convinces him to let the Atomic Skull live.

Powers and abilities
Albert Michaels can deliver powerful energy bolts through the visor of his mask. These blasts have been described as unique brainwaves, heat vision, and radioactive energy throughout the years. Beside from his energy attacks, Michaels is an experienced leader of the SKULL organization and a brilliant scientist.

Joseph Martin has immense strength, stamina, and durability, comparable to that of Superboy (Kon-El), Superman, and Lar Gand. He can also project blasts of purple atomic energy from his hands or mouth for long-range attacks and use the same one to power himself up in a higher degree.

Dominus' reality
In a story featuring the reality-altering villain Dominus recreating various pre-Crisis Superman continuities, the supposed Golden Age Atomic Skull was first introduced. He was Lawrence Dennis, an actor and Nazi sympathizer who used his reputation as the hero of the serial Curse of the Atomic Skull as a platform to promote Nazism.

Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, a version of the Atomic Skull is imprisoned in the military Doom prison and is working to keep the other prisoners in, as he recognizes that he is a bigger fish in jail than he would ever be in the real world.

Movie serial
The Atomic Skull is the name of Joseph Martin's favorite hero from a (fictional) 12-episode movie serial made by National Film Studios in 1936. The serial stars Lawrence Dennis (according to Superman Villains Secret Files and Origins #1) as the titular character. This Atomic Skull was originally government agent Joe Martin who investigated the evil Doctor Electron and was transformed into the hideous Atomic Skull by one of Electron's inventions. Despite this, he and Zelda Wentworth, Electron's daughter (played by actress Eleanor Hart, whom Lois Lane has a passing resemblance to ), fell in love. Battling Electron and his minions (such as Rocketman) with his heat ray eye-blasts, the Atomic Skull eventually destroyed the mad scientist's plans and returned to normal. The fictional character from the serial is visually identical to Albert Michaels, the Pre-Crisis version of the Atomic Skull.

Superman: Red Son
The Atomic Skull is featured in the alternate reality Superman: Red Son as one of Lex Luthor's experiments.

Television

 * Albert Michaels makes a non-speaking appearance in the Superman episode "Fugitive from Space" as a S.T.A.R. Labs scientist.
 * The Joseph Martin incarnation of the Atomic Skull appears in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Lex Lang. Following a minor appearance in the episode "The Cat and the Canary" as a participant in Roulette's Meta-Brawl, he joins Gorilla Grodd's Secret Society as of the episode "I Am Legion". Prior to and during the episodes "Alive!" and "Destroyer", Lex Luthor takes command of the Society, but Grodd mounts a mutiny. Atomic Skull sides with the former before Darkseid attacks and kills most of the Society. Luthor, Atomic Skull, and the survivors subsequently join forces with the Justice League to repel Darkseid's invasion of Earth.
 * The Albert Michaels incarnation of the Atomic Skull makes a non-speaking appearance in the Young Justice episode "Revelation" as a member of the Injustice League.
 * The Albert Michaels incarnation of the Atomic Skull appears in the opening credits of Powerless.
 * A hologram of an unidentified Atomic Skull appears in Superman & Lois.
 * The Joseph Martin incarnation of Atomic Skull appears in My Adventures with Superman, voiced by Max Mittelman. This version is an agent of Task Force X whose abilities are derived from Kryptonian armor.

Film

 * The Joseph Martin incarnation of the Atomic Skull appears in Superman vs. The Elite, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. Following a fight with Superman, he is incarcerated at and forced to power Stryker's Island until he escapes by overloading the generator. Eventually, he is confronted and defeated by Superman and the Elite before the group's leader Manchester Black kills him at the behest of a boy whose father the Atomic Skull killed.
 * An unidentified Atomic Skull makes a cameo appearance in Justice League vs. Teen Titans, voiced by an uncredited Rick D. Wasserman.

Video games
The Joseph Martin incarnation of the Atomic Skull appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.

Miscellaneous
The Albert Michaels incarnation of the Atomic Skull appears in a special one-shot for the Young Justice tie-in comic book published for Free Comic Book Day.

title: Atomic Skull


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Insulin shock therapy

Insulin shock therapy or insulin coma therapy was a form of psychiatric treatment in which patients were repeatedly injected with large doses of insulin in order to produce daily comas over several weeks. It was introduced in 1927 by Austrian-American psychiatrist Manfred Sakel and used extensively in the 1940s and 1950s, mainly for schizophrenia, before falling out of favour and being replaced by neuroleptic drugs in the 1960s.

It was one of a number of physical treatments introduced into psychiatry in the first four decades of the 20th century. These included the convulsive therapies (cardiazol/metrazol therapy and electroconvulsive therapy), deep sleep therapy, and psychosurgery. Insulin coma therapy and the convulsive therapies are collectively known as the shock therapies.

Origins
In 1927, Sakel, who had recently qualified as a medical doctor in Vienna and was working in a psychiatric clinic in Berlin, began to use low (sub-coma) doses of insulin to treat drug addicts and psychopaths, and when one of the patients experienced improved mental clarity after having slipped into an accidental coma, Sakel reasoned the treatment might work for mentally ill patients. Having returned to Vienna, he treated schizophrenic patients with larger doses of insulin in order to deliberately produce coma and sometimes convulsions. Sakel made his results public in 1933, and his methods were soon taken up by other psychiatrists.

Joseph Wortis, after seeing Sakel practice it in 1935, introduced it to the US. British psychiatrists from the Board of Control visited Vienna in 1935 and 1936, and by 1938, 31 hospitals in England and Wales had insulin treatment units. In 1936, Sakel moved to New York and promoted the use of insulin coma treatment in US psychiatric hospitals. By the late 1940s, the majority of psychiatric hospitals in the US were using insulin coma treatment.

Technique
Insulin coma therapy was a labour-intensive treatment that required trained staff and a special unit. Patients, who were almost invariably diagnosed with schizophrenia, were selected on the basis of having a good prognosis and the physical strength to withstand an arduous treatment. There were no standard guidelines for treatment. Different hospitals and psychiatrists developed their own protocols. Typically, injections were administered six days a week for about two months.

The daily insulin dose was gradually increased to 100–150 units (1 unit = 34.7 μg ) until comas were produced, at which point the dose would be levelled out. Occasionally doses of up to 450 units were used. After about 50 or 60 comas, or earlier if the psychiatrist thought that maximum benefit had been achieved, the dose of insulin was rapidly reduced before treatment was stopped. Courses of up to 2 years have been documented.

After the insulin injection patients would experience various symptoms of decreased blood glucose: flushing, pallor, perspiration, salivation, drowsiness or restlessness. Sopor and coma—if the dose was high enough—would follow. Each coma would last for up to an hour and be terminated by intravenous glucose or via naso-gastric tube. Seizures occurred before or during the coma. Many would be tossing, rolling, moaning, twitching, spasming or thrashing around.

Some psychiatrists regarded seizures as therapeutic and patients were sometimes also given electroconvulsive therapy or cardiazol/metrazol convulsive therapy during the coma, or on the day of the week when they didn't have insulin treatment. When they were not in a coma, insulin coma patients were kept together in a group and given special treatment and attention. One handbook for psychiatric nurses, written by British psychiatrist Eric Cunningham Dax, instructs nurses to take their insulin patients out walking and occupy them with games and competitions, flower-picking and map-reading, etc. Patients required continuous supervision as there was a danger of hypoglycemic aftershocks after the coma.

In "modified insulin therapy", used in the treatment of neurosis, patients were given lower (sub-coma) doses of insulin.

Effects
A few psychiatrists (including Sakel) claimed success rates for insulin coma therapy of over 80% in the treatment of schizophrenia. A few others argued that it merely accelerated remission in those patients who would undergo remission anyway. The consensus at the time was somewhere in between, claiming a success rate of about 50% in patients who had been ill for less than a year (about double the spontaneous remission rate) with no influence on relapse.

Sakel suggested the therapy worked by "causing an intensification of the tonus of the parasympathetic end of the autonomic nervous system, by blockading the nerve cell, and by strengthening the anabolic force which induces the restoration of the normal function of the nerve cell and the recovery of the patient." The shock therapies in general had developed on the erroneous premise that epilepsy and schizophrenia rarely occurred in the same patient. The premise was supported by neuropathologic studies that found a dearth of glia in the brains of schizophrenic patients and a surplus of glia in epileptic brains. These observations led the Hungarian neuropsychiatrist Ladislas Meduna to induce seizures in schizophrenic patients with injections of camphor, soon replaced by pentylenetetrazol (Metrazole). Another theory was that patients were somehow "jolted" out of their mental illness.

The hypoglycemia (pathologically low glucose levels) that resulted from insulin coma therapy made patients extremely restless, sweaty, and liable to further convulsions and "after-shocks". In addition, patients invariably emerged from the long course of treatment "grossly obese", probably due to glucose rescue-induced glycogen storage disease. The most severe risks of insulin coma therapy were death and brain damage, resulting from irreversible or prolonged coma respectively. A study at the time claimed that many of the cases of brain damage were actually therapeutic improvement because they showed "loss of tension and hostility". Mortality risk estimates varied from about one percent to 4.9 percent.

Respected singer-songwriter Townes Van Zandt was said to have lost much of his long-term memory from this treatment, performed on him for bipolar disorder, preceding a life of substance abuse and depression.

Decline
Insulin coma therapy was used in most hospitals in the US and the UK during the 1940s and 1950s. The numbers of patients were restricted by the requirement for intensive medical and nursing supervision and the length of time it took to complete a course of treatment. For example, at one typical large British psychiatric hospital, Severalls Hospital in Essex, insulin coma treatment was given to 39 patients in 1956. In the same year, 18 patients received modified insulin treatment, while 432 patients were given electroconvulsive treatment.

In 1953, British psychiatrist Harold Bourne published a paper entitled "The insulin myth" in the Lancet, in which he argued that there was no sound basis for believing that insulin coma therapy counteracted the schizophrenic process in a specific way. If treatment worked, he said, it was because patients were chosen for their good prognosis and were given special treatment: "insulin patients tend to be an elite group sharing common privileges and perils". Prior to publishing "The insulin myth" in The Lancet, Bourne had tried to submit the article to the Journal of Mental Science; after a 12-month delay, the Journal informed Bourne they had rejected the article, telling him to "get more experience".

In 1957, when insulin coma treatment use was declining, The Lancet published the results of a randomized, controlled trial where patients were either given insulin coma treatment or identical treatment but with unconsciousness produced by barbiturates. There was no difference in outcome between the groups and the authors concluded that, whatever the benefits of the coma regimen, insulin was not the specific therapeutic agent.

In 1958, American neuropsychiatrist Max Fink published in the Journal of the American Medical Association the results of a random controlled comparison in 60 patients treated with 50 iatrogenic insulin-induced comas or chlorpromazine in doses from 300 mg to 2000 mg/day. The results were essentially the same in relief and discharge ratings but chlorpromazine was safer with fewer side-effects, easier to administer, and better suited to long-term care.

In 1958, Bourne published a paper on increasing disillusionment in the psychiatric literature about insulin coma therapy for schizophrenia. He suggested there were several reasons it had received almost universal uncritical acceptance by reviews and textbooks for several decades despite the occasional disquieting negative finding, including that, by the 1930s when it all started, schizophrenics were considered inherently unable to engage in psychotherapy, and insulin coma therapy "provided a personal approach to the schizophrenic, suitably disguised as a physical treatment so as to slip past the prejudices of the age."

Although coma therapy had largely fallen out of use in the US by the 1970s, it was still being practiced and researched in some hospitals, and may have continued for longer in countries such as China and the Soviet Union.

Recent writing
Recent articles about insulin coma treatment have attempted to explain why it was given such uncritical acceptance. In the US, Deborah Doroshow wrote that insulin coma therapy secured its foothold in psychiatry not because of scientific evidence or knowledge of any mechanism of therapeutic action, but due to the impressions it made on the minds of the medical practitioners within the local world in which it was administered and the dramatic recoveries observed in some patients. Today, she writes, those who were involved are often ashamed, recalling it as unscientific and inhumane. Administering insulin coma therapy made psychiatry seem a more legitimate medical field. Harold Bourne, who questioned the treatment at the time, said: "It meant that psychiatrists had something to do. It made them feel like real doctors instead of just institutional attendants".

One retired psychiatrist who was interviewed by Doroshow "described being won over because his patients were so sick and alternative treatments did not exist". Doroshow argues that "psychiatrists used complications to exert their practical and intellectual expertise in a hospital setting" and that collective risk-taking established "especially tight bonds among unit staff members". She finds it ironic that psychiatrists "who were willing to take large therapeutic risks were extremely careful in their handling of adverse effects". Psychiatrists interviewed by Doroshow recalled how insulin coma patients were provided with various routines and recreational and group-therapeutic activities, to a much greater extent than most psychiatric patients. Insulin coma specialists often chose patients whose problems were the most recent and who had the best prognosis; in one case discussed by Doroshow a patient had already started to show improvement before insulin coma treatment, and after the treatment denied that it had helped, but the psychiatrists nevertheless argued that it had.

A Beautiful Mind
In 1959, the 1994 Nobel Prize winner in Economics John Nash became psychotic and was first treated at McLean Hospital. When he relapsed, he was admitted to Trenton NJ State hospital. His associates at Princeton University pleaded with the hospital director to have Nash treated in the insulin coma unit, recognizing that it was better staffed than other hospital units. He responded to treatment and treatment was continued with neuroleptics.

Nash's life story was presented in the film A Beautiful Mind, which accurately portrayed the seizures associated with his treatments. In a review of the Nash history, Fink ascribed the success of coma treatments to the 10% of associated seizures, noting that physicians often augmented the comas by convulsions induced by ECT. He envisioned insulin coma treatment as a weak form of convulsive therapy.

Other explanations
In the UK, psychiatrist Kingsley Jones sees the support of the Board of Control as important in persuading psychiatrists to use insulin coma therapy. The treatment then acquired the privileged status of a standard procedure, protected by professional organizational interests. He also notes that it has been suggested that the Mental Treatment Act 1930 encouraged psychiatrists to experiment with physical treatments.

British lawyer Phil Fennell notes that patients "must have been terrified" by the insulin coma therapy procedures and the effects of the massive overdoses of insulin, and were often rendered more compliant and easier to manage after a course.

Leonard Roy Frank, an American activist from the psychiatric survivors movement who underwent 50 forced insulin coma treatments combined with ECT, described the treatment as "the most devastating, painful and humiliating experience of my life", a "flat-out atrocity" glossed over by psychiatric euphemism, and a violation of basic human rights.

In 2013, French physician-and-novelist Laurent Seksik wrote an historical novel about the tragic life of Eduard Einstein: Le cas Eduard Einstein. He related the encounter between Dr Sakel and Mileva Maric, Albert Einstein's first wife (and Eduard's mother), and the way Sakel's therapy had been given to Eduard, who had schizophrenia.

Representation in media
Like many new medical treatments for diseases previously considered incurable, depictions of insulin coma therapy in the media were initially favorable. In the 1940 film Dr. Kildare's Strange Case, young Kildare uses the new "insulin shock cure for schizophrenia" to bring a man back from insanity. The film dramatically shows a five-hour treatment that ends with a patient eating jelly sandwiches and reconnecting with his wife. Other films of the era began to show a more sinister approach, beginning with the 1946 film Shock, in which actor Vincent Price plays a doctor who plots to murder a patient using an overdose of insulin in order to keep the fact that he was a murderer a secret. More recent films include Frances (1982) in which actress Frances Farmer undergoes insulin coma treatment, and A Beautiful Mind, which depicted genius John Nash undergoing insulin treatment. In an episode of the medical drama House M.D., House puts himself in an insulin shock to try to make his hallucinations disappear. Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar refers to insulin coma therapy in chapter 15. In Kelly Rimmer's book The German Wife the character Henry Davis undergoes insulin shock therapy to treat 'combat fatigue'.

title: Insulin shock therapy


text:
Total body irradiation

Total body irradiation (TBI) is a form of radiotherapy used primarily as part of the preparative regimen for haematopoietic stem cell (or bone marrow) transplantation. As the name implies, TBI involves irradiation of the entire body, though in modern practice the lungs are often partially shielded to lower the risk of radiation-induced lung injury. Total body irradiation in the setting of bone marrow transplantation serves to destroy or suppress the recipient's immune system, preventing immunologic rejection of transplanted donor bone marrow or blood stem cells. Additionally, high doses of total body irradiation can eradicate residual cancer cells in the transplant recipient, increasing the likelihood that the transplant will be successful.

Dosage
Doses of total body irradiation used in bone marrow transplantation typically range from 10 to >12 Gy. For reference, an unfractionated (i.e. single exposure) dose of 4.5 Gy is fatal in 50% of exposed individuals without aggressive medical care. The 10-12 Gy is typically delivered across multiple fractions to minimise toxicities to the patient.

Early research in bone marrow transplantation by E. Donnall Thomas and colleagues demonstrated that this process of splitting TBI into multiple smaller doses resulted in lower toxicity and better outcomes than delivering a single, large dose. The time interval between fractions allows other normal tissues some time to repair some of the damage caused. However, the dosing is still high enough that the ultimate result is the destruction of both the patient's bone marrow (allowing donor marrow to engraft) and any residual cancer cells. Non-myeloablative bone marrow transplantation uses lower doses of total body irradiation, typically about 2 Gy, which do not destroy the host bone marrow but do suppress the host immune system sufficiently to promote donor engraftment.

Usage in other cancers
In addition to its use in bone marrow transplantation, total body irradiation has been explored as a treatment modality for high-risk Ewing sarcoma. However, subsequent findings suggest that TBI in this setting causes toxicity without improving disease control, and TBI is not currently used in the treatment of Ewing sarcoma outside of clinical trials.

Fertility
Total body irradiation results in infertility in most cases, with recovery of gonadal function occurring in 10−14% of females. The number of pregnancies observed after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation involving such a procedure is lower than 2%. Fertility preservation measures mainly include cryopreservation of ovarian tissue, embryos or oocytes. Gonadal function has been reported to recover in less than 20% of males after TBI.

title: Total body irradiation


text:
2008 United States gubernatorial elections

United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 4, 2008, in 11 states and two territories. Prior to the election, eight of the total seats were held by Democrats and five by Republicans. Two governors were prohibited by term limits from seeking re-election in 2008. The only governorship to change party was the open seat in Missouri, which was won by a Democrat after being previously held by a Republican.

These elections coincided with the presidential election, as well as the elections of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives and many local elections, state elections, and ballot propositions.

Closest races
States where the margin of victory was under 5%:
 * 1)  North Carolina, 3.39%

States where the margin of victory was under 10%:
 * 1)  Washington, 6.45%

Blue denotes states won by Democrats.

Delaware
Ruth Ann Minner was term-limited in 2008. As of 2008, Democrats had controlled the Delaware governorship for 16 years. In an upset, state Treasurer Jack Markell defeated Lieutenant Governor John Carney by 51 to 49% for the Democratic nomination on September 9. The Republican nominee was former state Superior Court Judge Bill Lee, defeating airline pilot Michael Protrack. Lee was the Republican nominee for governor in 2004, and lost to Minner by a narrow margin.

The race got more attention due to the vice presidential candidacy of U.S. Senator Joe Biden. Since Biden, a senator, was elected to be Vice President, he needed to resign his Senate seat. The new governor was then called upon to appoint someone to replace Biden in the Senate. Since Lee would naturally have been more inclined to select a Republican, his election could have caused a Republican pickup in the Senate by proxy. However, he was defeated by a wide margin on election day by Markell. Senator Biden resigned his seat in the United States Senate on January 15, 2009, and Governor Minner appointed Ted Kaufman to Biden's seat. Kaufman had previously served as Senator Biden's Chief of Staff during his tenure in the United States Senate.

Indiana
Incumbent Republican Mitch Daniels faced Democratic nominee former Congresswoman and Undersecretary of Agriculture Jill Long Thompson, and Libertarian nominee engineer Andy Horning, who also ran for governor in 2000.

Some pundits thought Mitch Daniels was vulnerable in 2008, but polling taken by SurveyUSA on October 21 and 22, 2008 showed him with a significant 54–35 lead. He won re-election easily, confirming these predictions.

While Indiana had not voted Democratic for president since 1964, Daniels was the first Republican elected governor in 16 years there. Daniels was also endorsed by the state's largest newspapers, the Indianapolis Star, the Evansville Courier & Press, the Fort Wayne Journal Gazette, the Times of Northwest Indiana, the Gary Post-Tribune and the Louisville Courier-Journal.

Missouri
Matt Blunt was considered to be the most vulnerable incumbent in the 2008 election cycle, but decided on January 22, 2008, not to seek re-election. Blunt's approval rating was the nation's second-lowest after Governor Ernie Fletcher of Kentucky for much of 2007, though his approval rating improved and approached 50% in a May poll conducted by SurveyUSA.

The Republican nominee was Congressman Kenny Hulshof. The Democratic nominee was four-term Missouri Attorney General Jay Nixon, who ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate in 1998. Nixon defeated Hulshof comfortably, despite the fact that Missouri ultimately voted for John McCain, a Republican, for president. Missouri was the only state not to re-elect the incumbent party for governor in 2008.

Montana
Democrat Brian Schweitzer of Montana (running with Lt. Governor John Bohlinger) was heavily favored to win re-election as he had better funding and high approval ratings as current Governor. The Republican nominee was State Senator Roy Brown (running with Steve Daines), and the Libertarian nominee was Stan Jones (running with Michael Baker). Schweitzer won some press coverage with his well-received speech to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. He was criticized, however, for a speech in July in which he jested that he helped defeat U.S. Senator Conrad Burns in 2006 by tampering with the vote totals, which he insisted was purely a joke. Schweitzer won re-election by a comfortable margin despite the criticism.

New Hampshire
In New Hampshire, Democrat John Lynch easily won re-election against State Senator Joseph D. Kenney, the Republican nominee.

NOTE: New Hampshire's gubernatorial elections are held every in alternate (even-numbered) years, instead of every fourth year.

North Carolina
Mike Easley was term-limited in 2008, in another state whose governorship had been held by Democrats for 16 years. Democratic Lieutenant Governor Beverly Perdue was the Democratic nominee, defeating Charlotte Mayor Pat McCrory, the Republican nominee.

North Dakota
Republican John Hoeven announced he would seek re-election for a third term in 2008. He won re-election with 74% of the vote. Soundly defeating the Democratic gubernatorial nominee, State Senator Tim Mathern, (24%) and independent candidate DuWayne Hendrickson (2%).

Utah
Jon Huntsman Jr. was heavily favored to win re-election in Utah. As of 2008, Republicans had controlled the Utah governorship for 24 years. Democrat Bob Springmeyer challenged Huntsman, but was decisively defeated.

Vermont
Three-term incumbent Jim Douglas ran as a Republican, and House Speaker Gaye Symington ran as a Democrat. Other candidates included Anthony Pollina of the Vermont Progressive Party and Cris Ericson of the Marijuana Party. Douglas was re-elected.

Washington
Democrat Christine Gregoire is perhaps best known for having won in 2004 by 133 votes in the third official count, after having lost the initial count by 261 votes and the first recount by 24 votes. Her 2004 opponent, Republican former State Senator Dino Rossi, officially announced his candidacy on October 25, 2007. Pre-election SurveyUSA polls showed Gregoire leading Rossi with a 50% to 47% margin. A September 10 poll by Rasmussen Reports showed Rossi pulling ahead by a 52% to 46% margin. The race was expected to be extremely close, but Gregoire was reelected by a wider than expected margin of 6.45%.

West Virginia
Democrat Joe Manchin ran for re-election in West Virginia and was heavily favored according to pre-election polls. On November 4, he faced former State Senator Russ Weeks, a Republican, and Mountain Party candidate Jesse Johnson, who ran in 2004. Butch Paugh of the Constitution Party also attempted a run but failed to qualify for the ballot. Manchin won re-election by a landslide.

American Samoa
American Samoa's Togiola Tulafono sought re-election in 2008 with Lieutenant Governor Ipulasi Aitofele Sunia. He won his first term 55.7% to 44.3% in the 2004 run-off against Afoa Moega Lutu. Tulafono was again challenged by Afoa Moega Lutu and Velega Savali, who ran as a nonpartisan team for governor and lieutenant governor respectively. Utu Abe Malae and Tuika Tuika also ran to become the next Governor on separate, nonpartisan tickets. Tulafono won in a close vote that split three ways.

Puerto Rico
Aníbal Acevedo Vilá of Puerto Rico ran for a second term in 2008. In 2004, Acevedo narrowly beat former Governor and Senator Pedro Rosselló, also a Democrat, by a mere 3,566 votes.

Republican at-large Resident Commissioner Luis Fortuño, who announced in December 2006 that he would not again seek re-election to his current post, ran against him. There was also a movement to elect Senator Rosselló as a write-in choice for governor.

The Puerto Rican Independence Party's candidate was Edwin Irizarry Mora, while a fourth candidate, Rogelio Figueroa (Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party), ran on an environmentalist platform.

Acevedo was defeated by Fortuño on election day. The federal indictment against Acevedo for alleged corruption schemes when he was in Congress, and generally low approval, may have been a drag on his candidacy and chances of winning re-election.

Overall results
At the 2008 elections, all 55 governorships of the states and territories were occupied. However, in the 2008 election cycle, only thirteen seats were up for election - eleven were statewide, and two were territorial. Eight seats were held by Democrats, and the remaining five were held by Republicans.


text:
User:Egegeggegeg

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title: User:Egegeggegeg


text:
Talk:Numismatics

Odd and Curious
There is no citation to support the idea that early currencies are thought "odd and curious," and if this is a term of art there is no context given. Explain? Tranquilled (talk) 20:12, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I also found this phrase very peculiar, especially in the first explanatory paragraph. wiktionary says the phrase is "(idiomatic, US) A way to designate special coins, namely coins that are both odd and imperfect or seriously damaged." so it doesn't seem to apply specifically to early currencies.  The usage I see by coin collectors includes a lot of modern stuff used in extreme circumstances. e.g. http://www.joelscoins.com/odd.htm Danny Rathjens (talk) 20:07, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

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The example of one of Alexander the Great's coin
I'm not sure one specific example like this adds to the article and follows encyclopedic style, but I also feel hesitant to delete this person's edit. If it is kept, perhaps it needs an introductory sentence explaining that (for example) numismatists may analyse symbolic and cultural elements of coin design and relate these to an historical understanding of the location and era of a coin's creation / use? It also seems to be placed in a strange spot, under the Modern Numismatics and Subfieds sections, though it does not relate to either of these and might sit better higher up in the article. Hope this helps! Crinoline (talk) 16:55, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

1952 D penny the t is missing in trust
1952D penny in the word trust the t is missing 2600:1700:E0D0:6820:7CFF:CA02:7FED:84A3 (talk) 05:48, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Манета
монета царской России 1910г. Нанимал одна 89.40.195.76 (talk) 21:30, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Numismatics


text:
Indian Pentecostal Church of God

The Indian Pentecostal Church of God (IPC) is one of the largest Pentecostal Christian Denomination in India. Its organisational headquarters located in Kumbanad, Kerala, India. It was founded in 1924 by K E Abraham and colleagues in co-operation with Robert F. Cook.

K E Abraham started a bible school at his house, which was unnamed until 1932 and then given the name Hebron Bible College, currently known as India Bible College, Kumbanad.

Related bodies
There are many auxiliary ministries associated with IPC such as Bible Colleges & schools, Pentecostal Young People Association (PYPA), Fellowship of Women – Indian Pentecostal Women's Association, and sunday schools.

title: Indian Pentecostal Church of God


text:
Talk:ASSIST (computing)

Some published references on ASSIST from the 1970s
It's inappropriate for me to edit the article, but here are a few references, if somebody wants to add them:

J. R. Mashey, “Three years’ experience with a student-oriented assembler,” SIGCSE Bulletin 5 (1973), 157-165.

J. R. Mashey, G. M. Campbell, C. Forney, Jr. “Assist: a self-modifiable assembler for instructional purposes,” Proc. ACM annual conference, 1972.

See also: Notes on ASSIST-V, on later developments, which gives: Further information about ASSIST-V can be found in: Hughes, C.E.; Pfleeger, C.P., "ASSIST-V: An Environment Simulator for  IBM 360 Systems Software Development," IEEE Transactions on Software   Engineering, Volume SE-4,  Issue 6,  Nov. 1978, 526 - 530. JohnMashey (talk) 21:55, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:ASSIST (computing)