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Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra (BIT, Mesra) is a government funded technical institute (GFTI) situated at Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. It was declared as a deemed university under Section 3 of the UGC Act.

History
The Birla Institute of Technology was established in 1955 at Mesra by industrialist and philanthropist B. M. Birla. The institute was affiliated to Patna University until 1960, and then to Ranchi University. In 1986 BIT was elevated to the status of deemed university under section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956.

BIT was the first institute in India to set up a department of space engineering and rocketry, in 1964.

The Small Industries Research and Development Organization (SIRDO) was set up in 1970 to support small manufacturing enterprises managed by graduates of BIT. Companies created from this concept include Meditron and Alcast. This idea was recognized by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, which spread the concept to other institutes such as IITs, under the concept name Science and Technological Entrepreneurs Park (STEP). The first STEP was approved and located in BIT Mesra. The entrepreneurship development cell was founded in 2007 and is run by the students. For financial support, BIT set up the SIDBI Centre for Innovation and Incubation (SCII) by an arrangement with Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) to provide funds for a limited period of time to select new entrepreneurs, start up companies, and technology based organisations. BIT Mesra has a PARAM 10000 supercomputer at the core of its IT infrastructure.

Campus

 * Built up covered area exceeding 840000 sqft
 * Golden Jubilee auditorium as well as a Mini auditorium
 * PARAM 10000 super computer
 * 100 Mbit/s LAN Connection in all BIT hostels rooms(1Gbit/s in newly built floors)
 * R&D building housing computer and scientific labs.
 * A three storied library. There is a separate internet facility inside the library in order to let students read IEEE and other journals
 * Lord Shiva temple

Central facilities
Central Library The Central Library was established in 1955. It has print and electronic resources in the fields of science and technology. The collection includes 10,000 online journals, 100 print journals, 113,000 books, 2500 CDs, 60 audiocassettes and 4000 project reports.

Governance
BIT functions under the control of a Board of Governors, comprising representatives of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, the UGC, the State Government, the Chancellor, the A.I.C.T.E., the Hindustan Charity Trust and the Institute Faculty. CK Birla is the chairman of the board of governors. The governor of the state of Jharkhand is the chancellor of the institute. The Technical Council headed by vice chancellor decides the academic policy of the institute.

University Polytechnic
The University Polytechnic was established in 2001, as a joint venture of the Department of Welfare, Government of Jharkhand and BIT, Mesra, to impart Diploma level technical education amongst the youths of Jharkhand. Its campus is located close to the National Highway 33 in the vicinity of the BIT Main campus on the outskirts of Ranchi.

Deoghar Extension Centre
In order to expand BIT further across the state, the Jharkhand government asked the institute to establish an Extension Centre at Deoghar, Jharkhand. A MoU was signed between the Institute and the Government of Jharkhand. In October 2007, Birla Institute of Technology extension Deoghar began to operate. As per the provisions of the MoU it was decided that 50% of spaces would be for students acquiring eligible qualifications from Institutions located in Jharkhand while the remaining 50% would be for students from other states of the country. Admission has been through JEE Main with Central Counseling conducted by the Central Counseling Board.

Patna Extension Centre
Birla Institute of Technology, Patna Campus was established in 2006, on the initiative of Govt. of Bihar. The institute came into existence by Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode under flagship management of BIT Mesra. The Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar, laid the foundation stone of the institute in December 2005. The institute started its academic programme during the 2006–07 academic year.

Birla Institute of Scientific Research
The Birla Institute of Scientific Research (BISR) is a sister concern of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi which hosts an auditorium and a planetarium in its campus in Jaipur. The institute was established for promoting science education through its museum and planetarium.

This institute has a state of the art Bioinformatics Centre in Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics and a Remote Sensing Department.

Rankings
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra was ranked at 401-450 band in the recent 2024 QS World Rankings (Asian Category). Among engineering colleges, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra ranked 17th by India Today in National Institutional Ranking Framework and fifth among private engineering colleges by Outlook India in 2022.

The Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra was ranked 53th among Engineering Colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in the 2023 rankings.

Notable alumni

 * Ajit Kumar Mehta, former Member of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) from Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency.
 * Madhavan Chandradathan, Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)
 * Shree K. Nayar, T. C. Chang Professor, Computer Science, Columbia University
 * Ashish Vaswani, AI researcher, co-author of "Attention Is All You Need"
 * Amit Chaudhary, COO, Lenskart
 * Sanjay Nayak, CEO, Tejas Networks
 * Deven Sharma Indian Businessman, President of Standard and Poors
 * Nigar Shaji, Indian aerospace engineer who works at Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) & project director of Aditya-L1 mission.
 * Hemant Soren, Jharkhand CM from 2019 to 2024 and from 2013 to 2014.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra


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Larrabetzu

Larrabetzu is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Larrabetzu


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Bermudo III of León

Bermudo III or Vermudo III (c. 1015– 4 September 1037) was the king of León from 1028 until his death. He was a son of Alfonso V of León by his first wife Elvira Menéndez, and was the last scion of Peter of Cantabria to rule in the Leonese kingdom. Like several of his predecessors, he sometimes carried the imperial title: in 1030 he appears as regni imperii Ueremundo principis; in 1029/1032 as imperator domnus Veremudius in Gallecia; and in 1034 as regni imperii Veremundus rex Legionensis. He was a child when he succeeded his father. In 1034 he was chased from his throne by King Sancho III of Pamplona and forced to take refuge in Galicia. He returned to power, but was defeated and killed fighting against his brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Castile, in the battle of Tamarón.

History
Bermudo III was the son of Alfonso V of León by his first wife Elvira Menéndez. He succeeded to the throne of León in 1027. Bermudo married Jimena Sánchez, who was a daughter of King Sancho III of Pamplona.

In 1029, Count García Sánchez of Castile was about to be married to Sancha of León, the elder sister of Bermudo, an arrangement apparently sanctioned by the king of Navarre, when the count was murdered in the city of León by the Velas, a party of Castilian nobles exiled from their own country, who had taken refuge in León. León and Navarre disputed the succession to the Countship of Castile thus left vacant.

Sancho III of Pamplona was married to Muniadona, daughter of Sancho García of Castile, and sister to the murdered count. Sancho claimed the county of Castile in his wife's name and installed in it their son, Ferdinand, as the new count of Castile. He seized the borderlands between the Cea and the Pisuerga rivers, right above León's capital, long a bone of contention between León and Castile. In 1032 Sancho of Pamplona forced a marriage between his son, Fernando of Castile, and Sancha of León, and those lands went to Castile as part of her dowry.

In 1034, Sancho wrested the city of León itself from his son-in-law, Bermudo, who retreated into Galicia. By the time Sancho died in 1035, the meseta north of the Duero was dominated by the Pyrenean pocket kingdom of Navarre. After Sancho's death, Bermudo III was immediately received back into León and soon began a campaign to recover the disputed territory between the Cea and Pisuerga from Castile and his brother-in-law Ferdinand. Bermudo III was killed at the Battle of Tamarón on 4 September 1037. Autopsy of his remains shows that he may have suffered death from infantry spears or pikes, after falling from his horse.

Since the latter died without an heir, the kingdom of León now recognized Sancha and her husband as its rulers, and Ferdinand was anointed king in the royal city on 22 June 1038. The united realm of León and Castile, with its rimlands of Asturias and Galicia, would become the political center of the north Iberian Christian society.

Marriage
By his wife Jimena, daughter of Sancho III of Pamplona, Bermudo had one child, a son named Alfonso, who was born and died in 1030.

title: Bermudo III of León


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Laukiz

Laukiz is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Laukiz


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Francie Bellew

Francis "Francie" Bellew (born 25 March 1976) is a Gaelic footballer who played for the Armagh county team. He has won an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship medal, five Ulster Championships and a National League title with the county. He was also awarded an All Star for his performances in 2003.

Bellew plays club football for Crossmaglen Rangers and has won four All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championships, seven Ulster Senior Club Football Championships and 13 Armagh Senior Football Championships with the club.

Bellew usually plays as full back for both club and county. He is known as a hard-hitting and tough old-fashioned full back and these attributes along with his quiet demeanor and reluctance to talk to the media has resulted in him having a cult following among Armagh and Crossmaglen fans. He features in 24 reasons "Why GAA is better than soccer" under #6: John Terry would run a mile if he came up against Francie Bellew.

Inter-county
Bellew made his Senior inter-county debut for Armagh against Louth in early 2002, and subsequently made his Championship debut against Tyrone later that year. That year he helped Armagh win the Ulster Senior Football Championship as well as the county's first ever All-Ireland Senior Football Championship.

In 2003 Armagh once again reached the All-Ireland final, but were defeated by neighbours Tyrone. He received an All Star award for his performances that year. 2004 saw Bellew and Armagh again win the Ulster Championship.

In 2005 Bellew helped Armagh win the National League, beating Wexford in the final. Later that year he helped Armagh win another Ulster Championship.

Armagh completed a three-in-a-row of Ulster Championships in 2006. Bellew won another Ulster Championship medal with Armagh in 2008, his fifth in all.

Bellew retired from inter-county football in April 2009.

Club
Bellew is part of the Crossmaglen team that has won 13 Armagh Senior Football Championships in a row between 1996 and 2008. This equals the national record for consecutive county football championships set by Ballina Stephenites of Mayo between 1904 and 1916. He has also won the Ulster Senior Club Football Championship eight times (1996, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 and the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship five times (1997, 1999, 2000, 2007 and 2011) with the club. Bellew, along with Paul Hearty, John McEntee, Tony McEntee, Oisín McConville is one of six Cross players to have shared in all these successes since 1996.

title: Francie Bellew


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Payzac, Dordogne

Payzac (Paisac de la Noalha) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

History
The commune was written as Peisac, Peyzac, Paysac and since the late-19th century: Payzac. The official name Payzac replaced the older name Payzac-de-Lanouaille in 1961.

During the French Revolution on Friday 23 August 1793, the communes of Boisseuilh, Coubjours, Génis, Payzac, Saint-Cyr-les-Champagnes, Saint Mesmin, Salagnac, Savignac, Saint-Trié (Sainte-Trie) and Teillots were detached from the Corrèze department, and reunited to the Dordogne department.

The commune is well known for its Rugby team "l'USPS" (lit. Payzac-Savignac Sporting Union), champion of France 3 in 2000 and in the Périgord-Agenais "regional honor promotion league" in 2007/2008.

Mayors
A partial list of lords and mayors of Payzac:
 * 1345-6 Charles de Blois and Jeanne de Penthievre, duke and duchess of Brittany, viscount and viscountess of Limoges
 * , count of Penthièvre, viscount of Limoges, lord of Payzac
 * -1453:, viscount of Limoges, lord of Payzac
 * 1453-1455:, count of, viscount of Limoges, lord of Payzac
 * 1455-1481:, countess of Périgord, viscountess of Limoges, dame (lady) of Paysac
 * 1481-1516: Jean d'Albret, king of Navarre, count of Périgord, viscount of Limoges, lord of Payzac
 * 1516-1555 - Henri d'Albret, king of Navarre, count of Périgord, viscount of Limoges, lord of Payzac
 * 1555-?: Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarre, countess of Périgord, viscountess of Limoges, lady of Paysac
 * ?-1609: Henry IV, king of France and Navarre, count of Périgord, viscount of Limoges, lord of Paysac
 * 1713-1741: François du Mas de Paysac, lord marquess of Paysac
 * 1741-?: Joseph-François du Mas de Paysac, lord marquess of Paysac
 * ?-1789: Charles-Odet du Mas de Paysac, lord marquess of Paysac
 * 1790s: Coustillas, mayor
 * February 1800: Degrassat
 * 6 June 1811: Jean-Baptiste Eyssartier
 * 30 September 1815: Lajugie-Larnaudie
 * April 1817: Leonard Rupin
 * 9 August 1832: Pierre Coustillas
 * 15 May 1852: Piere Joussein
 * February, 1875-?: Pierre Joussein
 * July 1899–1911: Gustave le Clare
 * 1908-: Dr. Dupinet
 * 1919-1945: Charles le Clere
 * mid-20th century: Feuillard
 * 2001-2008: François le Clere
 * 2008-2014: Jean-Michel Lamassiaude

Personalities
Payzac was the birthplace of:
 * Jean-Pierre Timbaud

title: Payzac, Dordogne


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Talk:8-in Howitzer M1

Merge?
Given that this appears to be just another name for the M115 203 mm howitzer. Should it be merged into the other article. (I'm no expert on US WWII big guns). What does everyone think ? Megapixie 11:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:8-in Howitzer M1


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Lekeitio

 Lekeitio (Lequeitio) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Spanish Autonomous Community of Basque Country, 53 km northeast from Bilbao. The municipality has 7,307 inhabitants (2019) and is one of the most important fishing ports of the Basque coast. Tourism has an important role during the summer seasons, when the town is a resort with one beach called Isuntza and the nearby Karraspio beach in the town of Mendexa.

The most important monument is the church of Santa María, a gothic basilica from the 15th century. Lekeitio is also the birthplace of Resurrección María de Azkue, one of the most important Basque scholars of the 19th century.

San Pedroak
The celebration of San Pedro takes place from 29 June, saints day, to 1 July. It begins with a mass in honor of the saint and a procession with his image. The mass is celebrated in the church of Santa Maria, and from there the procession starts to walk the streets of the town.

San Antolinak
The festivities are in honor of the patron of the town, San Antolin, and are celebrated from 1 to 8 September. One of the most popular parts of the festival is the goose pulling event.

This is held on 5 September, the aim being to hold on for as long as possible to a goose that is hanging from a rope that crosses the harbor from one dock to the other. The rope has one side fixed and on the other side there is a group of men pulling the rope to raise and lower it. In the middle of the rope there is a goose drenched in oil (in previous times the bird was alive). There are a lot of boats that take part and all of them have to go, in the order assigned through a random lottery in the morning, to the place the goose is and one participant from each boat has to grab the goose by the neck as strongly as possible. Once the boat has advanced to the front, the men at the end of the rope start pulling it, lifting the goose with the member holding it. Once the participants reach the top, the men let him drop from there, before rapidly pulling him up again. They continue like that until the participant lets the goose go or until the neck of the goose breaks. The one who makes most elevations wins the competition.

This day has been documented since the 5th century and it is said that its origins are older. This act has been celebrated since 1877.

The goose pulling event was also played on dry land, (and today is still held in Markina-Xemein). Several changes have taken place in this festival because in the past all the boats were sailed by 13 sailors. Only sailors were allowed to participate and there were strict regulations governing the speed and size of the boat, which had to be manned by 12 oarsmen and the captain. If there was any doubt about the winner they arranged a race that went to the island near Lekeitio.

The festival is controversial, especially among animal rights activists, who have called for it to be stopped. During the festival people wear denim work clothes, often combined with a white shirt.

Cave art
A 15 m-long panel of etchings was discovered in the Armintxe Cave in 2016. Two of the etchings were of lions - the first seen in Basque Country. The art dates from 12,000 to 14,500 years ago.

Notable people from Lekeitio

 * Resurrección María de Azkue (1864–1951): Priest, writer, linguist and culture promoter. One of the creators of Euskaltzaindia and the first Euskaltzailburu, or head of Euskaltzaindia.
 * Santiago Brouard (1919–1984): Doctor and politician, member of Herri Batasuna. Member of the Spanish senate and deputy mayor of Bilbao.
 * Buenaventura Zapirain (1873–1937): Composer and organist.
 * Eusebio Erkiaga (1912–1993): Writer.
 * Miren Agur Meabe (1962): Writer.
 * Josu Urrutia (1968): Former footballer and Athletic Bilbao's former president.

title: Lekeitio


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Lemoa

Lemoa (Lemona) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

Sports

 * SD Lemona (Football) in Segunda División B

Notable people

 * Gurutzi Arregi (1936-2020), ethnographer

title: Lemoa


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Lemoiz

Lemoiz (Lemóniz) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. It has a population of about 1243.

It was chosen as the site of the Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant, but the construction was left unfinished after ecologist opposition and ETA attacks.

title: Lemoiz


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Lezama

Lezama is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. It is home to the training headquarters of the football team Athletic Bilbao, and is accessible by bus - BizkaiBus (A3223) - from Bilbao.

title: Lezama


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Loiu

Loiu (Lujua) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. The Bilbao Airport terminal lies within the municipality limits.

Geography
Loiu is located in the Asua Valley, with Derio lying to the East and Erandio to the West.

Composition
A big part of the population is dispersed around country farmhouses (called baserri or caseríos). The main neighbourhood is Zabaloetxe, where the church is located. Other urban areas are Elochelerri (in Basque Elotxelerri), on the way to Asua Valley (BI-637), next to the airport, and Lauros (Lauro).

Airport
Since the most recent expansion of Bilbao Airport, many of its facilities including the passenger terminal are located within the municipality.

Toponym
In Euskera, the town is officially called Loiu. In Spanish, the town is called Lujua.

The old name of the town was Luxua, but it was converted into Spanish after the phonetic evolution of x/j (around 17th century) in Lujua (paralleling the change Xerez -> Jerez).

In Euskera, the phonetic evolution of the toponym was different: when the -a ending was lost, phoneme x evolved in a different way to the Spanish language y, and the variation of the tonic syllable lu for lo. That is Luxu(a) -> Lu(x)u -> L(u)iu -> Loiu. Euskaltzaindia adopted Loiu as the official form of the name.. Loiu adopted its official name in 1983.

title: Loiu


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Mallabia

Mallabia (in Basque and officially, in Spanish: Mallavia) is an elizate, town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Mallabia is part of the comarca of Durangaldea and has a population of 1.135 inhabitants as of 2006 and according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.

Etymology
The etymology of the word Mallabia may come from the Basque word malla ("step", "level" or "height") and bi(a) ("two" or "the one with two"), then refers to the place with "two levels" or "two heights".

History
As it is common with the elizates, the date of foundation of Mallabia is unknown. Its origin is linked with the old Tierra Llana (Spanish for "flat lands") of the ancient merindad of Durango. At some point, it possibly split from the elizate of Zenarruza (in which lands the elizate of Ermua was founded). Since 1635, Mallabia had voice and right to vote in the Juntas of Guerediaga, where it occupied the seat number three. The local church was opened in the 11th century, it was reconstructed in the 16th century and finally finished in 1750.

Geography
The municipality of Mallabia is located in the eastern part of Biscay. It limits at north with the municipalities of Markina-Xemein and Etxebarria, at south with Zaldibar at east with Eibar (province of Gipuzkoa) and Ermua and at west with Berriz.

Transportation
The town is crossed by the roads BI-3301 (Ermua-Trabakua), BI-633 (Durango-Ondarroa) and the N-634, which connects the town with Bilbao, Donostia, Durango and Eibar, among others. The nearest highway is the AP-8, which cannot be accessed from the town; the closest access is located in Ermua.

The narrow-gauge regional railways Euskotren Trena does not have a station in the town, despite crossing near to it.

Notable people

 * Francisco de Longa, lieutenant general who fought in the Peninsular War
 * Gorka Arrizabalaga, cyclist
 * Mikel Pradera, cyclist

title: Mallabia


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Mañaria

Mañaria (both in Basque and Spanish) is an elizate, town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, Spain. Mañaria is part of the comarca of Durangaldea and has a population of 459 inhabitants as of 2006 according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.

History

As happens with most of the elizates, little is known about the early history of the town and its foundation. Prehistoric deposits of Magdalenian and Neolithic origin have been found in the caves of Silibranka, Kobazar and Atxuri, among others. A Visigoth liturgical vase of the 7th Century has also been found.

Mañaria was part of the merindad of Durango, and it had voice and right to vote in the Juntas of Guerendiaga, where it occupied the seat number four. On the 18th Century the construction of the Royal Road connecting the city of Vitoria with the coast of Biscay going through Urkiola meant the realignment of the town's location, making it the central axis of the municipality. Since mid 18th Century and during the entire 19th Century, Mañaria lived a period of splendor because of the exploitation of its quarries. The church is extended, and the school, the Basque pelota fronton, the tower of the clock and the cemetery are built.

Location
Mañaria is located in the southeastern part of the province of Biscay, which is located in northern Spain. It limits at north with the municipalities of Izurtza and Durango, at west with Dima and at east and south with Abadiño.

Mañaria is situated on a valley within the course of the Mañaria River and surrounded by mountains; the Mugarra and Untxillaitz the most significant ones. Other important mountains that surround the municipality are the Arrietabaso and Saibi. The road BI-623 that connects Durango with Vitoria-Gasteiz crosses the city from north to south before ascending to Urkiola. More than 70% of the territory of the municipality is part of the Urkiola Natural Park.

Hydrography
The valley is formed by the Mañaria River that originates in the hillsides of the mountains that surround it. This river later joins the Ibaizabal river.

Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on mining and industry.

Primary Sector
The primary sector is based on the exploitation of resources as limestone and marble in quarries, being this the main economical activity of the municipality. Some small farming activities are also present.

Secondary Sector
The secondary sector is based on the metallurgical transformation. Most of the industries are located in the deeper area of the valley.

Tertiary Sector
It is almost non-existent due to the proximity of bigger cities, as Durango or Bilbao, where most of the services are located.

Transportation
The transportation is based on road transportation by the BI-623 road, which connects the town with Durango, the capital city of the comarca of Durangaldea and 5 km away. The same road by south connects the town with Urkiola and from there to Otxandio, Dima and the province of Álava. In Durango, the road is connected to the National Road N-634 and the highway AP-8 to Bilbao and Donostia-San Sebastián.

title: Mañaria


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Mefo bills

A Mefo bill (sometimes written as MEFO bill), named after the company Metallurgische Forschungsgesellschaft (Metallurgical Research Corporation), was a promissory note used for a system of deferred payment to finance the Nazi German government's programme of rearmament, devised by the German Central Bank President, Hjalmar Schacht, in 1934. These Bills acted as a highly liquid form of debt for the Nazi government, allowing them to rearm under the Versailles Treaty.

Mefo bills followed the scheme for which the Öffa bills were the blueprint.

As Germany was rearming against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the Nazi government needed a form of money that one, did not leave a paper trail, and two, allowed them to spend extravagantly on military rearmament. Billions of MEFO bills were issued throughout the regime's time in power, though the records are not precise.

Funding rearmament
The German government needed to spend a large amount of money to fund the Depression-era reconstruction of its heavy industry based economy and, ultimately, its re-armament industry. However, it faced two problems. First, rearmament was illegal under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and secondly there was a legal interest-rate limit of 4.5%.

The government would normally borrow extra funds on the money market by offering a higher interest rate. However, because of the limit it was unable to do so. Additionally, a large, visible government deficit would have attracted attention. MEFO bills could be traded between companies, allowing for increased circulation of currency.

An imaginary company
Hjalmar Schacht formed the limited liability company Metallurgische Forschungsgesellschaft, m.b.H., or "MEFO" for short. The company's "Mefo bills" served as bills of exchange, convertible into Reichsmark upon demand. MEFO had no actual existence or operations and was solely a balance sheet entity. The bills were mainly issued as payment to armaments manufacturers.

Mefo bills were issued to mature in six months, initially, but with a provision for indefinite 90-day extensions. To further entice investors, Mefo bills carried an annual interest rate of 4%, higher than that of other trade bills at the time.

To make sure that the bills were never exchanged for Reichsmarks, which would lead to inflation, the 90-day maturation period bills was extended until the actual maturation period became five years by 1939. The total volume of Mefo bills issued was kept secret.

Essentially, Mefo bills enabled the German Reich to run a greater deficit than it would otherwise have been able to. By 1938, there were 12 billion Reichsmarks of Mefo bills, compared with 19 billion of standard government bonds. This enabled the German government to re-inflate the economy while rearmaming.

Economic Consequences
The Nazi governments continued use of debt funding created a large financial deficit. However, MEFO bills were very effective in providing funds. Previous to the MEFO program, the Reichsbank was not allowed to loan more than 100 million reichsmarks to the government. MEFO bills allowed billions in military and public-works funding. Effectively, Germany, through MEFO bills, began printing money. However, inflation did not increase. This is because the Nazi government rarely redeemed MEFO bills. In addition, the interest rate and security of the MEFO bills meant most were kept in circulation and rarely cashed.

Political Implications
The use of MEFO bills allowed Hitler and the top Nazi leaders to consolidate power. As MEFO bills became more prevalent throughout the Third Reich, the economy became ever more reliant on military expansion and conquest at the expense of consumer goods.

Fueling growth
This strengthened the German economy by providing the government with goods and services that it was able to reinvest in the economy, fueling growth and preparing for Hitler's aggressive foreign and domestic policies. Not only did the bills serve the above functions, but they also concealed military spending forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.

title: Mefo bills


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Harvard Business Publishing

Harvard Business Publishing (HBP) is a publisher founded in 1994 as a not-for-profit, independent corporation and an affiliate of Harvard Business School (distinct from Harvard University Press), with a focus on improving business management practices. The company offers articles, books, case studies, simulations, videos, learning programs, and digital tools to organizations and subscribers.

HBP consists of three market units: Education, Corporate Learning, and Harvard Business Review Group. Their offering consists of print and digital media (Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Review Press books, Harvard Business School cases), events, digital learning (Harvard ManageMentor, HMM Spark), blended learning, and campus experiences.

title: Harvard Business Publishing


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Gunner Kelly

Ray "Gunner" Kelly, MBE (3 February 1906 – 11 August 1977) was an Australian police officer who was a detective inspector with NSW Police. He became famous during his career owing to his high-profile cases and results thereof. He was later alleged to have been deeply involved in corruption and organised crime.

Career
Kelly gained national fame as the head of the investigation into the notorious kidnapping and murder of Sydney schoolboy Graeme Thorne in 1960. Earlier he claimed responsibility for the capture of the notorious Sydney gangster and murderer John 'Chow' Hayes. He gained further renown in 1966 thanks to his highly publicised capture of prison escapees Ronald Ryan and Peter Walker. According to writer Tony Reeves, the biographer of Sydney crime boss (Lenny McPherson), Kelly was able to capture the pair easily because they had come to McPherson seeking his help to leave the country, but McPherson then set up a bogus meeting with Ryan and Walker at Concord Hospital in Sydney and tipped off Kelly.

Kelly often leaked stories to journalist Bill Jenkings of the, now-defunct, Sydney newspaper The Daily Mirror. He retired in 1966 as the best-known and best-regarded police officer in Sydney. In March 1966, soon after his retirement, Kelly was hired for a private investigation into the disappearance of the Beaumont children by a Sydney newspaper. He flew to Adelaide, where the South Australian Police welcomed him politely. He left after only one day.

Reputation
Kelly was also legendary for "verballing" alleged criminals– coercing verbal confessions from suspects for offences they may not have committed. Kelly used the practice so effectively that barrister (later Justice) Simon Isaacs nicknamed him "Verbal Kelly". Kelly acquired the "Gunner" nickname after two incidents early in his career when he drew his service revolver and fired at suspects. He also had a talent for unorthodox approaches, such as when British gangster Billy Hill sailed into Sydney with the intention of starting a new life in Australia. Kelly was detailed to ensure that he didn't land. Hill had a legal right to enter the country. Kelly met Hill in his cabin, identified himself and told Hill that if he stepped off the ship, he would return to Britain a week later in a coffin. Hill stayed on board and returned to Britain. He never tried to visit Australia again.

By the time Kelly died in 1977, his reputation had been tarnished by serious corruption allegations. Many of the allegations were canvassed in David Hickie's 1985 book The Prince and The Premier. Hickie and others have alleged that Kelly and Detective Fred Krahe were involved in the protection rackets that fed on Sydney's then illegal abortion industry. Kelly also made "no secret" of his association with figures including abortionist Dr Reginald Stuart-Jones, illegal gaming tsars Perc Galea and Joe Taylor and leading Sydney gangsters Charles "Paddles" Anderson and Lenny McPherson. Reeves quoted a former police officer who said that Kelly "ran" McPherson as an informant for many years, According to Reeves, Kelly kept the lid on numerous crimes to reward or gain influence over McPherson and others. He learned early in his career that he could exert a powerful influence over criminal activities by setting up underworld killings of criminals who could not be controlled by other means.

Honours
Kelly was awarded an MBE in 1975 on the advice of controversial NSW Premier Robert Askin. By this time he was reputed to be the part-owner of an illegal casino in Gosford, New South Wales in partnership with the then NSW Police Commissioner Fred Hanson. He was later found to be one of the most corrupt police officers in Australia by the 1997 Wood Royal Commission into police corruption, which described Kelly's involvement in the Mr Asia organised crime syndicate.

Death
Kelly died in Sydney of natural causes on 11 August 1977.

title: Gunner Kelly


text: User:Doc Strange

title: User:Doc Strange


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Loners

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 10:57, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Loners
According to WP:NOT, this must go! Strongly POV composition (unless for every name you have a link to them saying "Well, I always felt like I was alone in this world...") and unmaintainable. If at all necessary this should be a category. GarrettTalk 11:22, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Unencyclopedic, essentially impossible to render NPOV. --Clay Collier 11:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete What is "loner"? --Mateusc 16:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete First, there's no way to make this list even approach NPOV. Second, why isn't my name on it?  Anville 16:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unmaintainable, POV.-gadfium 19:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This does not even rise to the level of listcruft on a good day. MCB 22:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Loners


text: User talk:82.37.137.124

title: User talk:82.37.137.124


text:
User talk:Arshad529

Sallam of Arshad to all muslim firnds

title: User talk:Arshad529


text:
Richard Ainley

Richard Ainley (22 December 1910 – 18 May 1967) was a British stage and film actor.

Biography
He was born in Middlesex, England, the son of Henry Ainley and a half-brother of Anthony Ainley.

Ainley made his stage debut in 1928, initially using the stage name Richard Riddle, taking his mother's maiden name. His American debut came in Foreigners at the Belasco Theater in 1939.

His first motion picture appearance was in 1936 as Sylvius in As You Like It, in which his father also appeared. Other roles included Ferdinand in the television movie of The Tempest (1939), Dr. Hale in Shining Victory (1941), and a Foreign Office official in the thriller Above Suspicion (1943).

Ainley married three times, firstly to actress Ethel Glendinning. He was divorced from his first two wives; his third wife Rowena Woolf died in 1968.

He retired from film work following a disabling wound received while he was serving in the army during World War II to return to the stage. He was briefly principal of the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in the early 1960s.

title: Richard Ainley


text:
Talk:Matrix (fictional universe)

Comments
if i understand correctly, neo is supposed to actually be a computer program.

but then why does he have a human body in the "real" world that was at first being "harvested" of energy?

maybe i don't understand correctly...

Gringo300 11:24, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Wouldnt' it make more sense for Seraph (an angel like being) to have been from the first version of the matrix?

Destaany 1:56, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * To the first question: Neo was not a literal "computer program", but his powers within the Matrix and over machines in the real world where the result of the system of control that was "The One"; a system created and sustained by the AI. While not constituting a program within a computer, his actions, and the existence of Zion, where all completely in line with the AI's goals - that The One and Zion exist as a method of control to allow "choice" and stop the degeneration of the Matrix. Therefore Neo; or more accuratly Neo in his role as "The One"; was a part of the computer's program - right up until the point he decided not to enter the source, and instead save Trinity. That is the point he left the control of the machines. --86.135.179.53 02:40, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

"in the sixth version at approximately the year 2190..."

How would it be the year 2190? if it is the end of the sixth version, surely it would be around the year 2600, since each version lasts for 100 years before a new One is made to reboot the system...that's if I understand this correctly. the only dates given are those given by the people who don't know about the destruction and rebuilding of Zion, so the film does not contradict this in any way... Vimescarrot 23:02, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

It is at the EARLIEST 2699, around the end of the 21st century was when man invented AI, that puts and morpheus states 2199 before knowing of any version of the matrix but 3.6. it is never revealed how long the first two versions of the matrix are in effect. The first one not more than one generation i suspect, as for the second one probably a little longer.Solidusspriggan 23:11, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Merging articles
''EDIT: This proposed merge/restructure can now be found at Matrix (fictional universe)/Proposed merge. --Nick RTalk 21:39, 6 February 2006 (UTC)''

I think that the articles on The Matrix Megacity and Club Hel should be merged into this article. Proposed structure:

Section 1: History
 * Version one
 * Version two
 * Version three
 * Version four

Section 2: Locations
 * The City
 * Club Hel

Any comments?

--Nick RTalk 13:25, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

I think the city and club hel should remain their own articles. Because there are lots of similar locations within the matrix and we cant merge them all it will make the article messy. Merging them arbitrarily would upset the relatively good structure we have of matrix locations on the template. Solidusspriggan 20:09, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I didn't see your message until I'd merged the content across from those articles. But I hope you agree that it's better like this. I don't think I've made the article messy - in fact, I think it's cleaner if it's split into these two major sections than to have lots of level-two headings on each of the various versions. Here are a few other reasons:
 * I think it's best if we minimise the number of Matrix series articles. Not only should the various minor characters be merged into one article (see Talk:The_Matrix), but in general, the fewer articles there are, the easier they are to maintain. I mean, there are still certain major Matrix articles that are in dire need of cleanup; it's best if we don't have to divert our attention elsewhere!
 * Club Hel didn't deserve its own article as it was, and I'm not sure that it could be expanded enough to justify a separate article. It's much better as part of a larger article. True, it could have been merged into The City (The Matrix), but I do still think it's better to place its content here...
 * Having this overview article enables us to mention (however briefly) minor locations which lie outside the main city, like the mountains seen in Reloaded. And, er, that's it. :)
 * The template doesn't need to be significantly changed, and anyway, affecting a template shouldn't be a major reason for not giving articles a better organisation. I'd say that anything that makes it smaller has got to be a good thing!
 * --Nick RTalk 15:05, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Please move them back, there are multiple locations within the matrix and this will become a tangental mess eventually. Locations within the matrix such as the mountains etc can and should still be included in this article but the city and club hel really need their own articles because I have tentative article information for them that I will be adding in the near future and this is not appropriate. there was no consensus reached you just changed it. Please please change it back, I work really hard to organize and keep up some of these matrix articles and I fear this change will hinder that process as well as detract from the asthetically sound nature of the matrix template which neatly divides everything into its proper place.Solidusspriggan 20:19, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Please move them back, there are multiple locations within the matrix
 * There are indeed, but apart from a few places like the Heart O' The City Hotel, most of them aren't named, and are certainly all minor locations which wouldn't have anything more than a stub article. This is Wikipedia, not a Matrix-dedicated wiki, and we don't need an article on every single one; better to merge them all into a larger article, like this one, which can give an overview of both the history and geography of the series' setting in a single summary.

 * this will become a tangental mess eventually
 * It's possible to keep long articles well-organised.

 * the city and club hel really need their own articles tentative article information for them that I will be adding in the near future and this is not appropriate
 * I can't think of much more that could be put in The City than what's in The Matrix Online, in which case a guide to the locations featured in the game might be better off in an FAQ at Wikibooks or GameFAQs; and although Club Hel needs cleanup wherever it's placed, I don't know what could be put in there. Any reason why that information you propose to add couldn't be added within a section of this article?

 * there was no consensus reached you just changed it.
 * Sorry about that, I was being bold and I edited it before I noticed your objection.

 * I work really hard to organize and keep up some of these matrix articles
 * And I think that having fewer articles on the subject will make that job easier.

 * the asthetically sound nature of the matrix template which neatly divides everything into its proper place
 * As I said, not wanting to mess with a template (which already needs condensing) shouldn't be a criterion for improving the organisation of articles.

 * Incidentally, Deletion policy/Minor characters makes it pretty clear that the various ships and secondary characters should be merged into single articles (List of ships in the Matrix series and List of minor Matrix characters), so that the character list in the template will go Neo |...|Oracle | More..., though perhaps some of the more important secondary characters - but not all of them - could keep their own articles and be linked to individually.

 * Anyway, for now, until this dispute is resolved, I'll restore the merge notices and place a copy of the content from my merged version at the subpage Matrix (fictional universe)/Proposed merge. I worked hard on that one, too! ;)
 * --Nick RTalk 21:39, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

I think that the locations deserve their own articles. There is much to be said about even the smallest and most insignificant locations within the matrix as well as without. I will help by restructuring and adding to these small articles, I suggest adding stub notes. GeorgeSears 21:40, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Nick R. There are like 100 short Matrix pages right now, many of which should be merged into single articles as I did with the ships earlier today (if anyone objects I didn't wait because Nick R had posted the idea a week ago and no one objected).  I can't see there being more than a paragraph of useful information on places like Club Hel, Le Vrai, the Oracle's apartment, and the hotel that Neo meets Morpheus in. Atropos 06:49, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree with the merging of the ship articles, as well as the small articles like oracle's apartment, metacortex, and le vrai. However, the Club Hel and Megacity articles should keep their own spots, they are significant enough locations to warrant their own articles. Especially the city, the city more than club hel definately warrants its own article, it could be possible to include articles such as club hel, the oracles apartment, metacortex, etc withing the megacity article, but to move them all directly under the matrix article would be hazardus. Places not in the megacity but still within the matrix should be merged into the matrix article possibly. But at the very least keep the city seperate and merge city locations within the city article.Solidusspriggan 23:05, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I can see the reasoning for having the city (and thus the locations in general) in a seperate article from the history of the Matrix..perhaps it would be better to have History of the Matrix and Matrix (fictional universe) have the locations. 04:55, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * No, I think we need as few articles on the series as possible, even if it means that some of them might be a bit too long. Too many articles will only add to Wikipedia's reputation as a place where fan-content runs rampant. The merging of the articles on the series' ships was a good start, though; the same now needs to be done for the secondary characters... -- Nick RTalk 14:29, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Which I am working on. I intend to merge all characters accept Neo, Morpheus, Trinity, and Smith into two pages, and that includes the Animatrix and the comic characters as well.  However, two articles about the Matrix program is not unreasonable. Atropos 01:46, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I hope you plan to add a stub notice under each character within the superarticle because alot of the character articles are short and insufficient. For those of us that played the not so great Enter the Matrix, there is LOTS of information on Niobe and Ghost that may very well constitute a "niobe and ghost" article in addition to the 4 that are mentioned.

Matrix version error
This article is wrong in one thing: the version the Matrix is when Neo is awaken is actually the sixth one, not the third. Plus, another possible reason why the Matrix is reseted is because mankind (within the Matrix) would discover AI again, which would eventually to create a Matrix within a Matrix. Surely too much to a computer city to handle, go figure. (unless, of course, this has already happened - the 'meta-matrix' which explains the orange light seen by Neo and the seeming powers of the programs to know what's going on outside the matrix and Neo's power to control the Sentinels? Plus the fact that Neo was able to re-enter the Matrix whilst not plugged in? Who knows? Coldstream 13:46, 2 May 2006 (UTC))

 * Neo appears in the 6th iteration of the third design of the Matrix.

 * V1 (Utopia)
 * V2 (More realistic) (dystopia)Solidusspriggan
 * V3.1 (One cycle implemented) (more realistic)Solidusspriggan
 * V3.2
 * V3.3
 * V3.4
 * V3.5
 * V3.6 (Neo)
 * --Nick RTalk 13:06, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

I have to agree with the v3.1-3.6 specification, is there any information on versions 3.2-3.5 though? I dont think so even though I have not played "path of neo" I suspect it doesnt elaborate.
 * I did. It doesn't. You have no proof it was me. 19:03, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

- To be accurate, the Neo version should be v3.4, as the Architect takes his numbering from the first version, i.e. v1 is the first, v2 the second, v3.1 the third, v3.2 the fourth, v3.3 the fifth and v3.4 the sixth version, in which the events of the films took place? --Coldstream 13:26, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No, the Architect says he counts from the first emergence of an anomaly - i.e. the first "One", who appeared in version 3.1. There were 5 "Ones" before Neo. Therefore the films take place in V3.6. -- Nick RTalk 16:40, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

To Quote the Architect:

"The matrix is older than you know. I prefer counting from the emergence of one integral anomaly to the emergence of the next, in which case this is the sixth version."

"The first matrix I designed was quite naturally perfect, it was a work of art, flawless, sublime. A triumph equaled only by its monumental failure. The inevitability of its doom is as apparent to me now as a consequence of the imperfection inherent in every human being, thus I redesigned it based on your history to more accurately reflect the varying grotesqueries of your nature. However, I was again frustrated by failure. I have since come to understand that the answer eluded me because it required a lesser mind, or perhaps a mind less bound by the parameters of perfection. Thus, the answer was stumbled upon by another, an intuitive program, initially created to investigate certain aspects of the human psyche. If I am the father of the matrix, she would undoubtedly be its mother."

Possibly v1 & v2 also had Ones? The Architect speaks of the anomaly being ineradicable despite his best efforts, in which case it would be present in the eutopia and dystopia versions too. This would explain why the Architect speaks of each version being identified by its anomaly, yet also says 'The first Matrix I designed', regarding the utopia version, i.e. v1. Coldstream 16:42, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I am very sorry but this is really Ridiculous, because you are analyizing this story, as if it's true and we are in the year 3000, anyway, we can ask the Architect? or we can ask whoever wrote his part or we can ask the director or What? it really doesn't matter whether it's 3.6 or 3.4. but you can also read my Explanation on Smith Deletion which we might analyze.
 * (John aTr) 1:39 pm Sunday 5/7/06 Eastern Time.

If we don't want to analyse the story, we can't say that Neo's version is v3.6 either - that's an idea which we are unable to confirm. No anlysis, no article. So, technically, unless someone related to the film tells us, the versions section must be removed entirely - which we don't want to do. So, yes, I'm analysing - but with a story such as this, what chance have we got of actually obtaining facts? Coldstream 10:42, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You're all wrong, and I edited the article to show how. Neo's version of the Matrix is v3.5 Why? You all forgot to include v3.0.
 * v3.0 - v.3.4 is the five Ones before Neo.--Snake Liquid 03:17, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Super Burly Brawl
This passage troubles me Neo battled Smith, but eventually realised that the only way to win was to allow Smith to imprint over himself, enabling the machines to delete the rogue program. I think it important to mention that this is either an annihation between two opposites or a synthesis of sorts: neo being thesis (original manifestation of inbalance), smith antithesis, and smith's overwriting of neo more of a synthesis of stability within the matrix and machine codespace alike. If the machines could that just be "enabled to delete" smith through a hardwired human then they could have taken any podborn and fixed the problem. The information (code) that neo carries is crucial to the solution to the problem. I don't want to go off on a philosophical tangent but it is at the very least dialectical and more complicated than a simple deletion.Solidusspriggan 23:21, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the best thing to do would be to simply describe what happens on screen. I doubt that sources can be found for the two main fan interpretations (either that Neo's direct connection to Deus Ex Machina allowed Smith to be deleted; or that the two cancel each other out, due to a literal interpretation of the Oracle's suggestion that they're opposites). So I think it's best not to include any of these interpretations, because you can't really give a source from anything except a fan website, which would not be a reliable source. --Nick RTalk 11:08, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * at the same time, smith was not simply deleted, there are no sources for that either. maybe just a redirect to the "interpretations" section of the revolutions or Neo article.Solidusspriggan 16:00, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the explanations in both the Neo and Smith articles should be transferred to The Matrix Revolutions article. I reckon the Smith one summarises them best at the moment, though they'd all need to be combined and cleaned up.--Nick RTalk 18:09, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

How about you might want to think about, that a milli second before the copying process to Neo is completed Neo deleted himself, thus deleting Only one of the Smiths (THE New and the Most Powerfull Smith), thus not transferring Neo's Power to Smith. The Machine Main Frame took into account Neo's Power outside the Matrix and "How he got there?" so for a minimum Loss, The Machines Let Smith Force Neo to Sacrifice himself, in turn The MAchine main Frame Deleted Smith or Rebooted the System, to it's Normal Position (the seventh Version, whether, it's 3.5 or 3.7). Because the Machines could delete Smith anyway as he is (still connected to) anyone plugged in to the Matrix in the fields whom are connected to the machines, thus i don't see still why Neo was need to delete Smith. With the same talking, No one could Kill Neo, but on the other hand Smith is unphysical program that is bounded by the matrix (Exception, his only escape incidence to the Real world, which is limited). Rebooting the Matrix will result in "the extention of Smith", Thus Neo Mistankely thought that Smith Grew beyond the Machines power (or why they not deleting him, because he isnot like an Exile that hide and escape from agents) it's Beleived that Agents Job is to Delete these kind of Abnormalities, to Fix the Matrix, put there's no point for fixing just "RESTART OR REBOOT", but the Machines Let Smith to Do his Work, Finnaly to attract Neo, The MAchines big Threat, and thus killing (deleting) him, but the Machines were not expecting that "Peace Deal" Because They realized that No one Can kill Neo."I think this might be a part of the Theory". (John aTr) 1:44 pm Sunday 5/7/06 Eastern Time.

 * In all reality, the theory including the Deus EX Machina is the perfect and most-likely the true one. Seeing as the Matrix was/is a technic-organic place (since active human minds as well as computer programs co-existed together), it has to be treated as such.  Dealing with computers, most viruses can be isolated and destroyed when they infect a system as bad as Agent Smith did.  But in a human body, a virus must be gathered and sampled in order to find a cure.  During the entire movie the Wach..."the two brothers" kept people thinking about it not a imply one system but as a mix of both.  Neo could've tried to defeat Smith in Zion.  But is also implied, as previously stated, that Neo and Smith's life lines were entwined.  Neo went to Zero One initially hoping to just beat Smith to a pulp but then realized the truth: Either both lives, or both dies.  Once the code was imprinted over Neo, that allowed for the Deus EX Machina to generate a "vaccine".  Keep in mind that once he assimiliated Neo, he asked was it over assuming and hoping that he stood alone to conquer everything and knowing that his code couldn't be stopped by Neo...not alone at least.(Machpovii3...Holla Atcha Bezzle, Kid! 02:45, 28 August 2008 (UTC))

Removed "Supposed history of the Matrix" section
There was previously a page entitled "Supposed History of The Matrix Series". Last January, I edited that page to improve the tone and remove all of its fan-fiction/speculation, to see what could be salvaged and merged into this article. There wasn't anything left that wasn't already explained adequately here, so the article was deleted.

However, today I visited this page again, only to find that the same text had been added into an entirely unnecessary section of its own. Again, it only repeated information that was explained elsewhere, and in an unencyclopaedic tone. So I've removed the text for the same reason as before. (This is the relevant edit.) -- Nick RTalk 18:22, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Math of "The Matrix"
Paladin Anderson 07:07, 6 July 2006 (UTC)I came up with this stuff on my own the first time I sat down to watch the movie. Think it could belong here or do I need to shaddup? (original article available @ . The entry is "Lost in a Hollywood World."

The Math of the Matrix (NOTE: All numbers not actually related in the films are conservative estimates and are in fact reduced from the original estimates I made while watching the films.)

--Assume 7 versions of the one, including Neo, as per the history of the Matrix as related by the Architect. --Assume 100 years for each version to finish, as per the history of Zion as related by Morpheus. --Assume 50 years for the early failures mentioned by Smith during his interrogation of Morpheus. --Assume 10 years of war after the beginning of the machine rebellion. --Assume 40 years of lead up to war after the creation of AI.

(100*7)+50+10+40=800 years

Morpheus says that while Neo believes it to be the year 1999, it is closer to 2199. So,

2199-800=1399

So, either we have been living in the Matrix since the Dark ages (unlikely), or the Wachowski brothers didn't check their math. Or perhaps I'm thinking too hard.

 * The Architect said it best, "The Matrix is older than you know..." So it really doesn't amount to anything other than Morpheus being wrong about the year being 2199.  It is actually closer to 2799 (since Zion is aware of 2 out of those 8 centuries).

Well you read anything, just read. we already talked about that already, no really. Anyway when Moroheus Said 2199, because he didn't know anything about the "Anomlies" or the verisions of matrix. Just as Simple as that! (John aTr)

What version are Angels from?
In the Versions section it states that Angel Agents are from Version 1, but then the description of Version 2 says Seraph (angels) come from that version. (Slick023 19:29, 15 June 2007 (UTC))
 * Good point. I fixed the section on Version 2 and deleted references to the Angels. VolatileChemical 23:02, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Matrix-humans' knowledge of the Matrix
Can we get a section in here about how much the humans in the Matrix know about the Matrix? I mean, Neo has at least heard of it at the beginning of the first movie, even though he doesn't really know what it is. Maybe it's like some kind of mysterious computing entity whispered amongst the hacker community? I don't know, that's just the impression I got. Maybe someone who knows more about the series could help. VolatileChemical 23:07, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Scope of article
This article is not as general as the name, Matrix (fictional universe), suggests since it does not mention any uses of Matrix outside The Matrix (series). I believe it should at least mention Neuromancer (1984 novel by William Gibson), and maybe other uses as well? Or maybe rename it to reflect the current scope. Larspedia (talk) 21:07, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I was thinking that, too. And also the matrix from Doctor Who, which is another vision of a virtual reality system.  It seems odd that this page is so strictly Matrix-movie-franchise-only. -- abfackeln (talk) 08:54, 18 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I suppose there are two alternatives:
 * Keep the page strictly dedicated to the Wachowskis' Matrix. In which case a title of Matrix (The Matrix) might be more appropriate - clunky, but it matches the format of the title of the Doctor Who Matrix page.
 * Keep the article titled Matrix (fictional universe), but use it to discuss (in separate level 2 sections), all three Matrices; Gibsonian, Whovian and Wachowskian. :) However, the page Simulated reality already does that, with the advantage of also covering virtual reality worlds that happen to have different names.
 * I favour the first option.-- Nick RTalk 21:47, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Creator/Exectuive conflict!
I just found this bit that said that the Wachowskis originally intended The Matrix to be a giant computer network made of human brains. It was the executives that demanded it be a power plant! I'm starting looking for actual proof right now, but could everyone keep an eye out? Kalaong 13:41, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matrix (fictional universe)


text:
North Gower

North Gower is a small village in eastern Ontario, originally part of North Gower Township, now part of the city of Ottawa. Surrounding communities include Richmond, Kemptville, Kars and Manotick. Public high school students in this area go to South Carleton High School in Richmond. Elementary school students go to Marlborough Public School in North Gower.

The village took its name from Admiral John Leveson-Gower, Lord of the Admiralty from 1783 to 1789.

History
By 1866, North Gower was a post village of the township of North Gower 6 miles from Osgoode Station, on the Ottawa and Prescott Railway, and 22 miles from Ottawa. It was situated on Stevens Creek. The village contained four general stores, two wagon shops, five boot and shoe shops, and other mechanical trades. There were three churches, the Church of England, Rev. Mr. Merritt, rector; the Wesleyan Methodist, Rev. W m. M. Pattyson, minister; and the Canada Presbyterian Church, Rev. Wm: Lochead minister. There was a school, with an average attendance of forty-eight pupils. The 5th Division Courts were held here.

In 2001, North Gower was amalgamated into Ottawa along with the remainder of Carleton County.

Historical buildings

 * City of Ottawa Archives, Rideau Branch (1876) - 6581 Fourth Line Road. The former North Gower Township town hall was restored in 1980s and opened as the Rideau Township Archive in 1990. The one-storey, brick-faced building features fine proportions, careful detailing, and a cupola. The archives photo displays highlight the postal history of Rideau and the stories of home children in the area. The archives was included amongst other architecturally interesting and historically significant buildings in Doors Open Ottawa, held June 2 and 3, 2012.
 * Former Marlborough Township Hall (1855) - 3048 Pierce Rd, Pierces Corners. Constructed by Robert Mackey as a community centre, the one-story frame building was moved to its present site in 1934. The framing uses a series of posts and trusses that allows a clear ceiling.
 * Holy Trinity Anglican Church (1879) - 2372 Church St. A single-story stone church supported by heavy stone buttresses and fronted with an imposing bell tower, it sites on land originally deeded to the Synod of the Diocese of Ontario in 1867. Tall stained glass windows dominate the Sanctuary while commemorative ones are displayed throughout the church. The Church also has its own Churchyard Cemetery - a beautiful example of a rural churchyard cemetery, still with lots available to the parishioners and the general community.
 * North Gower United Church (1870) - 2332 Church Street. A traditional white-painted wood-frame church, North Gower United Church was originally built in 1870 as the North Gower Presbyterian Church.  When the United Church of Canada was formed in 1925 from elements of the Presbyterian, Methodist and Congregational Union faiths, it became North Gower United Church.  Its steeple makes it the tallest occupied building in North Gower (i.e., excluding farm structures such as silos).
 * St. John the Baptist Anglican Church (1892) - 3027 Pierce Rd., Pierces Corners. This solid timber-frame church designed by Amaldi and Caldeson, Architects, has stone foundation and central bell tower. All original pews and stained glass windows. Church stable, once used for the congregation's horses, still stands. This church was decommissioned in 2008 (approximately).
 * The Old Co-op.

Notable People

 * Frederick Jamieson
 * Lawyer, politician, and military veteran

title: North Gower


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Kamppi Center

Kamppi Centre (Kampin keskus, Kampens centrum) is a complex in the Kamppi district in the centre of Helsinki, Finland, designed by various architects, the main designer, however, being Juhani Pallasmaa. It is said to be Helsinki's new downtown commercial and residential centre. As a four-year construction project, it was the largest singular construction site in the history of Finland, involving the extensive and difficult redevelopment of the Kamppi district in downtown Helsinki.

The Kamppi Centre combines the commercial need for streamlined, optimized shopping environment with the necessary supply of customers by maximum accessibility and mobility. One of the first of its kind in Europe, the centre consists of:

 * Central bus terminal for local buses
 * Long-distance coach terminal (underground)
 * Kamppi metro station (underground)
 * A freight depot (underground)
 * Internal parking area (underground)
 * 6 floor shopping centre with a supermarket, shops, restaurants, night clubs and service points
 * High-class offices and residential apartments

The entire complex was opened in stages, with the new metro station entrance opened on 2 June 2005, the central bus terminal on 5 June, the long-distance bus terminal on 6 June and the shopping centre opened on 2 March 2006.

The appearance of the building is a reflection of the main architect Juhani Pallasmaa's ongoing interest in Constructivist architecture and Structuralist architecture, as if the building functions as a machine.

City bus terminal
It is located on level E (ground level). About 900 buses pass through it daily, and during peak hours more than 100 buses per hour. The terminal has 17 platforms.

Intercity bus terminal
Located on level C (-1 floor) at about 6 meters underground. The size of the hall is 14x125 meters. About 700 intercity buses depart from here daily. The terminal has 32 platforms.

Subway station
It is located 30 meters from the surface of the ground.

Gekko is the entrance to the subway, located at ground level, in the center of the lobby. It is designed as a capsule about 4 meters in diameter, lined with ceramic tiles (surface area of about 275 m²).

title: Kamppi Center


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Markina-Xemein

Markina-Xemein is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, Bizkaia, in the Basque Autonomous Community, also known as the Basque Country, located in northern Spain. The origin of the town's name lies in its geographic location. The last town in the province of Bizkaia, Markina-Xemein lies between Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia. Coming from the Spanish word "marca" meaning "mark", Markina-Xemein marks the location where the Gipuzkoanos (the people of Guipuzcoa province) often battled the Bizkainos (the people of Biscay province).

The local economy is mostly based on the primary and secondary sectors, with particular relevance for agriculture and cattle herding, timber research and metal industry. The metal industry has in fact played an important role in the past, through the development of important weapons in the defense industry. Extraction of black marble, known as Nero Marquina (Marmol Negro), also plays an important role in the local economy. The high quality of the stone has gained international recognition; it is one of the most important marbles from Spain.

Markina-Xemein keeps a tight connection with Basque pelota sport; in fact its two walled court or frontón is known as "University of the Pelota", since it is the place where great Basket or Jai Alai pelotaris learnt to play.

Markina-Xemein's patron saint festival, consecrated to the Virgen del Carmen, takes place in the middle of July. Besides, the municipality hosts many fairs and markets all through the year.

Geography
Markina-Xemein is located in the north east of Biscay, and it is next to the border with Gipuzkoa. Although the village centre is plain, it is surrounded by hills and mountains, most of them 400 to 700 metres high. Oiz, located to the southwest, is 1,026 metres high.

The main river is Artibai, which passes through Markina-Xemein from southwest to northeast. Near the village centre, it is joined by another river from the southeast, Urko.

Markina-Xemein enjoys a mild climate throughout the year, thanks to being located only 10 kilometers from the coast. Winters tend to be a little bit cool and wet, but not snowy. Although summers are relatively hot, temperatures hardly ever go above 35 °C. Apart from that, all the seasons are wet and rainy, so yearly rainfall is above 1550 mm.

History
The village of Markina (called, in that time, Villaviciosa de Marquina in Spanish) was founded by Don Tello, Lord of Biscay (Bizkaia), on May 6, 1355. Don Tello gave permission to the local nobility (jauntxoak in Basque or hidalgos in Spanish) to create and defend the new village from the attacks of the Gipuzkoan nobility.

One of the most astonishing aspects of that foundation was that Markina was not given a parish church for itself. Moreover, it has had to use the existing church of Xemein, which, at that time, was an independent town (an elizate). The patronage of that church was a hot point in their relations, especially in the Middle Ages, and several disputes took places between local nobility. Last century, (September 29, 1952) Markina and Xemein joined each other to found what we know today as the town of Markina-Xemein.

A further enlargement took place on 1969, when Ziortza-Bolibar (a smaller town located to the southwest of Markina-Xemein) joined the village. That union lasted until January 1, 2005, when all the parts concerned reached an agreement by which Ziortza-Bolibar become an independent town.

Notable people

 * Nicolasa Pradera (1870-1959), Spanish chef
 * José María Arizmendiarrieta (1915-1976), Catholic priest and founder of the Mondragón cooperative movement

title: Markina-Xemein


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Fiji National Rugby League competition

The Fiji National Rugby League runs the national domestic rugby league competition in Fiji. Known as the Vodafone Cup, the competition features 32 teams across two conferences, each with two zones. The competition was formed in 1998, and has been Fiji's top level rugby league competition ever since.

The Sabeto Roosters are the current Premier Grade champions. The West Fiji Dolphins are reigning champions at Under 16 level.

title: Fiji National Rugby League competition


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Marleen Veldhuis

Magdalena Johanna Maria "Marleen" Veldhuis (born 29 June 1979) is a retired swimmer from the Netherlands. She was world record holder in four events (one individual event and three relay events). Veldhuis won eight world championships gold medals and 20 European championships gold medals. In the Olympics, she won a bronze medal in London 2012 in the 50 m freestyle, as well as three relay medals: bronze in Athens 2004, gold in Beijing 2008, and silver in London 2012.

Personal life
Veldhuis was born on 29 June 1979 in Borne in the Netherlands. She was brought up in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Veldhuis had a daughter in June 2010, causing her to miss the 2010 European Aquatics Championships, and she returned to swimming for the 2011 and 2012 seasons.

Swimming career
Marleen Veldhuis is a former water polo player which she combined with swimming. After she decided to focus completely on swimming, Veldhuis made her international debut during the 2002 European Aquatics Championships in Berlin, at the relatively late age of 23, where she won a bronze medal in the 4×100 m freestyle as part of a team with Manon van Rooijen, Chantal Groot and Wilma van Hofwegen. At the end of the year, she competed in Riesa for the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2002. There she won bronze medals in both relays, 4×50 m freestyle and 4×50 m medley.

Breakthrough
In April 2003 she joined Topzwemmen Amsterdam (TZA) to train as a full-time professional under the guidance of Fedor Hes. At the 2003 World Aquatics Championships it turned out to be a great decision as she reached two individual finals in the 50 m freestyle ending 7th, and in the 100 m freestyle finishing 8th. In Barcelona she also reached the final in all relay events but did not win a medal. In December she participated in the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2003 where she won her first international titles in the 50 m freestyle and the 4×50 m freestyle. In Dublin she also won silver in the 100 m freestyle and bronze in the 4×50 m medley. 2004 started off with the 2004 European Aquatics Championships in Madrid. There Veldhuis won two silver medals in the 4×100 m freestyle, together with Chantal Groot, Annabel Kosten and Inge Dekker, and individually in the 100 m freestyle. At the end of the week there was a bronze medal in the 4×100 m medley relay alongside Stefanie Luiken, Madelon Baans and Chantal Groot.

2004 Olympics
At the 2004 Summer Olympics Veldhuis made her Olympic debut at the age of 25 and won the bronze medal in the 4×100 m freestyle, together with Inge de Bruijn, Inge Dekker and Chantal Groot. Her individual results at the Olympics were slightly disappointing with the 9th place in the 50 m freestyle and the 11th place in the 100 m freestyle. She was the anchor lady in the 4×100 m medley, she took over from de Bruijn who swam the butterfly leg, finishing 6th. At the end of 2004 she became Amsterdam Sportswoman of the year.

Post-Athens season
In October 2004 she avenged her failed individual Olympic campaign by winning the gold medal in the 50 m freestyle at the 2004 FINA Short Course World Championships in Indianapolis by beating Libby Lenton from Australia and Therese Alshammar from Sweden. In the 100 m freestyle she received a bronze medal behind Lenton and Sweden's Josefin Lillhage. In December she successfully defended her 50 m freestyle at the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2004. In Vienna she also won gold in both 4×50 m freestyle and 4×50 m medley, there was a silver medal for Veldhuis in the 100 m freestyle behind French Malia Metella. She achieved her best long-course result so far by winning the silver medal in the 50 m freestyle at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, which was the only medal for her country during these World Championships. The European Short Course Swimming Championships 2005 were very successful for Veldhuis. In Trieste she defended all her titles from the year before, but now she won also the gold medal in the 100 m freestyle.

2006
In April 2006 alongside Chantal Groot, Hinkelien Schreuder and Inge Dekker, Veldhuis set a world record and won the gold medal in the 4×100 m freestyle relay at the 2006 FINA Short Course World Championships. She failed to defend her 50 m freestyle title ending third. She finished second behind long-time rival Libby Lenton in the 100 m freestyle. In the summer she competed in the 2006 European Aquatics Championships, in Budapest, Hungary where she ended second in the 100 m freestyle, behind German's Britta Steffen who broke the world record, and third in the 50 m freestyle. In the 4×100 m freestyle relay she received a silver medal together with Chantal Groot, Inge Dekker and newcomer Ranomi Kromowidjojo. After these Championships she split up with her coach, Fedor Hes, and started to work with Jacco Verhaeren, who at the time was also working with triple Olympic champion Pieter van den Hoogenband. In Helsinki she successfully defended her 50 m and 100 m freestyle titles at the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2006, but lost her relay titles when her team ended second in the 4×50 m freestyle and did not start in the 4×50 m medley. Just before this championships she had bettered Annemarie Verstappen's long standing 200 m freestyle national record.

2007
In the spring of 2007 she took part in the 2007 World Aquatics Championships in Melbourne, Australia. There she won the silver medal behind Libby Lenton. Veldhuis won the bronze medal in the 50 m freestyle despite being the favourite before the final. Alongside Inge Dekker, Ranomi Kromowidjojo, and another young talent Femke Heemskerk, she won bronze in the 4×100 m freestyle relay. In November at the Berlin leg of the 2007 FINA Swimming World Cup series, Veldhuis broke Swede Therese Alshammar's 50 m freestyle world record. Alshammar's world record had stood at 23.59 since March 2000. The new standard is 23.58 seconds. One month later she qualified for the Beijing Olympics with personal bests in the 50 and 100 m freestyle during the Dutch Open Swim Cup 2007 and competed at the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2007. In Debrecen she won the 50 m freestyle for the fifth time in a row but lost her 100 m freestyle title to Britta Steffen due to a bad turn, finishing second. She also won gold in the 4×50 m freestyle. A few days after the tournament she was elected Dutch Sportswoman of the Year.

Spring 2008
In March 2008 at the 2008 European Aquatics Championships in Eindhoven, she won the 100 m and 50 m freestyle. In the latter event she broke the eight-year-old world record by since 2004 retired Inge de Bruijn with a time of 24.09. She also broke the 4×100 m freestyle relay world record, together with Inge Dekker, Ranomi Kromowidjojo and Femke Heemskerk, and won the gold medal. The new standard was 3:33.62. Veldhuis also won a bronze medal in 4×100 m medley alongside Hinkelien Schreuder, Jolijn van Valkengoed and Inge Dekker. In April's 2008 FINA Short Course World Championships in Manchester Veldhuis won four gold medals. Individually in the 50 m freestyle, lowering her own world record to 23.25, and the 100 m freestyle beating home favourite Francesca Halsall. Furthermore, she won gold in the 4×200 m freestyle with Dekker, Heemskerk and Kromowidjojo, bettering the world record. With Hinkelien Schreuder replacing Kromowidjojo, the Dutch team also lowered their own world record in the 4×100 m freestyle.

2008 Summer Olympics
At the 2008 Summer Olympics she won the gold medal in the 4×100 m freestyle relay together with Inge Dekker, Ranomi Kromowidjojo and Femke Heemskerk, they swam just 0.14 seconds outside their own world record. Individually she did not achieve what she expected to, with the sixth place in the 100 m freestyle and the fifth in the 50 m freestyle.

Fall 2008
Veldhuis kicked off her new season at the Swim Cup Eindhoven 2008. She qualified for the 50 m and 100 m butterfly at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, for the 50 m and 100 m freestyle she had already qualified at the Olympics. The next week, she won four gold medals at the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2008 in Rijeka, Croatia, in the 50 m and 100 m freestyle and 4×50 m freestyle and 4×50 m medley. In the 100 m freestyle she lowered her own European record during the heats, she also finished fourth in the 100 m butterfly.

2009
During the Amsterdam Swim Cup Veldhuis broke the 50 metre butterfly world record and 50 metre freestyle world record on the same day. At the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, Italy she won the gold medal in the 4×100 m freestyle alongside Inge Dekker, Ranomi Kromowidjojo and Femke Heemskerk.

2011
In 2011 Veldhuis won a gold medal at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships as part of the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay alongside Inge Dekker, Ranomi Kromowidjojo and Femke Heemskerk in a time of 3:33.96.

2012
At the 2012 Summer Olympics she won a bronze medal in the 50 m freestyle (her first Olympic medal in an individual event, in a time of 24.39) and a silver medal in the 4 × 100 m freestyle.

title: Marleen Veldhuis