text:
Template talk:Counties of Hungary

Untitled
So.

European flag -- or not.

I think both cases can be argued, but this editwar is ridiculous. First: yes, EU flag is not a national symbol, and people from British Columbia may think this is something like the UN flag, totally inappropriate in this situation. Second: no, many people in Hungary (well, not in British Columbia) feel that the European flag is something more than the symbol of an international organisation. Public buildings in Hungary are usually decorated with both the European and the Hungarian flag.

So: argues first, edits second. Please. --Sicboy 22:31, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

I don't know why some people think the European flag is inappropriate in the template of an European country. BTW, all ideologies aside, I originally wanted the flag there because if there's a picture on only one side, the text is not in the center of the template heading and it doesn't look so good. Alensha 12:46, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There is no need for the EU flag to be in Hungary's national template. The EU flag only represent the EU, and not Europe as a whole. Looking at things in perspective, Hungary has only been in the EU for a few years, and doesn't even have full rights (eg right to move within the EU for employment), therefore the EU is not a part of Hugary's national psyche. As for asthetics, why not use another Hungarian symbol (eg coat of arms) Astrotrain 13:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I've been uploading a small coat of arms for this template right when you were writing this :-) But I still think the EU flag looks better, purely for aesthetical reasons (the coat of arms is not wide enough.) As for the flag representing the EU or Europe as a whole, please read its article. BTW please don't start this "old EU countries / new EU countries" debate. Where are you from & how do you know about Hungary's national psyche? Alensha 13:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I remembered somehow he was from British Columbia, Canada. Which is a fairly nice place I think, but please, we're not used to people telling us what our something national psyche was, from far away countries. Maybe it would be appropriate then for us to go to British Columbia pages, deleting the Canadian flag telling that Canada is not a part of BC's national psyche!?!? Without asking local people about these people on the talk page? Remember: Hungarians are very suspicious of distant people telling them what they're supposed to be, we have had this kind of control for decades.
 * And on the topic if we are full members --- please, I direct you to European Union for that. And those free-employment restrictions: yes, there are many (legal or illegal) deregulations from EU-laws, e.g. Germany not letting Hu workers work there (UK, Sweden permits that). But that has nothing to do with full membership, which is a term opposed to associate membership, which we had between ca. 1996/7-2004. --Sicboy 20:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I had an image of the Flag of British Columbia on my user page until a few days ago, which I guess led to your assumption that I am from there. I am actually from Scotland. Astrotrain 20:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I absolutely support having the EU flag in this template, but I don't think Hungarian national psyche could be an argument for or against it. Hungarian national psyche, if there is one as such, may be described in various related articles, as it may definitely be of interest for several people, but it still needn't be reflected in the template of the counties. Let me repeat, I do support the EU flag, but not due to psychological aspects but simply because Hungarian counties are physically located in the EU. Adam78 20:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, look at it this way, the inclusion of the EU flag suggests Hungary is a pro-European nation, which is POV. I imagine any euro sceptic Hungarians would find the inclusion of the EU flag highly offensive in a national template. Placing the EU flags suggest that Hungary is subordiante to the EU, rather than an independent nation. Astrotrain 20:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * At last :) Now that would be my argumentation as well. Sorry, but I had to defend the poor EU flag from the national-psyche-thing, but I agree with these two arguments. When the EU flag was placed on the template I thought okay, if there would be anybody who doesn't like this he would tell it. The problem was that you deleted first and argued second.
 * Now let's go to to the second round: I can see Adam78 supports the EU flag on the template and Astrotrain and I do not, while Alensha just wanted some aesthetical corrections, that's where the flag came from. I think this temporary substitution with the coat-of-arms is not very nice, so I suggest a second Hungarian flag, or a small thumbnail Hungary-map (with or without county borders) to the caption. --Sicboy 21:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I am a bit confused, since you reverted my edits, I thought you supported the EU flag? Anyway, I have changed the template to 2 Hungarian flags, and it looks good (2 flags is also used by the EU template!). Astrotrain 21:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I reverted, because I hadn't supported undiscussed edits in this case. Anyways, I think the two Hungarian flags look nice, and it would be good to keep this page like it is now. --Sicboy 21:27, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Counties of Hungary


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Flash prank

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy redirect to Prank flash. BD2412 talk 00:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Flash prank
Prank flash covers it all, whereas Flash prank is badly written and adds nothing, rather than merge it just needs deleting imo. --PopUpPirate 22:31, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Prank flash will do fine (no attack or copyvio, so no reason to bother deleting). BD2412  talk 23:07, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedily redirected per above. Friday (talk) 23:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
George Read

George Read may refer to:

Soldiers

 * George C. Read (1788–1862), United States Navy admiral
 * George E. Read (1838–1910), American sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
 * George Windle Read (1860–1934), United States Army major general
 * George Windle Read Jr. (1900–1974), United States Army lieutenant general, son of the above

Public officials

 * George Read (American politician, born 1733) (1733–1798), lawyer, signer of Declaration of Independence and senator from Delaware
 * George Read Jr. (1765–1836), lawyer, son of George Read, Sr., U.S. Attorney for Delaware
 * George Read III (1787–1836), lawyer, son of George Read, Jr., U.S. Attorney for Delaware
 * George Read (New Zealand politician) (1814–1878), English-born mariner and landowner from East Coast
 * George Read (Ontario politician) (1819–1903), Canadian businessman and Legislative Assembly of Ontario member
 * George Read (Alberta politician) (born 1972), Canadian leader of Alberta Green Party

title: George Read


text:
Serve the Servants

"Serve the Servants" is a song by the American rock band Nirvana, written by vocalist and guitarist, Kurt Cobain. It is the first track on their third and final studio album In Utero, released in September 1993.

The song has frequently been cited for its autobiographical lyrics, which address the band's fame following the release of their 1991 album, Nevermind, the divorce of Cobain's parents, and perceived media attacks against Cobain's wife, American rock musician, Courtney Love.

Early history
"Serve the Servants" was written in 1992. The earliest known version is a home demo, featuring Cobain on vocals and acoustic guitar, recorded on a boombox in 1992. This version was released on the posthumous Nirvana box set, With the Lights Out, in November 2004.

In Utero
"Serve the Servants" was the only In Utero song that had never been recorded as a demo by the full band prior to being recorded for the album. As Nirvana's bassist Krist Novoselic remembers, it was brought to the studio "pretty much done" by Cobain. The album was recorded in February 1993 by Steve Albini at Pachyderm Studio in Cannon Falls, Minnesota.

In a September 2013 interview with the NPR program All Songs Considered, Novoselic recalled that "Serve the Servants" was the first song the band recorded during the sessions with Albini. "And so we play that song 'Serve the Servants,'" he explained, "...And so we finish the song, and Kurt and Dave and I look at each other and we're like, 'Yeah, that felt pretty good. How was it, Steve?' He's like, 'Sounds good.' And we're like, 'All right! We're going to do another song,' like in one take. We won Steve over after that."

Post-In Utero
The first live performance of "Serve the Servants" was on April 9, 1993, at the Bosnian Rape Victim Benefit show at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California.

It was performed, along with "Dumb," at Nirvana's final television appearance, on February 23, 1994 in Rome, Italy for the RAI television show, Tunnel.

The final live performance of "Serve the Servants" was at Nirvana's last concert, on March 1, 1994 at Terminal 1 in Munich, Germany.

Music
Journalist Gillian G. Gaar described "Serve the Servants" as "a straight-ahead rock song, arguably the most straightforward song on In Utero," and noted that its steady volume was a departure from the frequently-used "soft/loud Nirvana dynamic." John Mulvey of the NME called it "an addictive pop song" that was "set to a jerky, cranking riff that gleefully degenerates into a squiggly anti-solo." Jim DeRogatis of Chicago Sun-Times described it as being "propelled by fat, hummable guitar riffs and memorable singalong choruses." Author Chuck Crisafulli called it one of the most "rock n' roll" tracks the band ever recorded that provided an energizing and satisfying opener to In Utero, which immediately dispelled rumors that the album would be excessively abrasive and unlistenable.

Lyrics
The song's autobiographical lyrics address both Cobain's struggles with fame and his family life. The opening lyrics, "Teenage angst has paid off well, now I'm bored and old," were a commentary on Cobain's public image, and his life as a celebrity since the unexpected success of Nirvana's second album, Nevermind, released in September 1991. The lyric, "If she floats then she is not a witch like we had thought", was an attack on the media for its perceived misrepresentation of Cobain's wife Courtney Love, vocalist and guitarist of the American rock band Hole, comparing her treatment to a witchhunt and the practice of subjecting women accused of witchcraft to a public ordeal by water.

In his 1993 biography Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana, Michael Azerrad stated that Cobain sent a personal and direct message to his father with the lines, "I tried hard to have a father, but instead I had a dad/ I just want you to know that I don't hate you anymore/There is nothing I could say that I haven't thought before". However, Cobain stated that the lines were included at the last minute and that "they just happen to fit really well". Author Charles R. Cross, in his 2001 Cobain biography, Heavier Than Heaven, also described these lines as bitter lyrics aimed at Cobain's father. The last line of the chorus. "that legendary divorce is such a bore", refers to Cobain being tired of his childhood being plumbed for deep meaning.

Reception
The song's opening lyrics attracted the attention of numerous critics in contemporary reviews of the album. John Mulvey of the NME wrote that "any album that kicks off with a song as beautifully bludgeoned as ‘Serve The Servants’, and a line as tellingly funny as 'Teenage angst has paid off well/ Now I’m bored and old', must have something going for it. Self-referential and self-pitying, for sure, but here at least Nirvana metaphorically wipe their arses on old Nevermind sleeves with a little wit to leaven the whingeing bitterness." David Fricke of Rolling Stone wrote that the opening lines of the album's "petulant, bludgeoning opener" were "sung in an irritated, marble-mouthed snarl that immediately derails any lingering expectations for a son of “Smells Like Teen Spirit." Predicting the first lines as "soon-to-be-famous," Los Angeles Times writer Chris Willman wrote, "If you’d guess from that opening that Cobain is going to spend a lot of the record commenting sarcastically on the success and attention he’s enjoyed (not) in the last couple of years, you’d be positively prescient." Tom Howard, from the same publication, wrote that "‘Serve The Servants’ features the best opening line to any album ever ... Kurt was self-aware to a fault, and this is a prime example. It’s an added bonus that the track is an admirably obnoxious hard rock banger."

In his September 1993 review of the album for Time, Christopher John Farley wrote that compared to "Heart-Shaped Box" and "All Apologies," the two songs later remixed by Scott Litt at the band's request, "many of the Albini pieces sound ravaged, almost ruined; but as with buried treasures, there are rewards for persistence and exploration. If you listen repeatedly to such sonically explosive songs as Serve the Servants and Pennyroyal Tea, the structure of each gradually becomes clear, and melodies surface." David Cavanagh compared the song to "Rid Of Me," the title track of the second studio album by English rock musician PJ Harvey, released in May 1993 and also produced by Albini." Stuart Berman for Pitchfork remarked, "The scowling verses of “Serve the Servants” are countered by the chorus’ soothing incantation of the song’s title, as if Cobain had to anesthetize himself in order to answer his audience’s populist demands."

Legacy
Reviewing the 20th anniversary reissue of In Utero in September 2013, Christopher John Farley of Time wrote that "compared to songs on Nevermind, 'Serve the Servants' and 'tourette’s' sound unmixed and unfinished, but not as a detriment. These songs and others on In Utero sound completely fresh and unaffected, and end up creating a much rougher and stripped-down result.

In August 2014, Paste ranked "Serve the Servants" at number 37 on their "50 Best Grunge Songs" list, with Michael Danaher writing, “The verse’s warbling surfer-esque riff and the chorus’s raw, coarse hook was a masterwork that furthered Cobain’s knack for bruised and brooding songwriting." In April 2015, Rolling Stone ranked “Serve the Servants” at number 14 on their list of the top 102 Nirvana songs, with writer Douglas Wolk remarking, “The dissonant blast that opened In Utero's first seconds answered anyone who wondered if Nirvana was going to soften up after conquering the world." The A.V. Club ranked it at number 17 on their list of the band's "30 greatest songs" in 2023.

In 2017, Love cited "Serve the Servants" as one of her favorite Nirvana songs, also mentioning the In Utero songs "Heart-Shaped Box" and "Frances Farmer Will Have Her Revenge on Seattle", and the Nevermind songs "In Bloom" and "On a Plain."

According to the April 2000 edition of Spin, at one point during Cobain's memorial vigil in April 1994, the song was being "blasted" from the loudspeakers while "an estimated 5,000 kids poured over the fountain, plugging up the spigots, lifting their middle fingers to the skies and howling with gleeful rage."

The song's title is referenced by Nirvana's manager Danny Goldberg in the title of his book Serving The Servant: Remembering Kurt Cobain, released in 2019.

Personnel

 * Kurt Cobain – guitar, vocals
 * Krist Novoselic – bass
 * Dave Grohl – drums

Other releases

 * A remix of the studio version, done by Albini in 2013, appeared on the 20th anniversary "Deluxe" and "Super Deluxe" versions of In Utero in September 2013. Reviewing the reissue in September 2013, Stuart Berman of Pitchfork wrote that "the unearthed cello lines creeping behind the chorus of 'Serve the Servants'" in the 2013 mix brought "a greater sense of melancholy to the fore."

 * A live version, recorded at Pier 48 in Seattle on December 13, 1993, was released on the live video Live and Loud in September 2013. An edited version of the show, including "Serve the Servants," first aired on MTV on December 31, 1993.

 * Three live versions will appear on the 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" reissue of In Utero, set to be released in October 2023. The set will include the band's full shows at the Great Western Forum in Inglewood, California on December 30, 1993, and at the Seattle Center Arena in Seattle on January 7, 1994, both of which featured versions of "Serve the Servants." An additional live version, recorded on February 22, 1994 at Palaghiaccio in Marino, Italy, will appear as bonus material.

 * The live version performed on Tunnel in Rome in February 23, 1994 was released as bonus material on Live and Loud.

title: Serve the Servants


text:
Billy Mitchell (EastEnders)

Billy Mitchell is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Perry Fenwick, who made his first appearance on 2 November 1998. Billy was originally introduced by producer Matthew Robinson as a guest character, facilitating the introduction of Jamie Mitchell (Jack Ryder) to the show. Early on, Billy was Jamie's abusive uncle and guardian - which results in Jamie being taken away from Billy by his relative Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden). Billy was then brought back to the serial on 2 August 1999 and Fenwick was offered a longer-term contract, and Billy ended up becoming a regular character. Frequently portrayed as a small-time criminal, Billy is a luckless resident of Albert Square who often struggles financially. His most prominent storylines include two failed marriages with Little Mo Morgan (Kacey Ainsworth) and Honey Edwards (Emma Barton) and having a daughter Janet (Grace) born with Down syndrome. Fenwick filmed his 1000th episode on 6 August 2010, and later his 2000th on 24 September 2022.

Billy's other major storylines have seen him involved in criminal activities with both Phil and his brother Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp); working for Steve Owen (Martin Kemp); and being blackmailed by Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass) to gain leverage against Steve and Phil, leading to Dan kidnapping Mel Beale (Tamzin Outhwaite); his complicated relationship with Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks); marrying Little Mo after she escapes her abusive husband Trevor Morgan (Alex Ferns); a subsequent incident where Little Mo gets raped by Graham Foster (Alex McSweeney) and struggling to cope with raising their son Freddie; a feud with Andy Hunter (Michael Higgs) and attempting with Minty Peterson (Cliff Parisi) to stop Andy from marrying Phil and Grant's sister Sam (Kim Medcalf); working for local gang boss Terry Bates (Nicholas Ball) until witnessing Terry murder Jase Dyer (Stephen Lord); becoming the guardian of Jase's son Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick) after his death; a short relationship with Jean Slater (Gillian Wright); reuniting with his former girlfriend Julie Perkins (Cathy Murphy) and discovering that their deceased son had a daughter Lola Pearce (Danielle Harold); and developing a romantic obsession with Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater). He later reunites with Honey, becomes the manager of a funeral parlour from which he is later sacked; sleeps with Tina Carter (Luisa Bradshaw-White) which ends his relationship with Honey; a relationship with Karen Taylor (Lorraine Stanley), feuding with Jay over his relationship with Honey who he reconciles with after she splits with Jay; struggling to deal with Lola's brain tumour and death; reuniting with his estranged father Stevie Mitchell (Alan Ford) and discovering that he has a half-brother Teddy Mitchell (Roland Manookian).

Storylines
Billy first arrives on Albert Square in November 1998 to break the news of his brother Charlie's (Charlie Heptinstall) death, which leaves Charlie's 15-year-old son, Jamie (Jack Ryder) orphaned and in Billy's care. Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden), Billy's cousin visits them and soon learns that Jamie has been in minor trouble in the police and that Billy has been taking his anger out on Jamie and violently abusing him. Phil threatens Billy to leave Jamie alone and takes Jamie back to the square to live with him.

While trying to settle himself in Walford, Billy becomes involved in criminal scams with Phil and his brother Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp). However, Billy's relatives see him as little more than a lackey – up to the point where he is frequently denounced an embarrassment to the Mitchell name. Billy soon finds an ally in Grant's business partner Steve Owen (Martin Kemp), who hires Billy as an errand boy in numerous criminal activities – including drug-dealing – to antagonize the Mitchell brothers. Billy works at Steve's club, E20, and is given a 1% share of the club for his services; though he is left torn between his loyalties to his family and Steve himself.

After learning that Phil and Grant plan to do a robbery that is set to be botched, Billy alerts their sister Sam Mitchell (Danniella Westbrook) and her boyfriend Beppe di Marco (Michael Greco) about their plans – which sparks a police chase on the Mitchell Brothers that results in them driving into the River Thames; Phil is rescued while Grant is presumed dead. Following Grant's departure, Phil is shot (see Who Shot Phil?) by an unknown assailant on the night Steve marries their lover Mel Healy (Tamzin Outhwaite). As local chief detective DCI Jill Marsden (Sophie Stanton) embarks an investigation on Phil's shooting, Billy clashes with Phil's stepson Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and his cousin Mark Fowler (Todd Carty) upon learning that the pair had separate motives for the crime. He also gets in a fight with Jamie over his ability to manage Phil's business, but is overpowered and forced to submit to his nephew's demand to be left alone. Soon afterwards, Phil discharges himself from hospital and frames his friend-turned-enemy Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass) for the crime – even though his ex-girlfriend Lisa Fowler (Lucy Benjamin) was responsible for the shooting. Phil then forces Billy to testify against Dan to ensure his imprisonment. Steve observes this interaction – as he too wishes for Dan to get sent down, despite both of them being Phil's archenemies, in order to stop him from further tormenting Mel. However, Billy's testimony fails and Dan is found not guilty. Dan later confronts Billy in search of revenge for Phil and Steve, forcing him to acquire information about the pair's commonality to him. Billy ends up confiding to Dan about Mel sleeping with Phil before marrying Steve, which leads to him kidnapping Mel, holding her hostage, and asking for a £200,000 ransom. When Steve and Phil learn about this, they confront Billy about allowing Dan to get leverage over them. Billy manages to help Steve and Phil rescue Mel, but they fail to stop Dan from fleeing Walford with the money. In light of Dan's departure and Mel's kidnapping ordeal, Billy finds himself further embroiled in Phil and Steve's rivalry – up to the point where they each deem him distrustful. Their feud ultimately ends with Steve kidnapping Phil's infant daughter Louise to flee Walford with Mel and exact his last-ditch revenge. When Billy learns about this, he informs Phil and the latter manages to rescue Louise after Steve crashes his car and is killed in the ensuing explosion; Billy later accompanies Mel in arranging and then attending at Steve's funeral.

Eventually, Billy falls for local resident Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks) – even though she is only interested in his money. Janine dumps Billy after he runs out of money, he nevertheless helps her deal with some mental health issues – which leads Janine to hope for a reconciliation with Billy. However, he turns her down after developing romantic feelings for his colleague Little Mo Morgan (Kacey Ainsworth) when the pair worked together in a cleaning company. As they bond, Billy confines to her about his past: he was physically abused by staff of a children's home in which he resided as a kid. She comforts him over his past ordeal, particularly when Ernie Johnson (John Junkin) – one of his former abusers – reappears in Walford as a pensioner. Billy later breaks into Ernie's home to confront him over the abuse, shaming him into moving away for good. Shortly afterwards, Billy uses his experience with confronting his demons to make amends with Jamie over the way he had treated him in the past. The two start to get along better, even when Billy learns that Jamie betrayed Phil and is being treated harshly because of it. By the time his relationship with Jamie is mended, Billy has become the sworn enemy of Little Mo's husband Trevor Morgan (Alex Ferns) – because of the torment and abuse the latter imposed on her for the majority of their marriage. She soon leaves Trevor and starts a relationship with Billy. He later proposes to Little Mo by spelling out "MARRY ME" on her plate with alphabet spaghetti, and so they are engaged. When Trevor hears of it, he kidnaps Little Mo and his baby son Sean – intending for all three of them to die in a fire on Halloween night. However, Little Mo manages to escape from the house with Sean and they survive while Trevor is killed in a gas explosion. Despite the trauma Trevor put them through, Billy and Little Mo plan to get married on Christmas Day. Their happiness is virtually compromised when Jamie gets struck by a car driven by his best-friend and Mark's brother Martin (James Alexandrou). Nevertheless, the pair get married – though, not before Billy visits Jamie to make peace with him before the latter dies of his injuries later that night.

Towards the first anniversary of their marriage, Little Mo is raped by her friend Graham Foster (Alex McSweeney) – which angers Billy. She discovers she is pregnant as a result of the assault and Billy presses her to have an abortion. However, Little Mo refuses and leaves Walford to clear her head – returning with baby Freddie to see Graham convicted of rape. Billy and Little Mo reunite, but their marriage eventually ends after he admits to being unable to love Freddie due to comparing him with Graham. Later, Billy starts a relationship with newcomer Honey Edwards (Emma Barton), whom he manages during her spell as a model. The relationship prospers, despite initial disapproval from Honey's father Jack (Nicky Henson), who takes time to accept Billy. Honey falls pregnant and accepts Billy's marriage proposal. Their wedding is postponed when Honey is hospitalised, they reschedule, however the second ceremony goes awry because of a practical joke played on Billy during his stag night. Billy's aunt Peggy Mitchell (Barbara Windsor) then arranges a surprise wedding. Billy and Honey have just time enough to complete their vows before Honey goes into labour. She delivers a girl, Janet, but the Mitchells are devastated to discover she has Down syndrome. Honey rejects her baby, she goes into depression, contemplating infanticide, and demands Janet be put up for adoption. Billy is opposed, but, after agonising over the decision, eventually consents. After Janet is taken into foster care, she has a health scare and is hospitalised – forcing Honey to acknowledge she loves her baby and so Janet is brought home.

Honey falls pregnant again and William Mitchell is born. His birth is traumatic, as Honey goes into labour after being caught in a violent siege: she is assaulted by a member of a football firm led by local gang boss Terry Bates (Nicholas Ball). William seems stillborn at first but is resuscitated by medics. Billy and Honey have financial problems and their landlady, Manju Patel (Leena Dhingra), decides to evict them. Billy steals charity money to pay the rent and barricades them into the flat but they are evicted at Christmas. They rely on the kindness of friends and relatives until the council rehouses them. Desperate for money, Billy takes a job as a getaway driver for Jase Dyer (Stephen Lord), believing they are stealing money from Terry Bates, the leader of the firm responsible for hurting Honey. The job is a set-up, and Terry takes Jase's son Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick) hostage in their absence. Assisted by Billy, Jay escapes but Jase is killed by Terry in the ensuing fight, while Billy hides in the bathroom, too afraid to help Jase. Not realising this, Jay hails Billy a hero for trying to rescue his father. Billy breaks down and confesses his cowardice to Honey, revealing that he kept some of Jase's money, allegedly to give to now orphaned Jay. Honey is incensed, she threatens to leave Billy but reconsiders on condition he never lies to her again. Billy does lie and keeps some of Jase's money, telling Honey he has donated it to charity. Honey subsequently ends their marriage and takes her children to live with her father, leaving Billy alone and depressed.

Billy visits Jay at his foster home and agrees to foster him, but problems arise when Nick Cotton (John Altman) blackmails Billy, threatening to tell Jay the truth about his cowardice on the night of Jase's death. Unable to meet Nick's demands, Billy is forced to tell Jay the truth instead and Jay reacts in fury. Terry's gang try to stop Billy testifying at the upcoming trial. Billy testifies, despite threats, and Terry is sentenced to life imprisonment for murdering Jase. Afterwards, Billy is redeemed in the eyes of Jay. However, Jay later begins to idolise Phil, to the virtual exclusion of Billy.

When Billy stops a man from pestering Jean Slater (Gillian Wright) at a club, she brands him a hero and they end up having sex. Embarrassed by the fling, the following day, Billy insults Jean, killing her hopes for romance. He later begins a more serious relationship with Julie Perkins (Cathy Murphy), a fellow resident of the children's home where he lived as a kid. Billy is shocked to discover Julie fell pregnant with his child in their teens, their son was adopted and is now a grown man. Billy attempts to find his son, Dan Pearce, but is devastated to discover he died of liver failure and that his granddaughter, Lola Pearce (Danielle Harold), is in care. Billy visits Lola and they bond. Lola moves in with her grandparents but proves troublesome, and, when Billy continuously overrules Julie's attempts to discipline her, a rift forms and Julie leaves Walford. Lola's announcement that she is pregnant leads to Billy going back to his criminal ways to provide for his great-grandchild —stealing from Janine and trading stolen goods and forgeries for Derek Branning (Jamie Foreman). Janine eventually discovers and sacks Billy for his deception. However, she has a change of heart, she reinstates him and allows him to keep the items he ordered for Lola's baby. Billy grows tired of Lola's troublesome behaviour and gives her a curfew and electronic tag After which he can focus on being an Olympic Torch bearer, of which he learnt several months earlier. Billy successfully carries the torch and witnesses the birth of his great-granddaughter, Lexi Pearce.

Billy and Lola are devastated when Lexi is taken into temporary foster care, as Lola's social worker, Trish Barnes (Tessa Churchard), does not think that they are coping. Lexi's father is revealed to be Phil's son, Ben Mitchell (Joshua Pascoe). Thus, Phil gains temporary custody of Lexi. He is even supportive when Lola runs away with Lexi, and tells her that he is the selfish one for sticking by the three times a week access rules. Billy persuades Phil to let Lexi stay over at their flat once or twice a week. He says that he is happy with that, but Trish is still unsure whether Lola should be alone with Lexi. Lola sets up her own business, doing manicures and pedicures, which she seems to enjoy. She and Billy make an effort to keep their flat a tidy environment, and set the small bedroom up for Lexi for when she returns home. Eventually, Lola is re-awarded custody of Lexi. Billy is over-protective of Lola when she starts a relationship with Peter Beale (Ben Hardy), but eventually becomes friends with him and realises that he is a good man. Peter moves into their flat, but moves out to look after his father when his sister, Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater) is murdered (see Who Killed Lucy Beale?). However, Peter and Lola continue their relationship. Billy is delighted when Honey returns with Janet and William, and he thinks she wants to reunite with him. He is devastated to learn that Honey wants to move to Canada with their children. In the end, she decides to take just William, leaving Janet in Billy's care.

Billy gets a job working for undertaker Les Coker (Roger Sloman). He is confronted by Lee Carter (Danny Hatchard), Tina Carter (Luisa Bradshaw-White) and Tosh Mackintosh (Rebecca Scroggs) because Lee saw him arguing with Lucy on the night she was murdered. Billy lies about it and says he was working at the fish and chip shop and Lucy was frustrated with having to wait for her chips, causing the argument. Billy tells Phil that Lucy knew he was stealing fish from the chip shop, which is the real reason for the argument. Phil tells Tina, Tosh and Lee that Lucy was trying to take money from the till, and convinces them not to tell Ian. Billy realises his fingerprints are in Tina and Tosh's kitchen, where Lucy's blood and earring were found, as he was also stealing food, so he tries to clean them up, but Tosh catches him. Tosh and Lee then decide to go to the police. Then, babysitter Pam Coker (Lin Blakley) discovers photographs of Lucy behind Billy's fridge. Billy is questioned for his involvement with Lucy as it finally transpired he was arguing with her on the night of her death. However, he was not with her around the time of her murder at all, so he is cleared.

Billy is later revealed to be one of very few people who were aware that Kathy Sullivan (Gillian Taylforth) was still alive. When Lucy's murder investigation starts to come around to questioning Jay and Ben, he panics over Jay's intention to leave Walford following Phil's attempts to hand in Ben to the police thinking he did it, which disgusts Billy that Phil would betray his family. He attempts to distance himself from Phil but ends up doing exactly the same thing to Jay in a desperate attempt to keep Lola on the square when he discovers she was ready to leave Walford with him. Lola leaves on her own eventually feeling she has to try and break out and make something of herself that she won't be able to do in Walford, leaving him heartbroken. Later Billy reconciles with Phil to a degree, taking on board that the two have to try and hold together the family as best as they can. He pays for Billy to spend a few months in Canada with Honey and William. When he returns, he admits his feelings for Honey have returned, and drunkenly leaves a voicemail explaining how he feels. Honey comes to Walford and admits she feels the same, and they end up having sex. They decide to take things slow, with Honey moving in with Billy's cousin Ronnie Mitchell (Samantha Womack) and they decide to get engaged. However Honey ends the engagement when she discovers that Jay has been drug dealing and that Billy knew about it. Billy manages to convince Honey to give him another chance. Honey does so but on the condition they help Jay together, but they later catch him stealing their wedding fund from Janet's piggy bank, leading Honey to call the police. Jay is arrested but released a day later. When Honey discovers that Jay staying with them may result in Janet and Will being taken into care, Jay moves out. When Pam and Les decide to leave Walford, Les appoints Billy as the new manager of the funeral parlour. Despite initial problems, Billy eventually settles into his new role. Upon advice from Pam, Billy gives Jay a job in the funeral parlour. Pam and Les leave and Billy begins managing the parlour. However, unbeknownst to Billy, Jay secretly steals money from the undertakers to pay his drug dealers. He later follows this up by stealing jewellery from a corpse. However, he returns these saying he took them to be cleaned professionally, leading Billy to believe that Jay's behaviour is improving. Honey and Billy are burgled and their wedding fund and Janet's Christmas gift of a tablet computer are stolen, so Billy vows to build Janet a doll's house. They later move into the flat above the funeral parlour. Billy is then offered a partnership in the business, which he accepts. However, he struggles with the accounts and is visited by HMRC representatives who tell him that he could face a large fine, which Jay pays for him.

After Janet is hit by a car driven by Tina, Tina comforts Billy and they end up kissing and having sex while Honey is in hospital with Janet. Billy becomes part of a robbery arranged by Aidan Maguire (Patrick Bergin), and Billy hides the stolen money in a coffin. Billy exhumes a grave to find the cash but it has been taken. This is caught on CCTV, so Pam is forced to sack Billy. Billy tells Honey he got a pay rise but Tina urges him to tell her the truth; Honey sees them hugging and then tells Billy she knows what he is going to tell her, thinking they are having an affair. Billy admits to a one-night stand with Tina and the next day, he discovers Honey has cut up all his clothes. When Tina's sister, Shirley Carter (Linda Henry), sees Billy and Honey talking, she assumes Honey found out Tina was driving the car that hit Janet and reveals the fact to Honey. Honey then cuts Billy out of her photos. Billy starts sleeping rough in the office of the closed nightclub, and is discovered by Mel, who is reopening the club. She hires Billy and allows him to sleep on her sofa. In Aidan's search for the missing money, he attacks Billy for standing up to him. Honey tends to Billy's wounds and brings Janet to see him but she is too scared of his injuries to go to him. Billy then rents a room in a house with Jay and Donna Yates (Lisa Hammond). Donna later moves away. Honey begins dating Adam Bateman (Stephen Rahman-Hughes), much to Billy's jealousy. Lola and Lexi return to Walford and move in with Billy and Jay. Billy becomes suspicious that Adam is cheating on Honey, but she is in denial and stays with her partner. Billy gets involved with Karen Taylor (Lorraine Stanley). Shortly after they commit to a relationship, Honey and the children move back in with Billy after she splits from Adam. Honey kisses Billy on New Year's Eve but he rejects her as he is with Karen. Karen briefly breaks up with Billy when she believes he is in cahoots with Phil over the disappearance of her son Keanu Taylor (Danny Walters), but they reconcile when Billy insists he is on her side, not Phil's. Billy realises Honey has bulimia nervosa.

Creation
The character Billy Mitchell was introduced by producer Matthew Robinson as a guest character in November 1998, used as part of a storyline to introduce Billy's nephew, Jamie, (Jack Ryder) to the regular cast. In the storyline, Billy was caught being abusive to Jamie and he was subsequently taken in by Billy's cousin Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden). The character was only intended to appear for four episodes; however, Perry Fenwick revealed in 2006 that the role was extended by "coincidence and chance": "I was offered four episodes and here I am, about 800 later. [...] Ross Kemp (Grant) said that he was leaving, and there was a gap in the Mitchell family, so they brought me back to do stuff towards his leaving. After that they offered me a year." Billy was reintroduced in 1999, making recurring appearances. He was involved in the leaving storyline of Grant Mitchell in October 1999, before returning later in the year as a regular character.

Personality
When Billy was first introduced, he was depicted as a "runt of a man who's a catalyst for trouble." Kate Lock, author of EastEnders Who's Who, has noted that the character was something of an outcast to the rest of the Mitchell clan, commenting, "none of the other Mitchells likes to think of him as 'family' [..] Billy is held in great contempt by the Mitchell [brothers], who regard him as a lower lifeform than a worm".

It has been noted that when Billy was first introduced, he was a "nasty piece of work". However, Billy underwent a personality change circa 2002 and "became good". It was revealed that Bill's nasty streak was a result of him having been abused and bullied while growing up in a children's home. From then on, Billy was depicted as "clownish and a bit of a loser [...] a born romantic with a kind nature and a big heart". According to actor Perry Fenwick, it is doubtful that he would have continued with the role if Billy had not "mended his wicked ways". Billy was involved in an abuse storyline with his nephew Jamie (Jack Ryder), causing the actor to be "harangued" by strangers in public. In 2006, he commented, "I wouldn't have wanted to stay if Billy had been the way he was at the start. I didn't want to be another Nick Cotton, an out and out baddie, because it leaves you nowhere to go. You need to be a rounded character to fit in with the others. Then you can be a bit naughty, funny sometimes, in love sometimes — it all opens out. I'm proud of the way he's changed. I didn't like doing that nasty stuff. I needed and wanted the job, but I knew what would come with it — you can't go anywhere on this show without people telling you what they think."

Fenwick particularly likes the comedic side to the character. He has said, "I just ask them to keep it light and shade. I LOVE the comedy side of Billy but there's a sad side to him, too. He's like a little lost soul who is always beaten up and knocked down but he never gives up. He reminds me of Norman Wisdom."

Honey Edwards and Down syndrome
The character Honey Edwards (Emma Barton) was introduced in November 2005. Her pregnancy was the start of an ongoing storyline about Down syndrome (DS) as, in September 2006, Honey and Billy's baby Janet was diagnosed with the disorder shortly after her birth. EastEnders' producers began to work on the DS plot in February 2006. Real parents with children who have Down Syndrome were approached to act as consultants in the making of the storyline, meeting with writers and the actors who play Billy and Honey. On-screen, Honey was shown to be devastated, rejecting her baby and wanting to have her adopted, while Billy wanted to keep his daughter, placing strain on the couple, who married in the serial the day of Janet's birth.

The Down's Syndrome Association (DSA) worked with EastEnders on the storyline. Their medical advisers were consulted about possible health problems that Billy and Honey's baby might encounter. According to the DSA in 2006, people with DS are under-represented on mainstream television and EastEnders helped to redress that imbalance. The DSA used their influence to change certain elements of the scripts that they were unhappy with, such as persuading them to change the way Billy and Honey were told of their baby's diagnosis; however, they had no influence over the characters' reactions or the plot in general. For the first two weeks after Janet's diagnosis, the DSA provided a helpline for worried parents or anyone wanting advice about DS. EastEnders also provided a link to the DSA website from theirs, to ensure that people looking for information could find the association.

The storyline was developed with characterisation in mind. Some characters, such as Peggy Mitchell, were shown to respond negatively towards the baby, views that were included so that the positive aspects could be voiced by the "more enlightened characters". The programme makers' main priority was to show the reality of having a child with the condition, "with all of its positives and negatives" and to "create awareness among thousands of people who know very little about Down syndrome, who might have out-dated or prejudiced views." EastEnders took advice from DS organisations and DS families throughout. Care was taken to ensure that viewers empathised with Billy and Honey, to portray their journey in a "realistic way".

The DSA have expressed their desire to see a character with Down syndrome becoming a permanent member of the EastEnders cast, as in their opinion "it would be a fantastic opportunity to bring Down's syndrome into mainstream awareness, and to present a 21st-century picture of family life for those who have children with the condition." In 2006, EastEnders pledged that they intended for Billy and Honey's baby to grow up as any other baby would in the soap; however, it has been noted that the plot is dependent on the actors involved, and other practical problems that could arise. EastEnders pledged to make every effort to portray "a positive image of a family who have a baby with the condition."

The episodes received criticism for inaccuracy. Sue Jacob, a teacher at the Royal College of Midwives (RCM), said EastEnders presented a "poor picture of midwifery practice". During Janet's birth, Honey was refused an epidural while in pain, and later she was told that her baby had Down syndrome alone, without her partner or family there to support her. Jacob commented, "Women are vulnerable after giving birth and they need support systems in place [...] The person caring for her is repeatedly referred to as a nurse in the episode but there is no way that a nurse would be in charge after birth. The midwife would also have been open and honest and said 'We need to get the baby checked out and we will get your partner' [...] What the soaps do is set scenes which prompt people to talk about things which are affecting their lives. We are concerned people will wrongly think this Down syndrome story shows what really happens, and that if you have a problem there is no one there to support you. Showing something like this is not helpful." Furthermore, Jacob noted that Honey was left alone for a long time to worry about the baby, which appeared rigid, and not floppy, as babies with DS do. In Jacob's opinion, a midwife would have been repeatedly in and out of the room to check on the mother. Additionally, one episode showed a health visitor reprimanding Honey for refusing Down syndrome screening and Karen Reay, director of the Community Practitioners' and Health Visitors' Association called the episode "insensitive and patronising". She added that the episode contained "glaring anomalies", giving new mothers a "fictitious and misleading" view of health visitors, which could "damage relationships with health professionals".

The BBC responded by saying, "EastEnders has undertaken a great deal of research to script the storyline of Billy and Honey giving birth to their baby daughter. EastEnders takes enormous care with its research and takes advice from experts in the given field. In addition, for this particular storyline EastEnders talked to numerous families with children who have Down Syndrome. Some of their experiences were depicted in these early episodes. Also closely involved was a senior midwife from a large UK general hospital who saw all scripts. In relation to some particular points raised, Honey was not denied an epidural — she made the choice to put herself out of reach of communicating effectively with the midwife by locking herself in the bathroom. When the news was broken to Honey and Billy that their baby had Down Syndrome, EastEnders has in fact drawn directly from one particular true-life story — and while this may indeed not be best practice it is worth saying that good drama does not necessarily come from best practice." Despite the BBC's "extensive search" to cast a real Down baby for the birth episodes, they were unable to do so, resulting in the shots of the newborn baby being less authentic and limited. The BBC added, "In the coming weeks Honey and Billy's child will be played by a baby with Down Syndrome. It is worth noting that EastEnders has received incredibly positive feedback from the Down Syndrome Association following the first few episodes, whom we are continuing to work with very closely." Carol Boys, chief executive of the Down Syndrome Association, has confirmed that 40% of parents whose babies were diagnosed after birth were given no written or practical information about the condition, and 11% were told, as Honey was, by a midwife rather than a paediatrician: "The way in which Billy and Honey have learnt of their baby's disability, and their subsequent support from their health professionals, is not a best-practice model. However, neither is it an unrealistic situation. BBC researchers and scriptwriters have based the scenes on conversations with families who have children with Down Syndrome, and the scenes have struck a chord with thousands of our parent members across the country. Some health professionals hold outdated or prejudiced views about people with Down Syndrome that prevent them from giving parents a balanced picture of what the future will hold for them."

Julie Perkins
In 2010, storylines show Billy receiving a letter from the care home he stayed in as a child, and a character from his past, Julie Perkins (Cathy Murphy) arrives in the series. Julie turns Billy's life upside-down and forces him to face some shocking home truths. The storyline was introduced as executive producer Bryan Kirkwood, who took on the role earlier in 2010, wanted Billy to have a storyline that was not connected to existing characters. Fenwick said the storyline was an acting challenge with plenty of twists and turns, and said "it's given me the chance to let go and be a little bit nutty."

In June 2011, it was announced that Danielle Harold had joined the cast, playing Julie and Billy's 15-year-old granddaughter Lola Pearce. It was reported that Billy and Julie would be shocked to learn of Lola's existence, not knowing the son they once gave up for adoption had a daughter, but would decide to track her down and find her living in a care home.

Olympic torch bearing storyline
In November 2011, Billy is selected to be a torch bearer for the 2012 Summer Olympics. In reality, Fenwick carried the torch through the setting of Albert Square, with live footage shown in the second episode on 23 July 2012.

Reception
Billy has been described by Nicola Methven, TV editor of The Mirror, as one of EastEnders' most popular characters. According to actor Perry Fenwick, Billy was initially unpopular with a proportion of viewers for his abusive antics on-screen. In 2006, Fenwick commented, "In the beginning it was all old ladies having a go at me, and young girls who fancied Jack Ryder". However, when the character's personality altered, the reception to his character improved. Fenwick adds, " Now it's great — people really like Billy and shout out: "All right, Billy boy, how's it going?". According to Methven, "The turning point for Billy's popularity came when viewers learned his nasty streak was a result of him having been abused and bullied while growing up in a children's home" In 2020, Sara Wallis and Ian Hyland from The Daily Mirror placed Billy 49th on their ranked list of the Best EastEnders characters of all time, calling him a "Perpetual loser in life and love" who is portrayed "superbly" by Fenwick. In 2024, following the scenes where Billy discusses how his father neglected him, Chloe Timms from Inside Soap wrote "Perry Fenwick has been out of this world. Brilliant stuff!".

In popular culture and other media
The character of Billy Mitchell has been spoofed in the cartoon sketch show 2DTV. Billy appears in series 2 of the spin-off series EastEnders: E20.

title: Billy Mitchell (EastEnders)


text:
Talk:Gyrobus

This article appears as if it was written by someone for whom English is a second language and thus should be rewritten so it makes more sense by someone knowledgeable on the topic. --Cab88 22:35, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

The article reads much better now. I will remove the cleanup tag. --Cab88 20:07, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

So where's the flywheel? A diagram would be nice.--84.188.149.171 02:20, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

"Weight, a bus which can carry 20 persons and has radius of 20 km, must carry a flywheel which weighs 3 t." What? Radius of 20km must be one big-ass bus. 3t? 3 tons? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.168.71.168 (talk) 18:35, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

"compared to between 2.0 kWh/km and 2.4 kWh/km for much larger trams" where have these values come from? common values seen for a modern tram are more in the range 1.5 kwh/vehicle/km to 1.8 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.73.161.130 (talk) 16:23, 15 April 2008 (UTC) "compared to between 2.0 kWh/km and 2.4 kWh/km for much larger trams" I am also interested in this figure, according to my calculations and using the equation T = I^alpha to calculate the amount of power needed to bring the flywheel up to its rotational speed of 3000 rpm, around 78,500 Nm of power is needed, this is not even 0.02 Kwh, so in actual fact the idea of a flywheel bus was brilliant, maybe the company was adding on the costs for maintenance, there were frequent breakdowns, while coming up with this figure. The rough estimate of 78,500 Nm can be further checked out by the time given for each charge which for a full charge was around 3 minutes at 380 Volts, which seems to correspond with the power needed to charge up the flywheel to 3000 rpm. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.1.218.143 (talk) 01:34, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Identical text, even duplicating a misspelling
The text on this page that discusses gyrobuses surely seems to come from . (Footnote [1]) On this page, I took the "s" out of "Leopoldsville". Maybe I'm missing something, but it seems that credit should have been given. Nikevich (talk) 07:06, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Not a gyrobus?
". The second successful vehicle was the Capabus, which ran at the Expo 2010 in Shanghai. It was charged with electricity at the stops - just like the Gyrobus was. But the Capabus didn't store the energy in a flywheel. It used capacitors."

Soo...how is this an example of a gyrobus? --StarChaser Tyger (talk) 12:26, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Gyrobus. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070211005103/http://www.commentary.net/view/atearchive/s76a4325.htm to http://www.commentary.net/view/atearchive/s76a4325.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060222083226/http://www.cte.tv/nwsltr/CVwntr5_05.html to http://www.cte.tv/nwsltr/CVwntr5_05.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150316150232/http://dekra-automobil.cz/doc/pro_revue_mdcr_transactions.pdf to http://www.dekra-automobil.cz/doc/pro_revue_mdcr_transactions.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:34, 26 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gyrobus


text:
Harwich International railway station

Harwich International railway station is a railway station on the Mayflower Line, a branch of the Great Eastern Main Line, the station serves Harwich International Port in Essex, England. It is 68 mi from London Liverpool Street, between Wrabness to the west and Dovercourt to the east. Its three-letter station code, HPQ, derives from its original name, Harwich Parkeston Quay.

The station is operated by Greater Anglia, which also runs all trains serving the station. It is the eastern terminus in England of the Dutchflyer service between London and Amsterdam.

Description
The station has two entrances. One is located on the ground floor of the passenger terminal building which houses a ticket machine, and provides step free direct access to platform 1 and indirect access to platforms 2 and 3 via a footbridge. The second entrance is from a car-park via the footbridge, with step free access being provided by a lift which is in service until the evening ferry sailing to Hook of Holland has departed. The platforms can also be accessed via a level crossing at the eastern end of the platforms.

Generally platform 1 is used as the terminus of Dutchflyer trains towards London. Platform 2 is bi-directional and is served by local Mayflower Line services between Manningtree and Harwich Town, while platform 3 is used by services for Lowestoft, Norwich and Cambridge. The platforms have an operational length for thirteen-coach trains.

History
The port and station owe their origins to the Great Eastern Railway (GER) which opened them on a new track alignment built over reclaimed land in 1883 and named them after its chairman, Charles Henry Parkes. The original combined station building and hotel is still in existence although the hotel is now converted for office use and is part of the port terminal.

Prior to the station's re-development, and its revised layout, it consisted of two through-platforms serving the then double-track line to Harwich Town. This was supplemented by a bay platform at the eastern end of the main platform (the present-day platform 1) which handled Harwich to Parkeston local services, which in the days of steam generally consisted of a J15 and later N2 or N7 tank engines and up to four carriages. This service was timed to suit shift times both on the quay and in adjoining offices, the majority of workers being railway employees. The bay also had a loop allowing the running round of the locomotive. The main platform was and still is of sufficient length to accommodate a boat train of 10 or 11 coaches. The "up" (westbound) through-platform was shorter but this did not prevent it being used by the North Country boat train in the morning, which consisted of 11 or 12 carriages and would overhang the end of the platform considerably, but in those days there was no level crossing at the eastern end of the station.

The Manningtree to Harwich local service used the last one-third of the main platform using a third central access line, which joined the platform at that point allowing a ticket barrier to be used for that part of the platform exclusively. This arrangement allowed a five- or six-coach train to sit at the western end of that platform without the need for any shifting, whereas a full boat train would have to move temporarily towards the west to allow the local train access.

During the peak years of foot passenger movements through the quay, before the introduction of the roll-on/roll-off ferries and the rationalisation of the ferry services that followed, another station operated at the western end of Parkeston Quay, known as Parkeston Quay West. It consisted of a single platform and was capable of handling a 10- or 11-coach boat train. It serviced the day service to the Hoek van Holland Haven (Hook of Holland Harbour) and was also used by troop trains during the period when trooping was still a major operation through the port. Its position afforded exactly the same close proximity to the ferry as the main station.

Parkeston Quay was the base port for three troop ships serving the British Army of the Rhine operation in Germany via the Hook of Holland. The vessels employed were the Vienna, Empire Parkeston and Empire Wansbeck.

The extensive marshalling yard to the west of the main station provided stabling for the carriage sets which were used on the boat trains and local services, the large numbers of lorries used for servicing Parkeston Quay, and the huge throughput of export and import wagons which were shipped over the train ferry service from Harwich Town. Cargoes were assembled at Parkeston and brought to Harwich for a specific sailing, as there was no long-term storage capacity at the ferry terminal. Import wagons were subject to customs clearance at Parkeston and delays could at times be considerable on individual wagons, cargoes having arrived from various European origins.

The type of unit passing through the marshalling yard changed towards the end of the century as container or freightliner flats and car flats replaced ferry wagons. The boat trains also declined as passenger trends changed and today there are no dedicated boat trains except for specials servicing cruise vessels.

Engine shed
In the 1870s the building of Parkeston Quay had started and land to the east of that site was allocated for the new engine shed which opened in March 1883. The shed was a four-road brick-built straight-shed with an outdoor turntable located between the shed and running lines. Access to the shed was from the Harwich direction and the shed was provided with coaling and watering facilities. In the 1890s the shed was equipped to deal with some repairs although these were generally undertaken at Ipswich engine shed further down-line.

A new, larger turntable was provided on the site in 1912 and this was installed in time for the delivery of the 1500 class 4-6-0 locomotives, the first of which was allocated to Parkeston. It is probably about this time that access to the shed was improved with a link from the east end of Parkeston Quay station supplementing the existing access.

The shed was part of the Ipswich district (referred to as the Eastern district after 1915).

1923 allocation
At the end of the Great Eastern Railway the following locomotives were allocated to Parkeston:

Post-grouping
In 1930 improved coal facilities were introduced along with a water softening plant in 1935.

During the Second World War the depot would have dealt with significant traffic for the Royal Navy as Harwich was a base for Destroyers.

British Railways
In the 1950s Britannia Class locomotives allocated to Stratford engine shed worked the Liverpool boat trains although these were usually worked by Parkeston crews. The Thompson B1 class 4-6-0 class worked many of the other longer distance trains and at the time Parkeston was the port through which many British Army on the Rhine troops passed through with special trains sometimes running in connection with this traffic.

The shed was re-roofed in 1950.

By the mid- to late-1950s the number of steam locomotives had declined. Ian Allan's Locoshed Book listed just 24 on 11 May 1957, (nine B1s, nine J39s, three J15s, one J68 and two N7s). The numbers of shunting and tank engines had been reduced by the arrival of diesel powered units and diesel multiple units had begun to work local services. There were still 33 units allocated overall to the shed in 1959 but by 1967 the facility had been demolished.

The Thompson B1s were well suited to the boat train and fast freight traffic, although much of the motive power for the boat trains was provided by Stratford, including Britannia Pacifics when they became more available after the second large batch of the type had been delivered to the Eastern Region. They were regularly accommodated overnight.

The demolition of the locomotive shed allowed the construction of the new Freightliner terminal on the site, which opened in May 1968. The Seafreightliner service operated two sailings per day to Zeebrugge and one sailing per day to Rotterdam, the latter in a joint service with its Dutch counterparts.

Harwich Parkeston Quay continued to have locomotive-hauled InterCity services running to both London and the north via Ipswich, Bury St Edmunds, Ely and Peterborough (mostly to Manchester and Glasgow Central). These were mainly hauled by Class 47s to the north (though other classes such as Class 45s were also used) and Class 37s and 47s to London, though once the Mayflower Line was electrified by British Rail, Class 86s replaced the 37s and 47s, but these were in turn replaced by Dutchflyer services. The locomotive-hauled services to the north were replaced by diesel multiple units and truncated to Peterborough.

Historical services
Boat trains commenced running to Harwich Parkeston Quay in 1882 and were timed 1 hour 45 minutes from London Liverpool Street. By 1895 this was down to 1 hour 30 minutes. In 1897 the 8:30 pm train was run as two separate trains - 8:30 pm for the Hook of Holland Harbour and 8:35 pm for Antwerp. With the introduction of corridor restaurant cars in 1904, the time was eased to 1 hour 27 minutes, but the introduction of the large Great Eastern 1500 class 4-6-0 engines in 1912 saw a running time of 1 hour 22 minutes.

As well as through-boat train services to Liverpool Street and local services to Manningtree and Ipswich the most interesting working was the North Country Continental boat train which operated between Parkeston Quay and various destinations in the north and Midlands. Prior to 1923 the train consisted of various carriages which were detached en route with the main portion going to York.

This train included the first restaurant car on the Great Eastern line (in 1891) and this was also the first service in the country to allow third-class passengers to dine. A new train set was built for this service in 1906 and generally operated in the following formation:

ENGINE+THIRD CLASS BRAKE+CORRIDOR THIRD+OPEN THIRD+KITCHEN AND OPEN FIRST+SEMI-OPEN FIRST+SIX WHEEL BRAKE (this constituted the York section). Then followed various corridor composite brakes followed each detached from the rear of the northbound train en route. These were for LIVERPOOL (detached Doncaster on the outward journey)+ LIVERPOOL + MANCHESTER (detached at Lincoln and routed via the Great Central routes) + BIRMINGHAM (via Midland Railway routes) + BIRMINGHAM (via London and North Western routes)(both of which were detached at March).

Current services
the typical daily service on the line is one train per hour in each direction, although some additional services run at weekday peak times. Trains operate between Harwich Town and Manningtree calling at all stations, although some are extended to or from Colchester and/or London Liverpool Street. There are two trains per day which run direct to Ipswich, which utilise the curve avoiding the station at Manningtree. These are operated by bi-mode multiple units (0750 to Cambridge and 2147 to Lowestoft) as the lines to Cambridge via Bury St Edmunds and Lowestoft are not electrified.

Additionally, there is the Stena Line integrated ticketing service Dutchflyer with Greater Anglia operating trains from Cambridge, Norwich and London to Harwich International and Stena Line providing the ferry onwards to Hook of Holland Harbour.

title: Harwich International railway station


text:
Kang Sang-jung

Kang Sang-jung (born 1950), also known by his Japanese name Nagano Tetsuo (永野鉄男), is a Japanese-born South Korean political scientist, writer and public commentator. He has been an academic at several Japanese universities including the University of Tokyo (1996–2013), and President of Seigakuin University (2013–2015). He is currently Chairman of the Board of Kumamoto Prefectural Theatre.

Biography
The third son of a Korean migrant from the Masan area of Korea, Kang was born and grew up in Kumamoto in Kyūshū. He has described his childhood experiences in his autobiography "Zainichi", published in 1994.

After studying at Waseda University, he was an exchange student at the University of Nurnberg, Erlangen in the then West Germany. His encounters with the families of migrant workers in Germany had a lasting influence on his understanding of Zainichi Korean identity.

After returning to Japan, he was involved in the protest movement against the compulsory fingerprinting of foreign residents in the early 1980s. He lectured at Meiji Gakuin University and International Christian University in Tokyo, before being appointed to the University of Tokyo. In 2013 he retired from the University of Tokyo to take up the position of University Professor at Seigakuin University in Saitama Prefecture, near Tokyo.

Kang's early work focused on the political and social thought of Max Weber. He has written extensively on the subject of Zainichi Korean identity, nationalism and its problems, and the relationship between Japan and North Korea. He is also an enthusiastic proponent of Northeast Asian regional integration.

Within the Japanese linguistic sphere, he is one of the most outspoken critics of Japanese Nationalism and United States Imperialism. Related to this, he has been characterized in some right-wing Japanese magazines as being a "supporter" of North Korea. Kang himself, however, vigorously contests this, pointing out that his writings have consistently criticized dictatorships, both Right-wing and Left-wing.

His other major works include "Beyond Orientalism" (Iwanami, 1996), "The Perspective of Globalization" (Iwanami, 2001, co-authored with Yoshimi Shunya), and "Nationalism" (Iwanami, 2001).

Kang is widely known as a media commentator in Japan, and has presented a number of TV documentary programs on issues including contemporary Korean society and the problems of nuclear power. His writings include the major bestsellers - "Nayamu Chikara" ("Thee Power of Disquiet", Shueisha 2008) and "Kokoro" ("Heart", Shueisha 2013). The second, a novel centred on the events of the 11 March 2011 earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accident, is a profound reflection on the human response to death, and on the search for meaning in the face of suffering and loss. His recent works include influential reassessments of the life and work of the famous novelist Natsume Sōseki: among them "Soseki no Kotoba" ("The Words of Soseki", Shueisha 2016).

title: Kang Sang-jung


text:
User talk:Anglican

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions to the Anglican Mission in America article. Thanks for helping to make it a far better read. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

--Gareth Hughes 22:36, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you recently created may not conform to some of Wikipedia's guidelines for new pages, so it will shortly be removed (if it hasn't been already). Please use the sandbox for any tests you may want to do and please read our introduction page to learn more about contributing. NawlinWiki 03:49, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anglican


text:
Rolladen-Schneider LSD Ornith

The Rolladen-Schneider LSD Ornith is the first two-seater sailplane to have been built from plastic composites. The single exemplar was designed by Wolf Lemke and Karl Pummer and first flew in May 1972, a few weeks before the Akaflieg Braunschweig SB-10 Schirokko.

Design and development
As far as possible, components from the serially-produced LS1 sailplane were used, including the fuselage forms. This resulted in a cramped cockpit, where the pedals of the rear seat are almost upon the front seat control stick. The two-piece canopy extends back up to the wing spar. The undercarriage comprises fixed wheel and tailskid. The very large rudder is quite striking. The wings were extended at the root by approximately one and a half metres, yielding a span of eighteen metres, with two degrees of negative sweep. Schempp Hirth airbrakes sprout from the wing upper surfaces. Separate actions for the nose-hook and centre of gravity hook are the only control oddity in this pleasant-flying design. The empty weight of only 287 kg is remarkably light for a double-seater.

The Ornith achieved some notable gliding records flying from Switzerland and South Africa. Only one LSD was built and is today in the German Gliding Museum on the Wasserkuppe mountain.

title: Rolladen-Schneider LSD Ornith


text:
Talk:Administrative divisions of France

Article moved [2005]
moved from Administrative divisions of France to Subdivisions of France like other overview articles in Category:Subdivisions by country. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 22:37, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Overseas France [2006]
Some changes could be made for overseas France. Among the French "collectivités territoriales" are 4 "collectivités d'outre-mer" (overseas collectivities) (created by the constitutionnal law of 28 march 2003 - now article #74 of the French constitution). Each one has its own statutory law. The organic law of 27 february 2004 calls French Polynesia a "pays d'outre-mer" (overseas country), but also refers to its constitutionnal statute of overseas collectivity. So it has no resaon to be distinguished from other overseas collectivities. The law of 11 juillet 2001 calls Mayotte a "collectivité départementale" (departemental collectivity). Laws posterior to 28 march 2003 have kept this name. The law of 11 juin 1985 calls Saint Pierre and Miquelon a "collectivité territoriale" (territorial coll ectivity). Laws posterior to 28 march 2003 have kept this name. The law of 29 july 1961 calls Wallis and Futuna a "territoire" (territory) belonging to the category of the "territoires d'outre-mer" (overseas territories) that used to be constitutionnal. But no law posterior to 28 march 2003 have kept this name, probably obsolete since constitutionnal overseas territories have disappeared at this time. I think that since these 4 territories have the same statute they should be grouped, with a mention of each specific sub-statute. Nouvelle-Calédonie is not a "collectivité territoriale". Its unique statute has no name, that's why it is said to be sui generis. But collectivity is unappropriate. Its own law are called "lois de pays" (country laws), so it could be called a "pays" (country), though it would make a confusion with the finally uncreated general statute of "pays d'outre-mer" (overseas countries) and with the particular statute of French Polynesia.Jussia 12:47, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Nota : Cantons cannot strictly be said to subdivide in communes, because some big communes are divided among a few cantons.

Reunion [2007]
Is this overseas region going to be split into two departments? Passer-by 12:47, 19 February 2007 (UTC)cool

St. Barthelemy and St. Martin [2007]
There needs to be more information for these new collectives, especially about if they are still part of the EU. --Paploo 01:32, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, note that they are still part of Guadeloupe until the first meeting of their newly elected territorial assemblies (scheduled for begin July 2007). I don't think it is worth correcting the articles, they shall be correct in slighty more than one month. French Tourist 16:28, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Numbers of cantons, etc correct? [2008]
The numbers of cantons, arrondissements, and départements do not match between this article and Cantons of France; someone who knows a little more than I should check this out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.96.152.165 (talk) 17:05, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Somewhat related topic: what do the numbers preceding each department mean (e.g. '01 Ain', '89 Yonne')? Seems like that should be explained at the start of that section. ...By someone who actually knows what the numbers mean. Niccast (talk) 21:07, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

Arrondissements of France [2009]
There are a number of arrondissement articles, but no overall map by arrondissement of ALL of France. Would someone be able to combine all the arrondissement maps into one large map? Thanks !! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.34.235.6 (talk) 20:01, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Chart for overseas structure
File:Administrative divisions of Metropolitan France v2.svg is very helpful, but I was confused a bit until I realized the overseas parts of France were not included. It would be really nice either to expand this chart or make a second one to show how those are structured in comparison. -- Beland (talk) 18:43, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Administrative divisions of France. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140430033500/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=t_0203R to http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=t_0203R

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:37, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Administrative divisions of France. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151230075909/http://www.gouvernement.fr/action/la-reforme-territoriale to http://www.gouvernement.fr/action/la-reforme-territoriale

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:40, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:52, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * France-Constituent-Lands.png

title: Talk:Administrative divisions of France


text: User talk:206.135.44.96

title: User talk:206.135.44.96


text: User talk:68.80.201.163

title: User talk:68.80.201.163


text:
Brother and Sister

"Brother and Sister" (also "Little Sister and Little Brother"; German: Brüderchen und Schwesterchen) is a European fairy tale which was, among others, written down by the Brothers Grimm (KHM 11). It is a tale of Aarne–Thompson Type 450. In Russia the story was more commonly known as "Sister Alionushka, Brother Ivanushka", and collected by Alexander Afanasyev in his Narodnye russkie skazki.

Origin
The first recorded appearance of Brother and Sister is in Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone around the 17th century. It was written down as the tale of Ninnillo and Nennella. Since then it has circulated in a number of European countries under varying titles but with most of the main story intact. In Russia the story was more commonly known as Sister Alionushka, Brother Ivanushka, and collected by Alexander Afanasyev in his Narodnye russkie skazki.

A shorter version of the tale was published by the Brothers Grimm in the first edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen in 1812, then substantially expanded and revised in the second edition (1819). Their version is based on the account of the German storyteller Marie Hassenpflug (1788–1856).

At times, Brother and Sister has been confused with Hansel and Gretel, which has also been known under the alternate title of Little Brother and Little Sister. The Grimms selected Hansel and Gretel for the tale by that name and kept the Brother and Sister title for this tale. Some publications of the Hansel and Gretel tale still use the Little Brother and Little Sister title, causing confusion for readers.

Polish folklorist Julian Krzyżanowski suggested that a 1558 Latin language booklet by a Polish author and poet, Christopher Kobylienski, contains a literary treatment of the tale type: a pair of siblings escapes from home; the boy drinks from "dangerous waters" cursed by a witch and becomes a lamb; his sister marries a king, but a creature named Invidia shoves her into the sea and replaces her; the sister becomes a fish.

Synopsis
Tired of the cruel mistreatment they endure from their stepmother, who is an evil witch, a brother and sister run away from home, wander off into the countryside, and spend the night in the woods. By morning, the boy is thirsty, so the children go looking for a spring of clear water. However, their stepmother has already discovered their escape and has bewitched all the springs in the forest. The boy is about to drink from one, when his sister hears how its rushing sound says, "whoever drinks from me will become a tiger" (or lion).

Desperately, the girl begs her brother not to drink from the spring, lest he transformed into a tiger and attacked her. So they continue on their way, but when they come to the second spring, the girl hears it say, "whoever drinks from me will become a wolf". Again, she desperately tries to prevent her brother from drinking from it. Reluctantly, he eventually agrees to her pleas but insists he drink from the next spring they encounter. And so they arrive at the third spring, and the girl overhears the rushing water cry, "whoever drinks from me will become a deer". But before she could stop her brother, he has already drunk from it, and turned into a deer.

As the initial feeling of despair passes, the children decide to live in the woods forever. The girl takes care of her brother, and ties her gold chain around his neck. They go to live in a little house deep within the woods and live there happily for some years, until they are disturbed one day by a hunting party and the king himself who has followed the strange deer home. Upon seeing the beautiful girl, he immediately asks her to marry him and she accepts. Thus she becomes queen and they all live happily in the king's castle. Time passes and the queen gives birth to a son.

The witch, however, soon discovers that they are still alive, and plots against them. One night, she kills the queen and replaces her with her own disfigured daughter, whom she has transformed to a physical copy of her. When the queen's ghost secretly visits her baby's bedside for three consecutive nights, the king catches on and her stepmother's evil plan is exposed.

The queen comes back to life when the king embraces her, and her stepfamily are tried for their crimes. The witch's daughter is banished into the woods where she is eaten by wild animals, and the wicked stepmother herself is burned at the stake. At the exact moment of the witch's death, the deer becomes human again, and at long last the family is reunited, and they lived happily ever after.

Tale type
"Brother and Sister" is similar to other AT-450 tales, such as "The Lambkin and the Little Fish". In some versions the queen is not killed but merely put in a trance by the wicked stepmother until she is awakened by the king. In West-Slavic variants, the reason the siblings escape from home is to thwart a cannibalistic attempt by their parents.

Relation to other tale types
The tale has been noted to contain similarities, among others, to tale types AaTh 403, "The Black and the White Bride"; AaTh 451, "The Seven Ravens"; AaTh 706, "Salvatica"; and AaTh 710, "Our Lady's Child". Hungarian-American folklorist Linda Dégh and Stith Thompson also remarked on the closeness between types 450 and 403. In this regard, German folklorist Ines Köhler noted the commonalities between both types (e.g., the role of the heroine's brother and the heroine's substitution), but remarked that the "main feature" of type ATU 450 is the brother's animal transformation.

Variants
According to folklorist Paul Delarue, the tale type is "very well known in Eastern Europe" but "not widely disseminated in Western Europe". In this regard, Swedish scholar Waldemar Liungman argued that the tale type was distributed along the Lower Danube region, in the West Slavic-speaking regions and in the Balkans.

Stith Thompson located variants in Eastern Europe (Russia, Baltic region and the Balkans), but also across the Near East and into India. Likewise, Lithuanian folklorist Bronislava Kerbelyte stated that the tale is "popular" in Lithuania and neighbouring countries.

Europe
In the early 20th century, Elsabet Róna-Sklarek also claimed that the story was "sehr beliebten" ("very popular") in Hungary. In this regard, the Hungarian Folktale Catalogue (MNK) registers 48 variants, classified as type 450, Az őztestvér ("The Roe Deer Sibling").

Southern Europe
Scholars Anna Angelopoulou and Aigle Broskou state that tale type 450 is "widespread" in Greece, with 124 variants recorded.

In addition, Hasan El-Shamy noted that the tale type does appear in Iberian peninsula, although it seems to be "infrequent".

Slavic peoples
In the East Slavic Folktale Classification (СУС), tale type ATU 450 is classified as type SUS 450, "Братец и сестрица" ("Little Brother and Little Sister"), wherein the heroine's brother becomes a kid goat. Most of the indexed variants are located in Russia, but the tale type is also reported in Ukraine and Belarus.

The tale type is also attested in the Polish Folktale Catalogue by Julian Krzyżanowski, indexed as Polish type T 450, Brat-baranek ("Brother Lamb"). In the Polish type, the sibling pair either escapes from home or are abandoned in the forest by their parents; later, the boy drinks some water from an animal's footprint and becomes a lamb, a goat or a bull; the sister eventually marries a king, but is replaced by her stepmother or a rival.

The type is also attested in the Bulgarian Folktale Catalogue with the title "Братчето еленче" ("Little Fawn Brother") or Brüderchen Hirsch ("Little Hart Brother"): the brother and sister escape from a cannibalistic attempt by their parents in a "Magical Flight" sequence by throwing objects behind them (a comb, a jug of water, razors), or their stepmother convinces their father to abandon the two in the forest; while traversing the woods, the boy drinks water from a deer's hoofprints and becomes one; they settle in the forest, the sister atop a tree near a spring, and the deer underneath it; eventually, the sister is found by a king and marries him.

Baltic region
The tale type is also registered in the Estonian Folktale Catalogue, indexed as type 450, Vennake ja õeke ("Little Brother and Little Sister"): the siblings escape from their evil stepmother; the brother drinks from a spring and becomes a roe; a king finds the sister and marries her; the evil stepmother kills the sister and substitutes with her own daughter.

According to the Latvian Folktale Catalogue, the tale type is also found in Latvia, indexed as type 450, Apburtais brālis ("Enchanted Brother"): the pair of siblings escape from their stepmother; the brother drinks water and becomes an animal (deer, ram, wolf, goat, or horse); the sister marries a king, but the stepmother comes back and shoves her into the water.

Lithuanian folklorist Jonas Balys, in his analysis of Lithuanian folktales (published in 1936), classified the tale as Avinėliu paverstas berniukas (Jonukas ir Elenytė) ("The Boy Changed to a Lamb (John and Helen)"), with 43 variants registered until then. In these tales, the boy becomes a "silken, fleecy lamb", and, after his sister marries the prince, their step-mother turns her into a duck. Years later, fellow folklorist Bronislava Kerbelyte reported 133 variants of the tale type in this country.

Caucasus Region
The Georgian Folktale Index registers a similar narrative, indexed as type 450, "Little Brother and Little Sister": the brother becomes a deer by drinking from the animal's hoofprint; the sister marries the king and is drowned by a witch.

Asia
In his Catalogue of Persian Folktales, German scholar Ulrich Marzolph reports 11 Iranian variants of type 450, "Brüderchen und Schwesterchen" ("Little Brother and Little Sister"), wherein the pair of siblings escape from their evil stepmother or from a div, and the little brother becomes a gazelle by drinking from a water source.

Scholars Wolfram Eberhard and Pertev Naili Boratav devised a classification system for Turkish folktales, titled Typen türkischer Volksmärchen ("Turkish Folktale Catalogue"). In the Turkish catalogue, they indexed a similar narrative as type TTV 168, "Bruder Hirsch" ("The Deer Brother"), with 32 variants in Turkey. In this type, the stepmother wishes for the death of her step-children, a brother and sister pair, who escape from her in a Magical Flight sequence. After the siblings make their way to the woods, the brother drinks water from a puddle and becomes a deer, while the girl takes refuge up a tree. Later, she is found by a prince whom she marries, but a servant throws her in the water and she is swallowed by a fish.

Scholar Hasan El-Shamy located 43 variants of the tale type across West Asia and North Africa. In these tales, the heroine's brother may be transformed into a deer, a goat or a kid goat.

Africa
Hasan El-Shamy located 43 variants of the tale type across West Asia and North Africa. In addition, the tale type is "frequent" in North Africa, but only two variants were collected from Subsaharan Africa.

Historical approach
This tale, like The Twelve Brothers, The Seven Ravens, and The Six Swans, features a woman rescuing her brother. In the era and region in which it was collected, many men were drafted by kings for soldiers, to be sent as mercenaries. As a consequence, many men made their daughter their heirs; however, they also exerted more control over them and their marriages as a consequence. The stories have been interpreted as a wish by women for the return of their brothers, freeing them from this control. However, the issues of when the stories were collected are unclear, and stories of this type have been found in many other cultures, where this issue can not have inspired them.

Psychological interpretation
Modern psycho-analysis interprets the relation between brother and sister in this story as a metaphor for the animalistic and spiritual duality in humans. The brother represents the instinctive and the sister the rational side. As Brother and Sister opens, the two children are still in their youth and clearly in conflict over each other's choices. The brother cannot control his impulse to drink from the wellspring and is subsequently "punished" by being turned into a deer. Note then the symbolical gesture with which the girl ties her gold chain around her brother's neck, as if to suggest the taming of the animalistic side. Following is a period of relative happiness in which the two sides live in harmony with each other. In this context, Brother and Sister could be viewed as a veiled coming of age tale. In this story the animalistic side is associated with the male and the spiritual/rational side with the female.

It has also been interpreted for messages about family fidelity through adversity and separation.

Television
Nippon Animation Company of Japan featured the story in one episode of season two of its anime television series, Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics. The siblings are given names other than their "titles": Rudolph for the Brother, Rosa for the Sister. Rosa is not murdered by the Witch, but instead is abducted and forcibly taken into a mountain. She uses some sort of bilocation to send out her soul and feed her baby, but it weakens her greatly in the process; her husband the King and his soldiers rescue her right before she withers away. The evil stepsister is omitted from the story, and the Witch dies offscreen rather than being burned at the stake.

A Hungarian variant of the tale was adapted into an episode of the Hungarian television series Magyar népmesék ("Hungarian Folk Tales") (hu), with the title Cerceruska. In this version, the maiden has a little sister who drinks from the pool of water in the woods and is transformed into a deer.

The Russian variant of the tale was adapted into a cartoon in 1953.

Literature
Contemporary literary works that draw upon this fairy tale and its analytical themes include "In the Night Country," a story by Ellen Steiber, "Brother and Sister," a poem by Terri Windling, and "Sister and Brother," a poem by Barth Anderson.

title: Brother and Sister


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Extreme urban hiking

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Linuxbeak | Talk 19:23, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Extreme urban hiking
As per WP:NOT - this reads more like a  blog entry than an objective article. A quick Google search also reveals no reference to the article's subject matter. Peruvianllama 22:38, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, per nomination. Peruvianllama 22:43, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. This is not an article.  Friday (talk) 23:28, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity and blog. Zhatt  20:47, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 21:42, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:T-bone~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -Lukobe 22:39, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called T-bone. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name T-bone~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:57, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:T-bone~enwiki


text:
Talk:Johan Gottlieb Gahn

Untitled
how did johan Gottlieb discovered manganese?

title: Talk:Johan Gottlieb Gahn