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Talk:Aristeia

Maybe it is more reasonable to delete this article, but I would suggest that the search word aristeia would link to Arete (excellence) page. (Aethralis 11:30, 30 September 2005 (UTC))

I think it would be better to leave the article as it is. Arete refers to a specific heroic quality whereas aristeia refers to a type of scene in the Iliad. I believe the difference is worth keeping the two articles distinct. Thomaschina03 17:04, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

This page has a lot of errors. I'll be back.
The aristeia is a narrowly defined phenomenon. Some of the elements listed here are superfluous. Ifnkovhg (talk) 05:56, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Keep the article; it's useful to describe a unique and important literary phenomenon. But yes, it probably could be improved. For instance, I wouldn't call what Nisus and Eutryalus do in the Aeneid an "aristeia." The soldiers they kill are asleep. There are better examples in the Aeneid, and they don't appear to a "lesser extent." In Book X, Pallas kills many of the enemy in his aristeia, which Virgil thinks merits comparison in an epic simile to the clearing of a forest by buring it down. Turnus's aristeia then results in his killing Pallas. Next, Aeneas is enraged by the death of Pallas and conducts his own aristeia. Book XI of the Aeneid has a woman's aristeia, in which Camilla, the warrior maiden, fights bravely and kills a lot of Aeneas's allies before being killed herself. [User: dcrump 21:34 June 3 2010] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.7.213.186 (talk) 02:34, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

300
I don't think this claim about the movie can be stated as fact; it should be attributed to Lowe as an opinion. 2601:47:4302:2B60:396C:1603:633B:A075 (talk) 14:04, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aristeia


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Chera dynasty

The Chera dynasty (or Cēra, ), was a Sangam age Tamil dynasty which unified various regions of the western coast and western ghats in southern India to form the early Chera empire. The dynasty, known as one of the Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam alongside the Chola and Pandya, has been documented as early as the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE. Their governance extended over diverse territories until the 12th century CE.

The Chera country was geographically well placed to profit from maritime trade via the extensive Indian Ocean networks. Exchange of spices, especially black pepper, with Middle Eastern and Graeco-Roman merchants are attested in several sources. The Cheras of the early historical period (c. second century BCE – c. third century CE) are known to have had their original centre at Kuttanad in Kerala, and harbours at Muchiri (Muziris) and Thondi (Tyndis) on the Indian Ocean coast (Kerala) and Kongunadu. They governed the area of Malabar Coast between Alappuzha in the south to Kasaragod in the north. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu. However the southern region of the present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and southern Alappuzha) was under Ay dynasty, who was more related to the Pandya dynasty of Madurai.

The early historic pre-Pallava polities are often described as a "kinship-based redistributive economies" largely shaped by "pastoral-cum-agrarian subsistence" and "predatory politics". Old Tamil Brahmi cave label inscriptions, describe Ilam Kadungo, son of Perum Kadungo, and the grandson of Ko Athan Cheral of the Irumporai clan. Inscribed portrait coins with Brahmi legends give a number of Chera names, with the Chera symbols of the bow and the arrow depicted in the reverse. The anthologies of early Sangham texts are a major source of information about the early Cheras. Cenguttuvan, or the good Chera, is famous for the traditions surrounding Kannaki, the principal female character of the Sangam epic poem Cilappatikaram. After the end of the early historical period, around the 3rd-5th century CE, there seems to be a period where the Cheras' power declined considerably.

Cheras of the Kongu country are known to have controlled eastern Kerala and only a few kilometres of current western Tamil Nadu in the early medieval period. Present-day central Kerala and Kongu Cheras detached around 8th–9th century CE to form the Chera Perumal kingdom and Kongu Chera kingdom (c. 9th–12th century CE). The exact nature of the relationships between the various branches of Chera rulers are unclear. After this, the present day parts of Kerala and Kongunadu became autonomous. Some of the major dynasties of medieval south India - Chalukya, Pallava, Pandya, Rashtrakuta, and Chola - seem to have conquered the Kongu Chera country. Kongu Cheras appear to have been absorbed into the Pandya political system by 10th/11th century CE. Even after the dissolution of the Perumal kingdom, royal inscriptions and temple grants, especially from outside Kerala proper, continued to refer the country and the people as the "Cheras or Keralas".

The rulers of Puralimala known as Kattan dynasty is believed to be the continuations of Chera dynasty. Rulers of Venad (the Venad Cheras or the "Kulasekharas"), based out of the port of Kollam in south Kerala, claimed their ancestry from the Perumals. Cheranad was also the name of an erstwhile province in the kingdom of Zamorin of Calicut, which had included parts of present-day Tirurangadi and Tirur Taluks of Malappuram district in it. Later it became a Taluk of Malabar District, when Malabar came under the British Raj. The headquarters of Cheranad Taluk was the town of Tirurangadi. Later the Taluk was merged with Eranad Taluk.

Etymology
The term Chera - and its variant form "Keralaputas" - stands for the ruling lineage and the country associated with them.

The etymology of "Chera" is still a matter of considerable speculation among historians. One approach proposes that the word is derived from Cheral, a corruption of Charal meaning "declivity of a mountain" in Tamil, suggesting a connection with the mountainous geography of Kerala. Another theory argues that the "Cheralam" is derived from "cher" (sand) and "alam" (region), literally meaning, "the slushy land". Apart from the speculations mentioned, a number of other theories do appear in historical studies.

In ancient non-Tamil sources, the Cheras are referred to by various names. The Cheras are referred as Kedalaputo (Sanskrit: "Kerala Putra") in the Emperor Ashoka's Pali edicts (3rd century BCE). While Pliny the Elder and Claudius Ptolemy refer to the Cheras as Kaelobotros and Kerobottros respectively, the Graeco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to the Cheras as Keprobotras. All these Graeco-Roman names are evidently corruptions of "Kedala Puto/Kerala Putra" probably received through relations with northern India.

The term Chera, derived from Dravidian words Cheran (meaning island), is a Classical Tamil name of Sri Lanka that takes root from the term "Chera".

Cheras of ancient south India
Recent studies on ancient south Indian history suggest that the three major rulers – the Pandya, the Chera and the Chola – based originally in Madurai in Tamil Nadu, Vanchi, present day Karur, in Tamilnadu and Uraiyur(Tiruchirappalli) in Tamil Nadu, respectively. They had established outlets on the Indian Ocean namely Korkai, Muchiri (Muziris), and Kaveripattinam respectively. Territory of the Chera chiefdom of the early historical period (pre-Pallava) consisted of the present day northern-central Kerala and Kongu region western Tamil Nadu. The rest of Kerala was under Ay dynasty (southern tip of Kerala) and Mushika dyansty (northern tip of Kerala).The political structure of the chiefdom was based on communal holding of resources and kinship-based production. The authority was determined by "the range of redistributive social relationships sustained through predatory accumulation of resources". There was more than one branch of the Chera family ruling at the same time and contenting for leadership (one in central Kerala and the other one in western Tamil Nadu).

The Cheras are referred to as Kedalaputo (Sanskrit: "Kerala Putra") in the Emperor Ashoka's Pali edicts (3rd century BCE, Rock Edicts II and XII). The earliest Graeco-Roman accounts referring to the Cheras are by Pliny the Elder in the 1st century CE, in the Periplus of the 1st century CE, and by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century CE.

There are brief references in the present forms of the works by author and commentator Katyayana (c. 3rd - 4th century BCE), author and philosopher Patanjali (c. 5th century BCE) and Maurya statesman and philosopher Kautilya (Chanakya) (c. 3rd - 4th century BCE) [though Sanskrit grammarian Panini (c. 6th - 5th century BCE) does not mention either the people or the land].

Archaeological discoveries
Archaeologists have found epigraphic and numismatic evidence of the Early Cheras. Two almost identical inscriptions discovered from Pugalur (near Karur) dated to c. 1st - 2nd century CE, describe three generations of Chera rulers of the Irumporai lineage. They record the construction of a rock shelter for Jains on the occasion of the investiture of Ilam Kadungo, son of Perum Kadungo, and the grandson of Ko Athan Cheral Irumporai.

A short Brahmi inscription, containing the word Chera ("Kadummi Pudha Chera") was found at Edakkal in the Western Ghats. Recent archaeological discoveries increasingly confirm Karur as a political, economic and cultural centre of ancient south India. Excavations at Karur yielded huge quantities of copper coins with Chera symbols such as the bow and arrow, Roman amphorae and Roman coins. An ancient route, from the harbours in Kerala (such as Muchiri or Thondi) through the Palghat Gap to Karur in interior Tamil Nadu can be traced with the help of archaeological evidence.

Historians have yet to precisely locate Muziris, known in Tamil as "Muchiri", a base of the Chera rulers. Archaeological excavations at Pattanam (near Cochin) suggest a strong case of identification with the location. Roman coins have over a period of time been discovered in large numbers from central Kerala and the Coimbatore-Karur region (from locations such as Kottayam-Kannur, Valluvally, Iyyal, Vellalur and Kattankanni).

Chera coinage
A number of coins, assumed to be of the Cheras, mostly found in the Amaravati riverbed in Tamil Nadu, are a major source of early Chera historiography. This includes a number of punch marked coins discovered from Amaravati riverbed. The square coins of copper and its alloys or silver have also been discovered. Most of these early square coins show a bow and arrow, the traditional emblem of the Cheras on the obverse, with or without any legend. Silver-punch marked coins, an imitation of the Maurya coins, and with a Chera bow on the reverse, have been reported. Hundreds of copper coins, attributed to the Cheras, have been discovered from Pattanam in central Kerala. Bronze dyes for minting punch marked coins were discovered from a riverbed in Karur.

Other discoveries include a coin with a portrait and the Brahmi legend "Mak-kotai" above it and another one with a portrait and the legend "Kuttuvan Kotai" above it. Both impure silver coins are tentatively dated to c. 1st century CE or a little later. The reverse side of both coins are blank. The impure silver coins bearing Brahmi legends "Kollippurai", "Kollipporai", "Kol-Irumporai" and "Sa Irumporai" were also discovered from Karur. The portrait coins are generally considered as imitation of Roman coins. All legends, assumed to be the names of the Chera rulers, were in Tamil-Brahmi characters on the obverse. Reverse often contained the bow and arrow symbol. An alliance between the Cholas is evident from a joint coin bearing the Chola tiger on the obverse and the Chera bow and arrow on the reverse. Lakshmi-type coins of possible Sri Lankan origin have also been discovered from Karur.

The macro analysis of the Mak-kotai coin shows close similarities with the contemporary Roman silver coin. A silver coin with the portrait of a person wearing a Roman-type bristled-crown helmet was also discovered from Amaravati riverbed in Karur. Reverse side of the coin depicts a bow and arrow, the traditional symbol of the Chera family.

Cheras from early Tamil texts
A large body of Tamil works collectively known as the Sangam (Academy) texts (c. 2nd century BCE- 3rd century CE) describes a number of Chera, Pandya and Chola rulers. Among them, the most important sources for the Cheras are the Pathitrupattu, the Akananuru, and the Purananuru. The Pathitrupattu, the fourth book in the Ettuthokai anthology, mentions a number of rulers and heirs-apparent of the Chera family. Each ruler is praised in ten songs sung by a court poet. However, the book is not worked into connected history and settled chronology so far.

A method known as Gajabahu-Chenguttuvan synchronism, is used by some historians to date the events described in the early Tamil texts to c. 1st - 2nd century CE. Despite its dependency on numerous conjectures, the method is considered as the sheet anchor for the purpose of dating the events in the early Tamil texts. Ilango Adigal author of the legendary Tamil epic poem Chilapathikaram describes Chenguttuvan as his elder brother. He also mentions Chenguttuvan's decision to propitiate a temple (virakkallu) for the goddess Pattini (Kannaki) at Vanchi. A certain king called Gajabahu, often identified with Gajabahu, king of Sri Lanka (2nd century CE), was present at the Pattini festival at Vanchi. In this context, Chenguttuvan can be dated to either the first or last quarter of the 2nd century CE.

as per akananuru Kaluvul was a velir chieftain of Kamur who fought against the chera supremacy. Perum chera irumporai along with fourteen chieftains attacked kamur but perum chera irumporai was impressed with Kaluvuls resistance in battle field and let him rule kamur and accepted friendship from him. .Some of the velirs under Kaluvul joined the chera after the defeat.

Uthiyan Cheral Athan is generally considered as the earliest known ruler of the Chera family from the Sangam texts (and the possible hero of the lost first decade of Pathitrupattu). Uthiyan Cheral was also known as "Vanavaramban" (Purananuru). His headquarters were at Kuzhumur near Kuttanad(Akananuru). He is described as the Chera ruler who prepared food ("the Perum Chotru") for Pandavas and the Kauravas at the Kurukshetra War (Purananuru and Akananuru). He Married Nallini, daughter of Veliyan Venman, and was the father of Imayavaramban Nedum Cheralathan (Pathitrupattu (II)).

Uthiyan Cheral Athan is probably identical with the Perum Cheral Athan who fought against the Chola Karikala at the battle of Venni. In the battle of Venni, the Chera was wounded on the back by the Chola ruler Karikala. Unable to bear the disgrace, the Chera committed suicide by slow starvation.

As the name Pathitrupattu indicates, they were ten texts, each consisting a decade of lyrics; but of these two have not till now been discovered.

The following Cheras are knowns from Purananuru collection (some of the names are re-duplications).

 * Karuvur Eriya Ol-val Ko Perum Cheral Irumporai - Ruled of Karuvur. Praised by Nariveruttalaiyar.
 * Kadungo Valia Athan
 * Palai Padiya Perum Kadumko
 * Antuvan Cheral Irumporai - father of Selva Kadumko Valia Athan (VII decade). Contemporary to Chola Mudittalai Ko Perunar Killi (whose elephant famously wandered to Karuvur).
 * "Yanaikatchai" Mantaram Cheral Irumporai ruled from Kollimalai (near Karur Vanchi) in the east to Thondi and Mantai on the western coast. He defeated his enemies in a battle at Vilamkil. The famous Pandya ruler Nedum Chezhian (early 3rd century CE) captured Mantaran Cheral as a prisoner. However, he managed to escape and regain the lost territories.
 * Ko Kodai Marban
 * Takadur Erinta Perum Cheral Irumporai
 * Kuttuvan Kodai
 * Kudakko Nedum Cheral Athan
 * Perum Cheral Athan
 * Kanaikkal Irumporai is said to have defeated a chief called Muvan and imprisoned him. The Chera then brutally pulled out the teeth of the prisoner and planted them on the gates of the city of Thondi. Upon capture by the Chola ruler Sengannan, Kanaikkal committed suicide by starvation.
 * Kudakko Cheral Irumporai
 * Kottambalattu Tunchiya Makkodai - probably identical with Kottambalattu Tunchiya Cheraman in Akananuru (168)
 * Vanchan
 * Kadalottiya Vel Kelu Kuttuvan
 * Man Venko - a friend of the Pandya Ugra Peruvaluti and the Chola Rajasuyam Vetta Perunar Killi.

Cheras in the medieval period

After the 5th centuryCE, the Chera family's political prestige and influence declined considerably. Comparatively little is known about Cheras during this period.

Cheras of Kongu country (Karur) initially appear as the rulers of western Tamil Nadu and central Kerala. There was a domination of present-day Kerala regions of the ancient Chera country by the Kongu Cheras/Keralas (probably via some form of viceregal rule). The family claimed that they were descended from the Cheras who flourished in pre-Pallava (early historic) south India.

 * An inscription of Kadamba king Vishnu Varma, dated 5th or 6th century, can be found at Edakkal cave in Wayanad. An early historic Chera graffiti containing the phrase "Kadummi Putra Chera" was also discovered from the cave.
 * Tradition tells that the Kalabhra (Kalvar) rulers kept the Chera, Chola and Pandya rulers in their confinement.
 * The earliest Chalukya king to claim overlordship over Chera/Kerala is Kirttivarman I (fl. 566 - 598 CE) (this claim is generally considered as a "boastfull exaggeration" by historians). A later grant (695 CE) of king Vinayaditya, with reference to the vassalage of the Kerala country, is now reckoned as a more dependable record. Several Chalukya records of the 7th and 8th centuries speak of the conquest and vassalage of the Kerala country.
 * A number of Pallava records also mention the vassalage of the Kerala country.
 * Rashtrakuta inscriptions mention "an alliance of Dravida kings including Kerala, Pandya, Chola and Pallava who were defeated" (E. I., XVIII). The Keralas mentioned there might be the Kongu Cheras who had already submitted to the Pandyas (and not Chera Perumals of Kerala).

Pandya conquests in Chera country
There are clear attestations of repeated Pandya conquests of the Kerala or Chera country in the 7th and 8th centuries CE.

 * Pandya king Sendan/Jayantan (fl. 645 – 70 CE) was known as the Vanavan, an ancient name for the Chera king. Arikesari Maravarman (670 – 710 CE), another Pandya ruler, probably defeated the Keralas/Cheras on several occasions. His successor Ko Chadayan Ranadhira also made gains against the Cheras.
 * The so-called "renewal of the capital city of Vanchi (Karur) along with Kudal (Madurai) and Kozhi (Uraiyur)", described in the Madras Museum Plates of the Pandya king Rajasimha I (730 – 65 CE), may suggest a Pandya occupation of the Kongu Chera capital Karur.
 * It is known that when Pandya king Jatila Parantaka (765 – 815 CE) went to war against the Adigaman of Tagadur (Dharmapuri), the Keralas and the Pallavas went to the aid of the latter though "the Pandyas drove them back to the quarters from which they had emerged" (Madras Museum Plates). Perhaps the Chera branch from present-day Kerala had crossed the Ghat Mountains to offer support to the Adigaman and after defeat they were pursued up to the Palghat Gap by the Pandya forces.
 * Present-day central Kerala probably detached from Kongu Chera/Kerala kingdom (around 8th-9th century CE) to form the Chera/Perumal kingdom.
 * The Pandyas are known to have made a defensive alliance with the Cheras of Kongu country (who were under their influence) in this period. Pandya king Parantaka Vira Narayana (c. 880 – 900 CE) is known to have married a Kerala (Kongu Chera) princess "Vanavan Maha Devi". The son of this alliance, Rajasimha, described as a member of Chandra-Aditya Kula (Sinnamanur copper plates), was "destroyed by the Chola king Parantaka". It was initially assumed by K. A. N. Sastri and E. P. N. K. Pillai that the Vira Narayana had married a Chera Perumal princess of Kerala.

Chola conquests of Chera country

 * The Kongu country was conquered by the Cholas (either by Srikantha or Aditya I Chola) in the last years of the 9th century CE (this campaign probably involved battles between Aditya I and Parantaka Vira Narayana). The Pandyas were eventually defeated in the "great battle" of Sripurambiyam (c. 885).
 * The Pandyas were defeated by Chola king Parantaka in 910 CE (the fate of the Kongu Chera country, then ruled by Kongu Cheras, upon the fall of Madurai is not known). Pandya king Rajasimha II, who was defeated by Parantaka Chola, is known to have found asylum in Kerala or Chera country (c. 920 CE). Chola king Sundara (c. 956 – c. 973 CE) had a Chera or Kerala princess among his queens.
 * Kongu Chera country (and the Chera Perumal kingdom) was subsequently conquered by the Cholas.
 * Amara Bhujanga Deva, one of the princes defeated by Chola king Rajaraja (Tiruvalangadu Grant), was probably a Pandya or a Kongu Chera prince.
 * Chola king Rajadhiraja is known for defeating certain Vira Kerala, one of the so-called "thennavar muvar", and trampling him to death by his war elephant. This royal was probably a Kongu-Chera of Chandra-Aditya Kula or a Pandya prince (son of a Pandya and a Kongu Chera princess). Vira Kerala was previously considered as a Chera Perumal king (K. A. N. Sastri and E. P. N. K. Pillai).

Chera Perumals of Kerala
While the Pallava and Pandya rulers in Tamil Nadu emerged into established kingship by c. 5th - 6th centuries CE, the formation of the monarchical polity in Kerala took place not before c. 9th century CE. The Chera Perumals are known to have ruled what is now Kerala between c. 9th and 12th century CE. Scholars tend to identify Alvar saint Kulasekhara and Nayanar saint Cherman Perumal (literally "the Chera king") with some of the earliest Perumals.

The exact nature of the relation between the Cheras of Kongu and the Chera Perumals remains obscure. The Later arrived Nambutiris from Northern land asked for a regent of the Chera king from Karur in Coimbatore and were granted lands from Tamil kings hailing from Pundurai. Hence the Tamil kings lost their power to Newly arrived Namboothris who created Zamorin and started to call themselves title 'Punthurakkon' (King from Punthura). After this, the Malabar and Kerala parts became autonomous of Karur. The Perumal kingdom derived most of its wealth from maritime trade relations (the spice trade) with the Middle East. The port of Kollam, in the kingdom, was a major point in overseas India trade to the West and the East Asia. Political units known as "nadus", controlled by powerful hereditary chiefs or by households, occupied central importance in the structuring of the Chera Perumal state. The rulers of the nadus usually acted with the help of a Tamil military retinue. The prominent nadus continued to exist even after the end of the Chera rule during the beginning of the 12th century. Nambudiri-Brahmin settlements of agriculturally rich areas (fertile wet land) were another major source of support to the kingdom.

The Chera Perumal kingdom had alternating friendly or hostile relations with the Cholas and the Pandyas. The kingdom was attacked, and eventually forced into submission, by the Cholas in the early 11th century CE (in order to break the monopoly of trade with the Middle East). When the Perumal kingdom was eventually dissolved in the 12th century most of its autonomous chiefdoms became independent.

Government
The extent and nature of state formation of the Chera kingdoms, from the ancient period to early modern period, cannot be interpreted either in a linear or in a monochromatic way. Each ruling family had its own political prestige and influence in southern India over their life spans.

The extent of political formation in pre-Pallava south India (before c. third century CE) was a matter of considerable debate among historians. Although earlier scholars visualised early historic south Indian polities as full-fledged kingdoms, some of the recent studies rule out the possibility of state formation. According to historian Rajan Gurukkal, ancient south India was a combination of several "unevenly evolved and kinship based redistributive economies of chiefdoms". These polities were structured by the dominance of "agro-pastoral means of subsistence and predatory politics". Kesavan Veluthat, another prominent historian of south India, uses the term "chief" and "chiefdom" for the Chera ruler and Chera polity of early historic south India respectively.

Reaching conclusions based on the early Tamil poems and archaeological evidences is another topic of disagreement. It is assumed that the institution of sabha in south Indian villages, for local administration, was first surfaced during the early historic period.

Economy
The early Chera economy can be described as a predominantly "pastoral-cum-agrarian" based system. The emphasis on agriculture increased with time, and provided the base for larger economic change. The early historic south India (c. second century BCE-c. third century CE) can be described as a "semi-tribal political economy". In a 2013 paper, historian Rajan Gurukkal describes ancient south India as a collection of "unevenly evolved and kinship-based redistributive economies."

Spice trade

Exchange relations with the merchants from Graeco-Roman world, the "Yavanas", and with north India provided considerable economic momentum for the Chera chiefdom. Indian Ocean exchange was the major economic activity. There is some difference of opinion with regard to the nature of the "spice trade" in ancient Chera country. It is disputed whether this "trade" with the Mediterranean world was managed on equal terms by the Tamil merchants, in view of the existence of apparently unequal political institutions in south India. Some of the more recent studies point out that the "trade" was an exchange of "serious imbalance", because of its being between the Roman Empire and South India with uneven chiefdoms.

The geographical advantages, like the favourable Monsoon winds which carried ships directly from the Arabia to south India as well as the abundance of exotic spices in the interior Ghat mountains (and the presence of a large number of rivers connecting the Ghats with the Arabian Sea) combined to make the Cheras a major power in ancient southern India. Spice exchange with Middle Eastern and Mediterranean (Graeco-Roman) navigators can be traced back to before the Common Era and was substantially consolidated in the early years of the Common Era. In the first century CE, the Romans conquered Egypt, which probably helped them to establish dominance in the Indian Ocean spice trade. The earliest Graeco-Roman accounts referring to the Cheras are by Pliny the Elder in the 1st century CE, in Periplus Maris Erythraei of the 1st century CE, and by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century CE. The Periplus Maris Erythraei portrays the "trade" in the territory of Keprobotras in detail. Muziris was the most important centre in the Malabar Coast, which according to the Periplus, "abounded with large ships of Romans, Arabs and Greeks". Bulk spices, ivory, timber, pearls and gems were "exported" from the Chera country to the Middle East and Mediterranean kingdoms.

It is known that the Romans brought vast amounts of gold in exchange for black pepper. This is testified by the Roman coin hoards that have been found in various parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Pliny the Elder, in the 1st century CE, laments the drain of Roman gold into India and China for luxuries such as spices, silk and muslin. The spice trade across the Indian Ocean dwindled with the decline of the Roman empire in the 3rd - 4th centuries CE. With the exit of the Mediterranean from the spice trade, their space was picked up by the Chinese and Arab navigators.

Wootz steel
The famous damascus blades resulted from the unique properties of wootz crucible steel from medieval south India and Sri Lanka. There are several ancient Tamil, Greek, Chinese and Roman literary references to high-carbon Indian steel. The crucible steel production process started in the 6th century BCE at Kodumanal in Tamil Nadu, Golconda in Telangana, Karnataka and Sri Lanka. This steel was termed "the finest steel in the world" by the Romans who referred to it by the term "Seric". It was exported to Rome, Egypt, China and the Middle East by 500 BCE. The steel was exported as cakes of steely iron that came to be known as "Wootz".

The method was to heat black magnetite ore in the presence of carbon in a sealed clay crucible inside a charcoal furnace to completely remove slag. An alternative was to smelt the ore first to give wrought iron, then heat and hammer it to remove slag. The carbon source was bamboo and leaves from plants such as Avārai. The Chinese and locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating wootz steel from the Cheras by the 5th century BCE. In Sri Lanka, this early steel-making method employed a unique wind furnace, driven by the monsoon winds. Production sites from antiquity have emerged, in places such as Anuradhapura, Tissamaharama and Samanalawewa, as well as imported artifacts of ancient iron and steel from Kodumanal. A 200 BCE Tamil trade guild in Tissamaharama, in the South East of Sri Lanka, brought with them some of the oldest iron and steel artifacts and production processes to the island from the classical period.

Early Cheras
In general, early Tamil texts reflect the southern Indian cultural tradition as well as elements of the northern Indian cultural tradition, which by now was beginning to come into contact with southern India. It is logical to conclude that most of the Chera population followed native Dravidian religions. Religious practice might have consisted predominantly of conducting sacrifices to various gods, such as to the pre-eminent god Murugan. The worship of departed heroes was a common practice in the Chera territory, along with tree worship and other kinds of ancestor worship. The war goddess Korravai was propitiated with elaborate offerings of meat and toddy. It is theorised that Kottava was assimilated into the present-day form of the goddess Durga. It is thought that the first wave of Brahmin migration came to the Chera territory around the 3rd century BCE with or behind the Jain and Buddhist missionaries. It was only in the 8th century CE that the Aryanisation of the old Chera country reached its organised form. Though the vast majority of the population followed native practices, a small percentage of the population, mainly migrants, followed Jainism, Buddhism and Brahmanism. Populations of Jews and Christians were also known to have lived in Kerala.

Early Tamil texts do make a number of references to social stratification, as expressed by use of the word kudi ("group") to denote "caste". A striking feature of the social life of the early historic period (c. second century BCE-c. third century CE) is the high status accorded to women.

Agriculture and pastoralism were the primary occupations of the people. Various agricultural occupations such as harvesting, threshing and drying are described in the early Tamil texts. Poets and musicians were held in high regard in society. Early Tamil texts are full of references about the lavish patronage extended to court poets. There were professional poets and poetesses who composed texts praising their patrons and were generously rewarded for this.

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title: Chera dynasty


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Teeth and tail

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Numerically, I know it's a no consensus so do-nothing. However, it's been demonstrated that the term is actually just wrong, and the deleters point that out, so to merge it would be inherently wrong: we might not be paper but we still don't wilfully carry misinformation. So this time, I'm going to let the more thorough research outweigh the numerics. -Splash talk 23:02, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Teeth and tail
unverifiable. 202.156.6.60 11:31, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It does appear from Google to be a bona fide military expression, though not as what the article currently says. No vote yet. The Land 11:44, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe merge with military logistics or something along those lines? It's basically jargon, but could be worth a mention somewhere I think. I don't think outright delete, in any case. MC MasterChef 13:22, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * September 30th was an exceptionally busy AfD day. So this debate among several got almost no attention. Relisting in hope of some tender, loving debate this time around. -Splash talk 00:00, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

It refers to the number of frontline troops (teeth) to the number of support personnel (tail). Capitalistroadster 02:57, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Military slang, in my opinion. But I also note, as per The Land, that the definition found in the article doesn't seem to match the usage I'm seeing elsewhere. Justin Bacon 00:23, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Misinformation with nothing salvageable.  I doubt a rewritten article could be more than a dicdef anyway.  --A D Monroe III 01:30, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Military slang --Rogerd 01:55, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The correct military term is Teeth to Tail and is related to military logistics see.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Food libel laws

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 5 October 2018 and 12 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Afgmcdonald.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:36, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Forgive the probably silly question... but why "Oprah" throughout? I know that's how she's generally known, but surely in a serious article like this surnames should be used - hence, "Winfrey"? The article on O. J. Simpson doesn't refer to him as "O. J." all the way through, after all. Loganberry (Talk) 11:32, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Illustration
There is no substantiation for the claim that Green Illusions "was censored." Who censored it? Why? What proof is there of the censorship? The fact that this is attached to an IMAGE and not to part of the article raises questions about procedures. Apparently this was "self-censored" -- a claim that anyone can make with or without cause. (Bill Kovarik)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wkovarik (talk • contribs) 21:50, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. Looking at what is available online, I suspect the "censorship" is a publicity stunt. Reading the "censored" page in the graphic gives me the same impression. Brianyoumans (talk) 10:51, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

Neutral POV
This article gives a very negative impression of food libel laws, and as such, I think it lacks NPOV. The first three paragraphs are roughly neutral, but the last three need to be balanced. The only pro for the laws on this page is the final external link (which is now broken). Perhaps some of the arguments from the final external link could be incorporated into the Wikipedia article. Volfy 20:25, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

But the truth is, this law has no positive factors in it. Nada. It's just a result of lobbying. --216.165.24.59 03:12, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

I think the last paragraph provides the necessary counterpoint. I move to delete the NPOV notice. Will Entriken (talk) 19:10, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

"...allow for punitive damages and attorneys fees for plaintiffs alone[2], regardless of the case's outcome. Meaning, even if a defendant is found innocent of libel he or she may still have to pay the legal fees for his or her prosecution." Where is the source for this??? Source 2 doesn't say that. This statement needs to be backed or removed. --AlexThreeSix (talk) 13:50, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually the source does support this. Not certain about the reliability of the source, but it certainly supports the statement.  Guettarda (talk) 03:36, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

I believe it misstates the law of libel. At common-law, and in Pennsylvania where I practice, the Plaintiff need not show that the statement is false, only that it is disparaging. Truth is an affirmative defense to libel that must be plead and proven by the Defendant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.67.224.2 (talk) 13:23, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

I have to agree that the article seems pretty fairly balanced. Just because a law is odious and clearly biased in favor of a particular industry doesn't mean one has to provide a "fair and balanced(tm)" view of it (e.g., saying "Well both sides have a point, so let's cut he baby in half").

What I am curious about is why this subject has been dormant since about 1999? This link:

http://www.cspinet.org/foodspeak/

Appears to have gone dormant since about 1998. Have there been no lawsuits since the Winfrey debacle?

Perhaps the food industry has realized that an attention-getting drawn-out lawsuit is worse publicity than the original "libel" of the food product.

Such lawsuits are in fact an activist's dream - dragging the offending company over the coals again and again with negative media coverage as well as high legal expenses (for the company) and little or no hope of winning.

Joe Patent (talk) 03:59, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

McLibel Section
I don't think the McLibel case fits in this page, as it's based on the UK common law tort of defamation, and this page is concerned with statutory food libel laws, specifically in the US. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.167.170.218 (talk) 19:08, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

I agree that the McLibel section is out of place and I move to delete it. There is a very robust article, "McDonald's Restaurants vs. Morris and Steel," which discusses the issue. --Afgmcdonald (talk) 04:58, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

I can see that this section was removed, but it was then reinstated on the grounds that the article is not region specific, presumably referencing the edit message removing it referring to British vs American law. This isn't the reason that this section is out of place. It should not be here because it has nothing to do with food libel laws, AFAIK. AFAIK it is a case relying purely on the general (comparatively strong) libel laws in the UK, not specific provisions concerning food. The fact that it involves libel and food is not enough to make it relevant to this article, which is about food libel laws (i.e. statutes specifically prohibiting libel against food products); not food, libel and the law generally. Since the relevant reason to remove it doesn't seem to have been considered in reinstating it, and there seems to be no disagreement about removing it apart from on the false basis that it is a matter of region, I am going to remove it. I am adding a link to it to the See Also section since it is tangentially related and I can imagine people reading this looking for information about it. If you reinstate it, please state why, probably here since an edit message probably isn't practically able to be long enough to explain sufficiently fully, and there appears to have been misunderstanding on this in the past when Afgmcdonald's edit was reverted. Sipos0 (talk) 03:18, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Food libel laws


text:
Robert Atkinson (architect)

Robert Atkinson (1 August 1883 – 26 December 1952) was an English architect primarily working in the Art Deco style.

Life
Atkinson was born in Wigton in Cumberland and studied at University College Nottingham, and afterwards in Paris, Italy and America. He was a talented draughtsman and worked for C. E. Mallows from 1905. In turn he illustrated many of the town planning and garden designs of Thomas Hayton Mawson, included in the latter's books The Art and Craft of Garden Making, and Civic Art (1911), to which he contributed a number of skilled perspective views.

Atkinson experimented with various styles, including the American Beaux-Arts and oriental, in search of a new modern style. He is known for his cinema designs in English cities, including the 3,000 seat Regent Cinema, Brighton (built 1919–1923; demolished 1974). Described as the "first luxury cinema on the American model", it was really a recreation centre, in which one could also "take tea", eat or dance. Atkinson is also well known for the art deco interior of the Daily Express Building, London, in 1931–2, which has been described as the "best surviving art deco interior in Britain".

Atkinson did a lot of work in the Art Deco style, but found that commercial considerations meant that he had to forgo his artistic aspirations. Much of his work is not remembered or not well regarded including the government rehousing scheme built in 1946 to 1950 in Gibraltar and government offices in Marsham Street, Westminster, which were actually not built as he intended, as the design was changed after he died.

Atkinson was appointed an OBE in 1951, shortly before his death.

Partial list of works

The following is a selection of Atkinson's works:

 * All Hallows Twickenham (incorporating portions moved from All Hallows Lombard Street)
 * Barber Institute of Fine Arts, University of Birmingham (RIBA Bronze Medal, 1946)
 * Canadian Red Cross Memorial Hospital, Taplow, Bucks (in grounds of Cliveden)
 * Cannon Royal Cinema, Charing Cross Road, London
 * City Hall, Norwich (site plan)
 * Croydon 'B' power station
 * Oslo Court, St John's Wood, London
 * Daily Express Building, London (lobby interior)
 * Eros Cinema, Shaftesbury Avenue, London (demolished)
 * Gresham Hotel and Clerys department store O'Connell Street, Dublin
 * 30 Horniman Drive, Forest Hill, London (private residence)
 * Regent Cinema, Brighton (demolished)
 * Ridgehanger, 7 Hillcrest Road, Ealing, London. Grade II listed detached private residence
 * Stockleigh Hall, Regent's Park Estate, Camden Borough, London (RIBA Bronze Medal, 1937)
 * Wallington Town Hall

title: Robert Atkinson (architect)


text:
Oncopera

Oncopera is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. There are 12 described species, all endemic to Australia. The larvae usually feed on grasses, although that of O. intricata has been recorded on strawberry.

Species

 * Oncopera alboguttata (Ebor grassgrub) - New South Wales
 * Oncopera alpina (alpine grassgrub) - New South Wales
 * Food plant: Poa

 * Oncopera brachyphylla (roundheaded pasture webworm) - Queensland
 * Food plants include Panicum

 * Oncopera brunneata
 * Oncopera epargyra
 * Oncopera fasciculatus (underground grassgrub) - Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria
 * Oncopera intricata (corbie) - Tasmania
 * Larva recorded on Fragaria as well as grasses

 * Oncopera intricoides
 * Oncopera mitocera (flatheaded pasture webworm) - Queensland
 * Food plants include Digitaria, Panicum and Setaria

 * Oncopera parva
 * Oncopera rufobrunnea (winter corbie) - New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania
 * Oncopera tindalei (Tindale's grassgrub) - New South Wales (named after Norman Barnett Tindale)

title: Oncopera


text:
User:Josep Panadero

About me
You can find more about me at https://www.josep-panadero.com/about/

ca:Usuari:Yearofthedragon es:Usuario:Yearofthedragon

title: User:Josep Panadero


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sloggi

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY KEEP (nomination withdrawn, no delete votes). — J I P | Talk 12:42, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Sloggi
nn. 202.156.6.60 11:35, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Fairly well-known brand. Over 1m hits on Google. Owned by Triumph International, a global conglomerate with sales of USD 1.6 Billion. Article needs expanding not deleting.
 * Strong keep, notable brand of men's underwear. Women's underwear probably too, but I wouldn't know about that. — J I P | Talk 11:45, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep extremely well known brand of both men's and women's underwear. I'd be surprised if we haven't got anything this stashed away somewhere already in more complete detail. -- Mgm|(talk) 11:52, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Marcus22 11:54, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep well known brand, was surprised it's just a stub. --JoanneB 11:55, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm ok I withdraw my nn claim. Keep --202.156.6.59 12:01, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sloggi


text:
Salomon Wininger

Salomon Wininger (שלמה וִינִינגֶר; 13 December 1877, Gura Humora, Bukovina – December 1968, in Ramat Gan, Israel) was an Austrian-Jewish biographer. He has been called one of the greatest Jewish biographers of all time.

Before World War I, Wininger lived in Chernivtsi and moved to Vienna during the war years, where he decided to write biographies of famous Jews. This idea was pushed in order to counter the self-hating mood of Jewish youth in the city, created under the influence of Otto Weininger's works.

After his return to Chernivtsi in 1921, Shlomo Wininger wrote about 13,000 biographies and published them in seven volumes between 1925 and 1936. He survived the time of World War II in Chernivtsi and emigrated in 1951 to Israel.

Works

 * Große Jüdische National-Biographie ("Lexicon of Jewish National Biographies"). Chernivtsi 1925–1936.
 * Gura Humora: Geschichte einer Kleinstadt in der Südbukovina ("Gura Humora: History of a Small Town in South Bukovina").

title: Salomon Wininger


text:
Varma (surname)

Varmā, Verma, Varman, or Burman are surnames found in India and Southeast Asia. These surnames are commonly used by people of different castes and ethnic groups across the region. The surname is used in North India by some of the groups among cluster of castes called Kayasthas. However, in the same region along with Central India, it can also be found among castes like Lodhi rajputs, Prajapats, Kurmis and Koeris.

The surname Burman is commonly used by people from the Burmese community, which is an ethnic group primarily found in Myanmar (formerly Burma) and northeastern India. The Burmese community has a long history and culture that is distinct from that of other communities in the region.

Indian traditional usage
According to Ayodhya Prasad Sah, the title was also used by some Brahmins in parts of Odisha, although it is recommended historically for the Kshatriyas.

Notable people
Notable people with the surname "Varma" or its variants include:

Burman

 * Anand Ashok Chand Burman,(born 1952)an Indian billionaire businessman
 * Sidharth Burman, Indian businessman
 * Saket Burman, British billionaire
 * Mohit Burman, Indian businessman
 * Megha Burman, Indian actor
 * Jayasri Burman, Indian contemporary artist

Dev Burman

 * Nabadwipchandra Dev Burman, from the Tripura royal family; Indian Sitarist and Dhrupad singer
 * Rahul Dev Burman, Indian music composer and singer, son of Sachin Dev Burman
 * Sachin Dev Burman, Indian music composer and singer belonged to the Tripura royal family
 * Somdev Devvarman, Indian tennis star
 * Meera Dev Burman, Indian film lyricist and musician

Varma

 * Amshu Varma, Nepalese Lichchhavi King
 * Aneesh Varma, British-American Entrepreneur of Indian origin
 * Indira Varma, British actress of Indian origin
 * Jagannatha Varma, Indian(Malayalam) actor From Kerala
 * Mahadevi Varma, Indian(Hindi) poet from Uttar Pradesh
 * Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Founder of Transcendental Meditation (birth surname)
 * Maipady Venkatesh Varma Raja, Erstwhile Raja of Kumbla, now part of Kerala
 * Manasi Varma Indian television actress
 * Marthanda Varma, Founder of the Kingdom of Travancore, now part of Kerala
 * Prakash Varma, Indian filmmaker from Kerala
 * Prince Rama Varma, Indian classical musician From Kerala
 * Raja Ravi Varma, Indian painter, From Kerala
 * Ram Gopal Varma, Indian(Bollywood) filmmaker from Andhra Pradesh
 * Rama Varma IX, Maharaja of Kingdom of Cochin, now part of Kerala
 * Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor), Indian actor from Andhra Pradesh
 * Samyuktha Varma, Indian(Malayalam) actress from Kerala
 * Shabareesh Varma, Indian(Malayalam) lyricist, Singer from Kerala
 * Shreekumar Varma, Indian writer from Kerala
 * Shyamji Krishna Varma, Indian revolutionary fighter, lawyer and journalist from Gujarat
 * Vayalar Rama Varma, Indian(Malayalam) Poet and Songwriter from Kerala

Verman

 * Verman dynasty (4–7 c.), a dynasty of Kamarupa, including a list of rulers
 * Suryaverman II, Great King of the Khmer Empire and builder of Angkor Wat

Verma

 * Abhishek Verma (archer) (born 1989), Indian archer
 * Abhishek Verma (businessman) (born 1968), Indian businessman
 * Agys Ramsaran Verma, Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh
 * Ajit Ram Verma, Indian physicist
 * Alka Verma, Indian actress on the television show C.I.D.
 * Aman Verma, Indian actor and television host
 * Aman Verma (footballer)
 * Amit Verma (cricketer)
 * Anil Kumar Verma, Indian politician

 * Anshul Verma, Indian politician and member of the 16th Lok Sabha
 * Anurag Verma, New Zealand cricketer
 * Aru Krishansh Verma, Indian film actor
 * Arun Verma, Indian politician and member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
 * Atul Verma, (born 1997) Indian archer
 * Baboo Lal Verma, Indian politician and state minister of the Government of Rajasthan
 * Beni Prasad Verma, Indian politician and former Minister of Steel
 * Bhagwati Charan Verma, 20th-century Hindi writer and winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award
 * Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma, Indian politician who entered the Parliament of India in 2014
 * Bindeshwari Prasad Verma, Indian politician and first Speaker of the Bihar Legislative Assembly
 * Chandradeo Prasad Verma, Indian politician and three time member of the Lok Sabha
 * Chotelal Verma, Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
 * Daya-Nand Verma, Indian mathematician after whom Verma modules are named
 * Deepak Verma, British actor, writer and producer
 * Deven Verma, Indian actor
 * Dhirendra Verma, 20th-century Indian poet and linguist
 * Gajendra Verma, Indian composer and playback singer
 * H. C. Verma, Indian experimental nuclear physicist
 * H. L. Verma, business science academic and administrator
 * Harish Verma, (1982-) Indian actor
 * Hemraj Verma, Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
 * Hikmat Singh Verma, Fiji Indian politician and former member of the House of Representatives of Fiji
 * Inder Verma, molecular biologist
 * J. S. Verma, Chief Justice of India
 * Jai Verma, Indian Hindi writer
 * Jai Prakash Verma, Indian politician
 * Jhunnilal Verma, Indian lawyer and politician
 * K. C. Verma, former director of RAW – India's foreign intelligence agency
 * Kamla Verma, Indian politician and a former cabinet minister
 * Kaushal Kumar Verma, (1971-) Indian mathematician
 * Kimi Verma, Indian actress and fashion designer
 * Lalji Verma, Indian politician and member of both houses of the Uttar Pradesh Legislature
 * Mahendra K. Verma, Indian physicist working in magnetohydrodynamics
 * Mahesh Verma, Indian prosthodontist
 * Manas Bihari Verma, Indian aeronautical scientist
 * Manikya Lal Verma, Indian politician and member of the Constituent Assembly of India
 * Mayur Verma, (1991-) Indian television actor
 * Mihika Verma, (1986-) Indian television actress and former model
 * Motilal Verma, activist in the Indian independence movement
 * Nakul Verma, (1991-) Indian cricketer
 * Narendra Singh Verma, Indian politician and Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
 * Neelam Verma, Canadian television anchor, businesswoman and former Miss Universe finalist
 * Neena Verma, Indian politician and member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
 * Nirmal Verma, Indian Hindi writer, activist and translator
 * Nirmal Kumar Verma, Indian admiral who served as Chief of the Naval Staff
 * Omkar Verma, (1991-) Indian cricketer
 * O.P. Verma, Indian administrator who served as governor for two states
 * Om Prakash Verma (politician), Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
 * Parmish Verma, Indian singer and actor
 * Parvesh Verma, Indian politician and member of the Parliament of India
 * Phool Chand Verma, Indian politician, member of the Lok Sabha and a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party
 * Pony Verma, Bollywood choreographer
 * Purnima Verma, political and social worker and a Member of Parliament
 * R.L.P. Verma, member of Lok Sabha and a leader of Bhartiya Janata Party
 * Raghunath Singh Verma, Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha
 * Rajeev Verma, Indian actor
 * Rajesh Verma, Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha
 * Rakesh Verma, Indian politician
 * Rakesh Kumar Verma, Indian politician and Member of the Legislative Assembly
 * Ram Murti Verma, Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
 * Ramdeo Verma, Indian politician and long-time member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly
 * Ramkumar Verma, 20th-century Indian Hindi poet
 * Rammurti Singh Verma, Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
 * Ramswaroop Verma, 20th-century activist and politician
 * Randhir Prasad Verma, Indian police officer posthumously awarded the Ashoka Chakra
 * Rashmi Verma, Indian politician and member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly
 * Ravi Verma, science administrator with a focus on AIDS and other social and public health issues
 * Ravi Prakash Verma, Indian politician and member of the Rajya Sabha
 * Rekha Verma, Indian politician and member of the sixteenth Lok Sabha
 * Richard Verma, American lawyer, public servant and United States Ambassador to India
 * Rita Verma, Indian politician and former Minister of State of Mines and Minerals
 * Roshan Lal Verma, Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
 * S. P. Sen Verma, former Chief Election Commissioner of India
 * Sahib Singh Verma, Indian politician and former Union Labour Minister of India
 * Sajjan Singh Verma, Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha
 * Sameer Verma (1994-), Indian badminton player
 * Sandip Verma, Baroness Verma, Indian English politician
 * Sangeet Verma, Indian photographer and photojournalist
 * Satya Mohan Verma (1933-), Indian poet
 * Saurabh Verma (1981-), Indian-born American cricketer
 * Shafali Verma, Indian women's cricketer
 * Sheo Sharan Verma, Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha
 * Shivani Verma, Indian spiritual teacher and inspirational speaker
 * Subhash Verma (1968-), Indian wrestler
 * Sunil Verma, activist and survivor of the Bhopal disaster
 * Sunil Kumar Verma, Indian biologist known for his work on DNA barcoding
 * Surendra Verma, Indian Hindi litterateur and playwright
 * Surendra Verma (science writer), Indian-Australian journalist and author of popular science books
 * Sushma Verma (1992-), Indian cricketer
 * Swati Verma, Indian film actress primarily working in the Bhojpuri film industry
 * Tinu Verma, Indian film action director, actor, writer and producer in Hindi cinema
 * Usha Verma, Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha
 * Utkarsh Verma, Indian politician, and member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
 * Veena Verma, Punjabi poet and short story author living in the United Kingdom
 * Vikram Verma, Indian politician and political leader of Bharatiya Janata Party in Madhya Pradesh
 * Vimla Verma, Indian politician and social worker and member of the Parliament of India
 * Vineet Verma, Indian film director and animator
 * Virendra Verma, Indian politician and member of Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha
 * Vrindavan Lal Verma, 20th-century Indian Hindi novelist and playwright

title: Varma (surname)


text: Category:K.V.C. Westerlo players

title: Category:K.V.C. Westerlo players


text: Category:K.V.C. Westerlo

title: Category:K.V.C. Westerlo


text:
Talk:National Stock Exchange

Untitled
This entry used to be about the National Stock Exchange (NSX) (i.e. the one in Chicago), and then was made into a disambig page, to distinguish it from the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE). As the name of the latter is quite clearly not the same, each exchange can and should be listed by its proper name. For those readers who are confused anyway, there is still the top line where they can click to go to the NSE. - DocendoDiscimus 11:38, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree with your assessment. This is about the an entity of same name around the world. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  06:21, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Merge NSEL Scam page with NSE
NSEL Scam should be merged with National Stock Exchange because the former just glorifies the detail of a scam that occurred under National Stock Exchange. There is no need for a separate page and the entire content seems biased as well as looks like a propaganda

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:National Stock Exchange of India which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 08:17, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:National Stock Exchange


text:
Rowan of the Bukshah

Rowan of the Bukshah (titled Rowan and the Ice Creepers in North America) is a 2003 children's fantasy novel by Australian author Emily Rodda. It is the fifth and final book in the Rowan of Rin series.

Plot summary

 * The beasts are wiser than we know
 * And where they lead, four souls must go.
 * One to weep and one to fight,
 * One to dream and one for flight.
 * Four must make their sacrifice.
 * In the realm twixt fire and ice
 * The hunger will not be denied,
 * The hunger must be satisfied.
 * And in that blast of fiery breath,
 * The quest unites both life and death.

Winters have been getting colder and longer the past few years, posing mounting problems for the people of the valley of Rin. This year, in what should be spring the people are still in the dead of winter, with no end to the cold in sight. The people are worried, because if the winter continues much longer, their food storehouses will be empty. A decision is made to evacuate to the coast, to finish the winter with the Travelers and the Maris. The group departs, leaving behind Rowan, Brondon, Sharron and Norris. Rowan will care for his beloved Bukshah; Brondon will care for Lann, the elderly village leader; and the other two are newcomers to the group who returned with Rowan from the Land of the Zebak. When a new enemy, the ice creepers, are discovered, Rowan follows Sheba's advice. He takes Norris and Sharron, and sets off on a long trek through the land following the Bukshah. Along the way, Zeel joins the trek (thus completing the introductory rhyme; Sharron to weep, Norris to fight, Rowan to dream, and Zeel for flight). The Bukshah lead them to the mountain, where they learn some new and terrifying facts.

When the Bukshah are fenced, they cannot go up the mountain to eat the seals on the ice creeper nests, preventing the numbers from growing and the habitual spreading. When the ice creepers multiply they cause the cold to grow. When the Bukshah are free to roam, they make an annual pilgrimage to the mountain and keep the ice creepers under control, preventing the rise of a cold time.

Far more chilling is the extended truth about what happened to the people of the Valley of the Gold. In Travelers, Rowan already discovered the truth about the destruction of the Valley of Gold. Due to the mountain berry plants the soil was loosened and the Valley was destroyed by a landslide. Here he learns much more.

When the Zebak invaded and word of the invasion was sent to the Valley, the message was received. Leaving only two behind (the Keepers of the Bukshah and the Silks), the villagers set out for the coast. On their way they were ambushed by the Zebak, captured and taken as slaves. One man escaped and returned to the Valley to warn the others. Fearing other attacks the three followed the Bukshah into the heart of the mountain where they were trapped by the landslide that destroyed the Valley as they knew it. Rowan and his companions learn this from the silks that were kept as up-to-date as possible. From this they learn the truth, that the people of Rin were once the people of the Valley of the Gold, that the land is their home, and has always been their home.

 * "Yes," he said. "At last the people truly can come home."

title: Rowan of the Bukshah


text:
Jim Russell (actor)

James Russell is an Australian comedian and actor, best known for appearing in the television series Comedy Inc.. He has also featured in Australian films, sitcoms, and dramas.

Russell toured throughout Europe and North America during 2007 and 2008 with the production of 'Soft'. In 2009, he played the title role in the Malthouse Theatre production of Goodbye Vaudeville Charlie Mudd. In 2013, he portrayed the recurring character of Roland in the teen drama television series Nowhere Boys.

title: Jim Russell (actor)


text: User talk:70.48.166.95

title: User talk:70.48.166.95


text:
User talk:XU HANHUI

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Rama 11:41, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Copyvio
Please refrain from uploading material on Wikipedia without a proper licence and source; this compromises the "legal integrity" of Wikipedia, and such and have to be deleted. Thank you. Rama 11:41, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Lee Stone
Please do not remove Articles for deletion notices from articles or remove other people's comments in Articles for deletion pages. The notices and comments are needed to establish community consensus about the status of an article, and removing them is considered vandalism. If you oppose its deletion, you may comment at the respective page instead. Thank you. --Apyule 05:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:XU HANHUI


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File:Serhiodudnic wiki.JPG

Summary
Serhio photo

title: File:Serhiodudnic wiki.JPG


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Arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse

The arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse is an arrondissement of France in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It has 199 communes. Its population is 331,400 (2016), and its area is 2873.7 km2.

Composition
The communes of the arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse, and their INSEE codes, are:
 * 1) L'Abergement-Clémenciat (01001)
 * 2) Ambérieux-en-Dombes (01005)
 * 3) Arbigny (01016)
 * 4) Ars-sur-Formans (01021)
 * 5) Asnières-sur-Saône (01023)
 * 6) Attignat (01024)
 * 7) Bâgé-Dommartin (01025)
 * 8) Bâgé-le-Châtel (01026)
 * 9) Balan (01027)
 * 10) Baneins (01028)
 * 11) Beaupont (01029)
 * 12) Beauregard (01030)
 * 13) Béligneux (01032)
 * 14) Bény (01038)
 * 15) Béréziat (01040)
 * 16) Bey (01042)
 * 17) Beynost (01043)
 * 18) Birieux (01045)
 * 19) Biziat (01046)
 * 20) Bohas-Meyriat-Rignat (01245)
 * 21) La Boisse (01049)
 * 22) Boissey (01050)
 * 23) Bouligneux (01052)
 * 24) Bourg-en-Bresse (01053)
 * 25) Boz (01057)
 * 26) Bresse Vallons (01130)
 * 27) Bressolles (01062)
 * 28) Buellas (01065)
 * 29) Certines (01069)
 * 30) Ceyzériat (01072)
 * 31) Chalamont (01074)
 * 32) Chaleins (01075)
 * 33) Chaneins (01083)
 * 34) Chanoz-Châtenay (01084)
 * 35) La Chapelle-du-Châtelard (01085)
 * 36) Châtenay (01090)
 * 37) Châtillon-la-Palud (01092)
 * 38) Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne (01093)
 * 39) Chavannes-sur-Reyssouze (01094)
 * 40) Chaveyriat (01096)
 * 41) Chevroux (01102)
 * 42) Civrieux (01105)
 * 43) Cize (01106)
 * 44) Coligny (01108)
 * 45) Condeissiat (01113)
 * 46) Confrançon (01115)
 * 47) Cormoranche-sur-Saône (01123)
 * 48) Cormoz (01124)
 * 49) Corveissiat (01125)
 * 50) Courmangoux (01127)
 * 51) Courtes (01128)
 * 52) Crans (01129)
 * 53) Crottet (01134)
 * 54) Cruzilles-lès-Mépillat (01136)
 * 55) Curciat-Dongalon (01139)
 * 56) Curtafond (01140)
 * 57) Dagneux (01142)
 * 58) Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne (01146)
 * 59) Dompierre-sur-Veyle (01145)
 * 60) Domsure (01147)
 * 61) Drom (01150)
 * 62) Druillat (01151)
 * 63) Fareins (01157)
 * 64) Feillens (01159)
 * 65) Foissiat (01163)
 * 66) Francheleins (01165)
 * 67) Frans (01166)
 * 68) Garnerans (01167)
 * 69) Genouilleux (01169)
 * 70) Gorrevod (01175)
 * 71) Grand-Corent (01177)
 * 72) Grièges (01179)
 * 73) Guéreins (01183)
 * 74) Hautecourt-Romanèche (01184)
 * 75) Illiat (01188)
 * 76) Jassans-Riottier (01194)
 * 77) Jasseron (01195)
 * 78) Jayat (01196)
 * 79) Journans (01197)
 * 80) Laiz (01203)
 * 81) Lapeyrouse (01207)
 * 82) Lent (01211)
 * 83) Lescheroux (01212)
 * 84) Lurcy (01225)
 * 85) Malafretaz (01229)
 * 86) Mantenay-Montlin (01230)
 * 87) Manziat (01231)
 * 88) Marboz (01232)
 * 89) Marlieux (01235)
 * 90) Marsonnas (01236)
 * 91) Massieux (01238)
 * 92) Meillonnas (01241)
 * 93) Messimy-sur-Saône (01243)
 * 94) Mézériat (01246)
 * 95) Mionnay (01248)
 * 96) Miribel (01249)
 * 97) Misérieux (01250)
 * 98) Mogneneins (01252)
 * 99) Montagnat (01254)
 * 100) Montceaux (01258)
 * 101) Montcet (01259)
 * 102) Monthieux (01261)
 * 103) Montluel (01262)
 * 104) Montmerle-sur-Saône (01263)
 * 105) Montracol (01264)
 * 106) Montrevel-en-Bresse (01266)
 * 107) Neuville-les-Dames (01272)
 * 108) Neyron (01275)
 * 109) Niévroz (01276)
 * 110) Nivigne et Suran (01095)
 * 111) Ozan (01284)
 * 112) Parcieux (01285)
 * 113) Péronnas (01289)
 * 114) Perrex (01291)
 * 115) Peyzieux-sur-Saône (01295)
 * 116) Pirajoux (01296)
 * 117) Pizay (01297)
 * 118) Le Plantay (01299)
 * 119) Polliat (01301)
 * 120) Pont-de-Vaux (01305)
 * 121) Pont-de-Veyle (01306)
 * 122) Pouillat (01309)
 * 123) Ramasse (01317)
 * 124) Rancé (01318)
 * 125) Relevant (01319)
 * 126) Replonges (01320)
 * 127) Revonnas (01321)
 * 128) Reyrieux (01322)
 * 129) Reyssouze (01323)
 * 130) Romans (01328)
 * 131) Saint-André-de-Bâgé (01332)
 * 132) Saint-André-de-Corcy (01333)
 * 133) Saint-André-d'Huiriat (01334)
 * 134) Saint-André-le-Bouchoux (01335)
 * 135) Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc (01336)
 * 136) Saint-Bénigne (01337)
 * 137) Saint-Bernard (01339)
 * 138) Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon (01343)
 * 139) Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg (01344)
 * 140) Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat (01346)
 * 141) Saint-Didier-de-Formans (01347)
 * 142) Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne (01348)
 * 143) Sainte-Croix (01342)
 * 144) Sainte-Euphémie (01353)
 * 145) Sainte-Olive (01382)
 * 146) Saint-Étienne-du-Bois (01350)
 * 147) Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne (01351)
 * 148) Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze (01352)
 * 149) Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon (01355)
 * 150) Saint-Georges-sur-Renon (01356)
 * 151) Saint-Germain-sur-Renon (01359)
 * 152) Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux (01362)
 * 153) Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze (01364)
 * 154) Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle (01365)
 * 155) Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze (01367)
 * 156) Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle (01368)
 * 157) Saint-Just (01369)
 * 158) Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône (01370)
 * 159) Saint-Marcel (01371)
 * 160) Saint-Martin-du-Mont (01374)
 * 161) Saint-Martin-le-Châtel (01375)
 * 162) Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost (01376)
 * 163) Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux (01380)
 * 164) Saint-Nizier-le-Désert (01381)
 * 165) Saint-Paul-de-Varax (01383)
 * 166) Saint-Rémy (01385)
 * 167) Saint-Sulpice (01387)
 * 168) Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes (01388)
 * 169) Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans (01389)
 * 170) Salavre (01391)
 * 171) Sandrans (01393)
 * 172) Savigneux (01398)
 * 173) Sermoyer (01402)
 * 174) Servas (01405)
 * 175) Servignat (01406)
 * 176) Simandre-sur-Suran (01408)
 * 177) Sulignat (01412)
 * 178) Thil (01418)
 * 179) Thoissey (01420)
 * 180) Tossiat (01422)
 * 181) Toussieux (01423)
 * 182) Tramoyes (01424)
 * 183) La Tranclière (01425)
 * 184) Trévoux (01427)
 * 185) Valeins (01428)
 * 186) Val-Revermont (01426)
 * 187) Vandeins (01429)
 * 188) Verjon (01432)
 * 189) Vernoux (01433)
 * 190) Versailleux (01434)
 * 191) Vescours (01437)
 * 192) Vésines (01439)
 * 193) Villars-les-Dombes (01443)
 * 194) Villemotier (01445)
 * 195) Villeneuve (01446)
 * 196) Villereversure (01447)
 * 197) Villette-sur-Ain (01449)
 * 198) Viriat (01451)
 * 199) Vonnas (01457)

History
The arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganization of the arrondissements of Ain, it lost 12 communes to the arrondissement of Belley and four to the arrondissement of Nantua.

As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse were, as of January 2015:

 * 1) Bâgé-le-Châtel
 * 2) Bourg-en-Bresse-Est
 * 3) Bourg-en-Bresse-Nord-Centre
 * 4) Bourg-en-Bresse-Sud
 * 5) Ceyzériat
 * 6) Chalamont
 * 7) Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne
 * 8) Coligny
 * 9) Meximieux
 * 10) Miribel
 * 11) Montluel
 * 12) Montrevel-en-Bresse
 * 13) Péronnas
 * 14) Pont-d'Ain
 * 15) Pont-de-Vaux
 * 16) Pont-de-Veyle
 * 17) Reyrieux
 * 18) Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes
 * 19) Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans
 * 20) Thoissey
 * 21) Treffort-Cuisiat
 * 22) Trévoux
 * 23) Villars-les-Dombes
 * 24) Viriat

title: Arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse


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Talk:Macedonian Slavs/More comments

''Comments moved from Talk:Macedonian Slavs

 * In other words, to use the NPOV wording that Britannica uses. Thank you Zocky. Not that Δεαθήναι cares what NPOV is; all he/she wants to do is force his Greek extremist POV on to us! REX 21:42, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Ντικ, μωρή!--Theathenae 21:45, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems that our homophobic friend Δεαθήναι is obsessed with certain issues. What? Has he just found the door to his closet? Also, Ethnologue, Britannica, Hutchinson etc call these people Macedonians. Just because you don't like it, that doesn't mean that it can't be NPOV. The world is not made to please you Δεαθήναι! REX 22:03, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, after the discussion went really off topic, we seem to be focused again. There is a clear policy (or guideline) on this matter (Naming conflict), and I'm repeating it for the millionth time:

 * Where self-identifying names are in use, they should be used within articles. Wikipedia does not take any position on whether a self-identifying entity has any right to use a name; this encyclopedia merely notes the fact that they do use that name.

 * Bear in mind that Wikipedia is descriptive, not prescriptive. We cannot declare what a name should be, only what it is. Suppose that the people of Maputa oppose the use of the term "Cabindan" as a self-identification by another ethnic group. In this instance, the Cabindans use the term in a descriptive sense: that is what they call themselves. The Maputans oppose this because they believe that the Cabindans have no moral or historical right to use the term. They take a prescriptive approach to the term, arguing that it should not be used.

 * Wikipedia should not attempt to say which side is right or wrong. However, the fact that the Cabindans call themselves Cabindans is objectively true – both sides can agree that this does in fact happen – whereas the claim that the Cabindans have no moral right to that name is purely subjective and is not a question that Wikipedia can, or should, decide.

 * But not only it is a self-identifying term, all encyclopedias refer to this ethnic group as "Macedonians" (except MSN Encarta), all international organisations refer to this ethnic group as "Macedonians", most media outlets refer to it as "Macedonians". Moreover, you have the BBC who officially apologizes for using the term. All non-Greek participants in the discussion see no reason for the use of the "Macedonian Slavs" label.

 * Now, could ANYONE please explain me why the heck are we still using the term Macedonian Slavs?!? I mean, yes I should stay cool but this absurd situation lasts too long. We are not discussing Theory of relativity, damn it, it is as clear as day that virtually everybody uses the term "Macedonians". But no! Britannica, and all the other encyclopedias use this term for convenience, BBC apologized for using "Macedonian Slavs" because of courtesy, the Greek Helsinki Watch refers to them as "ethnic Macedonians" (well there wasn't a Greek explanation for this, I guess its because the Greek Helsinki Watch is doing it because of ignorance)... I mean, even if God himself would say this ethnic groups name is Macedonians, he'll probably get accused of Slav propaganda.

 * The key question is: Why doesn't anybody move this article to Macedonians (people) or a similar name, right now? (Hell, I guess I'd be labeled a racist if I try to do this) Or: Why aren't we at Mediation at the moment? --FlavrSavr 00:42, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

We are not at Mediation at the moment because the Greeks fear it so. They are aware of the proverb: He who comes to equity must come with clean hands. REX 09:57, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

I don't think we need mediation. The article is fine as it is.--Theathenae 10:55, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

No it isn't. It's POV that's why it shall be changed. Mediation shall be requested. I know you are afraid because you are in the wrong and I (and Britannica) are right. REX 11:05, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * But of course, young Rexhep. You are always right. Και μετά ξύπνησες.--Theathenae 11:07, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Thou canst sneer Δεαθήναι, but facts are facts. Britannica is NPOV whereas you are POV. REX 11:09, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It's Θεαθήναι, matey. Get it right for a change and stop making a fool of yourself with your inability to distinguish between the voiced dental fricative and its voiceless counterpart. It shouldn't be that difficult for you, being Albanian and all.--Theathenae 11:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

It seems that Theathenae is trying to evade the issues by changing the subject. The tactics are well known. Given that there is no reason whatsoever not to request Mediation it shall be requested in due course. Next! REX 11:17, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Let's get back to the subject then, shall we? I must say I am astounded at how easily you change your mind. As recently as the 8th of September you "happened... to believe that these people should be called Macedonian Slavs rather than just Macedonians because the latter is very misleading, unlike the former." Are you always this fickle? And, more importantly, does your new friend User:FlavrSavr know about your formerly held non-kosher views?--Theathenae 11:27, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Mais oui! That is not relevant. As the Rebbinical leaders of the Temple is Jerusalem used to say although he has sinned, he is still a Jew. REX 11:38, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Macedonian Slavs/More comments


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Category:Popular culture language

Popular sayings, expressions or figures of speech that have created a popular culture impact. This could be in the form of an idiom, cliche, catchphrase, or slang expression.

title: Category:Popular culture language


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Talk:Roxburghshire (UK Parliament constituency)

Renamings
All the renamings were just that? No boundary changes? Laurel Bush 11:44, 30 September 2005 (UTC).


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Princess Hilda of Nassau

Princess Hilda Charlotte Wilhelmine of Nassau (5 November 1864 – 8 February 1952) was Grand Duchess of Baden from 28 September 1907 to 22 November 1918 as the consort of Grand Duke Frederick II. Hilda and Frederick were the last grand ducal couple of Baden before the German Revolution of 1918.

Early life
She was the daughter of Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, who was Duke of Nassau until he was deposed in 1866 and his second wife Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau.

Biography
Hilda married Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden on 20 September 1885 at Schloss Hohenburg. The marriage did not produce surviving children. The couple became Grand Duke and Grand Duchess in 1907. Hilda was described as intelligent and interested in art, and was often present at art-exhibitions and museums. Several schools and streets, such as the schools Hilda-Gymnasium in Pforzheim, Hilda-Gymnasium in Koblenz, and the streets north- and south Hilda Promenade in Karlsruhe are named after her.

Frederick and Hilda were deposed as Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Baden, in 1918 when all German monarchies were overthrown. At the time of the revolution, her sister-in-law, Queen Victoria of Sweden, was visiting the family. After the abdication of the German emperor, riots spread in Karlsruhe on 11 November. The son of a courtier led a group of soldiers up to the front of the palace, followed by a great crowd of people, where a few shots were fired. Hilda, as well as the rest of the family, left the palace the back way and left for the Zwingenberg palace in the Neckar valley. By permission of the new government, they were allowed to stay at the Langenstein Palace, which belonged to a Swedish count, Douglas. The government gave the order that the former grand ducal family was to be protected, and that Langenstein be excepted from housing the returning soldiers, because the Queen of Sweden was in their company, and Baden should not do anything to offend Sweden. In 1919, the family requested permission from the government to reside in Mainau, and was told that they were now private citizens and could do as they wished. Hilda is described as a jolly and cheerful character with the ability to ease things up with her good sense of humor, an ability she used during the revolution and the years after, taking care of her husband whose health was weak.

As Frederick and Hilda were without own direct heirs, they bequeathed their castle of Mainau to the only grandson of Frederick's sister, Count Lennart Bernadotte, who was also a great-grandson of Hilda's aunt.

Honours

 * Kingdom of Prussia:
 * Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division
 * Red Cross Medal, 1st Class
 * Kingdom of Bavaria: Dame of Honour of the Order of Theresa
 * Baden:
 * Friedrich-Luise Medal
 * Jubilee Medal for 1902
 * Commemorative Medal for the Golden Jubilee of Grand Duke Friedrich I and Grand Duchess Luise

title: Princess Hilda of Nassau


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User:Surprised/analytic philosophy

Analytic philosophy is the dominant philosophical movement of English-speaking countries, although one of its founders, Gottlob Frege, was German, and another, Ludwig Wittgenstein, was Austrian.

Logic and philosophy of language were central strands of analytic philosophy from the beginning, although this dominance has diminished greatly. Several lines of thought originate from the early, language-and-logic part of this analytic philosophy tradition. These include: logical positivism, logical empiricism, logical atomism, logicism and ordinary language philosophy. Subsequent analytic philosophy includes extensive work in ethics (such as Philippa Foot, R. M. Hare, and J. L. Mackie), political philosophy (John Rawls, Robert Nozick), aesthetics (Arthur Danto), philosophy of religion (Alvin Plantinga, Richard Swinburne), philosophy of language (John Searle, Saul Kripke), and philosophy of mind (Daniel Dennett, Paul Churchland). Analytic metaphysics has also recently come into its own (David Lewis, Peter van Inwagen).

The term analytic philosophy
The term analytic philosophy is slightly ambiguous and generally has three meanings: doctrine, method, and tradition.

 * 1) The doctrines most often called "analytic philosophy" are logical positivism and logical atomism; more loosely, the term can refer to ordinary language philosophy, common sense philosophy, or some amalgam of the above. This usage made some sense until the 1950s, when most prominent "analytic" philosophers were commonly engaged in a few related research programmes and committed to similar basic theses; but it is increasingly misleading, as very few contemporary analytic philosophers adhere to any of these schools, let alone all of them.
 * 2) The method of Analytic philosophy is a generalized approach to philosophy. Originally associated with the projects of logical analysis, it nowadays emphasizes a clear, precise approach with particular weight being placed upon argumentation and evidence, avoidance of ambiguity, and attention to detail. This has made many philosophical subjects more suited to specialization and precision work, and also made many writings more technical than they were in the past.  Arguably it has also resulted in philosophy having less of the sweeping "meaning of life" scope that is popularly associated with the term, and the critics of analytic philosophy sometimes level this point against it.  On the other hand, it has arguably added focus and rigor, allowing for debate and a reduction in philosophers talking past each other.
 * 3) The tradition of Analytic philosophy began with Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, and Ludwig Wittgenstein at the turn of the twentieth-century and includes all those who work in their vein and on the various projects that have emerged out of the work of other analytic philosophers since. It is characterized, normally, by its effort to clarify philosophical issues by analysis and logical rigor--i.e., by method (2), above.

Relation to continental philosophy
The term "analytic philosophy" in part denotes the fact that most of this philosophy traces its roots to the movement of "logical analysis" at the beginning of the century; in part the term serves to distinguish "analytic" from other kinds of philosophy, especially "continental philosophy". The latter denotes mainly philosophy that has taken place on continental Europe after (but not including) Kant.

One term (analytic) conventionally indicates a method of philosophy, while the other indicates, rather, a geographical origin. The distinction is for this reason quite misleading. Analytic philosophy's founding fathers, Frege, Wittgenstein, Carnap, the Logical Positivists (the Vienna Circle), the Logical Empiricists (in Berlin), and the Polish logicians were all products of the continent of Europe. Much philosophy in Germany and Italy today, most of that in Scandinavia, and a great deal scattered over the rest of the continent and in so called Latin America, is likewise analytic. Conversely, continental philosophy is pursued today perhaps by more people in English-speaking countries than anywhere else, if primarily in comparative literature or cultural studies departments.

Many now claim that the distinction is worthless: that none of the subject matter of continental philosophy is incapable of being studied using the now-traditional tools of analytic philosophy. If this is true, the phrase "analytic philosophy" might be redundant, or maybe normative, as in "rigorous philosophy". The phrase "continental philosophy", like "Greek philosophy", would denote a certain historical period or series of schools in philosophy: German idealism, Marxism, psychoanalysis qua philosophy, existentialism, phenomenology, and post-structuralism.

The split between the two began early in the twentieth century. The logical positivists of the 1920s promoted a systematic rejection of metaphysics, and a generalised hostility to certain metaphysical concepts that they considered meaningless or ill-conceived: for example, God, the immaterial soul or universals such as "redness". This was at the same time that Heidegger was dominating philosophy in Germany, and becoming influential in France, and his work became the object of frequent derision in English-speaking philosophy departments.

Analytic philosophy, in the end, failed by its own systematic lights to demonstrate the meaninglessness or fictitiousness of the concepts it attacked. At least, few analytic philosophers today would agree that they have anything like an exact and proven theory of which terms are meaningful and which meaningless. Contemporary analytic philosophy journals are — for good or ill — as rich in metaphysics as any continental philosopher.

Formalism and natural languages
The aim of the analytic approach is to clarify philosophical problems by examining and clarifying the language used to express them. This has led to a number of successes: modern logic, recognizing the primary importance of sense and reference in the construction of meaning, Kurt Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem, Bertrand Russell's theory of definite descriptions, Karl Popper's theory of falsificationism, Alfred Tarski's Semantic Theory of Truth.

Two major threads weave through the analytic tradition. One seeks to understand language by making use of formal logic. That is, in one way or another it seeks to formalise the way in which philosophical statements are made.

The other thread seeks to understand philosophical ideas by a close and careful examination of the natural language used to express them – usually with some emphasis on the importance of common sense in dealing with difficult concepts.

These two threads intertwine, sometimes implacably opposed to each other, sometimes virtually identical. Famously, Wittgenstein started out in the formalism camp, but ended up in the natural language camp.

Logical atomism
Analytic philosophy has its origins in Gottlob Frege’s development of first-order predicate logic. This permitted a much wider range of sentences to be parsed into logical form. Bertrand Russell adopted it as his primary philosophical tool; a tool he thought could expose the underlying structure of philosophical problems. For example, the English word “is” can be parsed in three distinct ways: Russell sought to resolve various philosophical issues by applying such clear and clean distinctions, most famously in the case of the Present King of France.
 * in 'the cat is asleep: the is of predication says that 'x is P': P(x)
 * in 'there is a cat”: the is of existence says that there is an x: ∃(x)
 * in 'three is half of six': the is of equivalence says that x is the same as y: x=y

The Tractatus
As a young Austrian soldier, Ludwig Wittgenstein expanded and developed Russell's logical atomism into a comprehensive system, in a remarkable brief book, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. The world is the existence of certain states of affairs; these states of affairs can be expressed in the language of first-order predicate logic. So a picture of the world can be built up by expressing atomic facts in atomic propositions, and linking them using logical operators.

The Tractatus is a dense and thought-provoking work; but perhaps its most interesting utterance from the point of view of the method of analytic philosophy is:

 * 5.6 The limits of my language mean the limits of my world.

This shows clearly the reason for the close relationship between philosophy of language and analytic philosophy. Language is the principal—or perhaps the only—tool of the philosopher. For Wittgenstein, and for analytic philosophy in general, philosophy consists in clarifying how language can be used. The hope is that when language is used clearly, philosophical problems are found to dissolve.

Wittgenstein thought he had set out the 'final solution' to all philosophical problems, and so went off to become a school teacher. However, he later revisited the inadequacy of logical atomism, and further expanded the philosophy of language by his posthumous book Philosophical Investigations.

Natural language semantics
Davidson. Oxford in 1970s. Strawson, Dummett, McDowell, Evans.

Reaction against idealism
G. E. Moore, Common Sense philosophy. Rejection of British Post-Hegel Idealism.

Language as use
Oxford School. Austin, Ryle, Searle. Teachings of later Wittgenstein. Ordinary language philosophy.

Logical positivism and logical empiricism
Vienna Circle, Carnap, Verificationism. Analytic-synthetic distinction. Rejection of Metaphysics, Ethics, Aesthetics. "Emotivism." Immigration of logicians and scientists from Europe in the 1930s. Philosophy of science. Quine. Behaviourism. See the separate article on Logical Positivism for further information.

Philosophy of mind, cognitive science
Turing, Paul and Patricia Churchland, Dennett. See philosophy of mind or cognitive science for further information.

Ethics in analytic philosophy
As a side-effect of the focus on logic and language in the early years of analytic philosophy, the tradition initially had little to say on the subject of ethics. The attitude was widespread among early analytics that these subjects were unsystematic, and merely expressed personal attitudes about which philosophy could have little or nothing to say. Wittgenstein, in the Tractatus, remarks that values cannot be a part of the world, and if they are anything at all they must be beyond or outside the world somehow, and that hence language, which describes the world, can say nothing about them. One interpretation of these remarks found expression in the doctrine of the logical positivists that statements about value--including all ethical and aesthetic judgments--are, like metaphysical claims, literally meaningless and therefore non-cognitive; that is, not able to be either true or false. Social and political philosophy, aesthetics, and various more specialied subjects like philosophy of history thus moved to the fringes of English-language philosophy for some time.

By the 1950s debates had begun to arise over whether--and if so, how--ethical statements really were non-cognitive. Stevenson argued for expressivism, R. M. Hare advocated a view called universal prescriptivism. Phillipa Foot contributed several essays attacking all these positions, and the collapse of logical positivism as a cohesive research programme led to a renewed interest in ethics.

Political philosophy
Analytic philosophy, perhaps because its origin lay in dismissing the relevance of Hegel and Hegelian philosophers (such as Marx), had little to say about political ideas for most of its history. This was changed radically, and almost single-handedly, by John Rawls in a series of papers from the 1950s onward (most notably "Two Concepts of Rules" and "Justice as Fairness") which culminated in his monograph A Theory of Justice in 1971, adducing philosophical grounds for defending a liberal welfare state. This was followed in short order by Rawl's colleague Robert Nozick's book Anarchy, State, and Utopia, a defence of free-market libertarianism.

Another interesting development in the area of political philosophy has been the emergence of a school known as Analytical Marxism. Members of this school seek to apply the techniques of analytic philosophy, along with tools of modern social science such as rational choice theory to the elucidation of the theories of Karl Marx and his successors. The best known member of this school, is Oxford University philosopher G.A. Cohen, whose 1978 work, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence is generally taken as representing the genesis of this school. In that book, Cohen attempted to apply the tools of logical and linguistic analysis to the elucidation and defense of Marx's materialist conception of history. Other prominent Analytical Marxists include the economist, John Roemer, the social scientist, Jon Elster, and sociologist, Erik Olin Wright. All these people have attempted to build upon Cohen's work by bringing to bear modern social science methods, like rational choice theory, to supplement Cohen's use of analytic philosophical techniques, in the interpretation of Marxian theory.

Communitarianism and Liberalism
The Communitarian critique of Liberalism uses analytic techniques to isolate the key assumptions of Liberal individualists, such as Rawls, and then challenges these assumptions. In particular, Communitarians challenge the Liberal assumption that the individual can be viewed as fully autonomous from the community in which he lives and is brought up. Instead, they push for a conception of the individual that emphasises the role that the community plays in shaping his or her values, thought processes and opinions.

title: User:Surprised/analytic philosophy


text:
Camille Gladu

Camille Gladu (October 20, 1872 – November 5, 1921) was the first mayor of Eastview, Ontario, later known as Vanier.

Gladu was born in Clarence Creek, Ontario in 1872. In 1880, his family came to Janeville. He became a butcher by trade. In 1909, Janeville became part of the village of Eastview and, in 1911, Gladu was elected prefect. When Eastview became a town two years later, he continued as mayor until 1916 when he lost the position to John Herbert White. He then took the office of Chief of Police. In 1920, Gladu ran for mayor against White and lost, but protested the election due to voting irregularities. He was declared mayor.

He died in 1921 of complications related to diabetes while still in office.

title: Camille Gladu


text: File:Justiceandtruth.jpg

title: File:Justiceandtruth.jpg


text:
User:Serhio

"The best way to make your dreams come true is to wake up."Paul Valery welcome

to serhio wikipage

fr:Utilisateur:Serhio ro:Utilizator:Serhio ru:User:Serhio

title: User:Serhio


text:
Center (band)

Center (or Tsentr, Russian: Центр) is a Russian-speaking band, which can be described as eclectic and experimental. The styles of their music are very different, starting with new wave and Russian rock in the early years, crossing over to electronica.

Center was founded by Vasily Shumov in Moscow, Russia in the late 1970s. The first band name was "777". In the early 1980s Center became popular in the Soviet music underground. The band released over 25 albums, created music for films and TV, appeared on TV shows, and performed in Europe and America. Center is documented in numerous publications and books.

In the 1990s, the band leader Shumov moved from Moscow, Russia to Los Angeles, United States where he continued his music and art work.

An album "Plastikozamenitel'" ("Plastic substitute") from 2000 is the first release of Center that features the new concept of so-called Centroborators. Centroborators are the artists from various locations, who contribute to the albums of Center, transferring their digital recordings to Vasily Shumov's studio using internet. Several albums after "Plastikozamenitel" were created using the Centroborators concept.

title: Center (band)


text: Category:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

title: Category:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Opm3

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 08:43, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Opm3
Advertisement, partial copyvio too. I already edited part of it, but after re-reading it I don't think it's encyclopedic. JoanneB 11:50, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * September 30th was an exceptionally busy AfD day. So this debate among several got almost no attention. Relisting in hope of some tender, loving debate this time around. -Splash talk 00:00, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak keep. Corporate jibberish tends to make my head hurt, but a quick Google search seems to indicate that this has widespread acknowledgment/use. Needs a complete rewrite, however. And I'm willing to be convinced otherwise. Justin Bacon 00:11, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete jibberish is an appropriate term. --Rogerd 01:49, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per justin bacon Anetode 02:48, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - goes around in circles without actually saying anything encyclopedic. Brisvegas 04:15, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Reads like an ad. Qaz  ( talk ) 07:55, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: although project management is important in business, and there are alot of websites about opm3, I'm not sure how widespread it really is and if enough to make it encyclopedic - hundreds of customers is probably not sufficient (I think). After all, WIkipedia is not a directory (WP:NOT). Karol 08:50, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Per WP:NOT. Ban  e  s  09:25, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, marketing talk. Nothing worth keeping. If the company is indeed worthy of an article, I don't oppose an encyclopedic rewrite. - Mgm|(talk) 20:25, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Opm3


text:
Starswarm

''This is about the novel by Jerry Pournelle. For the story collection of the same title, see Brian Aldiss.''

Starswarm is a 1998 science fiction novel by Jerry Pournelle. The plot revolves around a teenage boy, Kip, who has grown up on a remote planet used primarily as a research station for its bizarre native life. The boy has been raised by both his "Uncle" Mike and an experimental computer program Gwen, written by his dead mother, (which talks to him through a chip implanted in his brain after birth) that slowly reveals more and more of his important destiny concerning control of the company which owns and controls the planet. Gwen helps him understand the significance of the Starswarms, massive super-intelligent plant-like creatures dwelling in the bottom of the planet's countless shallow lakes and oceans. An obvious theme of the book is expressing the thoughts of computer-like entities, such as Gwen (the computer program) and the native alien neural nets.

title: Starswarm


text: Category:Ain

title: Category:Ain


text: Category:Arrondissements of Ain

title: Category:Arrondissements of Ain