text:
Southern Upland Way

The Southern Upland Way is a 344 km coast-to-coast long-distance footpath in southern Scotland. The route links Portpatrick in the west and Cockburnspath in the east via the hills of the Southern Uplands. The Way is designated as one of Scotland's Great Trails by NatureScot and is the longest of the 29 Great Trails. The Southern Upland Way meets with seven of the other Great Trails: the Annandale Way, the Berwickshire Coastal Path, the Borders Abbeys Way, the Cross Borders Drove Road, the Mull of Galloway Trail, the Romans and Reivers Route and St Cuthbert's Way.

The path is maintained by the local authorities of the two main council areas through which it passes: Dumfries and Galloway Council and Scottish Borders Council; a short section in the Lowther Hills lies in South Lanarkshire. It is primarily intended for walkers, but many parts are suitable for mountain bikers; some sections are also suitable for horse riders. About 80,000 people use the path every year, of whom about 1,000 complete the entire route and a completion certificate can be applied for through the Southern Upland Way official website. It is considered the most difficult of Scotland's Great Trails but also one of the most rewarding to complete passing through some of the UK's most remote land. A popular and less challenging option is to walk it in two stages: typically Portpatrick to Moffat, then Moffat to Cockburnspath at a later date.

History
It was one of the original four formally designated long-distance routes in Scotland, and when it opened in 1984, it was the UK's first officially recognised coast-to-coast long-distance route. Since opening, there have been improvements to the path with improved signage, drainage work, landscaping and path construction. When the route was planned, it was only designed for walkers, but in recent years many stiles have been replaced by gates for horseriders and cyclists. In 2010, "The New Hoard" treasure hunt was created, which features land art and sculpted containers, or kists, which contain coins, known as 13ths, which walkers can collect. In 2014 the way was named one of "the top ten best ever British hikes" by Rough Guides.

The current fastest time to complete the route is 55 hours and 42 minutes by Jack Scott, set in October 2020. The women's record is 62 hours and 20 minutes, achieved by Jo Zakrzewski in August 2021. In 2022 Woody Felton became the first person to complete the out and back from Portpatrick to Cockburnspath and back to Portpatrick, completing the 428 miles in a week.

The route
The path visits Castle Kennedy, New Luce, Bargrennan, St John's Town of Dalry, Sanquhar, Wanlockhead, Beattock, St Mary's Loch, Traquair, Galashiels, Lauder, Abbey St Bathans, and Longformacus en route. The Sir Walter Scott Way shares the last five places with the Southern Upland Way. The Annandale Way running through Annandale from the source of the River Annan to the sea joins the Southern Upland Way briefly at Beattock. Between Stranraer and Melrose, the Southern Upland Way forms part of the E2 European long distance path, which runs for 4850 km from Galway to Nice.

Publications

 * Writing the Way – A collection of Journeys along the Southern Upland Way, published to commemorate the 21st anniversary of the route in 2005, available from the Southern Uplands Partnership http://www.sup.org.uk or from http://www.suw21.com
 * Writing the Way – A collection of Journeys along the Southern Upland Way, published to commemorate the 21st anniversary of the route in 2005, available from the Southern Uplands Partnership http://www.sup.org.uk or from http://www.suw21.com

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Southern Upland Way


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xanga Incident

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete --Angr/undefined 00:33, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Xanga Incident
Does nto appear notable The Land 11:01, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Something that happened on a blogging site. The Land 11:01, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete non-notable --NeilN 11:24, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete - no meaningful content (sounds incoherent to me) JoJan 15:27, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete if that isn't nonsense, I dunno what is. Excerpt: "GGYY would then go on to mentally assualt TAS bloggers with quick wit and dirty secrets." Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  17:34, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic.--Alhutch 20:02, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Encyclopaedia Dramatica . Wait. Hell. Never mind. Delete. Now. --Wwwwolf 22:04, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. That is the worst brand of WTF nonsense I have ever seen. --Jacquelyn Marie 22:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Tagged for speedy deletion. Tito xd 23:58, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, .  >:  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 00:02, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ahn Trio

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. -Splash talk 22:42, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Ahn Trio
non-notable. 202.156.6.60 11:06, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Well, they are notable with 78,700 hits in Google. But the article is poorly written. it needs to be expanded. JoJan 15:25, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per media coverage http://www.ahntrio.com/reviews.html Kappa 23:09, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not establish notability. Gamaliel 03:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Rowan and the Zebak

Rowan and the Zebak is a 1999 children's fantasy novel by Australian author Emily Rodda. It is the fourth book in the Rowan of Rin series.

Plot summary
Rowan's younger sister, Annad, is snatched from Rin by a flying monster. Rowan must travel to the land of the Zebak – Rin's greatest enemies – in order to rescue her. As she has several times before, the witch Sheba gives a prophecy to guide them on their quest:
 * Five strange fingers form fate's hand,
 * Each plays a part at fate's command,
 * The fiery blaze the answer keeps,
 * And till its time each secret sleeps,
 * When pain is truth and truth is pain,
 * The painted shadows live again,
 * Five leave but five do not return,
 * Vain hope in pride and terror burn

The five fingers become Rowan, his Zebak born traveller friend Zeel, Allun the baker, A Maris friend, Perlain, and Sheba through correspondence.

During the journey to Zebak City, Rowan and his companions have their own strengths that allow the four to safely reach the city. Rowan is given a gift by Sheba, that she tell him that he can only open then he's on Zebak land. Sheba turns the fire into green flames, burns Rowan's hand, and summons pain in his arm, only to have something to laugh at. Later, this gift should become handy, as it contained a special metal medallion owned by the people of Rin's ancestors, a bunch of dry branches, that by burning them, would summon the green flames again, show Sheba's face, and tell a new prophecy. And a little bit of grass from Rin, gathered by Sheba, for a grach.

There they discover a thrilling truth, that once long ago their people had been varied, in nature and strength, strong and weak, shy and outgoing. This had been when they were in captivity by the Zebak, but when three hundred years ago, the Zebak captors separated the prisoners, taking the strong people are their warrior slaves, brainwashing them into forgetting family left behind.

The story of what happened to the warriors was known, turning on their Zebak masters the helped the Travelers and the Maris repel them, and eventually settled into what is now Rin, but what happened to those left behind was not. The people left, gentle and timid, with the loss of their people began to decline, so when Rowan and his companions hear this tale there are only three survivors, a grandfather and his grandchildren, Shaaran, gentle like Rowan, and Norris- a throwback to his warrior lineage.

Five leave Rin, but five do not return, because along with bringing Annad home, Rowan and the others also bring the grandchildren to rejoin their people after many centuries apart.

Characters

 * Rowan of Rin/of the Bukshah: The "Thumb" on the hand of fate. Rowan plays his part by helping Unos a working grach fly to Rin.

 * Sheba the Wise Woman: The "Pointer" on the hand of fate. Sheba leads the quest but through correspondence. She plays her part by giving the rhymes.
 * Zeel of the Travelers: The "Middle" on the hand of fate. Zeel played her part by disguising herself as a Zebak Guard and taking the group to where the slaves are. Zeel is one of three Forerunners of the Travelers, and own a white kite of silk. She was born Zebak, but then she was two-years-old she was smuggled into the ocean by her parents, to help her escape the dangerous and terrible Zebak City.
 * Allun the Baker: The "Ring finger" on the hand of fate. Allun played his part by keeping the groups minds of the Zebak and on Allun's jokes.
 * Perlain of the Pandellis (Maris): The "Pinky" on the hand of fate. Perlain Plays his part at sea by helping the group get to shore.
 * Annad of Rin: Snatched by a fighting grach. The group rescued her in the end.
 * Shaaran the Slave: Shaaran is a timid slave to the Zebak. The group rescue her in the end.
 * Norris the Slav:. Norris is a strong slave to the Zebak. The group rescue him in the end.
 * Theiry the Slave: Theiry is an old man who is a timid slave to the Zebak. Theiry made an oath never to escape on his grach. Theiry dies because of a Zebak guard called Zanel. When Theiry died the group and slaves could ride back to Rin on his grach.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews called Rowan and the Zebak "solid" and highlighted how "the tale flows smoothly with threatening episodes paced to keep the plot moving". However, they found the novel to be "lacking depth in terms of exploring grand ideas".

Booklist provided a starred review.

title: Rowan and the Zebak


text:
User talk:193.62.43.138

January 2012
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October 2012
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title: User talk:193.62.43.138


text:
1560s in architecture

Buildings

 * 1560
 * Palladian villas of the Veneto: Villa Foscari is completed and Villa Barbaro is probably begun.
 * Wat Xieng Thong Buddhist temple at Luang Prabang in the kingdom of Lan Xang (modern-day Laos) is completed.
 * Construction of the Uffizi in Florence, designed by Giorgio Vasari, begins.
 * Construction of Mexico City Cathedral begins.
 * Reconstruction of Poznań Town Hall in Poland by Giovanni Battista di Quadro is completed.
 * 1561
 * Saint Basil's Cathedral, Moscow, designed by Postnik Yakovlev, is completed.
 * The Tian Yi Ge library in Ningbo (Ming dynasty China) is established.
 * 1562–64
 * Façade of the church of San Francesco della Vigna in Venice, designed by Andrea Palladio, is built.
 * Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri in Rome, designed by Michelangelo, is adapted from the Baths of Diocletian.
 * 1562–67 – Church of San Pedro and San Pablo, Zacatlán, Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico, is built.
 * 1562 – Dome of Basilica of Our Lady of Humility, Pistoia, Tuscany, designed by Giorgio Vasari, is built.
 * 1563
 * Villa Badoer, one of the Palladian villas of the Veneto designed by Andrea Palladio in 1556, is completed.
 * Construction of El Escorial palace in Spain, designed by Juan de Herrera, begins (completed 1584).
 * Construction of Charlton Park House in England by Henry Knyvet for himself begins (completed 1607).
 * 1564
 * Vasari Corridor in Florence, designed by Giorgio Vasari, is built.
 * Somersal Herbert Hall near Ashbourne, Derbyshire, England, is built.
 * 1565–66
 * Church of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice is designed by Palladio and construction begins.
 * Temple of Haw Phra Kaew in Vientiane, Laos, is built.
 * 1565–69 – Church of Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri, Pisa, designed by Giorgio Vasari, is built.
 * 1565–72 – Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, India is built, probably also including the Afsarwala tomb.
 * 1566 – Construction of the city of Valletta on Malta, designed by Francesco Laparelli, begins (March 28).
 * 1566–67 – "Stari Most" bridge crossing the Neretva at Mostar in the Ottoman Empire, built by Mimar Hayruddin, is completed.
 * 1567
 * First Royal Exchange, London, completed as the Bourse.
 * Construction of Villa Capra "La Rotonda" in Vicenza, designed by Andrea Palladio, begins.
 * 1568
 * The Palace of Charles V in Madrid, Spain, is completed.
 * Construction begins of:
 * Church of the Gesù in Rome, designed by Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (June 26).
 * Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, Turkey, designed by Mimar Sinan (completed 1574).
 * Longleat House in England, designed by Robert Smythson.

Events

 * 1562: Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola – Publication of Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura (Rules of the Five Orders of Architecture).
 * 1563: John Shute – Publication of The First and Chief Groundes of Architecture, the first work in English on architecture.
 * 1568: Giorgio Vasari – Second, enlarged, edition published of Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori (Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects).

Births

 * 1560 – Lieven de Key, Dutch architect (died 1627)

Deaths

 * 1563
 * John Shute, English architect, architectural writer and miniature painter
 * Diego Siloe, Spanish Renaissance architect and sculptor (born 1490)
 * 1564: February 18 – Michelangelo (born 1475)

title: 1560s in architecture


text:
Edward Berwick

Edward Berwick (1804-1877) was an Irish lawyer and educationalist, and served as President of Queen's College Galway from 1849 until 1877.

Life
Berwick was the younger son of the Rev. Edward Berwick (1750-1820), a Church of Ireland clergyman who was rector of the parish of Esker, County Dublin, and later vicar of Leixlip, County Kildare. His mother was Edward's second wife Rebecca Shuldham, daughter of Pooley Shuldham of Ballymulvey, County Longford. Given personal tuition by Dionysius Lardner, he lived with Lardner at Bray and later in Gardiner St. and gave evidence in the divorce case of Heaviside v. Lardner, where Lardner was co-respondent with Mary Spice Heaviside in the action brought by her husband Captain Richard Heaviside.

Educated at Trinity College Dublin, he graduated in law and was called to the Irish Bar in 1832. On the foundation of Queen's College Galway in 1845, Berwick was appointed to the office of Vice-President. The president, Joseph W. Kirwan, died in office in December 1849, and Berwick was appointed to succeed him in 1850. He was mainly an administrator and published very little. He did, however, play a considerable role in structuring the Bachelor of Arts degree, and in establishing history and English literature in the curriculum.

Berwick died in office in 1877.

Family
He was the younger half-brother of Walter Berwick, the Irish Bankruptcy judge, who was killed in the Abergele rail disaster of 1868, along with their sister Elizabeth Mary and a young girl called Louisa Symes, probably a relative, who was travelling with them. Edward is mentioned in a letter from Walter to Lardner in 1828. Edward gave evidence at the accident inquest (see The Times, Thursday, 27 August 1868; pg. 7; Issue 26214; col D The Accident To The Irish Mail Train.)

title: Edward Berwick


text:
Alejandro Portes

Alejandro Portes (born October 13, 1944) is a Cuban-American sociologist. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and of the Board of Trustees and the Scientific Council at the IMDEA Social Sciences Institute. He also served as the president of the American Sociological Association in 1999. His academic studies have focused on immigration to the United States and factors affecting the fates of immigrants and their children. He has also done work on shack settlements in Latin America. His work is highly cited in the sub-fields of economic sociology, cultural sociology and race and ethnicity.

Career
Portes attended the University of Havana (1959–1960), Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires (1963) and received his BA from Creighton University in 1965. He received his MA in 1967 and PhD in 1970 in sociology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Portes has held the John Dewey Chair in Arts and Science at Johns Hopkins University and the Emilio Bacardi distinguished professorship at the University of Miami. He has also previously taught at the University of Texas at Austin and Duke University. In 1993 his book ‘City on the Edge’ won awards for best book in urban and community sociology and in urban anthropology. In 2002, he received the Distinguished Scholarly Publication Award from the American Sociological Association for Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. In 2008, Portes was awarded the NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing from the National Academy of Sciences. He holds honorary degrees from The New School for Social Research, the University of Genoa and the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

title: Alejandro Portes


text:
Keeping Mum

Keeping Mum is a 2005 British black comedy film co written and directed by Niall Johnson and starring Rowan Atkinson, Kristin Scott Thomas, Maggie Smith and Patrick Swayze. It was produced by Isle of Man Film, Azure Films and Tusk Productions, and was released in the United Kingdom on 2 December 2005, by Summit Entertainment.

Plot
When a young pregnant woman named Rosie Jones (Emilia Fox) boards a train, her enormous trunk starts leaking blood in the luggage compartment.

Questioned by the police about the dead bodies inside, Rosie calmly reveals they are her unfaithful husband and his mistress. Convicted of manslaughter, she is imprisoned in a unit for the criminally insane due to diminished responsibility.

Forty-three years later, Walter Goodfellow (Rowan Atkinson), the village vicar of Little Wallop, is very busy writing the perfect sermon for a convention. He's completely oblivious to his family's problems: his wife, Gloria (Kristin Scott Thomas), has unfulfilled emotional/sexual needs and starts an affair with her golf instructor, Lance (Patrick Swayze); his daughter, Holly (Tamsin Egerton), has a growing sex drive and physical maturity and constantly changes boyfriends without any reason; and his son, Petey (Toby Parkes), has been a victim of bullying at school for quite some time.

New housekeeper, Grace Hawkins (Maggie Smith), becomes involved in their lives, learning about their problems: neighbour Mr. Brown's Jack Russell terrier Clarence barks non-stop, preventing Gloria from sleeping; Petey has bullies; and Gloria has an affair with Lance.

Grace sets out to solve the problems in her own way by killing Clarence as well as Mr. Brown, sabotaging the brakes on the bullies' bicycles which injures one of them and killing Lance with a flat iron outside the house for videotaping Holly undressing one night.

As Walter prepares the sermon for the conference, Grace suggests adding humour. Also, seeing he has let his relationship slide due to his devotion to God, she shows him he can love his wife and God by looking at the erotic references in the Song of Solomon. As the problems in the household seem to gradually clear, Walter leaves for his convention.

Gloria and Holly see Grace's photo on the news, showing her release and previous offences, and they begin to realise what she's done. It is revealed that 'Grace' is Gloria's long-lost mother Rosie Jones, who's come to meet her. After briefly processing the flood of information, Gloria asserts that when having a problem with someone, one cannot just kill them.

Grace mentions this is the point she and her doctors could never agree on. Despite their disagreements, Gloria tries to help Grace with Lance's body, but cannot handle it. Over a cup of tea, the three women decide not to tell Walter or Petey any of what has happened.

Nagging congregant Mrs. Parker (Liz Smith) visits to discuss the problem of the "church's flower arranging committee". Grace, erroneously believing Mrs. Parker is about to turn them in for her crimes, attempts to hit her with a frying pan but Gloria stops her. Mrs. Parker, shocked, has a heart attack and dies. Walter returns from the convention just then and sees Mrs. Parker's body, but not realizing she is dead. Soon after, Grace leaves the family when order is seemingly restored among them.

Walter then talks to Bob and Ted, the waterworks employees, who say there is too much algae and the vicar's pond needs to be drained. Remembering Grace's victims' bodies are in the pond, Gloria, with a strained smile, offers them some tea.

The film ends with an underwater shot depicting the bodies that had been placed in the pond, including the recently added Bob and Ted.

Cast

 * Rowan Atkinson as Reverend Walter Goodfellow
 * Kristin Scott Thomas as Gloria Goodfellow
 * Maggie Smith as Rosie Jones/Grace Hawkins
 * Emilia Fox as Young Rosie Jones
 * Patrick Swayze as Lance
 * Tamsin Egerton as Holly Goodfellow
 * Toby Parkes as Petey Goodfellow
 * Liz Smith as Mrs. Parker
 * James Booth as Mr. Brown
 * Patrick Monckton as Bob
 * Rowley Irlam as Ted
 * Vivienne Moore as Mrs. Martin
 * Murray McArthur as the Vicar's Convention Master of Ceremonies
 * Roger Hammond as The Judge

Production
Principal photography began in February 2005. The main filming location was in the village of St Michael Penkevil in Cornwall. Locations on the Isle of Man were used for all filming outside the village. The outer shots of the train is on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, the scene with the car going over a small bridge with the train going over another is just outside Goathland (Aidensfield in Heartbeat).

Reception
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 56% of critics gave the film positive write-ups based on 87 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The stellar cast, including Kristin Scott Thomas and Dame Maggie Smith, is certainly an asset, but this black comedy is too uneven." On Metacritic, the film received an average score of 53 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

When the film was originally released in the United Kingdom, it opened at #4, behind Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Flightplan and The Exorcism of Emily Rose. It retained the same spot the following weekend.

title: Keeping Mum


text:
Ranelagh Harriers

Ranelagh Harriers is a road running and cross-country club based in Petersham, Richmond, south-west London, England. The headquarters are its clubhouse, which is behind The Dysart restaurant and right next to Richmond Park, allowing plenty of opportunity for off-road running. Ranelagh athletes compete in many events from the 5k to ultramarathons on a variety of terrains, and in the Surrey Road League and the Surrey Cross Country League.

The early days
Ranelagh Harriers was founded in 1881, and so is one of the oldest athletics clubs in the United Kingdom. It was one of the founder members of the English Cross Country Union, in 1883, and is now one of only eleven of those founder members still in existence. The club's first home was at the Green Man on Putney Heath, and the earliest recorded runs were out to the Windmill on Wimbledon Common and back. Re-development forced the club to look for a new home during the mid-1930s, and a suitable site was found in an old pavilion at the back of the Dysart Arms, right on the edge of Richmond Park. New courses were quickly devised in the park and the club settled in, only for activities to be interrupted by the Second World War, when the park was closed for the duration of the war.

Post-war
The end of hostilities brought a period of struggle for survival for Ranelagh. By the mid-1950s things were on the upturn, and the club started to look at improving its accommodation at the Dysart. In 1967, a new pre-fabricated dressing room was erected, though the old ramshackle bath-house was still in use. After further years of fund-raising, the new purpose-built clubhouse was finally opened in 1988 and the process was completed in 1995 with the purchase of the land on which the clubhouse stands – giving Ranelagh security of tenure in perpetuity.

Ranelagh has a sister organisation, the Montgomery County Road Runners Club (MCRRC), in Montgomery County, Maryland (near Washington, D.C.); its members have full reciprocal membership privileges when visiting the MCRRC.

Competitions
Ranelagh Harriers hosts two events as part of the Surrey Road League, the Ranelagh Richmond 10k and the Richmond Half Marathon.

Members of Ranelagh Harriers currently help to organise two runs in the 5k Parkrun family, held every Saturday morning at 9:00am; the one-lap event in Richmond Park, and a three-lap run at Old Deer Park.

Notable members
Notable members include:
 * Chris Brasher (1928–2003), track and field athlete, sports journalist and co-founder of the London Marathon
 * John Disley (1928–2016), athlete and co-founder of the London Marathon
 * Hugh Jones (born 1955), the first Welshman to win the London Marathon
 * Bill Neely (born 1959), journalist
 * Paul Sinton-Hewitt (born 1960), founder of parkrun
 * Ed Whitlock (1931–2017), Canadian long-distance runner

title: Ranelagh Harriers


text:
Progression of the British football transfer fee record

The progression of the British football transfer fee record tracks the increases in the record for the highest transfer fee paid or received by British association football clubs. A transfer fee is the sum of money paid by one club to purchase the contract, and therefore the playing services, of a professional footballer. Fees are not generally formally disclosed by the clubs involved, and discrepancies can occur in figures quoted in the press. Trevor Francis, for example, is regarded as Britain's first £1m player but was officially transferred for £975,000. The generally reported figure of £1,180,000 included Value Added Tax, fees to the Football League and Francis' signing fee. Discrepancies may also occur due to deals which involve additional sums to be paid at a later date after a player has made a certain number of appearances, joint fees for two or more players, or deals in which one player is exchanged for a sum of money plus another player.

The first three-figure transfer fee was the £100 paid by Aston Villa in 1893 for Willie Groves. Eleven years later, Alf Common joined Middlesbrough for the first four-figure fee, a sum which caused a national sensation and outrage amongst the football authorities. The £5,000 mark was first reached in 1922 when Falkirk paid that amount for West Ham United's Syd Puddefoot, and six years later Arsenal paid the first £10,000 fee to acquire David Jack of Bolton Wanderers. After the Second World War, the spending power of clubs in mainland Europe outstripped that of British clubs for the first time, resulting in several substantial jumps in the transfer record. John Charles became the first player from Britain to command a fee of £50,000 when he joined Juventus in 1957, and four years later Denis Law joined Torino in the first £100,000 transaction involving a British club.

The 1970s saw a rapid increase in transfer fees. Martin Peters became the first £200,000 player in 1970, but by 1977 Kevin Keegan's move to West Germany's Hamburger SV had taken the record to £500,000. In January 1979 David Mills became the first player to be purchased for £500,000 by a British club, but just one month later Nottingham Forest paid twice that amount to acquire Birmingham City's Trevor Francis. In 1981 Bryan Robson cost Manchester United £1,500,000, but fees paid by British clubs lagged behind those paid by clubs in Italy, France and Spain to take British players abroad until 1995, when Manchester United paid Newcastle United £7,000,000 for Andy Cole. The fees paid by the Premier League's top clubs began to increase at a rapid rate, with Alan Shearer commanding the first £15,000,000 fee in 1996, and the new millennium heralding the first £30,000,000 transfer, although sources differ as to whether this barrier was broken by Rio Ferdinand's move to Manchester United in 2002 or Andriy Shevchenko's transfer to Chelsea four years later.

On 1 September 2008, Manchester City agreed a reported £32,500,000 fee for Robinho, which remained the record amount paid by a British club until 31 January 2011, when Liverpool paid £35,000,000 for Andy Carroll from Newcastle United, which was also a new record amount paid for a British player. A few hours later, the record amount paid by a British club was broken again when Chelsea paid £50,000,000 for Fernando Torres from Liverpool.

On 11 June 2009, Manchester United announced that they had accepted an £80,000,000 bid from Real Madrid for Cristiano Ronaldo. The transfer was completed on 1 July 2009, setting not only a new British transfer record, but also a new world record (either in pounds or euros). In turn, that record was broken on 1 September 2013 when Real announced that their £85.3 million (€100 million) purchase of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur had been completed.

This record was broken on 8 August 2016, when Manchester United signed Paul Pogba from Juventus for a fee of £89 million, again on 6 January 2018, when Philippe Coutinho moved to Barcelona from Liverpool for a reported initial fee of £106 million, which could rise to £142 million with various clauses being met, and lastly on 31 January 2023, when Chelsea signed Argentine player Enzo Fernández for a reported deal of £106 million.

Record progression
Notes


text: User:William M. Connolley/My Images/Cambridge


text:
Turbulator

A turbulator is a device that turns a laminar boundary layer into a turbulent boundary layer.

Device
Turbulent flow can be desired on parts of the surface of an aircraft wing (airfoil) or in industrial applications such as heat exchangers and the mixing of fluids. The term “turbulator” is applied to a variety of applications and is used as a derivative of the word turbulent. However, the word has no commonly accepted technical or scientific meaning. It has been approved as a trademark in the U.S. and other countries in conjunction with machine parts used within rotating drums, sterilizers, heat transfer ovens, mixing and pelletizing machines, and air destratification fans for horticultural and agricultural uses, among others.

In gliders the turbulator is often a thin zig-zag strip that is placed on the lower side of the wing and sometimes on the vertical stabilizer. In wind sensors (anemometers), the use of turbulators reduces inaccuracies in the measurement of wind speed caused by the unpredictable switching between laminar flow and turbulent flow. Therefore the calibration of the wind sensor can be accomplished more accurately. Since wind direction can be calculated from a number of wind speed measurements, the measurement of the wind direction is also improved.

title: Turbulator


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Military domunism

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 22:43, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Military domunism
Hoax. Delete. Lupo 11:11, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Verging between hoax and original research. The Land 11:21, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - concur with User:The Land JoJan 15:20, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Howrah Bridge

Question
is the howrah bridge retractable?

No

Image
Any one have a picture of the newly illuminated bridge? Pls add. Amartyabag  TALK2ME  13:37, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Bridge width
In the text the width is stated as 97 meters, when it is in fact 97 feet. Please correct the mistake.

Cattle no more travels on the bridge. It used to in the past. Please incorporate the same.

Busiest in the world?
Nope. The GWB in New York City carries roughly twice as much traffic. I'm removing that from the photo caption. Also, the 59th St. Bridge, also in NYC, carries more traffic and is also a cantilever bridge. Let's try to find some citations for calling the Howrah Bridge the "busiest". Ayengar (talk) 00:55, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge also carries more vehicles. And I SERIOUSLY DOUBT that four million pedestrians cross the bridge every day. Is that done in the two fifteen-foot wide sidewalks on the bridge? A credible reference is needed for this claim. - SCgatorFan (talk) 00:40, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

I counted people one day on the southern (busier) side at about 9am and came up with not more than one person per second over the course of a minute. Assuming that this ridiculously heavy volume is sustained for 24hrs (and it is not, because I was there at less busy times, too) you would still only get around 1.7mil per day. If you count all the people on the busses that pass over the bridge, then you might get closer. But 4mil do NOT walk across the bridge in a day.

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/howrahbridge/
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If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 11:55, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

✅ This issue has been resolved, and I have therefore removed the tag, if not already done. No further action is necessary.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 20:20, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:21, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for

—49.200.11.102 (talk) 11:23, 1 January 2017 (UTC)
 * You haven't explained what you think to be erroneous, and the coordinates in the article appear to be basically correct (I've tweaked them slightly). If you still think that there is a error, please give a clear explanation of what it is, removing "tlc|" from the template above. Deor (talk) 17:48, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Howrah Bridge. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111028120359/http://www.mapsofindia.com/kolkata/howrah-bridge.html to http://www.mapsofindia.com/kolkata/howrah-bridge.html

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title: Talk:Howrah Bridge


text:
User:The Minister of War/Sandbox/WarboxStart

{| class="toccolours" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right"
 * colspan="2" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; background:#bbaaee;"|
 * colspan="2" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; background:#bbaaee;"|


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orkest Zonder Naam

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. -R. fiend 15:14, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Orkest Zonder Naam
All Dutch lyrics to a song by a Dutch orchestra. Non-notable, not worth translating. Areia 11:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Physchim62 11:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep translated article. Physchim62 00:22, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 04:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete copyvio lyrics. - Mgm|(talk) 09:00, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Text isn't even about orchestra. - Mgm|(talk) 09:01, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per nomination. utcursch | talk 11:38, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Mgm Qaz  ( talk ) 05:43, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but cleanup. This orchestra is definitely notable. It was the orchestra of the catholic broadcasting corporation KRO during the pillarization of Dutch society. As such, this orchestra was one of the top musical groups prior to the arrival of rock 'n roll in this country. The songs of this orchestra never made it to the charts though, for the simple reason that charts didn't exist over here back then. Their 1952 song Naar de speeltuin is a Dutch evergreen, which sold 25,000 copies. For the time, that was an immense amount. In fact, I think I'll replace the current content of the article with some of this information. Aecis 17:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The rewritten stub by Aecis seems notable and capable of expansion. Quale 23:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep 'Orchestra without name' is fine by me. Alf melmac 12:59, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Everywhere Girl

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. Author gets to participate in the AfD debate. -Splash talk 22:44, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Everywhere Girl
I think this could possibly be speedied, but just in case: this article is so vague it's not even clear who its subject refers to MC MasterChef 11:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: May well be notable (but I'm not sure if it is) as an internet phenomenon. Everywhere Girl dossier on The Inquirer seems to have a point, tbh. The Land 11:36, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Basically, some girl (the photographer doesn't even know her name) appears in a stock photo shoot. Said stock photos are used by different companies (duh, that's what stock photos are all about).  For some reason The Inquirer tech website is obsessed with this.  Definitely not notable. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  17:42, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Was about to write this article myself, in fact, and could contribute to it.  The fascinating thing about this is the girl is not only being used by different companies, but by competing companies, as well as academic institutions, governmental sites, and so on.  It's a comment on the generic and ubiquitous nature of advertising. - Scooter 06:56, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. (I'm the one who added the article, so obviously I'm voting Keep) Scooter, that's exactly the reason I added the article. I couldn't put it so eloquently. Please feel free to add to the article. I just wanted to get it started, because it seemed odd to me for there not to be an article about such a well-known internet phenomenon.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Zebulon Butler

Zebulon Butler (January 23, 1731 – July 28, 1795) was an American military officer and politician from Connecticut who served with the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. He represented the Wyoming Valley (now in northeast Pennsylvania) in the Connecticut Assembly. At the time, the territory was claimed both by Connecticut (which claimed a wide swath of land to the west) and by Pennsylvania, and was nominally under the former's jurisdiction.

Early life
Zebulon Butler was born in Ipswich, Massachusetts on January 23, 1731 and grew up in Lyme, Connecticut.

French and Indian War
In 1755, the military forces of the Thirteen Colonies were mustered after the outbreak of the French and Indian War. During this period, Butler was commissioned as an ensign in the 3rd Connecticut Regiment, a provincial infantry unit, serving under Captain Andrew Ward. The regiment was stationed at Fort William Henry in 1756. On May 27, 1758, Butler, now serving in the 9th company of the 4th Connecticut Regiment, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant while stationed at Fort Edward in Nova Scotia. He subsequently took part in the Battle of Carillon on July 8. On October 4, he participated in a scouting mission to Fort Carillon and Fort Saint-Frédéric. In March 1759, he was promoted to the rank of captain of his company and participated in a successful attack on Crown Point.

Revolutionary War
On January 1, 1777, Butler was commissioned as lieutenant colonel of the 3rd Connecticut Regiment of the Continental Army. He commanded the garrison of Forty Fort in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania. His most famous action was the Battle of Wyoming, which resulted in his defeat by British-allied forces; he lost 340 men while attacking a superior force estimated at 574 Loyalists and Iroquois under the command of Loyalist Colonel John Butler (no relation). He was an original member of The Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Connecticut.

title: Zebulon Butler


text:
Plocoglottis

Plocoglottis is a genus of orchids (family Orchidaceae), native to Southeast Asia and to various islands from the Andaman Islands to the Solomons.

Species accepted as of June 2014:

 * 1) Plocoglottis angulata J.J.Sm. - Borneo
 * 2) Plocoglottis atroviridis Schltr. - New Guinea
 * 3) Plocoglottis bicallosa Ames - Philippines
 * 4) Plocoglottis bicomata L.O.Williams - Luzon
 * 5) Plocoglottis bokorensis (Gagnep.) Seidenf. - Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam
 * 6) Plocoglottis borneensis Ridl. - Borneo
 * 7) Plocoglottis confertiflora J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
 * 8) Plocoglottis copelandii Ames - Philippines
 * 9) Plocoglottis dilatata Blume - Borneo, Java
 * 10) Plocoglottis gigantea (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm. - Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra
 * 11) Plocoglottis glaucescens Schltr. - New Guinea
 * 12) Plocoglottis hirta Ridl. - Borneo
 * 13) Plocoglottis janowskii J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
 * 14) Plocoglottis javanica Blume - Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Java, Malaysia, Sumatra
 * 15) Plocoglottis kaniensis Schltr. - New Guinea, Solomons, Bismarcks
 * 16) Plocoglottis lacuum J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
 * 17) Plocoglottis lancifolia J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
 * 18) Plocoglottis latifrons J.J.Sm. - New Guinea, Solomons
 * 19) Plocoglottis lobulata Schltr. - Sulawesi
 * 20) Plocoglottis loheriana (Kraenzl.) Goebel - Philippines
 * 21) Plocoglottis longicuspis J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
 * 22) Plocoglottis lowii Rchb.f. - Andaman Islands, Thailand, Borneo, Java, Malaysia, Sumatra, Maluku, New Guinea
 * 23) Plocoglottis lucbanensis Ames - Philippines
 * 24) Plocoglottis maculata Schltr. - New Guinea
 * 25) Plocoglottis mamberamensis J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
 * 26) Plocoglottis mindorensis Ames - Philippines
 * 27) Plocoglottis moluccana Blume - Maluku, New Guinea
 * 28) Plocoglottis neohibernica Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach - Bismarcks
 * 29) Plocoglottis parviflora Ridl. - Sarawak
 * 30) Plocoglottis plicata (Roxb.) Ormerod - Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Maluku, Sulawesi, Philippines
 * 31) Plocoglottis pseudomoluccana Schltr. - New Guinea
 * 32) Plocoglottis pubiflora Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach - New Guinea
 * 33) Plocoglottis quadrifolia J.J.Sm. - Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra
 * 34) Plocoglottis sakiensis Schltr . - New Guinea
 * 35) Plocoglottis seranica J.J.Sm. - Seram
 * 36) Plocoglottis sororia J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
 * 37) Plocoglottis sphingoides J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
 * 38) Plocoglottis striata J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
 * 39) Plocoglottis torana J.J.Sm . - New Guinea, Solomons
 * 40) Plocoglottis torricellensis Schltr. - New Guinea
 * 41) Plocoglottis tropidiifolia J.J.Sm . - New Guinea

title: Plocoglottis


text:
Packet telephony

Packet telephony is the use of personal computers and a packet data network to produce a voice conversation. It consists of telephony and data tightly coupled on packet-based switched multimedia networks.

The goal of packet switched fabric in both LAN and WAN, the vision in to drive voice and data over a single multimedia (packet based N/W) allowing waves to engage in a media rich communication in a natural and straightforward manner.

The packet and based fabric is capable of supporting future applications such as video streaming and video conferencing. The transaction to a new paradigm will take years to complete. However technology matures and new application proliferate packet technology will appear in broader market. There is a major distinction between Intranet telephony and VoIP.

title: Packet telephony


text:
Talk:Luminous intensity

Circular
Is it just me, or does this cluster of articles define lumen in termas of candela and candela in terms of lumen? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 206.165.217.125 (talk • contribs).

 * It's just you. "One candela is defined as the luminous intensity of a monochromatic light source of frequency 540 THz...which has a radiant intensity of 1/683 watts per steradian."  I'll change "which" to "that" to make it sensible. Dicklyon 22:42, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * But doesn't that still define intensity in terms of intensity? Larklight (talk) 19:23, 14 May 2008 (UTC)
 * No. Luminous intensity and radiant intensity are two different things. It is not defining one in terms of the other anyway. It is an operational definition. What it does is it describes physically how to make a light source that you know emits one candela of luminous intensity. The candela is an SI base unit, so it is defined by experiment rather than directly referenced to other SI base units. The definition says that if you take a light source that emits monochromatic 540 THz light, and adjust it so its radiant intensity is 1/683 watts per steradian, the source's luminous intensity will be one candela. --Srleffler (talk) 22:51, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Do we need Luminous Intensity?
The candela is the only SI unit that is intended to map human perception. We don't have an SI unit for sound, or flavor. Why do we need one for light? Dr Thermo (talk) 02:58, 12 July 2011 (UTC)
 * It's partly historical, that at the time when the system was established, we did not have a way to measure luminous intensity in terms of the other base units. At the time, it could be measured only by having a human compare the intensity of a source to a reference of known luminous intensity. Improvements in radiometry and characterization of the human eye's response (see Luminosity function) made it possible to define the candela in terms of other units. If we were creating it today, I imagine it would be a derived unit, but for historical reasons it has been retained as a "base unit".
 * I suppose we don't have a specific SI unit for sound intensity because in practice standard units of power are sufficient. For flavor, I imagine the reason is a combination of lack of ability to quantify it and lack of applications for a quantitative measurement of it.--Srleffler (talk) 04:02, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

SI
Why is this an 'SI base unit' ? Perhaps the article could explain. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.225.166.87 (talk • contribs) 20:11, October 19, 2006.
 * The SI base units were chosen to give a complete set of physical quantities that can be precisely measured, so that the definitions of the units are precise. The explanation belongs at SI base unit, and this article does provide a link there.--Srleffler 02:19, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * One of the things that distinguishes the base units from other units is that their definitions are operational. The base units are not directly defined in terms of other units, but rather are defined by a description of a physical process that would produce exactly one unit of the specified quantity. --Srleffler (talk) 23:18, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Symbol
In the right side bar, the symbol for luminous intensity is given as uppercase L but in calculations later in the article, uppercase I is used. I believe uppercase I is correct but would appreciate confirmation. ErmBee (talk) 12:14, 29 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Yep.--Srleffler (talk) 03:21, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

Integral in Usage section
I removed the note reading "!-- TBD: Is integral from 0 to infinity really correct, or should it better be 380nm to 780nm here? --". The answer is that, strictly speaking, 0 to infinity is correct, but 380 to 780 nm is close enough, since the integrand has *experimentally* been measured to be zero, to within experimental error, outside of the 380-780 nm interval. If the $$y(\lambda)$$ is ever measured extremely accurately, the 0 to infinity definition will remain valid, while the 380-780 nm may not be. Even though it may never be measured that accurately, it's just bad practice.

In addition, I have a question about that integral: $$I_\mathrm{v} = 683 \int_0^\infty \overline{y}(\lambda) \cdot \frac{dI_\mathrm{e}(\lambda)}{d\lambda} \, d\lambda.$$

I cannot make sense of this, I would expect: $$I_\mathrm{v} = 683 \int_0^\infty \overline{y}(\lambda) \cdot I_\mathrm{e}(\lambda) \, d\lambda.$$

If I have an equal-energy spectrum $$I_\mathrm{e}(\lambda)=1$$, then the first integral is zero, which is not correct. PAR (talk) 03:06, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I think it's right; the notation gets a bit confusing. Spectral intensity is given by $I_{\mathrm{e},\Omega,\lambda} = \frac{\partial I_{\mathrm{e},\Omega}}{\partial \lambda}$ . The integral is over the product of the spectral intensity times the luminous efficiency function. If you're imagining a flat spectrum it is $I_{\mathrm{e},\Omega,\lambda}$ that is constant, not $I_{\mathrm{e},\Omega}$

 * The radiant intensity $I_{\mathrm{e},\Omega}$ is not a function of $$\lambda$$ in the usual way; it is the radiant intensity of all the light present, at all wavelengths. To apply the luminous efficiency function you have to split off the slice of intensity that depends on each wavelength, which is done by the partial derivative. --Srleffler (talk) 19:05, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Luminous intensity


text:
1540s in architecture

Events

 * 1545 – Part of the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice collapses, causing the architect, Jacopo Sansovino, to be imprisoned briefly.
 * 1546 – Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
 * 1549 – The spire of Lincoln Cathedral in England is blown down.

Buildings

 * 1540
 * Kamran's Baradari in Lahore completed
 * Approximate date of completion of some of the Device Forts on the coast of England: Calshot, Deal, Sandgate, Sandown and Walmer Castles
 * Approximate date of the construction of Santa Cecilia Chapel in Għajnsielem, Gozo, Malta
 * c. 1541
 * Portland Castle on the Isle of Portland, England, completed
 * Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque in the Purana Qila in Delhi completed
 * 1541–1544 – Old Hall of Berkhamsted School in England built
 * 1542
 * Andrea Palladio completes his first commission at Villa Godi, first of his Palladian villas of Veneto; the neighbouring Villa Piovene is completed at about the same time
 * Church of Saint Lucius, designed by Tommaso Rodari in the style of Bramante, is completed at its original location in Lugano, Switzerland
 * Approximate date of completion of more of the Device Forts on the coast of England: Pendennis and St Mawes Castles in Cornwall, East Cowes Castle on the Isle of Wight and Sandsfoot Castle at Weymouth, Dorset
 * 1543 – Lighthouse of Genoa completed in surviving form
 * 1543–1548 – Mimar Sinan builds his first significant architectural commission, Şehzade Mosque in Istanbul.
 * 1544 – King's College Chapel, Cambridge completed
 * 1544–1549 – Xuanfu–Datong section of Ming Great Wall of China constructed
 * c. 1546 – Loggetta del Sansovino of St Mark's Campanile in Piazza San Marco, Venice, designed by Jacopo Sansovino, is completed
 * 1547
 * Construction of the Château de Chambord ceases on the death of Francis I of France
 * Yarmouth Castle on the Isle of Wight is completed
 * 1548–1549 – Villa Pojana, one of the Palladian villas of Veneto, is built.

Births

 * c.1540 – Sedefkar Mehmed Agha, Ottoman architect (died 1617)
 * 1548: September 2 – Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect (died 1616)

Deaths

 * 1543: June 25 – Giovanni Mangone, Italian sculptor, architect, military engineer and antiquarian
 * 1546
 * August 3 – Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (born 1484)
 * November 1 – Giulio Romano, Italian painter and architect (born c. 1449)

title: 1540s in architecture


text:
Ullevål stadion station

Ullevål stadion is a rapid transit station of the Oslo Metro's Sognsvann Line. It is situated between the Sogn and Ullevål Hageby neighborhoods of the Oslo, Norway, borough of Nordre Aker. Located 5.3 km from Stortinget, the station is served by lines 4 and 5 of the metro, with a combined five-minute headway. Travel time to Stortinget is nine minutes. It is named for and serves Ullevaal Stadion, a football venue home to Vålerenga and the Norway national football team.

The station opened on 10 October 1934 at the same times as the rest of the Sognsvann Line. The station received a major upgrade in 1993, in which it received longer platforms and an overpass. The new station was designed by Arne Henriksen. Since 2003 the Ring Line has branch off from the Sognsvann Line north of Ullevål stadion.

History
The Ullevål area had residential development from 1855. However, first in the 1920s was there a large-scale construction. Ullevål Hageby was served by the Ullevål Hageby Line of the Oslo Tramway from 1925. Ullevaal Stadion opened the following year, but initially lacked any proper public transport. Aker Municipality worked with plans for construction of a suburban railway which would serve the area. Holmenkolbanen was granted permission in 1922 to build a line, but the plans were placed on hold. Work commenced again in 1933 and the line opened on 10 October 1934.

During the 1980s, the city decided to connect the four suburban lines west of the city center with the Oslo Metro. The Sognsvann Line was selected as the first line to be upgraded, so the two systems would become compatible. The line was upgraded to metro standard by replacing the overhead wire with a third-rail power supply and installing automatic train protection. From 4 April 1993 trains along the Sognsvann Line were connected to the eastern part of the metro, initially connected with the Østensjø Line. From 20 August 2003 the new Ring Line opened and Line 5 continued through it.

Service
The station is served by lines 4 and 5 of the Oslo Metro. During regular hours, each operates at a 15-minute headway. Line 5 passes twice through the Ring, so that there are services every five minutes to the city center and twice every fifteen minutes to the Ring Line. Travel time to Stortinget is nine minutes. Operations are carried out by Sporveien T-banen on contract with Ruter, the public transport authority in Oslo and Akershus. The infrastructure itself is owned by Sporveien, a municipal company. Service is provided using MX3000 three- and six-car trains. The station had an average 2,009 boarding passengers in 2002, ranking ninth among the metro stations that year. It is located in fare zone 1.

Facilities
Ullevål stadion is a rapid transit station situated on the Sognsvann Line, 5.3 km from Stortinget in the city center. It is open ground station featuring two side platforms. The station meets the metro standard of the Oslo Metro. This includes two 120 m side platforms and an overpass. The station is designed by Arne Henriksen and features shelters on each platform. A particularity of the station is that it has few passengers on regular days, but sees very high patronage connection with matches at Ullevaal Stadion. As such, it has the largest roofed waiting areas of any of the stations on the Sognsvann Line. These are built with a mix of steel and glued laminated timber, with a repeating curved roof. There is also a bicycle parking lot and a portal building at the walkway down to the platforms. The station is located south of Ullevål Stadion.

title: Ullevål stadion station


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Rustam Ibrahimbekov

Rustam Mammad Ibrahim oghlu Ibrahimbeyov (or Ibrahimbekov; Rüstəm Məmməd İbrahim oğlu İbrahimbəyov; Рустам Мамед Ибрагим оглы Ибрагимбеков; 5 February 1939 – 11 March 2022) was a Soviet and Azerbaijani screenwriter, playwright and producer, well known beyond his home Azerbaijan and the former Soviet Union. He was the chair of the Cinematographers' Union of Azerbaijan and director of the Ibrus Theatre.

Early life and education
Rustam İbrahimbeyov was born in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, to Mammadibrahim Ibrahimbeyov and Fatima Meshadibeyova. His father was a professor of art history who hailed from Shamakhi. Ibragimbekov is the younger brother of Magsud Ibrahimbeyov, an Azerbaijani writer and politician.

İbrahimbeyov graduated from Azerbaijan Oil and Chemistry Institute, then studied script writing and film directing at the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography in Moscow.

Film career
His screenwriting credits include more than 40 film and television scripts, numerous plays and pieces of prose, and nearly all of his scripts were eventually made into full feature or TV films, including White Sun of the Desert (1970, Белое солнце пустыни), Interrogation (1979, Допрос), Guard Me, My Talisman (1986, Храни меня, мой талисман), Urga (Урга, Территория любви, 1991), Burnt by the Sun (1994, Утомлённые солнцем), The Barber of Siberia (1998, Сибирский цирюльник), East/West (1999), Broken Bridges (2004) and Nomad (2005/2007).

White Sun of the Desert (1969), for which he co-wrote the script with Valentin Yezhov, became a cult film in the USSR. From the 1970s, he collaborated with Nikita Mikhalkov. Urga, Territory of Love, directed by Mikhalkov and released in North America as Close to Eden, won the Golden Lion Award in the Venice Film Festival, as well as the Felix Award in Berlin as Best European Film. Close to Eden was nominated for American Film Academy Award (Oscar) in 1995 as Best Foreign Language Film. Burnt by the Sun (directed by Mikhalkov) received an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1994 and Grand Prize of the Jury at 47th Cannes International Film Festival; their film The Barber of Siberia was the most expensive European production of 1997. However, in 2008, he admitted having effectively stopped working with Mikhalkov due to political disagreements between them.

Ibragimbekov was co-screenwriter with Sergei Bodrov of French director Régis Wargnier's Oscar-nominated 1999 movie East/West.

Writing and theatre work
Ibragimbekov was a well-known writer. Several collected works were published in Russia, Azerbaijan and abroad. He also wrote over ten theatre plays that were staged in numerous theatres. In 2001, Ibragimbekov founded Ibrus, a cultural centre in Baku functioning as a theatre where plays are acted in both Azerbaijani and Russian.

Other roles
In 1987 İbrahimbeyov was a member of the jury at the 15th Moscow International Film Festival.

He was the head of the awards jury at the inaugural Golden Minbar International Festival of Muslim Cinema in 2005.

Ibragimbekov was the chairman of the Confederation of Filmmakers' Unions (CFU), which represents filmmakers from all of the former Soviet republics, Secretary of the Russian Filmmakers' Union, and member of European Film Academy and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Public activity and criticism
In the late Soviet epoch, Ibrahimbeyov was a supporter of the Popular Front of Azerbaijan which called for democratic reforms and Azerbaijan's sovereignty. He signed petitions addressed to Kamran Baghirov and Ayaz Mutallibov in the aftermath of Black January (also known as Black Saturday or the January Massacre), was a violent crackdown in Baku on 19–20 January 1990, pursuant to a state of emergency during the dissolution of the Soviet Union when Soviet troops entered Baku and shot over 130 participants of a peaceful pro-Popular Front rally, bypassers and medical personnel rushing to provide assistance.

In 2009, Rustam Ibrahimbeyov became one of the founders of the Intelligentsia Forum, an Azerbaijani public organisation which unites prominent scientists, writers and journalists. The forum unanimously criticised the arrest of Azerbaijani bloggers Emin Milli and Adnan Hajizadeh accused of "hooliganism" and demanded the government release opposition journalist Eynulla Fatullayev imprisoned allegedly for defamation, encouraging terrorism and drug possession. He reportedly attended opposition rallies in Baku.

Ibrahimbeyov repeatedly criticised the 2009 constitutional amendment which lifted the two-term limit for presidency in Azerbaijan, calling it "shameful". At the same time, he admitted seeing no real alternative to the current president, Ilham Aliyev. He openly appealed to Aliyev asking to free the government of incompetent people he referred to as "cheats" who comprise the "core part of the system".

Ibrahimbeyov's criticism targeted Azerbaijan's Ministry of Culture and Tourism for artificially creating obstacles in order to obliterate the initiative of the Cinematographers' Union of Azerbaijan (chaired by Ibrahimbeyov) to open and maintain the Higher School of Filmmaking in Baku. He accused the Head of the Presidential Administration, Ramiz Mehdiyev, and the Head of the Department of the Arts of the said administration, Fatma Abdullazadeh, of "doing everything possible" to obstruct cultural projects of the Union for the past ten years, namely the annual East/West International Film Festival or screenings of Azerbaijani films in rural parts of the country. According to Ibrahimbeyov, aspiring filmmakers have no opportunities of studying in Azerbaijan and can only hope to be state-funded to study abroad, if they bribe the appropriate officials.

Due to his public activity, the forum and namely İbrahimbeyov became subject to criticism from various government figures and members of the ruling party. He was unable to purchase land near the Martyrs' Lane due to legal issues involving the government and hence resorting to critical statements targeting state policy and government establishments such as SOCAR. Ibragimbekov refuted these claims by stating that SOCAR deliberately incurs in his private property in the Baku suburb of Bayil intending to install oil rigs there without having proper documentation.

In June 2012, an organisation alternative to the Cinematographers' Union of Azerbaijan and named Cinematographers' Union of the Republic of Azerbaijan was established, uniting many members of the former. The executive committee assessed Ibrahimbeyov's work as a union chair as "unsatisfactory". Ibrahimbeyov responded by stating that the establishment of the new union was orchestrated by the government due to his political activity and that should the new union with almost the same name and function be officially registered, the political nature of its creation would become obvious. He explained the creative problems experienced by the union he has chaired by the difficulties which the government had caused for its existence. Nevertheless, he expressed hope that the new union would engage in a productive activity. Ibragimbekov believed members of the new union may have been pressured by the government into speaking out against the union he chairs.

In an interview to Azerbaijani media, Polish director Krzysztof Zanussi praised Ibrahimbeyov for his contribution to both Azerbaijani and world film. However, this particular part of the interview was censored out and not included in the official publication. Around the same time the head of the Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan Ali Hasanov attacked Ibrahimbeyov in the media, accusing him of fraud committed against businesspeople in Moscow. He also commented on the establishment of a new union saying film making required "skilled people, as opposed to those who cannot do anything." He added that Ibrahimbeyov should not expect to be thanked by Azerbaijani society for "having directed a couple of movies or so." For these remarks, Hasanov himself came under the attack of Azerbaijani human rights activist. Chair of the Committee for the Protection of Women's Rights Novella Jafarova believes Hasanov must be made legally accountable according to the Azerbaijani law which still considers libel a criminal offence but seems to be applied only against journalists. Chair of the Azerbaijan National Committee of Helsinki Citizens' Assembly Arzu Abdullayeva said Hasanov's words as those coming from the head of a social and political department are illogical. According to her, Ibrahimbeyov's reputation is impeccable in Azerbaijan, and he would not even react to this attack because he and Hasanov "are in different weight classes."

In July 2012, Russian writer of Azerbaijani descent Eduard Bagirov publicly renounced his membership with the Writers' Union of Azerbaijan and the All-Russia Azerbaijanii Congress as a form of protest against political repressions targeting Ibrahimbeyov in Azerbaijan.

In 2010, after the All-Russian Azerbaijani Congress (at the time, the leading Azerbaijani diaspora organization in Russia) implemented some structural changes, Ibrahimbeyov, who held Russian citizenship and had been one of the vice-presidents of the Congress, was demoted from his position. He later explained these changes by a directive coming from Baku. In 2012, Ibrahimbeyov declared the Congress a non-functioning entity and co-established the Union of Azerbaijani Organizations of Russia together with high-ranking Russian businessmen of Azerbaijani origin: Aras Agalarov (father of Ilham Aliyev's son-in-law Emin Agalarov), Vagit Alekperov, Telman Ismailov, Isgandar Khalilov, Abbas Abbasov, Soyun Sadikhov, and Ramazan Abdulatipov (originally Dagestani). This led to a new wave of criticism of Ibrahimbeyov on the part of state-sponsored media and accusations of him "being sympathetic to Armenians", "embezzling public funds" and "having exhausted his talent as a director". In addition, he was accused of pandering to Russia's interests in the region by fellow diaspora activists. Ibrahimbeyov claimed the Union was formed due to the inactivity of other diaspora organizations and has no political agenda.

Legal issues
In December 2012, Ibrahimbeyov was held up at the Heydar Aliyev International Airport in Baku, reportedly due to the fact that the computer system had failed to identify him. In January 2013, he was held up again and told that he had been forbidden to access his flight from the airport's VIP zone. In the common zone, where Ibrahimbeyov then proceeded, the computer system was again said to have been irresponsive. According to Eldar Namazov, who witnessed the scene, Ibrahimbeyov was only let through after a "notification" was received from the authorities.

On 3 June 2013, Ibrahimbeyov filed a lawsuit against Ali Hasanov, then the Head of the Department of Social Political Issues of the Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan, for libel. According to Ibrahimbeyov's lawyer, the court refused to take lawsuit for various reasons and the courts of appeal upheld those decisions. Finally, the process was started following the decision of the Supreme Court of Azerbaijan. As of 21 June, the court had adjourned the hearing three times due to the defendant's failure to show up.

Personal life
Rustam Ibrahimbeyov is the father of director Fuad Ibrahimbeyov by his first marriage to Shohrat Ibrahimbeyova. A year later the couple divorced and Rustam Ibrahimbeyov married actress Lyudmila Dukhovnaya by whom he has a daughter named Fatima. Rustam Ibrahimbeyov died after a long illness at his home in Moscow, on 11 March 2022, at the age of 83. He was buried at the Alley of Honor in Baku.

Honours and awards

 * Honoured Artist of Azerbaijan SSR (23 December 1976)
 * Lenin Komsomol Prize (1979) – for the screenplays of White Sun of the Desert (1969), A Tale Chekist (1969) and plays Home on the Sand (1976), Interrogation, or Moment of Truth (1978)
 * State Prize of Azerbaijan SSR (1980) – a script for the film Birthday (1978)
 * USSR State Prize (1981) – for the screenplay Interrogation (1979)
 * State Prize of the Russian Federation (1993) – a script for the film Urga (1991); for the screenplay of the film Burnt by the Sun (1994); for the screenplay of the film White Sun pusyni (1969); for the screenplay of the film The Barber of Siberia (1998)
 * Academy Award ("Oscar") for Best Foreign Language Film, Burnt by the Sun (1994, American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences)
 * Honoured Artist of Russia (28 December 1995)
 * Grand Prix of the MTF of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries (1998)
 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class (9 February 1999) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national cinematography
 * Prize for best feature film of the Interregional Festival "Eurasia Kaleidoscope" (2000)
 * Diploma of the Moscow City Duma (2009)
 * Honorary member of the Arts
 * Golden Orange (2011)

Renouncing the Order of Arts and Letters
Ibrahimbeyov was awarded the title of Commander of the French Order of Arts and Letters in 2000. He renounced this award in 2012 as a sign of protest against a French law criminalizing the refusal of qualifying the 1915 events as "the Armenian genocide." In an open letter, he stated: "For opportunistic purposes and electoral gains, which are so highly insignificant compared to the democratic image of the country, there has been passed a law preventing the people of France from exercising their basic civil right of self-expression." Ibrahimbeyov also quit the position of President of the Azerbaijan—France Cultural Ties Society.

title: Rustam Ibrahimbekov


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Bjørnsletta station (1942–2006)

Bjørnsletta was a station on the Kolsås Line (line 6) of the Oslo Metro in Norway. Located between the Åsjordet and Lysakerelven stations in the Ullern borough, Bjørnsletta was—along with Frøen—the only station on the subway network lacking step-free access to the platforms. The station was opened on 15 June 1942 when the line from Sørbyhaugen to Jar had been completed. Along with most of the line, Bjørnsletta was closed for upgrades on 1 July 2006; passenger service was temporarily provided by bus line 43. When the renovation was finished on 17 August 2010, Bjørnsletta and Lysakerelven stations were replaced by a new station, also named Bjørnsletta, placed in between.

title: Bjørnsletta station (1942–2006)


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Wallington Hall

Wallington is a country house and gardens located about 12 mi west of Morpeth, Northumberland, England, near the village of Cambo. It has been owned by the National Trust since 1942, after it was donated complete with the estate and farms by Sir Charles Philips Trevelyan, the first donation of its kind. It is a Grade I listed building. Some of the wealth of the Trevelyan family derived from the holding of slaves in Grenada.

History
The estate was owned by the Fenwick family from 1475 until Sir John Fenwick, 3rd Baronet had financial problems and opted to sell his properties to the Blacketts in 1688. He sold the rump of the family estates and Wallington Hall to Sir William Blackett for £4000 and an annuity of £2000 a year. The annuity was to be paid for his lifetime and that of his wife, Mary Fenwick. Blackett was happy with the deal as he discovered lead on the land and became wealthy.

The hall house was rebuilt, demolishing the ancient pele tower, although the cellars of the early medieval house remain. The house was substantially rebuilt again, in Palladian style, for Sir Walter Blackett by architect Daniel Garret, before passing to the Trevelyan family in 1777.

After Pauline Jermyn married the naturalist Sir Walter Calverley Trevelyan, they began hosting literary and scientific figures at the Hall. As a cultural centre, Wallington visitors included members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.

Sir Charles Philips Trevelyan inherited the property from his father, Sir George Otto Trevelyan, in 1928. He was a leading member of Liberal and Labour governments in the late 1920s. Charles was married to "Molly", Lady Mary Trevelyan.

Description
The house is set in 100 acres (40 ha) of rolling parkland, which includes a wooded dene (valley), ornamental lakes, lawns, and a recently refurbished walled garden.

The ceilings in the dining and drawing rooms are decorated in the rococo style by the Italian artist, Pietro Lafranchini. Attractions inside the house include the desk where Thomas Babington Macaulay, brother-in-law of Sir Charles Trevelyan, wrote his History of England, a large collection of antique dollshouses, and eight murals in the central hall depicting the history of Northumberland, painted by William Bell Scott.

The National Trust also own the estate of which the house is a part; the produce from these farms, as well as others in the region, was sold in a farm shop on site. The farm shop closed in 2012.

Wildlife
In July 2023, a family of beavers was released in a 24 ha enclosure on a tributary of the Hart Burn in the centre of the estate. This is the third release of beavers at a National Trust property.

In November 2023, the Vincent Wildlife Trust announced Wallington estate as one of their three Haven Sites for the Martens on the Move project. This project aims to encourage the natural recovery of pine marten populations through community action across England, Scotland and Wales. The project is facilitated by a £1.2 million grant from the National Lottery Heritage Fund.

These initiatives are part of a long term project, called Wilder Wallington, to reintroduce native species of plants and animals to the estate and to encourage the restoring of peat and wetlands and other nature recovery schemes. One aim is to plant one million trees by 2030, some 115,000 have already been planted. Other animals being considered for reintroduction are water voles

title: Wallington Hall


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Category talk:Russian philologists

Probably we both are not exactly correct here. According to, for example, to Encyclopaedia Britannica, "the term philology, where used, means the study of language—i.e., linguistics." So it is not a subdivision of linguistics, but is linguistics, and all philologists are linguists by definition (classical philology is a bit different matter). I'd say, a redirect (see also) would suffice. --Barbatus 12:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In Russia "philology" is first of all study of literature.--Bubuka 17:01, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

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Talk:Academic administration

Expand
This article needs to be expanded to include information on non-United States systems of academic administration. Most Anglo-Saxon systems are similar, so info for others would be great. Davidkinnen 11:23, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Does any expanded version need to take into account the difference, in the UK certainly, between higher education and further education? Different priorities, different funding mechanisms, markets etc. Terry 22:01, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

A topic of....
Academic politics for Academic boycotts of Israel, Academic boycott of South Africa and constituional matters listed in the see also section--222.67.218.172 (talk) 05:38, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

see http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=academic+societies+&fulltext=Search

for the topic of List of academic society —Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.67.218.172 (talk) 05:40, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

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User talk:Corn Blade

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG (talk) 11:24, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Brian Hillery

Brian James Hillery (22 November 1937 – 19 January 2021) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and finance executive who served as a Senator from 1977 to 1982, 1983 to 1989 and 1992 to 1997 and a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 1989 to 1992.

Academic and political career
Hillery studied at University College Dublin (UCD) and the University of Georgia and worked in banking before joining the UCD faculty in 1967. He became the inaugural ESSO Professor of Industrial Relations in 1974.

Hillery's uncle, Patrick Hillery, was a Fianna Fáil TD and minister until 1973, and President of Ireland from 1976 to 1990. In 1977, Brian Hillery was elected to the 14th Seanad as a Fianna Fáil Senator for the Administrative Panel. In 1978, minister Gene Fitzgerald's suggestion that he chair the Commission on Industrial Relations was rejected by the Irish Congress of Trade Unions as party-political. After unsuccessfully contesting the 1981 general election in Dún Laoghaire, he was returned to the 15th Seanad, serving from 1981 to 1982. He did not sit in the brief 16th Seanad, but was re-elected to the 17th Seanad in 1983, where he served until he was elected a TD for Dún Laoghaire at the 1989 general election. At the 1992 general election, he lost his Dáil seat, which Barry Desmond attributed to a lack of constituency work. He was then nominated to the 20th Seanad by Taoiseach Albert Reynolds. He resigned as Senator in May 1994 when he was appointed to the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).

Public and private sector board member
From 1994 to 1997, Hillery was an executive director at the EBRD in London representing Ireland and Denmark. He then became a director and, from 1999, chairman, of UniCredit's Irish operations at the Dublin International Financial Services Centre. Public sector advisory bodies on which Hillery served include the Government Review Body on Higher Remuneration in the Public Sector (1999–2007), the National Pensions Reserve Fund Commission (2004–2014), and the Irish commission of the Fulbright Program (2002–2004). He was a director of the Central Bank of Ireland and Financial Regulator from April 2008 until the bodies were reformed in October 2010. The Oireachtas joint committee of inquiry into the post-2008 banking crisis initially intended to ask him to make a statement but did not proceed with this.

Hillery was founding chairman from 1997 to 2015 of Providence Resources, a hydrocarbon company established by Tony O'Reilly. In 2003, he was appointed to the board of Independent News & Media, succeeding Tony O'Reilly as chairman in 2009 while O'Reilly remained chief executive. Hillery resigned in 2011 in the face of pressure from Denis O'Brien.

He died in January 2021.

title: Brian Hillery


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Whore dialogues

Whore dialogues are a literary genre of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment and a type of erotic fiction. The first example was the Ragionamenti by Pietro Aretino, followed by such works as La Retorica delle Puttane (The Whores' Rhetoric) (1642) by Ferrante Pallavicino; L'École des Filles (The School for Girls) (1655), attributed to Michel Millot and Jean L'Ange and also known as The School of Venus; The Dialogues of Luisa Sigea (c. 1660) by Nicolas Chorier—known also as A Dialogue between a Married Woman and a Maid in various editions. Such works typically concerned the sexual education of a naïve young woman by an experienced older woman and often included elements of philosophising, medical folklore, satire and anti-clericalism. The later works in this genre, such as that by Chorier, indulge in a more sophisticated type of sexual fantasy and are the precursors of the more explicit pornography which followed in Europe.

Individual works
In Aretino's Ragionamenti the sex lives of wives, whores and nuns are compared and contrasted. Later works in the same genre include La Retorica delle Puttane (The Rhetoric of Whores) (1642) by Ferrante Pallavicino;  L'École des Filles (The school for girls) (1655), attributed to Michel Millot and Jean L'Ange. and The Dialogues of Luisa Sigea (c. 1660) by Nicolas Chorier. Such works typically concerned the sexual education of a naive younger woman by an experienced older woman and often included elements of philosophising, satire and anti-clericalism. Donald Thomas has translated L'École des filles, as The School of Venus, (1972), described on its back cover as "both an uninhibited manual of sexual technique and an erotic masterpiece of the first order". In his diary Samuel Pepys records reading and (in an often censored passage) masturbating over this work. Chorier's Dialogues of Luisa Sigea goes a bit further than its predecessors in this genre and has the older female giving practical instruction of a lesbian nature to the younger woman plus recommending the spiritual and erotic benefits of a flogging from willing members of the holy orders. This work was translated into many languages under various titles, appearing in English as A Dialogue between a Married Woman and a Maid in various editions. The School of Women first appeared as a work in Latin entitled Aloisiae Sigaeae, Toletanae, Satyra sotadica de arcanis Amoris et Veneris. This manuscript claimed that it was originally written in Spanish by Luisa Sigea de Velasco, an erudite poet and maid of honor at the court of Lisbon and was then translated into Latin by Johannes Meursius. The attribution to Sigea and of the translation to Meursius were later considered a complete fabrication; it is believed that the true author is Nicolas Chorier.

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Hovseter (station)

Hovseter is a station on the Røa Line of the Oslo Metro between Holmen and Røa. It is located in the Vestre Aker borough.

The station was opened on 24 January 1935 with the completion of the line to Røa. It is 135.6 metres above sea level, and 6.7 km from Stortinget.

Hovseter is one of the most densely populated areas along Røabanen, and the neighborhood has several fairly large apartment buildings, some of which are public housing. South of the station is Huseby leir, the base for Hans Majestet Kongens Garde.

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1480s in architecture

Events

 * 1482 – Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Trattato di architettura, ingegneria e arte militare ("Treatise of Architecture, Engineering and Military Art") is completed after this date
 * 1485 – Leon Battista Alberti, De Re Aedificatoria (written 1443–52) becomes the first printed work on architecture

Buildings

 * 1480 – Ancienne Douane (Colmar) completed.
 * c.1480 – Great Barn, Hales Hall, Loddon, Norfolk, England, completed.
 * 1481 – Palazzo Loredan on the Grand Canal (Venice), designed by Mauro Codussi, is begun (completed 1509).
 * 1482–1489 – Ginkaku-ji ("Temple of the Silver Pavilion") in Kyoto, Japan, is constructed.
 * 1483–1488 – Church of Mariä Krönung (Lautenbach) consecrated and completed.
 * 1483 – The Changgyeonggung of Korea is completed.
 * 1484–1489 – Koyunbaba Bridge in Anatolia is constructed.
 * 1484 – Palazzo Medici in Florence, begun by Michelozzo c.1444/45, is completed.
 * 1486 – Rebuilding at Metz Cathedral begins.
 * 1487 – Italian architects begin to build the Moscow Kremlin.
 * 1489 – Église Saint-Maurice, Soultz-Haut-Rhin completed (started in 1270)

Births

 * 1483: April 6 – Raphael, Italian painter and architect (died 1520)
 * 1484: April 12 – Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (died 1546)
 * 1486: July 2 – Jacopo Sansovino, Italian sculptor and architect (died 1570)
 * 1489: April 15 – Mimar Sinan, Ottoman Turkish architect (died 1588)

Deaths

 * c. 1481 – Guiniforte Solari, Milanese sculptor, architect and engineer (born c. 1429)

title: 1480s in architecture


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Talk:Extended Backus–Naur form

Who created BNF?
BNF stands for Backus-Naur form. The article states it was created by Nicklaus Wirth. I always thought it was created by two guys named Backus and Naur. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.32.192.33 (talk) 17:29, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

 * The inventor of Backus-Naur form was John Backus. And Peter Nauer further developer and simplified it 1. Later Niklaus Wirth extended BNF to EBNF. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Msmith76 (talk • contribs) 17:15, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

repetition-symbol
Extended_Backus%E2%80%93Naur_Form mentions "*" as a repetition-symbol, yet it isn't present in the grammar of EBNF itself? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.225.28.105 (talk) 17:53, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

 * The examples (taken from the ISO document) clearly show that repetition means 0 or more, but they come long after the table. I added a comment in the table because it was indeed unclear. Nowhere man (talk) 13:26, 3 July 2023 (UTC)

EBNF correct?
Is the EBNF for EBNF correct? (Ignoring the fact that it does not mention white space, comments and other things) Specifically this bit:

lhs = identifier ; rhs = identifier | terminal | "[", rhs , "]" | "{", rhs , "}" | "(", rhs , ")" | rhs, "|" , rhs | rhs, "," , rhs ; rule = lhs, "=" , rhs , ";" ; grammar = { rule } ;

The "rhs" is left recursive and leads to an infinite loop if you try to implement it how it is described. I think this corrects it:

lhs = identifier ; term = identifier | terminal | "[", rhs , "]" | "{", rhs , "}" | "(", rhs , ")" rhs = term | term, "|" , rhs | term, "," , rhs ; rule = lhs, "=" , rhs , ";" ; grammar = { rule } ;

Can someone confirm this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.25.123.151 (talk) 13:50, 30 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I think you're almost right, though left recursion isn't inherently a bad thing. Wouldn't the identifier and terminal match before the recursive "rhs" calls could be made? I know this is years later, but I just noticed as well. I've gone in and overhauled the grammar to, I believe, correctly parse (verified with a parser generator). ZSNES (talk) 08:56, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm completely new at looking into EBNF, but the logic in the example seems strange. Is there hoisting? I would think that 'rhs' would need to be defined prior to the definition of 'term' in order for the logic to actually build upon itself. Am I missing something? 174.77.66.50 (talk) 23:29, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

I was reading through this furthur and it states the valid symbols which doesnt seem to include a `\` even though in the described grammer you have `\n` so this grammer wouldnt be able to parse itself, from what i understand. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.95.74.177 (talk) 14:32, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

Mistake in examples of the Conventions paragraph
The last example is "hh = (aa | bb | cc), "H"". But shouldn't this evaluate to hh: AH AAABH CH ACH AACH AAACH? And not hh: AH BH CH. BartYgor (talk) 11:34, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

Misleading term? (set disjunction)
QUOTE: "using conventions such as "-" to indicate set disjunction"

- "set difference" would be a much better term to use here in my opinion.

"set disjunction" sounds like logical disjunction, and even if one would think about "disjoint sets" it still isn't what the operation does: it does not check that sets are disjoint or not, neither it creates a disjoint set given two sets, it makes non-commutative operation - set difference Shitpoet (talk) 22:19, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Extended Backus–Naur form