text:
Talk:Rainbow (Mariah Carey album)

Requested move
I vote for this page to be moved to Rainbow (Mariah Carey album) (currently a redirect), per the naming convention guidelines at WikiProject Albums. Extraordinary Machine 19:45, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. Dragons flight 00:35, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

Is this move OK with everyone? I don't see any discussion here. If it is I'll take care of it. Ryan Norton T 06:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Singles
Crybaby was released as a double A-side with Can't Take That Away From Me (Mariah's Theme), but there is no mention of it under the Singles section of the box.

Excessive Vandalism
The chart table for this article has been vandalised so much, that I do not even know where to begin in trying to repair the false and inflated numbers. Certifications are unverified and sales figures are out of this world. I deleted the whole sales table because not one digit in that table was supported by a single reputable source or even a source at all. Only the U.S. section was given a source, but from two unreliable fansites. Something needs to be done and more diligence is needed to end this vandalism in this article. BalticPat22Pat 00:45, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Question
Do y'all have any info on this album pic...like critic reviews? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cperea1994 (talk • contribs) 22:12, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 6 one external links on Rainbow (Mariah Carey album). Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/C/Carey_Mariah/2000/02/10/743780.html
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/163336/ranking/cd_album/
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=1999&type=2
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2000&type=2
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=&album=&LanDesde_MM=1&LanDesde_AA=1980&LanHasta_MM=12&LanHasta_AA=2010&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259165-DISQUES-D-OR.html?year=2000&type=12

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:24, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Rainbow (Mariah Carey album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100331121149/http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php to http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx to http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100906003856/http://www.abpd.org.br/certificados.asp to http://www.abpd.org.br/certificados.asp
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=&album=&LanDesde_MM=1&LanDesde_AA=1980&LanHasta_MM=12&LanHasta_AA=2010&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=%20Buscar%20&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081113231350/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_Album.php?debut=650 to http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_Album.php?debut=650
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140117114148/http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/2000/200001.pdf to http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/2000/200001.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:41, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Rainbow (Mariah Carey album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20110706085111/http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=mariah+carey&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=0&ACCION2=+Search+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP to http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=mariah+carey&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=0&ACCION2=+Search+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://people.plurielles.fr/biographie/mariah-carey-3795778-402.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:58, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rainbow (Mariah Carey album)


text:
Zamboni Company

Frank J. Zamboni & Company is an American manufacturer of ice resurfacing equipment based in Paramount, California. Frank J. Zamboni developed the first ice resurfacing machine in 1949, and started the Zamboni Company in 1950. Zamboni is an internationally registered trademark.

The machines are made in Paramount, California, and in Brantford, Ontario.

History
The first ice-resurfacer was the brainchild of Frank J. Zamboni, who was originally in the refrigeration business. He provided services to businesses such as dairy farms and produce vendors. Zamboni created a plant for making ice blocks that could be used in refrigeration techniques. As the demand for ice blocks waned, Zamboni looked for another way to capitalize on his expertise with ice.

In 1939, Zamboni created the Iceland Skating Rink in Paramount, California. To resurface the skating rink, three or four workers scraped, washed, and squeegeed the ice. Then they added a thin layer of water to make fresh ice. This process was extremely time consuming, and Zamboni wanted to find a more efficient method.

From 1942 to 1947, Zamboni tried, fruitlessly, to develop a vehicle that could cut down on resurfacing time. In 1947, Zamboni decided on a machine that shaved, washed, and squeegeed the ice. He mounted this machine on an army surplus vehicle chassis. A blade mounted on the machine shaved the ice, which then received a thin layer of water to create a smooth sheet of ice. The prototype had a tank that held the ice shavings, which it carried to the tank via a conveyor belt. This machine was powered by a Jeep engine and transmission. Zamboni abandoned this model in late 1947 because of deficiencies with the blade and handling.

A new machine used another army surplus vehicle chassis. This machine had four wheel drive and front and back wheel steering. By 1949, "'The Model A Zamboni Ice-Resurfacer' became a working reality." Further modification to the Model A included the addition of a wash water tank and a cover for the snow-holding tank. The front and back steering feature was removed in favor of front-wheel steering because the machine constantly got wedged against the boards.

The Model A did not have the visual appeal of modern ice-resurfacers. A journalist from the Brantford Expositor observed that "[t]he original [Model A] looks like the offspring of a field tractor and a warehouse crate." In May 1949, Frank Zamboni filed a patent application for the Model A. In 1953, after more than four years, U.S. Patent No. 2,642,679 finally issued. The first built Model A Zamboni, used for the Iceland rink, is now on permanent display at the still-operating rink.

Zamboni's next resurfacer was the Model B. This machine differed significantly from the Model A. Instead of using a Jeep engine and transmission, Zamboni decided to build the necessary parts directly onto a Jeep body. Zamboni model C was also built on a Jeep body, but with more design changes. Zamboni raised the driver's position for better visibility, and increased snow-holding tank capacity.

From the late 1950s to 1964, the company made minimal changes to the ice-resurfacer design. Model C to Model F changed only slightly. The introduction of the HD series in 1964, however, represented a shift in Zamboni ice-resurfacer design. Instead of a conveyor belt moving ice shavings into the snow-holding tank, a vertical auger system did the task. Along with the vertical auger, the new model had a new hydraulic snow-dumping system. This meant that drivers no longer had to shovel the ice shavings out of the holding tank. This design has been the industry standard ever since.

Use of "Zamboni" brand name
Frank J. Zamboni & Co. has taken a strong stance against its trademark dilution, the Zamboni name being used as a genericized trademark for ice resurfacers. On March 2, 1964, Frank J. Zamboni & Co. applied for its first trademark, which was granted on May 4, 1965. This registration (Reg. No. 789,009) is for the mark "Zamboni" used in connection with "ice resurfacing machines and dump attachments therefor." Frank J. Zamboni & Co. owns several other trademark registrations covering the Zamboni mark in relation to various other goods including toys and clothing.

There is a musical group by the name of The Zambonis (who write ice hockey-themed songs) which they use under the terms of a licensing agreement from the Zamboni corporation. Another band, Two Man Advantage, was sent a cease-and-desist letter in 2004 involving its song, "Zamboni Driving Maniac", with the company claiming it "implies an unsafe activity."

In popular culture
From 1980 until the strip's end, Charles Schulz often included references to Zamboni in his Peanuts comic strip. It was also mentioned by name in the TV special She's a Good Skate, Charlie Brown.

The Zamboni Company's ice resurfacing machine and Frank Zamboni were honored with a Google Doodle on 16 January 2013, for Frank Zamboni's 112th birthday. Google provided a playable doodle, where a Zamboni machine can be driven around a rink.

The video game Plants vs. Zombies has a zombie driving a Zamboni-brand ice resurfacer, called the "Zomboni" in-game. Used with permission from the "Game of the Year" re-release onward.

A 1989 episode of Cheers, entitled "Death Takes a Holiday on Ice", features the off-screen death of Carla Tortelli's ice show performing husband, Eddie LeBec, who is said to have been run-over by a Zamboni.

In 1990, the Gear Daddies recorded a song called "I Wanna Drive the Zamboni" about a person who wanted a job driving the Zamboni at the ice rink.

In the 2014 film Dumb and Dumber To, Harry (Jeff Daniels) and Lloyd (Jim Carrey) steal a modified Zamboni-brand ice resurfacer.

In the 2019 film ”Wine Country”, while playing a different paths game Catherine wishes she was a Zamboni driver as it would always be cool and she would get to have 2 hour long breaks.

The 2021 "Double Date" episode of Call Me Kat ends Kat's mother announcing she has set up Kat on a blind date with a Zamboni driver; Kat is intrigued by that skill set.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zamboni Company


text:
DRAG-U-LA

DRAG-U-LA, along with the Munster Koach, was one of two cars on the television show The Munsters designed by prolific show car designer Tom Daniel while working for George Barris and Barris Kustom Industries.

The car
The fiberglass body of DRAG-U-LA was built from a coffin that Richard "Korky" Korkes, Barris's project engineer, was able to purchase from a funeral home in North Hollywood. Korkes said in 2013 that it was illegal to sell a coffin without a death certificate, so he made a deal with the funeral director to pay in cash and have the coffin left outside the rear door to be collected after dark.

The car had a 350HP, 289ci Ford Mustang V-8 engine with a four-speed stick shift. It had two four-barrel carburetors mounted on a Edelbrock Ram-Thrust manifold. The carburetors were mounted backwards in an effort to save space and the pull type throttle actuation modified into a pusher type.

The rear tires were 10.00-15 Firestone racing slicks, mounted on custom 10-inch Radir aluminum and steel wheels. Each hubcap was decorated with a large silver spider. The front tires were 4-inch Italian tires on Speedsport English buggy wire wheels. To extend the Gothic motif further, Barris installed four Zoomie style organ pipes on each side of the car in lieu of a standard exhaust pipe, and mounted antique lamps on the front and rear.

The front of the vehicle sported a marble gravestone—supposedly Grandpa Munster's license plate "from the Old Country"—with the inscription: "Born 1367, Died ?". A "hidden" radiator was topped with a small golden casket. The driver sat in the rear of the vehicle behind the engine, under a plastic bubble.

Subtle changes were made to the automobile, such as the tires, for different aspects of filming for the television series and for the movie Munster, Go Home!.

This car was sold at the closeout auction of the Chicago Historical Antique Automobile Museum in Highland Park, Illinois, in 1985.

The original 1966 car was housed in Planet Hollywood in Atlantic City, New Jersey, where it hung from the ceiling. Upon the closing of the Atlantic City location, the car was auctioned off to John Sbrigato, who also owns a Munster Koach.

In The Munsters
On The Munsters television series the car was created by Grandpa Munster so he could win back the Munster Koach, which Herman had lost in a drag race in the episode "Hot Rod Herman".

The 1966 movie Munster, Go Home! features an alternate origin. After Herman crashes a Jaguar limousine owned (and raced) by the Munster family of England, Grandpa builds the DRAG-U-LA, using the motor from the Munster Koach, so Herman can drive it in a cross-country automobile race.

title: DRAG-U-LA


text:
Nuttall

Nuttall may refer to:

People

 * Nuttall (name)
 * Nuttall baronets

Nature

 * Nuttall's oak, a fast-growing large deciduous oak tree native to North America
 * Nuttall's woodpecker, a species of woodpecker found in oak woodlands of California
 * Nuttall sandstone, a very hard type of sandstone; see New River Gorge National River
 * Nuttall's toothwort, a species of cardamine flower.

Places

 * Nuttall, Virginia, United States
 * Nuttall railway station, Nuttall village, Nasirabad, Balochistan, Pakistan
 * Nuttall mountains, hills that are over 2,000 ft with a prominence above 15 m:
 * List of Nuttall mountains in England
 * List of Nuttall mountains in Wales

Other uses

 * BAM Nuttall, a British construction company
 * Blackman–Nuttall window, a mathematical function used in signal processing—see Window function
 * Codex Zouche-Nuttall, a pre-Columbian piece of Mixtec writing
 * Geiger–Nuttall law, a rule in nuclear physics stating that short-lived isotopes emit more energetic alpha particles than long-lived ones
 * Nuttall Ornithological Club, the oldest ornithology organization in United States
 * The Nuttall Encyclopædia, an early 20th-century encyclopedia
 * Thomas “Tom” Nuttall, a saloon owner in the TV series Deadwood, portrayed by Leon Rippy

title: Nuttall


text: User talk:68.79.117.237

title: User talk:68.79.117.237


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Themanwhofellasleep

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Linuxbeak | Talk 23:39, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Themanwhofellasleep
Delete. Is this guy REALLY notable? - Mrdie 19:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not delete. Hello. I am themanwhofellasleep's sister and I wrote the article. Notable? Well, fairly. He's written for radio in Britain, and as the article mentions, he is about to have his first novel published (hopefully with a foreword by Julie Burchill). As the article states, the website has been covered in large chunks of the UK press: the Guardian, the Sunday Times, Independent on Sunday, San Francisco Chronicle, Zoo Magazine, Word Magazine and he has a regular column in Time Out London. The reason I added him was that I saw Rob Manuel of B3ta on here, and I figured that if it was good enough for him, it was good enough for Greg. Surely the point of Wikipedia is that it can be far more exhaustive and detailed than other, offline encyclopedia? Dis_embodied (UTC), author of the article}}
 * Do not delete. I'm a big fan of Greg's work, and know many others with similar enthusiasm for it. He is referred to surprisingly often on the internet, occasionally without a link to his site; the page here is useful for more detail.  Greg may currently be a somewhat obscure artist, but this will in all likelihood change in the near future with the launch of his book and his continuing media contributions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jackjordan334 (talk • contribs) 18:32, 5 October 2005 (UTC), his only edit
 * Do not delete.The question of whether the article falls foul of Vanity Information guidelines has been raised (whether the subject is "Typical" or "Noteworthy"). I would suggest that the subject's activities as outlined are atypical and known to a sizeable community on the web as well as a more general audience via growing media exposure. The subject is therefore "Noteworty". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.13.69.170 (talk • contribs) 18:51, 5 October 2005 (UTC), his only edit
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 09:18, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not notable, though I would like to see whatever media coverage it claims to have had before making up my mind. The 3 unsigned votes above have suspicious histories. The Land 10:22, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn __earth 10:27, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clearly knows he is non-notable if he employs sock puppets. -- RHaworth 10:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete without even looking at the article. Anything this much sock-supported has to be deleted. — J I P | Talk 10:37, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If we profiled everyone who's written a novel we'd get 50,000 new articles every year from the NaNoWriMo winners. Ashibaka (tock) 14:23, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, sock-supported and not notable. --Idont Havaname 14:28, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep despite the socks. Yes I am a fan of the site, but I certainly think he/it is notable enough. He has had plenty of press coverage, I can vouch for having seen many of the ones mentioned. See also and the section "What plans does themanwhofellasleep have for the future?" I will try and find more links. Hopefully no one thinks that I'm a sockpuppet :-) the wub   "?!"  14:38, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please find the press articles and add press citations for them to the article. The subject's own web site does not link to them, and a quick search of the on-line versions of the various publications listed turns up no articles.  (The only thing that I did find was two sentences about the web site, not the person, in a roundup of events in The Guardian.  That's far from the "feature on the site" that the subject says was published.)  So far we only have the words of the subject and of several anonymous and pseudonymous editors that such articles exist. Uncle G 15:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Ok, here's an article on the site from the Guardian Guide. Here's a brief article from The San Francisco Chronicle And here's a full page interview with Greg Stekelman from .dot net magazine {you have to scroll down) and a mention of the site in The Clarin of Argentina. Then there's an article from Word Magazine and there is plenty more press available, but not all of it is online. I'll see what I can get from the clippings file to scan in and post on the net. And for those interested, here's the Amazon link to the book that will be released next year. (UTC) Dis embodied 2005-10-10 18:55:23 UTC (according to edit history.  Also this user's second vote. Uncle G 01:28, 11 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Aside from the one from the Chronicle, those are not the press articles. They are images from the subject's own web site, which could have been made up using Photoshop for all that we know.  They are not from a reliable source, being provided by the subject xyrself.  (One only has to remember Jamie Kane to realize that one cannot trust purported press coverage the only evidence for which comes from the subject's own web site.)  For similar reasons, "scanned in clippings" from the subject's "sister" are not from a reliable source.  I ask again: Please find the actual press articles and add citations for them to the article. Uncle G 01:28, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Assume good faith. Why would anyone go to that much trouble to fake those press clippings? I personally remember seeing the Grauniad one, and the regular appearances in Time Out. Plus remember not everything is available online, and I doubt these scans will be found anywhere else. In the case of websites I personally believe offline coverage implies greater notability. As for the sockpuppets, you aren't helping. If you want to provide evidence/reasons to keep then please sign up and do so from one account. the wub  "?!"  13:42, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Assuming good faith has no application here. Please read the page that you are referring to and refamiliarize yourself with what it is actually about.  It deals with editors contributing to Wikipedia, not with people publishing stuff out in the Big Wide World.  That is dealt with in reliable sources.  Your question was already answered in what I wrote above.  I once again point to Jamie Kane.  Anyone who always uncritically assumes supposed third-party coverage, that is supplied by the subject of that coverage xyrself on xyr own web site rather than from an independent source or the actual third party, to be true, is being far too credulous.  Anyone who thinks that people don't make up things and post them on their own web sites is being naive.  Looking for multiple sources that are independent from the subject is as much good encyclopaedism as it is good journalism.  Uncle G 05:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep per above, appears to have enough of a following to be notable. Makenji-san 22:47, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep The whole idea of Wikipedia is to have a large as possible database of information which people will find interesting/relevant. It appears that there must be at least a few people this page interesting/relevant. Guys is this page do young HARM If not thjen why delete it? -Chazz88 22:25, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please read our policies on Verifiability and no original research, and our criteria for inclusion of biographies. If people find this person to be interesting and relevant as you claim, then please provide evidence that doesn't come from the subject's own web site that this is so.  Uncle G 23:16, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Will comply with Uncle G's request that was made at 23:16, 15 October 2005, if i have time. However vote is HELD for a STRONG KEEP --Chazz88 21:57, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for mediation/Jnc and Barberio

Mediation
Since this is a content dispute, I assume both of you are happy to keep this discussion here on the wiki. If either would prefer, however, we can move this to email. I'd also like to ask both of you to avoid editing contentious sections of the article for the time being, and to keep the discussions on this page. Please note also that I am not here to agree or disagree with any specific fact related to the article — the purpose of this is to see if you two can agree with each other on any of the points. The best way to prove or disprove any specific fact will be through appropriate citations.

There are a number of debates that seem to have sprung up in the edits of History of the Internet, the talk page and related archives. In the interests of fire fighting I'd like to first collect the specific disagreements here in one place. These should be disputes related to the current version (approximate) of the article: this mediation is not about past disagreements. This should also help satisfy John's desire to see Noel's objections written out formally.

In the following section, please list your disagreements with current version as signed, individual, concise points. The other party can then respond to any point with their own, concise rebuttal. Please do not turn this section into a discussion, however: we can leave that for later.

— Asbestos | Talk   (RFC)  19:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Next week I'll be heading to Ireland for my grandmothers 80th birthday, so will be away from Internet connections. I hope we can have this wraped up, or at least progress a little before then. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 00:33, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Please note that I will be refactoring this page as appropriate to try to separate out the different points. However, this is your discussion and if you think the refactorings make anything confusing, feel free to revert me. — Asbestos | Talk   (RFC)  23:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Disputes (still outstanding)

 * 1) Only told the American Internet's history. No mention of how the Internet was spread internationaly. Same cites referencing X.25/IPSS, since X.25/IPSS was the underlying technology used to spread international internetworking. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 23:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) "The Internet" as a phrase refering to a single global network did not arise till the mid 80s, so it seems inapropriate to refer to things prior to mid-expansion NSFNet as 'early versions of The Internet' or similar. Phrases 'an internet', or refering to example networks as 'the internet' in texts confuses this, but these seem to be refering to individual examples of a type of network, not one specific network. It's dificult to find specific published etymology for this, but Tanenbaum places origin of capital I Internet being used as a specific idntification of the network with NSFNet development in the mid 80s. (Andrew S. Tanenbaum (1996) Computer Networks) --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 23:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC) Example of phrase useage cites on the etymology issue, requested by Nixdorf. Examining TCP-IP Digest, Vol 1 #10, handly archived by Google, Specificaly, their quote of Computer World, who were quoting earlier information from the digests, "Considered the world's first packet network, Arpanet is expected to become an internet -- a network of networks -- .. said an informed source, who revealed the cutover date." which indicates that common useage circa late 1982 was to still refer to the Arpanet TCP/IP network as 'an internet', not 'The Internet'. (A handy two in one cite, showing the useage both by the specialists in study, and the trade press) Xerox's naming of a subprotocol in their network suite as 'IDP - Internet Datagram Protocol' also indicates that the early TCP/IP developers had no monopoly on the word, but TCP/IP would be the most common item people would refer to as 'The Internet Protocols', which would later result in the TCP/IP network being refered to as The Internet. (See Xerox Network Services). Combined with my cite from Tanenbaum, I feel this is at least sufficient to put some doubt on ARPANET being the prime source of the phrase.  --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 19:32, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) The article was not very readable. The article was confusing to non-technical readers, mixing a skeleton of a technical history in with a limited discusion social aspects and a confused sence of who did what. This gave it all a muddled feel. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 23:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

I didn't have any major problems with the article as it existed; it wasn't great, but it was vaguely adequate, and - most importantly - included "Further readings" which were i) easy to obtain, and ii) contained good histories in iii) more detail than we could put in the article anyway. So, the article was not a focus for me: I was more interested in putting material in the encyclopaedia on other topics, ones which are much harder to locate material on (e.g. Pilot ACE). I will review Mr. Barberio's comments and reply once I have studied them. Noel (talk) 13:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Licklider and the creation of ARPANET
My major objection with the 'old version' is that it lacked substantial information, and gave incorect impresions about the origin of the Internet. One specific and glaring error was the implication that Licklider initiated the creation of ARPANET, which was infact initiated by Robert W. Taylor. ( NYTimes Article on Taylor) --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 23:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Let me start with what I will label 1b - "the implication that Licklider initiated the creation of ARPANET, which was infact initiated by Robert W. Taylor." It all depends on what you mean by "initiated".
 * The standard academic history of DARPA, Norberg/O'Neill Transforming Computer Technology starts out chapter 4 (The Development of Packet-Switching Computer Networks) by discussing Lick. (I should further point out that this volume is in itself a reworking of their earlier A History of the [IPTO] at the [DARPA], DARPA's own history of its operations, so it's pretty much the official history of DARPA.)
 * Abbate's book Inventing the Internet (the current standard academic history of the Internet) likewise starts its chapter on the ARPANET (2, Building the ARPANET) with Licklider: "the inspiration can be traced back to J[] C. R. Licklider".
 * In any event, a detailed discussion of the division of credit for the ARPANET belongs in the article on that, not here; Licklider is mentioned in this article because of his early papers, in particular Man-Computer Symbiosis, and his Intergalactic Network memo of April, 1963, which are now credited as the root of what eventually became the Internet, e.g. in Waldrop, Dream Machine, pp. 5 : "such visions would inspire [Licklider]'s hand-picked successors to implement his Intergalactic Network ... into the network of networks known today as the Internet."
 * I fail to see why Wikipedia should contradict these canonical works on the subject. Noel (talk) 14:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * PS: All the works on the subject use the definite article - the ARPANET. I am at a loss to understand why Mr. Barberio stubbornly insists on leaving it out, no matter how many times this is pointed out to him. Noel (talk) 14:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Noel, please read the article as it is now. It does not give Licklider credit for his papers, and sugestions. It currently gives him credit for initiating ARPANET. Please do not muddle things by responding to what you preceive the complaint was.
 * If you re-read my rewrite, you will find I gave Licklider full credit for inspiring Taylor, adressing your objection that he should be mentioned as an inspiration towards the Internet. (Albiet, I might argue that Vannevar Bush sugested some of the things Licklider suggested too.) However, noting that Taylor had the direct influence behind the creation of the internet is not contridicting Waldrop's assertion that Licklider inspired Taylor.
 * Incidently, there is no such thing as a 'standard academic history'. History texts are not like technical standards, there is no canonical 'history' of anything. So we must go by a concensus based on various secondary sources, primary sources where appropriate, and note where they conflict. 'My Sources are Better than Your Sources', is not going to help us. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 17:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * My comments were simply a response to what you said in your posting (above) (which I quoted at length - "the implication that Licklider initiated the creation of ARPANET, which was infact initiated by Robert W. Taylor").
 * There is, as far as I know, no other academic history (i.e. written by someone with a training in history, and properly footnoted) history of DARPA. So Transforming Computer Technology is very much "the standard academic history of DARPA". If there is another one, I would be very interested to hear about it.
 * Finally, I'm kind of curious why you persist with refusing to use the definite article with "ARPAnet" (e.g. "for initiating ARPANET"), even though i) nobody else does this, and ii) I have pointed this out to you on numerous occasions. E.g. Tannenbaum, Computer Networks (2nd Edition, 1989) uses the article (e.g. "connected to the ARPANET", pp. 35). I am rather at a loss to understand your persistence in this incorrect terminology - or is this just one more place where you are determined to go your own way, no matter what? Noel (talk) 03:09, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A short search of Amazon dug up - Strategic Computing: DARPA and the Quest for Machine Intelligence 1983-1993 Alex Roland, Philip Shiman - from the MIT press so definatly an academic text. (Priced as an Academic text too) I'm a little concerned that you belive only qualified historians can write histories, and appear to wish to apply that standard to sources. A secondary source text should be primarly judged on its merit, it's basis on primary sources and the quality of research, and peer review. Not on the providence of its writer.
 * On, 'The ARPANET' and 'ARPANET' discussion. I will defer to your judgement when editing on the article on that, but I don't feel it matters so much in casual discussion on talk pages. (Incidently, generaly, it is appropriate to drop the definite article when it causes readabity issues. For example 'Tumptutumptu technology was based on the ARPANET based research' vs 'Tumptutumptu technology was based on ARPANET based research'.) --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 09:37, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

The origin of the Internet
Copied from above for the first part of this point.

My major objection with the 'old version' is that it lacked substantial information, and gave incorect impresions about the origin of the Internet. ... --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 23:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't respond to this one without knowing more of what you think the correct "origin of the Internet is". Can you please provide more specifics? Noel (talk) 03:12, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Those have been listed in the other objectins above. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 09:22, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Impact of X.25/IPSS, UUCP and the Fidonet linked BBS's
Following on from that, is the condensing of the entire impact of X.25/IPSS, UUCP and the Fidonet linked BBS's into a single line. This misses out a huge part of the history of what we now call the Internet. Some versions of the article also implied a 'space race' battle of development rather than a melting-pot of ideas. (X.25's Cites. To sum up, European participation in ARPANET was limited, X.25/IPSS being used instead. X.25/IPSS would later be used as a transport for IP protocols., , . Various from Usenet and UUCP, the Usenet article is pretty explicit on its significance.) --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 23:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This point covers too much ground for me to respond in detail (to establish the influence and importance, or lack thereof, of X.25, UUCP and Fidonet would take a modest amount of investigation for each).
 * (1) However, let me point out (as I already have, at Talk:History of the Internet that your first citation (the paper by Ronda Hauben) says nothing related to these points: as I pointed out in my comments there, X.25 is only mentioned tangentially (a total of three passing references in the entire paper).
 * The amount of text taken to say something does not negate it being said. The article clearly states that X.25 had primacy in europe, and that the IPSS network was later used as a fundamental infrastructure for international IP rollout. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 09:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * (2) The second citation is a pastiche of material gathered from the Web ("The information gathered in these articles were obtained from the above sites") and in any case doesn't say much relevant to these points.
 * (3) The third citation seems to be mostly about British telephone stuff (and British Telecom), and contains no mention of either "Internet". "X.25", or "UUCP", so I don't the relevance of that one at all.
 * The article provides dates and details about the creation of IPSS, the X.25 network, which was the first international packet switched network. And as already mentioned, IPSS went on to be a big part of the international infrastructure. It is unwise to tell the history of the spread of the international internet without mentioning IPSS, since IPSS made an international internet possible. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 09:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * (4) I spent a day some weeks ago reading about the networks involved in the spread of the Internet across Europe and the Pacific Rim (this material is all in the various IETF Proceedings, available online here; since it's the earlier ones we are talking about, from the late 80s and early 90s, the scans of the hardcopy Proceedings will of course have the same information as the original hardcopy I looked at); I don't want to try and characterize that mass of material from memory, but I will run down it again and list which networks did what; I seem to recall that most (outside the UK) either had multi-protocol backbones, or used leased lines for carrying IP traffic. Noel (talk) 03:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The multi-protocol backbones would have included many TCP/IP over IPSS links. Certanly JANet, certanly the converted european UUCPNet, certanly CERN. As stated in the cited texts, these all used the IPSS X.25 service. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 09:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * (5) There definitely was a race between TCP/IP and the ISO stack (CLNP/TP4/etc); you will find it well documented in Abbate. Noel (talk) 03:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Such information may be of relevence to an article solely on the history of TCP/IP, or a history of networking technologies. The ISO stack has had little to no relevence on the history of the Internet. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 09:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Structure of the article
I think another important difference between the two versions of the article is the that of the article's top-level structure. Here are the different structures that were originally up:

From * 1 Before the Internet * 2 Motivation for the Internet * 3 Early Internet work * 4 Early growth * 5 Commercialization and privatization * 6 Early applications * 7 Standards and control * 8 World Wide Web * 9 See also * 10 Further reading * 11 External links

From * 1 Before the Internet * 2 The networks that would become the Internet * 3 Merging the Networks, and creating the Internet * 4 Use and Culture * 5 External Links * 6 References

I believe that within these structures there is a fair bit of room for compromise. For instance, John, do you think that there is no need for a "Motivation" section? And if the references are complete enough, is there need for a "Further reading" section?

I think it might be worth a lot to try to come up with a top-level structure that keeps the strengths of both. I'm going to put a rough possibility below based on the information that was originally in each section: can an adequate structure be reached by editing it? — Asbestos | Talk   (RFC)  19:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Please edit:
* 1 Before the Internet * 2 Motivation for the Internet * 3 The networks that would become the Internet * 4 Merging the Networks, and creating the Internet * 5 Standards and control * 7 Use and Culture * 7.a Early use and applications * 7.b Commercialization * 7.c E-Mail and Usenet * 7.d World Wide Web * 7.e Search Engines * 7.f ... * 9 See also * 10 References * 11 External links

It's tricky to keep a linear readable history of this, since it's actualy several histories combined. I'd prefer to keep it a seperate sub-history of the Networks joining up, the Standards organisations, and the way the Internet is used. I think Comercialization of the internet might belong under a subheading of Use and Culture, seperating out the change in use from the history of the networks. --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 21:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Further note. The History of the Internet is actualy three different histories.

 * The history of Internet technologies.
 * The history of the Internet's infrastructure.
 * The history of the Internet's useage and culture.

A lot of the debate here seems to me to stem from the confusion of the first two. The technology used in an infrastructure is not the same thing as the infrastructure itself, and both have diferent stories that need to be told. eg. The debate over X.25 is not, from my side, about the technology used, but the infrastrcture that was in place.

It may be that the article would be better suited to being seperated into three articles, with the main article summarising each one. (ps, back from Ireland now) --John R. Barberio talk, contribs 22:24, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Ending Mediation
This mediation has clearly stalled. It looks like John, you're still interested in continuing, but Noel, you've gone on an extended wiki-break with no intention of coming back mediation to this if/when you come back to the project.

Obviously you're both free to go back to editing the History of the Internet article. However, although Noel is not here, I want to remind John that there were others who supported Noel's point of view, and so would like to make sure revert wars don't spark up again. Please make sure that reasonable citations are made for as much information as possible, preferably using the Footnotes structure within the article. It's usually much easier to compare the relative authority of different footnotes than it is to compare the authorities of different editors.

I'm sorry that we didn't get to make as much progress here as we would have liked, — Asbestos | Talk   (RFC)  20:59, 23 November 2005 (UTC)


text:
Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World

Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World is a studio album from South African artist Johnny Clegg and his band Savuka.

Released in 1989 and produced by Hilton Rosenthal and Bobby Summerfield, it is today recognized as probably the band's greatest album, containing hits such as "Dela" and "Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World". The title track is addressed and dedicated to Clegg's son Jesse, born in 1988, who is depicted on Clegg's shoulders on the album cover. The song "One (Hu)' Man One Vote" was written in honor of David Webster, a friend of Johnny Clegg and anti-apartheid activist who had been assassinated three weeks earlier. The lyrics of "Warsaw 1943" were inspired from the works of Polish author Czesław Miłosz. In Canada, the album reached #67, March 24, 1990.

The title track appears in the soundtrack of the movie Opportunity Knocks.

In 1997, the song "Dela (I Know Why the Dog Howls at the Moon)" was released on the soundtrack of Disney's George of the Jungle.

Track listing
All songs written by Johnny Clegg except as noted.

 * 1) "One (Hu)' Man One Vote" (Johnny Clegg, Bobby Summerfield)
 * 2) "Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World"
 * 3) "Jericho"
 * 4) "Dela (I Know Why the Dog Howls at the Moon)"
 * 5) "Moliva"
 * 6) "It's an Illusion"
 * 7) "Bombs Away"
 * 8) "Woman Be My Country"
 * 9) "Rolling Ocean" (Clegg, Steve Mavuso)
 * 10) "Warsaw 1943 (I Never Betrayed The Revolution)"
 * 11) "Vezandlebe" (hidden track)

Personnel

 * Johnny Clegg - vocals, guitars, concertina, mouth bow
 * Mandisa Dlanga - vocals
 * Solly Letwaba – bass guitar, vocals
 * Derek de Beer – drums, percussion, vocals
 * Keith Hutchinson – keyboards, flute, saxophone, vocals
 * Steve Mavuso – keyboards, vocals
 * Dudu Zulu – percussion, vocals

Additional personnel

 * Alex Acuña - percussion
 * Tom Regis - keyboards
 * Benn Clatworthy - tenor saxophone
 * Howard Shear - trumpet
 * Roy Wigan - trumpet
 * John Baxter - backing vocals
 * Bobby Summerfield - mixer, recording engineer, keyboards, drum programming, electronic percussion
 * Hilton Rosenthal - keyboards, backing vocals

title: Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World


text: User talk:216.124.227.36

title: User talk:216.124.227.36


text:
User:Olav@spiralen.net

My name is Olav Abel Lindberg and I am currently working at Basware AS. I have also a personal blog at www.spiralen.net where you can find some more information about me.

title: User:Olav@spiralen.net


text:
Talskiddy

Talskiddy is a small rural village about two miles north of St Columb Major in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Originally a manorial settlement belonging to the Earldom of Cornwall, the place prospered in the 19th century as a centre of the wool-combing industry.

History
Talskiddy was once an ancient manor belonging to the Duchy of Cornwall. Previous to the formation of the Duchy, it was one of 17 manors belonging to the Earl of Cornwall. It is recorded that Richard, Earl of Cornwall purchased three Cornish acres at Talskiddy. These seventeen 'ancient manors' were known collectively as the Antiqua maneria. The manorial custom of "Free Bench" was practised here. It was once a centre for the woolcombing industry. Many of the older houses in the village are built of cob.

Etymology
The meaning of the name is supposed to be brow of the hill of shadows, from Tal the Cornish word for brow, and skeusy the Cornish word for shady or shadows, but could include the Cornish skaw meaning elder trees.

Amenities
Talskiddy is probably one of the smallest villages in Cornwall, the only facilities being one red telephone box and a Victorian postbox. It is one of only a few villages in Cornwall that has a village green. It also has a duck pond, known by the residents as "the harbour". There was once a "kiddlywink" or beer shop in the village. Two woolcombing sheds remain, now converted to dwellings. Close by are the farming settlements of Rosedinnick, Pennatillie and Pencrennis. The nearest main roads are the A39 (Atlantic highway) which provides good links to North Cornwall, and the provides good A30 links to the rest of Cornwall.

In literature
Daniel Defoe wrote a book about a man from Talskiddy called Dickory Cronke: The Dumb Philosopher: or, Great Britain's Wonder (1719). It is not clear whether Cronke was a real character, or the work of Defoe's imagination.

A true life character who lived at Talskiddy was George Hawke. He spent his early life working as a wool stapler for the Allanson family. He was a very determined man indeed. He was born in St Eval Parish on 2 October 1802 at his father's farm near Bedruthan. Following losses in an economic recession, George decided to emigrate to Australia. His words were recorded in a letter at age 70 years to a nephew back in Cornwall. The letter was later reproduced in full in Yvonne McBurney's book, The Road to Byng.

Cornish wrestling
John Capell (1859-1932), from Talskiddy, was heavyweight Cornish wrestling champion of Cornwall in 1890 and 1898 and Champion of the West of England in 1890.

title: Talskiddy


text: File:Fagin the Jew cover.jpg

title: File:Fagin the Jew cover.jpg


text:
Kinmon Gakuen

The Kinmon Gakuen (金門学園) or Golden Gate Institute is a Japanese language school in San Francisco, California, located at 2031 Bush Street. It was established in 1911 with 133 students. They currently offer programs to children from kindergarten to high school.

In 1927, the original art of Henry Yoshitaka Kiyama's Four Immigrants Manga was exhibited there.

The school was forced to close during World War II and was not able to reopen until 1949. It was visited by Japanese Emperor Hirohito in 1933 and 1935, and then-Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko in 1960. The institute celebrated the 100th anniversary of its establishment and received Japan's Foreign Minister's Commendation in 2011.

The building has been listed by the city as a San Francisco Designated Landmark (no. 288) since November 1, 2019.

title: Kinmon Gakuen


text: Category:Governors of Colima

title: Category:Governors of Colima


text: User talk:199.101.36.206

title: User talk:199.101.36.206


text:
Redlands Unified School District

The Redlands Unified School District is a school district in California. It includes almost all of Redlands, the majority of Loma Linda, all of the unincorporated community of Mentone, the eastern half of Highland and a small section of San Bernardino in San Bernardino County. Total enrollment was 21,170 in 2009. The district has 16 elementary schools that serve kindergarten through fifth grade, with five middle schools serving grades six through eight. The district has six high schools.

eAcademy
The Redlands eAcademy is a RUSD on-line school. The school features a blended learning environment and serves grades K-12. The school opened in August 2013.

Future expansion
In Loma Linda, plans are underway for a new school, Benjamin Barton Middle School, to be built.

Controversy
In 2015, Redlands East Valley High School 2014 varsity cheerleaders were criticized for dressing up in costume gang attire with fake weaponry inside the school's gymnasium depicting a supposed "Latino Gang". The photo showed the High School students dressed in baggy jeans, heavy makeup and throwing gang signs.

In July 2020, Redlands City Council declared racism as a public health crises after some residents shared experiences of racial slurs and name calling at local schools and in the community.

In December 2020, Redlands Unified responded to a viral video depicting one of their students making a facial gesture targeted at the Asian community.

From as early as 1995 the district has also had a large number, adjusted for its size, of child molestation and abuse cases. This includes criminal and civil cases involving Redlands teachers Lopez, Whitehurst, Kirkland, Koonce, Kelly, and Timothy Rochester, among others, and is an on-going problem with screening and grooming in the district. To date, the district has paid out over 50 million in damages to affected students and families.

title: Redlands Unified School District


text:
Talk:Nevada State Railroad Museum Boulder City

Message from NSRM
I received a reply to a question I sent to the NSRM: The simple answer to the relationship between the operating tourist railroad which assumed the name the “Virginia & Truckee” and the Nevada State Railroad Museum is none, zero. We are not related in any way shape or form other than a shared subject interest. The operating V&T Railway is a for-profit corporation and the Museum is an Agency of the State of Nevada. The V&T Railway operates from Virginia City to Gold Hill, about 20 miles distant from Carson City, the two entities do not physically connect. Equipment owned and operated by the V&T is also separate and distinct from that owned or otherwise held by the Nevada State Railroad Museum.

The Nevada State Railroad Museum has, in addition to the website hosted by the Friends of the Nevada State Railroad Museum, its own website accessed by going to http://nevadaculture.org and clicking on the Nevada State Railroad Museum, Carson City.

The Museum sits on a 13 acre site on the south side of Carson City. We have a number of buildings and about one mile of track over which we operate rail excursions using historic pieces from the collection. The buildings house both restored and un-restored locomotives and rolling stock pertaining not just to the V&T but to the railroads that served northern Nevada. I'll incorporate this into the article. Simesa 19:54, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Nevada Southern Railroad Museum. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110715175503/http://communitylink.reviewjournal.com/servlet/lvrj_ProcServ/dbpage%3Dcge%26gid%3D01233001050987469588539959%26pg%3D01315001051039402649762789 to http://communitylink.reviewjournal.com/servlet/lvrj_ProcServ/dbpage%3Dcge%26gid%3D01233001050987469588539959%26pg%3D01315001051039402649762789
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100120100948/http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/excurs/up844.shtml to http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/excurs/up844.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:47, 16 February 2018 (UTC)


text:
(10302) 1989 ML

(10302) 1989 ML is an as yet unnamed near-Earth asteroid. It is approximately 0.6 km in diameter. An Amor asteroid, it orbits between Earth and Mars. It is an X-type asteroid, so its surface composition is yet unknown. It was discovered by Eleanor F. Helin and Jeff T. Alu at Palomar Observatory on 29 June 1989.

Targeting by spacecraft
The delta-v ('effort') required to reach 1989 ML from a low-Earth orbit is only 4.8 km/s, ranking fifth (as of March 2007) amongst the near-Earth asteroids with well-established orbits. 1989 ML is thus particularly 'easy' (and 'cheap') to reach by spacecraft.

1989 ML was considered as a target of the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa (then Muses-C) but had to be given up due to technical reasons. It was also considered by the European Space Agency as a candidate target for the Don Quijote mission to study the effects of impacting a spacecraft into an asteroid; however, they too changed to other targets.

title: (10302) 1989 ML


text: User talk:80.43.15.2

title: User talk:80.43.15.2


text: User talk:82.153.210.169

title: User talk:82.153.210.169


text:
Combatant Clergy Association

The Combatant Clergy Association is a politically active group in Iran, but not a political party in the traditional sense.

It has never been registered as a political party; however, it acts as a fragmented caucus and has actively operated in the electoral arena, competing for votes. Thus, it is considered an elite party and can be classified as a political party according to the minimalist definition by Angelo Panebianco. The traditional conservative clerical association was the majority party in the fourth and fifth parliaments after the Islamic revolution.

The organization has great influence over non-elective institutions such as the Judicial system, the Guardian Council and Revolutionary Guard Corps.

History
After the 15 Khordad demonstration failed in Iran, it was felt that a coherence organization was needed. The association was founded in 1977 by a group of clerics with intentions to use Islamic culture and traditions to overthrow the Shah. Although the exact founding members of the group are unsure, some of them were said to be Ali Khamenei, Morteza Motahhari, Mohammad Beheshti, Mohammad Javad Bahonar, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Fazlollah Mahallati and Mohammad Mofatteh, and its current members include founding member Ali Khamenei.

The Combatant Clergy Association was one of the few republican groups active before the Iran–Iraq War. A "free political atmosphere" was not provided in Iran due to the special conditions of wartime, and the Combatant Clergy Association was the only active political organisation after the dissolution of the Islamic Republican Party (All IRP clerics were members of CCA but not all CCA founders were members of IRP). By the emergence of factional differences in government of Mir Hossein Mousavi, the organization was divided, and Association of Combatant Clerics was formed.

Recent years
CCA is suffering from unresolved contention between its elites. Hassan Rouhani, president of Iran since 2013, is a member of the faction although he has been inactive and not participated their regular sessions since the disputed 2009 presidential elections, a situation that applies to Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani as well. The association however backed Rafsanjani and Rouhani in 2016 Assembly of Experts election and included both on its list, despite backing Rouhani's rival, Ebrahim Raisi, for president in 2017.

Goals and activities
The association brought together anti-Shah clerics and bazaaris. It also aimed to preserve the revolution and its achievements. Supporting the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and state organization are some of the group's goals. The association does not recognize itself as a political party and hence does not have any written strategy or policy. The association mostly announces its political viewpoints around election time.

Members of the association have had important positions in the different governments of Iran. By 2004, four out of eight presidents of the executive branch of the government had been selected from this association. Also, the president of the judicial branch of the government was one of the members of the association, Ayatollah Mohammad Yazdi, for two five-year periods, from 1989 to 1999.

Foreign policy
The association believes in making diplomatic relationships with all world countries except the United States and Israel, and their criteria in this regard is avoiding both being dominated by other countries and domination over others. However, they believe that there can be relationships with France and the United Kingdom under defined conditions. The association believes that there are intrinsic differences between the value system of Iran and western societies.

Funding
The fourth chapter of the Combatant Clergy Association's statute deals with the financial issues of the association.

title: Combatant Clergy Association


text: Talk:Chuck Woolery

title: Talk:Chuck Woolery


text:
Talk:Grace King

Minor style/meaning changes
It's the easiest thing in the world to say that "she made her living by writing"; but what is more interesting to say is that she found a way to survive, as was necessary, in the career of a writer: and to say it concisely without making her sound too passive. It also explains her choice of subjects in her last book, whence the connection and the semicolon. There must be an even better way of phrasing it, but it shouldn't be flattened to "she made her living by writing".... On the other hand, she was buried after she died, of course, which need not be said! Bill 19:56, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

More information on King's stories
Grace King wrote literature during the time period of the late 1800's and the early 1900's. Her collection of the Balcony stories consisted of literature containing many social issues going on during this time period. Her works should be discussed that represent the densely packed cultural normality's at play, like "The Little Convent Girl". There is hardly any of her stories listed or as to what her stories typically consisted of. There is no representation of what her works were about, including themes at play and the gender and racial inequalities that were taking place during this time period. There are no reliable sources as to where one can go and find more about her past history and her upbringing. It is stated that she was a leader in historical and literary activities, but none of those activities are discussed, listed, or shown to be significant in any way, shape, or form. Muellerkylee7 (talk) 20:40, 6 April 2017 (UTC)Kylee

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Grace King. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060901161358/http://docsouth.unc.edu/kingmons/menu.html to http://docsouth.unc.edu/kingmons/menu.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:58, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grace King


text:
Cypress (former Manitoba provincial electoral district)

Cypress is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba, Canada. It was located in the south of the province.

Cypress was created for the 1886 provincial election, and abolished with the 1969 election.


text: User talk:68.224.164.105

title: User talk:68.224.164.105


text:
Pan-African Federation

The Pan-African Federation was a multinational Pan-African organization founded in Manchester, United Kingdom, in 1944.

Participating groups
Participating groups included:
 * Negro Association (Manchester)
 * Coloured Workers Association (London)
 * Coloured Peoples Association (Edinburgh)
 * African Union (Glasgow)
 * United Committee of Colonial and Coloured Peoples' Associations (Cardiff)
 * Association of Students of African Descent (Dublin)
 * Kikuyu Central Association (Kenya) represented by Jomo Kenyatta
 * West African Youth League (Sierra Leone section) represented by Isaac Wallace-Johnson
 * Friends of African Freedom Society (Gold Coast)

Aims
Its aims were:
 * 1) To promote the well-being and unity of African peoples and peoples of African descent throughout the world
 * 2) To demand self-determination and independence of African peoples, and other subject races from the domination of powers claiming sovereignty and trusteeship over them
 * 3) To secure equality of civil rights for African peoples and the total abolition of all forms of racial discrimination.
 * 4) To strive to co-operate between African peoples and others who share our aspirations.

title: Pan-African Federation


text:
Loutrophoros

A loutrophoros (Ancient Greek: λουτροφόρος; Greek etymology: λουτρόν/loutron and φέρω/pherō, English translation: "bathwater" and "carry") is a distinctive type of Greek pottery vessel characterized by an elongated neck with two handles. The loutrophoros was used to carry water for a bride's pre-nuptial ritual bath, and in funeral rituals, and was placed in the tombs of the unmarried. The loutrophoros itself is a motif for Greek tombstones, either as a relief (for instance, the lekythos on the Stele of Panaetius) or as a stone vessel. There are many in the funeral area at the Kerameikos in Athens, some of which are now preserved in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

title: Loutrophoros


text:
Slim Devices

Slim Devices, Inc. was a consumer electronics company based in Mountain View, California, United States. Their main product was the Squeezebox network music player which connects to a home ethernet or Wi-Fi network, and allows the owner to stream digital audio over the network to a stereo. The company, founded in 2000, was originally most notable for their support of open-source software, namely their SlimServer software which their products at that time all depended upon, and is still available as a free download and modification by any interested developer.

On 18 October 2006 Sean Adams, the CEO of Slim Devices, announced that the company was being fully acquired by Logitech.

Slim Devices was featured in the December 2006 issue of Fast Company magazine. The article focused on the company's business model and profiled the three key leaders: Sean Adams (CEO), Dean Blackketter (CTO), and Patrick Cosson (VP of Marketing).

title: Slim Devices


text:
User talk:Therealneildowning

Neil Downing
I have placed a tag on the article Neil Downing, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. I did this because the article seems to be a biographical account about a person but it does not indicate how or why that person is notable. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag, under any circumstances. If you can indicate why Neil Downing is really notable, I advise you to edit the article promptly, and also put a note on Talk:Neil Downing. Any admin should check for such edits before deleting the article. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. You might also want to read our criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 7 under Articles. --Dvyost 19:56, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!
Hi, Neil Downing, and welcome to Wikipedia! Sorry I had to "speedy" your first contribution, but when you look over our guidelines (below) I think you'll see why. I also reverted your test over at Nevile Gardiner--remember that while Wikipedia is fun to play around with, it's important to add only meaningful content to articles.

There's still lots to be written here, though, so I hope you like the place and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page (below).
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Happy editing, and have a good time! If there's ever anything I can help with (or if you just want to say hey) feel free to swing by my talk page! --Dvyost 20:00, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
I've reverted your vandalism to my User Page. Don't do it again--vandalism is a fast road to having your account revoked. There's lots of good outlets around here for editing. Why not take advantage of them? Best, --Dvyost 20:10, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Please stop
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Friday (talk) 20:11, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --fvw *  20:17, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Blocked
You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires. --fvw *  20:21, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Therealneildowning


text:
We Be Burnin'

"We Be Burnin'" is the first single from Jamaican musician Sean Paul's third studio album, The Trinity (2005). It achieved success worldwide, becoming a top-10 hit on at least 10 national music charts, including those of Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Background and release
"We Be Burnin'" was released as the first single from The Trinity on 22 August 2005 in the US and on 12 September 2005 in the UK. In the US, the single peaked inside the Billboard Hot 100 at number six, and in the UK, the single peaking at number two. The single became his biggest solo hit in the UK, beating the number-three peak of "Like Glue" in 2003 and spending just under five months inside the UK top 75. It was the biggest hit from the album in the UK; however, it was "Temperature" that was the biggest hit from the album in the US.

The original version, sometimes denoted by the title being followed by "Legalize It", features prominent themes of marijuana use, referencing "trees", "weed" and "herb" several times and smoking it for "meditation". Another radio-friendly version was released with the title being followed by "Recognize It", which changed all drug-related lyrics to ones concerning women.

Although the lyrics are different, Tami Chynn's single "Hyperventilating" as well as Capleton's "Or Wah" from the album Reign of Fire utilize the same riddim as Sean Paul's "We Be Burnin'", since both use the riddim "Stepz".

Music video
The video was shot in Southern California deserts by Jessy Terrero, showing dancers accompanying Paul, and two girls in an overheated Hummer H2. Sean Paul is seen dancing with three other girls in front of highly modified trucks.

Track listings
US 12-inch single
 * A1. "We Be Burnin'" (Legalize It club version)	– 3:28
 * A2. "We Be Burnin'" (instrumental)	– 3:52
 * B1. "We Be Burnin'" (Recognize It radio version) – 3:36
 * B2. "We Be Burnin'" (instrumental)	– 3:53

UK CD1 and European CD single
 * 1) "We Be Burnin'" (Recognize It)
 * 2) "We Be Burnin'" (Legalize It)

UK CD2
 * 1) "We Be Burnin'" (Recognize It)
 * 2) "Bounce It Right There"
 * 3) "We Be Burnin" (video)
 * 4) Ringtone

UK 12-inch single
 * A1. "We Be Burnin'" (Recognize It)
 * A2. "We Be Burnin'" (instrumental)
 * B1. "We Be Burnin'" (Legalize It)
 * B2. "Bounce It Right There"

Australian CD single
 * 1) "We Be Burnin'" (Recognize It)
 * 2) "Bounce It Right There"
 * 3) "We Be Burnin'" (Legalize It)

Certifications
!scope="col" colspan="3"| Ringtone

title: We Be Burnin'


text:
Rasdorf

Rasdorf is a municipality in the district of Fulda, in Hesse, Germany.

Geography
Rasdorf is situated within the Kuppenrhön-part of the Rhön hills, at the border of Hesse and Thuringia.

Neighbouring communities
Rasdorf borders in the north on the community of Eiterfeld (district of Fulda), in the east on the community of Buttlar, the town of Geisa and the community of Rockenstuhl (all three in the Thuringian Wartburg district), in the south on the community of Nüsttal, and in the west on the town of Hünfeld (both in the district of Fulda).

Administration
The districts of Rasdorf, Setzelbach and Grüsselbach form the municipality of Rasdorf.

History
The Fulda monastery and the Rasdorf secondary monastery owe their existence to the missionary work of the Carolingians. Abbot Baugulf (779-802) received in return 781 "Haunfeld" (Hünfeld) as well as the village Rasdorf with all its corridors.

The village Rasdorf must have existed before 781. A secondary monastery Rasdorf is mentioned in 815. 32 to 34 monks and about 20 monastery students are documented in the 9th century in the secondary monastery Rasdorf. In the year 845 the abbot Rabanus from Fulda and King Ludwig the German met for reconciliation in Rasdorf. Rabanus had been on the "wrong" side in the dispute between King Lothar and his brothers Ludwig and Karl, namely on the Lothars side. When Ludwig became lord over the Eastern France, Rabanus withdrew and laid down his abbot's dignity. Thanks to the Rasdorf reconciliation, which took place on the king's initiative, Rabanus was appointed Archbishop of Mainz in 847. Rabanus stipulated that the word of God was to be preached in German, according to a provision of Charlemagne, "that the word of God is to be proclaimed to the people in their mother tongue.

The secondary monastery Rasdorf was converted into a collegiate monastery around 877.

On May 21, 977, Otto II visited the monastery in Fulda and received a delegation from the collegiate monastery in Rasdorf under the leadership of his chancellor Egbert.

The collegiate church in Rasdorf is considered one of the most architecturally significant village churches in Hesse.

Rasdorf attained significance due to its location on the historic trade route Via Regia (Frankfurt am Main - Eisenach - Leipzig).

Today's community of Rasdorf came into being in the course of the regional reform in Hesse on April 1, 1972, when the previously independent communities of Grüsselbach, Rasdorf and Setzelbach merged.

The Hessian Ministry of the Interior and Sport awarded it the designation Point-Alpha-Community with a certificate dated July 24, 2015

Sights

 * The memorial Point Alpha is located at the border of Hesse and Thuringia, which was the Inner German border until 1990. For decades, an observation post of the US army was located here. Today, the "Point Alpha Foundation" strives to maintain a section of the inner German border fortifications and the American observation post as a memorial. The intention is to remind visitors of the division of Germany and the confrontation between NATO and Warsaw Pact forces.
 * The Rasdorf collegiate church was built in 831 by Rabanus Maurus, abbot of the Fulda monastery. In 1274 the church was rebuilt. In the process, a new church with a Gothic appearance was built, retaining the ground plan and using old Romanesque components. The Gothic columns are valuable in terms of art history. The eight columns with their capitals are the main sights in the collegiate church. Art historians suspect that these columns and capitals, which are highly significant in terms of art history, go back to Byzantine influence. Six columns in Greek style divide the basilica (nave and two side aisles). Two stocky columns (Romanesque) with rare animal capitals in the western part of the basilica are among the oldest parts of the church. The Romanesque baptismal font (12th century) reminds in its form of a representation of St. Boniface at a pagan baptism.
 * A complex of a military cemetery (around 1200), which has been preserved until today, is surrounded by a high wall in an irregular square, the sides of which are between 55 and 67 m long and between 4 and 6 m high, with a thickness of about 0.80 m. It also has four corner towers with pointed hoods and embrasures, which provided protection for the population of Rasdorf in uncertain times. There is also a gatehouse and a covered battlement. Until 1827, the cruciform Romanesque parish church of St. Michael stood in the center. It was demolished after a sale. The cemetery cross is from the year 1751.
 * Northwest of Rasdorf is the pilgrimage chapel "St. Maria und Vierzehn Nothelfer" on the Gehilfersberg. It was built around 1625 in place of a predecessor chapel, which was already mentioned in 1586, first to worship a miraculous cult image (St. Gehülf), then the 14 Nothelfer. In the 17th and 18th century the Gehilfersberg was the most important place of pilgrimage of the Hochstift Fulda. The chapel has a baroque interior decoration. After an arson in 1996 the chapel was completely destroyed, but was rebuilt true to the original and consecrated in May 1997. Seven wayside shrines from around 1750 lead up to the chapel, each of which shows two emergency helpers.

title: Rasdorf


text:
Zvonimir Vukić

Zvonimir Vukić (Звонимир Вукић; born 19 July 1979) is a Serbian former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.

A former Serbia and Montenegro international, Vukić appeared at the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

Club career
Vukić started out at his hometown club Proleter Zrenjanin, making his senior debut in the 1996–97 season, aged 17. He became a first-team regular in the following 1997–98 campaign, attracting the attention of numerous domestic and foreign clubs. In the summer of 1998, Vukić was snapped by Spanish club Atlético Madrid.

After spending almost two years with Atlético's B team, playing in the Segunda División, Vukić returned to his homeland and signed with Partizan in April 2000. He made a name for himself over the next four seasons with the Crno-beli, scoring 52 goals across all competitions. In the 2002–03 season, Vukić was the league's top scorer with 22 goals, as Partizan won the title.

In June 2003, Vukić signed a five-year contract with Ukrainian runners-up Shakhtar Donetsk. He was their top scorer with 13 goals in all competitions during his debut season. In his second year at the club, Vukić helped the side win the championship despite being scoreless in the process. He also made his UEFA Champions League debut that season against the likes of Barcelona and Milan.

In August 2005, Vukić was loaned to Premier League side Portsmouth until the end of the 2005–06 season. He scored his first goal for Portsmouth in a 4–1 win over Sunderland on 29 October 2005. However, after the sacking of manager Alain Perrin and reinstatement of former manager Harry Redknapp, Vukić was deemed surplus to requirements.

In January 2006, Vukić found himself back in familiar territory, having been loaned to his former club Partizan for the rest of the 2005–06 season. He rejoined the Belgrade side just a few days following Danko Lazović's comeback. Unfortunately, Vukić broke a foot in a friendly game against Ural Yekaterinburg, managing to play just two competitive matches after a long pause.

After his contract with Shakhtar Donetsk expired in the summer of 2008, Vukić joined Moscow. However, the Ukrainian club claimed that they have a valid contract with the player. Eventually, FIFA allowed Vukić to play for the Russian club in October 2008. He scored on his debut for the side in a league fixture against Terek Grozny on 2 November 2008. After the club folded in February 2010, Vukić became a free agent.

Third stint at Partizan
In May, and November 2010, after training with the club for several months, Vukić was again linked to Partizan, but no deal was concluded. He eventually signed with his former club on 31 January 2011, penning a one-year deal. Vukić chose the number 80 shirt and was officially presented together with Ghanaian international Prince Tagoe. He helped Partizan win the double, scoring from the penalty spot in the Serbian Cup final against Vojvodina.

At the start of the 2011–12 campaign, Vukić assumed his old number 10 shirt. He opened the season with a goal against Shkëndija in the second qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League. However, after weak form in August 2010, Vukić became the subject of fans' criticism, briefly dropping from the first team.

On 21 September 2011, Vukić returned to the lineup and scored a goal in the Serbian Cup first round against Novi Pazar. He then scored a brace in his first league game after six rounds for a 2–0 victory over Spartak Subotica on 15 October 2011. In the next 30 days, Vukić netted five more, including three league and two cup goals. He also scored the opening goal in a 2–0 away win against arch-rivals on 26 November 2011, becoming a fans favorite again. In the last two rounds of the first half of the season, Vukić scored two more goals to complete his fantastic performances in late 2011.

On 24 January 2012, after much speculation, Vukić signed another one-year contract with Partizan. He continued his good performances in the second half of the season, being named in the SuperLiga Team of the Season. However, Vukić was removed from the squad in August 2012, because of disagreements with reappointed manager Vladimir Vermezović.

Career in Greece
On 30 January 2013, Vukić joined PAOK on a free transfer, signing a one-and-a-half-year deal. He played three matches in the Super League Greece until the end of the 2012–13 regular season, scoring two goals in his first two appearances for the club against Panionios and Panathinaikos. Vukić also recorded four appearances in the Super League playoffs.

On 26 April 2014, Vukić was the only scorer for his team in the Greek Cup final, converting a penalty in the 70th minute of their 4–1 loss to Panathinaikos. He was also one of the team's top scorers in the 2013–14 season, with 15 goals in all competitions, before eventually leaving PAOK at the end of his contract.

On 7 September 2014, Vukić joined Veria on a free transfer, signing a one-year contract. He was given the number 99 shirt. On 12 February 2015, Vukić terminated his contract with Veria by mutual consent.

International career
Vukić earned 26 caps for Serbia and Montenegro, making his full international debut in a 2–2 home draw with Azerbaijan on 12 February 2003. He scored his first national team goal in a 3–2 win over Wales at Millennium Stadium on 11 October 2003.

Vukić was a regular member of the team during the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification, scoring four goals in the process. He was included in the final 23-man squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, despite having been in the process of convalescence after a long break due to foot injury. Eventually, Vukić made one appearance in the final tournament, coming in from the bench in a 6–0 loss to Argentina.

Honours
Partizan Shakhtar Donetsk Individual
 * First League of FR Yugoslavia: 2001–02, 2002–03
 * FR Yugoslavia Cup: 2000–01
 * Serbian SuperLiga: 2010–11, 2011–12
 * Serbian Cup: 2010–11
 * Ukrainian Premier League: 2004–05, 2007–08
 * Ukrainian Cup: 2003–04, 2007–08
 * Ukrainian Super Cup: 2005
 * FK Partizan Player of the Year: 2002
 * First League of Serbia and Montenegro Top Scorer: 2002–03
 * Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season: 2011–12

title: Zvonimir Vukić


text:
User talk:NoodleVI

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Friday (talk) 20:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image Tagging for Image:Reg1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Reg1.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 09:55, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

January 2008
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. Gwernol 12:52, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:NoodleVI


text:
Alabastron

An alabastron or alabastrum  (plural: alabastra or alabastrons; from the Greek ἀλάβαστρον) is a small type of pottery or glass vessel used for holding oil, especially perfume or massage oils. They originated around the 11th century BC in ancient Egypt as containers carved from alabaster – hence the name – and spread via ancient Greece to other parts of the classical world.

Most types of alabastron have a narrow body with a rounded end, a narrow neck and a broad, splayed mouth. They were often left without handles, but some types were equipped with ear-shaped projections or lugs into which holes were punched. Strings were then put through these holes for easy mobility.

The design of the first Egyptian alabastra was inspired by the palm tree, with a columnar shape, a palm capital and a stand. Later designs were made from glass decorated with various patterns, such as scallops, festoons or abstract patterns of rings or zigzags.

Around the 7th century BC, alabastra spread to Greece and became an important element of ancient Greek pottery. There were three distinct types of Greek alabastron:

 * A basic Corinthian bulbous shape standing about 3 – tall; a popular design found throughout Greece.
 * A long and pointed version commonly seen in eastern Greek, Etruscan, and Italo-Corinthian pottery.
 * An Attic type about 4 – long with a rounded base and lugs for carrying purposes.

Alabastra also appeared in many other places in the ancient world, notably Assyria, Syria and Palestine, all having presumably been inspired by or exported from Greece or Egypt.

Within a hundred years after arriving in the area, Greek artisans were producing elaborately decorated silver alabastra, long and narrow and 12 – in height. The decoration usually involved dividing the body of the vase into four horizontal zones by ornamental bands around it.

title: Alabastron


text:
User:Brianneschwantes

Combining personal and universal struggles, Brianne Schwantes has successfully fought some of the most difficult fights. She was born with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), a rare genetic disease that causes brittle bones. The prognosis at birth was not hopeful, yet she and her family were dedicated to her survival. Now a graduate of American University in Washington DC, Brianne focuses on helping others and sharing her story of optimism and strength.

Since birth, Brianne has participated in experimental research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Though faced with much adversity and many disappointments, Brianne’s never-fading hopefulness and determination helped her to evolve into the poster child for OI. Between the ages of eight and fourteen, Brianne was asked to testify six times before the Health and Human Services subcommittees in both the Senate and House of Representatives. Her testimony advocated additional funding for bone diseases and over time resulted in the reinstatement of million dollars in funding.

Brianne also focuses her energy on a multitude of service activities, including work with the Heart of America Foundation®, the American Red Cross and Camp AmeriKids. Brianne is a compelling motivator, and was recently featured on the Oprah Winfrey Show, in the books A Courage to Give, The Heart of America: Ten Core Values That Make Our Country Great, and in many publications such as the Wall Street Journal, ReAct magazine, and Ladies Home Journal. Brianne surpasses challenges in life, service, and education, which are common themes within all her presentations. She shares her own personal story of a young adult beating the odds and her presentations empower audiences to overcome their own obstacles so they may help others in need.

title: User:Brianneschwantes


text:
Mongolian People's Army

The Mongolian People's Army (Монголын Ардын Арми), also known as the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Army (Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Цэрэг) or the Mongolian Red Army (Монгол Улаан армийн), was an institution of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party constituting as the armed forces of the Mongolian People's Republic. It was established on 18 March 1921 as a secondary army under Soviet Red Army command during the 1920s and during World War II. In 1992, the army's structure changed and then reorganized and renamed as the Mongolian Armed Forces.

Creation of the army
One of the first actions of the new Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party authorities was the creation of a native communist army in 1921 under the leadership of adept cavalry commander Damdin Sükhbaatar in order to fight against Russian troops from the White movement and Chinese forces. The decision to create an army was made on 9 February 1921.

On 13 March 1921, four cavalry regiments were formed from partisan detachments. The MPRA was aided by the Red Army of the Russian SFSR, which helped to secure the Mongolian People's Republic and remained in its territory until at least 1925. A Military Council was formed soon after among the military leadership, while the General Staff was led by Soviet specialists.

In September 1923, on the outskirts of Urga, the first cavalry school and an artillery school were opened, and a year later, the publication of the army newspaper began. On October 16, 1925, Mongolia adopted a law on universal conscription, and in 1926, the creation of temporary detachments of the people's militia began.

1930s conflicts and WWII
Initially during the native revolts of the early 1930s and the Japanese border probes beginning in the mid-1930s, Soviet Red Army troops in Mongolia amounted to little more than instructors for the native army and as guards for diplomatic and trading installations. Domestically, it took part in the suppression of the 1932 armed uprising. It also involved in many border conflicts against Manchukuo and the Kwantung Army (one of the largest parts of the Imperial Japanese Army) and the Chinese National Revolutionary Army. The Imperial Japanese Army recorded 152 minor incidents on the border of Manchuria between 1932 and 1934. The number of incidents increased to over 150 per year in 1935 and 1936, and the scale of incidents became larger.

In January 1935, the first armed battle, Halhamiao incident (哈爾哈廟事件) occurred on the border between Mongolia and Manchukuo. Scores of Mongolian cavalry units engaged with a Manchukuo army patrol unit near the Buddhist temple of Halhamiao. The Manchukuo Army incurred slight casualties, including a Japanese military advisor.

Between December 1935 and March 1936, the Orahodoga incident (オラホドガ事件)(ja) and the Tauran incident (タウラン事件) (ja) occurred. In these battles, both the Japanese and Mongolian Armies use a small number of armoured fighting vehicles and military aircraft.

In the 1939 Battles of Khalkhin Gol (or Nomonhan) heavily armed Red Army forces under Georgy Zhukov assisted by Mongolian troops under Khorloogiin Choibalsan decisively defeated Imperial Japanese Army forces under Michitarō Komatsubara. During a meeting with Joseph Stalin in Moscow in early 1944, Choibalsan requested military assistance to the MPRA for border protection. Units of Mongolian People's Army were also supported and allied with the Soviet Red Army on the western flank of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945. As part of the Cavalry mechanized group of the Transbaikal Front under General Issa Pliyev, Mongolian troops under General D. Lhagwasuren comprised the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Cavalry Divisions, the 7th Motorized Armored Brigade, the 3rd Tank Regiment, and the 3rd Artillery Regiment.

Stalinist repressions against Mongolian People's Army
During the 18 months of violence, Monks who were not executed were forcibly conscripted into the MPA. At the same time, 187 persons from the military leadership were killed on the orders of Marshal Choibalsan. The army stayed linked to Soviet Red Army intelligence groups and the NKVD.

Cold war era
During the Pei-ta-shan Incident, elite Qinghai Chinese Muslim cavalry were sent by the Chinese Kuomintang to destroy the Mongols and the Russians positions in 1947. The military of Mongolia's purpose was national defense, protection of local communist establishments, and collaboration with Soviet forces in future military actions against exterior enemies, up until the 1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia. In February 1957, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the MPRP passed a resolution on the establishment of a voluntary association to assist the People's Army. In 1961, the Defense and Labor Association was established by the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Mongolia. The first civil defense in the country was established in 1964 as the 122nd Civil Defense Battalion of the MPA. Moreover, all Mongolian citizens were obliged to participate in civil defense training organized by the Civil Defense Office of the Ministry of Defense.

In 1971–72, Mongolian forces were listed as two infantry divisions; 40 T-34 and 100 T-54/55 tanks; 10 SU-100 tank destroyers, BTRs, and Air Force of 1,000 men with no combat aircraft. The Air Force has transports, trainers, and 10 Mil Mi-1 and Mil Mi-4 helicopters.

Political indoctrination
The central Political Administration Unit was established in the army in 1921 to supervise the work of political commissars (Politruk) and party cells in all army units and to provide a political link with the Central Committee of the MPRP in the army. The unit served to raise morale and to prevent enemy political propaganda. Up to one third of army units were members of the party and others were in the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League.

The Red Mongol Army received sixty percent of the government budget in early years and it was expanded from 2,560 men in 1923 to 4,000 in 1924 and to 7,000 in 1927. The native armed forces stayed linked to Soviet Red Army intelligence groups and NKVD, Mongolian secret police, and Buryat Mongol Comintern agents acted as administrators and represented the real power in the country albeit under direct Soviet guidance.

Training
By 1926 the government planned to train 10,000 conscripts annually and to increase the training period to six months. Chinese intelligence reports in 1927 indicated that between 40,000 and 50,000 reservists could be mustered at short notice. In 1929 a general mobilization was called to test the training and reserve system. The expected turnout was to have been 30,000 troops but only 2,000 men presented. This failure initiated serious reforms in recruiting and training systems.

Strength
In 1921–1927, the land forces, almost exclusively horsemen, numbered about 17,000 mounted troops and boasted more than 200 heavy machine guns, 50 mountain howitzers, 30 field guns, seven armored cars, and a maximum of up to 20 light tanks.

Basic units and motorization
The basic unit was the 2,000-man cavalry regiment consisting of three squadrons. Each 600-plus-man squadron was divided into five companies: a machine gun company, and an engineer unit. Cavalry regiments were organized into larger units--brigades or divisions—which included artillery and service support units. The chief advantage of this force was mobility over the great distances in Mongolia: small units were able to cover more than 160 km in 24 hours.

Armoured corps
Under Soviet support campaign for mechanization, the army formed its first mechanized unit in 1922. Also it was by structure in the ground force half-mechanization cavalry in the other units distributed to light armored vehicles until 1943. It began to process to motorised since 1943. This is a list of Mongolian People's Army tanks and armour during the 1922s-World War II period.

Anti-aircraft forces
Although little attention was paid to anti-aircraft weaponry in the Mongolian People's Army, a few dozen units of Soviet origin were known to be distributed to light armored outfits.

Mongolian People's Army Air Force
The Mongolian People's Army Aviation drastically improved with Soviet training and vastly ameliorated within a time span of several years. In May 1925, a Junkers F.13 entered service as the first aircraft in Mongolian civil and military-related aviation. In March 1931, the Soviet Union donated three Polikarpov R-1s to the Mongolian People's Army, with Mongolia further purchasing three R-1s. In 1932, an uprising broke out against Collectivization, which saw both Soviet and Mongolian-operated R-1s taking part in actions against the rebellion. The aircraft carried out reconnaissance, leaflet dropping, and bombing missions. Chinese intelligence reports that in 1945 the Mongolian People's Air Force had been with a three-fighter and three-bomber aviation-regiment, and one flight training school and greater air squadrons. It was reported that headquartered in the Mukden Manchukuo spy-section in October 1944 air force whole units had been 180 aircraft and 1231 airmen. The Mongolian People's Army Aviation demonstrated its full potential during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, which was its largest engagement. Apart from intercepting intruding aircraft, People's Aviation was used heavily to repress domestic rebel movements.

The Mongolian People's Air Force has operated a variety of aircraft types.

Army ranks and uniform

On 28 April 1944, the Council of Ministers promoted the 11 officers to the rank of general, a rank that was never crossed before up until then. This date has been remembered as “Mongolian Generals' Day”. The highest military ranks in the MPA army general, but in 2006 the Law on the Legal Status of Military Servicemen was amended to make it more developed to a Western model. Because establishment of the Armed Forces was based on a Soviet military system in the 1920s, the Mongolian People's Army used similar uniforms with the Red Army, only with Mongolian distinctions. Until 1924, People's Army personnel wore traditional deel, which had their respective shoulder insignias. In the mid-1930s, the army adopted Soviet Gymnasterka and developed its true rank and distinction system. All personnel were distinct by their sleeve and collar insignias from the general population when the gymnastyorka was rather popular. After the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, slight modifications were made. In 1944 all uniforms and insignia were significantly changed to include shoulder insignia and camouflage cloaks, similar to Soviet uniform modifications but on olive green.
 * Conscript soldiers
 * Private
 * Lance Corporal
 * Corporal
 * Senior Corporal
 * NCO's
 * Junior Sergeant
 * Sergeant
 * Senior Sergeant
 * Training Sergeant
 * Lead Sergeant
 * Officers
 * 2nd Lieutenant
 * 1st Lieutenant
 * Captain
 * Major
 * Lieutenant Colonel
 * Colonel
 * Brigadier General
 * Major General
 * Lieutenant General
 * General

From the 1960s, the equipment and uniforms of the Mongolian People's Army were modernized. As before, the Mongolian People's Army (a Soviet ally) was similar to the Soviet Armed Forces in appearance and structure.

title: Mongolian People's Army


text: User talk:81.131.107.69

title: User talk:81.131.107.69