text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 October 2

Category:images of Pacific → category:Images of the Pacific

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The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 03:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

- Nominated for speedy above. Obvious grammatical correction, but not speedy. Septentrionalis 21:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename Hiding talk 19:16, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 18:33, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Interstate highways in District of Columbia to Category:Interstate highways in Washington, D.C.

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The result of the debate was No consensus (no change). ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 03:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Washington, D.C. is the most common name for the city, District of Columbia is less common. Also, the current name is ungrammatical; it should be "Interstate highways in the District of Columbia". (And let's please not have the pedantic suggestion "Interstate highways in Washington, District of Columbia". Absolutely nobody uses that name for the city.) dbenbenn | talk 20:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This category is named for consistency with Category:Interstate highways in California, etc. We're talking about Interstate highways in the District, not the city. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs - count) 20:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "District of Columbia" is simply another name for the city that is commonly called "Washington, D.C.". The District and the city are identical objects.  dbenbenn | talk 23:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep for naming consistency and accuracy. (70.94.229.160 00:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Support This is a special case, and there is an overriding rule about common usage. Outside the U.S. many people are barely aware that the District of Colombia exists. CalJW 00:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What rule for categories are you invoking? (SEWilco 04:24, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Keep as a supercat and for historical people. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * KEEP, do any cities have categories about what Interstates are in them? 132.205.45.148 18:25, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, Washington, D.C. does. It's currently called Category:Interstate highways in District of Columbia.  dbenbenn | talk 22:31, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't be facetious. So, from your evidence I can infer that no, no city has it's own interstates category. Therefore there is no reason to make one. 132.205.93.89 22:36, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep because the city of Washington and the district of Columbia ARE different entities. True, the city limits are coterminous with the borders of the district now, but the district is treated like a county in many respects, the next closest thing to a State for it.  I refer to Rschen7754's reason for keeping it, as it retains consistency.  Eric 01:31, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename but only to insert "the", i.e. "in the District of Columbia". siafu 18:35, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Cities in District of Columbia

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The result of the debate was No consensus (no change). ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 04:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Washington, D.C. is a city. The parent cat, Category:Cities in the United States, should be added to Category:Washington, D.C., and this category deleted. dbenbenn | talk 20:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep: Entries in parent category follow pattern "Cities in STATE". This subdivision of the U.S. happens to presently contain one city, but the District is the entity which is part of the U.S.  (SEWilco 00:30, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Comment: It's apparent that the District and the city overlaps.. the same arguments to say Scotland is a region of the UK, or Scotland is a constituent country of the UK that contains only one region. Anyhow, if this category is kept, it should be renamed category:cities in the District of Columbia. — Instantnood 13:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP, the city and the district did not always overlap. 132.205.45.110 18:57, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Do you mean in some point of history the District is bigger (or smaller) than the city? — Instantnood 05:53, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That is correct, the District of Columbia was bigger than Washington for a long time. All of the district was merged under one government only in 1871; up to that point Georgetown at least had its own mayor, etc. totally independent of the City of Washington. However, aside from Georgetown I can't think of another such former city. In any case, Keep. Christopher Parham (talk) 06:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Part of Alexandria, Virginia used to be in the District. (SEWilco 14:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Texas used to be part of Mexico. Categories reflect current reality, not the way things used to be.  dbenbenn | talk 22:33, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Categories do as they do. Current Reality says that there is such a thing called the "District of Columbia". 132.205.93.89 22:34, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename to insert "the". Since Washington is presently the only city that occupies the entirety of the District, former cities in the District, such as Georgetown, Alexandia would better be categorised under a subcategory titled "former cities in the District of Columbia", or something like that. — Instantnood 07:35, 5 October 2005 (UTC) (modified 07:34, 7 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Rename to insert "the", as above. siafu 18:38, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Images of District of Columbia

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The result of the debate was No consensus (no change). ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 04:04, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Duplicates Category:Images of Washington, District of Columbia. Twice deleted, twice recreated by User:SEWilco. (For what it's worth, I think a better name would be Category:Images of Washington, D.C..) dbenbenn | talk 20:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * merge both into Category:Images of Washington, D.C., and make the others soft redirects, purging every so often. Septentrionalis 21:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Category follows naming practice for parent Category:Images of United States, just as Category:Images of Texas is not Category:Images of TX, represents a state and contains separate entries for cities. User:Dbenbenn also presents own improper deletions of category as somehow being evidence of something other than Dbenbenn's behavior.  See Wikipedia talk:Categories for deletion. (SEWilco 00:18, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * What naming practice do you mean exactly? Do you think that Category:Images of Washington, District of Columbia should be merged to Category:Images of District of Columbia?  Neither version contains an abbreviation.  dbenbenn | talk 00:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: An image of the city is not necessarily relevant to the District, just as should not all be in .  However, Image:Alamo TX.jpg would seem to belong in both categories.  (SEWilco 15:23, 4 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Keep the city and the district did not always overlap 132.205.45.110 18:57, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as suggested. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but insert "the". siafu 18:46, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:District of Columbia

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The result of the debate was Keep. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 04:08, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Duplicates Category:Washington, D.C.. It has been deleted twice, and twice re-created by User:SEWilco. dbenbenn | talk 20:13, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep: Category has membership relevant (currently or historically) to the District and does not duplicate the city category. See the two categories.  User:Dbenbenn also presents own improper deletions of category as somehow being evidence of something other than Dbenbenn's behavior.  See Wikipedia talk:Categories for deletion. (SEWilco 00:18, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * "Does not duplicate"? That's objectively false: every article in Category:District of Columbia is in Category:Washington, D.C. or a subcategory.  dbenbenn | talk 00:25, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: That falsehood is objectively false: not every article in is in .  (SEWilco 15:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Nope. Since Category:Washington, D.C. is a subcategory of Category:District of Columbia, every article in the former is part of the latter.  dbenbenn | talk 22:36, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, if anything get rid of the city category. Christopher Parham (talk) 13:54, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as a supercat and for historical people. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into city cat. as suggested. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP the city and the district did not always overlap. 132.205.45.148 18:14, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. siafu 18:58, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Bosnian footballers to Category:Footballers from Bosnia and Herzegovina & Category:Bosnian football managers to Category:Football managers from Bosnia and Herzegovina

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The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 04:10, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

"Bosnian" isn't the right adjective (demonym) for Bosnia and Herzegovina - there are both Bosnian people and the Herzegovinian people, but we don't want to exclude either and instead group them by country. This is also normalization with other BiH category names - I would have renamed them both manually but there's quite a few so a bot will do it faster. --Joy [shallot]   19:10, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Support: And hope the region develops a shorter name for itself. (SEWilco 04:26, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Unlikely :) --Joy [shallot]
 * Support Hiding talk 19:07, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Racecourses to Category:Horse racing tracks venues

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The result of the debate was Rename all. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 04:13, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

IMO British English-specific or American English-specific terminology for high level category naming should be avoided if possible. Suggest renaming this category to an unambiguous form ("racecourse" being an ambiguous term, at least in American English). IMO the question should not be "is this what you'd say", but "do you immediately comprehend this terminology"? Associated with this renaming, I propose renaming the subcats to the form "Horse racing tracks in foo" and adding this as the convention for such categories to Naming conventions (categories). If anyone thinks it's necessary we could add (soft) Categoryredirects for selected countries. -- Rick Block (talk) 19:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Australian racecourses → Category:Horse racing tracks venues
 * Category:British racecourses → Category:Horse racing tracks venues in the United Kingdom
 * Category:Racecourses in France → Category:Horse racing tracks venues in France

 * Comment: "race track" is rather American-sounding, however. If we really want to want to toe the ambiguous line here, "horse racing facilities" or "horse racing venues" might be better -The Tom
 * Oppose It is important to the global success of Wikipedia that Americans show sensitivity to local usage and there is a policy that Commonwealth and American English have equal status. Relentless uniformity is less important than calling things what there are called in the real world. There is little difference between this proposal and suggesting that category:Counties of England should be changed to category:States of England. CalJW 00:39, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Is "Horse racing venues" sufficiently neutral?  Or, perhaps, we'd rather have it be "Places where horses compete against each by trying to go faster "?  Please consider that imposing UK-English on the world is just as bad as imposing American-English.  -- Rick Block (talk) 04:57, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have not been trying to impose British English. You have taken the initiative and each time you have attempted to impose American English. I hope that you will be more careful after the "universities and colleges" debacle. However your amended proposal is acceptable in this case. Rename all Category:Horse racing venues in X. CalJW 05:20, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support but change to (or something similar such as ) to avoid American editors placing car racing venues in such categories.  (SEWilco 04:31, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Proposal changed to "venues" per above comments. -- Rick Block (talk) 13:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to "Horse racecourses", which is clear and internationally-understood, AFAIAA. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Ottawa City Councillors to Category:Ottawa city councillors

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The result of the debate was SPEEDY RENAME (theoretically, it's taken nearly a week!). -Splash talk 15:51, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

The nominator got lazy and forgot to list this here, they want it renamed to Category:Ottawa city councillors. I oppose that. -- Spinboy 16:27, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You oppose it why? Again, this is a case where there's a standard format expected by Wikipedia; the proposed move conforms with it and the existing category doesn't. Rename, or give us a good reason why this category should get a special exemption from the policy. Bearcat 18:14, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to standard format. (70.94.229.160 00:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Rename And please don't call me "lazy" for one slip up. I am the most active person in this section of Wikipedia. CalJW 00:42, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I oppose it because I think it's silly nit-picking. Ignore all rules. It may or may not be a standard format, but it's not wikipedia policy. [[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 02:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I apologize CalJW, I sholdn't have called you lazy, but you did forget to list it here. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 02:37, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I fully favour skipping on the rules if there's a convincing reason to skip the rules. Is there a specific reason why "city councillors" has to keep its capitalization in the category name? Or is "this out clause exists, so I'm going to wave it around just because I can" the only reason you've got? Bearcat 04:25, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Two things, I was the nominator, and I certainly resent being accused of laziness—it's not listed here because it was listed as a speedy (further up the page) on account of it being purely capitalization-related. -The Tom 23:04, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy for capitalization. 68.251.91.22 19:00, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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category:London underworld to Category:Crime in London

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The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 03:45, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

This is not a very enclyclopedic title. It does not match the category it is in (Crime in the United Kingdom) and it seems to exclude crimes committed by people who do not belong to the "underworld". I think it would be better to rename it Category:Crime in London, which is a more comprehensive title. Carina22 16:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename, lest it be confused with the London Underground. siafu 23:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Elections in Canada

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The result of the debate was RENAME ALL. -Splash talk 15:33, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Related to the Politics of Canada discussion below. The following provincial categories need to be knocked into line. No Yukon cat yet, so we can dodge that bullet. -The Tom 15:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Alberta elections → Elections in Alberta
 * Category:Elections in British Columbia already standardized
 * Category:Manitoba elections → Category:Elections in Manitoba
 * Category:New Brunswick elections → Category:Elections in New Brunswick
 * Category:Newfoundland elections → Category:Elections in Newfoundland and Labrador (lacks Labrador)
 * Category:Nova Scotia elections → Category:Elections in Nova Scotia
 * Category:Elections in Nunavut already standardized
 * Category:Ontario elections → Category:Elections in Ontario
 * Category:Prince Edward Island elections → Category:Elections in Prince Edward Island
 * Category:Quebec general elections → Category:Elections in Quebec (aberrant "general")
 * Category:Saskatchewan elections → Category:Elections in Saskatchewan

 * Rename as per nominator Carina22 16:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nominator to follow standard patterns. (70.94.229.160 00:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Oppose --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 02:24, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per standard Wikipedia policy. Bearcat 04:13, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose for same reasons as discussed in Canadian politics below. Luigizanasi 05:30, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Trying to retain exemptions from policy just because they were created in the early days of the category system just bogs things down. CalJW 23:57, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Waste of time to change every category, when it was fine before. --Cloveious 01:43, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per standard Wikipedia policy. --maclean25 02:09, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per standard Wikipedia policy. Mindmatrix 19:30, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all. No argument. siafu 23:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all Bhoeble 13:13, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:West Virginia State Highways

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The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash talk 15:31, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Delete Template already exist which contains the same information in a better easier to navigate format. Several West Virginian's are working improve and expand the Template now. --71Demon 14:50, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Duplicate template. The other template hasthe same information in a way that's easier to navigate. (Unsigned edit by 65.78.109.83)
 * Keep There are state highway categories for Alabama,  California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia & Washington. West Virginia should logically have a state highways category too. Consistency is usually considered a good thing. Nboggs 15:15, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Conistancy is why is should be deleted because the template is consistant with US Highways, Interstate, and ADHS templates for other road systems. (Unsigned edit by 71Demon)
 * Keep Templates do not replace categories. Carina22 16:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Quick Delete Template is easier to use and is consistant with US highway template. (Unsigned edit by 152.163.100.7)
 * KEEP I'd like to point out that the Interstates and US highways use a category as well as a list. The template is useful with Interstates and US highways because it lists only primary highways. The WV template is not useful because it lists every single state highway WV has. (See debate at Templates for deletion for more). There is more consistency with other state highways if we use a category-list system... also another important distinction is that Interstates and US Highways are NOT state highways, whereas 96% of state highways use a list and category system. --Rschen7754 19:58, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Templates are in general NOT appropriate as replacements for a category. Although this cat may be sparsely populated right now, it is part of a hierarchy where other states have well-populated categories. Regarding the template, I see it as unnecessary, but I'm not going to vote against it because it doesn't really do much harm either. older≠wiser 21:22, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep A category always trumps a template Soltak | Talk 21:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Even if the template is kept, the articles must be categorized some how.  >:  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 21:34, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The cat should be included in the template. If the template is deleted, use otherarticles (Unsigned edit by Pmanderson)
 * Keep: For consistency, following established pattern, and categorization needed. (SEWilco 04:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Keep per Rschen7754, Robywayne, et al. Nominator is also attempting to make a WP:POINT as retaliation (for lack of a better word) for his template being nominated for TFD. --Howcheng 15:58, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Places in Belarus

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The result of the debate was SPEEDILY DELETED. -Splash talk 15:30, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Non-standard category with the blurb "This category is for notable places in Belarus that don't have a better category yet". I have created the standard categories for Belarus and moved out the five articles which were here. Delete. CalJW 12:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not much else to say. -The Tom 15:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. Carina22 16:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no problems with me. Zach (Sound Off) 04:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

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category:Soviet science and technology

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The result of the debate was RENAME. -Splash talk 15:29, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

This does not follow the same convention as the other categories in category:Science and technology by country. Rename category:Science and technology in the Soviet Union. CalJW 12:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename as per nominator. Carina22 16:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per convention. (SEWilco 05:00, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 23:49, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Japanese comics artists to Category:Manga artists

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The result of the debate was KEEP. Fractionally below the 'traditional' two-thirds, but after investigation by Hiding the debate is clear. Yodakii appears to want a completely different debate but doesn't offer a solution. -Splash talk 15:28, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Aren't they the same thing? Besides, the latter has many more articles than the former. They should be merged. Kamezuki 05:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge as suggested. James F. (talk) 07:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Reverse Merge. The word "Manga" may be familiar to aficionados, but certainly not the general public. 12.73.195.97 14:13, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per nom. I think Manga is reaching good enough general knowledge. TexasAndroid 14:46, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I thought Manga was something more specific, but then I don't know anything about comics. Carina22 16:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Manga artists aren't neccessarily Japanese, and manga is either: the Japanese term which is translated as "cartoon", "comics" or "comic books"; or a style of art.  This merge could become potentially confusing, and a quick glance at the categorisation of both these categories should avail people of need for greater clarity here. Category:Japanese comics artists is categorising by nationality, whilst Category:Manga artists is categorising by form. Hiding  talk 17:13, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep ( the solution for duplication is the subcat, which should go in both cats).
 * Keep both as they serve different purposes; thanks to Hiding for actually looking at Cats. (SEWilco 05:03, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Rename Is it Japanese artists? or Japanese comics? --Yodakii 07:57, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per nomination. Used as a loan word in English, Manga always refer to Japanese comics. Alternatively, it may be renamed category:manga-ka. — Instantnood 13:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment See my point above. The two categorise different things.  Stan Sakai is not a Manga artist but is a Japanese comics artist,having been born in Japan but residing in the United Sates where he creates comics. Hiding  talk 19:06, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the clarification. In that case both categories may have to be kept, since there can be manga artists who are not Japanese. The two categories should be linked though. — Instantnood 05:57, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

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Two nonconforming U.S. case law categories

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The result of the debate was WITHDRAWN and REPLACED by a new nomination. -Splash talk 15:24, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Unify with name used for virtually all other U.S. case law areas (see Category:United States case law). BD2412 talk 02:38, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:United States tort case law to Category:U.S. tort case law
 * Category:United States administrative case law to Category:U.S. administrative case law
 * Note: if the vote goes through, I'll gladly do the recat. Cheers! -- BD2412 talk 04:45, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm. Two things. First, definitely not rename to add abbreviations in. We'll rename the rest of them, instead. But secondly, isn't it much more normally "caselaw" than "case law"? James F. (talk) 07:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Never saw it spelled "caselaw"; reads like something you get with a hamburger. 12.73.195.97 14:16, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm. Maybe it's a US vs. rest-of-the-world thing, then? James F. (talk) 14:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose rename to add abbreviations. Standard is to remove abbreviations.  If all other case law categories have abbreviations, then IMHO they should be the ones up for rename. TexasAndroid 14:48, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Abbreviations are not a good thing. Carina22 16:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Do not use abbreviations. Other categories should be renamed.  (SEWilco 05:07, 3 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Withdrawing nominations, will instead speedily rename other U.S. case law categories to United States case law categories. -- BD2412 talk 23:33, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Politics of Canada
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background: #bff9fc; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was RENAME ALL. -Splash talk 15:22, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

The categories for the politics of the Canadian provinces and territories do not follow the "of" from conventionally used for national politics categories:
 * category:Alberta politics --> category:Politics of Alberta
 * category:British Columbia politics --> category:Politics of British Columbia
 * category:Manitoba politics --> category:Politics of Manitoba
 * category:New Brunswick politics --> category:Politics of New Brunswick
 * category:Newfoundland and Labrador politics --> category:Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Category:Northwest Territories politics merge into Category:Politics of the Northwest Territories
 * category:Nova Scotia politics --> category:Politics of Nova Scotia
 * category:Politics of Nunavut in standard form already
 * category:Ontario politics --> category:Politics of Ontario
 * category:Prince Edward Island politics --> category:Politics of Prince Edward Island
 * category:Quebec politics --> category:Politics of Quebec
 * category:Saskatchewan politics --> category:Politics of Saskatchewan
 * Category:Yukon politics --> category:politics of the Yukon - now added CalJW 11:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename / merge all to encourage standardisation. CalJW 02:01, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename and merge all as suggested. -- Reinyday, 02:23, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Colossal waste of time better spent wrting articles. No reason that sub-national entities should follow the same scheme as national politics categories. Besides, you forgot the Yukon and shall we get into another set of arguments about whether it should be Politics of Yukon or Politics of the Yukon? Change Nunavut & fix NWT duplication and leave well enough alone. Luigizanasi 03:21, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hopefully all the non-standard categories will be remamed in due course. It only has to be done once and the presentation of Wikipedia will be improved forever. I'm not asking you to do any of the work. CalJW 11:23, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose If you rename these, then its going to open the door to chaos with all the other provincial categories with the province name first. --Cloveious 04:11, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * - Same reasons already listed Sherurcij 05:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a clear Wikipedia policy set in this matter, and it favours the rename. We cannot arbitrarily decide that we're going to ignore the standard just because it's going to create more work for somebody. And there's no argument to be had about "Politics of Yukon" vs. "Politics of the Yukon"; the standard in no way precludes the extra "the" in places where that's the more normative usage. Pretending that the "subject of place" format raises an issue there is simply a red herring. Rename and merge, and just tell the person who takes on the work that in the specific case of the Yukon, the category is to be named "Politics of the Yukon". Really not that hard. Bearcat 05:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I decided to take a look at the policy, and I have found this policy is currently being decided, Naming conventions (subnational entities). --Cloveious 05:44, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That's for article titles, not category names. Try Naming conventions (categories), which clearly spells out that "Politics of X" is the policy in a category name. Bearcat 06:39, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually Bearcat if you read the talk page of Naming conventions (subnational entities) you will find it applies to subnational categories, Provinces are not countries.--Cloveious 12:05, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't relevant. The words "category" and "categories" do not appear a single time on that page. CalJW 12:13, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Exactly. The policy about categories does not apply to sub-national entities. :-) Luigizanasi 15:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If the policy applies to Category:Politics of Canada, it automatically applies to provincial subcategories of Category:Politics of Canada as well. Bearcat 18:11, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why does it automatically apply to sub-national entities? I understand the rationale for countries and agree with uniformity using "Politics of Country" or "Politics in Country" — it doesn't matter which to me. "Xian politics" does not work for a number of countries, and neither does "X politics" with the name of the country as an adjectival noun. Sounds weird for many countries, e.g. "Canada politics" or "France politics" anyone? However, adjectival nouns work perfectly well for Canadian provinces, US States (See Category:New York politics), Australian states, etc., and are more euphonious, at least to my ear, than, say, the "Politics of the Northwest Territories". Luigizanasi 20:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It applies to subnational entities because that's how the policy works. If you don't like it, take it up with as a policy discussion. Bearcat 22:53, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It applies to categories only in the sense of whether you use Georgia or Georgia (U.S. state). It does not say anything about whether a provincial/state subcategory should use "province topic" or "topic of province". Bearcat 18:50, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Correct. My point precisely. There is no policy. Don't you just love unintentional irony? :-) Luigizanasi 20:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a policy; it's just not located there. It's at Naming conventions (categories). Bearcat 22:50, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I may be missing something here, but after looking through that page and its talk page for the third time, I see nothing that refers to sub-national entities, just to countries. In any case, I am arguing for Ignore all rules:
 * Our policies are meant to be neither straitjacket nor cudgel; they are merely a flexible framework within which we can cope with most common questions and problems. The spirit of our rules is far more important than their letter.
 * In this particular case, the problem is with the Yukon. While I appreciate other users catering to my POV that it should be the Yukon, it is still a point of view, and not a neutral one. The name of the territory has been and continues to be contentious issue. Although I suspect a majority share my view, it is by no means everyone. So, using either The Yukon or Yukon alone are inherently POV. On the other hand using the adjectival noun neatly circumvents the issue. I believe that WP:NPOV should trump other policies, except maybe for verifiability. Especially when we have a solution that is more elegant. BTW, just to open another can of worms, take a look at Category:Politics of the U.S. by state, not that I am arguing in favour or against also changing all those categories, or that it should or should not be a model. Luigizanasi 03:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Comment This action will make Canadian categories, un-uniform as most other categories use the convention that will be changed example: Category:Alberta elections, Category:Alberta premiers etc. This is not desirable at all, and a national standard should not be shoe-horned. --Cloveious 01:35, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. As for it being a "waste of time", it will take me just a few minutes to do. Hardly that bad. James F. (talk) 07:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all Wideranging standardization discussion and consensus trumps "leaving well enough alone."  I won't weigh in on the Yukon question, though, although we've definately got articles without Bearcat's normative "the" (which is a rather thorny issue, with government policy saying the "the" is arcane and common usage disagreeing.) I'm curious how cats got named for (the) Netherlands, (the) Sudan, (the) Gabon, (the) Congo, (the) Seychelles etc where I understand there is similar contentiousness.  Also, we've got articles at Premier of Yukon and Same sex marriage in Yukon and so on, for what it's worth. -The Tom 14:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all Uniformity is desirable. Carina22 16:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all. 'Foo of Province' means something different than 'Province Foo'. I should be able to include my federal MP from BC into the 'BC Politics' cat because he is from BC and involved in politics. But I could not include them into 'Politics of BC' because he is doing his politicking for the federal gov, not the provincial gov. --maclean25 02:24, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, common usage appears to prefer existing names. Usefulness beats uniformity any day. Christopher Parham (talk) 05:04, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per maclean25 Hiding talk 09:46, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all as per standard Wikipedia policy. I'd be willing to do some of the work. Mindmatrix 19:30, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all. No argument. siafu 23:47, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all and stop wikilawyering. Susvolans ⇔ 12:34, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all Bhoeble 13:14, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Netcohort

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 04:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Netcohort
Neologism, coined a couple of months ago. Joyous (talk) 23:00, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete neologisms. — brighterorange  (talk) 23:59, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research, no Google hits. Ilmari Karonen 22:06, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; self-admitted neologism. MCB 22:53, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
AM Gold (disambiguation)

AM Gold may refer to:
 * AM Gold (album), 2022 album by Train
 * AM Gold (Time-Life Music), a series of compilation albums made by Time-Life
 * Gold 1530AM
 * Classic Gold 954/1530 AM

title: AM Gold (disambiguation)


text: Category:Blues singer-songwriters

title: Category:Blues singer-songwriters


text:
GURPS Traveller

GURPS Traveller is a set of table-top role-playing game books by Steve Jackson Games, designed to allow game play in the Third Imperium science-fiction setting from the original Traveller using the GURPS rule system. Loren Wiseman (formerly of Game Designers' Workshop) wrote the core book for GURPS Traveller and served as line editor.

History
Steve Jackson had long been a fan of Traveller, and had previously talked to Digest Group Publications about publishing a GURPS Traveller as far back as the late 1980s. Following the 1996 dissolution of Game Designers' Workshop, Jackson was able to obtain the Traveller license from Marc Miller, while Miller simultaneously licensed Traveller to Imperium Games. Jackson had Loren Wiseman produce GURPS Traveller, set in an alternate history timeline since the classic Traveller setting was then licensed to Imperium Games. Following its publication, Steve Jackson Games supported GURPS Traveller by publishing numerous supplemental background books continuing through 2003, and the Journal of the Travellers Aid Society was brought back as an online magazine similar to Pyramid in 2000.

The game uses the GURPS (Third Edition) system and takes place in an alternate timeline in which no Rebellion occurred and the Virus was never released. Steve Jackson Games has produced over 30 high-quality supplements for the line, including details for all of the major races, many of the minor races, interstellar trade, expanded world generation, the military forces of the Third Imperium, and starships. The game is often referred to as "GT". Loren Wiseman who worked with Game Designers' Workshop in the design and development of Traveller was the GURPS Traveller line manager and editor of the online magazine Journal of the Travellers Aid Society.

In August 2007, Mongoose Publishing announced changes in Traveller license and a strongly supported reintroduction of the Traveller system: Steve Jackson Games licence for the Journal of the Travellers Aid Society runs until the end of 2011. The distribution of GURPS Traveller products by Steve Jackson Games finally ceased at the end of 2015.

Difference between Classic Traveller and GURPS Traveller
Loren Wiseman and Jon Zeigler have attempted to keep the information, equipment, characters, style, and atmosphere of GURPS Traveller as close as possible to the original Classic Traveller universe. However, the use of the GURPS rules means there are several differences between playing GURPS Traveller as opposed to the original Classic Traveller.

 * GURPS has a point-based character creation system rather than the essentially random system of Classic Traveller. The GURPS system ensures that all characters in a group will be roughly equal in terms of abilities and skills, while in the original game it was in principle possible for a character to die during creation, through risks taken during his previous career, and the characters of the different players could be very different in power and abilities. On the other hand, the essentially random nature of the character creation system of CT which could often spark a player's imagination in unexpected ways: whereas in Classic Traveller a player would generate a character and then produce a back story to match the rolled characteristics, character creation in GURPS involves choosing a backstory and then creating a character to match.
 * Because Traveller was conceived in the 1970s it strongly resembles science-fiction from the late 1960s. People who want to play GURPS Traveller and still keep their game universe more in line with what we currently picture the future to be like can quite simply add equipment to their game world from other GURPS sourcebooks. The GURPS Traveller main rulebook detailed the assumptions and restrictions that would be required in order to keep GT like the original game but also had some speculation on what changes to that model would do to the setting.
 * The GURPS game system is more detailed than the original Traveller game system. GURPS describes game effects and character point values for advantages such as above average hearing and variable-gravity tolerance and disadvantages such as motion sickness and color blindness. The original Traveller game system did not provide game mechanics effects for advantages or disadvantages.
 * Until 1998 the original Traveller books had been out of print for over a decade. Also, the small size and amount of the books meant there wasn't as much information on the universe as many people would have liked. Steve Jackson Games has already printed more material for Traveller's Imperium setting than Game Designers' Workshop ever did, with more pictures, starship deck plans, and details of the game universe.
 * Character advancement works very differently in GURPS Traveller. The original Traveller system had very limited mechanics for improving skills or abilities, and in practice, characters were rewarded through the exploration of the setting and monetary gains rather than through more traditional character advancement. GURPS allows for much more dynamic character advancement.

Fourth edition GURPS
The core GURPS ruleset was updated to a streamlined version with the August 2004 release of its fourth edition. In February, 2006, Steve Jackson Games released GURPS Traveller: Interstellar Wars. This book includes updated versions of the most essential mechanics found in the third edition books, including system generation, starship construction, starship combat, and interstellar trade.

The book also presents a new setting. Prior books in the GURPS Traveller line were set in an alternate timeline of the Third Imperium where the Rebellion did not take place - around the year 1120 (since the founding of the Imperium). GURPS Traveller: Interstellar Wars is set almost 2500 years prior to the founding of the Third Imperium, with a default year of A.D. 2170. The humans from Earth finally invent a faster-than-light drive for their space ships. They soon make first-contact with extraterrestrial aliens, and those aliens are human. The Interstellar Wars was intended as a much more dynamic campaign setting than the essentially static background of the Third Imperium offered in previous GURPS Traveller publications.

Publications
Steve Jackson Games also published the Journal of the Travellers' Aid Society, the official magazine of Traveller.
 * provides details about the human-descended Zhodani and the alien Vargr, as well as three minor races.
 * provides details about the Aslan, K'kree, and three minor alien races.
 * provides details about the Hivers, Drones, and two minor alien races.
 * provides details for 16 intelligent alien races from across space.
 * GURPS Traveller: Behind the Claw
 * GURPS Traveller: Deck Plan 1 Beowulf-Class Free Trader
 * GURPS Traveller: Deck Plan 2 Modular Cutter
 * GURPS Traveller: Deck Plan 3 Empress Marava-Class Far Trader
 * GURPS Traveller: Deck Plan 4 Assault Cutter
 * GURPS Traveller: Deck Plan 5 Sulieman-Class Scout/Courier
 * GURPS Traveller: Deck Plan 6 Dragon-Class System Defense Boat
 * GURPS Traveller: Droyne Coyn Set
 * GURPS Traveller: Far Trader
 * GURPS Traveller: First In
 * GURPS Traveller: Flare Star PDF
 * GURPS Traveller: GM's Screen
 * GURPS Traveller: Ground Forces
 * GURPS Traveller: Heroes 1 - Bounty Hunters
 * GURPS Traveller: Humaniti
 * GURPS Traveller: Imperial Navy
 * GURPS Traveller: Interstellar Wars (see above)
 * GURPS Traveller: Modular Cutter
 * GURPS Traveller: Nobles
 * GURPS Traveller: Planetary Survey 1 - Kamsii
 * GURPS Traveller: Planetary Survey 2 - Denuli
 * GURPS Traveller: Planetary Survey 3 - Granicus
 * GURPS Traveller: Planetary Survey 4 - Glisten
 * GURPS Traveller: Planetary Survey 5 - Tobibak
 * GURPS Traveller: Planetary Survey 6 - Darkmoon
 * GURPS Traveller: Psionics Institutes PDF
 * GURPS Traveller: Rim of Fire
 * GURPS Traveller: Star Mercs
 * GURPS Traveller: Starports
 * GURPS Traveller: Starships
 * GURPS Traveller: Sword Worlds
 * GURPS Traveller: Sword Worlds

title: GURPS Traveller


text:
Island Waste Management Corporation

The Island Waste Management Corporation (IWMC) is a Canadian provincial Crown corporation operated by the Government of Prince Edward Island.

Headquartered in Charlottetown, IWMC is responsible for collecting and disposing of solid waste in the entire province.

Faced with ever-increasing amounts of solid waste heading to antiquated, poorly designed community landfills across the province during the 1980s, the provincial government conceived its Waste Watch program in the early 1990s with the eventual goal being to standardize the collection and disposal of waste, while closing all small community landfills. IWMC was established to administer and provide solid waste management services throughout the province. The company sub-contracts the collection and disposal services and collects an annual fee for its operations through provincial property taxes for both residential and commercial properties.

Waste Watch
IWMC operates and maintains the Waste Watch program, a 3-stream source separation based waste management system implemented across the entire province.

Implementation of the program began in Prince County, eventually being expanded by the late 1990s and early 2000s to the entire province once adequate waste handling facilities were constructed.

IWMC provides every property owner and tenant in the province with 2 standardized carts (there are 3 sizes available) - 1 black cart for non-recyclable and non-compostable material, and 1 green cart for compostable material. Each rugged wheeled plastic cart has an identification number assigned to each property or tenant with GPS-enabled tracking chips embedded into the plastic to enable tracking should a cart go missing. Waste disposal fees are collected through province-wide property tax assessments and provide IWMC with revenue to operate its collection and disposal programs.

In addition to the green compost and black waste bins, all recyclables must be source separated by property owners and placed in clear plastic recycling bags.

IWMC has contracted Superior Sanitation, a Charlottetown-based waste hauling company, to provide all waste collection services with a fleet of waste collection vehicles.

IWMC has contracted ADI Engineering, a Fredericton, New Brunswick-based engineering and consulting firm, to operate its central composting plant.

Waste collected in black bins which is safe for incineration is incinerated at the Tri-Gen energy-from-waste plant in Charlottetown and ashes are buried in a modern landfill outside Charlottetown.

Construction and demolition debris is collected and hauled by approved contractors who dispose of the material in approved pits, pending removal of recyclable material. IWMC's Waste Watch program does not currently have the ability to handle e-waste.

Since the introduction of Waste Watch, Prince Edward Island has become a leader among Canadian provinces in the source separation of waste and diversion of waste from landfills, largely explained by the province's small geography which is comparable to many large counties and municipalities.

Compost from biodegradable waste collection is sold to garden supply distribution chains and recyclables are sold to recycling firms in central Canada and the northeastern United States.

The Waste Watch program is mandatory and property owners or tenants who refuse to separate waste do not have it collected (or in some extreme cases are fined).

The complete Waste Watch program has been in operation since July 1, 2002 and the recycling program has been in use since July 1, 2000. The Waste Watch program has diverted 64-66% of the Island's waste to either compost or recycling.

Waste Watch separation rules

 * 1) Waste: includes anything that cannot be composted or recycled (e.g.: #6 and #7 plastic).
 * 2) Compost: includes anything from the ground.  Any human waste, any food scraps, any wet paper/cardboard, plant matter. e.g.:  toenail clippings, leftover food scraps, grass, plants, leaves.
 * 3) Recycling #1: any paper products (e.g.: newsprint, looseleaf.
 * 4) Recycling #2: any plastic products or metals (including tin and aluminium). On the bottom of most bottles and plastic containers is a number code surrounded by a recycling emblem, ranging from 1–7, permitting these plastic items to be recyclable.*

 * For more than two decades, carbonated beverages in PEI were sold in reusable glass bottles redeemable at local grocery and convenience stores. Canned beer was banned in 1976 but the ban was lifted in May 2008.

title: Island Waste Management Corporation


text:
Honorable Order of Molly Pitcher

The Artillery Order of Molly Pitcher is bestowed by the U.S. Field Artillery Association (USFAA) and the Air Defense Artillery Association (ADAA) to recognize wives who have voluntarily contributed in a significant way to the improvement of the U.S. Field Artillery or Air Defense Artillery Communities. The award is named after Molly Pitcher who distinguished herself during the American revolutionary war.

USFAA and ADAA awards background
The USFAA and ADAA processes three awards for worthy artillery men and their supportive spouses: The Ancient Order of Saint Barbara, the Honorable Order of Saint Barbara, and the Artillery Order of Molly Pitcher (ADAA) or the Artillery Order of Molly Pitcher (USFAA). Each award has specific requirements for induction.

Nomination Process - Artillery Order of Molly Pitcher
The award authority for the Artillery Order of Molly pitcher is decentralized to the Field Artillery commanders, Lieutenant Colonel or above. Such commanders may approve the award for individuals in their communities. When there is no such Field Artillery commander available, the Commanding General of the United States Army Field Artillery Center at Fort Sill is the approving authority for the Artillery Order of Molly pitcher. The Artillery Order of Molly Pitcher recognizes individuals who have voluntarily contributed in a significant way to the improvement of the Field Artillery Community.

Nomination Process - Honorable Order of Molly Pitcher
The nominating and approving authority for the Order of Molly Pitcher is the first FA or ADA Battalion or FA Brigade Commander in the chain of command. If no FA of ADA Battalion or Brigade Commander exists, the senior FA or ADA commander in the organization will forward the nomination to the ADA Association at Fort Bliss or the United States Field Artillery Association at Fort Sill. The packet will be forwarded to the Commanding General for review and final decision.

The Order of Molly Pitcher Medallion
The Order of Molly Pitcher Medallion represents the award and induction of the woman honored. It is worn as the recipient deems appropriate and may hang from a gold chain or may be worn as a pin.

title: Honorable Order of Molly Pitcher


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gin Sour

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. — J I P | Talk 05:00, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Gin Sour
Delete. This is nothing but instructions for mixing a cocktail. Wikipedia is not a “How-To” manual. ♠DanMS 23:02, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — There's enough other useful material present, I think, to make this a keeper. — RJH 19:16, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per RJH. Ilmari Karonen 22:02, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, gives an interesting history for a noteable drink. --Apyule 05:25, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
SSX4

SSX4 can refer to:
 * SSX on Tour, a skiing and snowboarding video game
 * SSX4 (gene), the gene that encodes Protein SSX4

title: SSX4


text:
Phi X 174

The phi X 174 (or ΦX174) bacteriophage is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus that infects Escherichia coli. This virus was isolated in 1935 by Nicolas Bulgakov in Félix d'Hérelle's laboratory at the Pasteur Institute, from samples collected in Paris sewers. Its characterization and the study of its replication mechanism were carried out from the 1950s onwards. It was the first DNA-based genome to be sequenced. This work was completed by Fred Sanger and his team in 1977. In 1962, Walter Fiers and Robert Sinsheimer had already demonstrated the physical, covalently closed circularity of ΦX174 DNA. Nobel prize winner Arthur Kornberg used ΦX174 as a model to first prove that DNA synthesized in a test tube by purified enzymes could produce all the features of a natural virus, ushering in the age of synthetic biology. In 1972–1974, Jerard Hurwitz, Sue Wickner, and Reed Wickner with collaborators identified the genes required to produce the enzymes to catalyze conversion of the single stranded form of the virus to the double stranded replicative form. In 2003, it was reported by Craig Venter's group that the genome of ΦX174 was the first to be completely assembled in vitro from synthesized oligonucleotides. The ΦX174 virus particle has also been successfully assembled in vitro. In 2012, it was shown how its highly overlapping genome can be fully decompressed and still remain functional.

Genome
This bacteriophage has a [+] sense circular single-stranded DNA genome of 5,386 nucleotides. The genome GC-content is 44% and 95% of nucleotides belong to coding genes. Because of the balance base pattern of the genome, it is used as the control DNA for Illumina sequencers.

Genes
ΦX174 encodes 11 genes, named as consecutive letters of the alphabet in the order they were discovered, with the exception of A* which is an alternative start codon within the large A genes. Only genes A* and K are thought to be non-essential, although there is some doubt about A* because its start codon could be changed to ATT but not any other sequence. It is now known that the ATT is still likely capable of producing protein within E. coli and therefore this gene may in fact be essential.

The first half of the ΦX174 genome features high levels of gene overlap with eight out of 11 genes overlapping by at least one nucleotide. These overlaps have been shown to be non-essential although the refactored phage with all gene overlaps removed had decreased fitness from wild-type.

Phage ΦX174 has been used to try to establish the absence of undiscovered genetic information through a "proof by synthesis" approach.

Transcriptome
In 2020, the transcriptome of ΦX174 was generated. Notable features of the ΦX174 transcriptome is a series of up to four relatively weak promoters in series with up to four Rho-independent (intrinsic) terminators and one Rho-dependent terminator.

Proteins
ΦX174 encodes 11 proteins.

Proteome
Identification of all ΦX174 proteins using mass spectrometry has recently been reported.

Infection Cycle
Infection begins when G protein binds to lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial host cell surface. H protein (or the DNA Pilot Protein) pilots the viral genome through the bacterial membrane of E.coli bacteria most likely via a predicted N-terminal transmembrane domain helix. However, it has become apparent that H protein is a multifunctional protein. This is the only viral capsid protein of ΦX174 to lack a crystal structure for a couple of reasons. It has low aromatic content and high glycine content, making the protein structure very flexible and in addition, individual hydrogen atoms (the R group for glycines) are difficult to detect in protein crystallography. Additionally, H protein induces lysis of the bacterial host at high concentrations as the predicted N-terminal transmembrane helix easily pokes holes through the bacterial wall. By bioinformatics, this protein contains four predicted coiled-coil domains which has a significant homology to known transcription factors. Additionally, it was determined that de novo H protein was required for optimal synthesis of other viral proteins. Mutations in H protein that prevent viral incorporation, can be overcome when excess amounts of protein B, the internal scaffolding protein, are supplied.

The DNA is ejected through a hydrophilic channel at the 5-fold vertex. It is understood that H protein resides in this area but experimental evidence has not verified its exact location. Once inside the host bacterium, replication of the [+] ssDNA genome proceeds via negative sense DNA intermediate. This is done as the phage genome supercoils and the secondary structure formed by such supercoiling attracts a primosome protein complex. This translocates once around the genome and synthesizes a [−]ssDNA from the positive original genome. [+]ssDNA genomes to package into viruses are created from this by a rolling circle mechanism. This is the mechanism by which the double stranded supercoiled genome is nicked on the positive strand by a virus-encoded A protein, also attracting a bacterial DNA polymerase (DNAP) to the site of cleavage. DNAP uses the negative strand as a template to make positive sense DNA. As it translocates around the genome it displaces the outer strand of already-synthesised DNA, which is immediately coated by SSBP proteins. The A protein cleaves the complete genome every time it recognises the origin sequence.

As D protein is the most abundant gene transcript, it is the most protein in the viral procapsid. Similarly, gene transcripts for F, J, and G are more abundant than for H as the stoichiometry for these structural proteins is 5:5:5:1. The primosomes are protein complexes which attach/bind the enzyme helicase on the template. Primosomes gives RNA primers for DNA synthesis to strands.

Phylogenetics and diversity
ΦX174 is closely related to other microviridae, especially the NC phage (e.g. NC1, NC7, NC11, NC16, NC37, NC5, NC41, NC56, NC51, etc.) and more distantly related to the G4-like phages and even more distantly related to the α3-like phage. Rokyta et al. 2006 presented a phylogenetic tree of their relationships.

Experimental evolution
ΦX174 has been used as a model organism in many evolution experiments.

Biotechnology
ΦX174 is regularly used as a positive control in DNA sequencing due to its relatively small genome size in comparison to other organisms, its relatively balanced nucleotide content — about 23% G, 22% C, 24% A, and 31% T, i.e., 45% G+C and 55% A+T, see the accession NC_001422.1 for its 5,386 nucleotide long sequence. Illumina's sequencing instruments use ΦX174 as a positive control, and a single Illumina sequencing run can cover the ΦX174 genome several million times over, making this very likely the most heavily sequenced genome in history.

ΦX174 is also used to test the resistance of personal protective equipment to bloodborne viruses.

ΦX174 has also been modified to enable peptide display (phage display) from the viral capsid G protein.

Synthetic Biology
The ΦX174 genome was the first phage to be cloned in yeast, which provides a convenient drydock for genome modifications. ΦX174 was also the first genome to be fully decompressed, having all gene overlaps removed. The effect of these changes resulted in significantly reduced host attachment, protein expression dysregulation, and heat sensitivity.

title: Phi X 174


text:
FOTW

FOTW may refer to:

Arts and media

 * Fall of the West Records
 * Fate of the World, a video game
 * Flags of the World (website), an Internet-based vexillological resource
 * Frost Over the World, an Al Jazeera programme
 * Fly on the Wall, style of documentary filming

Other uses

 * Fall of the Wall, the end of the Berlin Wall

title: FOTW


text:
Chambas

Chambas is a municipality and town in the Ciego de Ávila Province of Cuba. It emerged in 1976 with the new political-administrative division, occupies an area of 770.08 km², including 12 km² of adjacent cays, which ranks it second in the province in terms of surface area. It has a population of 39,085 inhabitants, with a density of 54.5 inhabitants per square kilometer, lower than the provincial average. However, it is one of the municipalities with the highest population density in the province, surpassed only by the municipalities of Ciego de Ávila, Morón, and Florencia.

History
According to some preserved historical data, upon the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors to the territory of the current municipality of Chambas, they encountered several groups of indigenous people. Currently, several areas showing signs of having been inhabited by indigenous people are being studied, examples of these places are:

 * Nauyú aboriginal settlement, near the town of "El Calvario".
 * Santa Clarita aboriginal settlement, next to the springs of the Aguas Azules tourist center.
 * Mabuya aboriginal settlement, located next to the bridge of the stream that runs east of the town.
 * Buchillones aboriginal settlement between Punta Alegre and the Máximo Gómez sugar mill.

Currently, a recovery and conservation of pieces found in the aforementioned sites are being carried out in the municipality as evidence of the indigenous populations that existed in the Chambas area, which can be seen in the municipal museum.

Geography
It is located in the northern part of the province, bordering the municipalities of Morón and Florencia, as well as the province of Sancti Spíritus. To the north it borders the Bay of Buena Vista and the Laguna de Leche. It comprises the villages of El Asiento, El Calvario, Falla, Kilo 9, Las Palmas, Los Perros, Mabuya, Piedra, Punta Alegre, Punta San Juan (Maxímo Gómez Sugar Mill) and Ranchuelo.

Localities
Localities and Settlements of Chambas

 * Andreita 25.
 * Anguillero.
 * Vigil.
 * El Calvario.
 * Falla.
 * Coralia.
 * Dos Hermanas.
 * Granja.
 * Julito.
 * Libertad.
 * Mangas.
 * La Nenita.
 * La Oriental.
 * La Pedrera.
 * Piedra.
 * Portada Espinosa.
 * Rivero.
 * Ruano.
 * Sabana del Medio.
 * San Joaquín.
 * Santa Clarita.
 * Veguitas.
 * Biscusia.
 * Nelly.
 * La Gallería.
 * La Pica Pica.
 * La 30.
 * Sitio Molina.
 * Los Cacaos.
 * Paso Real.

Demographics
In 2022, the municipality of Chambas had a population of 36,239. With a total area of 769 km2, it has a population density of 47 /km2.

Education
The educational system of the municipality is composed of nurseries, primary schools, secondary schools, special attention schools, vocational schools, adult education, as well as improvement courses, which make up a student body of approximately 7,258 students. It also has education workers, approximately 1,758 specialists.

Health
In the health system, it has a teaching polyclinic with advanced services for population care. It also has several medical offices distributed in various locations to also provide service to the population. In total, there are approximately 1480 specialists in the health field in the municipality.

Culture
The municipality of Chambas is well known for its rich cultural traditions, mainly for the renowned "parrandas chamberas" (Chamberas festivities). This festival consists of dividing into two neighborhoods, and each one creates its own float, which are shown together to the neighbors, and a jury decides which neighborhood is the winner. These neighborhoods are Gallo and Gavilán.

It is a true traditional event where fireworks, congas, costumes, and joy are showcased to the maximum. Furthermore, traditions extend to the town of Punta Alegre, in addition to having festivities where the neighborhoods are represented by "El Yeso" and "La Salina," they experience the so-called aquatic carnival where the town enjoys a parade of floats by the sea, which is an impressive spectacle according to many people who have witnessed it.

Economy
The territory has strong points in the economic sector, an example of this is the sugar mill located in the town of Falla, belonging to the municipality of Chambas. This company fulfills its sugar delivery plan every year, providing significant income to the municipal economy. Additionally, tobacco cultivation is thriving in the municipality.

Another strong point of the municipality's economy is the gypsum factory, which is located in the town of Punta Alegre. This industry was renovated in recent years and is now in full productive capacity again.

title: Chambas


text:
Talk:Snafu Comics

Pictures removed why??
Ok what was the reason the pictures for PPGD and GTFDB being removed? probably for efficiency, but that doesn't seem like a good reason anyway

editing the article
This article is a mess due to all the deletions and merges. This article is too long, follows too many topics, and they are all told in too rushed a fashion. I think we need to rewrite some of the articles. Smile Lee 18:01, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree, the PPGD doujin section should be completely rewritten and shortened, and should provide only two character descriptions for Grim Jr. and Mini Mandy and the rest would be cut. If people wanted to know about the characters so much they'd read the comic, and the comic has not achieved mass notoreity, so describing the characters is just clogging the page. But just as well, the comic has very dedicated but also immature readers as part of its fanbase, and they will edit the webpage to include as much as possible. However as previously said, the character list should be done away with and describe only the protagonists, also a better way to organize all the comics should be made, if you scroll through the page it starts to look the same and indistinguisable.Zach 04:12, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

In fact the entire Bleedman section should have a cleanup tag on it I.M.O.Zach 04:16, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

do we even need a bleedman section? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.146.87.49 (talk) 22:56, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Yes, we do, but it needs serious cleanup and shortening, and me happening to only be interested in the comics solely besides Bleedman, I really dont want to be the one to have to cleanup that section and then mess it up.Zach 22:55, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree that this page, particularly Bleedman's section, needs to be redone. I attempted to add somethind to the Sugar Bits article earlier, but that has mostly been removed and replaced by someone describing each and every comic individually in a very unporfessional manner (I.E.: Using the word 'dude).

I'm going to try and take on shortening Bleedman's section. Let me know if anyone wants to help. Glotnot 21:05, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Removed Charecter info
The charecter Lists for PPGD is unneeded and cluters the pages, Please do not add it back. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.47.78.172 (talk) 16:48, 24 October 2007 (UTC) (talk) 23:39, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Comics Note
"In the past, Snafu also hosted Digital Purgatory and This Comic Sucks. Its current features include the following."

Yeaaaaaaaaaah they're still on the site."This Comic Sucks" has been renamed to "Awful" and it has been stated in the strips.

"Fluffy Doom A new addition to the site. So far, it is only in preview mode, but it has shown a guy answering a want ad for a cult."

Not on the site

Overall I think this article needs to be overhauled and updated. --207.162.187.75 (talk) 06:42, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

Picture
Can't anyone find a better picture than Mario's p***s enlarging? Not a particularly good reflection on the site --203.122.242.99 (talk) 06:40, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Herms
Is Matt Herms really getting a divorce?

Herms
Is Matt Herms really getting a divorce? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.0.190.205 (talk) 23:38, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

Is it really notable?
There are plenty of sections in this article with zero references. If nobody has anything to say about these comics then why are they listed? Hcobb (talk) 07:06, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

 * No response, so I second the deletion. Hcobb (talk) 15:27, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Snafu Comics


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Waste Watch

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. — J I P | Talk 05:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Waste Watch
Delete Very nice, but doesn't merit an entry in Wikipedia. PhilipO 23:05, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and cleanup, assuming it is verifiable. Jkelly 23:09, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Why? It is simply an article about a municipal recycling program - and basically the instructions pasted here at that. So many towns and cities have one that I can't see why this one is particularly notable. Now, if it was the first of its kind....--PhilipO 23:15, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. It's a provincial, not municipal, recycling program, it's mandatory, which is unusual, and the article contains numbers on its success rate, which means its more verifiable and encyclopedic than most articles put up for deletion.  It needs cleanup, but I would like to see more articles in Wikipedia on verifiable, real-world concerns, not less.  Jkelly 00:46, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * keep, notable aspect of recycling in Prince Edward Island. Kappa 00:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A ground-breaking and somewhat controversial waste management program. Lots of room for improvement and expansion. Pburka 00:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Kappa. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 02:01, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Other provinces have articles about current political issues in the province, Prince Edward Island should be no execption. --Cloveious 04:23, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Kappa; this made the news as far west as Saskatoon, as I recall. If the article turns out to be unexpandable, merge it to PEI's article, but it seems like it could stand on its own. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 08:39, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Wow! I have never been so against the consensus with an AFD before! :-) Fair enough - it looks like it should stay. It needs work though.... Cheers. --PhilipO 18:25, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:81.12.66.249

title: User talk:81.12.66.249


text:
Club Presidente Hayes

Club Presidente Hayes is a Paraguayan association football club from Tacumbú, a section of Asunción, Paraguay. The club is also known colloquially by its nicknames The Yankees (Los Yanquis) and The Little Star (La Estrellita). They play regularly in Asuncion's Kiko Reyes Stadium (Estadio Kiko Reyes) as part of the Paraguayan Soccer League (Asociacion Paraguaya de Futbol). The club was founded in 1907 and participated in their first international tournament in the 1953 Copa Montevideo. It is one of several entities in Paraguay that were named in honor of Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th President of the United States. Hayes, who was required to arbitrate an Argentine-Paraguayan territorial dispute in the Gran Chaco after the War of the Triple Alliance, decided in favour of Paraguay. The club is the former home of Paraguayans Néstor Benítez, Teófilo Barrios, Tomás Guzmán, Julio Valentín González and José Ariel Núñez, and foreigners Riki Kitawaki,  Bryan Lopez, and Victor Cristaldo

The club also competes in beach soccer in the Superliga APF de Fútbol Playa, being champions in the 2022 edition. They have also won the 2022 Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Playa, being the first non-Brazilian club to do so.

History
In 1945, the club obtained its best result by finishing third in the 1945 Paraguayan Primera División season.

In 1952, the club won the 1952 Paraguayan Primera División season.

Current squad
As of March 2021

Notable players

 * To appear in this section a player must have either:

 * Played at least 125 games for the club.
 * Set a club record or won an individual award while at the club.
 * Been part of a national team at any time.
 * Played in the first division of any other football association (outside of Paraguay).
 * Played in a continental and/or intercontinental competition.

1930s 1950s 1990s 2000s 2010s
 * 🇵🇾 Eustacio Chamorro
 * 🇵🇾 Néstor Benítez (1957–1962)
 * 🇵🇾 Edgar Denis (1991–1993)
 * 🇵🇾 Justo Jacquet (1994–1995)
 * 🇵🇾 Paulo da Silva (1996)
 * 🇵🇾 Teófilo Barrios (1997)
 * 🇵🇾 Tomás Guzmán (1998–2000)
 * 🇵🇾 Jorge Brítez (1999)
 * 🇵🇾 Inocencio Zárate (2002–presente)
 * 🇵🇾 Julio Valentín González (2008)
 * 🇵🇾 José Ariel Núñez (2008)
 * 🇨🇴 Freddy Cabezas (2018)

Non-CONMEBOL players
 * 🇦🇺 Victor Cristaldo (1993–1996)
 * 🇯🇵 Riki Kitawaki (2007)
 * 🇺🇸 Bryan Lopez (2013)

Football

 * Paraguayan Primera División: 1
 * 1952

 * Paraguayan División Intermedia: 8
 * 1911, 1919, 1958, 1967, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1991

 * Paraguayan Tercera División: 1
 * 2006

Beach soccer

 * Superliga APF de Fútbol Playa: 1
 * 2022

 * Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Playa: 1
 * 2022

Futsal

 * Categoría Honor: 1
 * 2021

title: Club Presidente Hayes


text:
List of Los Angeles Dodgers managers

The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball team that plays in the National League Western Division. The Dodgers began play in 1884 as the Brooklyn Atlantics and have been known by seven nicknames since (including the Grays, Grooms, Superbas, and Robins), before adopting the Dodgers name for good in 1932. They played in Brooklyn, New York until their move to Los Angeles in 1958. During the team's existence, they have employed 32 different managers. The duties of the team manager include team strategy and leadership on and off the field.

title: List of Los Angeles Dodgers managers


text:
User:Dexalex

I'm Dexter. I'm retired from a Kentucky Community College, and I teach part-time at a Kentucky Regional University.

title: User:Dexalex


text:
Talk:Kolari

I removed the sentence Most of the people are speaking the meänkieli dialect. Except for the frequence and nature of Swedish loan words the differences between the Kolari dialect and Meänkieli/Tornedalian Finnish might be small. The term meänkieli was invented among Finnish-speakers in the most nother Sweden part of Sweden during the 1980s,for historical and political reasons, and as far as I know the dialects in Finland that are highly related to Meänkieli/Tornedalian Finnish are not usually referred to Meänkieli. / Habj 23:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Pajala, mining
I think more should be said about the relation to Pajala Municipality and the mining project, see for both. Hans Adler 11:14, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kolari


text: User talk:70.22.242.86

title: User talk:70.22.242.86


text:
Skrzynecki

Skrzynecki is a Polish surname and may refer to:

 * Jan Zygmunt Skrzynecki (1787–1860), Polish general, Commander-in-Chief of the November Uprising 1830–1831
 * Peter Skrzynecki (born 1945), Australian poet of Polish origin
 * Piotr Skrzynecki (1930–1997), Polish cabaret artist

title: Skrzynecki


text:
Talk:Cornelius Harnett

Moved list
I moved this out of the main article, I intend to use the information to properly write the article.
 * April 1750 Appointed by Governor Johnston as justice of the peace for New Hanover County, North Carolina
 * 1750 First elected town commissioner in August, and served at different times for eleven years
 * 1754-1775 Member of the colonial assembly
 * 1765 and 1766 Became chairman of the Sons of Liberty of North Carolina and was a leader in the resistance to the Stamp Act
 * 1773 and 1774 Member of the committee of correspondence
 * 1774 and 1775 Chairman of the Wilmington Committee of Safety
 * 1775 and 1776 Member of the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth North Carolina Provincial Congresses; serving as president in the Fifth
 * 1775 and 1776 Delegate to the provincial council, then made president of the council thus becoming chief executive of the new government of North Carolina
 * 1776 Excepted by Sir Henry Clinton from his proclamation of general amnesty
 * 1777 Councilor of state
 * 1777-1779 Member of the Continental Congress
 * 1781 Captured by the British upon their occupation of Wilmington in January. His health steadily declined while imprisoned.
 * April 28 1781 Died shortly after being released on parole. He was buried in St. James' Churchyard Wilmington, North Carolina.

 * Biographical Data courtesy of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

Cornelius Harnett website
see http://www.corneliusharnett.com

An attempt to catalogue materials on Harnett's life and activities. 108.84.49.67 (talk) 17:56, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Dispute Founding Father claim
@User:Randy Kryn: Cornelius Harnett is considered a Founding Father by whom? Since you didn't add a citation, we have no way of telling. So please apply one so we can discuss what your source is and then what other sources have to say. Allreet (talk) 10:18, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

 * R.D.W.Connor, Cornelius Harnett; An Essay North Carolina History, published by the Edwards & Broughton Printing Company in Raleigh in 1909. (available through the Leopold Classic Library and sold by Amazon) Read first and final paragraphs of the book, which credit Harnett's service to North Carolina and to the country as being equal in influence and importance to that of the Founding Fathers who gained fame with this title. 75.189.131.33 (talk) 16:56, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cornelius Harnett


text:
Shinkiro

Toshiaki Mori (森 気楼), best known under the pen name of Shinkiro (森気楼), is a Japanese illustrator and conceptual artist who used to work for SNK and is currently employed by Capcom.

Prior to joining Capcom, Shinkiro was employed by SNK, where he provided the character designs and cover illustrations for many of their Neo Geo games, including such series as Fatal Fury, Metal Slug, The King of Fighters, and Samurai Shodown, as well as for the crossover series SNK vs Capcom on which he collaborated with Capcom's Kinu Nishimura. During the 1990s, he has been the most recognizable and famous of their artists. After that, he worked as a free illustrator and a cartoonist.

At Capcom since 2000, Shinkiro has done several cover artworks and character designs for many of their games, including Bionic Commando Rearmed, Dino Stalker, Dead Rising, Capcom Fighting Jam, Resident Evil: Dead Aim, Tatsunoko vs. Capcom, Marvel vs. Capcom 3, Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3, and Capcom vs SNK series. He has also done the packaging illustrations for the Game Boy Advance versions of Final Fight and Super Ghouls'n Ghosts, as well as the Japanese release of Psi-Ops: The Mindgate Conspiracy. His other job is helping with hand drawn-artwork for the rendering work on games such as Monster Hunter Cross and the HD remake of Resident Evil 0.

He also drew cover arts for manga books and for American comics such as Spider-Man Unlimited and Udon's Street Fighter and Darkstalkers comic series. His classic work for SNK was included again in The King of Fighters XIV.

title: Shinkiro


text:
User:Kjhassan/Sandbox

Ok, I bought a sandbox for all of you. Don't throw sand at anyone.

Hmmmm....
Test.

title: User:Kjhassan/Sandbox


text:
Audiencia Nacional

The Audiencia Nacional (National Court) is a high court in Spain with jurisdiction over all of the Spanish territory. It is specialised in a certain scope of delinquency, having original jurisdiction over major crimes such as those committed against the Crown and its members, terrorism, forgery of currency, credit and debit cards and checks, some trade crimes committed in more than one region and over drug trafficking, food frauds and medical frauds committed in a nationwide level as well as over international crimes which come under the competence of Spanish courts. (LOPJ § 65). It has also appellate jurisdiction over the cases of the Criminal Chamber of the National Court (LOPJ § 64).

Most of the rulings of the National Court can ultimately be appealed before the Supreme Court. Its seat lies in Madrid, at Calle García Gutiérrez, 1, located across the Plaza Villa de Paris from the Supreme Court.

The Audiencia Nacional was created in 1977 at the same time as the Court of Public Order, an exceptional court created during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, ceased to exist.

Structure
The Audiencia is composed of its President, the Presidents of the Chambers, and the magistrates that the law specifies for each one of its courts and divisions.

The Audiencia includes the following chambers:

 * Criminal Chamber, which is competent to try certain types of serious crimes such as terrorism, money laundering, genocide, etc., makes decisions about extradition demands by foreign countries and the execution of European arrest warrants, and hears appeals against rulings of the Central Criminal Courts (Juzgados Centrales de lo Penal).
 * Appeals Chamber, which hears appeals against rulings of the Criminal Chamber.
 * Administrative Chamber, which exercises judicial review of administrative decisions by senior officers (Ministers and Secretaries of State of the Government) and certain specialised agencies (Spanish Data Protection Agency, Concurrence Protection Commission, etc.)
 * Social Chamber, which has jurisdiction over collective conflicts between businesspersons and workers.

Related courts
Even when they are not part of the National Court, because they are in the same building, the Central Courts are popularly considered part of it. These courts have jurisdiction in all the national territory.

 * 1) Central Criminal Courts (LOPJ § 89 bis). They prosecute the same crimes as the Criminal Chamber when they have sentence of less than five years of prison.
 * 2) Central Instruction Courts (LOPJ § 88). These courts investigate the crimes that are then prosecuted by the Criminal Chamber of the National Court or the Central Criminal Courts.
 * 3) Central Courts of Prison Vigilance (LOPJ § 94.4). They attend to the enforcement of the penalties imposed by the National Court or the Central Criminal Court
 * 4) Central Minors Courts (LOPJ § 96.2). They prosecutes the same crimes as the National Court and the Central Criminal Court but when minors are accused.
 * 5) Central Administrative Courts (LOPJ § 90.4). These courts a responsible for the appeals against dispositions and acts emanated from authorities, organisms, organs and public entities with competence over the national territory.

Prosecutor's Office
The Prosecutor's Office of the National Court is the body of the Attorney General's Office that prosecute all the cases related to the National Court with the exception of those cases granted to the Special Prosecution Offices (Anti-Drug Prosecutor's Office and Prosecutor's Office against Corruption and Organized Crime).

The Prosecutor's Office, and the Special Prosecution Offices are headed each one by a Chief Prosecutor and with a Lieutenant Prosecutor as second-in-command.

title: Audiencia Nacional