text: User talk:68.85.254.196

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.85.254.196


text:
Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a plotting library for the Python programming language and its numerical mathematics extension NumPy. It provides an object-oriented API for embedding plots into applications using general-purpose GUI toolkits like Tkinter, wxPython, Qt, or GTK. There is also a procedural "pylab" interface based on a state machine (like OpenGL), designed to closely resemble that of MATLAB, though its use is discouraged. SciPy makes use of Matplotlib.

Matplotlib was originally written by John D. Hunter. Since then it has had an active development community and is distributed under a BSD-style license. Michael Droettboom was nominated as matplotlib's lead developer shortly before John Hunter's death in August 2012 and was further joined by Thomas Caswell. Matplotlib is a NumFOCUS fiscally sponsored project.

Comparison with MATLAB
Pyplot is a Matplotlib module that provides a MATLAB-like interface. Matplotlib is designed to be as usable as MATLAB, with the ability to use Python, and the advantage of being free and open-source.

Toolkits
Several toolkits are available which extend Matplotlib functionality. Some are separate downloads, others ship with the Matplotlib source code but have external dependencies.

 * Basemap: map plotting with various map projections, coastlines, and political boundaries
 * Cartopy: a mapping library featuring object-oriented map projection definitions, and arbitrary point, line, polygon and image transformation capabilities. (Matplotlib v1.2 and above)
 * Excel tools: utilities for exchanging data with Microsoft Excel
 * GTK tools: interface to the GTK library
 * Qt interface
 * Mplot3d: 3-D plots
 * Natgrid: interface to the natgrid library for gridding irregularly spaced data.
 * tikzplotlib: export to Pgfplots for smooth integration into LaTeX documents (formerly known as matplotlib2tikz)
 * Seaborn: provides an API on top of Matplotlib that offers sane choices for plot style and color defaults, defines simple high-level functions for common statistical plot types, and integrates with the functionality provided by Pandas
 * GeoPandas: simplifies geospatial work in Python without needing a spatial database like PostGIS
 * Cartopy: streamlines map creation in matplotlib by enabling users to specify a projection and add coastlines with a single line of code

Related projects

 * Biggles
 * Chaco
 * DISLIN
 * GNU Octave
 * gnuplotlib – plotting for numpy with a gnuplot backend
 * Gnuplot-py
 * PLplot – Python bindings available
 * SageMath – uses  to draw plots
 * SciPy (modules  and  )
 * Plotly – for interactive, online Matplotlib and Python graphs
 * Bokeh – Python interactive visualization library that targets modern web browsers for presentation

title: Matplotlib


text:
Varkiza

Varkiza (Greek: Βάρκιζα), also formerly Alianthos (Αλίανθος), is a town and a suburb of greater Athens forming part of the municipality of Vari-Voula-Vouliagmeni in southern Attica of the Megalo Daktylo (Large Finger). It lies approximately 2 km south of Vari, 22 km S of Athens city centre, SW of the Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport and the Attiki Odos (numbers 6 and 62), NW of Cape Sounio, and south of the Hymettus Ring. The locality is linked with Poseidonos Avenue (GR-91), just east of Vouliagmeni.

The Hymettus mountains lie to the northwest and the Mesogeian plain to the north. Another mountain lies toward the northeast. Most of the area's streets take names from Greek mythology, and its main street, Poseidonos, forms a connection with the route running from Neo Faliro down toward the Glyfada boundary. Forests cover partpart of the municipality, but much of the mountainous area is rocky and grassy. Varkiza has a widely known beach, which has tennis courts, parkland and fields, restaurants, taverns, complexes and other amenities. The urban sprawl sporadically covers the farmlands and moves west of Varkiza.

The population were rural until the 1960s while suburban housing sprang up between the 1960s and the 1990s, making most of the population urban and expanding to this day. Housing development began in the central part of district where farmland once used to dominate its central areas and within the Saronic Gulf. Later, Varkiza became part of the Athens urban area, and in the 1960s, the connecting highway had two lanes added.

History
The Treaty of Varkiza was signed in 1945 in an attempt to end the Greek Civil War. It was signed at the Kanelopoulos Mansion, which is located at Vari.

Other
Varkiza has one school (dimotiko), banks, a church, restaurants, bars, taverns, a post office and a couple of squares (plateies).

Since 2001 Varkiza has been hugely modernised. Varkiza just after the World War II was a small village for fishermen but today has developed to a small town for the rich with one of the best beaches in Attiki. In the summer the population triples as Varkiza resort is right next to the top summer clubs which are located on the "Glyfada strip".

title: Varkiza


text: Category:Elections in Prince Edward Island


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Tarot (disambiguation)

The tarot refers to a pack of playing cards used from the mid-15th century to play games and, later, also for cartomantic packs of cards used for divination.

Tarot may also refer to:
 * Tarot card reading, a form of cartomancy
 * Tarot card games, games played with Tarot decks, also known as Tarock decks
 * French Tarot, a trick-taking card game

Comics

 * Tarot (comics), Marvel Comics character
 * Tarot: Witch of the Black Rose, American comic book
 * The Tarot Café, series of manhwa comics by Sang-Sun Park

Music

 * Tarot (album), album by heavy metal band Dark Moor
 * Tarot (band), heavy metal band from Finland
 * Tarot, LP from Walter Wegmüller
 * Tarot (Bad Bunny and Jhayco song)

Film and television

 * Tarot (TV series), upcoming South Korean television series
 * Tarot, lead character in the television series Ace of Wands
 * Tarot, 1973 film directed by José María Forqué
 * Tarot (1986 film), a German drama film
 * Tarot (2009 film), a Filipino horror-thriller film
 * Tarot (2024 film), an American horror film
 * Tarot (2024 South Korean film) a South Korean anthology horror film

Other uses

 * Tarout Island, an island in the Persian Gulf belonging to the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia
 * Tarot series, a trilogy of novels by Piers Anthony
 * T.A.R.O.T., a fictional international criminal network in the James Bond 007 role-playing game

title: Tarot (disambiguation)


text: User talk:63.19.208.58

title: User talk:63.19.208.58


text: User talk:81.174.233.53

title: User talk:81.174.233.53


text: User talk:70.243.213.21

title: User talk:70.243.213.21


text:
User:An-t'Snaidhm

Fish, the answer to all of lifes great questions. Why are we born? Fish. Why do we die? Fish. Why do we spend most of the time wearing digital watches? Fish. Salve regazzi! Sorry about that insightful statement above, folks. I was a bit weird back then. However, I have returned from a 2 year long break.

title: User:An-t'Snaidhm


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User talk:Monohymn

The article Ghettosocks has been speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This was done because the article, which appeared to be about a real person, individual animal, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, did not indicate how or why the subject is notable, that is, why an article about that subject should be included in Wikipedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the notability of the subject may be deleted at any time. If you can indicate why the subject is really notable, you are free to re-create the article, making sure to cite any verifiable sources.

Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and for specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for musicians, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. NawlinWiki (talk) 12:54, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Monohymn


text:
Category talk:Health disasters

What qualifies as a medical disaster?
This looks like an interesting category. Should this also include Vioxx or Rezulin and other medications that have been pulled off the market? Andrew73 00:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * IMHO I don't think Vioxx or Rezulin classify as medical disasters. This category can't turn into a weapon for the alternative medicine community. I thought this category would be for malaria or cholera outbreaks in Africa...though maybe there aren't articles for these.    --CDN99 19:21, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

I do not see the need for this category
I'm not sure how pages are being chosen for inclusions here. Presumably someone dying from any disease would view it as a medical disaster. Pandemics have their own category. I think that it is reasonable to have a category for things like Bhopal, but it seems like the industrial disasters and environmental disaster categories (which it is also a part of!) cover it nicely. I think that this category should be deleted and am interested to hear what others think InvictaHOG 16:12, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that almost all the entries here don't belong. This title implies (at least to me) some human failing of the medical profession. Thalidomide would fit this but almost all others not.  The Black death can't really be blamed on 14th century doctors' failure to come up with a treatment.  I would suggest a new category for Thalidomide etc called Man-made medical disasters or similar and the deletion of this one.--JBellis 22:27, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree also, the first line of the Bhopal article says it was an industrial disaster - which is precisely what it was. If that's a medical disaster then so was 9/11, every plane crash, every train crash, every motorway pile-up etc. where there is a large number of casualties. Richerman (talk) 12:31, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Health disasters


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User:Pashmina

Name

 * Pashmina Lalchandani

Location

 * Denver, Colorado, United States

Birthdate

 * 1981, November_22

Bio
I was born in Taipei, Taiwan. After graduating Taipei American School in 1999, I attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where I earned a Bachelor of Science, cum laude in Electronic Media, Arts, and Communication in 2003. I minored in Sociology.

title: User:Pashmina


text:
Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe

Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe is a Catholic shrine located in La Crosse, Wisconsin. It is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Guadalupe. The 100 acre grounds include a visitors' center and outdoor devotional areas such as a rosary walk, Stations of the Cross, and a votive candle chapel. Mass and the sacrament of Penance are celebrated daily by Norbertine canons of St. Michael's Abbey.

The construction of the shrine church began on May 13, 2004, with a dedication on July 31, 2008. The shrine was founded and later dedicated by Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke.

History
The shrine was an inspiration of Cardinal Raymond Leo Burke, while he was Bishop of La Crosse, who wanted to establish a place of lasting worship for Roman Catholics to go on pilgrimage to in the Diocese of La Crosse. On September 28, 1999, a letter was sent for consideration to the Vatican, and on November 11, 1999, the Holy See gave the project its approval and blessing. 70 acre of woodland near the south end of La Crosse were then donated by Robert and Lucille Swing. Groundbreaking began on June 17, 2001.

The first phase of construction included a Pilgrim Center, which features an orientation room, information desk, the Flores Mariae gift shop, and the Culina Mariana restaurant, and the Mother of Good Counsel Votive Candle Chapel. This phase was completed and dedicated December 12, 2002.

The second phase included an outdoor Stations of the Cross, a devotional area to Saint Joseph the Workman and a rosary walk, in addition to construction on the shrine church. Groundbreaking for the church was on May 13, 2004. The Stations of the Cross were dedicated December 9, 2004, followed by the devotional area to Saint Joseph the Workman on September 21, 2007, and the rosary walk on December 8, 2007.

Excavation for the third phase, the Memorial to the Unborn, began on October 29, 2007.

On July 31, 2008, the shrine church was dedicated. The dedication Mass was also presided over by Burke, who by then had been named Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, having previously served as Archbishop of Saint Louis and before that as Bishop of La Crosse, and who would be named a Cardinal in 2010. Burke was joined by Cardinals Justin Francis Rigali of Philadelphia, who had previously served as Archbishop of Saint Louis before Burke was named as his successor, and Francis Eugene George of Chicago, the closest cardinalatial see to La Crosse. The ceremony included an honor guard made up of members of the local area Knights of Columbus and Knights and Ladies of the Holy Sepulchre. Also in attendance were over 100 priests, and members of the St. Juan Diego Guild and Marian Catechist Apostolate.

The Memorial to the Unborn was completed on December 12, 2008, and was also dedicated by Archbishop Burke.

In August 2021, the Norbertine canons of St. Michael's Abbey took over pastoral care of the shrine from the Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate.

Architecture
The shrine church was designed by the New Classical architect Duncan G. Stroik, in collaboration with River Architects. The architecture is in Italian Renaissance style, one of the first Catholic structures to be designed in such a way in 50 years. The exterior is made of stone from Minnesota and Wisconsin, designed to recall buildings of Tuscany.

Interior
In July 2011 Pope Benedict XVI affiliated the shrine church to the papal basilica of St. Mary Major in Rome, which inspired much of the interior design.

The floor plan is a cruciform with a large narthex and an ambulatory connecting the nave to two sacristies. The interior of the sanctuary was designed to look like a high renaissance or baroque church. The marble was supplied by Twin City Tile & Marble Co. of St. Paul, Minnesota. The pews, doors and other woodwork are of mahogany provided by Heebink Architectural Woodwork of Baldwin, Wisconsin.

Art work was a collaboration of many artists and includes a variety of styles. The decorative painting and ornamental plastering was done by the John Canning Company of Connecticut with moldings crafted by Felber Ornamental Plastering Corp. of Norristown, Pennsylvania. The dome ceiling features a turquoise sky with gold-leaf constellations composed with assistance from astronomers at the Talcott Mountain Science Center in Avon, Connecticut. The dome is intended to replicate the night sky on the Winter Solstice as viewed from Mexico City in 1531. Thirty-one stained-glass windows were created and installed by Rohlf's Stained & Leaded Glass Studio of Mt. Vernon, New York.

A fresco inside the narthex inside the main entrance painted by Anthony Visco is titled “Visions of Guadalupe.” The images are of the apparitions of Mary to Juan Diego from the time of his approach to the hill of Tepeyac until the time of the healing of his uncle. Surrounding the outside the fresco are images of workers of the faith.

On the aisles inside the church are six paintings of saints, five of whom lived in the 20th century: Peregrine Laziosi, Gianna Beretta Molla, Miguel Pro, and Thérèse of Lisieux were painted by Neilson Carlin, and Faustina Kowalska and Divine Mercy and Maria Goretti by Noah Buchanan. There are also three paintings by Brett Edenton in the lower narthex of the church that depict Samuel Mazzuchelli, Frederic Baraga, and Solanus Casey.

Sculptures
The many sculptures inside and outside the church were sculpted in Italy of Carrara marble. Outside the church above the entrance is a statue of Jesus the Good Shepherd, to his right St. Peter, and to his left St. Paul. In the middle of the plaza is a statue of Juan Diego showing his tilma to Bishop Zumárraga.

Inside the church are statues in each of the transepts. The south transept holds statues of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and of Juan Diego. In the north transept are statues of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and of St. Joseph and Jesus.

Mosaic
The sanctuary of the church contains a mosaic of Our Lady of Guadalupe, created by The Vatican Mosaic Studio. The mosaic measures 9 ft in height and 6 ft in width.

1st Class relics

 * Miguel Pro - in the altar of the church and in the side-aisle shrine
 * Kateri Tekakwitha - in the altar of the church
 * Therese of Lisieux- in the side-aisle shrine under the painting by Neilson Carlin
 * Peregrine Laziosi - in the side-aisle shrine under the painting by Neilson Carlin
 * Maria Goretti - in the side-aisle shrine
 * Faustina Kowalska - in the side-aisle shrine
 * Gianna Beretta Molla - in the side-aisle shrine

The grounds
The shrine is handicap accessible, with motorized carts and volunteers to assist people with mobility challenges.

The Stations of the Cross were designed by Anthony Visco and done in bronze relief. The Rosary Walk has four alcoves, with each alcove made up of five blue tiles, each depicting a mystery of the rosary. The alcoves were also designed by Visco.

Saint Joseph the Workman devotional area
This area includes a fountain and a bronze relief designed by Anthony Brankin showing Saint Joseph the Workman instructing Jesus. Background images depict Archbishop Burke, founder of the shrine, and Mr. and Mrs. Robert Swing, donors of the land. The Saint Joseph the Workman Devotional Area was dedicated September 21, 2007.

Saint Kateri Tekakwitha devotional area
This secluded devotional area features a larger-than-life-sized bronze statue of Kateri Tekakwitha, Lily of the Mohawks, by artist Cynthia Hitschler. It was dedicated July 30, 2008. The work depicts Kateri in native buckskin in a natural setting, kneeling in reverence to a rough, hand-made cross, with a basket at her side filled with strawberries, a calla lily and the three "sister" plants; corn, squash and beans.

Memorial to the Unborn
The Memorial to the Unborn arcade provides a means of memorializing unborn children and providing a place of spiritual healing and closure for parents, relatives and friends. Also, there is a series of plaques that present teachings of the Catholic Church on abortion, contraception, embryonic stem cell research, and the dignity of the human person. The memorial was designed by River Architects.

Mother of Good Counsel Votive Candle Chapel
The Mother of Good Counsel Votive Candle Chapel contains 576 votive candles. It is surrounded by seven stained glass windows, designed by Willet-Hauser Stained Glass Studio, each depicting a different title or apparition of Our Lady. The central candle structure measures 14 ft high, and 12 ft across.

Culina Mariana Café
The Culina Mariana Café is a European bistro style restaurant located in the Pilgrim Center.

Flores Mariae Gift Shop
The Flores Mariae is a gift shop in the Pilgrim Center that provides literature about the Catholic faith and other religious items.

title: Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe


text:
James Snow

James Wilfred Snow (July 12, 1929 – September 13, 2008) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1985 who represented the GTA ridings of Halton East and Oakville. He served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Bill Davis and Frank Miller.

Background
He was born in Esquesing Township, Ontario. He was the son of Wilfred Oliver Snow and Margaret Florence Devlin. He was educated in Milton. He worked as a farmer and a carpenter and he started his own business called Snow Construction Ltd. which built houses in post war Ontario. In 1950 he also founded Snow Properties Ltd. and Oakville Investments Ltd. In 1969 he created another company in Streetville, Tube-Fab Ltd. which made aircraft parts. In 1953 he married Barbara Hughes and together they raised four children.

Politics
Snow was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1967 provincial election defeating Liberal candidate Robin Skuce by 164 votes in Halton East. He served as a backbench supporter of premier John Robarts for the next four years. In 1967 he introduced a resolution urging the province to adopt Canada's national building code. On March 1, 1971, he was named a minister without portfolio when Davis replaced Robarts as Premier. He was re-elected with a much increased majority in the 1971 election. He was promoted to Minister of Public Works and Minister of Government Services on February 2, 1972.

The Progressive Conservatives were reduced to a minority government in the 1975 election. Snow was re-elected in the redistributed riding of Oakville, and was promoted to Minister of Transportation and Communications on October 7, 1975.

During his time as minister, he introduced mandatory seat belt legislation for adults and child restraint seats for children. In 1981, he approved the extension of Highway 404 before the completion of an environmental assessment. Even though his deputy minister claimed responsibility, he personally paid the $3,500 fine. In 1983, he pushed for the construction of a 3.4 kilometre highway linking his home town of Milton to Highway 401. He claimed that it was needed to increase industrial development.

Snow supported Frank Miller to succeed Davis as party leader in January 1985, and was retained in Miller's portfolio as a minister without portfolio responsible for Urban Transit. He retired from politics in 1985.

Later life
Snow self-published an autobiography after leaving political life, and purchased a golf course in Hornby, Ontario. He donated his family wheelchair van to the Lions Foundation of Canada in August 2005.

In 2006 Snow and his wife Barbara donated half-a-million dollars to the Milton District Hospital Foundation's CT Scanner Campaign. The complex housing the scanner is named the "James and Barbara Snow Family Trust Diagnostic Imaging Annex".

The town of Milton, Ontario, renamed Fourth Line (in the former Trafalgar Township) James Snow Parkway (Halton Regional Road 4), with initial approval for an interchange with Highway 401 coming in 1979. It was upgraded in the early 1980s to become a major arterial road, and is in the process of being extended on both north and south ends. The overpass of the James Snow Parkway at Highway 401 was damaged in 1986 when it was hit by a fuel tanker that caught fire, necessitating that the bridge deck be entirely replaced. It was renamed after James Snow paid to pave the road extended over the 401 so he could get home faster.

Snow died on September 13, 2008, of complications from diabetes. He was 79.

title: James Snow


text:
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title: MediaWiki:Newuserlogpagetext


text:
User talk:AnthonyKowal

Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism, and if you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. --Doc (?) 00:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:AnthonyKowal


text:
Talk:Matplotlib

Claim of memory leaks
On the article page, I claimed that "as of October 2005, basic plotting commands in Matplotlib suffer from memory leaks." Someone will probably dispute me on that (or perhaps show how it can be avoided). Here's how I tested for memory leaks:

>>> from pylab import * >>> plot(range(10000), range(10000)) >>> show >>> plot(range(10000), range(10000)) >>> plot(range(10000), range(10000)) >>> plot(range(10000), range(10000)) >>> plot(range(10000), range(10000)) >>> plot(range(10000), range(10000)) >>> plot(range(10000), range(10000))

Note how the process memory usage increases continuously with each new plot command. - Connelly 00:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Yep, someone will dispute you:-). matplotlib by default does not clear the previous plot, so you are adding many equivalent lines to the same plot.  memory leaks  in matplotlib have been hunted down agressively for many releases: there are FAQs about them and unit tests to detect them.  To prevent the so-called leak in your example, set the hold rc property to False., or plor with plot(x,y,hold=False).

May I humbly suggest that you learn matplotlib, read it FAQ, and post to the user's list before posting disparaging comments on the wikipedia. Your, the matplotlib author, John Hunter.

 * I tried hold(False) and plot(..., hold=False), to no avail. See bug 1366913.  Anyway, I probably shouldn't have been complaining about memory leaks in a pre-1.0 library on Wikipedia, so apologies for that, it was rude.  - Connelly 09:30, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

The above is original research81.174.255.69 (talk) 13:25, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Sales pitch?
This article seems a whole lot like a sales pitch to me... -Kevin Holzer

Python 2.6
I am using mathplot with 2.6.2 and it just works (tm) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.97.79.3 (talk) 12:39, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Python 3
The current version of the library (1.1.1) has been ported to python 3.

http://pythonsprints.com/2011/04/8/matplotlib-python-3-thanks-cape-town-group/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.11.12.15 (talk) 13:37, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

"Matplotlib" or "matplotlib"?
Shouldn't it be "Matplotlib" (not "matplotlib")? --Mortense (talk) 08:04, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

Where the name "matplotlib" comes from?
I think if this wiki page would be more complete if someone explains where the name comes from, or short for.

I think the "plot" and "lib" part is quiet esay to understand, the key difficulty is what is mat. Snail123815 (talk) 06:59, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

 * mathematics plotting library Kazkaskazkasako (talk) 00:32, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matplotlib


text:
User talk:Pizzabob18

Welcome, from Journalist Welcome to Wikipedia!

Hello. My name is Orane (but I go by the name 'Journalist' on Wikipedia) and I am one of Wikipedia's Administrators. I just stopped by to say Hi and to formally welcome you to Wikipedia. Thank you for your awesome contributions so far. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. I know that being here for the first few days may be a bit confusing, but you'll get used to it pretty soon.

Here are a few good links for newcomers. I know that they can be boring, but I recommend that you take a look at them:
 * Policies and guidelines
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! You can come to my talk page if you have any questions. If Im online, I will definitely respond. If I'm offline, you can go to Where to ask a question. Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~) ; this will automatically produce your name and the date. Again, welcome! Come say Hi! Or an  e    (t)   (c)   (@)  00:59, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pizzabob18


text:
Talk:Feral pig

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): CougarWebb.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:13, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ntayl23.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:20, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Miscellaneous
-- The video from Arizona seems to possibly represent peccaries rather than feral hogs. Supporting this is peccaries tend to herd. Is there confirmation of the exact animal type in the video? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.125.163.41 (talk) 23:42, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

Someone really should add info on the movie :-) Bastie 00:59, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

-- And something on the Marvel superhero would be fun. If a character as lame as 'Night Thrasher' -- doesn't that make you go blind? -- can have his own voluminous entry, surely Razorback should too.

-- I don't think it's specially interesting the date when they were introduced in North America...

-- I am a lifelong fan of the University of Arkansas, but Texas A&M Kingsville, previously Texas A&I University, is the Javelina, so the statement that the University of Arkansas is the only "university or major sports team with a porcine mascot" is not completely accurate. Rhogskin 12:25, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Good catch. I edited it to say "one of the only" instead of just "only". (Cardsplayer4life 06:23, 27 July 2006 (UTC))
 * but "one of the only" doesn't actually mean anything 193.63.239.165 16:00, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

-- I'd love to know where the name razorback came from. Is it their wiry hair? Is the hair sharp enough to cut like a razor? Do the tusks play some roll in the naming? Is there anything dangerous about this animal besides it's tusks? Just curious.
 * I believe it has to do with either their spine or the hairs growing along the length of it being raised into a ridge along their back, sort of like a natural mohawk.--Beetfarm Louie 17:33, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * This page is almost a duplicate of the wild boar page. Also because the feral pig and the wild boar are technically the same animal (both are Sus scrofa) feel like these pages should be combined. This article is lacking citations. It could also flow and and be better organized. This is an okay source of information on the subject matter though.CougarWebb (talk) 13:19, 20 June 2016 (UTC)

 * I wonder if CougarWebb has actually looked at the article, Wild Boar? It is very different from this article.  There is almost no duplication between the two.  While the Eurasian wild boar and the American (and presumably the Australian) feral pig are classified as belonging to the same species, their histories are quite different.  J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 18:24, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

 * The pages should be combined is my point and the histories be taken and separated out. You said it yourself that they are the same species. If they are the same species then they should be on the same page and just have their own little section explaining the different histories. CougarWebb (talk) 03:50, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

Size
I find it very hard to believe that a wild pig can be nine feet long and 1000 pounds. Karl Dickman talk 03:52, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That does sound implausible. I found this reference on MSNBC that says 12 feet and 1000 lbs, but there is decidedly little evidence except for one photo. Another reference is this one  from about.com which mentions an 8 foot, 800 lb one, but again, little supporting evidence is available. I added these two references and changed the wording of the sentence to say "reportedly" to show some sort of ambiguity, but it still seems a bit fishy to me. (Cardsplayer4life 04:54, 14 December 2006 (UTC))

 * Fifty years ago or so, I visited my great uncle’s farm. He had razorback hogs.  They were huge, easily twice the height at the shoulder of a common hog, and twice the length.  They had a sagital rise on their spine that might have been a foot or more tall.  They had a dinosaur-like look.  Uncle warned us not to sit on their fence.  If we fell in, they would kill us, he said.  I recall a weight of half a ton.  Though, I do not remember where I heard that.  My Flatley (talk) 11:46, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

cleanup
there is a lot of stuff in here that is uncited, and I don't know what's what. Can boars really fly through the air? Was the Hogzilla really a razorback? These are important questions

The line about Dimebag using the Dean Razorback guitar should be deleted. He designed it, but he was killed before they could deliver the final prototype to him. He never used it in concert or on any recordings.

124.181.140.1 (talk) 06:09, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Norse mythology?
Hello, in the last part of the intro, it talks about a mythological boar as being the possible origin of the name "razorback". I looked around and found an article on Gullinbursti, which is apparently a boar with a glowing mane... but the article mentions nothing about razor-sharp spines. In any case, the spelling is very different from "razorback" or the "glo-so" mentioned in this article. Does anybody know if this etymology is correct? -- Kyok o  15:40, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Unconsidered Possibility
With all this confusion on the origins of razorback or "feral" hogs, doesn't it seem likely that these pigs, though some could be hybrids, may actually be indigenous to North America? That Sus Scrofa could've crossed the Bering Strait like so many Eurasion species, and could've been an inhabitant of grasslands, like the red fox, maintaining the plains from encroaching seedlings, and only spread throughout the continent in the wake of deforested areas. It's possible. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.202.135.128 (talk) 03:20, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Is there any article, or document putting forth this proposal? The European colonists did not see any wild pigs in North America. Why else would they go through the trouble of introducing them?Mariomassone (talk) 18:38, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Feral or Wild
This article defines the Razorback as "feral". However the article on Feral defines it as follows: A feral organism is one that has escaped from domestication and returned, partly or wholly, to a wild state.

Wild Boar (so presumably Razorbacks) do not meet this definition. They are the wild population from which domestic pigs were domesticated in the first place, not domesticated pigs returned to a wild state. Merlin Cox (talk) 18:33, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I think you have a good point, but I also suspect it may be a complicated mix. Wild boar and domesticated pigs can freely interbreed, and both have been released/escaped into the wild at various times.92.18.67.254 (talk) 22:55, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree, and have changed the lead accordingly. I've also removed some dubious alternative names - if I'm wrong about any of them can someone please reinsert relevant ones. Obscurasky (talk) 00:10, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I think the terms Feral Swine, Wild Pig, Feral Hog, and Wild Pig are all different classifications of the Feral Pig. Different state Department of Natural Resource agencies have them classified under a different name because there is no real official name established yet. Some states that have different classifications are Michigan, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Alabama just to name a few. CougarWebb (talk) 20:02, 13 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Please try to remember this is a global project. Your suggestion is very US-centric.  Here in the UK, the term "hog" is hardly ever used, let alone "Feral hog".  The term "Wild pig" is hardly ever used, nor is the term "Feral swine".  The most widely used terms in the UK I suspect are "Feral pig" and "Wild boar". DrChrissy (talk) 19:32, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree with DrChrissy, this is a global project. Here in Australia the term "feral pigs" is the most commonly used term in any of the shooting magazines I've seen.  Razorback is almost unheard of here and I think most here would consider it an American term. --Dmol (talk) 21:29, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks Dmol. I actually lived in Australia for 12 years from 1980.  I remember hearing the term "razorback", but my interpretation was that it meant a particularly large, aggressive individual, usually male, rather than a frequently used collective term for feral pigs. DrChrissy (talk) 21:51, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * That was about the same time that the film Razorback happened, and I think that led to a brief time when the term was used.--Dmol (talk) 22:03, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, I was going to mention that. And of course, I have been back in the UK for 26 years and useage changes. I'm sure yours is a much more recent appreciation of the term. DrChrissy (talk) 22:08, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * On the subject of global scope... When I searched for razorback, the very last thing I would ever expect to find is an article about pigs, wild or otherwise. I was even more surprised that this would be the destination of a redirect for that word. Well, I guess I learned something. But what I was expecting to find was a geographic-geologic-topographic article about a kind of "ridge trail" where one must hike along a narrow razorback ridge with steeply falling away slopes on both sides. That is the one and only use of the word razorback I have ever encountered before today. 70.27.171.169 (talk) 14:59, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

Environmental Concerns?
I think someone needs to add the environmental implications of the introduction and continual population growth of Razorbacks to the Americas. So far there's just a tiny sentence about it being an invasive species in Brazil. In some parts of North America, wild hogs are becoming a big problem. 67.190.163.77 (talk) 01:04, 7 June 2010 (UTC)Azalea

Merge proposal
Razorback and Wild boar are both about the same species, so I propose they be merged. Back on the Chain Gang (talk) 01:25, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Isn't a "razorback" a domestic pig gone feral? Farseer-Lolotea (talk) 05:28, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

 * If razorbacks are indeed pure wild boar, introduced as wild animals to N America without admixture from escaped domestic swine, then yes, the articles ought to be merged. However, if they are mostly or partly feral domestic pigs, then no, clearly they ought to be separate articles.  From the photo, they don't look the same, and the detail of the article seems to make it very clear that they are not.  Incidentally, the image used in this article (File:Wild Pig KSC02pd0873.jpg) is also used in the wild boar article to illustrate feral pigs, and it can't be both...  Either way we need a ref, and I've tagged the lead para accordingly.

 * Feral pig currently redirects to the feral pig section of Wild boar. If razorbacks are indeed feral pigs, then I suggest that instead of merging as above, this much fuller article is moved to Feral pig, and the Wild boar feral section is shortened and given a "main article" tag. Richard New Forest (talk) 22:23, 25 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Razorbacks are not Wild Boar. They are either feral pigs or pig/boar hybrids, depending on what region you're discussing. Steven Walling  23:16, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved due to lack of consensus for move. Also, there are unresolved issues about the topic of this article. Born2cycle (talk) 20:48, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Requested move
Razorback → — Following from earlier discussion, "feral pig" is a more widely applicable name. Feral pig is currently a redirect to a section in Wild boar. Propose merging this with Razorback, leaving a summary and a "main article" link in Wild boar. Richard New Forest (talk) 09:58, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Support Feral pig is the more encyclopedic name, and the current redirect is inappropriate since the vast majority of feral pigs are not Wild Boar, but are of a similar breeding to Razorbacks. Steven Walling  19:05, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Support I agree, although the term 'Razorback' is in common use and this must be acknowledged/reflected within the text. Obscurasky (talk) 21:47, 29 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes: it would say something like "feral pig, known in North America as razorback and in New Zealand as Captain Cooker". If as I suspect it is also known inaccurately as a "wild boar" in North America (which would explain some of the confusion above), we could also explain that.  Richard New Forest (talk) 09:24, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose because a razorback is a kind of feral pig, but not all feral pigs are razorbacks. 64.105.65.28 (talk) 04:10, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
 * How does it differ from other feral pigs? And even if it does, why not just have a section on razorbacks in Feral pig? Richard New Forest (talk) 20:11, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
 * As stated on this talk page in the following section, "razorback" as used in North America is ambiguous. It generally means a wild boar, or a hybrid between wild boar and feral domestic pig.  The razorback is a wild or feral pig with a remarkable amount of relatively long coarse hair.  In many places, particularly on islands, there are feral pigs that are derived exclusively from domestic pigs and resemble domestic pigs in having short, fine hair.  They are not razorbacks.  I would have no objection to putting a section about razorbacks on a page about feral pigs, except that "razorback" also refers to wild boar. 64.105.65.28 (talk) 22:45, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
 * So is that a "support"...? Richard New Forest (talk) 18:03, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
 * '64.105.65.28' makes a couple of good points above. If he is correct, when he says that 'not all feral pigs [in N.America] are razorbacks', this will need careful explanation and citations.
 * The fact that 'razorback' can also be used to refer to both feral pigs and wild boar in N.America could also be troublesome. The reference to razorbacks was removed from the wild boar page; either this was inappropriate, or reference to razorbacks should not appear on a feral pig page either - in other words it should stay as a page in its own right. Obscurasky (talk) 12:35, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I've not seen anything to indicate that there are any pure-bred wild boar in North America. Everything seems to point to feral pigs in North America being various mixes of domestic pig and wild boar, with at least some (and perhaps all) of them being called razorbacks.  Everything I have seen indicates that at least some (and perhaps all) feral pigs found in other parts of the world are razorbacks under another name.  If we have one thing, it should have one article.  Only if there really is a consistent difference between razorbacks and other feral pigs could separate articles be justified, but at present it seems clear that razorbacks are at most a kind of feral pig, and I think all the razorback material would fit comfortably into a section in Feral pig.  We can't have a separate article just because one dialect uses a different term: that would be a dictionary definition. So:
 * Are there any pure-bred wild boar in North America? If so, what are they called?
 * Does the thing called razorback in North America occur elsewhere?
 * Are all feral pigs in North America called razorbacks?
 * If not, what is the difference?
 * If they are somewhat different, aren't they nevertheless similar enough to be combined in one article?
 * Richard New Forest (talk) 17:09, 7 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Any takers for these questions? I think the answers would help our decision.  Richard New Forest (talk) 17:29, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Support move, but I'm not quite sure what the new term should be. As a native speaker of American English, I don't consider "razorback" to be the primary U.S. term for this kind of animal. (If you had asked me "What's a razorback?" outside the context of this page, I'd probably say "the University of Arkansas mascot.") In the Smoky Mountains and other parks near where I live, the animals resulting from interbreeding of wild boar and domestic pigs are most commonly referred to as "wild hogs," "feral hogs," and "wild boar." For example, see:, , , , This website for a national park in California calls them "wild pigs." This other California national park site discusses "feral pigs," referring to domestic pigs gone wild. This state of Wisconsin webpage says "Feral pigs (Sus scrofa), also known as wild pigs, wild hogs, wild boars, European wild boars, Russian wild boars, or razorbacks, are rangy-looking non-native members of the domestic swine family, Suidae." --Orlady (talk) 23:04, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I support moving Razorback (disambiguation) to Razorback, and splitting the content now on Razorback between two or more articles. The content about "razorback meaning feral pig" should go into Feral pig and "razorback meaning wild boar" should go into Wild boar.  69.3.72.9 (talk) 16:36, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * That's fine, but as I said above, are there any pure wild boar in America? If not, all razorbacks must be some kind of feral pig.  Richard New Forest (talk) 17:29, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, there are or have been pure wild boar living in the wild in North America, but they are not native species. I think one source of confusion about native wild pigs in North America is the fact that North America has a native species that looks like a pig:  the collared peccary or javelina (Tayassu tajacu).  Another source of confusion is the release of non-native, non-domesticated species (eg the "Russian razorback") of pigs into the wild.  Those pigs are wild pigs, not feral pigs, but they have contributed their ancestry to multiple lines of feral pigs.  69.3.72.9 (talk) 17:42, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * To clarify, "Russian razorback" is an American common name for a Eurasian species of wild boar. 69.3.72.9 (talk) 17:44, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * European wild boar were imported to several locations in North America and released for the pleasure of hunters. This is discussed in several of the references that I cited above (for example, this newspaper article). The animals discussed in the article are the progeny of interbreeding between these wild boar and feral domestic pigs. I'm not aware of javelina being involved. --Orlady (talk) 17:59, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Better definition required
I'm not sure the lede is totally accurate. Is a Razorback a specific 'type' of pig? My understanding is that the word is an Americanism, applied to any type of wild hog. Obscurasky (talk) 21:44, 29 August 2010 (UTC)
 * You are correct. Usually it means a feral pig most closely related to the domestic pig, but the term is often applied to any type of wild hog. Steven Walling  23:56, 29 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I've changed the lede, but I think it needs building on. Would someone authoritative on the subject care to add someting. Thx. Obscurasky (talk) 15:42, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

Boar (disambiguation)
A requested move concerning Boar (disambiguation) and Boar is being discussed now at Talk:Boar (disambiguation). 69.3.72.9 (talk) 19:31, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

Navigation box for pigs
Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Template:Pigs. 69.3.72.9 (talk) 20:06, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Now Template:Pigs. – Athaenara  ✉  02:28, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Pig disambiguation
There are discussions in progress on Talk:Pig (disambiguation) and Talk:Pig which affect this page. Please participate there (not here). Thank you. 69.3.72.249 (talk) 20:56, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Subject of article
The discussion above about moving Razorback to Feral pig has been closed (considerably prematurely in my view). The reason given for a "no move, no consensus" decision was "unresolved issues about the topic of this article". Can we now resolve them please?

So far it seems to me that we have established that all or most feral pigs in North America are called razorbacks, and there seems no indication of any difference between these and other feral pigs.

The only other thing for which the name is used is the "Russian razorback", which seems to be an American name for the wild boar, and so is not the same thing as the animal covered by this article. Richard New Forest (talk) 22:05, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Richard New Forest wrote "So far it seems to me that we have established that all or most feral pigs in North America are called razorbacks, and there seems no indication of any difference between these and other feral pigs."  That is not my reading of the discussion above. 69.3.72.249 (talk) 22:52, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

 * What is your reading of it then? Richard New Forest (talk) 10:04, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

 * The page Razorback should be a disambiguation page, not an article nor a redirect to another article or section. "Razorback" meaning a pig may refer to a species of wild boar not native to North America, members of that species escaped in North America, and their descendants.  Not all feral pigs in North America are descendants of Russian razorbacks.  However, "razorback" in vernacular use sometimes refers to any feral pig.  69.3.72.249 (talk) 17:49, 14 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I think that might very well be a way forward. Presumably we could then have a new article at Feral pig?
 * (Incidentally, I'm not sure that the "wild boar" distribution map is all that reliable. It's apparently not just for wild boar but for the whole Sus scrofa species, in which case it would include feral pigs other than wild boar.  It omits several populations altogether: NZ, S America, southern Africa, Caribbean.  Finally it does not seem to give any sources – I also notice it is not reffed where it appears on Wild boar.)
 * Richard New Forest (talk) 22:33, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

javaporcos?
What is this word, and what does it refer to? In context in the article as it stands, it means "Wild Boar/Domestic Pig cross", but the word itself is a combination of the spanish word for peccary (Javalina) and the Spanish word for pig (Porco), which, it has been pointed out, is very far-fetched as the two aren't even in the same family, although a non-expert could be forgiven for thinking that they should be able to cross, looking like two types of pig on the face of them. My guess is that it's a Spanish word for a mythical Peccary/Pig cross. I've Googled around for the word, and can find nothing to convince me personally that the word even exists. Let's get rid of it! Chrisrus (talk) 04:50, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

I have seem this only now. Javaporco exists, it's a mix between two Portuguese words, Javali (for boar) and Porco (pig). By the way, the most common Spanish word for pig is Cerdo. Javalina is not used in Portuguese, which has two distinct nouns for peccaries: Queixada (White-lipped peccary) and Cateto or Caititu for the Collared Peccary.16:20, 5 February 2015 (UTC)~

Javelina
The video featured in this article is not of feral hogs, but of collared peccaries (javelinas). These are wild (not feral) and native to Arizona (the video is from Scottsdale) and they are not a member of the family Suidae. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bfdavised (talk • contribs) 20:54, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

Redirect from "Feral pig"; More support for moving to "Feral pig"
I have changed the redirect for "Feral pig" from the non-existent "Wild boar#feral pig" to this article. Apparently somebody (properly, in my opinion) deleted the "Feral pig" section from "Wild boar", but forgot to change the redirect.

I, too, would support moving this article to "Feral pig". I don't know enough to make a scientific argument for that, but my understanding of the history is that razorbacks are overwhelmingly descended from domestic swine that have run wild over the generations, thanks to the old practice of open-range culture; and that any admixture of European wild boar is incidental. There are wolf packs with some admixture of domestic dog, and probably packs of feral dogs with some admixture of wolf; but I don't think anybody has suggested that that obliterates the distinction between wolves and dogs. No more should the occasional admixture of wild boar into razorback populations obliterate the distinction between European wild boar and American feral swine. Neither should the colloquial usage of referring to American feral swine as "wild boar" obliterate that distinction. They are historically different races or breeds, if not taxonomically distinct species, and Wikipedia should recognize the distinction.

J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 15:36, 28 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. The term "Razorback" is colloquial and used widely only in Australia and North America.  This article is also extremely American-oriented.  Therefore, I suggest we have two options.  One - the article is moved to American Feral Pig with a STRONG statement in the article that due to regional differences in language, this includes both the domestic pig and the wild boar. (There is already an article Australian feral camel.) Second, information in this article on feral domestic pigs could be merged into the Feral pig article and the remaining information moved to Free-ranging wild boar or something similar.  Whichever, the title of "Razorback" should not be allowed to remain.__DrChrissy (talk) 11:08, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

Requested move November 2014

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: consensus to move the page, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 00:01, 14 November 2014 (UTC)

Razorback → Feral pig – WP:NOT. The article as it presently stands is essentially a dictionary definition article confused with an encyclopedia article. We have content about feral domestic pigs, then some other material about mis-usage of the term to refer to wild boars when people can't tell the difference, and the article is wrongly focusing on word usage instead of what "razorbacks" (feral pigs) are and why they're notable. The thread immediately above this RM is entirely in support of this move, and the previous RM was as well, except for a sole objection, that razorbacks are feral pigs but not all feral pigs are razorbacks. Obviously, this would be dealt with by having a Feral pig section covering this Americanism (and Australianism), to the very limited extent the usage can be distinguished from the general term. — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  11:53, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * PS: An ongoing problem with the current situation is that editors keep linking to the Wild boar article from terms like "feral pig", because they believe we have no feral pig article and that the wild boar one is the closest we have; I've even got people editwarring with me to keep falsely classifying Wild boar in Category:Feral pigs, solely on the basis that incoming links to that article are mistakenly looking for feral pigs. Recently, I found that, despite feral pig long redirecting to this article, someone changed it and feral pigs again to redir to Wild boar, a section no longer existing, and which should never have been in that article at all, any more than we'd have a section on feral domestic dogs somewhere in the Coyote or Wolf articles. Enough already. Let's just resolve to clean this mess up.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  11:53, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * On the fence This isn't as clear cut as if first appears. Your point about the article being essentially a dictionary definition is valid, to a degree, but the article also contains information which is specific to the Americas, and as such it is distinct from other pages on Wikipedia. Obscurasky (talk) 13:57, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Support: For the reasons I posted in the section just above this one, I agree with the proposal. In hopes of helping Obscurasky off the fence, there's no reason why an article entitled "Feral pig" can't be primarily about American razorbacks, since, for historical reasons, they are probably the prime example of feral swine in the world.  The article should of course treat of other cases, such as in Australia, the Pacific islands, and wherever else there may be significant populations of feral swine; we don't need a separate article for the American population unless a generic article on feral hogs would be too long to allow full treatment of that sub-topic. J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 16:42, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * P.S.: I would personally prefer that the article be renamed "Feral swine" or "Feral hog", since a pig, strictly speaking, is a young swine, and the usage of the industry is to call these animals generically hogs or swine; but broader colloquial usage favors pig (cf. the article Domestic pig), so I'm willing to bow to that. J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 16:49, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

 * support We must stop slang terms or terms which are used only in highly localised circumstances. The word "chook" is extremely widely used in Australia (and increasingly so in the UK), however, this correctly redirects to chicken Chicken. @Jdcrutch - the words swine and hog are hardly ever used in the UK, except where this is the species name.  Where does the use of "pig" to mean "young swine" come from?__DrChrissy (talk) 17:22, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Reply: The Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary (an American dictionary—I don't know about British usage in this case) gives, as the first definition of pig,
 * a young domesticated swine not yet sexually mature; broadly : a wild or domestic swine
 * I have heard people connected with the industry refer generically to hogs more frequently than to pigs, though I don't have a reliable published source for that. (But see the recent political-campaign advertisement, popular on YouTube, in which the candidate said she had grown up "castrating hogs" on a farm in Iowa.)  Nor can I support with a published source my preference for swine as a more technical or scientific generic term, but I do have the strong impression that, at least in the U.S.A., it is used that way.  (And see, e.g., the dictionary entry just quoted, as well as swine flu.)  At any rate, as I've said, I don't intend to press the issue.
 * P.S.: For British use of swine, see also http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25418/25418-h/25418-h.htm#Page_40.

 * Support: As previously stated, razorbacks are feral pigs, but not all feral pigs are razorbacks.Mariomassone (talk) 18:14, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * If the description in the article is correct, this isn't strictly true. 'Razorback' is a term used for feral pigs and wild boar in North America. The qualification 'North America' is also important, since it's what makes this page distinct. Obscurasky (talk) 22:33, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Since the wild boar is not native to North America, any "wild boar" referred to as a razorback must be either one that was brought over from Europe or Asia and escaped into the wild, or the descendant of such an imported animal, or not a true wild boar at all—for as we know American feral hogs are often referred to colloquially as "wild boar", even though they are not of the Eurasian variety. I have no figures to cite, but my sense is that the number of actual Eurasian wild boar, imported to North America by rich hunters and released or escaped into the wild, must be vanishingly tiny compared to the generations of domestic swine run wild in the American South over four centuries of free-range swine culture.  J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 23:15, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * That's irrelevant. The article is principally about the term - which is native to North America.Obscurasky (talk) 00:34, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Support Feral pig is obviously much more common in sources and in common usage. Steven Walling • talk   22:46, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment I have just noticed there may be a precedent to this.  There is an article, Brumby, which is a term used to describe free-ranging feral horses in Australia. As far as I know, the term is used only in Australia.  I still believe that a huge amount of information in the Razorback article is misplaced there, and removing that might leave us with something akin to a stub.  For example, use of the term in Australia is generally meant to indicate a large, aggressive feral pig with a ridge of hair down it's back (hence, razorback).  This is only my personal opinion after having lived in Australia for 15 years, but if the link with Australia is to remain, it needs clarification and verification.__DrChrissy (talk) 11:28, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
 * A good observation. I should think, however, that a redirect from Razorback to Feral pig would be sufficient, as long as the Feral pig article appropriately treats of razorbacks (as known in the U.S.A. and Australia, respectively, if there's any difference). If someday we find that the razorbacks are, um, monopolizing all the copy in Feral pig, to the detriment of the other feral pigs, we can always herd them off into their own article again, with a link from the head article.  At the moment, though, it seems to me that a stub for razorbacks would be little more than a dictionary entry, as SMcCandlish pointed out in the OP.  J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 14:58, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

return to definition and scope
I have been expanding the article to include free-roaming wild boar in the UK. This is on the basis that in the UK, wild boar can only be farmed under licence and must not be released. When wild boar have been farmed, they will have been artificially selected for traits desired by humans, i.e. domesticated. This would mean that any free-roaming wild boar in the UK are descended from domesticated wild boar, i.e. they are truly feral, and should be discussed in the article. Would other editors like to comment?__DrChrissy (talk) 14:13, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Additional info: "And what happened after that, which is even more interesting, is it appears that once they were introduced, these domesticated pigs spurred or lit the blue touch-paper for people to domesticate the local indigenous wild boar."__DrChrissy (talk) 14:22, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
 * and "Wild boar were important prey animals for early hunter- gatherers across wide areas of Eurasia (1) until the early Holocene, when this predator-prey relation radically shifted as they, and several other large mammals, were domesticated"[www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03/050326004537.htm]__DrChrissy (talk) 14:32, 21 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I appreciate DrChrissy's work here, and also the invitation to comment on the idea of "feral wild boar" in Great Britain. While I understand the point, I think it's confusing and imprecise to refer to escaped boar as feral wild boar—a bit of an oxymoron, really, in that an animal that's already wild can't become feral.

 * I would note, for one thing, that selective breeding, per se, is not the only criterion for domestication. Large numbers of zoo animals are selectively bred these days, but I would contend that those are not domesticated.  They are selected for genetic diversity, robust health, and other traits that might benefit them equally in the wild; not (I gather) for docility, tractability, productivity, and other traits that would make them useful to human beings.  (Cf. the so-called domesticated silver fox, whose breeders don't yet consider it truly domesticated, as it won't reliably obey human commands.)

 * I don't think an escaped lion or chimpanzee could properly be called feral—could it? (If so, then maybe our definition of feral needs revisiting.) Even if they established stable populations in the wilds of Belgium or Florida, I think they'd be considered introduced or invasive, rather than feral.

 * On the other hand, if farmed wild boar are truly domesticated, can it not be argued that they have become just one more strain of domestic pigs, and that they no longer deserve the designation, wild boar? (That would especially seem to be true if wild boar and domestic swine are indeed of the same species, as many, if not most, biologists appear to think.)  In that case, I wonder if the industry hasn't come up with a different designation for them.  If these domesticated boar are in fact a type of domestic pigs, then escapees of that type would merely be feral pigs, not feral wild boar.

 * I don't know enough about these animals to take up a strong opinion, but maybe DrChrissy can educate me. At the moment, I'm  inclined to say that if the British boars are in fact domesticated, the escaped ones should just be called feral pigs, without distinction; but that if they remain wild, though captive, then the escapees should be referred to as reintroduced wild boar (the species having once been native to Great Britain), and not feral wild boar.  J. D. Crutchfield</tt> | Talk 15:38, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Interesting questions. I suggest that wild animals that are farmed would, like those in zoos, normally be referred to as "captive"; when they escape from captivity they are (surprise, surprise!) referred to as "escaped" (as above). We don't normally talk about "feral muntjac" or "feral coypu" or "feral salmon", I think. Domestication is a millennial process, not one that takes place over a few generations; but it doesn't necessarily lead to obedience: neither chickens nor cats reliably obey human commands – at least in my experience. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 17:46, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
 * The criteria for domestication vary from species to species, I would say. The criteria for domestication of the silver fox were set by Dmitri Belyaev when he began his experiments in the 1950s, and include obedience to human commands.  His intention was to see if foxes could be bred into domestic dogs, or a close analogue; and a key characteristic of domestic dogs is their inherited willingness (under proper conditions) to obey human commands. <tt>J. D. Crutchfield</tt> | Talk 19:35, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the input. I think the criterion of obedience to human commands as an indicator of domestication is ...ermmmm...rather bizarre.  Circus lions, bears and elephants captured in the wild are used in performances and sit, rear-up, bow, on command. I have worked with zoo animals including giraffe, rhinoceros, hippos etc - many of these will perform tasks on command such as lifting their feet for routine inspection.   Does that mean these individuals are domesticated or not?  I do not think so.
 * The phrase "reintroduced wild boar" is problematic. In the UK, if wild boar are free-roaming, they have not been "re-introduced" but they have escaped from a farm: perhaps the the phrase "have established breeding populations" is appropriate here.  In areas where wild boar are NOT indigenous, (e.g. the US) then "reintroduced wild boar" is not appropriate for free-roaming wild boar.  I think the problem here is that taxonomy and nomenclature have not kept up with the animals. A previous editor is correct in saying we do not refer to "feral muntjac", "feral salmon, etc. but perhaps we should.  WP has articles on Feral chicken and see also Chicken roundabout!__DrChrissy (talk) 00:23, 22 November 2014 (UTC)__DrChrissy (talk) 00:28, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm that previous editor. It's appropriate to talk about feral cats, chickens, pigs, horses, donkeys and the like precisely because those are domestic breeds which have, in places, re-established themselves in the wild. But we don't use "feral" of wild species, even if they have been been kept and raised in captivity and then escaped. I expect that in Britain the line between "escaped" and "released" is as grey as it is elsewhere. Here there is an infestation of nutria (coypu) because years ago farmers were conned into buying them to raise for fur; when they found that that was not nearly as easy as they had been promised, many of them just opened the cages to be shot of the problem. Boar in captivity are hybridised with domestic pigs and then released into the wild to increase the fecundity of the wild population (which is one of the reasons Europe is completely over-run with the damned things). Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 00:59, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi. I know you are that previous editor and please do not read anything into me not mentioning you by name; I have run into problems in the past by naming editors on talk pages, even though I did not post anything negative about them. I totally follow your point of view.  My problem is that in the UK at least, when I try to research "feral pigs", all I seem to get is information on wild boar.  Your argument seems to be based on whether the free-roaming animal is "wild" or not, but there are feral camels in Australia, feral parrots in the UK, Feral rhesus macaques in the US, feral Cyclura nubila (dubious example I admit)...all of which I believe we would think of as being "wild".  My question is quite simple.  Should I include information on wild boar in this article?  If we choose to debate what the term is, that is entirely OK.  But, I would hate to spend time on editing the article to include wild boar only for someone to come along and say that free-roaming wild boar should not be discussed on this page and start deleting. I am looking for concensus.__DrChrissy (talk) 01:32, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

Contributions
I tried to clean up any uncited information I could find as well as any misspellings. I added citations for any "citation needed" tags I could find. I removed a few sentences that were irrelevant to the subject being discussed. I added 3 sentences of new information of my own with citations and hyperlinks. Any and all feedback would be welcome Ntayl23 (talk) 06:24, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks, but they weren't "misspellings", they were just not US spellings. But there's no clear indication which of the UK/US spellings were there first so I won't change it.--Dmol (talk) 11:43, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 6 external links on Feral pig. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115958/http://www.tworiversoutdoorclub.com/Wild%20Boar%20History.htm to http://www.tworiversoutdoorclub.com/Wild%20Boar%20History.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160413003133/http://agrilife.org/texnatwildlife/feral-hogs/history-and-distribution-of-feral-hogs-in-texas/ to http://agrilife.org/texnatwildlife/feral-hogs/history-and-distribution-of-feral-hogs-in-texas/
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140206195326/http://www.outdooralabama.com/hunting/hunterresources/articles/hogsferal.cfm to http://www.outdooralabama.com/hunting/hunterresources/articles/hogsferal.cfm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140222142311/http://www.khou.com/news/local/High-tech-hunting-for-Texas-feral-hogs--204958811.html to http://www.khou.com/news/local/High-tech-hunting-for-Texas-feral-hogs--204958811.html

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Texas
And once again, a "semiprotected" wikipedia article is full of bullshit. The line "Texas has the largest estimated population of 2.5–2.6 million feral pigs existing in 253 of its 254 counties" sources to a webpage that does not contain that number or any such claim. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.7.105.123 (talk) 13:44, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Fur
Why do feral pigs so quickly regain the fur that their domestic ancestors lack completely? Natural selection? Sexual selection? Steinbach (talk) 07:45, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree that this should be mentioned in the article. As it is, it's confusing to have only pictures of hairy pigs in an article about escaped hairless pigs. This return of fur and tusks is a very interesting phenomenon, and the absence of any mention of it is confusing. I've seen Reddit and Quora discussions give handwavy, unsourced explanations involving epigenetics, but I had hoped to find something a bit more definite here on Wikipedia. Amaurea (talk) 01:02, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

Catch dogs are not playing dodgeball during feral pig hunts
From the Hunting in the United States section:

> It will dip, duck, dive, and dodge the tusks until it can get a hold of the beast, pinning it or biting its ear.

This is a clear reference to the movie Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story, missing only the fifth "d" of dodgeball (defeat) in the description of a catch dogs behavior towards feral pigs. It is unsupported by the citations provided for the article and should be removed or replaced with a more accurate description.

 * Removed; that was one of two passages added on 30 Jan 2021 with non-encyclopedic language (e.g. "incredible amounts of damage", and the dodgeball-influenced phrasing). Plantdrew (talk) 02:30, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Feral pig


text:
User talk:Alan pasquelli 0618

Welcome!

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Headon!
HEAD ON APPLY DIRECTLY TO THE FOREHEAD!! HEAD ON APPLY DIRECTLY TO THE FOREHEAD!! HEAD ON APPLY DIRECTLY TO THE FOREHEAD!!HEAD ON APPLY DIRECTLY TO THE FOREHEAD!! HEAD ON APPLY DIRECTLY TO THE FOREHEAD!! HEAD ON APPLY DIRECTLY TO THE FOREHEAD!!HEAD ON APPLY DIRECTLY TO THE FOREHEAD!! HEAD ON APPLY DIRECTLY TO THE FOREHEAD!! HEAD ON APPLY DIRECTLY TO THE FOREHEAD!!

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title: User talk:Alan pasquelli 0618


text: User talk:63.78.71.60

title: User talk:63.78.71.60


text: User talk:68.39.107.246

title: User talk:68.39.107.246


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Fortes

Fortes is a family name in mostly Portuguese-speaking countries.

Famous people named Fortes include:
 * Agostinho Fortes Filho (1901–1966), known as Fortes, Brazilian international footballer.
 * Alberto Fortes (born 1958), Spanish-German author and chef.
 * Alvin Fortes (born 1994), Dutch footballer.
 * Amâncio José Pinto Fortes (born 1990), Angolan football midfielder.
 * Carlos Fortes (footballer, born 1974), Dutch footballer.
 * Carlos Manuel Santos Fortes (born 1994), Portuguese footballer.
 * Corsino Fortes (born 1933), Cape Verdean poet.
 * Eddy Fortes (born 1950), Rotterdam-based Cape-Verdean rapper.
 * Emanuel Fortes (born 1970), Brazilian former international freestyle swimmer.
 * Enrique Fortes (born 1947), Cuban volleyball player.
 * Fábio Fortes (born 1992), Portuguese footballer.
 * Felisberto Fortes (1927–2013), Portuguese rower.
 * Filipe Fortes, Brazilian Businessman and Investor.
 * Hermínia da Cruz Fortes (1941—2010), Cape Verdean singer.
 * Jeffrey Fortes (born 1989), Dutch-Cape Verdean footballer.
 * Jesús Fortes Socas (born 1997), Spanish footballer.
 * Joe Fortes (1863–1922), Canadian lifeguard.
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 * Nicholas Fortes (1989) Musician.
 * Nick Fortes (born 1996), American baseball player
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 * Meyer Fortes (1906–1983), South African-born anthropologist.
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 * Paco Fortes (born 1955), Spanish footballer and manager.
 * Paula Fortes (1945–2011), Cape Verdean independence activist.
 * Roberto Fortes (born 1984), Angolan basketball player.
 * Steven Fortès (born 1992), French professional footballer.
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title: Fortes


text:
User talk:Sanny Claus

Please do not remove the sandbox header. --fvw *  01:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

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Anyone who clicks on the "Click here to reset the sandbox." link activates a robot which resets the sandbox. I am not responsible for the control of someone's will to click that button. --AllyUnion (talk) 03:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sanny Claus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stealth camoflauge

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – Jitse Niesen (talk) 23:49, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Stealth camoflauge
Misspelled title and content is reproduced in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater Z iggurat  01:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 02:28, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Do not turn into a redirect.   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   03:25, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 04:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom CLW 13:08, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Ganymead 15:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just Delete per above. And how.  --Gaff talk 23:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak redirect to optical camouflage which is a real object, inspired by or inspiring the stealth camouflage item in MGS. "Weak" redir b/c of misspelling.  Marblespire 05:24, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete before any redirect. no need to keep history if material isn't used Mozzerati 20:12, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Reccared II

Reccared II (in Spanish, Galician and Portuguese, Recaredo), (? – March 621) was Visigothic King of Hispania, Septimania and Galicia briefly in 621, though the length of the reign exactly is debated to last from several days to just over a year.

Biography
His father and predecessor was Sisebut. He was but a child when placed on the throne and as with most Visigothic attempts to establish a royal dynasty, Sisebut's was opposed by the nobility and ultimately failed.

His death allowed his general, the strongman Suintila, to accede to the throne.

title: Reccared II


text:
Upper Saxon Circle

The Upper Saxon Circle (Obersächsischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, created in 1512.

The circle was dominated by the electorate of Saxony (the circle's director) and the electorate of Brandenburg. It further comprised the Saxon Ernestine duchies and Pomerania. The Lusatias that fell to Saxony by the 1635 Peace of Prague were never encircled.

Composition
The circle was made up of the following states:

title: Upper Saxon Circle


text:
Howling II: Your Sister Is a Werewolf

Howling II: Your Sister Is a Werewolf (also known as Howling II and Howling II: Stirba – Werewolf Bitch) is a 1985 American horror film directed by Philippe Mora and direct sequel to the 1981 film The Howling. The film stars horror film veteran Christopher Lee along with Reb Brown and Annie McEnroe as they try to defeat Sybil Danning's werewolf queen Stirba and stop a werewolf group's plans to conquer the world. Although Gary Brandner, author of The Howling novels, co-wrote the screenplay, the Howling II: Your Sister Is a Werewolf is largely unrelated to his 1979 novel The Howling II.

Plot
Ben White (Reb Brown) attends the funeral of his sister, journalist Karen White, the heroine of the previous film. Following her entombment in the chapel's mausoleum, Ben meets both Jenny Templeton (Annie McEnroe), one of Karen's colleagues, and Stefan Crosscoe (Christopher Lee), a mysterious interloper who tells him Karen was a werewolf. Providing videotaped evidence of the transformation—and turning up to destroy Karen as her undead body rises from the grave—Crosscoe convinces Ben and Jenny to accompany him to Transylvania to battle Stirba (Sybil Danning), an immortal werewolf queen. Along the way, the trio encounter Mariana (Marsha Hunt), another lusty werewolf siren, and her minion, Erle (Ferdy Mayne).

Arriving in the Balkans, Ben and company wander through an ethnic folk festival, unaware that Stirba is off in her nearby castle already plotting their downfall. Stefan introduces Ben and Jenny to several locals who are sworn to oppose Stirba due to the deaths of their various family members, all of whom were killed either by Stirba or her followers. One night, Ben and Vasile find Stirba's castle nearby but are forced to flee after being spotted and Vasile is killed in the escape. Stirba later uses Vasile's reanimated corpse to lure Stefan into a trap but is saved by Ben at the last minute. During this, Jenny is captured and taken to Stirba's castle.

Ben, Stefan, Konstantin, Luca and Father Florin assault the castle but are ambushed by Stirba's werewolves; Konstantin and Luca are killed in the battle and Father Florin is injured. Arriving at the castle, the three split up to locate Jenny and kill Stirba. Ben rescues Jenny, killing Mariana in the process, and flees the castle while Stefan and Father Florin confront Stirba. Florin is killed by Stirba's demon but Stefan manages to kill Stirba, who burns to death with her.

Sometime later, Ben and Jenny have returned to the United States and are living as a couple. A trick-or-treater knocks on their door and they are confronted by what appears to be a child in a werewolf costume. After the child goes into the apartment next door, they knock on the door and are met by a Romanian man who claims that he does not have any children and lives alone. Declining his offer to come in for a drink, Ben and Jenny return to their apartment.

Cast

 * Christopher Lee as Stefan Crosscoe
 * Annie McEnroe as Jenny Templeton
 * Reb Brown as Ben White
 * Marsha Hunt as Mariana
 * Sybil Danning as Stirba
 * Valerie Kaplanová as old Stirba
 * Judd Omen as Vlad
 * Jiří Krytinář as Vasile
 * Petr Skarke as Konstantin
 * Ferdy Mayne as Erle
 * Jimmy Nail as Dom
 * Patrick Field as Deacon
 * Ladislav Krečmer as Father Florin
 * Ivo Niederle as Grigorie
 * Jan Kraus as Tondo

Production
While the first The Howling was a financial hit, producer Steven Lane never saw any of the profits due to the poor financial standing of Avco Embassy Pictures which offset several unrelated costs towards The Howling and consuming much of the film's revenue in the process. As Lane had bought out co-producer Jack Crawford prior to the first film's release, he possessed the sequel rights but couldn't make a direct-sequel to the original film as those rights belonged to Avco Embassy. As Lane was determined to turn a profit from his participation in The Howling, he entered into a deal with Hemdale Film Corporation. Philippe Mora became involved as he directed A Breed Apart for Hemdale and had not yet been paid with Hemdale arranging a deal that if he directed Howling II he'd be paid for both films. Both pre-production and production were subject to numerous stops and location changes as Hemdale had misrepresented their financial standing to Lane in their agreement. Gary Brandner rewrote the script multiple times to account for the numerous times the production was forced to change locations. The film's effects artist, Steve Johnson who'd return to provide work for additional installments in the series, stated Hemdale's financial situation was also responsible for the poor quality of the special effects as many of them were added in post several months after filming had wrapped.

This film is the only Howling sequel that directly follows the original film's events, and is also the only Howling film to feature the input of the original novelist, Gary Brandner. Brandner was critical of the original 1981 film, which was only a loose adaptation of his 1977 novel, and some elements of this sequel may have been deliberately divergent from the previous film, though some (such as this film's retconning of the worldwide revelation of the existence of werewolves) seem to be accidental.

The film features a sequence in which new wave band Babel play their song "The Howling". Babel were: Stephen W. Parsons (lead singer), Chris Pye (guitar), Simon Etchell (keyboard) and Steve Young (drums). Three of these musicians later played in another band, State Project. Parsons composed the soundtrack of the film.

Director Philippe Mora related how the film was set to celebrate the 10,000th birthday of bi-curious werewolf queen Stirba and was inspired by New Wave eroticism. He revealed that actors Reb Brown and Annie McEnroe were so bad in their roles that veteran Christopher Lee acted off-set in a manner as if "wishing himself away". Also revealed was that the scene with Sybil Danning revealing her bare breasts was repeated 17 times during the end credits screen crawl. For most other scenes in the movie, Danning was either covered with hair or wearing a metallic armoured outfit and sunglasses.

While most of the film was shot on locations in what was, at the time, the country of Czechoslovakia—for example, in the ossuary in Mělník, a town in Central Bohemia, as well as at Barrandov Studios, Prague—some scenes were shot in Los Angeles.

Shooting in communist Prague offered difficulties: Mora's government-assigned assistant director knew nothing of filmmaking. Mora had to "literally import trash from America to clutter the clean communist streets". When a local casting call went out looking for "punks", 1,000 individuals arrived, resulting in the local authorities calling in both the police and military. Mora was advised by an army colonel, "you can finish shooting the scene, but they'll have to leave in groups of no more than three".

Co-stars Marsha Hunt and Christopher Lee previously together appeared in Dracula A.D. 1972. In 1990, when Lee was cast in Gremlins 2: The New Batch, one of the first things he did was apologize to director Joe Dante (who directed The Howling) for being in this film. Lee had also played the antagonist in Captain America II: Death Too Soon (1979), which starred Reb Brown in the title role.

Release
Hemdale Films had an original theatrical release in France and England in 1985, before its theatrical release in the United States in December 1985. Among its international release titles, it is known as Aullidos 2: Stirba, la mujer lobo or Aullidos 2 in Spain, Aullido 2 in Mexico, Üvöltés 2 – A nővéred egy vérfarkas in Hungary, Howling II – L'ululato in Italy, Hurlements II in France, Das Tier II in Germany, I gynaika lykanthropos (Greek script: Η γυναίκα λυκάνθρωπος) in Greece, and Vampiros em Fúria in Portugal. In its later U.S. release, the film was marketed with the tagline "The rocking, shocking new wave of horror!"

Alternative versions
The original theatrical release version of Howling II: Stirba – Werewolf Bitch ran at 87 minutes. This version was released on VHS from HBO / Cannon Home Video and Home Video. The re-edited TV version ran at 91 minutes, and included a new scene before the end credits, plus a brand-new end credits sequence in order to replace the topless shots of Sybil Danning in the original's R-rated end sequence. The TV end credits also include music, whereas the theatrical version is silent.

The film failed to garner as much attention or commercial success as the original film. In later years, Howling II acquired a cult following, perhaps due to the presence of cult actors Sybil Danning, Reb Brown and Christopher Lee.

Critical response
Roger Ebert spoke toward Sybil Danning's work in the film and wrote that although it was close, it was "not the worst movie Danning has made". In noting the film's heroes becoming involved in the inept and "strange rituals of the cult of Stirba", he concedes that "no one presides over a ritual quite as well as Sybil Danning". The scene where she rips open her dress is repeated twice during the closing credits, "providing the movie with its second and third interesting moments".

Variety offered that, while Christopher Lee brought experience to his role as vampire hunter Stefan Crosscoe, the film lacks suspense and the plot is generic and predictable. They noted that, despite the film being shot primarily in Czechoslovakia, production did not take full advantage of the setting. Bob Campbell of the Arizona Daily Star wrote: "A bad sequel to a B-movie shocker doesn't really count as an artistic betrayal, but Howling II is about as bad as movies ever get".

Brian J. Dillard of Allrovi called it a "laughable exercise in horror-sequel tomfoolery", which "strays into so-bad-it's-good camp appeal". He noted that the sex appeal of Sybil Danning and the work of veteran horror stars Christopher Lee and Ferdy Mayne were used as substitutes for "the wit and inventive effects work that characterized the original". In noting the script's overuse of horror genre clichés, he was able to praise Danning's work for its keeping the film from being too serious. He concluded by writing "later Howling sequels would drift into a more polished form of banality, but for utter what-were-they-thinking ineptitude, it's hard to beat this wretched howler".

Howling II: Your Sister is a Werewolf holds a 31% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on thirteen reviews.

Home media
MGM Home Entertainment had a commercial re-release of the DVD for Your Sister Is a Werewolf in 2005, and released it again in 2010 as part of a two-disc set which included both 1985's Your Sister Is a Werewolf and 1981's The Howling.

Howling II was released on Blu-ray by Scream Factory on July 14, 2015.

title: Howling II: Your Sister Is a Werewolf


text:
Calorimeter constant

A calorimeter constant (denoted Ccal) is a constant that quantifies the heat capacity of a calorimeter. It may be calculated by applying a known amount of heat to the calorimeter and measuring the calorimeter's corresponding change in temperature. In SI units, the calorimeter constant is then calculated by dividing the change in enthalpy (ΔH) in joules by the change in temperature (ΔT) in kelvins or degrees Celsius:
 * $$C_\mathrm{cal} = \frac{\Delta{H}}{\Delta{T}}$$

The calorimeter constant is usually presented in units of joules per degree Celsius (J/°C) or joules per kelvin (J/K). Every calorimeter has a unique calorimeter constant.

Uses
The calorimeter constants are used in constant pressure calorimetry to calculate the amount of heat required to achieve a certain raise in the temperature of the calorimeter's contents.

Example
To determine the change in enthalpy in a neutralization reaction (ΔHneutralization), a known amount of basic solution may be placed in a calorimeter, and the temperature of this solution alone recorded. Then, a known amount of acidic solution may be added and the change in temperature measured using a thermometer. The difference in temperature (ΔT, in units K or °C) may be calculated by subtracting the initial temperature from the final temperature. The enthalpy of neutralization ΔHneutralization may then be calculated according to the following equation:
 * $$\Delta{H_\mathrm{neutralization}} = C_\mathrm{cal} \cdot \Delta{T}$$.

Regardless of the specific chemical process, with a known calorimeter constant and a known change in temperature the heat added to the system may be calculated by multiplying the calorimeter constant by that change in temperature.

title: Calorimeter constant


text:
User talk:RyanSKing

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! DS 01:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:RyanSKing