text:
Talk:Beer in England

Warm beer?! Not in the North!
A few things I have to point out here: in the North of England we do not have our beer warm. We have our beer with a tall head and chilled! Very rarely, old traditional "real ales" are served at (slightly below) room temperature and as I said before, this is rare. The northeast of England especially have beer, largers and even traditional ales, very cold. Even if they are brewed warm, they sure as hell are not served warm. This article therefore misrepresents "English beer". Yet again, the differences in the north of England have been completely stepped over and ignored by the South.

Americans, Canadians and especially Australians and New Zealanders have all been genuinely suprised when they arrive in the north of England and find cold beers, etc, having been previously misguided by the image of the South of England.

I propose a knew section to this page, detailing these differences in the north of England.

 * sorry but you're just wrong here. There is no difference between the North and South in this respect, and I speak as a Northerner who has drunk in the South. Real ale is served cool - not warm or chilled - in the North and South.  The only difference you will find is the more prevalent use of sparklers in the North to give a tighter, more solid head.  Keg and nitrokeg beers, including bitter, lager and stout, are served chilled in the North and South.  I assume from your remarks that you're from the North East which has little in the way of real ale brewing - unlike Lancashire and Yorkshire - and that's where your confusion stems from. Haldraper (talk) 11:15, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Coming in late here, I agree with Haldraper to a point. I grew up on Tyneside. By the 1970s nearly all real ale had disappeared and the pubs were supplied mainly by Scottish and Newcastle and Vaux, with a smaller number of outlets for Whitbread and Camerons. Clubs almost invariably sold Federation beer brewed at Dunston (now closed).

None of these beers were real ale, they were filtered bright beers delivered by tanker to holding tanks in the refrigerated pub or club cellar, then served through electric pumps. And they were served quite cold compared to real ales. Rather than being a characteristic of the North in general, it was pretty much a North Eastern peculiarity, made possible by the stranglehold of very few breweries in the area who could invest in road tankers, pub tanks and so on to achieve economies of scale. This has largely disappeared nowadays as no tank beer is still produced, but craft and real ale brewing has basically exploded in the last decades, even Camerons going back to real ales. --MichaelGG (talk) 04:36, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

warm beer?
Should there be a reference for the assertion that English Beer is usually served around room temperature? I've always thought that Real Ale is served at (or a little above) cellar temp (13C) and that keg beers tend to be (in-line) chilled. Billybigarms 16:10, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Additions
* Clarify keg/cask distinction * structure of breweries mega/regional/micro brewpubs 1Z (talk) 12:18, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * influence of camra
 * the Tie, the Beer Orders and pubcos
 * Beer festivals -- now mentioned briefly
 * Bottles and cans
 * Stout
 * More on traditional vaieties. Mention bitter.
 * Ingredients, hop varieties.
 * archaic styles -- stingo, wobble, small beer
 * Would it also be appropriate to mention the Great British Beer Festival in the article? --HighKing (talk) 14:38, 3 August 2010 (UTC)
 * It would be if this article was about Beer in Britain. As it's not, perhaps if there is a Great English Beer Festival that would be more appropriate. Jack 1314 (talk) 15:13, 3 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, good point. But I'm not suggesting that UK and GB are the same thing.  Indeed many international beers are represented at the GBBF, but it's considered by many to be one of the most important beer festivals and is heavily represented by English beers.  I wish I was there!  --HighKing (talk) 15:43, 3 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I think a certain amount of overlap between England and Britain is inevitable 1Z (talk) 17:03, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Break history into secions - romano-celtic, medieval, etc
 * Move small beer to history and change archaic been to boys bitter
 * Move IPA to syles section
 * Move London to history section, in relation to industrial scale brewing
 * Beer Orders in history section
 * State brewery in Carlisle?
 * New section of Distribution -- drays etc
 * glassware?
 * style examples
 * appreciation, beer writing?

Proposed article name change
I've had a read through this article and it seems to swing from talking of England to Britain to the UK. I'd like to propose a change to the article name. Beer in Britain or Beer in the United kingdom would be more appropriate than Beer in England. Jack 1314 (talk) 15:32, 3 August 2010 (UTC)
 * There's also extensive Beer in Wales and Beer in Scotland articles. Not sure if it'd make to merge?  And although there's no Beer in Northern Ireland article, there is a Beer in Ireland article covering the island, so a Beer in Britain article might make sense.  --HighKing (talk) 15:40, 3 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah, right! I should have looked for those articles. What am I getting myself into here! :( I'm off to the fridge to get myself a can of Tennents. ;) Jack 1314 (talk) 15:52, 3 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Just thinking, an article on List of English Beer might be good. Thoughts?  --HighKing (talk) 23:43, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

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Beer engine - lift pump
After being able to edit this section, I've now had to use the talk forum to explain what a lift-pump is. It's a very simple pump. Why isn't there a section about it?

I will explain the basic principle of it, as follow.

Imagine a bicycle pump (to blow-up bicycle tyres) held vertically. Where the air comes out and the piston (rubber bit at the end of the shaft) both contain a one-way valve. Follow these steps:

1. Piston at the bottom. 2. Piston moved upwards, drawing liquid into the barrel. 3. Piston moved downwards. The valve in the piston allows the liquid to flow above the piston and the piston at the bottom stops the liquid from exiting. 4. Piston moves upwards and the liquid above the piston is moved into the pipe and to the exit (tap) Molbrum2 (talk) 14:37, 8 February 2014 (UTC).

Lead paragraph
I was looking over the lead paragraph and getting ready to provide some citations. However, the academic consensus does not seem to agree with the first sentence of the lead. Archaeology from Scotland and England reveals pottery with remnants from a wide variety of fermented sugars, "with no regard to such neat categories as wine [...], mead [...] or beer [...]. (Nelson, The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe, 12-13.). Given that the Celts did not have writing, it's hard to know how old beer actually is in England. The first literary reference to beer as an identifiable drink comes from the Romans in AD 43 (Nelson, 64). So at best that first sentence ought to be qualified in some way. Thoughts? Prof. Mc (talk) 13:21, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Beer in England


text:
Talk:Homicide: Life on the Street/Archive 1

What about making a link with the Show NYPD Blue, since both shows are quite based on the same line and have been widely compared ? --Lvr 11:20, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I didn't want to just change this out of the blue, but Max Perlich and Michelle Forbes have both been regulars on the show, however briefly. Perlich's JH Brodie was introduced in season 4, he got promoted at the start of season 5, and then got fired over the summer. Forbes was a regular for most of seasons 5 and 6, although she missed the start of one season and the end of the other.

race
I don't know how to put it exactly, but we should include something here about one of the common critical reactions to Homicide: credit for its no-nonsense, sophisticated look at race and race relations. DanKeshet 20:09, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Scene from "The Documentary"
It's written that "Bayliss and Pembleton" were the ones who came upon Barry Levinson and the film crew filming the "fictional" Homicide. This is wrong. It was partners Lewis and Kellerman, along with Brodie, the cameraman.

I corrected it.--ThomasK 09:02, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Something else regarding that scene: the reason why it was included was because, in real-life, an actual shoplifter had not long ago surrendered to some of "Homicide"'s crewmembers (Richard Belzer was one of them), thinking that they were actual police. In this episode, then, you've got actors playing the "real Homicide unit" "catching" an actor playing a criminal who "surrenders" to the crew of a "fictional" television show called "Homicide," and all of this is based on a real event (oh, and to make things even more meta-referential, in the episode, the "real Homicide unit" is watching this as it takes place on a television documentary about their lives...in essence, an episode of something like the "Homicide" series that we, the viewers, are viewing). It's like art imitating life to, oh, the forth power or something. Anyway, this scene from "The Documentary" is very much like a scene from the episode, "Control," with a criminal peaking from an upstairs window and then attempting to run away by going out the back-door; given that Richard Belzer is in this scene from "Control" and was one of the ones to whom the shoplifter surrendered, I suspect that the "Control" scene is the one during which the encounter with the shoplifter occured.

Complaints about the 2nd Shift's "mess"
Despite what the article says, there was never an instance in which a "Homicide" character complained during one of the TV episodes about messes left by the "Second Shift" characters from the Internet tie-in. Just the opposite, in fact. In a 6th season episode, the second shift's lieutenant (I believe that was his rank) storms into the squadroom complaining to the first shift's lieutenant, Al Giardello, that one of Giardello's detectives has been using a laptop belonging to one of the second shift's detectives in order to play "Minesweeper."

From italics to quotations...back to italics again
To the person who went and edited all of the instances in which the show's title was written inside quotations (i.e. the correct way) to have it in all italics (i.e. the wrong way), here's the rule: book titles and movie titles are in italics; television show titles are in quotations. Take a look at the following link:

http://www.imdb.com/find?q=homicide;s=all

Copyviol on Episode pages
Someone please address this issue - the episode synopses in the subpages are all taken verbatim from TV.com. I know someone went through a lot of trouble doing them up, but unless there's a verifiable assertion that TV.com synopses are public domain, or they are removed/reworded/whatever, I'm afraid I'm going to have to list all of them as copyviolations. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 00:49, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Why Wikiproject Film?
Ummm, not that I have any problem with wikiprojects, but this is a television series and not a film so why exactly has this article been included in said project. Yes, I realize that there was a made-for-tv movie, but that was really, in effect, just a series finale for the television show and not a wholly separate film project. I have looked over the project page, and the template and style instructions do not fit for a television series. Unless someone has a good explanation for this, I am gonig to remove the template. Indrian 05:49, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I've done it for you ! Lvr 23:09, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Roulette (comics)

Roulette, in comics, may refer to:

 * Roulette (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics character who is a member of the Hellions
 * Roulette (DC Comics), a female DC Comics character who runs a metahuman fighting place called The House

title: Roulette (comics)


text:
American Bankers Association

The American Bankers Association (ABA) is an American trade association for the U.S. banking industry, founded in 1875. They lobby for banks of all sizes and bank charters, including community banks, regional and money center banks, Federal savings associations, mutual savings banks, and trust companies. The average member bank has approximately $250 million in assets. ABA is the largest financial trade group in the United States.

The group offers training, certification, news, research, advocacy, and community for bankers and members of the financial services in America. It publishes ABA Banking Journal.

History
The origins of the American Bankers Association are in the Panic of 1873, when St. Louis, Missouri banker James Howenstein found himself in "a tight squeeze," with only a few hundred dollars in funds and millions of deposits to pay. Relying on help and intelligence from peer bankers in the form of frequent correspondence, Howenstein escaped his dilemma and realized the value of a bankers' fraternal organization.

Howenstein later recalled:

"The 1873 panic was a well spring of subject matter for correspondence and we cashiers availed of it for the general information. We were acquaintances before we had seen more of each other than handwriting; we were friends before we knew it. But the time had now come for something better. With our pens we had wished each other the good cheer of a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year, and that scarcely discharged the pensiveness of our unrelief of bank work. We wanted to meet each other. The desire possessed us to engage the mind for a season in new and restful and indeed educational objects to mitigate and counteract the despotism of money; to make some dividends out of our lifetime and set apart some days in the year to the extinguishment of bad debts which the eager pursuit of business had imposed on nature, to pause at regular intervals to put aside something to rest-fund."

Howenstein convened a group of 17 bankers in New York City on May 24, 1875. They planned the first convention for the new American Bankers Association, which opened on July 20, 1875, in Saratoga Springs, New York, with 349 bankers representing 31 states and the District of Columbia. The initial constitution called for the association to:

"Promote the general welfare and usefulness of banks and banking institutions, and to secure uniformity of action, together with the practical benefits to be derived from personal acquaintance and from the discussion of subjects of importance to the banking and commercial interests of the country, and especially in order to secure the proper consideration of questions regarding the financial and commercial usages, customs and laws which affect the banking interests of the entire country, and for protection against loss by crime."

The ABA founded the American Institute of Banking in 1900. The institute which provided a path to careers in banking without collegiate training in finance and law also provided professional education via examinations and certificates through local chapters.

The ABA, first headquartered in New York City, organized its activities through sections focused on particular bank types. The trust company section was organized in 1896, followed by one for clearing houses in 1899, savings banks in 1902, and state bankers associations in 1908. The ABA's growth continued with the emergence of the Federal Reserve System, which required national banks to be members of a Federal Reserve Bank and provided the option to state-chartered banks. In 1915, the ABA organized a section for national banks and an additional section for state banks in 1916. To facilitate advocacy before the Comptroller of the Currency, the national bank section opened the ABA's first office in Washington, D.C., in 1919. The state bank section also used the Washington office to represent its banks' interest before the Federal Reserve.

In 1925, to commemorate the ABA's 50th anniversary, the ABA organized an Educational Foundation, with bankers and state associations contributing an initial $400,000 to provide scholarships to study banking, finance, and economics.

The 1930s saw an expansion of the ABA's professional development activities led by Harold Stonier, ABA's executive, from 1937 to 1952. Stonier founded the ABA Graduate School of Banking at Rutgers University in 1935 with 220 students. The school later moved to Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and in 2007, the Graduate School was named after Stonier. ABA launched other professional development programs in the years that followed, including for bank marketers, regulatory compliance officers, trust bankers, and commercial lenders.

The 1933 Banking Act established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, separated commercial banking from investment banking under the Glass-Steagall Act, and the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 brought additional Federal Reserve oversight to bank holding companies. With these changes in the industry, the ABA consolidated its operations in its current Washington, D.C. location in 1971, closing the New York office.

The ABA achieved a major goal with the passage of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act in November 1999. Noting that "bankers urgently needed new competitive tools to serve their customers," ABA's executive vice president at the time, Donald Ogilvie, attributed the law's passage to "the deliberate actions of many bankers asking their members of Congress to take action now" and the ABA and state bankers association officers and leaders who "patiently lobbied, cajoled, and bargained with one Congress after another to help make financial modernization a reality."

In December 2007—eight years after an earlier, abortive attempt —the ABA merged with America's Community Bankers to form the largest trade association in the financial industry, representing, at that time, 95 percent of the banking industry's assets. Over several years, the merger saw the combination of many activities, including the merger two for-profit subsidiaries that provided products and services to members and the integration of the ABA's Education Foundation with the affordable housing activities and Habitat for Humanity partnership of ACB.

Leadership
The ABA's activities are overseen by a board of directors consisting of several bankers, representing institutions of all sizes. The association is led by four volunteer banker officers and a paid president and CEO, and the offices of chairman, chairman-elect, and vice chairman rotate annually.

Previous notable ABA officers include:
 * George Fisher Baker, ABA treasurer from 1875 to 1895, co-founder of the First National Bank of New York in 1863, and patron of Harvard Business School.
 * Charles Parsons, sixth president of the ABA in 1888, President of the State Bank of St. Louis. Author, art collector, philanthropist.
 * Lyman J. Gage, ABA president from 1883 to 1886 and U.S. Treasury Secretary from 1897 to 1902.
 * Joseph C. Hendrix, U.S. Representative from 1893 to 1895 and ABA president from 1897 to 1898.
 * Francis Henry Fries, textiles businessman and ABA trust company division president from 1911 to 1912.
 * Robert Maddox, Mayor of Atlanta from 1909 to 1911 and ABA president from 1918 to 1919.
 * Walter W. Head, ABA president from 1923 to 1924 and national president of the Boy Scouts of America from 1926 to 1946.
 * Melvin Alvah Traylor, ABA president from 1926 to 1927 and co-founder of the Bank of International Settlements.
 * Warren Randolph Burgess, ABA president from 1944 to 1945 and Permanent Representative to NATO from 1957 to 1961.
 * Frank C. Rathje, ABA president from 1945 to 1946.
 * Joseph Dodge, chairman of the predecessor to Comerica and ABA president from 1947 to 1948.
 * Sam M. Fleming, ABA president from 1961 to 1962 and chairman of SunTrust Nashville.
 * Mark W. Olson, ABA president from 1986 to 1987, Federal Reserve Board governor from 2001 to 2006, and chairman of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board from 2006 to 2009.
 * Elizabeth A. Duke, the first female ABA chairman from 2004 to 2005 and Federal Reserve Board governor from 2007 to 2013.
 * Steve Wilson, ABA chairman from 2010 to 2011 and an Ohio state senator from 2017 to the present.
 * Frank Keating, governor of Oklahoma from 1995 to 2003 and ABA president and CEO from 2011 to 2015.
 * Matt Williams, ABA chairman from 2012 to 2013 and a Nebraska state senator from 2015 to the present.
 * Rob Nichols, current ABA president and CEO.

Prior to 2002, ABA officers were known as "president," "president-elect," and "first vice president," and the association's chief executive was known as the "executive vice president."

Membership
ABA members include banks of all sizes and charters, and between them they represent over 95 percent of the industry's $13.5 trillion in assets, and employ over two million.

Advocacy
After the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was signed into law by President Barack Obama on July 21, 2011, the American Bankers Association announced that it would advocate for revisions. The ABA declared that they would lobby for fewer regulations on the Volcker Rule, derivatives regulations, and other pieces of the bill.

The ABA has been a vocal opponent of the practice of credit unions buying banks, making their opposition to the practice a top priority of their advocacy and lobbying efforts.

The ABA is opposed to allowing merchants to choose between credit card transaction networks. Consumers and merchants would benefit from a reduction in fees credit card companies collect in interchange fees. Credit card fees in the US average 2-3% of the sale value, while in the EU, these hidden fees are capped at 0.3%.

State bankers associations
The ABA partners with 53 independent state bankers' groups through the State Bankers Association Alliance. The first state-based association was founded in Illinois in 1880, and by the time the Rhode Island Bankers Association was incorporated in 1915, there was an association in every state.

Education and Public Outreach Programs
The ABA Foundation, a subsidiary of the ABA, organizes outreach programs that provide financial education and financial literacy. The Programs are run by the ABA Foundation, and include:
 * Get Smart About Credit
 * Lights, Camera, Save!
 * Safe Banking for Seniors
 * Teach Children to Save

ABA Nasdaq Index
The ABA NASDAQ Community Bank Index (ABAQ) is a market value-weighted stock market index composed of community-based financial institutions. The index was launched in December 2003 to bring greater visibility to community banks, and in turn, promote greater market liquidity and fairer valuations. Calculated on both a total return basis and on a price return basis under the symbol ABAQ, it is the most broadly representative stock index for community banks.

title: American Bankers Association


text:
Talk:District of Columbia Public Schools

Untitled
Initial version of this article is primarily made of public domain data, as a work of the US government, downloaded from here. The data only covers public schools, so people should feel free to add private schools, following the example given in the table. Niteowlneils 04:23, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Looks like similar private school data is available from another page of the same site, just not in near as convenient form to create a table from[1]. Niteowlneils 05:07, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Public v. private schools in DC
I deleted "Most wealthy or middle-class families in Washington, D.C. place their children in private schools instead of DCPS schools largely due to low performance and facility problems."

The footnote does not support this statement.

RESPONSE

I have not yet edited this article, but it's in grave need of it. DCPS is a system well known for it's abysmal bureaucracy, exceptionally poor performance, white flight, and all-around failure (though some recent trends indicate improvement). This article was clearly not written by anyone with experience dealing with the system. Furthermore, in the above post, the footnote referred to is the DCPS website, not precisely a great source of balanced information, or any information at all given the websites quality (a picture of a former science teacher of mine is on it's front page, 5 years after he quit and moved to Albany, an easy indicator of upkeep in the system.) Point being, this article is in grave need of editing to include a balanced discussion of it's history, failures, successes, and future.

DCPS vs. DCPCSB

Both DCPS and DCPCSB have chartering authority. The DCPS Charter Schools are the ones currently undergoing investigation for corruptiom, NOT the ones overseen by the DCPCSB.
 * Hey anons! Read this http://www.exploredc.org/index.php?id=332 - By the way, just because DCPCSB is having problems doesn't mean that the middle and upper class like DCPS. i'm just stating an NPOV fact here supported by this statement. WhisperToMe 22:05, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Woodson Senior High
This high school is described here as "comprehensive high school", and that is the impression I got from reading a this lengthy article in last week's Washington City Paper. But that's not what the Wikipedia article says. Why? -- John Broughton (♫♫) 00:25, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

For over a year, DCPS has NOT been analogous to the State Education Agency (SEA) as well as a Local Education Agency (LEA). The DC Office of the State Superintendent of Education (OSSE) is the SEA; it was set up as an independent agency in mid 2007. ____

DCPS vs DCPCS
The list of DCPS schools is both inaccurate and outdated. DC Public Charter Schools should not be included in this list, as they are a separate entity, under a separate governance. The enrollment data and grade levels for the DCPS schools listed is grossly outdated. Several have closed or merged, or added grade levels to become "education campuses" rather than elementary schools. The enrollment numbers are also incorrect: I teach at one school, and our enrollment is at least 70 students less than what is listed here.

I have not edited anything, but am putting this on my watch list and will come back to do so. --Dcartjunkie (talk) 00:10, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Past attendance boundaries
2009-2010:
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20090917185828/http://dcps.dc.gov/DCPS/Files/downloads/SCHOOLS/Boundary%20Maps%20-%202009/DCPS-Attendance-Zones-Elementary-Grades-September-2009.pdf
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20090917185924/http://dcps.dc.gov/DCPS/Files/downloads/SCHOOLS/Boundary%20Maps%20-%202009/DCPS-Attendance-Zones-Middle-Schools-September-2009.pdf
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20170125230715/http://dcps.dc.gov/DCPS/Files/downloads/SCHOOLS/Boundary%20Maps%20-%202009/DCPS-Attendance-Zones-High-Schools-September-2009.pdf

2013-2014: WhisperToMe (talk) 10:52, 14 April 2015 (UTC)
 * http://os.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/dcps/publication/attachments/Attn_Zones_High_2013_2014.pdf - http://www.webcitation.org/6XmRRifbv
 * http://os.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/dcps/publication/attachments/Attn_Zones_Elem_K8_2013_2014_10.2.pdf - http://www.webcitation.org/6XmUydmrr

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DCPS Chancellors
Current (Acting) Chancellor is Lewis D. Ferebee, NOT Amanda Alexander. Additionally, Superintendents/Chancellors list is a bit messy, so a table may be more suitable. 208.58.209.129 (talk) 01:46, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The leadership section is updated with Ferebee's role, and the "chancellor" title is now included in the infobox. I may get to converting the list to a table, and would welcome someone else to beat me to it. —ADavidB 06:50, 25 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The leadership section content is now formatted as a table. —ADavidB 00:26, 26 February 2019 (UTC)


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List of information graphics software

This is a list of software to create any kind of information graphics:
 * either includes the ability to create one or more infographics from a provided data set
 * either it is provided specifically for information visualization

Vector graphics
Vector graphics software can be used for manual graphing or for editing the output of another program. Please see: A few online editors using vector graphics for specific needs have been created. This kind of creative interfaces work well together with data visualization tools like the ones above.
 * Category:Vector graphics editors
 * Comparison of vector graphics editors

title: List of information graphics software


text:
List of newspapers in Venezuela

This is a list of newspapers in Venezuela, both national and regional. It also includes newspapers with other languages and themes.

title: List of newspapers in Venezuela


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Virtual camera

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Wikiacc (talk) 23:36, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Virtual camera
Does not merit its own article. It gives some basic info about the special effects in The Matrix, and that's about it. This article should be deleted and its content merged into The Matrix. --218.212.97.17 15:49, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, though cleanup is needed. Virtual camera is an established term in cinema. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 18:51, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Author's Response
Keep (and not just because it's mine)

The examples I used in the article were used because they were easy examples to show of the camera being used in this way, without having to go into great reams of detail about the objects used in the shots, as these were already described on the matrix pages. I could have given an example of an advertisement done by centerparcs before the matrix had even been conceptually created, but no one would have understood fully what I was talking about.

In addition, the other information given on how the Virtual camera is used in computer animated movies and computer games is still relevant, but not to the matrix, perhaps they could use more elaboration as opposed to just deleting the article?

Also; which reason in the reasons for deletions table is this? --Phil 17:14, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It isn't one. "Does not merit its own article" is a reason to "merge and redirect" and not to bring things here. Kappa 20:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, interesting article, the part about filming the Matrix is of interest outside the context of the film. Virtual cameras in video games are also a highly notable topic. Kappa 20:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep As far as I know, The Matrix was a 'first' in many special effects techniques, so I'd say keep, and lengthen with examples on how the use of virtual camera has been further developed by others. bjelleklang 22:52, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. valid topic. mikka (t) 23:36, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup as notable topic warranting an article. BTW, this is another nomination by an anonymous user. Capitalistroadster 00:03, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This has the potential to be a very interesting article. It needs some expansion and a little copyediting, but is well worth keeping. Denni ☯ 04:55, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Equity value

Equity value is the value of a company available to owners or shareholders. It is the enterprise value plus all cash and cash equivalents, short and long-term investments, and less all short-term debt, long-term debt and minority interests.

Equity value accounts for all the ownership interest in a firm including the value of unexercised stock options and securities convertible to equity.

From a mergers and acquisitions to an academic perspective, equity value differs from market capitalization or market value in that it incorporates all equity interests in a firm whereas market capitalization or market value only reflects those common shares currently outstanding.

Calculating equity value
Equity value can be calculated in two ways, either the intrinsic value method, or the fair market value method. The intrinsic value method is calculated as follows:

Equity Value = Market capitalization + Amount that in-the-money stock options are in the money + Value of equity issued from in-the-money convertible securities - Proceeds from the conversion of convertible securities

The fair market value method is as follows:

Equity Value = Market capitalization + fair value of all stock options (in the money and out of the money), calculated using the Black–Scholes formula or a similar method + Value of convertible securities in excess of what the same securities would be valued without the conversion attribute

The fair market value method more accurately captures the value of out of the money securities.

title: Equity value


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Kuršumlija

Kuršumlija (Куршумлија,) is a town and municipality located in the Toplica District of the southern Serbia. It is situated near the rivers Toplica, Kosanica and Banjska, southeast of Mount Kopaonik and northwest of Mount Radan. As of 2022 census, the municipality has a population of 15,905 inhabitants.

Geography
Kuršumlija sits on the area of 952 km² and administratively is in Toplica District. Its borders the municipalities of Brus, Blace, Prokuplje, Medveđa, Podujevo, and Leposavić. Its southwest border (105 km) is within the disputed territory of Kosovo.

Climate
Kuršumlija has an Oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).

History
The Romans established the Ad Fines military outpost in the 3rd century AD. There are also remains of churches from the Byzantine period. The Serbian principality of Rascia expanded from this region. Stefan Nemanja, a Serbian lord (župan), and the founder of Nemanjić dynasty, built his residence here, as well as the two monasteries of St Nicolas and the Holy Mother of God (before 1168). There are many historical sights in Kuršumlija from that era: Mara Tower, Ivan Tower, and many medieval churches. The name in that period was Bele Crkve (White Churches) and Toplica. After the invasion by the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century, the Ottomans gave the town its current name, simply by translating the old name, Bele Crkve (White Churches). During Ottoman rule, Kuršumlija was part of the Sanjak of Niš.

Toponyms such as Arbanaška and Đjake show an historic Albanian presence in the Toplica and Southern Morava regions (located north-east of contemporary Kosovo) before the expulsion of Albanians during 1877–78 period. Uka, Sabit (2004). Jeta dhe veprimtaria e shqiptarëve të Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Life and activity of Albanians in the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]. Verana. pp. 244–45; ISBN 9789951864527. "Eshtë, po ashtu, me peshë historike një shënim i M. Gj Miliçeviqit, i cili bën fjalë përkitazi me Ivan Begun. Ivan Begu, sipas tij ishte pjesëmarrës në Luftën e Kosovës 1389. Në mbështetje të vendbanimit të tij, Ivan Kullës, fshati emërtohet Ivan Kulla (Kulla e Ivanit), që gjendet në mes të Kurshumlisë dhe Prokuplës. M. Gj. Miliçeviqi thotë: "Shqiptarët e ruajten fshatin Ivan Kullë (1877–1878) dhe nuk lejuan që të shkatërrohet ajo". Ata, shqiptaret e Ivan Kullës (1877–1878) i thanë M. Gj. Miliçeviqit se janë aty që nga para Luftës se Kosovës (1389). [12] Dhe treguan që trupat e arrave, që ndodhen aty, ata i pat mbjellë Ivan beu. Atypari, në malin Gjakë, nodhet kështjella që i shërbeu Ivanit (Gjonit) dhe shqiptarëve për t’u mbrojtur. Aty ka pasur gjurma jo vetëm nga shekulli XIII dhe XIV, por edhe të shekullit XV ku vërehen gjurmat mjaft të shumta toponimike si fshati Arbanashka, lumi Arbanashka, mali Arbanashka, fshati Gjakë, mali Gjakë e tjerë. [13] Në shekullin XVI përmendet lagja shqiptare Pllanë jo larg Prokuplës. [14] Ne këtë shekull përmenden edhe shqiptarët katolike në qytetin Prokuplë, në Nish, në Prishtinë dhe në Bulgari.[15].... [12] M. Đj. Miličević. Kralevina Srbije, Novi Krajevi. Beograd, 1884: 354. "Kur flet mbi fshatin Ivankullë cekë se banorët shqiptarë ndodheshin aty prej Betejës së Kosovës 1389. Banorët e Ivankullës në krye me Ivan Begun jetojnë aty prej shek. XIV dhe janë me origjinë shqiptare. Shqiptarët u takojnë të tri konfesioneve, por shumica e tyre i takojnë atij musliman, mandej ortodoks dhe një pakicë i përket konfesionit katolik." [13] Oblast Brankovića, Opširni katastarski popis iz 1455 godine, përgatitur nga M. Handžic, H. Hadžibegić i E. Kovačević, Sarajevo, 1972: 216. [14] Skënder Rizaj, T, K "Perparimi" i vitit XIX, Prishtinë 1973: 57.[15] Jovan M. Tomić, O Arnautima u Srbiji, Beograd, 1913: 13. [It is, as such, of historic weight in a footnote of M. Đj. Miličević, who says a few words regarding Ivan Beg. Ivan Beg, according to him participated in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. In support of his residence, Ivan Kula, the village was named Ivan Kula (Tower of Ivan), located in the middle of Kuršumlija and Prokuple. M. Đj. Miličević says: "Albanians safeguarded the village Ivan Kula (1877–1878) and did not permit its destruction." Those Albanians of Ivan Kulla (1877–1878) told M.Đj. Miličević that they have been there since before the Kosovo War (1389). And they showed where the bodies of the walnut trees were, that Ivan Bey had planted. Then there to Mount Đjake, is the castle that served Ivan (John) and Albanians used to defend themselves. There were traces not only from the XIII and XIV centuries, but the XV century where we see fairly multiple toponymic traces like the village Arbanaška, river Arbanaška, mountain Arbanaška, village Đjake, mountain Đjake and others. In the sixteenth century mentioned is the Albanian neighborhood Plana not far from Prokuple. [14] In this century is mentioned also Catholic Albanians in the town of Prokuplje, Niš, Priština and in Bulgaria.[15].... [12] M. Đj. Miličević. Kralevina Srbije, Novi Krajevi. Beograd, 1884: 354. When speaking about the village Ivankula, its residents state that Albanians were there from the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Residents of Ivankula headed by Ivan Beg are living there since the XIV century and they are of Albanian origin. Albanians belong to three religions, but most of them belong to the Muslim one, after Orthodoxy and then a minority belongs to the Catholic confession. [13] Oblast Brankovića, Opširni katastarski popis iz 1455 godine, përgatitur nga M. Handžic, H. Hadžibegić i E. Kovačević, Sarajevo, 1972: 216. [14] Skënder Rizaj, T, K "Perparimi" i vitit XIX, Prishtinë 1973: 57. [15] Jovan M. Tomić, O Arnautima u Srbiji, Beograd, 1913: 13.]"

The rural parts of Toplica valley and adjoining semi-mountainous interior were inhabited by compact Muslim Albanian population, while Serbs in those areas lived near the river mouths and mountain slopes, and both peoples inhabited other regions of the South Morava river basin.

As in the wider Toplica region, Kuršumlija also had an Albanian majority. These Albanians were expelled by Serbian forces Uka, Sabit (2004). Gjurmë mbi shqiptarët e Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Traces on Albanians of the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]. Verana. p. 155; ISBN 9789951864527; "Në kohët e sotme fshatra të Jabllanicës, të banuara kryesisht me shqiptare, janë këto: Tupalla, Kapiti, Gërbavci, Sfirca, Llapashtica e Epërrne. Ndërkaq, fshatra me popullsi te përzier me shqiptar, malazezë dhe serbë, jane këto: Stara Banja, Ramabanja, Banja e Sjarinës, Gjylekreshta (Gjylekari), Sijarina dhe qendra komunale Medvegja. Dy familje shqiptare ndeshen edhe në Iagjen e Marovicës, e quajtur Sinanovë, si dhe disa familje në vetë qendrën e Leskovcit. Vllasa është zyrtarisht lagje e fshatit Gërbavc, Dediqi, është lagje e Medvegjes dhe Dukati, lagje e Sijarinës. Në popull konsiderohen edhe si vendbanime të veçanta. Kështu qendron gjendja demografike e trevës në fjalë, përndryshe para Luftës se Dytë Botërore Sijarina dhe Gjylekari ishin fshatra me populisi të perzier, bile në këtë te fundit ishin shumë familje serbe, kurse tani shumicën e përbëjnë shqiptarët. [In contemporary times, villages in the Jablanica area, inhabited mainly by Albanians, are these: Tupale, Kapiti, Grbavce, Svirca, Gornje Lapaštica. Meanwhile, the mixed villages populated by Albanians, Montenegrins and Serbs, are these: Stara Banja, Ravna Banja, Sjarinska Banja, Đulekrešta (Đulekari) Sijarina and the municipal center Medveđa. Two Albanian families are also encountered in the neighborhood of Marovica called Sinanovo, and some families in the center of Leskovac. Vllasa is formally a neighborhood of the village Grbavce, Dedići is a neighborhood of Medveđa and Dukati, a neighborhood of Sijarina. So this is the demographic situation in question that remains, somewhat different before World War II as Sijarina and Đulekari were villages with mixed populations, even in this latter settlement were many Serb families, and now the majority is made up of Albanians.]" Blumi, Isa (2013). Ottoman refugees, 1878–1939: migration in a post-imperial world. A&C Black, pg. 50; ISBN 9781472515384; "As these Niš refugees waited for acknowledgment from locals, they took measures to ensure that they were properly accommodated by often confiscating food stored in towns. They also simply appropriated lands and began to build shelter on them. A number of cases also point to banditry in the form of livestock raiding and "illegal" hunting in communal forests, all parts of refugees’ repertoire... At this early stage of the crisis, such actions overwhelmed the Ottoman state, with the institution least capable of addressing these issues being the newly created Muhacirin Müdüriyeti... Ignored in the scholarship, these acts of survival by desperate refugees constituted a serious threat to the established Kosovar communities. The leaders of these communities thus spent considerable efforts lobbying the Sultan to do something about the refugees. While these Niš muhacir would in some ways integrate into the larger regional context, as evidenced later, they, and a number of other Albanian-speaking refugees streaming in for the next 20 years from Montenegro and Serbia, constituted a strong opposition block to the Sultan’s rule."; pg. 53; "One can observe that in strategically important areas, the new Serbian state purposefully left the old Ottoman laws intact. More important, when the state wished to enforce its authority, officials felt it necessary to seek the assistance of those with some experience, using the old Ottoman administrative codes to assist judges make rulings. There still remained, however, the problem of the region being largely depopulated as a consequence of the wars... Belgrade needed these people, mostly the landowners of the productive farmlands surrounding these towns, back. In subsequent attempts to lure these economically vital people back, while paying lip-service to the nationalist calls for "purification", Belgrade officials adopted a compromise position that satisfied both economic rationalists who argued that Serbia needed these people and those who wanted to separate "Albanians" from "Serbs". Instead of returning to their "mixed" villages and towns of the previous Ottoman era, these "Albanians," "Pomoks," and "Turks" were encouraged to move into concentrated clusters of villages in Masurica, and Gornja Jablanica that the Serbian state set up for them. For this "repatriation" to work, however, authorities needed the cooperation of local leaders to help persuade members of their community who were refugees in Ottoman territories to "return." In this regard, the collaboration between Shahid Pasha and the Serbian regime stands out. An Albanian who commanded the Sofia barracks during the war, Shahid Pasha negotiated directly with the future king of Serbia, Prince Milan Obrenović, to secure the safety of those returnees who would settle in the many villages of Gornja Jablanica. To help facilitate such collaborative ventures, laws were needed that would guarantee the safety of these communities likely to be targeted by the rising nationalist elements infiltrating the Serbian army at the time. Indeed, throughout the 1880s, efforts were made to regulate the interaction between exiled Muslim landowners and those local and newly immigrant farmers working their lands. Furthermore, laws passed in early 1880 began a process of managing the resettlement of the region that accommodated those refugees who came from Austrian-controlled Herzegovina and from Bulgaria. Cooperation, in other words, was the preferred form of exchange within the borderland, not violent confrontation." in a way that today would be characterized as ethnic cleansing. According to the travels of M. Rakić, There were 127 villages in the Kuršumlija district, with Kuršumlija being the only town. After the Serbo-Ottoman war in 1878, the town remained completely vacant, and the Muslims who left the region were Albanians. It is estimated that approximately 17,604 Albanians left the Kuršumlija district during this time.

In 1878, Kuršumlija became a part of the Principality of Serbia, which in 1882 became the Kingdom of Serbia. From 1929 to 1941, Kuršumlija was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

1999 NATO bombing
Kuršumlija was bombed on multiple occasions during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav army barracks were struck by NATO bombs on 24 March 1999, after which nine officers and two soldiers were killed. A total of 41 soldiers were injured in the same bombing that night. On 12 April 1999, six civilians were killed in Merdare from NATO airstrikes on the border of Kuršumlija and Podujevo.

Settlements
Aside from the town of Kuršumlija, the following villages comprise the municipality of Kuršumlija:

 * Babica (Kuršumlija)
 * Barlovo
 * Baćoglava
 * Belo Polje
 * Bogujevac
 * Vasiljevac
 * Veliko Pupavce
 * Visoka
 * Vlahinja
 * Vrelo
 * Vrševac
 * Vukojevac
 * Gornja Mikuljana
 * Gornje Točane
 * Grabovnica
 * Dabinovac
 * Dankoviće
 * Degrmen
 * Dedinac
 * Dešiška
 * Dobri Do
 * Donja Mikuljana
 * Donje Točane
 * Dubrava
 * Đake
 * Žalica
 * Žegrova
 * Žuč
 * Zagrađe
 * Zebica
 * Ivan Kula
 * Igrište
 * Kastrat
 * Konjuva
 * Kosmača
 * Krtok
 * Krčmare
 * Kupinovo
 * Kuršumlijska Banja
 * Kutlovo
 * Lukovo
 * Ljutova
 * Ljuša
 * Magovo
 * Mala Kosanica
 * Maričiće
 * Markoviće
 * Matarova
 * Mačja Stena
 * Mačkovac
 * Merdare
 * Merćez
 * Mehane
 * Mirnica
 * Mrče
 * Nevada
 * Novo Selo
 * Orlovac
 * Parada
 * Pačarađa
 * Pevaštica
 * Pepeljevac
 * Perunika
 * Pljakovo
 * Prevetica
 * Prekorađe
 * Prolom
 * Ravni Šort
 * Rastelica
 * Rača
 * Rudare
 * Sagonjevo
 * Samokovo
 * Svinjište
 * Sekirača
 * Selište
 * Selova
 * Seoce
 * Spance
 * Tačevac
 * Tijovac
 * Tmava
 * Trebinje
 * Trećak
 * Trmka
 * Trn
 * Trpeza
 * Šatra
 * Štava

Demographics
The municipality of Kuršumlija includes one urban and 89 rural settlements. As of 2022 census, the municipality has a population of 15,905 inhabitants. As of 2011 census, the municipality of Kuršumlija has 6,962 households with 2,76 members on average, while the number of homes is 11,374.

The religious structure of the municipality is predominantly Serbian Orthodox (18,764), with minorities like Atheists (22), Muslims (17), Catholics (14) and others. Most of the population speaks Serbian (18,687).

The composition of population by sex and average age:
 * Male - 9,862 (41.54 years) and
 * Female - 9,351 (44.43 years).

A total of 7,356 citizens (older than 15 years) have secondary education (44.8%), while 1,606 citizens have higher education (9.8%). Of those with higher education, 898 (5.5%) have university education.

Ethnic groups
The ethnic composition of the municipality:

Tourism
Kuršumlija is known for a natural monument of hoodoos near Mount Radan known as Đavolja Varoš ('Devil's Town'). There are three spas (banjas): the Prolom Banja, Kuršumlijska Banja, and Lukovska Banja. Prolom water is bottled at the Prolom Spa.

Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):

Notable people

 * The most notable Grand Prince of Serbia, Stefan Nemanja, established his first capital, Bele Crkve, near the location of today's Kuršumlija in 1166–1172. His wife, Grand Princess Anastasia (Ana), died and was buried here as a nun, St. Anastasia Nemanjic.
 * Sultania Mara, daughter of Despot Đurađ Branković, later wife of the Ottoman Emperor Murad II, and step mother of Emperor Mehmed II also at the end of her life came to live here as a nun in monastery of Holy Mother of God, where she made a fortress called Mara Tower. She died in around 1487.
 * Kosta Pećanac, a notable Serbian soldier in the First and Second World War. His house is protected of by the municipality.
 * Dragoljub Mićunović (born in 1930. in Merdare, Kuršumlija), professor of at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy. He was a dissident during the Communist period, and the first president of the Democratic Party. He was the first president of parliament of State Union of Serbia & Montenegro.
 * Momčilo Đokić, He played a total of 13 matches for the Yugoslavia national football team. His debut was on 13 April 1930, against Bulgaria, in Belgrade, a 6–1 win, and his fairway match was on 13 December 1936, in Paris against France, a 0–1 loss. He played all the matches at the 1930 FIFA World Cup in Uruguay.
 * Žarko Dragojević, director, born in Kuršumlija, professor at the Faculty of Drama at the University of Belgrade. He is director of several notable films, including Kuća pored pruge (House by the tracks) and Noć u kući moje majke (Night in my mother's house). He also directed many documentaries, among them series on Serbian monasteries for the Serbian national broadcaster (RTS).
 * Vojin Šulović, academician, humanist, doctor of gynaecology. 7 July and October awards of city of Belgrade winner. Also Serbian medical society award winner and Serbian warrior medallist. Smederevo and Kuršumlija municipality freeman.

title: Kuršumlija


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ghosthead

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Wikiacc (talk) 23:40, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Ghosthead
Page consists of nothing more than a single line of text and a bunch of external links. Only two pages link here, and one is just a redirect from Ghostheads. - DocSigma 15:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. - DocSigma 15:55, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - maybe this could be added to the article about Ghostbusters. Unsigned comment by User:Rcnj — CB.
 * Delete. no evidence that this is a significant term. I can imagine someone under 8 enjoying that movie, but who would identify as fan of it?  Chick Bowen 19:41, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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File:Botafogo bay and Copacabana 1919.jpg

Summary
Botafogo bay and Copacabana when it was just a resort area, from the summit of Pão de Açucar, 1919. Harriet Chalmers Adams.

http://eayearbooks.com/rio_images00p.htm


text: Category:Law enforcement in Nicaragua

title: Category:Law enforcement in Nicaragua


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Hawker Cygnet

The Hawker Cygnet was a British ultralight sesquiplane aircraft of the 1920s.

Background
In 1924, the Royal Aero Club organized a Light Aircraft Competition. £3000 was offered in prizes. An entry was made by Hawker Aircraft, which was a design by Sydney Camm, the Cygnet. Camm had joined Hawker the previous year. Two aircraft were built (G-EBMB and G-EBJH) and were entered in the competition, held in 1924 at Lympne Aerodrome, by T. O. M. Sopwith and Fred Sigrist. The aircraft were flown by Longton and Raynham and came in 4th and 3rd places respectively. In 1925, G-EBMB was entered again in the 100 mi (161 km) International Handicap Race, this time flown by George Bulman, who won at a speed of 75.6 mph (121.7 km/h). At the same meeting, the Cygnet came in 2nd in the 50 mi (80 km) Light Aeroplane Race. In 1926, both aircraft were entered in the competition piloted by Bulman and Flying Officer Ragg, taking first and second place respectively.

Design
The aircraft were of wood-and-fabric construction, the fuselage being four longerons-strutted in the fashion of a Warren girder. The wing had two box spars with Warren truss ribs. Initially the two aircraft were powered, one by an Anzani, and the other by an ABC Scorpion (both opposed twin-cylinder engines). In 1926 the engines in both Cygnets were changed to the Bristol Cherub III, another twin-cylinder engine. The airframe weighed a remarkably low 270 lb, and its weight when empty was only 373 lb.

Postwar history
G-EBMB was kept by Hawker in storage until 1946, when it was refurbished and reassembled at Hawker's Langley Aerodrome. It was later transferred to their new facility at Dunsfold, where it stayed, being flown to various displays and airshows, until 1972, when it was transferred for exhibition at the Royal Air Force Museum at Hendon. More recently it has been transferred to its site at RAF Cosford in Shropshire, where it can now be seen. An airworthy replica is on display at the Shuttleworth Collection, Old Warden, Bedfordshire.

title: Hawker Cygnet


text:
User talk:Trojani

THE QUESTION OF ILLYRIAN-ALBANIAN CONTINUITY AND ITS POLITICAL TOPICALITY TODAY

Wikifree Facts about ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

Balkan peoples
There was an common racial feature of old Slavs, old Illyrians/Thracians and old Greeks - all of them originally were people with yellow hair and blue eyes. When Indo-European Greeks, Illyrians and Thracians settled in the Balkans they mixed with descendants of native Pelazgians who had dark hair and dark eyes, so the Illyrians, Thracians and Greeks mentioned in ancient sources were already an large ethnic mix. Later, after Roman conquest these peoples were romanized and were known under name of Vlachs, and after arrival of the Slavs, those Vlachs mixed with Slavs, thus present-day south Slavs are descendants of both, old Slavs and Vlachs (and thus also descendants of old Illirians/Thracians and Pelazgians). Of course, the Slavic racial component among South Slavs is much stronger in the north (Slovenia, Croatia, Vojvodina) than in the south (Bosnia, Montenegro, Central Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria), so the genetic research that you saw was simply conducted in the part of Croatia in which population preserved strong Slavic racial feature. PANONIAN 22:17, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Trojani, I must warn you against revert-warring. You obviously have no consensus for your changes at Arvanites and elsewhere. People do get blocked for persistent edit-warring even if they technically remain below the 3RR level for a while. Please don't push it. There is a well-established consensus on that page, arrived at after a huge amount of debate and literature-checking. Fut.Perf. ☼ 16:19, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Illyrians
You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Note that the three-revert rule prohibits making more than three reversions in a content dispute within a 24 hour period. Additionally, users who perform a large number of reversions in content disputes may be blocked for edit warring, even if they do not technically violate the three-revert rule. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing. Please do not repeatedly revert edits, but use the talk page to work towards wording and content which gains a consensus among editors.

Specifically, you're reverting without any effort at resolving the dispute while inflaming the situation with comments like, "Greeks and serbs should stay away from our history" in your edit summaries. --Ronz 18:39, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Talk pages
Please refrain from deleting other users' comments from discussion pages, which is considered a form of vandalism. You are not getting anywhere with this style of editing and right now you are working hard towards a block. --Chlämens 19:50, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Your knowledge on Balkan history (to put it politely) its hardly at a level of scientific level. I strongly advice you not to intervene on topics which are to complex/distant for a person from Canada.

One more thing you might ban me but that dosent make wikipedia more reliable source, Bizzare things like Caucasian Albania and their origin to Illyrian Albanians, or Caucasian/Aanatolian origin of Albanians are only a few examples which seem to pass by unnoticed here.Trojani 18:20, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * You might have noticed that the article dealing with the suppossed caucasian origin of the Albanians makes it clear that there is no basis for that theory, anyone in their right mind can tell that that theory is nonsense. You are trying to kick in an open door here.
 * My knowledge of Balkan history and Balkan linguistics is actually probably more extensive than yours; I have actually read the relevant books dealing with the topic, while your grasp on the subject seems to be based on bogus websites and romanticized national epics.
 * Right now you are trying to prove that the Albanians are an ancient Balkan people (which no one disputes) by using racial research from the 1930's (!) to support your view that Albanian is a descendant of the Illyrian language; that logic is barely more than a source of amusement so far. Edhe ti duhet do gjesh një arsye më bindës se qe jetoj ne Kanada...sidomos sepse nuk jam nga Kanada dhe kam jetuar ne Shqipëria për tetë vitet; do që te dergoj një foto ku kam veshur kostumi shqiptarë? Diskutoj si i rritur unë, dhe jo me ofendimi dhe akusimi. --Chlämens 03:49, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Mr Chlämens! You really do not understand my point, the Caucasian theory simply do not exist, ther isnt a single source on that, ther isnt a single resercher, ther isnt a single quote which suggest any connection with Albanian of the Balkans, in other words this is how far Greeks and Serbs will go if wikipedia let them run the show. The Caucasian "theory" its a pure invention, worse no one seem to bother, the Concept of Caucasian theory was part of Origin of the Albanian article for over 2 years while people like you and others did not seem to bother, i took that sorry ass of a "theory" out of wikipedia and today simply do not exist.

Ti si albanofon duhet të jesh ma rigoroz ne raport me tentativat antishqiptare qe jane pjese vetepërbërse e Grekve dhe Serbëve (Shkieve). Ju lutem zotri ne Shqipëtaret nuk disponojmë frenesi gjeopolitike, fqinjët tane jane problemi me i madh qe ka sot qënia Shqiptare, dikur kanë qenë Aziatikët Turq sot jane ortodoxët e krisur Greko-sllav. Nuk jam paranoid por pragmatik, ka fakte te mjaftueshme qe mbeshtesin pohimet e mia, nuk ka nevoje per nje diskutim te zgjëruar Përshendetje Trojani 16:28, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The Caucasian article in no way supported the theory that the Albanians are from the Caucasus, on the contrary, it clearly stated that this "theory" is based only on the fact that a place which happens to have the same name existed in the Caucasus and that no one takes it seriously. In other words: that article actually supported your view! Jam kunder te gjithe nacionalistet dhe ekstremistet, pavaresisht si jan greket ose shqiparet. Por per momenti, nuk mund shikoj asnje komplot antishqiptare ketu. --Chlämens 04:32, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Mr. Chlämens!

Answer to Chlämens
This is the article which is still alive here; "The concept of a Caucasian origin of Albanians was first expounded by Renaissance humanists (such as Enea Silvio Piccolomini) who were familiar with the works of the classical geographers and historians; it was developed in the 1820s by the French diplomat and influential writer on the Balkans, François Pouqueville; and in 1855 it was presented in a polemical response to the work of Johann Georg von Hahn by a Greek doctoral student at Göttingen, Nikolaos Nikokles. By the late 19th century this theory was in retreat." http://www.answers.com/topic/concept-of-a-caucasian-origin-of-albanians

My point is; Ther was no "Renaissance humanists" and ther was no "French diplomat" or a "influential wrighter on the Balkans" or a "Greek student". The story is invented, a pure fiction, why did´t anyone bother to look for this facts and belive me ther was not much debate on the discussion page, no one even thought that it was a bogus story?The member who created the article is today banned (Winona_gone_shopping)

More over look below the map, notice how tha information if manipulated, notice what is wrighten; "Caucasian Albania and the city of Albana (Albanopolis)shown on the map printed in London ca 1770"

Ther is no city of Albana, look at a bigger version of the map: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/1729.jpg

Ther isn´t any city of Albana mr Chlämens, my question to u is: how can this things pass by unnoticed???? Trojani 13:00, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There is an area in the Caucasus called Albania, that people have tried to link the Balkan Albanians to it is common sense. --Chlämens 20:50, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Did u even bother to read my message???Trojani 10:39, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Sure I have. --Chlämens 20:27, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

More re: Talk pages
Please do not add comments like, "I would like to see less Greeks and Serbs editing/abusing the article of Illyrians (Albanians)" to talk pages. Everyone is invited to edit articles in Wikipedia. See WP:TALK for more information. We have policies and guidelines for addressing biases and disputes. --Ronz 18:31, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * "However you as a Greek have hard time accepting" applies as well. --Ronz 20:03, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Why is it so hard for you people to understand that wikipedia its not an isolated place where politics dont matter? How many Albanians are editing the Greeks page, what would it happen if we all Albanians,Greeks,Serbs ~engage in editing eachothers article? You have to show 0 tolerans twards this people, regardles of their nationality, if a Serb shows an interest in articles such as Illyrians it only means trouble, the same goes for a Greek or a Mecedonian (such as Edrigu-Half Macedonian half Polish), I stay away from their history whay cant they do the same??????Trojani 18:42, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Politics matter. It's just we have policies and guidelines for addressing these biases.  We also have policies and guidelines for dealing with incivil behavior. --Ronz 20:06, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Trojani, please stop it now. Your continued attacks against other contributors on the basis of their nationality and your baseless accusations of "vandalism"  are not going to be tolerated for long. If you continue to disrupt the discussion on the Illyrians article I will ask for a block. Fut.Perf. ☼ 05:50, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Three revert rule block
You have been blocked from editing for in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy for violating the three-revert rule. Please be more careful to discuss controversial changes or seek dispute resolution rather than engaging in an edit war. If you believe this block is unjustified, you may contest the block by adding the text below. This is a slightly longer than normal block because of your aggressive talk page edits which include nationalist insults. Sam Blacketer 11:05, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

You have been blocked from editing for in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy for. Please stop. You're welcome to make useful contributions after the block expires. If you believe this block is unjustified you may contest this block by adding the text below. Sam Blacketer 08:58, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * For renewed block evasion using the IP, I have reset the block on this account to another week. Fut.Perf. ☼ 19:42, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Blocked... again
You have been blocked from editing for in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy for. Please stop. You're welcome to make useful contributions after the block expires. If you believe this block is unjustified you may contest this block by adding the text below.  P h a e d r i e l  - 12:54, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Due to your new attempt to evade your block using as seen here, I've reset your block again, this time extending it to 2 weeks. I urge you to reconsider your behavior, as you're rapidly using up all your second chances. Regards,  P h a e d r i e l  - 00:18, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Mr. Trojani, you have once again tried to evade your block by using IP addresses, this time, as seen here. For this reason, and for the fourth time, I've had to reset your block and extend it further, now to 6 weeks. I can't emphasize enough that this is you last chance before facing a possible community ban. Furthermore, tho the idea of blocking you indefinitely right now wouldn't be rejected by many, I've decided to grant you this last oportunity to reconsider. I'm sorry, but your behavior is proving disruptive and contrary to the very spirit of our project. Please, think it twice before doing it again. Regards,  P h a e d r i e l  - 19:39, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

You have been blocked indefinitely
After your fifth sixth evasion of your block under that took place just minutes ago, you have unfortunately worn out your welcome at our project, and hence you have lost your editing privileges. Therefore, it is with sadness that you have been blocked indefinitely from editing Wikipedia. If you wish to contest this block, please post at this page with a rationale for another admin to review. Regards,  P h a e d r i e l  - 07:02, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Sockpuppetry case
Your name has been mentioned in connection with a sockpuppetry case. Please refer to Sockpuppet investigations/Armour for evidence. Please make sure you make yourself familiar with the guide to responding to cases before editing the evidence page. —  Jeff G. ツ  23:30, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trojani


text: Category:Rivers of Northern Ireland

title: Category:Rivers of Northern Ireland


text: User talk:66.129.4.10

title: User talk:66.129.4.10


text:
Rob Schnapf

Rob Schnapf is an American record producer and musician. He was the co-producer (along with Tom Rothrock) of Elliott Smith's albums Either/Or, XO (on which he also played guitar on the song "Baby Britain"), Figure 8 and From a Basement on the Hill, for which he was recruited by Smith's family to complete after Smith's death.

Schnapf runs the Mant Sounds studio.

Background
Schnapf, along with Rothrock and partner Bradshaw Lambert, started Bong Load Custom Records in the early 1990s which is notable for releasing Beck's "Loser" single. Schnapf first heard Beck as he was playing on the street during the annual Sunset Junction Fair. A week later Rothrock saw Beck jump onstage to play in between bands during a show at Jabberjaw and approached him afterwards about recording his songs. Together Rothrock, Schnapf, Beck and Karl Stephenson recorded the bulk of what would become "Loser", and subsequently Mellow Gold, Beck's first major label album. Rothrock and Schnapf would continue to record with Beck working on material for what was intended to be his follow-up to Mellow Gold, a somber acoustic affair meant to silence detractors that claimed he was a one hit wonder joke act. Beck eventually had a change of heart and went on to record Odelay with The Dust Brothers only using one song from the Rothrock/Schnapf sessions, "Ramshackle", as the album closer.

Rob and Tom produced the 1993 Dog Society album entitled Test Your Own Eyes. Schnapf later produced Guided By Voices' second of two TVT Records releases; Isolation Drills in 2001 and The Vines debut album Highly Evolved in 2002. In 2003, he produced Saves The Day's album, In Reverie. Also, in 2005, he produced Nine Black Alps' debut album Everything Is.

Schnapf has also worked in conjunction with Australian band Powderfinger in the production of their sixth studio album Dream Days at the Hotel Existence.

Schnapf produced Brooklyn based artist Kevin Devine's major label debut Put Your Ghost to Rest. Following the success of the partnership Schnapf was also recruited to produce Devine's "Another Bag of Bones" a single released prior to Devine's follow up album.

This was followed by work with The Whigs on their debut Mission Control for ATO Records.

Schnapf worked with Australian rock band Kisschasy on their third studio album, Seizures and Wild Light's debut for Startime International Records.

Schnapf then worked with Booker T. Jones on his Grammy winning Potato Hole album featuring the Drive By Truckers and Neil Young. He also worked with Dr. Dog and Toadies 2010 release of Feeler.

Schnapf produced Canadian indie-rock band Tokyo Police Club's 2010 second album Champ.

Schnapf is also credited with the creation of the tambourine back beat, and the 3 against 2 vibraslap.

He is currently in development of a 1-hour crime drama called the Pope and The Monkey.

Production discography

 * 1993: Test Your Own Eyes – Dog Society (Co-producer w/ Tom Rothrock)
 * 1994: Mellow Gold – Beck (co-producer)
 * 1995: Daredevil – Fu Manchu (Co-producer w/ Tom Rothrock and Fu Manchu)
 * 1996: Mic City Sons - Heatmiser (Co-producer w/ Tom Rothrock and Heatmiser)
 * 1997: Either/Or – Elliott Smith (Co-producer w/ Tom Rothrock)
 * 1998: XO – Elliott Smith (Co-producer w/ Tom Rothrock)
 * 1999: Mock Tudor – Richard Thompson (Co-producer w/ Tom Rothrock)
 * 2000: Figure 8 – Elliott Smith (Co-producer w/ Tom Rothrock)
 * 2001: Isolation Drills – Guided by Voices
 * 2001: Stay What You Are – Saves the Day
 * 2002: Your Majesty – The Anniversary
 * 2002: Highly Evolved – The Vines
 * 2003: In Reverie – Saves the Day
 * 2003: La Musica Negra – Verbena
 * 2004: From a Basement on the Hill – Elliott Smith
 * 2004: Winning Days – The Vines
 * 2005: Everything Is - Nine Black Alps
 * 2006: Put Your Ghost To Rest – Kevin Devine
 * 2007: Dream Days at the Hotel Existence – Powderfinger
 * 2007: Scream And Light Up The Sky – The Honorary Title
 * 2007: Heart Tuned To D.E.A.D. – Switches
 * 2008: Mission Control – The Whigs
 * 2008: Melodia – The Vines
 * 2009: Adult Nights – Wild Light
 * 2009: Potato Hole – Booker T. Jones (co-producer)
 * 2009: Seizures – Kisschasy
 * 2010: Champ – Tokyo Police Club
 * 2010: Sweet Thing – Sweet Thing
 * 2010: Shame, Shame – Dr. Dog
 * 2012: Emerge – Dog Society
 * 2012: "A Sleep & a Forgetting" – Islands
 * 2013: Bulldozer – Kevin Devine
 * 2013: FIDLAR – FIDLAR
 * 2013: “Saves The Day” - Saves The Day
 * 2014: Night Moves – H-burns
 * 2015: St. Catherine – Ducktails
 * 2016: Cody – Joyce Manor
 * 2016: Cold Coffee – Barrie-James O'Neill
 * 2017: Lemon Cotton Candy Sunset – Richard Edwards
 * 2018: Heaven – Dilly Dally
 * 2018: Marlin Fisher – Henry Chadwick
 * 2020: Alphabetland – X
 * 2020: "Underground Forever"/"Hustlin" - Jonathan Tyler''
 * 2022: Canary Yellow – Soft Kill
 * 2022: (watch my moves) – Kurt Vile (co-producer)

title: Rob Schnapf


text:
Talk:Equity value

First Attempt
I referenced equity value in my edits to the article on market capitalization, so this is my attempt to define that term. This is a working definition of equity value according to my professional understanding of it - my finance text book does not address this term explicitly, nor do the online financial glossaries that I have checked.

I intend to expand the calculations section to include treasury-share method and the concept of fully-diluted equity value.

mullacc 16:02, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

This article is completely wrong. Equity value and EPS are completely different concepts. And if you are calculating market cap using diluted shares outstanding the calculation in the example doesn't hold. You should define equity value as the residual value of the company after debt obligations are paid. If you want to use EPS in the example it should be Fully diluted EPS * P/E = Equity value. The more obvious calculation would be enterprise value - net debt - minority interest - preferred stock = equity value.

And you didn't even remember to subtract preferred stock dividends from your EPS calculation. Or discuss nondilutive convertible securities. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.187.168.40 (talk) 00:32, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Hi
Equity value is the value of a company available to owners or shareholders. It is the enterprise value plus all cash and cash equivalents, short and long-term investments, and less all short-term debt, long-term debt and minority interests. 139.167.171.223 (talk) 17:23, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Equity value


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Merovee Philosopher's Guilde

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Wikiacc (talk) 00:30, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Merovee Philosopher's Guilde
The secret is so well-kept that I have been unable to verify the existence of this society. Delete unless some reputable third-party source can be found. —Charles P. (Mirv) 15:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable - searching at gives nothing.  Kept secret from the university also!   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  16:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete we should probably not breach the "secret" since its been so very well kept. (In case you miss the humor, that translates as NN vanity.) KillerChihuahua 01:10, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Too secret for wikipedia, unverifiable. --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 01:32, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User:DrTorstenHenning/imagegallery

title: User:DrTorstenHenning/imagegallery


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Talk:Stimulated emission

Untitled
Needs sections. Zack Green 15:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

The formula for the emission looks strange: $$ \sigma_{21}(\nu) = A_{21} { \lambda^2 \over 8 \pi n^2} g(\nu) $$

are $$ \lambda $$ and $$\nu$$ independent parameters?

user:Domitori

Needs a History section
This article definitely needs a history section. I mean, this article doesn't even mention Albert Einstein. I don't really know enough about it to write it myself. I just know that Einstein discovered it by accident. ~ Oni Lukos ct 13:50, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In the See also section, I have now added a link to the excellent History section of the Laser article. Yes, it starts with Einstein. Dirac66 (talk) 22:36, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Should we say (per laser) Einsteins motivation was to [better] explain the blackbody radiation distribution ? & Should we call it a 'prediction' rather than a discovery ? - Rod57 (talk) 09:59, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Quantum mechanical explanation?
The article gives at least a hint of a classical explanation (or justification) for the process -- that the dipole moment induced by the incident photon "encourages" the atom to produce another, identical photon. What is there seems a bit of a lie-to-children, but perhaps I'm mistaken and it's classically accurate. (Thoughts?) Anyway, could someone who understands the "real" picture provide at least that much of an explanation from the quantum mechanical point of view? Thanks. --Tardis 18:26, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hopefully the quantum mechanical explanation will say why "the second photon is created with the same phase, frequency, polarization, and direction of travel as the original." I suspect it is due to constructive interference, and might only be true on the macroscale. Someone know for sure? --Michael C. Price talk 09:56, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

It is true that stimulated emission can be described classically. Generally, second quantization is important for the description only at low photon fluxes. Since Einstein analyzed the exchange at the single photon level his presentation was necessarily quantum-mechanical. I inserted a reference to the classical theory and to Einstein's seminal work. Harry "Snapper" Organs (talk) 23:14, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * But Einstein also justs claims that the stimulated photon goes into the same mode (frequency, direction and polarisation). He doesn't do any QED stuff or anything (obviously). I was wondering about this behaviour of the process since I first heard of stimulated emission. I'd really like to see a "modern" explanation and calculation of stimulated emission. --93.203.203.162 (talk) 15:12, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

Only with electrons?
The introduction should be more general, stimulated emission works with any two-level system, for example the rotational and vibrational transitions that are used in gas lasers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.167.204.14 (talk) 09:21, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Different energies
What happens if the difference in the atom's ground state and excited state is smaller than the energy required to emit a photon identical to an incoming photon? —Preceding unsigned comment added by PAStheLoD (talk • contribs) 22:33, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Probably there are non-radiative processes (mostly phonon absorption/emission) involved, too. This article needs expansion. --FDominec (talk) 18:49, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Stimulated emission v.s. gain medium discussion
To me it semes this articles discusses more about optical gain than about stimulated emission. There should be a simple explanation to stimulated emission followed by a more detailed one. Now this is not how the article looks like. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.248.5.184 (talk) 08:26, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

Saturation Intensity
" The saturation intensity $$I_s$$ is defined as the input intensity at which the gain of the optical amplifier drops to exactly half of the small-signal gain. "

NO!!! This is the 3 dB compression point, which illustrates the output capabilites of an optical amplifier (see, for example, D. Derickson "Fiber optic test and measurement"). The saturation intensity is the light intensity, at which active medium becomes transparent (no gain, no loss) and the process of stimulated emission is as probable as absorption process. The populations of ground and excited states at saturation intensity become equal. --Ximeg (talk) 15:04, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I was not right --Ximeg (talk) 10:34, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

g-bar?
$$\bar{g}(\nu)$$ is used in multiple equations, but it isn't defined anywhere in the article. I would assume a relationship to the spectral line shape function $$g(\nu)$$, but at least to me the meaning of $$\bar{g}(\nu)$$ is not apparent from the context alone. Conquerist (talk) 00:36, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

Can't the first sentence say a photon is emitted?

 * In optics, stimulated emission is the process by which an atomic electron (or an excited molecular state) interacting with an electromagnetic wave of a certain frequency may drop to a lower energy level, transferring its energy to that field.

To what field? Can't this opening sentence state that a wave hits an electron, and a photon is emitted as the energy level of the electron drops? (I'd change it myself but as a layman I'm quite unsure.) Tarcil (talk) 22:44, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I rewrote it in this direction (as a near layman). Hope it's clearer. 178.38.74.237 (talk) 20:57, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

Classical stimulated emission
Stimulated emission can also occur in classical models, without reference to photons or quantum-mechanics.

I adjusted the sentence to the above, referring to models, since no physical applications were given in the article. 129.132.211.139 (talk) 19:23, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

Spontaneous emission and ambient EM field
This blurb: "This is in contrast to spontaneous emission, which occurs at random intervals without regard to the ambient electromagnetic field." ...is misleading. Spontaneous emission most certainly does occur with regard to ambient EM field energy density, but it does not occur with regard to the mechanism by which stimulated emission takes place.

Can we please correct it? It's misleading some to conclude that photons are emitted willy-nilly without regard to the energy density gradient between the atom or molecule which would spontaneously emit, and the ambient EM field energy density. 71.135.45.180 (talk) 20:40, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

 * No, I think you're wrong inasmuch as the total rate of 2->1 transitions is considered (by definition) to be the rate of stimulated emission which IS proportional to the EM field (and the population in level 2) minus absorption (also proportional to the EM field and the population in level 1) plus spontaneous emission which ONLY depends on the population in level 2. So (assuming low temperature, no population inversion) while there is less NET emission from levels 2->1 when there is more energy in the EM field, that is accounted for as the SAME spontaneous emission but more absorption. But it's meaningless to talk about which photon was created or destroyed when by which process; that misunderstands the concept of photons and the sentence you quote has a slight problem in that regard I would say. Well, that's my understanding anyway.Interferometrist (talk) 01:17, 28 June 2021 (UTC)

Amplification of radiation in the stimulated emittion process
Detail information on this topic to understand the how radiation intensity increase and decrease so. 27.61.248.108 (talk) 04:27, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

Why the existence of stimulated emission refutes claims of surface warming by radiation from CO2, methane etc.
This is how the surface “knows” what to do with back radiation because such radiation always has photons with energy that matches one or more quantum energy gaps in the electrons that are orbiting in target atoms. This is because the Planck function for a cool source is always fully enveloped under the Planck function for the warmer (surface) target. This is how Nature ensures that every one-way passage of radiation obeys the Clausius ("hot to cold") corollary of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The heat (ie the effective thermal energy transfer) via radiation from a hot source to a cooler target is a function of the area between the Planck functions of the source and target because this is the radiation for which there are no matching photons to cause stimulated emission. Instead these extra photons do cause heat into the target. This is in accord with the formula used by engineers to quantify such heat using the difference in the Stefan-Boltzmann calculations for source and target, such calculations being based on the integrals of those Planck functions. For more detail, read my 2012 peer-reviewed paper "Radiated Energy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics" which is on Researchgate, LinkedIn and at https://ssrn.com/author=2627605 - Douglas J. Cotton (Retired Physicist) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:26E2:3300:AC0B:C1E9:8BE2:3312 (talk) 01:10, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

Unexpected discussion of a transition state between two stationary states
The last paragraph of the Overview section, before History: "As the electron in the atom makes a transition between two stationary states (neither of which shows a dipole field), it enters a transition state which does have a dipole field, and which acts like a small electric dipole, and this dipole oscillates at a characteristic frequency. In response to the external electric field at this frequency, the probability of the electron entering this transition state is greatly increased. Thus, the rate of transitions between two stationary states is increased beyond that of spontaneous emission."

seems both under-defined+referenced (there is only one linked key word in the whole paragraph: "dipole"), and - to the degree that I undertand the paragrapg as written - largely irrelevant to the overview of stimulated emission. This text seems to be describing something like a Raman transition in between the two canonical stationary states, but clearly from the energy level diagram and all the rest of the text, such an intermediate state is not critical to the physics of the process.

I would suggest deleting the first 4 sentences of this 5-sentence paragraph, leaving only the final sentence, which does seem valid (and is completely independent of the first 4 sentences): "A transition from the higher to a lower energy state produces an additional photon with the same phase and direction as the incident photon; this is the process of stimulated emission." The reason I have not just deleted the sentences is I am open to hearing what they are supposed to be trying to convey, starting from a state of being quite baffled by them." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crashbeard (talk • contribs) 22:48, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stimulated emission