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Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon

The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon (CTGR) is a federally recognized tribe of Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau. They consist of at least 27 Native American tribes with long historical ties to present-day western Oregon between the western boundary of the Oregon Coast and the eastern boundary of the Cascade Range, and the northern boundary of southwestern Washington and the southern boundary of northern California.

The community has an 11288 acres Indian reservation, the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation. Established in 1856, the reservation occupies parts of Yamhill and Polk counties.

Because the tribes had lived near each other, and often spoke more than one language for use in trading, after they were grouped in the 19th century on the reservation, they refined a creole language that became known as Chinook Wawa. Although long forced to speak English, the people are working to conserve this Native language. They have taught Native speakers through immersion programs for young children.

Member bands of the confederation
The tribes who were removed to the Grand Ronde reservation are:
 * Chasta (or Shasta; from present-day Oregon and California bands of the Shasta Nations)
 * Chasta Costa (Southern Oregon Athapaskan speakers)
 * Kalapuya (Yamel (Yamhill), Winefelly, (Mohawk), Atfalati (Tualatin), Yoncalla (Kommema), Ahantchuyuk (Pudding River), Santiam), Chelamela, Chemapho, Champinefu, Luckiamute, Chafan
 * Molalla (Santiam Forks Band, Northern Molala, Mountain Band, Crooked Finger Band)
 * Rogue River (Historically an erroneous name conglomerating Takelma, Upper Umpqua, Northern Shasta, and Rogue River Athapaskan tribes)
 * Klickitat
 * Klamath
 * Chinook (Ne-pe-chuck (Multnomah), Thomas Band Chinook, Williams Band Chinook, Wal-la-lah band of Tumwaters (Cascades), Johns Band Chinook (Clowewalla- Oregon City), Clackamas Chinook)
 * Tillamook (Salmon River, Tillamook, Nechesne (Salmon River), Nehalem, Nestucka)
 * French-Canadian (Iroquoian)

United States ratified treaties establishing the CTGR

 * Treaty with the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua, 1853 (Land sale, established a temporary reservation)
 * Treaty with the Rogue River, 1853 (Land sale, established the Table Rock Reservation)
 * Treaty with the Chasta, etc., 1854 (Land sale, moved them to Table Rock Reservation)
 * Treaty with the Rogue River, 1854 (agreement to allow Chasta Costa on Table Rock Reservation and confederate the tribes.)
 * Treaty with the Umpqua and Kalapuya, 1854 (Land Sale, created the Umpqua Reservation (Coles Valley)); secondary agreement signed by the chiefs allowed for the Molele on the reservation.
 * Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc. (Willamette Valley Treaty), 1855 (Land Sale, tribes removed to temporary reserves in the valley and on the Columbia)
 * Treaty with the Molalla, 1855 (Land Sale, moved to Umpqua Reservation, first treaty to mention the Yamhill River Reserve (Grand Ronde Indian Reservation)

United States unratified treaties related to CTGR

 * Treaty with the Santiam, 1851
 * Treaty with the Tualatin, 1851
 * Treaty with the Yamhill, 1851
 * Treaty with the Luckiamute, 1851
 * Treaty with the Clackamas, 1851
 * Treaty with the Klatskania, 1851
 * Treaty with the Principal band of Molala, 1851
 * Treaty with the Santiam Band of Molalla, 1851
 * Treaty with the Clatsop, 1851
 * Treaty with the Naalem, 1851
 * Treaty with the Tillamook, 1851
 * Treaty with the Waukikum, 1851
 * Treaty with the Kathlamet, 1851
 * Treaty with the Tualatin, 1854.
 * Treaty with the Coastal tribes, 1855. (Many of these people ended up at CTGR and our histories align for several tribes.)
 * all treaties

United States peace treaties related to Grand Ronde

 * Treaty of Peace with the Rogue River Tribes, 1850, Negotiated by General Joseph Lane.
 * Treaty of Peace with the Rogue River Tribes, 1853. Negotiated by General Joseph Lane and Joel Palmer.

19th century
From 1854 to 1856, the U.S. Army resettled Native people from western Oregon, the Oregon coast, and along the Columbia River to territory along the South Yamhill River. It was here that the Grand Ronde Reservation was established in 1857. In 1887, with the passage of the Dawes Act, the Grand Ronde Reservation was reduced through the privatization of property. Land that was not allotted to Natives through the process of privatization was made available to non-Native ownership.

20th century
In 1936, Grand Ronde voted to confederate, accept an Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) government, and adopted a constitution and by-laws modeled after the U.S. government. In 1954, US Congress "terminated" the tribe. The land of terminated tribes was no longer tax-exempt. Faced with the increased cost of land ownership, many lost their property. In addition, people from terminated tribes could no longer attend Chemawa School and had to pay for medical services. In 1956 the reservation was closed and the tribal council disbanded. In 1975, the tribal council was reconstituted. In 1983, House Resolution 3885 restored federal recognition status to the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. Five years after this resolution, a small portion of the original reservation was returned to Grand Ronde which is used today for timber, recreation, and traditional harvesting practices.

The tribes began publishing Smoke Signals, then a monthly newsletter, in 1978; it has since shifted to a semi-monthly publication schedule, and a tabloid newspaper format.

Cultures
The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde has a curriculum specialist who created tribal history lessons funded in part by Oregon Senate Bill 13, which supplies funds for each of the nine federally recognized tribes in Oregon to create curriculum about Native Americans' contributions to Oregon history.

A Chinuk Wawa immersion program is available for kindergarteners and first graders. The tribe published Chinuk Wawa: As our elders teach us to Speak It, a Chinuk Wawa dictionary, in 2012.

In 2010, the tribe built a plank house on the reservation. In 2011, Grand Ronde Canoe Journey, an exhibit about the tribe's canoe traditions, was installed at the Willamette Heritage Center.

Every year the reservation hosts powwows and a Round Dance.

Reservation
The community has an 11288 acres Indian reservation, the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation, located in Yamhill and Polk counties of Oregon. In the 2000s, the tribe's population was more than 5,500 members.

Economy
The Tribes employ around 1,600 people.

Since 1996, the tribes have generated most of their income by operating the Spirit Mountain Casino in Grand Ronde, between Lincoln City and Salem. The most successful casino in Oregon, it attracts considerable tourist traffic from the coastal beaches and resorts. Six percent of the casino's profits goes to the Tribes' Spirit Mountain Community Fund, which supports and funds various organizations in the following 11 western Oregon area counties: Benton, Clackamas, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, and Yamhill. By 2017, the Spirit Mountain Community Fund had given more than $75 million to non-profit organizations, making it Oregon's eighth largest charitable foundation.

They also earn revenue from the management of their timber resources. They have developed "other tribal enterprises in construction and environmental management, real estate investment and inventory logistics services."

In the 21st century, the Grand Ronde tribes have opposed the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs' plans to build an off-reservation casino in Cascade Locks, Oregon. They spent more than $800,000 trying to influence decisions on the issue by supporting certain candidates in the 2006 primary races for Governor of Oregon.

Tribal languages
Historically the tribe had people speaking 27 distinct languages. Numerous members of these tribes could speak more than one language due to their proximity and trading relationships. The Oregon Territory was one of the most linguistically diverse regions in the world. On the reservation, most Native Americans began communicating using Chinook Jargon, the trade language that had developed earlier. The Chinook Jargon was widely spoken throughout the Northwest between tribes and newcomers to the region.

At Grand Ronde reservation, Chinook Jargon developed as a creole language, and was the first language in most native homes. Tribal members continued to use this language, even as their children were educated in English and through the termination era (1954-1983). During this period, children were being sent to Indian boarding schools and forced to learn English; all individual tribal languages at Grand Ronde became extinct as their last native speakers died.

In the 1970s, Grand Ronde elders began teaching Chinook Jargon language classes in the community. In 1983, the Confederated tribes of Grand Ronde regained federal recognition as a sovereign tribe. As part of restoration, they established a formal language program for children, which they could support through revenues generated from gaming. They renamed Chinook Jargon as Chinuk Wawa (Talking Chinuk). The Grand Ronde tribe's immersion language program has produced native speakers, joining another half-dozen Native language immersion programs in such success. This program begins in preschool classes (Lilu) and continues into Kindergarten. The language program officials plan to expand the immersion program to a pre-8 grade program, and offer classes for adults. This will create speakers of the language to help the language survive in perpetuity.

Enrollment
The elected tribal council sets the rules for membership. Generally, membership requires direct descent from a person listed on the rolls at particular times and a percentage of Native American ancestry from among the tribes in the Confederation. Being a member of the tribe has an estimated financial benefit of between $5500 and $7000 per year when such things as housing benefits, student scholarships and per capita payouts from casino revenue are added up; however, that does not include health care or elder pension.

Created by the Tribal Constitution, the Grand Ronde Tribal Council was set up to be the tribe's primary governing and legislative body. The council is made up of nine standing members. Each member is meant to serve a three-year term with three council seats up for re-election every year and no restrictions for how many terms a council member can serve. To qualify for a position as a council member, a person simply needs to be 18 years or older and be an enrolled member of the Tribe according to the Tribal Constitution. To vote for council members, confirmed tribal members mail in ballots with verified signatures on file with the Tribal Election Board, and the forty-five days preceding the September General Council meeting is when the elections are officially held.

Disenrollment of descendants of Tumulth
As a result of political conflict, in 2014 the tribal council voted to disenroll en masse 66 living descendants and six deceased descendants of the 19th-century Chief Tumulth. Chief Tumulth of the Cascade Band of Chinuk had signed the 1855 treaty with the United States that ceded tribal land and agreed to relocation to the Grand Ronde reservation, established by this treaty.

"The Chief Tumulth descendants were classified as "provisionally dis-enrolled" Grand Ronde members in July 2014, which stripped them of almost all their tribal rights, including voting rights in the Grand Ronde elections. A three-judge Tribal Court of Appeals panel restored the 66 descendants as full tribal members." But, based on tribal law, the court could not restore membership to six members, who were posthumously dis-enrolled in 2014. The law prohibits heirs and descendants from challenging such action.

Attorney Gabriel Galanda defended the Tumulth descendants and has strongly opposed such "politically motivated" dis-enrollment. Russell Wilkinson, a spokesperson for the descendants, said that such dis-enrollment was a self-destructive practice of tribes. Tribal council elections were scheduled for September 10, 2016.

In August 2016 the tribal Court of Appeals (en banc) overturned the tribe's mass dis-enrollment in 2014 of 66 living descendants of Chief Tumulth of the watlala Band of Chinuk, who had signed the 1855 treaty with the United States by which his tribe ceded communal land and agreed to the Grand Ronde reservation. This was the first such action by a tribal court overturning dis-enrollment of members by a tribe.

Tomanowos, or Willamette Meteorite
Since 2000, members of the tribe travel to New York City annually in July to see Tomanowos, also known as the Willamette Meteorite. This meteorite was taken from Oregon years ago and has been displayed at American Museum of Natural History as a natural curiosity.

The Clackamas people, one of the Grand Ronde tribes, perceive this 15-ton meteorite as a sacred Sky Person who fell to earth thousands of years ago and helped create their people and their world. Efforts since the late 20th century to repatriate the meteorite to Oregon were not successful, but the CTGR (successor to the Clackamas, one of the confederation) reached a historic agreement in June 2000 with the American Museum of Natural History. The tribe can have periodic access to Tomanowos for religious and cultural purposes. They perform rites and ceremonies related to their belief in the Tomanowos' role in their sacred history.

The American Museum of Natural History of New York City bought the meteorite in 1906 from the Oregon Iron and Steel Company, which at the time owned the land on which it was found. This land was historically occupied by the Clackamas prior to European-American immigration. The museum has displayed the meteorite since then, known as the largest found in North America. Since 1999, it has been featured at the new addition known as the Rose Center for Earth and Space.

In the late 20th century, the tribe attempted to repatriate Tomanowos under NAGPRA, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. The museum argued in federal district court in 2000 that the law applied to ceremonial objects made by the tribes, not to objects such as the meteorite, which occurred naturally and may be revered by peoples. It sued to be named as official owner of the meteorite.

The museum and CTGR tribe reached an agreement in June 2000 to share custody of the meteorite to preserve it for both religious and scientific purposes.

"The American Museum of Natural History and the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon today signed a historic agreement that ensures access to the Willamette Meteorite, a world famous scientific specimen at the Museum, by the Grand Ronde for religious, historical, and cultural purposes while maintaining its continued presence at the Museum for scientific and educational purposes. The agreement recognizes the Museum's tradition of displaying and studying the Meteorite for almost a century, while also enabling the Grand Ronde to re-establish its relationship with the Meteorite with an annual ceremonial visit to the Meteorite."

In addition, the museum committed to establishing internships for Native Americans, to create new connections between the communities and make opportunities for young students.


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Talk:Hypodescent

Re Beyond America:
Taking on board limited scope the following have been addressed:

[1] Short Calssical World preamble re social attitudes v legal codes added (referred to in later changes).

[2] Short section added re. modern race theory in Europe (and America) to add context to both following sections.

[3] Background for Nazi-era Nurenburg Laws codifying rights (and otherwise) purely on race.

[4] Alterations to American Colonial-era component to establish progression (regression?) from indentured worker to lifetime indenture to slave, culminating in

[5] Tweaks to main (20th century American) text to reflect above.

Apologies to all for Anglocentric bias, legalistic phrasing and bland prose: British Civil Service Drafting Standards will do that to a person.

PS

Is there anyone out there who can follow up on the French experience? I'm referring to French culture/legal experience in past/present beyond Thomas Jefferson in Paris: is there anything in colonies/sphere of influence and legal ramifications of pre-existing cultural conditions, ie anti-Jewish bias (Dreyfuss) and colour prejudice reflected in law, perhaps in North Africa?

86.152.154.186 (talk) 09:33, 26 July 2015 (UTC)

Let's Get Beyond America, Please
Hypodescent, hyperdescent, and other race assignment practices are employed throughout the world, not just in the United States. This article needs to talk about a lot more than just African-American slavery.

A section on the interaction of legal definition and social reality would not go amiss, particularly in remembrance of the Rwandan Genocide. Race classification law in Rwanda provided for agnatic classification of mixed-race children. So, the children of a Hutu father and a Tutsi mother were legally Hutu - but that did not save them. Legally, they were Hutu; socially, they were Tutsi, at least as far as the Hutu extremists were concerned.

Or back in America and beyond the slave question, both Eartha Kitt and Langston Hughes were legally "White" in Boston. At the time they were born, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts still classified the race of children agnatically. Eartha Kitt had one Black grandparent, one Cherokee grandparent, and two White grandparents. The White grandparents were her father's parents, so he was actually White; and that made her legally White. Hughes's father was the son of a White man and a Black woman, so he was legally Black in the South and many other states but legally White in Massachusetts; and because his father was legally White in Massachusetts, Langston Hughes was legally White in Massachusetts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.4.56.26 (talk) 22:37, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

LANGUAGE
It strikes me that using language like "Socially subordinate" is a value judgement, largely about caucasians, and doesn't accurately describe whats really going on there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.7.3.91 (talk) 03:15, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Show Boat
"In the musical Show Boat an otherwise illegal marriage is made by sharing blood between white and black."

I cannot understand what this is trying to say. Can anybody clarify this? -- 14 October 2005
 * I wondered about that, too. But today I fortuitously came across a Straightdope article that describes the scene in question: What percentage of black parentage do you need to be considered black?I've updated the article. ThePedanticPrick 16:39, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Thomas Jefferson
Whether or not Thomas Jefferson fathered children with Sally Hemings is a contentious enough issue that it should probably have an inline citation; to say simply that he fathered many on his slaves (plural) may well be false. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.251.216.62 (talk) 17:09, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Dawkins and the alleged biological basis for U.S.-style hypodescent

 * Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution, observes in passing that in the United States and England children with one "black" parent/grandparent/great-grandparent are consistently classified as "black" instead of "mixed race" or "white" or something else (402-403). He opines that this may be a cross-cultural practice with a biological basis; that perhaps humans are genetically wired to do this. See Richard Dawkins, The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 401-02.

Dawkins's theory is demonstrably false. In Latin America, people of mixed race are not classified as "black" by default.

I am also skeptical about the claim that the English classify mixed race people the same way as Americans. That should be double-checked. FilipeS 12:44, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

"Although mulattos and Blasians are both half Black, only the former are generally percieved as Black, while Blasians such as Tiger Woods are not forced to self-identify as Black." - I presume this quote is talking about in the US, because mulattos in Canada are not generally perceived as black, and based on other articles, it seems this statement isn't true in Brazil either. I've added the US-globalize tag till this is fixed. Baiter 19:21, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

I dont think that statement is true even in the US. As far as I can tell, Blasians are as black as black-white mixes. I have never heard of anyone of black and Asian descent not being labelled black. But its not like there are that many out there, so maybe I just havent heard it. Id like a citation for it. Annonymous Coward 16:31 JST, 17 June 2007

 * This also seems an attempt to make a big generalization back from a recent example.--Parkwells (talk) 16:49, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

If we can agree that Dawkins was wrong perhaps we should remove this section. --Adoniscik(t, c) 12:19, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Article needs inline citations for wiki format
Cites should be converted.--Parkwells (talk) 16:49, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ except for Lopez and Skidmore. Anybody care to delve back into the history and see what they were used to support? --Adoniscik(t, c) 12:13, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

US government policy
For generations, a fairly small percentage of whites or Euro-Americans of any evident African American or "black" ancestry were consigned to the "black" race in government policy. This is known as the one drop rule to actually declare a person who is Caucasian a "negro" or African race, thus it is to discourage further miscegenation and in many states, these laws and "black codes" penalize children or descendants of interracial marriages/unions throughout the late 19th-early 20th centuries. It is possible for a large segment of the African American community have white/European ancestry before the Jim Crow Laws were enacted and then repealed, thus creating a color-coded racial situation on how many unknown designated black and white Americans are in the opposite racial categories. + 71.102.11.193 (talk) 02:22, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

The Huge Indian Elephant In The Room
This article definitely needs to expand its scope outside the U.S. and other Western countries. In particular, there should be some mention of India, where the offspring between an upper-caste Hindu and a Dalit would be considered a Dalit. 2604:2D80:6984:3800:0:0:0:F474 (talk) 20:42, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hypodescent


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pikachubacca

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:29, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Pikachubacca
Pokécruft. -- howcheng  [ talk • contribs • web ] 23:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom.--Gaff talk 23:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's mostly just a copy and paste from Pikachu, for some reason. Flowerparty ■ 00:12, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Somebody's fan-made parody Pokémon. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 01:05, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete 'Cruft' is not a reason for deletion.  Being a hoax article is. Sonic Mew | talk to me 12:19, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete wikitrash --Leo

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Will Hicok Low

Will Hicok Low (March 31, 1853 – November 27, 1932) or Will Hicock Low was an American artist, muralist, and writer on art.

Biography
Low was born in Albany, New York. In 1873 he entered the atelier of Jean-Léon Gérôme in the École des Beaux Arts at Paris, subsequently joining the classes of Carolus-Duran, with whom he remained until 1877. Returning to New York, he became a member of the Society of American Artists in 1878 and of the National Academy of Design in 1890. His pictures of New England types, and illustrations of John Keats, brought him into prominence.

He married Berthe Julienne in France in 1878.

Subsequently, he turned his attention to decoration, and executed panels and medallions for the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City, a panel for the Essex County Court House in Newark, New Jersey as well as numerous panels for private residences and stained glass windows for various churches, including St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church, Newark. He was an instructor in the schools of Cooper Union, New York, during 1882 to 1885, and in the school of the National Academy of Design from 1889 to 1892. Low, who is known to a wider circle as the friend of R. L. Stevenson, published some reminiscences, A Chronicle of Friendships, 1873-1900 (1908).

In 1909 he illustrated the book "In Arcady" by Hamilton Wright Mabie. The style was influenced by the Art Nouveau movement.

After the death of Berthe, in 1909 he married the former Mary Fairchild, the former wife of sculptor Frederick William MacMonnies.

He painted a series of murals in the New York State Education Department rotunda in Albany, New York. Using figures and symbols from Roman and Greek mythology paired with New York buildings and landscapes, the artist charts major milestones in human progress—in terms of art, science, technology, modernization, liberty, democracy, and quality of life. The earliest panels, such as Architecture, Astronomy & Geography, and Medicine & Chemistry, combine theory and practical skills. Another eight, including Theseus, the Pathfinder, feature modern inventions to show how far humankind had progressed by the early 20th century. The final paintings reflect a patriotic theme, with subjects such as The Standard, The United States Military Academy, and the Shaft of Union. Taken together, these paintings—originally gracing the entrances of the State Library Main Reading Room, the Law Library, and the Periodicals Library—complement the Rotunda's architectural nobility and its aura of intellectual enlightenment.

Another mural by him is located in the Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse.

title: Will Hicok Low


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TVyNovelas

TVyNovelas is a Mexican magazine published by Editorial Televisa on a monthly basis. Like soap opera publications in the United States such as Soap Opera Digest and Soaps In Depth, it mainly carries coverage of Mexican and international telenovelas, mainly those airing on the networks of Televisa.

History and profile
TVyNovelas was established in 1982. Four international editions are also published: United States, Puerto Rico, Argentina, Chile and Colombia. It is considered the leader among showbusiness publications in Mexico, especially on the subject of telenovelas. The magazine also gives awards to the best telenovelas and TV shows of the year ("Premios TVyNovelas") broadcast by Televisa in Mexico and Univision in the United States.

title: TVyNovelas


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Talk:Silver certificate (United States)

Silver Certificates, not FRNs!
I appreciate the enthusiasm of 129.137.181.252, but this article about Silver Certificates only! The Federal Reserve Notes are endorsed by the U.S. Government, otherwise there wouldn't be a department devoted to printing them. The section you added is more appropriate for the Federal Reserve Note article because your addition doesn't deal with Silver Certificates. Even if Federal Reserve Notes can be backed by silver in the future, they are still FRNs.

"Silver Certificates were abolished by Congress on June 4, 1963 and all redemption in silver ceased on June 24, 1968. Thus, the United States no longer has a paper currency that is legal tender for the purchase of goods & services, as any vendor may refuse to accept Federal Reserve Notes as officially stated at: http://www.treasury.gov/education/faq/currency/legal-tender.html#q1 However, the Federal Reserve Act has a poison pill provision which requires all said Notes to be redeemed in silver if Congress ever decides to abolish it. At such time a $1 Note should have the market value of one ounce of silver. In the meantime, the market has discounted such a possibility by valuing a $1 Note to be the amount of silver that it will buy as the inverse of the current spot price per ounce."

By the way, could someone please post a link to the "poison pill" clause of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913?

If no one replies to this post by December 31, 2005, this section will be deleted. If you are the author of the questioned section, please write on this page your reasoning behind the addition.

-rcnj Numismatic Article Writer

Edited To Add (10-20-2005): It already appears someone has taken the initiative in removing this material.

Poison pill clause
In addition to the lack of citation, this paragraph makes assertions unlikely on their face. Since a silver dollar was not one ounce fine at the time of passage of the Act, I cannot believe that redemption ounce-for-dollar would be provided for. This whole section looks OR and doubtful. Robert A.West (Talk) 20:18, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The US mint quotes the Law of 1792 as defining a dollar as "three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver". An ounce Troy Avoirdupois is 437.5 grains, and therefore this may be either a rounding by the source, or a 5% premium, which is not prohibitive.

 * I note with some amusement that the Eagle is defined as "EAGLES--each to be of the value of ten dollars or units, and to contain two hundred and forty-seven grains and four eighths of a grain of pure, or two hundred and seventy grains of standard gold." This is 15.4:1.

 * Crime of 1873 does not belong in the intro under that name; even in scare quotes, that's not neutral phrasing. Septentrionalis 20:59, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * But the 1792 act was not in force when the Fed was established. The Morgan and Peace dollars were the current circulating dollars at the time, at 338.38 grains fine, which is considerably less than an ounce. Robert A.West (Talk) 08:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Source? This site says 412.5 grains of .900 silver, which would be 371.25 grains fine. But I have made (and now correct) a far more serious error, which leads me to agree in doubting this; the odds that any currency act would involved avoirdupois ounces of silver is wanishingly small. Septentrionalis 18:13, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

I've removed it again: with tags, it was

 * ''However, the Federal Reserve Act has a poison pill provision which requires all said Notes to be redeemed in silver if Congress ever decides to abolish it (subject to Congress amending that provision). At such time a $1 note should have the market value of one ounce of silver. In the meantime, the market has discounted such a possibility by valuing a $1 note to be the amount of silver that it will buy as the inverse of the current spot price per ounce.

Sources for any of this are welcome. Septentrionalis 00:15, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Clarify: Payment of a debt versus purchase of goods and services
Various unsourced edits have been reverted, including edits that resulted in the following erroneous passage:

 * Thus, U.S. Federal Reserve Notes are not a paper currency that is legal tender for the purchase of goods and services, as any vendor may refuse to accept them, according to the U.S. Treasury. Thus, U.S. Federal Reserve Notes are not legally backed by the goods and services of the U.S. economy.

Some of these statements are true and some are false; overall, the material does not follow logically from the material provided.

The statement that "U.S. Federal Reserve Notes are not legally backed by the goods and services of the U.S. economy," whether correct or not, has little to do with whether the Notes are a paper currency that is "legal tender for the purchase of goods and services." Likewise, the fact that a vendor may refuse to accept the Notes for the purchase of goods and services does not mean that the Notes are not legal tender for payment of debts.

The phrase "paper currency that is legal tender" relates to satisfaction (payment) of debts (pre-existing obligations), not purchase of goods and services (which instead involve contemporaneous exchanges). Yes, any vendor may refuse to accept cash in payment of goods and services, as documented in the link to the Treasury department web site. A payment of goods and services in this context means a contemporaneous exchange, such as buying a hamburger at McDonald's. This is not a "payment of a debt" for purposes of the term "legal tender."

By contrast, if you owe McDonald's ten thousand dollars for a bunch of hamburgers you bought at McDonald's "on credit" a long time ago, then a tender of Federal Reserve notes in payment of that pre-existing debt would be a legal tender, and McDonald's would probably have no realistic choice but to accept the cash.

In short, the "source" provided -- the Treasury web site -- is not really a valid source for the claim that was being made in the article. Yours, Famspear 23:51, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Explain William Windom and "$2 silver certificate"
Will somebody please explain this image, and the claims about it at William Windom. There is absolutely nothing about it in this article. Is this just a hoax somebody has foisted upon us? Gene Nygaard (talk) 17:59, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

If JFK signed EO 11110 for the US Treasury Dept. to print $4.29 Billion in Silver Certificates on June 4, 1963($2 and $5 notes), how can it also be abolished on the same date by congress? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_11110 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.236.164.192 (talk) 19:23, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

1935A blue seal W.A. Julian - Henry Morgenthau, Jr.
interested in finding the value of the $1 silver certificate 1935 a series with a blue seal circulated —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.149.176.226 (talk) 15:36, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

 * How much value is the dollar bill 2600:1012:B109:43F6:FD2D:5EEF:3612:6F85 (talk) 02:47, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

Star Notes
Why does the explanation given in this article for the "star note" differ entirely from the information given in the Star Note article? -- lowgenius  --   My Talk Page 04:17, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

I'm guessing it's because the person who edited it doesn't really know what a star note signifies. I'm just going to take that sentence out. It doesn't really add anything to the article, and as the article changes, it's no longer going to "line up" with the image, anyway. Almostfm (talk) 14:47, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Kennedy and EO 11110
Unless someone's got a good reason not to, I'm going to tweak the sentence about 11110 "authorizing the Treasury" to issue new silver certs. That's really not what it did--11110 just delegated the existing authority from the President to the Treasury Secretary. My hunch is that the intent of including the sentence was to imply that this was some new authority, which is wasn't. Almostfm (talk) 10:59, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

OK--after a year and a half (I forgot to make the change I suggested), I've modified the section.Almostfm (talk) 07:19, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

Image substitution
I substituted two higher resolution images for existing images. Please let me know if this is a problem. Thanks--Godot13 (talk) 06:50, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

Conversion to list?
I wondered if there would be any objection to converting this article into a list-class article (with the express intent of nominating it for FLC) that would feature a table with a complete type set of large (minus two notes represented by BEP proofs) and small size silver certificates (all 800dpi).-Godot13 (talk) 19:05, 21 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Just double-checking to make sure there's no objection/discussion needed before I start working offline to develop this.-Godot13 (talk) 05:59, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Conversion underway - lead restructured, some re-written, refs added. Tables with typeset added. Working on last sections (small size and end of certs).--Godot13 (talk) 23:04, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Conversion complete. Just tweaking now.-Godot13 (talk) 01:33, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

Title change
If there is no objection, I am going to change the title of the article to "Silver Certificate (United States)". Both the Republic of Hawaii and the Philippines issued a silver certificate and future articles may need the disambiguation.-Godot13 (talk) 04:54, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I have moved the article back to Silver certificate because there is no need to disambiguate the article until other articles with the same title are created; such articles might never be created. If such articles are created, I have no objections to the article title being disambiguated again, but the "C" in "certificate" should be lowercase, to be consistent with the usage in the article text. Neelix (talk) 16:39, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Neelix- These are the kinds of things that should be discussed on a talk page prior to execution. Doing so would have revealed that Silver certificate (Cuba) is nearly ready to be moved to article space. Could you please undo the move you have just done? Thanks.--Godot13 (talk) 17:59, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I would certainly be glad to do so once the Cuba article goes live. Thank you for letting me know about it. Neelix (talk) 18:02, 11 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Neelix - the article is live at Silver certificate (Cuba).--Godot13 (talk) 04:01, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

Small-size silver certificates
I'm not completely happy with part of this section, but I'm not quite sure how to word it.

The section "In some cases printing plates were used until they wore out, even though newer ones were also producing notes, so the sequencing of signatures may not always be chronological. Thus some of the 1935 dated dollar bills were released as late as 1963" is not technically accurate. The Series 1957 notes were the first to be printed on presses that could handle 32-subject plates. However, there weren't enough of the presses in place to handle $1 bill production, so they continued to use some of the 18 subject presses for the Series 1935 notes. By the time the Series 1963 notes were printed, there were enough to handle $1 production. The 18 subject presses continued to be used for higher denominations until the last one was replaced in 1968, so there were Series 1950 bills of $5-$100 in production along with Series 1963 bills on the new pressesAlmostfm (talk) 03:29, 15 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Later addition to the list. If you would like to rework that part, you are more than welcome. I'm happy to help. Thanks--Godot13 (talk) 03:40, 15 May 2014 (UTC)
 * OK, howzabout something like this: In 1957, the BEP began to install new presses capable of printing 32 notes on a sheet, and these were used to produce Series 1957 notes.  Because there weren't enough of the new presses for production of all $1 silver certificates, the older 18 subject presses continued to be used until 1963 to print Series 1935 bills.Almostfm (talk) 04:17, 15 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. I may tweak it (just a little) after it goes in. Do you have a reference source to cite? If not, give me a few days and I'll find one...-Godot13 (talk) 05:03, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

Courtesan Note
I've just come across a newly created article about one Helen Josephine Mansfield, which says (with a reference) that the 1891 U.S. $1,000 silver certificate, known as the Courtesan Note, depicts the image of a woman that was based on a photograph of her. However, this is not mentioned in this article. I don't feel comfortable fixing it myself, as I know almost nothing about either coinage or Ms. Mansfield. While trying to find more information about this, I came across this article on Wikicoins, which may or may not be useful. Graham 87 02:58, 12 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I'll do some research on this. The 1891 $1,000 note has never (within numismatics) widely been called the Courtesan Note. It has always colloquially been referred to as the Marcy note.--Godot13 (talk) 09:48, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Silver certificate (United States)


text:
Talk:BENlabs

Corbis Images
What Happened To All Of The Pictures That Were Displayed On The Official Website Of Corbis Images?Jackjohnson52183 (talk) 15:36, 9 September 2021 (UTC)jackjohnson52183

BEN Group becomes BENlabs
BEN Group is now BENlabs, reflecting its innovative use of AI to connect brands and creators with key audiences through engaged human attention https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ben-group-is-now-benlabs-reflecting-its-innovative-use-of-ai-to-connect-brands-and-creators-with-key-audiences-through-engaged-human-attention-301745942.html Lizzyveebee (talk) 03:15, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi @Lizzyveebee the source is a press release so not usable. S0091 (talk) 21:40, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:BENlabs


text:
Talk:Federal Reserve Bank Note

Untitled
I went to the bank today and asked about old currency and I got a series 1929 $20 Federal Reserve Bank Note. It is for the Federal Reserve Bank Of Chicago (Go Hawks!) and has the serial number of G0133342A. It says National Currency, not Federal Reserve Bank Note. Should we move the page?OttomanJackson 21:42, 3 June 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by OttomanJackson (talk • contribs)

Complete large and small size type set by denomination
I've added a type set from the Smithsonian Institution collection. If there is no objection, I would like to rework this stub-class article into a list-class article and see if it can be developed into a featured list.-Godot13 (talk) 05:49, 4 November 2013 (UTC)

POTD
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US-$1-FRBN-1918-Fr.713.jpg}} to appear as POTD soon
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title: Talk:Federal Reserve Bank Note


text:
Talk:National Bank Note

Cleanup
I've edited the article to remove some sweeping statements that a previous author made that lacked any citation and were subjective. While it is true that, by and large, the national bank system was not as stable as the Federal Reserve system, it is difficult to stand by comments such as "people did not trust the banks" without at least providing a citation. Also, there was a statement stating that the notes were only backed by the goodwill of the bank which I deleted, as they were backed by government bonds which the bank purchased.

--Bwryan2006 (talk) 18:33, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:37, 5 December 2019 (UTC)
 * National bank note for $5, issued by the National Bank of San Diego in 1913..JPG

Just to clarify
This article may need to be moved to National Bank Note (United States) or National Bank Note (USA) as Japanese national banknotes modeled after these notes were made. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 00:55, 14 January 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:National Bank Note


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Bulwell station

Bulwell station, previously known as Bulwell Market station, is a railway station and tram stop serving the town of Bulwell, in Nottinghamshire, England. It is located on the Robin Hood Line and the Hucknall branch of the Nottingham Express Transit (NET).

History
Bulwell station opened on 2 October 1848, with the opening of the Midland Railway's line from Nottingham to Mansfield. It was the first of several stations to serve Bulwell, including Bulwell Common, Bulwell Forest and Basford and Bulwell. On 11 August 1952 it was renamed Bulwell Market, in order to distinguish it from the other Bulwell stations. It was closed to passenger traffic, along with all the other stations on the line, in 1964, but the railway line itself was retained for goods traffic. In 1993, this line was reopened by British Rail to passenger traffic as part of the new Robin Hood Line, and, on 24 May 1994, the station reopened under its original name, the other Bulwell stations having closed in the meantime. In March 2004, the Nottingham Express Transit tram line opened on an alignment alongside the railway line. The station used to have 2 rail platforms, but the down platform was removed to make way for the Nottingham Express Transit tram stop.

The station used to have a PlusBus scheme where train and bus tickets could be bought together giving a saving on the cost of separate tickets. However this was withdrawn due to low usage. A Nottingham and Beeston Plusbus are still valid to Bulwell on buses and trams but cannot be bought for rail journeys starting/ending at Bulwell.

Rail
The railway has a single line and platform through the station, with the platform on the opposite side of the railway track from the tram stop. A footbridge links the railway platform with the tram stop, town centre and bus station, crossing both railway and tram tracks. To the south of the station, the line becomes double-track for the rest of its run towards Nottingham. To the north, only a single track is used as far as Kirkby-in-Ashfield station. Train services are operated by East Midlands Railway.

During the weekday off-peak and on Saturdays, the station is generally served by an hourly service northbound to Worksop and southbound to Nottingham. During the peak hours, the station is also served by an additional two trains per day between Nottingham and Mansfield Woodhouse.

On Sundays, the station is served by a two-hourly service between Nottingham and Mansfield Woodhouse, with no service to Worksop. Sunday services to Worksop are due to recommence at the station during the life of the East Midlands franchise.

Tram
The tram stop has an island platform, flanked by twin tram tracks. To the south the twin tracks continue to Highbury Vale tram stop and beyond, but to the north the line becomes single track as far as Bulwell Forest tram stop.

With the opening of NET's phase two, Bulwell is now on NET line 1, which runs from Hucknall through the city centre to Beeston and Chilwell. Trams run at frequencies that vary between 4 and 8 trams per hour, depending on the day and time of day.

title: Bulwell station


text:
Talk:Mecklermedia

Jupiter Images stock photos are not for use on Wikipedia
In case any future editors are wondering, the images on the Jupiterimages website are very restricted legally, have not been licensed under the GFDL or released into the public domain, and cannot be copied and pasted over to Wikipedia to illustrate articles. This came up yesterday with a Getty Images stock photo. Tempshill 23:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Alan Meckler has weighed in on what he thinks of this article
http://weblogs.jupitermedia.com/meckler/archives/017880.html

(Cbarthold 11:21, 21 August 2007 (UTC))

I have added a note to the page, because I think the dispute is irrelevant and should be mostly eliminated and shortened. I work with Jupiter on a conference, so did not want to make the change myself. Note added to page - delete when updated.

I believe the below, and some of the above, should be edited for length, style, and relevancy. I did not do so because I do a conference with Jupitermedia and prefer to avoid the controversy about whether those with an interest should edit. I urge any neutral editor who sees this page to improve it, and have posted this to a forum as well. I have included my email in the history and will be glad to provide information. I strongly strongly support Wikipedia and use it regularly. db

My suggested change would shorten the bits about particular items in Jupiter's past. I believe the issues are appropriate and as far as I know factual, and hence appropriate to include in Wikipedia. But I do not think they should dominate an article about a large public company that has a substantial history on the Internet. I therefore think they should be reduced to short bits and made neutral.

Happy to provide information and/or connect people with sources. Dave Burstein email daveb dslprime.com  —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Daveberstein (talk • contribs).

 * I completely agree. Have condensed it. Will be interesting to see if these edits hold. I was surprised that the other material in this section was referenced to blogs -- which the policies and guidelines consider to be unacceptable as sources. TimidGuy 16:36, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

 * WEIRD!!! I just went to Amazon and did a search for Mecklermedia and Jupitermedia in the book Cluetrain Manifesto. Not a mention of either. Will delete the info in this article that references that book. TimidGuy 14:50, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mecklermedia


text:
Talk:Ghaychak

spelling?
I see three potential spellings on this page: ghaychak, gaychak, and geychak. Which one is correct? --Alynna 23:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Because it's a transliteration from persian (which use the arabic script), there tend to be more then one spelling. I did a google search and got the following number of hits:

 * ghaychak: 46
 * gaychak: 16
 * geychak: 26

 * which is why I chose the first

 * --Marc pasquin 00:40, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, that makes sense. I'm fine with any spelling, I'm just looking for consistency.  Shall I change the others to match then? --Alynna 00:44, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * sure, sorry for my typos.--Marc pasquin 03:04, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Can't it also be spelled "gheychak"? 173.89.236.187 (talk) 15:28, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Aijieke be merged into Ghaychak. They are the same thing, and the Uyghur wikipedia غىجەك linked to Ghaychak. --Hahahaha哈 (talk) 14:34, 29 April 2016 (UTC).

 * Support. They seem to be the same instrument, or very closely related. Jo L was here (talk) 10:43, 22 May 2016 (UTC)

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Chemical clock

A chemical clock (or clock reaction) is a complex mixture of reacting chemical compounds in which the onset of an observable property (discoloration or coloration) occurs after a predictable induction time due to the presence of clock species at a detectable amount. In cases where one of the reagents has a visible color, crossing a concentration threshold can lead to an abrupt color change after a reproducible time lapse.

Types
Clock reactions may be classified into three or four types:

Substrate-depletive clock reaction
The simplest clock reaction featuring two reactions:

 * A → C (rate k1)
 * B + C → products (rate k2, fast)

When substrate (B) is present, the clock species (C) is quickly consumed in the second reaction. Only when substrate B is all used up or depleted, species C can build up in amount causing the color to change. An example for this clock reaction is the sulfite/iodate reaction or iodine clock reaction, also known as Landolt's reaction.

Sometimes, a clock reaction involves the production of intermediate species in three consecutive reactions.

 * P + Q → R
 * R + Q → C
 * P + C → 2R

Given that Q is in excess, when substrate (P) is depleted, C builds up resulting in the change in color.

Autocatalysis-driven clock reaction
The basis of the reaction is similar to substrate-depletive clock reaction, except for the fact that rate k2 is very slow leading to the co-existing of substrates and clock species, so there is no need for substrate to be depleted to observe the change in color. The example for this clock is pentathionate/iodate reaction.

Pseudoclock behavior
The reactions in this category behave like a clock reaction, however they are irreproducible, unpredictable and hard to control. Examples are chlorite/thiosulfate and iodide/chlorite reactions.

Crazy clock reaction
The reaction is irreproducible in each run due to the initial inhomogeneity of the mixture which result from variation in stirring rate, overall volume as well as geometry of the reactors. Repeating the reaction in the statistically meaningful manners leads to the reproducible cumulative probability distribution curve. The example for this clock is iodate/arsenous acid reaction.

One reaction may fall into more than one classification above depending on the circumstance. For example, iodate−arsenous acid reaction can be substrate-depletive clock reaction, autocatalysis-driven clock reaction and crazy clock reaction.

Examples
One class of example is the iodine clock reactions, in which an iodine species is mixed with redox reagents in the presence of starch. After a delay, a dark blue color suddenly appears due to the formation of a triiodide-starch complex.

Additional reagents can be added to some chemical clocks to build a chemical oscillator. For example, the Briggs–Rauscher reaction is derived from an iodine clock reaction by adding perchloric acid, malonic acid and manganese sulfate.

title: Chemical clock


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kounamouta

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE as virtually empty page.  Rob e  rt  23:55, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Kounamouta
Fancruft. -- howcheng  [ talk • contribs • web ] 23:45, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as an extremely short article with little or no context. Pburka 04:06, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy (as above). --Cel e stianpower hablamé 10:51, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Junior colleges

A junior college is a post-secondary educational institution where students typically attend for 1–3 years. The exact role and definition vary from country to country.

title: Category:Junior colleges


text:
Tartrate

A tartrate is a salt or ester of the organic compound tartaric acid, a dicarboxylic acid. The formula of the tartrate dianion is O−OC-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-COO− or C4H4O62−.

The main forms of tartrates used commercially are pure crystalline tartaric acid used as an acidulant in non-alcoholic drinks and foods, cream of tartar used in baking, and Rochelle salt, commonly used in electroplating solutions.

As food additives
As food additives, tartrates are used as antioxidants, acidity regulators, and emulsifiers. Examples include
 * sodium tartrates (E335)
 * monosodium tartrate
 * sodium tartrate
 * sodium ammonium tartrate the compound through which Louis Pasteur discovered chirality
 * potassium tartrates (E336)
 * potassium bitartrate (monopotassium tartrate, cream of tartar)
 * potassium tartrate
 * potassium sodium tartrate (E337)
 * calcium tartrate (E354, used as emulsifier)
 * stearyl tartrate (E483, used as emulsifier)

In wine
In wine, tartrates are the harmless crystalline deposits that separate from wines during fermentation and aging. The principal component of this deposit is potassium bitartrate, a potassium salt of tartaric acid. Small amounts of pulp debris, dead yeast, and precipitated phenolic materials such as tannins make up the impurities contaminating the potassium acid tartrate.

The wine industry is the only source of commercial tartrates, and the crystalline encrustations left inside fermentation vessels are regularly scraped off and purified for commercial use.

Tartrates separate from new wines because they are less soluble in alcohol than in non-alcoholic grape juice. The exact figures vary according to variety and region, but approximately half of the tartrate soluble in grape juice is insoluble in wine. The problem is that the tartrate may remain in a supersaturated state after bottling, only to crystallize at some unpredictable later time.

Tartrates precipitated in red wine usually take on some red pigment and are commonly dismissed as mere sediment; in white wines they can look alarmingly like shards of glass. The modern wine industry has decided that tartrate stabilization is preferable to consumer education.

As concrete admixture
Tartrate is also used as a retarder to delay the setting time of concrete when temperature is too high.

title: Tartrate


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kushehnooney

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Rob Church Talk 02:20, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Kushehnooney
NN band. Does not meet requirements per WP:NMG. -- howcheng  [ talk • contribs • web ] 23:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --JJay 00:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - looks very non-notable to me. Doesn't seem to meet WP:MUSIC criteria. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 10:55, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Driftuk

Please keep in mind Wikipedia is not a web directory. External links to articles should be information that is an extension of the content of the article, i.e. in an ideal world content that should be merged into the article. --fvw *  23:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Driftuk


text:
Estadio Único Diego Armando Maradona

The Estadio Único Diego Armando Maradona (Unique Diego Armando Maradona Stadium, formerly Estadio Ciudad de La Plata) is a multi-purpose stadium located in Tolosa, La Plata Partido, next to the city of La Plata, Argentina. It is also known popularly as the Estadio Único (One-of-a kind Stadium) and is owned by Buenos Aires Province, administered jointly by the provincial government, the Municipality of La Plata, and the football clubs Estudiantes de La Plata and Gimnasia y Esgrima de la Plata.

Opened on June 7, 2003, the stadium was considered "the most modern of Latin America", even without having completed all of the planned construction. Its tenants include Estudiantes LP whose own stadium, the Estadio Jorge Luis Hirschi, was declared unsafe in 2005, and Gimnasia y Esgrima LP. Gimnasia returned to their original stadium (Estadio Juan Carmelo Zerillo) in mid-2008.

It is located between 32nd and 526th avenues, 25 Street and 21. These fields also contain a small rugby union stadium and a center for Physical Education, which tend to be intercollegiate events with schools in the area, such as the school No. 31, better known as the Saint Martin Commercial.

Beginnings
The idea of the project began in 1947 when Governor Domingo Mercante expropriated the property located at the junction of Roads 32 and 25 and formed the La Plata Sports Complex.

In 1972, La Plata was to be a candidate to host matches in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. The Government of Argentina called for project competitive bids to construct a "unique stadium" in the city. It would be built in a municipal land situated near Ringuelet train station, adding other lands to be expropriated. The government choose the project presented by Antonini-Schon-Zemborain, nevertheless it would never carried out.

In 1989, after a meeting between the Buenos Aires Province Government and the Municipality of La Plata's, Estudiantes and Gimnasia, created a committee to build and manage a complex dedicated entirely to the practice of football and other sports.

Thus, after reviewing several alternatives, the construction of the stadium was proposed to take place in the area of the Center for Physical Education No. 2. This determined as the most accessible area for a stadium in La Plata. In January 1992 it was signed into law 11118, which established the construction site.

Construction
On April 21, 1992, the Estadio Ciudad de La Plata Foundation was established, which was an institution composed equally of representatives from Estudiantes and Gimnasia. The College of Architects and Engineers held a meeting in April 1993 to choose an architectural proposal. It was awarded to Roberto Ferreira & Associates.

In 1996 a permit was given by the Executive Branch that awarded the provincial administration the right to begin construction the following year. The Executive Unit called for public tenders for the job.

A year later they began building the supports for the roof. And in 1998, the governor Eduardo Duhalde and the Mayor of La Plata, Julio Alak, laid the first stone to begin the construction of the stadium.

The works also detained foir trade union and economic problems in 2000, so ad with Eduardo Duhalde as President of the Nation, called for a new tender for the allocation of investment with a view to its installation in May 2003.

Opening and events
The stadium opened on June 7, 2003. The stadium was temporarily closed to convert it into an all-seater stadium, and to install a new roof intended to cover all seats. Work had gone ahead of schedule and the roof was finished before the end of February. The stadium was officially reopened on February 17, 2011, and its first match was played six days later between Estudiantes and Deportes Tolima for the Group 7 of the 2011 Copa Libertadores.

The stadium has since become a significant venue for musicians on tour. Over 300,000 tickets to such events at the stadium were sold in 2011, ranking the La Plata Stadium fifth worldwide in performing events tickets sold.

After the death of Diego Maradona in November 2020, the stadium was named "Estadio Único Diego Maradona" to honor the legend. In the same way, one of its grandstands was named "Alejandro Sabella " to honor one of the most notable players from the city.

Friendly matches
The stadium has hosted at least two friendly matches featuring the national team.

2011 Copa América
The stadium was confirmed as one of seven venues to host the 2011 Copa América in Argentina including the opening game. La Plata ended up hosting a total of six matches.

2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup
The stadium was confirmed as one of four venues to host the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup including the final.

The Rugby Championship
The stadium has also hosted a number of rugby matches between the Argentina and the New Zealand as part of The Rugby Championship, which Argentina joined in 2012.

title: Estadio Único Diego Armando Maradona


text:
Talk:Series of 1928 (United States Currency)

1928 one dallor
I was just wondering about my 1928 dollar I can't seem to find anywhere on the net can you help me and tell me if it's rare it's a Washington b series serial number B24008690 2600:1012:B1BE:472C:ECBF:C3A1:2885:65B3 (talk) 00:52, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not the place to ask for such information. Instead, try a dedicated numismatic forum such as this. -  ZLEA  T \ C 14:43, 22 September 2022 (UTC)


text:
Talk:The Entombment of Christ or Deposition from the Cross (Caravaggio)

Merger
I agree that this work could be merged, at least for the moment. Aaron Jethro 23:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

I agree. --Caravaggisti 02:09, 15 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Graphical Data Display Manager

GDDM (Graphical Data Display Manager) is a computer graphics system for the IBM System/370 which was developed in IBM's Hursley lab, and first released in 1979. GDDM was originally designed to provide programming support for the IBM 3279 colour display terminal and the associated 3287 colour printer. The 3279 was a colour graphics terminal designed to be used in a general business environment.

GDDM was extended in the early 1980s to provide graphics support for all of IBM's display terminals and printers, and ran on all of IBM's mainframe operating systems.

GDDM also provided support for the (then current) international standards for interactive computer graphics: GKS and PHIGS. Both GKS and PHIGS were designed around the requirements of CAD systems.

GDDM is also available on the IBM i midrange operating system, as well as its predecessor, the AS/400.

GDDM comprises a number of components:

 * Graphics primitives - lines, circles, boxes etc.
 * Graphing - through the Presentation Graphics Feature (PGF)
 * Language support - PL/I, REXX, COBOL etc.
 * Conversion capabilities - for example to GIF format.
 * Interactive Chart Utility (ICU).

GDDM remains in widespread use today, embedded in many z/OS applications, as well as in system programs.

GDDM and OS/2 Presentation Manager
IBM and Microsoft began collaborating on the design of OS/2 in 1986. The Graphics Presentation Interface (GPI), the graphics API in the OS/2 Presentation Manager, was based on IBM's GDDM and the Graphics Control Program (GCP). GCP was originally developed in Hursley for the 3270/PC-G and 3270/PC-GX terminals.

The GPI was the primary graphics API for the OS/2 operating system.

At the time (1980s), the graphical user interface (GUI) was still in its early stages of popularity, but already it was clear that the foundation of a good GUI was a graphics API with strong real-time interactive capabilities. Unfortunately, the design of GDDM was closer to (at the time) traditional graphics APIs like GKS, which made it unsuited for more than the simplest interactive uses.

Microsoft and IBM went their separate ways in 1991. Microsoft continued development of its Windows operating environment with Graphics Device Interface (GDI) graphics API. IBM continued with OS/2 for several more years.

title: Graphical Data Display Manager


text: Category:People from Campeche

title: Category:People from Campeche


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ramirez gang (2nd nomination)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was   speedy delete. Speedy deleted as A7 in 2007. :) · Salvidrim!  ·  ✉  20:59, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Ramirez gang
There is no link showing evidence on this gang. I can't seem to find any.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sroda Slaska

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – Jitse Niesen (talk) 23:47, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Sroda Slaska
advertisement  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   23:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn.--Alhutch 00:40, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please use full words as many newbies know not of the meaning of "nn". --Cel e stianpower hablamé 10:53, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - advertisment, pure and simple. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 10:53, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Obvious linkspam, even after I removed the external link. Speedy, and no prejudice against a later rewrite on the city in Poland. —Cryptic (talk) 13:11, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Donald Fletcher

Donald George Fletcher (September 29, 1849 - January 2, 1929) was a real estate tycoon in Colorado in the late 19th century.

Early life and education
Fletcher was born in Cobourg, Ontario, Canada. His family moved to Chicago, Il when he was a child. He later attended New York University, Knox College, and Union Seminary, training as a Presbyterian minister.

Career
In 1879, at the age of 30, he moved to Colorado for health reasons, most likely to find relief from tuberculosis. He went on to become wealthy in the real estate business in Denver.

In 1890 he allegedly co-founded a town called Fletcher on the plains east of Denver around Colfax Avenue with partners Thomas Hayden and Charles Dickenson. When the 1893 Silver Crash came, Fletcher lost his fortune and moved to Cripple Creek, Colorado, selling his shares in Fletcher to Hayden and Dickenson in October 1893, leaving Fletcher residents with bond payments for non-existent water. Without a stable source of water, the town of Fletcher nearly met its demise, and the owners petitioned Denver for annexation in vain.

However, the town endured, and was renamed Aurora in 1907 by a vote of the town citizens.

Death and legacy
He died in San Leandro, California.

The town site of Fletcher is now known as the "Original Aurora", the northwest corner of Colorado's third-largest city. Today a square in the heart of Original Aurora is named "Fletcher Plaza", and includes a sunken garden and tree-lined sitting area.

The Donald Fletcher House at 1575 Grant Street in Denver, Colorado, was torn down in the 1960s to make way for an office building that was never built. The former art gallery is all that remains.

title: Donald Fletcher


text: Talk:Continental Dollar

title: Talk:Continental Dollar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daniel Lamey

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:29, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Daniel Lamey
Not a real author. I'd send it to speedy under A7 but it asserts notability, even though it's not true. -- howcheng  [ talk • contribs • web ] 23:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per nom.    Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   00:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Only 131 Google results for "Daniel Lamey" and no results on front page result to the author cited see . Severe notability and verifiability problems with this article. Capitalistroadster 00:57, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above.--Gaff talk 00:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete this nonsense. --JJay 01:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "Saskkatchewan, Nova England, Great Canada" wha? Unless I woke up in an alternate dimension this morning, that qualifies as patent nonsense. Speedy this crap. Bearcat 07:47, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Trade dollar

See Talk:Trade Dollar for the reason for the reverts.--293.xx.xxx.xx 11:03, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 The following discussion was moved from Talk:Trade Dollar. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 08:47, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Trade Dollar and Trade dollar
There should not be two pages, Trade Dollar and Trade dollar. I don't know if one of them should be renamed to United States trade dollar or if they should be merged. Does anyone who is more interested in the topic want to fix it? Ingrid 23:37, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Trade Dollar and Trade dollar will cover the general broad term for any coin used in International Trade. Trade Dollar (USA) will cover the coin made by the United States from 1873 to 1885. That should clear up the confusion.--293.xx.xxx.xx 10:59, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The first article will be at trade dollar, not at Trade Dollar, per our capitalisation guidelines. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 12:47, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Waitaminute, one of your edits are gonna throw off some planned expansion articles on the Trade Dollar. This is why I labelled the US Trade Dollar as Trade Dollar (USA), because I already have information on the Japanese Trade Dollar (planned title of Trade Dollar (Japan)), which i'm currently assembling off of Wikipedia. --293.xx.xxx.xx 22:20, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Do we really need the plug for the grading service of the coin on the main page? The specific grade of the coin and the company that encapsulated it has nothing to do with this article, please remove. ~Odin1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Odin1 (talk • contribs) 08:08, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

¶ I am baffled by the second sentence "Business strikes ended in ... (a year midway in the period the trade dollar was being issued)". What does this mean? What business? Do strikes mean work stoppages or the stamping out of coins? Someone please rewrite that sentence! Sussmanbern (talk) 00:52, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Better? :-)  Bobby  I'm Here, Are You There? 02:03, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

Sam
"Collectors are warned that recently a large number of U.S. Trade dollars have been forged in China."

This "buyer beware" warning is most welcoming to collectors. But this warning must be substantiated by evidence what the authentic and the fake looks like. Differences typically such as mint, year, design, quality of relief or metal, weight and size, color or even ring sound, must be pointed out to load the dice above.

Otherwise the allegation is a paradigm of "give a dog a bad name ..." crap often hurled by dealers and losers in the direction of China in a trade war that started with gunboats loaded with opium in the mid-1800s in light of the new China century. The corollary held by dealers is "mine is real and prized; others forged and garbage".

To be fair. I myself have personally come across a .999 shining white silver proof quality of a Britannia Straits Dollar. Is this reproduction a fake? Is this a good enough evidence to hang China when the coin is put for sale at $100 by a Chinese dealer in Toronto or San Francisco Chinatown?

Coins afterall is man-made, reproduction is not at all impossible. Is coin forging as easy as making fortune cookies or photocopies of banknotes in the basement of New York Chinatown?

Sam — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.31.17.135 (talk) 20:58, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trade dollar


text: User talk:71.51.75.150

title: User talk:71.51.75.150


text:
User:Tempshill/picwork

Questionable pictures that should be revisited in a few days
Here are some pictures that haven't had a license tag included, are orphans, or both, and should be re-examined in a few days for probable deletion.

title: User:Tempshill/picwork


text: Talk:Eisenhower Centennial silver dollar


text:
User:Maelwys

My Bio
I am an IT Online Instructor for the Academy of Learning. Originally from Markham, Ontario, Canada, I've recently moved to Ajax, Ontario. I also do a lot of volunteer work for Decipher, Inc., representing them to the retailers and players they work with. I play and have given demos for every single one of their collectible card games and role-playing games.

Interests

 * Star Trek
 * Computers
 * Computer Programming

Hobbies

 * Dungeons & Dragons
 * Star Trek RPG
 * Lord of the Rings RPG
 * Star Trek CCG
 * Lord of the Rings TCG
 * World of Warcraft

Wikiprojects Joined

 * Star Trek
 * Dragonlance

Articles Started

 * John McDermott (singer)
 * List of Dragonlance artifacts
 * Template:Charmed

Articles I Have Substantially Edited

 * Decipher, Inc.
 * Star Trek RPG (Decipher)
 * Grand & Toy
 * Charmed
 * Erin Davis
 * The Second City

title: User:Maelwys


text:
Massachusetts Library Association

The Massachusetts Library Association (MLA) is the Massachusetts, United States professional library association that "advocates for libraries, librarians, and library staff, defends intellectual freedom, and provides a forum for leadership, communication, professional development, and networking to keep libraries vital." MLA publishes standards for library services to Massachusetts children and young adults. MLA sponsors an annual conference, as well as continuing education programs and organizational reports of interest. The current President of MLA is Esme Green, Director of the Goodnow Library in Sudbury.

History
MLA was founded in 1890 as the "Massachusetts Library Club". The gavel that has been passed down from president to president is said to be made from the wood of the USS Constitution. The MLA had a committee called The Art Club that created sets of photographs for travelling art exhibits that would rotate through Massachusetts member and associate libraries as early as 1900.

In 1962 MLA's Intellectual Freedom Committee gave testimony before the Massachusetts Obscene Literature Control Commission opposing the suppression of Henry Miller's book Tropic of Cancer supporting Massachusetts residents' freedom to read.

Publications
MLA has acted as both a publisher of authors such as Robert Frost as well as an author on many state standards for library services to different populations.
 * Books We Like: Sixty-two Answers to the Question...
 * Standards for Public Library Services to Children in Massachusetts
 * Standards for Public Library Services to Young Adults in Massachusetts
 * Bay State Libraries, the MLA newsletter published quarterly (January, April, July, and October), focuses on items of interest to the association and to Massachusetts librarians in general.
 * The MLA has developed a Library Use Value Calculator spreadsheet, which is used by many libraries throughout the United States.

Committees

 * Conference Committee
 * Intellectual Freedom and Social Responsibilities Committee
 * Jordan Miller Committee (annual storytelling program)
 * Leadership and Management Section
 * Legislative Committee
 * Library Information Technologies Section
 * Membership Committee
 * Personnel & Education Committee
 * Public Relations Committee

Sections

 * Technical Services Section
 * Paralibrarian Section
 * Youth Services Section

Affiliated organizations

 * Massachusetts Friends of Libraries (MFOL)
 * Massachusetts Library Trustees Association
 * The Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners (MBLC)
 * Massachusetts School Library Association (MSLA)
 * American Library Association (ALA) (See also: Wikipedia article on the American Library Association)
 * New England Library Association (NELA)
 * Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL)

title: Massachusetts Library Association


text: User talk:69.251.208.74

title: User talk:69.251.208.74


text:
User talk:Toolshed

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --fvw *  23:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Blocked indefinitely. --fvw *  23:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Toolshed


text:
Talk:Eisenhower dollar

still around
Does anyone know do these coins still get used to buy things? 65.167.146.130 (talk) 21:39, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

They are legal tender, and not of great collectors value (particularly if circulated), but I have not seen one of these used in circulation in years. You can get them at a reasonable price from a coin dealer.--RLent (talk) 19:55, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * According to the Operating Circular number 2 of the Federal Reserve Bank, they may be ordered by banks from the FRB in lots of 1000, subject to availabilty. Also, banks still have some sitting around.  --- W5WMW (talk) 01:02, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Questions about a rare coin:
These questions are for anyone who knows about the "type two" 1776-1976 Bicentennial Eisenhower dollar with no mint stamp on them.

I don't know much about coins but I have just begun research about this coin I've had for years. I have found only one article online specifically about the description and history of my coin. It also states that this coin is said to be an extremely rear modern coin because only one other is said to exist. Which is owned by a collector.

coin history
From the website I read, there were four different designs (all very similar of course). The first category, "type one", is two designs. The very first Bicentennial coin classified as a "Type one" came out in 1974, two years before their release into circulation. The very first ones did not feature a mint mark, these, according to the article I read, were used as proof coins, first examples waiting for approval by the U.S. president and other officials destroyed later on. The first ones also featured bolder letters as opposed to "type two". The second design in the "Type one" category is exactly the same as the first except these did feature an "S" (for San Francisco Mint) mint mark and were released into circulation.

The next year in 1975, the coin was modified, thus creating the "type two" category. The "type two" designs were very similar to the "type one" designs. The only differences were that "type two" coins featured a thinner and softer lettering on the reverse side reading the usual UNITED STATES OF AMERICA * ONE DOLLAR as opposed to the bolder letters of the "type one" designs. The first "type two" coins did not contain mint marks and the second coins, meant for circulation, did have "S" marks.

Questions and historical significance
The first coins in the "type two" category are the ones in question. (The coins with the modified inscription on the reverse side and without a mint mark) I should also mention the initials of the chief engraver Frank Gasparro or "FG" on the neck of President Ike's head. The initials feature, from what I could tell, was not on the other dollar coins. In the article I read, it stated that there is no record for their creation and is not known why they were made. The article did say they were not counterfeit though. However, collectors and historians assumed they were meant for the same purpose as the "type one" proof coins, to be authorized by President Ford and U.S. Mint officials. In the article it said only one is known to exist these days as most of the coins without an "S" mark were destroyed upon their authorization for circulation.

(I got 9 Eisenhower Dollars when I requested $1 coins at the bank today. The Bicentennial coins (4 of them) have "FG" on the neck of Eisenhower and "DRW" below the Liberty Bell on the obverse.  The one 1977 also has "FG" on the neck of Eisenhower, whereas the 1974 does not have the "FG". -- dave.kepley-g-mail)

The one coin known to exist was found in 1977 at a shop somewhere, apparently spent by a U.S. Mint employee who did not realize it was different from the other Eisenhower dollars actually meant for circulation (According to the article). Finally the rare coin ended up in the said collector's hands, a Mitchell something. The article had photographs of the extremely rare coin which is exactly identical to the one that I have. I know the history can be pretty confusing and hard to explain at times.

I just wanted to know if my coin is truly the same as the "one of a kind" coin owned by the collector or if I am mistaken?

I was also curious to know how valuable this coin may be, being that only two are known to exist.

Thanks for taking the time to read all of this mess. I also think all of the above information should be added to this wikipedia article, depending on if the source I found it from is reliable.--Az81964444 (talk) 05:16, 17 December 2009 (UTC)
 * There are several varities of the 76 Bicentennial Ike. The first general distinction is there are two different metals that the coins were made of that year, copper-nickel clad and silver clad. The type two variety you speak of is the difference in the size and style of the letters on the reverse of the coin. Each of the three different mints and metal configurations had type one and type two lettering. On regular business strike coins neither type is rare, however there is a unique p mint proof type two eisnhower dollar that was found in a cash register(i am unsure if it is silver clad or copper-nickel clad). There were also four special presentation sets made that differed from the regular issue. Once i dig out my Red Book i can give you more information.XavierGreen (talk) 00:01, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Composition
. . . it has the same amount of copper-nickel as two Kennedy half dollars, four Washington quarters, ten Roosevelt dimes, or twenty Jefferson nickels.

Definitely needs a cite or explanation. Doesn't make sense at first, seeing as the nickel is solid 75% Cu, 25% Ni, while the larger denominations are a jacket of 75% Cu, 25% Ni around a 100% Cu core. 24.23.245.29 (talk) 04:43, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

silver dollar
I have a silver dollar that is about 5 1/2 inches in diameter. It looks exactly like a regular liberty coin dated 1878 with 13 stars and E Pluribus Unum on one side and an eagle on the other I cant seem to find what the dollar amount is worth I have never seen a coin this large anyone have any ideas? 65.28.66.174 (talk) 03:05, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
 * It is probably not silver. Does it look like Morgan dollar?  I advise you to take it to a reputable coin dealer if you need an expert opinion.  "Coins" that size are usually novelties, though I see more commonly present-day coins enlarged in that manner.--Wehwalt (talk) 10:21, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 *  Bfpage  let's talk... 14:44, 3 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eisenhower dollar


text:
Talk:Half cent (United States coin)

Nicknames
Was this coin ever referred to by the nickname for the British analogue, ha'penny? --Xyzzyva 03:15, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

I have never seen or heard it referred to as such in any modern numismatic literature. MatthewM (talk) 22:07, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Everyone I know calls them "heypennies"...2601:806:4301:C100:715E:F0D4:544A:F17B (talk) 23:02, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

Really worth a dime?
The article mentions how the coin is similar in worth to the current dime. How true is that though? I've heard plenty of stories (accurate ones) of items like a whole pizza costing 5 to 10 cents. That's 10 to 20 half-cent coins. You certainly can not buy a pizza for $1-2. So is it really similar in worth to a dime? Not sure I agree with that. Seems more like the worth in the range of $0.50-$1 than anything else.

10:44, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Even low grade specimens for relatively common half cents are worth around $25 or more. MatthewM (talk) 22:04, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

MatthewM: the issue isn't current collectors-value. It's a question of how much purchasing power the coin had. 128.197.11.28 (talk) 15:44, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

sorry for accidently reverting your edits I still need to get used to the huggle update

Alexnia (T) @ 09:46, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * What years are the comparison suppose to be? 1843 and 2004, 1799-1976 etc it should be deleted if no reference is provided. Enlil Ninlil (talk) 04:21, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Wasn't it produced after 1857? Seems I saw the New York Times priced at a half-cent in the 1890s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.16.198.152 (talk) 07:44, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

Due to rising copper costs and unpopularity, the mint stopped production in 1857. --Coingeek (talk) 01:48, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

No half cents-1837?
I know there were none in 1837, but I read in The Red Book that merchants issued private tokens in 1837, should this be in the article, and is it possible to obtain a picture of it? --Coingeek (talk) 01:48, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Thickness=???
Really? Does no one know how thick a half-cent coin is?98.101.136.218 (talk) 20:11, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Thickness at 20 mm? This has to be a typo! No way this coin as as thick as it is wide.75.250.152.180 (talk) 00:25, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Stub Tag
Does this article qualify as a stub? it is very light in content. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.163.58.231 (talk) 01:53, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

5 Mill = 1/2 cent
Should the two articles be connected in some way?--Ant2242 (talk) 18:26, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Half cent (United States coin)


text: User talk:69.55.136.174

title: User talk:69.55.136.174