text:
Harmonic balance

Harmonic balance is a method used to calculate the steady-state response of nonlinear differential equations, and is mostly applied to nonlinear electrical circuits. It is a frequency domain method for calculating the steady state, as opposed to the various time-domain steady-state methods. The name "harmonic balance" is descriptive of the method, which starts with Kirchhoff's Current Law written in the frequency domain and a chosen number of harmonics. A sinusoidal signal applied to a nonlinear component in a system will generate harmonics of the fundamental frequency. Effectively the method assumes a linear combination of sinusoids can represent the solution, then balances current and voltage sinusoids to satisfy Kirchhoff's law. The method is commonly used to simulate circuits which include nonlinear elements, and is most applicable to systems with feedback in which limit cycles occur.

Microwave circuits were the original application for harmonic balance methods in electrical engineering. Microwave circuits were well-suited because, historically, microwave circuits consist of many linear components which can be directly represented in the frequency domain, plus a few nonlinear components. System sizes were typically small. For more general circuits, the method was considered impractical for all but these very small circuits until the mid-1990s, when Krylov subspace methods were applied to the problem. The application of preconditioned Krylov subspace methods allowed much larger systems to be solved, both in the size of the circuit and in the number of harmonics. This made practical the present-day use of harmonic balance methods to analyze radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs).

Example
Consider the differential equation $$\ddot x + x^3 = 0$$. We use the ansatz solution $$x = A \cos(\omega t)$$, and plugging in, we obtain $$-A\omega^2 \cos(\omega t) + A^3 \frac 14 (\cos(3\omega t) + 3\cos(\omega t) ) = 0.$$

Then by matching the $$\cos(\omega t)$$ terms, we have $$\omega = \sqrt{\frac 34} A$$, which yields approximate period $$T = \frac{2\pi}{\omega} \approx \frac{7.2552}{A}$$.

For a more exact approximation, we use ansatz solution $$x = A_1 \cos(\omega t) + A_3 \cos(3\omega t)$$. Plugging these in and matching the $$\cos(\omega t)$$, $$\cos(3\omega t)$$ terms, we obtain after routine algebra: $$\omega = \sqrt{\frac 34} A_1 \sqrt{1 + y + 2y^2}, \quad y = A_3/A_1, \quad 51y^3 + 27 y^2 + 21 y - 1 = 0.$$

The cubic equation for $$y$$ has only one real root $$y \approx 0.0448$$. With that, we obtain an approximate period $$T = \frac{2\pi(1+y)}{\sqrt{\frac 34} A \sqrt{1 + y + 2y^2}} \approx \frac{7.402}{A}$$Thus we approach the exact solution $$T = 7.4163\cdots/A$$.

Algorithm
The harmonic balance algorithm is a special version of Galerkin's method. It is used for the calculation of periodic solutions of autonomous and non-autonomous differential-algebraic systems of equations. The treatment of non-autonomous systems is slightly simpler than the treatment of autonomous ones. A non-autonomous DAE system has the representation

0=F(t,x,\dot x) $$ with a sufficiently smooth function $$F:\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{C}^n\times\mathbb{C}^n\rightarrow\mathbb{C}^n$$ where $$n$$ is the number of equations and $$t,x,\dot x$$ are placeholders for time, the vector of unknowns, and the vector of time derivatives.

The system is non-autonomous if the function $$t\in\mathbb{R}\mapsto F(t,x,\dot x)$$ is not constant for (some) fixed $$x$$ and $$\dot x$$. Nevertheless, we require that there is a known excitation period $$T>0$$ such that $$t\in\mathbb{R}\mapsto F(t,x,\dot x)$$ is $$T$$-periodic.

A natural candidate set for the $$T$$-periodic solutions of the system equations is the Sobolev space $$H^1_{\rm per}((0,T),\mathbb{C}^n)$$ of weakly differentiable functions on the interval $$[0,T]$$ with periodic boundary conditions $$x(0)=x(T)$$. We assume that the smoothness and the structure of $$F$$ ensures that $$F(t,x(t),\dot x(t))$$ is square-integrable for all $$x\in H^1_{\rm per}((0,T),\mathbb{C}^n)$$.

The system $$B:=\left\{\psi_k \mid k\in\mathbb{Z}\right\}$$ of harmonic functions $$\psi_k:=\exp\left(i k\frac{2\pi t}{T}\right)$$ is a Schauder basis of $$H^1_{\rm per}((0,T),\mathbb{C}^n)$$ and forms a Hilbert basis of the Hilbert space $$H:=L^2([0,T],\mathbb{C})$$ of square-integrable functions. Therefore, each solution candidate $$x\in H^1_{\rm per}((0,T),\mathbb{C}^n)$$ can be represented by a Fourier-series $$x(t)=\sum_{k=-\infty}^\infty \hat x_k \exp\left(i k\frac{2\pi t}{T}\right) $$ with Fourier-coefficients $$\hat x_k:=\frac1T\int_0^T\psi^*_k(t)\cdot x(t)dt$$ and the system equation is satisfied in the weak sense if for every base function $$\psi\in B$$ the variational equation

0=\langle \psi, F(t,x,\dot x)\rangle_H := \frac 1 T \int_0^T \psi^*(t) \cdot F(t,x,\dot x) dt $$ is fulfilled. This variational equation represents an infinite sequence of scalar equations since it has to be tested for the infinite number of base functions $$\psi$$ in $$B$$.

The Galerkin approach to the harmonic balance is to project the candidate set as well as the test space for the variational equation to the finitely dimensional sub-space spanned by the finite base $$B_N:=\{\psi_k \mid k\in\mathbb{Z}\text{ with } -N \leq k \leq N\}$$.

This gives the finite-dimensional solution $$ x(t) = \sum_{k=-N}^N \hat x_k \psi_k(t) = \sum_{k=-N}^N \hat x_k \exp\left(i k \frac{2\pi t}{T}\right)$$ and the finite set of equations

0 = \langle \psi_k, F(t,x,\dot x)\rangle\quad\text{ with }k=-N,\ldots,N $$ which can be solved numerically.

In the special context of electronics, the algorithm starts with Kirchhoff's current law written in the frequency-domain. To increase the efficiency of the procedure, the circuit may be partitioned into its linear and nonlinear parts, since the linear part is readily described and calculated using nodal analysis directly in the frequency domain.

First, an initial guess is made for the solution, then an iterative process continues:

 * 1) Voltages $$V$$ are used to calculate the currents of the linear part, $$I_\text{linear}$$ in the frequency domain.
 * 2) Voltages $$V$$ are then used to calculate the currents in the nonlinear part, $$I_\text{nonlinear}$$. Since nonlinear devices are described in the time domain, the frequency-domain voltages $$V$$ are transformed into the time domain, typically using inverse Fast Fourier transforms. The nonlinear devices are then evaluated using the time-domain voltage waveforms to produce their time-domain currents. The currents are then transformed back into the frequency domain.
 * 3) According to Kirchhoff's circuit laws, the sum of the currents must be zero, $$\epsilon = I_\text{linear} + I_\text{nonlinear} = 0$$. An iterative process, usually Newton iteration, is used to update the network voltages $$V$$ such that the current residual $$\epsilon$$ is reduced. This step requires formulation of the Jacobian $$\tfrac{d\epsilon}{dV}$$.

Convergence is reached when $$\epsilon$$ is acceptably small, at which point all voltages and currents of the steady-state solution are known, most often represented as Fourier coefficients.

title: Harmonic balance


text: Category:Arrondissements of Hautes-Alpes

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Thoughts77/Current Projects

None currently

title: User:Thoughts77/Current Projects


text: User talk:64.106.61.54

title: User talk:64.106.61.54


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/October 16, 2005


text:
Weyman Airpark

Weyman Airpark is an airport in New Brunswick, Canada located near the Keswick River in Sisson Settlement.

title: Weyman Airpark


text:
Woodstock Aerodrome

Woodstock Aerodrome is located 1.1 NM east of Woodstock, New Brunswick, Canada. The aerodrome lies in the town of Grafton off Route 585.

title: Woodstock Aerodrome


text:
Sussex Aerodrome

Sussex Aerodrome is located 3 NM southwest of Sussex, New Brunswick, Canada.

title: Sussex Aerodrome


text:
Saint-Quentin Aerodrome

Saint-Quentin Aerodrome, formerly, was located 1 NM northwest of Saint-Quentin, New Brunswick, Canada.

title: Saint-Quentin Aerodrome


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dell Axim

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus, leaning towards keep (7 keep, 4 redirect).  Rob e  rt  00:30, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Dell Axim

 * Delete--Dell's products are non-notable and will not be significant 100 years from now Fsdfs 23:02, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Dell, Inc. -- products that are not origional or unique are not worth noting. Fsdfs 05:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect all to Dell and protect against recreation. BD2412  talk 23:42, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Dell is a notable company and thier computers are notable. Samboy 00:31, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per  BD2412  talk.     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   03:46, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect all to Dell. It's not that I think the model itself is non-notable; I just think it would make more sense to list all of the models together, in one place, for comparison's sake. --Jacquelyn Marie 04:17, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a PDA which has captured 7% of the market not a PC. Besides a page listing all of the products on one page with the same level of detail would make it a very long page. Over two and a quarter million Google hits indicate that this is a notable product see . Capitalistroadster 04:22, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Dell's products are notable.--Nicodemus75 04:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep(and two edit conflicts!). Merging all Dell products to a single page would produce the mother of all Wikipedia pages. Dell Branded PDA's are distinct enough from Dell's main line of business to merit their own article. There is also precedent for PDA models to have their "own" page, instead of having to appear on the page of their parent company, and we should strive for consistency. Palm Pilot has an article separate from the company Palm Inc., IPAQ is listed separately from Compaq or HP, CLIÉ is separate from parent Sony, Apple_Newton is not on the same page as Apple_Computer.--inks T 04:30, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Dell product lines. We have a ton of articles about Apple product lines, what's the difference? Rhobite 13:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the Axim product line. Merging all to the Dell, Inc. page would only make the Dell, Inc. article larger than necessary. — Vesther 04:16, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, bad-faith nomination with an agenda. This user is promoting Alienware brand computers (Alienware Area 51 and created Alienware Bot), even nominating Area 51 for a page move request, while simultaneously nominating various Dell brand pages for deletion (this AfD and quite a number of others). -- Curps 19:35, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
St. Stephen Airport

St. Stephen Airport is a registered aerodrome located 1 NM northeast of St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada.

The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada. Canada Border Services Officers that handle this airport come from the nearby land border-crossing point joining St. Stephen and Calais, Maine. Customs services are available for general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.

title: St. Stephen Airport


text:
Jack Short (betrayer of William Wallace)

Jack Short was the betrayer of Scottish legend Sir William Wallace. He was Wallace's servant, and relayed information to the Scottish baron John de Menteith, resulting in Wallace's capture and execution. According to the chronicler Piers Langtoft, Wallace had slain Jack's brother.


text:
Saint-Léonard Aerodrome

Saint-Léonard Aerodrome is located 4 NM southeast of Saint-Léonard, New Brunswick, Canada.

Recent history
The city of Edmundston purchased the airport for $1 and subsequently transferred the ownership to Madawaska Airport Authority. In July 2015, Madawaska Airport Authority announced it would shut down some of the airport operations. J.D. Irving and local community groups intervened to halted the closure of the airport. In October 2017, J.D. Irving purchased the airport for $100,000.

Service
The airport had regularly scheduled flights to Montreal (Dorval) on Air Nova for part of the 1980s and 1990s.

title: Saint-Léonard Aerodrome


text:
Shediac Bridge Aerodrome

Shediac Bridge Airport is a private airfield located 1 NM south of Shediac Bridge-Shediac River in New Brunswick, Canada.

title: Shediac Bridge Aerodrome


text:
Sevogle Airport

Sevogle Airport, near the Miramichi River and the former Heath Steele Mines, is operated by the Department of Natural Resources, Government of New Brunswick, Canada. Prior notice is required before landing.

title: Sevogle Airport


text:
Scottsfield Airpark

Scottsfield Airpark is a small airfield located about 25 NM northwest of Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada beside the Saint John River.

title: Scottsfield Airpark


text:
Pokemouche Airport

Pokemouche Airport is located in Village-Blanchard, 6 NM north of Pokemouche, New Brunswick, Canada.

title: Pokemouche Airport


text:
Moncton/McEwen Aerodrome

Moncton/McEwen Airport is a private aerodrome located adjacent to and north of the City of Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada. The centre 35 ft of the runway is asphalt and the facility is often used for sport parachute jumping.

title: Moncton/McEwen Aerodrome


text:
Miramichi Airport

Miramichi Airport is located 1.6 NM south of Miramichi, New Brunswick, Canada.

The runway was originally 10006 x but was shortened to 5899 x; in 2012 it was re-extended to 10006 x and is maintained year-round. It has a pavement overlay (from 1998), new approach lights and a new taxiway. The airport is the home base of the Department of Natural Resources and Energy Air Tanker Operations, and Forest Protection Limited, who own and operate the air tanker fleet. In addition, a General Electric J85 engine test facility is located at the airport.

The airport is the former site of CFB Chatham, a military air base, which closed in 1996, after military units were moved to other bases. There is one abandoned runway within the airport which is still used for local glider operations. The two southern runways (04/22 and 15/33) were truncated by the southern boundary fence parallel to the main runway and one (15/33) was used as a drag strip and the other (04/22) is an industrial area but the current status is unknown. The top of 04/22 is now taxiway 'B' which was where the ready hangars for the McDonnell CF-101 Voodoos were, leading to the threshold of runway 27.

Runways
Since the closure of the airbase, the airport only has one runway operational for aircraft and one closed runway for glider use only.

 * 09/27 - 10006 x - asphalt lighted - operational

Closed
The three former runways were paved and marked to indicate their closure or non-use.

 * 04/22 – 5200 ft - truncated at airport fence - closed
 * 10/28 – 7500 ft - glider only
 * 15/33 – 5513 ft - truncated at airport fence - converted to drag strip

title: Miramichi Airport


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Everlasting Hatred: The Roots of Jihad

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No Consensus, default to keep Jtkiefer  T - 22:53, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

The Everlasting Hatred: The Roots of Jihad

 * Delete. Non-notable.  Hal Lindsey wrote a lot of silly books that exploit paranoia about the apocalypse.  Why should this one get its own entry?  The only notable one of his was published 35 years ago and that one was trash too.  We already have entries for that and for the author, there is no reason to list this book. csloat 07:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete- No need for a redirect.--Irishpunktom\talk 09:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Entry for author is enough, we don't need every non-notable piece of written work ever made to have an entry.-- a.n.o.n.y.m  t 10:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article seems to be NPoV and it has some genuine information regarding it's subject. -- Karl Meier 18:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not trying to get you to change your vote, but you do realize this was listed because it is non-notable, not because of any POV issues, right? csloat 22:08, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, the concern is not PoV, the concern is notability and finding dozens of entries on a search site does not mean it is notable. a.n.o.n.y.m   t 02:19, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep per Karl Meier. My 1000th edit!! :) Borisblue 20:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A Yahoo search finds dozens of entries on this book and Amazon has it available too, so it's clearly notable PMLF 23:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Hal Lindsey book, anyways notablity is not criteria for deletion. Klonimus 00:15, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote disregarded by closing admin. Jtkiefer  T - 22:53, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Per Anonymous editor.--Sean Jelly Baby? 00:31, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It is a notable book and seems to be NPOV. Carioca 01:17, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not terribly notable and the article doesn't give much information. Should be mentioned on author's page instead. -- Kjkolb 02:31, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. Christopher Parham (talk) 04:17, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I personally think Hal Lindsey is lunatic-fringe material, but his sales figures and media attention bespeak notability. MCB 05:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Just because Amazon carries it does not make it notable, and in fact, the Amazon sales rank is a rather dismal 149,187. However, it has been reviewed by a rather amazing 34 readers, which indicates it arouses considerable passion in those who do read it. Denni ☯ 08:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 'keep and congratulations borisblue on your 1000 edits that is really great Yuckfoo 00:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Havelock Airport

Havelock Airport is adjacent to the community of Havelock, New Brunswick, Canada.

title: Havelock Airport


text:
Grand Manan Airport

Grand Manan Airport is located 2 NM northwest of Grand Harbour on the island of Grand Manan, New Brunswick, Canada.

The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.

Lighting for night landings is activated through VHF airband radio at 123.20 MHz.

title: Grand Manan Airport


text:
Grand Falls Airport

Grand Falls Airport is a private airfield located 2.6 NM northeast of Grand Falls, New Brunswick, Canada. The runway is 75 ft wide and the centre 40 ft is asphalt, while the rest is turf and gravel.

The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is serviced by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.

title: Grand Falls Airport


text:
Florenceville Airport

Florenceville Airport is a private airfield located 0.7 NM southwest of Florenceville, New Brunswick, Canada alongside the Saint John River.

The airport is owned by McCain Foods to service the company's two jets (Dassault Falcon 2000LX and Bombardier Aerospace Learjet 45)

The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.

The runway is located between farm fields on both sides.

title: Florenceville Airport


text:
Edmundston Airport

Edmundston Airport is located 9 NM northwest of Edmundston, New Brunswick, Canada along the east bank of the Madawaska River.

The airport is unique among Canadian airports in that its runway straddles the interprovincial border between New Brunswick and Quebec and is located in Patrieville, New Brunswick in Madawaska County and Dégelis, Quebec in the Témiscouata Regional County Municipality.

The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.

The airport featured a World War II-era Lancaster KB882 on display outside the terminal building since 1964. The aircraft was relocated in 2017, to the National Air Force Museum of Canada.

title: Edmundston Airport


text:
Clearwater Aerodrome

Clearwater Aerodrome is a private airfield run by the J.D. Irving Woodlands company in Clearwater, New Brunswick, Canada.

title: Clearwater Aerodrome


text:
Chipman Airport (New Brunswick)

Chipman Airport is a private airfield located 2 NM southwest of Chipman, New Brunswick, Canada.

title: Chipman Airport (New Brunswick)


text: File:Modernlovers.jpg

title: File:Modernlovers.jpg


text:
Berantevilla

Berantevilla is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Berantevilla


text:
CCS4

CCS4 can refer to:
 * Code Composer Studio version 4, an integrated development environment for embedded systems by Texas Instruments
 * TC LID code for Chipman Airport (New Brunswick), Canada

title: CCS4


text:
William W. Irwin

William Wallace Irwin (1803 –September 15, 1856) was Mayor of Pittsburgh and a Whig member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Early life
William Irwin was born in Pittsburgh in 1803, and as a boy earned the lifelong nickname "pony Irwin" because of his habit of riding a pony everywhere he went. He graduated from the Western University of Pennsylvania, now known as the University of Pittsburgh, in 1824. He was also a graduate of Allegheny College. He became a member of the Allegheny County bar on May 6, 1828, and by 1835 was serving as the president of the Western University's alumni association. He ran successfully for Allegheny County District Attorney in 1838.

Marriage and family
Irwin's first wife was Frances Everallyn Rose Irwin (April 1809–February 24, 1836), the niece of Illinois Supreme Court justice Theophilus W. Smith and aunt of bridge engineer Charles Shaler Smith. They were the parents of United States Navy Rear Admiral John Irwin (1832-1901).

After his first wife's death, Irwin married again on February 28, 1839, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His second wife was Sophia Arabella Bache, born November 14, 1815, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and died on March 24, 1904. She was the daughter of Richard Bache, Jr., who served in the Republic of Texas Navy and was elected as a Representative to the Second Texas Legislature in 1847, and Sophia Burrell Dallas, the daughter of Arabella Maria Smith and Alexander J. Dallas, an American statesman who served as the U.S. Treasury Secretary under President James Madison. She was also granddaughter of Sarah Franklin Bache and Richard Bache, the great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin, and a niece of George Mifflin Dallas, the 11th Vice President of the United States, serving under James K. Polk.

Irwin had two children with Bache: educator Agnes Irwin and American businessman and the Kingdom of Hawaii's Minister to Japan, Robert Walker Irwin.

Pittsburgh politics
Upon being elected mayor in 1840 Irwin oversaw the expansion of infrastructure and government in the city to catch up with the region's rapid expansion. Under his administration four additional wards were added to the city.

United States House of Representatives
Irwin used his term as mayor as a touchstone for his race as a representative for U.S. Congress. He was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-seventh Congress. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1842.

Later life
After his term in Congress, Irwin was United States Ambassador to Denmark 1843-1847. He died in Pittsburgh in 1856. Interment in Allegheny Cemetery.

title: William W. Irwin


text:
Green ibis

The green ibis (Mesembrinibis cayennensis), also known as the Cayenne ibis, is a wading bird in the ibis family Threskiornithidae. It is the only member of the genus Mesembrinibis.

This is a resident breeder from Honduras through Nicaragua, Costa Rica and western Panama, and South America to northern Argentina. It undertakes some local seasonal movements in the dry season.

Taxonomy
The green ibis was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it in the genus Tantalus and coined the binomial name Tantalus cayennensis. Gmelin based his description on the "Cayenne ibis" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his book A General Synopsis of Birds . Latham had based his own description on the "Le Courlis des Bois " and the "Courly vert, de Cayenne" that the French polymath, the Comte de Buffon had included in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. The green ibis is now the only species placed in the genus Mesembrinibis that was introduced in 1930 by James Lee Peters. The genus name Mesembrinibis is a combination of the Greek word mesēmbrinos, meaning "southern" (from mesēmbria, meaning "south") and ibis. The specific epithet cayennensis means "of Cayenne or French Guiana". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. The species is also sometimes known as Cayenne ibis.

DNA–DNA hybridization studies show that the species falls squarely into the New World ibis clade, with its closest relatives being the sharp-tailed ibis, the American white ibis and the buff-necked ibis.

Description
The green ibis is a medium-sized ibis, with short legs and a long, slender, decurved bill. It measures 45 – in length and ranges from 700 to 890 g in mass. The sexes, which are identical in plumage, overlap somewhat in measurements, though the largest birds are male. Breeding adults have glossy greenish-black bodies, pale green legs and bill, and grey bare facial skin patches. Juveniles are much duller, but can be distinguished from the similar glossy ibis by their bulkier shape, shorter legs and broader wings. This species, like other ibises, flies with neck outstretched. Its flight is heavy, with fewer glides and jerkier wingbeats than its relatives.

It has a hollow, hooting, accelerating call, most often heard at dawn and dusk. Transcribed as kro kro or koro koro, the call is described as "mellow".

Similar species
If seen in good light, the green ibis is distinctively dark, and unlikely to be confused with any other ibis. In poor light, however, it might be confused with the glossy ibis; the latter (which is bronzy-maroon in color) has longer legs and a slimmer build.

Distribution and habitat
The green ibis is found from Costa Rica south to northern Argentina and Paraguay. However, there have been sightings from as far north as Honduras, and fossil records show the species formerly occurred as far north as Kansas in the United States. It is found in a variety of forested wetland habitats, particularly swamps and along the edges of rivers and lakes, at altitudes up to 500 m.

Behaviour
The green ibis is largely crepuscular. Less gregarious than its relatives, it is usually seen alone or in pairs. When it does forage in mixed-species flocks, it tends to remain on the fringes, usually among other green ibises. It regularly perches in trees.

Feeding
Like other ibises, it eats fish, frogs and other water creatures, as well as insects.

Breeding
Its nest is a flimsy platform of twigs built high in a tree. It has been recorded harassing sunbitterns nesting in the same tree.

Conservation status and threats
Because of its huge range and large population, the green ibis is rated as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature; however, its numbers do appear to be decreasing. It is at least occasionally hunted (and eaten) by residents of Central and South American countries.

The crested caracara is known to prey on green ibis, with a pair observed chasing and attacking one in flight, driving it to the ground. They killed it by pecking it repeatedly on the head. The green ibis is the type host of a species of bird louse, Plegadiphalus cayennensis.

title: Green ibis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dell Inspiron

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP.  Rob e  rt  00:36, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Dell Inspiron
Delete--Dell's products are non-notable and will not be significant 100 years from now Fsdfs 22:58, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect all to Dell and protect against recreation. BD2412  talk 23:42, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as notable IT product over 2 million returns for Dell Inspiron on Google see Capitalistroadster 00:08, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep major brand, is notable version Matthewvelie 00:15, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I've heard of it. Samboy 00:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per  BD2412  talk.     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   03:46, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect all to Dell. It's not that I think the model itself is non-notable; I just think it would make more sense to list all of the models together, in one place, for comparison's sake. --Jacquelyn Marie 04:16, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Dell's products are notable.--Nicodemus75 04:28, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but make sure that Inspiron 6000, and Inspiron 9300 are merged and redirected into this page. Product lines are fine, but subpages are overkill in my book. gren グレン 08:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Dell product lines. We have a ton of articles about Apple product lines, what's the difference? Rhobite 13:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per previous nominations. CalJW 19:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, bad-faith nomination with an agenda. This user is promoting Alienware brand computers (Alienware Area 51 and created Alienware Bot), even nominating Area 51 for a page move request, while simultaneously nominating various Dell brand pages for deletion (this AfD and quite a number of others). -- Curps 19:36, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
CCR3

CCR3 may refer to:

 * CCR3 (gene)
 * ICAO airport code of Florenceville Airport

title: CCR3


text:
Berganzo

Berganzo (Bergantzu) is a hamlet and concejo in the municipality of Zambrana, Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. Formerly an independent municipality, it absorbed the hamlet of Ocio in 1919. In turn, Berganzo was merged into Zambrana in 1925.

title: Berganzo


text:
Wikipedia:Today's second feature/October 16, 2005

Today's featured picture
For five years after their completion in 1998, the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the world's tallest buildings. The architectural design by César Pelli includes motifs found in Islamic art — a reflection of Malaysia's Muslim heritage.

In an unusual move, a different construction company was contracted to build each tower and set to compete against each other. The builders of Tower 2 won the race, despite starting a month behind Tower 1.

Photo credit: Ángel Riesgo Martínez


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dell Inspiron XPS Gen 2

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus (6 keep, 1 delete, 5 merge/redirect).  Rob e  rt  00:39, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Dell Inspiron XPS Gen 2
Delete--Dell's products are non-notable and will not be significant 100 years from now Fsdfs 22:59, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect all to Dell and protect against recreation. BD2412  talk 23:43, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as Notable brand of computer. How do we determine whether something is or is not notable within 100 years: Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. Capitalistroadster 00:04, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Dell corporation itself is notable for its success. Only problem is Dell has never produced anything that was unique (that hadn't already existed). If Dell's products are worthy then everyone else's (Alienware, Gateway, HP Compaq, Lenovo, Toshiba, etc) products in the same category are worthy of note because of precedent set if it is kept. Fsdfs 00:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Samboy 00:28, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per  BD2412  talk.     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   03:46, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect all to Dell. It's not that I think the model itself is non-notable; I just think it would make more sense to list all of the models together, in one place, for comparison's sake. --Jacquelyn Marie 04:16, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Dell's products are notable.--Nicodemus75 04:27, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Dell XPS. I don't mind the basic product line but having every specific generation and model from that line is overkill. gren グレン 08:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Dell product lines. We have a ton of articles about Apple product lines, what's the difference? Rhobite 13:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per previous nomination. CalJW 19:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge somewhere suitable. Pilatus 22:30, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, bad-faith nomination with an agenda. This user is promoting Alienware brand computers (Alienware Area 51 and created Alienware Bot), even nominating Area 51 for a page move request, while simultaneously nominating various Dell brand pages for deletion (this AfD and quite a number of others). -- Curps 19:37, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
YCH

YCH may refer to:

 * YCH, the IATA code for Miramichi Airport, New Brunswick, Canada
 * Yan Chai Hospital, an acute hospital in Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
 * Yishun Community Hospital, a community hospital in Yishun, Singapore

title: YCH


text: Wikipedia:POTD/October 16, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/October 16, 2005


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dell Latitude

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP (8 keep, 1 delete, 2 merge/redirect).  Rob e  rt  00:41, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Dell Latitude
Delete--Dell's products are non-notable and will not be significant 100 years from now Fsdfs 22:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect all to Dell and protect against recreation. BD2412  talk 23:43, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as notable model of computer. Capitalistroadster 00:01, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep major brand, is notable version Matthewvelie 00:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Samboy 00:25, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect all to Dell. It's not that I think the model itself is non-notable; I just think it would make more sense to list all o fthe models together, in one place, for comparison's sake. --Jacquelyn Marie 04:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Dell's products are notable.--Nicodemus75 04:26, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Dell product lines. We have a ton of articles about Apple product lines, what's the difference? Rhobite 13:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Dell's product lines are notable, although specific products (ie. Dimension 8300) are not. There's way too much information to include this all in Dell. Carbonite | Talk 14:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It doesn't matter whether they will be relevant 100 years from now. They are now. CalJW 19:08, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, bad-faith nomination with an agenda. This user is promoting Alienware brand computers (Alienware Area 51 and created Alienware Bot), even nominating Area 51 for a page move request, while simultaneously nominating various Dell brand pages for deletion (this AfD and quite a number of others). -- Curps 19:40, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
CCM3

PDCD10 can refer to:
 * Sevogle Airport
 * an alternate name for PDCD10

title: CCM3


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dell OptiPlex

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus, leaning towards merge/redirect (see talk page for reasoning).  Rob e  rt  00:46, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Dell OptiPlex
Dell's products are not unique enough to list every one of them, as they will be obsolete in 100 years and have no historical value. Delete Fsdfs 22:51, 13 October 2005 (UTC) Redirect to Dell CambridgeBayWeather 09:18, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect all to Dell and protect against recreation. BD2412  talk 01:21, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect --Rogerd 02:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per  BD2412  talk.     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   03:46, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect all to Dell. It's not that I think the model itself is non-notable; I just think it would make more sense to list all of the models together, in one place, for comparison's sake. --Jacquelyn Marie 04:15, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable computer product with approximately 1,250,000 results see . Capitalistroadster 09:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep and allow for organic growth. Kappa 23:46, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, bad-faith nomination with an agenda. This user is promoting Alienware brand computers (Alienware Area 51 and created Alienware Bot), even nominating Area 51 for a page move request, while simultaneously nominating various Dell brand pages for deletion (this AfD and quite a number of others). -- Curps 19:40, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bergüenda

Bergüenda or Bergonda  is a hamlet and concejo in the municipality of Lantarón, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain.

title: Bergüenda


text:
CCS3

CCS3 can refer to:
 * Code Composer Studio version 3, an integrated development environment for embedded systems by Texas Instruments
 * TC LID code for St. Stephen Airport

title: CCS3


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dell XPS

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP (8 keep, 1 delete, 3 merge/redirect, discounting IP votes).  Rob e  rt  00:52, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Dell XPS
[*] Keep Dell's XPS is the ultimate gaming computer. I like to read about its updates and history. I think it deservers its own page rather than being crammed into the all-one Dell page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.192.228.85 (talk • contribs) 17:47, 14 October 2005

Keep -- Dell's finest line of gaming computers are the XPS. They are like PCs to Microsoft. Please keep this article up. It is helping a lot of people learn. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.195.155.206 (talk • contribs) 08:11, 14 October 2005

Delete--Dell's products are non-notable and will not be significant 100 years from now Fsdfs 23:03, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect all to Dell and protect against recreation. BD2412  talk 23:42, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Over 395,000 results for Dell XPS see . Wikipedia is not a crystal ball and we have now way of determining whether or not something will not be notable within 100 years. Capitalistroadster 00:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Samboy 00:31, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per  BD2412  talk.     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   03:46, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect all to Dell. It's not that I think the model itself is non-notable; I just think it would make more sense to list all of the models together, in one place, for comparison's sake. --Jacquelyn Marie 04:17, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Dell's products are notable.--Nicodemus75 04:31, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There would be overflow on the Dell, Inc. page.  However I urge users to draw the line at Dell Inspiron XPS Gen 2 and have that merged into this article and make sure that all of the sub articles listed on this page become a part of this page and not their own pages. gren グレン 08:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, not sure... maybe this should even be merged into Dell Dimension... gren グレン 08:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Dell product lines. We have a ton of articles about Apple product lines, what's the difference? Rhobite 13:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable enough.Rhetoricalwater 18:26, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If Alienware is notable then Dell most certainly is as well. Flakeloaf 16:55, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, bad-faith nomination with an agenda. This user is promoting Alienware brand computers (Alienware Area 51 and created Alienware Bot), even nominating Area 51 for a page move request, while simultaneously nominating various Dell brand pages for deletion (this AfD and quite a number of others). -- Curps 19:38, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
CDC4

CDC4 may refer to:
 * Cell division control protein 4
 * Saint-Quentin Aerodrome

title: CDC4


text:
Bernedo

Bernedo is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. The town of Bernedo is considered the capital of the municipality, which consists of several towns. Over the years, the municipality of Bernedo has absorbed other, smaller municipalities, which have ceased to exist.

History
The name Bernedo appeared as early as 1025 in documentation of the region of San Millán de la Cogolla. During the Middle Ages, Bernedo was a walled fortress with castle and tower. The King of Navarre, Sancho the Wise, granted charter rights for the town in the year 1182. For three centuries it was part of the Kingdom of Navarre.

It passed to the Crown of Castile in 1476, and in 1490 the Catholic Monarchs incorporated it to the city of Vitoria. Bernedo was the last populated area that was incorporated to the province of Álava.

Throughout modern history, a number of smaller municipalities have been merged into the municipality of Bernedo. In 1965, the municipalities of San Román de Campezo and Quintana were joined with Bernedo. In 1976, the municipality absorbed the short-lived municipality of Arlucea-Marquínez, which itself had been formed by a 1963 merger between the municipalities of Arlucea and Marquínez.

Towns
The municipality is composed of 11 towns or villages, which are governed by town councils:
 * Angostina
 * Arluzea
 * Bernedo, capital and main population of the municipality
 * Markinez
 * Navarrete
 * Okina
 * Quintana
 * San Román de Campezo / Durruma Kanpezu
 * Urarte
 * Urturi
 * Villafría

title: Bernedo


text:
Rimbey

Rimbey is a town in central Alberta, Canada. It is located at the junction of Highways 20 and 53 in the Blindman River valley area approximately 62 km northwest of Red Deer and 145 km southwest of Edmonton.

Provincially, Rimbey is part of the Rimbey-Rocky Mountain House-Sundre electoral district and federally in the Wetaskiwin riding.

History
Officially made a community in 1902, the first name given to the settlement at the turn of the century was Kansas Ridge as many of the settlers originated from the American state of Kansas. Among them were the three Rimbey brothers (Sam, Ben, and Jim) for whom the town was officially named after in 1904. The Rimbeys moved to Canada from Scott County, Illinois having moved to Illinois in the 1830s from Maryland. They were born in Pennsylvania.

In 1919 the Lacombe and Blindman Valley Electric Railway (later part of the Canadian Pacific Railway) reached Rimbey, and there was much enthusiasm for the "new town" by the tracks (now Highway 20). Two grain companies built elevators the following year and Rimbey's population swelled to 319 by 1921.

The Second World War brought abrupt changes to Rimbey, as young men and sometimes their families left the village. When war was over some returned and others did not. Many new faces came to Rimbey and the population surged to 634 by 1946.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Rimbey had a population of 2,470 living in 1,084 of its 1,180 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 2,567. With a land area of 11.38 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Rimbey recorded a population of 2,567 living in 1,077 of its 1,160 total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of 2,378. With a land area of 11.4 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

Economy

Rimbey is mainly a farming community, with the oil and gas sector increasing in importance.

The town has full amenities including hotels, motels, several grocery, convenience, and liquor stores and a campground. Rimbey has its own hospital and ambulance (although more specialized procedures are sent to Red Deer, Calgary or Edmonton) and its own detachment of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

Attractions
Pas-Ka-Poo Park includes large open lawns, a historical village site, museums and a wide array of interesting displays, including the World's Largest Collection of International Trucks in the Smithson International Truck Museum.

The Rimbey Golf & Trailer Park was located 1.5 km south. The golf course has since been closed down, due to flooding.

The town had an outdoor swimming pool open from May to September every year, which has been rebuilt as a 3900 ft2 junior olympic pool with a beach entrance, two hot tubs, a double loop waterslide and a 2100 ft2 splash pad for toddlers up to 15 years of age.

The Beatty House is a historical house in the centre of town and can be booked for tours or to house social events.

There are also a couple of smaller public parks (designed for children) around town.

Education
Operated by the Wolf Creek School Division No. 72, the Rimbey Elementary School, the Rimbey Junior-Senior High School, and the West Country Outreach School provide education within Rimbey. The town is also home to the Rimbey Christian School, a private school that offers learning for students in K-9. The Rimbey Nursery School offers play-based programs for children 3 to 5 years old.

Media
The town newspaper is the Rimbey Review. The Review commenced publishing on January 27, 1997 and was owned by Sylvan Lake News. The paper was sold to Black Press in 2005. The Rimbey Review succeeded the Rimbey Record, which had been publishing since the early 1930s. The Record was cited, in 1937, for its assistance in a series for the Edmonton Journal, which won that paper a Pulitzer prize. The Rimbey Record was, at its demise, part of a chain of newspapers, under the banner Record Publishing that failed financially after an unsuccessful attempt to go public. The town had one radio station VF8020 on 93.3 MHz, which was owned by The Church of Nazarene of Rimbey.

Notable people

 * Harry Lang, professional wrestler best known as Cowboy Lang
 * Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman, actor

title: Rimbey


text:
Fumika Suzuki

Fumika Suzuki (鈴木 史華) is a Japanese voice actress, gravure idol and a former race queen in the 1990s.

Suzuki's race queen career started already in 1994 when she joined the sugo racing team. The following year, she represented the Japanese record company Avex Trax. However, it wasn't until she became Kure's official race queen in 1996 that Suzuki became a known name in the industry. In 1996, Suzuki released her first idol video titled "Black Velbet." In 1997, still modeling for Kure, Suzuki paired with Yoko Sugimura and was seen together in many race queen events, as well as several idol-oriented home video releases. Suzuki also appeared as an event girl for Minolta from 1998 to 2000.

As Suzuki's career gained speed, numerous photo books and idol videos were released, including "Deep F" (1998), "Six" (2001), "Natura" (2002) and "Will" (2003). Since 1998, Suzuki hasn't returned as a race queen, sticking to traditional modeling. Also, no idol videos or photo books have been released since 2003. After eleven years in the modeling business, Suzuki retired in summer 2005.

title: Fumika Suzuki


text:
The Roots of National Socialism

The Roots of National Socialism, 1783-1933 is a 1941 book by Rohan Butler. It is a survey of the German outlook on society from 1783 to 1933. It details the intellectual developments leading to the ideology of Nazism.

It was first published in June 1941 by Faber & Faber (London) as a 310-page hardcover. E. P. Dutton & co. (New York) republished it in 1942, followed by H. Fertig (New York) in 1968, and AMS Press (New York) in 1985 (ISBN 0-404-16917-1).

Contents

 * I. Background
 * II. Romanticism 1783-1815
 * III. Reaction 1815-1848
 * IV. Unification 1848-1871
 * V. Empire 1871-1918
 * VI. Republic 1918-1933
 * VII. Foreground
 * Index

title: The Roots of National Socialism


text:
Campezo/Kanpezu

Campezo in Spanish or Kanpezu in Basque is a municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.

The municipality lies on the western side of the Codés mountain range.

Villages

 * Antoñana
 * Bujanda
 * Orbiso
 * Oteo
 * Santa Cruz de Campezo / Santikurutze Kanpezu, capital of the Cuadrilla de Campezo-Montaña Alavesa comarca and main town of the municipality

title: Campezo/Kanpezu


text:
Zodiac Mindwarp and the Love Reaction

Zodiac Mindwarp and the Love Reaction were a British hard rock group, which was formed in 1985.

Zodiac Mindwarp and the Love Reaction play a sleazy style of commercial hard rock featuring big riffs and choruses, as was the trend in the band's heyday of the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s. The camp lyrics are intended as self-parody, and can be seen as either humorous, or offensive by those who take them at face value, for their often lascivious and misogynist tone. Song titles like "Back Seat Education", "Feed My Frankenstein", "High Heeled Heaven", and "Trash Madonna" illustrate Mindwarp's tongue-in-cheek approach. Lyrical content also exhibits a send up of cult worship, often of Zodiac Mindwarp's self-proclaimed raging libido, with Mindwarp claiming the titles 'Sex Fuhrer', 'Love Dictator', 'President of the United States of Love' and 'High Priest of Love'.

Overview
The band is the brainchild of Mark Manning, a former graphic artist and art editor of the now defunct Flexipop! magazine. The magazine folded back in 1982, but the hedonistic lifestyle of the rock and pop stars who frequented the magazine's offices fueled his desire to experience the debauchery of life as a decadent rock star. He joined another music publication called Metal Fury as a graphic designer, but assumed the alter ego 'Zodiac Mindwarp' at night. Zodiac Mindwarp was the namesake of a series of underground comics written and illustrated by Spain Rodriguez. Zodiac soon left Metal Fury and formed the Love Reaction in 1985 with Jimmy Cauty (who later formed The Orb, The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu and The KLF) on guitar; Kid Chaos (Stephen Harris) on bass; and Boom Boom Kaboomski on drums.

The band was signed to the Food label of Phonogram Records, who soon issued their first recording, "Wild Child" with just Zodiac playing guitar and on vocals, Kid Chaos on bass and Jake Le Mesurier on drums. A demo version of "High Priest of Love" was included on the Melody Maker Vinyl Conflict 2 free EP in September 1986. By the end of the year the lineup had changed again to accommodate the still-present figure of Cobalt Stargazer (Geoff Bird) and new drummer Slam Thunderhide (Stephen Landrum). That lineup contributed the studio track, "Drug Shoes," to the FOOD Imminent 2 compilation.

At various times, the band has also featured Evil Bastard (Robert Munro, who co-penned and sang on two B-sides: "Hangover from Hell" and "Lager Woman from Hell"), Heavy Metal Bear (Alex Bradly), Trash D Garbage (Paul Bailey), Flash Bastard (Jan Cyrka), Suzi X (Richard Levy), Tex Diablo (Christopher Renshaw), and Robbie Vom (Rob Morris).

Zodiac Mindwarp progressed rapidly from their first gig at Dingwalls in November 1985, to playing in front of a packed Reading Festival in 1986, but this was followed by the departure of Kid Chaos, who joined The Cult. Zodiac regrouped by assigning Trash D Garbage on bass and Flash Bastard (Jan Cyrka) on rhythm guitar. The expanded five-member outfit went on to record Zodiac Mindwarp and the Love Reaction's debut album in 1988, entitled Tattooed Beat Messiah. Other band members playing bass included: Suzi X, Tex Diablo and Kev Reverb; previous drummers included Robbie Vom and The Apocalypse.

The act produced a UK Singles Chart Top 20 hit with their breakthrough record, "Prime Mover".

Half of the band's 1989 follow-on tour for the album was cancelled after Manning was run-over outside the Leadmill venue in Sheffield.

In recent years, Manning has established himself as an author, penning A Bible of Dreams (1994) and Bad Wisdom (1996; both with Bill Drummond); plus Crucify Me Again (2000), Get Your Cock Out (2000), Fucked by Rock (2001), Collateral Damage, and The Wild Highway (2005; again with Drummond). Manning is also a regular contributor to The Idler magazine.

The band's name was taken from the Bruce Springsteen song "Dancing in the Dark"", from the lyrics: "I'm sick of sitting around here trying to write this book I need a love reaction Come on now, baby, give me just one look."

Notable collaborations

 * Mindwarp co-wrote the track "There's a Barbarian in the Back of My Car" on the Voice of the Beehive album, Let It Bee.
 * He also wrote the track "Feed My Frankenstein" which was covered on the Alice Cooper album, Hey Stoopid. Due to Alice changing a small number of the lyrics for his version, he is listed as co-writer. Zodiac Mindwarp and The Love Reaction's own version of the song appeared on their album Hoodlum Thunder.
 * In 1992, Mindwarp appeared on the album 456 by The Grid, performing lead vocals on the track "Fire Engine Red". Love Reaction guitarist Cobalt Stargazer also appeared on the album, performing on the tracks "Face the Sun" and "Leave Your Body".
 * The Love Reaction once appeared as Belinda Carlisle's (mimed) backing band at a late 1980s/early 1990s award show for the song "Leave a Light On".

Albums

 * ..High Priest of love (1986)
 * Tattooed Beat Messiah (1988) – UK No. 20 (re-released in 1997 as The Best of Zodiac Mindwarp and the Love Reaction)
 * Hoodlum Thunder (1991)
 * Live at Reading (1993)
 * One More Knife (1994)
 * I Am Rock (2002) – (re-released in 2005 with four demo bonus tracks)
 * Weapons of Mass Destruction (live album) (2004)
 * Rock Savage (2005)
 * Pandora's Grisly Handbag (1986 live album and DVD) (2006)
 * We Are Volsung (2010)

title: Zodiac Mindwarp and the Love Reaction


text:
Cicujano

Cicujano or Zekuiano  is a hamlet in the municipality of Arraia-Maeztu, Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. It is the capital of the concejo of Laminoria.

title: Cicujano


text:
Arno of Salzburg

Arno, Arn or Aquila (c. 750–821) was bishop of Salzburg, and afterwards its first archbishop. He preserved his voluminous correspondence from the scholar Alcuin of York.

Early years
He entered the church at an early age, and after passing some time at Weihenstephan Abbey, Freising, became abbot of Elnon, or Saint-Amand Abbey as it was afterwards called, where he made the acquaintance of Alcuin.

Carolingian Empire
In 785 he was made bishop of Salzburg and in 787 was employed by Tassilo III, duke of the Bavarians, as an envoy to Charlemagne at Rome. He appears to have attracted the notice of the Frankish king, through whose influence in 798 Salzburg was made the seat of an archbishopric; and Arno, as the first holder of this office, became metropolitan of Bavaria and received the pallium from Pope Leo III.

The area of his authority was extended to the east by the conquests of Charlemagne over the Avars for the Carolingian Empire, and he began to take a prominent part in the government of Bavaria. He acted as one of the missi dominici, and spent some time at the court of Charlemagne, where he was known by the assembled scholars as Aquila, the "Eagle". His name appears as one of the signatories to the emperor's will. He established a library at Salzburg, furthered in other ways the interests of learning, and presided over several synods called to improve the condition of the church in Bavaria.

Later years and books
Soon after the death of Charlemagne in 814, Arno appears to have withdrawn from active life, although he retained his archbishopric until his death on 24 January 821. Aided by a deacon named Benedict, Arno drew up about 788 a catalogue of lands and proprietary rights belonging to the church in Bavaria, under the title of Indiculus or Congestum Arnonis.

Many other works were produced under the protection of Arno, among them a Salzburg consuetudinary, an edition of which appears in Quellen and Erörterungen zur bayerischen und deutschen Geschichte, vol. vii, edited by L. Rockinger (Munich, 1856). It has been suggested by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht that Arno was the author of an early section of the Laurissenses majores, surviving in the copy at Lorsch Abbey, which deals with the history of the Frankish kings from 741 to 829; and of which an edition appears in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, Band i, pp. 128–131, edited by G. H. Pertz (Hanover, 1826). If this supposition be correct, Arno was the first extant writer to apply the name Deutsch (theodisca) to the German language.

title: Arno of Salzburg


text:
Comunión

Comunión (, Komunioi or Comunión) is a village and concejo located in the municipality of Lantarón, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. It is the capital of the municipality.

title: Comunión


text:
User talk:Fatejudger

I am the Fatejudger. You will bow down to my superiority and awesomeness. That is all.

title: User talk:Fatejudger


text:
File:Andreas Floer carteorange 1990.jpg

Summary
Picture and signature of Andreas Floer on his "Carte orange", Paris, June 1990 From the collection of en.wikipedia user:erkabo.

Attribution: "Detlef Floer, Berlin, Germany"

title: File:Andreas Floer carteorange 1990.jpg


text:
Kontrasta

Kontrasta (, Contrasta ) is a hamlet and concejo located in the municipality of Harana/Valle de Arana, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain.

title: Kontrasta


text:
Cockburn, South Australia

Cockburn is a town and locality in the east of the Australian state of South Australia immediately adjacent to the border with New South Wales near Broken Hill. It was established because the New South Wales government refused to allow locomotives of the South Australian Railways to operate in its jurisdiction, requiring locomotives to be changed at the town for 84 years until 1970, when the route was converted from to  standard gauge.

Huge ore deposits were discovered in Silverton, which in 1884 prompted the government of South Australia to offer to the Government of New South Wales the building of a narrow gauge railway line from the limit of its jurisdiction at the border to Silverton, since horse-drawn drays over rough tracks could not meet the transport task for the journey to Port Pirie. This offer was rejected by the New South Wales government. In response, investors formed the Silverton Tramway Company in 1885 to build the railway line from Silverton to the border. The town of Cockburn came into existence in 1886 on the South Australia side of the border as a place for trains to exchange locomotives and crews. On the New South Wales side of the border, the Silverton Tramway Company built a station and sidings, called Burns.

Pressure for the expansion of Cockburn was increased with mineral discoveries at Thackaringa and Umberumberka from 1883 onwards. The silver-lead-zinc discovery at Broken Hill led to the railway line being extended from Silverton to Broken Hill in 1887. The route was extremely important, as it provided balanced trading for locomotives with a momentum grade 'up' from Broken Hill to Cockburn and a rising grade 'down' from Cockburn to Broken Hill. This was the main advantage of the route to and from Cockburn.

By 1892, the town of Cockburn had become sizeable. The population was 2,000 people. Cockburn boasted two hotels, two general stores, three boarding houses, schools and churches. It contained within its business sector a blacksmith, butcher, baker, produce merchant and carrier. Stationed at Cockburn were two engineers, a stationmaster, customs officer, locomotive superintendent and a miner. A locomotive shed and related work facilities were recorded as existing in 1892. Seven trains regularly ran between Petersburg (now Peterborough), Cockburn and Broken Hill, and included passenger trains. In 1892, 83,194 passengers travelled through Cockburn.

Cockburn also has a role in industrial relations history in Broken Hill. Tom Mann, a political "disruptionist", was barred from speaking publicly in New South Wales. In 1908, 3,000 passengers came from Broken Hill to Cockburn to hear him speak. From the front of the hall, next to the Cockburn Hotel, he addressed the crowd. This was the beginning of a dispute known as the 1909 lockout. Broken Hill mining unionists were locked out of the company gates for rejecting pay cuts which would have been below the minimum wage.

The standard gauge railway line, officially opened in 1970, runs south of the surveyed town limits of Cockburn and has a new station and a passing loop. The "new" station is now disused.

In the early 1990s the South Australian government proposed to close down the small communities along the Barrier Highway, leading to a strong and unified resistance from the local communities. The 2016 census recorded 56 people in the immediate vicinity of the town.

Nothing remains of the infrastructure of the railway yard other than an elevated locomotive water tank, repurposed as a bushfire emergency asset. The last buildings, six railway employee houses, were demolished in 2009.

Governance
Cockburn is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Stuart and the Pastoral Unincorporated Area of South Australia. As of 2018, the community within Cockburn received municipal services from a South Australian government agency, the Outback Communities Authority.

title: Cockburn, South Australia


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Talk:Shootout

"Shot it out"
This is informal English and is used all over the article. I'd suggest this phrase be changed to "exchanged fire" or similar. Some guy 07:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * True enough. However, I don’t particularly like “exchanged fire” either. Too formal and non-descriptive—it does not do justice to the violence of the situation. Compare “exchanged fire” with “exchanged business cards” or “exchanged gifts.” What else can we come up with? I am willing to work on this. On the other hand, since the title of the article is “Shootout,” perhaps the phrase is appropriate here. •DanMS 21:21, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * A little delayed in my response here, but Wikipedia is an encylopedia... formal language is expected in articles. The purpose of articles is to provide information, not "do justice" to anything. Some guy (talk) 00:41, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Waco entry
I have rewritten the text of the Branch Davidian section in a way that hopefully helps to distinguish between the ATF and FBI phases of the siege. Also, I changed the deathcount. Arguably, only the initial ATF raid constituted a "shootout," and that for purposes of this article only those Davidians who died on February 28 should be counted. I looked at the format used for the Ruby Ridge and MOVE deaths to find a way to acknowledge the April 19 deaths in a way that fit in with the rest of the page. And the total also needed to be corrected from 75 to 82. --WacoKid 21:13, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Pretty good, but I'd question the "raided" language, and also note in the body count that the April 19th deaths were a result of a conflagration, and not gunfire, or else those deaths should not be included in the body count at all. Lmj81 02:44, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Entebbe and Munich
Terrorism and shootouts are different. I would like serious consideration for the removal of both of these entries from the shootout page. Quinty 21:09, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

The definition of shootout, according to the article, is "A shootout may also involve two groups outside of law enforcement, such as rival gangs. A shootout in a military context (i.e., regularly constituted armed forces or even guerilla or insurgent forces) would usually be considered a battle rather than a shootout." Entebbe and Munich, being a shootout between organized, guerilla forces (Uganda military and PLO) and authorities (Israeli military and German police), should not be in this article. 64.9.54.173 13:22, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

It's a fair question, but hostage rescue operations also doesn't fit well under military firefights. Perhaps they need their own article. Lmj81 02:47, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Wikiproject Law Enforcement tag
I removed the WP:LE tag because this article is about shootouts in general and not about a specific one involving law enforcement.EMT1871 01:58, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Siege of Sidney Street
Although known as a siege, this British event included a gun battle, as described in the entry. I'd suggest it should be added here.--Maltelauridsbrigge (talk) 18:05, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Present tense
Why are these snippets written in the present (or progressive) tense when they are about past events? --Bejnar (talk)

American Perspective
It seems like the writer of this article is writing from an American perspective with only 3 out of the 36 'famous' shootouts being in a different country. Obviously it isn't respective around the world with many more shootouts in history. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.30.252.33 (talk) 13:14, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Very solid point. There are 'shootouts' where 2 people died here yet shootouts like the Australian Kelly Gang's fight with the police which resulted in large amounts of deaths on either side and lasted a long time are not. Also what constitutes a 'shootout' in relation to this article? Is it between police and criminals? Can it be between terrorists and soldiers as is the case in a few of these? If so what about 'revolutionaries and soldiers'? Or between soldiers and soldiers? How are we going to limit these definitions suffeciently to make this article narrow enough to maintain?--Senor Freebie (talk) 09:20, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

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Joanne Chesimard/Assata Shakur?
Shouldn't she be in this article somewhere? She was involved in a shootout that is still notorious in New Jersey, particularly after her later breaking out of jail and fleeing to Cuba. — Rickyrab. Yada yada yada 10:08, 27 June 2017 (UTC) —  Rickyrab. Yada yada yada 10:08, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

Joanne Chesimard —  Rickyrab. Yada yada yada 10:10, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

Why is this not a list?
This article is just a list. It seems doubtful that a proper article on shootouts will emerge from it. Why not make this the list (notable shootouts/gun battles/firefights, "shootout" seems a tad ethnocentric) and make a new article?

Battle of Bamber Bridge
I suggest that this 'example of racial violence and mutiny' be added to the section 'Other famous shootouts'--Brenont (talk) 12:53, 25 June 2018 (UTC)

Article/header blurb and content are completely incompatible.
Someone who is looking for information on what a shootout is is likely not, in fact, looking for a poorly curated list of "shootouts". This article should chart who calls what a "shootout", and for jeez, for starters, a citation on the basic intro paragraph's definition. Otherwise this page should either be "List of Famous Shootouts" or simply exist as a wiktionary entry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Piassant (talk • contribs) 09:59, 15 November 2018 (UTC)

Basic criteria for inclusion (?)
I was thinking about how broad the term "shootout" is and how common they can be, and how likely it is that the recently-fixed indiscriminate list issue might happen again. So I'd like to make some ground rules here for inclusion, lest this become a list article. I'm not trying to "take ownership" here, these are just strong suggestions.

 * Entries must have articles. I think this is straightforward; most of the removed examples lacked articles.
 * The exchange of gunfire must be a significant part of the incident. One brief exchange, a raid ending the situation, or one party simply getting shot are not really shootouts compared to the likes of, say, the North Hollywood shootout; basically, they should be shooting at each other over a reasonable amount of time. Of course, some examples may arguably pass, like the 1973 New York City hostage incident, which was mostly a standoff but began as a shootout.
 * Entries should consist of primarily firearm-based combat. Some hand-to-hand combat or bombs going off is fine I guess, but that should be the most of it. Situations with stuff like tanks and attack helicopters going around, like in the Beslan school siege, should not be considered shootouts or listed here, since at that point we're kind of past the scope of a mere shootout.
 * Entries should be non-military and not part of a wider conflict. They don't even need to involve police. Again, some examples may pass, such as the Battle of Bamber Bridge, which involved soldiers as part of World War II but was not them actually fighting the war against the enemy.
 * Entries should be brief summaries. One paragraph, not too lengthy, with one or two sources should be good enough. The rest should be in the main article.

Thoughts are appreciated. AdoTang (talk) 17:56, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shootout


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Corres

Corres is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Anne Fernández de Corres (born 1998), Spanish rugby union and rugby union player
 * Celia Corres (born 1964), Spanish field hockey player
 * Yulema Corres (born 1992), Spanish football forward

title: Corres


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Basal body temperature

Basal body temperature (BBT or BTP) is the lowest body temperature attained during rest (usually during sleep). It is usually estimated by a temperature measurement immediately after awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken. This will lead to a somewhat higher value than the true BBT.

In women, ovulation causes a sustained increase of at least 0.2 C-change in BBT. Monitoring BBTs is one way of estimating the day of ovulation. The tendency of a woman to have lower temperatures before ovulation, and higher temperatures afterwards, is known as a biphasic temperature pattern. Charting this pattern may be used as a component of fertility awareness. The BBT of men is comparable to the BBT of women in their follicular phase.

Hormonal causes of biphasic patterns
The higher levels of estrogen present during the pre-ovulatory (follicular) phase of the menstrual cycle lower BBTs. The higher levels of progesterone released by the corpus luteum after ovulation raise BBTs. After ovulation, the temperature will be raised by at least 0.2 C-change, for at least 72 hours, compared to the previous six days. The rise in temperatures can most commonly be seen the day after ovulation, but this varies and BBTs can only be used to estimate ovulation within a three-day range.

If pregnancy does not occur, the disintegration of the corpus luteum causes a drop in BBTs that roughly coincides with the onset of the next menstruation. If pregnancy does occur, the corpus luteum continues to function (and maintain high BBTs) for the first trimester of the pregnancy. After the first trimester, the woman's body temperature drops to her pre-ovulatory normal as the placenta takes over functions previously performed by the corpus luteum.

Very rarely, the corpus luteum may form a cyst. A corpus luteum cyst will cause BBTs to stay elevated and prevent menstruation from occurring until it resolves, which could take weeks or months.

While avoiding pregnancy
Charting of basal body temperatures is used in some methods of fertility awareness, such as the sympto-thermal method, and may be used to determine the onset of post-ovulatory infertility. When BBT alone is used to avoid a pregnancy, it is sometimes called the Temperature Rhythm method.

Basal body temperature alone is most effective at preventing pregnancy if the couple abstains from intercourse from the beginning of menstruation through the third day after the basal body temperature has risen. BBTs only show when ovulation has occurred; they do not predict ovulation. Sperm typically lasts for at least three days and can survive as long as a week, making prediction of ovulation several days in advance necessary for avoiding pregnancy.

Effectiveness
There is limited evidence about the effectiveness of fertility awareness family planning methods, some of which use basal body temperature as one component. About 24% of women who use any type of fertility awareness program become pregnant during the first year, compared to about 85% of sexually active women who are not trying to prevent a pregnancy.

The World Health Organization ranked fertility awareness methods, taken as a whole, as an "effective" method of preventing pregnancies. The WHO placed fertility awareness methods in the third tier of effectiveness, after "most effective" methods such as IUDs and "very effective" methods such as combined oral contraceptive pills.

Trying to conceive
Couples that are trying to conceive can use BBT to determine when the opportunity for a pregnancy during this cycle has passed.

For infertility
Infertility due to lack of ovulation is common. BBT charts can be used to identify when and whether ovulation is taking place.

Regular menstrual cycles are often taken as evidence that a woman is ovulating normally, and irregular cycles is evidence she is not. However, many women with irregular cycles do ovulate normally, and some with regular cycles are actually anovulatory or have a luteal phase defect. Records of basal body temperature can be used to accurately determine if a woman is ovulating, and if the length of the post-ovulatory (luteal) phase of her menstrual cycle is long enough to sustain a pregnancy.

For pregnancy
Most pregnancy tests are not accurate until two weeks after ovulation. Knowing an estimated date of ovulation can prevent a woman from getting false negative results due to testing too early. Also, 18 consecutive days of elevated temperatures means a woman is almost certainly pregnant.

For estimating the timing of childbirth
Calculating the expected due date for a pregnancy based upon the self-reported last menstrual period is less accurate than calculating it based upon either BBT or ultrasound.

title: Basal body temperature


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Domaikia

Domaikia (Domaiquia) is a hamlet and concejo in the municipality of Zuia, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain.

title: Domaikia


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Albertson Brook

Albertson Brook, also called Albertsons Brook, is the name of Nescochague Creek upstream of the confluence with Great Swamp Brook in the southern New Jersey Pine Barrens in the United States.

Albertson Brook is near Hammonton, New Jersey, and flows for 6.3 mi through Atlantic and Camden counties.

It has a drainage area of 17.1 sqmi, of which nearly half is forest land, and the rest is split between urban and agricultural uses, both of which have tended to pollute the brook in the past.

It is formed by the confluence of the Pump Branch and Blue Anchor Brook.

Tributaries

 * Pump Branch
 * Blue Anchor Brook

title: Albertson Brook


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Elburgo/Burgelu

Elburgo in Spanish or Burgelu in Basque is a village and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.

The municipality officially has a dual name, "Elburgo/Burgelu", reflecting the officially bilingual status of this province of Spain. However, in practice the municipality and village are commonly referred to by one or the other name, depending on the language.

The municipality encompasses an area of some 32 km². In 2004, its recorded population was 453 inhabitants.

Elburgo comprises six villages and their respective communes (concejos):
 * Añua
 * Arbulu
 * Argomaniz
 * Elburgo (the municipality's capital and largest settlement)
 * Gazeta
 * Hijona - Ixona

title: Elburgo/Burgelu


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Talk:Holy Basil

Tulsi?
If this really is the same as Tulsi, then Tulsi and Holy Basil should be combined into one page. (I think they are the same, judging by various sources on the net.) Singkong2005 07:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think there is some confusion. Tulsi with purple stems is called Krishna Tulsi and green is called Rama Tulsi. So the intro should say Ram tulsi for holy basil but point to the Tulsi website. Also the image seems to be of Krishna tulsi (purple stems), which by the definition in this page is Thai basil not holy basil. I'm not sure myself, so clarification by anyone else will be appreciated. Otherwise I'll try to clear it myself. --Pranathi 03:23, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-499.html Would vote for a merge. Shyamal 08:24, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thai basil is a variety (sometimes given the botanical name horapa) of basil, Ocimum basilicum. This is correctly stated on the main Basil page. Holy basil (tulsi) is a different species, O. tenuiflorum L. (was O. sanctum L.). The Holy Basil and tulsi pages should indeed be merged, with misleading references to Thai basil deleted or reworded. Mark Nesbitt 12:36, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * ADDED I have looked further into the purple/green tulsi question raised by Pranathi (and the Tulsi page). The CSIR's Wealth of India (Vol VII, 1966, p. 88) notes:
 * "At least two types of O. sanctum are met with in cultivation: the green type (Sri tulsi) is the most common; the second type (Krishna tulsi) bears purple leaves."

 * Knowing that both the purple and the green forms are tulsi, and knowing that Thai basil is a different species and nothing to do with tulsi/holy basil/O. tenuiflorum (syn. O. sanctum), then I propose the following:

 * 1. Merge Tulsi and Holy Basil, with Tulsi as the main page, with redirects from Tulasi (common variant spelling) and Holy basil.

 * 2. Leave the existing Tulsi page as it is, and delete the existing Holy basil text altogether because its text is either:
 * a. Misleading: The Indian holy basil, or Tulsi, is a different cultivar of the same species.
 * b. Unsourced: It has traditionally been used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, and some recent studies suggest that it may be a COX-2 inhibitor, like many modern painkillers today.
 * c. Difficult to verify: Tulsi, is a herb often used in Thai cusine. (Is tulsi really used in Thai cuisine? Wouldn't want to say so without a real expert opinion. Isn't it more likely that Thai basil is used in Thai cuisine?)
 * d. Problematic: the criteria for separating thai basil from holy basil, as we know at least one character (green stems) is present in both tulsi and thai basil. Rather than get into more confusion about thai vs holy basil, it might be better either not to mention thai basil (better on the Ocimum page, or to briefly mention the two are confused without going into how to details on separating them. Mark Nesbitt 12:23, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holy Basil