text:
Talk:Madagascar Plan

Commission to Madagascar
Hm... I've read once that Jewish Poles sent commission to Madagascar, to estimate chances for settlement - this was supposedly before the war and supposedly was sponsored by Polish government. Commission returned with negative result. Anyone knows more about that? Szopen 17:29, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Yes. Heinrich Haertle mentions it on page 165 of Freispruch fuer Deutschland (Verlag K.W. Schuetz, Goettingen, 1965)

"Dieser Traum ist allerdings nicht nur von Theodor Herzl, sondern auch der polnischen Regierung getraeumt worden, die im Jahre 1937 eine Kommission damit beauftragte, zu pruefen, ob man nicht die 3 millionen polnischer Juden nach Madagaskar verfrachten koenne."

My translation:

This dream was certainly dreamed not only by Herzl, but also by the Polish Government, which in the year 1937 established a commission to examine whether it might not be possible to freight the 3 million Polish Jews off to Madagascar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hadding (talk • contribs) 13:45, 16 August 2008

This sounds like a tall story. Would the Polish government or Jewish Poles have dared to investigate such a plan without the prior approval of the French government, (which would have otherwise gone ballistic had it found out)? It would have been a non starter without French approval in which case there will records somewhere in France. Who the Hell was Haertle anyway?

This reference would be best edited out of the article as unsafe. At the very least it must have references added. It brings the whole article into disrepute at present. Kombo the mzungu (talk) 17:10, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

 * The episode is confirmed in this article with primary sources. Involvement of the French government is mentioned there too.  Also see this. I'll come back later with more information. Zerotalk 23:44, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

Lehi Zionism
Should a mention be made to the Lehi (group) proposal for a Nazi-friendly Israel? Since there is no proof of German answer, it may be too unrelated. --Error 00:52, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The only reference to Palestine in regards to the Madagascar Plan seems to have come out of Eichmann's meeting with Jewish leaders before he wrote his report. The leaders suggested Palestine, as opposed to Madagascar or any other place, for a Jewish settlement, but Eichmann flatly denied it.  So I think Lehi may be unrelated, though a mention of Eichmann's denial is probably in order. Primaryspace 18:41, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Madagascar Plan only including Jews?
As we know the Nazis' Final Solution did not only incorporate Jews, but also other social 'undesirables' like homosexuals, paedophiles and career criminals

Just wondering (been ages since I studied any of this) if the Madagascar Plan also included these 'undesirables' or if it was only centred on Jews — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hannigaholic (talk • contribs) 22:18, 8 October 2006
 * no only Jews — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.3.76.108 (talk • contribs) 16:28, 5 August 2012
 * There was no "final solution to the homosexuals and career criminals" problem. Just Jews. The other groups were persecuted but in incomparable numbers.--Monochrome _ Monitor  20:15, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

Edits to "Collapse" section
While most of us, myself included, can certainly agree that mass murder is indeed heinous, it would seem that not all of us can. Therefore, use of this term is not-so-subtle POV. In addition, linking that term to the Holocaust is a violation of the easter egg guideline found at Piped link.

The new language aims to preserve all the meaning of the sentence but via neutral wording and historically-accurate phrases.

–ArmadniGeneral (talk • contribs) 02:34, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Reality of the plan
Given that Nazi concentration camps were already making widespread use of forced labor in 1938, it is very difficult for me to imagine Nazis giving any serious thought to the idea of wasting ships and fuel to transport Jews all the way to Madagascar to live free lives - nor can I picture Jews doing much useful slave labor for the Reich so far removed from the action. The article makes it sound like the Germans would really have gone through with this cockamamie idea if only the British had not been such trouble... I'm thinking that extraordinary claims need extraordinary proof, because it's just so much easier to dismiss everything about the Plan as propaganda. 70.15.116.59 03:49, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm uncertain what you're getting at. Which "extraordinary claims" are you referring to?  Note that the plan was to use the British navy for transportation only after the war was won, so there would have been no waste from the standpoint of the Reich.  The transported Jews were not meant to be used as slave labour, they were meant to be forcibly expatriated out of Europe.  The Madagascar Plan was outlined before the decision to exterminate Jews was finalized. Primaryspace 01:24, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I also find this article puzzling. Final Solution notes that the Plan was abandoned in 1942 after the Wannsee Conference, but the Holocaust has been in full swing in mid-1941 with the Operation Barbarossa (see Holocaust in Lithuania), and concentration camps and such were already operational to certain extent years before that. How come the Nazis could have discussed this seriously while at the same time carrying out their genocide? We certainly need to write in more detail on the relationship between this fictional plan and the terrible reality. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 18:28, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

"Note that the plan was to use the British navy for transportation only after the war was won...." Even without British cooperation or even an armistice with Britain, the transfer of Europe's Jewish population to Madagascar could have been accomplished over time using passenger ships of neutral states. After June 1940, France was such a neutral state. Britain did not dare to invade Madagascar until May 1942, months after the US had entered the war. Hadding (talk) 13:33, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Hadding, what you say isn't quite true. The Germans could not have transported millions of Jews to Madagascar (think of the logistics even if they were transported in the same condition as the cattle cars to Auschwitz). The Royal Navy had imposed a blockade on Germany and the rest of Occupied Europe - which really included France since it was only the southern portion, and that away from the Atlantic coast, which was "unoccupied". I don't think the Nazis needed the RN to transport the Jews, but they did need the blockade lifted, I mean it wasn't as if they were able to get Vichy France to import oil and natural rubber for them in defiance of the British blockade! As for Britain "not daring to occupy Madagascar". You misunderstand. Britain occupied Iceland, which was theoretically neutral even if Denmark had been occupied. The point was that they feared the Germans would occupy the island, and it's position in the mid-North Atlantic made it extremely strategically important for the vital Battle of the Atlantic. Madagascar, in contrast, was not seen as a threat. It was on the other side of the World from Nazi Germany. There was no hope of the Germans sending significant military resources there, and with South Africa, India, and Australia ringing the Indian Ocean, it seemed sown up for the Allied cause. It only became an issue when the Japanese took Singapore and the Dutch East Indies, and occupied Burma. Then the worry was that the JAPANESE might take it over and use it as a base to control the Indian Ocean. Once that happened, a force was sent out. So it was the entry of the Japanese into the war, by attacking the Americans, that brought it about. Why would Britain want to isolate 10's of thousands of troops in occupying Madagascar in the midst of a war where they were fighting for survival when it was no threat, and they would gain little from doing so? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.39.162.130 (talk) 09:57, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Jews to Madagascar
I think Jews to Madagascar should be merged into this article. It has some information not in this one currently, but is more or less the same article. Thoughts?--TM 13:24, 26 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. The other article is a source-less snippet. By the way, the slogan was inspired by this plan. --Poeticbent talk  01:48, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The merged article is not referenced and has nothing to do with Nazi Germany or the Nazi "Madagascar Plan", the topic of this article. I've removed the sentence in question. Primaryspace (talk) 16:33, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

One important thing to note here is that there were two, possibly related, phenomenon that generally fall under this heading in Poland. One was the ONR slogan - which is what the article currently describes - and which would (presumably) involve forcible deportations in a manner similar to the Nazi plan. The other was a "Madagascar Plan" proposed by the French government (Blum's government if I'm not mistaken) to create a Jewish Homeland on Madagascar. This one would have been voluntary and would probably be more similar to the British Uganda Program or the proposal for Jewish Homeland in Alaska. I think it's pretty important to distinguish between the two.radek (talk) 20:54, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Some related sources:,. The idea seemed to originate with the French who were seeking a way of dealing with the refugee "problem" of Jews from Germany after Nazis came to power. The ONR slogan came later.radek (talk) 21:04, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Evian Conference
The timing of the Hitler's approval of the plan was designed to concide with the Evian conference and show that the Nazis were doing more to help the Jews then the British and their allies were. The territorialists generally encouraged Jews to migrate to Argentina. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.68.144.99 (talk • contribs) 14:04, 22 February 2011

8 April 2015
When I think about compelling presentation, I think about taking the reader on a journey through time. Madagascar Plan was not a country (!) but a failed concept inspired by extreme prejudice. I placed the portrait of the 19th century creator of this concept at the top of our 2013 good article in order to differentiate the layout from the standard country layout where the maps do matter more than individuals. Every reference I added spoke of a different aspect of Paul de Lagarde role in the plan. The new citations were not repetitious. They came from relevant books. Strehle (reverted by Diannaa) claimed that de Lagarde had good relations with Jews in spite of his views. Rees (again, reverted by Diannaa) said that de Lagarde wanted the Jews eliminated. Also, please be assured that I put a lot of thought into what I do. I have a hard time understanding the need for a complete overhaul of my direct and straightforward improvements. My words were rewritten with bits and pieces removed for no particular reason. WP:STACKING was introduced in the process, so now, his picture shows side by side with Nazi Germany (not with the Origins of the concept) ... Here's a quote from one of our Wikipedia relevant policies: It is quite reasonable to take an interest in an article on a topic you care about − perhaps you are an expert, or perhaps it is just your hobby; however, if this watchfulness starts to become possessiveness, then you are overdoing it. Poeticbent talk  23:53, 8 April 2015 (UTC)
 * The main reason I don't think the photo belongs in the info box is because Paul de Lagarde is not the person most identified with the plan; I would suggest that might be Eichmann (but we don't have any Nazi-era free images of him, unfortunately). It's not necessary to include three citations for the simple fact that a man wrote a book, a fact that is unlikely to be challenged. Your caption covered material already present in the body of the article and thus seemed redundant to me. I have changed from a Holocaust sidebar to a full-width footer nav template to address the layout issue. -- Diannaa (talk) 01:41, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Would it not be worth mentioning the "Jewish Autonomous Oblast" (f. 1934) in the east of the Soviet Union in the "Origins" section, since the Uganda Plan already gets a mention? I certainly am not suggesting that the one was a precursor of the other, but it is certainly of at least tangential relevance. It might also work as a "see also". Excellent article by the way! 129.67.64.157 (talk) 17:59, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * A "see also" is a good idea, if it hasn't already been done, I'll add it now. Raquel Baranow (talk) 18:40, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

info box
That box on the right that says "Madagascar Plan" only shows information about Madagascar. Either the title needs to be changed, information about the plan needs to be add or the box needs to be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Deuteranopia (talk • contribs) 02:24, 29 January 2016 (UTC)
 * It's significant but would be better if we superimposed Israel over Madagascar to compare size. Raquel Baranow (talk) 04:40, 29 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I think the infobox could be removed altogether, as it tells us nothing about the subject of the article. — Diannaa 🍁 (talk) 16:03, 29 January 2016 (UTC)
 * @Diannaa It does tell us something about the subject of the article, the article says "only 5,000 to 7,000 families could be accommodated [on Madagascar], or even as few as 500 families by some estimates," which is absurd considering the size of the island and the fact that Madagascar's population has increased "from 2.2 million in 1900 to an estimated 22 million in 2012." Let's add it back and change the captions, per what Deuteranopia wrote, above. I suggest we add this to the caption: "Madagascar's population has increased from 2.2 million in 1900 to an estimated 22 million in 2012" to the info-box. Raquel Baranow (talk) 15:55, 23 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I think it makes more sense to explain the discrepancy in the prose (I have gone ahead and done that). I don't know why these early estimates were so inaccurate; I don't think the source book (Browning) explained it, either. — Diannaa (talk) 21:35, 23 February 2016 (UTC)

Map of Israel compared to Madagascar
I made a map of Israel compared to Madagascar and it was removed HERE with the comment that it was Original Research, I'm not sure why, it's an illustration for the article. Raquel Baranow (talk) 00:34, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

 * The scale 0__150 km (pictured) comes from one map only. Similar scale 0__40 km from the original CIA insert was removed, so the accuracy of scale is unconfirmed. Secondly, this is "user-generated content" of inferior design, visually difficult to decipher. I don't know why this map was needed in the first place.  Poeticbent  talk 01:58, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Okay, how about this one Israel Compared to Madagascar Map.jpg
 * It's for perspective, a substitute for the InfoBox that was removed. Raquel Baranow (talk) 03:23, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

 * The map on the right is much better, but please remember, Israel did not exist before 1948, therefore comparing Madagascar to Israel is historically pointless and wrong. It would have been much more appropriate to compare Madagascar to Mandate Palestine formed in 1920, parallel to the idea of Jewish resettlement taken up by the British in the 1920s. The map on the left, however, showing the whole of Africa (!) is far superior, but it needs to show Mandatory Palestine, not Israel, in order to be relevant to the subject of this article.  Poeticbent  talk 04:03, 7 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Okay, my map-making skills are getting better. I could make a map like this showing locations for all Proposals for a Jewish state and for comparison wouldn't be too hard to modify the modern state of Israel map because Mandate Palestine is basically the same except includes West Bank and Gaza. Raquel Baranow (talk) 17:58, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

Omission of essential facts
The article states: The idea of Jewish resettlement was taken up in the 1920s by British antisemites however, throughout the entire article there's not a single word about the creation of Mandatory Palestine by the British in 1920, which made it all possible. The omission of such an essential fact creates the illusion that Mandate Palestine had nothing to do with the idea of resettlement talked about for years prior to the Holocaust. A Good article you say? This is mind boggling.  Poeticbent  talk 16:50, 7 March 2016 (UTC)
 * This article is only about the Madagascar Plan of the Nazis, not about the wider search for a Jewish state. That sentence on British anti-semites relates specifically to the Madagascar Plan, although this is unclear in the prose. I'll edit it to ameliorate that. CMD (talk) 17:34, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

Control source
Many Jews were expected to perish in the implementation of this plan. =is this Longerich's interpretation or the documented intent/expectation of the Nazis? In other words, 'who expected'? Nishidani (talk) 20:28, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

Natives of Madagascar
Was anything ever mentioned in relation to any of this, as to how the native population of Madagascar would fit into this? It was not an uninhabited island... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.238.38.47 (talk) 22:00, 5 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I didn't see anything regarding that aspect in the sources I used when I brought the article to GA back in June 2013. — Diannaa 🍁 (talk) 22:49, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately?
The claim that "Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately rather than after the war, which now had no end in sight" is controversial. There is no evidence to support such a claim. In any event the allegation is irrelevant to the topic.Royalcourtier (talk) 03:21, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * The source for this content is Longerich also covers this point in his book  Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews (2010). The material is included as general information at the bottom of the article, as a way to indicate to the reader how the Nazis proceeded after the failure of the Madagascar Plan. For this reason, I disagree that it's off-topic. — Diannaa 🍁 (talk) 13:36, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree. The Madagascar Plan didn't occur in isolation, it was one of the Nazi's initial ideas (not even theirs originally) for dealing with what they perceived as "the Jewish problem".  Once it became clear that it was impractical, they moved on, a fact which is important to point out to the reader, as it eventually lead to the "Final Solution". Beyond My Ken (talk) 14:01, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

Plan shelved in February 1942?
These are the words of Hilberg (2003): "Even as it faded, the [Madagascar Plan] was to be mentioned one more time, during early February 1941, in Hitler's headquarters" (p. 415). This article, however, says that "Hitler continued to mention the plan until February 1942". There is a world of difference between these two dates. Uglemat (talk) 21:04, 17 March 2018 (UTC)
 * The source cited (Longerich 2010) cites in turn: Peter Longerich, The Unwritten Order: Hitler’s Role in the Final Solution (Brunscombe Port, 2003), 185. I do not have access to the latter book, so I cannot check it to see if 1942 was a typographical error. Uglemat (talk) 21:49, 17 March 2018 (UTC)
 * After reading some of Longerich, I'm a bit sceptical that he is a reliable source. He has written some strange things: "There are indications, however, that a final decision to murder all European Jews could only have been made during the spring or summer of 1942" (emphasis added). "[T]he deportations that commenced in October 1941 were chiefly pre-emptive reprisal measures against the USA. The more-or-less open threat to kill the deported Jews—in accordance with Hitler’s prophecy of 30 January 1939—was intended to prevent the United States from entering the war." This does not match well with my recollection of Hilberg's book. Uglemat (talk) 22:35, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

For clarity, this the paragraph in Longerich 2010 which is cited: "Inspired by the intention to annihilate the Jews under German rule, Hitler was to keep coming back to the Madagascar Project time and again until 1942, by which time the idea of ‘anywhere’ had been replaced by that of ‘nowhere’.102 [Peter Longerich, The Unwritten Order: Hitler’s Role in the Final Solution (Brunscombe Port, 2003), 185.] In the Foreign Ministry the plan was officially shelved in February 1942.103 [See Brechtken, ‘Madagaskar’, 270 ff., which has full details and references; Henry Picker Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquartier (Stuttgart, 1976), 29 May 1942, p. 340 and 24 July 1942, p. 456; PAA, Inland IIg 177, Rademacher to Bielfeld, 10 Feb. 1942 (on the end of the Project).]"

This should be straightforward to verify. Either Longerich can show specific instances later than February 1941, or he should not be used. The prolongation of the Madagascar Plan would seem to reinforce Longerich's far-fetched thesis that the decision came only in early 1942, so he must absolutely prove his statement. Uglemat (talk) 11:01, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

Here is a quote from Cristopher Browning 2004: "As late as December 1940 [Eichmann] told Bernhard Lösener of the Interior Ministry that the Madagascar Plan was still sitting on Heydrich’s desk, awaiting his signature.... Like a spectacular meteor, the Madagascar Plan blazed across the sky of Nazi Jewish policy, only to burn out abruptly. [p. 88]"

A subtitle in a chapter is called "The last spasms of expulsion policy, fall 1940 – spring 1941" (p. 89). Another quote: "Active consideration of Madagascar had ceased the previous fall [i.e., fall 1940], although occasional references to that island as a future destination continued to surface for months. [p. 102]"

When Browning discusses a press announcement by Heydrich in October 1941 where Heydrich contemplated the resettlement of the Jews outside of europe, Browning writes: "As Madagascar was by that time but a distant memory, Heydrich must have been referring to the east." (p. 302, emphasis added). Browning confirms that the plan was "officially" shelved in the Foreign Office on 10 February 1942 (p. 415). But that does not mean the plan was actually still alive. Clearly this supports Hilberg. The plan emerged in 1940, and by early 1941 it was dead. Uglemat (talk) 11:51, 18 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I've removed Longerich's assertion that Hitler continued to talk about the plan and changed the citation to Browning (1995 [2004 – Uglemat]) page 415, which supports a date of 1942 for the plan being officially shelved. — Diannaa 🍁 (talk) 12:49, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

Franco-Polish Map Addition
I have added a map based on two essays on the topic (sources in the image). If anyone has any feedback, or have noticed I've made a mistake, please feel more than welcome to add it. Lazdona (talk) 20:40, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

New source
A new paper of Eric Kurlander has some interesting details and dissents from many previous views. Zerotalk 10:30, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Madagascar Plan


text: User talk:68.163.58.102

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.163.58.102


title: User:Marmot454


text: User talk:Marmot456

title: User talk:Marmot456


text:
User talk:Marmot452

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Qaz  ( talk ) 17:30, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Marmot452


title: User:Marmot455


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Talk:Wiarton Willie

Untitled
"...the second most famous—after Wiarton Willie—being Punxsutawney Phil of Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania"

How can Wiarton Willie be the most well known groundhog of them all when it was in Pennsylvania where Groundhog day started in the first place ? Stettlerj 17:30, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you saying that something that is there first must necessarily be better known? Wouldn't that be like saying York is more famous than New York or that Cary Grant is more famous than Tom Cruise? Sunray 17:33, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You make a good point. Pennsylvania is where Groundhog day has its origins, but just because it's older does not necessitate that is be better known. For example, the Toronto Argonauts are older than the Buffalo Bills, yet the Bills are more well known world wide, as you may point out. However, in this case, even in Quebec, Punxsutawney Phil is mentioned first and is given more air time on Groundhog day than Wiarton Willie. Stettlerj 05:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In turn, you may well be right that P. Phil is more famous. However, proving that may be another matter.  Whoever wrote "second most famous" about Phil may well have had their tongue firmly in their cheek.  Then again, the whole groundhog phenomenon has plenty to do with hype and bragging, rather than fact, doesn't it?  Sunray 06:04, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I read a little into the topic, and while reading I found the source for the comment. In fact, the entire paragraph about "other groundhog stars" is taken verbatum from a CBC article Groundhog Day (Pgh 14)! So I guess it comes down to whether to believe the CBC or not. I agree, "most famous" is pretty subjective and would vary from place to place, and actually it's really not worth argueing too much about. But despite that, it is a topic that was / is worth discussing i think. Stettlerj 16:22, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Whew quite a flagrant copyvio! I wondered about the breezy style of the article, but unfortunately didn't Google it.  I'm very glad you picked up on that.  I've edited it to eliminate the copyvio, but have tried to keep the light, semi-mocking style, which seems to work well for this august "whistle-pig".  Thanks.  As to believing CBC, I don't.  But, as I said before, it has a rather nice tongue-in-cheek tone to it.  Sunray 07:42, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Groundhog day may well be about bragging rights, but as of today, Google yields this interesting tidbit:
 * "Wiarton Willie" ~17,300 results (~14,600 results for "Wiarton Willie" groundhog)
 * "Punxsutawney Phil" ~225,000 results (~143,000 results for "Punxsutawney Phil" groundhog)
 * Let's hope that CBC was being facetious. JordeeBec 21:12, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I think CBC was definitely being facetious. However, I have removed the claim from the article, along with many other POV bits and bobs: while appreciating that "wild claims for your rodent of choice" (see below) are a splendid tradition of Groundhog Day, they have no place in an encyclopedia, I'm afraid! The link to CBC remains, so no one needs feel that the story is lost, I hope. -- TinaSparkle 16:33, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Groundhog claims
Groundhog Day is all about making wild claims for your rodent of choice. Here's an excerpt from the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club: Not bad, considering that P. Phil is #2! Sunray 09:30, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Punxsutawney Phil is the only true weather forecasting groundhog. The others are just impostors.
 * There has only been one Punxsutawney Phil. He has been making predictions for over 119 years!
 * Punxsutawney Phil gets his longevity from drinking "groundhog punch," a secret recipe. Phil takes one sip every summer at the Groundhog Picnic and it magically gives him seven more years of life.

Anyone that can believe a prediction (on February 2nd, in Ontario) that winter is almost over has been smoking something...--Wee Charlie 21:54, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

The so-called 'scientists' are wrong
Really, this amuses me so much, every year, oh the Groundhog is some percent accurate, it is too laugh, and they call themselves meteorologists!

You can read it clearly in the autobiography of Wiarton Willie I (as dictated to Mother Nature 1997): "Spring is a Celestial event. Not up to groundhogs or people. But if you need a reason to party then party on!"

These 'scientists' are not great at reading contracts. The deal says "6 weeks, or a month and a half". Willie is 100% accurate.

disclosure: @teledyn served as Minister of Myth-information in the Shadow Cabinet of Wiarton Willie I. Teledyn (talk) 23:43, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wiarton Willie


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Pirate's Cove

Pirate's Cove (German: Piratenbucht) is a board game designed by Paul Randles and Daniel Stahl, originally published in Germany in 2002 by Amigo Spiele, illustrated by Markus Wagner and Swen Papenbrock. In 2003, Days of Wonder republished the game with a new graphic design from Julien Delval and Cyrille Daujean. In the game, players play pirate ship captains seeking treasure from islands and bragging rights from defeating other pirates in naval combat.

Game play
The game takes place over 12 months (turns), with the goal of being the pirate with the most fame. Each player has a ship token and a card showing four aspects of the ship (crew, cannon, sail, and hull). At the beginning of each turn, a card is turned over at each island to reveal the potential booty from plunder. Each island (except Pirate's Cove and Treasure Island) offer various amounts of Fame, Gold, Treasure or Tavern cards.

Each player chooses an island to plunder based on the potential rewards of that island. If multiple players choose the same island, combat is used to resolve it. Combat involves a mixture of luck and strategy with both the ships' strengths and the rolls of dice coming into play.

Certain islands offer the opportunity to upgrade an aspect of the ship and the available plunder at each island changes with each turn. A player can use this information to predict where other players' ships will turn up and thus move their ship accordingly to either do battle or avoid it. Ships that survive combat then plunder the islands, gain fame, and pay gold to upgrade their ships based on the qualities of the islands. The Legendary Pirate, a black ship token, moves clockwise around the board, forcing captains to steer out of his path unless they think that they can defeat the powerful ship. At Treasure Island, no battle can take place and it is where ships can safely discharge cargo from their ship and bury any plundered treasure (a ship's capacity to hold treasure is based on its hull rating). Burying treasure and money adds to the player's accumulated fame points.

Reception
JD Wiker comments that "Pirate's Cove is a fun game for casual and hardcore gamers alike, and the constantly changing environment means that there's no single, perfect strategy. More to the point, it's an easy game to pick up, and only gets complicated if a player wants to dabble in the subsystems."

Reviews

 * Pyramid
 * Review in Scrye #68

Awards and honors

 * 2003 Tric Trac d'Argent
 * 2002 Bruno Faidutti - - Game of the Year
 * Deutscher SpielePreis award as one of the top 10 games of 2002

title: Pirate's Cove


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Oysters Rockefeller

Oysters Rockefeller consists of oysters on the half-shell that have been topped with a rich sauce of butter, parsley and other green herbs, and bread crumbs, then baked or broiled. Lemon wedges are the typical garnish.

The original sauce may or may not include spinach, a popular shortcut for achieving the dish's signature bright green color. Many contemporary adaptations use diced oysters instead of whole. Also, diced bacon often appears as a non-traditional topping in addition to or in place of the sauce.

The dish appears as a popular restaurant appetizer throughout the United States and is served as a brunch item in the South.

History
Oysters Rockefeller was created in 1889 at the New Orleans restaurant Antoine's by Jules Alciatore, son of founder Antoine Alciatore. Jules developed the dish due to a shortage of escargot, substituting the locally available oysters. The restaurant's recipe remains unchanged, with an estimated three and a half million orders having been served by 1980.

The dish was named "oysters Rockefeller" after John D. Rockefeller, the then-wealthiest American, for its extreme richness. It consists of oysters on the half-shell topped with a green sauce and bread crumbs, then baked or broiled. Though the original sauce recipe is a secret, it includes a purée of a number of green vegetables that may include spinach. Similar versions of the dish have proliferated in New Orleans, with none noted as an accurate duplicate.

Chef Alton Brown states in the "Shell Game" episode of his Food Network series Good Eats that Alciatore took his recipe to the grave and any version since is merely an assumption. While many achieve the sauce's trademark green color simply using spinach, Antoine's chefs have repeatedly denied the dish contains it. A 1986 laboratory analysis by William Poundstone in Bigger Secrets indicated its primary ingredients were parsley, pureed and strained celery, scallions or chives (indistinguishable in a food lab), olive oil, and capers.

title: Oysters Rockefeller


title: User:Marmot456


text:
Talk:International Executive Service Corps

The International Executive Service Corps spurred the creation of over a dozen ESCs across the country. The largest of these, Executive Service Corps of Chicago, has an active volunteer base of about 275 men and women that volunteer over 25,000 hours annually to nonprofits, schools and governments in need of capacity building.

Website: www.esc-chicago.org


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gurlukovich Mercenaries

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect. Surprise surprise. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 21:50, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Gurlukovich Mercenaries
An unxpandable stub about the cannon fodder from the first chapter of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty. Any expansion of this article would necessarily be a duplication of the extremely detailed plot summary at Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, and these mercenaries aren't particularly notable even in the context of that game's story. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 17:34, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Usually, you can redirect these and spare the discussion on Vfd. Meelar (talk) 17:50, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Usually I would, but I've been involved in several controversial merges and redirects, and since the nascent content of this article isn't worth using in any other article, I figured it deserved its time on AFD. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 18:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.--Isotope23 18:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. -- Kjkolb 07:00, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per nom --Kgf0 18:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect Page is rather useless, much like the North American Marlon Brando Look Alikes page before it was a redirect to Cartman Joins NAMBLA. --FDIS 00:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Raymond of Burgundy

Raymond of Burgundy (c. 1070 – 24 May 1107) was the ruler of Galicia as vassal of Alfonso VI of León and Castile, the Emperor of All Spain, from about 1090 until his death. He was the fourth son of Count William I of Burgundy and Stephanie. He married Urraca, future queen of León and heir of Alfonso VI, and was the father of the future Alfonso VII.

Background
When Raymond and his cousin, Henry of Burgundy, first arrived in Iberia is uncertain, but it probably was with the army of Duke Odo I of Burgundy in 1086. In April 1087, the army abandoned the siege of Tudela. While most of the army returned home, Odo and his retinue went west. By 21 July 1087 they were probably at Burgos, at the court of Alfonso VI, and by 5 August he was in the capital city of León. There Odo most likely arranged Raymond's marriage to Alfonso's heiress, Urraca. All surviving charters which seem to place Raymond in Spain before 1087 are either mis-dated or interpolated.

By his marriage Raymond received as dowry the government of the Kingdom of Galicia (which included the County of Portugal and the County of Coimbra), although shortly after, in 1095, Alfonso VI gave the County of Portugal and the County of Coimbra to Henry of Burgundy, father of the first Portuguese King Afonso Henriques of Portugal, basing it in Bracara Augusta (nowadays Braga). During his government he was titled Count, Dominus, Prince, Emperor and Consul of Galicia or of the Galicians, exercising near absolute power in his domains ("in urbe Gallecia regnante Comite Raymundus"): "serenissimus totius Gallecie comes", "totius Gallecie Senior et Dominus", "totius Gallecie Consul", "totius Gallecie Princeps", "totius Gallecie Imperator".

He was father of Alfonso VII of León and Castile (1104/1105–1157), already crowned king of Galicia in 1111, while his brother later became Pope Callixtus II.

title: Raymond of Burgundy


text:
Talk:Dwight Frye

Untitled
I've just brought this here so that I can clean it up (style, language, etc.) before putting it back into the article:
 * "A versatile character actor, originator of several memorable characterizations in the horror film genre. Dwight Frye had a notable theatre career, moving from juvenile parts to leads before entering film. He originated the part of "the Young Man" in the 1922 Broadway premiere of Luigi Pirandello's "Six Characters in Search of an Author." Cast with Bela Lugosi in a 1926 production of "The Devil and the Cheese, " he ultimately appeared in at least two Lugosi films. Despite (or perhaps because of) his memorable, impassioned portrayals of real estate agent-cum-madman Renfield in Tod Browning's 1931 film "Dracula, " and Fritz the sadistic hunchbacked lab assistant in James Whale's "Frankenstein, " the Industry seemed determined to typecast him. "The Crime of Dr. Crespi" (1935) offered him billing second only to that of villain Erich von Stroheim but too soon he was consigned to playing a lucklustre array of lunatics, spies, red herrings, grasping heirs, and bit parts. He occasionally returned to the stage in comedies, musicals, and thrillers such as "Night Must Fall" and a stage version of "Dracula." In the early '40's he worked nights (between films and local theatre productions) as a tool desginer for the Lockheed Aircraft Company. An uncanny physical resemblance to then-Secretary of War Newton D.Baker led to being signed to a substantial role in a film called "Wilson", based on the life of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, but Frye succumbed to a heart attack on a bus a few days later."

--Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:35, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

OK, this is the copy-edtited version:
 * "Frye was a versatile character actor, and created several memorable characterizations in the horror film genre. He had a notable theatre career, moving from juvenile parts to leads before entering film. He was the first to fill the role of "the Young Man" in the 1922 Broadway premiere of Luigi Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author. Cast with Bela Lugosi in a 1926 production of The Devil and the Cheese, he ultimately appeared in at least two Lugosi films. Despite (or perhaps because of) his memorable, impassioned portrayals of real-estate agent-cum-madman Renfield in Tod Browning's 1931 film Dracula, and Fritz the sadistic hunchbacked laboratory assistant in James Whale's Frankenstein, the industry seemed determined to typecast him. The Crime of Dr. Crespi (1935) offered him billing second only to that of villain Erich von Stroheim. but too soon he was consigned to playing a lucklustre array of lunatics, spies, red herrings, grasping heirs, and bit parts. He occasionally returned to the stage in comedies, musicals, and thrillers such as Night Must Fall and a stage version of Dracula. In the early 1940s he worked at nights (between films and local theatre productions) as a tool designer for the Lockheed Aircraft Company. An uncanny physical resemblance to then-Secretary of War Newton D. Baker led to him being signed to a substantial role in a film called Wilson, based on the life of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, but Frye succumbed to a heart attack on a bus a few days later."

Is he related to Soleil Frye?
Just wondering if he's related to Soleil Frye who played Punky Brewster? DavidFarmbrough 11:00, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * not unless they are distant cousins. Virgil Frye (Soleil's dad) was born in Iowa in the 1930s while Dwight was born in Kansas some 35 years earlier and stayed in California most of his adult life.  So they would not be diectly related.  Also some documents list Dwight's source (birth) name as "Fry" - no e. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.65.109.159 (talk) 05:26, 8 May 2007 (UTC).

Is Dwight Frye the greatest method villain ever?
I think so. He is highly underrated. 2601:347:101:C560:2DE3:3D46:8F84:EAE5 (talk) 23:50, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dwight Frye


text:
Sijunjung Regency

Sijunjung Regency, formerly known as Sawahlunto Sijunjung, is an inland regency (kabupaten) in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The Regency covers an area of 3,150.58 km2, and it had a population of 201,823 at the 2010 census and 235,045 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 243,709 - comprising 123,380 males and 120,330 females. The regency seat is the town of Muaro Sijunjung. The regency was created from the former Sawahlunto Regency, after the districts comprising Sawahlunto town became a city, administratively separated from the regency, which was then renamed.

Most of the people work in trade or as government employees, and the rest are farmers. There are few university graduates because most people are not interested in continuing their studies for reasons of economic and environmental culture. Many of the natural resources of this regency are not explored and utilized because of the mountainous geography.

Administrative districts
The Sijunjung Regency is divided into eight districts (kecamatan), listed below with their areas and populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as of mid-2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages (all classed as nagari except for one desa - Kampung Baru in Kupitan District), and its postcode.

title: Sijunjung Regency


text:
Shinobi Legions

Shinobi Legions, known as Shinobi X in Europe and as Shin Shinobi Den (・) in Japan, is an action game in the Shinobi series developed and published by Sega in 1995 for the Sega Saturn.

Gameplay
Shinobi Legions is a traditional side-scrolling action game. The protagonist ninja Sho comes across various foes and obstacles that test the player's skill, including boss encounters. The gameplay itself is largely the same as that in Shinobi III: Return of the Ninja Master. However in this game special emphasis lies on the use of Sho's katana instead of his shuriken, as separate buttons are now used to control them.

The four ninjutsu techniques from earlier Shinobi games have also disappeared. Instead, Sho gains his special abilities by picking up various items scattered across each level. Among them are simple power-ups (yellow and red orbs to restore his hit points) or temporary ninjutsu abilities, such as the Great Sword or the Bunshin clone shield against enemy attacks.

In each level, blue orbs called life spheres can be found. Every time the player collects ten of them, Sho gains one life. Some item crates contain bombs that will damage Sho if he is standing too near.

Plot
Years of civil war have brought the ninjutsu code and its warriors to the brink of extinction. A ninjutsu master selects three children to carry on the ninja traditions for the next generation: two brothers, Kazuma and Sho, and his own daughter Aya. He begins to train them.

Fifteen years pass. The oldest boy, Kazuma, begins to reject all the ninjutsu teachings, save for the technique of strength. Obsessed with power, Kazuma demands that the master teach him the ultimate technique. The master refuses, and Kazuma vows to return one day and take revenge. Sho and Aya continue their studies and master the ninjutsu teachings.

Kazuma returns with an army and the resources to build a fortress. Although the old master has died, his pupils contain the secrets of the ultimate technique. Kazuma sets up a trap to lure Sho into his hideout, and kidnaps Aya to use her as a bait.

In the ending, Kazuma sacrifices himself to save Aya and Sho from an explosion.

Shinobi X

The European version of Shinobi Legions, published by Sega Europe and released as Shinobi X (a revert to the game's original title from when it was first announced at the Tokyo Toy Show in June 1994), was delayed and released in late 1995. It was delayed because Sega Europe's producer David Nulty disliked the original music score and wanted to change it for the European release, in a similar way that Sega of America did years before with the North American release of Sonic CD.

The in-game tracks were replaced by British video game composer Richard Jacques, while the cutscene music tracks were left intact. Jacques composed the soundtrack in imitation of the style of Yuzo Koshiro's The Revenge of Shinobi. The North American version, published earlier the same year by Vic Tokai, had retained the same music as the Japanese version.

Reception
On release, Famicom Tsūshin scored the game a 26 out of 40. GamePro gave it a rave review, stating that "If you've been sitting on the fence regarding a Sega Saturn purchase, here's a swift shuriken in the butt to get you moving." They particularly praised the new defensive moves and greater variety of enemies compared to previous Shinobi games. They also felt that the digitized sprite-based graphics were a refreshing change from the polygon-based graphics used in most Saturn games. The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly likewise praised the new defensive moves and "fluid" graphics. They had varying reactions to the FMV cutscenes, and two of the reviewers felt the game lacked the "feel" of earlier Shinobi games, but all four agreed that the game was both visually impressive and fun to play. A critic for Next Generation, while remarking that the game made no real advance in gameplay over its last generation predecessors, argued that it also maintains the standard of excellent gameplay set by those predecessors, and that the greater sophistication in the graphics would likely be enough to appease fans of the Shinobi series. Sega Saturn Magazine said that it plays well but fails to make any real use of the Saturn's capabilities, calling it "another Shinobi game that somehow managed to find its way on to CD instead of cartridge." They suggested that the "tacky" FMV scenes were added simply as an excuse to release the game on the Saturn instead of the Sega Genesis. A reviewer for Maximum described it as "a disappointment" compared to the earlier Shinobi games, but did not provide any specifics.

title: Shinobi Legions


text:
Adolf Reichwein

Adolf Reichwein (3 October 1898 – 20 October 1944) was a German educator, economist, and cultural policymaker for the SPD, who resisted the policies of Nazi Germany.

Biography
Reichwein was born in Bad Ems. He took part in the First World War, in which he was seriously wounded in the lung. Reichwein studied at the universities of Frankfurt am Main und Marburg, under Hugo Sinzheimer and Franz Oppenheimer, among others. In the 1920s, he was active in education policy and adult education in Berlin and Thuringia. It was he who founded the Volkshochschule ("People's High School" - e.g., Community College) and the Arbeiterbildungsheim ("Workers' Training Home") in Jena and ran them until 1929. In his Hungermarsch nach Lappland ("Hunger March to Lappland") he described in diary form a punishing hike with some young jobless people in the far north. In 1929–1930, he worked as an adviser to the Prussian Culture Minister Carl Heinrich Becker.

From 1930 until 1933, he was a professor at the newly founded Pedagogical Academy in Halle. After the Nazis seized power, he was let go for political reasons and sent off to Tiefensee in Brandenburg to become an elementary schoolteacher. There, until 1939, he conducted many instructional experiments, which received a lot of attention, with educational progressivism and especially vocational education in mind. Reichwein described in his work Schaffendes Schulvolk ("Productive School People") his instructional concept, inspired by the Wandervogel movement and labour-school pedagogy, whose main focus was on trips, activity-oriented instruction with school gardens, and projects spanning age groups. For Sachunterricht (~field education, or practical learning) and its history, he included important historical documents. Reichwein split the instructional content into a summer cycle (natural sciences and social studies) and a winter cycle ("Man as former"/"in his territory"). From 1939, Reichwein was working at the Folklore Museum in Berlin as a museum educator. As a member of the Kreisau Circle, Reichwein belonged to the resistance movement against Hitler. In early July 1944, Reichwein was arrested by the Gestapo, and, in a trial against Julius Leber, Hermann Maaß and Gustav Dahrendorf, sentenced to death by Roland Freisler's Volksgerichtshof. He was killed next to Maaß at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin on 20 October 1944.

Selected works

 * Schaffendes Schulvolk. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart/Berlin 1937.
 * Film in der Landschule. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart/Berlin 1938.
 * (New annotated edition of both works:) Schaffendes Schulvolk – Film in der Schule. Die Tiefenseer Schulschriften. pub. by. Wolfgang Klafki et al.. Beltz, Weinheim/Basel 1993. ISBN 3-407-34063-X

Literature

 * Ullrich Amlung:
 * "... in der Entscheidung gibt es keine Umwege": Adolf Reichwein 1898 - 1944. Reformpädagoge, Sozialist, Widerstandskämpfer. 3. Auflage Schüren, Marburg 2003 ISBN 3-89472-273-8
 * Adolf Reichwein: 1898–1944. Ein Lebensbild des Reformpädagogen, Volkskundlers und Widerstandskämpfers. 2. Auflage dipa, Frankfurt am Main, 1999 ISBN 3-7638-0399-8
 * Adolf Reichwein 1898 - 1944. Eine Personalbibliographie.  Universität Marburg 1991 (Schriften der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg, 54) ISBN 3-8185-0087-8
 * Hartmut Mitzlaff: Adolf Reichweins (1898–1944) heimliche Reformpraxis in Tiefensee 1933-1939. In: Astrid Kaiser, Detlef Pech (Hrsg.): Geschichte und historische Konzeptionen des Sachunterrichts. Schneider-Verlag Hohengehren, Baltmannsweiler 2004, S. 143–150. ISBN 3-89676-861-1

title: Adolf Reichwein


text: User talk:82.44.214.116

title: User talk:82.44.214.116


text:
Stuart Parkin

Stuart Stephen Papworth Parkin (born 9 December 1955 ) is an experimental physicist, Managing Director at the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics in Halle and an Alexander von Humboldt Professor at the Institute of Physics of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg.

He is a pioneer in the science and application of spintronic materials, and has made discoveries into the behaviour of thin-film magnetic structures that were critical in enabling recent increases in the data density and capacity of computer hard-disk drives. For these discoveries, he was awarded the 2014 Millennium Technology Prize.

Before his current position, Parkin was an IBM Fellow and manager of the magnetoelectronics group at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California. He was also a consulting professor in the department of applied physics at Stanford University and director of the IBM-Stanford Spintronic Science and Applications Center, which was formed in 2004.

Education and early life
A native of Watford, England, Parkin received his B.A. (1977) and was elected a research fellow (1979) at Trinity College, Cambridge, England, and was awarded his PhD (1980) at the Cavendish Laboratory, also in Cambridge. He joined IBM in 1982 as a World Trade Post-doctoral Fellow, becoming a permanent member of the staff the following year. In 1999 he was named an IBM Fellow, IBM's highest technical honour.

Research and career
In 2007 Parkin was named a distinguished visiting professor at the National University of Singapore, a visiting chair professor at the National Taiwan University, and an honorary visiting professor at University College London, The United Kingdom. In 2008, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. The Materials Research Network Dresden granted him the Dresden Barkhausen Award in 2009. Parkin has been awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Aachen, Germany and the Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.

In 1989 Stuart Parkin discovered the phenomenon of oscillatory interlayer coupling in magnetic multilayers, by which magnetic layers are magnetically coupled via an intervening non-magnetic metallic spacer layer. Parkin found that the sign of the exchange coupling oscillates from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic with an oscillation period of just a few atomic layers. Remarkably, Parkin discovered this phenomenon in thin film magnetic heterostructures that he prepared in a simple home-made sputtering system. Parkin, moreover, showed that this phenomenon is displayed by almost all metallic transition elements. In what is often referred to as "Parkin's Periodic Table", Parkin showed that the strength of this oscillatory interlayer exchange interaction varied systematically across the Periodic Table of the elements. Parkin made numerous other fundamental discoveries which continued the development of the field of "spintronics" of which he is recognised as a prolific scientist.

Later Parkin improved magnetic tunnelling junctions, a device invented in the 1970s by Julliere, and revolutionized by Jagadeesh Moodera of MIT. This element can create a high performance magnetic random access memory in 1995. Magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) promises unique attributes of high speed, high density and non-volatility. The development by Parkin in 2001 of giant tunnelling magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions using highly textured MgO tunnel barriers has made MRAM even more promising. IBM developed the first MRAM prototype in 1999 and is currently developing a 16 Mbit chip.

Parkin's research interests include organic superconductors, high-temperature superconductors, and, most recently, magnetic thin film structures and spintronic materials and devices for advanced sensor, memory, and logic applications. Most recently, Parkin has proposed and is working on a novel storage class memory device, The Magnetic Racetrack memory, which could replace both hard disk drives and many forms of conventional solid state memory. His research interests also include spin transistors and spin-logic devices that may enable a new generation of low-power electronics.

Parkin has received two ERC Advanced Grants: The first was awarded in 2014 and focused on spin-orbitronics for electronic technologies ("SORBET"). The second was awarded in 2022, focusing on the interplay between chirality, spin textures and superconductivity at manufactured interfaces ("SUPERMINT").

Parkin has authored over 670 papers and has more than 123 issued patents. Clarivate has named Parkin a "Highly Cited Researcher in the field of Physics" for the years 2018–2022. He is also the chief editor of Spin, one of World Scientific's newest journals, which publishes articles in spin electronics.

Awards
Parkin is the recipient of numerous honours, including the Gutenberg Research Award (2008), a Humboldt Research Award (2004), the 1999–2000 American Institute of Physics Prize for Industrial Applications of Physics, the European Physical Society's Europhysics Prize (1997), the American Physical Society's International New Materials Prize (1994), the MRS Outstanding Young Investigator Award (1991) and the Charles Vernon Boys Prize from the Institute of Physics, London (1991). In 2001, he was named the first "Innovator of the Year" by R&D Magazine and in October 2007 was received the "No Boundaries" Award for Innovation from The Economist. In 2009, Parkin received the IUPAP Magnetism Award and Néel Medal of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. In 2012, Parkin was awarded the Von Hippel Award of the Materials Research Society. In April 2014, Parkin was awarded the Millennium Technology Prize for his work on spintronic materials, "leading to a prodigious growth in the capacity to store digital information". In 2021 he received the King Faisal Prize in Science. In 2023, Parkin was named a Clarivate Citation Laureate in Physics, an award given out to scientists considered likely to receive a Nobel Prize in the future. Parkin received the 2024 APS Medal for contributions to spintronics and data storage. Parkin was awarded the Charles Stark Draper Prize in 2024 for his "inventions in the field of spintronics".

Memberships
Parkin is a Fellow of the Royal Society, the American Physical Society, the Materials Research Society, the Institute of Physics (London), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Gutenberg Research College (GRC).

In 2008, Parkin was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In 2009, he was elected into the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to development of spin-engineered magnetic heterostructures for magnetic sensors and memory devices. In 2012, he was elected into The World Academy of Sciences. The same year, he received an Honorary fellowship of the Indian Academy of Sciences. In 2015, he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In March 2016, Parkin was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's national academy of science and letters. In 2019, he became a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

title: Stuart Parkin


text:
Talk:Illinois Route 390

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title: Talk:Illinois Route 390


text:
Frog City

Frog City may refer to:

 * Frog City Software, a software company
 * Frog City, Florida, an unincorporated community in Florida, United States
 * Frog City, Rhode Island, a village in Rhode Island, United States

title: Frog City


text:
Togetherness (TV series)

Togetherness is an American comedy-drama television series created by Mark Duplass, Jay Duplass and Steve Zissis. It is primarily written and directed by the Duplass brothers, and stars Mark Duplass, Melanie Lynskey, Amanda Peet, Steve Zissis, and Abby Ryder Fortson. The series focuses on themes such as marriage and friendship.

The show's first season premiered on HBO on January 11, 2015. The series was renewed for an eight-episode second season, which premiered on February 21, 2016.

On March 25, 2016 Togetherness was canceled after two seasons.

Main

 * Mark Duplass as Brett Pierson, a sound editor and Michelle's husband
 * Melanie Lynskey as Michelle Pierson, Brett's wife
 * Amanda Peet as Tina Morris, Michelle's sister
 * Steve Zissis as Alex Pappas, an aspiring actor and Brett's best friend
 * Abby Ryder Fortson as Sophie Pierson, Brett and Michelle's daughter (recurring season 1, starring season 2)

Recurring

 * Peter Gallagher as Larry Kozinski, a producer and Tina's boyfriend
 * John Ortiz as David Garcia, a single father who becomes involved with Michelle
 * Joshua Leonard as Dudley Walker, a director
 * Mary Steenburgen as Linda, a free spirited woman who becomes Brett's friend (season 1)
 * Amy Adair as Peggy, the Pierson's babysitter (season 1)
 * Ginger Gonzaga as Christy, a film industry worker and Alex's girlfriend (season 2)
 * Katie Aselton as Anna, a helper in Michelle's school plan (season 2)
 * Emily Althaus as Natalie, a woman Brett meets while working for Uber (season 2)

Production
In January 2013, HBO ordered the pilot for the series with, Mark Duplass and Jay Duplass writing, directing, and executive producing the series, with Stephanie Langhoff under their Duplass Brothers Productions banner. In March 2013, it was revealed that Amanda Peet, Melanie Lynskey and Steve Zissis joined the cast of the series. In May 2013, it was revealed that Mark Duplass would be starring in the pilot in the lead role. In July 2013, the pilot was picked up to series, with Steve Zissis now joining as a consultant producer and writer. In January 2016, Katie Aselton joined the series in a recurring role. Michael Andrews composed the score for the series.

Critical response
The first season received positive reviews from many critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 93% approval rating, with an average rating of 8.1 out of 10 based on 43 critic reviews. The critical consensus reads: "Togetherness is a delightful surprise that interweaves day-to-day life with moving, dramatic characters who have an affinity for deprecating, squirmy humor." Metacritic gave the first season a score of 79 based on 23 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". IGN reviewer Matt Fowler gave the entire first season an 8.3 out of 10, saying that "The Duplass brothers, along with several wonderful performances, have managed to take an oft-trodden road and paved it fresh."

The second season continued to receive positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the second season an 88% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10 based on 17 critic reviews. The critical consensus reads: "Togetherness returns with its charm intact, though its compelling characters could stand to have a few more laughs." On Metacritic, it has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote, "The stories are told with such intimacy, such empathy, and such attention to detail, that it transcends labels and generalities" and that the show is "even better this year".

Accolades
For the 5th Critics' Choice Television Awards, Melanie Lynskey was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Peter Gallagher was nominated for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series.

International broadcast
In Canada, the series aired on HBO Canada simultaneously with the American broadcast, and premiered on January 11, 2015. In Australia, the series premiered on April 21, 2015, on Showcase.

title: Togetherness (TV series)


title: User:Marmot452


text:
Frigidarium

A frigidarium is one of the three main bath chambers of a Roman bath or thermae, namely the cold room. It often contains a swimming pool.

The succession of bathing activities in the thermae is not known with certainty, but it is thought that the bather would first go through the apodyterium, where he would undress and store his clothes, and then enter the elaeothesium or unctuarium to be anointed with oil. After exercising in a special room or court, he would enjoy the hot room, known as calidarium or caldarium, then the steam room (a moist sudatorium or a dry laconicum), where he would most likely scrape the by now grimy oil with the help of a curved metal strigil off his skin, before finally moving to the frigidarium with its small pool of cold water or sometimes with a large swimming pool (though this, differently from the piscina natatoria, was usually covered). The water could be also kept cold by using snow. The bather would finish by again anointing his body with oil.

The frigidarium was usually located on the northern side of the baths. The largest examples of frigidaria were both in Rome: that of the Baths of Caracalla, located soon after the entrance, measures 58 x 24 m, and that of the Baths of Diocletian, covered by a groin vault. Some, like one in Pompeii, had a circular plan.

History
Italy initially had simple baths without tubs, the lavatrinae. Increasing Hellenisation of Italy led to the development of bathing rooms and public baths. Eventually, individual standing hot water tubs were replaced by collective pools and the development of hypocaust heating. This led to various types of heated rooms, including the caldarium, tepidarium, laconicum or sudatorium, and the frigidarium.

Use as Jewish mikveh and/or Christian baptism pool
There are examples from Hasmonean and Herodian palaces in Judaea (e.g. Jericho, Herodium), where Jewish ritual immersion pools or mikva'ot were located in the frigidaria of the private royal bathing facilities.

A Roman octagonal bath-house, c. 14.5 m across, centered around an octagonal frigidarium pool over 4 m across and with a large brick conduit for supplying cold water, probably dated to 330–335 CE during the time of Constantine the Great, was excavated at Bax Farm, Teynham, Kent. It had been suggested that the octagonal frigidarium could have been used for Christian baptism or as a Jewish ritual immersion pool.

title: Frigidarium


text:
Randy Meisner

Randall Herman Meisner (March 8, 1946 – July 26, 2023) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, and founding member of the Eagles. Throughout his professional musical career, Meisner's main role was that of bassist and backing high-harmony vocalist as a group member and session musician. He co-wrote and provided lead vocals on the Eagles hit song "Take It to the Limit".

Early life
Randall Herman Meisner was born in Scottsbluff, Nebraska, on March 8, 1946, the second child and only son of farmers Herman (1911–1995) and Emilie (née Haun) Meisner (1911–2010). All four of his grandparents were Volga German immigrants. Randy had an elder sister, Carol, who died in 2005. He recalled that his mother was always singing around the house. His maternal grandfather, George Haun, was a violin teacher.

The Meisner family grew corn, beans, alfalfa, and sugar beets on their farm. The young Randy developed an interest in the guitar at the age of ten, after seeing Elvis Presley perform on The Ed Sullivan Show. He began taking lessons and playing in local bands. While attending Scottsbluff High School, one of Randy's teachers suggested he take up the bass. "I loved R&B and the bass players on the Motown stuff were great. They really inspired me. I can't read music. Once I learn a part it's there. My bass playing came real naturally."

Early career (1961–1968)
Meisner played bass and sang with a local band named The Dynamics (later The Drivin' Dynamics) from 1961 to 1965. Their first paying job was in the dance hall at Little Moon Lake, in Torrington, Wyoming, in December 1961. They played there regularly through 1962. In late 1962, The Drivin' Dynamics released their first record, a four-song EP with Meisner singing lead vocals on Sam Cooke's "You Send Me". It was pressed locally with only 500 copies released. In August 1965, The Dynamics signed a record deal with Sully Records out of Amarillo, Texas. They recorded three songs, with Meisner singing lead on two: "One Of These Days" and "So Fine". "So Fine" was released as a single, and sold well regionally and in the southeastern U.S. Early in 1966, Meisner moved to California with a band named The Soul Survivors, later to be renamed The Poor (because, as Don Felder later said, "that is what they became"). It was a hardscrabble existence, as Meisner later recalled, "I never had a car, I had to walk. I sold the Los Angeles Free Press on Sunset and Highland. I made about five bucks a day." The Poor was managed by Charlie Greene and Brian Stone, who also managed Buffalo Springfield and Sonny & Cher. The band released several singles on Loma, York, and Decca Records in 1966 and 1967, with limited success. Loma Records was a subsidiary of Warner Bros., and had offices in the same building. In February 1967, The Poor recorded "She's Got the Time, She's Got the Changes", written by Tom Shipley (later of Brewer & Shipley fame) while he was a staff writer for A&M Records. Three of the singles were produced by Barry Friedman (aka "Frazier Mohawk") and recorded at Gold Star Studios. The band performed on "Study in Motion #1" which was featured in the 1967 Jack Nicholson film Hell's Angels on Wheels.

In the summer of 1967, The Poor was booked for two weeks at the Salvation Club in New York City, opening for The Jimi Hendrix Experience. Though they did get to play a few times, it was not the opportunity they had hoped it would be, and the band members had to threaten management to get money for plane tickets back to Los Angeles. Rev-Ola released a CD of The Poor's music in 2003, which included one song written by Meisner, "Come Back Baby".

Poco and the Stone Canyon Band (1968–1970)
In May 1968, after auditioning alongside Timothy B. Schmit, Meisner joined Poco (originally named Pogo) with Rusty Young, and former Buffalo Springfield members Richie Furay and Jim Messina. Meisner appears on the group's first album, Pickin' Up the Pieces, but quit the band shortly before the record was released. His exit was the result of his anger at being excluded from participation in the final mix playback sessions for the album, as only Messina and Furay were to complete production. His image was removed from the painting on the album's cover and replaced with a dog. His bass parts and backing vocals were left in the final mix, but his lead vocals were removed, and new versions were sung by George Grantham.

In April 1969, Meisner joined Rick Nelson's Stone Canyon Band, and persuaded Nelson and producer John Boylan to hire his former bandmates from The Poor, Allen Kemp (guitar) and Pat Shanahan (drums). The pedal steel guitarist Tom Brumley, previously of Buck Owens' band, completed the group. Meisner appears on In Concert at the Troubadour, 1969 and Rudy The Fifth. He is also featured in Easy to Be Free, a documentary of the Stone Canyon Band's 1969 tour, directed by Rick Nelson's brother David. The film was eventually broadcast on U.S. television in 1973. Meisner co-produced In Concert at the Troubadour with Rick Nelson. Although he did not perform on Nelson's Garden Party, he did co-author one of the album's tracks, "I Wanna Be With You". Meisner continued to support himself as a session performer, playing bass on two tracks of James Taylor's Sweet Baby James album ("Country Road" and "Blossom"), recorded in December 1969. In the same month he played bass on several tracks for Waylon Jennings' 1970 album Singer of Sad Songs, recorded in RCA Victor Studio in Hollywood.

Meisner returned to Nebraska in the spring of 1970 after a difficult tour of Europe with Rick Nelson and the Stone Canyon Band. He began working at Frank Implement Company, the local John Deere tractor dealership. At night, he played in a band, Goldrush, that featured Stephen A. Love (later to become a member of New Riders of the Purple Sage). Later that year, with Rick Nelson's encouragement, he returned to Los Angeles to resume his career. He worked to establish Goldrush while playing in the Stone Canyon Band and performing on sessions for John Stewart and Compton & Batteau. By mid-1971, he was recruited by John Boylan to become active in Linda Ronstadt's roster of backing musicians, which included Don Henley, Glenn Frey, and Bernie Leadon.

Eagles (1971–1977)
In September 1971, Meisner, Henley, Frey, and Leadon formed the Eagles. The band signed with David Geffen's new label, Asylum Records, and released their eponymous debut album in 1972. While he usually played the bass and sang backing vocals for the Eagles, he wrote, co-wrote, and/or sang lead on songs on each of the group's first five albums, most notably "Take It to the Limit", the band's first million-selling single, and the third song released from One of These Nights. Other songs he wrote and sang lead on include "Try and Love Again", "Is it True?", "Take the Devil", and "Tryin'". He wrote "Certain Kind of Fool" with Frey and Henley, and sang lead.

During the 1976/77 tour in support of the album Hotel California, Meisner suffered from ill health and exhaustion while the band toured frequently for over eleven months. Meisner also preferred not to be the center of attention, and said: "I was always kind of shy ... They wanted me to stand in the middle of the stage to sing 'Take It to the Limit,' but I liked to be out of the spotlight." The band was starting to feel the strain of a long tour, and Meisner was unhappy. His stomach ulcers had flared up, and his marriage was also gradually disintegrating. During the tour he had been arguing with fellow member Glenn Frey about his signature song, "Take It to the Limit"; Meisner was struggling to hit the crucial high notes in the song. At their show in Knoxville, Tennessee, Meisner decided to skip the song as an encore as he had stayed up late and caught flu; Frey and Meisner then became involved in an angry physical confrontation backstage. After the altercation, Meisner was frozen out from the band, and Meisner later said: "That was the end... I really felt like I was a member of the group, not a part of it." Meisner decided to leave the group after the final date of the tour, and returned to Nebraska to be with his family. His last performance was in East Troy, Wisconsin, on September 3, 1977. The band replaced Meisner with the same musician who had succeeded him in Poco, Timothy B. Schmit, after agreeing that Schmit was the only candidate.

Meisner formally quit the band in September 1977, citing "exhaustion". On the subject of his abrupt resignation from the band, Meisner later said, "All that stuff and all the arguing amongst the Eagles is over now. Well, at least for me."

It is disputed whether Meisner actually refused to sing "Take it to the Limit"; according to a concert review, Meisner did perform "Take it to the Limit", which was on the regular setlist; after two encores, Meisner refused to go out for a third encore that the audience wanted.

Post-Eagles (1978–2020)
Following his departure from the Eagles, Meisner went on to release solo albums in 1978 (Randy Meisner) and 1980 (One More Song). He said that his 1978 album, which he co-produced with Alan Brackett, was scattershot and not "conceptualized to its best." It only featured one song co-written by Meisner, a new arrangement of "Take It to the Limit" and he only played bass on one song, a cover of The Drifters' "Save the Last Dance for Me". He explained that "Elektra had a 'leaving members clause' and I had to record an album for them before I was able to do what I wanted." 1980's One More Song was produced by Val Garay and featured backing vocals by his former Eagles bandmates Don Henley and Glenn Frey on the Jack Tempchin-composed title track. Meisner co-wrote six of the album's nine songs, two, including the 1981 Top 20 single "Hearts On Fire" with Eric Kaz, and four with Kaz and Wendy Waldman.

Throughout the early 1980s, he toured with his band, Randy Meisner & the Silverados. The 1981 band included Greg Palmer on bass, Todd Smith on guitar, Sterling Smith on keyboards, Don Francisco (not the Christian singer of the same name) on percussion and background vocals, and Therese Heston on background vocals. In 1982, he released another album on CBS (Randy Meisner), recorded at Kendun Recorders in Burbank, California, and produced by Mike Flicker, best known for his work with Heart. Several members of Heart, including the Wilson sisters, played and/or sang on the Randy Meisner album. The revamped Silverados included Dixon House on keyboards, Denny Carmassi on drums, Tom Erak on bass, and John Corey on guitar, as well as Sterling Smith from the earlier band. The album featured a Top 20 hit "Never Been in Love", composed by Craig Bickhardt.

In 1985, Meisner became part of an all-star band Black Tie composed of Jimmy Griffin (of Bread) and Billy Swan. Black Tie's cover of Buddy Holly's "Learning the Game" became a hit on U.S. country radio. Respected session musician Blondie Chaplin and former Eagles member Bernie Leadon joined the band on their U.S. tour in early 1986. The band released one album together in 1990, When the Night Falls. Jimmy Griffin departed and was replaced by Charlie Rich Jr. The band was renamed Meisner, Rich & Swan. Alternatively known as Meisner, Swan & Rich, the trio toured extensively in the 1990s and recorded an album. Unfortunately, the album, which was released on September 11, 2001, failed to garner much attention at the time.

From 1987 to 1989, Meisner formed a band and toured with former Firefall singer-songwriter Rick Roberts, called the Roberts-Meisner Band (Roberts had previously been a Burrito Brother with Bernie Leadon, notably on 1971's The Flying Burrito Brothers). The Roberts-Meisner Band's drummer was well-known musician Ron Grinel, who also played with Dan Fogelberg, Carole King, and the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band. Also in the band were Bray Ghiglia on guitar, flute, saxophone, and keyboards and Cary Park on lead guitar. Roberts reports that the band recorded "at least half a dozen" songs, but that record company interest was not as great as they had expected.

In 1989 and 1990, Meisner reunited with Poco for the Legacy album and tour. "Call It Love" was a Top 20 single in the U.S. Meisner sang lead on the Richard Marx-composed "Nothin' to Hide", which also sold well for the band.

Meisner expressed disappointment and hurt at being excluded from the Eagles' 1994 "resumption" tour Hell Freezes Over. In an interview with the television program American Journal, Meisner said he had contacted the band's manager, Irving Azoff, when he heard rumors of the band reforming but was brushed off by him. "You'd think that you would be mentioned if you helped with six of the albums, but they act as though I never even played with them," Meisner said at the time. Meisner also asked the band if he could sit in with them at their Millennium Concert at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on New Year's Eve 1999, but said he was rebuffed; however, he also said that he held no resentment towards Henley and Frey.

The Eagles' 1998 appearance at the New York City induction ceremony for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame featured all seven past and present members of the Eagles. They performed "Take It Easy" and "Hotel California". His successor Timothy B. Schmit paid tribute to Meisner in his acceptance speech.

Meisner reunited with the Drivin' Dynamics for a performance in 2000, when the band and Meisner as a solo performer was inducted into the Nebraska Music Hall of Fame. In the 2000s he performed as a part of the World Classic Rockers touring group. After suffering severe chest pains and being hospitalized in August 2004, Meisner cut back on his touring schedule. His last known public performance was in 2008 in Naples, Florida.

Meisner was invited by the Eagles to take part in their History of the Eagles world tour in 2013, but he declined due to health issues. In September 2018, during the Eagles North American Leg he was acknowledged for showing up to a concert at The Forum in Inglewood, California. The three-night stand was released as Live from the Forum MMXVIII.

Meisner was a special guest at two Richie Furay livestream concerts. On August 27, 2020. Meisner appeared (via video) from his home, singing back-up harmony with Furay and his band on the Buffalo Springfield song "For What It's Worth".

On October 30, 2020, Meisner made a second remote appearance, singing background vocals with Richie's band on the Poco song "Pickin' Up the Pieces". He was a special guest on the November 28, 2020 "Joe Walsh's Old Fashioned Rock n' Roll Radio Show", chatting with his friend and former Eagles bandmate Joe Walsh on the independent KCSN 88.5 FM.

Personal life
Meisner married twice. He married his high-school girlfriend, Jennifer Lee Barton, in 1963, and the young couple had a son, Dana Scott Meisner, in November 1963. The couple had two more children, twins Heather Leigh and Eric Shane Meisner, born in May 1970, before divorcing in 1981.

Meisner later married his girlfriend of twelve years, Lana Rae, in November 1996. The marriage lasted until her death in 2016.

Many people who met and worked with Meisner remarked on his kindness. Don Felder, James Taylor, and Rick Roberts described Meisner as one of the nicest people they had ever worked with. Felder added, "He was a wonderful Midwestern guy with a great heart and a loving soul." Henry Diltz, who photographed Meisner extensively with the Eagles and in the early 1980s during Meisner's solo career, said, "Randy Meisner was a very gentle soul. Pisces. A quiet and friendly guy. No aggressive vibe at all. Very sweet. He was so there and open." His shyness was also remarked upon, and may have caused him some difficulty as a performer at times. "Randy was extremely uncomfortable with so-called superstardom," Don Henley told author Marc Eliot.

Impostor case
A man named Lewis Peter "Buddy" Morgan started impersonating Meisner in 1988. He had previously been charged with impersonating Don Henley in Las Vegas, Nevada, but he skipped on his bail. Morgan's identity was not conclusively revealed until 1997. Morgan was arrested again in 1998 and spent 16 months in prison. Upon his release, Morgan continued his charade, and was still doing so as of 2009. He often tried to use Meisner's identity to rent hotel rooms in Reno, Nevada. He was not as successful as years earlier with the ruse, since the city's hotels had notified each other of the impostor. Some people are not as familiar with Meisner's appearance as with the more prominent and public Eagles members, and Morgan used that fact to con musical instrument manufacturers and retailers, casino owners, and women.

Health and legal issues
Meisner reportedly struggled with periodic alcohol dependency from the late 1960s onward, especially during his tenure with the Eagles, as he tried to deal with his new-found fame. [not in citation given] Following minor heart attacks in 2004, he was forced to cut back on touring. As his health continued to deteriorate, he eventually stopped performing. His last known public performance was in 2008 in Naples, Florida.

In March 2013, Meisner suffered yet another health scare after losing consciousness in his California home. A piece of food obstructed his breathing while he was eating, and he was rushed to the hospital. While doctors were optimistic about his recovery, Meisner spent some time in a coma, and in his weakened state was unable to participate in the History of the Eagles tour alongside fellow ex-bandmate Bernie Leadon, who participated in the tour. He later revealed that his former Eagles bandmates had paid the medical bills from the hospitalization.

In April 2015, Meisner and his wife denied rumors, based on a lawsuit filed on his behalf, that she was taking advantage of his known addictions to alcohol and drugs by trying to force-feed him bottles of vodka to keep him drunk. The singer's self-described longtime friend, James Newton, filed papers in April asking that Meisner be placed under a court-supervised conservatorship governing his personal and financial matters. Despite this, three months later, the Los Angeles County Superior Court appointed a temporary conservator to oversee the 24-hour management of Meisner's drug prescriptions and medical state, noting he was previously diagnosed as bipolar. Meisner had allegedly threatened to kill himself and others with a weapon in early 2015, though he did not have a firearm at the time. The brief conservatorship directed Meisner's medical care, but the judge did not give the conservator the additional power sought by Troy Martin and James Newton to also have her oversee his finances.

Death of Lana Meisner
On March 6, 2016, police responded to a 911 call made by a woman from the couple's house in Studio City, California, asking for police assistance with a possibly intoxicated male. Ninety minutes later, after police had left the scene, Lana Meisner was shot and killed when a rifle she was moving was struck by an object in its case and accidentally discharged. Authorities determined that Meisner had no role in the shooting, as surveillance tapes showed he was in another part of the house at the time.

Following the accidental shooting, Meisner was placed under psychiatric hold after threatening suicide, due to previous threats and mental issues.

On April 1, 2016, CBS News published a comprehensive assessment of Meisner's mental and caretaker issues.

Death
Meisner died due to complications associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Los Angeles, on July 26, 2023, at the age of 77.

Discography
See also Poco discography, Eagles discography, and Black Tie discography for Meisner's work with these bands.

Other appearances

 * "You" and "Into the Night" (1990) from Ballerina (Faith) soundtrack

Session work
 * Bass on "Honeysuckle" and "Homesick Kid" by Compton & Batteau, on the In California album, released 1970
 * Bass on "Blossom" and "Country Road" by James Taylor, on the Sweet Baby James album, released 1970

title: Randy Meisner


text:
User talk:Gear head rsx

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Meelar (talk) 17:43, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gear head rsx


text:
Talk:The Lenny Henry Show

According to IMDB, there were actually two shows called The Lenny Henry Show. The one I'm familiar with and which seems to be described here is a sketch comedy show; the latter seems like it may have been more of a sitcom, with Lenny played the fixed role of pirate DJ Delbert Watkins. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:43, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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Delbert Wilkins
The 1987 and 1988 series with Henry as Delbert Wilkins should really be regarded as a separate show. It's described as a "spin-off" here. It doesn't have any connection to the previous sketch show, except that it happens to share the same title. Pawnkingthree (talk) 00:41, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Lenny Henry Show


text:
No Mystery

No Mystery (1975) is a studio album by jazz-rock fusion band Return to Forever, and the second featuring the quartet of Chick Corea, guitarist Al Di Meola, bassist Stanley Clarke and drummer Lenny White.

Production
All members of the group contributed compositions to this album. Side 1 contains heavily funk-influenced material composed by each member of the group, whereas Side 2 is filled by Chick Corea compositions. Chick Corea won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group Grammy Award in 1975 for this album.

Personnel
Return to Forever
 * Chick Corea – acoustic piano, Fender Rhodes electric piano, Hohner clavinet, Yamaha electric organ, synthesizers (ARP Odyssey, Minimoog), snare drum, marimba, vocals
 * Al Di Meola – electric guitar, acoustic guitar
 * Stanley Clarke – electric bass, acoustic bass, Yamaha electric organ, synthesizer, vocals
 * Lenny White – drums, percussion, congas, marimba

Production
 * Shelly Yakus – engineer
 * Tom Rabstenek – mastering
 * Bill Levy – cover art direction

title: No Mystery


text:
Floruit

Floruit (abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for "flourished") denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indicating the time when someone flourished.

Etymology and use
flōruit is the third-person singular perfect active indicative of the Latin verb flōreō, flōrēre "to bloom, flower, or flourish", from the noun flōs, flōris, "flower".

Broadly, the term is employed in reference to the peak of activity for a person or movement. More specifically, it often is used in genealogy and historical writing when a person's birth or death dates are unknown, but some other evidence exists that indicates when they were alive. For example, if there are wills attested by John Jones in 1204 and 1229, as well as a record of his marriage in 1197, a record concerning him might be written as "John Jones (fl. 1197–1229)", even though Jones was born before 1197 and died possibly after 1229.

The term is often used in art history when dating the career of an artist. In this context, it denotes the period of the individual's known artistic activity, which would generally be after they had received their training and, for example, had begun signing work or being mentioned in contracts.

In some cases, it can be replaced by the words "active between [date] and [date]", depending on context and if space or style permits.

title: Floruit


text:
Gavin Ewing

Gavin Mackie Ewing (born 21 January 1981) is a Zimbabwean cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and bowls a right-arm offbreak. As a teenager, he spent a short time at Potchefstroom Boys High in South Africa before returning to Zimbabwe to complete his schooling at Falcon College in Esigodini.

He plays for Zimbabwe and Matabeleland. His current Test high batting score is 71, with an average of 18. He was initially called up for the 2003–04 tour in Australia, having previously played in the 1999 Under-19 World Cup and finished in the list of the top ten wicket players. He is a confident and aggressive middle-order batsman, and amongst the list of fifteen cricketers who had a coming together with the country's Cricket Union in 2004. He returned to the side in November of that year. In 2009, he spent a season playing cricket in Devon for Paignton CC, having a reasonable season before returning to Zimbabwe.

title: Gavin Ewing


text:
Brodmann area 32

The Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its inner boundary and the superior rostral sulcus (H) its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, externally by medial margins of the agranular frontal area 6, intermediate frontal area 8, granular frontal area 9, frontopolar area 10, and prefrontal area 11-1909. (Brodmann19-09).

The dorsal region of the anterior cingulate gyrus is associated with rational thought processes, most notably active during the Stroop task.

Guenon
In the guenon, Brodmann area 32 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. This area was named 25 in Brodmann-1905 and labeled 25 in a figure contributed by Brodmann in Mauss-1908. In Brodmann-1909, however, the area was labeled 32 and the name "area 25" was attached to the area that has since been the accepted area 25 of Brodmann-1909 (Vogt-87). Distinguishing features according to Brodmann-1905: in contrast with area 6 of Brodmann-1909 the cortex of area 32 is relatively thick; the transition from cortex to white matter is more gradual; the distribution of cells is less dense; and there is no distinct boundary between the inner pyramidal layer (V) and the multiform layer (VI); it is similar to area 6 in the general absence of distinct layers, particularly of an internal granular layer (IV), but differs in that cells are smaller and there is an increased density of medium-sized pyramidal cells at the level of layer IV; this population of cells makes area 32 similar to the neighboring area 24 of Brodmann-1909; it differs from area 24 by its greater overall thickness and a particularly thick layer VI that merges gradually with the subcortical white matter. Brodmann-1909 regarded area 32 as topologically, but not cytoarchitecturally, homologous to the human dorsal anterior cingulate area 32; area 25 of Walker-1940 is topologically homologous to area 32.

title: Brodmann area 32


text:
Talk:Steinhart–Hart equation

"Steinhart" vs "Steinhardt"

The correct name for the first author of the Steinhar[d]t-Hart equation is almost certainly Steinhart. I noticed that the name was not spelled consistently within Wikipedia. After considerable Google searching, it became evident that "Steinhart" is the correct spelling. I learned that "Hart" is Stanley R. Hart, still a Senior Scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Steinhart's full name, I believe, was John S. Steinhart, former Professor and Professor Emeritus at University of Wisconsin-Madison. See following links:

http://www.whoi.edu/science/GG/people/shart/publications.htm http://www.secfac.wisc.edu/senate/2004/0405/1775(mem_res).pdf

Coefficients

The coefficient D is referenced in the where clause, but is not present in the equation. Either the equation is incorrect or the where clause needs to be modified.

more data

I translated this article on the French Wiki, and put some calculation to use it. I let you import those equations from FR to EN (talking French is easier but not needed... it's math). Relation_de_Steinhart-Hart. Enjoy !

units

This equation doesn't make sense. You can't take the log of a resistance. You can only take the log of a dimensionless number. The datasheet I'm holding for some thermistors I'm using instead have R/R25 in the log - the ratio between the measured resistance and the resistance at 25 degrees celcius. The ratio makes it dimensionless, and without that it doesn't make sense - as it is in this article R cannot be resistance in Ohms. 118.139.33.247 (talk) 05:21, 15 December 2009 (UTC)
 * You are correct that the dimensions don't agree. This formula is only a curve-fitting approximation and not an absolutely-correct calculation. Morcheeba (talk) 18:21, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I would say that this formula is not even a good curve fitting approximation, as it adds 3-rd order term but misses 2nd order term or polinomial regression. Shcha (talk) 16:47, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree, and is reflected in an updated I did in the article. Cstausland (talk) 18:29, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

Typical values and dimensions of coefficients

It might be useful to give some typical values of the coefficients A, B and C for a typical thermistor. Also, are the units of A, B and C simply Kelvin? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.246.121.103 (talk) 09:27, 29 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree, but could not find any proper reference for typical values. I wrote some Python code that calculates coefficients for 141 thermistors from TDK, which seem to support that A ~ 1E-3, B ~ 1E-4, C ~ 1E-6 and D ~ 1E-7. We need a reference, though. Cstausland (talk) 18:29, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

Credibility
This curve-fitting formula is basically a polynomial regression with missing 2nd order term. Omitting 2nd order term and adding 3rd order term makes no sense to me. I've tested this on a number or NTC sensors I work with, and they all consistently give better approximation with $$[\ln(R)]^2$$ instead of $$[\ln(R)]^3$$, and even better of course when both are used. I would seriously question scientific credibility of this article and/or original paper. Also, I would question significance of this formula - this is just an inferior special case application of a well known approximation method. Shcha (talk) 16:49, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
 * In fact, many citations for this method say that it is not adequate. See this article, for example: "The results of this study indicated that the basic equation and Steinhart and Hart equations were not the adequate calibration equation for four table data of thermistor". Or this: "It was confirmed that the Steinhart–Hart equation shows a poor performance and should be replaced by the more suitable models recommended in White et al. (2014)." At very least I would like some clarification as to what advantages this formula has compared to more simple fitting curve $${1 \over T} = A + B \ln(R) + C [\ln(R)]^2 $$? Shcha (talk) 17:20, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree with this. I changed the article, including some nice references that agrees with this. One of them is the one you are referring to. Cstausland (talk) 18:29, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steinhart–Hart equation


text:
Hypsas

Hypsas (Ὕψας) is the classical name of two rivers in Sicily:

 * The San Leone (river), also known as the Sant'Anna or Drago, near Agrigento (in antiquity Akragas)
 * The Belice, near the ancient city of Selinus, on the banks of which stood the ancient city of Inycum.

title: Hypsas