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Admiral Clarey Bridge

Admiral Clarey Bridge, also known as the Ford Island Bridge, is a 4,672 ft road bridge that connects Ford Island in Pearl Harbor to the mainland of Oahu, the third-largest island of Hawaii. A 930 ft section of it is supported by pontoons, and can be moved to allow vessels to pass through. This floating moveable span is the largest in the world.

The bridge is used by military families housed on Ford Island and by tour buses serving the island's historic sites. The bridge replaced an hourly ferry service operated by the U.S. Navy. Its namesake, Admiral Bernard A. Clarey, was one of the Navy's most decorated officers.

History
Before the bridge was built, access to Ford island was restricted to U.S. military personnel, their dependents, and invited guests. Passage to the island was provided by ferryboats. For decades, two Navy diesel-powered ferries served the island: Waa Hele Honoa (YFB-83) and Moko Holo Hele (YFB-87). The Waa Hele Honoa, translated as "Canoe go to land", was purchased in 1959 for $274,000 and pressed into service by the Navy on 3 March 1961. The 181-foot ship could carry 750 people and 33 vehicles. The Moko Holo Hele, translated as "boat go back and forth", was purchased for $1.1 million on 25 May 1970. It is 162 feet long and can hold 750 people and 42 vehicles. Several smaller "foot ferries" carried pedestrians between Ford Island and several landings around Pearl Harbor.

Funding
Proposals to connect the island had been around since 1967, when a study suggested that there were only three ways to connect the island: a bridge, a tunnel, or a rubble-filled causeway. In 1976, the military construction budget included a proposal for a $25 million causeway but it was removed as too expensive. Other proposals such as a steel bridge were considered but were never constructed because of the cost.

A proposal finally came to fruition after Sen. Daniel Inouye introduced special legislation,, to authorize the Navy to sell land to fund the bridge. The bridge was primarily funded through the "Manana deal," where the Navy sold 109 acre in Pearl City, called the Manana storage site, to the City and County of Honolulu for development for $94,000,000. The Navy was also able to lease and sell 34 acre of Ford Island as part of Inouye's renovation project to use private funds to redevelop the island.

Rebirth of Ford Island
Initially called "the bridge to nowhere", the Admiral Clarey bridge was instrumental in Inouye's "rebirth" of Ford Island and enabled over $500,000,000 in development on the island. It connected 45 families and 3,000 civilian workers to Kamehameha Highway. The completion of the bridge also enabled the Navy to further develop the island to include the $331,000,000 NOAA's Senator Daniel Inouye Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. In addition, visitor access to the island with the bridge enabled the construction of the $50,000,000 16 acre Pacific Aviation Museum.

It was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc and constructed by the joint venture of Dillingham-Manson. Ground was broken on the causeway bridge on 10 January 1996 and was completed in 1998 and dedicated on 15 April of that year. The entire project cost $78,000,000 to complete. The design of the bridge earned the 1999 American Society of Civil Engineers Outstanding Projects and leaders award of merit and the United States Department of Transportation 2000 Honor Award for design excellence. The project was completed ahead of time and under budget.

Future plans for the bridge include a plan by the city of Honolulu to build a second bridge from Ford Island to 'Ewa Beach to reduce the stress on existing highways caused by high traffic and congestion. Currently, Interstate H-1 provides the only access from the west side of the island to Honolulu. The plan would include a public use or toll roadway that would come near the Navy's West Loch Naval Magazine, which stores ammunition for the military; a concern for the Navy. The Navy also expressed concerns about the infrastructure of Pearl Harbor and Ford Island's historical significance being affected by the project.

Design
The bridge has a total length of 4,672 ft, including a 930 ft pontoon section that can be retracted under the fixed bridge to allow the largest battleships and aircraft carriers to pass. The bridge consists of a 650 ft wide channel as well as a 100 ft wide 30 ft high opening for smaller craft under an elevated span. The entry control point at the east end of the bridge provides room for two traffic lanes of entry, a single exit lane, and a guard tower with a turnaround.

Design–build
The project was developed using a design–build, operate and maintain (DBOM) approach. The Navy did an environmental impact study, studied various bridge alternatives, and settled on a combination fixed and floating bridge. The Navy then awarded contracts of $350,000 to three major contractors to create candidate designs for the bridge. On 19 August 1994, the Navy awarded a design-build contract to Dillingham-Manson, JV.

Construction
Some 350 to 400 24-inch prestressed concrete piles were built on site to support the bridge. The piles were driven at angles 137 ft into the seabed. In 2001, three years after construction had completed, cracks were discovered in four pillars. Under a maintenance contract, the cracks were repaired with concrete sleeves at no cost to the Navy.

Most of the pre-cast girders and deck panels were constructed in Tacoma, Washington, and shipped by 300 ft barge. The three concrete pontoons for the floating moveable span were also constructed in Tacoma by Concrete Technology Corporation in a graving dock and floated to Ford Island by barge in three shipments. They are 310 ft long, 50 ft wide, and 17 ft tall, and are buoyed by 21 water-tight air-filled cells with leak detectors. The three sections were assembled at the site using large steel bolts.

Pontoon bridges, which rest on water, are designed to withstand stresses from nature as well as traffic. A similar bridge in Washington, the Hood Canal bridge, sank in 1979 after the pontoons flooded amid 80 mph winds. Experience from the replacement for that bridge helped engineers better design the Admiral Clarey bridge's pontoons for wave load resistance. The Admiral Clarey bridge is designed to withstand winds as high as 100 mph and waves as high as 5 ft.

Moveable span
The bridge was designed with a movable floating pontoon. Steel transition spans connect the two ends of the fixed bridge to the pontoon. Two hydraulic rams, located on either side of the transition spans, lift the transition spans off the pontoon allowing the pontoon to retract under the fixed bridge. The transition spans accommodate 1 ft of tide movement and 4.6 ft of pontoon movement. In addition, the spans sit on a central pivot that assists with the movement caused by waves. In the event that the transition spans are unable to bear the stress of movement of the pontoon, specifically in the case of seismic activity, the bridge has a breakaway feature that can be easily repaired.

The floating portion is then retracted under the O'ahu side of the fixed bridge at a rate of 14 inches per second to create a 650 ft navigation channel. The entire process takes 25 minutes to complete. Retraction of the movable span is accomplished by two hydraulic winches located on the control pier on the southeast side of the bridge. Two-inch steel cables are used to connect each winch to the pontoon: one is connected to the far and the other to the near end of the pontoon. The opening sequence consists of activating the warning lights and bells, lowering the warning gates and barriers, lifting the transition spans on both sides, and operating the winches. During the opening, the winch connected to the west end pulls while the winch on the east end pays out. As the span nears fully open, the winch speeds are slowed to allow the pontoon to stop without snapping a cable. This entire operation is operated from a control room on the east section of the bridge at the highest point and monitored from wireless cameras. 36 post-tensioned straddle bents span 60-ft under the elevated span to form a pocket for the movable span to rest while the bridge is open.

Public reception
Although access to the bridge is limited to those who hold a US military ID card, several events are hosted annually that are open to the public. The bridge is the location of the annual Ford Island 10K Bridge run which has been one of the largest runs in O'ahu. Starting in 2012, the Tripler Fisher House started its "Boots on the Bridge" event which honors fallen military members by placing boots with photos across Ford Island and the Admiral Clarey Bridge. More than 6,000 boots line the route to remember each fallen soldier since the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. In 2009, the American Cancer Society raised over $150,000 from 3,000 participating for breast cancer research through the Making Strides Against Breast Cancer walk over the bridge and in 2011 had over 8,000 participants and raised over $200,000.

National Park Service officials criticized the construction of the Admiral Clarey bridge fearing that by connecting road traffic to the mainland, the increased flow of island visitors would raise the level of theft of historical artifacts from the USS Arizona and other memorials on or around Ford Island.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which has a facility on Ford Island, criticized the US Navy's hurricane and tsunami disaster plans which calls for closing the bridge to traffic and opening the channel to allow all ships to vacate the harbor. The NOAA's concerns were that with the bridge outage, the tsunami warning center would not be able to operate effectively at a time when its need was greatest. The Navy's plan calls for the use of the tour boats to act as ferries whenever the bridge would be unavailable for long periods of time and offered them as a solution to the NOAA's concerns. However, an organization called Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) believed that the boats would be unable to provide for a speedy evacuation in a tsunami. In the event of a storm, PEER also noted that if the Navy was so concerned that they would evacuate their largest ships, that the small ferries would be unable to operate in those storm conditions. If the ferries were unable to operate, NOAA employees could not rotate shifts with fresh staff to relieve stranded employees sheltering in place. The NOAA assured its employees that a tsunami affecting Ford Island was unlikely despite that O'ahu is an area of high tsunami danger.

Namesake

The Admiral Clarey bridge was named after United States Navy Admiral Bernard A. Clarey. Admiral Clarey served as Commander U.S. Second Fleet (COMSECONDFLT) and later was Commander U.S. Pacific Fleet. He was awarded three Navy Crosses for valor. Admiral Clarey was a survivor of the attack on Pearl Harbor while he was the executive officer of the submarine USS Dolphin (SS-169). After his service in the Navy, Clarey served as vice president for the Bank of Hawaii. He died at Tripler Army Medical Center in Hawaii on 15 June 1996.

Memorials
The submarine USS Bowfin (SS-287) lies just south of the sentry tower. Visible from the Admiral Clarey bridge, also to the south but on the Ford Island side, are the USS Arizona Memorial and USS Missouri (BB-63). While ferry boats still provide access to the USS Arizona memorial, the bridge is the only access to the Missouri tour, the USS Oklahoma memorial, the Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor, and USS Utah (BB-31) for the public via Roberts Hawaii tour bus.

The Navy Facilities Engineering Command required that the bridge be low-profile to prevent any visual degradation to the USS Arizona memorial and to maintain Ford Island's historical and cultural value.

title: Admiral Clarey Bridge


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User talk:The sun and the moon

Ed
Armen, what's the story with your posts to Ed? Is there anything I can do to help smooth things over? SlimVirgin (talk) 20:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Did you create this account just so you could be an asshole to Ed or did you plan on making substantive edits. Trödel| talk 10:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * speek het Nederlands?--Grappige naam 03:37, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:The sun and the moon


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User talk:TimSE/Archive 20051012-20060225

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 22:06, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Help with Translation!?
Can you help translate this for me to swedish? Many thanks in advance!

''For a small country, Albania is endowed with considerable resources. The southwestern part of the country is rich in petroleum and natural gas. The northeastern region has substantial reserves of metallic mineral deposits, including chromium, copper, and iron-nickel. Large deposits of lignite (soft coal) are found near Tiranë, and natural asphalt is mined near Selenicë.

Albania is also rich in rivers and streams with significant hydroelectric potential. These have been exploited quite effectively, making the country an energy exporter. A number of huge hydroelectric power plants have been built, mainly on the Drin River, and more than half of the country's arable land is irrigated, largely from the artificial reservoirs created upstream of the dams.''

--Armour 14:01, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Tyresö Municipality Arms.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Tyresö in Stockholm.png and Image:Tyresö in Stockholm.png. I notice the 'image' pages currently do not specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Dethomas 15:47, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Tyresö_Municipality_Arms.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Tyresö_Municipality_Arms.png. The image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to indicate why we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies under Wikipedia's fair use guidelines, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you want the image to be deleted, tag it as db-unksource.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion.

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Richard Harcourt

Richard Harcourt (March 17, 1849 – November 29, 1932) was a Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario for the riding of Monck from 1879 to 1908. He was Ontario's treasurer from 1890 to 1899.

He was born in Seneca Township, Haldimand County, Canada West in 1849, the son of Michael Harcourt who was a member of the parliament for the Province of Canada and studied at the University of Toronto. He was principal of Cayuga High School and served as inspector of schools in Haldimand County from 1871 to 1876, also studying law during that period. In 1876, he married Augusta H. Young, was called to the bar in the same year and set up practice in Welland. Harcourt served as deputy judge in Welland County in 1886. In 1890, he was named Queen's Counsel. He also served as inspector of schools for Welland and the town of Niagara Falls. He died in Welland in 1932.

title: Richard Harcourt


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Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Navy

The Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Navy were the rank insignia of the Imperial Japanese Navy, used from its creation in 1868, until its dissolution in 1945 following the Surrender of Japan in World War II. The ranks were inspired by the ranks of the Royal Navy.

The officer rank names were used for both the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy, the only distinction being the placement of the word Rikugun (army) or Kaigun (navy) before the rank. Thus, for example, a captain in the navy shared the same rank designation as that of a colonel in the army: Taisa (colonel), so the rank of Rikugun Taisa denoted an army colonel, while the rank of Kaigun Taisa denoted a naval captain.

Ranks
All commissioned officer rank names were the same as their army counterparts. The navy would prefix the common rank names with "navy" (海軍), while the army would prefix them with "army" (陸軍). There was a minor difference in pronunciation of character 大 for Navy Lieutenant and Navy Captain. The navy pronounced it as Dai, while the army pronounced it as Tai. However, this pronunciation difference was not officially enacted.

Regular Officers (将校) were graduates of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy. Reserve Officers (予備将校) were university or college graduates, as opposed to going through the naval academy. Special Duty Officers (特務士官) were the officers with the rank of Lieutenant or below, who were promoted from the rank of Warrant Officer (starting from the enlisted ranks). Typically the ranks discriminated in a way that the priority of taking command for Special Duty Officers was lower than that of Regular Officers or Reserve Officers. The distinction between Special Duty Officers and Regular/Reserve Officers was also highlighted in the rank insignia (see the table for details).

The rank Commodore was not established but the Captain who was commanding the central ship in the fleet, usually close to being promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral, or acting as the unit commander (which was usually held by a Rear Admiral) nominally became a flag officer by raising the "Commodore Flag".

Cadet and warrant officer ranks
Midshipman and Warrant Officer's collar insignia are the same (both were treated as officer-equivalent), but in detail, the midshipman's position is above Warrant Officer. Furthermore, midshipman rank was not via commissioned, but it was via ordered or warranted. Cadet is much more likely to be classified as slightly higher than a non-commissioned officer, since the cap's line is only one, compared to the commissioned officer's cap which has two lines and the type 3 uniform is based on the enlisted personnel.

See the table below for details regarding the cadet/WO ranks and insignia:

Non-commissioned officer and enlisted personnel rates
For seamen and petty officers, which were selected from enlisted men or conscripts and given training in the Navy's service/technical school, the names were different from the army names but were equal in rank. Different service branches within the navy had their specialisation augment the common rank name. For example, Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAF) had "Flight" (飛行 Hikō) incorporated into the common rank name, such as Flight Petty Officer First Class (一等飛行兵曹) or Flight Seaman Second Class (二等飛行兵 Nitō-hikō-hei). For practical use, these rank names were often shortened to 一飛曹 (Ippisō) or 二飛 (Nihi), respectively. The enlisted rank insignia were changed in April 1942 and the common rank names were updated in November 1942.

The enlisted insignia prior to changes in 1942 was a round patch that contained one anchor for the lowest grade, two crossed anchors for the middle grade and two crossed anchors with a cherry blossom for the highest grade. The petty officer insignia followed the same pattern but additionally had wreaths. The insignia was red on black background for winter dark-blue uniforms (also for flight suits), black on white background for summer white uniforms, and red on green background for Special Naval Landing Forces (SNLF) uniforms. The anchor would be replaced by different symbols for specialised branches; for example, aviation had an aircraft instead. After the changes in 1942, the insignia was a black patch that was square-shaped on the top and arrow-shaped on the bottom. Inside the patch, all branches had a yellow anchor and one yellow horizontal stripe for the lowest grade, two for the middle grade and three for the highest grade. Similarly as before, the petty officer insignia followed the same pattern but additionally had wreaths. For all ranks there was also a cherry blossom in the middle, which changed its colour based on the branch; for example, light blue represented aviation.

Service branch colours
The branch of the Navy in which non-executive personnel served was indicated by a colour code. For officers, including midshipmen, it was the colour of cloth placed as background to the cuff stripes, on both sides of the gold lace on the shoulder boards, and as longitudinal piping on the collar patches. Midshipmen and cadets wore a coloured anchor on the cap, which cadets wore on the shoulder boards as well. The branch of enlisted men was denoted by the colour of the cherry blossom flower on their rank patch; line personnel using the default gold.

title: Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Navy


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/PHE

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Rob Church Talk 00:27, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

PHE
Blatent vanity, advertising, link spam, etc, but unfortunately WP:CSD doesn't apply. RoySmith 22:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Almost CSD A3, but contains too much cooporate doublespeak.--Sean Jelly Baby? 22:11, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. WP is not a free billboard. --Vsion 22:15, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisement, written in first person. Martg76 22:22, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, slightly obscuring blatant, uninteresting advertising with an apparent disambiguation is neither big nor clever. Or encyclopedic. Sliggy 23:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/PHE


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Nick Gevers

Nick Gevers (born 1965) is a South African science fiction editor and critic, whose work has appeared in The Washington Post Book World, Interzone, SciFi.com, SF Site, The New York Review of Science Fiction and Nova Express. He wrote two regular review columns for Locus magazine from 2001 to 2008, and is editor at the British independent press, PS Publishing; he also edits the quarterly genre fiction magazine, Postscripts.

Gevers was co-editor, with Keith Brooke, of the science fiction anthologies Infinity Plus One (2001) and Infinity Plus Two (2003) and in August 2007 released the combined Infinity Plus through Solaris Books. His first original anthology, Extraordinary Engines, was published by Solaris Books in October 2008, and a second, Other Earths (co-edited with Jay Lake), by DAW Books in Spring 2009. Subsequent original anthologies are This is the Summer of Love, Enemy of the Good, and Edison's Frankenstein (all 2009, from PS Publishing, co-edited with Peter Crowther), as well as The Book of Dreams (Subterranean Press, 2010); forthcoming are Is Anybody Out There? (DAW, June 2010, co-edited with Marty Halpern), The Company He Keeps (PS Publishing, 2010, co-edited with Peter Crowther), and Ghosts by Gaslight (Harper Colline Eos, 2011, co-edited with Jack Dann).

Gevers served as a judge for the Sidewise Award for Alternate History from 2004 through 2008.

Awards

 * Shirley Jackson Award Edited Anthology: Ghosts by Gaslight, edited by Jack Dann and Nick Gevers (Harper Voyager)

title: Nick Gevers


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User:Dragoonmac/sandbox

Hey, this is a sandbox -w00t

Oh yeah, this should be good -- Dragoonmac - If there was a problem yo I'll solve it 21:38, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

One More Time Dragoonmac - If there was a problem yo I'll solve it 23:52, 24 January 2006 (UTC) I think I like this better Dragoonmac - If there was a problem yo I'll solve it 23:42, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Dragoonmac/sandbox


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The New York Review of Science Fiction

The New York Review of Science Fiction is a monthly literary magazine of science fiction that was established in 1988. It includes works of science fiction criticism, essays, and in-depth critical reviews of new works of fiction and scholarship. For the first 24 years, it was published by David G. Hartwell's Dragon Press, but with the start of volume 25, it has shifted to publisher Kevin J. Maroney's Burrowing Wombat Press.

The journal is indexed in the MLA International Bibliography and other subject-specific literature and cultural studies indexes. A complete and up-to-date index in Microsoft Excel format is available online.

Although international in coverage, the journal also sponsors SF events in the New York City area, principally including a series of readings from prominent writers that are generally broadcast on WBAI.

History
The New York Review of Science Fiction was established in 1988 by Hartwell, Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Teresa Nielsen Hayden, Susan Palwick, Samuel R. Delany, and Kathryn Cramer. Gordon Van Gelder has also been on the editorial staff over the years. It was a print publication until the end of volume 24; now it is available electronically. Tables of contents, editorials, and some featured articles are offered for free online. For example, Delany's 1998 essay Racism and Science Fiction was often referenced during online debates about race and science fiction in early 2009 and in response to a subscriber request, the essay was posted online.

title: The New York Review of Science Fiction


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Jane Pope

Jane Pope (1744 – 30 July 1818) was an English actress.

Life
Pope was the daughter William and Susanna Pope. Her father was a London theatrical wig-maker for the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. (There has been confusion over her date of birth with different authorities giving 1742 and 1744, but in a letter from Jane Pope of 1808 she states her age as 64.) Pope had three brothers and she spent her life living with her sister who was named after their mother. Neither of them married.

As a child Pope and her brother were recruited as child extras for a Lilliputian production for Garrick in 1756. From this she speedily developed into soubrette roles. Pope had a dispute with Garrick over whether she was worth eight or ten pounds a week. She left his company but returned when he offered to reemploy her and Pope agreed to eight pounds. She was Mrs Candour in The School for Scandal at its first presentation (1777). There is a painting of Jane Pope by James Roberts in the role of Mrs Page in the Merry Wives of Windsor. She played Mrs Page at Drury Lane in several performances in February to April 1778.

Pope was a lifelong friend of Mrs Clive, and erected the monument at Twickenham to the latter's memory. She retired from the professional stage at a special performance at Drury Lane on 26 May 1808. She was an admirable actress and was praised by all the literary critics of her day unused to such a combination.

Selected roles

 * Lady Flutter in The Discovery by Frances Sheridan (1763)
 * Miss Sterling in The Clandestine Marriage by David Garrick, George Colman the Elder (1766)
 * Patty in The Maid of Kent by Francis Godolphin Waldron (1773)
 * Lucy in The Choleric Man by Richard Cumberland (1774)
 * Mrs Candour in The School for Scandal by Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1777)
 * Kitty in The Double Deception by Elizabeth Richardson (1779)
 * Miss Phoebe Latimer in The Natural Son by Richard Cumberland (1784)
 * Mrs Alscrip in The Heiress by John Burgoyne (1786)
 * Mrs Modely in Seduction by Thomas Holcroft (1787)
 * Mrs Dorothy in The Impostors by Richard Cumberland (1789)
 * Lisette in False Appearances by Henry Seymour Conway (1789)
 * Mrs Dorville in The German Hotel by Thomas Holcroft (1790)
 * Alexina in A Day in Turkey by Hannah Cowley (1791)
 * Lady Amaranth in Wild Oats by John O'Keeffe (1791)
 * Cora in Columbus by Thomas Morton (1792)
 * Lady Eleanor Irwin in Everyone Has His Fault by Elizabeth Inchbald (1793)
 * Lady Henrietta in How to Grow Rich  by Frederick Reynolds (1793)
 * Lady Panick in False Colours by Edward Morris (1793)
 * Lady Fancourt in Love's Frailties by Thomas Holcroft (1794)
 * Lady Horatia Horton in The Town Before You by Hannah Cowley (1794)
 * Lady Anne in The Deserted Daughter by Thomas Holcroft (1795)
 * Lady Plinlimmon in The Welsh Heiress by Edward Jerningham (1795)
 * Mrs Margaret in The Dependent by Richard Cumberland (1795)
 * Lady Torrendel in Life's Vagaries by John O'Keeffe (1795)
 * Mrs Wrangle in First Love by Richard Cumberland (1795)
 * Lady Taunton in The Man of Ten Thousand by Thomas Holcroft (1796)
 * Ellen in A Cure for the Heart Ache by Thomas Morton (1797)
 * Lady Manfred in The Last of the Family by Richard Cumberland (1797)
 * Lady Ferment in Knave or Not? by Thomas Holcroft (1798)
 * Maria in He's Much to Blame by Thomas Holcroft (1798)
 * Constantia in The Eccentric Lover by Richard Cumberland (1798)
 * Lady Truckle in A Word for Nature by Richard Cumberland (1798)
 * Lady Julia in Five Thousand a Year by Thomas John Dibdin (1799)
 * Susannah Lizard in The Secret by Edward Morris (1799)
 * Julia Cleveland in The Votary of Wealth by Joseph George Holman (1799)
 * Emma in The Birth Day by Thomas John Dibdin (1799)
 * Victoria in Indiscretion by Prince Hoare (1800)
 * Mrs Racket in Fashionable Friends by Mary Berry (1802)
 * Caroline in Hear Both Sides by Thomas Holcroft (1803)
 * Lady Courtland in The School for Friends by Marianne Chambers (1805)

title: Jane Pope


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Indonesian Civil War/archive1

Indonesian Civil War
I created this article, mostly because the subject did not seem to be covered, and because this happened to be an area (History of Indonesia) I feel has been neglected and in need of general improvements. Most of Indonesian Civil War was created out of research I did for Suharto that was beginning to clog that article (see Talk:Suharto). If possible, I would like for those with more experience than I on U.S. and U.K. foreign policy (esp. diplomacy, military affairs, and intelligence operations) as well as persons who might know a thing or two about Indonesia to check up on it. I added Template:WikiProjectWars to bring the attention of military/war buffs to it, and made Talk:Indonesian_Civil_War/to_do to make a first round of suggestions for it. Also, a while ago I created Indonesia-related topics notice board (WP:ID) to try to get more attention to these kinds of articles.--Daniel 22:09, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

There are a few short paragraphs here and there and the lead may need to be two paragraphs. Other than that looks ok to me structure-wise. Ryan Norton T 21:45, 21 October 2005 (UTC)


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Todd Simpson

Todd William Simpson (born May 28, 1973) is a Canadian former ice hockey player who spent parts of 10 seasons in the National Hockey League. He is currently a real estate agent in Kelowna, British Columbia.

Playing career
Simpson played at Brown University before switching to Canadian junior hockey with the Tri-City Americans and Saskatoon Blades of the Western Hockey League.

In 1994, he was signed by the Calgary Flames, for whom he would be a member of until 1999.

In the season opener against the Vancouver Canucks, on October 5, 1996, Simpson pushed future Hall of Famer Pavel Bure into the boards head-first which gave Bure whiplash.

For the 1999–2000 NHL season, Simpson moved to the Florida Panthers and was traded the following season to the Phoenix Coyotes.

After being claimed in the waiver draft by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim to start the 2003–04 NHL season, Simpson scored a career-high 4 goals, only to be traded to the Ottawa Senators.

Simpson played his first season overseas during the 2004–05 NHL lockout, winning the Danish league championship for Herning Blue Fox, with his teammate and younger brother Kent. He returned to the NHL to play with the Chicago Blackhawks and the Montreal Canadiens the following season.

During 2006–07 season, Simpson played for the Hannover Scorpions of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga in Germany. During the playoffs, he received a 12-game suspension for abuse of an official. The New York Islanders attempted to bring him back to the NHL for a playoff push. However, the NHL upheld his DEL suspension and Simpson would not play another professional game.

Personal
In 2011 Simpson was the 8th hockey player cast for the 3rd season of the Canadian TV show "Battle of the Blades." He was partnered with United States Olympian Marcy Hinzmann, but they were the first couple eliminated.

title: Todd Simpson


text:
Rixton Clay Pits

Rixton Clay Pits (also known as Rixton Claypits) is a former clay extraction site in Rixton, near Hollins Green, Warrington, England. Formerly farmland, boulder clay extraction started in the 1920s for brick making in the adjacent brickworks and ceased in 1965 – since then it has been allowed to return to nature. It is now an area of ponds, scrub, woodland and damp grassland. It is owned and managed by Warrington Borough Council as a local amenity.

Two large sections of Rixton Clay Pits, 15 ha in total, are a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and a designated Special Area of Conservation, on account of its calcareous grassland communities and because it supports the largest breeding population of Great Crested Newts in Cheshire. The whole was established as a local nature reserve in 1996, and has waymarked paths and a visitor centre.

Fishing is permitted on the lake between the two sections of SSSI, and is controlled by the Warrington Anglers Association, the main stock being tench, bream and roach. Carp and pike are also present.

title: Rixton Clay Pits


text:
Veyrier

Veyrier is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

Geography
Veyrier has an area,, of 6.5 km2. Of this area, 2.17 km2 or 33.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.9 km2 or 13.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.29 km2 or 50.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.17 km2 or 2.6% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 34.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 8.8%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 6.3%. Out of the forested land, 12.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 26.9% is used for growing crops and 3.4% is pastures, while 3.1% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality includes the localities of Pinchat, Vessy and Sierne. It is bordered by Chêne-Bougeries, Thônex, Troinex, Plan-les-Ouates, Carouge, Geneva, and the French municipalities of Collonges-sous-Salève, Bossey and Étrembières in Haute-Savoie.

The municipality of Veyrier consists of the sub-sections or villages of Pinchat - Sur-Rang, Pinchat - La Tour, Vessy - Grande-Fin, Sierne - Petit-Veyrier, Veyrier - village, Tournettes, Rasses, Veyrier - Marais, Grand-Donzel, Bois-de-Veyrier.

Demographics
Veyrier has a population of. , 24.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 10.1%. It has changed at a rate of 12.8% due to migration and at a rate of -3.1% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (7,271 or 81.8%), with German being second most common (517 or 5.8%) and English being third (404 or 4.5%). There are 158 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.

, the gender distribution of the population was 49.0% male and 51.0% female. The population was made up of 3,600 Swiss men (35.9% of the population) and 1,307 (13.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 3,878 Swiss women (38.7%) and 1,233 (12.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 1,488 or about 16.7% were born in Veyrier and lived there in 2000. There were 2,931 or 33.0% who were born in the same canton, while 1,470 or 16.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 2,722 or 30.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 54 live births to Swiss citizens and 31 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 102 deaths of Swiss citizens and 19 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 48 while the foreign population increased by 12. There were 24 Swiss men and 32 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 41 non-Swiss men and 45 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 2 and the non-Swiss population increased by 121 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.3%.

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 27% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.4%.

, there were 3,605 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 4,326 married individuals, 475 widows or widowers and 486 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 3,255 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 887 households that consist of only one person and 282 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 3,338 households that answered this question, 26.6% were households made up of just one person and there were 12 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 790 married couples without children, 1,319 married couples with children There were 209 single parents with a child or children. There were 38 households that were made up of unrelated people and 83 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 1,662 single family homes (or 81.2% of the total) out of a total of 2,048 inhabited buildings. There were 239 multi-family buildings (11.7%), along with 94 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (4.6%) and 53 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.6%). Of the single family homes 122 were built before 1919, while 294 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (403) were built between 1971 and 1980. The most multi-family homes (43) were built between 1996 and 2000 and the next most (38) were built before 1919.

there were 3,477 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 752. There were 261 single room apartments and 1,446 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 3,123 apartments (89.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 286 apartments (8.2%) were seasonally occupied and 68 apartments (2.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 4.7 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.32%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Pont Sur L’Arve (Shared with Genève) is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Veyrier and the hamlet of Sierne are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the LPS Party which received 22.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (20.37%), the SP (14.24%) and the Green Party (14.17%). In the federal election, a total of 2,976 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 53.2%.

In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were a total of 5,665 registered voters of which 2,680 (47.3%) voted. The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the Libéral with 24.7% of the ballots. In the canton-wide election they received the highest proportion of votes. The second most popular party was the PDC (with 12.5%), they were fifth in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party was the Les Verts (with 12.1%), they were second in the canton-wide election.

For the 2009 Conseil d'Etat election, there were a total of 5,683 registered voters of which 3,109 (54.7%) voted.

In the 2011 municipal elections, there were 25 spots open on the municipal council of Veyrier. There were a total of 6,837 registered voters of which 3,205 (46.9%) voted. Of those, there were 8 blank votes, 19 null or unreadable votes and 267 votes with a name that was not on the list.

Economy
, Veyrier had an unemployment rate of 4.1%. , there were 38 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 189 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 30 businesses in this sector. 1,300 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 188 businesses in this sector. There were 4,141 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.3% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,271. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 33, of which 32 were in agriculture and 1 was in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 178 of which 46 or (25.8%) were in manufacturing and 132 (74.2%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1,060. In the tertiary sector; 103 or 9.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 16 or 1.5% were in the movement and storage of goods, 77 or 7.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 20 or 1.9% were in the information industry, 17 or 1.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 69 or 6.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 135 or 12.7% were in education and 520 or 49.1% were in health care.

, there were 1,215 workers who commuted into the municipality and 3,534 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 19.1% of the workforce coming into Veyrier are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.1% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 17.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 63.3% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 3,770 or 42.4% were Roman Catholic, while 1,984 or 22.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 78 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.88% of the population), there were 9 individuals (or about 0.10% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 149 individuals (or about 1.68% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 118 individuals (or about 1.33% of the population) who were Jewish, and 112 (or about 1.26% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 20 individuals who were Buddhist, 5 individuals who were Hindu and 9 individuals who belonged to another church. 1,999 (or about 22.48% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 639 individuals (or about 7.19% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Veyrier about 2,597 or (29.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 2,325 or (26.1%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 2,325 who completed tertiary schooling, 41.4% were Swiss men, 33.2% were Swiss women, 14.8% were non-Swiss men and 10.6% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2009-2010 school year there were a total of 2,341 students in the Veyrier school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 172 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Veyrier there were 351 students in kindergarten or primary school and 14 students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 351 lower secondary students who attended school in Veyrier. There were 554 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 68 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 439 students attended a private school.

, there were 198 students in Veyrier who came from another municipality, while 1,011 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Notable people

 * Louis Babel (1826 in Veyrier – 1912) an Oblate priest, emigrated to Canada in 1851
 * Richard Forster (born 1940 in Carouge) a Swiss photographer
 * Olivier Long (1915 in Petit-Veyrier – 2003) a Swiss Ambassador and the director-general of GATT, 1968 to 1980
 * Loïc Perizzolo (born 1988 in Veyrier) a Swiss track-racing cyclist

title: Veyrier


text:
Dice-K

Dice-K may refer to:

 * a nickname for Daisuke

It may more specifically refer to:
 * Daisuke Enomoto (榎本 大輔; born 1971), Japanese businessman
 * Daisuke Matsuzaka (松坂 大輔; born 1980), Japanese pro-baseball player, who also pitched in North American MLB
 * Daisuke Takahashi (髙橋 大輔; born 1986), Japanese figure skater, in men's singles and ice dance; who was men's world champion

title: Dice-K


text:
User talk:Universalstonecutter

Welcome

 * PS: Thanks for contributing to Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)..

"Uses of the property before it became a cemetery?" Universal City : first location in the Valley.
 * It's coming along nicely, thanks for contributing. -Willmcw 06:40, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Thankyou for taking the time to give feed back.13 October 2005

Image:386487331 b2fdd2f4e8.jpg]

Psycho (1960 film) GAR notification
Psycho (1960 film) has been nominated for a good article reassessment. Please leave your comments and help us to return the article to good article quality. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status will be removed from the article. Reviewers' concerns are here.--TonyTheTiger (t/c/bio/WP:CHICAGO/WP:LOTM) 22:52, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

WP:FILM December 2010 Newsletter
The December 2010 issue of the WikiProject Film newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. If you have an idea for improving the newsletter please leave a message on my talk page. --Happy editing! Nehrams2020 (talk • contrib) 04:09, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

January 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. One or more of the external links you added in this edit to the page So Goes My Love do not comply with our guidelines for external links and have been removed. Wikipedia is not a collection of links; nor should it be used for advertising or promotion. You may wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. JamesBWatson (talk) 11:18, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

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File:Circle drive church.jpg
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I do not know how to delete the outline - please delete- outline will be used for new book -  Thanks Univeralstonecutter  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.3.81.206 (talk) 06:23, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

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Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Rankersbo (talk) 19:28, 9 December 2013 (UTC) Please delete - outline is being used for an ebook thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.3.81.206 (talk) 22:10, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

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text:
User talk:Brainiac125

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! feydey 22:13, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
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Cocoa Beach High School
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title: User talk:Brainiac125


text:
Old Headquarters Building

The Old Headquarters Building was located in Austin, Minnesota on the north corner of Main Street and Second Avenue N.W. It was built in 1856 and 1857 and it housed the town's first court, school, and public meetings. The first Congregational church services held in Austin were held here. It has since been relocated to the Mower County Fairgrounds and is maintained by the Mower County Historical Society.

title: Old Headquarters Building


text:
Talk:Isla de Aves

EEZ

 * This** is that EEZ which the US government person keeps bringing up as being a part of the Dominica/Venezuela dispute. They are Separate. -- See link.
 * A-G at sea hearing - by WADE GIBBONS October 12th, 2005: Barbados Daily Nation. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by CaribDigita (talk • contribs) . --Slgrandson 22:26, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Proposed renaming - Aves Island
Right now, Aves Island redirects to this page. However, the external links suggest that the island's English-language name is Aves Island (or possibly Bird Island); it does not appear to be called "Isla Aves" in this language. It does not make sense to have a name not used in English as the title of the English page. Funnyhat 05:56, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually the name in Dominica is "Bird Rock", that's what most people in Dominica know this place as- when they used to go fishing there while Dominica was under Britain in the 1950's-1960's. Venezuela was the one to have elevated it to "Island" status. Dominica says the whole thing is practically submerged at hightide, and thus is more like a sandbar. Venezuela-- claims no--- it *is* an island and is called "Bird Island". a.k.a. "Aves Isla." CaribDigita 20:14, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Territorial Dispute
Shouldn't this be claimed also for the United Kingdom seeing as it is only 115 miles from sovereign British territory? Venezeula claims the island despite it being nearly three times the distance further away to its nation than to Britain! YourPTR! (talk) 02:59, 28 December 2007 (UTC)
 * British territory? Huh? Dominica has been independent for almost 30 years. Actually, they will celebrate the 30th this November.--Ratzer (talk) 08:52, 5 January 2008 (UTC)
 * By the way, Aves Island is closer to French territory (Guadeloupe, 203 km) than to Dominica territory (228 km). Measured with NASA World Wind. But the issue is not proximity. It seems that Dominica (or in colonial times, the U.K) or France ignored that abandoned speck of land until Venezuela took possession of it. Too bad guys, you got up too late, in case you did care.--Ratzer (talk) 22:01, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

I think he was talking about Montserrat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.135.97.141 (talk) 20:17, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

There are no territorial disputes regarding the ownership of Aves, nor has one been documented under international Law. France, the USA and Netherland, in their maritime boundaries agreements with Venezuela, as well as with other neighbors (France-Dominica) have treated and recognized Aves as an island under internacional Law. Furthermore, Venezuela is not a Party to UNCLOS and therefore does not recognize the "rock" rule contained in article 121, para 3. SirLordPastier (talk) 15:51, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Isla de Aves


text:
Glossary of numismatics

This glossary of numismatics is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to numismatics and coin collecting, as well as sub-fields and related disciplines, with concise explanations for the beginner or professional.

Numismatics (ancient Greek: νομισματική, meaning "monetary") is the scientific study of money and its history in all its varied forms. While numismatists are often characterized as studying coins, the discipline also includes the study of other types of money, such as banknotes, stock certificates, medals, medallions, and tokens (also referred to as exonumia).

Sub-fields and related fields of numismatics include:
 * Exonumia, the study of coin-like objects such as token coins and medals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration.
 * Notaphily, the study of paper money or banknotes.
 * Philately, the study of postage stamps.
 * Scripophily, the study and collection of stocks and bonds.

A
adjustment: The filing down of a blank to the correct weight before striking, shown by file marks. File marks are often still visible on the surface of a coin even after being struck.

alliance coinage: Coins minted by two or more state governments in cooperation. Examples include the Euro coins.

alloy: A homogeneous mixture of two or more chemical elements, where the resulting compound has metallic properties. Common coin alloys include cupro-nickel (copper and nickel) and bronze (copper and tin).

altered date: A false date put on a coin to defraud collectors, usually to make it appear more valuable. Such alterations are often easily spotted with the aid of a magnifying glass.

anepigraphic coin: A coin without an epigraph or inscription. Many ancient coins used only a simple picture of an animal to show value or weight.

annealing: The process of repeatedly heating and cooling metal in order to relieve stresses. This is often done with coin blanks to make the metal less brittle before striking.

assay: A test to ascertain the weight and purity of a coin.

attribution: An identifier of a coin, such as date, mint, denomination, or variety.

B
bag mark:

A surface mark, or nick, on a coin, usually from contact with other coins in a mint bag. More often seen on large gold or silver coins.

banker's mark: A small applied to a coin by a bank or a trader indicating that they consider the coin to be genuine and of legal weight. These are found on ancient and medieval coins as well as on silver coins which circulated in China and Japan, where they are referred to as chop-marks.

base metal: Any non-precious metal or that does not contain gold or silver. Common base metals used in coinage include nickel and copper.

beading: A raised dot border along the rim of a coin.

billon: A low-grade of gold or silver with a high percentage of another metal, usually copper. Billon is often produced in response to a sudden debasing of circulating silver coinage due to hyperinflation.

bi-metallic coin: A coin with one type of metal in the center with an outer ring of a different metal. Examples are the 1 and 2 Euro coins and the Canadian "toonie" two-dollar coin.

blank:

A prepared disk of metal on which the design for a coin will be stamped. The un-struck or flat side of a coin or medal.

brass: A copper-based with zinc.

brockage: Originally referring to metal wasted in coin production, now means coins struck when the previous coin remains stuck to a die, creating an incuse impression in the next struck coin (primarily found in ancient coins).

bronze:

A copper-based with tin.

bullion: Precious metals (platinum, gold and silver) in the form of bars, ingots or plate, or in any context where weight is considered as a valuation.

bullion coin: Precious metals in the form of coins whose market value is determined by metallic content rather than scarcity.

bullion value: The current market value of the raw precious metal content of a coin. For example, the bullion value for Canadian silver coins minted between 1920 and 1966 is 12 times the face value when silver is $20.00 per troy ounce.

business strike: A coin intended for everyday use in commerce.

C
cameo: A strong distinction in the surface appearance of foreground devices relative to the field. Proof coins often exhibit this feature.

carat: A unit measurement of the weight of precious stones. See for the unit of measurement of the purity of gold.

cast coins: Coins produced by pouring metal into a mold. Used for the first Ancient Roman bronze "As" coins and Chinese "cash" coins, but rarely used today. Modern counterfeit coins are often cast.

centum: One one-hundredth of the basic monetary unit of a currency system. Originally a Latin term, there are many variations in modern languages, including the English cent and Romance languages centavos, centimos, centesimos or centimes. Each of these units is valued at one one-hundredth of its corresponding base unit, such as the dollar, euro, peso, etc.

certified coin: A coin that has been graded and authenticated by one of numerous independent grading services. See also.

chop-mark: See.

church tokens:

Tokens generally issued initially by Scottish parishes (die stamped one-side only to show the parish) and later in the United States and Canada. They were square or oblong, made of lead, iron or brass and measured 1/4" to 1".

circulated: A term used to indicate a coin that has wear.

clad coinage: Issues of coins using cladding

with a center core and an outer layer of differing metals or alloys bonded together. The current U.S. Quarter, dime, and half dollar are made of cupronickel-clad copper.

clipping coins: Describes the removal of, usually, precious metal from the edge of a coin using shears or a similar tool for fraudulent purposes. The removed metal could be accumulated as bullion and sold or used to make counterfeit coins.

coin alignment: The term used to describe the positions of the (front) and (back) designs relative to each other. A medal alignment describes a coin struck so that when the obverse side is facing upright, and the coin is turned on its vertical axis, the reverse side is also facing upright. A coin alignment describes a coin struck so that when the obverse side is facing upright, the coin must be flipped top-to-bottom to see the reverse side facing upright. U.S. coins are struck with coin alignment.

collar: The outer ring of the die chamber that holds the in place while the obverse and reverse are being stamped.

contact marks: Minor abrasions on uncirculated coinage created by contact with other coins. Also called.

countermark:

Partial or complete over-stamping of a coin or token in order to change its value or issuing authority, or to display an advertisement, political slogan or symbol, etc. Stamping may consist of a number (value), symbol (authority), letters (advertisement or slogan), or any combination of the above.

crown: A large coin often struck in precious metal. Modern crowns are usually not highly circulated due to being too large and/or too heavy. The United States' last crown-sized coin minted for circulation was the Eisenhower Dollar, last struck in 1978.

cud: A defect in which a coin has raised metal near its edge. It is caused by a chipped die.

D
debase: To lower the silver/gold value of the coin by altering its purity, but with the same face value as the pure coin. This often happens during periods of high inflation.

denticles: Small, tooth-like projecting points on the inside edge of a coin.

designer: The artist or creator of a coin's design.

device: A pattern or emblem used in the design of a coin.

die: An engraved metal piece used for transferring the design to the coin. In a vertical arrangement, the upper (or hammer) die is typically used for the obverse. The lower (or anvil) die is stationary and is used for the reverse. The arrangement may also be horizontal.

die clash: Caused when a coin fails to be placed between two dies during the minting process, causing the dies to smash together. The design of one or both may impress into the opposite die, causing a "shadow" of the design to appear on subsequent coins minted with the damaged dies. The impact of the two dies may also result in or.

die crack: A fine raised line on a coin that was caused by a crack in the die.

die defect: An imperfection of various sorts caused by a damaged die. May refer to a crack or clash or a chip out of the die, etc. A defect from a chipped die is called a.

die marriage: The combination of a particular and set of dies. If one die is replaced, a new die marriage is created.

die state: A variation in the appearance of a coin struck by a single, resulting from wear or alteration of the die. For example, the presence or absence of may signal a specific die state.

die variety: A minor variation in a die, including repunched mintmarks, doubling or deliberate minor changes to the die design.

dime: A coin issued in the United States worth $0.10 (ten ). While the term dime is American in origin, Canadians often use the term as well.

dipping: The chemical cleaning of a coin with a diluted acid. This "cleanliness" is a result of the surface of the coin being dissolved by the acid. Dipped coins almost always have a lower numismatic value than when they were in their former "dirty" state, hence most numismatists do not recommend dipping or any other method of cleaning coins as doing so will likely reduce the coin's value.

Double Eagle: (U.S.A.) A gold coin struck in the United States from 1850 to 1933, worth $20.00 (twenty dollars). double strike: A coin where a is struck, bounced, and then struck again slightly offset from first strike (common on ancient and medieval coins where hubs were not used), resulting in a coin with a "doubled" image.

doubled die: A that received two misaligned impressions from a hub; more commonly, a coin struck by such a die.

doubloon: The popular name of a Spanish gold coin originally valued at 4 dollars. The formal term was "2 escudos".

dump: (Australia) The centre of the with a value of fifteen pence.

E
Eagle: (U.S.A.) A gold coin minted in the United States from 1795 to 1933, worth $10.00 (ten dollars). (U.S.A.) A series of minted in the United States from 1986 through the present.

edge: The rim of a coin, often containing a series of reeds, lettering or other decoration.

ecu: A large French silver coin made during the end of the monarchy. Also a proposed European currency unit.

effigy: The image or likeness of a person, usually depicted on the of a coin or medal.

electrotype: A reproduction made by electrodeposition, frequently used in museum displays.

electrum:

An artificial or naturally occurring of gold and silver, used in some of the world's first coinage.

elongated coin: An oval medalet produced by a roller die using a coin, token or medal as a, usually a.

encapsulated coin: A coin that has been authenticated, graded and enclosed in plastic by an independent service.

engraver: A person who cuts the image of a design onto a.

error: An error that occurs in the production of a coin, for example, due to an engraving or die-cutting error. Coin errors are often unique, although engraving errors can appear on all of the coins produced until the error is corrected resulting in error.

essai, essay: A trial strike, also in currency a strike intended to test the design.

exergue:

A segment of a coin design separated by a line (usually indicating the ground in the design) in which a legend is placed/inscribed.

F
face value: The value that is written on a coin. For example, an American one-cent coin has a face value of 1. A collectable coin or is usually worth many times its face value.

fantasy issue: unofficial coin or paper note (not legal tender) made to honor a person or event, for advertising purposes, for humor, for artistic purposes, or to show how it might have looked had it been actually issued.

field: The background area of a coin not used for a design or inscription.

filler: A coin that is very worn and/or damaged, but may still be included in a collection if it is a.

fineness: Purity of precious metal content expressed in terms of one thousand parts, e.g. 90% pure is expressed as .900 fine. The purest gold bullion coin is .99999 fine.

flan: See.

fleur de coin (FDC): A coin of exceptionally high quality, where quality is determined not just by wear of the coin in circulation but also by the wear and artistic quality of the from which it was minted. These factors are crucial for ancient coinage where variability was higher than in modern mints. See also.

flip strike: An error caused by the coin flipping over after being struck, and then struck a second time, resulting in each face of the coin showing a "ghost" of the opposite face.

G
gem: A coin of exceptionally high quality or good condition, such as Gem Uncirculated or Gem Proof.

grade: The condition of a coin or the amount of wear that a coin has received. Common grade terms used in North America, from worst to best, are Poor (Po), Fair (Fr), About Good (AG), Good (G), Very Good (VG), Fine (F), Very Fine (VF), Extra/Extremely Fine (EF or XF), Almost Uncirculated (AU), Uncirculated (UNC), and Brilliant Uncirculated (BU). Grading criteria may also include color, strength of strike, and "eye appeal".

H
Hacksilver: Fragments of cut and bent silver items that were used as bullion or as currency by weight in antiquity.

hammered: A coin that has been struck by hand, using and a hammer.

high relief: A coin with the raised design high above the field. Coins struck in high relief often have problems with details not coming up sharp enough and dies having a shorter than usual lifespan. If the design is higher than the, the coin may not be stackable, and the highest points of the design will wear away very quickly.

holey dollar: (Australia) A Spanish eight-real coin with a hole in the centre, stamped with New South Wales 1813 on the and five shilling on the.

hub: A positive-image punch that impresses a coin's design onto a.

I
incuse: Part of the coin's design that has been impressed below the surface (intaglio). Not as popular as the "relief" method due to the difficulty of striking clearly and the shorter lifespan of dies.

ingot: A bar of pure metal formed by pouring the molten metal into a mould. It may be stamped with its weight and purity.

inscription: Lettering or wording on a coin.

intrinsic value: The current market value of a coin based on its metallic content. For a coin struck on precious metals, this is the same as its.

K
karat: A unit measurement of the purity of gold. Usually marked K or k; 24K is pure gold, 18K is .750 fine. Not to be confused with the similar term, which is used with precious stones. Both terms originally referred to the seed of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua or Siliqua Graeca). A Roman coin called the solidus weighed 24 "carats" or "siliquae", 1/6 of a scruple, which eventually became the standard of purity in Western Europe.

key coin: A rarer or higher valued coin within a series. As an example, 1923 and 1925 are key coins in the Canadian small cent series.

L
laureate:

A style of coin portraiture started in ancient Rome whose coins often showed the Emperor's head crowned with a laurel wreath. The American Barber coins from 1892 to 1915 and the first portrait of Queen Elizabeth II used in Great Britain from 1953 to 1967 are modern examples.

legal tender: Coins or currency which must be accepted in payment of debt.

legend: The principal on a coin.

lettered edge: The outside edge of a coin containing an.

low relief: A coin with the raised design not very high above the.

luster: The appearance of a coin's ability to reflect light; brilliance. Percentage of the original mint luster is one of the factors in determining grades of "Mint State" coins (e.g. MS-60, MS-65).

M
master die: An original from which working are made.

Maundy money: An annual gift made on Maundy Thursday of a set of pure silver coins made by the Royal Mint and distributed personally by the monarch to the poor of Canterbury. The number of sets distributed reflects the age of the monarch at the time.

medal alignment: A method of striking coins in which both the obverse and reverse dies are aligned in the same direction. For example, British and most other Commonwealth coinage, Japanese coinage, and Euro coinage have medallic orientation. Contrast.

medal-coin: See.

milled coinage: Machine-struck coinage. In contrast to coinage and.

milled edge:

The edge of a coin with grooved lines around the perimeter.

mint: An industrial facility which manufactures coins.

mint error: A defective coin produced by a mint.

mint luster: The shiny "frost" on the surface of an uncirculated or mint state coin.

mint mark: A small letter or other symbol inscribed on a coin, indicating at which the coin was struck. Examples are "S" for San Francisco on U.S. coins, or "A" for Paris on French coins.

mint roll: Newly minted coins wrapped in rolls of a certain quantity, by the mint or issuing authority.

mint set: A set of uncirculated coins packaged and sold by a mint.

Mint State (MS): Another term for or, usually used in North America. Conditions range from MS-60 to MS-70.

mis-strike: An off-centre striking of a coin.

monster box: A large plastic shipping box for silver bullion coins, holding 500 coins. U.S. are shipped in green monster boxes while Canadian Maple Leafs are shipped in red monster boxes.

motto: An inspirational phrase or wording. Examples include "In God We Trust" inscribed on U.S. currency, or "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" inscribed on French currency.

mule: A coin struck from two never intended to be used together.

N
NCLT: Non-circulating. These coins are issued in "limited editions" for collectors and are typically sold for far more than their. While these coins are technically legal tender, their usually far exceeds their face value. Notgeld: "emergency money" or "necessity money" refers to money issued by an institution in a time of economic or political crisis.

O
obverse:

The front or "heads" side of a coin.

overdate: A date shown made by superimposing numbers on a previously dated.

overgraded: A coin in worse condition than stated.

overstrike: An impression with new dies on a previously struck coin.

P
Pattern: A coin minted from official dies that is not a regular issue, and intended to evaluate new alloys or designs. Patterns can be divided in three categories. A coin which represents a new design, motto, or denomination, proposed but not adopted, at least for the same year. Most of the unadopted designs fit into this modality. Die trials: A coin made with the regular issue dies, in metals other than the proper. Usually minted to verify details of a new coin, value or design. Experimental pieces: A very similar process to "die trials", but with subtle differences. A coin minted with a die, official or not, to try a new metal, alloy, or shape.

patina: A surface film caused by oxidation, usually green or brown, mostly found on older silver, copper or bronze coins.

pedigree: The provenance or record of previous owners of a coin.

piedfort: A coin struck on a that is thicker than normal, typically twice as thick. "Piefort" is a common misspelling.

planchet: A prepared piece of metal on which the coin is struck.

portrait: The (front-side) image.

post-mint damage: Damage or alternation to a coin that occurs after minting. May be mistaken for a true error coin.

privy mark: A small mark, often hidden, on a coin, traditionally to indicate the mintmaster or moneyer.

proclamation coins: Coins declared even though they are not issued by the sovereign, but by another sovereign.

proof: Coins specially struck for collectors using polished and. The resulting coins usually have a mirror and raised areas are frosted in appearance.

proof set: A set of coins packaged and sold by the mint.

punch mark: A coin struck from "punching" the coin with symbols or a seal, e.g. five punch marked coins of ancient India. Punch marks generally represent animals, tree, hills, and human figures. These coins were issued by royal authority and generally marked with banker's punches on the reverse.

Q
Quarter: (U.S.A./Canada) A coin issued in the United States or Canada, worth $0.25 (twenty-five ). Short for "Quarter Dollar".

Quarter Eagle: (U.S.A.) A gold coin issued in the United States, worth $2.50 (two dollars and fifty ).

R
raw: A coin that has not been by any coin grading service.

reeded edge: See.

relief: The part of the coin's design that is raised above the, opposite of.

re-strike: A coin struck from genuine at a date later than the original issue. Some of the 1804 U.S. Silver Dollars were re-strikes.

repunched date: A coin variety on which the puncheon with which the date is applied to the has been used a second time, often to cover a first, failed attempt.

reverse:

The back or "tails" side of a coin. The opposite of.

reverse proof: A coin that has its frosted and the design and lettering with a mirror finish. Standard proof coins have the fields mirrored and the design and lettering frosted.

rim: The raised portion of the design along the edge that protects the coin from wear. It also makes the coins stackable and easy to roll by machine.

round: A round, one-ounce piece, generally issued privately.

S
series: A set of years in which a coin was minted with a specific design and denomination.

scruple: One Roman scruple is equal to 1/24 Roman uncia; the modern (nominal) estimate of the weight of the Roman scruple is 1.125 grams.

seigniorage: The difference between the of a money and the cost to produce and distribute it. When a government issues new coinage, it earns the seigniorage in profit (or loss if negative).

silver dollar: A one-dollar coin minted in the United States until 1935, and in Canada until 1967. Dollar coins made after those dates are also sometimes called "silver dollars", although they are actually made of nickel or other metal. Dollar coins struck in Canada since 1987 are more commonly referred to as loonies because of the loon design on the reverse.

slab: The plastic case containing a coin that has been and.

Spanish dollar: A coin issued in Spain and its colonies from 1497 to 1864, equal to eight reales. It was in the United States until 1857.

spot price: In numismatics quoted market value of one troy ounce of a precious metal in form.

stainless steel: An of iron, carbon and another element, usually chromium, that is resistant to rusting. Coins struck on stainless steel are very durable and maintain their shiny appearance, but the hardness of the metal requires that the coins have a low in order to prolong  life.

T
token: A privately issued piece that has redeemable value for goods or services but is not an official government coin. An example is a subway token.

tombac: A brass that was used to make Canadian 5-cent coins in 1942 and 1943, during which there was a shortage of the usual nickel due to World War II. A shortage of copper forced a switch to chromium-plated steel in 1944.

trade dollar: issued specifically for trade with a foreign country.

truncation: The sharply cut off bottom edge of a portrait or bust. The coin engraver's initials are often found on the truncation.

type: A coin's basic distinguishing design.

type set: One of each coin of a particular design, series, or time period.

U
uncirculated: A coin that has never been used, thus retaining all or most of its original.

uniface: A coin struck with the design on one side only.

union: A proposed United States gold coin worth $100 (one hundred dollars). Only one pattern "half union" is known to exist. Platinum $100 coins are not technically "unions".

unique: An item of which only one is known to exist.

upset: A coin struck on which the and are out of.

V
variety: Fine details of a coin's design which set it apart from the normal issue. Varieties arise as a result of intended or unintended alterations to the basic coin design that occur during the production stage.

Y
year set: A set of coins for any specific year containing one of each denomination of that year.

Z
zinc: A grey, inexpensive metal, usually alloyed with copper to make brass coins, but also used in pure form for emergency coinage when the usual coinage metal is not available due to war or other serious crisis. Much of the coinage struck in Nazi-occupied Europe was tin-plated zinc.

title: Glossary of numismatics


text:
Foreign exchange swap

In finance, a foreign exchange swap, forex swap, or FX swap is a simultaneous purchase and sale of identical amounts of one currency for another with two different value dates (normally spot to forward) and may use foreign exchange derivatives. An FX swap allows sums of a certain currency to be used to fund charges designated in another currency without acquiring foreign exchange risk. It permits companies that have funds in different currencies to manage them efficiently.

Structure
A foreign exchange swap has two legs - a spot transaction and a forward transaction - that are executed simultaneously for the same quantity, and therefore offset each other. Forward foreign exchange transactions occur if both companies have a currency the other needs. It prevents negative foreign exchange risk for either party. Foreign exchange spot transactions are similar to forward foreign exchange transactions in terms of how they are agreed upon; however, they are planned for a specific date in the very near future, usually within the same week.

It is also common to trade "forward-forward" transactions, where the first leg is not a spot transaction, but already a forward date.

Uses
The most common use of foreign exchange swaps is for institutions to fund their foreign exchange balances.

Once a foreign exchange transaction settles, the holder is left with a positive (or "long") position in one currency and a negative (or "short") position in another. In order to collect or pay any overnight interest due on these foreign balances, at the end of every day institutions will close out any foreign balances and re-institute them for the following day. To do this they typically use "tom-next" swaps, buying (or selling) a foreign amount settling tomorrow, and then doing the opposite, selling (or buying) it back settling the day after.

The interest collected or paid every night is referred to as the cost of carry. As currency traders know roughly how much holding a currency position will make or cost on a daily basis, specific trades are put on based on this; these are referred to as carry trades.

Companies may also use them to avoid foreign exchange risk.

Example:

 * A British Company may be long EUR from sales in Europe but operate primarily in Britain using GBP. However, they know that they need to pay their manufacturers in Europe in 1 month.

 * They could spot sell their EUR and buy GBP to cover their expenses in Britain, and then in one month spot buy EUR and sell GBP to pay their business partners in Europe.

 * However, this exposes them to FX risk. If Britain has financial trouble and the EUR/GBP exchange rate moves against them, they may have to spend a lot more GBP to get the same amount of EUR.

 * Therefore they create a 1 month swap, where they Sell EUR and Buy GBP on spot and simultaneously buy EUR and sell GBP on a 1 month (1M) forward. This significantly reduces their risk. The company knows they will be able to purchase EUR reliably while still being able to use currency for domestic transactions in the interim.

Pricing
The relationship between spot and forward is known as the interest rate parity, which states that

F = S \left( \frac{1+r_d \cdot T}{1+r_f \cdot T}\right) , $$ where
 * F = forward rate
 * S = spot rate
 * rd = simple interest rate of the term currency
 * rf = simple interest rate of the base currency
 * T = tenor (calculated according to the appropriate day count convention)

The forward points or swap points are quoted as the difference between forward and spot, F - S, and is expressed as the following:

F - S = S \left( \frac{1+r_d \cdot T}{1+r_f \cdot T} -1 \right) = \frac{S (r_d - r_f) \cdot T}{1+r_f \cdot T} \approx S \left( r_d - r_f \right) T , $$ if $$r_f \cdot T$$ is small. Thus, the value of the swap points is roughly proportional to the interest rate differential.

Related instruments
A foreign exchange swap should not be confused with a currency swap, which is a rarer long-term transaction governed by different rules.

title: Foreign exchange swap


text:
Horizontal scan rate

Horizontal scan rate, or horizontal frequency, usually expressed in kilohertz, is the number of times per second that a raster-scan video system transmits or displays a complete horizontal line, as opposed to vertical scan rate, the number of times per second that an entire screenful of image data is transmitted or displayed.

Cathode ray tubes
Within a cathode-ray tube (CRT), the horizontal scan rate is how many times in a second that the electron beam moves from the left side of the display to the right and back. The number of horizontal lines displayed per second can be roughly derived from this number multiplied by the vertical scan rate.

The horizontal scan frequencies of a CRT include some intervals that occur during the vertical blanking interval, so the horizontal scan rate does not directly correlate to visible display lines unless the quantity of unseen lines are also known.

The horizontal scan rate is one of the primary figures determining the resolution capability of a CRT, since it is determined by how quickly the electromagnetic deflection system can reverse the current flowing in the deflection coil in order to move the electron beam from one side of the display to the other. Reversing the current more quickly requires higher voltages, which require more expensive electrical components.

In analog television systems, the horizontal frequency is between 15.625 kHz and 15.750 kHz.

Other technologies
While other display technologies such as liquid-crystal displays do not have the specific electrical characteristics that constrain horizontal scan rates on CRTs, there is still a horizontal scan rate characteristic in the signals that drive these displays.

title: Horizontal scan rate