text:
Category:Destroyers of the United Kingdom

 * See also :
 * Category:Destroyers of the Royal Navy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Iman Ng

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 22:28, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Iman Ng
This person seems to be famous, have achievements, and was interviewed in a newspaper. Not clear why though. The way the article stands, this person does not look notable, so I would vote to
 * Delete Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 22:50, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete At least for the moment. If the article could be lengthened to better explain who the person is, and what his claim to fame is, I might change to keep. bjelleklang 23:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. *drew 11:34, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This article is a poorly done vanity page. This guy's claim to fame was that he was interviewed in the paper (as stated in the article).  He lived in Hong Kong, but apparently has since moved to somewhere in the U.S. in 2002 (Per earlier version of wiki article Heng Fa Chuen He has a couple of web pages, neither of which support the claims in the article: free host page and photo gallery page. More telling, perhaps, is that I found with an Altavista search that he was associated with the Chemistry Club at Wootton H.S. in Maryland last year. (Consistent with the chemistry info found on the web page, so I think it is the same person.)  Perhaps a teacher at the school?  Nope.  Was on the honor roll in July 2005. Crypticfirefly 05:55, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. In fact, user:Olivier had already put this article up for VfD once before (see edit history on June 12, 2005), but user:69.140.103.233 (who I believe is Iman Ng himself) removed the VfD notice the day after. - Hinto 15:48, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Iman Ng


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alex Fischetti

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. – Rich Farmbrough 15:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Alex Fischetti
Hoax. CDC  (talk)  22:51, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete as hoax. Marskell 23:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Bad Faith, G3. --CastAStone 23:16, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax, which is not a speedy deletion criteria. It might be an extremely borderline G3, but so utterly so that I wouldn't click the link for it (even if I could). Lord Bob 00:10, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete garbage, hoax, -- Malo 00:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for utterly ridiculous and incoherent hoaxery. --Agamemnon2 11:25, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
European ground squirrel

The European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus), also known as the European souslik, is a species from the squirrel family, Sciuridae. It is among the few European species in the genus Spermophilus. Like all squirrels, it is a member of the rodent order. It is to be found in eastern and central Europe from southern Ukraine, to Asia Minor, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and north as far as Poland but the range is divided in two parts by the Carpathian Mountains.

The European ground squirrel grows to a length of approximately 20 cm and a weight of approximately 300 g. It is a diurnal animal, living in colonies of individual burrows in pastures or grassy embankments. The squirrels emerge during the day to feed upon seeds, plant shoots and roots or flightless invertebrates. The colonies maintain sentinels who whistle at the sight of a predator, bringing the pack scurrying back to safety.

Breeding takes place in early summer when a single litter of five to eight young is borne. The European ground squirrel hibernates between autumn and March, the length of time depending on the climate. In preparation they will build up reserves of brown fat during the late summer.

Description
The European ground squirrel is about the size of a brown rat, with an adult measuring 20 to 23 cm and a weight of 240 to 340 g. It has a slender build with a short bushy tail. The short dense fur is yellowish-grey, tinged with red, with a few indistinct pale and dark spots on the back. The underside is pale with a sandy-coloured abdomen. The large dark eyes are placed high on the head and the small, rounded ears are hidden in the fur. The dental formula is 1/1, 0/0, 2/1, 3/3. The legs are powerful with sharp claws well adapted for digging. Males are slightly larger than females otherwise they look alike.

The European ground squirrel has a shrill alarm call that will cause all other individuals in the vicinity to dive for cover. It also makes various soft chirruping and growling noises.

The European ground squirrel could be confused with the speckled ground squirrel which occurs in Poland (Lublin Voivodeship), Romania, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, but that species has dark brown fur spotted with white and a thin tail and lives in areas with coarser vegetation.

Distribution and habitat
The European ground squirrel is native to central and southeastern Europe where its range is divided by the Carpathian Mountains. Its range includes land at altitudes of up to 800 m in southern Ukraine, Asia Minor, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and north as far as Poland. It has become locally extinct in Germany and Poland but was reintroduced successfully into the wild in Poland in 2005. Some of the animals were sourced from the Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport.

The European ground squirrel has very specific habitat requirements. It needs short turf in order to dig its tunnel system. It finds this on the steppes and in pasture, in dry banks, on sports fields, parks and lawns. These conditions are lost when changes in agricultural practice convert grassland into arable land and forest, or grazing ceases and the grass grows coarse and scrubland develops. Other places with short vegetation that sometimes provides suitable habitat are railway embankments and road cuttings and verges.

Behaviour

The European ground squirrel is a colonial animal and is mainly diurnal. It excavates a branching system of tunnels up to 2 m deep with several entrances. At other places in the home range it digs unbranched bolt holes in which to hide if danger threatens. If alarmed it emits a piercing whistle and when it is out in the open it often sits upright and looks around for predators. These include the weasel, fox, domestic cat and some species of birds of prey. It feeds on grasses, other plants, flowers, seeds, cultivated crops, insects and occasionally the eggs of ground nesting birds or their chicks. A study in Bulgaria found that the squirrel spent about eleven hours a day outside its burrow in mid-summer but by early autumn this has reduced to seven hours. Rather over half of the day was spent foraging but other activities observed included exploration, running, sitting, grooming, digging, scent marking and vigilance. During the winter it stops up the entrances to its burrow and hibernates in a nest of dry vegetation. Each individual occupies a separate chamber and during this period, the body temperature drops to 2.0 °C (36 °F), and the heart rate slows to a few beats per minute. During hibernation, the squirrel may wake up briefly for a few days and uses up the fat reserves accumulated during the summer, consuming about 90% of the fat stored in the body. In Bulgaria hibernation lasts from September to March.

Breeding
After emerging from hibernation in the spring, mating takes place during April or May. The gestation period is about twenty six days and five to eight young are born in a chamber deep in the burrow. They are naked and blind and their eyes open at about 4 weeks old. The female feeds them for six weeks and soon after that they are ready to leave the burrow. They reach maturity the following spring and may live for eight to ten years.

Status
The European ground squirrel is listed as being endangered by the IUCN in its Red List of Threatened Species. This is because the population trend is downward and it is believed that, over the last ten years, the population has diminished by more than 30%. The southern and the northwestern and northern parts of the range are most seriously affected. The main threats are the conversion of grassland and pasture to cultivated fields or to forestry, and the abandonment of grassland and its reversion to unsuitable tall grass meadows and bushy habitats that do not suit the animal. Urbanization and road building have sometimes fragmented communities and prevented recolonisation of empty sites.

title: European ground squirrel


text:
Ten year series

"Ten Year Series (TYS)" is a term used by Singaporeans, in particular students, to refer to official compilation books of examination papers in past years for the General Certificate of Education (GCE) Normal Level (N-level), Ordinary Level (O-level) and Advanced Level (A-level), approved by the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board (SEAB) and University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES).

In Singaporean schools, these books are known to be used extensively by teachers and students in preparation for similar questions that may be asked in upcoming examinations. Most students review these past examination papers in order to seek to reveal applications of concepts as well as encounter the forms of various new concepts which would be covered in examinations but not explicitly in the syllabus.

Critics of the education system claim that this phenomenon to be signs of rote memorization, which goes against the emphasis for creative thinking as championed by the Singaporean government.

Until 2007, the term had not always been truly literal since some of these books have compilations containing papers from more than two decades worth of examinations, which means that students will thus often be doing practice papers that are set even before they were born. SEAB has since implemented a new rule limiting the publication of papers to the past ten years, which resulting in a spike of demand for older ten-year series. Ten-year series should not be confused with assessment books (books containing questions on specific subjects for students to practice), which serve as an additional practice, or as a form of enrichment. The latter are privately authored and sold in bookstores.

title: Ten year series


text: Category:Airports in Suriname

title: Category:Airports in Suriname


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alex Gassmann

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 18:12, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Alex Gassmann
Hoax. CDC  (talk)  22:53, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete as hoax. Marskell 23:14, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Bad Faith; G3. --CastAStone 23:17, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax. Lord Bob 00:11, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete garbage, hoax, -- Malo 00:51, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above, and more. --Agamemnon2 11:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
P. J. Axelsson

Anders Per-Johan Axelsson (born 26 February 1975), commonly abbreviated to P. J. Axelsson, is a Swedish former professional ice hockey forward, who most recently played with Frölunda HC of the Swedish Elitserien. His nickname in Sweden is "Pebben", while his nickname in Boston is “Potatoes”. He was the longest-tenured member of the NHL's Boston Bruins at the time of his departure from North American play in 2009, having been with the Boston team from 1997–2009.

Axelsson played as a left winger. Although he never gained the reputation of a premier goal scorer, Axelsson's gritty, unrelenting attitude as a solid, defensive-minded forward, and his ability to make smart plays on the ice made him a longtime fan favourite of the Boston Bruins, Frölunda HC, and the Swedish national team, Tre Kronor.

Playing career
Axelsson played four seasons for his hometown team, Frölunda HC, in the Swedish Elitserien before being drafted 177th overall in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft by the Boston Bruins.

Axelsson played all 82 games in his rookie season with the Bruins, helping them to reach the playoffs after the Bruins had missed out the previous season. He was one of the Bruins' key skill players during his career with them.

During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Axelsson played for Frölunda HC in Sweden and helped the team become the champion of Elitserien. After the lockout, he returned to the United States to rejoin the Bruins. On his 31st birthday, he became an Olympic champion with Sweden at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

On 23 March 2006, he signed a three-year extension to his contract with the Boston Bruins.

On 21 February 2008, Axelsson played his 700th NHL game in Sunrise, Florida, a 5–4 shootout win over the Florida Panthers.

After helping the Bruins to the Eastern Conference semifinals during the 2008–09 NHL season, Axelsson signed a four-year contract with Frölunda HC on 27 July 2009. Upon his return, he was named as one of two alternate captains for the team.

On 10 April 2013, he announced his retirement from professional hockey. Axelsson was subsequently hired by the Bruins as a European amateur scout. He was partly responsible for the drafting by the Bruins of Swedish junior ice hockey defenseman Axel Andersson in the second round of the 2018 NHL Entry Draft as player #57 overall. By the time of the 2021 NHL off-season, Axelsson had become the Bruins' European scouting co-ordinator, helping his former NHL team select Swedish junior forward Fabian Lysell as the Bruins' top pick in the 2021 NHL Entry Draft.

Personal life
Axelsson is married and has two children, a daughter named Wilma and a son named Wilson. During his spare time, he enjoys golf and football. His younger brother Anton Axelsson is also a professional ice hockey player.

Career achievements

 * Bronze medal at the Ice Hockey World Championships in 2001 and 2002.
 * Silver medal at the Ice Hockey World Championships in 2003 and 2004.
 * Elitserien champion with Frölunda HC in 2005.
 * Gold medal at the Winter Olympics in 2006.
 * Eddie Shore Award winner in 2006.

Records

 * Elitserien record for most assists in playoffs (10)

title: P. J. Axelsson


text:
Talk:Hexagram

origins and shape
Why doesnt this section make it clear what the first recorded use of the hexagram is? Seems like that would be important. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.166.116.13 (talk) 05:02, 22 September 2016 (UTC)

This section in the article is too vague. There's a need to bring exact days and places. E.g. in Heraklion Museum, Crete, there are a few Minoan hexagrams from Phaestos from 1700 B.C.E.

Zeevveez 07:58, 27 January 2007 (UTC) More facts that need to be examined:

Zecharia Sitchin found a cylinder seal VA/243 in the Vorderasiatisches Museum in Berlin. This seal is dated to c.2500 B.C. On this seal is a six pointed star surrounded by all the planets we know of today, plus the Moon and plus one more planet. Michael S. Heiser in his article titled A Brief Analysis of Cylinder Seal VA 243 brings ANOTHER photo of a six pointed star from the same period. See: http://star-of-david.blogspot.com/2007_03_01_archive.html#6436729342607712959

See: http://kataragama.org/research/dionysus.htm The Satkona yantra, cut into black stone with the diagram of the Kataragama deity. Representation of flames along the periphery, the Tamil OM in the centre. In the Museum für Völkerkunde, Basel. From Wirz (1954) Paul Wirz, Kataragama the Holiest Place in Ceylon, trans. by Doris Berta Pralle, (Colombo: Gunasena, 1966), p. 20.

Dr. Manoshi Bhattacharya wrote that The earliest evidence of this symbol was found among coins from the excavation of the city of Ujjain in India. The coins have been dated to be 2000 - 3000 years old. See: http://www.the-south-asian.com/Jan2005/The_Sacred_Bride.htm

hexagram in a perfect condition found In 1991 by Iraqi archaeologist Muzahim Mahmu in the Treasure of Nimrud. It is one of 613 items of gold jewelry and precious stones that were dated to the 8th and 9th century B.C. See: http://star-of-david.blogspot.com/search?q=nimrud

Zeevveez 11:40, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Definition
The lead opens with an unsourced definition:

''A hexagram is a six-pointed geometric star figure, {6/2} or 2{3}, the compound of two equilateral triangles. The intersection is a regular hexagon.''

Does anyone know where this comes from and what {6/2} or 2{3} means? As a lead this falls well short of Wiki's standards, being neither sourced, nor entirely clear and accessible to the nonspecialist reader. Unless a good reason is offered for retaining this wording I'd suggest changing it to, for example, the OED or OCD definition

We also need to be clear in the lead whether "hexagram" includes forms other than the Star of David - dictionary definitions vary on this point, some including I Ching forms and non-regular forms: at the moment we have within the article a section on other hexagrams which don't conform with the opening definition. The hatnotes actually acknowledge the use of "hexagram" for other forms, so there's an intrinsic contradiction between them and the lead that follows. Should the lead not at least acknowledge the other uses and specify which use(s) are discussed in this article? Alternatively, the article title could be altered from the generic "Hexagram" to something that more accurately reflects the articl's specific content (Hexagram in culture and architecture...?) -- Timberframe (talk) 08:58, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Codes like {6/2} and 2{3} are called Schläfli symbols. I'll clarify that. SiBr4 18:39, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

A further point, whilst modern depictions of the Ulster Banner may show its star as two equilateral triangles (probably for ease of rendering), it was not originally as such, and this can be seen in the depiction used on this page. Either the Ulster Banner does not have a hexagram or the opening definition is wrong in that it isn't necessarily two equilateral triangles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7D:4216:A200:2096:3CFB:9D55:6597 (talk) 22:22, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Intro vs Usage by Jews
An editor felt compelled to add in the 'Usage by Jews' section:

"Which means the part in the introduction where it says it was used by Muslims then later by Judaism is false, the Jews used it before Islam existed.[7]"

Can we come to a consensus and sync these two up?

Also, it might be helpful to add some origin dates to the 'Usage in Dharmic religions' section or a section on the Kagome Crest if we're so concerned about who came first — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.74.118.218 (talk) 22:39, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

Six Pointed Star not always a Jewish Symbol
There is considerable evidence that prior to the advent of modern Zionism the six pointed star was not a Jewish symbol, although it was forced upon them in some parts of Central Europe. The symbol appears a hand ful of times in Jewish texts whilst it appears many thousands of times elsewhere. See for example this paper by Miguel Lou: https://www.academia.edu/11490054/THE_CURIOUS_HISTORY_OF_THE_SIX_POINTED_STAR_How_the_Magen_David_Became_the_Jewish_Symbol?auto=download&email_work_card=download-paper&fbclid=IwAR0pIJlkLZ8nh1QmILV1-8yg-RRb4PIroJal7YwKG2pUirdOVyPai6bvsRc

--Wool Bridge (talk) 19:39, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

opposite elements

 * Fire is symbolized as an upwards pointing triangle, while Air (its elemental opposite) is also an upwards pointing triangle, but with a horizontal line through its center. Water is symbolized as a downwards pointing triangle, while Earth (its elemental opposite) is also a downwards pointing triangle, but with a horizontal line through its center.

Oh? Usually it's like this: Fire is opposite to water, air is opposite to earth. —Tamfang (talk) 22:41, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hexagram


text: User talk:65.184.99.132

title: User talk:65.184.99.132


text:
Template talk:DualLicenseWithCC-BySA-2.5

As the images are still valid and this template's a bit small, I'd like to propose updating it with this variant. Just a thought. -ericg ✈ 22:53, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia licensing update
Please replace the text in this template with, per Licensing update/Result. Thanks. Anomie⚔ 20:30, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 13:51, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 26 July 2021
I request that this template be moved to Category:Wikipedia copyright templates. It doesn't belong in Category:Copyright user templates it should only be for userboxes. Catfurball (talk) 17:07, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
 * See Template_talk:TextLicenseFreeUse. — xaosflux  Talk 18:54, 26 July 2021 (UTC)


text:
Presunto

Presunto is dry-cured ham from Portugal, similar to Italian prosciutto or Spanish jamón. Among the wide variety of presuntos in Portugal, the most famous are presunto from Chaves, produced in the north of Portugal, and that from the Alentejo, in the south, made from local Alentejano pigs.

Several varieties of presunto are protected by European law with geographical indications.

Etymology
The word is from Vulgar Latin past participle persunctus, ultimately from the verb sugo, 'to suck', and is unrelated to identical words in Italian and Spanish coming from the also past participle praesumptus, ultimately from sumo, 'to (under)take, occupy' (see presunto).

Presunto PDO and IGP
In March 2014, six varieties of presunto were protected by European law registered with protected designation of origin:
 * Presunto de Barrancos (PGO)
 * Presunto do Alentejo and Paleta do Alentejo (PDO)
 * Presunto de Barroso (PGI)
 * Presunto de Campo Maior e Elvas and Paleta de Campo Maior e Elvas (PGI)
 * Presunto de Santana da Serra and Paleta de Santana da Serra (PGI)
 * Presunto de Vinhais or Presunto Bísaro de Vinhais (PGI)

title: Presunto


text:
User:Arthur Frayn

"I am invented too for your entertainment and amusement."
 * —Arthur Frayn, Zardoz

title: User:Arthur Frayn


text:
User:Comp8956

Skill Set

 * Computing
 * Web Programmer / Designer
 * Advanced in creating websites
 * Ability in HTML, DHTML, CSS, JavaScript, Flash, etc.
 * Web Applications
 * Database (MySQL and Access Driven)
 * PHP4, CGI, limited Pearl
 * "Desktop" Programmer
 * Java: Intermediate to Advanced
 * C+, C#: Limited Ability
 * Graphic Designer
 * Networking
 * Hardware Repair
 * Building Computers from Parts
 * Software Troubleshooting
 * Intense Researcher
 * And More...

 * Theater Technology
 * Sound
 * Board Operator
 * Eqipment Repair, Troubleshooting, and Operation
 * Lighting
 * Console Operator
 * Lighting Designer
 * Systems Troublesooter
 * Set Construction

Other Interests

 * Politics, Government, Current Events
 * High Intrest and Involvement in Local Groups
 * Recreation
 * Ultimate Frisbee
 * Boating

title: User:Comp8956


text: User talk:85.178.104.194

title: User talk:85.178.104.194


text:
User talk:Comp8956

A true beliver in doing what is right, he hopes only to improve the world. --Aria--

Comp8956 is considered a leader in his school and local community. Comp has a love for all things relating to the Junior Statesmen of America. He also enjoys getting ivolved with projects and helping make progress in the world.

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Castello di Velona
A "" template has been added to the article Castello di Velona, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but yours may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. 172.145.161.43 18:00, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

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The Novels WikiProject Newsletter - Issue XXIV - May 2008
The May 2008 issue of the Novels WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. SteveCrossinBot (talk) 07:53, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

The Novels WikiProject Newsletter - Issue XXV - June 2008
The June 2008 issue of the Novels WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. SteveBot  (owner)  23:54, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation link fixing one-day contest
I have decided to put on a mini-contest within the November 2013 monthly disambiguation contest, on Saturday, November 23 (UTC). I will personally give a $20 Amazon.com gift card to the disambiguator who fixes the most links on that server-day (see the project page for details on scoring points). Since we are not geared up to do an automated count for that day, at 00:00, 23 November 2013 (UTC) (which is 7:00 PM on November 22, EST), I'll take a screenshot of the project page leaderboard. I will presume that anyone who is not already listed on the leaderboard has precisely nine edits. At 01:00, 24 November 2013 (UTC) (8:00 PM on November 23, EST), I'll take a screenshot of the leaderboard at that time (the extra hour is to give the board time to update), and I will determine from that who our winner is. I will credit links fixed by turning a WP:DABCONCEPT page into an article, but you'll have to let me know me that you did so. Here's to a fun contest. Note that according to the Daily Disambig, we currently have under 256,000 disambiguation links to be fixed. If everyone in the disambiguation link fixers category were to fix 500 links, we would have them all done - so aim high! Cheers! bd2412 T 02:09, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

WikiProject Apple Inc.
Hello ,

You've been identified either as a previous member of the project, an active editor on Apple related pages, a bearer of Apple related userboxes, or just a hoopy frood.

WikiProject Apple Inc. has unexpectedly quit, because an error type "unknown" occured. Editors must restart it! If you are interested, read the project page and sign up as a member. There's something for everyone to do, such as welcoming, sourcing, writing, copy editing, gnoming, proofreading, or feedback — but no pressure. Do what you do, but let's coordinate and stay in touch.

See the full welcome message on the talk page, or join the new IRC channel on irc.freenode.net named. Please join, speak, and idle, and someone will read and reply.

Please spread the word, and join or unsubscribe at the subscription page.
 * RhinosF1(chat) (status)(contribs) and Smuckola on behalf of WikiProject Apple Inc. - Delivered 15:00, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Comp8956


text:
Talk:102 Petty France

Comments
Shame, the building seemed suited for the Home Office. I liked to imagine that the lower floors were used for those in a domestic observation role (because they seem to peer emotionless down onto the street), the floors of the main central stalk for routine process and administrative roles, the stuck-out floors for the high-ups (because they're prominent), and the upper floors for hush-hush stuff and secret meetings (because you can't see them from the ground). - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 22:54, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I always thought it rather looked like a giant version of those guard towers you have in maximum security prisons. And it does very appositely convey the massive, implacable solidity of the State. What would you want as a headquarters for your internal security department - a Swiss chateau? :D Keithlard 23:07, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

The Queen Anne's Mansions it replaced sounds intriguing: a Victorian high-rise! Does anyone have any further info, or pictures? FrFintonStack 02:25, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed. Whilst I can find a lot of talk about Queens Anne's Mansions - none of it good! - I haven't been able to locate any images of it. Can anyone assist?  The fact that it allegedly drew the wrath of Queen Victoria (causing a height restriction to be placed on London buildings for quite some time) would suggest to me that it may be worthy of it's own article.Johnmc 03:15, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

I have just created a page on Queen Anne's Mansions, no pictures yet. EricHutton (talk) 12:49, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

There is an aerial photo of 55 Broadway that shows Queen Anne's Mansions in the background: http://www.charlesholden.com/html/charlesholden_gallery_pages/55Broadway_6.htm   plawes 10/09/09  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.25.109.197 (talk) 09:25, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

New Name
The building is know known as 102 Petty France (as per MoJ website) - can someone change as I do not have a clue how to!!! Thanks 81.137.192.183 (talk) 14:44, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * done Nthep (talk) 20:26, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Isn't the name a street address? How did the address of a building change? --Jfruh (talk) 20:36, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

 * because the front door moved round the corner from QAG to Petty France. NtheP (talk) 12:40, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:102 Petty France


text:
Agua Azul

The Cascadas de Agua Azul (Spanish for "Blue Water waterfall") are a series of waterfalls found on the Xanil River in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas. They are located in the Municipality of Tumbalá, 69 km from Palenque, near Mexican Federal Highway 199.

These waterfalls consists of many cataracts following one after another, taken from near the top of the sequence of cascades. The larger cataracts may be as high as 6 meters (20 feet) or so. During much of the distance the water descends in two streams, with small islands in the middle.

The water has a high content of calcium carbonate and other minerals, and where it falls on rocks or fallen trees, it encases them in a thick shell-like coating of limestone.

The area was designated a flora and fauna protection area in 2000 by the Mexican government. The protected area covers 25.8 km2.

Local residents reportedly restored the waterfalls after the 2017 Chiapas earthquake has created a crack and led to a temporary reduction of the water flow over the falls.

title: Agua Azul


text:
Renée Rienne

Renée Rienne (real name Renée Goursaud, alias Le Corbeau, "The Raven") is a fictional character in the spy-fi television series Alias. Played by Élodie Bouchez, she was introduced as a new character for the fifth season. Bouchez appears in the opening credit sequence during the first half of the fifth season; beginning with "S.O.S." Bouchez and her character were removed from the opening and listed as a special guest star.

Character biography
Rienne is number eight on the CIA's most wanted list. She worked secretly with Michael Vaughn for seven years. When she first approached Vaughn, she told him that his father Bill worked with her father on a project: Prophet Five. Renee has been responsible for numerous crimes, including the assassination of a Turkish interior minister, the deaths of three CIA agents in Serbia, an attack on a CIA listening post in Turkey, the theft of a cryogenic container from the Department of Special Research, and the infiltration of a US Army facility in Frankfurt, Germany.

In "Out of the Box" some details of her past are revealed. She was frequently ill as a child. Her father, Luc Goursaud, was a test subject of Prophet Five until learning something which frightened him. He took Rienne and fled, but was later taken from Rienne as she watched from hiding. She swore to take revenge on Prophet Five.

Many years later, Rienne stole a cryogenic container believing it contained her father. When opened, it instead disgorged Prophet Five researcher Doctor Aldo Desantis, who had worked with Renée's father. Desantis has been transformed, possibly by Project Helix technology, into a duplicate of Luc Goursaud. Sydney exposed him as an impostor and Desantis was extracted by Gordon Dean.

Rienne continued to work unofficially with APO. In the episode "The Horizon", she assisted Jack Bristow (albeit unsuccessfully) in trying to rescue Sydney from her Prophet Five kidnappers. During this mission, she executed Desantis, who was involved in the kidnapping, on the orders of Jack. In the episode "Maternal Instinct", she worked with Marcus Dixon to obtain information regarding a classified SD-6 mission.

In the episode "30 Seconds", Sydney offered her a position at APO, but Renée refused because she preferred to work according to her own schedule and she trusted very few people. She is later killed by Anna Espinosa, who altered her appearance and was posing as Sydney Bristow.

A subsequent autopsy of Renée recovered an incomplete microchip, hidden in her body for at least thirty years. It was marked with the name "Andre Micheaux", Vaughn's real name. The other half, hidden inside Vaughn, was marked "Renée Goursaud", Renée Rienne's real name. The completed microchip revealed the location of a nuclear fallout shelter containing research on Prophet Five compiled by Bill Vaughn and Luc Goursaud.

Reception
According to Jennifer Young, Rienne adds to the "show's setting of global diversity."

title: Renée Rienne


text: Category:College radio stations

title: Category:College radio stations


text: Category:World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom


text:
Joe Dugan

Joseph Anthony Dugan  (May 12, 1897 – July 7, 1982), was an American professional baseball player. Nicknamed "Jumping Joe", he was considered one of the best defensive third basemen of his era. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop and third baseman from 1917 through 1931, most notably for the Philadelphia Athletics and the New York Yankees, with whom he played in five World Series.

Baseball career
Born in Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania, and later attending Hillhouse High School in New Haven, Connecticut, Dugan went directly from the College of the Holy Cross to the major leagues. He made his major league debut at the age of 20 with Connie Mack's Philadelphia Athletics on July 5, 1917. Dugan struggled as a hitter his first two years, batting a combined .195, but in 1919 he batted .271, then the next year hit .322. By 1920, Dugan was being cited as the best third baseman in the major leagues. He was moved permanently to third base in 1921, and would be a steady .280-.300 hitter as well as a fine defensive third baseman for the rest of his career.

It was in his first years in baseball that Dugan acquired the nickname of "Jumping", a nickname bestowed on him since he would often take unauthorized leaves from the team. After committing a few errors, he was booed by the Philadelphia fans. Sensitive and temperamental, he would leave the team until Mack was able to coax him back. Word of his departure spread around the league and, he would often be taunted by fans with the cry, "I want to go home!"

In 1922, Dugan was traded by the Athletics to the Boston Red Sox. On July 23, 1922 he was sent by the Red Sox to the New York Yankees in a controversial deal. Red Sox owner Harry Frazee had been unloading his Red Sox players almost haphazardly, and Dugan's acquisition by the Yankees helped them edge out the St. Louis Browns in a tight 1922 pennant race. Because Dugan's trade occurred in the latter part of the season, and worried that teams might try to buy their way to a pennant during the season, major league baseball would later move up its trading deadline to June 15.

Dugan had his most productive season in 1923, when he hit .283, scored 111 runs and led the league's third basemen in fielding percentage to help the Yankees win their first world championship. In a United Press International article, Dugan was proclaimed the hero of the 1923 World Series for his spectacular defensive performance as well as his timely hitting, which produced five runs batted in. Dugan posted a .302 batting average in 1924 and, in a year-end poll of major league baseball players, he was a near-unanimous selection as the best third baseman in the American League.

Yankees manager Miller Huggins named Dugan as his leadoff hitter at the beginning of the 1925 season. In August, he suffered a severely wrenched knee and had to miss the rest of the season. He posted a .292 batting average for the season and once again led American League third basemen in fielding percentage. Dugan was the starting third baseman on the 1927 Yankees, a team considered by many the greatest baseball team of all time, although by this time Dugan was past his prime as injuries began to take their toll. In August 1928, Huggins replaced Dugan at third base with Mike Gazella in an effort to get more offense from the lineup. After appearing in 94 games, the Yankees gave Dugan his unconditional release in December of that year.

He signed a contract to play for the Boston Braves in 1929 and finished the season with a .304 batting average in 60 games. Dugan did not play in 1930 but returned to play for the Detroit Tigers as a utility player in 1931. At the age of 34, he appeared in eight games before being released on May 29.

Career statistics
In a 14-year major league career, Dugan played in 1,447 games, accumulating 1,516 hits in 5,410 at bats for a .280 career batting average along with 42 home runs, 567 runs batted in and a .317 on-base percentage. He finished his career with a .957 fielding percentage as a third baseman. Dugan played in five World Series with the Yankees, playing in 25 series games and batting .267 (24-for-90).

After his playing career, Dugan briefly managed in the minor leagues. He died in Norwood, Massachusetts, at age 85.

title: Joe Dugan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chioccioli

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete after merging all contents in Claudio Chiappucci. Merging histories would leave a mess because the edit histories overlap. Personal remark: I would have thought we had a better article on Chiappucci. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 22:46, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Chioccioli
illegible Trovatore 22:58, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like a machine translation of some Italian text about a cyclist named Franco Chioccioli. It's not from Italian Wikipedia, which doesn't have an article on him, so I don't know where the original came from. The machine translation is virtually useless; unless someone wants to write a real article, the page should be deleted . --Trovatore 22:58, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sppedy Delete Definate G1 - its nonsensical in its current form. Possible A7 as well, i cant tell because it's impossible to read. --CastAStone 23:20, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * So I took a shot at rendering as much as I could. I had to guess in some spots, and there was some stuff I just had no idea about. (I do speak Italian; it would have been easier to translate the actual original.) It's still unsourced and as far as I know unverified, so unless someone can pick up where I left off, I still say 'delete. But it's getting closer. --Trovatore 02:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I found the original; it's at . I think my translation is pretty accurate, though I couldn't think of a word that renders vezzosamente, so I just left it out (it was more or less a swipe at the French anyway). The language problem is fixed now, but there's still a the problem of sourcing/verifying the material. Also I don't know why the article is called "Chioccioli" when it's about Chiappucci, but that's a lesser problem (can easily be moved). --Trovatore 02:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep now, I think. It does need to be sourced, but so do lots of pages that we aren't deleting. --Trovatore 02:56, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Claudio Chiappucci, including history, then delete the redirect. Why should Chioccioli redirect to Chiappucci? --Trovatore 03:58, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Trovatore has done a great job. Agree with his suggestion above. Dottore So 07:21, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
List of places in Cardiff

This is a listing of places in Cardiff, county and capital city of Wales.

Electoral wards
This is a list of electoral wards covered by Cardiff Council: • Adamsdown

• Butetown

• Caerau

• Canton

• Cathays

• Creigiau & St. Fagans

• Cyncoed

• Ely

• Fairwater

• Gabalfa

• Grangetown

• Heath

• Llandaff North

• Llanishen

• Lisvane & Thornhill

• Llandaff

• Llanrumney

• Pentwyn

• Pentyrch

• Penylan

• Plasnewydd

• Pontprennau & Old St. Mellons

• Radyr & Morganstown

• Rhiwbina

• Riverside

• Rumney

• Splott

• Trowbridge

• Whitchurch & Tongwynlais

Communities
• Adamsdown

• Butetown

• Caerau

• Canton

• Castle

• Cathays

• Creigiau

• Cyncoed

• Danescourt

• Ely

• Fairwater

• Gabalfa

• Grangetown

• Heath

• Lisvane

• Llandaff

• Llandaff North

• Llanedeyrn

• Llanishen

• Llanrumney

• Old St Mellons

• Pentwyn

• Pentyrch

• Pontcanna

• Pontprennau

• Radyr and Morganstown

• Rhiwbina

• Riverside

• Roath (previously Plasnewydd)

• Rumney

• Splott

• St Mellons

• St Fagans

• Thornhill

• Tongwynlais

• Tremorfa

• Trowbridge

• Whitchurch

City Centre
The city centre is Cardiff's main shopping area, the sixth largest in the UK. It is also the location of historical and cultural attractions such as: • Cardiff Castle

• Millennium Stadium

• New Theatre

• St David's Hall

• Sherman Theatre

• Motorpoint Arena (formerly Cardiff International Arena)

• Victorian arcades (listed under covered shopping malls)

• Queens Arcade

• Capitol Centre

• St. David's Shopping Centre

Civic Centre
The Civic Centre is built from white Portland stone, and location of much of:
 * Cardiff University
 * National Museum and Gallery of Wales
 * Cardiff City Hall
 * Crown Buildings
 * Cardiff Crown Court
 * Temple of Peace

Cardiff Bay
Formerly called Tiger Bay, this was where the world's first million-pound cheque was signed and was the centre of the global coal industry in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1980s the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was set up to redevelop the area and has since been transformed into a high-profile area of living, shopping, dining and culture attractions, such as:

 * Red Dragon Centre
 * Mermaid Quay
 * Wales Millennium Centre
 * Senedd
 * Techniquest
 * The Coal Exchange
 * St David's Hotel & Spa
 * Cardiff Bay Wetlands Reserve

Cardiff International Sports Village
The International Sports Village is a work in progress in Cardiff, with additional sporting and retail sites being added every so often.

 * Cardiff International Pool
 * Cardiff International White Water
 * Cardiff Arena
 * Ice Arena Wales

Covered markets and shopping centres
• Cardiff Market

• Capitol Centre

• Queens Arcade

• St. David's Shopping Centre

• Royal Arcade

• Castle Arcade

• Morgan Arcade

• High Street Arcade

• Duke Street Arcade

• Dominions Arcade

• Wyndham Arcade

Leisure centres
• Eastern Leisure Centre

• Fairwater Leisure Centre

• Llanishen Leisure Centre

• Western Leisure Centre

• Pentwyn Leisure Centre

• Channel View Leisure Centre

• Cardiff International Pool

• Maindy Centre

• Star Centre

Public libraries
• Canton Library

• Cathays Library

• Central Library

• Ely and Caerau Community Hub

• Fairwater Library

• Grangetown Library

• Llandaff North Library

• Llanedeyrn Library

• Llanishen Library

• Llanrumney Library

• Penylan Library

• Radyr Library

• Roath Library Closed 2015

• Rhiwbina Library

• Rhydypennau Library

• Rumney Library

• Splott Library

• St Mellons Library

• Tongwynlais Library

• Whitchurch Library

Police stations

 * Cardiff Bay (area headquarters)
 * Cardiff Central

Communities that no longer exist

 * Crockherbtown
 * Newtown
 * Temperance Town
 * Tredegarville

Notable buildings that no longer exist
• Avana Bakery (Grangetown)

• National Stadium, Cardiff Arms Park

• Cardiff Central bus station, Central Square (demolished 2008)

• Central Hotel, Penarth Road/St Mary Street, a Grade II listed hotel which closed after 120 years and was gutted by fire in 2003. The site was later redeveloped.

• Ely Paperworks (Wiggins Teape)

• Ely Racecourse

• Wales Empire Pool, demolished 1998 to make way for the Millennium Stadium

• Fire Station, Westgate Street (notable classical facade)

• JR Freeman cigar factory (Grangetown), later owned by Gallaher Group

• The Friary (foundations were removed to build the Capital Tower)

• Guildford Crescent Baths demolished 1985

• Llandaff fields Lido

• St Mary's parish church (destroyed by flooding 17th century)

• RAF Pengam Moors, formerly Splott Aerodrome and Cardiff Municipal Airport

• Sophia Gardens Pavilion (music and entertainment venue)

• Swiss Bridge at Cardiff Castle (demolished 1963)

• Tram depot, Ely

• Wood Street Congregational Chapel (replaced by Southgate House)

• Cardiff power stations (demolished about 1970)

• The Victorian Queen Street railway station (replaced by the 1973 station)

• Capitol Theatre

• Wales National Ice Rink

• Allders Department Store, former Mackross store, Queen Street

• Thomson House, former home of the Western Mail and South Wales Echo newspapers

Rivers and waterways

 * Rivers
 * River Taff
 * River Ely
 * Rhymney River
 * Canals
 * Bute Docks Feeder
 * Glamorganshire Canal
 * Melingriffith Feeder Canal (Whitchurch)
 * Weirs
 * Blackweir
 * Llandaff weir
 * Radyr Weir
 * Lakes and reservoirs
 * Roath Park Lake
 * Llanishen Reservoir
 * Pentwyn Lake

Woods

 * Plymouth woods
 * Leckwith woods
 * Long Wood (Forest farm)

Higher Education

 * Cardiff University
 * Cardiff Metropolitan University (formerly UWIC)
 * University of South Wales (formerly University of Glamorgan and University of Wales, Newport)
 * Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama
 * St. Michael's College, Llandaff (theological college)

Further Education

 * Cardiff and Vale College
 * St David's Catholic College
 * Cardiff Sixth Form College

Primary and Secondary Education

 * Adamsdown
 * Adamsdown Primary School
 * Stacey Primary School
 * Tredegarville Primary School

 * Birchgrove
 * Birchgrove Primary School

 * Butetown
 * Mount Stuart Primary School
 * St Cuthbert's Roman Catholic Primary School
 * St Mary The Virgin Church in Wales Primary School
 * Ysgol Gynradd Gymraeg Hamadryad

 * Caerau
 * Glyn Derw High School
 * Woodlands High School
 * Riverbank School
 * Millbank Primary School
 * Trelai Primary School
 * Caerau Infant School
 * Cwrt-Yr-Ala Junior School

 * Canton
 * Fitzalan High School
 * Lansdowne Primary School
 * Radnor Primary School
 * Ysgol Gymraeg Pwll Coch
 * Ysgol Gymraeg Treganna
 * Severn Infant School
 * Severn Junior School

 * Cathays
 * Cathays High School
 * Gladstone Primary School
 * Cardiff Muslim Primary School
 * St Monica's Church in Wales Primary School

 * Coryton
 * Coryton Primary School

 * Creigiau
 * Cregiau Primary School

 * Cyncoed
 * Cardiff High School
 * Lakeside Primary School
 * Rhydypenau Primary School

 * Ely
 * Michaelston Community College (Formerly Glan Ely High School)
 * Herbert Thompson Primary School
 * St Fagan's Church in Wales Primary School
 * St Francis Roman Catholic Primary School
 * Hywel Dda Infant School
 * Hywel Dda Junior School
 * Windsor Clive Infant School
 * Windsor Clive Junior School

 * Fairwater
 * Bishop Hannon High School (closed 1987)
 * Cantonian High School
 * Bishop of Llandaff Church in Wales High School
 * Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Plasmawr
 * Fairwater Primary School
 * Holy Family Roman Catholic Primary School
 * Pentrebane Primary School
 * Peter Lea Primary School
 * Ysgol Gymraeg Coed-Y-Gof

 * Gabalfa
 * Allensbank Primary School
 * Gabalfa Primary School
 * Ysgol Mynydd Bychan
 * St Joseph's Roman Catholic Primary School
 * St Monica's Church in Wales Primary School

 * Grangetown
 * Grangetown Primary School
 * Ninian Park Primary School
 * St Patrick's Roman Catholic Primary School
 * St Paul's Church in Wales Primary School

 * Heath
 * Ton-Yr-Ywen Primary School

 * Lisvane
 * Corpus Christi Roman Catholic High School
 * Llysfaen Primary School

 * Llandaff
 * The Cathedral School, Llandaff
 * Howell's School, Llandaff
 * Bishop of Llandaff Church in Wales High School
 * Llandaff Church in Wales Primary School
 * Ysgol Pencae
 * Danescourt Infant School
 * Danescourt Junior School

 * Llandaff North
 * Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf
 * Meadowbank School
 * Hawthorn Infant School
 * Hawthorn Junior School

 * Llanedeyrn
 * Llanedeyrn High School
 * Llanedeyrn Primary School

 * Llanishen
 * Llanishen High School
 * Cefn Onn Primary School
 * Christ the King Roman Catholic Primary School
 * Coed Glas Primary School
 * Ysgol Y Wern
 * The Court School

 * Llanrumney
 * Llanrumney High School
 * Bryn Hafod Primary School
 * Glan-yr-Afon Primary School
 * Pen-y-Bryn Primary School
 * St Cadoc's Roman Catholic Primary School
 * St Mellon's Church in Wales Primary School
 * Ysgol Bro Eirwg

 * Pentwyn
 * All Saints Primary School
 * Bryn Celyn Primary School
 * The Hollies School
 * Springwood Primary School
 * St Bernadette's Roman Catholic Primary School
 * St David's Church in Wales Primary School
 * St Peter Evan's Roman Catholic Primary School
 * Ysgol Y Berllan Deg
 * Glyncoed Infant & Nursery School
 * Glyncoed Junior School
 * St Philip Evans Roman Catholic Primary School

 * Pentyrch
 * Pentyrch Primary School
 * Ysgol Gynradd Gwaelod Y Garth Primary School

 * Penylan
 * St Teilo's Church in Wales High School
 * Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Bro Edern
 * Ty Gwyn School
 * Marlborough Infant School
 * Marlborough Junior School

 * Pontprennau
 * Pontprennau Primary School

 * Radyr & Morganstown
 * Radyr Comprehensive School
 * Bryn Deri Primary School
 * Radyr Primary School

 * Rhiwbina
 * Greenhill School
 * Llanishen Fach Primary School
 * Rhiwbeina Primary School
 * Greenhill School

 * Riverside
 * Kitchener Primary School
 * St Mary's Catholic Primary School

 * Roath
 * Albany Primary School
 * St Peter's Roman Catholic Primary School
 * Taibah Muslim Primary School
 * St Anne's Church in Wales Infant School

 * Rumney
 * Eastern High School, Cardiff
 * St Illtyd's Catholic High School
 * Greenway Primary School
 * Rumney Primary School

 * Splott
 * Baden Powell Primary School
 * Moorland Primary School
 * St Alban's Roman Catholic Primary School
 * Ysgol Glan Morfa

 * Thornhill
 * Thornhill Primary School

 * Tongwynlais
 * Tongwynlais Primary School

 * Tremorfa
 * Willows High School

 * Trowbridge
 * Bishop Childs Church in Wales Primary School
 * Meadowlane Primary School
 * Oakfield Primary School
 * St John Lloyd Roman Catholic Primary School
 * Willowbrook Primary School
 * Trowbridge Primary School

 * Whitchurch
 * Whitchurch High School
 * Eglwys Newydd Primary School
 * Eglwys Wen Primary School
 * Ysgol Gymraeg Melin Gruffydd

Parks
• Adamsdown community gardens

• Africa Gardens

• Bute Park

• Caedelyn Park

• Cathays Park

• Cefn Onn Country Park

• Coopers Field

• Despenser Gardens (Riverside)

• Fairwater Park

• Forest Farm Country Park (Whitchurch)

• Gorsedd Gardens

• Grange Gardens

• Grangemoor Park

• Hamadryad Park

• Hailey Park (Llandaff North)

• Heath Park

• Hill Snook Park

• Insole Court

• Llandaff Fields

• Llanishen Park

• Maitland Park

• Nant Fawr Corridor

• Pontcanna Fields

• Plasnewydd Gardens

• Roath Park

• Sanatorium Park

• Sevenoaks Park (Grangetown)

• Sophia Gardens

• Splott Park

• St John's Gardens

• Thompson's Park

• Trelai Park (the former Ely Racecourse)

• Tremorfa Park

• Victoria Park

• Waterloo Gardens

• Wern Goch Park

• Whitchurch Common

Archaeological sites

 * Cardiff Castle
 * Castell Coch
 * Morganstown Castle Mound
 * Twmpath Castle
 * The Priory (Bute park)
 * The Friary (foundations removed to build the Capital Tower)

Retail parks
• Wenvoe Retail Park, Culverhouse Cross

• Valegate Retail Park, Culverhouse Cross

• Brooklands Retail Park, Culverhouse Cross

• Cardiff Lifestyle Shopping Park, Llanishen

• Capital Retail Park, Leckwith

• Cardiff Bay Retail Park, Cardiff Bay.

• Dragon Retail Park, Newport Road

• The Avenue Retail Park, Newport Road

• Seager Retail Park, Newport Road

• Newport Road Retail Park, Newport Road

• City Link Retail Park, Newport Road

• Cardiff Gate Retail Park, Pontprennau

Public transport hubs

 * Cardiff Central railway station
 * Cardiff Queen Street railway station
 * Radyr railway station
 * Cardiff Bus Interchange
 * Dumfries Place (bus interchange)
 * Greyfriars Road (bus interchange)

Major roads

 * A4055 road
 * A4232 road
 * A470 road
 * A48 road
 * A4161 road
 * A48(M) motorway
 * Cowbridge Road East/West
 * M4 motorway
 * Newport Road

Railway lines
• South Wales Main Line

• Valley Lines

• Maesteg Line

• Vale Line

• City Line

• Rhondda Line

• Merthyr Line

• Coryton Line

• Rhymney Line

• Butetown Branch

Railway stations
• Birchgrove

• Bay

• Central

• Queen Street

• Cathays

• Coryton

• Danescourt

• Fairwater

• Grangetown

• Heath High Level

• Heath Low Level

• Lisvane and Thornhill

• Llandaf

• Llanishen

• Ninian Park (for Cardiff City FC)

• Radyr

• Rhiwbina

• Ty Glas

• Waun-Gron Park

• Whitchurch

Cycle routes

 * Taff Trail
 * Ely Trail
 * Rhymney Trail
 * Lôn Las Cymru (National Cycle Network: Route 8)
 * National Cycle Network: Route 88

Walking routes

 * Cardiff Centenary Walk

Bridges
• A4055 Bridge (River Ely)

• A48 Bridge (River Taff)

• Blackweir footbridge

• Brains Bridge (railway, Grangetown)

• Cable Bridge (foot, Roath Basin)

• Cardiff Bridge (River Taff) - also known as Canton Bridge

• Cardiff Intersection Bridge (railway, Valley Lines crosses over the South Wales Main Line

• Clarence Bridge (River Taff)

• Crwys Road Bridge (Over Railway, Cathays)

• Ely Bridge

• Fairoak Road Bridge (Under Railway, Cathays)

• Leckwith Bridges (River Ely), a medieval bridge and its 20th century replacement

• Llandaff Bridge (River Taff)

• Lowther Road Bridge (railway)

• Millennium Footbridge (River Taff)

• Monthermer Road (Over Railway, Cathays)

• M4 bridge (River Taff)

• Penarth Road Bridge (River Taff)

• Pont y Werin (foot/cycle, River Ely)

• Rumney River bridge (road)

• A4232 Taff Viaduct (River Taff)

• Three Arches Railway Bridge (railway, Heath)

• Virgil Street bridge (railway, Grangetown)

• Windsor Road Bridge (railway, Adamsdown)

Shipping

 * Cardiff Bay (leisure boats and local ferries)
 * Penarth Marina

Airports

 * Cardiff Heliport

(Cardiff International Airport and the military base RAF St Athan are both located in the neighbouring Vale of Glamorgan)

title: List of places in Cardiff


text: User talk:24.158.225.161

title: User talk:24.158.225.161


text:
Sessile drop technique

In materials science, the sessile drop technique is a method used for the characterization of solid surface energies, and in some cases, aspects of liquid surface energies. The main premise of the method is that by placing a droplet of liquid with a known surface energy and contact angle, the surface energy of the solid substrate can be calculated. The liquid used for such experiments is referred to as the probe liquid, and the use of several different probe liquids is required.

Probe liquid
The surface energy is measured in units of joules per square meter, which is equivalent in the case of liquids to surface tension, measured in newtons per meter. The overall surface tension/energy of a liquid can be acquired through various methods using a tensiometer or using the pendant drop method and maximum bubble pressure method.

The interface tension at the interface of the probe liquid and the solid surface can additionally be viewed as being the result of different types of intermolecular forces. As such, surface energies can be subdivided according to the various interactions that cause them, such as the surface energy due to dispersive (e.g. van der Waals forces) and other interactions (e.g. hydrogen bonding, polar interactions, acid–base interactions, etc.). It is often useful for the sessile drop technique to use liquids that are known to be incapable of some of those interactions (see table 1). For example, the surface tension of all straight alkanes is said to be entirely dispersive, and all of the other components are zero. This is algebraically useful, as it eliminates a variable in certain cases and makes these liquids essential testing materials.

The overall surface energy, both for a solid and a liquid, is assumed traditionally to simply be the sum of the components considered. For example, the equation describing the subdivision of surface energy into the contributions of dispersive interactions and polar interactions would be

 * $$\sigma_\text{S} = \sigma_\text{S}^\text{D} + \sigma_\text{S}^\text{P},$$
 * $$\sigma_\text{L} = \sigma_\text{L}^\text{D} + \sigma_\text{L}^\text{P},$$

where σS is the total surface energy of the solid, σSD and σSP are respectively the dispersive and polar components of the solid surface energy, σL is the total surface tension/surface energy of the liquid, and σLD and σLP are respectively the dispersive and polar components of the surface tension.

In addition to the tensiometer and pendant drop techniques, the sessile drop technique can be used in some cases to separate the known total surface energy of a liquid into its components. This is done by reversing the above idea with the introduction of a reference solid surface that is assumed to be incapable of polar interactions, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Contact angle
The contact angle is defined as the angle made by the intersection of the liquid/solid interface and the liquid/air interface. It can be alternately described as the angle between solid sample's surface and the tangent of the droplet's ovate shape at the edge of the droplet. A high contact angle indicates a low solid surface energy or chemical affinity. This is also referred to as a low degree of wetting. A low contact angle indicates a high solid surface energy or chemical affinity, and a high or sometimes complete degree of wetting. For example, a contact angle of zero degrees will occur when the droplet has turned into a flat puddle; this is called complete wetting.

Goniometer method
The simplest way of measuring the contact angle of a sessile drop is with a contact angle goniometer, which allows the user to measure the contact angle visually. A droplet is deposited by a syringe which is positioned above the sample surface, and a high resolution camera captures the image from the profile or side view. The image can then be analyzed either by eye (with a protractor) or more often is measured using image analysis software. This type of measurement is referred to as a static contact angle measurement.

The contact angle is affected not only by the surface chemistry but also by the surface roughness. The Young equation, which is the basis for the contact angle, assumes a homogeneous surface with no surface roughness. In case surface roughness is present, the droplet can be in Wenzel state (homogeneous wetting), Cassie-Baxter state (heterogeneous wetting) or in an intermediary state. The surface roughness amplifies the wetting behavior caused by the surface chemistry.

In order to measure the contact angle hysteresis, the sessile droplet can be increased gradually in volume. The maximum possible contact angle is referred to as the advancing contact angle. The receding contact angle can be measured by removing volume from the drop until dewetting occurs. The minimum possible contact angle is referred to as the receding contact angle. The contact angle hysteresis is the difference between the advancing and receding contact angle.

Advantages and disadvantages
The advantage of this method, aside from its relatively straightforward nature, is the fact that with a large enough solid surface, multiple droplets can be deposited in various locations on the sample to determine heterogeneity. The reproducibility of particular values of the contact angle will reflect the heterogeneity of the surface's energy properties. Conversely, the disadvantage is that if the sample is only large enough for one droplet, then it will be difficult to determine heterogeneity, or consequently to assume homogeneity. This is particularly true because conventional, commercially available goniometers do not swivel the camera/backlight set up relative to the stage, and thus can only show the contact angle at two points: the right and the left edge of the droplet. In addition to this, this measurement is hampered by its inherent subjectivity, as the placement of the lines is determined either by the user looking at the pictures or by the image analysis software's definition of the lines.

Wilhelmy method
An alternative method for measuring the contact angle is the Wilhelmy method, which employs a sensitive force meter of some sort to measure a force that can be translated into a value of the contact angle. In this method, a small plate-shaped sample of the solid in question, attached to the arm of a force meter, is vertically dipped into a pool of the probe liquid (in actuality, the design of a stationary force meter would have the liquid being brought up, rather than the sample being brought down), and the force exerted on the sample by the liquid is measured by the force meter. This force is related to the contact angle by the following equation:

 * $$\cos\theta = \frac{F - F_\text{b}}{I\sigma},$$

where F is the total force measured by the force meter, Fb is the force of buoyancy due to the solid sample displacing the liquid, I is the wetted length, and σ is the known surface tension of the liquid.

Advantages and disadvantages
The advantage of this method is that it is fairly objective and the measurement yields data which is inherently averaged over the wetted length. Although this does not help determine heterogeneity, it does automatically give a more accurate average value. Its disadvantages, aside from being more complicated than the goniometer method, include the fact that sample of an appropriate size must be produced with a uniform cross section in the submersion direction, and the wetted length must be measured with some precision. In addition, this method is only appropriate if both sides of the sample are identical, otherwise the measured data will be a result of two completely different interactions.

Strictly speaking, this is not a sessile drop technique, as we are using a small submerging pool, rather than a droplet. However, the calculations described in the following sections, which were derived for the relation of the sessile drop contact angle to the surface energy, apply just as well.

Determining surface energy
While surface energy is conventionally defined as the work required to build a unit of area of a given surface, when it comes to its measurement by the sessile drop technique, the surface energy is not quite as well defined. The values obtained through the sessile drop technique depend not only on the solid sample in question, but equally on the properties of the probe liquid being used, as well as the particular theory relating the parameters mathematically to one another.

There are numerous such theories developed by various researchers. These methods differ in several regards, such as derivation and convention, but most importantly they differ in the number of components or parameters which they are equipped to analyze. The simpler methods containing fewer components simplify the system by lumping surface energy into one number, while more rigorous methods with more components are derived to distinguish between various components of the surface energy. Again, the total surface energy of solids and liquids depends on different types of molecular interactions, such as dispersive (van der Waals), polar, and acid/base interactions, and is considered to be the sum of these independent components. Some theories account for more of these phenomena than do other theories. These distinctions are to be considered when deciding which method is appropriate for the experiment at hand. The following are a few commonly used such theories.

The Zisman theory
The Zisman theory is the simplest commonly used theory, as it is a one-component theory, and is best used for non-polar surfaces. This means that polymer surfaces that have been subjected to heat treatment, corona treatment, plasma cleaning, or polymers that contain heteroatoms do not lend themselves to this particular theory, as they tend to be at least somewhat polar. The Zisman theory also tends to be more useful in practice for surfaces with lower energies.

The Zisman theory simply defines the surface energy as being equal to the surface energy of the highest surface energy liquid that wets the solid completely. That is to say, the droplet will disperse as much as possible, i.e. completely wetting the surface, for this liquid and any liquids with lower surface energies, but not for liquids with higher surface energies. Since this probe liquid could hypothetically be any liquid, including an imaginary liquid, the best way to determine the surface energy by the Zisman method is to acquire data points of contact angles for several probe liquids on the solid surface in question, and then plot the cosine of that angle against the known surface energy of the probe liquid. By constructing the Zisman plot, one can extrapolate the highest liquid surface energy, real or hypothetical, that would result in complete wetting of the sample with a contact angle of zero degrees.

Accuracy/precision
The line coefficient (Fig 5) suggests that this is a fairly accurate result, however this is only the case for the pairing of that particular solid with those particular liquids. In other cases, the fit may not be so great (such is the case if we replace polyethylene with poly(methyl methacrylate), wherein the line coefficient of the plot results using the same list of liquids would be significantly lower). This shortcoming is a result of the fact that the Zisman theory treats the surface energy as one single parameter, rather than accounting for the fact that, for example, polar interactions are much stronger than dispersive ones, and thus the degree to which one is happening versus the other greatly affects the necessary calculations. As such, it is a simple but not particularly robust theory. Since the premise of this procedure is to determine the hypothetical properties of a liquid, the precision of the result depends on the precision to which the surface energy values of the probe liquids are known.

The Owens/Wendt theory
The Owens/Wendt theory (after D. K. Owens and R. C. Wendt) divides the surface energy into two components: surface energy due to dispersive interactions and surface energy due to polar interactions. This theory is derived from the combination of Young's relation, which relates the contact angle to the surface energies of the solid and liquid and to the interface tension, and Good's equation (after R. J. Good), which relates the interface tension to the polar and dispersive components of the surface energy. The resulting equation is

 * $$\frac{\sigma_\text{L} (\cos\theta + 1)}{ 2\sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^\text{D}}} = \frac{\sqrt{\sigma_\text{S}^\text{p}} \sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^\text{p}}}{ \sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^\text{D}}} + \sqrt{\sigma_\text{S}^\text{D}}.$$

Note that this equation has the form of y = mx + b, with

 * $$\begin{align}

y &= \frac{\sigma_\text{L} (\cos\theta + 1)}{ 2\sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^\text{D}}}, \\ m &= \sqrt{\sigma_\text{S}^\text{p}}, \\ x &= \frac{\sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^\text{P}}}{ \sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^\text{D}}}, \\ b &= \sqrt{\sigma_\text{S}^\text{D}}. \end{align}$$

As such, the polar and dispersive components of the solid's surface energy are determined by the slope and intercept of the resulting graph. Of course, the problem at this point is that in order to make that graph, knowing the surface energy of the probe liquid is not enough, as it is necessary to know specifically how it breaks down into its polar and dispersive components as well.

To do this, one can simply reverse the procedure by testing the probe liquid against a standard reference solid that is not capable of polar interactions, such as PTFE. If the contact angle of a sessile drop of the probe liquid is measured on a PTFE surface with

 * $$\begin{align}

\sigma_\text{S}^\text{p} &= 0, \\ \sigma_\text{S}^\text{D} &= 18.0~\text{mN}/\text{m}, \end{align}$$

the principle equation reduces to

 * $$\sigma_\text{L}^\text{D} = \frac{\sigma_\text{L}^2 (\cos\theta + 1)^2}{72}.$$

Since the total surface tension of the liquid is already known, this equation determines the dispersive component, and the difference between the total and dispersive components gives the polar component.

Accuracy/precision
The accuracy and precision of this method is supported largely by the confidence level of the results for appropriate liquid/solid combinations (as seen, for example, in fig 6). The Owens/Wendt theory is typically applicable to surfaces with low charge and moderate polarity. Some good examples are polymers that contain heteroatoms, such as PVC, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters, polyacrylates, and polycarbonates

The Fowkes theory
The Fowkes theory (after F. M. Fowkes) is derived in a slightly different way from the Owens/Wendt theory, although the Fowkes theory's principle equation is mathematically equivalent to that of Owens and Wendt:

 * $$\frac{1}{2} \sigma_\text{L} (\cos\theta + 1) = \sqrt{\sigma_\text{S}^\text{p}} \sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^\text{p}} + \sqrt{\sigma_\text{S}^\text{D}} \sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^\text{D}}.$$

Note that by dividing both sides of the equation by $$\sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^\text{D}}$$, the Owens/Wendt principle equation is recovered. As such, one of the options for the proper determination of the surface energy components is the same.

In addition to that method, it is also possible to simply do tests using liquids with no polar component to their surface energies, and then liquids that do have both polar and dispersive components, and then linearize the equations (see table 1). First, one performs the standard sessile drop contact angle measurement for the solid in question and a liquid with a polar components of zero ($$\sigma_\text{L}^\text{p} = 0$$; $$\sigma_\text{L} = \sigma_\text{L}^\text{D}$$) The second step is to use a second probe liquid that has both a dispersive and a polar component to its surface energy, and then solve for the unknowns algebraically. The Fowkes theory generally requires the use of only two probe liquids, as described above, and the recommended ones are diiodomethane, which should have no polar component due to its molecular symmetry, and water, which is commonly known to be a very polar liquid.

Accuracy/precision
Though the principle equation is essentially identical to that of Owens and Wendt, the Fowkes theory in a larger sense has slightly different applications. Because it is derived from different principles than Owens/Wendt, the rest of the information that Fowkes theory is concerned with is related to adhesion. As such, it is more applicable to situations where adhesion occurs, and in general works better than does the Owens/Wendt theory when dealing with higher surface energies.

In addition, there is an extended Fowkes theory, rooted in the same principles, but dividing the total surface energy into a sum of three rather than two components: surface energy due to dispersive interactions, polar interactions, and hydrogen bonding.

The Wu theory
The Wu theory (after Souheng Wu) is also essentially similar to the Owens/Wendt and Fowkes theories, in that it divides surface energy into a polar and a dispersive component. The primary difference is that Wu uses the harmonic means rather than the geometric means of the known surface tensions, and subsequently the use of more rigorous mathematics is employed.

Accuracy/precision
The Wu theory provides more accurate results than do the other two component theories, particularly for high surface energies. It does, however, suffer from one complication: because of the mathematics involved, the Wu theory yields two results for each component, one being the true result, and one being simply a consequence of the mathematics. The challenge at this point lies in interpreting which is the true result. Sometimes this is as simple as eliminating the result that makes no physical sense (a negative surface energy) or the result that is clearly incorrect by virtue of being many orders of magnitude larger or smaller than it should be. Sometimes interpretation is more tricky.

The Schultz theory
The Schultz theory (after D. L. Schultz) is applicable only for very high energy solids. Again, it is similar to the theories of Owens, Wendt, Fowkes, and Wu, but is designed for a situation where conventional measurement required for those theories is impossible. In the class of solids with sufficiently high surface energy, most liquids wet the surface completely with a contact angle of zero degrees, and thus no useful data can be gathered. The Schultz theory and procedure calls to deposit a sessile drop of probe liquid on the solid surface in question, but this is all done while the system is submerged in yet another liquid, rather than being done in the open air. As a result, the higher “atmospheric” pressure due to the surrounding liquid causes the probe liquid droplet to compress so that there is a measurable contact angle.

Accuracy/precision
This method is designed to be robust where the other methods don't even provide any results in particular. As such, it is indispensable, since it is the only way to use the sessile drop technique on very high surface energy solids. Its major drawback is the fact that it is far more complex, both in its mathematics and experimentally. The Schultz theory requires one to account for many more factors, as there is now the unusual interaction of the probe liquid phase with the surrounding liquid.

The van Oss theory
The van Oss theory separates the surface energy of solids and liquids into three components. It includes the dispersive surface energy, as before, and subdivides the polar component as being the sum of two more specific components: the surface energy due to acidic interactions ($$\sigma^+$$) and due to basic interactions ($$\sigma^-$$). The acid component theoretically describes a surface's propensity to have polar interactions with a second surface that has the ability to act basic by donating electrons. Conversely, the base component of the surface energy describes the propensity of a surface to have polar interactions with another surface that acts acidic by accepting electrons. The principle equation for this theory is

 * $$\sigma_\text{L}(\cos\theta + 1) = 2\left[\sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^\text{D} \sigma_\text{S}^\text{D}} + \sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^- \sigma_\text{S}^+} + \sqrt{\sigma_\text{L}^+ \sigma_\text{S}^-}\right].$$

Again, the best way to deal with this theory, much like the two-component theories, is to use at least three liquids (more can be used to get more results for statistical purposes) – one with only a dispersive component in its surface energy ($$\sigma_\text{L} = \sigma_\text{L}^\text{D}$$), one with only a dispersive and an acidic or basic component ($$\sigma_\text{L} = \sigma_L^\text{D} + \sigma_\text{L}^\pm $$), and finally either a liquid with a dispersive and a basic or acidic component (whichever the second probe liquid did not have ($$\sigma_\text{L} = \sigma_\text{L}^\text{D} + \sigma_\text{L}^\mp$$)), or a liquid with all three components ($$\sigma_\text{L} = \sigma_\text{L}^\text{D} + \sigma_\text{L}^+ + \sigma_\text{L}^-$$) –  and linearizing the results.

It is naturally more robust than other theories, particularly in cases where there is a great imbalance between the acid and base components of the polar surface energy. The van Oss theory is most suitable for testing the surface energies of inorganics, organometallics, and surface containing ions.

The most significant difficulty of applying the van Oss theory is the fact that there is not much of an agreement in regards to a set of reference solids that can be used to characterize the acid and base components of potential probe liquids. There are however some liquids that are generally agreed to have known dispersive/acid/base components to their surface energies. Two of them are listed in table 1.

Potential problems
The presence of surface active elements such as oxygen and sulfur will have a large impact on the measurements obtained with this technique. Surface active elements will exist in larger concentrations at the surface than in the bulk of the liquid, meaning that the total levels of these elements must be carefully controlled to a very low level. For example, the presence of only 50 ppm sulphur in liquid iron will reduce the surface tension by approximately 20%.

Practical applications
The sessile drop technique has various applications for both materials engineering and straight characterization. In general, it is useful in determining the surface tension of liquids through the use of reference solids, with a similar technique being the Captive Bubble Method. There are various other specific applications which can be subdivided according to which of the above theories is most likely to be applicable to the circumstances:

The Zisman theory is mostly used for low energy surfaces and characterizes only the total surface energy. As such, it is probably most useful in cases that recall the conventional definition of surfaces, for example if a chemical engineer wants to know what the energy associated with fabricating a surface is. It may also be useful in cases where the surface energy has some effect on a spectroscopic technique being used on the solid in question.

The two component theories would most likely be applicable to materials engineering questions about the practical interactions of liquids and solids. The Fowkes theory, since it is more suited for higher energy solid surfaces, and since much of it is rooted in theories about adhesion, would likely be suited for the characterization of interactions where the solids and liquids have a high affinity for one another, such as, logically enough, adhesives and adhesive coatings. The Owens/Wendt theory, which deals in low energy solid surfaces, would be helpful in characterizing the interactions where the solids and liquids do not have a strong affinity for one another – for example, the effectiveness of waterproofing. Polyurethanes and PVC are good examples of waterproof plastics.

The Schultz theory is best used for the characterization of very high energy surfaces for which the other theories are ineffective, the most significant example being bare metals.

The van Oss theory is most suitable for cases in which acid/base interaction is an important consideration. Examples include pigments, pharmaceuticals, and paper. Specifically, notable examples include both paper used for the regular purpose of printing, and the more specialized case of litmus paper, which in itself is used to characterize acidity and basicity.

title: Sessile drop technique