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Zinc iodide

Zinc iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula ZnI2. It exists both in anhydrous form and as a dihydrate. Both are white and readily absorb water from the atmosphere. It has no major application.

Preparation
It can be prepared by the direct reaction of zinc and iodine in water or in refluxing ether. or by treating zinc with iodine in aqueous solution:
 * Zn + I2 →  ZnI2

Structure as solid, gas, and in solution
The structure of solid ZnI2 is unusual relative to the dichloride. While zinc centers are tetrahedrally coordinated, as in ZnCl2, groups of four of these tetrahedra share three vertices to form “super-tetrahedra” of composition {Zn4I10}, which are linked by their vertices to form a three-dimensional structure. These "super-tetrahedra" are similar to the P4O10 structure.

Molecular ZnI2 is linear as predicted by VSEPR theory with a Zn-I bond length of 238 pm.

In aqueous solution the following have been detected: Zn(H2O)62+, [ZnI(H2O)5]+, tetrahedral ZnI2(H2O)2, ZnI3(H2O)−, and ZnI42−.

Applications

 * Zinc iodide is often used as an x-ray opaque penetrant in industrial radiography to improve the contrast between the damage and intact composite.
 * United States patent 4,109,065 describes a rechargeable aqueous zinc-halogen cell that includes an aqueous electrolytic solution containing a zinc salt selected from the class consisting of zinc bromide, zinc iodide, and mixtures thereof, in both positive and negative electrode compartments.
 * In combination with osmium tetroxide, ZnI2 is used as a stain in electron microscopy.
 * As a Lewis acid, zinc iodide catalyzes for the conversion of methanol to triptane and hexamethylbenzene.

title: Zinc iodide


text:
Talk:Dick Van Dyke

Military service data inconsistency?
The side bar lists his service as 1943-1946, but the body of the article says he enlisted in 1944. Which one is correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.5.72.108 (talk) 16:33, 11 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The current sources indeed say he enlisted in 1944. I've removed the years in the infobox until it can be reliably sourced. Stoarm (talk) 18:22, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 March 2022
Picture of Van Dyke at the White House in 2021 is labeled as Van Dyke in December 2021, but it was taken in May. Suggested change: change label to "Van Dyke in May 2021"

Samschop (talk) 02:40, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅ - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 02:49, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 October 2022
re: the first paragraph-- His "Bye Bye Birdie" Tony was for "Featured Actor."

- - Change "Leading" to "Featured." - - 96.240.131.126 (talk) 04:32, 5 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 04:57, 5 October 2022 (UTC)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Tony_Awards 96.240.131.126 (talk) 04:46, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a reliable source. Colonestarrice (talk) 05:24, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

Books written by Dick Van Dyke
I am currently reading a book written by Dick Van Dyke that was published in 2015. It is not listed on his Wikipedia page. Here is the information: Van Dyke, Dick (2015). Keep Moving: And Other Tips and Truths About Aging. Hachette Books. ISBN 9781602862968. 199.30.87.11 (talk) 21:56, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Added, thanks for pointing it out. Schazjmd   (talk)  22:09, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 February 2023
In the second paragraph of the introduction it says "a role which earned him the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical" and links to the page for that award. This is inaccurate. He won the award for "Best Featured Actor in a Musical" as is correctly stated/linked lower in the "Radio and Stage" section under "Career". 199.192.158.242 (talk) 18:48, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ 1AmNobody24 (talk) 19:17, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

the masked singer
in season 9 episode 1 of the singing competition, the masked singer on fox, dick van dyke played the gnome. 2600:1700:F690:5E50:FDAA:58FF:597F:7CB3 (talk) 00:49, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

Dick Van Dyke Passing
Change Birth date, and present to pass tense words. 96.19.236.248 (talk) 22:57, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Source needed. Only thing in the news right now is that he had a minor car accident. Schazjmd   (talk)  23:01, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

Partner
Please remove from "Partner" on article. Jack M E 01 (talk) 20:42, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Why? It displays better with it. Without it, the years are on different lines (on my fairly wide monitor). Schazjmd   (talk)  20:47, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

His career spanned 8 decades.
1940s-1 1950s-2 1960s-3 1970s-4 1980s-5 1990s-6 2000s-7 2010s-8 2020s-9 combine the 2020s with 1940s as we are only at the start of the 2020s. you get 8 decades LatviaRich (talk) 17:48, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

He has now appeared on “Days of Our Lives”, though he isn’t even the oldest actor to appear on that show! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:645:4300:EE90:42B:77F:67CC:B81B (talk) 22:42, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

https://www.showbiz411.com/2023/09/01/exclusive-superstar-dick-van-dyke-97-is-not-the-oldest-actor-on-days-of-our-lives-see-who-he-plays — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:645:4300:EE90:42B:77F:67CC:B81B (talk) 22:50, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 31 July 2023
I think that Dick’s son Barry should be included in the “relatives” section. He has his own Wikipedia page: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Van_Dyke 72.22.31.42 (talk) 12:08, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Already linked under  param.  —  Paper9oll  (🔔 • 📝)  12:43, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 September 2023
Under the picture it says "Van Duke in..." -> "Van Dyke in ...." 188.147.173.2 (talk) 21:25, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Corrected. MPFitz1968 (talk) 21:30, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

Also attended Crawfordsville High School Indiana
Add info that he attended Crawfordsville High School (Indiana) prior to moving to Danville. My dad was in his class and I have the yearbook(s) with pictures in them. Lizziebeth10 (talk) 02:30, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

Dick Van Dyke 98 Years of Magic
Should we have an entry for Dick Van Dyke 98 Years of Magic? --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 14:54, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 April 2024
When mentioning Dick Van Dyke in the 1980 revival of "The Music Man," it should mention that it was NOT a Broadway revival, rather it was an off-Broadway revival at the New York City Center. 76.169.198.75 (talk) 04:08, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Charliehdb (talk) 10:09, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dick Van Dyke


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Snakes on a Plane

Snakes on a Plane is a 2006 American action thriller film directed by David R. Ellis and starring Samuel L. Jackson. It was released by New Line Cinema on August 18, 2006, in North America. The film was written by David Dalessandro, John Heffernan, and Sebastian Gutierrez and follows the events of dozens of venomous snakes being released on a passenger plane in an attempt to kill a trial witness.

The film gained a considerable amount of attention before its release, forming large fanbases online and becoming an Internet phenomenon, due to the film's title, casting, and premise. In response to the Internet fan base, New Line Cinema incorporated feedback from online users into its production, and added five days of reshooting. Before and after the film was released, it was parodied and alluded to on television shows and films, fan-made videos, video games, and various forms of literature.

Released in the US and UK on August 18, 2006, the film received mixed reviews and was a "box office disappointment". Despite the immense Internet buzz, the film's gross revenue did not live up to expectations; it earned US$15.25 million in its opening weekend. The film grossed US$62 million worldwide before its release on home video on January 2, 2007.

Plot
After witnessing a brutal murder of prosecutor Daniel Hayes committed by crime lord Eddie Kim in Hawaii, Sean Jones is escorted by FBI agents Neville Flynn and John Sanders on a Boeing 747-400 to testify in a trial against Kim in Los Angeles. Kim arranges for a time-release crate full of venomous snakes to be placed in the cargo hold in an attempt to bring down the plane before it reaches Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). To ensure the snakes indiscriminately attack everybody without the need for provocation, he has one of his henchmen disguised as an airport ground employee spray the passengers' leis with a special pheromone which makes the snakes highly aggressive.

The crate opens midway through the flight and the snakes make their way through the cabin, with a viper attacking an electric panel in the process, thus shutting down the power. A cat in the cargo bay, a couple having sex in a bathroom, and a man using another bathroom are the first ones killed. The plane's captain, Sam McKeon, investigates the power outage and fixes an electrical short, but is killed by the viper that caused it. Co-pilot Rick, unaware of the snakes, believes Sam has suffered a heart attack and continues toward LAX. Some snakes attack Rick, and while fending them off he accidentally releases the oxygen masks throughout the plane, causing most of the snakes to drop into the cabin with them. Numerous passengers, including Agent Sanders, are killed when the snakes invade the cabin.

The surviving passengers, who have made their way to the front of the plane, put up blockades of luggage in a desperate attempt to stop the snakes. Rick is attacked and the plane starts to dip downwards, causing a food trolley to crash through the luggage blockade. The passengers flee to the upstairs first-class cabin before blocking the stairwell with an inflatable life raft. Flynn and flight attendant Claire regain control of the plane while Rick retakes the controls and has Flynn go into the cargo hold to restore the air conditioning/ventilation system. Flynn contacts FBI Special Agent Hank Harris on the ground, who gets in touch with ophiologist Dr. Steven Price, Customs' main source for animal smuggling cases.

Based on pictures of the reptiles emailed to him via a passenger's mobile phone, Price believes a Los Angeles snake dealer known for illegally importing exotic and highly dangerous snakes to be responsible. After a shootout, a tactical interrogation occurs wherein a snakebite injures the dealer. With Harris withholding the antivenom, the dealer finally reveals that Kim hired him to obtain the snakes and adds how the latter managed to smuggle them onboard the plane and make them aggressive. Price injects the injured dealer with the antivenom and commands his supply of antivenom for the victims on the plane based on the list given to him. Harris gives orders to have Eddie Kim arrested and tried on multiple counts of murder and attempted murder, with the death penalty as an option.

Harris contacts Flynn, telling him that antivenom will be ready for the passengers when they land. However, Flynn discovers that the cockpit is filled with snakes and Rick is dead. After a brief discussion, Troy, a bodyguard for rapper Three G's, agrees to land the plane based on his experience playing a flight simulator. After everyone gets prepared, Flynn shoots out two windows with his pistol, causing the plane to depressurize. The snakes are blown out of the cockpit and the lower floor of the plane. Despite his lack of real-world experience, Troy makes an emergency landing and the plane makes it to the terminal. The passengers exit the plane and antivenom is given to those who need it.

Just as Flynn and Sean are about to disembark, a remaining snake jumps out and bites Sean in the chest. Flynn draws his gun and shoots the snake, and paramedics rush to Sean, who is traumatized, but unharmed, due to a ballistic vest he wore throughout the ordeal after his rescue from Kim's henchmen. As a token of gratitude, Sean later takes Flynn to Bali and teaches him how to surf.

Production
The story is credited to David Dalessandro, a University of Pittsburgh administrator and first-time Hollywood writer. He developed the concept in 1992 after reading a nature magazine article about Indonesian brown tree snakes climbing onto planes in cargo during World War II. He originally wrote the screenplay about the brown tree snake loose on a plane, titling the film Venom. He soon revised it, expanding upon the premise to include a plague of assorted venomous snakes, then—crediting the film Aliens—revised it once again to include "lots of them loose in the fuselage of a plane." Dalessandro's third draft of Venom was turned down by more than 30 Hollywood studios in 1995. In 1999, a producer for MTV/Paramount showed interest in the script, followed up by New Line Cinema, which took over the rights for production.

Originally, the film, under the working title Snakes on a Plane, was going to be directed by Hong Kong action director Ronny Yu. Jackson, who had previously worked with Yu on The 51st State, learned about the announced project in the Hollywood trade newspapers and, after talking to Yu, agreed to sign on without reading the script based on the director, storyline, and the title. Initially New Line did not believe that Jackson had actually signed on to the project and had to call his agent to clarify. Jackson would later defend his choice of starring in the movie by stating "it was the kind of movie I would have gone to see when I was a kid", further clarifying "I feel sorry for all those people that are going through that whole trip of 'Why would Samuel Jackson do something like this?' and 'It's lowbrow.' It's a movie. People go to movies on Saturday to get away from the war in Iraq and taxes and election news and pedophiles online and just go and have some fun and I like doing movies that are fun."

The film's B movie-esque title generated a lot of pre-release interest on the Internet. One journalist wrote that Snakes on a Plane is "perhaps the most internet-hyped film of all time". Much of the initial publicity came from a blog entry made by screenwriter Josh Friedman, who had been offered a chance to work on the script. The casting of Samuel L. Jackson further increased anticipation. At one point, the film was given the title Pacific Air Flight 121, only to have it changed back to the working title at Samuel Jackson's request. In August 2005, Samuel Jackson told an interviewer, "We're totally changing that back. That's the only reason I took the job: I read the title." On March 2, 2006, the studio reverted the title to Snakes on a Plane. New Line hired two additional writers to smooth out the screenplay.

Taking advantage of the Internet buzz for what had been a minor film in their 2006 line-up, New Line Cinema ordered five days of additional shooting in early March 2006 (principal photography had wrapped in September 2005). While re-shoots normally imply problems with a film, the producers opted to add new scenes to the film to change the MPAA rating from PG-13 to R and bring it in line with growing fan expectations. The most notable addition was a revision of a catchphrase from the film that was parodied on the Internet by fans of the film, capitalizing on Samuel L. Jackson's typically foul-mouthed and violent film persona: "Enough is enough! I have had it with these motherfucking snakes on this motherfucking plane!". Subsequently, the public responded favorably to this creative change and marketing strategy, leading some members of the press to speculate that "the movie has grown from something of a joke into a phenomenon".

More than 450 snakes were used for filming to represent 30 different species of snakes. The different species include a 19 ft Burmese python named Kitty (which the crew called Kong for film purposes), scarlet kingsnake (the non-venomous double for the eastern coral snake), milk snake, corn snakes, rattlesnakes, and mangrove snakes. The scarlet kingsnake and Pueblan milk snake stood in for coral snakes, while another species of milk snake and Florida kingsnake filled the role of the venomous Australian taipan (which attacks the couple having sex and the man using a restroom respectively). About two-thirds of the snakes seen throughout the film were either animatronic or CGI. The snakes that were real were mostly the non-venomous ones that are never seen attacking anyone. The scenes where someone is clearly bitten were often done with a mix of animatronic and animation. According to the DVD, all the snakes had production names, but only Scarface (an animated pit viper), Peanut (a cobra), and Kong are mentioned by name in the audio commentary. During filming, Samuel Jackson did not interact with any live snakes, due to a contract clause preventing snakes from being within 8 m (25 ft) of the actor.

Print
An illustrated book from Thunder's Mouth Press, Snakes on a Plane: The Guide to the Internet Ssssssensation by David Waldon, details the Internet phenomenon and was published July 28, 2006. Waldon details various viral videos relating to the film's craze, and interviewed their producers to find out what about the film captured their attention.

Music
On March 16, 2006, New Line Cinema announced a contest on TagWorld and a website promoting the film. The contest allowed artists on TagWorld to have their music featured in the film. A flood of SoaP-themed songs were submitted by artists such as Captain Ahab (who ultimately won the contest), Louden Swain, the Former Fat Boys, Nispy, and others. In addition, a music video for the film, "Snakes on a Plane (Bring It)" by Cobra Starship, was released on July 10, 2006, on MTV2's Unleashed. The music video appeared on the film's soundtrack as well as during the film's closing credits.

In October 2005, Nathanial Perry and Chris Rohan recorded an audio trailer spoof, which helped fuel the Internet buzz. Perry and Rohan recorded the "motherfucking snakes" line in the audio trailer which was added to the film during the week of re-shoots. In July 2006, New Line Cinema signed a worldwide licensing agreement with the Cutting Corporation to produce an audiobook of the film.

Television
On August 15, 2006, Samuel L. Jackson guest featured on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, opening with the film's catchphrase. Keith Olbermann featured stories about the film and Internet buzz several times on his MSNBC news program Countdown. In addition, G4's Attack of the Show! featured a semi-regular segment entitled "Snakes on a Plane: An Attack of the Show Investigation", and had a week dedicated to the film which included interviews and the appearance of hundreds of snakes on set.

Internet
Snakes on a Plane generated considerable buzz on the Internet after Josh Friedman's blog entry and mentions on several Internet portals. The title inspired bloggers to create songs, apparel, poster art, pages of fan fiction, parody films, mock movie trailers, and short film parody competitions. On July 6, 2006, the official Snakes on a Plane website started a promotional sweepstakes called "The #1 Fan King Cobra Sweepstakes". The contest made innovative use of the publicity-generating potential of the Internet, requiring contestants to post links on forums, blogs, and websites and collecting votes from the users of those sites.

Many of the early fan-made trailers and later other viral videos and commercials circulated via YouTube, and captured media attention there with such titles as: Cats on a Plane (which was featured in Joel Siegel's review of Snakes on a Plane on Good Morning America), Snakes Who Missed the Plane, All Your Snakes Are Belong To Us (a spoof of the All your base are belong to us phenomenon), Steaks on a Train, and Badgers on a Plane (a spoof of "Badger Badger Badger"). Several websites also held contests about the film in fan-submitted short films and posters.

In August 2006, Varitalk launched an advertising campaign in which fans could send a semi-personalized message in Samuel Jackson's voice to telephone numbers of their choosing. Within the first week, over 1.5 million calls were sent to participants.

Previews
In June 2006, New Line commissioned famed UK audio-visual film remixers and chop-up artists Addictive TV to cut and sample Snakes on a Plane to create trailers for the U.S. television networks. The official teaser trailer premiered before X-Men: The Last Stand, and the first official trailer appeared online on June 26, 2006. Another trailer circulated in July 2006, showing several of the snake attacks and a missing pilot and co-pilot. Rotten Tomatoes had video clips of the official trailers, as well as fan-made trailers.

During a July 21, 2006 panel discussion at the Comic-Con Convention in San Diego, California, a preview clip from the film was shown to a crowd of more than 6,500 people. The panel included actors Samuel L. Jackson and Kenan Thompson, director David R. Ellis, and snake-handler Jules Sylvester.

Release
Snakes on a Plane debuted on August 18, 2006. The film opened in 3,555 theaters and had some late-night screenings on August 17. In a move meant to exploit the attention from the film, a straight-to-DVD Z-movie horror film with a supernatural twist, Snakes on a Train, was released on August 15, 2006, three days before the film's theatrical release.

Critical response
New Line Cinema did not screen the film for critics. , review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 69% based on 178 reviews, with an average score of 6.20/10. The consensus reads: "Snakes on a Plane lives up to its title, featuring snakes on a plane. It isn't perfect, but then again, it doesn't need to be." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average rating system out of 100, the film earned a score of 58 based on 31 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Reviewers reported audiences cheering, applauding, and engaging in "call and response", noting that audience participation was an important part of the film's appeal. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B−" on scale of A to F.

The Arizona Republic's Randy Cordova gave the film a positive review, calling the film "... an exploitation flick that knows what it wants to do, and it gets the job done expertly." and a "... Mecca for B-movie lovers". Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle enjoyed the film, asking his readers "... if you can find a better time at the movies this year than this wild comic thriller, let me in on it." Boston Globe reviewer Ty Burr reacted to Samuel L. Jackson's performance by saying he "... bestrides this film with the authority of someone who knows the value of honest bilge. He's as much the auteur of this baby as the director and screenwriters, and that fierce glimmer in his eye is partly joy."

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying that "after all the Internet hype about those motherfuckin' snakes on that motherfuckin' plane, the flick itself is a murky stew of shock effects repeated so often that the suspense quickly droops along with your eyelids." David Denby of The New Yorker claimed that the film "... may mark a new participatory style in marketing, but it still gulls an allegedly knowing audience with the pseudo-morality of yesteryear."

Film critic and radio host Michael Medved criticized New Line Cinema for agreeing to re-shoot scenes so that the film would receive an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America to match fan expectations. He argued that the film would have grossed more revenue at the box office with a PG-13 rating, stating that the demographic most likely to be drawn to a movie titled Snakes on a Plane is males between the ages of 12 and 15. "My fourteen-year-old son, Danny, for instance, felt a powerful inclination to go out and see the movie with his two sleep-over friends this Sunday night," he explained, "but I wouldn't permit it. It's rated R for good reason." Medved ultimately awarded the film 2 1/2 stars out of 4 in a radio review, but said that he did so "grudgingly".

Box office
Due to the Internet hype surrounding the film, industry analysts estimated that the film's opening box office would be between US$20-30 million. Snakes on a Plane did not meet its estimates and grossed $15.25 million over its opening weekend, a disappointment for New Line Cinema. In its second weekend, the film fell to sixth place with $6.4 million, a more than fifty percent drop from its opening weekend revenue. By the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed $62,022,014 worldwide.

Robert K. Shaye, the founder of New Line, stated that he was "disappointed" that Snakes on a Plane was a "dud" despite "higher expectations". The press declared that Snakes on a Plane was a "box office disappointment", with The New York Times reporting that after all the "hype online, Snakes on a Plane is letdown at box office" and Entertainment Weekly reporting that the film was an "internet-only phenomenon". Box office analysts have subsequently referred to substantial internet discourse failing to materialize into box office as "the Snakes on a Plane effect".

Home media
Snakes on a Plane released on DVD December 26, 2006 in Region 2; December 28, 2006 in Region 4; and January 2, 2007, in Region 1. The DVD features commentaries, deleted and extended scenes, several featurettes, Cobra Starship's music video, and trailers. The U.S. Blu-ray was released on September 29, 2009.

TV version
The film received further attention when fans noticed the U.S. TV edit of the film purposely dubbed over profane language, replacing it with bowdlerized words for family audiences. An example is Samuel L. Jackson's line toward the end of the film, "I have had it with these motherfuckin' snakes on this motherfuckin' plane!", which is replaced with "I have had it with these monkey-fighting snakes on this Monday-to-Friday plane!".

Adaptations
Black Flame published the novelization of the film, written by Christa Faust. The 405–page novel contains significant backstories for the characters and introduces other characters that were not featured in the film. Comic book writer Chuck Dixon wrote a comic book adaptation of the film. DC Comics released the two-issue miniseries on August 16, 2006, and September 27, 2006, under their Wildstorm imprint.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film was released on August 15, 2006. The enhanced portion of the CD contains what was considered the "best of the best" of the amateur Internet creations inspired by the film, including the songs "Snakes on the Brain" by Captain Ahab and "Here Come the Snakes (Seeing Is Believing)" by Louden Swain. The single "Snakes on a Plane (Bring It)" peaked at the 32nd position of Billboard's Hot Modern Rock Tracks in 2006.
 * 1) "Snakes on a Plane (Bring It)" by Cobra Starship, William Beckett, Maja Ivarsson, Travie McCoy
 * 2) "The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage" (Tommie Sunshine Brooklyn Fire Remix) by Panic! at the Disco
 * 3) "Black Mamba" (Teddybears Remix) by The Academy Is...
 * 4) "Ophidiophobia" by Cee-Lo Green
 * 5) "Can't Take It" (The Baldwin Brothers "El Camino Prom Wagon" Remix) by The All-American Rejects
 * 6) "Queen of Apology" (Patrick Stump Remix) by The Sounds
 * 7) "Of All the Gin Joints in All the World" (Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch) by Fall Out Boy
 * 8) "New Friend Request" (Hi-Tek Remix) by Gym Class Heroes
 * 9) "Around the Horn" (Louis XIV Remix) by The Bronx
 * 10) "Remember to Feel Real" (Machine Shop Remix) by Armor for Sleep
 * 11) "Wine Red" (Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch) by The Hush Sound
 * 12) "Bruised" (Remix) by Jack's Mannequin
 * 13) "Final Snakes" by Shranky Drank
 * 14) "Wake Up" (Acoustic) by Coheed and Cambria
 * 15) "Lovely Day" by Donavon Frankenreiter
 * 16) "Hey Now Now" by Michael Franti & Spearhead
 * 17) "Snakes on a Plane - The Theme" (Score) by Trevor Rabin

title: Snakes on a Plane


text:
Darkwatch

Darkwatch (also known as Darkwatch: Curse of the West) is a 2005 first-person shooter video game for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It was developed by High Moon Studios (formerly Sammy Studios) and published by Capcom in the United States and by Ubisoft in Europe and Australia.

The game mixes the Western, horror and steampunk genres, telling the story of Jericho Cross, an outlaw gunfighter in the late 19th-century American Frontier who has been turned into a vampire and forcibly recruited by the titular monster-hunting secret organization to fight against supernatural forces.

Darkwatch was met with a generally positive critical reception, acclaimed in particular for its relatively unique horror Western setting and artistic merits. The game was accompanied by an extensive promotional campaign and was planned to be the first installment of a new media franchise, but its sequel got canceled in 2007 and the film adaptation remains in development hell.

Gameplay

Darkwatch features a reputation system that affects player's abilities in addition to the player character Jericho's starting, neutral vampiric powers of "Blood Shield" (a regenerating force field), "Vampire Jump" (a double jump that can be aborted at any moment) and "Blood Vision" (a system of heat vision highlighting enemies and objects that also acts as a zoom). Through the game, Jericho is met with multiple choices of a good or evil variety, allowing the player to select morality awarding Jericho new powers, called "Brands", based on the choices he made. The good path powers are "Silver Bullet" (making the player's weapons cause more damage), "Fear" (confusing minor enemies), "Mystic Armor" (an extra shield system) and "Vindicator" (bolts of lightning destroying all nearby enemies). The evil powers are "Blood Frenzy" (granting an immunity to damage and extremely powerful melee attacks), "Turn" (turning undead enemies into allies), "Black Shroud" (stealing life force from nearby enemies) and "Soul Stealer" (destroying nearby enemies and stealing their souls). The powers can be activated for a limited time when the HUD's blood bar, which is fueled through collecting souls of the slain enemies, is completely full. Jericho's health is also restored through collecting the souls.

During the daylight hours, Jericho's powers are gone, so he has to fight as a normal human, using a wide variety of weaponry, from a Darkwatch's standard-issue 24-shot Redeemer handgun to a crossbow firing explosive arrows and a rocket launcher, as well as melee combat. In some missions, Jericho can drive a Gatling gun-equipped Coyote Steamwagon vehicle; using it or a horse changes perspective to the third-person view. During horse-riding rail shooter sequences, Jericho is granted unlimited ammunition and high attack speed, at the cost of only being able to use the Redeemer.

Multiplayer
The Xbox version has competitive multiplayer for up to 16 players online, although system link is not possible. The PlayStation 2 version does not offer any online connectivity and competitive multiplayer is limited to two players (or four players while using an optional multitap device) via split screen gameplay. In multiplayer matches, the players can pick up the "Silver Bullet", "Mystic Armor and "Blood Frenzy" powers as floating power-ups that activate immediately. The game's story mode is also available for split screen cooperative gameplay on the PlayStation 2, a feature absent from the Xbox version. In the co-op mode, both players play as a rank-and-file Darkwatch Regulators but cutscenes designed for the single-player mode and featuring Jericho Cross as the main character are left unchanged, causing a number of glaring continuity errors.

Story
The game's story (narrated by Peter Jason ) follows the exploits of a former American Civil War veteran and wanted outlaw named Jericho Cross and his employment in an ancient vampire-hunting order known as the Darkwatch. After unwittingly releasing the Darkwatch's greatest enemy, a vampire lord named Lazarus Malkoth, Jericho is conscripted into the Darkwatch as an elite operative. Jericho, however, is slowly turning into a vampire himself, as a result of being bitten by Lazarus. The game outlines either Jericho's struggle for humanity or his descent into darkness, depending on the player's actions. Darkwatch was an ancient organization established centuries ago by a Roman named Lazarus Malkoth to combat the dark forces that responsible for the decline of the Roman Empire. However, in pursuit for more powerful means to combat the dark forces, Lazarus tried to use the power of the dark forces against themselves, resulting him being possessed by a demon and thus turning him into a vampire lord.

The game begins in the Arizona Territory in 1876 with Jericho attempting to rob a Darkwatch train as his last job to finally retire from the life of crime that is transporting the captured Lazarus Malkoth to the Darkwatch Citadel, a frequently mentioned and often visited location in the game. His actions inadvertently release Lazarus into the West. In a seeming bit of mercy, Lazarus bites Jericho and gives him the curse of the vampire, causing him to slowly turn into one. The game continues with the introduction of Darkwatch agent Cassidy Sharp as well as the appearance of Shadow, Jericho's undead horse whom he fed on and turned in a frenzy after being bitten by Lazarus.

As the game progresses, Jericho finally makes his way to the Darkwatch Citadel, where he meets General Clay Cartwright, the current leader of the order. Cartwright puts him through Torture Maze, the Darkwatch initiation exercise which was designed as a test for Darkwatch Regulators, but Jericho gets a special version specially designed by Cartwright to kill him. When Jericho passes the test anyway, he begins to do missions for the Darkwatch. Missions include tasks ranging from fixing some of the damage he has caused to acquiring Darkwatch equipment, such as the Darklight Prism, a stone that allows vampires within its vicinity to both use their powers and walk in sunlight. On some of his missions Jericho is accompanied by other Darkwatch forces including his new partner, a sultry and vicious temptress named Tala. Eventually, during their night of passion, Tala lures him to bite her and inherits some portion of his power, transforming herself into a half-vampire creature similar to him. She then betrays the Darkwatch from within, allowing hordes of the undead to invade its headquarters.

A final showdown ensues with Lazarus, in which Jericho arises victorious, and a choice is given for him to side with either Cassidy or Tala. Either Jericho rids the West of the Curse of Lazarus, or he becomes the Curse; the player's choice determines how the game ends. If the character were to choose the good option, then the final fight will be against the vampiric Tala; if the player chooses to take Lazarus' curse for himself, then he must fight the ghost of Cassidy. The final battle takes place in a ritual site where Lazarus built to evoke a powerful spell to take over the world. The bad ending shows the now-monstrous Jericho killing Tala and riding into the night, while the good ending shows Cassidy's soul being released.

Characters

 * Jericho Cross (voiced by Christopher Corey Smith ): The protagonist of the game, a jaded American Civil War deserter and drifter who became a gunslinger and train robber. During his "one last job", he releases Lazarus Malkoth from his prison in a failed attempt to steal the contents. While dueling with Lazarus, Jericho gets bitten and infected by the vampire curse. His already deadly skills are enhanced by his vampire powers that afford him superhuman strength, increased endurance, enhanced agility, and heightened senses, in the form of the bioluminescent red orb that regenerated from his empty eye socket. Shadow is Jericho's demonic horse that appears at his beckon. According to the developers, they created "deep psychological profiles of every character in the game" with "hope that Jericho's character arc — as this desperate lone wolf that is robbing trains with a subconscious death wish — makes a believable transition into this half-vampire hybrid gunslinger and will ultimately envelop the player in his destiny: which is a guy that can be either a hero or a terror. Basically, we just want people to care about this character and what happens to him — and I can't think of a first-person shooter that's really made us do that yet".
 * Cassidy Sharp (voiced by Jennifer Hale ): The game's first female protagonist. Cassidy is the agent who attempts to stop Jericho on the train in the game's opening sequence. After the explosion of Lazarus' prison, she joins Jericho but is soon murdered by Lazarus. Cassidy returns as a good ghost and befriends Jericho, aiding him in his mission to stop Lazarus. As a little girl, Cassidy was orphaned in a vampire attack and then raised as a ward of the Darkwatch. Eventually, she became the most serious and dangerous agent in the organisation, yet really she is also deeply insecure about herself. If fought as the final boss, she turns into an angel.
 * Tala (meaning "Stalking Wolf") (voiced by Rose McGowan ): The game's second female protagonist. Tala is a Native American shaman and a power-hungry Darkwatch agent. When she was young, Tala lost her seer mother and became an outcast from her own tribe, fearful of her mediumship abilities. Her father was then killed by a band of fur traders and she herself was kidnapped and abused by them, until her captors were killed by vampires. Tala was then herself rescued by the Darkwatch troops, who turned her into one of their own. However, her experiences made her extremely bitter, and she began pursuing ever more power at any cost, secretly desiring to get revenge upon the world for the death of her parents. Despite her ruthlessness, Tala quickly rose through the Darkwatch ranks due to her fearless battle efficiency. The developers described her as not evil but "just ambitious". Tala is the only character who uses kicks in the game, due to the artists deciding that "some of the combat moves the actress performed fit the character so well that we changed the combat system she's using". If fought as the final boss, she turns into a demon. According to GameSpy, Tala is "without question, the more difficult boss to battle".
 * Lazarus Malkoth (voiced by Keith Szarabajka ): A Roman who first founded the Darkwatch society in 66 AD in order to battle the dark forces responsible for the decline of the Roman Empire. He eventually got possessed by a demon and himself became a powerful vampire and turned on the organization he founded, raising an undead army to aid him in his task. The Darkwatch then pursued Lazarus across Europe and later America. During the game's development, the villain's name was Scourge.
 * Clay Cartwright (voiced by Michael Bell ): The brutal and scheming field commander of the Darkwatch. An American Civil War veteran in the rank of brigadier general, Cartwright snipes Jericho and enslaves him, forcing him to participate in a series of trials before inducting him into the organization.

Concept
The development of the game began in the summer of 2002, when Sammy Studios' first internal development team, informally called "Team 1", decided to "bring a refreshing theme to a genre riddled with the stereotypical sci-fi, fantasy, and military themes", an idea soon approved by the Sammy Corporation president Hajime Satomi. The original game concept was not very dark and the vampires "felt more like a cartoon property". In the early derivatives of the project, the game "looked more like something from Pixar" and its protagonist was supposed to be Chaz Bartlett, a "vaguely bumbling sort of comic relief character", described as an "Eastern dude who was a card cheat" similar to Bret Maverick.

The game's lead designer and writer Paul O'Connor said that the original 'high concept' for Darkwatch was "Blade meets Men in Black in the Old West", but "in the two years that the property has been in development, it has grown in other directions and taken on a life of its own. The game is quite a bit darker than Blade, and we’ve completely lost the tongue-in-cheek feeling of Men in Black". He added it "leans toward the Army of Darkness side of things, though without the slapstick", and "with the accessibility of Raiders of the Lost Ark". The turning point for setting a much darker and mature tone was the final iteration of Jericho's character design. Tala was originally intended to also be a player character, but the studio's marketing department "didn’t think that would fly".

Production
The game was developed for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox side by side, with a PC version initially described as "possible". Creative director Emmanuel Valdez said that "for the longest time we were debating whether or not to bring it out for GameCube", before deciding "there's just not a lot there in the GameCube market right now". There were also plans to port the game for the PlayStation Portable. The game engine for Darkwatch features middleware engines RenderWare, Havok and Quazal, while Autodesk MotionBuilder was used to create character animation and motion capture.

The game was "intentionally designed as a cross between Halo and Silverado". O'Connor said Halo was "of course" an inspiration, comparing Darkwatch to the horror aspects of Halo, and senior designer Brent Disbrow said he expected it to "stand on par with games like Halo 2". Other video game inspirations recounted by O'Connor and Valdez included Half-Life, Medal of Honor, Metroid Prime and TimeSplitters. Lead level designer Matt Tieger said that a creation of one of the game's bosses was "inspired by all the fun" that he had while playing the Metal Slug 2D shooter series with its "crazy bosses". O'Connor said the game's reputation system was inspired by the contrast between the Old West figures such as Billy the Kid and the likes of Wyatt Earp, who "both were feared gunslingers, but one was a psychopathic killer and the other was a good guy/lawman".

The developers licensed Ennio Morricone's main theme from the film The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly which was remixed to fit the horror feel of the game. The remaining music on the soundtrack is completely original, co-composed by Mike Reagan, a veteran film and game music composer, and Asdru Sierra, frontman for the Latin Grammy-winning indie band Ozomatli, who said: "Our goal is to help connect the audience with a conflicted character, one who alternates between moments of providence and misguidance, and accomplish that with a musical score of cinematic proportions". The game's title sequence animation was created by Kyle Cooper using a collage of computer graphics images and live-action footage.

Darkwatch was officially unveiled on January 12, 2004, its announcement accompanied by a showing of its playable multiplayer deathmatch mode, and was originally slated for a Q4 2004 release. At one point, the game remained in limbo for several months until May 2005, when High Moon Studios, by then a fully independent development company, found a publisher in Capcom.

Release
Darkwatch, described as High Moon's "flagship property", was released by Capcom in North America on August 16, 2005, and by Ubisoft in Australia and Europe on October 6 and October 7, respectively.

Promotion
In 2004, Sammy launched darkwatch.org, an official fan community website allowing fans to win points for prizes through completing various challenges while promoting the game. An interactive game demo of Darkwatch was shown at E3 2005 inside a custom-build Gothic architecture-inspired theatre dubbed "desecrated church". A trailer for the game, created by Brain Zoo Studios, was nominated for the Golden Trailer Awards and won two Aurora Awards in the categories "Best of Show: Use of Animation" and "Best of Show: Entertainment".

In August 2005, Capcom launched a major marketing campaign to support the upcoming release. This included an extensive marketing program in the U.S. television networks, print advertisements in several leading video game and men's magazines, radio promotions broadcasts on alternative rock stations in major markets, and pre-order and point of sale purchase campaigns. A Darkwatch music video to Good Charlotte's song "Predictable" was also featured in MTV2's Video Mods.

A major part of the game's promotional campaign was based on using the sex appeal of its female characters. In October 2004, a picture of Tala "wearing only a feather in her hair" was featured in a spread of the first special edition of Playboy that spotlighted provocative video game characters, also accompanying the article "Gaming Grows Up". Several more naked pictures of her and Cassidy appeared in Playboy's "Girls of Gaming" series in October 2005 and again in December 2007. A few censored topless sketches of Tala were posted alongside a fake interview in an exclusive online gallery by IGN and a pinup picture was featured in IGN's Hotlist magazine in June 2006. She was also featured in exclusive pictures on the cover and the pinup poster of Play issue #44 in 2005 and in the 2007 calendar The Art of Heavy Metal.

Soundtrack and book
The Art of Darkwatch, a 176-page art book for the game, was published in August 2005 by Design Studio Press. Darkwatch Original Game Music Score, a 30-track original soundtrack, was released in November 2006 by Sierra Entertainment.

Comic
A comic titled "Innocence", published in the July 2005 issue of Heavy Metal, serves as an immediate prequel and expanded introduction to the game. Set in the Nebraska Territory, the story follows them as former partners reuniting for a mission to capture the tomb of Lazarus, an ancient vampire lord and Darkwatch's original founder. Along the way, they release Jericho when they raid a jail. "Cass" does not hide her current dislike of Tala, but Tala kills Cassidy's father-turned-vampire, saving her life. The comic was written by the game's designers Ulm and O'Connor and illustrated by Philip Tan and Brian Haberlin. The issue's award-winning cover art was created by Aaron Habibipour and Sergio Paez.

Reception
Upon its release, Darkwatch received generally favorable reviews from most gaming media. According to review aggregation site GameTab, the PlayStation 2 version scored an averaged rating of 82% from the gaming press with the Xbox version scoring 85%. It also won several art direction and visual design awards, including five Davey Awards and a Telly Award.

Reviews
The game received the score of 7.9 ("Good") from both Bob Colayco of GameSpot ("If you're looking for an intense shooter experience, Darkwatch will not disappoint") and Jeremy Dunham of IGN ("Cowboys, vampires, and sexy dead girls are fun in parties, but not so much alone"). According to the review by Cheat Code Central, "just about every aspect of Darkwatch is cool. The environments are cool, the weapons are cool, the characters are cool and while the gameplay is not unique it's definitely one of the best first-person shooters on the Xbox and PS2. The controls alone are worth the price of admission". John Scalzo of Gaming Target wrote that "for anyone looking for something a little different out of their FPS experience, Darkwatch is that game". The reviewer in GamePro wrote that Darkwatch "mixes its western roots with gothic horror and steampunk aesthetics, and the results are uniquely engaging", adding that if some the game's "cooler" concepts "had been explored further, lengthening the game in the process, Darkwatch could've rivaled the best of the genre". Official Xbox Magazine called it "a solid and robust blaster that's tons of fun. Helped no end by the excellent Blood Powers and top multiplayer".

Several reviews praised the game's setting. GameSpy's David Chapman called it "a truly remarkable experience. And, while the game itself may not have broken any new ground, the world it introduces more than makes up for that. It will leave gamers hungry for more". According to Game Informer, "in terms of gameplay quality, this may be another middle-of-the-road shooter, but the unique premise sets it aside from everything else out there". Greg Bemis of G4TV wrote that the biggest draw in Darkwatch is the "different enough" setting that "does fall back on tired video game clichés from time to time like big-breasted, leather-clad babes who speak in aggressive sexually suggestive double entendres, but it's nice to see something—anything—that’s a little off the beaten path". GameShark's Will Jayson Hill wrote that "about the sharpest criticism that can be leveled at Darkwatch is that it really adds nothing original in the gameplay department. Aside from its extremely well executed western/horror environment, Darkwatch is a pretty generic FPS game with a weaker multiplayer mode". On the other hand, some reviews thought that the gameplay was actually the strongest part of the game. Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine stated that Darkwatch "has a few neat ideas but wins us over by doing solid shooting well. Fast-paced with cool guns, what's not to like?" GameZone's Mike David wrote that only a "weak plot pacing and that feeling that something is missing" kept it from being given a score of 9/10.

However, some of the reviews were more negative. PALGN's Jeremy Jastrzab opined that "Darkwatch gives vampires, undead, cowboys and plenty of bullets to fire. But that's about it. Otherwise, Darkwatch is a fairly standard affair that's worth a rental". According to Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine, "Darkwatch doesn't amount to much more than your run-of-the mill first-person shooter". Eurogamer's Martin Coxall called it "a generic and quickly tiresome shooter, with a contrived premise which, unfortunately, does nothing to elevate it".

Other reception
The game's characters, especially Tala, received some of the most notable reception. The voice-acting of Rose McGowan in particular was critically acclaimed by numerous gaming outlets. Featured her in the GameDaily gallery Outrageous Boobs, Tala was a runner-up in ActionTrip's 2007 lists of Top 10 Video Game Chicks, both by staff and by readers' choice. She was ranked as the 14th "hottest woman" in video games by Complex in 2012 and as the fourth by in Index.hr 2013. GamesRadar included her in the 2008 list of top seven Native American stereotypes, chosen to represent "the sex object" stereotype, but nevertheless stated that the portrayal of "an empowered female who’s not afraid to be sexy and go after what she wants" is "a vast improvement over the appalling depiction of Indian women in Custer's Revenge". Michael Sheyahshe, author of Native Americans in Comic Books, listed "the continued objectification of the Indigenous female character, Tala, in Darkwatch" among "cultural ‘ouchies’ in video games". She was also discussed in the book Sex in Video Games by Brenda Brathwaite and in Fantasy Women by Amanda Greenslade. Jericho Cross was included among the top five vampires in games by Laurie-Anne Vazquez of 2D-X in 2012, and on the 2013 list of ten most notable vampire characters in video games by Kotaku's Gergo Vas, who wrote that "the weird western-steampunk hybrid style, mixed with classic vampire lore made this character (and the game!) really exciting".

According to a retrospective article by GamesRadar in 2009, "while it didn’t innovate much in the gameplay department, Darkwatch was a solid shooter with proficient controls. Its real strength was its unique horror/western setting and bizarre selection of gothy undead characters and enemies". In 2010, GamesRadar's Mikel Raparaz ranked Darkwatch as sixth on the list of the top seven weirdest westerns, commenting that "the gothy trappings overlay a pretty awesome, Halo-inspired shooter". In a 2012 article about the history of steampunk video games, Mike Mahardy of Game Informer wrote that "although not a widely known shooter, Darkwatch garnered a cult following with its unique story and unusual setting". That same year, Robert Workman of Comic Book Resources called Darkwatch "in particular [...] a fantastic effort, a first-person shooter with beautiful, spooky atmosphere and excellent gameplay". In 2013, Metro included it among the "games that didn't get the love they deserved". Mark L. Bussler of Classic Game Room said in a retro video review that among many shooters on the PlayStation 2, "few are as fun as this", adding that Darkwatch should be "in your collection" alongside Red Faction and TimeSplitters. FEARNET included it among their five favorite vampire games in 2014.

Cancelled sequel
Darkwatch was supposed to be first of a series of games that would be set in different time periods, including Ancient Rome, the Crusades era and World War II. O'Connor said they wanted "to tell not only the story of Jericho Cross but of the Darkwatch as an organization, from its origins in Roman times to its ultimate fate in Earth’s future". Darkwatch 2 was in development by High Moon Studios for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 between 2005 and 2007, and its technical demo gameplay footage (based on the original game) was shown at the Game Developers Conference 2006. After the game was canceled, the studio abandoned further attempts to create their own IP and instead concentrated on developing licensed games, such as Transformers and Deadpool.

In 2009, GamesRadar ranked Darkwatch as the 22nd top "game with untapped franchise potential", adding that a sequel could have improved the original game's supernatural powers and its "anemic" multiplayer mode and "make it shine". Classic Game Room's Mark Bussler expressed regret that so many bad games did receive sequels, while Darkwatch did not.

Film project
In 2006, Roger Avary, who wrote the script for the film adaptation of the Silent Hill video game series, "recently was asked to work on the Darkwatch movie script based on the Capcom vampire Western game of which he is a fan, but his schedule interfered". In 2011, it was reported that Glen Morgan and James Wong, the writers/directors/producers behind The X-Files and the Final Destination film series, "have developed a pitch based on the game's plot and action sequences, and are currently writing a screenplay". Morgan and Wong's involvement with the project has been first reported already in 2004.

title: Darkwatch


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James Nowlan

James Nowlan (1862 – June 1924) was president of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) from 1901 to 1921 and is the longest serving president of that organisation. He was also a Sinn Féin representative and member of the Gaelic League. In 2009, he was named in the Sunday Tribune's list of the 125 Most Influential People In GAA History.

Early life
Nowlan was born in Monasterevin, County Kildare in 1862 and is listed in the local church as being baptised at Cowpasture, Monasterevin on 25 May 1862. His father, Patrick Nowlan, was an early member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and friend of James Stephens. Patrick Nowlan was a cooper from Kilkenny city and possibly moved from there to work at Cassidy's Whiskey in Monasterevin. James Nowlan also trained as a cooper.

Career
Nowlan was a member of Conradh na Gaeilge, a lifelong supporter of the Irish language revival movement and a supporter of Sinn Féin from its foundation in 1905. In 1898, he was elected an alderman of Kilkenny Corporation. He used his time in this position to help promote the GAA, which had been set up 14 years prior and was a relatively new organisation at the time.

In 1900, he became the first chairman of the Leinster Council of the GAA. He was elected president of the GAA nationally at the 1901 Congress held in September of that year. He would hold that position for twenty years - making him the longest serving president. During his time in office, he attempted to steer the organisation on a more republican path.

Following the Easter Rising, Nowlan was arrested by the British authorities in May 1916 and interned at the Frongoch internment camp in Wales. In August of that year, he was released and continued with his GAA and Sinn Féin duties. He publicly voiced support for the IRA during the Irish War of Independence. At the 1921 Congress, held in March of that year, Nowlan retired as GAA president, and was appointed Honorary Life President of the association — the only person to be so honoured.

Death and legacy
Nowlan died in June 1924 in his mid-70s. Nowlan Park, the GAA stadium in his native Kilkenny, was renamed in his honour three years later. He was buried in Glasnevin cemetery. There was no headstone on his grave until 2013 when the GAA erected a Celtic cross. In September 2016 the GAA unveiled a new trophy named The James Nowlan Cup to be presented to the All-Ireland under-21 hurling champions.

title: James Nowlan


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The Old Guitarist

The Old Guitarist is an oil painting by Pablo Picasso, which he created in late 1903 and early 1904. It depicts an elderly musician, a haggard man with threadbare clothing, who is hunched over his guitar while playing in the streets of Barcelona, Spain. It is on display at the Art Institute of Chicago as part of the Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection.

At the time of The Old Guitarist's creation, Modernism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Symbolism had greatly influenced Picasso's style. Furthermore, El Greco, Picasso's poor standard of living, and the suicide of a dear friend influenced Picasso's style at the time which came to be known as his Blue Period. Several x-rays, infrared images and examinations by curators revealed three different figures hidden behind the old guitarist.

Background
At the time, having renounced his classical and traditional education and searching for fame, Picasso and his friend Carlos Casagemas moved to Paris. A year later, Casagemas became hopelessly miserable from a failed love affair and committed suicide. Picasso was greatly afflicted by this event and was soon depressed and desolate. In addition, Picasso was very poor. His poverty made him identify and relate to beggars, prostitutes and other downtrodden outcasts in society.

These events and circumstances were the impetus for the beginning of Picasso's Blue Period which lasted from 1901 to 1904. The Blue Period is identified by the flat expanses of blues, greys and blacks, melancholy figures lost in contemplation, and a deep and significant tragedy. After the Blue Period came Picasso's Rose Period, and eventually the Cubism movement which Picasso co-founded.

Analysis
Elements in The Old Guitarist were carefully chosen to generate a reaction from the spectator. For example, the monochromatic color scheme creates flat, two-dimensional forms that dissociate the guitarist from time and place. In addition, the overall muted blue palette creates a general tone of melancholy and accentuates the tragic and sorrowful theme. The sole use of oil on panel causes a darker and more theatrical mood. Oil tends to blend the colors together without diminishing brightness, creating an even more cohesive dramatic composition.

Furthermore, the guitarist, although muscular, shows little sign of life and appears to be close to death, implying little comfort in the world and accentuating the misery of his situation. Details are eliminated and scale is manipulated to create elongated and elegant proportions while intensifying the silent contemplation of the guitarist and a sense of spirituality. The large, brown guitar is the only significant shift in color found in the painting; its dull brown, prominent against the blue background, becomes the center and focus. The guitar comes to represent the guitarist's world and only hope for survival. This blind and poor subject depends on his guitar and the small income he can earn from his music for survival. Some art historians believe this painting expresses the solitary life of an artist and the natural struggles that come with the career. Therefore, music, or art, becomes a burden and an alienating force that isolates artists from the world. And yet, despite the isolation, the guitarist (artist) depends on the rest of society for survival. All of these emotions reflect Picasso's predicament at the time and his criticism of the state of society. The Old Guitarist becomes an allegory of human existence.

Paul Mariani, a biographer of Wallace Stevens, presented his analysis of the painting as a counterpoint to objections raised by Stevens concerning the origin of his 1937 poem titled The Man With the Blue Guitar stating, "'Despite his repeatedly denying it, Stevens does seem to have a particular painting in mind here: Picasso's 1903 The Old Guitarist, which portrays an old man with white hair and beard sitting distorted and cross-legged as he plays his guitar. If Picasso attempted to portray the world of poverty and abject misery, it was because that had been his own plight as a struggling young artist in Barcelona, where he painted many pictures including this one, of the poor. The painting is almost entirely done in monochromatic blues and blue-blacks, except for the guitar itself, which is painted in a slightly warmer brown. The man is blind but, no longer seeing the world around him, he sees more deeply into the reality within.'"

In The Old Guitarist, Picasso may have drawn upon George Frederic Watts's 1886 painting of Hope, which similarly depicts a hunched, helpless musician with a distorted angular form and predominantly blue tone.

Infrared discoveries

Recent x-rays and examinations by curators found three figures peering behind the old guitarist's body. The three figures are an old woman with her head bent forward, a young mother with a small child kneeling by her side, and an animal on the right side of the canvas. Despite unclear imagery in crucial areas of the canvas, experts determined that at least two different paintings are found beneath The Old Guitarist.

In 1998, researchers used an infrared camera to penetrate the uppermost layer of paint (the composition of The Old Guitarist) and clearly saw the second-most composition. By using this camera, researchers were able to discover a young mother seated in the center of the composition, reaching out with her left arm to her kneeling child at her right, and a calf or sheep on the mother's left side. Clearly defined, the young woman has long, flowing dark hair and a thoughtful expression.

The Art Institute of Chicago shared its infrared images with the Cleveland Museum of Art and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., where curator William Robinson identified a sketch by Picasso sent to his friend Max Jacob in a letter. It revealed the same composition of mother and child, but it had a cow licking the head of a small calf. In a letter to Jacob, Picasso reveals he was painting this composition a few months before he began The Old Guitarist. Despite these discoveries, the reason Picasso did not complete the composition with a mother and child, and how the older woman fitted into the history of the canvas, remain unknown.

In 2019, researchers at University College London used a neural network to recreate the painting found by infrared camera. The neural network was trained to recreate the painting from other works of Picasso during his Blue Period.

In popular culture
As one of Picasso's more notable Blue Period works, The Old Guitarist has influenced other artists of all backgrounds. For example, Paul McCartney was inspired from a copy of the painting hanging on a wall to create a chord progression. This progression and McCartney's accompanying melody were his contributions to the 2015 Kanye West song "All Day".

The Old Guitarist is also referenced in the Counting Crows song "Mr. Jones". The speaker alludes to this painting in the third verse of the song: "You know gray is my favorite color/I felt so symbolic yesterday/If I knew Picasso/ I would buy myself a gray guitar and play ".

title: The Old Guitarist


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DataTAC

DataTAC is a wireless data network technology originally developed by Mobile Data International which was later acquired by Motorola, who jointly developed it with IBM and deployed in the United States as ARDIS (Advanced Radio Data Information Services). DataTAC was also marketed in the mid-1990s as MobileData by Telecom Australia, and is still used by Bell Mobility as a paging network in Canada. The first public open and mobile data network using MDI DataTAC was found in Hong Kong as Hutchison Mobile Data Limited (a subsidiary of Hutchison Telecom), where public end-to-end data services are provided for enterprises, FedEx, and consumer mobile information services were also offered called MobileQuotes with financial information, news, telebetting and stock data.

DataTAC is an open standard for point to point wireless data communications, similar to Mobitex. Like Mobitex, it is mainly used in vertical market applications. One of the early DataTAC devices was the Newton Messaging Card, a two-way pager connected to a PC card using the DataTAC network. The original BlackBerry devices, the RIM 850 and 857 also used the DataTAC network.

In North America, DataTAC is typically deployed in the 800 MHz band. DataTAC was also deployed in the same band by Telecom Australia (now Telstra).

The DataTAC network runs at speeds up to 19.2 kbit/s, which is not sufficient to handle most of the wireless data applications available today. The network runs 25 kHz channels in the 800 MHz frequency bands. Due to the lower frequency bands that DataTAC uses, in-building coverage is typically better than with newer, higher frequency networks.

In the 1990s a DataTAC network operators group was put together by Motorola called Worldwide Wireless Data Networks Operators Group (WWDNOG) chaired by Shahram Mehraban, Motorola's DataTAC system product manager.

title: DataTAC


text:
Talk:Standing on the shoulders of giants

The page says "see below" with regards to Newton's quote, but doesn't have anything below referring to it.

Why not just get rid of the Latin and put the actual English quotation there? Bradridder (talk) 14:35, 23 February 2009 (UTC) Cannot be traced to this source. This is the whole point of Robert Merton's book, cited below, that the attribution to Lucan is a pure fabriction by Bartlett's book of quotations. Didacus Stella (Diego de Estella) was a Franciscan monk who wrote a book about the gospel of Luke (not Lucan) a few decades before Burton wrote his Anatomy.- John Rodgers Oct 3, 2005]

Newton's use of the phrase
Newton says, in his letter to Hooke: "if I have seen further..."; thus he is, in the style of the age, modestly portraying himself as the dwarf (note: rhetorically, as the expression has always been meant, and not physcically) who extends the concepts by building on the work of others whom he praises with the use of giants. The falling-out with Hooke came later. There is nothing in this quotation which can been seen as a slight to Hooke. NAFC 2012-01-01 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.231.128.68 (talk) 17:46, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

"Newton was perhaps making a more personal point than the mere expression of modesty seeing that Hooke was a man of remarkably short stature." What personal point? Sounds like original research to me. Superm401 | Talk 09:06, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

also it is Known that Newton was so small when born, that everyone thought that the baby wouldn't survive the day, and didn't bother to harry for a doctor. So if he was mocking Hooke, he would qualify himself in the same category    —Preceding unsigned comment added by ThomCh (talk • contribs) 21:18, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

"What Des-Cartes did was a good step. You have added much several ways, and especially in taking the colours of thin plates into philosophical consideration. If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants."

This statement of Newton's, in a letter on the 5th of February 1675 to Hooke, has relatively recently begun to be construed to be, or is even reported as "certainly" having been somehow an insult to the small stature of Hooke, either physically, intellectually, or both, but I cannot see that there is anything either certain, obvious, or even the least bit valid to such an interpretation.

A statement by William C. Waterhouse, Professor of Mathematics, at Penn State University presented at http://www.science-jokes.refleksje.pl/9_3.html indicates that the idea that this was somehow intended as a personal insult seems to have originated with Frank Manuel, in his book A Portrait of Isaac Newton (1968), and that he has "never seen any reason to believe it."

I have found that there is even an irresponsibly warped and presumptive interpretation of Newton's "Shoulder of Giants" statement in An Underground Education (1997) by Richard Zacks which declares: ''You might translate Newton's sentiments: "While I admit to building on the work of my scientific predecessors, I certainly didn't learn anything from a dwarf like you." ''

Personally, from what is indicated by the statement, I wouldn't translate Newton's sentiments into anything of the sort, and would consider this and other such interpretations as some people have made upon it to be an insult to normal human intelligence, if it were not plainly an indication of an appalling deficiency in their own. ~ Achilles † 19:17, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

''Someone needs to check the accuracy of the Latin translation to clarify the difference between "sitting" and "standing". Currently, the Latin version says one but the English the other.'' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.48.104.134 (talk) 16:39, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

I have read a history of Physics book that alludes to this insult. Further, one of the books cited on the Robert Hooke's WIKI page suggests some major controversial influences in the Newton-Hooke dynamic. From my understanding, he was a hunchbacked dwarf, and Newton ridiculed him from a vanity perspective in the quote [The whole book will unveil the ill-will toward one another] See http://books.google.com/books?id=n6oJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=robert+hooke+hunchback&source=web&ots=3Ree4f-r4N&sig=JmQZRjYej_ERjFWo8QmzsjNWPuo#PPA28,M1 MonteShaffer 02:58, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

The phrase is quoted in the book Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer by Michael White at at this amazon link for free: http://www.amazon.com/reader/073820143X?_encoding=UTF8&openid.assoc_handle=usflex&openid.return_to=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search-inside/sign-in%3Fie%3DUTF8%26query%3Dgiants%26asin%3D073820143X&openid.mode=id_res&openid.ns=http://specs.openid.net/auth/2.0&openid.claimed_id=https://www.amazon.com/ap/id/amzn1.account.16JFC2EVMJCZAM&query=giants&openid.signed=assoc_handle,claimed_id,identity,mode,ns,op_endpoint,response_nonce,return_to,signed&openid.sig=WO0FuWkloxuDxkmHX%2BQZkxCrl/GRqhkh3U6XNNWqvaQ%3D&openid.op_endpoint=https://www.amazon.com/ap/signin&openid.response_nonce=2010-10-29T09:48:35Z8672971983931184796&openid.identity=https://www.amazon.com/ap/id/amzn1.account.16JFC2EVMJCZAM

"If I have seen further it is by standing on ye shoulders of Giants." Earlier in the passage, the author mentions that the convention of the time "personal letters between gentlemen should remain outwardly polite and mutually respectful." The author builds a case for Newton repeatedly warring with Hooke through letters and this quote being a possibility. If this author is correct, why is this quote misquoted all over wikipedia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.87.32.5 (talk) 10:09, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Lucan or no Lucan
what about Lucan now? We cannot say "it can be traced to Lucan, except... it can't". Can it or can't it? I have to admit there is nothing of the sort in Pharsalia 2.10, Edward Ridley (1896) has:
 * Matter unformed to his subduing hand,
 * And realms unbalanced, fix by stern decree

and the original :
 * Se quoque lege tenens, et saecula iussa ferentem
 * Fatorum immoto divisit limite mundum:

nothing about pygmies or shoulders indeed. Searching the entire text of the translation for "shoulder", "giant", "titan" or "pygmy" yields no result either. I will remove Lucan for now, but it will be interesting to see how the attribution came about. dab (ᛏ) 14:19, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I figured it out, from de:. dab (ᛏ) 14:39, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

The Book
Note that there is a book titled "On the Shoulders of Giants" compiled by Steven Hawking. It has original works of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Einstein.

There is nothing in this article about the book nor an article for the book.Gagueci 22:12, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Abelson's roommate
What if someone calls Abelson or confirms this in person; how do you cite that? --Alan Au 06:05, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You don't - it's not a reliable source. Thanks/wangi 08:58, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I've also got no idea what you're on about, but hey... /wangi 09:00, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Rose window
Regarding this:
 * The thirteenth-century stained glass of Chartres Cathedral's south transept may also be influenced by the metaphor. The tall windows under the Rose Window show four major Old Testament prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel as gigantic figures and the four New Testament evangelists Matthew, Mark, Luke and John as sitting on their shoulders. The evangelists, though smaller, "see more" than the larger Old Testament prophets in that they see the Messiah about whom the prophets spoke.

As far as I know this is original research. The Chartres Cathedral's rose window is an instance of theological typology (see also medieval allegory), prevalent throughout the Middle Ages, in which the Old Testament is seen as pre-figuring (analogy) of the life of Christ and the events of the New Testament. I do have a source for this if anyone is interested - but as far as I know, the original "shoulder of giants" phrase was in relation to the pagan authors (Aristotle and Plato etc) while the rose window is a typological pre-figurement. Also, showing the Apostles as "dwarfs" might have even been heretical - medieval iconography commonly re-sized things to different proportions to give the viewer a sense of importance. If someone can show there was in fact a direct connection between the rose window and the phrase, but otherwise I think its a loose analogy of modern origin. -- Stbalbach 16:20, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Gigantum or gigantium?
Which of the above is right? The article states gigantium whereas there seems to be enough books that used gigantum. Wiki San Roze†αLҝ 14:59, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

I liked this picture better
because the current picture seems like more sitting than standing :-( Erkan Yilmaz 18:03, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Note that John of Salisbury actually uses the word insidentes, which means "sitting (on)", not "standing (on)". This implies that he conceived of the size disparity between the giants and dwarfs as much less extreme than modern people might imagine it to be; if the eyes of a dwarf are situated higher than those of a giant on whose shoulders the dwarf is seated, this means that the dwarf's upper body is (at least) about as large as the giant's head. This is much more in line with the differences between extremely tall and extremely short real humans, rather than creatures of pure imagination. Think of a child sitting on the shoulders of an adult: this is a situation where even in real life the child will have a considerably higher point of view than the adult. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 20:29, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

Translation of John of Salisbury quote
Why have an inline ref to a translation of John's quote when the article provides a different translation? That's pretty silly.

I think, however, that both translations are inaccurate regarding magnitudine gigantea: as the original has no pronoun, where does the "their" come from? The phrase should be simply translated as "by giant size" or "by gigantic size", or more idiomatically "by the size/height of giants". --Florian Blaschke (talk) 20:37, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

Using Newton's actual words...
Hi. If there are no objections, I'd like to update the "References during the 16th to 19th Century" Section.

1. I'm going to replace the Newton quote with his original words, punctuation and spelling, as found in "The correspondence of Isaac Newton volume I, edited by HW Turnbull, 1959 p416", thus:

"What Des-Cartes did was a good step. You have added much several ways, & especially in taking ye colours of thin plates into philosophical consideration. If I have seen further it is by standing on ye sholders of Giants".

2. "Robert Burton, in The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621–51)". Deleting the -51, which seems to be a typo.

3. I don't understand why the article doesn't quote Didacus Stella directly, rather than citing Burton's reference to him. The external link at the end of the article gives a reference:

"Dwarfs on the shoulders of giants see further than the giants themselves." - Stella Didacus, Eximii verbi divini CONCIONATORIS ORDINNIS MINORUM Regularis Observantiae, 1622

The problem is, I can't find a source for that i.e. a copy of the book. And I don't know what the original language was (Didacus was Spanish). It is possible to find a Latin version on many places on the Web ("Pigmaei gigantum humeris impositi plusquam ipsi gigantes vident"), but most of them erroneously attribute that quote to Newton - which I was also going to mention.

Another problem is that date of 1622; Stella Didacus died in 1578. Can anyone help with this third point?

Gnu Ordure (talk) 17:01, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, Didacus Stella's book is called "In Sacrosanctum Iesu Christi Domini Nostri Evangelium Secundum Lucam Enarrationum". The quotation can be found here: http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1UyyFZ89CrMC&pg=RA6-PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false in the 1578 edition (volume II; volume I is from 1575). It's halfway down the second column and goes "Absit ut ego velim condemnare, quod tot tantique sapientes simul et docti affirmarunt: bene tamen scimus, Pygmaeos gigantum humeris impositos, plusquam ipsos gigantes videre", which R.K. Merton translates "Far be it from me to condemn what so many and so great wise men and learned men have affirmed; nevertheless, we know it well, that Pigmies..." (Merton omits the quote, which literally says "Pygmies put on the shouldes of giants see more than the giants themselves").
 * But Merton in his book mentions several other authors that use the metaphor. The article right now gives the impression that Didacus Stella recovered it from obscurity, when it was actually popular before him. For example, Juan Luis Vives in "De Disciplinis" (1531) says:
 * "Falsa est atque inepta illa quorundam similitudo, quam multi tanquam acutissimam, atque appositissimam excipiunt, nos ad priores collatos esse, ut nanos in humeris gigantum: non est it, neque nos sumus nani, nec illi homines gigantes, sed omnes eiusdem staturae, et quidem nos altius evecti illorum beneficio: maneat modo in nobis, quod in illis studium, attentio animi, vigilantia, et amor veri: quae si absint, iam non nani sumus, nec in gigantum humeris sedemus, sed homines iustae magnitudinis humi prostrati."
 * http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=y_ZdpJcUcKUC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false (1551 edition)
 * "multi" here shows how well known it was in his time. In fact, Vives' work could be a more likely source for later writers including Newton. Anyway, I think this section of the article could be rewritten using many data from Merton's book.
 * Other instances in Google Books:
 * Joseph Duchesne: http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8FM6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false (1591)
 * Pedro Martínez de Brea: http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Q99sOtY9JBQC&pg=RA3-PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false (1582)
 * --Tirachinas (talk) 23:21, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

Hello again. Regarding the Newton quotation, I have proposed the same amendment at Wikiquote, and they have agreed to it, and already changed the quote. So I am going to go ahead and make the same change here. I'll also amend the date of Burton's book. But I won't do anything about point three until we have more information about it.

Hope that's OK. Gnu Ordure (talk) 22:25, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I know this discussion is almost a year old, but I'm wondering if the "ye" is appropriate. My understanding is that Newton would have written something that looked like "ye", in writing the cursive "þ" (thorn) in the style described at Ye Olde and at English articles. Since we are using modern typography, shouldn't it say "the"? Thanks, SchreiberBike (talk) 23:48, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi SB. Interesting point. Surely the obvious solution would be to cite Newton's exact words and archaic spelling, and then provide the modern translation? If you want to pursue that, feel free. I haven't seen the original letter, only Turnbull's version of it. As far as I know, the original resides with the Library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Gnu Ordure (talk) 02:41, 12 January 2013 (UTC)

 * It looks to me like it's a question of typography more than spelling. I've looked at some of Newton's writings such as this at the Cambridge Digital Library's collection of Newton's papers and in his handwritten notes a "the" looks like "yE". Turnbull seems to be the source for all usages of the "ye sholders of Giants" phrase I can find on line. I've ordered Turnbull from my library. Perhaps in the notes, it will explain how they handled typographical issues like the þ (thorn). An interesting challenge to find reality here. SchreiberBike (talk) 17:49, 12 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Define reality, SB. Heh-heh, just kidding. But listen, I understand your point. Wikiquote doesn't cite Shakespeare verbatim. Shakespeare actually wrote: If Musicke be the food of Loue, play on; Giue me excesse of it: that surfetting, The appetite may sicken, and so dye. But no-one quotes him like that; we update the spelling so that we can pronounce it correctly according to contemporary phonetics. So if you want to amend Newton's quote on the grounds that what he wrote (ye) would have been pronounced 'the', I'm cool with that. Gnu Ordure (talk) 01:06, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

 * There is a reality out there, and I see it as Wikipedia's job to get as close as we can. Anyway, if there's no objection, I'll change the use of "ye" to "the". Thank you. SchreiberBike (talk) 16:34, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

 * A little information to help us approach reality. I received The Correspondence of Isaac Newton: Volume I 1661-1675, ed. H.W. Turnbull, by inter-library loan, and the letter dated "Cambridge Feb. 5. 1675[6]" and transcribed in Turnbull on page 416 reads just as Gnu Ordure printed above. I did find this note about abbreviations on page xxx of the preface: "Most of the abbreviations that occur have raised letters representing the shortened part of a word: in the printed form these letters have been lowered, so that, for example, a word written as 'ye' is printed 'ye' and represents the definite article 'the'." That leaves me quite comfortable using "the" in the quote in the article. Thanks, SchreiberBike (talk) 03:01, 21 January 2013 (UTC)

 * If anyone is interested, an image of the original letter is available at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Thanks, SchreiberBike (talk) 06:11, 26 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I would have loved to have seen that original letter, but the link you posted no longer works. Can anyone upload the image to wikimedia? Aroundthewayboy (talk) 14:08, 25 July 2015 (UTC)

Pascal addition
On two occasions an IP editor has added "This statement is derived from ‘Dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants see farther ahead than the giants.’ the saying made famous by Pascal..." to the start of this article. Does anyone have a source for this? I can't even find a source attributing it Pascal, let alone it being made famous by him. shellac (talk) 13:14, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

Pascal does not seem have used the exact expression but he did discuss the same idea, and Marin Mersenne does use it in 1634. I inserted the passages in the original, will need to find translations. --Akisery (talk) 01:26, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

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Move page: Dwarf standing on the shoulders of giants
The title should be "dwarf standing on the shoulders of giants". The latin expression "nanos gigantum humeris insidentes" contains "nanos" which means dwarfs. Also the general metaphor usually refers to "Dwarfs".--PunGNU (talk) 11:19, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

Pedant with too much spare time.
"According to medieval historian Richard William Southern . . ." States the current article.

I do not think so, did Southern live in c13? Compare Wikipedia description of, eg, Froissart. Southern was English, lived in c20, was a historian, was a historian of the Mediaeval period in Western Europe.

Thucydides was a Greek. Thucydides was a historian. Thucydides was a historian of Greek History.

Polybius was a Greek Historian. But not a historian of Greece.

"According Richard William Southern, a c20 English historian specialising in Medieval European history, . . ." Better?

"According to RW Southern . . ." Then anyone interested in RW's Christian names or his life can follow the link. Better still? AnnaComnemna (talk) 20:12, 6 March 2017 (UTC)

More prominence for Robert K. Merton
I'm surprised that Robert K. Merton's great book 'On the Shoulders of Giants' doesn't get a standalone bullet in this article, although it is used to bolster the Chartres quote. Comments, before I add it? Bellagio99 (talk) 15:22, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

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feet of clay standing on the shoulders of giants
an erroneous interpretation of some tested and valid theory — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:2149:8767:B900:A557:363B:8541:94C1 (talk) 11:39, 9 February 2018 (UTC)

To complicated!!!!!
To complicated!!!! This article doesn't even have a proper definition!!!!

Standing on the shoulders of giants is a metaphor which means "Using the understanding gained by major thinkers who have gone before in order to make intellectual progress".

Moscowdreams (talk) 05:09, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy
The article gave the date of the first edition (1621) of Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy as the source for the quotation, but it doesn't appear until the second edition (1624). I've changed the article to reflect it.

There is a full-text version of the first edition available publicly through the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. Images only, and not a full text, are available for the second edition, behind a paywall on ProQuest/Chadwyck Healey's Early English Books Online, and the relevant text is on p.7: "a dwarfe standing on the shoulders of a Giant, may see farther then a Giant himselfe". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.124.181.159 (talk) 17:52, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Translate French quotes to English
Can we get a translation of Marin Mersenne's and Blaise Pascal's quotes from French to English and use them in the article? 2601:547:500:6940:C129:6A82:732A:ACFF (talk) 16:12, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

John Wilkins
Thought the text below may help fill a gap -

‘twere a shame for these later ages to rest our selves meerly on the labours of our forefathers, as if they had informed us of all things to be knowne, and when we set ourselves upon their shoulders, not to see further than they themselves did. ‘Twere a superstitious, a lazie opinion to think Aristotles works the bounds and limits of all humane invention, beyond which there could be no possibility of reaching. Certainely there are yet many things left to discovery, and it can be no inconvenience for us, to maintain a new truth or rectifie an ancient errour (John Wilkins 1638). From "Newton's Apple" by Peter Aughton 92.18.124.236 (talk) 14:09, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

The picture of being carried on the giant - is that appropriate
The picture shows the servant being carried on the shoulders of the giant, indeed. But is it the best depiction of the meaning of the phrase. The servant is not seeing farther, rather it is the blind giant who is benefiting. Is this the best picture that we have? But I suggest that we keep it, until a better picture is found. But I won't object any further if it is just removed. TomS TDotO (talk) 14:16, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

Another contemporary example
In the REM song King of Birds, the Choruses start with Standing on the shoulders of Giants 2601:182:1:6340:680E:FB7B:9752:145B (talk) 02:30, 25 July 2023 (UTC)


text:
Chapter 3: The Flesh

Chapter 3: The Flesh is the fourth studio album by American singer Syleena Johnson. It was released by Jive Records on September 13, 2005 in the United States. The album spawned the singles "Hypnotic", which reached number eighty-one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and "Another Relationship".

Critical reception
Allmusic found that Chapter 3: The Flesh "shows off more of Johnson's emotive, raspy-voiced style. From the provocative cover image to the album's song titles ("Special Occasion", "Phone Sex"), the subject matter of The Flesh is clear, yet it is Johnson's deeply bluesy, gospel-inflected delivery and the passionate conviction of her performances that make a lasting impression. Like Johnson's previous efforts, Chapter 3 bridges old-school soul of the '60s and '70s with an urban contemporary, hip-hop-inflected sound, and the results satisfy on both counts." Less impressed, David Peschek from The Guardian the album was moving Johnson "gradually further away from crafting her own classic. Her debut was an intermittently great wallow in the pain of a break-up; her voice a strikingly individual, deep and garnet-hued thing. But that individuality has drained away, leaving the bedroom soul of this third record cooing and woo-wooing with generic blankness."

Track listing

 * Notes
 * undefined signifies a co-producer

title: Chapter 3: The Flesh


text:
Talk:Anthony J. Celebrezze

Untitled
Seriously, he liked green tea. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 131.210.16.122 (talk • contribs) 20:44, 3 October 2005.

Bot-created subpage
A temporary subpage at User:Polbot/fjc/Anthony Joseph Celebrezze was automatically created by a perl script, based on this article at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. The subpage should either be merged into this article, or moved and disambiguated. Polbot (talk) 17:24, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

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User talk:Wuzzle~enwiki

Welcome Message
Welcome to Wikipedia! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! And if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! .:.Jareth.:. babelfish July 5, 2005 03:22 (UTC)

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Best of Live (Johnny Clegg album)

Best of Live is a live album from South African artist Johnny Clegg.

The performance took place in September 2003 at the Nelson Mandela Theatre, in an event called Johnny Clegg: A South African Story, an audiovisual and autobiographical show. Clegg's band played to over 22,000 spectators in 18 shows, and the album contains what were considered the best 15 performances, with songs from both the Juluka and Savuka periods of Clegg's career.

Track listing

 * 1) "Bullets for Bafazana" – 3:21
 * 2) "I Call Your Name" – 4:37
 * 3) "Giyani" – 5:37
 * 4) "Into The Picture" – 2:47
 * 5) "The Crossing" – 5:29
 * 6) "Colours of Change" – 3:35
 * 7) "Great Heart" – 4:39
 * 8) "Cruel, Crazy Beautiful World" – 4:23
 * 9) "Impi" – 4:06
 * 10) "Scatterlings of Africa" – 3:59
 * 11) "Tatazela" – 3:47
 * 12) "Dela" – 5:34
 * 13) "December African Rain" – 5:31
 * 14) "Umfazi Omdala" – 3:39
 * 15) "Asimbonanga" – 5:32

title: Best of Live (Johnny Clegg album)


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title: User talk:81.110.6.135