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Riga Dome Choir School

Riga Cathedral Choir School is a state-run school in Riga, Latvia for boys and girls aged 7 to 18. It provides both musical and general education, and has a well-known boys' choir as well as a girls' choir. The school was created on July 12, 1994. Riga Cathedral Choir School provides the following state funded licensed programs:
 * Basic Education program unified curriculum including vocational education programs Vocal music, Choir class.
 * Vocational education program Choral Conducting – choir singer, choir master specialities;
 * Vocational education program Vocal music – academic singing – choir singer specialty;
 * Vocational education program Music – jazz musician specialty.

title: Riga Dome Choir School


text: User talk:24.1.105.119

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.1.105.119


text:
McBride (film series)

McBride is a series of 10 made-for-television mystery films released by the Hallmark Channel between 2005 and 2008 and stars John Larroquette as a lawyer. It later appeared regularly on the Hallmark Movie Channel. It is broadcast some weekends on the Hallmark Drama Channel. While on the Hallmark Channel, it was broadcast in rotation with the movie series Jane Doe, Murder 101, and Mystery Woman under the umbrella title Hallmark Channel Mystery Wheel. In the UK, these movies are aired, on a rotation basis, in afternoon drama slot on Channel 5.

Story
Lawyer Mike McBride is a curmudgeon with a heart of gold. He takes cases based on their merit rather than on their monetary value, which often leads to nagging notices from bill collectors. A disillusioned member of the LAPD, McBride left the force after 12 years and went back to school to become a lawyer. McBride, sidekick Phil Newberry, and McBride's former girlfriend Detective Roberta Hansen, solve crimes through investigation and research.

Main characters
Mike McBride (John Larroquette) – McBride, although a lawyer for only eight years, is renowned in Los Angeles for his tough persona and commitment to his clients. Quirky and unconventional, his methods often draw negative attention from his peers, as well as a certain measure of dread from every ADA he must face in the courtroom. Larroquette himself decided that McBride should not have a first name and resisted using even an initial. The name plate on his desk, however, says "M. McBride" and in the first movie, McBride's jury summons is briefly seen, noting that his first name is Mike. Later promos for the show also refer to him as Mike. He is more commonly known as "Mac". McBride has inherited a rundown ranch and a white dog, Jesse, from a client serving a life sentence.

Phil Newberry (Matt Lutz) – Phil is former public defender who is fortunate enough to try a case in which McBride is a juror. Though Phil fails to convince the rest of the jury of his client's innocence, McBride's contrary vote is enough to hang the jury. Upon meeting face to face, Phil realizes he can learn much from this seasoned litigator and goes to work for McBride. Phil Newberry is often the "gadget guy", a post-modern counterpoint to McBride's old-fashioned sleuthing. In the first episode, he is revealed to have a trust fund and is willing to work without pay.

Roberta Hansen (Marta DuBois) – Roberta is a sharp-tongued homicide detective with the LAPD. She and McBride share a somewhat mysterious romantic past, but have put aside their entanglement to work together as friends. Though sometimes at odds, McBride and Roberta respect and trust one another, often coming together to solve crimes everyone else has abandoned. In later episodes, Roberta's office moves from a roomier one in the corner of the police headquarters to one closer to the middle of the station. Though it is never explained in the story, the switch was made for shooting reasons because the corner office was more difficult to light.

Films in the series

 * 1) McBride: Murder Past Midnight, directed by Kevin Connor, first aired January 14, 2005
 * 2) McBride: The Chameleon Murder, directed by Kevin Connor, first aired February 4, 2005. This was the only movie sold on DVD by Hallmark Home Video.
 * 3) McBride: It's Murder, Madam, directed by Kevin Connor, first aired March 4, 2005
 * 4) McBride: The Doctor is Out ... Really Out, directed by John Larroquette, first aired June 12, 2005
 * 5) McBride: Tune in for Murder, directed by Stephen Bridgewater, first aired August 14, 2005
 * 6) McBride: Anybody Here Murder Marty?, directed by James Contner, first aired August 28, 2005
 * 7) McBride: Fallen Idol, directed by John Larroquette, first aired March 11, 2006
 * 8) McBride: Semper Fi, directed by John Larroquette, first aired January 20, 2007
 * 9) McBride: Dogged, directed by John Larroquette, first aired March 17, 2007
 * 10) McBride: Requiem, directed by Mark Griffiths, first aired May 31, 2008 (some sources and databases list it as 2006)

title: McBride (film series)


text:
Asset classes

In finance, an asset class is a group of financial instruments that have similar financial characteristics and behave similarly in the marketplace. We can often break these instruments into those having to do with real assets and those having to do with financial assets. Often, assets within the same asset class are subject to the same laws and regulations; however, this is not always true. For instance, futures on an asset are often considered part of the same asset class as the underlying instrument but are subject to different regulations than the underlying instrument.

Many investment funds are composed of the two main asset classes, both of which are securities: equities (stocks) and fixed-income (bonds). However, some also hold cash and foreign currencies. Funds may also hold money market instruments and they may even refer to these as cash equivalents; however, that ignores the possibility of default. Money market instruments, being short-term fixed income investments, should therefore be grouped with fixed income.

In addition to stocks and bonds, we can add cash, foreign currencies, real estate, infrastructure and commodities to the list of commonly held asset classes. In general, an asset class is expected to exhibit different risk and return investment characteristics, and to perform differently in certain market environments.

Asset classes and asset class categories are often mixed together. In other words, describing large-cap stocks or short-term bonds as asset classes is incorrect. These investment vehicles are asset class categories, and are used for diversification purposes. Multiple asset classes mixed together in a fund structure can provide an investor with exposure through a single relationship. While the bulk of the global funds are traditional in nature, as is the case of a mutual fund, some funds would be classified as alternative investments such as hedge funds and private equity funds often considered an asset class of their own particularly for institutional investors.

Most financial experts agree that some of the most effective investment strategies involve diversifying investments across broad asset classes like stocks and bonds, rather than focusing on specific securities that may or may not turn out to be "winners". Diversification is a technique to help reduce risk. However, there is no guarantee that diversification will protect against a loss of income.

The goal of asset allocation is to create a balanced mix of assets that have the potential to improve returns, while meeting your:

 * Tolerance for risk (market volatility)
 * Goals and investment objectives
 * Preferences for certain types of investments within asset classes

Being diversified across asset classes may help reduce volatility. If you include several asset classes in your long-term portfolio, the upswing of one asset class may help offset the downward movement of another as conditions change. But keep in mind that there are inherent risks associated with investing in securities, and diversification doesn't protect against loss.

Types
Stocks - Also called equities
 * Represent shares of ownership in publicly held companies
 * Historically have outperformed other investments over long periods (keep in mind that past performance does not guarantee future results)
 * Most volatile in the short term
 * Returns and principal will fluctuate so that accumulations, when redeemed, may be worth more or less than original cost

Fixed income - Fixed income, or bond investments, generally pay a set rate of interest over a given period, then return the investor's principal.
 * Set rate of interest
 * More stability than stocks
 * Value fluctuates due to current interest and inflation rates
 * includes "guaranteed" or "risk-free" assets
 * Also includes money market instruments (short-term fixed income investments)
 * Can include corporate credit securities
 * Can also include corporate loans

Cash - Also called currency, or medium of exchange
 * Liquidity
 * Ability to buy anything

Foreign Currencies - Also called FX, or foreign exchange

Real estate - Buildings (houses, terrain lots, etc.) or investment property, plus shares of funds that invest in commercial real estate.
 * Helps protect future purchasing power as property values and rental income run parallel to inflation
 * Values tend to rise and fall more slowly than stock and bond prices. It is important to keep in mind that the real estate sector is subject to various risks, including fluctuation in underlying property values, expenses and income, and potential environmental liabilities.

 Infrastructure as an asset class
 * Broad category including highways, airports, rail networks, energy generation (utilities), energy storage and distribution (gas mains, pipelines etc.)
 * Provides a longer duration (facilitating cash flow matching with long-term liabilities), protection against inflation, and statistical diversification (low correlation with 'traditional' listed assets such as equity and fixed income investments), thus reducing overall portfolio volatility

Private Equity

 * Represent shares of ownership in privately held and unlisted companies.

Commodities - Physical goods such as gold, copper, crude oil, natural gas, wheat, corn, and even electricity.
 * Helps protect future purchasing power as values have fixed utility and thus run parallel to inflation
 * Values tend to exhibit low correlations with stock and bond prices.
 * Price dynamics are also unique: commodities become more volatile as prices rise. Thus a commodity with a 20% volatility might have a 50% volatility if prices doubled.

Cryptocurrency
 * Decentralized, "digital gold"
 * Accessibility; mineable and tradable
 * Risk-on asset; lacks regulation, ESG concerns, highly volatile
 * Liquidity varies, majority are lower
 * Supply varies, some are finite thus deflationary

title: Asset classes


text: User talk:70.16.26.44

title: User talk:70.16.26.44


text:
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Image:Dj front 20.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Dj front 20.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Ejfetters 13:41, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pearljam123


text:
User talk:Mefistofele

Interpals
I suggest that if you want an article on this you do the following:

1) rewrite it in your userspace

2) Take as much time as you need sourcing it

If you want to take a punt at that, I'll try and help with sources and then when it is finished, it can be moved back to article space. --Cameron Scott (talk) 14:37, 28 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I'll take a shot at rewriting the article and sourcing it properly when I have time. Thanks for the advice, I appreciate it. Mefistofele (talk) 14:53, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mefistofele


text:
User talk:Wrog

Wrog, please don't just replace the contents of an existing article with you own article that is completely unrelated to the current content, as you did with TEMA. Instead create your own disambiguated page, such as TEMA (musical group). You might also move the existing TEMA article to TEMA (NGO), and change the TEMA page itself into a disambiguation page. Please ask me for help if you have any questions about how to do this. Fawcett5

Non-free use disputed for Image:Album.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 19:06, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wrog


text:
Star Wars: The Interactive Video Board Game

Star Wars: The Interactive Video Board Game: Assault on the Death Star is a board game and accompanying VHS video tape, released by Parker Brothers in 1996. It is notable for including new scenes shot twenty years after the first Star Wars film, featuring Darth Vader walking down the halls of the original Death Star set, in a performance reprised by David Prowse, James Earl Jones, and director of photography Gilbert Taylor. The game led to the canonization of four new characters in the Star Wars universe.

Plot
Following a failed attempt by the Rebel Alliance to destroy the second Death Star, Emperor Palpatine orders Darth Vader to take command of the newly reconstructed battlestation and move it to the forest moon of Endor to be completed in secret. Shortly thereafter, he learns of a major Rebel supply base on the planet D'rinba IV and diverts its course to the planet, intending to use the battlestation's superlaser to destroy it. Intercepting this information, the Alliance assembles a team of Force-sensitive individuals to sneak on board and disable the station. However, Vader soon learns of their presence and has the station put on alert. The situation becomes a race against time for the members of the infiltration party, as they must attempt to succeed in their mission while avoiding the station's stormtrooper contingent and, late in the mission, a party member's fall to the dark side of the Force.

Gameplay
The game is intended for three to six players, is based on cards and dice, and requires the assembly of a few three-dimensional pieces. The movie plays continuously for one hour, during which the players utilize the board game, trying to reach their goal before the video ends. At various points during the video, Vader appears as an implicit warning to the players of what he is about to do. In the video, he wants to divert Death Star II to attempt to destroy another planet, while on its final destination to the forest moon of Endor so that its construction can be completed in secret.

Production
The live-action video on the VHS tape was filmed in 1996 on an original Star Wars set, twenty years after the original film. For the new scenes, Hasbro cast the reprised roles of David Prowse as Vader's body actor and James Earl Jones as Vader's voice actor. Some of the crew from A New Hope returned to shoot the scenes, including director of photography Gilbert Taylor.

Reception
Chris Bishop of Echo Station reviewed the game positively. He noted the good production value of the cinematic and game components, though at first glance finding the game to look intimidatingly complicated and bearing a lot of instructions. He noted that the story sacrificed some continuity with the movies, wherein the Death Star's superweapon would not yet be fully operational. He found that James Earl Jones's performance yielded an oddly softly spoken Darth Vader character.

Legacy
The game led to the canonization of four new characters in the Star Wars universe. This game's storyline was referenced in The Dark Forces Saga, a series of online adventure scenarios for the Star Wars RPG line published on the website of Wizards of the Coast. Written by Abel G. Peña, this series canonizes four of the VCR game's player characters as Kyle Katarn (from Star Wars: Dark Forces), Shira Brie (from the Marvel Comics Star Wars series), Corwin Shelvay and Erling Tredway (both from West End Games's Star Wars RPG material).


text:
User talk:Xtanstic

Re: Yohoho! Puzzle Pirates
Thank you for experimenting with the page Yohoho! Puzzle Pirates on Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. --Nick123 (t/c) 19:30, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry about that, I didn't spot the duplicate link, and I didn't realise what you were doing due to the lack of an edit summary. Once again, apologies for the misunderstanding, and thanks for contributing to Wikipedia! --Nick123 (t/c) 22:53, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xtanstic


text: User talk:69.142.150.59

title: User talk:69.142.150.59


text:
User talk:AnonUser

Welcome!
Hello , and a belated Welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some good places to get you started! I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please be sure to sign your name on talk pages by using four tildes to produce your name and the current date, or just three tildes ( ~   ) to produce your name only. If you have any questions, or are worried/confused about anything at all, please either visit the help desk, or leave a new message on my talk page at any time. Happy editing, good luck, and remember: Be Bold!   Fir  e  Fo  x  18:26, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * Template messages
 * Sandbox

WikiProject Washington Metro
Just wanted to let you know that WikiProject Washington Metro is now alive, and hope that you'll join the project. If so, just sign your name under mine on the list of participants using ~.

Hope you'll join us! Schuminweb 00:59, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

WMATA project
Rarely ride is still fine by me. If nothing else, a tweak here or there would still be a big help. SchuminWeb | Talk 03:27, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

changing "around"
Why are you changing around to other prepositions like "at" or "on". The changes do not, IMO, clarify anything and in some cases sound somewhat stilited. older≠wiser 22:48, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm changing "center around", "centering around", etc., because they are oxymoronic, IMO. These expressions are often associated with inanimate subjects, e.g., "The plot centers around ..." -- in this case, I believe that "The plot is centered on ..." is better English.  When I encounter these oxymorons I try to tailor the preposition to the noun that follows it.  I hope this clarifies the situation somewhat.  AnonUser 02:40, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see what is oxymoronic about this. It is common English usage and in many cases sounds better than "on" or "at". older≠wiser 03:01, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Think of a geometric area -- its center is a fixed point. So, the center can be "at" or "on" something, but it cannot be around anything.  So, IMO, "centered around" is oxymoronic.  You haven't indicated a particular article where you object to this change.  In any case, if this discussion is not persuasive, any editor can revert the change (indeed, someone may have done so already).  AnonUser 03:43, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Think of an area that is irregular or where the exact shape is undefined. The "center" in this case may not be not known with any sort of geometric certainty. The usage describes the core around which such an area is generally understood to be centered. To say centered "at" or "on" implies a precision that is simply misleading. I have already reverted a few of you changes that were on my watchlist. older≠wiser 23:55, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, by the way, even as you describe it, this usage is not oxymoronic. It may have a degree of redundancy, but there is no inherent contradiction in the terms. older≠wiser 23:59, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The center of an irregular area may be defined as the fixed point where a sheet of uniform density and thickness will balance. The center is fixed -- it is our knowledge that may be uncertain.  If I was uncertain of the exact center, I'd try to avoid using "center" or any word stemming from it.  If I was certain of the exact center, I'd try to use "centered at" or "centered on".
 * Regarding oxymoronic, IMO, "centered" implies "fixed", and "around" implies "not fixed" -- so "centered around" would be self-contradictory. In any case, we simply disagree (agreeably, I hope).  AnonUser 02:58, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm. I guess so. I still do not see how your interpretation is oxymoronic. How does "around" imply "not fixed"? As for your first point, not all uses of the word "center" should be understood in the context of geometric precision. older≠wiser 03:13, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Do not edit other users' signed comments on talk pages
Altering other people's signed comments on talk pages, as you did on my user talk page, is not OK on Wikipedia. Signed comments are the words of the person who posted them -- even if they are, in your opinion, ungrammatical or oxymoronic. Feel free to reply to talk-page comments, but please do not edit them for spelling, grammar, wording, or the like. (It is OK to remove a comment entirely if it is pure vandalism.) Thank you. --FOo 04:00, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * You are right, I apologize. AnonUser 04:06, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Arlington County, Virginia
Hey Anon, I wanted to let you know that I have nominated Arlington County, Virginia as a candidate for US Collaboration of the Week. The article is in need of much help and with a little group effort, it could be brought to Featured Article status! I brought this to your attention as I have seen you have contributed to the article in the recent past. Please cast your vote with your signature at the US Collaboration of the Week page under Arlington County, Virginia. --Caponer 04:08, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Numbers game in New York City
How did you get interested in the Numbers game in New York City? Can you peek at [[Media:1910 census Matthews.jpg]] and let me know if you think this is the same person as Peter H. Matthews --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) 18:40, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:AnonUser


text: User talk:80.194.73.2

title: User talk:80.194.73.2


text:
Pekka Lagerblom

Pekka Sakari Lagerblom (born 19 October 1982) is a Finnish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Notably, he won the German double of Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal with Werder Bremen in 2004.

FC Lahti
Born in Lahti, Lagerblom started his career at home-town club FC Lahti in Finland's Veikkausliiga. During seasons 2003 and 2004 he represented the team in 55 matches and scored 13 goals.

Germany
In January 2004, Lagerblom moved to Werder Bremen, and won the Bundesliga and German Cup double with the club the same spring. However, he made only 14 appearances in Bremen's first team and was not able to find a regular spot. He spent the spring of 2005 on loan at 1. FC Nürnberg.

In the summer of 2006, he decided to move to 1. FC Köln in search of more first team football. He gained 27 appearances in the team and scored one goal.

In summer 2007, he went to Alemannia Aachen. Between years 2007 and 2009 he represented the team in 40 matches.

In June 2009, Lagerblom left Aachen and signed a one-year contract with FSV Frankfurt. He played in 13 matches during the season.

In July 2010, Lagerblom moved to VfB Stuttgart II where he made 30 appearances in season 2010–11.

One year later he signed for RB Leipzig. He left the team after making only seven caps for the team.

Later years
On 20 February 2013, it was announced that Lagerblom would be joining Veikkausliiga team IFK Mariehamn.

On 21 December 2013, it was announced that Lagerblom would be joining Norwegian side Hamarkameratene signing a three-year contract. In July 2014, it was announced that he would leave the team.

In July 2014, it was announced that Lagerblom joined Swedish side division 4 club Ånge IF. He was injured in his debut versus Hudiksvalls FF.

In January 2015, FC Lahti announced the signing of Lagerblom for the 2015 Veikkausliiga season.

In July 2018, he joined Ykkönen side FC Haka.

In early 2019, he joined hometown club FC Lahti for the third time in his career.

In September 2019, Lagerblom announced his retirement as a player.

International career
Lagerblom made his debut for the Finland national team on 16 November 2003 against Honduras. Lagerblom is not a regular member, he is often a substitute member of the Finland squad.

Later career
After ending his professional playing career, Lagerblom has worked as a youth talent coach for FC Espoo and in the Southern District of Finnish FA. He is also studying sport journalism at the Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences in Helsinki, and works as a Veikkausliiga football studio expert in Ruutu+ broadcasts for Nelonen Media.

Personal life
Lagerblom married Anna-Maria (née Lewe), the younger sister of German pop singer Sarah Connor, in January 2005. The couple separated in 2009, while she had a new relationship with footballer Mesut Özil.

His older brother Lasse is also a former footballer.

Lagerblom is currently married with personal trainer and rugby player Oona Tolppanen, with whom he has two children.

Honours
Werder Bremen
 * Bundesliga: 2003–04
 * DFB-Pokal: 2003–04
 * Bundesliga runner-up: 2005–06

title: Pekka Lagerblom


text: User talk:Jarongraham

title: User talk:Jarongraham


text: User talk:69.160.175.77

title: User talk:69.160.175.77


text: User talk:Admiralq

title: User talk:Admiralq


text:
User:Apunk

History should be written by those who make history..

Apunk (Anarchopunk) is not a new word. It is normally serving purpose for propaganda & cool usernames in message boards (we are surely aware of this). Please check this link : http://apunk.gnn.tv for further reference. Revolution as molotov cocktail thrown @ the Riot Police.

The contributing person, Mark Nemis; created this article is a drunk pro situ poseudo journalist living in the outskirts of Manila, Philippines. And is a member of http://A-Manila.org conspiracy, an autonomous- Open Web Publishing guerilla news & Anarchist resource website.

title: User:Apunk


text:
Stephen Orgel

Stephen Orgel is Professor of English at Stanford University. Best known as a scholar of Shakespeare, Orgel writes primarily about the political and historical context of Renaissance literature.

Orgel received his B.A. from Columbia University in 1954 and his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1959. He has taught at Stanford since 1985. He is a noted book collector.

Selected critical works

 * The Illusion of Power. U California P, 1975.
 * Impersonations:The Performance of Gender in Shakespeare's England. Cambridge, 1996.
 * The Authentic Shakespeare. Routledge, 2002.
 * Imagining Shakespeare. Palgrave, 2003.
 * John Milton: The Major Works. Edited by Orgel and Jonathan Goldberg. Oxford, 1991.

title: Stephen Orgel


text:
User talk:Phorteetoo

 * Sorry for the confusion, Phorteetoo. I guess I'm off to fix my mistake. Thanks for the heads-up! Happy editing! :)

--Firsfron 02:34, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phorteetoo


text: User talk:68.89.191.207

title: User talk:68.89.191.207


text: User talk:71.109.255.112

title: User talk:71.109.255.112


text:
Talk:Klein–Gordon equation

Need history
When did they come up with this mod to Schrodingers equation??. A bit of history would be good here.--Light current 03:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * From memory, the equation came very shortly after Schrodinger's equation. It was the first attempt to form a relativistic wave equation. I am pretty sure it predated the Dirac equation. I think it was a pretty obvious extension of Schrodinger's equation to the relativistic case, which is why lots of people thought of it at the same time. --DannyWilde 04:15, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Insufficient. Currently the Dirac equation page does a better job than this page, explaining the original physical motivation for its consideration as well as the reasons for the later abandonment of the K-G eq (as per a typical intro to RQM course). This page must furthermore explain how those reasons were nullified in order for the K-G eq to finally be readopted in modern QFT. E.g., potentially negative probability density does seem absurd, why isn't that a problem if describing a scalar field? 150.203.48.127 (talk) 02:52, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Particles?
It seems inappropriate to say that the equation applies to particles in anyway, since the modern interpretation is that it is the equation satisfied by all quantum fields (not just scalars/pseudoscalars). Threepounds 02:49, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps it would be useful to point out that while the Klein-Gordon equation yields the incorrect result for spin-1/2 particles (one needs the Dirac equation for that), it does yield the correct results for spin-0 particles such as pions.--Brennan 22:57, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Does anyone has comments about the fact that Klein-Gordon equation is a second order equation? It seems that we can write first order equations only for half-integer spin particles...? What about photons and other spin 1 particles? Finally indeed there exist no spin 0 elementary particle discovered till now. Does this mean anything?. User:Dave.bradi 14:00, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

B. Roy Frieden's anonymous POV-pushing edits
B. Roy Frieden claims to have developed a "universal method" in physics, based upon Fisher information. He has written a book about this. Unfortunately, while Frieden's ideas initially appear interesting, his claimed method is conversial: Frieden's work is highly controversial; see for example
 * (the reviewer has some positive comments but concludes that Frieden's work is "misguided")
 * eprint (highly favorable)
 * unauthorized electronic reprint
 * Physics from Fisher Information: A Unification (a review) from Cosma Shalizi (Computer Science, University of Michigan) (highly critical)
 * Physics from Fisher Information (a review) from R. F. Streater (Mathematics, Kings College, London) (highly critical)
 * Physics from Fisher Information thread from sci.physics.research, May 1999 (mostly critical)
 * Fisher Information - Frieden unification Of Physics thread from sci.physics.research, October 1999 (mostly critical)
 * Fisher Information - Frieden unification Of Physics thread from sci.physics.research, October 1999 (mostly critical)

Note that Frieden is Prof. Em. of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. The data.optics.arizona.edu anon has used the following IPs to make a number of questionable edits: These POV-pushing edits should be modified to more accurately describe the status of Frieden's work.---CH 23:54, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) 20 May 2005 confesses to being Roy Frieden in real life
 * 2) 6 June 2006: adds cites of his papers to Extreme physical information
 * 3) 23 May 2006 adds uncritical description of his own work in Lagrangian and uncritically cites his own controversial book
 * 4) 22 October 2004 attributes the uncertainty principle to the Cramer-Rao inequality, which is potentially misleading
 * 5) 21 October 2004 adds uncritical mention of his controversial claim that the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be obtained via his "method"
 * 6) 21 October 2004 adds uncritical mention of his controversial claim that the Klein-Gordon equation can be "derived" via his "method"
 * 7) 9 September 2004 adds uncritical description of his work to Fisher information
 * 8) 8 September 2004 adds uncritical description of his highly dubious claim that EPI is a general approach to physics to Physical information
 * 9) 16 August 2004 confesses IRL identity
 * 10) 13 August 2004 creates uncritical account of his work in new article, Extreme physical information
 * 11) 11 August 2004 creates his own wikibiostub, B Roy Frieden
 * 1) 13 August 2004 creates uncritical account of his work in new article, Extreme physical information
 * 2) 11 August 2004 creates his own wikibiostub, B Roy Frieden

 * I know nothing about Frieden's work, but it can be noted that the Fisher information metric is equivalent to the flat-space metric on an n-sphere, and when complexified is equivalent to the Bures metric of quantum mechanics. Well, the Fubini-Study metric I guess I forget the details. Misha Gromov wrote about this, nicely pointing out that if you take a bunch of ordinary statistical probabilities living on a simplex: $$\sum_n p_n=1$$ and take their square root you get quantum probability amplitudes: $$\sum_n |\psi_n|^2=1$$ which is the equation for a point on a sphere. Geometrical fun and games ensue, especially with $$\sum_n p_n \log p_n$$ where $$p_n$$ is a function of a parameter $$\lambda$$ and you consider $$\partial p_n / \partial\lambda$$ and presumably Frieden had fun with those games. I mean, so yes, you probably can derive QM from Fisher information, but so what? What does this tell you that you don't already know? 67.198.37.16 (talk) 17:45, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Oh. Ewwww. I see what the problem is. This review: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 33 (2002) 327–343 Essay review Physics fromFisher information D.A. Lavis, R.F. Streater. Indeed, there is cause for concern. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 18:15, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

Electromagnetic interaction
To Likebox: Thank you for correcting the rather stupid statement I put in when I created the section on Electromagnetic interaction. To avoid repeating my mistake, let me ask you which of the following is the correct action?:
 * $$\mathcal{S} = \int \left( \frac{1}{m} \eta^{\mu \nu} (-i \hbar\partial_{\mu}\bar\psi - e A_{\mu}\bar\psi) (-i \hbar\partial_{\nu}\psi - e A_{\mu}\psi) - m c^2 \bar\psi \psi \right) \mathrm{d}^4 x $$

or
 * $$\mathcal{S} = \int \left( - \frac{1}{m} \eta^{\mu \nu} \overline{(-i \hbar\partial_{\mu}\psi - e A_{\mu}\psi)} (-i \hbar\partial_{\nu}\psi - e A_{\mu}\psi) - m c^2 \bar\psi \psi \right) \mathrm{d}^4 x $$.

Notice that the net effect of the change is to change the sign of the A on the left. Thank you for your assistance. JRSpriggs (talk) 17:49, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * You chose a weird normalization, dividing the whole action by the mass, and it's a drag to carry around all those hbars and c's, and you put the "i"s in front of the derivative, where they would appear even when e=0, it is more consistent to put them in front of A. but anyway the action has the sign flip:

 * S= \int_x (\partial_\mu + i e A_\mu ) \phi^* (\partial_\mu - i e A_\mu)\phi

 * It has to to make the action real, the first factor has to be the complex conjugate of the second.Likebox (talk) 05:10, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Thank you for your response. I am glad to see that it makes the action real.

As to the reason why I chose the normalization: I want all the actions (of various fields, particles, and such) to be compatible with each other to facilitate merging them together when looking at a composite system. Also, since the non-gravitational stress-energy tensor at Einstein–Hilbert action is defined in terms of a derivative of the non-gravitational action, I need to have the correct proportions. Otherwise, the results of practical calculations may be off by constant factors. As a standard, I chose to fix the coefficient of the non-relativistic kinetic energy. So the non-relativistic action of a single free test particle is
 * $$S = \int \frac{m v^2}{2} d t$$

from which we get that the kinetic term in the relativistic action of a non-quantum particle is
 * $$S = \int - m c^2 \frac{d \tau}{d t} d t.$$

I am trying to standardize all my formulas for action and stress-energy to be compatible with that. In particular, to get the $$T^{0 0}$$ component of the stress-energy correct for a scalar particle, I considered a real-valued field which is a function only of time and chose a time when the first derivative is (instantaneously) zero. Under those conditions
 * $$T^{0 0} = m \bar\psi \psi = - \eta^{0 0} m c^{2} \bar\psi \psi$$

should hold because $$\bar\psi \psi$$ should be the expected density of particles in quanta per cubic meter, and each quantum (presumably, being at rest) should have a relativistic mass equal to its rest mass, m. Notice that I use $$\eta^{0 0} = {-1 \over {c^2}}$$ because I am using SI units in which $$\eta_{0 0} = - c^2$$. JRSpriggs (talk) 14:13, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The only circumstance that I can imagine when it would be (arguably) better to use SI units is if you are describing an engineering station which has human-scale girders and struts, human-time flywheels and pendulums, and a bunch of pions somehow directly interacting with them. SI units are just annoying: you have to use natural units to keep the formulas in your head.

 * I get that you want to add together all the actions, and make T the derivative of S with respect to the metric, those are noble causes. But if you divide by the mass, the m=0 limit is not smooth, and that's the important limit of short distances/highly relativistic particles.

 * The action \int |(\partial -i e A) \phi|^2 is fine, the normalization of the field is just different--- it's square doesn't give the density of particles. The quantity $$m^2 \phi^*\phi$$ is the energy density for a field of magnitude $$\phi$$, as you noted, but the field $$\phi$$ has a factor of $$\scriptstyle 1/\sqrt{E}$$ in it by convention when it acts as a creation operator, so that $$|\phi|^2/m$$ is the particle density not just $$|\phi|^2$$. That's the standard way people normalize relativistic fields. Your (nonstandard) convention is inconvenient because it uses the particle mass to define the field scale, but the small distance field fluctuations don't depend on the mass.Likebox (talk) 20:20, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Hello. I don't mean to butt into this conversation but I think Likebox is correct in his analysis of why JRSpriggs' unusual convention has masses in a place that is... uncomfortable for people who do field theory on a daily basis.  It seems like the issue is the claim that $$\bar\psi \psi$$ is the number of quanta per cubic meter.  This is correct in a quantum-mechanical setup.  However, strange as it may seem, this changes when we pass to quantum field theory, where particle number can change (via pair production, for example) and yet the energy ought to be conserved.  Anyway, the unusual convention seriously encumbers the use of Wikipedia as a reference.Evanberkowitz (talk) 04:26, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

You mention $$F^{\mu\nu} \partial_{\mu} \partial_{\nu} \phi \,$$ in the article. I would like to point out that it is identically zero because F is antisymmetric and the derivatives commute. Even if the derivatives were covariant, they would commute since they are applied to a scalar and the Christoffel symbol is symmetric in its lower indices. JRSpriggs (talk) 18:18, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Oops! Sorry. For a good nonrenormalizable term I should have used \partial_\mu (F_\mu\nu \partial_\mu \phi). Thanks for catching that.Likebox (talk) 18:36, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Rats, that one is screwed up too. I found a better one and put it in the article.Likebox (talk) 18:40, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Error in derivation of the Klein-Gordon equation
After taking a look at the derivation of the Klein-Gordon equation I think I may have come across an error in the derivation. In the portion of the equation where the energy operator is plugged in you have -i times hbar times the del operator. When this quantity is squared you should get hbar squared times the laplacian. Instead the derivation has -hbar squared times the laplacian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.230.130.223 (talk) 18:46, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

 * $$(-i)^2 = -1 \,$$ JRSpriggs (talk) 05:54, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Hydrogen atom solution
Has anyone thought to address the issue that the KG equation has a solution that predicts a charged-particle orbit with a binding energy of over 500 keV?Aqm2241 (talk) 06:54, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Would you please give a link to the paper which made this prediction!
 * I do not see what the relevance of this is as the hydrogen atom is made of spin 1/2 particles, i.e. the proton and the electron, rather than scalar particles (spin 0) which are what the Klein–Gordon equation deals with. JRSpriggs (talk) 11:22, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The relevance to me has to do with original research (that I can explain later if it might be productive), but other reasons are explained in H. N. Spector and J. Lee, “Relativistic one-dimensional hydrogen atom,” Am. J. Phys. 53 (3), p. 248, 3/1985 and, more recently, in J. Naudts, “On the hydrino state of the relativistic hydrogen atom,” http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0507193. Aqm2241 (talk) 03:54, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the link to that interesting article. However, I am afraid that it is beyond my ability (at this time) to evaluate it. But let me ask you this — if there is a hydrino solution for the hydrogen atom with much lower energy than the previously known ground state, then why does hydrogen gas not collapse into that state en-mass? Since that would be an exothermic reaction, I would expect it to go forward as it should increase entropy. JRSpriggs (talk) 14:07, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I wrote you a long response earlier, but it disappeared somewhere along the line. Basically, forbidden transitions (e.g., 0->0) take orders of magnitude longer. Also, high frequency drivers (e.g., a relativistic electron) cannot add much energy to an oscillator (the photon) with a much lower fundamental frequency. Thus, unless actually found, E = n h nu would be the only option, where n is an even integer >> 1 and the photons can add together in such a manner as to have net 0 angular momentum. Since E = n h nu is not = h n nu, this isn't even an option.

 * If you know an expert in the area, who might be interested in coauthoring a paper on the subject, I would appreciate a name.Aqm2241 (talk) 07:24, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

Masses without zero subscripts
Should there not be a lot of m0s instead of ms around? what do you think?CecilWard (talk) 05:22, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Why clutter things up with a lot of unnecessary subscripts? At this level, we are never going to talk about "relativistic mass" rather than "rest mass". Relativistic mass, if one had to refer to it, would be described as energy divided by the speed-of-light squared. JRSpriggs (talk) 12:45, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

Curious juxtaposition
Is it just me, or is the following juxtaposition in the lede expected to confuse:
 * It is the equation of motion of a [...] field whose quanta are spinless particles. [...] Any solution to the Dirac equation is automatically a solution to the Klein–Gordon equation, [...]

Any solution to the Dirac equation has spin 1/2, which is not a spinless particle. My interpretation is that the first statement only true if one (quite unnecessarily) imposes a spinlessness restriction on the field via definition (usually for purposes of simplicity of exposition). The second statement is true if this restriction is dropped, but only then. Is the Klein–Gordon equation considered in this article to apply to spinor fields or not? Let's clarify this. My own preference is to be encyclopaedic and not pedagogical, thus preferring the general case in which the Klein–Gordon equation is taken to apply to arbitrary particle fields (of any spin), making the second and not the first statement true. —Quondum 09:11, 7 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the first sentence should be re-worded. I think you are misinterpreting it. It is not saying that the Klein-Gordon equation is only true for spin-zero particles. Rather it is saying that spin-zero particles merely obey it while particles of higher spin also obey other equations which imply the Klein-Gordon equation. JRSpriggs (talk) 10:02, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I've reworded it to make this interpretation clearer. —Quondum 18:58, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

Current conservation
I added a section on the derivation of the current conservation for a complex scalar field. Someone whould also add a proof using the U(1) symmetry and Noether theorem (or add a link if this is already proved somewhere else). I'll do it myself when I have the time if no one else does that. Ggf4t (talk) 12:38, 13 January 2015 (UTC)

Undid revision
We can't have statements like "...is obviously flawed..." when it comes to what the literature says (and is also true), especially not without a citation. The edit has some points, but needs a rewrite and a citation. I might give it a shot later if nobody gets there before me. YohanN7 (talk) 00:07, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

I don't know why you undid this. The flaw should be obvious to anyone with knowledge of field theory. Well good luck then.

Aoosten (talk) 22:06, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I told you, it is because of the "obviously flawed" passage. The KG equation is more than a relativistic field equation for a scalar, but it doesn't make the interpretation flawed. Even if it was flawed, it couldn't be put into the article without a citation. YohanN7 (talk) 16:11, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

The text now states that "this form is interpreted as the relativistic field equation for spin-0 particles" (A) and that "any solution of the free Dirac equation is a solution of the Klein-Gordon equation as well" (B). These statements are incompatible. If you adhere to statement A you can not also accept B. Aoosten (talk) 17:52, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

 * To Aoosten: Notice the word "free" indicating the absence of interactions with other fields. If interactions are ignored, each component of a field of any spin will obey the Klein–Gordon equation. If interactions are considered, only the scalar and pseudo-scalar fields, i.e. fields with a single component, obey it. JRSpriggs (talk) 04:23, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

 * To JRSpriggs: Thanks, I noticed. In the presence of interaction you have to change the equation anyway.

Green's function and N≠4
A section on the retarded, advanced and Feynman propagators would be nice. The momentum-space form is obviously $$1/(p^2-m^2)$$ and it's static, non-wave form fourier xform is the Yukawa potential and the non-static generic propagator has explicit forms given here and in several other places, e.g. a Feynman article from the 1950's on the theory of the positron. A discussion of the Lorentz invariance of the green's functions would be nice. A discussion of what happens in dimensions other than 4D is especially very interesting, since apparently, Huygens principle holds only in 3+1D or more generally, only for odd spatial dimensions. Google for "huygens hadamard" for more info. Hadamard conjecture. The results are very surprising and should be covered here. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 22:19, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

Lagrangian (action)
Maybe we should add the Lagrangian density (and add the Hamiltonian) with more common units:
 * $$\mathcal{L} = \frac{1}{2}\hbar^2  \partial_{\mu}\bar\psi \partial^{\mu}\psi - \frac{1}{2}m^2 c^2 \bar\psi \psi  $$

As taken from the Greiner of Field Quantization. This way the scalar field has dimension 1 (energy) in natural units. MaoGo (talk) 00:43, 4 December 2016 (UTC).

 * I think it is more common too. I can't recall having seen the one in the article. YohanN7 (talk) 16:18, 5 December 2016 (UTC)

 * The formula
 * $$\mathcal{S} = \int \left( -\frac{\hbar^2}{m} \eta^{\mu \nu} \partial_\mu\bar\psi \,\partial_\nu \psi - m c^2 \bar\psi \psi \right) \mathrm{d}^4 x,$$
 * is correct for action, S. This is just a matter of multiplying thru by powers of m and c to get the correct units.
 * The wave function, ψ, is a probability amplitude for a quantum to lie within a unit volume at the specified time and location. This means that
 * $$\bar\psi \psi$$
 * is the probability density that a quantum will be found in that volume. So it must have units of meter−3.
 * Action, S, must have units of kilogram·meter2·second−1. So its (Lagrangian) density must have units of kilogram·meter−1·second−2.
 * So the coefficient must have units of kilogram·meter2·second−2, that is, Joule.
 * A similar, but more complicated, argument works for the other term. JRSpriggs (talk) 03:51, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Your argument is appealing but there are two critical issues. First, the wave function of a Klein-Gordon field is not interpreted as a probability amplitude, and no matter which unit the field is assigned to, the Noether charge always has an unitless integral. Second, this expression does not allow massless fields as m appears on the denominator. Leo-J-N-Jian (talk) 20:22, 23 May 2021 (UTC)

Metric signature
Can we change the metric signature to +--- ? This would make it compatible with standard textbooks and with other WP articles. Are there any QFT textbooks anywhere that use -+++ ? 67.198.37.16 (talk) 17:21, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

Non relativistic limit
I think the first time derivative of $$\phi$$ is approximated incorrectly. The term thrown away is a correction of size $$E'/m$$ relative to the one that is kept. In the second time derivative these corrections of this size are kept, so, if we want to truly expand the second time derivative to order $$E'/m$$ we should keep all terms of this size.

Another possible mistake is the sign of the overall phase in the definition of $$\psi$$ in terms of $$\phi$$, which should be reversed in my opinion to give $$\psi=u(x) \cdot \exp{(-iE'/h)} \cdot \exp{(+i m/h)}$$ consitent with $$E'=\sqrt{p^2+m^2}-m$$. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Foice (talk • contribs) 09:38, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

"Classical field"
What do they mean "Classical field" in the section "Non-relativistic limit" and then derive the Schrodinger Equation? How is Quantum Mechanics ever "classical"? I was expecting to see the case when h->0 and the correspondence to classical (which includes Relativistic) mechanics.

Symbols not appearing
Some of the symbols are just appearing as squares. I think it's delta squared but wasn't sure. 137.50.173.2 (talk) 11:41, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Klein–Gordon equation


text:
Rob Garner

Robert William Garner (born August 17, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in one National Hockey League game for the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 1982–83 season, on November 17, 1982 against the Hartford Whalers. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1978 to 1983, was mainly spent in the American Hockey League. As a youth, he played in the 1970 and 1971 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Barrie.

title: Rob Garner


text:
Rebecca Elson

Rebecca Anne Wood Elson (2 January 1960 – 19 May 1999 ) was a Canadian–American astronomer and writer.

Early life and education
Rebecca "Becky" Anne Wood Elson was born in Montreal, Quebec, to Jeanne Bridgman, née Hickey and John Albert Elson (1923–2010), a geologist and professor at McGill University. Her older sister, Sally was born in 1958. As a teenager Elson often travelled Canada with her geologist father as he performed field research.

Elson matriculated in 1976, at the age of 16. After initially choosing Biology, with a particular interest in Genetics and then transferring to Astronomy she earned a bachelor's degree from Smith College, where she was taught by Waltraut Seitter. Her degree included a placement at St Andrews University in Scotland.

Elson gained a master's degree in Physics from the University of British Columbia, funded by a postgraduate fellowship from the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, resulting a thesis An investigation of models of dynamical friction '. During this time she undertook summer study visits to the University of St Andrews, and the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, which led to her first published research article and her interest in globular clusters of stars.

Elson undertook her PhD (1982–1986) at the Institute of Astronomy and Christ’s College Cambridge University where she was awarded an Isaac Newton Studentship, an overseas research student award, and a vice chancellor’s bursary.

Her primary supervisor was S. Michael Fall and while working on her PhD she spent time at the Mount Stromlo Observatory in Canberra and Siding Spring observatory Coonabarabran, New South Wales, working under Ken Freeman.

This period led to several scientific articles, and her PhD thesis, ‘The rich star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud’ which developed the Elson-Fall-Freeman (EFF) luminosity profile and resulted in the discovery of unexpectedly extended profiles in star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Career in astronomy
Elson did her postdoctoral work at the Institute for Advanced Study under the supervision of John N. Bahcall, continuing her star cluster work using ground-based telescopes when plans to use the new capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope were affected by its delayed launch following the Challenger space shuttle disaster.

In 1987, she was the first-named author on a major review article on star clusters for the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, after which she took up a Bunting Fellowship at Radcliffe College in 1989, where she taught creative writing, followed by a term teaching a Harvard expository writing course on science and ethics.

In 1989 she was the youngest astronomer selected to serve on a US National Academy of Sciences decennial review of the field.

In the early 1990s she returned to the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge, UK to accept the research position she would hold for the remainder of her life. Her work centered on globular clusters, chemical evolution and galaxy formation. In April 1990 as the first images were released from the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers were disappointed that the images were spoiled by the spherical aberration in the space telescope mirror. When Hubble was repaired the resulting sharp images led to an acceleration of research, Elson's team successfully bidding for one of the largest allocations of observation orbits at that time.

Author
A volume of wide-ranging poetry and essays she wrote from her teens until shortly before her death was published posthumously as A Responsibility to Awe in 2001 in the United Kingdom, and in 2002 in the United States. The works were selected by her husband Angelo di Cintio and a friend and fellow poet, Anne Berkeley, from a much larger body of unpublished efforts. Some of the works refer to vast concepts of physics and astronomy, often in unexpectedly abstract or playful ways, to reflect aspects of human experience. Others reflect profound joy with life or poignant observations of her impending death. The collection was selected as one of the best books of the year by The Economist.

Elson was lead author on or contributed to seventy scientific contributions, including thirty-eight major articles in the refereed scientific literature research papers in her short career.

Death and legacy
Elson was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at the age of 29. With treatment, it went into remission, and in 1996, she married the Italian artist Angelo di Cintio. However, the cancer returned soon afterwards. Elson died of the disease in Cambridge in May 1999, at the age of 39.

Rebecca Elson's biography was published by the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography on 13 August 2020 as part of their collection of biographies of astronomers and mathematicians.

Selected works

 * A Responsibility to Awe (2001) ISBN 1-903039-54-1

Poems by Elson

 * Interdisciplinary Studies in Letters & Science, Rebecca Elson, August 5, 2005, web.archive.org online.chabotcollege.edu from Chabot College: Poems We Astronomers and Carnal Knowledge from Rebecca Elson: A Responsibility to Awe, OxfordPoets Series. Carcanet. ISBN 1-90303-954-1. Retrieved on May 23, 2021.
 * Maria Popova: The Universe in Verse: Cosmologist and Saxophonist Stephon Alexander Reads “Explaining Relativity” by Astronomer and Poet Rebecca Elson, “It is this, and the existence of limits.“, October 27, 2011, www.brainpickings.org. With full-text poem Explaining Relativity by Rebecca Elson. Retrieved on May 23, 2021.
 * Maria Popova: The Universe in Verse: Regina Spektor Reads “Theories of Everything” by Astronomer, Poet, and Tragic Genius Rebecca Elson. Lyrical reflections at the crossroads of truth and meaning, April 29, 2019, www.brainpickings.org. With full-text poem Theories of everything by Rebecca Elson. Retrieved on May 23, 2021.
 * Maria Popova: Antidotes to Fear of Death: Astrophysicist Janna Levin Reads Astronomer and Poet Rebecca Elson’s Stunning Cosmic Salve for Our Creaturely Tremblings of Heart, “Sometimes as an antidote to fear of death, I eat the stars.”, April 10, 2020, www.brainpickings.org. With full-text poem Antidotes to Fear of Death by Rebecca Elson. Retrieved on May 23, 2021.

title: Rebecca Elson


text:
Inside Politics

Inside Politics is a political talk show, broadcast on CNN. Originally hosted by Catherine Crier and Bernard Shaw, and then Shaw and Judy Woodruff, the show ran from 1992 to 2005 before being cancelled. The program was revived in 2014 with John King as host. What was a Sunday morning talk show was then expanded to additional weekday broadcasts in 2016. Abby Phillip began hosting the Sunday editions in 2021. In April 2023, CNN announced that Dana Bash would take over as permanent host while John King would depart the program to work on a new project. In 2023 it was announced that Manu Raju would now helm the Sunday edition of the show.

The show is broadcast weekdays noon to 1:00pm ET on CNN from CNN's studios in Washington D.C. The Sunday broadcast airs at 11:00am ET.

First incarnation
The show was originally broadcast for more than 10 years, and was shown on weekdays during the late afternoon. From 1993 to its cancellation in June 2005, Judy Woodruff was the co-host and then host. She did not renew her contract and joined the PBS NewsHour in 2006.

Second incarnation
In January 2014, the network announced that Inside Politics would return beginning Sunday, February 2, 2014, hosted by CNN's chief national correspondent, John King.

Following the success, the Sunday morning program was expanded into an hour, as well as additional weekday broadcast at noon ET, since September 26, 2016 (announced in August 2016 ). However, during certain times, the weekday edition of the program might be pre-empted by CNN Newsroom, the program that both precedes and succeeds Inside Politics. One of the major example were during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, where cable news ratings skyrocketed. Due to the need of more hard news coverage of the pandemic and lack of political news, Inside Politics was pre-empted by CNN Newsroom during that 12:00 p.m. hour. However, John King remained as the host for that block of CNN Newsroom. As the pandemic subsided, Inside Politics returned.

On June 12, 2023, Dana Bash replaced John King as the host of the daily show.

Inside Politics Sunday with Abby Phillip (2021-2023)
In January 2021, CNN announced that Abby Phillip would take over as the host of the weekend edition of the show. As for that change, the weekend program was rebranded as Inside Politics Sunday with Abby Phillip, while John King remained as host of the weekday edition until June 9, 2023; Dana Bash replaced King starting June 12, 2023.

The show is broadcast on Sundays 8:00am to 9:00am ET on CNN and CNN International from CNN's studios in Washington D.C. On March 26, 2023, Inside Politics Sunday with Abby Phillip has moved to 11:00 am to 12:00 pm ET after the expansion of CNN This Morning to 3 hours on Sundays.

Inside Politics Sunday with Manu Raju (2023-present)
In August 2023, it was announced that Manu Raju would helm the Sunday edition of the show, renamed Inside Politics Sunday with Manu Raju, following an overhaul of CNN's weekday/weekend programming that saw host Abby Phillip move to the 10 p.m. hour Monday-Friday.

title: Inside Politics


text:
Alan Booth

Alan Booth (5 December 1946 – 24 January 1993) was an English writer who wrote two books about his journeys on foot through the Japanese countryside. The better-known of the two, The Roads to Sata, published in 1985, is about his travels in 1977 from Cape Sōya, the northern tip of Hokkaidō, to Cape Sata, the southern tip of Kyūshū. The second, Looking for the Lost, was published posthumously in 1995. Booth also wrote a guidebook to Japan, as well as numerous articles on Japan and other topics.

Biography
Booth was born in Leytonstone, London, and studied drama at Leyton County High School for Boys. While he was still at school he formed and directed the Leyton Youth Theatre Company, for which Leyton District Council provided a grant and free use of public buildings for performances, including productions of Hamlet and Othello.

Booth studied drama at the University of Birmingham, where he became a prominent member of its Guild Theatre Group (GTG). Among the plays he directed for the GTG were Hamlet (First Quarto), done in Booth's version of Noh style, and his own translation of Racine's Phèdre, set in a samurai milieu. He also directed an open-air production of Marlowe's Faustus in Cannon Hill Park. He was a regular contributor to Mermaid, the university's magazine of students' verse, and won the Birmingham Post's Annual Poetry Prize.

In 1970 Booth moved to Japan to study Noh theatre, but soon began writing. For the next 20 years he lived in Tokyo and worked for the Macmillan Press, and as a film reviewer for the Asahi Evening News. He also appeared in the BBC Learning Zone programme Japanese Language and People, episode 6, "On the Road", in which he was interviewed about aspects of life in Japan.

Alan Booth died of colon cancer in 1993, leaving his second wife, Su-chzeng Ong, and their daughter, actress Mirai Booth-Ong.

title: Alan Booth


text:
Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/FAs first

The following list was uploaded on October 2, 2005 from Featured articles. At that time, there were 759 featured articles, out of a total of articles on Wikipedia. That means roughly 1 in 990 articles is listed here. Removed articles can be found at Former featured articles.

This list is in chronological order based on the date of promotion or last review. A link is provided to show the changes between that article and the live version. If the current version is inferior to the last reviewed version, it might indicate that the article should be placed on WP:FARC, or that it should be reverted to the last reviewed version (consult the talk page first, and don't disrupt ongoing productive discussion). If the current version is superior or of indeterminate value, it should be placed on Featured article review so that the changes can be evaluated (again, consult the talk page first so that it is reviewed in a stable version).

Stable versions require articles to quote the oldid of their promoted version.


text:
Steve Thomas

Steve Thomas may refer to:

 * Steve Thomas (artist) (born 1944), English designer and visual artist
 * Steve Thomas (television) (born 1952), former host of This Old House on PBS, host of Renovation Nation on Planet Green
 * Steve Thomas (Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm aviator) (born 1961), Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm aviator
 * Steve Thomas (ice hockey) (born 1963), National Hockey League ice hockey player
 * Steve Thomas (politician) (born 1967), Western Australian MLA
 * Steve Thomas (footballer) (born 1979), Welsh footballer
 * Steve Thomas (rugby) (born 1979), Welsh rugby league footballer

Stevie Thomas

 * Stevie Thomas (born 1967), Arena football player

title: Steve Thomas


text: Category:Communications in the Netherlands Antilles


text:
Paul Gauthier

Paul Gauthier is the name of:

 * Paul Gauthier (theologian) (1914–2002), French theologian and humanist
 * Paul Gauthier (ice hockey) (1915–1984), ice hockey player
 * Paul Gauthier (politician) (1901–1957), Canadian politician
 * Paul Gauthier (Inktomi), co-founder of Inktomi Corporation
 * Paul Gauthier (boccia), Canadian boccia player

title: Paul Gauthier


text:
Talk:Henley Management College

Note: Henley Management College, South Africa was the original Henley article, which was put up for AFD at Articles for deletion/Henley Management College before it had ", South Africa" in it's name. This article (without country qualification), is about the British parent organization and the British campus. --rob 03:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Merge
This is one institution with plural pages, noe of them very long. Let's merge in ASC and then look at the need for pages for its overseas campuses. --Duncan 15:13, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Merger
I thought the merger with Redding has still not been finalized... └ VodkaJazz / talk ┐ 16:09, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Move of Henley Management College to Henley Business School at the University of Reading
Given that the Henley Business School at the University of Reading is actually the result of a merger (of Henley Management College with the UoR's existing Business School) rather than just a rename, I think that this move may have been a mistake.

I'd suggest chnging the article title back to Henley Management College, and adjusting the content and tenses so as to cover the history of the college from its inception to the date of takeover (August 1 2008). If it is felt that the new business school has sufficient identity seperate to that of the university, we can then create a new article for it. Otherwise we can cover it as part of the main University of Reading article.

Thoughts? -- Chris j wood (talk) 14:32, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, in the absence of any objections I have made the changes described above. At present the Henley Business School does not have its own article (no other UoR schools have articles either) but if anybody feels that it has sufficient identity and content seperate to that of the university, feel free to create a new article for it. -- Chris j wood (talk) 16:20, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henley Management College