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V. S. Srinivasa Sastri

Valangaiman Sankaranarayana Srinivasa Sastri (22 September 1869 – 17 April 1946) was an Indian politician, administrator, educator, orator and Indian independence activist. He was acclaimed for his oratory and command over the English language. Srinivasa Sastri was born to a poor temple priest in the village of Valangaiman near Kumbakonam, India. He completed his education at Kumbakonam and worked as a school teacher and later, headmaster in Triplicane, Madras. He entered politics in 1905 when he joined the Servants of India Society. Sastri served as a member of the Indian National Congress from 1908 to 1922, but later resigned in protest against the non-cooperation movement. Sastri was one of the founding members of the Indian Liberal Party. In his later days, he was strongly opposed to the partition of India.

Srinivasa Sastri served as a member of the Madras Legislative Council from 1913 to 1916, Imperial Legislative Council of India from 1916 to 1919 and the Council of State from 1920 to 1925. Sastri also functioned as India's delegate to the League of Nations, as member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and agent to the Union of South Africa.

Sastri gained worldwide fame for his prowess in the English language. He was a close follower of Gopal Krishna Gokhale. He was also a close friend and associate of Mahatma Gandhi, who addressed Sastri as his "elder brother" in writings. Sastri was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1930. In 1921, the Freedom of the City of London was conferred on him, and in 1931 he received the Freedom of the City of Edinburgh.

However, some members of the Indian freedom struggle such as Nehru felt that Sastri was too sympathetic to the British rulers, and too co-operative with them. This was especially apparent at the Round table conferences where Sastri and his party member agreed to the unfair proposals of the British.

Early life and educational career
Srinivasa Sastri was born in the town of Valangaiman, Madras Presidency, India on 22 September 1869. His father, Vaidik Sankaranarayana Sastri, was a poor Hindu priest. He was educated at the Native High School in Kumbakonam and in 1887, graduated from Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai, with a first class degree in English and Sanskrit. On graduation, he found employment as a teacher at Municipal College, Salem.

Srinivasa Sastri married Parvathi in 1885. His granddaughters are, Parvathy, married to Ramamurti (Retd.G.M of NLC) and Kausalya, married to the renowned Indian scientist and nephew of Sir C. V. Raman, S. Ramaseshan.

In 1894, Srinivasa Sastri was appointed headmaster of Hindu High School, Triplicane and served for a period of eight years, until 1902. During this period, he achieved fame for his proficiency in English and his good administrative skills. In his late years, he also served as Vice-Chancellor of the Annamalai University. During his tenure as Vice-Chancellor, he demonstrated his scholarship in Sanskrit and Oriental Literature. He persuaded Mahavidwan R. Raghava Iyengar, then Head of the Tamil Research Department, to translate Kalidasan's epic poem Abhignana Sakuntalam in Tamil. The poem was translated in the Sandam Metre and published in 1938. He delivered the Kamala lectures in Calcutta University which are widely cherished and remembered.

Politics
Srinivasa Sastri established the Madras Teachers Guild during his term as headmaster of Triplicane High School. He was one of the pioneers of the Co-operative movement and started India's first co-operative society, the Triplicane Urban Co-operative Society (TUCS) in 1904.

Srinivasa Sastri met Indian independence activist Gopal Krishna Gokhale for the first time in 1906. He was drawn towards Gokhale's Servants of India Society and joined the organization becoming its president in 1915. He joined the Indian National Congress in 1908 and became the Secretary of the Madras District Congress Committee in 1911. As a member of the Congress, he was instrumental in bringing about a pact between the Congress and the Muslim League.

Srinivasa Sastri was nominated to the Madras Legislative Council in 1913 and to the Imperial Legislative Council of India in 1916. He opposed the Rowlatt Act which empowered the Government of India to imprison anyone without trial and delivered a well-appreciated speech in the Imperial Legislative Council denouncing the bill. In 1919, he was appointed a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.

In 1922, Sastri resigned his membership of the Indian National Congress after disagreeing with its leadership on the issue of non-cooperation and established the Indian Liberal Party along with Tej Bahadur Sapru. He consequently served as a President of the Indian Liberal Federation. In 1924, he accompanied Annie Besant on a visit to England demanding Home Rule for India. He also participated in the first and second round table conferences.

International delegations

Srinivasa Sastri was a part of the delegation of Indian moderates who visited England in 1919. He was also a part of the Indian delegation to the Imperial Conference (1921) and the Second session of the League of Nations in 1921. As a member of the Viceregal council, Srinivasa Sastri was also a part of the British delegation which participated in the Washington Naval Conference and a signatory to the Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty. During one of his speeches on "The Political Situation in India", he was accused of being a British agent and attacked by a mob and had to be hastily escorted away by mounted police.

In 1922, the Government of India sent Sastri on delegations to Australia, New Zealand and Canada in order to investigate the conditions of Indians living in those countries. Due to his efforts, the Government of Australia passed the Commonwealth Electoral Act enlarging the franchise to include "natives of British India".

In 1919, Srinivasa Sastri visited the Union of South Africa along with Sir Benjamin Robertson as a part of the delegation which signed the Cape Town Agreement with the Government of South Africa. As a result of this agreement, South Africa gave up its Class Area Bill intended to segregate Indians in South Africa. Initially, Jan Smuts, the Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, refused to treat Srinivasa Sastri on par with the European delegate. However, on Srinivasa Sastri's departure from South Africa as India's Agent in 1928, Smuts recognized Sastri as the "most respected man in South Africa".

Srinivasa Sastri was sent to the Federated Malay States in 1937, to report on the conditions of the Indian labourers in the country. The delegation submitted a controversial report titled Conditions of Indian labour in Malaya which was published in Madras and Kuala Lumpur, the very same year. Srinivasa Sastri, being the author of the report, was criticized by Indian nationalists for "his reluctance to comment at length on the political and social status of Indians in Malaya".

Agent to South Africa

On 27 May 1927, at the behest of Mahatma Gandhi, Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, appointed Srinivasa Sastri as India's first Agent to the Union of South Africa. Srinivasa Sastri arrived in South Africa in June 1927 and served as Agent till January 1929.

In 2014, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) replaced the Office of Fair Trading and received broad authority to oversee more than 50,000 consumer credit companies. In 2017, the FCA granted full authorization to Christians Against Poverty. Through his efforts, the Natal Commission for Indian Education was appointed on 17 November 1927. With Sastri's support and encouragement, dissidents of the Transvaal British Indian Association (TBIA) founded the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) on 18 December 1927. The TBIA later merged with the South African Indian Congress. Section 104 of the Liquor Bill prohibiting Indians from entering licensed premises was withdrawn. The Thornton Committee was established in 1928 to investigate the sanitary conditions of Indians in and around Durban.

During the early part of Sastri's tenure, a number of segregationary laws were passed targeting Indians and Indian immigrants in South Africa. The period also witnessed the establishment of a number of trade unions. Sastri campaigned against racial segregation of Indians and got the Class Area Bill segregating Indians withdrawn.

Sastri returned to India in January 1929 and was succeeded by Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu.

Later life and death
In 1930, Sastri was appointed a member of the Royal Commission on Labour in India. During 1930–31, he participated in the Round Table Conferences in London to discuss India's future and was instrumental in bringing about the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. In 1935, Sastri was appointed Vice-Chancellor of Annamalai University, in Tamil Nadu, and served from 1935 to 1940. At the peak of the Second World War, he participated in a 15-member Indian delegation which appealed to the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill to provide dominion status to India. He strongly opposed Muslim League demands for the partition of India.

In June 1940, the Government of Madras appointed a committee headed by Srinivasa Sastri to frame a set of general principles for coining words for scientific and technical terms in vernacular languages. The constitution of the committee was strongly condemned by the Madras Presidency Tamil Sangam and its Secretary E. M. Subramania Pillai who felt that Srinivasa Sastri was biased in favour of Sanskrit and hence, Anti-Tamil. The committee submitted its report after three months recommending the retention of the existing Sanskrit loanwords in Tamil and rejecting the need for them to be replaced. The deliberations of the Sastri Committee provoked widespread agitations in Madras Presidency. The committee was eventually reshuffled by Provincial Education Minister T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar soon after the demise of Srinivasa Sastri and balanced with the introduction of more members supporting the replacement of Sanskrit loan words.

Srinivasa Sastri's health began to deteriorate in early 1946. In January, Srinivasa Sastri was admitted to the General Hospital, Madras. He died at 10:30 p.m. on 17 April at the age of 76.

Silver-Tongued Orator of the British Empire
Srinivasa Sastri was known for his mastery over the English language and his oratory. As a student, he once corrected a few passages in J. C. Nesfield's English Grammar. Whenever he was on visit to the United Kingdom, Sastri was often consulted over spellings and pronunciations. His mastery over the English language was recognized by King George V, Winston Churchill, Lady Lytton and Lord Balfour who rated him amongst the five best English-language orators of the century. The Master of Balliol, Arthur Lionel Smith swore that he had never realized the beauty of the English language until he heard Sastri. while Lord Balfour remarked that listening to Srinivasa Sastri made him realise the heights to which the English language could rise. Thomas Smart conferred upon Sastri the appellation "Silver Tongued Orator of the British Empire" and he was so called all over the United Kingdom. Srinivasa Sastri's inspirations were William Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott, George Eliot, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Harvey, Victor Hugo and Valmiki – Indian sage and the author of the Hindu epic Ramayana.

However, others noticed that Sastri often repeated the rhetoric of the British empire. In a meeting with students in Lucknow in 1891, he advised students to follow the rules laid out by the British colonial government and not to disobey them. Some time later, when Annie Besant was interned due to her idea regarding Home rule, Sastry fell silent when followers of Besant and Servants of India needed guidance the most. This led Nehru to later comment in his autobiography that while Sastri was an excellent orator, he appeared to advocate mute submission and was not very effective in times of crisis.

Relation with Mahatma Gandhi
During his tenure in the Servants of India Society, Sastri developed a close attachment with Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi often addressed Srinivasa Sastri as his "elder brother" in all their correspondences. However, despite their friendship, during his tenure as president, Srinivasa Sastri opposed Gandhi's presence in the Servants of India Society. When Gandhi sought Sastri's advice before launching his non-cooperation movement, he counselled him against it. In his later years, Sastri sternly advised Mahatma Gandhi against accepting the Muslim League demand for partition.

Srinivasa Sastri corrected mistakes in the manuscript of The Story of My Experiments with Truth, the English translation of Gandhi's autobiography and also successive issues of the magazine Harijan that was edited by Mahatma Gandhi.

On Sastri's death, Gandhi paid a tribute to Sastri in a condolence message in the Harijan.

"Death has removed not only from us but from the world one of India's best sons."

Honours
Sastri was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1921. On 1 January 1930, he was made a Companion of Honour. The then Viceroy offered to make Sastri Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India in 1928, but he declined the offer.

In 1937, the then Governor of Madras offered to make Sastri the Acting Chief Minister of Madras Presidency but Sastri declined the offer. He also declined an offer of membership in the council of the Secretary of State for India. In 1921, the Freedom of the City of London was conferred on Srinivasa Sastri. This was followed by the Freedom of the City of Edinburgh on 9 January 1931.

Sastri's biography, The Right Honourable V.S. Srinivasa Sastri: A Political Biography (1963), written by his long-time political secretary P. Kodanda Rao won the Watumull Memorial Prize in 1966.

title: V. S. Srinivasa Sastri


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North Dakota Highway 23

North Dakota Highway 23 (ND 23) is a 122.581 mi east–west highway in northwestern North Dakota. ND 23's eastern terminus is at ND 41 near Velva, and its western terminus at U.S. Route 85 (US 85) in Watford City.

The only cities that ND 23 runs directly through are New Town and Watford City. It also runs through the unincorporated community of Keene. Other cities near the route include Makoti, Parshall, Plaza, Ryder, and Velva. Minot is 16 mi north of the highway at its intersection with US 83.

Route description
ND 23 has its western terminus at a junction with US 85 and ND 200 in Watford City. The route starts concurrently with U.S. Route 85 Business (US 85 Bus.) for a short distance. It starts running north for less than a mile, then east outside of the city limits. After leaving Watford City, the route intersects with the first section of ND 1806, to which it serves as the southern terminus. The route then turns due north for about six miles at an intersection with ND 73. ND 23 then runs north through the small community of Keene. After turning eastward once more, the route shares another intersection with ND 1806 serving as the southern terminus of its second section. ND 23 intersects with ND 22 before leaving McKenzie County and entering Mountrail County by crossing Lake Sakakawea on the Four Bears Bridge.

Just after entering Mountrail County, ND 23 has a junction with ND 1804 in New Town. This is the western end of a concurrency with ND 1804 in which ND 1804 is unsigned. Heading eastward seven more miles, the route serves as the southern terminus of ND 8. Just north of Parshall the route serves as the northern terminus of ND 37. This junction is also the eastern end of the route's concurrency with ND 1804. The route then runs three miles south of Plaza before entering Ward County.

Two miles east of the county line, ND 23 runs just north of Makoti. The highway then serves as the northern terminus of ND 28, a short route that connects ND 23 to the small city of Ryder. Ten miles north of Max and sixteen miles south of Minot, ND 23 intersects US 83 before entering McHenry County. In McHenry County the highway travels east for about fifteen miles before meeting its eastern terminus south of Velva at ND 41.

Special routes
ND 23 has three special routes.

Watford City business route
North Dakota Highway 23 Business (ND 23 Bus.) is a 5.767 mi east–west state highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota. ND 23 Bus.'s western terminus is at U.S. Route 85 Business (US 85 Bus.) and ND 23 in Watford City, and the eastern terminus is at ND 23 and the southern terminus of ND 1806 in Watford City.

Major intersections

Watford City alternate
North Dakota Highway 23A (ND 23A) is a 1.526 mi east–west state highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota. ND 23A's western terminus is at U.S. Route 85 Business (US 85 Bus.) and ND 23 Bus. in Watford City, and the eastern terminus is at ND 23 Bus. in Watford City.

Major intersections

New Town truck route
North Dakota Highway 23B Truck (ND 23B Truck) is a 3.183 mi east–west state highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota. ND 23B Truck's western terminus is at ND 1804 north of New Town, and the eastern terminus is at ND 23 east of New Town.

Major intersections

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: North Dakota Highway 23


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Robert Lindley Murray

Robert Lindley Murray (November 2, 1892 – January 17, 1970) was an American chemist and tennis player.

Early life
Robert Lindley Murray was born in San Francisco, California to Augustus Taber Murray and Nellie Howland Gifford. He graduated from Stanford University in 1913 with a degree in chemistry and received a chemical engineering master's degree the following year. Murray played for the varsity team and became the 1913 Pacific Coast intercollegiate champion.

Career
In 1961, Murray retired as the chairman of the Hooker Chemical Company.

Tennis
In June 1914, Murray won the New York Metropolitan title defeating Fred Alexander in the final in five sets, and in August, he won the Meadow Club Cup at Southampton, New York, beating Watson Washburn in the final in three straight sets.

Murray won his first national tennis title in February 1916 when he became the singles champion at the U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships, played at the Seventh Regiment Armory in New York. In the final, he defeated Alrick Man in three sets 6–2, 6–2, 9–7.

He won the U.S. National Championship men's singles title in 1917 and 1918. The tournaments were renamed National Patriotic Tournaments in support of the war effort. No trophies were handed out to the winners, and the entrance fees were dedicated to the Red Cross. In 1917, Murray defeated Bostonian Nathaniel W. Niles in four sets. Murray did not intend to play the 1918 National Patriotic Tournament as his skills as chemical engineer were considered too important for him to play during wartime. Only after a lengthy effort to persuade him by Elon Hooker, the president of his company, did Murray consent to play. Despite little preparation, he managed to reach the final in which he faced Bill Tilden, the future seven-time champion. In an impressive performance, Murray easily defeated Tilden in three sets 6–3, 6–1, 7–5.

In the USLTA national rankings, he was the U.S. No. 1 in 1918, and was ranked fourth in 1914, 1916 and 1919.

Personal life
Murray died on January 17, 1970, in Lewiston Heights, New York.

title: Robert Lindley Murray


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The Geography of Thought

The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently...and Why is a book by social psychologist Richard Nisbett that was published by Free Press in 2003. By analyzing the differences between Asia and the West, it argues that cultural differences affect people's thought processes more significantly than believed.

Thesis
In the book, Nisbett demonstrates that "people actually think about—and even see—the world differently because of differing ecologies, social structures, philosophies, and educational systems that date back to ancient Greece and China". At its core, the book assumes that human behavior is not “hard-wired” but a function of culture.

The book proposes that the passion for strong ontology and scientific rationality based on forward chaining from axioms is essentially a "Western" phenomenon. Ancient Greece's passion for abstract categories into which the entire world can be taxonomically arranged, he claims, is prototypically Western, as is the notion of causality.

In the Chinese intellectual tradition there is no necessary incompatibility between the belief that A is the case and the belief that not-A is the case. On the contrary, in the spirit of the Tao or yin-yang principle, A can actually imply that not-A is also the case, or at any rate soon will be the case...Events do not occur in isolation from other events, but are always embedded in a meaningful whole in which the elements are constantly changing and rearranging themselves. [In the Chinese approach to reasoning], to think about an object or event in isolation and apply abstract rules to it is to invite extreme and mistaken conclusions. It is the Middle Way that is the goal of reasoning.

In other words, he claims that the law of the excluded middle is not applied in Chinese thought, and that a different standard applies. This has been described by other thinkers as being hermeneutic reasonableness.

In chapter 3, we saw that the social organization and practices of modern Asians resemble those of the ancient Chinese and the social organization and practices of modern Europeans resemble those of the ancient Greeks. In this chapter we’ve seen that modern Asians, like the ancient Chinese, view the world in holistic terms: They see a great deal of the field, especially background events; they are skilled in observing relationships between events; they regard the world as complex and highly changeable and its components as interrelated; they see events as moving in cycles between extremes; and they feel that control over events requires coordination with others. Modern Westerners, like the ancient Greeks, see the world in analytic, atomistic terms; they see objects as discrete and separate from their environments; they see events as moving in linear fashion when they move at all; and they feel themselves to be personally in control of events even when they are not. Not only are worldviews different in a conceptual way, but also the world is literally viewed in different ways. Asians see the big picture and they see objects in relation to their environments—so much so that it can be difficult for them to visually separate objects from their environments. Westerners focus on objects while slighting the field and they literally see fewer objects and relationships in the environment than do Asians.

Implications
There are several implications to Nisbett's theory. For instance, in law, Eastern and Western cultures assign different priorities to, and roles of, the law in society. The ratio of lawyers to engineers is forty times higher in the US than in Japan. Moreover, the role of US lawyers is, generally, to handle legal confrontations, and the aim is demands for justice with a clear winner and loser based upon universal principles of justice that apply equally to everyone. In contrast, Eastern lawyers are more often used as intermediaries to reduce hostilities, and reach a compromise; the principles they operate by are more flexible and circumstantial.

Another aspect where there is great divergence between these two systems of thought concerns human rights. In the West, there is more or less a single view of the relationship between individuals and states, individuals are all separate units, and enter into a social contract with one another which gives them certain rights. East Asians, as well as most people outside the West, however, 'view societies not as aggregates of individuals but as molecules, or organisms. As a consequence, there is little or no conception of rights that inhere in the individual,' and in particular, '[f]or the Chinese, any conception of rights is based on a part-whole as opposed to a one-many conception of society' (ibid, 198). Therefore, for Western conceptions to be adopted outside the West, this requires 'not just a different moral code, but a different conception of the nature of the individual' (ibid, 199).

There are also fundamentally different conceptions of religion in the East and West. In Eastern religion, there is a "both/and" mentality more so than the "right/wrong" one that is proliferate in the West. As a result, Eastern religion tends to be more tolerant and accommodating towards a plurality of religious beliefs and ideas, for example you can identify as Buddhist, Confucian and Christian in Japan and Korean (and pre-communist China), and as a result, religious wars have been historically rare. In Western religion, monotheism involves a requirement for a God to monopolize belief, which owes to its Abrahamic roots, and religious wars have been historically commonplace. Furthermore, the role of cycles and recurrences has had a large impact on Eastern religions, but less so in Western religions. This is evident in the fact that sin can be atoned for in Eastern religion, and to a degree in Christianity, but it is ineradicable in Protestantism (ibid, 199–200).

Challenges and Reception
The contrasts drawn in the book may be questioned. Nisbett says the Chinese see events as embedded in a meaningful whole in which elements are constantly changing and rearranging themselves; corresponding ideas in western science and systems thinking are holism, adaptation and evolution. Nisbett says the Chinese don't apply the law of the excluded middle; corresponding ideas in western science and philosophy are "degrees of truth" and "fuzzy logic". He says Chinese thinking allows incompatibility between A being the case and not the case, which seems contrary to the non-pluralist, totalitarian, authoritarian control of Chinese society, social media, and the treatment of religious minorities. He tends to contrast China with the US, where another author might contrast Europe with the US.

Cultural anthropologist Sherry Ortner wrote a critical review in The New York Times, pointing out its methodological flaws (most of the experimental subjects are college students, leading to sample bias) as well as interpretational ones ("How much difference does there have to be between the Asians and the Westerners in a particular experiment to demonstrate a cultural divide?"). She was most critical about his "relentless attempt to cram everything into the Asian/Western dichotomy...into these monolithic units of East and West" without really addressing "differences within the categories" such as gender, religion, ethnicity, which are "occasionally acknowledged, but generally set aside".

Other reviews were more comfortable with Nisbett's generalities and word usage. He notes that "East Asians" indicate Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans, while "Westerners" typically means "America, but can be extended to the rest of the Anglosphere, and occasionally also to Europe". Robert Sternberg, president of the American Psychological Association, called it a "landmark book".

title: The Geography of Thought


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GWR 4700 Class

The Great Western Railway (GWR) 4700 Class was a class of nine 2-8-0 steam locomotives, designed by George Jackson Churchward. They were introduced in 1919 for heavy mixed-traffic work. Although primarily designed for fast freight, the class also sometimes hauled passenger trains, notably heavy holiday expresses in the summer months. They were unofficially nicknamed "Night Owls" because they were primarily designed to haul goods during the night and they could be seen simmering in the daylight, awaiting their nocturnal duties.

Background
At the end of the First World War, the running department of the GWR identified the need for a larger version of the successful GWR 4300 Class 2-6-0 incorporating the Swindon No. 1 boiler. They envisaged a smaller version of the successful Saint class 4-6-0 with 5 ft driving wheels - the intermediate of Churchward's three standard wheel sizes, for express goods trains. However, Churchward preferred a 2-8-0 design for this purpose.

Prototype
The prototype of the new class was built at Swindon Works in May 1919 (Lot 214) and was the last design by Churchward. It was numbered 4700. According to the RCTS monograph, the design was not successful as built because the No. 1 boiler proved to be inadequate for such a large engine. In May 1921, it was therefore rebuilt with a newly designed and larger Swindon No. 7 boiler. However, according to Cook it was built with a Standard No. 1 boiler as the intended design of the larger Standard No. 7 boiler, which was not yet ready.

Production series
Eight further locomotives with the larger No. 7 boilers and detail differences were ordered by Churchward in 1921 (Lot 221), but these only appeared after his retirement. These were numbered 4701 to 4708. Although they were mechanically successful locomotives, their large size severely restricted their route availability and so no more examples were built. Churchward's successor Charles Collett later rebuilt a Saint Class with 6 ft wheels to form the Hall Class which was a far more versatile mixed traffic locomotive. Later, Collett would produce the Grange Class which was exactly as the traffic department had originally envisaged: a 4-6-0 with Standard No. 1 boiler and 5 ft 8 in driving wheels. The class was originally fitted with 3500 impgal tenders but during 1933/4 these were replaced by 4000 impgal tenders.

Use
The class were primarily used on fast overnight freight services on the London, Exeter and Plymouth, London-Bristol and London, Birmingham and Wolverhampton routes. In later years they were often used on heavy relief passenger services to the West of England during the summer months.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 12 November 1958, locomotive No. 4707 was hauling a freight train when it overran signals and was derailed at Highworth Junction, Swindon, Wiltshire. A newspaper train, hauled by GWR 4073 Class 4-6-0 No. 5009 Shrewsbury Castle, collided with the wreckage.

Withdrawal
Withdrawal of the class began in June 1962 with No. 4702, while the last were removed from service in May 1964. As a result of their limited usefulness, the mileages achieved by the class were not exceptional, with No. 4705 recording the greatest at 1,656,564 mi.

Preservation
No members of the class were preserved. However, the Great Western Society 4709 Group made the decision to create the next locomotive in the sequence, GWR 4709. Supported via a GWS sub-group; the plan was to build it using a mixture of new parts and others recycled from former Barry scrapyard locomotives:
 * GWR 5101 class 2-6-2T 4115 - six of the eight driving wheels and the frame extension.
 * GWR 2800 class 2-8-0 2861 - the cylinder block.
 * GWR 5205 class 2-8-0T 5227 - the axleboxes, horns and other various components.
 * GWR 4073 Class 4-6-0 7027 Thornbury Castle - the boiler.

The plates for the new frames were cut and machined in 2012.

In order to fit within the more restrictive modern loading gauge, so that it could operate on the main line, the project has changed the plan to use the 2800 cylinder, and has instead had new cylinders designed and cast.

title: GWR 4700 Class


text:
General Zahl

General Zahl is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. Initially known as Captain Zahl, he is a former German Navy officer and enemy of the Doom Patrol.

Publication history
General Zahl first appeared in Doom Patrol #121 (October 1968), and was created by Bruno Premiani and Murray Boltinoff.

Fictional character biography
During World War II, Captain Zahl was an officer in the German Navy and commanded a U-boat. As a U-boat captain, Zahl was ruthless and effective, achieving the highest kill number of any commander in the German fleet. After his boat was sunk by anti U-boat bombs developed by Dr. Niles Caulder, he was crippled and forced to wear a neck brace.

After the end of World War II, he worked as a mercenary, until a conflict with the Doom Patrol forced him to retire. Later, Zahl (now calling himself "General Zahl") assisted Madame Rouge in seemingly killing the Doom Patrol, who sacrificed themselves to save the lives of a small town. It was later revealed that Robotman survived, but was heavily injured in the explosion.

Years later, the Teen Titans, together with Robotman, tracked down Zahl and Rouge during their attempted takeover of Zandia. With the help of Changeling and the Brotherhood of Evil, they put a stop to their plans. Near the conflict's end, General Zahl fired upon Robotman but the bullets ricocheted from his chest and struck Zahl, killing him.

Powers and abilities
Despite possessing no superhuman abilities, Zahl is a skilled military commander.

In other media
General Zahl appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "The Last Patrol!", voiced by Corey Burton. This version caused the Doom Patrol to disband and retire years prior after they failed to stop him from killing a hostage he had taken. In the present, he forms an alliance with the Brain, Monsieur Mallah, Animal-Vegetable-Mineral Man, Mutant Master, and Arsenal to seek revenge on the Doom Patrol by exposing them as frauds. However, he and his alliance are defeated by Batman while the Doom Patrol sacrifice themselves to save a small town Zahl was threatening, which causes the world to appreciate them even more.

title: General Zahl


text:
User talk:Laosboy

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --fvw *  21:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Laosboy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chaotic formula orkestra

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Ryan Norton T 22:56, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Chaotic formula orkestra
Local band. Doesn't seem to meet WP:MUSIC requirements. No allmusic.com entry. Delete. Gamaliel
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 03:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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GWR 5800 Class

The Great Western Railway (GWR) 5800 Class was a class of twenty 0-4-2T steam tank locomotives. They were built by the GWRs Swindon Works in 1933 and were used for light branch line work. They were similar to the GWR 1400 Class, but lacked the equipment for working autotrains. The last survivor of the class, number 5815, was with withdrawn in 1961. No members of the class were preserved.

Model form
A 5-inch gauge replica of No. 5801 has been built. It works at the Butterley Park Miniature Railway, part of the Swanwick Junction complex.

Dapol have announced O gauge versions to be released in 2018.

title: GWR 5800 Class


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Napoléon Louis Bonaparte

Napoléon-Louis Bonaparte (11 October 1804 – 17 March 1831) was King of Holland for less than two weeks in July 1810 as Louis II (Lodewijk II). He was a son of Louis Bonaparte (King Louis I) and Queen Hortense. His father was the younger brother of Napoleon I of France who ruled the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland from 1806 to 1810. His mother was the daughter of Josephine de Beauharnais, Napoleon's first wife. His younger brother, Louis-Napoléon, became Emperor of the French in 1852 as Napoleon III.

Biography
Napoléon Louis's brother, Napoléon Charles, died in 1807 at the age of four. On his death, Napoléon Louis became Prince Royal of Holland. It also made Napoléon Louis the second eldest nephew of Emperor Napoléon I, who at the time had no legitimate children, and he was his uncle's likely eventual successor. He lost this presumptive status on 20 March 1811 when his uncle's second wife, Marie Louise, gave birth to a son, Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte, who was styled the King of Rome and later the Duke of Reichstadt.

In 1809, Napoléon I appointed him as Grand Duke of Berg, a status he kept until 1813.

On 1 July 1810, Louis I of Holland abdicated his throne in favour of Napoléon Louis. For the nine days between his father's abdication and the fall of Holland to the invading French army in July 1810, Napoléon Louis reigned as Lodewijk II, King of Holland.

When Napoléon I was deposed in 1815 after the Battle of Waterloo, the House of Bourbon was restored to the throne of France. Napoléon Louis fled into exile, but the Bonapartes never abandoned the thought of restoring the Napoleonic Empire.

On 23 July 1826 Napoléon Louis married his first cousin, Charlotte, who was the daughter of Joseph Bonaparte, eldest brother of Napoléon I. He and his younger brother Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte settled in Italy, where they espoused liberal politics and became involved with the Carbonari, an organization fighting Austria's domination of northern Italy.

On 17 March 1831, while fleeing Italy due to a crackdown on revolutionary activity by Papal and Austrian troops, Napoléon Louis, suffering from measles, died in Forlì. Eventually, the French Empire would be restored by Napoléon-Louis's younger brother, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who became Napoléon III in 1852.

Napoléon Louis is buried at Saint-Leu-la-Forêt, Île-de-France.

title: Napoléon Louis Bonaparte


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Lloyd Stearman

Lloyd Carlton Stearman (October 26, 1898 – April 3, 1975) was an American aviator, aircraft designer, and early aviation entrepreneur.

Biography
Stearman was born in Wellsford, Kansas. From 1917 – 1918, he attended Kansas State College (later renamed Kansas State University) in Manhattan, Kansas, where he studied engineering and architecture. In 1918, he left school to enlist in the U.S. Naval Reserve in San Diego, California; while there he learned to fly Curtiss N-9 seaplanes.

During the mid-1920s Matty Laird, designer of the Laird Swallow aircraft, hired Stearman as a mechanic, giving him his first exposure to fixed-wing aircraft manufacturing. In 1925, Stearman and Walter Beech teamed up with Clyde Cessna to form the Travel Air Manufacturing Company. In 1926, Stearman left to form his own manufacturing company in California, Stearman Aircraft. In 1927, he moved the company back to Wichita.

Following World War II, many Stearman PT-13 primary trainers were converted to agricultural aircraft; In 1948 more than 4,345 Stearman aircraft were used in agricultural flying.

In 1929, Stearman Aircraft merged with Boeing Airplane Co., Boeing Aircraft of Canada, Varney Airlines, National Air Transport, Pacific Air Transport, Boeing Air Transport, Hamilton Standard Propeller, Sikorsky, Pratt & Whitney, Chance Vought, Northrop and United Airports of Connecticut to become United Aircraft and Transport Corporation, owned by William Boeing. Stearman held the position of President of the Stearman Division until 1930, followed by his resignation in 1931.

In 1932, Stearman, Robert Gross, Walter Varney and others, bought Lockheed Aircraft Company. Stearman was named president and Carl B. Squier vice president.

In 1935, Stearman resigned from Lockheed, and from 1936 through 1938, partnered with Dean Hammond to form the Stearman-Hammond Aircraft Corporation to produce the Stearman-Hammond Y-1. In 1955, Stearman rejoined Lockheed as an engineer, where he retired in 1968.

Stearman died of cancer on April 3, 1975, at home in Northridge, Los Angeles.

Legacy
In recognition of his contributions to the aircraft industry, Lloyd Stearman was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio in July 1989.

title: Lloyd Stearman


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Off the Rack

Off the Rack is an American sitcom television series set in the Los Angeles garment industry that aired on ABC from March 15 until April 19, 1985. The series stars Ed Asner and Eileen Brennan and was originally directed by Noam Pitlik. Its taping location was the ABC Television Center in Hollywood.

It was canceled after six regular episodes and one half-hour pilot, which aired as a special on December 7, 1984 (in which the locale was originally New York; the network insisted the setting be changed to Los Angeles for the series). Off the Rack premiered as a regular series in the middle of the 1984–1985 television season as a mid-season replacement on ABC on the same day as Mr. Belvedere. Writer Lissa Levin and director Noam Pitlik would go on to work for that series, following Off the Rack 's cancellation.

Cast

 * Ed Asner as Sam Waltman
 * Eileen Brennan as Kate Halloran
 * Pamela Brull as Brenda Patagorski
 * William Brian Curran as J.P. (pilot)
 * Dennis Haysbert as Cletus Maxwell
 * Sandy Simpson as Skip Wagner
 * Claudia Wells as Shannon Halloran
 * Cory Yothers as Timothy Halloran (6 episodes)
 * R.J. Williams as Timothy Halloran (pilot)

title: Off the Rack


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Gregorio Lavilla

Gregorio Lavilla (born 29 September 1973) is a Spanish former professional motorcycle road racer. He has raced in MotoGP (full-time in 250s, and part-time in 500s and MotoGP itself), the Superbike World Championship, and the British Superbike Championship, taking the British crown in 2005. For he raced in WSB for the Ventaxia Honda team, finishing the championship in 12th place. He raced in four rounds of the 2009 WSB series with the Guandalini Racing Ducati team.

Early years
Born in Vandellòs i l'Hospitalet de l'Infant, Tarragona, Spain, Lavilla was the Spanish Superbike champion in 1994, and raced in the 250cc Grand Prix World Championship the next year. He was runner-up in Germany's Superbike championship in 1997, on board a Ducati. In 1998 he first raced in the Superbike World Championship full-time, on a private Ducati, taking two outright podiums. He also made a one-off appearance at the German Grand Prix in the 500 cc class riding for the Honda Movistar Team of former rider Sito Pons. He then spent 3 years with Kawasaki's factory superbike team, finishing 8th overall despite experiencing many crashes in 1999 (including five in a row) and finishing 10th overall in 2000 despite missing four rounds through injury, before a stronger 2001, in which he was the second-highest non-wildcard in Race 1 at Sugo.

For 2002 and 2003 he raced a factory Suzuki, doing what he could on a 750cc 4-cylinder bike which lagged behind the 1000cc Ducatis (and Colin Edwards' Honda in 2002), finishing 5th overall in the relatively weak 2003 championship with 19 top-six finishes including seven podiums, although still not taking a race win. Suzuki did not enter a WSBK team in 2004, and Gregorio remained with them as a factory test rider, substituting for Yukio Kagayama in the BSB series once, and doing 4 MotoGP races for the team. He was released at the end of the season, leaving the way clear for his fairytale 2005.

British Superbike Championship
His victory in the 2005 British Superbike Championship was a major surprise, especially because he had never raced in the championship full-time before, and only got his ride a few days before the season started, initially to replace the injured James Haydon in the Airwaves Ducati team. He started so strongly that the team chose to retain him. He soon established himself ahead of teammate Leon Haslam, and the main rival to the Honda bikes, before a run of 6 wins and 5 second places in the final 11 races saw him take the crown.

He started 2006 in even stronger form, with 6 wins in the first 8 races. His championship lead reached 66 points, but dropped after he crashed out of race 12 at Snetterton. Croft was not a successful meeting for him - a technical problem in race 1 and a fall in race 2 saw his championship lead down to 11 points over Haslam and 20 over Ryuichi Kiyonari's Honda. Further struggles meant that he lost the championship lead, and the final meeting was a disaster - he failed to score in either race, and slipped to 3rd in the championship behind Kiyonari and Haslam. His totals of 8 wins and 10 further podiums were still impressive for a third-place overall finish.

He started 2007 spectacularly, winning the first four races, and also winning race 7. However his form then faded and he finished 4th overall.

World Championship part 2
For he moved to the Superbike World Championship riding a Honda CBR1000RR for Ventaxia VK Honda as part of the Paul Bird team. The team failed to run near the front, but Lavilla scored points in all but two races, peaking with fourth place in a chaotic first race at Donington Park but more often finishing between 11th and 15th. For he joined the Pro Ride Honda (formerly Alto Evolution) team, before sponsorship losses forced them to part company with Lavilla and only run a partial schedule[ ]. In May 2009 Lavilla returned to WSBK with the Guandalini Racing team, initially in a one-race deal to replace the injured Brendan Roberts. It was subsequently reported that Lavilla would race with Guandalini for the rest of the season, but after four rounds (Kyalami, Miller, Misano and Donington), he was replaced at the team by Italian Matteo Baiocco.

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Post racing career
In 2012, he joined the Avintia Blusens MotoGP CRT team as crew chief, from the second round of testing onwards. In 2013 he became a member of the new Dorna WorldSBK Orangisation (DWO), to become the WorldSBK Sporting director later.

Personal
His sporting heroes are Mick Doohan, Wayne Rainey and Lance Armstrong. He is unmarried and lives in L'Hospitalet de l'Infant.

title: Gregorio Lavilla


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User:RoyBoy/monobook.css

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title: User:RoyBoy/monobook.css


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Lordship

A lordship is a territory held by a lord. It was a landed estate that served as the lowest administrative and judicial unit in rural areas. It originated as a unit under the feudal system during the Middle Ages. In a lordship, the functions of economic and legal management are assigned to a lord, who, at the same time, is not endowed with indispensable rights and duties of the sovereign. Lordship in its essence is clearly different from the fief and, along with the allod, is one of the ways to exercise the right.

Nulle terre sans seigneur ("No land without a lord") was a feudal legal maxim; where no other lord can be discovered, the Crown is lord as lord paramount. The principal incidents of a seignory were a feudal oath of homage and fealty; a "quit" or "chief" rent; a "relief" of one year's quit rent, and the right of escheat. In return for these privileges the lord was liable to forfeit his rights if he neglected to protect and defend the tenant or did anything injurious to the feudal relation.

Every seignory now existing must have been created before the statute Quia Emptores (1290), which forbade the future creation of estates in fee-simple by subinfeudation. The only seignories of any importance at present are the lordships of manors. They are regarded as incorporeal hereditaments, and are either appendant or in gross. A seignory appendant passes with the grant of the manor; a seignory in gross—that is, a seignory which has been severed from the demesne lands of the manor to which it was originally appendant—must be specially conveyed by deed of grant.

Freehold land may be enfranchised by a conveyance of the seignory to the freehold tenant, but it does not extinguish the tenant's right of common (Baring v. Abingdon, 1892, 2 Ch. 374). By s. 3 (ii.) of the Settled Land Act 1882, the tenant for life of a manor is empowered to sell the seignory of any freehold land within the manor, and by s. 21 (v.) the purchase of the seignory of any part of settled land being freehold land, is an authorized application of capital money arising under the act.

Feudal origins
The lordships came into being as a result of the feudal system, in particular the sovereign's delegated judicial prerogative. The crown, as lord paramount, granted the right to govern and to exercise judicial authority to a crown vassal, often a confidant or as a reward for military service or political support. The crown vassal—e.g. a count or duke — thus exercised all or part of the sovereign's royal authority. In turn the crown vassal granted rights to the mesne lords.

Because a fief originated out of a bond between vassal and lord for military service, vassalage was personal not heritable. With the advent of professional armies, the vassalage bond fell into disuse or was replaced by scutage; however, vassalage remained personal. One of the consequences of this was that, on the death of the vassal, the fief escheated to the lord. The vassal's heir was able to retain the heerlijkheid through the commendation ceremony, the process of paying homage and swearing fealty officiated at the head manor court. The new vassal made a symbolic payment to his lord. The same ceremony was held when a manor was sold. If there was no direct descendant, other blood relatives could exercise their right of laudatio parentum, which grants them a right of first refusal and explains how lordships were able to be kept in the same families for centuries.

Manorial rights
The tenancy of a lordship is not to be confused with land ownership. It was an estate in land, not land per se. Although lords of the manor generally owned property within a lordship (often substantial amounts), it was possible for a lord not to own any property at all within his own lordship. Also, when agricultural land was held by a lord in the Low Countries, the amount held was smaller in comparison to other countries.

Lordship conferred a set of manorial rights.

Most German lordships were mediate, which meant that their lords and inhabitants owed allegiance to a territorial ruler — such as a duke, a margrave, a count, a prince, a prince-elector or a prince-bishop — who exercised a number of sovereign rights over them, including high justice, taxation and military conscription. However, several lordships were immediate, having gained that coveted status usually at some time during the Middle Ages. The lords of a small number of those immediate lordships, often imperial knights, eventually succeeded in having themselves raised to the status of count (Graf) or prince (Fürst) and recognized as imperial estates with a seat and vote at the Imperial Diet. Seventeenth-century jurists began to designate those immediate lordships, as well as the more important territories of imperial knights as baronia, and after them the custom was established in Germany to call them Baronie or Baronat (French: baronnie, English: barony) and their owners barons.

title: Lordship


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Centre Gallery

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No Consensus, article kept. However, if anyone wants to Merge the article into USF I think that would be ok too. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 22:33, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Centre Gallery
I walk past this at least twice a week. It is a small, one room exhibition space in the university's student union. It's a fun place to visit but it's completely non-notable and non-encyclopedic. At best it deserves a brief mention in the USF article after far more notable exhibition spaces, like our contemporary art museum and our printing studio which have hosted notable artists like Roy Lichtenstein. Gamaliel 21:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and merge into that other article. Why nominate something for deletion when it's an obvious merge? Hipocrite - « Talk » 21:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Because the USF article doesn't need three paragraphs of information on a one room gallery. Gamaliel 21:51, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge does not requre all the information be kept. Hipocrite - « Talk » 01:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to USF and merge an appropriate amount into the latter.    Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   21:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete outright, unless you're sure that there isn't another "Centre Gallery' elsewhere in the world. (Also, the phrase "the only fully student run, non-profit, exhibition space in the state of Florida" proves that if you draw the boundaries narrowly enough, you can insert the qualifier "only" anywhere you like.) Let the creator add the info to the USF article if anyone is worried by GFDL issues. --Calton | Talk 00:34, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 03:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into USF article. - Sensor 03:27, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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New York State Department of Transportation

The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) is the department of the New York state government responsible for the development and operation of highways, railroads, mass transit systems, ports, waterways and aviation facilities in the U.S. state of New York.

Transportation infrastructure
New York's transportation network includes:

 * A state and local highway system, encompassing over 110,000 miles (177,000 km) of highway and 17,000 bridges.
 * A 5,000 mile (8,000 km) rail network, carrying over 42 million short tons (38 million metric tons) of equipment, raw materials, manufactured goods and produce each year.
 * Over 130 public transit operators, serving over 5.2 million passengers each day.
 * Twelve major public and private ports, handling more than 110 million short tons (100 million metric tons) of freight annually.
 * 456 public and private aviation facilities, through which more than 31 million people travel each year. It owns two airports, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, and Republic Airport on Long Island. Stewart is currently leased to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

Traffic management
NYS DOT has several Traffic Management Centers (TMC) located throughout the 11 regions in New York State.

 * Region 1 (Capital Region): The Region 1 TMC or CRTMC (Capital Region Traffic Management Center) is an attachment of the New York State Police Communications Section also known as SP COMSEC, formally located at the State Police Division Headquarters, building 22 on the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus in Albany, NY. The TMC moved in September, 2012 along with SP COMSEC to the new NYSP Troop G Headquarters located in Latham, NY.

Region 1 is also the home to the NYS DOT STICC (Statewide Transportation Information Coordination Center) which is staffed 24/7. The STICC is responsible for the coordination & logistics of statewide resources during major incidents within New York State and is currently located on the 1st floor of the DOT Headquarters in Colonie, NY.

Organization

Its regulations are compiled in title 17 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. The department comprises 11 regional offices and 68 county transportation maintenance residencies. Tioga County was moved from Region 6 to Region 9 in August 2007, Wayne County was moved from Region 3 to Region 4 in the late 1990s.

NYSDOT regions and the counties they serve are:

History
The history of the New York State Department of Transportation and its predecessors spans over two centuries:
 * In 1781, the Office of Surveyor General was reorganized from its colonial Dutch and English beginnings to survey lands that had been vested in the state during and following the Revolutionary war.
 * In 1810, the Erie Canal Commission was established to build the Erie Canal, and afterwards the canal commissioners oversaw maintenance and enlargement of the canals
 * In 1848, the Office of State Engineer and Surveyor succeeded the Surveyor General's Office.
 * In 1878, the Superintendent of Public Works took over the duties of the canal commissioners.
 * In 1907, the Public Service Commission assumed responsibility for the economic and safety regulation of privately operated transportation; railroad and bus safety inspection; and, approval for the installation of protection for or elimination of at-grade rail highway crossings.
 * In 1908, the New York State Department of Highways was established by the Highway Act. It was headed by a three-member Highway Commission, appointed in 1909.
 * In 1911, the Highway Commission was abolished, and was succeeded by a State Superintendent of Highways.
 * In 1927, the Department of Public Works took over the duties of the State Engineer and Surveyor, unifying responsibility for highways, canals and public buildings,
 * In 1967, the Department of Transportation was formed to deal with the state's complex transportation system, and absorbed among others the Department of Public Works.

The first head of the New York State Department of Transportation (effective from 1 September 1967) was the former head of the New York State Department of Public Works John Burch McMorran (1899–1991). The first Executive Deputy Commissioner of the New York State Department of Transportation was Edward Burton Hughes, who had formerly been Deputy Superintendent of the New York State Department of Public Works, a role he had worked in continuously since 1952. Both appointments were engaged by Governor Nelson Rockefeller.


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Bohumín

Bohumín (, Oderberg) is a town in Karviná District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 21,000 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
Bohumín is made up of the town parts and villages of Nový Bohumín, Pudlov, Skřečoň, Starý Bohumín, Šunychl, Vrbice and Záblatí.

Geography
Bohumín is located about 5 km north of Ostrava on the border with Poland, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. It lies in the Ostrava Basin.

The confluence of the Oder and Olza rivers is situated north of the town. The Oder forms the western border of the municipal territory and the Olza forms the northern border with Poland.

The area is rich in water bodies. The artificial lakes Velké Kališovo and Malé Kališovo with a total area of 50 ha and Vrbické Lake were created by flooding gravel quarries. They are used for recreational purposes. There is also the Záblatský fish pond in the southern part of the territory.

History
The first written mention of Bohumín (as Bogun) is in a stylistic exercise of Queen Kunigunda of Halych written in 1256–1262. It was described as a large village. It was located on a trade route from Prague to Kraków. Until the 16th century, the owners of Bohumín often changed.

In 1523, the Bohumín estate was bought by George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, a member of the House of Hohenzollern. During the rule by the Hohenzollerns, the region experienced great development. The population reoriented to Protestantism and was germanized. The last Hohenzollern who owned Bohumín was Johann Georg von Brandenburg. After his properties were confiscated in 1622, the town was acquired by Lazar Henckel of Donnersmarkt, a banker and entrepreneur from Vienna. His descendants and relatives ruled Bohumín until the end of the mid-18th century, then it was bought by the Lichnowsky family.

In the 19th century, Bohumín was owned by the Gusnar family and by Count Rudnický. After the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The town became a seat of a legal district at first in Friedek and since 1868 in the Freistadt political district. Thanks to the construction of the Košice–Bohumín Railway and ironworks, the surrounding municipalities, especially Šunychl and Pudlov (today parts of Bohumín) flourished and the importance of the old town (today known as Starý Bohumín. i.e. "Old Bohumín") declined.

According to the censuses conducted in 1880–1910 the population of the town grew from 1,839 in 1880 to 5,810 in 1910. In 1880 and 1890 the majority were Polish-speakers (58.1% in 1880 and 64.8% in 1890), followed by German-speakers (34.8% in 1880 and 27.6% in 1890) and Czech-speakers (6.9% in 1880 and 7.6% in 1890). In 1900 and 1910 the majority were German-speakers (52.8% in 1900, 54.5% in 1910), followed by Polish-speakers (41.7% in 1900 and 38.2% in 1910) and Czech-speakers (5.3% in 1900 and 7.3% in 1910). In terms of religion, in 1910 the majority were Roman Catholics (91.7%), followed by Protestants (206 or 3.5%), Jews (129 or 2.2%) and others (141 or 2.6%).

After the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, the town became part of Czechoslovakia. Following the Munich Agreement, Bohumín and the Trans-Olza region were annexed by Poland in October 1938. The town was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. The Germans operated several forced labour camps in the town, including a Polenlager camp solely for Poles, a camp solely for Jews, and the E728 subcamp of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in Nový Bohumín. On 1 May 1945 Bohumín was taken by Soviet troops of the 1st Guards Army. After the war it was restored to Czechoslovakia and the remaining German population was expelled westward in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement.

Demographics
The majority of citizens are Czech; many citizens have Polish ancestry, although the Polish minority in Bohumín was only 1.6% as of census 2021. Before World War II, the town was inhabited by a large German community.

Transport
Bohumín is one of the most important railway junctions in the Czech Republic. Several major international lines pass through the town and Bohumín has the direct connection with many European capitals. Some of the lines were built by the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway company. The lines going through Bohumín includes: Bohumín–Olomouc–Prague, Bohumín–Brno, Bohumín–Žilina–Vrútky, Bohumín–Košice, Bohumín–Bratislava–Budapest, Bohumín–Vienna–Graz, Bohumín–Warsaw–Gdańsk–Gdynia, Bohumín–Kraków–Przemyśl, and Bohumín–Wrocław–Berlin. There is also an important depot of České dráhy in Bohumín.

LEO Express also operates a bus line to Polish cities Katowice and Kraków.

There are the Bohumín / Chałupki railway border crossing and Bohumín / Nowe Chałupki road border crossing to Poland.

The D1 motorway passes through the town.

Sights
The oldest monument of Bohumín is the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Old Bohumín. The church was built in the Gothic style in the 14th century on the site of an old chapel. In the second half of the 17th century, the church was extended by two chapels. After a fire in 1850, Baroque modifications were made. Its current form is the result of reconstruction in 1910–1911. Next to the church is a tomb of the Henckel family, former owners of Bohumín.

The most important landmark of Nový Bohumín is the Catholic Church of Sacred Heart. This neo-Gothic church was built in 1892–1894. Its appearance is characterized by red unplastered bricks. The Lutheran church in Nový Bohumín was built in 1900–1901. It was also built in the neo-Gothic style and is also protected as a cultural monument.

A notable building in Nový Bohumín is the town hall. It was completed in 1898 and a square was established in front of the building in the same year. In 1953, the building was turned into a medical centre. Since 2005, part of the municipal office has again been located there.

The Church of Saint Catherine in Vrbice was built in 1910–1913. It is a large historicist church with a tall prismatic tower.

The Church of Our Lady of Seven Sorrows in Skřečoň is also a historicist building, built in 1912–1924. Its part is a chapel, which probably dates from the end of the 19th century.

Notable people

 * Svatopluk Havelka (1925–2009), composer
 * Tomáš Pospíchal (1936–2003), footballer
 * Svatopluk Němeček (born 1972), politician
 * Tereza Bebarová (born 1975), actress

Twin towns – sister cities
Bohumín is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Gorzyce, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Prudnik, Poland

title: Bohumín


text:
Aquarii

In Christianity, Aquarii are those who substitute water for wine in the Eucharist. In Greek they were called Hydroparastatae, or those who offer water. Theodosius I, in his edict of 382, classes them as a special sect with the Manicheans, who also eschewed wine.

Modern day
Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly called "Mormons", use water instead of wine for their Sacrament ordinance. This is done due to the LDS doctrine against alcohol, known as the Word of Wisdom.

title: Aquarii


text:
User talk:Miklernout

Welcome, from Journalist Welcome to Wikipedia!

Hello. My name is Orane (but I go by the name 'Journalist' on Wikipedia) and I am one of Wikipedia's Administrators. I just stopped by to say Hi and to formally welcome you to Wikipedia. Thank you for your awesome contributions so far. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. I know that being here for the first few days may be a bit confusing, but you'll get used to it pretty soon.

Here are a few good links for newcomers. I know that they can be boring, but I recommend that you take a look at them:
 * Policies and guidelines
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! You can come to my talk page if you have any questions. If Im online, I will definitely respond. If I'm offline, you can go to Where to ask a question. Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~) ; this will automatically produce your name and the date. Again, welcome! Come say Hi! →Jo urna list >>talk<<  21:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Miklernout


text: User talk:164.116.186.206

title: User talk:164.116.186.206


text:
User talk:Deimos 28

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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 * Manual of Style

context-setting
Hello. Please note that Wikipedia deals with a large number of subjects. One should not begin an article by saying "Let X be a parametrized family of probability spaces that ..." etc., before informing the reader that the article is about mathematics or statistics rather than poetry, 18th-century chemistry, theology, music, politics, chess, etc. E.g.,: "In statistics, a robust estimator is a ....". Also note that one should set the title word or title phrase in bold at its first appearance. Michael Hardy 21:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Re: Setting the context
Hi there,

First of all, the capitals in the titles were put in on purpose: it is not uncommon practise and was required of me when I wrote my thesis. Anyway, I don't think it's a major issue and I don't really care either way. However, I will abide to putting words in bold at their first occurence and specify what the context is in future articles, as I consider it to be good advice.

Then, as far as introductory passages are concerned, I sometimes write them and sometimes not - it depends how much courage I have on a given day... Of course, I think there *should* be an introductory passage of some sort and I'm quite happy for other people (such as yourself for example) to write it if I haven't. I don't think the author of an article should be responsible for a complete coverage of the subject, nor for a perfect article: if you think something needs rewriting, feel free to do it. If I disagree, I'll tell you as I've put a watch on all the articles to which I have contributed.

In the former version of the estimator article, you didn't define what $$\theta$$ was (or $$\hat{\theta}$$ for that matter...): I consider that setting the context isn't merely to put a few hand-wavy explanations at the beginning of an article, but also to define precisely the mathematical beings you're using so that the reader knows what you're talking about (which is the only thing I like about maths actually).

Wow
You are really doing great over on Regression analysis. Thanks again. James S. 12:31, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks! As I more or less messed it up in the first place, I'm trying to do things cleanly now... At least, it showed me I really didn't have a clue what regression was about... ;)

Least-squares article
You're welcome, though I did little more than close the AfD according to consensus. Hopefully the AfD comments actually helped you improve the article, and no hard feelings came about :-) --Deathphoenix 22:51, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Fourier Series
Hi, your edits at fourier series are of course welcome. But keep in mind that conventionally, these pages should be constructed from least complicated to most complicated concepts. Some of your edits make the content that was simple, into content that may conform to the norms of formal mathematical definition, but are much more difficult to interpret. Please keep in mind the audiance that will be viewing these pages. Fresheneesz 07:05, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:Data plot women weight vs height.jpg listed for deletion
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Image:Plot regression women.jpg listed for deletion
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Characterizations of the exponential function
Hi, I noticed that you added a fifth characterization to the above article, the fact that the exponential function is the only continuous morphism from addition to multiplication. I've seen this proved in a couple of places (e.g. it is a homework problem in Rudin for the reals), but I haven't seen any proof (or even a claim) that continuity is a necessary condition.

Do you have a reference that shows that continuity is necessary, as I suspect it is? Thanks!

(The Wikipedia article is silent regarding whether continuity is necessary, so I'm not challenging the correctness of your edit. It just seems incomplete.)

—Steven G. Johnson 05:57, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Suppose you've proved that the exponential function is the only continuous function satisfying
 * f(x + y) = f(x)f(y).       (*)
 * and
 * f(1) = e.       (**)
 * What do you mean by saying continuity is "necessary"---i.e. necesary for what? Necessary for it to be an isomorphism from the reals with addition to the positive reals with multiplication?  It's not necessary for that, if you allow the axiom of choice.  You can use the seemingly weaker hypothesis of monotonicity.  That might superficially appear to mean you don't need continuity, but since it's enough to narrow it down to just one function, and since that function can be shown to be continuous, in that sense continuity is necessary.  Now you could ask: How do you show that the unique monotonic function satisfying the identities (*) and (**) is in fact continuous?  That could be what is meant by "How do you show continuity is necessary?"  But that can't be what you meant since you were assuming continuity.  Since Lebesgue measurability and the identities (*) and (**) are also sufficient to narrow it down to just one function.  Generally, Lebesgue measurability is a weaker condition than continuity, so you could say in that sense continuity is not necessary, but on the other hand, Lebesgue measurability and the two identities (*) and (**) are enough to entail continuity (since the unique function satisfying those conditions can be shown to be continuous), so in that sense, continuity is necessary. Michael Hardy 13:02, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Dragon Norbert in Harry Potter Movie (Goblet of Fire).jpg
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title: User talk:Deimos 28


text:
Oderberg

Oderberg is a town in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg in northeastern Germany. It is situated 16 km east of Eberswalde, and 27 km southwest of Schwedt, close to the border with Poland, and in close vicinity of Berlin.

Overview
The territory has many lakes, remnants from the ice age. The area is widely used for outdoor recreation, such as biking, walking and boating. As Biosphere region it is home to many species of wildlife. Oderberg is closest to the Oder river crossing leading directly to Cedynia, Poland.

History
In 1319, the town was captured by Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg. In 1320, it was captured by the Duchy of Pomerania, however, it was eventually lost by Pomerania in September 1321. Afterwards it passed to the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and from 1373 to 1415 it was part of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown.

From 1701, Oderberg was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, and from 1871 also the German Empire. From 1815 to 1947, it was administratively located in the Province of Brandenburg. After World War II, it was part of East Germany until 1990, administratively located within the State of Brandenburg from 1947 to 1952, Bezirk Frankfurt from 1952 to 1990 and since 1990 again of Brandenburg.

title: Oderberg


text:
DSV Turtle

Turtle (DSV-3) was a 16-ton, crewed deep-ocean research submersible owned by the United States Navy. It is sister to Alvin (DSV-2) and Sea Cliff (DSV-4).

History
Turtle (DSV-3) was designed and built by the Electric Boat division of General Dynamics Corporation at Groton, Connecticut. Turtle and her sister Sea Cliff (DSV-4) were launched on December 11, 1968. Turtle was named after Turtle Town, a small community in Polk County, Tennessee. Her name also pays tribute to the American submarine Turtle which served in the American Revolution. Turtle was accepted by the US Navy on September 25, 1970 at Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

Turtle was designed to dive to 6500 feet. When DSV-2 Alvin installed a new titanium hull, the Alvin steel hull was installed in the Turtle. The original steel hull was acquired by the Mariners' Museum and Park in 2000 and became a part of the exhibition. The Turtle depth rating was then increased to 10,000 feet. The Alvin-class DSV's were designed to replace older DSV, such as the less maneuverable Trieste-class bathyscaphes.

Turtle spent her career as a unit of the U.S. Navy's Submarine Development Group 1 in San Diego, California.

The Turtle was retired from active service on October 1, 1997. It was stricken from the US Navy Register on April 15, 1998.

It was on display at the Mystic Aquarium in Mystic, Connecticut.

Awards
Turtle earned one National Defense Service Medal in 1970. In addition to that she was awarded with the Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation (MUC) in 1982, 1983 and 1990.

In fiction
In fiction, she was featured in the 1980 film Raise the Titanic; she was one of several submersibles in the salvage fleet, and one of two (along with the fictional NUMA submersible Deep Quest) that actually discovered the wreck.

Alvin class DSV

 * DSV Alvin (DSV-2)
 * DSV Sea Cliff (DSV-4)
 * Nemo (DSV-5)

title: DSV Turtle


text:
List of residential colleges

This is a list of residential colleges at various college campuses. It gives the name of the university and country in which each college is located. It is sorted by country (and sometimes by regional subdivision), and in alphabetical order by university name and then college name within each country.

Residential Colleges in North Adelaide
Independent colleges associated with the University of Adelaide, University of South Australia and Flinders University.
 * Aquinas College
 * Kathleen Lumley College (postgraduate)
 * Lincoln College
 * St. Ann's College
 * St. Mark's College

Flinders University

 * University Hall

Australian National University

 * Bruce Hall
 * Burgmann College
 * Burton & Garran Hall
 * Fenner Hall
 * Graduate House
 * John XXIII College
 * Toad Hall
 * Ursula Hall
 * University House
 * Wright Hall
 * Yukeembruk College

University of Tasmania
Hobart Launceston
 * Christ College
 * Jane Franklin Hall
 * St. John Fisher College
 * Hytten Hall

 * Investigator Hall
 * Kerslake Hall

La Trobe University
The Management rights of the Residential Colleges of LaTrobe University were given to UniLodge Australia in 2020.
 * Chisholm College
 * Glenn College
 * Menzies College

University of Melbourne
The University of Melbourne's residential colleges are:
 * Graduate House
 * International House
 * Janet Clarke Hall
 * Medley Hall
 * Newman College
 * Ormond College
 * Queen's College
 * St. Hilda's College
 * St. Mary's College
 * Trinity College
 * University College

Monash University

 * Mannix College

Macquarie University

 * Dunmore Lang College
 * Robert Menzies College

University of New England

 * Austin College, University of New England
 * Drummond and Smith College
 * Duval College
 * Earle Page College
 * Mary White College
 * Robb College
 * St Albert's College

University of New South Wales

 * Basser College
 * Colombo House
 * Creston College
 * Fig Tree Hall
 * Goldstein College
 * International House
 * New College
 * Philip Baxter College
 * Shalom College
 * UNSW Hall
 * Warrane College

University of Sydney

 * International House
 * Mandelbaum House
 * Sancta Sophia College
 * St. Andrew's College
 * St. John's College
 * St. Paul's College
 * Wesley College
 * The Women's College

University of Wollongong

 * Campus East
 * Graduate House
 * Gundi
 * International House
 * Kooloobong
 * Keiraview
 * The Manor
 * Marketview
 * Weerona College

Independent

 * Raymont Residential College

Griffith University

 * Bellenden Ker College
 * Griffith University Village
 * KGBC
 * Mt. Gravatt College

James Cook University

 * Saints Catholic College
 * Saint Mark's College (James Cook University)|Saint Mark's College
 * The John Flynn College

University of Queensland

 * Cromwell College
 * Duschesne College
 * Emmanuel College
 * Grace College
 * International House
 * King's College
 * St. John's College
 * St. Leo's College
 * Union College
 * Women's College

Curtin University

 * St. Catherine's College

University of Western Australia

 * St. Catherine's College
 * St. George's College
 * St. Thomas Moore College
 * Trinity College
 * University Hall

University of British Columbia

 * Green College
 * St. John's College

Trent University

 * Catharine Parr Traill College
 * Champlain College
 * Julian Blackburn College
 * Lady Eaton College
 * Otonabee College
 * Peter Gzowski College

University of Manitoba
The colleges affiliated to the University of Manitoba are:
 * St. Andrew's College
 * St. John's College
 * St. Paul's College
 * University College

University of Waterloo

 * Conrad Grebel University College
 * Renison University College
 * St. Jerome's University
 * St. Paul's University College

University of Western Ontario

 * Brescia University College
 * Huron University College
 * King's University College

University of Toronto

 * Constituent colleges
 * Innis College
 * New College
 * University College
 * Woodsworth College

 * Federated colleges
 * St. Michael's College
 * Loretto College
 * Trinity College
 * St. Hilda's College
 * Victoria University
 * Emmanuel College

 * Theological colleges
 * Knox College
 * Regis College
 * Wycliffe College
 * Massey College, affiliated but independent

York University

 * Calumet College
 * Founders College
 * Glendon College
 * McLaughlin College
 * New College
 * Norman Bethune College
 * Stong College
 * Vanier College
 * Winters College

Jacobs University Bremen

 * Alfried Krupp College
 * College Nordmetall
 * College 3
 * Mercator College

Chinese University of Hong Kong

 * Chung Chi College
 * New Asia College
 * United College
 * Shaw College
 * Morningside College
 * S. H. Ho College
 * Lee Woo Sing College
 * Wu Yee Sun College
 * C. W. Chu College

POSTECH

 * RC 21동

Yonsei University
Sinchon and International Campus:
 * 한결 하우스 (Evergreen House)
 * 이원철 하우스 (Wonchul House)
 * 언더우드 하우스 (Underwood House)
 * 윤동주 하우스 (Yun, Dong-Joo House)
 * 무악 하우스 (Muak House)
 * 치원 하우스 (Chi Won House)
 * 용재 하우스 (Yongjae House)
 * 에비슨 하우스 (Avison House)
 * 백양 하우스 (Baek Yang House)
 * 청송하우스 (Cheongsong House)
 * 알렌 국제 하우스 (Allen International House)
 * 아리스토텔레스 국제 하우스 (Aristotle International House)

Wonju Campus:
 * 이글 하우스 (Eagle House)
 * 솜니움 하우스 (Somnium House)
 * 머레이 하우스 (Murray House)
 * 로이스 하우스 (Lois House)
 * 베리타스 하우스 (Veritas House)
 * 아람뜰 하우스 (Aramttle House)
 * 초아름 하우스 (Choareum House)

Handong Global University

 * 토레이칼리지 (Torrey College, 비전관)
 * 카이퍼칼리지 (Kuyper College, 창조관)
 * 손양원칼리지 (Son Yang Won College, 벧엘관)
 * 열송학사칼리지 (Philadelphos College, 로뎀관)
 * 장기려칼리지 (Chang Kee ryo College, 은혜관)
 * 카마이클칼리지 (Carmichael College, 국제관)

University of Calicut

 * Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur
 * St. Thomas College, Thrissur
 * Sree Narayana College, Nattika
 * Sree Narayana Guru College of Advanced Studies, Nattika
 * St. Aloysius College, Elthuruth
 * Vimala College, Thrissur
 * St. Marys College, Thrissur
 * Little Flower College, Guruvayoor
 * Sree Krishna College, Guruvayoor
 * MES, Asmabi, Kodungaloor
 * Sahrdaya College of Advanced Studies, Kodakara
 * Prajyoti Niketan College, Pudukad
 * St. Thomas College, Thrissur
 * Panampilly Memorial College, Chalakudy
 * IHRD, Nattika
 * Christ College, Irinjalakuda
 * C. K. Achuthamenon College, Kuttanellur
 * Government College, Ollur

Mahathma Gandhi University

 * St. Thomas College, Kozhencheri
 * Union Christian College, Aluva
 * Maharaja's College, Ernakulam
 * SNM College, Maliankara, Moothakunnam
 * KMM College of Arts and Science, Thrikkakara
 * Nirmala College, Muvattupuzha
 * Newman College, Thodupuzha

University of Pavia
The University of Pavia has 16 residential colleges, with the oldest dating back to the 16th century. Eleven are state-owned, four are independent colleges "legally recognised by the Italian Ministry of University and Research" and one is private. Students are not required to be members of a college.

 * Collegio Alessandro Volta
 * Collegio Benvenuto Griziotti
 * Collegio Borromeo (independent)
 * Collegio Castiglioni-Brugnatelli
 * Collegio Fratelli Cairoli
 * Collegio Gerolamo Cardano
 * Collegio Ghislieri (independent)
 * Collegio Giasone del Maino
 * Collegio Lazzaro Spallanzani
 * Collegio Lorenzo Valla
 * Collegio Nuovo (independent)
 * Collegio Plinio Fraccaro
 * Collegio Santa Caterina da Siena (independent)
 * Collegio Universitario Quartier Novo
 * Residenze Golgi I e II
 * Private Residence "Campus 4 us"

Auckland University

 * International House
 * Grafton Hall
 * O'Rorke Hall

University of Otago
The University of Otago has 14 colleges, of which 10 are undergraduate only and 4 take both postgraduates and undergraduates.

 * Aquinas College
 * Arana College (undergraduate and postgraduate)
 * Caroline Freeman College (undergraduate and postgraduate)
 * Carrington College
 * Cumberland College
 * Hayward College
 * Knox College (undergraduate and postgraduate)
 * St Margaret's College
 * Salmond College (undergraduate and postgraduate)
 * Selwyn College
 * Studholme College
 * Te Rangi Hiroa College
 * Toroa College
 * University College

National University of Singapore

 * Cinnamon College
 * College of Alice and Peter Tan
 * Ridge View Residential College
 * Residential College 4
 * Tembusu College

Yale-NUS College

 * Saga College
 * Elm College
 * Cendana College

King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi

 * Residential College at KMUTT Ratchaburi Learning Park

University of Cambridge
Source:
 * Christ's College
 * Churchill College
 * Clare College
 * Clare Hall (postgraduate only)
 * Corpus Christi College
 * Darwin College (postgraduate only)
 * Downing College
 * Emmanuel College
 * Fitzwilliam College
 * Girton College
 * Gonville and Caius College
 * Homerton College
 * Hughes Hall (mature and postgraduate students only)
 * Jesus College
 * King's College
 * Lucy Cavendish College
 * Magdalene College
 * Murray Edwards College (women only)
 * Newnham College (women only)
 * Pembroke College
 * Peterhouse
 * Queens' College
 * Robinson College
 * St Catharine's College
 * St Edmund's College (mature and postgraduate students only)
 * St John's College
 * Selwyn College
 * Sidney Sussex College
 * Trinity College
 * Trinity Hall
 * Wolfson College (mature and postgraduate students only)

Durham University

 * Collingwood College
 * Grey College
 * Hatfield College
 * John Snow College
 * Josephine Butler College
 * St Aidan's College
 * St Chad's College
 * St Cuthbert's Society
 * College of St Hild and St Bede
 * St John's College
 * St Mary's College
 * South College
 * Stephenson College
 * Trevelyan College
 * University College

 * Ustinov College (postgraduate only)
 * Van Mildert College

Source:

University of Kent
The University of Kent has seven colleges in its Canterbury campus (one primarily postgraduate) and one (for both undergraduates and postgraduates) at its Medway campus.
 * Darwin College
 * Eliot College
 * Keynes College
 * Medway College (undergraduate and postgraduate; at Medway campus)
 * Park Wood College
 * Rutherford College
 * Turing College
 * Woolf College (mainly postgraduate)

Lancaster University

 * Bowland College
 * Cartmel College
 * The County College
 * Furness College
 * Fylde College
 * Graduate College (postgraduate only)
 * Grizedale College
 * Lonsdale College
 * Pendle College

Source:

University of Oxford

 * All Souls College (does not accept postgraduate or undergraduate students)
 * Balliol College
 * Blackfriars Hall
 * Brasenose College
 * Campion Hall (postgraduate only)
 * Christ Church
 * Corpus Christi College
 * Exeter College
 * Green Templeton College (postgraduate only)
 * Harris Manchester College
 * Hertford College
 * Jesus College
 * Keble College, Oxford
 * Kellogg College (postgraduate only)
 * Lady Margaret Hall
 * Linacre College (postgraduate only)
 * Lincoln College
 * Magdalen College
 * Mansfield College
 * Merton College
 * New College
 * Nuffield College (postgraduate only)
 * Oriel College
 * Pembroke College
 * The Queen's College
 * Regent's Park College
 * Reuben College (postgraduate only)
 * St Anne's College
 * St Antony's College (postgraduate only)
 * St Benet's Hall
 * St Catherine's College
 * St Cross College (postgraduate only)
 * St Edmund Hall
 * St Hilda's College
 * St Hugh's College
 * St John's College
 * St Peter's College
 * St Stephen's House
 * Somerville College
 * Trinity College
 * University College
 * Wadham College
 * Wolfson College (postgraduate only)
 * Worcester College
 * Wycliffe Hall

Source:

University of Roehampton

 * Digby Stuart College
 * Froebel College
 * Southlands College
 * Whitelands College

Source:

University of York

 * Alcuin College
 * Anne Lister College
 * Constantine College
 * David Kato College
 * Derwent College
 * Goodricke College
 * Halifax College
 * James College
 * Langwith College
 * Vanbrugh College
 * Wentworth Graduate College (postgraduate only)

Source:

Binghamton University
Binghamton University has six residential communities:
 * Apartment Community
 * College-In-The-Woods
 * Dickinson Community
 * Hinman College
 * Mountainview College
 * Newing College

Cornell University
Cornell has a variety of housing options, including residences halls, program houses (themed residences halls) and co-op houses. Two of the program houses are identified as residential colleges:

 * Risley Residential College
 * Ujamaa Residential College

The houses of the West Campus House System have also been identified by the university as a "residential college initiative":

 * Carl Becker House
 * Hans Bethe House
 * Alice Cook House
 * William Keeton House
 * Flora Rose House

Dartmouth College
Dartmouth has six houses in its house system and all students are members of a house:

 * Allen House
 * East Wheelock House
 * North Park House
 * School House
 * South House
 * West House

Fairfield University
Fairfield University has three sophomore residential colleges that offer both residence and academic programmes to sophomore (second year) students:
 * Service for Justice Residential College
 * Ignatian Leadership Residential College
 * Creative Life Residential College

Fordham University
Fordham University has three integrated learning communities for first year students and six for upperclassmen.

First year integrated learning communities:
 * Loyola Residential College and the Manresa Program
 * Queen’s Court Residential College
 * Science Integrated Learning Community

Upperclassmen integrated learning communities:

 * Campbell and Salice-Conley Residential College
 * Integrated Learning Community for Global Business
 * The West Wing: Integrated Learning Community for Ignatian Leadership and Civic Service
 * The Wellness Integrated Learning Community
 * Upperclass Science Integrated Learning Community
 * Tierney Sophomore Year Experience

Franklin & Marshall College
Franklin & Marshall has five college houses:
 * Bonchek College House
 * Brooks College House
 * Roschel College House
 * Ware College House
 * Weis College House

Harvard University
Harvard's house system covers upper-level students (beyond the first year). There are twelve residential houses and one "community" for non-residential students:
 * Adams House
 * Cabot House
 * Currier House
 * Dudley Community
 * Dunster House
 * Eliot House
 * Kirkland House
 * Leverett House
 * Lowell House
 * Mather House
 * Pforzheimer House
 * Quincy House
 * Winthrop House

Princeton University
Princeton has six undergraduate colleges and one graduate college:
 * Butler College
 * First College
 * Forbes College
 * Graduate College (graduate students)
 * Mathey College
 * Rockefeller College
 * Whitman College

Rochester Institute of Technology
Rochester Institute of Technology has seven special interest houses:
 * Art House
 * Computer Science House (CSH)
 * Engineering House
 * House of General Science (HoGS)
 * International House (I-House)
 * Photo House
 * Unity House

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

 * Douglass Residential College (women only)

Yale University
Yale has 14 residential colleges and all undergraduates belong to a college.
 * Benjamin Franklin College
 * Berkeley College
 * Branford College
 * Davenport College
 * Ezra Stiles College
 * Grace Hopper College
 * Jonathan Edwards College
 * Morse College
 * Pauli Murray College
 * Pierson College
 * Saybrook College
 * Silliman College
 * Timothy Dwight College
 * Trumbull College

Central Michigan University
Central Michigan University has ten themed "living learning communities":
 * Business Residential College
 * Education and Human Services Residential College
 * Health Professions Residential College
 * Honors Program Residential Community
 * Leader Advancement Scholars
 * Multicultural Advancement and Lloyd Cofer Scholars Residential College
 * Public-Spirited Scholars
 * School of Music Residential College
 * Science and Engineering Residential College
 * Transfer Student Community

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

 * Residential College

Michigan State University
Michigan State University has three themed residential colleges.
 * James Madison College (public affairs and public policy)
 * Lyman Briggs College (interdisciplinary studies and sciences
 * Residential College in the Arts and Humanities (arts and humanities)

Northwestern University
Northwestern has ten themed undergraduate residential colleges:
 * Residential College of Commerce and Industry
 * Humanities Residential College
 * Residential College of Cultural and Community Studies
 * Communications Residential College
 * Women's Residential College
 * Public Affairs Residential College
 * Shepard Residential College
 * Residential College of Science and Engineering
 * International Studies Residential College
 * Willard Residential College

Washington University in St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis has ten residential colleges for first and second year students: University of Notre Dame
 * Hitzeman, Hurd and Myers
 * Lee and Beaumont
 * Liggett and Koenig
 * Park and Mudd
 * Robert S. Brookings
 * Shanedling, Dauten and Rutledge
 * Thomas H. Eliot
 * Umrath and South 40
 * Wayman Crow
 * William Greenleaf Eliot

Appalachian State University

 * Watauga Residential College

Baylor University

 * Brooks Residential College

University of Georgia

 * Franklin Residential College

Louisiana State University

 * Broussard I.T. Residential College
 * Herget Freshman Residential College

Murray State University

 * Elizabeth College
 * Hart College
 * Springer-Franklin College
 * White College

University of Miami

 * Eaton Residential College
 * Hecht Residential College
 * Mahoney Residential College
 * Pearson Residential College
 * Stanford Residential College

University of Mississippi

 * Residential College

University of North Carolina at Greensboro

 * Ashby Residential College at Mary Foust Hall
 * Cornelia Strong College
 * Grogan College
 * Warren Ashby Residential College at Mary Foust Hall

University of Oklahoma

 * Dunham College
 * Headington College

University of South Carolina

 * Preston Residential College

Southern Arkansas University

 * Residential College at East Hall

Tulane University

 * Wall Residential College

University of Virginia

 * Brown College at Monroe Hill
 * Hereford College
 * International Residential College

Vanderbilt University
Vanderbilt University has ten first-year houses, located on The Martha Rivers Ingram Commons, and five upper-division residential colleges.
 * The Martha Rivers Ingram Commons
 * Crawford House
 * East House
 * Gillette House
 * Hank Ingram House
 * Memorial House
 * Murray House
 * North House
 * Stambaugh House
 * Sutherland House
 * West House
 * Warren College
 * Moore College
 * E. Bronson Ingram College (E.B.I.)
 * Nicholas S. Zeppos College (Zeppos)
 * Rothschild College

Virginia Tech

 * Residential College at West Ambler Johnston
 * Honors Residential College
 * Leadership and Social Change College

Rice University

 * Baker College
 * Brown College
 * Duncan College
 * Hanszen College
 * Jones College
 * Lovett College
 * Martel College
 * McMurtry College
 * Sid Richardson College
 * Wiess College
 * Will Rice College

University of Central Arkansas
The University of Central Arkansas has six residential colleges: five "living and learning communities" and one "commuter learning community".

 * HPaW Residential College in Baridon Hall
 * EDGE Residential College in Hughes Hall
 * The Stars Residential College in Short/Denney Hall
 * STEM Residential College in Arkansas Hall
 * Business Residential College in Bear Hall
 * Minton Commuter College in Old Main Hall

University of California, San Diego

 * Earl Warren College
 * Eighth College
 * Eleanor Roosevelt College
 * John Muir College
 * Revelle College
 * Seventh College
 * Sixth College
 * Thurgood Marshall College

University of California, Santa Cruz

 * College Nine
 * Cowell College
 * Crown College
 * John R Lewis College
 * Kresge College
 * Merrill College
 * Oakes College
 * Porter College
 * Rachel Carson College
 * Stevenson College

University of California, Berkeley

 * Bowles Hall

Stanford University

 * Freshman-Sophomore College

title: List of residential colleges


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