text:
Talk:Bidun

Merge with bidoon
There already exists an article in a different transliteration. Would do it myself but Im not quite certain about the bidoons in Bahrain. Zer0fighta 06:57, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merged. Neutralitytalk 19:54, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Moved from article to here

 * the number of bidus is estimated to be 140,000 in Kuwait, approximately 50% of them were in Kuwait during the first census in 1965 and thus qualify for citizenship according the Kuwaiti authorities. However, apart from granting citizenship to few thousands people, the majority of bidun living in Kuwait is still denied basic rights, such as the right to travel or have an I.D or driving licenses. –saleh82.148.97.69 11:38, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

The plural of "Bidun" is not "Bidus"[sic], and user signatures are not placed in articles (among other problems). AnonMoos 15:28, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bidun


text:
KTKB-FM

KTKB-FM, (101.9 FM) branded as Megamixx 101.9, is the first Filipino format station in the United States territory of Guam.

History
It was built in late 2002 by Rolly Manuntag—working for its owners from Skokie, Illinois—and officially opened on June 2, 2003.

DJs
Current:
 * Doods of The Radio Breakfast eXtreme Show
 * Rolly M. of Middays with Rolly M.
 * Arnold of The Afternoon Shift: Plug n' Play Show
 * Migz of The Flipside: Happy Hapon Show
 * DJ Cure of The GroovyNights Show
 * Damdaming Pinoy
 * DJ Tass of The Saturday Show
 * Tita Gloria Diaz of The Dear Heart Show
 * Kumusta Kabayan

Former:
 * Love Lines
 * The Bro Show
 * Mr Craig of The GroovyNights Show
 * Initial V of The Saturday Showtime
 * Lady D of The Saturday Escapade Show
 * Johnny Z. of The i m radio (international music radio) Show

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: KTKB-FM


text:
Talk:Tenebrism

[Untitled]
So what's up with the undos? Is this another one of those pages on Wikipedia that someone has chosen to "own" and will not accept any changes to their deathless prose? "Violent" contrasts in dark and light? Really? How many people have died from Chiaroscuro? I'm not sure I know what the candle was named, Gerrit van Honthorst, or Rembrandt... your reference is not clear. How did Caravaggio keep these later painters "under his Influence?" Hypnotism? Or were they merely influenced by his work? Frankly this is a serious problem with Wikipedia: lousy writers who can't accept changes to their work and who sit waiting ever ready to pounce and undo anything that interferes with their undying legacy. Even when they are clearly wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stevegray (talk • contribs) 22:27, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

The entire content can be included as it is, without losing any text, in Chiaroscuro, which needs to be mentioned, even in a bare definition of Tenebrism, which doesn't stand well alone. If there are no objections, I'll do this, leaving a redirect here. --Wetman 06:57, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess I'm for that. Chiaroscuro and tenebrism are so closely related, I've seen references stating that Caravaggio developed both.

good idea, do it

i'm all for it, joe dimaggio! ~_uNcLe94U_~

It makes sense to merge the Tenebrism text with the Chiaroscuro. Suggestion: Connect the two with an explanation of how T evolved in relationship to C --what the difference would be (give examples). Thanks! 65.147.77.206 17:29, 26 December 2005 (UTC)lah

I say merge itTom 21:41, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

They are not quite the same thing. Chiaroscuro refers to the use of light and shade in a work. Tenebrism denotes a style (especially of the Baroque era) that's predominantly dark or nocturnal.203.54.180.229 13:47, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Chiaroscure is more about creating shadows on some parts of a painting. As said before, tenebrism is predominantly dark. In tenebrism only a very small part of the painting is put in a 'spotlight'

-Well, I think they still have some sort of relation and should be merged.

- Tenebrism should be merged with tenebroso. The article title should be preferably tenebroso, to keep with the naming theme: sfumato, chiaroscuro... --Navaburo 18:25, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

- I think that 'Sfumato' is the advanced realtive of chiaroscuro;tenebrism has more to do with dramatic lighting than value.Sdlc 16:11, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

-Needs to have some sort of connection, but keep the two on separate pages.

- I would agree that the article for tenebrism is small, but it does stand well on its own. It is a different (even if somewhat related) technique than chiaroscuro. I would be supportive of adding links between the two to show the relation and evolution between them.

They are related but are certainly not the same. They should be left as two separate articles but linked to one another.

---Tenebrism is light, illuminating the scene from one direction and chiaroscuro is is the light placed against a darker part of the scene. While they seem the same, they may stand alone in art or be coupled together. The definitions are distinct from one another.

Last call for merge comments
most seem against; on the other page even more soJohnbod 00:37, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Tag now removed Johnbod 17:48, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Etymology
It seems to me that Latin tenebra, "shadow", would be a more appropriate origin. Does anyone have a source? A quick look (etymonline.com) didn't turn anything up. Golwengaud (talk) 18:56, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/587198/tenebrism) and Merriam-Webster (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tenebrism) give tenebrae (shadows) as the origin, but ArtLex (http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/t/tenebrism.html) gives tenebroso. I'm going to leave it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Golwengaud (talk • contribs) 18:04, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tenebrism


text:
User:Evolutionary

Evolutionary: a gradual revolutionary, maybe?

Should people who deny evolution be denied antibiotics? Misuse of antibiotics (overuse, incomplete course of treaments, use against viruses) has caused many strains of bacteria to evolve high levels of resistance to antibiotics.

title: User:Evolutionary


text:
Amurrio

Amurrio is a town and municipality located in the northwest part of the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. It has over 10,000 inhabitants. It is between Vitoria-Gasteiz and Bilbao, respectively 41 km and 31 km.

Geography
Amurrio is in border with the following towns:
 * In the North: Ayala and Orozko (Biscay).
 * In the South: Orduña (Biscay).
 * In the East: Zuia.
 * In the West: Ayala.

Councils
Amurrio has 10 settlements within its municipality:
 * Aloria
 * Amurrio (capital)
 * Artomaña
 * Baranbio
 * Delika
 * Larrinbe
 * Lekamaña
 * Lezama
 * Onsoño
 * Saratxo
 * Tertanga

History
Amurrio entered into written history in 1095. It had its own council in 1842 -since before it belonged to Ayala-, and made itself totally independent in 1919. It is, thus, a town with an old flavour, while at the same time, as one sees in its architecture and the strength of its industry, it is full of youthful vigour.

Amurrio remained a farming area even with the rise of industry. In the 1950s there were small workshops working with gold and silver and with liqueurs. Also there were enterprises working with railways and valves. All of them helped to prop up the weak agricultural economy of the area.

The great change, nevertheless, occurred a few years later with the setting up of major steel companies; which, with their promise for the future, attracted people form other lands. They brought Amurrio their rich human diversity, and the population doubles in the ten years leading up to 1975. In 1976 it acquired nine more towns, including Arrastaria, forming today's administrative division.

Economy
Amurrio's economy revolves principally around industry, despite services are also important. This countryside is in close harmony with industry, since not in vain do more than 60% of the population work in factories and workshops.

Historically, steel and tube production have been the best known industry in Amurrio. Due to the 21st century petroleum crisis, many more job positions were created. Nowadays, between Amurrio and Llodio are located two of the most significant steel tube producers of the Basque Country and Europe: Tubacex and Tubos Reunidos.

The industrial estates Aldaiturriaga and Saratxo, adjoining the railway and road, offer the appropriate land and amenities.

These are the factories that have more than 50 employees:
 * Aceralava Acería de Álava: 150 employees.
 * Amurrio Ferrocarril y Equipos: 175 employees.
 * Industria Auxiliar Alavesa (INAUXA): 140 employees.
 * Kime: 110 employees.
 * Lázaro Ituarte Internacional: 50 employees.
 * Möllertech: 330 employees.
 * Tubacex Tuberías Inoxidables (TTI) : 160 employees.
 * Tubos Reunidos: 940 employees.

Due to the steel manufacturing factories' huge presence, Amurrio has created a medium-sized steel industry network:
 * Talleres F.Larrinaga: valve and gear production.
 * Castinox: production of valves, stainless steel and various components of the industry, as well as smelting alloy.

The sectors of wood manufacturing and construction are also remarkable:
 * Etxeguren: industrial projects: maintenance, change of machinery, installations...
 * Plaza Amurrio : supply for construction, materials, furniture...

Even if agriculture is on a second level, there are some important shops where this home-made or home-extracted products can be bought:
 * Industrias Cárnicas Burutxaga: meat industry.
 * Lur Denok: ecological food.

Demography
During the 1960s and 1970s the inhabitants of Amurrio grew, among others because of the process of industrialisation of Biscay -it must be taken into account that Amurrio is very close to Bilbao and it is under its influence.

From the 1980s onwards, due to the economic recession, population stabilized. In 2008, nevertheless, the town recovered and reached again to 10,000 inhabitants.

Source: www.ine.es

Twin towns
🇪🇭 Western Sahara, Agounit.

Basque
The Basque dialect used in Amurrio is a variation of the Western dialect.

It is estimated that a quarter of the inhabitants are Basque-speaking people. However, the usage of Basque is much lower than that. In order to encourage its use, the town hall launches more than a campaign and learning programme per year, such as Euskaraz Bizi eguna, where every citizen is invited to participate in activities and conferences in Basque.

There is also an ikastola ("Aresketa") and bertso-eskola, where both compulsory and extracurricular lessons are taught in Basque. Amurrio has also been more than once the scenery of Araba Euskaraz: in 1986, 1996, 2005 and 2013. Additionally, in 2010 the celebration on the public school was held in Lucas Rey.

As for associations promoting and encouraging Basque, Belaiki euskara elkartea, Aspaltza euskara elkartea, Aiaraldea and Aiaraldeko Euskalgintza Kontseilua could be mentioned.

Festivities

 * From August 11 to August 17 patronal festivities in honour of Assumption of Mary and Saint Roch.
 * August 15, Blessed Virgin Mary other Assumption of Mary day.
 * August 16, Saint Roch.
 * Artzain eguna: third Sunday of September. Within this day various activities related to the shepherding are organised: cheese competition, sheep meet tasting, shearing demonstration, and so on.
 * Mikoturismo eguna: in November. Day in which activities around mushrooms are organised: conferences, special menus elaborated with mushrooms, pintxo competition, and so on.
 * January 17, Anthony the Great (or San Anton).
 * October 28, Simon the Zealot and Jude the Apostle (or San Simon and San Judas).
 * April 28, festivities in honour of San Prudencio, the patron saint of Álava.
 * May 9, Las Entradillas dance.
 * Txakolin eguna: in May, the following Sunday of Isidore the Laborer. Destacable our txakoli, which receives an origin denomination: Txakoli de Álava.

Museums
Some of the museums one can find in Amurrio are the following:

Aresketamendi
This outdoors museum is located at the outskirts of Amurrio, near the upper side of the town (Zaraobe, the ancient meeting point). It has 22,600m2.

It is mainly dedicated to renewable energies (air, water, sun and biomass) and supports sustainable energetic practices. It has about 26 energetic gadgets, either for children or adults.

Museum of Liqueur
This museum was the first of its time in Euskadi. It goes over the career of Manuel Acha's distillery, who was founded in 1831 and has some well-known brands such as Karpy liqueur or Sierra de Orduña pacharan. There is an exhibition on barrels, of 19th century and 20th century, accounting books, advertising material from 20th century, references to the Karpy cycling club (professional clothing of the 1960s and 1970s), and so on.

The area has approximately 250m2 distributed in three rooms.

Txakolineria
This is the largest txakoli producer in Álava. The visit consists of visiting the txakolineria and afterwards a tasting in the txoko, which is similar to a community or local where friends usually meet.

Monuments
In 1905 there was already a small Romanesque "monastery" in Amurrio, on a promontory, on the side of the main road. With the passage of the years, houses were built in the area, along with the Palacio de Cejudo mansion. On another promontory, near where the routes intersect, the chapel of San Antón and the Ugarte Tower-House were erected. It is for this reason that big houses and churches are at the side of the roads rather than on squares.

Church of Santa María
Here we find a pointed arch and cantilevers from the old Romanesque church, dating from the middle or late 13th century, still preserved. However, the greater part of the building is in the Renaissance style, dating from the middle of the 16th century.

The well designed altarpiece is unusual in that only the central part is gilded. The Stations of the Cross were painted by Juan de Aranoa.

San Antón chapel
This was a meeting place for the ancient councils, as well as a place at which oaths were taken. Here, on the 17th January each year, judges, forest keepers and scribes were appointed. Alongside, according to old papers, it was the Hospital of San Antón which on occasion afforded shelter to travellers making the pilgrimage to the shrine of St James. The picture of St Anthony venerated in the hermitage is by Mauricio Valdivielso, known as the Santero de Payueta.

Nowadays there is a market held in Sant Antón chapel every Friday.

Urrutia Tower-House
Also known as the Palacio de Cejudo, after the name of the family that lived in it, it is next to the parish church and at the side of the old main road; the road which connected the plains of Castile (historical region) with ports on the Bay of Biscay. It is a beautiful construction dating from the 16th century, notable for its ashlar work and its clean lines.

Ugarte Tower-House
Its construction was ordered in 1728 by Manuel de Ugarte y Orúe Knight of the Order of Santiago, to add his estate. This tower-house costed more than six thousand silver pesos escudos. Since 1983, it has been the municipality's cultural centre.

Palacio de Larrako, in Lezama
This is mansion is next to the point at which another road branches off from the old road connecting Vitoria-Gasteiz and Balmaseda, between Lezama and Berganza.

Its construction was ordered by Captain Juan de Ugarte in the 1640s. The building is quite well preserved and affords an idea of the big houses in which the wealthy lived.

GUK sculpture
This sculpture -we in English- is one of the latest acquisitions on Amurrio. It was built in 2000. It is made of steel and hundreds of names are written on it.

Ever since its construction, a gala is yearly celebrated to honour special citizens who have collaborated to improve the town and town-life.

Sports
Most common sports in Amurrio are football, basketball, cycling and Basque traditional sports (Basque pelota) and dances. However, the citizens also practice skiing, mountain climbing, and mountain running.

Most sports are practices in the sports centre or in "Refor", which is a sports complex with a gymnasium, a track, two football fields, a rugby field, a tennis field, and a basketball court.

Football
Regarding football, there is a club (Amurrio Club playing in Tercera División. It was founded in 1949.

Basketball
Zaraobe ST is the basketball team of Amurrio, founded in 1985 by Marcos Maroto.

Cycling
There is also a cycling club in Amurrio (Club Ciclista Amurrio).

Basque traditional sports and dances
Basque pelota and traditional dances are, as well, very well known sports in Amurrio. As for the dances, Aiara Dantza Taldea is the responsible of the teaching.

Routes
The gentle hills surrounding Amurrio, such as the nearby Sierra Salvada and the forest of Altube, invite one to walk, to get up and move. Shepherds' trails, routes taken by traders and roads of historical interest are to be found throughout these valleys, forests and mountains. Since it is difficult to choose, here two mountain routes and a road route.

Monte Santiago, Nervión waterfall
Following the old main road that goes from Bilbao to Pancorbo, province of Burgos, this place can be found. A little way past Orduña there is a steep mountain pass for six kilometres, which takes up to an altitude of 900 metres. A little further on, taking a sandy route that branches off, we enter Monte Santiago, a protected natural area with plentiful beech trees belonging to the region of Castile and León. At the boundary we find the remains of an old wolves' lair and a balcony overlooking the cascade, with a fall of nearly 300 metres, formed by the Nervión river.

The name of Monte Santiago comes from a monastery that used to stand at this altitude, dedicated to Santiago Apóstol or St James, already documented in 1075 as Santiago de Langreiz.

Ayala route
If we take the Balmaseda road from Amurrio we soon arrive to Zaraobe, a high area where, until 1841, the village and district councils of the Tierra de Ayala held their meetings.

On the left the imposing Sierra Salvada can be seen, at the height of more than 1,000 metres; while the road skirts hillocks on which sheep and cattle graze. There are numerous farmhouses.

A few kilometres from Amurrio, it is Respaldiza, chief village of the municipality of Ayala and one of the villages referred to in 1095. The portal of the church of this municipality dates from the late 12th century and it is in clear contrast with the town hall, dating from the 18th century. Nevertheless, they form an architectural unit.

Once passed Respaldiza, we reach Quejana, ancestral home of the chancellor Pedro López de Ayala, author of Rimado de Palacio and other literary works. Here we have the chance to admire the wonderfully preserved tower, with its chapel dedicated to the Virgen del Cabello. This chapel contains the alabaster tombs of Don Pedro and of his wife Leonor de Guzmán, as well as the copy of a Gothic altarpiece to be found in a museum in Chicago. In its place, now a Dominican convent lays, where there is a delightful little museum devoted to the people of Ayala and their period.

After Quejana, and following the road, we can arrive to Artziniega, at a distance of 12 kilometres from Amurrio. It received its town charter from Alfonso X in 1272. Remains of the ancient walls, narrow streets with singular building and well-preserved fortress towers are the main features of this small town.

Sierra Salvada
Mountain lovers have fine starting point in Amurrio if they seek to enjoy heights of then Sierra Salvada, which, with the peaks Tologorri, Ungino, Eskutxi and so on, attains to a height of more than one thousand metres; forming a natural frontier with Burgos.

There are many passes to reach the summits. Nevertheless, the best known is Tologorri, where the Amurrio mountain-climbing group Mendiko Lagunak keeps a refuge in good repair. In about an hour and a half, one passes over the crest and has the opportunity to enjoy a splendid view of the Tierra de Ayala, the mountains of Biscay, northern Burgos and Cantabria.

Famous citizens

 * Jesús de Galíndez, writer, lawyer, professor and politician of the PNV
 * Inma Shara, orchestral conductor
 * Iñaki Bea Jauregi, retired footballer
 * Mikel Álvaro Salazar, footballer, player of Dinamo Tbilisi
 * Per Bat, Peregrino Bat
 * Izaskun Bengoa (born 14 March 1975) is a former road cyclist
 * Jesus Etxebarria (1916-2009), sculptor
 * Federico Barrenengoa (1916-2005), professor, philosopher and honourable "euskaltzaina".
 * Santiago Abascal Escuza (1949–2017), politician for Vox, formerly People's Party.
 * Xabier Aspuru (1951), professor, and politician of Aralar.
 * Zigor Urrutia Revuelta (Bilbao, 1971), photographer and designer
 * Eli Pinedo (1981), professional handball player.

title: Amurrio


text:
Andollu

Andollu is a hamlet and concejo in the municipality of Vitoria-Gasteiz, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. The local church is dedicated to Saint Catherine.

title: Andollu


text:
Porta Maggiore

The Porta Maggiore ("Larger Gate"), or Porta Prenestina, is one of the eastern gates in the ancient but well-preserved 3rd-century Aurelian Walls of Rome. Through the gate ran two ancient roads: the Via Praenestina and the Via Labicana. The Via Prenestina was the eastern road to the ancient town of Praeneste (modern Palestrina). The Via Labicana (now called the Via Casilina) heads southeast from the city.

The gate
The Porta Maggiore is by far the best urban site to visit for an understanding and view of the ancient aqueducts. It is a monumental double archway built of white travertine. It was first known as the Porta Prenestina, perhaps a reference to the road over which it passes (the Via Praenestina). The "gate," built in 52 AD by the emperor Claudius, was originally intended to provide a decorative section of support for two aqueducts, the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus. At that time these aqueducts crossed the ancient Via Labicana and Praenestina roads thereby providing the opportunity to create at this location a sort of triumphal arch to the conquest of nature and its conqueror, the emperor Claudius. The two channels of these aqueducts, (the Aqua Claudia and Aqua Anio Novus), one lying on top of the other, can be seen when viewing the cross-section running through the travertine attic at the top of the gate.

The gate was incorporated in the Aurelian Wall in 271 AD by the emperor Aurelian thus truly turning it into an entrance (gate) to the city. Experts refer to this as an early example of “architectural recycling,” essentially adapting one existing structure to another use, in this case using an aqueduct as a wall.

It was modified further when the emperor Honorius augmented the walls in 405. The foundations of a guardhouse added by Honorius are still visible, while the upper part of the gate, as built by Honorius, has been moved to the left side of the Porta.

It is currently known as the Porta Maggiore, possibly designated as such because of the road that runs through the gate leads to the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. The church is an important place of prayer dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

The following inscriptions in praise of the emperors Claudius, Vespasian, and Titus for their work on the aqueducts are prominently displayed on the attic of the Porta Maggiore:

TI. CLAUDIUS DRUSI F. CAISAR AUGUSTUS GERMANICUS PONTIF. MAXIM., / TRIBUNICIA POTESTATE XII, COS. V, IMPERATOR XXVII, PATER PATRIAE, / AQUAS CLAUDIAM EX FONTIBUS, QUI VOCABANTUR CAERULEUS ET CURTIUS A MILLIARIO XXXXV, / ITEM ANIENEM NOVAM A MILLIARIO LXII SUA IMPENSA IN URBEM PERDUCENDAS CURAVIT.

([In AD 52] the Emperor Claudius [etc.] had the waters of the Claudia brought to Rome from the springs called Caeruleus and Curtius at the 45th milestone, and likewise the Anio Novus from the 62nd milestone, both at his own expense.)

IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANUS AUGUST. PONTIF. MAX. TRIB. POT. II IMP. VI COS. III DESIG. IIII P. P. / AQUAS CURTIAM ET CAERULEAM PERDUCTAS A DIVO CLAUDIO ET POSTEA INTERMISSAS DILAPSASQUE / PER ANNOS NOVEM SUA IMPENSA URBI RESTITUIT.

([In AD 71] the Emperor Vespasian [etc.] restored to the city at his own expense the Curtian and Caerulean waters, which had been led to the city by the deified Claudius but had fallen into intermittent use and disrepair for nine years.)

IMP. T. CAESAR DIVI F. VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS PONTIFEX MAXIMUS TRIBUNIC. / POTESTATE X IMPERATOR XVII PATER PATRIAE CENSOR COS. VIII / AQUAS CURTIAM ET CAERULEAM PERDUCTAS A DIVO CLAUDIO ET POSTEA / A DIVO VESPASIANO PATRE SUO URBI RESTITUTAS CUM A CAPITE AQUARUM A SOLO VETUSTATE DILAPSAE ESSENT NOVA FORMA REDUCENDAS SUA IMPENSA CURAVIT.

([In AD 81] the Emperor Titus [etc.] at his own expense, had the Curtian and Caerulean waters, introduced by the deified Claudius and afterwards repaired for the city by Titus’s deified father Vespasian, restored with new structures, beginning from its source, after the aqueduct was ruined to its foundations from age.)

Nearby archaeological remains
Close by the gate, just outside the wall, is the unusual Tomb of the Baker, built by Marcus Virgilius Eurysaces.

In 1917, a subterranean Neopythagorean Porta Maggiore Basilica was discovered nearby on the Via Praenestina, dating from the 1st century. The groundplan shows three naves and an apse, a design similar to that which began to be adopted in Christian basilicas during the 4th century. The vaults are decorated with white stuccoes symbolizing Neopythagorean beliefs, although the precise meaning of elements of the decoration remains a subject of debate.

title: Porta Maggiore


text:
Dominique Chaboche

Dominique Chaboche (12 May 1937, Paris – 16 November 2005) was a French far-right wing politician and member of the European Parliament affiliated to the Front National.

He succeeded to Alain Robert as general secretary of the National Front (Front national) in October 1973. In 1976 he became vice-president of the FN, and was elected European deputy in 1984, and deputy at the National Assembly between 1986 and 1988.

From 1986 to 2005, he was president of the National Front group at the regional council of Haute-Normandie.

Chaboche was a specialist of international contact with foreign far-right movements, especially in Russia and the Balkans.

He can be seen in the documentary White Terror encouraging Russian Nazi-Skinheads.

Quotations

 * If we have to, we will be the first ones to press the trigger ! (in 1998, in the context of the trial of Jean-Marie Le Pen before the appeal Court of Versailles).

title: Dominique Chaboche


text:
Antoñana

Antoñana is a village and concejo in the municipality of Campezo/Kanpezu, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. Its Walls of Antoñana have been declared a Bien de Interés Cultural.

title: Antoñana


text:
Resilin

Resilin is an elastomeric protein found in many insects and other arthropods. It provides soft rubber-elasticity to mechanically active organs and tissue; for example, it enables insects of many species to jump or pivot their wings efficiently. Resilin was first discovered by Torkel Weis-Fogh in locust wing-hinges.

Resilin is currently the most efficient elastic protein known (Elvin et al., 2005). The elastic efficiency of the resilin isolated from locust tendon has been reported to be 97% (only 3% of stored energy is lost as heat). It does not have any regular structure but its randomly coiled chains are crosslinked by di- and tri-tyrosine links at the right spacing to confer the elasticity needed to propel some jumping insects distances up to 38 times their length (as found in fleas). Resilin must last for the lifetime of adult insects and must therefore operate for hundreds of millions of extensions and contractions; its elastic efficiency ensures performance during the insect's lifetime. Resilin exhibits unusual elastomeric behavior only when swollen in polar solvents such as water.

In 2005, a recombinant form of the resilin protein of the fly Drosophila melanogaster was synthesized by expressing a part of the fly gene in the bacterium Escherichia coli. Active studies are investigating potential application of recombinant resilins in biomedical engineering and medicine.

Occurrence
After its discovery in elastic tendons in dragon flies and wing hinges in locusts, resilin has been found in many structures and organs in arthropods. Resilin is often found as a composite with chitin in insect cuticle, where chitin serves as the structural component. Resilin provides elasticity and possibly other properties. It has been discovered in the salivary pump of assassin bugs (Rhodnius prolixus), tsetse flies, and honey bees, and in the resistance providing mechanism for the venom-dispensing pump of honey bee stingers. Resilin has also been found in the sound production organs of arthropods, such as cicadas and the moth family Pyralidae, where both high elasticity and high resilience of resilin play important roles due to the rapid stress-release cycles of sound-producing tymbals. Besides these structures, resilin exists most widely in the locomotion systems of arthropods. It was discovered in wing hinges to enable recovery from deformation of wing elements, and to dampen the aerodynamic forces felt by the wing; in ambulatory systems of cockroaches and flies to facilitate rapid joint deformation; in jumping mechanisms, resilin stores kinetic energy with great efficiency and releases it upon unloading. It is also abundant in the cuticle surrounding the abdomens of termites, ants, and bees, which expand and swell to a great extent during feeding and reproduction process.

Amino acid constituents
Amino acid composition in resilin was analyzed in 1961 by Bailey and Torkel Weis-Fogh when they observed samples of prealar arm and wing hinge ligaments of locusts. The result indicates that resilin lacks methionine, hydroxyproline, and cysteine constituents in its amino acid composition.

Protein sequence
Resilin was identified to be a product of the Drosophila melanogaster gene CG15920 due to the similarities between amino acid compositions of resilin and the gene product. The Drosophila melanogaster gene is composed of 4 exons, which encode for 4 functional segments in CG15920: signal peptide and 3 peptide encoded by exon 1, 2, and 3. The signal peptide guides pro-resilin into extracellular space, where resilin proteins aggregate and cross link to form a network, and then is cut off from the peptides, so that nascent resilin becomes mature resilin. From the N-terminal, segment encoded by exon 1 contains 18 copies of a 15-residue repeating sequence (GGRPSDSYGAPGGGN); segment corresponding to exon 2 contains 62 amino acids of the chitin-binding Rebers-Riddiford (R-R) consensus sequence ; exon 3 encoded peptide is dominated by 11 copies of a 13-residual repeating sequence (GYSGGRPGGQDLG). While enriched glycine and proline in exon 1 and 3 introduce cyclic structures into the protein, tyrosine residuals are able to form di- and tri-tyrosine cross-links between proteins.

Secondary structure
Resilin is a disordered protein; however its segments may take on secondary structures under different conditions. It is discovered that peptide sequence encoded by exon 1 exhibit an unstructured form and cannot be crystallized, which allows the peptide sequence segment to be very soft and highly flexible. Exon 3 encoded peptide takes on the unstructured form before loading, but transforms to an ordered beta-turn structure once stress is applied. Meanwhile, segment encoded by exon 2 serves as a chitin binding domain. It is proposed that as stress is applied, or there is energy input, exon 1 encoded peptide responds immediately due to its high flexibility. Once this occurs, the energy is passed onto exon 3 encoded peptide, which transforms from the unstructured form to beta-turn structure to store energy. Once the stress or energy is removed, exon 3 encoded segment reverses the structural transformation and outputs the energy to exon 1 encoded segment.

Another secondary structure exon 1 and exon 3 corresponding peptides may take on is the polyproline helix (PPII), indicated by the high occurrence of proline and glycine in these 2 segments. The PPII structure widely exists in elastomeric proteins, such as abductin, elastin, and titin. It is believed to contribute in the self-assembling process and the elasticity of the protein. The elastic mechanism of resilin is proposed to be entropy related. Under relaxed state, the peptide is folded, and possesses a large entropy, but once it is stretched out, the entropy decreases as the peptide unfold. The coexistence of PPII and beta-turn play an important role of increasing entropy as resilin returns to its disordered form. The other function of PPII is to facilitate self-assembling process: it is found that the quasi-extended PPII is able to interact through an intermolecular reaction, and initiate the formation of fibrillar supramolecular structure.

Hierarchical structure
While the secondary structures are determined by energy state and hydrogen bonds formed between amino acids, hierarchical structures are determined by the hydrophobicity of the peptide. Exon 1 encoded peptide is mainly hydrophilic, and is more extended when immersed in water. In contrast, exon 3 encoded peptide contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks, suggesting the formation of micelles, where the hydrophobic block will cluster on the inside with the hydrophilic portion surrounding it. Thus, a single complete resilin protein, when immersed in water, takes on the structure in which exon 1 encoded segment extends out from the micelle exon 3 encoded peptide forms.

Once resilin is transferred to the outside of the cell, their exon 2 encoded peptides, the chitin binding segments, bind to chitin. Meanwhile, di- or tri-tyrosine crosslinking is formed by oxidative coupling, mediated by peroxidase, between tyrosine residuals. Like other elastomeric proteins, the degree of cross linking in resilin is low, which ensures the low stiffness and high resilience. Cross linked peptides encoded by exon 1 have a resilience greater than 93%, while that encoded by exon 3 has a resilience of 86%. In addition, natural resilin has a resilience of 92%, similar to that of exon 1, suggesting again that exon 1 may play a more important role in the elastic property of resilin.

Tyrosine residues in resilin
Andersen, in 1996, discovered that the tyrosine residues are involved in chemically covalent cross-links in many forms such as dityrosine, trityrosine, and tetratyrosine. Primarily, in resilin, tyrosine and dityrosine served as the chemical cross-links, in which R groups of Tyrosine and Dityrosine add to the backbone of the growing peptide chain. Andersen came to this conclusion based on a study involving these two compounds in which he was able to rule out other forms of cross linking such as disulfide bridges, ester groups, and amide bonds. Though the mechanism of cross-linking of Tyrosine is understood that occurs through radical initiation, the cross linking of resilin still remains a mystery. Cross linking of resilin occurs very quickly and this is possibly a result of temperature. At increasing temperature, the rate of cross linking of the residues increases and leads to a highly cross-linked resilin network.

The amino acid composition of resilin indicates that proline and glycine has a relatively high presence in the amino acid composition of resilin. The presence of glycine and proline in the composition of resilin contributes greatly to the elasticity of resilin. Resilin, however, has an absence of an alpha-helix leading to a randomly coiled structure and a disordered structure. This is primarily due to the significantly high proline content in resilin. Proline is a bulky amino acid that has the ability to cause a kink the peptide chain and due to the sterically hindered side chains, it is not able to fit in the alpha-helices. However, the segments of resilin are able to take on secondary structure forms at different conditions.

Properties
Like other biomaterials, resilin is a hydrogel, meaning it is swollen with water. The water content of resilin at neutral pH is 50-60%, and the absence of this water will make a big difference on the material's property: while the hydrated resilin behaves like a rubber, the dehydrated resilin has the properties of a glassy polymer. However, dehydrated resilin is able to return to its rubbery state if water is available. Water serves as a plasticizer in resilin network by increasing the amount of hydrogen bonds. The high concentration of proline and glycine, polyproline helices, and hydrophilic portions all serves to increase water content in resilin protein network. The increase in hydrogen bonds lead to an increase in chain mobility, thus decreases glass transition temperature. The more water content is in resilin network, the less stiff and more resilient the material is. Dehydrated resilin behaves as a glass polymer with low stiffness, strain, and resilience, but a relatively high compressible modulus and glass transition temperature.

Rubber like proteins, such as resilin and elastin, are characterized based on their high resilience, low stiffness, and large strain. A high resilience indicate that a sufficient amount of energy input can be stored in the material, and released afterwards. An example of energy input is to stretch the material. Natural resilin (hydrated) has a resilience of 92%, which means it can store 92% of the energy input for release during unloading, indicating a very efficient energy transfer. In order for a better understanding the stiffness and strain of resilin, Hooke's Law should be taken into consideration. For linear springs, Hooke's Law states that the force required to deform the spring is directly proportional to the amount of deformation by a constant which is the characteristic of the spring. A material is viewed as elastic when it can be deformed to a large extend with a limited amount of force. Hydrated resilin has a tensile modulus of 640-2000 kPa, an unconfined compressive modulus of 600-700 kPa, and a strain to break of 300%.

Although there has been no actual data acquired for the fatigue lifetime of resilin, we can think about this intuitively. If we consider the case of honey bees, where they live for around 8 weeks during which they fly 8 hours a day, flapping wings at 720,000 cycles/h, they are likely to flap their wings more than 300 million times [9]. Since resilin functions over the entire lifetime of insects, its fatigue lifetime should be considerably large. However, in live insects, resilin molecular can be produced and replaced constantly, which introduces an error in our conclusion.

Initial studies
Due to the remarkable rubber elasticity of resilin, scientists began exploring recombinant versions for a variety of material and medical applications. With the rise in DNA technologies, this field of research has seen a rapid increase in the synthesis of biosynthetic protein polymers that can be tuned to having certain mechanical properties. Thus, this field of research is rather promising and can provide new methods for treating diseases and disorders that affect the population. Recombinant resilin was first studied in 2005 when it was expressed in Escherichia coli from the first exon of the Drosophila Melanogaster's CG15920 gene. During its study, pure resilin was synthesized into 20% protein-mass hydrogel and was cross-linked with ruthenium-catalyzed tyrosine in the presence of ultraviolet light. This reaction yielded the product, recombinant resilin (rec1-Resilin).

One of the most important aspects of successful rec1-Resilin synthesis is that its mechanical properties match that of the original resilin (native resilin). In the study indicated above, Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to investigate the mechanical properties of rec1-Resilin and native resilin. The results of these tests revealed that the resilience of both recombinant and native resilin were relatively similar but can differ in its applications. In this study, rec1-Resilin could be placed into a polymeric scaffold to mimic the extracellular matrix in order to generate a cell and tissue responses. Though this field of research is still ongoing, it has generated a wide amount of interest in the scientific community and is currently being investigated for a variety of biomedical applications in areas of tissue regeneration and repair.

Fluorescence of recombinant resilin
One unique property of rec1-Resilin is its ability to be identified due to autofluorescence. Fluorescence for resilin stems primarily from dityrosine, which are the result of crosslinks of tyrosine residues. When ultraviolet light irradiates a sample of rec1-Resilin at 315 nm to 409 nm emissions, the rec1-Resilin begins to show blue fluorescence. An example of the blue fluorescence exhibited by the dityrosine residues in resilin is shown in the figure below of a flea.

Resilience
Another unique property of resilin is its high resilience. Recombinant resilin demonstrated excellent mechanical properties similar to that of pure resilin. Elvin et al. aimed to compare the resilience of rec1-Resilin to other rubbers, a scanning probe microscope of used. This study compared the resilience of rec1-Resilin to two different types of rubber: chlorobutyl rubber and polybutadiene rubber, both rubbers with high resilience properties. This study concluded that rec1-Resilin was 92% resilient compared to chlorobutyl rubber at 56% and polybutadiene rubber at 80%, respectively. With such high mechanical resilience, the properties of rec1-Resilin can be applied to other clinical applications within the field of Materials Engineering and Medicine. This study on recombinant resilin has led to several years of research on the use of resilin like proteins for several biomedical applications that retains the mechanical properties of resilin. The ongoing results of the studies involving recombinant resilin may lead to further research in which other unexplored mechanical properties and chemical structure of resilin may be investigated.

Clinical applications
Recombinant resilins have been studied for potential application in the fields of biomedical engineering and medicine. In particular, hydrogels composed of recombinant resilins have been utilized as tissue engineering scaffolds for mechanically-active tissues including cardiovascular, cartilage and vocal cord tissues. Early work has focused on optimizing the mechanical properties, chemistry and cytocompability of these materials, but some in vivo testing of resilin hydrogels has also been performed. Researchers at the University of Delaware and Purdue University have developed methods for creating elastic hydrogels composed of resilin that were compatible with stem cells and displayed similar rubber elasticity to that of natural resilin. Semi-synthetic resilin-based hydrogels, which incorporate poly(ethylene glycols), have also been reported.

title: Resilin


text:
Añana

Añana is both a valley and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Its main population center is the village of Salinas de Añana (Gesaltza Añana). Moreover, Añana is also the name of one of the seven counties in which the province of Álava is divided. The town is renowned for its old salt flats, which were formed beginning in the Triassic Period.

Salt Valley
The salt water in the valley of Añana emerges from natural springs, where it is extracted using evaporation in pans. Archeological evidence suggests the site has been in use for 7,000 years making this the oldest active salt production site in the world. The salt pans as they are seen today were mostly developed in the first century BCE. Over 5,000 pans have been built since Roman times, with exportation of its salt a major business, especially after the year 1114 when special rights were granted to the town. It was claimed by the Spanish crown in 1564 who oversaw salt production until 1868. By the 1970s, production had decreased and the pans were largely abandoned as marine salt production had become cheaper and more efficient. At the end of the 20th century the salt pans began to be restored as a not-for-profit organisation, with a significant production of gourmet salts as well as spa tourism to bring needed income to the area. The site was added to the European Route of Industrial Heritage in 2019.

title: Añana


text:
Talk:Ossi and Wessi

On merging
Only merged if it's merged with Ossi too. Lisa 06:59, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Wessi
As I remember the term Wessi (and the term Ossi) only came up in the time after opening the inner-german borders and was not used before 1989. Greg

2007-02-10 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 08:08, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ossi and Wessi


text:
Apellániz

Apellániz or Apilaiz  is a hamlet and concejo in the municipality of Arraia-Maeztu, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. It was an independent municipality until 1958, when it was fused with Laminoria and Arraya, Álava into the new municipality of Maestu (currently known as Arraia-Maeztu).

title: Apellániz


text: User talk:203.26.122.12

title: User talk:203.26.122.12


text:
Aramaio

Aramaio (Aramayona) is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.

Elizate

 * Arexola, elizate
 * Azkoaga, elizate
 * Barajuen, elizate
 * Etxaguen, elizate
 * Gantzaga, elizate
 * Ibarra, capital and main population of the municipality including the following hamlets: Arraga, Eguzkierripa, Errotabarri et Salgo
 * Oleta, elizate and concejo
 * Untzilla, elizate
 * Uribarri, elizate

Mountains

 * Orisol

title: Aramaio


text:
Talk:People's Democracy (Ireland)

NPOV
Calling Farrell a "cheerleader" or Bernadette Devlin an out-and-out INLA supporter is not really accurate. Devlin helped found the IRSP but left over the issue of militarism and notion that the INLA would be the Marxist version of the Provos.

This section of the article :

"When Sinn Féin ended their boycott and gained mass support among the nationalist community, People's Democracy entered a political crisis. A number of their activists, who had initially opposed Doherty's position such as trade union official Ann Speed, joined Sinn Féin in 1982. The minority who continued to oppose this view maintained People's Democracy as a small propaganda group."

has the dates the dates and numbers wrong, and misspells the trade union official's name slightly - it is Anne Speed (never Ann).

Here is a suggested amendment :

"When Sinn Féin ended their boycott and gained mass support among the nationalist community, People's Democracy entered a political crisis. From 1982 a number of activists left PD and joined Sinn Féin. At a PD 1986 national conference a tendency including Anne Speed proposed the dissolution of the group, and that the members all join SF as individuals. This position was defeated by 19 votes to 5. A few weeks later the minority of 5 resigned from PD and joined SF. The majority who continued to oppose this view maintained People's Democracy as a small propaganda group."

This article is completely lopsided as PD's significance was almost entirely in the period 1968-71. I have added and corrected a number of facts that are unchallengeable, as well as provided some explanation as to what made the Burntollet events - none were there previously in a piece that was to say the least partial. I would rather my points remained unless 'wrong' rather than so much of the article have to be removed as unreferenced assertion. Who were the quitter Maoists? News to me. 81.151.64.123 (talk) 21:16, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

 * As you have been told elsewhere and still not listened, the presence of existing unsourced material does not allow you to add your own. O Fenian (talk) 20:21, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Image
Can we use this?--Duncan 10:36, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Creating a People's Democracy article
There needs to be a different article at the People's Democracy name-space, regarding the communist concept of People's Democracy. This cannot be covered by a link to People's Republic, the concepts are somewhat different. --Soman (talk) 14:14, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Images of pictures
I have started a discussion on images of pictures at Talk:Provisional Irish Republican Army. --Scolaire (talk) 07:37, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:People's Democracy (Ireland)


text:
Armiñón

Armiñon is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. The municipality also includes the towns of Estavillo and Lacorzana.

title: Armiñón


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Azad (rapper

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was move request to WP:RFD --Angr/undefined 07:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Azad_(rapper
useless redirect Sigorni 07:03, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirects are to be listed at WP:RFD. --Angr/undefined 07:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Arraia-Maeztu

Arraia-Maeztu (, Arraya-Maestu ), is a municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.

This municipality was formed in 1958 by the merger of the municipalities of Apellániz, Arraya and Laminoria. It was originally called Maestu, but in 1987 adopted its current name.

Administrative subdivisions
The municipality contains 16 villages, organized into 10 concejos.

Notable people

 * Juan Bautista de Gámiz (1696–1773), Jesuit priest and poet. He wrote primarily in Spanish, but some of his poems were in Basque and are of great importance to the study of the history of the language.

title: Arraia-Maeztu


text:
Licola, Victoria

Licola is a town in Victoria, Australia, located on Licola Road, in the Shire of Wellington, 254 kilometres east of Melbourne. At the 2016 census, Licola and the surrounding area had a population of 11.

Overview
The Lions Club owns a large section of land in Licola and operates a youth camp on site, the Licola Wilderness Village, which is immediately surrounded by farm land. The town is the southern gateway to the Alpine National Park. Its main industries are tourism, logging and farming. It has one general store including post office and petrol station and a small number of houses. It is also the only Victorian town not connected to the mains electricity grid, generating its own power. The town is frequented by motorbike riders, campers and hikers alike.

History
The first Licola Post Office opened on 14 September 1908 and was renamed Glenfalloch in 1912. A Licola Post Office was again open 1914–1919, 1920–1923 and 1954–1993.

In July 2007, Licola suffered serious floods which caused a great deal of damage to roads, farms and national park areas. The main road from Heyfield was closed for two months following the destruction of the heritage-listed Cheynes Bridge, which was subsequently rebuilt.

title: Licola, Victoria


text:
Porter Subdivision

The Porter Subdivision is a railroad line owned by CSX Transportation in the Chicago, Illinois, area. Formerly a part of the main line of the Michigan Central Railroad, it now connects CSX's former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad line and the Chicago Fort Wayne and Eastern Railroad from the east with the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad towards Blue Island, Illinois.

History
The Michigan Central Railroad built a line from Detroit, Michigan, to Chicago, Illinois, opening in mid-1852, several months after the competing Northern Indiana and Chicago Railroad (later the New York Central Railroad's main line) was completed. The MC's path entered Indiana near Michigan City, crossing the NI&C at Porter. From Porter it looped to the southwest and northwest, joining the Illinois Central Railroad in the Kensington neighborhood of Chicago. Later the Michigan Central (and the Northern Indiana and Chicago's successor, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway) came under control of the New York Central.

Eventually the NYC started to operate most trains west from Porter via the LS&MS, and the MC became a secondary route. All passenger trains moved on January 18, 1957, ending service to local stations in Gary and Hammond. In 1968 the NYC merged into Penn Central Transportation, and into Conrail in 1976. Around then the diamonds were removed at Porter, physically separating the line to Detroit from the line to Kensington, which came to be known as the Porter Branch. After 1980 Amtrak bought the line from Porter to Michigan City, Indiana, east of which they already owned to Kalamazoo, Michigan, about 2/5 the way to Detroit.

With the 1998 breakup of Conrail, CSX Transportation acquired the branch, by then only running from Porter west to Gibson, located in Hammond, Indiana, a junction with the east-west Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad and the north-south Kankakee Line, transferred from Conrail to the Norfolk Southern Railway. CSX has trackage rights on the IHB to and beyond Blue Island, with various connections to other CSX lines including the Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad (Blue Island Subdivision). To the east, a connection existed at Tolleston to the Fort Wayne Secondary, also acquired in the 1998 Conrail breakup (though from the Norfolk Southern Railway). At Willow Creek, as part of the breakup, a new connection was built connecting CSX's ex-Baltimore and Ohio Railroad main line (the Garrett Subdivision) to the Porter Branch. In 2004 the little-used Fort Wayne Subdivision was leased to the Chicago Fort Wayne and Eastern Railroad.

At Porter, despite the existence of a CSX line to the northeast – the ex-Pere Marquette Railway Grand Rapids Subdivision – no connection exists across the Norfolk Southern Railway's ex-New York Central Railroad Chicago Line. CSX has considered putting in diamonds, but has held off for now (they use NS west of Porter to reach their Grand Rapids Subdivision). Thus CSX does not currently use the Porter Branch east of the junction at Willow Creek, but the BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad use it via trackage rights to reach Norfolk Southern's Elkhart Yard in Elkhart, Indiana.

title: Porter Subdivision


text:
User talk:Univoicesal

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. — J I P | Talk 07:04, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Univoicesal


text:
Arratzua-Ubarrundia

Arratzua-Ubarrundia (, Arrazua-Ubarrundia ) is a municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Its capital is the village of Durana.

Administrative subdivisions
Arratzua-Ubarrundia is divided into 11 villages, of which 10 are organized as concejos.

title: Arratzua-Ubarrundia


text: Wikipedia:POTD/October 13, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/October 13, 2005


text:
Artziniega

Artziniega (Arceniega) is a town and municipality in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Located in the northwest of Araba, on the border with Burgos, Castile and León and Biscay, it was at the junction between the old Kingdom of Castile and the ports of the Bay of Biscay.

The town probably derives its name from the Basque "Artzain-aga," meaning "place of shepherds."

Geography
The municipality of Artziniega is located in an environment of great scenic beauty and environmental value, in a mountainous Cantabrian area close to the plateau formed by Gorobel and Sierra de Carbonilla, (also called Sierra de Angulo). These mountains mark the abrupt limit of the Castilian plateau with the Atlantic slope and are places of great beauty, with dense forests, cliffs, rocks and mountain meadows.

Within the municipality of Artziniega in the surroundings of the Villa there are large areas of grassland dotted with some orchards. In the past, the areas cultivated with wheat, barley or vine were much more extensive, as a result of supply needs, but today most of these lands are pastures, and many of them have been urbanized in recent years.

In the mountainous areas there is an important forest mass of leafy characteristics of the Atlantic gall oaks, made up of oaks, holm oaks, maples, ash trees and other types of native trees.

On Mount Ganzorrotz, the presence of numerous yews stands out, becoming so numerous at some points that they form yew trees.

On Mount Otsati, the largest lorera in the Basque Country was discovered in 2016, straddling Álava and Burgos.

At the entrance to the Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Oak and in the vicinity of a recreational area, you can see an oak that is more than 500 years old and classified as a singular tree of the Basque Country.

The repopulated pine forests occupy large areas. On the slopes of Mount Pando, between the limits with Gordexola, Valle de Mena and Mendieta, you can see repopulations of distinguished pine. On the other hand, in Mount Peñalba, the lariceo pine has been used on its southern slope and the maritime pine in the northeast, more adapted to the soil and climate conditions of that area.

Fauna abounds in all these areas (wild boars, roe deer, raptors, hares, genets).

Prehistory and Middle Ages
The area of Artziniega was populated since prehistoric times. In the Church Cave, in Retes de Tudela, prehistoric human remains have been found, and not far from there, in the Gordeliz neighborhood, a headstone with an inscription in Latin was found in the 18th century, possibly dedicated to a local marine deity, which attests to the Roman presence in these lands.

Likewise, in the excavations carried out in the Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Oak, remains of a settlement with Roman culture dated between the 4th and 6th centuries have been found. In the garden of the same sanctuary, which already dates from the Romanesque, a stele dating from the 9th century remained until the mid-nineties.

The written history of Artziniega begins in the year 1272, when the King of Castile, Alfonso X El Sabio, granted Artziniega the letter-town. This foundation most likely obeys the desire of the King of Castile to found a town halfway between Urduña and Balmaseda that would allow it to rival these towns, belonging to the lords of Biscay. However, after a short time, due to family circumstances, the kings of Castile themselves would become lords of Biscay, so Artziniega did not fulfill his strategic function and remained as a second-order town in terms of commercial importance. Once founded (probably on a previous human settlement), the Villa would henceforth be governed by the jurisdiction of Biscay, the native of the land, and for economic and tax matters by the jurisdiction of Vitoria-Gasteiz.

Until Don Tello's death, it belonged to Biscay, but upon his death, in 1370, he handed it over to his brother, King Enrique II, who a year later handed it over to Pedro López de Ayala, the Chancellor, along with the valleys of Orozko and Laudio. It was at the time when Don Tello controlled the town when it was besieged by Pedro Fernández de Velasco, specifically in 1366.

After that, and until 1817, the lords and dukes of Ayala (and later the dukes of Veragua, Berwick and Liria) had the prerogative of appointing mayors in Artziniega, but they never exercised it, since although it was formally part of the lordship of Ayala, in practice never did. While it belonged to Biscay, the Lord appointed the mayors, and later the town did so in an open council.

Modern Age
During the Middle Ages, like the rest of the country, Artziniega lived marked by the Wars of the Bands between rival clans that fought for control of the territory. Artziniega was located in a strategic place of commercial interchange between the Kingdom of Castile and the ports of the Bay of Biscay, which meant that there were some lineages of a certain wealth (for example, the Bengoa, Ortiz de Molinillo-Velasco, and Monteano), but in reality the local activities were primarily agrarian in nature. In agriculture and livestock husbandry, Artziniega was not prominent. However, it was a first-rate Txakoli-producing town. As for the Wars of the Bands, the Villa was surrounded by violence, including an attempted siege. An example of the impact of this violent period, is the request made by the Artziniega ironworks to the Monarchs in 1491, as a result of the abuses they had suffered at the hands of Largacha of Iratzagorría, whose family's interest in the iron trade had long been great.

In the 15th century, the town was endowed with ordinances that give testimony of daily life and the then-current economic activities: cultivation of wheat, grapevines, livestock, and the work of the mills, and urban trades such as weavers, waiters, and bakers. The weekly market had great importance even then, since Artziniega has been during its history the economic center of the region. Its annual September fairs were events that lasted fifteen days, at this period of the town's existence.

At this time, during the Middle Ages, an important supra-municipal institution for Artziniega, the Junta de Ordunte, was constituted, which grouped the Villa and the neighboring Ayalese towns (Mendieta, Retes de Tudela, Santa Coloma and Soxoguti), to settle common matters, such as the use of the mountains and pastures.

After the first years of transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, Artziniega experienced a period of expansion in which space outside the walls began to be occupied and the wealth generated by discovery directly resulted in the development of the Villa.

There are many Artziniegans who made their fortune in the Americas at this period. For example, in 1590, the bachelor Pedro Sáenz de Ubaldi founded a hospital in front of the parish. It was later transferred to the canton of Zubiaur, and later again to the Arenaza neighborhood, where it remained until the middle of the 20th century. A similar occurrence was the foundation of the first Artziniega schools through a donation from Pedro de Oribe Salazar in 1608.

At this time, unaccustomed historical events took place in Artziniega, such as the disputes with some young people from Artziniega who refused to do military service, or the rejection that the attorney for Artziniega suffered at the General Councils of Álava in 1674 because he did not know Spanish, and spoke only Euskara, the Basque language.

Contemporary age
During the last Carlist war, Artziniega suffered fighting and the archives and Civil Registry of the Villa were burned, losing important documents. In the Spanish Civil War, Artziniega was also involved in the conflict and witnessed the advance of the fascist troops for their lands during 1937. At first, Artziniega was outside the national zone (unlike most of the province of Álava), but the advance of the fascist towards Bilbao made it fall. With the entry of the rebellious troops, the mayor of Artziniega, Juan Zabalgoitia, of the PNV, was imprisoned, sentenced to jail and transferred to the El Puerto de Santa María prison.

In the last years of the dictatorship, the urbanization of land near the Villa took place in Artziniega, and the new neighborhoods of Eguzkimendi, Arenaza or El Palacio emerged. This urban growth has accelerated enormously in recent years, which has led to a very large population increase, placing the municipality at approximately 1,700 inhabitants, although there is a very large floating population.

Historic Quarter
The historical-monumental complex of the medieval town of Artziniega is one of the best preserved in the Basque Country. It maintains its original structure located on a hill and composed of three parallel streets linked by two cantons. The almost perfect conservation of this structure is due to the fact that the town did not reach the importance with which it was conceived. The intramural space was gradually occupied, starting with the upper part and the area attached to the Parish of Our Lady of the Assumption (which served as the backbone area) and extending towards Artekale (middle street). The lower part of the town was largely unoccupied in the first centuries, which allowed that from the 18th century onwards, palaces and large houses were built there occupying larger plots. In general, the oldest farmhouse is located in the upper part and dates from the 16th century, despite the fact that most of them have undergone subsequent reforms.

As for the walls that surrounded the town, because in reality they were not too necessary, already by the seventeenth century it seems that they lacked entity, and only specific areas were preserved, such as the gates, which do not exist today, and of which it is believed that there were two, one in what is known as "Hiriko Atea" (city gate), and another in the extreme west, giving to the area of public use called "Beheko Zelaia". Of the wall itself, there are only visible remains in the lower part of some houses in the lower part of the historic center, and in the upper part, in the walk that includes the town behind the Parish, the latter being the most visible area from the chemin de ronde.

Monuments
In Artziniega there are different types of monuments, depending on the age of they were built.

Monuments within the Historic Quarter

 * Parish of Our Lady of the Assumption.
 * Convent of the Augustinian Nuns.
 * Ortiz de Molinillo and Velasco's Tower.
 * Bengoa's Tower.
 * 18th century's palaces.

Other monuments

 * Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Oak, that preserves its imposing altarpiece.
 * 18th century's large houses.
 * Ethnographic Museum.
 * Chapels.

title: Artziniega


text:
Archer (horse)

Archer (1856–1872) was an Australian Thoroughbred racehorse who won the first and the second Melbourne Cups in 1861 and 1862. He won both Cups easily, and is one of only five horses to win the Melbourne Cup twice or more and is one of only four horses to win successive Cups. In 2017 Archer was inducted to the Australian Racing Hall of Fame.

Breeding
Archer was sired by the successful imported sire William Tell (GB) (1843, by Touchstone); his dam, Maid of the Oaks (dam of Mariner and William Tell (1855)) was by Vagabond (GB) (by Cain). Archer's sire and dam had been owned by Thomas Molyneux "Tom" Royds (1824–1852) of Ballalaba, (described as being near Jembaicumbene, which was then a major settlement), New South Wales. Royds formed a breeding partnership with his uncle-in-law Andrew Badgery (c.1804–1857), keeping their many horses on the Andrew Badgery managed Exeter Farm in Jembaicumbene. For £51, Royds purchased the mare Maid Of The Oaks at the dispersal of Charles Smith's Clifton Stud in 1845. Royds also imported the stallion Sailor By The Sea, and in February 1847 the stallion William Tell. Archer's full-sister, Our Nell, won three races in four days at the Goulburn races (1855) and other races at city tracks.

Early life
Archer was probably foaled in 1856 at Exeter Farm in Jembaicumbene, near Braidwood in New South Wales. In recent years evidence has been discovered that Archer may not have been foaled on the Exeter Farm owned by Roberts but on Royds' previous cattle farm Ballalaba, owned by Hassall. This is supported by Richard William Royds' (1922–?) (one of William Edward Royd's grandsons) writing in 1983 that Archer was foaled at Ballalaba; this view is supported by his widow and adopted son. All other references state that Archer was foaled at Exeter Farm, including Richard's older brother John Patrick Molyneux Royds (1920–?) in an interview published in 1969. It is also on Exeter Farm that other horses from the breeding partnership of Hassall and Roberts were foaled, including Archer's half-brother Mariner in 1854 (by Sailor By The Sea out of Maid Of The Oaks) and his full-brother William Tell in 1855 (by William Tell (GB) out of Maid Of The Oaks.

Royds died at age 27 in an accident in early 1852. Two years later, his widow Elizabeth Jane "Betsy" Royds (née Roberts) (1824–1875) married Rowland H. Hassall (1820–1904) of Durham Hall in Jembaicumben who, under the laws of the time, obtained all of Betsy's possessions at their marriage. Even though Royds' will gave him no right to do so, Hassall began selling off the Royds horses at Exeter Farm. Betsy persuaded Hassell to keep the imported stallion William Tell and six broodmares (one of which was Maid Of The Oaks). Her brother Thomas John "Tom" Roberts (1831–1899) had inherited Exeter Farm, and as executor of Royds' estate was trying to protect the interests of his nephews; he would care for the horses. As part of the agreement, the progeny (including Archer) from the breeding program using the six mares bred to William Tell and other stallions were recorded in the stud books under the breeding partnership name of (RH) Hassell and (TJ) Roberts. The names of the two boys to whom the horses had been bequeathed, Edmund Molyneux Royds (1847–1912) (no issue) and William Edward Royds (1849–1910), were not mentioned. When the boys sued their stepfather in the 1870s their interests were finally recognised, and the breeding partnership was renamed Hassell, Roberts and Royds.

Newspaper archives of the day state that Archer travelled south from Sydney to Port Melbourne on the steamboat the City of Sydney with two of his trainer Etienne de Mestre's other horses Exeter and Inheritor, leaving on 18 September 1861 and arriving at Port Melbourne on 21 September. Prior to the Melbourne trip, the horses had arrived in Sydney by steamer from Greenwell Point (near Nowra) on 9 September. Passengers on the City of Sydney included de Mestre and Archer's jockey, John Cutts. Archer travelled by steamboat from Sydney to Melbourne all three times that he raced in Victoria (in 1861, 1862 and 1863). Before railway facilities linked Melbourne to the other states, the only way to transport horses from state to state was by boat. In 1876 de Mestre's entry in the Melbourne Cup, Robin Hood, and ten other horses were lost at sea when the City Of Melbourne was struck by a severe storm off the coast at Jervis Bay.

A steamboat was also the vehicle that de Mestre used to get his horses (including Archer) to Sydney. His horses usually boarded a steamer at Adam's Whalf {near Terara) but due to floods in early 1860 impeding navigation, from 1860 to 1863 the horses walked 8 mi to Berry's Whalf at Greenwell Point. When horses could not be transported by steamboat, and where railway lines did not exist, trainers needed to have their horses walked and/or ridden to their destinations. In order to race at Windsor Archer would have been sent by steamship or rail from Sydney to Parramatta and overland the last 21 mi, and in order to race at Maitland Archer would have been sent by steamship to Newcastle and overland the last 20 mi. The longest distance that Archer would have walked or been ridden was 155 mi from the end of the railway line in Campbelltown to Jembaicumbene when he retired from racing in 1864.

Another Archer story is that his jockey for the first two Melbourne Cups, John Cutts (c. 1829 – 1872), was an Aborigine. Johnny Cutts was (according to legend) born in the area around Nowra, and one of many Aboriginal men who replaced white stockmen who walked off the land to join the gold rush. In truth Johnny Cutts rode for many trainers in his long career as a jockey, was not from the Nowra area, and was never based there. Cutts' brother-in-law Walter Bradbury, however, lived at Terara (since he worked for de Mestre) and helped to train Archer. John Cutts Dillon was the son of a Sydney clerk and one of the best-known, best-liked and most-respected jockeys in New South Wales.

Racing career
In 1860 Archer was bought and trained by business associate and school friend of Tom Roberts Etienne de Mestre (1832–1916), from Terara near Nowra, New South Wales. De Mestre (who would go on to train four Melbourne Cup winners and win five Melbourne Cups) was the son of Sydney businessman Prosper de Mestre (1789–1844). Although Archer raced in Etienne de Mestre's name, Archer was not legally owned by de Mestre. De Mestre leased some of his horses from Hassall and Roberts for training and racing purposes including Mariner (Archer's older half-brother), Archer and Tim Whiffler (with whom he won the 1867 Melbourne Cup). As a lessee, de Mestre "owned" (was fully responsible for) the horses during their leases.

Archer was three years old when de Mestre began his training at Terara (near Nowra) in May 1860. Nicknamed "The Bull" by locals, Archer was considered large for a three-year-old; he stood 16.3 hands with powerful hindquarters, a deep girth, well-sprung ribs and a good head and neck. His idiosyncrasies included his curious rolling gait when galloping, and the fact that he galloped with his tongue lolling out of his mouth. He was a long-striding horse, who could cover 140 ft in 16 strides. Archer's large frame told on his legs, and he was frequently lame. Archer was lightly regarded after he ran badly in his first two races at Randwick in late May 1860. However, at the spring meeting later that year and the autumn meeting of 1861 he was undefeated in seven New South Wales races.

The inaugural two-mile Melbourne Cup on 7 November 1861 at Flemington was an eventful affair. Three of the seventeen starters fell during the race (two of them died); two jockeys sustained broken bones; one horse bolted off the course, but the race continued. At the final turn the favourite, Mormon, made his run but Archer caught and passed him. Before a crowd of about 4,000, Archer (a Sydney outsider, who was injured during training a few days before the race and attracted slight betting interest) defeated Mormon by six lengths in a time of 3:52.0 – the slowest time in Melbourne Cup history. Archer also defeated Mormon at Randwick in May over $2 1/2$ miles in the Australia Plate. In the first Melbourne Cup Archer won for de Mestre his prize was the sweepstake, 710 gold sovereigns (1 sovereign = £1), and a trophy (a hand-beaten gold watch). Before the race Archer was dismissed by the bookies, but after de Mestre of Terara made his wager Archer's odds shortened and he started as the 6-1 second favourite. The winning bets on Archer took money from Melbourne, "refuelling interstate rivalry" and adding to the excitement of the Cup. The next day, Archer won another two-mile race at Flemington (the Melbourne Town Plate) with the same time. In May 1862 Archer won the three-mile AJC Queen's Plate, and on 7 June 1862 Archer and Exeter were shipped back to Melbourne for the second Melbourne Cup. Archer was the Cup favourite; to prepare for the race, he was sent by railway from Melbourne to Geelong. In his first race in five months, Archer ran third on 1 October in the fifth three-mile Champion Sweepstakes.

Six weeks later (on 13 November 1862) Archer won his second Melbourne Cup carrying 10 st 2 lb – 142 lb – at 2–1 odds in a time of 3:47.0. The race, held before a crowd of about 7,000 (nearly double the previous year's crowd), had 20 starters – the largest field of horses ever to start in Australia at that time. Again it was an exciting race; Cutts initially reined Archer back so that he was running last by several lengths, and appeared to be out of the running. He then gradually passed his opponents until reaching the leaders, when the long-striding horse galloped into first place. Archer won by eight lengths, with Mormon again running second. His winning margin is the Melbourne Cup record, unmatched until 1969 by Rain Lover. With a larger field meaning a larger sweepstake, Archer won 810 gold sovereigns and a trophy (a hand-beaten gold watch). Winning the Melbourne Cup two years in a row was a feat not repeated until Peter Pan won the race twice more than 70 years later. Two days later, Archer won the one-mile All-Aged Stakes at Flemington. Archer, Exeter and de Mestre arrived back in Sydney on the steamer Wonga Wonga on 29 November. The following week they caught another steamer to Wollongong, and traveled overland the 50 mi to Terara.

A technicality resulted in Archer's being denied a third try at the Melbourne Cup. His telegraphed acceptance to race failed to arrive in time (delivery was delayed due to a public holiday in Melbourne), and Archer was refused permission to enter the race. Nominations for the 1863 Melbourne Cup had to be lodged with the Victorian Turf Club by Wednesday, 29 April, accompanied by five gold sovereigns. De Mestre had nominated two of his horses, Archer and Haidee. Weights were declared and published in Bell's Life in Sydney on Saturday, 9 May. Archer was to carry 11 st 4 lb (71.82 kg, or 158 lb) - which, if he had raced, would have been the heaviest handicap in the history of the Melbourne Cup. Under the care of groom and trainer Tom Lamond Archer and Haidee steamed to Melbourne, leaving Sydney on the City Of Melbourne Tuesday, 16 June. Acceptance, with an additional five-sovereign payment, had to be lodged with the VTC by 8pm Wednesday, 1 July; de Mestre (still in Sydney) had overlooked the deadline. Reminded on the morning of 1 July by Sam Jenner of George Kirk & Co. of the deadline, de Mestre requested a telegram be sent to the Melbourne office of George Kirk & Co. asking them to accept on his behalf. De Mestre took the telegram to the telegraph office himself, and it was received in the Melbourne Telegraph Office at 1 pm. Wednesday, 1 July was a public holiday in Melbourne, and the telegram was not delivered to the George Kirk & Co. offices until 7:30 pm. The next morning George Kirk handed the telegram to the stewards at the Turf Club, who decided it was too late. This decision caused controversy amongst Archer's Sydney supporters, who had expected him to win. Pressure by Victorian owners made no difference to the VTC, which stood its ground. To protest this decision and show solidarity, the interstate entrants boycotted the third Cup. Unknown at the time, however, was that due to injury Archer would have been unlikely to race. The third Melbourne Cup ran with only seven Victoria horses, the smallest number in its history.

On 21 July de Mestre took the steamer City of Melbourne to Melbourne to oversee the training of his horses for the seventh Champion Sweepstakes at Ballarat on 1 October. Once again John Cutts was engaged to ride Archer, and he steamed to Melbourne on 4 August aboard the Rangatira. De Mestre's horses were sent from Melbourne to Ballarat by railway. During his training Archer was ill, lame and required veterinary care, and did not race well. His supporters angrily asked why de Mestre had not scratched him from the race. In reply, Rowland Hassall issued a statement that none of de Mestre's horses were public property. On 10 October, it was announced that Archer had "gone in one of his legs" after the race; the next day, he was scratched from all his Victoria engagements.

Brought to Sydney to prepare for the September Metropolitan Cup at Randwick Racecourse, Archer was seriously injured a month before the race during a veterinary treatment on 10 August 1864. He survived, and resumed training as soon as possible; however, he was ultimately scratched from the race. At the conclusion of the Randwick meeting, Archer was retired and returned to his owners Hassell and Roberts on Exeter Farm at Jembaicumbene, near where he had been foaled. This involved a rail trip from Sydney to Campbelltown, and an overland trip of 155 mi.

Archer's Melbourne Cup record

 * Winner of the first two Melbourne Cups (1861, 1862)
 * For more than a century, only two horses won the Melbourne Cup twice: Archer (1861, 1862) and Peter Pan (1932, 1934).
 * Slowest winning time – 3.52.0 (1861)
 * First winner to carry a weight of over 10 st – 10 st 2 lb (1862)
 * Winners by the largest margin – 8 lengths (1862, tied by Rain Lover in 1968)
 * First non-favourite to win (1861)
 * First favourite to win (1862)
 * First past winner to be denied a starting place (1863)

Race record
u/k = unknown

s  = gold sovereign

1s = £1

1 mile = 1.6 km

Stud record
Archer was retired to stud at a fee of 10 guineas per mare (one of the highest stud fees of the time), but his progeny did not win a stakes race. He remained at Exeter Farm until his death at age 16 on 22 December 1872. He had wandered into a field of green barley, the consumption of which gave him a fatal inflammation of the lungs. Archer's jockey, John Cutts, had died three months earlier in September 1872.

Victorian craftswoman Therese Haynes was so enamoured of Archer that late in his life, she made a horseshoe ornament from his tail hair. She coiled the hair to create a horseshoe-shaped plaque, placed it in a silver setting and mounted it on red satin. Preserving relics from celebrities – a category that in Australia has often included horses – was a strong Victorian-era pastime. Today this piece of memorabilia can be found at the Australian Racing Museum in Melbourne.

In popular culture
1985 Australian film Archer covers the story of Archer and his strapper David Power.

Major Reference

 * The Masters Touch, Racing with Etienne de Mestre, Winner of 5 Melbourne Cups by Keith W. Paterson, Published by Keith W. Paterson [Nowra] (2008) (ISBN 978-0-646-50028-7)

Other references

 * Archer at Thoroughbred Heritage.com
 * Shoalhaven Hall of Sporting Fame
 * History of rail in Victoria
 * History of rail in Victoria

title: Archer (horse)


text:
Asparrena

Asparrena (Aspárrena, meaning 'down the rock') is a municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. The municipality comprises various population nuclei, the main one being the town of Araia.

title: Asparrena


text:
User talk:Svp357

Please refrain from adding nonsense to Wikipedia, as you did to Emperor Han Li. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. --Nlu 05:58, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Svp357


text:
Ayala/Aiara

Aiara in Basque or Ayala in Spanish is a municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Ayala/Aiara


text: User talk:71.136.254.80

title: User talk:71.136.254.80


text:
Blood and Honor

Blood and Honor may refer to:
 * Blood and Honor (German: Blut und Ehre), the motto of the Hitler Youth
 * Blood and Honor: Youth Under Hitler (German: Blut und Ehre: Jugend Unter Hitler), a German/American made for TV mini-series
 * Blood & Honour, a UK neo-Nazi music promotion network and political group
 * Blood and Honor (novel), a novel set in the fictional Dungeons & Dragons Eberron setting

title: Blood and Honor


text:
Glenmaggie, Victoria

Glenmaggie is a town in Victoria, Australia, located on the shores of Lake Glenmaggie, in the Shire of Wellington. At the 2016 census, Glenmaggie and the surrounding area had a population of 277.

Glenmaggie Post Office opened on 1 January 1872 and closed in 1986.

Lake Glenmaggie is popular for waterskiing and boating. On 14 March 1942, a RAAF Wirraway crashed into the lake, killing the pilot.

title: Glenmaggie, Victoria


text:
LEAK

LEAK is the brand name for high-fidelity audio equipment made by H. J. Leak & Co. Ltd, of London, England. The company was founded in 1934 by Harold Joseph Leak and was sold to the Rank Organisation in January 1969. During the 1950s and 1960s, the company produced high-quality amplifiers, radio tuners, loudspeakers (the LEAK Sandwich), pickups, tonearms and a turntable. The sale of the business to Rank saw an expanded range of models, and considerable further development of loudspeakers, but Rank was not able to position the brand to counter competition from Japanese electronics manufacturers, so by the late 1970s, electronics and speaker production ceased under the LEAK name.

Early days
The company initially focussed on provision of amplifiers for public address systems and theatres, with only a few staff. Typical designs used were similar to those found in the Partridge Public Address Manuals of the time, which used Osram's DA30 power triodes in push-pull for 45 watts output.

During the latter part of the Second World War, the company started developing amplifiers that made extensive use of negative feedback to achieve very high performance. This approach had been patented by Harold Black of Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1934, and already used before that by Alan Blumlein of EMI, but it was slow to emerge as popular method for controlling amplifier performance.

Point One
In September 1945, the company released the first of the "Point One" series of amplifiers, so named because the total harmonic distortion was 0.1% at rated output. This represented a major leap forward in accepted standards for high-performance amplifiers (with 2% distortion generally considered acceptable at the time). This first "Point One" amplifier was known as the Type 15, and produced 15 watts output, at 0.1% distortion, using push-pull KT66 valves connected as triodes, with 26 dB feedback applied over four stages. The amplifier has a similar topology to the Williamson amplifier published in Wireless World in 1947.

In 1948, the original four-stage circuit was replaced with a three-stage design that was designated the TL/12. This amplifier had the same high performance at reduced cost, and it was responsible for establishing and securing the future of the company as a dominant player in the "hi-fi" boom of the 1950s and 1960s.

Subsequent amplifiers from the company all used the same circuit topology as the TL/12, but took advantage of newer more efficient power valves and the so-called "ultra-linear" connection of the output stage to obtain higher power output with triode-like characteristics. These amplifiers included the TL/10, TL/25, TL/12-Plus, TL/25-Plus, TL/50-Plus, and the Stereo 20, Stereo 50 and Stereo 60.

title: LEAK


text:
Baños de Ebro/Mañueta

Baños de Ebro in Spanish or Mañueta in Basque is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Baños de Ebro/Mañueta


text:
User talk:Joshwex

g'day
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 07:08, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Joshwex


text:
User talk:Mickysoohoo

New Presidency
Dominion of Melchizedek

Dr. Almando Micky Soohoo is elected the president of the Dominion of Melchizedek on October 10, 2005.

title: User talk:Mickysoohoo


text:
Lu'an

Lu'an, is a prefecture-level city in western Anhui province, People's Republic of China, bordering Henan to the northwest and Hubei to the southwest. As of the 2020 census, it had a total population of 4,393,699 inhabitants whom 1,752,537 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Yu'an and Jin'an urban districts. Neighbouring prefecture-level cities are the provincial capital of Hefei to the east, Anqing to the south, Huanggang (Hubei) and Xinyang (Henan) to the west, and Huainan and Fuyang to the north. Although the character (literally: "six") is normally pronounced "Liù", in this case it changes to "Lù" on account of the historical literary reading.

Geography and climate
Lu'an is marked by the southern fringes of the North China Plain in its north and the northern part of the Dabie Mountains in its south. Its administrative area spans 31°01′−32°40′ N latitude and 115°20′−117°14′ E longitude, respectively.

Lu'an has a monsoon-influenced, humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold and damp, with average low temperatures in January dipping just below freezing; the January 24-hour average temperature is 2.8 C. Summers are typically hot and humid, with a July average of 28.0 C. The annual mean is 16.0 C, while annual precipitation averages just above 1100 mm, a majority of which occurs from May to August. Annual sunshine duration is 2,000 to 2,300 hours.

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Lu'an administers seven county-level divisions, including three districts and four counties.

These are further divided into 142 township-level divisions.

Transport

 * China National Highway 312
 * Lu'an railway station

title: Lu'an


text:
Barriobusto

Barriobusto or Gorrebusto  is a hamlet and concejo in the municipality of Oyón-Oion, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. It was an independent municipality until 1977, when it was merged into Oyón.

title: Barriobusto


text:
Barrundia

Barrundia is a valley and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. It includes the village of Guevara (Gebara). Ozaeta is the capital. A stream of the same name runs through the valley, pouring into the Ullíbarri-Gamboa reservoir.

title: Barrundia


text: Template:Tsugaru Line

title: Template:Tsugaru Line


text: File:Jason-scorchers-fervor.jpg

title: File:Jason-scorchers-fervor.jpg


text:
Aristides of Thebes

Aristides of Thebes (Ἀριστείδης ὁ Θηβαῖος) was an ancient Greek painter.

Life
He lived in the 4th century BC. He had a reputation for expressiveness: for example, a picture of his representing a dying mother's fear lest her infant should suck death from her breast became celebrated. He also painted one of Alexander the Great's battles. King Attalus of Pergamon allegedly bought one of his pictures for 100 talents.

The painter Ariston was his son and pupil.

title: Aristides of Thebes


text:
William Little (Pittsburgh mayor)

William Little (August 8, 1809 – August 26, 1887) was mayor of Pittsburgh, in the US state of Pennsylvania, from 1839 to 1840.

Early life
Little was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1809. Early in his life, he belonged to the civic/vigilance committee The Duquesne Greys.

Later life
After leaving the mayor's office he entered the private sector, developing a canal freight business in Ohio before moving further west and starting a successful furniture company in Iowa.

By the middle of the century he returned to Pittsburgh to manage the Monongahela Navigation Company. He was also treasurer of a local Pittsburgh bank.

He died in 1887 in Pittsburgh, aged 78, and is buried in Allegheny Cemetery.

title: William Little (Pittsburgh mayor)


text: Talk:Solsona, Ilocos Norte

title: Talk:Solsona, Ilocos Norte


text: User talk:204.52.215.67

title: User talk:204.52.215.67


text:
User talk:Muratnemutlu~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Ryan Delaney talk 07:15, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:39, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Muratnemutlu~enwiki


text:
Talk:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên

Is she a lawyer now or what?
No Didn't have law office.

Untitled
The beginning and end of this article are in conflict.202.131.169.128 12:56, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to see some evidence that she graduated from said university with law degree. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.31.127.200 (talk) 02:36, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

What's her correct date of birth?
It is said that Ky Duyên was born June 30, 1969, but sub "Biography" it is said that she was 10 years old during the fall of Saigon (April 30, 1975). Which statement is correct?

It now states that she was six during the fall of Saigon. However it also states that she was born in 1965, that would make her ten.

title: Talk:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên