text:
Adirondack Railroad

The Adirondack Railroad (formerly the Adirondack Scenic Railroad) is a heritage railway serving the Adirondack Park that operates over former New York Central Railroad trackage between Utica and Tupper Lake. The railroad is operated by the not-for-profit Adirondack Railroad Preservation Society, with train crews composed largely of volunteers.

ADIX operates between Utica and Remsen over trackage of the Mohawk, Adirondack and Northern Railroad, part of the Genesee Valley Transportation Company. The Remsen–Tupper Lake segment is owned by the State of New York and is designated as a multi-use corridor for rail traffic during the spring, summer, and fall seasons, and as a snowmobile trail during the winter months.

As of 2021, passenger trains operated between Utica and Thendara, with several trains continuing north to Big Moose. Historic stations have been restored in Holland Patent, Remsen, Saranac Lake and Lake Placid. The section of track between Utica and Lyons Falls is used for freight traffic operated by the Mohawk, Adirondack and Northern Railroad (MA&N).

History
The line was built in 1892 by William Seward Webb, a Vanderbilt in-law, as the Mohawk & Malone Railway and was purchased from him in 1893 by the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. Its successor from 1913, the New York Central Railroad, ran passenger trains on the route until April 24, 1965. It passed to the Penn Central Transportation Company on February 1, 1968, which abandoned freight operations north of Remsen in 1972. New York State bought the entire Utica-Lake Placid line from the bankrupt Penn Central in 1974, primarily to serve the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. The Adirondack Railway then operated passenger services between Utica and Lake Placid from 1979 to 1981. Tracks were dormant from 1981 until 1992, when restoration began with a 4 mi section from Thendara to Minnehaha, New York. The section was approved and demonstrated on July 4, 1992, and the line was given the name Adirondack Centennial Railroad. It was renamed Adirondack Scenic Railroad in 1994, and the name was changed again to the Adirondack Railroad in 2020.

Controversy
The railroad had formerly planned to restore passenger operations over the entire Utica–Lake Placid corridor (142 mi in length), and did operate from 2000 to 2016 on the short (8-mile), isolated segment between Saranac Lake and Lake Placid. While this vision was supported by several local communities (most notably Tupper Lake and the Next Stop Tupper Lake organization), a key and well-funded opponent, Adirondack Recreational Trail Advocates (ARTA), called for replacing the Tupper Lake–Lake Placid section with a rail trail. Trackage was slated to be dismantled in late 2016, but was delayed pending resolution of a protracted legal battle. The New York Supreme Court ultimately sided with the railroad on September 26, 2017, annulling the rail trail plan in its entirety.

However, at the behest of Saranac Lake multi-millionaire venture capitalist Lee Keet, a co-founder of ARTA whose political clout in Albany runs deep, the Adirondack Park Agency obeyed the New York State Legislature and successfully circumvented the court ruling by redefining the term "travel corridor" in the Adirondack Park Act in 2020 to include a trail in place of a rail line. Mr. Keet has been, and remains (2023), the top trail supporter in the region and is still the most important and influential member of the re-named Adirondack Rail Trail Association (still ARTA). As a result, trackage on the 34 mi Tupper Lake-Lake Placid section was removed in October 2020, taking 128 years of Adirondack railroad history with it.

Concurrently, New York State renovated the decrepit trackage from Big Moose to Tupper Lake. The first train ran over the entire 108 mi Utica–Tupper Lake corridor in September 2022, and regular scheduled tourist excursion service began in late spring, 2023.

title: Adirondack Railroad


text: Talk:Patty Moise

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Patty Moise


text:
Flemish Diamond

The Flemish Diamond (Vlaamse Ruit) is the Flemish reference to a network of four metropolitan areas in Belgium, three of which are in the central provinces of Flanders, together with the Brussels-Capital Region. Note: The Flemish government has no authority on economical matters in the Brussels Capital Region, which with nearby Flemish municipalities (with industrial areas in the directions of the Brussels airport, which is located in Flanders, and of or at the small cities of Vilvoorde and Asse) (de Vries, 2002, p. 139), forms one of the major economic metropolitan areas of the 'Flemish' Diamond'. Association of a fraction of the Walloon Region with the Brussels metropolitan area, by some sources, was contested by others. See e.g.:
 * About constitutionally defined competences, see Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium.

Herman Deweerdt (AK-VSZ ): Het is zeker waar dat de Vlaamse ruit een centrum van economische activiteit is en dus een zeer belangrijke basis vormt voor de financiering van de sociale zekerheid, [m]aar voor de gelegenheid Brussel weglaten en er Waals-Brabant bijvoegen om dan te beweren dat het centrum van het land de rest financiert, is niet correct. ('Surely the Flemish Diamond is a centre of economic activity and thus forms a base for social security financing, but for that occasion omitting Brussels and adding Walloon Brabant, for then posing that the country's centre is financing the remainder, is not correct.') It consists of four agglomerations which form the four corners of an abstract diamond shape: Brussels, Ghent, Antwerp and Leuven.

In 2007, approximately 5 million people lived in this area, with a population density of about 820 per square kilometer which accounted for roughly 47% of the total population of the country (c. 10.5 million).

History
The Flemish Diamond is a regional government concept not officially recognized by the Belgian central authority, the Federal government, which recognizes no poly-centric conurbation in Belgium that crosses regional borders and includes Brussels as part of it. The other major Belgian metropolitan areas that are in relative proximity to the national capital (that lie within a radius of approximately 50 km around Brussels) are the exclusive competence of the regional authorities. These autonomous authorities may choose to include or exclude Brussels in their own volition. And as such, the autonomous Flemish government developed the geographic and socio-economic concept of Vlaamse Ruit or "Flemish Diamond" in the 1990s. The Francophone counterpart is the Triangle Wallonie ("Walloon Triangle"), consisting of Brussels and three Walloon metropolitan areas, namely Mons, Charleroi, and Namur.

Dynamics
The distance from Antwerp to Brussels is approximately 51 km. The city of Mechelen is in the middle, and towards Brussels the industrial area of Vilvoorde. With the Port of Antwerp stretching to the north, this has long been recognized as a major north–south urban and industrial axis. The western triangular area of the larger cities of Antwerp-Brussels-Ghent comprises the cities of Lokeren located west of Sint-Niklaas, Dendermonde north of Aalst as well as the industrial area Boom – Willebroek, and is generally slightly less urbanized. Such may also be true for the smaller eastern Antwerp – Brussels – Leuven triangle, comprising the city of Lier.

The name refers to the geometrical shape of a diamond, corresponding to the location of the four cities and surrounding metro areas, which are among the most urbanized and industrialized – and prosperous — in Belgium. It has strong economical ties with the metropolitan regions of the Randstad in the Netherlands, and Rhine-Ruhr in Germany. It also links its peripheral area for more than a hundred kilometers, exceeding Flanders, to the international and global economy.

The economic activities in the relatively larger metropolitan areas are distinct, with an emphasis on industry in Antwerp, mainly because of its major port, versus on administration for Brussels, as Belgian capital and its function for the European Union and NATO. Though the centrally located city in both the Diamond and its major north–south industrial axis has two industrial zones within the municipal boundaries, Mechelen is also seen as a commuter town for its many commuters to those cities.

Apart from Hasselt University in Limburg, all the Flemish universities are located at the provincial or national capitals at each corner of the Diamond, while Mechelen plays an important role because of its other types of higher education. Though a distant affiliate of the Catholic university of Leuven offers the first few years of some bachelors in Kortrijk, for higher degrees the University of Ghent is the nearest for the province of West Flanders, as it lies outside the Flemish Diamond.

title: Flemish Diamond


text:
Louis Eugène Marie Bautain

Louis Eugène Marie Bautain (17 February 1796 – 15 October 1867), was a French philosopher and theologian.

Life
Bautain was born in Paris. At the École Normale he came under the influence of Victor Cousin. In 1816 he adopted the profession of higher teaching, and was soon after called to the chair of philosophy in the University of Strasbourg. He held this position for many years, and gave a parallel course of lectures as professor of the literary faculty in the same city. The reaction against speculative philosophy, which carried away De Maistre and Lamennais, influenced him also.

In 1828 he took orders, and resigned his chair at the university. For several years he remained at Strasbourg, lecturing at the Faculty and at the college of Juilly, but in 1849 he set out for Paris as vicar of the diocese. At Paris he obtained considerable reputation as an orator, and in 1853 was made professor of moral theology at the theological faculty at the Sorbonne. This post he held till his death.

Like the Scholastics, he distinguished reason and faith, and held that revelation supplies facts, otherwise unattainable, which philosophy is able to group by scientific methods. Theology and philosophy thus form one comprehensive science. Yet Bautain was no rationalist; like Pascal and Newman he exalted faith above reason. He pointed out, following chiefly the Kantian criticism, that reason can never yield knowledge of things in themselves. But there exists in addition to reason another faculty which may be called intelligence, through which we are put in connection with spiritual and invisible truth. This intelligence does not of itself yield a body of truth; it merely contains the germs of the higher ideas, and these are made productive by being brought into contact with revealed facts. This fundamental conception Bautain worked out in the departments of psychology and morals.

In 1842 Bautain and Mère Thérèse de la Croix officially founded the Sisters of St. Louis in Juilly; the order was originally established to promote Christian education for young people and has set up a number of schools around the world.

Bautain died in Viroflay near Paris, and was buried in Juilly.

Works
The most important of his works are:
 * Philosophie du Christianisme (1835)
 * Psychologie expérimentale (1839), new edition entitled Esprit humain et ses facultés (1859)
 * Philosophie morale (1840)
 * Religion et liberté (1848)
 * La morale de l’Évangile, comparée aux divers systèmes de morale (Strassburg, 1827; Paris, 1855)
 * De l'éducation publique en France au XIX siècle (Paris, 1876).

title: Louis Eugène Marie Bautain


text:
William Propsting

William Bispham Propsting, CMG (4 June 1861 – 3 December 1937) was an Australian lawyer and politician. He served as premier of Tasmania from 1903 to 1904. He was a member of the parliament of Tasmania for over 35 years and also served terms as Attorney-General of Tasmania and president of the Tasmanian Legislative Council.

Early life
Propsting was born in Hobart on 4 June 1861. He was the son of Hannah (née Cater) and Henry Propsting. His father had been transported to Van Diemen's Land as a convict in 1831 for stealing geese. He went on to become a successful merchant and an alderman of the City of Hobart, also reputedly fathering 26 children.

Propsting attended the Derwent School in Hobart run by F. V. Norman. He moved to South Australia in 1879 and began working as a pupil-teacher. He attended the Teachers' Training College and University of Adelaide. He subsequently taught at the Sturt Street School in Adelaide and the state schools in Kapunda and Burra. In 1886, Propsting return to Hobart and commenced studying law as an articled clerk under C. H. Elliston and C. E. Featherstone. He was admitted to the bar in 1892.

Political career
In February 1899 Propsting entered politics as member for Hobart in the Tasmanian House of Assembly, and in August 1901 was elected leader of the opposition. He became premier and treasurer on 9 April 1903, his party being known as the liberal democratic party. He succeeded in re-organising the education department and established a training college at Hobart, but most of his party's attempts to bring in democratic legislation were blocked by the Tasmanian Legislative Council. Propsting resigned on 11 July 1904 and was leader of the opposition until December 1905. He was then elected a member of the legislative council, and in May 1906 joined the Sir John W. Evans ministry as attorney-general and minister for education. This ministry resigned in June 1909. From April 1916 to August 1922 Propsting was attorney-general and minister for railways in Sir W. H. Lee's ministry, and was attorney-general in the Hayes ministry which succeeded it until August 1923. He was elected president of the legislative council in July 1926 and held this position with distinction until his death at Hobart on 3 December 1937.

Personal life
In 1893, Propsting married Caroline Emma Coles, the daughter of South Australian politician Sir Jenkin Coles, despite her father's initial disapproval. The couple had three children. He was widowed in 1923 and remarried in 1925 to Lilias Macfarlane. He died at his home in Hobart on 3 December 1937, aged 76.

title: William Propsting


text:
Fenstanton

Fenstanton is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England, 2 mi south of St Ives in Huntingdonshire, a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and historic county. Fenstanton lies on the south side of the River Ouse.

Known as Stantun in the 11th century, Staunton and Stanton Gisbrit de Gant in the 13th century, the name Fenstanton (and Fennystanton) appeared from the 14th century. The name "Fenstanton" means "fenland stone enclosure".

History
Lying on the Via Devana, the Roman road that linked the army camps at Godmanchester and Cambridge, Fenstanton was the site of a Roman villa, possibly designed to keep order after an attack on the forces of the IX Legion Hispana, as they retreated from an ambush at Cambridge by Boudicca's tribesmen. The first evidence of a Roman crucifixion in the UK was discovered in a burial in Fenstanton in 2017, when a skeleton of a man was found with a nail through his heel. In 2021, the bones were unearthed.

The inhabitants of Fenstanton rose in support of Hereward the Wake after the Norman Conquest in 1066. From his stronghold on the Isle of Ely Hereward led resistance against the Normans, causing King William I to assemble a force in Cambridge to deal with the problem. Men were summoned from Huntingdon but they did not pass Fenstanton and escaped with their lives only by swimming across the river.

Fenstanton was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 in the Hundred of Toseland in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Stantone in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at Fenstanton; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £17 and the rent had fallen to £16 in 1086, and the parish contained 33 households. By 1086 there was already a church and a priest at Fenstanton.

Government
As a civil parish, Fenstanton has a parish council consisting of twelve councillors. The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Fenstanton is a district ward and is represented on the district council by one councillor. The highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Alconbury. Fenstanton is part of the electoral division of The Hemingfords and Fen Stanton and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

Fenstanton was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Fenstanton became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

At Westminster, Fenstanton is in the parliamentary constituency of Huntingdon, and elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election. Since 2001 the MP has been Jonathan Djanogly of the Conservative Party.

Population
In the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Fenstanton was recorded every ten years by the UK census. During this time the population was in the range of 704 (the lowest was in 1801) and 1120 (the highest was in 1861).

From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 due to the Second World War.

All population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight.

In 2011, the parish covered an area of 2553 acre and so the population density for Fenstanton in 2011 was 812.7 persons per square mile (313.8 per square kilometre).

Culture and community
The village supports two public houses: The Crown and Pipes and the Duchess. In 1851 there were eight recorded pubs: The Bell, the Crown, the George, the King William IV, the Rose & Crown, the Royal Oak, the White Horse, Woolpack and the Duchess.

There is a post office, as well as a primary school with an attached pre-school, shared with neighbouring Hilton.

There is a convenience store called Ash's Shop, which won the Small Convenience Store of the Year award at the 2021 Convenience Awards

Fenstanton is the current operating base of Stagecoach in Huntingdonshire.

Notable people
The village is the ancestral home of John Howland, one of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620 at Plymouth, Massachusetts.

In the 18th century Lancelot "Capability" Brown, the famous landscape gardener, bought the Lordship of the Manor of Fenstanton and Hilton from the Earl of Northampton. Brown and his wife Bridget are buried in the parish churchyard and the chancel bears a memorial to them and two of their sons, John and his wife Mary and Lancelot Brown Junior with his wife Frances memorialised across the nave. Notable antiquarian M. R. James wrote a ghost story entitled The Fenstanton Witch, which was not published till after his death. The story also mentions the village of Lolworth, which is a few miles away.

Religious sites
The parish church of St Peter and St Paul dates from the 13th century, though there was an earlier church on the site listed in the Domesday Survey.

The octagonal spire on the west tower dates from the 14th century, and the church is noted for its chancel, built by 14th-century rector William de Longthorne. The east window, 17 feet in width, is impressive for a church of its size. The six bells date from the 17th and 18th century, the latest being hung in 1981, a gift from The Howland Society in America, descendants of the Mayflower Pilgrims mentioned above.

The village also has both a Baptist and a United Reformed Church.

title: Fenstanton


text:
Pekka Airaksinen

Pekka Airaksinen (21 August 1945 – 6 May 2019) was a Finnish composer of electronic music.

Airaksinen formed his first band, The Sperm, in the 1960s. The Sperm mixed elements of avant-garde music with free jazz and psychedelic pop. Their concerts featured confrontational performance art, which resulted in two members being arrested for simulating sexual intercourse and screening pornographic films.

Following The Sperm's breakup in the early 1970s, Airaksinen turned to Buddhism and ceased making music. He started to collect Tibetan art and started Tibet Art Center in Loimaa. He returned to music in the mid-1980s with his album Buddhas of Golden Light, which mixed free jazz with percussion from a Roland 808 drum machine.

In the 1990s, Airaksinen founded the Dharmakustannus label, on which he released numerous CDs and CD-Rs. The music styles of these releases varies considerable, ranging from new age, ambient, house, jazz and improvisation.

Pekka Airaksinen died on 6 May 2019, at the age of 73.

Discography

 * One Point Music (1972)
 * Buddhas of Golden Light (1984)
 * Inner Galaxies (1996)
 * Madam I'm Adam (album) (2003)
 * Mahagood (2007)

title: Pekka Airaksinen


text: Category:Software engineering papers

title: Category:Software engineering papers


text:
Talk:Chad Michael Murray

Image?
Surely we can find a photo to add to this page, I doubt there is any shortage of them on the internet.

The trivia is a bit much - it is just copied form IMDB. And we can find a bunch of im ages on the internet, just check Image use policy before coosing one. - 03:39, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

This is the trivia, now removed from the page. If anyone wants to insert certain pieces of info into the article, go ahead:Vulturell 01:05, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Random Information
His favorite fashion accessory is a hemp necklace that his father gave him.

Got an accidental 'nose job' during his earlier modeling career! He was 'jumped' in a fast food restaurant and got his nose broken and had to have surgery. If you look closely, you can see the difference between his nose now and back then, because he had to get it fixed and it couldn't be constructed to the way it was.

Had his small intestine removed as the result of a football injury, so he can't gain weight.

His father Rex works as an air traffic controller.

His mom left his family when he was only 10 years old, which he says helps him to relate to his character Lucas Scott on One Tree Hill.

Has 4 brothers (Rex, Nick, Brandon, and half brother Tyler) and a sister (Shannon).

His favorite football team is the Buffalo Bills

His first job was when he was 10 delivering newspapers, then when he turned 14 he started working as a janitor at the local doughnut shop.

His favorite book is "Catcher in the Rye" by J.D. Salinger.

He has five dogs. A shepherd/wolf mix named Joe, which he takes everywhere with him. A french mastiff named Ozzie which was born with only one testicle, and Jared Padalecki calls him "nutclopse." A pomeranian named Charlie, A boxer/pit bull mix named Annie that belongs to his wife Sophia Bush and a guard dog named Axel which he bought Sophia for protection.

Ranked #22 in TV Guide's list of "TV's 25 Greatest Teen Idols" (23 January 2005 issue).

Modeled for Skechers, Tommy Hilfiger, and Gucci.

Said if he wasn't a actor he would love to be a pediatrician.

His favorite movie is Fight Club.

His favorite television show is The Simpsons.

His hobbies are: Going to the gym, in line skating, soccer, volleyball, pickup basketball and football.

His favorite musicians are Incubus, Dave Matthews Band, and Pete Murray.

$$Bold text$$$$Insert formula here$$

Had his small intestine removed as a result of a football injury?

Surely if this were true he wouldn't be living? How many people survive with no small intestine.--User:84.68.159.234 23:26, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * hahahaha--Hkchan123 12:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * He had half of it removed, as it was damaged...  godgoddingham  333 22:16, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

"He can divide by zero"
Now that's some talent! Dark Avatar 17:54, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Modeling Agency
Does anyone know what modeling agency he was signed with?? Lil Flip246 00:17, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I updated the article, so it now says the February 2006 Cosmogirl instead of an edition. 68.22.252.165 07:04, 26 august 2006 (UTC)k

"but then they got a divorce because she is an actress"
Interesting point. What is exactly does that mean? (It can hardly have been news to him!) 80.42.140.41 03:50, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

That is exactly what I thought. What does that mean? Also he can divide by zero ha ha. What???? 203.39.13.66 05:44, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Name changes?
Is his name supposed to be changing throughout the article?

Is his nickname Lee? Gregory? It keeps changing throughout the article. Can someone clarify/clean this up please?

 * Yeah, I was wondering about that, and because of that I can not use wikipedia as a trusted source in my project--74.225.202.223 22:36, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Anon, if you are trying to find a trustable source on Wiki, I suggest to head for articles that have either reached Featured Status, do qualify as "good articles" (= check discussion page for that) or those that provide references.

As for the name change: googled it up, found nothing on it. Who ever is changing the Murray's name to "Lee"/"Greg": please provide a trustable source (gossip magazines don't count.) Best regards, -- Plum couch Talk2Me 22:50, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Is there any way that we can get more people to add verified stuff to the page, that is, to make it stand out more? --74.225.202.223 22:57, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Well, generally, a way to verify stuff is to find sources and cite them on the article. However, Murray being a young actor who has barely played in movies (compared to, let's say, Diane Keaton whose article is featured) I'm not sure if there is enough stuff about him to find that's not gossip. But, if you know some links from non-gossip-website that tell about Murray being a anti-drug-role model or something, add them as references or post them here and I will add them. Best regards, -- Plum couch Talk2Me 00:04, 3 December 2006 (UTC) PS. Also, I added  to the article - this will attract other editors.

affair
does anyone have any verifiable sources about his affair? i read that he got kenzie dalton pregnant but i don't remember where it was. 72.65.80.188 09:45, 25 December 2006 (UTC) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! hes hot

had an affair with him. he kissed my mom. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.19.223.81 (talk) 20:31, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

I heard hes a pedo — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.90.92.4 (talk) 12:38, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

Picture
Can anyone find some picture of CMM? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.93.253.34 (talk) 19:51, 12 March 2007 (UTC).

I don't know if this counts as a source, but Nick Carter (Paris Hilton's boyfriend at the time) mentioned that he found out Chad and Paris had cheated and threatened to tell Sophia. It was during an interview with Howard Stern, though, and that may be hearsay? - Indiansummer813 04:53, 17 June 2007 (UTC) chad michael murray is HOT!!!!!!!!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.165.116.2 (talk) 18:13, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

Semi-protection
This article has been semi-protected — meaning that only established users may edit it — in light of verification of multiple reversions on a daily basis of unsubstantiated claims made by anonymous editors. Please discuss changes on the talk page, and please provide sources to verify any claims, so that the article may be unprotected again as soon as possible. Regards, Redux 03:42, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Ethnicity
I heard he is a 1/4 japanese. Any sources?--76.213.237.11 (talk) 18:16, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * No, there's not a single source for that information. When asked about being Japanese Chad denied it http://i.imgur.com/qnDLzX6.png. Chad has confirmed via his twitter that he is Irish and Polish, and ethnicelebs who have traced back his ancestors found that he is English, Irish, Polish and German. The Japanese rumors are untrue. http://ethnicelebs.com/chad-michael-murray Kalissa47 (talk) 07:39, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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The Hallmark movie is Write before Christmas
I’m watching it now - can you update? SmileN2 (talk) 22:58, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chad Michael Murray


text:
Warboys

Warboys is a large village and civil parish in the Huntingdonshire district of Cambridgeshire, England, 7 mi north-east of Huntingdon.

Geology
Igneous diorite rocks are located around 171–217 m below ground at Warboys. Discovered in the 1960s, it is suspected that these rocks form the remnants of a volcano of the Hercynian Orogeny (+300 MYA).

History
Warboys is a large parish and a village on what was the eastern side of Huntingdonshire bordering on Cambridgeshire.

The place-name 'Warboys' is first attested in a Saxon charter of 974, where it appears as Wardebusc and Weardebusc. The name is perhaps from the Old Norse vardi and buski, and means 'beacon with bushes'. "Wearda" was also an Old English personal name, and it has been suggested this word means, literally, "bush of a man called Wearda", or, that the first element is from the Old English "weard" (‘watch, protection’). Additionally, the first Norman family to settle there was named Wardebois, whom, initially, according to John Leland, were named Verbois, from Verboys, near Rouen. The Verbois were known as the Wardebois, from at least 1199 to 1322. After this period, the town's name shifted to Warbois, then, finally, Warboys.

Warboys in the Domesday Book
Warboys was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Hurstingstone in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was again written as Wardebusc in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at Warboys; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £12 and the rent was the same in 1086.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly give the population of a place, but it records that there were 48 households at Warboys. Estimating 3.5–5.0 people per household, the 1086 population of Warboys was between 168–240 people. The survey records that there were nineteen ploughlands at Warboys in 1086 and that there was the capacity for a further ploughland. In addition to the arable land, there were 3 acre of meadows and 3784 acre of woodland at Warboys.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld, and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manor at Warboys the total tax assessed was ten geld.

By 1086 there was already a church and a priest at Warboys and it was amongst the lands of the Abbey of St. Benedict at Ramsey.

Situation
The north-east part is fenland, with the higher land to the south composed of stiff clay. The land falls from about 114 ft above sea-level in the south to 2 ft in the fenland of the north and north-east. Nearly $3/4$ of the area is arable upon which potatoes are largely grown, and also corn and beans, etc. Warboys Wood is the only remaining piece of woodland.

The village lies on high ground in the south-west part of the parish overlooking the fen to the north-east. It has grown up at the foot of a fork formed at the junction of the main road from St. Ives to Ramsey, with a branch road leading eastwards over Warboys Heath on to Fenton. The main road, as it passes through the village, is called Church Street, and the branch road is High Street. The church is at the south end of the village. There are three or four old cottages in the village, including the White Hart Inn on the north side of the High Street – a 17th century brick house with a thatched roof. In 1996 an electrical fault caused the roof to catch fire, destroying the top storey of the building. The pub was rebuilt and opened again in 1997.

In 1774 an Act of Parliament was passed for draining certain lands in Warboys, including 300 acre called High Fen and 60 acre part of New Pasture. In 1795, an Act was passed for dividing, enclosing and draining the open common fields in Warboys. A further Act was passed in 1798 to amend the previous Act as regards the lands allotted in lieu of tithes.

A local landmark is the clock tower, built in 1887 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria on the throne. Warboys is also famous for the trial of the so-called "Witches of Warboys". Much witch-related iconography can be found in the village, including part of the emblem of the local primary school.

Local English dialect
The village was one of two sites in Huntingdonshire included in the Survey of English Dialects (SED). The other was Kimbolton.

The traditional dialect of Warboys recorded in the SED was characterised by a 'Canadian raising' type alternation in the vowel of the PRICE lexical set.

RAF Warboys
During the Second World War the RAF operated a bomber airfield just south-west of the village, RAF Warboys. Wellingtons operated there from 1942 until early 1943 when they were replaced by Lancasters. After early 1944, the airfield was used for training until flying operations ended late in 1945. All the buildings and land were sold by 1964.

Government
As a civil parish, Warboys has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the council tax. The parish council consists of fifteen elected councillors and has a parish clerk. The parish precept for the financial year ending 31 March 2015 was £86, 140.

Warboys was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Warboys became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council, which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Warboys is a part of the district ward of Warboys and Bury and is represented on the district council by two councillors. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Warboys the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council, which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Warboys is part of the electoral division of Warboys and Upwood and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

At Westminster Warboys is in the parliamentary constituency of North West Cambridgeshire, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Warboys is represented in the House of Commons by Shailesh Vara (Conservative). Shailesh Vara has represented the constituency since 2005. The previous member of parliament was Brian Mawhinney (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1997 and 2005.

Population
In the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Warboys was recorded every ten years by the UK census. During this time the population was in the range of 943 (the lowest was in 1801) and 1996 (the highest was in 1851).

From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 (due to the Second World War).

All population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight.

In 2011, the parish covered an area of 9046 acre and the population density of Warboys in 2011 was 282. 6 persons per square mile (109. 1 per square kilometre).

Warboys Youth Action
Warboys Youth Action is a charity established in 1993 and exists to promote the moral, physical and spiritual well-being of those between 11 and 18 years of age who live in the parish. With a reputation as the provider of a youth club which was housed in part of the old school at the rear of the library. The Youthie building is not currently being used due to building subsidence. The future of the Youthie building is currently under discussion, it has now been closed since 2010.

St Mary Magdalene Church
The church of St Mary Magdalene, formerly of the Blessed Mary the Virgin, consists of a chancel, nave, north aisle, south aisle, west tower, north and south porches.

Nothing now remains of the church which existed as the time of the Domesday survey of 1086. The earliest church of which there is now evidence was built in the middle of the 12th century, probably when the church and its possessions were granted by Abbot Walter to the almonry of Ramsey Abbey. This church consisted of the present nave and a north aisle. The chancel arch, the responds at each end of the north aisle and a small piece of walling at the south-west corner of the nave of this church still survive.

Early in the 13th century, the Norman north aisle, with the arcade, was rebuilt and immediately after, the south aisle with its arcade was added. In the middle of the 13th century the west tower, with its broached spire of ashlar, was built, and it was evidently intended at this date to extend the aisles westwards to the line of the west wall of the tower. If this intention was then carried out, the south extension was rebuilt in the latter part of the 14th century when the south porch was added. The north extension was also rebuilt in the early part of the 15th century when the north porch was added.

The chancel was rebuilt and shortened before the beginning of the 19th century and, in 1832, it was extended eastwards apparently to its original length and considerably altered. At this date large galleries were erected in both aisles and the tower, the floor being lowered a foot to give headroom under them. The east wall above the chancel arch, and west wall of the tower, were cased in lath and plaster, a vestry was formed at the west end of the north aisle, all the walls were coated with thick plaster and wooden mouldings fixed below the clearstory window and in other places. The spire was restored in 1898 and in 1926 the tower and south aisle were underpinned. The additions of 1832 (except those to the chancel) were removed and the floor restored to its former level.

From 2007 to 2010 further reordering took place with the interior to assist the worship to be more flexible and to give more opportunity for the building to be more versatile and comfortable. The 1927 pews were removed, in 2007, to be replaced by moveable chairs, the organ was overhauled and restored and moved to a new location to the west of the north door. A raised platform was installed in front of the chancel steps. The font was moved from the central location of the aisle to a position to the east of the south door. The chancel saw some changes, with the front choristers' book rests being relocated to become the communion rail in front of the altar and the front choristers' benches replaced by chairs. The 1927 electric heating was replaced, in 2010, by gas central heating, and the front of the building carpeted.

Baptist Church
The Baptist Church came into being in 1644. The current chapel was built in 1831 and in 1899 it was modified to broadly that seen today. The chapel became well known because of its baptisms in the weir (village pond); in 1905 approximately 3000 people came to watch the baptisms at the weir.

Methodist Church
Warboys Methodist Church was originally a wooden chapel built in 1900. In 1938 it was replaced by the current brick-built chapel, which was brought brick by brick from Great Raveley.

Sport and leisure
Warboys has a Non-League football club Warboys Town F.C. who play at Forge Way.

title: Warboys


text:
C'est les vacances

"C'est les vacances" ("It's the Holidays/Vacations") is a 2005 song recorded by the French singer Ilona Mitrecey. It was released as second single from her debut album, Un Monde parfait, on 19 July 2005. It was a great success in several countries, including France, Belgium (Wallonia) and Switzerland, although it did not manage to reach number-one.

Lyrics and music
Produced by Ivan Russo and Rosario Castagnola, the song was composed by the latter, Mixivan and Laurent Jeanne, who also performed the background vocals. The song was recorded in France and in Italy.

In this song, Ilona explains her holidays in Italy, with her friends.

Chart performances
"C'est les vacances" had a great success in France, but failed to achieve the same huge performance of Ilona's previous single, "Un Monde parfait". It went straight to number three on 25 July 2005, where it stayed for two weeks, then peaked at number two, thus surpassing "Un Monde parfait". However, this single managed to reach number two again, and "C'est les vacances" dropped to number three where it remained for three consecutive weeks, then was number four for four weeks. Thereafter, the single continued to decline. It spent twelve weeks in the top ten, 21 weeks in the top 50 and 29 weeks in the top 100.

The SNEP revealed the song was the fourth best-selling single during the first nine months of 2005, and the seventh one of the year. As of August 2014, it is the 41st best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 451,000 units sold.

In Belgium (Wallonia), the single debuted at number 27 on 16 July on the Ultratop 40 Singles Chart, then jumped to number six. Two weeks later, the song reached a peak at number three where it stayed for four non-consecutive weeks. It totaled twelve weeks in the top ten and 17 weeks on the chart (top 40).

In Switzerland, the single was listed for 27 weeks, from 31 July 2005 to 8 January 2006. It started at number nine and reached a peak at number six for two non-consecutive weeks.

"C'est les vacances" had moderate success in Germany, where it peaked at number 61.

Track listings

 * CD single - France

 * CD maxi (Atello)

 * CD maxi (Universal)

 * Digital download

Credits and personnel

 * Vocal : Ilona
 * Music / Text : Laurent Jeanne, Mixivan, Rosario Castagnola
 * Artistic producers : Ivan Russo, Rosario Castagnola
 * Executive producer : Ivan Russo
 * Guitar, bass and whistle : Rosario Castagnola

 * Add vocal : Laurent Jeanne
 * Mixed by : Ivan Russo
 * Design and graphic : Stéphane Mit for Costume3pièces.
 * Recording at Moneypenny Studio, Paris, France, Atollo Recording Studio, Naples, Italy, and at Studio Eclisse, Milan, Italy

title: C'est les vacances


text:
Craniotome

Craniotome is the name of a number of things:
 * Craniotome (plant), a genus from the Lamiaceae
 * Craniotome (tool), a tool for cutting the skull

title: Craniotome


text:
Talk:Quest (video games)

Kill some monsters quest
Anyone know the name for the kind of quest where you have to kill x amount of monsters?

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:First-person (gaming) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 19:01, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quest (video games)


text:
Talk:Kelly Sutton

Nickname
I deleted a line of text on her nickname because it seemed to be blatant vandalism. There is some information on where her nickname came from at: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/news/Mar2003/MoreonKellySutton.html 141.165.135.173 (talk) 04:36, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kelly Sutton


text:
Remotely Operated Auto Racers

Remotely Operated Auto Racers (formerly known as Radio Operated Auto Racing), abbreviated as ROAR, is the sanctioning body of competitive radio-controlled car racing in the United States and Canada. It is a US national non profit organization that promotes the sport of radio controlled model car racing.

History
ROAR was originally organized in 1967 By George Siposs and Norb Meyers and a small group of people dedicated to forming competitive Radio Controlled Car Racing and was the first organization in the world to sanction competitive Model Car Racing. In 1968 the first ROAR National Championship race was held at Sunset Ford car dealership in Garden Grove, California using 1/8th scale nitro pan cars. ROAR has steadily grown and evolved as the sport has grown. ROAR is the oldest sanctioning body in the world.

ROAR is one of four affiliated blocs that form the International Federation of Model Auto Racing (IFMAR). ROAR is one of four votes of approval of rules and regulations for IFMAR and is the only organization in the United States and Canada that can qualify drivers to participate in the IFMAR World Championships. ROAR publishes a yearly rule book that governs most forms of electric and fuel R/C racing in the U.S. and Canada and is widely used by tracks as the competitive racing standard. ROAR sanctions club racing, Region races and select events such as the Winternats, Great Lakes Challenge, Texas Biggie, etc. Each year ROAR holds a Championship to determine a National Champion for select classes. ROAR is a non-profit organization that provides insurance for racing participants, spectators and facilities. Clayton Young was elected ROAR president in 2023.

Purpose
The governing body of ROAR is the executive committee. This committee consists of an elected president and vice president, and seven appointed members. The executive committee controls and manages the business affairs of ROAR, and ensures that the rules are up to date. The day-to-day business of the corporation is handled by the ROAR administrator, a non-voting member of the executive committee. ROAR rules have been the guidelines for R/C car racing for over 50 years. They are designed to promote fair competition, safety, and define what equipment can be used in ROAR competition. ROAR does not manage races below national level (Level 5), but it does sanction races from the club level to multi-regional championships. All ROAR members in current and good standing are eligible to enter these races. ROAR is the North American representative to the International Federation of Model Auto Racing (IFMAR). As such, ROAR is the only organization that is authorized to qualify and send drivers to the IFMAR World Championships. More ROAR members have been crowned World Champion than from any other organization. The strength of ROAR is in the local clubs. It is here that the weekly competition takes place allowing drivers to perfect their skills, and prepare themselves to compete at the State, Region, and National level. ROAR has 200 clubs in the US and Canada. These clubs pay only $35 per year to be sanctioned, and to be covered by the member accident and liability insurance.

Events
The 2010 fuel nationals were held in Lincoln, Nebraska at HobbyTown USA R/C Raceway Park.

Regions
ROAR is made up of 12 regions in the United States plus Canada. Each region has a director nominated and elected by the members in the region. This gives the members someone they can communicate with directly regarding issues in the region, and within ROAR.

Region 1: Connecticut – Maine – Massachusetts – New Hampshire – New York – Rhode Island – Vermont

Region 2: Delaware – Maryland – New Jersey – Pennsylvania – Washington DC – Virginia – West Virginia

Region 3: Alabama – Georgia – North Carolina – South Carolina – Tennessee

Region 4: Florida

Region 5: Illinois – Indiana – Kentucky – Michigan – Ohio – Wisconsin

Region 6: Arkansas – Louisiana – Mississippi

Region 7: Minnesota – North Dakota – South Dakota

Region 8: Iowa – Kansas – Missouri – Nebraska

Region 9: Oklahoma – Texas

Region 10: Arizona – Colorado – New Mexico – Utah – Wyoming

Region 11: Idaho – Montana – Oregon – Washington – Alaska

Region 12: California – Hawaii – Nevada

Region Canada: Canada

Previous ROAR Member IFMAR World Champions
2023 1/10 Electric 2wd Buggy Tater Sontag 🇺🇸

2019 1/10 Electric 2wd Buggy Spencer Rivkin 🇺🇸

2017 1/10 Electric 2wd Buggy Ryan Maifield 🇺🇸

2017 1/10 Electric 4wd Buggy Ryan Maifield 🇺🇸

2015 1/10 Electric 2wd Buggy Spencer Rivkin 🇺🇸

2014 1/8 Nitro Buggy Ty Tessman 🇨🇦

2013 1/10 Electric 2wd Buggy Jared Tebo 🇺🇸

2013 1/10 Electric 4wd Buggy Steven Hartson 🇺🇸

2011 1/10 Electric 4wd Buggy Ryan Cavalieri 🇺🇸

2011 1/10 Electric 2wd Buggy Ryan Cavalieri 🇺🇸

2010 1/10 200mm IC Touring Ralph Burch 🇺🇸

2010 1/8 IC Offroad Cody King 🇺🇸

2007 1/10 Electric Offroad 4wd Jared Tebo 🇺🇸

2006 1/8 IC Offroad Mark Pavidis 🇺🇸

2005 1/10 Electric Offroad 4wd Ryan Cavalieri 🇺🇸

2003 1/10 Electric Offroad 2wd Billy Easton 🇺🇸

2003 1/10 Electric Offroad 4wd Ryan Cavalieri 🇺🇸

2002 1/8 IC Offroad Greg Degani 🇺🇸

2002 1/10 IC Track 235mm TC Brian Berry 🇺🇸

2002 1/10 200mm IC Touring Mark Pavidis 🇺🇸

2001 1/10 Electric Offroad 2wd Matt Francis 🇺🇸

1997 1/10 Electric Offroad 2wd Brian Kinwald 🇺🇸

1996 1/10 Electric Offroad 2wd Chris Bing 🇺🇸

1996 1/10 Electric Track Pro 10 Mike Swauger 🇺🇸

1995 1/10 Electric Offroad 2wd Matt Francis 🇺🇸

1995 1/10 Electric Offroad 4wd Mark Pavidis 🇺🇸

1993 1/10 Electric Offroad 2wd Brian Kinwald 🇺🇸

1992 1/10 Electric Track Pro 10 Joel Johnson 🇺🇸

1992 1/12 Electric Track Modified Tony Neisinger 🇺🇸

1991 1/10 Electric Offroad 4wd Cliff Lett 🇺🇸

1990 1/12 Electric Track Modified Chris Doseck 🇺🇸

1987 1/8 Sport IC Track Pete Fusco 🇺🇸

1987 1/10 Electric Offroad 2wd Joel Johnson 🇺🇸

1986 1/12 Electric Track Modified Tony Neisinger 🇺🇸

1985 1/10 Electric Offroad Modified Gil Losi Jr 🇺🇸

1985 1/10 Electric Offroad Stock Jay Halsey 🇺🇸

1984 1/12 Electric Track Modified Tony Neisinger 🇺🇸

1984 1/12 Electric Track Stock Bud Bartos 🇺🇸

1982 1/12 Electric Track Modified Arturo Carbonell 🇺🇸

1982 1/12 Electric Track Stock Kent Clausen 🇺🇸

1981 1/8 Sport IC Track Arturo Carbonell 🇺🇸

1977 1/8 Sport IC Track Butch Kroells 🇺🇸

title: Remotely Operated Auto Racers


text:
Ibrahim Tankary

Ibrahim Tankary (born 24 March 1972) is a Nigerien football striker. He currently plays for Rusas Foot.

Career
Tankary arrived at Zulte-Waregem in the summer of 2004 from FC Brussels. He had previously played for Sint-Truidense in the Jupiler League (on loan from Zulte-Waregem) and Lommel, a now defunct club replaced by KVSK United. He left in August 2008 K. Londerzeel S.K. and signed for Rusas Foot.

International
Tankary played for Niger, but also holds a Belgian nationality.

title: Ibrahim Tankary


text:
Industrial Areas Foundation

The Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) is a national community organizing network established in 1940 by Saul Alinsky, Roman Catholic Bishop Bernard James Sheil and businessman and founder of the Chicago Sun-Times Marshall Field III. The IAF partners with religious congregations and civic organizations at the local level to help them build organizations of organizations, referred to as broad-based organizations by the Industrial Areas Foundation, with the purpose of strengthening citizen leadership, developing trust across a community's dividing lines and taking action on issues identified by local community leaders.

The Industrial Areas Foundation consists of 65 affiliates in the US, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany and Australia, with the US projects organized into two regions, West / Southwest IAF and Metro IAF. IAF provides training, consultation and organizers for its affiliated organizations.

The Industrial Areas Foundation does not provide direct services, but through its organizing has created notable entities for workforce development (Project QUEST, Capital IDEA, Project IOWA, VIDA, ARRIBA, NOVA, Skills Quest, Capital IDEA – Houston, AZ Career Pathways and JobPath ), healthcare (Common Ground Healthcare ), and housing development for working- and middle-class families (Nehemiah Project in East Brooklyn and The Road Home Program in New Orleans ). In 1994, the IAF organization in Baltimore designed and passed the first living wage bill in the US, and since then IAF organizations across the country have won changes including municipal living wage policies for public sector workers and living wage requirements for tax abatements or economic incentives, that have raised the wages of millions of workers.

Under Alinsky
Alinsky's first organizing project was organizing the Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council, founded in 1939 as the Packinghouse Workers, the union of Chicago's meatpacking industry. Based on his work with Back of the Yards, Alinsky laid out his vision for "People's Organizations" in his book Reveille for Radicals, in 1946. After World War II, Alinsky met Fred Ross in California, and in 1949 he agreed to back his plan to organize the Community Service Organization in Mexican-American communities.

Ross introduced house meetings as an organizing technique and built a network of 30 CSOs in California with energetic young organizers Cesar Chávez and Dolores Huerta.

In Chicago, Alinsky developed a team of organizers including journalist Nicholas von Hoffman, ex-seminarian Edward T. Chambers, and Tom Gaudette, who developed such groups as the Organization for the Southwest Community (1959–1972), The Woodlawn Organization (1961–present), and the Northwest Community Organization (1962–present).

The Woodlawn Organization (TWO) received national attention through Charles Silberman's best-selling Crisis in Black and White in 1964, which traced the roots of oppression and violence in northern inner-city areas. In his concluding chapter, "The Revolt Against Welfare Colonialism," Silberman portrayed TWO as an example of poor blacks reclaiming their dignity through self-organization and creating their own jobs, instead of blaming whites for all their problems.

Alinsky's experience in Rochester, New York from 1965 to 1969 with the organization FIGHT and its battle with Eastman Kodak was more controversial and less successful.

In 1969, Alinsky was able to establish a formal IAF organizer training program, run by Chambers and Dick Harmon, with a grant from Gordon Sherman of Midas Muffler. Alinsky published a successful book, Rules for Radicals, in 1971, updating his earlier vision.

Alinsky died unexpectedly of a heart attack in June 1972.

After Alinsky
After Alinsky's death, his long-time associate and designated successor, Ed Chambers, became executive director. Chambers began to place systematic training of organizers and local leaders at the center of IAF's work. He also began to shift the organizing model of "the modern IAF" toward the congregation-based community organization developed in San Antonio, Texas by Ernesto Cortes Jr., called Communities Organized for Public Service (COPS). Cortes recruited lay leaders, including many women, from the Catholic parishes that were members of COPS. Relational meetings or "one-on-ones" became an important technique of exploring values, motivation, and self-interest of potential leaders. Chambers and Cortes emphasized a long-term relationship between IAF and such groups as COPS, in contrast to the "three years and out" that Alinsky had once imagined. As IAF began to expand to other cities in Texas, it moved to develop multi-racial, broad-based organizations spanning metropolitan areas, and including African American, Latino, and Anglo churches. Eventually its network of local groups in Texas linked together as Texas Interfaith to influence state government. In 1979 Chambers moved the IAF headquarters to New York after the Archdiocese of Chicago cut its support for IAF. In 1996 IAF moved its national headquarters back to Chicago to develop a new affiliate in that metropolitan area and expand its work in the South, Southwest and Midwest.

IAF developed successful projects along the East Coast with East Brooklyn Congregations, which pioneered the affordable housing project called Nehemiah Homes, and BUILD in Baltimore which also developed Nehemiah housing for low-income people.

The "modern IAF" has been an influential model for other networks of broad-based community organizations, including PICO National Network, Gamaliel Foundation, and Direct Action and Research Training Center (DART).

IAF claims responsibility for the success of the first living wage law in Baltimore in 1994, followed by New York City in 1996, Tucson in 1998, the Rio Grande Valley in the late 1990s and early 2000s and, most recently, in Austin, Texas.

Governance
IAF's legal authority rests in a Board of Trustees, which functions more as an advisory body, recently including such notables as Jean Bethke Elshtain and the late Monsignor John Joseph Egan. IAF's first Board of Trustees included Catholic bishop Bernard James Sheil, Kathryn Lewis (daughter of coal miners union leader John L. Lewis), and philanthropist Marshall Field III. Chambers retired as executive director in 2009, but remains on the board of directors. The senior regional organizers, including Cortes, Arnold Graf, Michael Gecan, and Sr. Christine Stephens, for a time acted as a team of co-directors. Recently IAF has divided itself administratively into two parts: West/Southwest IAF (Cortes and Stephens) and Metro IAF in the East and Midwest (Graf and Gecan).

Training
The national IAF conducts an intensive eight-day leadership training program annually, alternating the venue between Chicago and Los Angeles, and also has a 90-day organizer internship program. IAF's "iron rule of organizing" ("Never do for others what they can do for themselves") emphasizes developing new leaders from within local organizations.

Affiliates
IAF affiliates with web pages are listed below.

East
 * Greater Boston Interfaith Organization (GBIO) – Boston, Massachusetts
 * Interfaith Community Organization (ICO) – Hoboken, New Jersey
 * Washington Interfaith Network (WIN) – Washington, DC
 * Action in Montgomery (AIM) – Silver Spring, Maryland
 * Baltimoreans United for Leadership Development (BUILD) – Baltimore, Maryland
 * People Acting Together in Howard (PATH) – Columbia, Maryland
 * Virginians Organized for Interfaith Community Engagement (VOICE) – Northern Virginia
 * Metro IAF NY – New York
 * East Brooklyn Congregations (EBC)
 * Manhattan Together
 * EQUAL – Empowered Queens United in Action and Leadership (EQUAL)
 * South Bronx Churches
 * LI-CAN – Long Island Congregations, Associations and Neighborhoods
 * Westchester United

South
 * Durham Congregations, Associations, and Neighborhoods (Durham CAN) – Durham, North Carolina
 * Communities Helping All Neighbors Gain Empowerment (CHANGE) – Winston-Salem, North Carolina
 * Orange County Justice United in Community Effort (Orange JUICE or JUSTICE UNITED) – Chapel Hill, North Carolina
 * Working Together Jackson in Jackson, Mississippi

Midwest
 * Greater Cleveland Congregations (GCC) – Cleveland, OH
 * DuPage United – Glen Ellyn, Illinois
 * Lake County United – Libertyville, Illinois
 * United Power for Action and Justice – Chicago, Illinois
 * Omaha Together One Community (OTOC) – Omaha, Nebraska
 * Dane County United – Madison, Wisconsin
 * Southeastern Wisconsin Common Ground – Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * A Mid-Iowa Organizing Strategy (AMOS) – Des Moines, Iowa
 * Voices Organized In Civic Engagement (VOICE-OKC) in Oklahoma City, OK

Southwest
 * The Jeremiah Group – New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Together Baton Rouge in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
 * Albuquerque Interfaith – Albuquerque, New Mexico
 * Dallas Area Interfaith (DAI) – Dallas, Texas
 * Allied Communities of Tarrant (ACT) – Fort Worth, Texas
 * The Metropolitan Organization (TMO) – Houston, Texas
 * Arizona Interfaith Organization – Phoenix, Arizona
 * Central Texas Interfaith – Austin, Texas
 * Border Interfaith – El Paso, Texas
 * COPS/Metro Alliance in San Antonio, Texas
 * Nevadans for the Common Good in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada
 * Northern Arizona Interfaith Council in Flagstaff, Arizona
 * Pima County Interfaith Council in Pima County, Arizona
 * Valley Interfaith Project in Phoenix, Arizona

West
 * One LA – IAF – Los Angeles, California
 * Bay Area Industrial Areas Foundation – San Francisco Bay Area
 * Communities Organized for Relational Power in Action – Central California
 * Inland Empire Sponsoring Committee Pomona, CA & Inland Empire

Northwest
 * Metropolitan Alliance for the Common Good (MACG) – Portland, Oregon
 * Sound Alliance – Tukwila, Washington
 * Spokane Alliance – Spokane, Washington

International
 * Greater Edmonton Alliance – Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
 * Calgary Alliance for the Common Good – Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 * Metro Vancouver Alliance – Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Greater Victoria Acting Together – Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
 * Citizen Organizing Foundation (COF) – London, England|London]], England, United Kingdom
 * Sydney Alliance – Sydney, Australia
 * Queensland Community Alliance – South East Queensland, Australia
 * Deutsches Institut für Community Organizing Germany

title: Industrial Areas Foundation


text: Category:Selenites

title: Category:Selenites


text: Category:Tellurites

title: Category:Tellurites


text:
Roman academies

Roman academies refers to associations of learned individuals and not institutes for instruction.

Such Roman Academies were always connected to larger educational structures conceived during and following the Italian Renaissance, at the height of which (from the close of the Western Schism in 1418 to the middle of the 16th century) there were two main intellectual centers, Florence and Rome. Scientific, literary, and artistic culture attained there a development as intense as it was multiform, and the earlier Roman and Florentine academies were typical examples of this variety.

Bessarion's circle
In Rome, as in Florence, Renaissance academies aimed to reproduce the traditions of the Academy of Plato, promoting the cultivation of philosophy in the Ancient Greek sense of "love of wisdom", especially characterized by Renaissance Platonism and its neoplatonic ideas. One of several meeting places for scholarly events and discussion was the house of the Cardinal and Byzantine Greek exile Basilios Bessarion, which itself has come to be referred to as an academia (academy). His extensive library (which he bequeathed to the city of Venice) was at the disposal of his many house guests for study of new humanistic learning. His visitors included learned Greek refugees, whom he supported by commissioning transcripts of Greek manuscripts and translations into Latin to help make a corpus of Greek scholarship available to Western Europeans.

Pomponio's Accademia Romana
A further circle of humanists has become known as the "Roman Academy" (Accademia Romana) of Pomponio. A thrifty humanist scholar who refused the customary patronage of rich cardinals, Pomponio Leto hosted a circle of friends who shared in the pagan-influenced humanism which was becoming characteristic of the Renaissance in Rome and elsewhere. Born in Teggiano in 1425 as Giulio Sanseverino, the natural son of a nobleman of the Sanseverino family, in Rome Pomponio devoted his energies to the enthusiastic study of classical antiquity and became the centre of a group of like-minded friends, each of whom assumed a classical name (his was Julius Pomponius Laetus, or Laetus for short). Prominent members were humanists with neo-pagan interests and an epicurean stance, such as Bartolomeo Platina and Filippo Buonaccorsi. At a time when Rome was rife with political intrigue fomented by the Roman barons and the neighbouring princes, Paul II (1464–71) arrested Pomponio and the leaders of the Academy on charges of irreligion, immorality, and an alleged conspiracy against the pope. The prisoners were tortured and eventually released. The Academy, however, dissolved.

16th-century 'academies'
The 16th century saw at Rome a great increase of literary and aesthetic circles or 'academies', more or less inspired by the Renaissance, all of which assumed, as was the fashion, odd and fantastic names. Various sources give the names of many such institutes; as a rule, they soon perished and left no trace. At the beginning of the 16th century came the "Accademia degli Intronati", for the encouragement of theatrical representations. There were also the Academy of the "Vignaiuoli", or "Vinegrowers" (1530), and the Academy "della Virtù" (1538), founded by Claudio Tolomei under the patronage of Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici. These were followed by a new Academy in the "Orti" or Farnese gardens. There were also the Academies of the "Intrepidi" (1560), the "Animosi" (1576), and the "Illuminati (Roman)" (1598); this last, founded by the Marchesa Isabella Aldobrandini Pallavicino. Towards the middle of the 16th century there were also the Academy of the "Notti Vaticane" (Vatican Nights), founded by St. Charles Borromeo; an "Accademia di Diritto civile e canonico", and another of the university scholars and students of philosophy (Accademia Eustachiana). In the 17th century we meet with similar academies; the "Umoristi" (1611), the "Fantastici (1625), and the "Ordinati", founded by Cardinal Dati and Giulio Strozzi. About 1700 were founded the academies of the "Infecondi", the "Occulti", the "Deboli", the "Aborigini", the "Immobili", the "Accademia Esquilina", and others. As a rule these academies, all very much alike, were merely circles of friends or clients gathered around a learned man or wealthy patron, and were dedicated to literary pastimes rather than methodical study. They fitted in, nevertheless, with the historical milieu and in their own way played significant roles in historical development. Despite their empirical and fugitive character, they helped to cultivate a general esteem for literary and other studies. Cardinals, prelates, and the clergy in general were most favourable to this movement, and assisted it by patronage and collaboration.

17th century
With the advent of the 17th century, while the Roman Academy in its older form still survived, there began a new epoch. The new style of academy was constituted as a public body, no longer confined to a small circle of friends. It set itself a fixed and permanent scope in the field of science, letters, and arts, often of a polemic or apologetic character. Naturally this form of the new or remodelled Roman academies was closely allied with the general academic movement of Italy and of foreign countries, whose typical instance was the French Academy founded by Richelieu. It was at this point that academies became practical and efficacious instruments of culture, with a direct influence on public opinion; in this way, too, they claimed the special attention of the heads of the state. This was especially the case at Rome, where the papacy kept up its traditional patronage of the most varied ecclesiastical and general scholarship. In this period the first Roman academies that call for mention are the "Accademia dei Lincei" (Lynxes), founded in 1603, and the "Arcadia", founded in 1656. Ecclesiastical academies, whose scope was fixed by the Counter-Reformation, were the "Accademia Liturgica", founded by Benedict XIV, and the "Accademia Theologica", founded in 1695. All of these are still extant; we shall treat of them in detail in due course. After the French Revolution and the restoration to Rome of the papal government, the new conditions suggested the adoption of the "Academy" as a link between the old and the new, and as a means of invigorating ecclesiastical culture and of promoting the defence of the Church. In this way there sprang up new academies, while old ones were revived. Under Pius VII (1800–23) were founded the "Accademia di Religione Cattolica", and the "Accademia Tiberina"; in 1835 that of the "Immacolata Concezione". The "Accademia Liturgica" was reestablished in 1840, and in 1847 the "Accademia dei (Nuovi) Lincei". Apart from this group we have to chronicle the appearance in 1821 of the "Accademia Filarmonica". After the Italian occupation of Rome (1870), new Catholic academies were founded to encourage learning and apologetics; such were the "Accademia di Conferenze Storico-Giuridiche" and the "Accademia di San Tommaso", founded by Leo XIII, to which must be added, though not called an Academy, the "Società di Conferenze di Archeologia Sacra", founded in 1875. In 1870 the Italian government resuscitated, or better, founded anew, the "Accademia dei Lincei", and in 1875 the "Accademia Medica".

Accademia dei Lincei and dei Nuovi Lincei (1603)
The Academia dei Lincei is the academy of the Sciences of Rome. It has a long history and numerous prestigious members, including and from the time of Galileo.

Pontificia Accademia degli Arcadi (1690)
This literary academy was founded in 1690 by Giovanni Mario Crescimbeni and Gian Vincenzo Gravina, in memory of Queen Christina of Sweden, who had abdicated the Swedish crown in 1654 and converted to Catholicism, moving to Rome where she spent much of the rest of her life and became renowned as patron of arts and music. After her death in 1689, the Academy of Arcadia was established in her memory, electing the late Queen Christina of Sweden as its symbolical head ("Basilissa"). The Academy would last for the next two hundred years, becoming a leading cultural institution right up to the 20th century.

The Academy of Arcadia was so called because its chief aim and intention were to imitate in literature the simplicity of the ancient shepherds, who were fabulously supposed to have lived in Arcadia in the golden age, divinely inspired in poetry by the Muses, Apollo, Hermes and Pan. The Arcadians proposed to return to the fields of truth, always singing of subjects of pastoral simplicity, drawing their inspiration from Greco-Roman bucolic poetry.

Common to member poets was the desire to oppose Marinists, and return to classicism and rationalism, influenced by the philosophy of Cartesius. Norms and rituals of the Academy took their cues from classic and pastoral mythology: it was the custom of the academics to assume pastoral names.

The most noteworthy member of the academy was Antonio Pietro Metastasio.

Pontificia Accademia Teologica
Like its sister societies at Rome, this academy was of private origin. In 1695, a number of friends gathered in the house of the priest, Raffaele Cosma Girolami, for lectures and discussions on theological matters. These meetings soon took on the character of an academy. In 1707 it was united to the Accademia Ecclesiastica. Clement XII gave it formal recognition in 1718 and assigned it a hall in the Sapienza (University of Rome), thereby making it a source of encouragement for young students of theology. The academy disposed of a fund of eighteen thousand scudi ($18,000), the income of which was devoted to prizes for the most proficient students of theology. Among the patrons were several cardinals, and the professors in the theological faculty in the University acted as censors. The successors of Clement XII continued to encourage the academy. In 1720 Clement XIII ordered that among its members twenty indigent secular priests should receive for six years from the papal treasury an annual allowance of fifty scudi and, other things being equal, should have the preference in competitive examinations. It is on these lines, substantially, that its work is carried on at present. The Academy is located at the Pontifical Major Roman Seminary.

Pontificia Accademia Liturgica
This academy was the product of the notable 18th century movement in liturgical studies which owed so much to the great theologian and liturgist, Benedict XIV (1745-8). Disbanded in the time of the Revolution, the Academy was reorganized by the Lazarists, under Gregory XV (1840), and received a cardinal-protector. It continues its work under the direction of the Lazarists, and holds frequent conferences in which liturgical and cognate subjects are treated from the historical and the practical point of view. It is located in the Lazarist house, and its proceedings are, since 1886, published in the Lazarist monthly known as "Ephemerides Liturgicae" (Liturgical Diary).

Pontificia Accademia di Religione Cattolica
This academy arose from an urgent need to organize Catholic apologetics in response to the anti-Christian polemics of the "Encyclopédie", coupled with events surrounding the Revolution. The Roman priest Giovanni Fortunato Zamboni founded it in 1801, with the avowed aim of defending the dogmatic and moral teaching of the Church. It was formally recognized by Pius VII, and succeeding popes have continued to give it their support. It holds monthly meetings for the discussion of various points in dogmatic and moral theology, in philosophy, history, etc. Its conferences are generally published in periodicals, and a special edition is printed for the Academy. A number of these dissertations have been printed, and form a collection of several volumes entitled "Dissertazioni lette nella Pontificia Accademia Romana di Religione Cattolica". The Academy has as honorary censors a number of cardinals. The president of the Academy is also a cardinal. It includes promoters, censors, resident members, and corresponding members. It awards an annual prize for the members most assiduous at the meetings, and is located in the palace of the Cancelleria Apostolica.

Pontificia Accademia Tiberina
In 1809 the well-known archaeologist, Antonio Nibby founded the short-lived "Accademia Ellenica". In 1813 many of its members withdrew to found the "Accademia Tiberina". One of the members, A. Coppi, drew up its first rules, according to which the Academy was to devote itself to the study of Latin and Italian literature, hold a weekly meeting, and a public session monthly. Great scientific or literary events were to be recognised by extraordinary meetings. It was also agreed that the Academy should undertake the history of Rome from Odoacer to Clement XIV, as well as the literary history from the time of that pontiff. The historiographer of the Academy was to edit its history and to collect the biographies of famous men, Romans or residents in Rome, who had died since the foundation of the "Tiberina". For this latter purpose there was established a special "Necrologio Tiberiano". The Academy began in 1816 the annual coinage of commemorative medals. When Leo XII ordered (1825) that all the scientific associations in Rome should be approved by the Sacred Congregation of Studies, the "Tiberina received official recognition; its field was enlarged, so as to include research in art, commerce, and especially in agriculture. Pius VII had done much for the promotion of agriculture in the States of the Church, and Leo XII was desirous of continuing the good work of his predecessor. Under Gregory XVI, in 1831, a year of grave disorders and political plottings, the Academy was closed, but it was soon reopened by the same pontiff, who desired the "Tiberina" to devote itself to general culture, science, and letters, Roman history and archaeology, and to agriculture. The meetings were to be monthly, and it was to print annual reports, or Rendiconti. The Academy was able to establish important relations with foreign scientists, and constituted with 2,000 members, resident, corresponding, and honorary. The "Tiberina" is at present inactive; its proceedings are no longer printed. Its last protector was Cardinal Parocchi. Like several other Roman Academies, it is located in the Palace of the Cancelleria Apostolica.

Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia
The Pontifical Academy of Archaeology (or Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia) is an academic honorary society established in Rome by the Catholic Church for the advancement of Christian archaeological study.

Accademia Filarmonica
The Accademia Filarmonica Romana was founded in 1821 for the study and practice of music. It has 200 members, and is located at 225, Piazza San Marcello.

Pontificia Accademia della Immacolata Concezione
This academy was founded in 1835 by young students from the Roman Seminary in the Palazzo di Sant'Apollinare and of the Gregorian University. Among its founders Vincenzo Anivitti deserves special mention. Its purpose was the encouragement of serious study among the youth of Rome. Hence, two-thirds of the members must be young students. Its title was assumed at a later date. It was approved in 1847 by the Sacred Congregation of Studies. The work of the Academy is divided into five sections: theology; philology and history; philosophy; physics, ethics and economics. Its meetings are held weekly, and in 1873 it began to publish bimonthly reports of its proceedings under the title "Memorie per gli Atti della Pont. Accademia della Immacolata Concezione. Twenty-one numbers were issued. Since 1875 the Academy has published many of the lectures read before its members. Its most flourishing period was from 1873 to 1882. Among its most illustrious deceased members may be mentioned Angelo Secchi, Pietro Balan, and Michele Stefano de Rossi. The Academy, now in decline, is attached to the Church of the Santi Apostoli.

Regia Accademia Medica
It was founded in 1875 for the study of medical and cognate sciences, has fifty ordinary members, and is located in the University.

Pontificia Accademia di Conferenze Storico-Giuridiche
This academy was founded in 1878 to encourage among Catholics the study of history, archaeology, and jurisprudence. In 1880 it began to publish a quarterly entitled "Studi e Documenti di Storia e di Diritto", highly esteemed for its learned articles and for its publication of important documents with apposite commentaries. After an existence of twenty-five years this review ceased to appear at the end of 1905. The president of the Academy is a cardinal, and it holds its meetings in the Roman Seminary.

Pontificia Accademia Romana di San Tommaso di Aquino
When Leo XIII at the beginning of his pontificate undertook the restoration of scholastic philosophy and theology, this academy was founded (1880) for the diffusion of Thomistic doctrine. Its president is a cardinal, and its meetings are held in the Roman Seminary.

Academic Schools of Rome
The following is a brief account of the several academic schools mentioned above. One is ecclesiastical, the others are devoted to the fine arts. Some are Roman, and others are foreign:

Pontificia Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici
It was founded in 1701 by Clement XI, to prepare for the diplomatic service of the Holy See a body of men trained in the juridical sciences and in other requisite branches of learning. At the time, European diplomacy was usually confided to the nobility; hence the Academy was instituted and maintained for noble ecclesiastics. However, later, it opened its doors more freely to the sons of families in some way distinguished and in comfortable circumstances. Occasionally this academy languished, especially in the first half of the 19th century, but since then it has recovered and has steadily improved. Of late it has become a school of higher ecclesiastical education, traditionally but not exclusively with an eye to a diplomatic career for its students. The academic course includes ecclesiastical diplomacy, political economy, diplomatic forms (stile diplomatico), the principal foreign languages, and, in addition, internships at the bureaux of various congregations for such students as wish to prepare themselves for an office in any of these bodies. As a rule, Romans are not admitted to this academy, it having been expressly designed for those who, not being Romans, would have no other opportunity to acquire such specific education and training. Its students pay a monthly fee. It has a cardinal-protector and a Roman prelate for president (rector). It owns and occupies its own palace (70, Piazza della Minerva).

Regia Accademia Romana di San Luca
Among the Roman Academies dedicated to the fine arts is the Regia Accademia Romana di San Luca (Accademia delle Belle Arti). This academy exhibits the evolution of the Roman corporation of artist-painters, reformed under Sixtus V (1577) by Federigo Zuccari and Girolamo Muziano. It took then the title of academy, and had for its purpose the teaching of the fine arts, the reward of artistic merit, and the preservation and illustration of the historic and artistic monuments of Rome. In respect of all these it enjoyed papal approval and encouragement. It rendered great services and counted among its members illustrious masters and pupils. In 1870 it passed under the control of the new government, and is now under the patronage of the King. It possesses a gallery of paintings and an excellent library, open to the public (44, Via Bonella).

Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia
The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia or Accademia di Musica derives from a school of music founded in 1570 by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina and Nanini that was in 1583 canonically designated by Gregory XIII as a confraternity, or congregation. The popes encouraged this organisation as an ideal instrument for the dissemination of good taste and the promotion of musical science. Urban VIII decreed that no musical works should be published without the permission of the censors of this congregation, and that no school of music or of singing should be opened in any church without the written permission of its deputies. This very rigorous ordinance provoked numerous complaints from interested parties, and its restrictions were soon more honoured in the breach than the observance. In 1684 Innocent XI allowed to the congregation the right to admit foreign members, and in 1774 women were admitted as members. Owing to the political troubles of the period, the congregation was suspended from 1799 to 1803, and again from 1809 to 1822. Among its members have been illustrious musicians. We may mention, besides the above-named founders, Carissimi; Frescobaldi, the organist; Giuseppe Tartini, violinist and author of a new system of harmony; and Muzio Clementi, pianist. From 1868 Giovanni Sgambati and Ettore Finelli taught without payment in this academy. Since 1870 the congregation of Santa Cecilia has been transformed into a Royal Academy. In 1876 the "Liceo di Musica" was added to it, with a substantial appropriation from the funds of the province and city of Rome. In 1874 the statutes of this school were remodelled. It is greatly esteemed and is much frequented (18, Via dei Greci).

Accademia di Raffaele Sanzio
This is a school of modern foundation, with daily and evening courses for the study of art (504, Corso Umberto I).

There are several foreign academies of a scholastic kind. The American Academy, founded in 1896, is located in the Villa del' Aurora (42, Via Lombardi). The Académie de France was founded by Louis XIV in 1666. This illustrious school has given many great artists to France. Its competitive prize (Prix de Rome) is very celebrated. It owns and occupies its own palace, the Villa Medici on the Pincio. The English Academy was founded in 1821, and possesses a notable library (53, B Via Margutta). The Accademia di Spagna was founded in 1881 (32, B Piazza San Pietro in Montorio). Finally, as formerly, there are now in Rome various associations which are true academies and may be classed as such, though they do not bear that name.

Societá di Conferenze di Sacra Archeologia
The Societá di Conferenze di Sacra Archeologia was founded in 1875 by Giambattista De Rossi, and is dedicated to archaeology. Its name is well merited, expressing as it does the active contributions of its members. At each conference are announced or illustrated new discoveries and important studies are presented. The meetings are held monthly from November to March and are open to the public. This excellent association has done much to popularize the study of Christian archaeology, especially the study of the Roman catacombs. Its proceedings are published annually in the "Nuovo Bulletino di Sacra Archeologia”, and its sessions are held in the palace of the Cancelleria Apostolica.

The British and American Archaeological Society
The British and American Archeological Society was founded in 1865 by John Henry Parker.

Circolo Giuridico di Roma
It was founded in 1899. Attached to it is the "Istituto di Diritto Romano" founded in 1887 for the promotion of the study of Roman law (307, Corso Umberto I).

title: Roman academies


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Tetworth

Tetworth is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Waresley-cum-Tetworth, in Cambridgeshire, England. Tetworth lies approximately 12 misouth of Huntingdon, near Waresley south of St Neots. Tetworth is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of United Kingdom. In 2001 the parish had a population of 45.

History
Originally a hamlet in the parish of Everton, Bedfordshire (where the population was in 2011 included), Tetworth has a complicated administrative history. The hamlet, which was considered a civil parish separate from Everton from the Inclosure Award of 1802, was in two distinct parts. The northern part was in Huntingdonshire, the southern partly an exclave of Huntingdonshire and partly of Bedfordshire. The Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 assigned the Bedfordshire part to Huntingdonshire, so that the entire southern section became an outlier of Huntingdonshire, separated from the rest of the county by a salient of Cambridgeshire. This situation remained until 1965, when two new counties of Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely and Huntingdon and Peterborough were formed. At this time both county and parish boundaries were adjusted, Tetworth now being a single area in Huntingdon and Peterborough. In 1974 it was made part of the enlarged Cambridgeshire. The parish, formerly covering 2235 acre was combined with Waresley on 1 April 2010, as Waresley-cum-Tetworth.

Listed as Tethewurda in the 12th century and Tetteworth or Tettesworthe in the 13th century, the name Tetworth is believed to mean "farmstead of a man named Tetta".

A Roman road from Sandy to Godmanchester runs through Tetworth, with a footpath following most of its route.

Government
Tetworth is part of the civil parish of Waresley-cum-Tetworth, which has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. the parish council consists of five parish councillors and a parish clerk. The parish council normally meets four times a year. The parish precept for the financial year ending 31 March 2015 was £4,000.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Tetworth is a part of the district ward of Gransden and The Offords and is represented on the district council by two councillors. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Tetworth the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Tetworth is part of the electoral division of Buckden, Gransden and The Offords and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

At Westminster Tetworth is in the parliamentary constituency of Huntingdon, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Tetworth is represented in the House of Commons by Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative). Jonathan Djanogly has represented the constituency since 2001. The previous member of parliament was John Major (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1983 and 2001.

Population
In the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Tetworth was recorded every ten years by the UK census. During this time the population was in the range of 130 (the lowest was in 1901) and 261 (the highest was in 1861).

From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 (due to the Second World War).

All population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight. The separate parishes of Tetworth and Waresley were combined to form the single parish called Waresley cum Tetworth in 2010.

Religious sites
For ecclesiastical purposes both Everton and Tetworth were always part of the single Everton (or Everton-cum-Tetworth) parish, with the parish church situated in the detached part of the Tetworth civil parish. The church, dedicated to St Mary, was mentioned in the Domesday Book but was rebuilt in the 12th century, with the majority of that building still surviving today. A west tower was added in the 14th century, and the chancel was rebuilt in the 15th century.

John Berridge, friend of John Wesley, was vicar of the parish between 1755 and 1793.

Tetworth Hall
Tetworth Hall stands on the edge of the Greensand Ridge overlooking the valley of the River Ivel at the southern end of the present parish. The house was built in 1710 for the MP John Pedley, and is a two-storey red brick mansion in the Queen Anne style to which it dates.

After the Pedley line died out in 1726, the house was bought by Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford before passing to the Lord Chancellor, Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke in 1740. In 1759 it was acquired by Stanhope Pedley, a relation of the original owners, who retained it until 1823 after which it passed to the Foley family.

By 1895 it was owned by Charles Duncombe, 2nd Earl of Feversham who leased it to Augustus Scobell Orlebar. His son, Augustus Orlebar, was a distinguished RAF pilot.

During the Second World War it was requisitioned by the government, though its use during this period is not fully known.

title: Tetworth


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Summary
Cover of the original, 1st edition rulebook

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