text:
Talk:Wood preservation

Are there any other green tinted pressure treated woods than CCA ?
I had some work done on a deck today, and voiced concern about the green strips running through the wood and was told only that they won't sell that to you any more. Rblythe1 14:00, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

What's "Wolmanized" lumber? My dad always called the green stuff that, but I don't see the term here.
Daibhre 11:56, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Likely referring to Wolmanite-CX 8/10 treatment, I'd say it's the most common way to make treated pine for outdoor use in Europe today, though I have no figures on that Raymond Holmoey (talk) 17:13, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

what does a sawmill do?
asked 203.164.150.59.

A sawmill is a facility where logs are cut into boards. njh 22:45, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

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Well - technically, that's not true. The "sawmill" is the device that performs the task, not the "facility." Daibhre 11:51, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

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Sorry Daibhre, but you are wrong there. According to the OED a 'Sawmill' is "a factory in which wood is sawn mechanically into planks or boards". The "device" which performs the task is the saw, the mill is "a building fitted with machinery for manufacturing processes, e.g. cotton-mill" (OED). Hence a sawmill is the facility or buildings housing the saw. A Taxed Mind (talk) 10:41, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

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Yet if you take into consideration the likes of Petersons in New Zealand who design and manufacture portable sawmills, it could be debated that their design of 'Sawmill' is in fact a device? A portable sawmill by design doesn't fit into the category of facility - or factory. Tony.brown.nz (talk) 03:38, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

About the strange delete in Timber treatment
Hi Nathan, Maybe you are right about reverting my deletion. The deletion by the way, was actually a reverting to the first thing Bridgman wrote (which I found more relevant to the subject).

Finding other external links is rather difficult because the sodium silicate timber treatment is only offered by one young company TimberSil, and is therefore not in general use (Google it, everything leads to this company). What really triggered my action was the fact that every mention of sodium silicate-based timber treatment in Wikipedia was done by user Bridgman, who in my opinion is Gary Bridgman, public relation director of this same company TimberSil. I therefore concluded (maybe too quick) that we are dealing here with someone who is trying to sell his product on Wiki. If you have an other opinion, that’s all right. 212.102.225.147 10:16, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Confessions of a PR flack
One of my current PR clients is indeed Timber Treatment Technologies. Their product, TimberSIL, will prove to be what economists call a "disruptive technology" in that other producers will eventually be forced to imitate this one to remain in business. Normally, my task is to convince editors to assign articles about my clients, but I have been retained by TTT to manage the high number of inbound calls from trade, academic and consumer media outlets. I am also tracking potential attempts by producers of the environmentally questionable forms of treated lumber to prevent TimberSIL from coming to market. Their lobbying efforts have turned it into de-facto contraband in Missouri. Against this yin/yang scenario, Wikipedia is not a viable "selling platform" for TimberSIL, even if that were allowed. The one external link to TTT's site takes the viewer to a list of historic applications of sodium silicate and does not attempt to hawk the product. This forum simply provides an opportunity to present neutral references about a product that is changing an industry.

Prior to my current position, I was a co-author of a Lonely Planet guidebook, a trade magazine editor and a contributor to Utne Reader, as well as president of a non-profit environmental group (wetland stuff), so I would ask my fellow Wikiputlians to consider my journalistic and civic bona fides in addition to the neutral POV that I assumed in my contributions. If y'all still think I've been a shill, I respect your judgement and appreciate the chance to discuss this.

-cheers

Gary Bridgman 04:04 1 Feb 2006

 * Thanks for your candid reply, Gary. I think the best thing you can do to make your contributions more credible is to provide references to (preferably freely available/web available) independent studies.  You are probably in the best position to find these, and given a few of those people will find it hard to argue self-promotion.  Perhaps some study measuring the resistance to fire or rot. njh 19:36, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I stumbled over this article while researching lumber treatments (i.e. while acting as merely a reader) and something felt "wrong" about the sodium silicate-related portions of this page. It appears to give that product undue weight, given its young age relative to the others and apparent lack of verifiability.  The external links are to the manufacturer's site and a page on the Popular Science site which is almost certainly not editorial material (no author is shown but it's likely the vendor: an issue of lack of verifiability).   From what I understand of Wikipedia's policies much of the material should be pruned.  I suggest removing the questionable popsci.com link, and moving most of the remaining content (including the science fair link) to the sodium silicate page or removing it (as it provides no useful content related to timber treatment).  A suggested wording for what's left: "Sodium silicate is a relatively recent treatment which preserves wood from moisture and insects and possesses some flame-resistant properties.  Sodium silicate-treated lumber may be a safer alternative to both CCA and ACQ."  Certainly the current last sentence shouldn't be left in without a reliable (verifiable, independent) source to back it up.  I'd do this myself but as a rookie Wikipedian I don't have a good feel for when "Talk" should be turned into action.  (Sorry Gary, but this is my opinion.  I know your job must be tough, but I think you're using Wikipedia inappropriately to do it.  Please at least dig up one truly independent, credible source.  If you can't do that (as Nathan asked in February), your contributions really should be pruned heavily.)  --PeterHansen 02:56, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I have read the promotion article from TimberSIL concerning their so-called revolutionary Sodium silicate preservatives; there are several mistakes and unfathomable claims such as that: “effective even on traditionally difficult-to-treat woods, such as Douglas fir and hemlock”

 * To manage this, one would have to either:
 * reverse the permanent pit aspiration that takes place by spruce and Douglas fir
 * have a preservative that has a molecule size as small as H2O which would be given around three weeks to diffuse into the wood, this however is not possible and if it were than not economical.

 * Sodium Silicate can not be fixated in wood meaning it leaches (it slowly comes out of the wood) making it in unpractical for use outdoors or near ground lying areas. Nevertheless TimberSIL claims that one could use this for the interior side of Windows or for wood within a house.  The best way to protect wood from insect or fungal attack is to keep it dry.  Usually there are no high moisture levels in a house, thus making it unnecessary to treat it with chemicals.

 * Furthermore the link to 10th grade science project consist of a list of competitors of the ”West Springfield High School 1998 Science Fair” with no scientific data what so ever, making it useless for research.

 * I find it irresponsible to advertise for such unproven and untested products in such a definite language in Wikipedia.  That is why I will delete the links and replace the description of Sodium silicate with an accurate description.    --Lumber Jack 19:47, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Major Edit
I have added several pages worth of information about application processes, history, incising ect. ect… to this article, and would like to move it from “Timber treatment” to “Wood Preservation” as that would be a more suitable name. This information comes from my engineering diploma project “Sap displacement”. I ask those who feel comfortable with this subject to review and discuss my changes. --Lumber Jack

 * Excellent work, much improved both in terms of content and organization and better written as well. I don't have anything to add in terms of the actual content, where you obviously know what you are talking about. However, I believe it would benefit from a little more organization/structure work. For example, the introductory sections under under "Preservatives" and "Application processes" could be moved to the top and/or history section which is rather thin. The "hazards" section should also be close to the top, and not have its separate section. The history section should be beefed up. The introduction to the "Preservatives" and "Application processes" should give a summary overview of what follows. Let me know what you think of my suggestions before I dive in. Luigizanasi 05:04, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, the Introduction doesn´t summarize anough of the content. I would be glad if you could look into that.  One should also “beef up” the Introduction from Application Processes and Preservatives and the section History.  If you feel fit for the task, go for it.

 * Organizationwise I would leave it as it is. I also have a lot of information about “Chemical wood Preservatives” but I haven’t found time to write it all down and place it in the Article.

 * Eventaully, I would also like to creat two new chapters, first “structaul wood preservation” (how is one supposed to build a building so that it isn´t vunerable to decay) and second “physical wood preservation” (wood treatment with e.g. pulver layers) that don´t directly have anything to do with “chemical wood preservation”
 * --Lumber Jack second account 18:44, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Pitch=Treatment?
This article includes a biblical reference to Noah applying pitch to the ark. I wouldn't consider this wood treatment. It's my understanding that pitch waterproofs a boat by filling cracks between wood, but the pitch isn't applied to the entire surface of the lumber and is not there to preserve the wood, so much as to preserve the buoyancy of the boat. If no one objects on this talk page in the next 2 or 3 weeks, I'm going to delete the reference. --Osbojos 05:12, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Pitch can be/was used do deter seaclamps/shells and other water dwelling species. --Lumber Jack second account 18:40, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Uncited reference
From the "Chromated copper arsenate (CCA)" section:
 * However some consumer outlets such as Home Depot were still reported to be selling CCA lumber long after the ban went into effect.

This should probably be cited; I've deleted it in the meantime.

The words common, modern, generally or typical are indefinite. These words are all present in the “LOSP”-posting. Indefinite terms should have no place in an Encyclopedia. That is why I will edit this posting. Hopefully future anonymous authors make serious Posting that are balanced and don’t just try to sell a product. --Lumber Jack second account 00:56, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Also for anonymous authors that prize the use of LOSP, Vacuum-Treatment is also a PRESSURE TREATMEN. --Lumber Jack second account 01:00, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Revert
Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you may want to do. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. A link to the edit I have reverted can be found here: link. If you believe this edit should not have been reverted, please contact me. Pcbene 01:09, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * @PCbene;
 * Around 60% of the article Wood preservation comes from my college diploma project. From July the 3rd until 5th of this year, I posted one chapter of my project into this article.  Since then I have edited and observed this article as well as it’s German counterpart Holzschutz.

 * I would like to make clear that:

 * * MY EDITS WERE NOT AN EXPERIMENT OR A TEST.
 * * I AM NOT A NEWCOMER

 * If you have the same excessive knowledge over Wood, Lumber, Chemicals, Preservation and Construction as I do, then I am willing to discuss your revert, otherwise please except my revert of the article to the stance of my last edit.

 * I would advise you:
 * to research who has edited an article in the last year.
 * to discuss a revert beforehand.
 * and edit mistakes in a article before / rather than reverting.

 * After all, reverting is not a decision which should be taken lightly

 * Thank you for your understanding

Wood preservation of timber products through charring and burning.
How about an edit to include for the preservation of wood products through fire. I understand that this has been a traditional way to preserve wood, have seen it being carried out and am wanting to try it myself. I also understand that archaeologists frequently find fire has accidently preserved timber products.

Much appreciated

A Taxed Mind 19:46, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

 * as far as I know it has been used but is not useful. After burning, a layer of char is produced, which isn't tasty for most insects or fungi (not all are deterred), but you only need to leave a bit uncharred or the charr gets scrapped and it is as if you hadn't treated it.
 * --Lumber Jack second account 22:57, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with A Taxed Mind. As far as I know charring (scorching?) was used for centuries before the advent of modern techniques, and so was incredibly useful. Timber posts were stuck into a fire and the resulting charred, pointy end was then hammered into the ground. I've done a quick search and can't find anything, unfortunately, apart from to say that I saw it used on and episode of Grand Designs last week to treat timber cladding. They used a roofing torch to toast the timber before installing it, but it certainly wasn't charred. I'd like to know more.
 * nagualdesign (talk) 15:39, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

While charring wood would naturally produce creosote a known and widespread preservative, it would never have wide spread use for any structural or load bearing application as the charring would dramatically reduce the strength and integrity of the wood. Ornamental use of charred wood would also be undesirable due to the smell and mess. 76.79.12.235 (talk) 16:17, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

Charring wood has been used with great success for many thousands of years in ground-bearing situations. A good reference is Bjørn Berge's book 'The Ecology of Building Materials' (Architectural Press, 2009, pp. 412-13) in which he also references its use in British and Portugese Napoleonic warships as it increases rot and water resistance. He suggests a suitable thickness is 1-3mm of char which has no structural effect on the wood and makes it unpalatable to insects. "The heating also enriches phenolic resins and aldehydes in the outermost part of the pile. These are natural biocides." He also references Julius Caesar describing the technique in De Bello Gallico, in connection with setting up fortifications.

A modern equivalent to the time-consuming process is apparently heating the timeber in a closed chamber at 200-250 centigrade for 24 hours. While energy intensive, it increases the wood's resistance to fungi and gives it an attractive brown patina.

Fire Retardant Treated
I added the Fire Retardant Treated section in hopes that it would be expanded on. I have yet to find a good answer online. If someone could add a bit more information to the section it would be greatly appreciated. Thesi 15:38, 11 April 2007 (UTC)Thesi

 * Thesi there are three approaches that I know of, of how to make Wood fire retardant.

 * The first is the use of a chemical treament that upon higher heat turns into foam. This foam creats a protective layer over the treated would stopping it from catching fire for a certain amount of time. Eventauly the foam loses its retardant capacity and the wood catches fire.  Sorry, I don't remember a chemical formula or a brand name for this but it is used often in wood used in train or subway wagons.

 * Second: a rough surface catches fire easier than a smooth surface, so creat a smooth surface.

 * The third: When wood burnes then depending on which species, density and surface it burns at a perticular speed, e.g. 1cm per hour or 3/8in per hour.  However this doese not continue for ever, after a certain burning depth it stops around 4cm or bit more than 1in. The already burnt wood creats a layer protecting the unburnt wood. Imagine if you put a large piece of wood on a fire and it doesn't burn all the way.  Then the next day you cut through it.  Around the outsides the wood is charred and on the inside it is unscaved.  This is the advantage of wood over steel, wood maintaines its carrying capacity during a fire, steel loses it over it's whole section when heated (and turns into gamma steel).  Thus if the wood section is dimensioned large enogh it can still hold up a building during and after a fire.
 * --Lumber Jack second account 22:46, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

FEQ
All tiles in teak wood, unfinished, sanded, FEQ, KD 10-12%. I dont know what is FEQ, anyone could be explain??

 * Niether do I

--Lumber Jack 16:18, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * FEQ (First European Quality) is a common wood industry acronym for top quality wood. Googling the phrase +"first european quality" -"life survey" will elicit numerous references. JimScott (talk) 04:22, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

Tanalisation
Hi RickBeton, I find it great that you've added some usefull information to the article, however I disagree some what with the placement of it.

The Pressure treatment described under Tanalisation fits that of the Fluctuation Pressure Process, and therefore I feel it is not a seperate process.

Chemical Preservatives fits that of Water borne / Chromat copper arsenate (CCA) I think we should put the term Tanalisation under Chromat copper arsenate (CCA)

High pressure sap displacement is a mechanised version of the Boucherie Process, and I feel it should therefore be a sub catogory of that process.

"a trade mark of Hicksons Ltd", I'm sure that Tanalisation is a "trademark" of Hicksons Ltd. but it Hicksons Ltd. is not the only company to do so, therefor I think we should take thier name out of the article. --Lumber Jack 16:18, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Osmosis process
About 80% down the page is what appears to be an orphan header:

פעס====Osmosis process====

And whatever are the first three characters? Hebrew? Paulburnett (talk) 04:36, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

Wood treated with car oil
My father use to work for a compeny where thy treated there wooden doors with normal car oil. Is there some one that can tel me why cant i do it with my wooden deck. THANX Jan —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.17.141.233 (talk) 08:19, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Seems like it would make your deck flammable. I've seen creosoted railroad tie fires and they can burn for quite a while. It isn't a large fire (flame-wise) but goes and goes and goes ... and in the end nothing left but ash. As far as I know, non-latex modern deck stains and such are flammable right out of the can but lose that aspect as the flammable carrier evaporates as the stain dries. JimScott (talk) 15:51, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

What is AC2 treated lumber?
What is AC2 treated lumber? Can this info be added to the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.6.126.209 (talk) 13:47, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

AC2 is a patented micronized copper preservation system developed by Osmose Wood Preserving, AC2 is now owned by Koppers PC. One of the largest brands of AC2 is MicroPro manufactured and sold by Menards. 76.79.12.235 (talk) 16:38, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

hardware options
Maybe someone could research proper hardware options for use with various treated woods. JimScott (talk) 15:42, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Did the malasian sal wood for external use to be treated? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.50.154.110 (talk) 07:16, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

Tung Oil?
I read somewhere that the products sold as Tung Oil are not always Tung Oil. Some are petroleum distillates that are labeled Tung Oil for marketing purposes. Can anyone address this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Longinus876 (talk • contribs) 15:54, 16 September 2014 (UTC)

Neem seed oil misplaced
The paragraph about Neem seed oil is in the "marketing" section, whereas it should be in the "natural preservatives" section. DWorley (talk) 22:27, 26 September 2014 (UTC)

wood turning
people should be reminding (or instructed) of this. when "pressure treated" wood floors are weathered on top they are often nice on the underside, and simply need to be turned over - not treated with $200 paint job :)

Disagree, wood exposed to elements such as a deck should always be installed with the curve of the grain shedding water rather than retaining it. By flipping the wood, if initially installed correctly, will cause the boards to no longer shed water but collect it, causing warping, swelling, cracking, and promoting fungal decay. Additionally, reapplication of a water repellent or sealer will take significantly less man hours, justifying the small cost of the product. 76.79.12.235 (talk) 23:40, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

mold
many have had thousands of dollars of wreckage from bad or zero mold advice AND ARE COMPLAINING FREQUENTLY ALL OVER THE INTERNET

mold feeds on non-poisonous natural oils and waxes (ie, not cedar): linseed, beeswax.

black mold will eat 1/4 centimeter to 1/2 centimeter concavity into an area of wood in a year that has untreated linseed: it's not simply a matter of sightliness

another factor is "big box store" brands are hacking this page. these brands hide what is in their products (cheap oils that are not treated) and change their formulas (you cannot rely on repeated formula) (some of these work fine - but apply a mold remediator first, might work)

mold should mentioned although the prattle about big box stores trying to ruin decks for $$$ more pruchases should not be removed (and by that i mean will get deleted)

There should be a section on copper naphthenate
There is not a section for copper naphthenate, even though copper naphthenate has been used effectively as a wood preservative for over 100 years. With many railroad ties, fence posts, and utility poles pressure treated with copper naphthenate each year in North America it seems like a huge oversight especially when neem seed and tung oil get mentioned. AWPA recently released a paper with the results of a 60 year field test on the efficacy of copper naphtenate. Additionally, copper naphthenate (2% copper as metal) is one of the select non-restricted use labeled preservatives approved for field treating end-cuts, holes, and abrasions of pressure treated wood in AWPA M4 standard [Section 7.1.1] (which is included in it's entirety in both the International Building Codes [IBC 2303.1.8] and International Residential Codes [IRC R319.1.1]). Copper naphthenate is also required as an end treatment by the limited warranties of many wood products pressure treated with micronized copper. The National Park service has also approved copper naphthenate as a substitute for pentachlorophenol, creosote and inorganic arsenicals. Beekeepers for many years have treated beehives with copper naphthenate (while the EPA has prohibited the practice in the United States in an attempt to combat colony collapse disorder, the practice is still widespread in places such as New Zealand and Australia).

For these reasons a section on copper naphthenate should be added to Wood Preservation.

76.79.12.235 (talk) 20:41, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

Notifiable?
In the Hazards section: "... industrial wood preservation operations are notifiable industrial activities ..." I suspect this means that some authority must be notified if you are running a wood preservation operation, but if you already have a license, what's the point? There are notifiable diseases that doctors must report to health central, and notifiable crimes that must be reported to copper central, but notifiable industrial activities? I couldn't find anything. Pergelator 50.43.36.155 (talk) 12:34, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

I have absolutely no idea what that means either. At least within US FIFRA requires wood preservation be done under a commercial pesticide applicators license granted generally through individual states DEQ and/or Dept of Ag. Without further clarification and sourcing this language should probably be removed — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.79.12.235 (talk) 19:20, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

ALSC reference in AWPA section is intentionally misleading, suggest that it be removed
The ALSC reference toward the end of the AWPA section is intentionally misleading.

directly from ALSC's website reads:"In addition to the lumber accreditation program, the ALSC also administers accreditation programs for the quality marking of treated lumber produced under standards written and maintained by the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA)" -- http://www.alsc.org/geninfo_summary_mod.htm

This is completely different from as currently reads in the aricle: "Wood preservative systems produced under the AWPA standards system for the residential market are required to be inspected under the stringent American Lumber Standards Committee (ALSC) third party inspection system in order to assure compliance with AWPA standards."

I suggest that the ALSC mention in the AWPA be removed. If others feel that ALSC needs mentioning (keep in mind it is merely a third-party testing group and not standard setting) then it should have it's own section. If that is done however it then becomes necessary and incumbent to include testing bodies who actually create standards regarding wood preservation systems such as ICC-ES as well.

In my humble opinion ICC-ES deserves mention long before ALSC since preservation systems such as [] micronized coppers which could never pass the stringent requirements set forth by AWPA use ICC-ES reports to circumvent AWPA standards and be permitted for use under IBC/IRC. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.79.12.235 (talk) 19:17, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

Mud Treatment
This section seems to be very confused. Assuming that 'mud treatment' means the various wattle and daub based techniques used around the world it is a very effective way of weatherproofing and prolonging the life of a timber structure. There are wattle and daub walls in the UK that are hundreds of years old and intact in a a notoriously damp environment. 'Wet' mud is not preserving wood by keeping it wet - mud coverings for buildings all rely on the mud drying out. The clay content is important for strength although dung can be used to help keep it together and things like horsehair can be added as a reinforcement.Stub Mandrel (talk) 10:39, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

Rot-Resistance Prior To Common Reliance On Industrialized Chemicals
I mentioned on the "tar" and " creosote" talk pages that I wanted to have the authors of those articles (or someone competent)address the issues about the lack of effectiveness of coal tar on the preservation or waterproofing of wood raised in this article (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/coal-tar-and-its-products-as-preser/?redirect=1). None of those concerns appear in either Wikipedia article, and I don't know if they are spurious (, because the scientific american article is a little confusing with a lot of typo-graphical errors) or not. I asked because I was curious about the ability of tar, in both its cruder and commercially available forms, to prevent rust on iron nails, and wondered if they would inadvertently have a severe impact on the wood the nail was in.

However, the primary reason I ended up here is that I cannot find any detailed information about the methods and species (such as old growth cypress found in the region in which I live) used to address rotting, such as whether rot-resistant tree species were even commonly used and what was the typical time between and methods of repairs for whatever was commonly used, before the use of industrialized chemicals, such as in colonial times. Nearly everyone on wikipedia (and the internet) seem to be obsessed with industrialized chemistry or processes, which have no resemblance to the raw materials or methods accomplish-able by human motion and hand tools. Yet, I can find almost no information about the responses to the effects of moisture on wood in earlier times.Amoss1985 (talk) 21:36, 14 June 2019 (UTC)

Pine tar
I note the article doesn't include mention of pine tar, which has a long history of use as a wood preservative, especially on boars. I don't know much about pine tar, but it'd be good to have it included in this article. LittleDwangs (talk) 01:34, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

time of statement unspecified
oil based /linseed oil subsections last sentence goes like this: "There is an ongoing promotional campaign in Australia for this type of treatment. " - which is highly problematic because reading it now or a hundered years later leaves the reader of the encyclopedia clueless of when the given statement was added to the article and what relevance it has at the time of reading the article. propose to delete it/or mark with a citation needed tag as the citation would hopefully put it into a perspective regarding the actual timing of the observation of the ongoing campaign. 92.221.117.18 (talk) 22:03, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wood preservation


text:
Sharissa

Sharissa Dawes (born August 21, 1975) is an American singer. Born in New York City's borough of Brooklyn, Bronx raised, she began her musical career in the R&B group 4KaST. 4KaST released their 1998 debut album, Any Weather, on RCA Records, which was promoted with the singles "Miss My Lovin and "I Tried". After her time in the groups, Sharissa worked as a backing vocalist before she signed to Henchman/Motown Records.

Her debut solo album, No Half Steppin' (2002), peaked at number 44 on the Billboard 200 chart. Several of its songs appeared on other Billboard charts. Sharissa was featured the soundtrack of the 2003 romantic comedy film, Love Actually. Her second solo album, Every Beat of My Heart (2005), was only released in Japan. The singer has also contributed to several compilation albums, and has been featured on other artists' albums.

1975–2001: Early life and career
Sharissa Dawes was born on August 21, 1975, in New York City's borough of Brooklyn. She is the oldest of three children. Raised in the Bronx' Edenwald Projects, she became interested in music at age seven. When Sharissa was about 13, she performed with neighborhood children and sang in her school cafeteria. She was influenced by her mother's music collection (which included Deniece Williams and Patti LaBelle), and recorded and studied televised music specials. Sharissa's father nicknamed her "Little Stevie Wonder". Growing up, she felt pressure within the community: "People expected me to do nothing but have babies and depend on the system. I fought through all that."

Sharissa joined the group Triple Dose as a teenager, and became part of the "urban vocal quartet" 4Kast in 1995. 4Kast released their debut album, Any Weather on October 13, 1998, on RCA Records. Its lead single, "Miss My Lovin'", features Mic Geronimo. Released as the second single on August 21, 1998, "I Tried" reached number 46 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Billboard chart on October 10, 1998. It remained on the chart for 12 weeks. To promote the album, the group performed as part of a fundraiser at Madison Square Garden.

Sharissa contributed "Bring Out The Freak" (featuring ILL Bread) to the 1996 compilation album, The Ultimate Mix. The following year, she released the solo single "Keep It Simple" through Emotive Music. Sharissa became a backing vocalist for a number of singers, including Wyclef Jean, Beanie Sigel, Father MC, and Carl Thomas. Three of her songs appeared on the 2001 compilation album, Bullet Proof Love, Vol. 1: "Money Ain't Gonna Change Us" (including verses from The Prodigy and Bars-N-Hooks), "Gone 2 Long", and "I Can't Wait". Sharissa was also featured on Carl Thomas' "Cold, Cold Wind", on the compilation album BMG Dance Compilation #69, that year.

2002: No Half Steppin'
Jimmy Henchman discovered Sharissa in November 2002. Her 2002 debut album, No Half Steppin', was released through Henchmen and Motown on February 26 of that year. Ayana Byrd of Vibe called its sound a "brand of gritty, hip hop-influenced R&B, and its lyrics revolve around tales of love, heartbreak, and independence"; according to Bryce Wilson, the album was inspired by 1970s music. Jason Birchmeier of AllMusic identified No Half Steppin' as part of Motown's attempt "to break new artists into the urban market", and the label was presenting Sharissa in a style similar to Mary J. Blige and Aaliyah. Other music critics also compared the singer to Blige.

The album received mainly-positive reviews, although some criticized its production. It peaked at number 44 on the Billboard 200 chart on March 16, 2002 (remaining on the chart for 10 weeks), number seven on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Billboard chart and number 44 on the Top Album Sales Billboard chart. Sharissa performed material from the album at the Blazin' Hip-Hop and R&B Concert in Pittsburgh on June 16, 2002, and released a mixtape version.

"Any Other Nights music video was "the story of a woman getting her groove back after being neglected by her man". The single peaked at number 72 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on April 6, 2002, remaining on the chart for 14 weeks. It reached number 21 on the Adult R&B Songs Billboard chart, number 23 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, number 23 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and number 70 on the Radio Songs Billboard charts. The album's title track was also released as a single, and was promoted with a video. It peaked at number 75 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay and number 78 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Billboard charts. The third (and final) single from the album was "I Can't Wait".

Sharissa was featured on "You Say Keep It Gangsta" with Butch Cassidy on Wyclef Jean's third studio album, Masquerade, which was released on June 18, 2002. The singer featured on The Ranjahz's "Animal Life", from the album Say What You Say, that year. She also played Yanesha in the 2002 television film, Play'd: A Hip Hop Story. Sociology professor Geoff Harkness wrote in a 2015 article that Yanesha is an example of the bad-girl archetype, which he defined as "sexually insatiable females who emphasize their physical attributes and downplay other aspects of their identity".

2003–present: Every Beat of My Heart and continued career
On November 11, 2003, Sharissa contributed "Take Me as I Am" to the soundtrack of the 2003 romantic comedy film Love Actually; it features Wyclef Jean. An accompanying music video was released. The song peaked at number 96 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Billboard chart. Baria A. Razzaq of Vibe criticized the song: "Wyclef Jean misleads her into regurgitating one of his ditties from The Carnival era". Sharissa attended the film's New York City premiere.

EMI Music Japan and Virgin released her second album, Every Beat of My Heart, in Japan on October 25, 2005. The album was originally scheduled for a full release on September 27 of that year. Sharissa has co-writing credits on all its songs, and said about the process: "I can't sing about things that I haven't experienced, so it was important for me to work with producers who understood my struggle." Baria A. Razzaq praised the album for the collaborations with R. Kelly and Millie Jackson.

Singles from the album were "I'm In Love With a Thug", featuring R. Kelly, and "I Got Love". The track "You Can Do Better featuring R&B singer Tank" reached number 28 on the Adult R&B Songs Billboard chart. Before Every Beat of My Heart, Sharissa had released "Guess Who's Back", "See If I Won't", "You Make It Easy", "I'm Heat" and "Drop on Me" as singles. "I'm Heat" features verses by The Game, and "Drop on Me" includes verses by The Notorious B.I.G.

Sharissa designed a MaDame Bluez & Co. line of "street couture" in 2005 and participated in the reality competition show, Survive This! She performed at a Masonic Temple event in Decatur, Illinois, on February 17, 2006, to increase awareness of HIV/AIDS. Sharissa's song, "Further", was included on the compilation album Dear Summer, Vol. 1 the following year. She released "All or Nuth'n" in 2011 through the Assirahs Music Group.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sharissa


text:
User talk:Xoa

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Blank Verse  ∅  05:36, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Xoa


text:
Astara, Azerbaijan

Astara is a city in and the capital of the Astara District of Azerbaijan. Astara is a short walk across the border from Astara, Iran.

Climate
Astara has a borderline humid subtropical (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) and hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). Astara has cool, wet winters and very warm, highly humid summers, nevertheless with lower precipitation. The annual precipitation of the city, however, is one of the highest in Azerbaijan.

Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. It is an endorheic basin (a basin without outflows) located between Europe and Asia, to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the broad steppe of Central Asia. The sea has a surface area of 371,000 km2 (excluding the detached lagoon of Garabogazköl) and a volume of 78,200 km3. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2% (12 g/L), about a third of the salinity of most seawater that is found in the region.

Astara TV Tower
As the demand for television broadcasting and telecommunication rises during the early 1980s, the Astara TV Tower was built. The television tower was uniquely designed, as its pinnacle is guyed to a horizontal cross-like steel structure.

Economy
Located next to the Iranian border, Astara attracts numerous visitors from Iran, going to Azerbaijan to purchase goods and services that may not be as readily available in Iran.

Transport
Astara is currently served by a broad gauge railway only headed north. A standard gauge connection to the Iranian railway network along the shore of the Caspian Sea is planned. This break of gauge station is likely to be equipped with bogie exchange and SUW 2000 variable gauge axle track gauge changing facility.

Notable people

 * Ziya Bunyadov (1923–1997), Azerbaijani historian and World War II veteran
 * Vagif Akhundov (born 1950), colonel-general
 * Kazim Azimov (born 1951), Azerbaijani historian of philosophy, culture, sociologist, Orientalist

title: Astara, Azerbaijan


text:
List of fatwas

A fatwa (فتوى) is a non-binding legal opinion in Islam, issued by an Islamically qualified religious law specialist, known as a mufti, on a specific issue. The following is a list of notable historical and contemporary fatwas.

Pre-19th century

 * 1504 Oran fatwa

The Oran fatwa was issued in 1504 to address the crisis that occurred when Islam was prohibited in Castile in 1500–1502, and Muslims in the realm were required to convert and conform to Christianity. The fatwa sets out detailed relaxations of the sharia (Islamic law) requirements, allowing the Muslims to conform outwardly to Christianity and perform acts that are ordinarily forbidden in Islamic law, if necessary to survive. It includes relaxed instructions for fulfilling the ritual prayers, the ritual charity, and the ritual ablution, and recommendations when obliged to violate Islamic law, such as worshipping as Christians, committing blasphemy, and consuming pork and wine. The fatwa enjoyed wide currency among Muslims and Moriscos (Muslims nominally converted to Christianity and their descendants) in Spain, but its influence was limited to that country. Ruling by the Ottoman chief mufti solicited by the Ottoman ruler to lend religious legitimacy to the printing of nonreligious books.
 * 1727 fatwa on non-religious books

19th century
Ruling by Shah Abdul Aziz in India invoking the legal theory obliging Muslims to wage war against the rulers of lands under European domination. Ruling by Usman dan Fodio in West Africa invoking the legal theory obliging Muslims to wage war against the rulers of lands under European domination. Ruling by the Ottoman chief mufti solicited by the Ottoman ruler to lend religious legitimacy to vaccination. Ruling by the Iranian Mirza Shirazi that prohibited smoking as long as the British tobacco monopoly was in effect, and led to the tobacco protest.
 * 1803 fatwa against Western colonialism
 * 1804 fatwa against Western colonialism
 * 1845 on vaccinations
 * 1891 fatwa against tobacco

20th century
Ruling by the Moroccan ulama on the obligation to dismiss of European experts hired by the Moroccan government. Ruling by the Moroccan ulama on the obligation to depose the sultan on accusation that he failed to mount a defense against French aggression. When the Action Army entered Istanbul, a Fatwa was issued condemning Sultan Abdülhamid, and the parliament voted to dethrone him. Ruling by the Ottoman Shaykh al-Islam supporting the Ottoman sultan's proclamation of jihad to mark the entry of the Ottoman Empire into World War I. Mehmed VI was deposed as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph, on a fatwa from the commissar for religious affairs. Ruling by Iraqi ulama in 1933 calling on Muslims to boycott Zionist products. On December 2, 1947, the University of Al-Azhar religious scholars, the most respected in the Sunni Muslim world, called for jihad against the Zionists.
 * 1904 fatwa against Western colonialism
 * 1907 fatwa against Western colonialism
 * 1909 fatwa deposing Abdülhamid
 * 1914 fatwa supporting Ottoman 'jihad' in World War I
 * 1922 fatwa deposing Sultan Vahideddin
 * 1933 fatwa against Zionist products
 * 1947 fatwa calling for jihad on Zionism
 * 1951 fatwa on soft drinks

In September 1951, the mufti of Egypt issued a fatwa stating that both Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola were permissible for Muslims to drink. In order to arrive at that decision, the Department of Fatwas had the Ministry of Public Health analyze the composition of the two drinks. As they did not find the pepsin or any narcotic or alcoholic substances to be present, nor any "microbes harmful to health", the mufti found that it was not forbidden under Islamic law.
 * 1959 fatwa on Jafari (Shia) jurisprudence

On July 6, 1959, Egypt's Sheikh Shaltout issued the al-Azhar Shia fatwa opining that: "The Jafari fiqh of the Shi'a is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought." In April 1974 the Muslim World League issued a fatwa stating that followers of the Ahmadiyyah movement are to be considered "non-Muslims". In 1980, the Grand Imam of al-Azhar Gad al-Haq Ali Gad al-Haq issued a fatwa that "Listening to music, attending musical gatherings, and studying music of all genres and instruments is allowed as long as it is not accompanied with immoral and sinful acts, or used as a pretext to incite people towards haram (prohibited) behaviour, and it does not preoccupy a person away from observing the obligatory acts of worship (al-wajibat)".
 * 1974 fatwa on the Ahmadiyyah community
 * 1980 fatwa on singing
 * 1990s fatwa on nuclear weapons

It refers to the fatwa against the acquisition, development and use of nuclear weapons by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. While the fatwa originally dates back to the mid-1990s, the first public issue of it is reported to be that of October 2003, which was followed by an official statement at a meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, two years later in August 2005.

The fatwa has received criticism regarding its existence, applicability, and constancy. According to Khalaji, Khamenei may alter his fatwa under critical circumstances, in a similar manner as Khomeini did. While, according to Gareth Porter in Foreign Policy, Iran has sincerely banned the atomic bombs considering the "historical episode during its eight-year war with Iraq", when Iran never sought revenge for Iraqis chemical attacks killing 20,000 Iranians and severely injuring 100,000 more. Also, the fatwa is considered consistent with Islamic tradition.
 * 1989 fatwa on Salman Rushdie

One of the first well-known fatwas was proclaimed in 1989 by the Iranian Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, against Salman Rushdie over his novel The Satanic Verses. In June 1992, Egyptian writer Farag Foda was assassinated following a fatwa issued by ulamas from Al-Azhar who had adopted a previous fatwa by Sheikh al-Azhar, Jadd al-Haqq, accusing Foda and other secularist writers of being "enemies of Islam". The jihadist group Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya claimed responsibility for the murder.
 * 1992 fatwa on Farag Foda
 * 1996 anti-American fatwa

Issued by Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda. A 'Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places'.
 * 1998 anti-American fatwa

Signed by the 'World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders' (Al-Qaeda). The five signatories were Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Ahmed Refai Taha, Mir Hamzah, and Fazlur Rehman. Decries America and Israel. Followed shortly after by the 1998 United States embassy bombings. In 1998, Grand Ayatollah Sistani of Iraq issued a fatwā prohibiting University of Virginia professor Abdulaziz Sachedina from ever again teaching Islam due in part to Sachedina's writings encouraging acceptance of religious pluralism in the Muslim world.
 * 1998 fatwa on Abdulaziz Sachedina

2000s
Yusuf al-Qaradawi released a fatwā on April 14, 2004, stating that the boycott of American and Israeli products was an obligation for all who are able, in support of the Palestinian cause. Spanish Muslims proclaimed a fatwa against Osama bin Laden in March 2005 issued by Mansur Escudero Bedate, Secretary General of the Islamic Commission of Spain. The ruling says that Bin Laden and "his" al-Qaeda had abandoned their religion and should thus be called "al-Qaeda terrorists" without using the adjective "Islamic". The fatwa urges other Muslims to make similar proclamations. They were followed in July 2005 by the Fiqh Council of North America, a ruling council that issued a fatwa against providing support to "terrorist" groups that make up their own rules by unjustifiably referring to Islam (see Istihlal).
 * 2004 fatwa against Israeli/US goods
 * 2005 fatwa against al-Qaeda
 * 2005 fatwa against religious pluralism, liberalism, and secularism

 * 2005 Amman Message (fatwa against extremist ideology)

The Amman Message was a statement signed in 2005 in Jordan by nearly 200 prominent Islamic jurists to serve as a "counter-fatwa" against a widespread use of takfir (excommunication) by jihadist groups to justify jihad against rulers of Muslim-majority countries. The Amman Message recognized eight legitimate schools of Islamic law and prohibited declarations of apostasy against them. The statement also re-asserted that fatwas can be issued only by properly trained muftis. In September 2007, the Central Java division and Jepara branch of the Indonesian organisation Nahdlatul Ulama (the Awakening of the Religious Scholars) declared the government's proposal to build a nuclear power station nearby at Balong on the Muria peninsula haram or forbidden. The fatwā was issued following a two-day meeting of more than a hundred ulama to consider the pros and cons of the proposal addressed by government ministers, scientists and critics. The decision cited both positive and negative aspects of the proposal, which it had balanced to make its judgment. Key concerns were the question of long-term safe disposal and storage of radioactive waste, the potential local and regional environmental consequences of the plant's operation, the lack of financial clarity about the project, and issues of foreign technological dependence. In 2008, Syrian Grand Mufti Ahmad Badruddin Hassoun issued a fatwa prohibiting every type of smoking, including cigarettes and narghile, as well as the selling and buying of tobacco and any affiliation with tobacco distribution (see also smoking in Syria). In 2008, a Pakistani religious leader issued a fatwā on President Asif Ali Zardari for "indecent gestures" toward Sarah Palin, U.S. vice presidential candidate. In 2008, Indian Ulama from the world-renowned seminary of Deoband have categorically issued a fatwā against terrorism and mentioned that any sort of killing of innocent people or civilians is haram (forbidden). The fatwā also clarified that there is no jihad in Kashmir or against India as freedom of religion is guaranteed by the state as any state that guarantees freedom of religion cannot have jihad sanctioned against it. This fatwā was reiterated in 2009 where Indian Home Minister P. Chidrambram hailed the move. Deoband Ulama in India have repeatedly mentioned that the Taliban government in Afghanistan was un-Islamic. This was most recently reiterated at a convention in Karachi in 2009. These include the idea of establishing shariah rule with force in the name of Jihad and levying of jizya on Sikh citizens of Pakistan, which was termed as nothing more than extortion by armed gangs.
 * 2007 fatwa on nuclear energy
 * 2008 fatwa on smoking
 * 2008 fatwa on President Asif Ali Zardari
 * 2008 fatwa against terrorism
 * 2009 Deoband fatwa against the Taliban

2010s
In June 2010, Shaikh Adil al-Kalbani, former imam of the Grand Mosque in Makkah (Masjid al-Haram) issued a fatwa that "There is no clear-cut religious ruling that says singing and music are not permissible in Islam". The Darul Uloom Deoband issued a fatwa "It is unlawful for Muslim women to do job in government or private enterprises where men and women work together and women have to talk to men frankly and without a veil". However, after an angry reaction from other clerics, the media and women's groups, it clarified that it only insists women must be "covered properly".
 * 2010 fatwa on singing
 * 2010 Deoband fatwa against female employment
 * 2010 fatwa on Sunni-Shia relations

On 30 September 2010, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei issued a fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures following the insult of Aisha by Yasser Al-Habib.
 * 2010 fatwa against terrorism and suicide bombings

The Fatwa on Terrorism is a 600-page Islamic decree against terrorism and suicide bombings released in March 2010. This fatwa is a direct refutation of the ideology of Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. It is one of the most extensive rulings, an "absolute" condemnation of terrorism without "any excuses or pretexts" which goes further than ever and declares terrorism as kufr under Islamic law. It was produced in Canada by an influential Muslim scholar Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri and was launched in London on March 2, 2010. Dr Qadri said during the launch "Terrorism is terrorism, violence is violence and it has no place in Islamic teaching and no justification can be provided for it, or any kind of excuses or ifs or buts." According to CNN, experts see the fatwa as a significant blow to terrorist recruiting.
 * 2011 fatwa on Muammar al-Gaddafi

In 2011, an Egyptian Muslim cleric, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, issued a fatwa that urged soldiers to kill Muammar al-Gaddafi, the leader of Libya, if they were able to do so. In 2012, Sheikh Murgan Salem al-Gohary of Egypt, a former Taliban, issued a fatwa calling for "the destruction of the Sphinx and the Giza Pyramids in Egypt", because "God ordered Prophet Mohammed to destroy idols." In 2012, Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, issued a religious edict prohibiting contact and cooperation with foreign media outlets because they seek to "spread chaos and strife in Muslim lands". He added that contacting foreign media outlets to "divulge the country's secrets or address various matters" was tantamount to "treason and major crime". He said that "It is not permissible and is considered betrayal and assistance to the enemies of Islam." Also, "A believer has to help keeping security, that of his nation and community, and protecting his religion." In 2012, the Indonesian Ulema Council issued an edict for Muslims not to wish Christians a happy Christmas. The edict said that wishing a happy Christmas was akin to confirming the "misguided" teachings of Christianity. In 2013, the grand mufti of Kashmir Bashir-ud-din Farooqi issued a fatwā terming singing as un-Islamic, forcing Kashmir's only all-girls rock band to abandon it. On 7 June 2013, Egyptian cleric and Al-Azhar professor Mahmoud Shaaban accused Hamed Abdel-Samad of committing "heresy", and stated that "he must be killed for being a heretic ... if he refuses to recant" statements from his book and lectures on Islamic Fascism. Shaaban also stated that "after he has been confronted with the evidence, his killing is permitted if the [Egyptian] government does not do it." On the same day, the Egyptian Sheikh Assem Abdel Maged declared a fatwa against the publicist. The German Federal Government called on the Egyptian government to guarantee freedom of expression and personal safety and summoned the Egyptian Chargé d'Affaires in Berlin. On July 2, 2013, in Lahore, 50 Muslim scholars of the Sunni Ittehad Council (SIC) issued a collective fatwa against suicide bombings, the killing of innocent people, bomb attacks, and targeted killings declaring them as haram or forbidden. In March 2014 the Indonesian Council of Ulama (Indonesia's highest Islamic clerical body) issued a fatwa against illegal hunting and wildlife trafficking. The fatwa instructed Muslims to protect endangered species by conserving their habitat and stopping illegal trade. The World Wide Fund for Nature described the fatwa as a positive step.
 * 2012 fatwa on the pyramids
 * 2012 Saudi fatwa on foreign media
 * 2012 Indonesian fatwa on Christmas greetings
 * 2013 fatwa on singing
 * 2013 fatwa on Hamed Abdel-Samad
 * 2013 fatwa on terrorism and suicide bombings
 * 2014 fatwa against illegal hunting and wildlife trade (Indonesia)
 * 2014 fatwa against ISIS

On August 27, 2014, Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad, the current Grand Mufti of India is issued the first fatwa against ISIS. In December 2015, about 70,000 clerics of Dargah Aala Hazrat in India issued a fatwa against terrorism and terrorist organizations like ISIS, Taliban and Al Qaeda and said these organization were not Islamic organizations. On March 11, 2015, Syed Soharwardy, the founder of the Islamic Supreme Council of Canada, and 37 other Muslim leaders of various Islamic sects from across Canada gathered in Calgary and issued a fatwa condemning followers of the Islamic State (ISIS) as non-Muslims. Soharwardy cited capturing opponents and beheading them, killing Muslims who disagree with ISIS's actions, destroying mosques, burning enemy soldiers alive and encouraging Muslim girls to join ISIS, among others, as acts by ISIS that violate Islamic law. Under this fatwa, anybody who even wishes to join the group will be "excommunicated from the Muslim community" and no longer considered Muslim.
 * 2015 fatwa against terrorism
 * 2015 fatwa against ISIS
 * 2016 Fatwa of Peace for Humanity

In 2017, suicide bombing in any form has also been declared haram by Indian ulama. This stand is also supported by Saudi scholars such as Shaykh Muhammad Bin Saalih al-'Uthaymeen, who have issued fatwā declaring suicide bombings are haram and those who commit this act are not shaheed (martyrs). In August 2018, The Indonesian Ulema Council issued a fatwa declaring the MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) vaccine as haram, and claimed the vaccine contains traces of pork and human cells.
 * 2017 fatwa on suicide bombings
 * 2018 fatwa against MMR vaccine (Indonesia)

2020s
The Palestinian Authority's Grand Mufti issued a fatwa banning Muslims from visiting al-Aqsa Mosque having arrived through Israeli airports by means of aviation agreements signed within the context of 'normalization' deals between Israel and Arab Gulf states. Sudan's Islamic Fiqh Council, the country's highest religious authority, issued a fatwa against normalization with Israel. A fatwa signed by over 200 Mauritanian Muslim clerics called normalization with Israel 'A Betrayal Of Allah, His Messenger And The Muslims' and that jihad against Israel was a religious duty. In July 2022, the South African Muslim Judicial Council (MJC) issued a fatwa on homosexuality. The fatwa clarified that Islam's primary sources of legislation are the Qur’an, Sunnah and Ijma – or scholarly consensus – all of which "unequivocally prohibit same-sex actions and, by extension, same-sex marriage". On October 31, 2023, The International Union of Muslim Scholars (IUMS), in a fatwa, urged all Arab and Muslim nations to support Hamas in its military campaign against Israel, as well as the Palestinian resistance groups in the West Bank and Israel, as well as the nations that border Israel, such as Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. On November 10, 2023, a fatwa issued by the Indonesian Ulema Council called for the boycott of pro-Israel goods as a show of support to Palestine.
 * 2020 fatwa against visiting Al-Aqsa Mosque via 'normalized' aviation routes
 * 2020 fatwa against normalization with Israel (Sudan)
 * 2021 fatwa against normalization with Israel, call for jihad (Mauritania)
 * 2022 fatwa against homosexuality (South Africa)
 * 2023 fatwa calling for military intervention by Arab and Muslim countries against Israel and for Gaza (Qatar)
 * 2023 fatwa boycotting Israel-linked firms (Indonesia)

On November 16, 2023, Turkey's governmental Directorate of Religious Affairs muftis meeting issued a 10-item declaration forbidding Muslims to support Israel: "Remaining indifferent to oppression and injustice, staying silent in the face of tyrants and traitors, is directly or indirectly supporting oppressors, occupiers, terrorists and killers. Supporting those who support them is also forbidden." The directorate's president earlier on November 13 said "Millions taking to the streets for Gaza and Palestine are an intifada of humanity against brutal Zionism."
 * 2023 fatwa for Gazans against Israel (Turkey)

title: List of fatwas


text:
Degel

Degel is a town in northern Nigeria.

Once a part of the Hausa city-state of Gobir, Degel is particularly noted for being the home of Fulani Islamic reformer Usman dan Fodio from 1774 to 1804. Dan Fodio built a large following in the area until, fearing his growing power, Yunfa of Gobir ordered him and his followers into exile, triggering the Jihad of Usman dan Fodio.

title: Degel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stachnikov

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:50, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Stachnikov
Page is made up. "Stachnikov" gives only 2 unrelated google hits, no record of book on Amazon. -- SCZenz 05:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * comment Can anyone verify or debunk the claim about the placque in Red Square? I have to agree that as far as I can see, if he even existed at all, this Stakhnikov was at best a very very obscure crank, but did he have some other claim to fame in the former Soviet Union?  If not, the article should be deleted.---CH  (talk) 06:45, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: this is why I am changing my vote: I left a query addressed to User:Lionosmon on the talk page of the article in question, which was 'answered' by an 'anonymous' editor using IP address 155.198.78.191, which has been previously used to vandalize National Science Foundation. The anon simply asserts the placque is real, but his credibility has pretty much vanished, I think, in light of prior vandalism activity.---CH  (talk) 14:59, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete unless someone can confirm the Red Square claim and find a biographical reference. — Laura Scudder | Talk 07:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as above. William M. Connolley 09:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC).
 * Delete. I can't find reference to him in any of the major academic/science electronic resources. I see no signs of verfiability, and the user who posted the information has only provided un-useful lines like "For cross checking this article I recommend using subscription eJournals of any notable physics publication, Stachnikovs influence isn't too hard to find!", which does not seem to be true. I searched for his Russian spelling in Google and came up with nothing as well -- one would expect that someone with a plaque in Red Square would have had at least one reference to it online. I think this is nonsense. --Fastfission 13:33, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * For the reasons given in Articles for deletion/Stachnikov's triflexian quantum multiplex theorem, Delete. Uncle G 14:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ejrrjs | What? 17:04, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete linas 18:52, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Karol 11:01, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ISBN of reference is malformed; no record in Lithuanian, Polish, Czech searches --Kgf0 16:35, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
False Accusations

False Accusations is the third studio album by the Robert Cray Band, released 1985.

In the same year, Cray won the W.C. Handy Award for best male artist of 1985.

Critical reception
The Boston Globe listed the album among the best of 1985, writing that Cray "melds soul-style vocals with masterful blues guitar."

Track listing

 * 1) "Porch Light" (Dennis Walker) – 5:01
 * 2) "Change of Heart, Change of Mind (S.O.F.T)" (Cray, Richard Cousins) – 3:49
 * 3) "She's Gone" (David Amy, Cray, Ozall Washington, Peter Boe) – 2:50
 * 4) "Playin' in the Dirt" (David Amy, Cray) – 3:46
 * 5) "I've Slipped Her Mind" (Dennis Walker) – 5:15
 * 6) "False Accusations" (Dennis Walker, Cray, Richard Cousins) – 3:55
 * 7) "The Last Time (I Get Burned Like This)" (Cray) – 3:50
 * 8) "Payin' for It Now" (David Amy, Cray) – 4:38
 * 9) "Sonny" (David Amy, Dennis Walker) – 4:48

Personnel

 * The Robert Cray Band
 * Robert Cray - guitar, vocals
 * Richard Cousins - bass
 * Peter Boe - keyboards
 * David Olson - drums
 * Horn section
 * David Li - horn arrangement, tenor saxophone, percussion on "Porch Light"
 * Nolan Smith - trumpet
 * Additional musicians
 * Dave Wilson - second guitar on "Sonny"
 * Dennis Walker - second bass on "Sonny"

title: False Accusations


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stachnikov's triflexian quantum multiplex theorem

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:46, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Stachnikov's triflexian quantum multiplex theorem
Page is made up. "Stachnikov" gives only 2 (unrelated) google hits, no record of book on Amazon. See also listing of Stachnikov below. -- SCZenz 05:45, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Searching arXiv and Google show that terms biflexian, triflexian and quantum multiplex are unknown to physics. If this is not a hoax article, it appears to concern a very cranky 'theory' [sic] unknown to science.  So delete as patent nonsense. ---CH  (talk) 06:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * patent nonsense is content that is irredemably incomprehensible, which this is not. (Note that hoax articles are explicitly excluded from the definition.)  The phrase that describes what you are talking about is either "original research" or "unverifiable". Uncle G 14:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * An admin should perhaps compare User:Lionosmom with 155.198.78.191 since the latter IP addy has just been used to make very similar edits to the articles in question, but previously was used to vandalize National Science Foundation; check the contribs of this anon! A Google search on Lionosmom is also suggestive regarding this persons reasons for coming to Wikipedia. Admins should probably monitor this user and this IP addie for further problems and possible blocking---CH  (talk) 15:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Only developers can check whether an IP address is associated with a pseudonym. Administrators have just comparison of the contributions histories to go by, just like everyone else.  The edit from the anonymous account was 6 months ago, and is not necessarily the same person, especially as the IP address belongs to a University.  Uncle G 17:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That is a good point, UncleG, but do a Google search on Lionosmom.---CH (talk) 03:04, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Looks like a good example of nonsense to me.  — Laura Scudder | Talk 07:40, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It is not, however, patent nonsense. Uncle G 14:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, as above William M. Connolley 09:29, 1 October 2005 (UTC).
 * Comment, I haven't had time to fully evaluate this, but the ISBN is incorrect, according to http://www.isbn-check.de/checkisbn.pl?isbn=5529476913 . -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 11:10, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The article cites no sources (The article lists a book, but Albrecht Folsing has written no such book according to five book sources.), and research turns up nothing. The claim in the article that "Stachnikov" wrote "a paper a year" is belied by the fact that no-one seems to be able to find any papers at all.  This and  appear to be part of a pattern of hoax articles, with the link to Albrecht Folsing an attempt to make them plausible. Unverifiable. Delete. Uncle G 14:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ejrrjs | What? 17:09, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete linas 18:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax. Peter Grey 02:44, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Karol 11:02, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Unverifiable --Kgf0 17:19, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:French translators

title: Category:French translators


text: User talk:68.68.12.20

title: User talk:68.68.12.20


text:
Yoros

Yoros may refer to:

 * Yoros Castle, Turkey; a Byzantine castle at the mouth of the Bosphorus on the Black Sea
 * Yoros, a fictional kingdom created by Clark Ashton Smith found in the fictional world of Zothique
 * Yōrō Mountains, the Yōrōs, a mountain range between Mie and Gifu prefectures of Japan
 * Montaña de Yoro National Park (Yoro Mountains National Park), Honduras

title: Yoros


text:
Alkalawa

Alkalawa (Hausa: Alƙalawa) was the capital of the Hausa city-state of Gobir, in what is now northern Nigeria.

History
Alkalawa was originally a quarter for an alkali (judge in Hausa) in the kingdom of Zamafara, hence the name Alkalawa. In the early 19th-century, Fulani jihadist Usman dan Fodio invaded Yunfa (ruler of the minor kingdom of Gobir) at Alkalawa. The city fell in October 1808, marking the end of resistance to Fulani rule in the region.

title: Alkalawa


text:
Talk:I, Jedi

Motivation
In I, Jedi, Coran goes to Yavin IV before going to Corellia to see his grandfather. The information given to him has no influence over his going to Yavin IV for training. --TychoZzyx 05:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * True. But that's not the point. The point is that he went to Yavin IV for general Force training- not to become a Jedi. When he visited Corellia- then he changed his mind and decided to become a CorSec-trained Jedi, not a CorSec officer with Jedi training. --Maru (talk) 18:09, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Characters
Shouldn't there be some mention of Elegos, since he is a major character and Corran's conscience for the third act? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.19.14.236 (talk) 03:37, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

And aren't the Jennsaarai Sith? It is a Sith word, after all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.223.32.93 (talk) 22:40, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:I, Jedi


text:
User talk:Tmandry

Leave any messages for me here!

title: User talk:Tmandry


text:
Alfred Cumming (governor)

Alfred Cumming (September 4, 1802 – October 9, 1873) was an American politician who served as the governor of the Utah Territory from April 12, 1858, to May 17, 1861. Cumming succeeded Brigham Young as governor following the Utah War.

Career
Cumming served as mayor of Augusta, Georgia from 1836 to 1837. While he was mayor, he worked to curb a yellow fever epidemic in the city. His father, Thomas Cumming, had previously held the mayoral position as “intendent” in 1798.

During the Mexican-American War, Cumming worked as a sutler to Zachary Taylor’s army and at Jefferson Barracks.

Cumming was appointed superintendent of the Central Superintendency under the Superintendency System on April 23, 1853. In 1855, he participated in negotiating the Judith River Treaty with the Blackfeet nation, which established the Blackfeet Indian Reservation. After this, Cumming arrived in Utah in the spring of 1858, to negotiate the Mormon question, along with other topics like slavery and polygamy, in the Utah Territory.

Being Democrat, Cumming was appointed as the second governor of the Utah Territory by President James Buchanan. On July 13, 1857, he received this commission and set out that same September with an attachment of soldiers led by Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston as part of the Utah Expedition. At the time, Brigham Young, leader of the Church of Latter-day Saints, was acting as interim governor of the Utah Territory. Young did not wish to give up his position and feared that the approaching army was coming to attack. He therefore declared martial law and sent Utah militias to delay the Expedition. Johnston stationed his army at Camp Scott near Fort Bridger, which was destroyed by the militias to slow their approach. Buchanan offered a deal that would pardon all Utahns for their “seditions and treasons” if they let the army into Salt Lake City and welcomed Cumming as governor. Coupled with negotiations from Thomas L. Kane, Young allowed the new governor and his entourage into the city on June 26, 1858. Cumming’s governorship was met with apprehension within the territory as he was a non-Mormon and was replacing the popular Brigham Young.

Accompanied by his wife, Elizabeth Randall Cumming, he was escorted to Utah by a large force under Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston. Upon arrival, Cumming was reappointed to a full term as governor. On orders of Brigham Young, Salt Lake City was almost abandoned when he arrived. Cumming was determined to avoid violence, and the so-called Utah War was quickly settled. Cumming's concerns as governor included the unusual powers of the local probate courts; Indians; construction of roads and bridges; the sale of public lands; mail service; lawlessness, including cattle rustling and murder; and poor penal conditions. Additionally, Cumming's wife shared the difficult winter near Fort Bridger and with her husband occupied the Devereaux House during the three years of their stay in Utah. Her letters provide a rare insight into events of that time, and record her impressions of the Utah landscape and social life as well as politics among the federal appointees, especially during 1857 and 1858.

At the end of his four-year term, Cumming returned to Washington, D.C. He settled the details of his administration and prepared to return to Augusta. However, his return was postponed by the Civil War until the summer of 1864, and not repositioned by president Abraham Lincoln. His wife passed away in 1867, and Cumming himself died in 1873 at the age of seventy-one. His term as governor of Utah Territory had been one in which the issues of self-determination, shared sovereignty, and territorial/federal relationships were tested as in few other times in the long American effort to create a democratic substitute for centralized colonial rule.

Personal life
Cumming was born in Augusta, Georgia. His wife, Elizabeth Randall Cumming, accompanied him on the Utah Expedition and wrote frequently about the experience. After arriving in Utah, she helped her husband with his official duties and wrote about Utah and its people. She died in 1867. Alfred Cumming was the brother of Henry Harford Cumming and the uncle of Alfred Cumming. After his time as governor in the Utah Territory, he travelled to Washington D.C. where he was waylaid until 1864 due to the Civil War. He then returned to the Cumming’s family home in Augusta. He died on October 9, 1873.

title: Alfred Cumming (governor)


text:
Fuzuli District

Fuzuli District (Füzuli rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-west of the country and belongs to the Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojavend, Aghjabadi, Beylagan, Jabrayil, and the Ardabil Province of Iran.

Its capital is Fuzuli, however since the city is completely ruined following the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, the current de facto capital is Horadiz until Fuzuli is rebuilt. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 133,800 (wolves).

History
The western half, including the capital, was captured by Armenian militias and controlled by the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, as a result of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Horadiz became the temporary administrative centre of Fuzuli District due to the city of Fuzuli's occupation by Armenian forces on 23 August 1993.

On October 17, 2020, most of the occupied portion of the district including the capital Fuzuli was announced to have been recaptured by Azerbaijan during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.

On October 20, 2020, the Government of Azerbaijan announced the recapture of Dordchinar, Kurdlar, Yukhari Abdurrahmanli, Garghabazar, Ashaghi Veysalli and Yukhari Aybasanli villages of Fuzuli District from Armenian forces. Six more villages (Gejagozlu, Ashaghi Seyidahmadli, Zargar, Mollavali, Yukhari Rafadinli and Ashaghi Rafadinli) of the district were reportedly recaptured between October 21 and 22, according to Azerbaijani sources.

Displaced People
IDPs from Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding regions were moved to the Fuzuli District from tent settlements around the country to live in new houses built by the government.

title: Fuzuli District


text:
Nesbit, Mississippi

Nesbit is an unincorporated community in DeSoto County, Mississippi, United States.

History
A post office operated under the name Nesbits Station from 1869 to 1881 and began operating under the name Nesbit in 1881.

In the early 1900s, an academy, two churches, and a sawmill were located in Nesbit.

Nesbit is located on the former Illinois Central Railroad.

Geography
Nesbit is approximately 7 mi south of Horn Lake, approximately 9 mi south of Southaven and approximately 5 mi north of Hernando near U.S. Route 51 and Interstate 55.

Notable people

 * Kenny Brown, blues guitarist (born 1953; grew up in Nesbit)
 * Mississippi Joe Callicott, blues singer and guitarist (1899-1969; was born and lived in Nesbit)
 * Olivia Holt, teen actress on TV series Kickin' It (born 1997)
 * Jerry Lee Lewis, musician

title: Nesbit, Mississippi


text:
Dick Siebert

Richard Walther Siebert (February 19, 1912 – December 9, 1978) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who had an 11-year career from 1932, 1936–1945. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers and St. Louis Cardinals, both of the National League, and the Philadelphia A's of the American League. He was elected to the American League All-Star team in 1943.

Born in Fall River, Massachusetts, he grew up in Cass Lake and Saint Paul, Minnesota.

In an 11-year major league career, Siebert compiled a .282 batting average (1104-3917), scoring 439 runs, with 32 home runs and 482 RBI in 1035 games played. His on-base percentage was .332 and slugging percentage was .379. Primarily a first baseman, he recorded a .990 fielding percentage.

Following his playing career, Siebert became head baseball coach at the University of Minnesota in 1948, where he would remain until his death. The "Chief" went on to become one of the greatest coaches in college baseball history and helped develop baseball at all levels in Minnesota. He finished with a 754–361–6 record and a .676 winning percentage, far and away the most in school history at the time; he has since been passed by current coach John Anderson. He sent five different teams to the College World Series and brought home three NCAA titles in 1956, 1960 and 1964. His teams also captured 12 Big Ten titles, and he endured only three losing seasons.

In addition to coaching the Minnesota Gophers, during the 1950s Siebert was a player/coach for the Litchfield Optimists, the Willmar Rails, and the Minneapolis Kopps Realty teams in Minnesota amateur Town Team Baseball. This arrangement allowed Siebert to evaluate talent and coach his Gophers players during the collegiate off-season.

Siebert served as the president of the American College Baseball Coaches Association. Among his many honors and accolades, Siebert was twice named as college baseball's Coach of the Year, was a member of the College Baseball Hall of Fame, and was a recipient of college baseball's highest award, the Lefty Gomez Trophy, which recognizes an individual who has made an outstanding contribution and given service to the development of college baseball.

Siebert died at age 66 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. His son, Paul Siebert, pitched for the Astros, Padres and Mets from 1974 to 1978. On April 21, 1979, Minnesota renamed its baseball stadium Siebert Field in Siebert's honor.

title: Dick Siebert


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alex Zaidlin

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No Votes, No Consensus Karmafist 14:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Alex Zaidlin
I have been unable to verify that this writer or his works exist throught Google, but that might be because they are in Arabic/Hebrew. -- Kjkolb 05:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Tom Sheehan

Thomas Clancy Sheehan (March 31, 1894 – October 29, 1982) was an American pitcher, scout, coach and manager in Major League Baseball.

Born in Grand Ridge, Illinois, Sheehan, a right-hander, had a six-year pitching career from 1915–16, 1921 and 1924–26, playing for the Philadelphia Athletics and New York Yankees of the American League and the Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League. He pitched for two of the worst teams in big league history — the 1915-16 Athletics. Manager and part-owner Connie Mack totally dismantled his 1914 AL-champion club after it was swept by the "Miracle" Boston Braves in the World Series. After Mack replaced his stars with inexperienced players, the A's of 1915–16 won a total of 79 games, while losing 226 — a winning percentage of only .259. At 21, Sheehan won four games and lost nine in 1915, but the following season he dropped 16 of 17 decisions (.059), although he compiled a decent earned run average of 3.69.

Overall, Sheehan appeared in 146 major league games, winning 17 and losing 39 (.304) with a 4.00 ERA.

Sheehan coached for the Reds (1935–37), Brooklyn Dodgers (1938) and Boston Braves (1944), and spent many years as a minor league manager and scout for the New York/San Francisco Giants. On June 19, 1960, at age 66, he succeeded the fired Bill Rigney as pilot of the Giants. Sheehan became the oldest person to make his debut as a big-league manager. The move was a shocker, and it backfired. Rigney's Giants had won 33 of 58 games and were in second place in the National League; but under Sheehan, San Francisco won 46, lost 50 (.479) and fell to a second-division, fifth-place finish.

Willie Mays thought the problem was that Sheehan was merely a fill-in while owner Horace Stoneham tried to pick a permanent replacement for Rigney. "I felt kind of sorry for him," Mays said. "We both knew that he was only a temporary fill-in, and that's a tough spot to get anything done. He was in uniform in body only. He didn't offer us any inspiration." Sheehan resumed his scouting duties at season's end as the Giants hired former player Alvin Dark to manage. He died in Chillicothe, Ohio at the age of 88.

title: Tom Sheehan


text:
Jackie-O Motherfucker

Jackie-O Motherfucker is an American experimental music group that formed in Portland, Oregon in 1994.

Biography
Jackie-O Motherfucker began as a duo consisting of multi-instrumentalist Tom Greenwood and saxophonist Nester Bucket. The group is a collective with a shifting membership that has included more than forty members drawn from the U.S. experimental scene. As of 2008, the core of the group is focused on founding member Greenwood.

Jackie-O Motherfucker embraces free improvisation, drawing from a variety of subgenres including various folk musics of the world (American folk and blues, Native American song, traditional English folk ballads, etc.), free jazz, field recordings, psychedelia, drone, and noise rock.

The group's first three albums were limited-run vinyl-only releases on now-defunct Portland label Imp Records. Their first widely distributed album, Fig.5, was released in 2000 and was followed by a series of recordings, including the more meandering Liberation and the folk-oriented Flags for the Sacred Harp, which drew from traditional blues and gospel sources.

By this point the group were enjoying a higher profile, including performances at the ATP festival curated by Sonic Youth and Thurston Moore and a cover feature on The Wire.

Since then, the group has had recordings released by a variety of labels before settling down with the London-based label Fire Records from 2008's Blood of Life. The group also operates its own label of CD-R live recordings, the U-Sound Archive, which features live recordings from Jackie-O Motherfucker as well as other like-minded artists such as Double Leopards, Sunroof!, Decaer Pinga, and Vibracathedral Orchestra.

Discography

 * Alchemy... Shit to Gold (1995), Imp Records
 * Cross Pollinate (1996), Imp Records
 * Flat Fixed (1998), Imp Records
 * WOW (1999), Fisheye
 * Fig.5 (2000), Road Cone
 * The Magick Fire Music (2001), Ecstatic Peace!
 * Liberation (2001), Road Cone
 * split with Vibracathedral Orchestra (2001), Textile
 * Change (2002), Textile
 * Europe 2002 live album (2003), Cast Exotic
 * From the Earth to the Spheres Vol. 3 with My Cat Is an Alien (2005), Very Friendly
 * Flags of the Sacred Harp (2005), ATP Recordings
 * The Grave (2006), DotDotDot
 * America Mystica (2006), Very Friendly
 * Freaker Pipe (2007), U-Sound
 * Valley of Fire (2007), Textile Records
 * Fig.5 (2007), ATP (reissue of 2000 album)
 * The Blood of Life Live Album (2008), Fire Records
 * Ballads of the Revolution (2009), Fire Records
 * Earth Sound System (2011), Fire Records
 * Bloom (2018), Textile Records

Members

 * Tom Greenwood – guitar, turntables, percussion, vocals
 * Eva Salens – vocals, keyboards, viola, tapes
 * Nick Bindeman – guitar
 * Brian Mumford – guitar, electronics
 * Jed Bindeman – drums

Previous members

 * Jef Brown – guitar, saxophone
 * John Flaming – saxophone
 * Nester Bucket – saxophone
 * Michael Henrickson – drums
 * Jessie Carrot – drums
 * Barry Hampton – drums, percussion
 * Adam Forkner – guitar
 * Natalie Mering – vocals, guitar
 * Josh Stevenson – bass, keyboards, guitar
 * Theo Angell – vocals, guitars, tapes
 * Honey Owens – vocals, guitar, keyboards
 * Dana Valatka – drums, electronic percussion, vocals
 * Brooke Crouser – guitar
 * Samara Lubelski – violin
 * Josh Diamond – guitar
 * Andy Cvar
 * Jack Denning – bass guitar, synthesizers, 808

title: Jackie-O Motherfucker


text:
Jeff Shaw

Jeffrey Lee Shaw (born July 7, 1966) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox of the American League (AL), and the Montreal Expos, Cincinnati Reds, and Los Angeles Dodgers of the National League (NL), during a 12-year career from 1990 to 2001. He is the father of MLB infielder Travis Shaw.

Amateur career
Shaw started his baseball career at Washington Senior High School, located in Washington Court House, Ohio. While he was enrolled at the University of Rio Grande, he attended a tryout camp for the Cincinnati Reds during the summer of 1985, where he received little attention. He and his mother then drove to Columbus, Ohio to try out with the New York Yankees at the home field of New York's Triple-A affiliate, the Columbus Clippers. He drew the interest of scouts by upping the speed on his fastball from 84 – to 93 mph while he played in a semi-professional league in Washington Court House. Shaw played for Cuyahoga Community College-West, but transferred to Cuyahoga Community College to be eligible for the draft. Shaw was selected by the Cleveland Indians with the first pick of the opening round of the January 1986 amateur draft, signing on May 11, 1986.

Professional career
Shaw first pitched professionally during 1986 for the Batavia Trojans, a Class A Short Season affiliate of Cleveland. He rose through their farm system, reaching Double-A in 1988 with the Williamsport Bills and Triple-A in 1990 with the Colorado Springs Sky Sox.

Shaw made his major-league debut on April 30, 1990. He played three seasons with Cleveland, then became a free agent.

In November 1992, Shaw signed with the Kansas City Royals, who traded him the following month to the Montreal Expos in a multi-player deal. Shaw then played for Montreal during the 1993–1995 seasons. In August 1995, Montreal traded Shaw to the Chicago White Sox in exchange for pitcher José DeLeón. After finishing the season with the White Sox, Shaw again became a free agent.

In January 1996, Shaw signed with the Cincinnati Reds, allowing him to commute to the ballpark from his home in Washington Court House. He played for the Reds until July 1998, when he was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers. Shaw played another three seasons before retiring; his final MLB appearance was on October 6, 2001.

Trade to the Dodgers
On July 4, 1998, the Reds traded Shaw to the Dodgers for Paul Konerko and Dennys Reyes. This trade was not what Shaw wanted. He had signed a three-year extension (to begin in 1999) with the Reds after the 1997 season. Though he could have negotiated for a higher rate elsewhere, he was willing to sign a contract with the Reds at a discount since he could live at his home in Washington Court House. Shaw's agent stated they asked Reds general manager Jim Bowden for a no-trade clause, but he would not agree to one.

Shaw was asked during a Reds game to leave the dugout to take a call from Bowden, and was told he was being traded. Learning it was to the Dodgers, Shaw said it was "the farthest place from Washington Court House." Because Shaw had so recently signed a long-term contract, he was entitled to ask for a trade. To keep Shaw, Dodgers general manager Kevin Malone ended up spending more than he bargained for, signing Shaw to a three-year, $15 million contract making him the second-highest paid closer in the league. Shaw's wife and children subsequently moved out to California with him.

Career summary
Shaw received many accolades and awards during his career. In 1997, he won the Rolaids Relief Man Award for the National League, as he led the league with 42 saves and recorded a 2.38 earned run average (ERA). He was also selected to the National League All-Star team twice, once in 1998 and again in 2001. He was selected in 1998 as a member of the Cincinnati Reds, but was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers at the beginning of the All-Star break, thus his first game he pitched as a Dodger was in the 1998 All-Star Game. Shaw featured a split-finger fastball as his strikeout pitch.

Family
Shaw is married with three children. His son, Travis Shaw, also became an MLB player.

title: Jeff Shaw


text: Category:Districts of Uttaranchal

title: Category:Districts of Uttaranchal


text:
Bryan Greenberg

Bryan Greenberg (born May 24, 1978 ) is an American actor. He is known for his starring role as Ben Epstein in the HBO original series How to Make It in America as well as a recurring role in The Mindy Project. He also had a recurring role as Jake Jagielski in the WB series One Tree Hill and as Nick Garrett on the short-lived ABC drama October Road. His film work includes The Perfect Score, Prime, Bride Wars, and Friends with Benefits. He made his directorial debut with his film Junction.

Early life
Greenberg was born in Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. the son of psychologists Denise "Denny" (b.1951) and Carl Greenberg (b.1950). He is Jewish and was raised in Conservative Judaism. Growing up, he attended Beth El Synagogue in Omaha. He had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony, belonged to Jewish youth groups, went to Jewish summer camps where he acted in theater productions, and traveled to Israel.

At seven years old, Greenberg appeared in the lead role in the Omaha Ballet production of The Nutcracker. He toured with the show for two months and later joined a children's theater company in Omaha. At age 12, Greenberg and his family moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where he got his first major role in a nationally-broadcast Cookie Crisp cereal commercial.

He graduated from Parkway Central High School in Chesterfield, Missouri in 1996 and moved to New York City after high school.

Greenberg earned his Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theatre at New York University in 2000.

Acting career
While at NYU, Greenberg auditioned and worked as a waiter, bartender, caterer and assistant to a mortgage broker. He was cast as Romeo in NYU's performance of Romeo and Juliet and performed with the Experimental Theater Workshop, the Atlantic Theater Company and the Amsterdam Experimental Workshop.

In 1997, he got a small role on the television series Law & Order. Soon after this appearance, Greenberg got an agent and one year later made his big screen debut in A Civil Action.

After landing small roles on several TV series (Boston Public, The Sopranos, and Third Watch among others), Greenberg was cast as Matty Matthews, a high school student trying to pass the S.A.T. exam, in the film The Perfect Score. After graduating from NYU, Bryan moved to California. While he was still appearing in One Tree Hill, he began shooting another television show produced by George Clooney for HBO called Unscripted.

Greenberg's first starring role was in the Ben Younger film Prime (2005). He played David Bloomberg, a young artist who falls in love with one of his mother Meryl Streep's therapy patients, played by Uma Thurman. Greenberg then starred in October Road on ABC and appeared with Alan Rickman in the film Nobel Son in 2008. In 2009, Greenberg appeared in the film Bride Wars with Kate Hudson and Anne Hathaway and starred opposite Alexis Bledel and Scott Porter in the indie film The Good Guy, which was released in February 2010.

His series How to Make It in America premiered on HBO on February 14, 2010. The Washington Post called it "The New Yorkiest thing you could find on television, which is saying something," and praised its "portrayal of a dirty, scrappy, multi-ethnic New York culture." The New York Times said the "series has great music (the theme song is Aloe Blacc’s 'I Need a Dollar') and there are some snarky asides about hipster New York." Season 2 premiered on October 2, 2011. On December 20, 2011, HBO announced the cancellation of the show.

In 2012, Greenberg co-starred with Laura Prepon in the independent comedy film The Kitchen. That same year, Greenberg starred in the dark comedy film The Normals, which follows a young man who enters a two-week clinical trial of an anti-psychotic treatment at a drug-testing center in Queens.

In 2013, Greenberg began shooting the untitled Lance Armstrong biopic alongside Ben Foster, who will play Armstrong.

In 2015, Greenberg and his wife Jamie Chung co-starred together in the romantic drama Already Tomorrow in Hong Kong.

In 2024, Greenberg joined the cast of Suits: LA opposite Stephen Amell.

Music
In 2007, Greenberg released his debut album, Waiting for Now. He has toured with Gavin DeGraw, Michael Tolcher, Ari Hest, and Graham Colton. At his New York City Show at the High Line Ballroom, Greenberg was joined by How to Make it in America co-star Kid Cudi. Greenberg's songs have been featured in many of his film and television work, including One Tree Hill, October Road, and Nobel Son.

In 2011, Greenberg released his second album, We Don't Have Forever, produced by Thom Monahan (Vetiver, Devendra Banhart, Gary Louris), which included the single "Walk Away". The album also included "You Can Run", a collaboration with How to Make It in America co-star and rapper Kid Cudi. Greenberg said he wrote the record over a period of two years when he was experiencing many changes in his life and decided to title the record We Don't Have Forever to reflect that.

Personal life
In 2012, Greenberg began dating actress Jamie Chung. They became engaged in December 2013 and were married on October 31, 2015 in Santa Barbara, California. Their twin sons were born via surrogacy in October 2021.

Albums

 * Waiting for Now (2007)
 * We Don't Have Forever (2011)
 * Everything Changes (2015)
 * The 36 Hour - EP (2019)

Other activities

 * In 2008, Greenberg appeared in will.i.am's song "Yes We Can."
 * In 2010, Greenberg made a public service announcement about the Gulf Oil Spill for Natural Resources Defense Council calling for Clean Energy Legislation. It was released July 20, 2010.

title: Bryan Greenberg


text:
Jimmie Schaffer

Jimmie Ronald Schaffer (born April 5, 1936) is an American former Major League Baseball catcher who played for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, New York Mets, Philadelphia Phillies, and Cincinnati Reds all of the National League, and the Chicago White Sox of the American League, between 1961 and 1968

Early life and education
Schaffer was born in Limeport, Pennsylvania, and attended Coopersburg High School in Coopersburg, Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1954.

Playing career
Schaffer signed as an amateur free agent by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1955 and spent six seasons in the minor leagues before making his major league debut at age 25 on May 20, 1961. In that game, he started at catcher and batted eighth for the Cardinals, and in his first major league at bat, he recorded his first career major league hit, a third-inning single off the Cubs' Dick Ellsworth in a 1-0 loss.

In his major league career, Schaffer played in 304 games with 11 home runs, 56 runs batted in and a .223 batting average.

Coaching career
Schaffer also managed in the Baltimore Orioles' farm system, spent one season (1978) as the bullpen coach of the Texas Rangers, and played a similar role for the Kansas City Royals from 1980 to 1988, serving on the Royals' 1980 and 1985 world champion coaching staffs.

After retiring from coaching professional baseball in 1989, Schaffer returned to his hometown of Limeport, Pennsylvania. He and his wife Jeanne have five adult children and a 12-year-old grandson.

title: Jimmie Schaffer