text:
Bumpus Jones

Charles Leander "Bumpus" Jones (January 1, 1870 – June 25, 1938) was an American right-handed starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Cincinnati Reds and New York Giants.

Early life
He was born in Cedarville, Ohio. Newspaper accounts from Cedarville have described him as being listed as black, albeit with skin that passed for Caucasian. Census reports listed him as a "mulatto". Genealogical research has speculated that Jones came from "Pocahontas' people in Virginia."

Baseball career
Jones made only eight appearances in his brief major league career, he threw a no-hitter in his first major league appearance with the Cincinnati Reds on October 15, 1892, the last day of the season. The victims that day were the Pittsburgh Pirates, who lost 7–1. Jones was not perfect, as he gave up four walks, and he did not pitch a shutout, as an error led to an unearned run. But it was quite a start, and was his only outing of the season. This is still the latest date in the season that a no-hitter has ever been pitched in major league history. It was also one of the last games played with a "pitcher's box" with the pitcher beginning 55 1/2 feet from home plate; the following season, the pitcher's mound would be introduced, with pitchers starting their pitch on a rubber slab 60 feet and 6 inches from home plate.

After that, Jones split 1893 between Cincinnati and the New York Giants, appearing in seven games overall, while going 1–4 with a 10.19 ERA. Jones would never pitch in the majors again. He remains the only player in Major League history to pitch a no-hitter in his first game. Only Bobo Holloman of the St. Louis Browns, Ted Breitenstein of the St. Louis Browns, and Tyler Gilbert of the Arizona Diamondbacks have managed to join Jones as pitchers to throw no-hitters in their first major league start, but they had previously appeared in a relief role. According to sabermetrician Bill James, Jones edges out Holloman for the distinction of mathematically least likely pitcher ever to have thrown a no-hitter in the major leagues.

In a two-season major league career, Jones posted a 2–4 career record with 10 strikeouts and a 7.99 ERA in $41 2/3$ innings of labor. After leaving the major leagues, Jones continued to pitch professionally. Jones pitched for the Grand Rapids Rippers and Sioux City Cornhuskers in 1894. He pitched for the Columbus Senators from 1896 to 1899, and until recently was credited with the team record for career games pitched, with 212. Modern research, however, indicates that the actual total may be closer to 150. Jones finished his minor league career with the St. Paul Saints in 1901.

Death
Jones died in Xenia, Ohio, at age 68 from complications of a stroke, and he was laid to rest at North Cemetery in Cedarville, Ohio.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bumpus Jones


text:
Talk:Patrick Finucane

Pat Finucane
I propose that this be made a redirect to Pat Finucane, the most common name used when referring to the man.

Lapsed Pacifist 14:24, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

I could've sworn I searched for his name before I created this article. Anyway I concur with a redirect to Pat Finucane, that article is better written than this one. --Sus scrofa 16:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patrick Finucane


text:
Talk:Cubana de Aviación Flight 455

Alternate histories?
This article unfortunatley completely lacks Orlando Bosch's and Luis Posasa Carriles's testiomies on the facts, besides un cited "quotes" by these men, most notably Bosch saying "No one on that plan was innocent" and so forth, which have no citation. Yes the CIA documents say they were planning the bombing but no alternate was suggested, as if there was no refutation of these "facts" when in fact if anyone has delved a little further into this would realize one very important thing. this artcile completely lacks the name of Ricardo "Mono" Morales Navarrete, the man who both Bosch and Posada have said SEVERAL times was the one actually responsible for planning and carrying out the bombing, with no support from either man. It is not mentioned that in Posada's interview here recently in Miami on the show of Maria Elvira, which two episodes were dedicated to interviewing him, he repeatedly denyed any involvement, AND accused "Mono" morales of doing it AND condemened it as a horrific act of pure terrorism and murder. whether you belive it or not, it seems quite disingenious to not mention it.

At the moment, I do not have enough information to make a clear entry into this artcile to present all the facts and speculation, and I dont even know how I would title it, Alternate Theorys?, Posada and Bosch's Take?

There is VIDEO of el Mono Morales admitting to carrying out the bombing, which I believe was shown on the Maria Elvira show, which was shot by a good friend of my father's. There are a ton of things not mentioned at all in this saga of political intrigue and murder. Most people suspected Morales of being a double agent of Castro, and he was killed in Miami sometime ago in a bar dispute. Once again, whether anyone happens to beleive it, it is very mich worth mentiong and the artcile is incomplete without reference to him. the man who it seems was the one who actually did it not being mentioned is quite an oversight!

Hopefully soon i'll have enough of a coherent story and history and collection of facts to post a good addition to this article.

You have not identified yourself or show when this was written. I wonder if your name will show up in the history. Whoever wrote the Wikipedia article fails to make the distinction between CIA operative and CIA associate. The article fails to show that the bombing was the result of a CIA order. The two men had done assignments with the CIA but even if they were responsible it does not mean they were not acting on their own. RichardBond (talk) 04:15, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

2006 Anniversary

 * Cuba marks dark day - (October 7th, 2006) NationNews Barbados
 * Victims of Cubana bombing tragedy remembered - (October 7th, 2006) Barbados Advocate
 * Guyana to erect monument for victims of Cubana bombing - (October 9th, 2006) Caribbean Net News: Cayman Islands

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title: Talk:Cubana de Aviación Flight 455


text: User talk:70.111.241.150

title: User talk:70.111.241.150


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Rangerdude/Proposed decision

all proposed

After considering /Evidence and discussing proposals with other arbitrators, parties and others at /Workshop place proposals which are ready for voting here.

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority "support" vote will be passed.
 * Items that receive a majority "oppose" vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority "support" or "oppose" vote will be open to possible amendment by any Arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.

Conditional votes for or against and abstentions should be explained by the Arbitrator before or after his/her time-stamped signature. For example, an Arbitrator can state that she/he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were passed.

On this case, no Arbitrators are recused and 5 are inactive, so 5 votes are a majority.

Proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on. Non-Arbitrators may comment on the talk page.
 * For all items:

Motions and requests by the parties
Place those on /Workshop.

Proposed temporary injunctions
Four net "support" votes needed to pass (each "oppose" vote subtracts a "support") 24 hours from the first vote is normally the fastest an injunction will be imposed.

Template
1)

{text of proposed orders}

 * Support:

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

=Proposed final decision=

Remedies for disruptive editing patterns
1) An otherwise productive editor who edits some articles in an aggressively tendentious way may be banned from editing those articles.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 17:21, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:00, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:01, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Autobiography
2) Autobiography, a guideline, discourages persons who have an article about themselves in Wikipedia from editing it, suggesting that they provide input on the talk page, but points out the need for citing published sources for information to be acceptable.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:42, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:00, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:01, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Mercy
3) Please do not bite the newcomers, a guideline, admonishes Wikipedia users to consider the obvious fact that new users of Wikipedia will do things wrong from time to time. For those who either have or might have an article about themselves it is a temptation, especially if plainly wrong, or strongly negative information is included, to become involved in questions regarding their own article. This can open the door to rather immature behavior and loss of dignity. It is a violation of don't bite the newbies to strongly criticize users who fall into this trap rather than seeing this phenomenon as a newbie mistake.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:42, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:00, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:01, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Controversial experts
4) Knowledgeable users, including those who have been engaged in controversial activities are welcome to edit on Wikipedia, provided they cite reliable sources for their contributions and respect Neutral point of view and What Wikipedia is not, especially Wikipedia is not a publisher of original thought, Wikipedia is not a propaganda machine and Wikipedia is not a battleground.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:42, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:00, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:01, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Harassment of controversial experts
5) The policy expressed in Harassment as applied to controversial experts forbids violation of Neutral point of view, Verifiability and What_Wikipedia_is_not by undue focus on Wikipedia articles regarding them or organizations affiliated with them or on their editing activities.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:42, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:00, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:01, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Focusing attention on controversial users
6) Wikipedia editors who engage in inappropriately focusing their attention on controversial users should be extended some degree of understanding as this is a predictable newbie error.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:42, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:00, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:01, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

POV editing by Rangerdude
1) Rangerdude has from time to time engaged in editing which can be fairly characterized as aggressive and tendentious (POV) editing of articles which relate to Houston area politics and media, and the politics of the American South. This pattern of editing is widespread and has drawn the attention of the Wikipedia administrators Slimvirgin and Willmcw, see Requests_for_arbitration/Rangerdude/Evidence and Requests_for_arbitration/Willmcw_and_SlimVirgin/Evidence.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 16:53, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:10, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:04, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Error by Willmcw
2) Willmcw has in at least one instance been caught up in the struggle over the content of political articles and edited inappropriately, see Requests_for_arbitration/Rangerdude/Evidence

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 16:53, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:10, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:04, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Harassment of Cberlet
3) Rangerdude has inappropriately quarreled with and been involved in disputes regarding the articles concerning a controversial and knowledgeable expert who is also an Wikipedia editor, Cberlet, see Requests for comment/Cberlet & Willmcw and Requests_for_arbitration/Nobs01_and_others/Evidence Added 18:13, 7 December 2005 (UTC)    Fred Bauder 18:13, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 17:33, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:10, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:04, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Harassment of Nskinsella
3) Willmcw has inappropriately quarreled with, and been involved in disputes regarding the articles concerning, a controversial and knowledgeable expert who is also an Wikipedia editor, Nskinsella, see Requests_for_arbitration/Rangerdude/Evidence.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 17:33, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:10, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:04, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Personal attacks by Nskinsella
5) Nskinsella has made personal attacks on Willmcw

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 17:33, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:10, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:04, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Over-involvement by Cberlet in Chip Berlet
6) Cberlet, a minor public figure, has involved himself inappropriately in the content of the article on himself.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:56, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:10, 6 December 2005 (UTC) A comment on a talk page is not "inappropriate involvement", and the very serious accusations being made against him in the article were extremely provocative.
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:56, 6 December 2005 (UTC) I don't think this is inappropriate involvement.
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC) (would prefer to see "sometimes" removed)
 * James F. (talk) 22:34, 11 December 2005 (UTC) (Moved to abstain.)

Over-involvement by Nskinsella in Stephan Kinsella
7) Nskinsella, a minor public figure, has involved himself inappropriately in the content of the article on himself Requests_for_arbitration/Rangerdude/Evidence.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:56, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC) (But I would agree with Kelly's proposed change, too.)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:10, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC) (would prefer to see "sometimes" removed)

Proposed remedies
Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.

Rangerdude placed on probation
1) Rangerdude is placed on Probation for one year. Any administrator may ban Rangerdude from editing any article which he disrupts by aggressive tendentious editing.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 17:16, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:13, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:59, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Rangerdude placed on Probation
1.1) In view of the dissatisfaction expressed by Rangerdude with the decisions reached in this case, and the apparent lack of insight into any role his own behavior played in the creation and aggravation of the problems which gave rise to this case, he is placed indefinitely on Probation. If in the opinion of any three administrators, for good cause, he is responsible for disrupting the functioning of Wikipedia, restrictions may be placed on his editing, up to and including a general ban of one year. Each restriction imposed shall be documented and explained in a section at the bottom of Requests for arbitration/Rangerdude. Should any period of one year pass without any such restriction being imposed, Rangerdude's probation shall automatically end.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:47, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 21:58, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 04:49, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Willmcw banned for one day
2) Willmcw is banned for one day as the result of the egregious violation committed while editing Ludwig von Mises Institute.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 17:16, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC) I've come around to supporting "example bans" like this.
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:13, 6 December 2005 (UTC) A punitive measure which would serve no purpose, as the action was extremely uncharacteristic, and Willmcw has already expressed regret for it.
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC) (Not sure. Smacks too much of punishment rather than preventative.)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:08, 8 December 2005 (UTC) Per James. I'm not yet convinced either way on these.

Rangerdude admonished
3) Rangerdude is admonished to extend respect and forgiveness to users such as User:Cberlet (Chip Berlet) who share the burden of being notable enough to have articles regarding them be included in Wikipedia.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 17:16, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:14, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:08, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Willmcw admonished
4) Willmcw is admonished to extend respect and forgiveness to users such as User:Nskinsella (Stephan Kinsella) who share the burden of being notable enough to have articles regarding them be included in Wikipedia.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 17:16, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg <small style="color:darkgreen;">(talk) 22:13, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:08, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Nskinsella cautioned regarding personal attacks
5) Nskinsella is cautioned to avoid personal attacks.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 17:46, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg <small style="color:darkgreen;">(talk) 22:13, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:08, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Cberlet cautioned regarding autobiography
6) Cberlet is cautioned to avoid over-involvement in the article on himself.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:56, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg <small style="color:darkgreen;">(talk) 22:13, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:08, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Nskinsella cautioned regarding autobiography
7) Nskinsella is cautioned to avoid over-involvement in the article on himself.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:56, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg <small style="color:darkgreen;">(talk) 22:13, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:08, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Enforcement by block
1) Should Rangerdude edit any article he is banned from under the terms of his probation he may be briefly blocked, up to a week in the case of repeat offenses. After 5 blocks the maximum block shall increase to one year.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 17:46, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 17:09, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg <small style="color:darkgreen;">(talk) 22:14, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 21:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Mindspillage (spill yours?) 23:08, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

=Discussion by Arbitrators=

Motion to close
Four net "support" votes needed to close case (each "oppose" vote subtracts a "support") 24 hours from the first motion is normally the fastest a case will close.

 * It appears that everything that is going to pass has passed. Jayjg <small style="color:darkgreen;">(talk) 19:13, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * After voting on new proposed remedy Fred Bauder 04:05, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * As with Fred. James F. (talk) 21:58, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 04:49, 18 December 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Signed zero

Untitled
Delete, no sources, nothing.
 * Positive or negative nothing? --A D Monroe III(talk) 02:24, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

Move?
Given that the current AFD discussion appears to be headed toward a "keep" result, should this page be moved somewhere after it is over? Maybe Negative zero? NatusRoma 20:11, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How about −0? (That's minus zero rather than "hyphen zero".) —BenFrantzDale 05:04, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I second −0 (minus zero) like BenFrantzDale suggested. —Liyster 01:25, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

I've moved it to −0 (number), for consistency with −1 (number) and −40 (number). sjorford (talk)  20:59, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Properties and handling
Shouldn't we specify that x/0 is undefined? It's lim(x/n,n,0) = infinity, not x/0 = infinity.
 * But in IEEE 754, it isn't undefined! Melchoir 01:27, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Those two divide by zero examples should be using limits. Just because a computer's nutjob interpretation doesn't care, it doesn't mean we shouldn't. Idyll M (talk) 10:52, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The paragraph dealing with this doesn't make absolutely clear that the second sentence refers strictly to the IEEE definition and not the mathematical definition. Also the sentence that says when division by zero is undefined includes infinity/infinity, which is not division by zero. I am hesitant to make changes because I am not a mathematician but somebody needs to look at this. 6StringJazzer (talk) 18:16, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

Complex Number
In IEE floating point, -0 have special meaning in complex number. Sqrt( -1 + 0i ) = 0 + i  Sqrt( -1 - 0i ) = 0 - i -- 219.78.124.173 17:02, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Programming languages
The article is a bit unusually inaccurate on this issue. The C family is mentioned and so is Java, but the function that "should" be used instead seems to be a C/C++ function, apparently without a Java equivalent (as none is mentioned). I don't recall Java having the problem, though that doesn't have to mean it doesn't exist. It seems odd to advise programmers in general to use a specific function that seems to be C-specific.

If the standard is language independent, refering to the name of the function doesn't make much sense unless most libraries have it (the equivalent functions for other languages should be named too), otherwise the programmer would be advised to implement it, rather than use it (because it wouldn't be a function, but merely a language independent description of a function). — Ashmodai (talk · contribs) 23:06, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Zero
I took the negative zero section from the zero article and put it under Zero and Negative Zero. It seems like it fits but I'm no expert. Does it belong there? --24.8.206.37
 * Frankly, I feel it's redundant. There's nothing in that section not already covered in the article. By the way, when you copy text from one article to another, you should make a notation in the edit summary (this has to do with the attribution requirements of the GFDL; if you're not careful about those you could be seen as infringing on the copyright of the original authors). --Trovatore 20:23, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I didn't know that. I don't edit a lot.  --24.8.206.37

Hey everyone, It seems like this article's information could be merged with zero and then this page could simply redirect there.--Cronholm144 21:47, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The article Zero contains a section titled "Negative zero". It's one paragraph long, which is appropriate for a general article on zero. It contains a link to this article, which contains in-depth material that wouldn't belong in the general article. This article organization strategy is known as Summary style. Melchoir 09:19, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

I am aware of this policy and I am capable of working within it. however negative zero is not important enough to have its own article, frankly it could serve to confuse people, sorry to disagree with you on every page that I have worked on, it wasn't intentional--Cronholm144 09:27, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, as abstract topics, 0.999... confuses lots of people, and 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + · · · has almost no individual importance. For that matter, 0.999... isn't all that important, and 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + · · · is pretty confusing. Yet our articles on these two topics are Featured Articles. Should they not exist after all? Melchoir 09:47, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Limit
I believe 0− is 'more correct' for a limit approaching zero from the negative direction: I haven't seen −0 used to mean that before in mathematics. — DIV (128.250.204.118 06:01, 1 September 2007 (UTC))

 * I agreed with 0− (superscript). But I could not accept 0− (subscript) stated in the first section because I have never seen it elsewhere. --Octra Bond (talk) 10:28, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with you both. It would be surprising to see that simply because −0 = 0. The minus sign can be placed any other place except on the left side. I remember 0− (no subsript). 130.243.135.39 (talk) 06:00, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

(+0) vs 0
The examples include: (+0) + -0 = 0 I assume that (+0) and 0 are the same thing here, but it would be good to explicitly say. Bobbyi (talk) 14:31, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

rationale for sqrt(-0) = -0
Can anyone explain why the IEEE standard demands this strange formula? --82.83.126.246 (talk) 12:39, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * A possible explanation has been given by Nick Maclaren in the stds-754 list: "One that I heard, but haven't checked out thoroughly, is that it is needed for interval arithmetic. The claim was that the interval [-0,x] includes true zero, whereas [+0,x] doesn't.  I was and am unconvinced, but would need to study the matter further to be sure."
 * Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 00:43, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

BRD: On how to begin the article and "existence" of -0.
I am proposing a few changes in the article compared to http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?oldid=301608811

1. The article should begin with the mathematical meaning of the the expression. Compare with the article 3 (number), it starts with:
 * "3 (three) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4."

Everyone knows the meaning of "3", but this is an encyclopedia, so the above description is still necessary. In the case of -0 (number) it is even more important because there are in fact people that don't know what it means.

Even if the case when -0 ≠ +0 is the most interesting one, the case -0 = 0 should be treated first. Perhaps even a short proof of -0 = 0 should be presented for monoids.

2. The article I am criticizing consistently describes "-0" as "non-existing" whenever -0 = 0 and "existing" whenever -0 ≠ +0. Consistency is good, the problem is that it's wrong, -0 of course exists in both cases. Instead of saying -0 "exists" one should explain what it represents and in what sense it differs from 0 or +0.

4. Is is also important to early clarify the fact that there may be two senses of equality involved. If there are in fact two zeros, one should denote them by -0 and +0 to let 0 be their equivalence class. In that sense -(0) = 0 even if -0 ≠ +0.

5. The article is about -0 as a number and not -0 as an expression. Hence parts like "In common usage, −0 may be used to denote ..." could perhaps be removed.
 * 130.243.135.39 (talk) 02:39, 12 July 2009 (UTC)
 * So I don't agree that the case −0=0 should be treated first — why bother to have an article? Certainly it should be stated that, in ordinary arithmetic, −0=0, but there's no need to be repetitive about it.
 * Compare the solution at division by zero. It is clearly stated that, in ordinary arithmetic, a/0 does not denote, but that isn't the focus of the article; there's just not that much to say about that. --Trovatore (talk) 03:31, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with you that it is not an interesting case and it shouldn't be the focus of the article. I am totally satisfied with the sentence "in ordinary arithmetic, −0=0". I also think it should be stated very early in the article, just like your example division by zero. (So I will write that in the article.)
 * However, I am critical to statements such as "In mathematical terms there is no concept of a negative zero" in an article beginning with "−0 is the representation of negative zero or minus zero" as it may only confuse readers. I tried to reformulate that using the sign function.
 * Furthermore, it wouldn't harm to prove that the neutral element always has itself as inverse. But that is of less importance and should not be in the beginning.
 * What do you think about 4.? 130.243.135.39 (talk) 05:32, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The article says at the beginning that in maths −0 is the same as 0 and I don't see why you want to add 'in ordinary arithmetic'. Maths doesn't have a separate negative zero object, the statement that it does not have the concept seems accurate to me. I don't think sticking in extra words will make the whole business clearer, I find aiming at short but not too short brings clarity. The leader states things clearly now so any improvement would probably use about the same number of words or less. As to the point of proving that −0 is equal to 0 in maths, why stick in the obvious? Just saying they are equal in maths as the leader already does is good enough. This is an encyclopaedia not a textbook. The article really isn't of much relevance to maths and it was going to be deleted before the computery bits were stuck in. It seems okay as it is to me. Dmcq (talk) 10:37, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

 * As I described before, it doesn't make it clearer. To say that math doesn't have the concept is simply wrong! In some mathematical structures (monoids or "ordinary arithmetic") −0 happens to equal to 0. But that doesn't make it (or the "concept" of it) non-existent. And in fact this version http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?oldid=301794158 is much shorter and more to the point.
 * A proof of the fact that neutral element has itself as inverse is relevant to the article but not that important.
 * I also think the subject is interesting and I don't think the article should be removed. 130.243.135.39 (talk) 02:57, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

I think the first reaction on seeing the article (and its title) is...WTF is this an article? The current lede, explaining the use in computing, answers the question beautifully. I do not understand why you not only trim that material down, but seek to move it from the first sentence. --C S (talk) 12:19, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

 * You have a point. What do think about this?
 * −0 is the representation of negative zero or minus zero. In ordinary arithmetic, −0 = 0. However, in binary representation of numbers in computing, one bit is generally designated for sign. In many cases this leads to two different representations of the number zero, often denoted by +0 and −0.
 * This occurs in some signed number representations for integers, and in most floating point number representations. Use of a floating-point representation that contains negative zero may be necessary to achieve numerical accuracy in some critical problems, and to avoid anomalies in the definitions of elementary functions.

 * 130.243.135.39 (talk) 05:33, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

 * It looks good to me! --C S (talk) 06:27, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Keka changed it to: "However, in computing, some representations allow for representing −0 separately from 0 (the latter is sometimes written +0 for clarity)."

This wouldn't make sense if the reader believes that -0 is no different than 0. I suggest fist presenting the fact that two zeros may exist, then stating that –0 denotes one of them:

"However, in computing, some representations allow for the existence of two zeros, often denoted by −0 and 0 (the latter is sometimes written +0 for clarity)."

Also doesn't 0 represent the equivalence class of -0 and +0? (They are tested equal and we need a symbol of that "abstract" zero as well.) In that case the above is wrong and it should rather be:

"However, in computing, some representations allow for the existence of two zeros, often denoted by −0 and +0."

130.243.135.39 (talk) 10:26, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

 * There's no real "equivalence class", at least it would not do much good using one. If one needs to talk about both zeroes, one generally uses the term "zeroes", or "a zero" (note the indefinite article). Mathematically, –0, in a system mathematically describing floating point systems, is NOT equal to 0. It can be modeled as an extra value, not in R, in addition to certain values in R. Call it negzero, or, why not, –0. However, for the computational comparison operations, this special value is "equal" to 0. But only for the computational comparison operations (and there are a few oddball comparisons too, like unordered, which you would not expect for numbers, but are specified for IEEE floating point). These comparison operations should not be confused with mathematical comparisons. Many computational operations treat 0 and –0 differently, but some others return the same value for them both (like the abs operation, not to be confused with the mathematical absolute value function).
 * keka, 12:54, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Of course there is an equivalence relation. The comparison function (or operation if you prefer) defines one. The relation defines equivalence classes, in particular the set {–0, +0} witch is called 0. The fact that there exist functions that return the same value for both zeros is totally irrelevant. abs would return the same value for -1 and 1 too. Equivalence relation or not, what we are discussing is what to call the "other" zero (except for – –0).
 * I looked it up, and it was just the way I suspected. Look in the table at page 18 in Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic from IEEE.
 * The article Signed_number_representation is also using +0/–0 consistently whenever two zeros exist. And so does the polish version http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%B10 of our article.
 * So I think we should do the same. 130.243.135.39 (talk) 15:50, 13 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Plus I note the standard has negativeZero and positiveZro as the names of the class of number corresponding to –0 and +0. Dmcq (talk) 15:55, 13 July 2009 (UTC)
 * One thing about +0 I'd been wondering how to phrase is that it is the assumed zero when input to a computer, but can often mean either +0 or –0 when written as an operand in a description. Dmcq (talk) 16:08, 13 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I see what you mean. Perhaps something like "The real number 0 is generally encoded as +0, however it can be represented by both +0 and -0." (Or modify it as you wish to fit your text.)
 * Also if you want to talk about one of the zeros +0/-0, and not about the real number 0, the correct way to do that is to simply write ±0 (This is what they do in the IEEE pdf). When used in an equation one may also use the opposite symbol in the following way: $$ - (\pm 0) = \mp 0$$ (note the exchange of + and –). Mathematically, this equation is interpreted as two equations; –(+0) = –0 and –(–0) = +0. 130.243.135.39 (talk) 16:40, 13 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I've put in +0 or positive zero a few more times and put in the wording about 0 being generally encoded as +0. Hopefully fairly reasonable now thsanks. Dmcq (talk) 21:20, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Move this page to "Signed zero"?
If I read this article and think "What would be a proper title?" "Signed zero" seems to be the only answer I can come up with. In fact "−0" is indeed a strange name for it, and "−0 (number)" is even stranger..

This is also the phrase they use in IEEE P754 pdf.

Doing this, the article could expand, describing the algebra of signed zero (with signed infinity?), giving the subject a more formal treatment and mathematical rigor.

This exotic mathematical area is interesting, in particular because it is applied in computer science, and it deserves a good name!

For now, "Signed zero" redirects here, of course we would reverse that and not deleting "−0 (number)".

What do you think? Discuss! Or move it! (I don't know how to rename or move the page.) 130.243.135.39 (talk) 10:24, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I definitely agree signed zero would be a better name. Dmcq (talk) 16:36, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Please leave it under the current title. See section 1 of this talk page. keka (talk) 17:25, 14 July 2009 (UTC)
 * That section didn't discuss signed zero which is what the IEEE standard uses and describes the subject better. Dmcq (talk) 17:35, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

 * User C S thinks (see above) visitors first reaction is "WTF is this an article?". He says a good lead would answer this question. But I also think he agrees with me that a more descriptive title would not cause this reaction in the first place. Remember, "minus zero" means nothing but zero if you don't have a priory knowledge that your zeros are signed! 130.243.135.39 (talk) 09:59, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

 * While it's dangerous to extrapolate what I would think from one situation to the next, 130.X has guessed well of my approval :-) If the IEEE uses this term and it's more descriptive, why not use it.  --C S (talk) 02:29, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

I'm going to have a go at moving the article to 'SIgned zero' then. Dmcq (talk) 11:10, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

I got a negative zero!
I think it is very important that we add a section on the quote "I got a negative zero!" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.255.76.120 (talk) 02:33, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I did a google and it didn't seem to have a WP:reliable source or even be in any tiny way notable. Dmcq (talk) 11:48, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Dude I got a negative zero too! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.110.206.101 (talk) 18:50, 5 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I once had an old electromechanical printing adding machine that could handle negative numbers. It reported zero as negative when I entered "n-" then "n+" and hit the total. Result, "0.00-*"knoodelhed (talk) 01:44, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

x + 0 = x
The article state that $$x + (\pm 0) = x\,\!$$. However, according to section 6.3 of the IEEE 754 floating point standard $$(-0) + 0 = 0\,\!$$, which contradicts the statement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.3.44.17 (talk) 14:03, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I've corrected it. This is true only for x different from 0 (assuming "=" means here identical Level-2 values). Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 18:22, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

Question of equality
There seems to be some disagreement in how to describe the difference between +0 and -0.

To a mathematician, this article is about a mathematical structure (see Structure (mathematical logic)). Using a proper mathematical terminology removes all uncertainty about what is what.

In any set (mathematics), two element x and y are ether equal or not equal. In this structure the elements +0 and -0 are NOT equal and it should be clearly stated in the article to avoid any confusion. Wordings like "identical", "indistinguishable" or "regarded as equal" should not be used as they do not have a precise definition and add to the confusion.

There is however a binary relation (that is 2-ary and not bitwise) usually called "equality" and written "==" which is used in computing application of this structure. It should be clearly described in the article that this relation is NOT the equality relation (because it returns true upon evaluation of (+0, -0)) but rather an equivalence relation.

Of course, I do not expect all readers to be mathematicians, but I hope we can agree on descriptions which are mathematically well-defined (and correct) while at the same time easy to understand by non-mathematicians. --130.238.58.207 —Preceding undated comment added 19:22, 22 January 2014 (UTC)
 * You say "in this structure +0 and -0 are not equal", but you don't say which structure "this" one is.
 * I was talking about any structure that would have "signed zero(s)", but of course, there is no precise definition. --130.238.58.207
 * The passage I think you're talking about is the one starting with "in ordinary arithmetic". Now, that phrase doesn't exactly nail down the structure it's talking about, but almost certainly it's one of the following: the integers, the rational numbers, the real numbers, or just possibly the complex numbers.  In all those structures, +0 and -0 are indeed identical. --Trovatore (talk) 19:39, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I would add:
 * What matters is what set one is talking about. +0 and −0 could be regarded as expressions or strings, and in the set of expressions (or strings), these elements are different. Then one can consider their mapping to some set... In computing, there can be many such mappings. The IEEE 754-2008 defines 4 levels, so that one has 4 possible mappings. Now, it would be too complex here to go into such a level of details.
 * Whether one uses "equal", "identical", or "indistinguishable" in the second sentence, it doesn't have a mathematical meaning, because "ordinary arithmetic" doesn't specify a set, and "the number 0 does not have a sign" is more or less a tautology ("the" defines a single element). This sentence could be rewritten: "In the set of real numbers, −0, +0 and 0 denote the same element." (I've chosen "real numbers" here instead of integers or more generally an additive group because this is the context of this article). I think that "equal" should be avoided because it has a particular meaning (if not different meanings) in what follows (computing).
 * Concerning the next sentence, "regarded as equal by the numerical comparison operations" should now be unambiguous. What's important is that the user understands that "−0 == +0" is true in a programming language, where == denotes the numerical equality.
 * Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 00:57, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I fully agree with Vincents suggestions.
 * Also, the choice of real numbers (as example of additive group) is a particularly good example; I vividly recall trying to convince my students of the fact that 0.99... = 1.00... which is true in real numbers but not true as say strings of digits. This case is very much related to the case of signed zero; in both of them the source of the "problem" is the representation and the "solution" is an equivalence relation. --130.238.58.207
 * Well, no, that's not the real solution. The real solution is keeping in mind the distinction between the representation and the thing denoted.  In (say) the real numbers, +0 and −0 literally are the same object; when I say that, I'm using the terms "+0" and "−0", in the sense of the use–mention distinction.  When Vincent says they "denote" the same object, he's only mentioning them. --Trovatore (talk) 21:56, 23 January 2014 (UTC)
 * There are two structures (or sets) at play, A and B, where B = A/~, with ~ an equivalence relation on A. One way to express the difference between A and B is to take two element x and y in A such that x is not equal to y but their equivalence classes in B are equal (i.e. x ~ y). This article is about the structure A ("Signed zero"), it is not about a method on how to construct B (e.g. "Zero in computing"). What I was trying to say was that the real numbers is a good candidate to explain this difference between A and B, simply because there is confusion among some people about the properties of the real numbers. If the reader realizes that even in the real numbers -0 = +0, then the notion of signed zero, a structure where +0 ≠ -0, hopefully becomes clearer. --130.238.58.207 —Preceding undated comment added 18:55, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

"Integers" category
I'm wondering whether this page should be removed from the "Integers" category. Indeed, when considering a signed zero, it is not in the sense of the integer 0 in general. Moreover, this page is already in the "0 (number)" category, which is a subcategory of the "Integers" category, so that this removal would not be a major loss.

And if this category is kept, what should the sort key be, considering the consistency with the other pages in this category?

Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 14:48, 17 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't feel strongly about it either way, but you make a good case. I have no objection if you want to remove it. --Trovatore (talk) 04:13, 18 June 2018 (UTC)
 * OK, done. Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 21:18, 19 June 2018 (UTC)

Practical use-case of negative zero in a programming language
JavaScript has positive zero and negative zero. Recently the API was introduced.

This presents a good example of a use-case where distinguishing between positive zero and negative zero is meaningful:

I think this would be worth mentioning in the article.

CesarAndreu (talk) 22:23, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

Use in geometry and 3D-space-modeling
I think there is a great example that would benefit understandability for someone who first encounters Signed Zero concept:

In geometry, in 3D space, Zero has to be Signed to represent which side the 3D object "looks at" (Normal Vector). A vector can have magnitude of 0, but be directed to either -0 or +0 on any axis. Practically, it is very common to open any popular 3D modeling software (MAX, Blender etc) and create a simple geometry - then select any polygon defined by three vertices and change it's Normal Vector from +0 to -0 and see visually (on screenshot as well) how the triangle of the polygon defined by either +0 or -0 would "look" (be rendered) in opposite directions.

In fact, the lack of visualization on Minus Zero and Plus Zero Normal Vectors is commonly the hardest part to understand by CGI students and newbie 3D-modellers\programmers. If it is to be included in the page, i would gladly provide the illustrations (screenshots) with Vectors pointing to -0 and +0 — Preceding unsigned comment added by M8sterMind (talk • contribs) 14:00, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Signed zero


text: User talk:86.130.145.132

title: User talk:86.130.145.132


text:
Precipitable water

Precipitable water  is the depth of water in a column of the atmosphere, if all the water in that column were precipitated as rain. As a depth, the precipitable water is measured in millimeters or inches. Often abbreviated as "TPW", for Total Precipitable Water.

Measurement
There are different measurement techniques:
 * One type of measurement is based on the measurement of the solar irradiance on two wavelengths, one in a water absorption band, and the other not. The precipitable water column is determined using the irradiances in these bands and the Beer–Lambert law.
 * The precipitable water can also be calculated by integration of radiosonde data (relative humidity, pressure and temperature) over the whole atmosphere.
 * Data can be viewed on a Lifted-K index. The numbers represent inches of water as mentioned above for a geographical location.
 * Recently, methods using the Global Positioning System have been developed.
 * Some work has been performed to create empirical relationships between surface specific humidity and precipitable water based on localized measurements (generally a 2nd to 5th order polynomial).  However, this method has not received widespread use in part because humidity is a local measurement and precipitable water is a total column measurement.

title: Precipitable water


text: User talk:71.98.201.217

title: User talk:71.98.201.217


text:
Where the Humans Eat

Where the Humans Eat is the first full-length album released by American singer-songwriter Willy Mason. It was recorded in Catskill, New York in early May 2004. Songs were mostly recorded live, and feature Mason singing and playing guitar (adding cello, accordion, and vibraphone in the studio), and his younger brother Sam on drums. Mason wanted to capture the atmosphere of a live performance in the recordings, and tried to avoid re-recording songs: “I made a rule that we couldn’t record any of the songs in more than three takes. It allows you to make mistakes and accept those mistakes. Listening back, sometimes the wrong notes are the best parts of the song, the imperfections are what keeps it spontaneous and live-feeling."

The album's two singles, "Oxygen" and "So Long", charted on the UK Singles Chart, and the album reached No. 38 on the UK Albums Chart in 2005. The song "Oxygen" was covered by the operatic soprano Renée Fleming on her 2010 album Dark Hope.

This album is the second release of Team Love Records.

Track listing

 * 1) Gotta Keep Movin'
 * 2) All You Can Do
 * 3) Still a Fly
 * 4) Where the Humans Eat
 * 5) Fear No Pain
 * 6) Hard Hand to Hold
 * 7) Letter No. 1
 * 8) Sold My Soul
 * 9) Our Town
 * 10) So Long
 * 11) Oxygen
 * 12) 21st Century Boy

title: Where the Humans Eat


text:
Poo-Chi

Poo-Chi (or Poochi, Poochie), one of the first generations of robopet toys, is a robot dog designed by Samuel James Lloyd and Matt Lucas, manufactured by Sega Toys, and distributed by Tiger Toys. Poo-Chi was released in 2000 and discontinued in 2002.

History
Sega Toys' Poo-Chi hit markets on 1 April 2000, with Hasbro's Tiger Electronics distributing the toy in all countries other than Japan and Korea, both of which had the toy distributed directly from Sega Toys instead. Retailing at a price of 3,980 yen (then the equivalent of US$38) in Japan and $24.99 in the United States. Despite being made for a young child owner instead of older children 8 and up like AIBO, Poo-Chi offered significantly cheaper competition to the AIBO's prices of up to 250,000 yen (then US$2,400). At the time, Hasbro's sales in their leading Furby line were slowing since its initial release in 1998 and sales of Star Wars branded merchandise was in decline. The Poo-Chi's release was a success, selling over 10 million units worldwide over the span of 8 months since its initial debut.

Special editions of the Poo-Chi soon sprouted, such as the 102 Dalmatians holiday release of three Poo-Chis resembling the characters Domino, Little Dipper, and Oddball. In addition to special editions, an upgraded version, the Super Poo-Chi, and differing breeds of the Poo-Chi were released (all of which could communicate together), along with spin-offs such as the Meow-Chi and the Chirpy-Chi. Miniature versions were featured as toys in the McDonald's Happy Meal.

Poo-Chi stopped selling in 2002, having been replaced by FurReal Friends.

Description
The original Poo-Chi had a gray body with ears, tail, and leg joints of either purple, blue, pink or green colour. With four legs allowing the toy to stand up or lie down, it utilized a red LED display as eyes to show emotion.

Special Editions
The Christmas Special Edition Poo-Chi was offered for a limited time, coloured in red and white with snowflake designs throughout the body, ears, with an interactive bone included in its seasonal box. The toy had its list of songs updated to include Christmas music. The Christmas Special Edition was only available in a handful of countries and retailed for 2–3 months, making it the rarest and most collectible of the genre with collectors. Boxed sets sell on the second hand market for up to $300 USD.

Speech
Poo-Chi spoke using prerecorded sounds such as barks, whines, and growls. Due to limitations of the toy's technology, most of the sounds were rendered as beeps rather than a realistic sound effect. Poo-Chi could also "bark" songs, which could be prompted by pressing the button on the top of its head.

Spin-offs
Multiple spin-offs of the Poo-Chi were produced. All were based on different animals, other than the Super Poo-Chi, a larger version of the original toy.

 * Meow-Chi - a robotic cat.
 * Super Poo-Chi - a larger version of the original toy.
 * Dino-Chi - a robotic dinosaur, with two types produced: the Dino-Chi T. Rex and the Dino-Chi Pterodactyl.
 * Chirpy-Chi - a robotic bird.
 * Petal-Chi - a robotic flower or plant.
 * Robo-Baby - a robotic baby.
 * Botster - a regular robot.

Songs
The Poo-Chi could "sing" one of 6 songs when following the light sensor in its nose being activated, the touch sensor on its head was pressed. The toy would then emit a series of high-pitched beeps. The user could afterwards press the touch sensor, the number of times the sensor having been pressed corresponding to a different tune. The different songs the Poo-Chi could play are as follows:

Poo-Chi would often sing "Ode to Joy" by Ludwig van Beethoven when happy, and if another Poo-Chi or Robo-Chi pet was nearby (such as a Meow-Chi), that other Robo-Chi would begin to sing "Ode to Joy" as well, though the playback would not be synchronized.

title: Poo-Chi


text: Template:Zones of Nepal

title: Template:Zones of Nepal


text:
International criminal law

International criminal law (ICL) is a body of public international law designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression.

Classical international law governs the relationships, rights, and responsibilities of states. After World War II, the Charter of the International Military Tribunal and the following Nuremberg trial revolutionized international law by applying its prohibitions directly to individuals, in this case the defeated leaders of Nazi Germany, thus inventing international criminal law. After being dormant for decades, international criminal law was revived in the 1990s to address the war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars and the Rwandan genocide, leading to the establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court in 2001.

Background
International criminal law is best understood as an attempt by the international community to address the most grievous atrocities. It has not been an ideal instrument to make the fine and nuanced distinctions typical of national law, for these shift focus from those large scale atrocities that "shock the conscience", with which it is concerned. This creates significant differences of analysis between the legal systems, notably for the concept of legal intent.

History
Some precedents in international criminal law can be found in the time before World War I. However, it was only after the war that a truly international crime tribunal was envisaged to try perpetrators of crimes committed in this period. Thus, the Treaty of Versailles stated that an international tribunal was to be set up to try Wilhelm II of the German Empire. In the event, however, the Kaiser was granted asylum in the Netherlands. After World War II, the Allied powers set up an international tribunal to try not only war crimes, but crimes against humanity committed by Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. The Nuremberg Tribunal held its first session in 1945 and pronounced judgments on 30 September / 1 October 1946. A similar tribunal was established for Japanese war crimes (the International Military Tribunal for the Far East). It operated from 1946 to 1948.

After the beginning of the war in Bosnia, the United Nations Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 1993 and, after the genocide in Rwanda, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in 1994. The International Law Commission had commenced preparatory work for the establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court in 1993; in 1998, at a diplomatic conference in Rome, the Rome Statute establishing the ICC was signed. The ICC issued its first arrest warrants in 2005.

Sources of international criminal law
International criminal law is a subset of international law. As such, its sources are those that comprise international law. The classical enumeration of those sources is in Article 38(1) of the 1946 Statute of the International Court of Justice and comprise: treaties, customary international law, general principles of law (and as a subsidiary measure judicial decisions and the most highly qualified juristic writings). The Rome Statute governing the International Criminal Court contains an analogous, though not identical, set of sources that the court may rely on.

The rules or principles applied to a case will depend on the type of body presiding over the matter. National courts may not necessarily apply rules and principles from international law as an international tribunal might. The law as applied by specific tribunals may vary depending on the Statute of the Tribunal. They may also apply national laws if given the authority to do so as the Special Court for Sierra Leone was.

Core crimes under international law
The core crimes under international law are war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression.

A war crime is a violation of the law of war treaties or provisions that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions committed in connection to armed conflict. These actions include intentionally killing, torturing, raping, or taking protected persons hostages; unnecessarily destroying protected civilian property; deception by perfidy; and pillaging. They also include, for any individual that is part of the command structure, who orders any attempt to commit mass killings including genocide or ethnic cleansing of protected persons; the granting of no quarter despite surrender; the conscription of children in the military; and flouting the legal distinctions of proportionality and military necessity.

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part. The United Nations 1948 Genocide Convention defines genocide as any of five "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group." These five acts are: killing members of the group, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, imposing living conditions intended to destroy the group, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children out of the group. Victims are targeted because of their real or perceived membership of a group, not randomly. Genocide, especially large-scale genocide, is widely considered to signify the epitome of human evil, and can be committed against protected or non-protected persons alike in the context of interstate conflicts.

Crimes against humanity are widespread or systemic criminal acts which are committed by or on behalf of a state or de facto authority that grossly violate human rights. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity do not have to take place within the context of wars, and they apply to widespread practices rather than acts which are committed by individuals. Like genocide, crimes against humanity can be committed against people who do not fulfill the criteria of protected persons in the context of interstate conflicts and are part of an official policy or tolerated by authorities. A global standard of human rights was articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Crimes against humanity have been prosecuted by international courts (such as the International Criminal Court) as well as by domestic courts.

A crime of aggression is the planning, initiation, or execution of a large-scale and serious act of aggression using state military force. The Rome Statute contains an exhaustive list of acts of aggression that can give rise to individual criminal responsibility, which include invasion, military occupation, annexation by the use of force, bombardment, and military blockade of ports. Aggression is generally a leadership crime that can be committed only by those with the power to shape a state's policy of aggression, rather than those who carry it out. The philosophical basis for the wrongness of aggression is found in just war theory, in which waging a war without a just cause for self-defense is unjust. The International Military Tribunal ruled in 1946 that aggression was "the supreme international crime" because "it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole".

Prosecutions
The prosecution of severe international crimes—including genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes—is necessary to enforce international criminal law and deliver justice to victims. This is an important component of transitional justice, or the process of transforming societies into rights-respecting democracies and addressing past human rights violations. Investigations and trials of leaders who have committed crimes and caused mass political or military atrocities is a key demand of victims of human rights abuses. Prosecution of such criminals can play a key role in restoring dignity to victims, and restoring trusting relationships in society.

James Waller concludes that "genocide is worth it because not only does it often work, but the chances of punishment for those who orchestrate and carry it out are, if existent, relatively inconsequential. Impunity is the rule rather than the exemption. A recent documentary, for instance, states that more than 800,000 SS soldiers survived the war. While several thousand were prosecuted for war crimes, only 124 were convicted. The apprehension and conviction rates for international tribunals are as equally disconcerting, even as they are empowering for would-be perpetrators."

Limitations
International criminal law does not, at present, apply to armed opposition groups.

Article 9 of the Nuremberg Charter states:

"At the trial of any individual member of any group of organization the Tribunal may declare (in connection with any act of which the individual may be convicted) that the group or organization of which the individual was a member was a criminal organization."

Article 9, which was used to prosecute membership in the Schutzstaffel (SS), allows the criminalization of certain organizations (presumably state-supported) and prosecution for membership by allowing individuals to be prosecuted where evidence was otherwise insufficient. It also has some implications concerning asset seizures, reparations and other payments for damages caused by violations of international law, but does not impose criminal responsibility on organizations in their capacity as organizations. Under Article 9, the SS and several Nazi other organizations were criminalized, including the Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party.

Human rights standards have been applied to these groups in some cases, as the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in Colombia until 1999. The application of human rights treaties to these groups remains the exception, rather than the rule. Human rights are usually understood conceptually as those rights individuals hold against the state, and some scholars argue that they are poorly suited to the task of resolving disputes that arise in the course of armed conflict between the state and armed opposition groups.

Institutions of international criminal law
Today, the most important institution is the International Criminal Court (ICC), as well as several ad hoc tribunals: Apart from these institutions, some "hybrid" courts and tribunals exist—judicial bodies with both international and national judges: Some domestic courts have also been established to hear international crimes, such as the International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh).
 * International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
 * International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
 * Special Court for Sierra Leone (investigating the crimes committed the Sierra Leone Civil War)
 * Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (investigating the crimes of the Red Khmer era)
 * Special Tribunal for Lebanon (investigating the assassination of Rafik Hariri)
 * Special Panels of the Dili District Court
 * War Crimes Chamber of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor’s Office

International Criminal Court
The International Criminal Court (Cour Pénale Internationale; commonly referred to as the ICC or ICCt) is a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression (although it cannot currently exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression).

The court's creation perhaps constitutes the most significant reform of international law since 1945. It gives authority to the two bodies of international law that deal with treatment of individuals: human rights and humanitarian law.

It came into being on July 1, 2002—the date its founding treaty, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, entered into force —and it can only prosecute crimes committed on or after that date. The court's official seat is in The Hague, Netherlands, but its proceedings may take place anywhere.

The court can generally exercise jurisdiction only in cases where the accused is a national of a state party, the alleged crime took place on the territory of a state party, or a situation is referred to the court by the United Nations Security Council. It is designed to complement existing national judicial systems: it can exercise its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to investigate or prosecute such crimes. Primary responsibility to investigate and punish crimes is therefore left to individual states.

To date, the Court:

It

As of March 2011, three trials against four people are underway: two trials regarding the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and one trial regarding the Central African Republic. Another two people have been committed to a fourth trial in the situation of Darfur, Sudan. One confirmation of charges hearing (against one person in the situation of the DR Congo) is to start in July 2011 while two new cases (against a total of six persons in the situation of Kenya) will begin with the suspects' first appearances in April 2011.

The judicial division of the court consists of 18 judges who are elected by the Assembly of State Parties for their qualifications, impartiality, and integrity, and serve nine-year, non-renewable terms. The judges are responsible to ensure fair trials, render decisions, issue arrest warrants or summonses to appear, authorize victims to participate, and order witness protection measures. They elect among themselves the ICC president and two vice presidents who head the court. The Court has three Judicial Divisions who hear matters at different stages of the proceedings: Pre-Trial, Trial, and Appeals.

Pre-Trial: three judges decide if there is enough evidence for a case to go to trial, and if so, confirm the charges and commit the case to trial. They are responsible to issue arrest warrants or summonses to appeal, preserve evidence, protect suspects and witnesses, appoint counsel or other support for the defense, ensure that a person is not detained for an unreasonable period prior to trial, and safeguard information affecting national security Trial: three judges decide if there is enough evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty as charged, sentence those found guilty, and pronounce the sentence in public, order reparation to victims, including restitution, compensation and rehabilitation

Appeal: five judges handle appeals filed by parties that confirm, reverse or amend a decision on guilt or innocence or on the sentence and potentially order a new trial before a different Trial Chamber. They also ensure that the conviction was not materially affected by errors or by unfairness of proceedings and that the sentence is proportionate to the crimes. The appeal judges are also empowered to confirm, reverse or amend an order for reparations revise the final judgment of conviction or the sentence, and hear appeals on a decision on jurisdiction or admissibility, interim release decisions and interlocutory matters

The Court's Pre-Trial Chambers has publicly indicted 41 people, and issued arrest warrants for 33 others, and summonses to eight more. Seven people are currently in ICC detention. At the trial stage, there are 23 ongoing proceedings, as 12 people are at large as fugitives, three are under arrest but not in the Court’s custody, and one is appealing his conviction. Seventeen proceedings have been completed, resulting in three convictions, one acquittal, six had the charges against them dismissed, two had the charges against them withdrawn, one had his case declared inadmissible, and four died before trial.

An example to illustrate the Court’s proceedings is Thomas Lubanga, 51, a Congolese warlord and the first person convicted by the Court for his crimes of recruiting and using child soldiers. In March 2012, Lubanga was found guilty and sentenced to 14 years in prison for abducting boys and girls under the age of 15 and forcing them to fight in for his army, the Force Patriotique pour la Libération du Congo (FPLC), in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s Ituri region between 2002 and 2003. FPLC recruited children as young as 11 from their homes and schools to participate in an ethnic fighting, and many were taken to military camps, where they were beaten, drugged, and girls used as sex slaves. On 13 January 2006 the ICC Prosecution filed an application for the issuance of a warrant of arrest for Lubanga, which was granted by the Pre-Trial Chamber I on 10 February 2006. On 17 March 2006 Congolese authorities surrendered Lubanga to the Court, where he was held in their detention center in the Hague until 20 March 2006, where he made his first court appearance to confirm his identity, ensure he was informed of the crimes of which he was accused, and receive a counsel of defense. From 26 August 2011 to 14 March 2012, the Trial Chamber I, composed of judges from France, the Dominican Republic, and Hungary, heard Lubanga’s case, which included 36 witnesses, including 3 experts called by the Office of the Prosecutor, 24 witnesses called by the defense and three witnesses called by the legal representatives of the victims participating in the proceedings. The Chamber also called four experts and a total of 129 victims, represented by two teams of legal representatives and the Office of Public Counsel for Victims. Trial Chamber I unanimously found Lubanga guilty as a co-perpetrator of the war crimes of conscripting and enlisting children under the age of 15 and using them to participate actively in hostilities from 1 September 2002 to 13 August 2003.

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), or the Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda (TPIR), is an international court established in November 1994 by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 955 in order to judge people responsible for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of the international law in Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

In 1995 it became located in Arusha, Tanzania, under Resolution 977. (From 2006, Arusha also became the location of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights). In 1998 the operation of the Tribunal was expanded in Resolution 1165. Through several resolutions, the Security Council called on the Tribunal to complete its investigations by end of 2004, complete all trial activities by end of 2008, and complete all work in 2012.

The tribunal has jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, which are defined as violations of Common Article Three and Additional Protocol II of the Geneva Conventions (dealing with war crimes committed during internal conflicts).

So far, the Tribunal has finished 50 trials and convicted 29 accused persons. Another 11 trials are in progress. 14 individuals are awaiting trial in detention; but the prosecutor intends to transfer 5 to national jurisdiction for trial. 13 others are still at large, some suspected to be dead. The first trial, of Jean-Paul Akayesu, began in 1997. Jean Kambanda, interim Prime Minister, pleaded guilty. According to the ICTR's Completion Strategy, in accordance with Security Council Resolution 1503, all first-instance cases were to have completed trial by the end of 2008 (this date was later extended to the end of 2009).

On July 1, 2012, an International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals will begin functioning with respect to the work begun by the ICTR. The ICTR has been called upon by the United Nations Security Council to finish its work by December 31, 2014, and to prepare its closure and transition of cases to the Mechanism.

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, more commonly referred to as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or ICTY, was a body of the United Nations established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars, and to try their perpetrators. An ad hoc court, the tribunal was situated in The Hague, the Netherlands.

The ICTY was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 827, which was passed on 25 May 1993. It had jurisdiction over four clusters of crime that had been committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991: grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crime against humanity. The maximum sentence it could impose was life imprisonment. Various countries reached agreements with the UN to carry out custodial sentences. The last indictment issued by the ICTY was on 15 March 2004.

A total of 161 persons were indicted by the ICTY during the course of its existence. The final fugitive, Goran Hadžić, was arrested on 20 July 2011. The ICTY's final judgment was issued on 29 November 2017 and the institution formally ceased to exist on 31 December 2017. Residual functions of the ICTY, including oversight of sentences and consideration of any appeal proceedings initiated since 1 July 2013, are under the jurisdiction of a successor body, the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (IRMCT).

Proposed international criminal tribunal for the Russian Federation
The Council of Europe, the European Commission, the NATO Parliamentary Assembly and several governments, including the Government of Ukraine, have called for the establishment of an international criminal tribunal to "investigate and prosecute the crime of aggression" committed by "the political and military leadership of the Russian Federation." Under the Council of Europe's proposal, the tribunal should be located in Strasbourg, "apply the definition of the crime of aggression" established in customary international law and "have the power to issue international arrest warrants and not be limited by State immunity or the immunity of heads of State and government and other State officials." In November 2022 the NATO Parliamentary Assembly designated the Russian Federation as a terrorist organization and called upon the international community to "take collective action towards the establishment of an international tribunal to prosecute the crime of aggression committed by Russia with its war against Ukraine." In November 2022 the European Commission said the EU will work to establish an ad hoc criminal tribunal to investigate and prosecute Russia's crime of aggression.

title: International criminal law


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Sergey Dolmatov

Sergey Viktorovich Dolmatov (born February 20, 1959) is a Russian Grandmaster of chess and former World Junior Chess Champion.

Born in Kiselevsk in the former Soviet Union, Dolmatov's solid yet enterprising style of play was soon to launch him to the forefront of youth chess, culminating in him winning the World Junior Chess Championship in 1978. He was awarded the title of International Master in the same year and became a Grandmaster in 1982.

Along with the titles, the early part of his chess career yielded many international tournament victories, including the Amsterdam Masters 1979, Bucharest 1981, Hradec Kralove 1981, Frunze 1983, Barcelona 1983, as well as the traditional closed Tallinn (Keres Memorial) 1985 and Sochi (Chigorin Memorial) 1988. Also notable was Dolmatov's second place (to Vitaly Tseshkovsky) at Minsk in 1982.

However, as is often the case, such rapid early progress can be difficult to sustain. Despite winning at Hastings (1989–90, then still a major round-robin tournament) as clear first and qualifying as a World Championship candidate from the strong Manila Interzonal of 1990, Dolmatov narrowly failed to convert his 'preliminary round' match against his friend Artur Yusupov the following year. Nevertheless, during this period his Elo rating exceeded 2600 and he managed to maintain this level for the next decade. As the new millennium approached, his frequency of play declined and since 2004, he has been more or less inactive.

There was some success in the latter part of his 'busy' period, notably the Linares Open of 2000, but at the Moscow Aeroflot Open of 2004, Dolmatov famously lost a game to 13-year-old Magnus Carlsen in just 19 moves. Sergey Dolmatov has also been a chess writer in the early part of the 2000s, contributing opening surveys and tournament reports to chess journals such as New In Chess.

As a player of the white pieces, he favours the King (or 'e') pawn openings and as black, shows a preference for the Dutch Defence, King's Indian Defence and French Defence.

In 2007, Dolmatov was awarded the title of FIDE Senior Trainer. Dolmatov currently lives in Moscow and work as a chess coach.

title: Sergey Dolmatov


text:
User:Nina-no

I am from Norway and live in Bergen

User Commons

User Norway

Web 1 Web 2

da:Bruger:Nina-no no:Bruker:Nina sv:Användare:Nina-no

title: User:Nina-no


text: User talk:60.43.4.198

title: User talk:60.43.4.198


text: User talk:70.161.211.222

title: User talk:70.161.211.222


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The Vipers

The Vipers were an Irish new wave group of the late 1970s. A live act fronted by Paul Boyle and guitarist George Sweeney, they toured with Thin Lizzy, The Clash and The Jam.

The group was formed as part of a growing punk scene in Dublin the late 1970s. The Vipers played in what was reported to be Ireland's first punk festival in June 1977, along with The Undertones. During the event, a member of the crowd was stabbed and killed, and the Irish punk music scene was subsequently blacklisted.

In 1978, The Vipers headlined a series of live gigs at McGonagles in Dublin, which featured the Dublin-based rock band U2 as the supporting act. Their debut single "I've Got You"/"No Such Thing" (Mulligan LUNS 718) was released in late 1978. This was heard by the BBC's John Peel who invited them to the UK to do a session for his radio programme. A permanent move to London led to UK tours with the Boomtown Rats and Thin Lizzy, as well as performances including at the Marquee, Music Machine and Fulham Greyhound. A further single, "Take Me" was released in 1980.

The group included Boyle (lead vocals/guitar), Sweeney (lead guitar), Brian Foley (bass), and Dave Moloney (drums). Bernie Smirnoff (ex-Hollywood Killers) took over from Moloney, as drummer, in September 1979.

The Vipers disbanded in December 1980. Boyle subsequently changed his career to acting, whilst other members of the group remained musicians. Foley went on to join The Blades, Moloney to the Cajun Kings and Sweeney to The Fat Lady Sings. Bernie Smirnoff later played for Kingbathmat.

Paul Boyle died in London in 2019.

title: The Vipers


text:
Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power

The Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power is a fresco by the Italian Baroque painter Pietro da Cortona, filling the large ceiling of the grand salon of the Palazzo Barberini in Rome, Italy. Begun in 1633, it was nearly finished in three years; upon Cortona's return from Venice, it was extensively reworked to completion in 1639. The Palazzo, since the 1620s, had been the palatial home of the Barberini family headed by Maffeo Barberini, by then Urban VIII, who had launched an extensive program of refurbishment of the city with art and architecture.

Composition
These commissioned artworks often teem with suns and bees (the Barberini family coat of arms had three bees), as also the Cortona fresco does. At one end of the sky sits the eminent solar Divine Providence, while at the other end are putto and flying maidens holding aloft the papal keys, tiara, with robe belt above a swarm of heraldic giant golden bees. Below Providence, the simulated frame crumbles. Time with a scythe seems to swallow a putto's arm. As the graceful bearer of the twelve stars that constitute Crown of Immortality is unequivocally extending it to the heraldic swarm, she earnestly looks towards Divine Providence. Some scholars have suggested that one of the fresco's goals was to portray the Barberini papal election, which had been rumored to have been rigged, as divine providence. At one edge, are laborers in a forge so hard at work, they shatter the outer frame.

Critical assessment and legacy
Frescoes were numerous in Rome at the time; most represented galleries of framed episodes, quadro riportato such as found on the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel ceiling or in Annibale Carracci's Palazzo Farnese (completed in 1601) cycle. Baldassare Peruzzi had pioneered this style of painting called quadratura, in which the fresco replaces or simulates some of the architectural framework, using often forced perspective. Such trompe-l'œil artifices were not novel to Italian art, since for example Mantegna and Giulio Romano in Mantua had featured such frescoes; however, for Cortona, the luminous sky became a teeming tour de force, a style that influenced many other large fresco spectacles such as those by Tiepolo for example, in Madrid, by Ehrenstrahl in his "Council of the Virtues" from the House of Nobility, in Stockholm and in the frescoes depicting the Apotheosis of the Pisani Family in the Villa Pisani at Stra. Other famous sotto in su frescoes in Rome include Andrea Pozzo's Apotheosis of St Ignatius at the Roman church of Sant'Ignazio.


text: Category:Congolese politicians

title: Category:Congolese politicians


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Telekon

Telekon is the second solo studio album by the English new wave musician Gary Numan. It debuted at the top of the UK Albums Chart in September 1980, making it his third consecutive (and to date, final) No. 1 album. It was also the third and final studio release of what Numan retrospectively termed the "machine" section of his career, following Replicas and The Pleasure Principle (both 1979).

Music and lyrics
In contrast to Numan's previous album The Pleasure Principle, Telekon featured heavy use of guitars and a richer, more complex sound with a broadened use of different synthesizers in combination with viola and violin. The album's sound ranges from heavier tracks such as "I'm an Agent" and "The Joy Circuit" to more sombre, melancholic songs such as "Sleep by Windows" and "Remember I Was Vapour". Lyrically the album mixed dystopian themes on tracks such as "I Dream of Wires" and "The Joy Circuit", with more personal lyrics such as "Remind Me to Smile" and "Please Push No More" that dealt with Numan's feelings about his sudden fame and relationship with his fans. Several songs such as "Remember I Was Vapour" and "Please Push No More" suggests a goodbye, hinting at Numan's retirement from live work a few months later. "The whole album's got that little hint of goodbye in it", Numan confirmed in a 1981 interview, "In 'This Wreckage' the Japanese writing says 'I leave you'."

Releases and promoting
Telekon was released in September 1980. To boost initial sales in the UK, on first release the album came with a free single, in a plain black sleeve, including two live recordings from 'The Touring Principle' tour; "Remember I Was Vapour" and "On Broadway". A year later, in an attempt to further boost sales, the album came with a free poster in the UK using a photo taken from the main Telekon photo-shoot. The cassette release included the singles "We Are Glass" and "I Die: You Die" which were not on the vinyl LP.

A number of Dutch releases were pressed on coloured vinyl. The US, Canadian and Australian releases replaced the track "Sleep by Windows" with "I Die: You Die". The album was released on vinyl and cassette in Japan.

Singles
Telekon was preceded by two non-album singles, "We Are Glass" and "I Die: You Die". The only single taken from the album after its release was the opening number, "This Wreckage", which peaked at No. 20. Numan later admitted that, regardless of its merits as a song, it was a "bloody stupid single". The live version of "Remember I Was Vapour", released as a bonus single with the UK album, was released as a 12" single in Germany with the studio version on the B-side. "Remind Me to Smile" was released as a US single with "I Dream of Wires" on the B-side. "Remember I Was Vapour" was also released as a 7" single with "On Broadway (Live)" as the B-side.

The Teletour
From September to November 1980, Numan toured the UK and North America in support of Telekon. The tour was followed by three "farewell concerts" at Wembley Arena in April 1981 with guest Nash the Slash.

Classic Album Tour and Micromusic DVD
In December 2006, Numan undertook a Telekon "Classic Album" tour, comprising four concerts in the UK in which he played all the songs from the Telekon album, as well as its associated singles and B-sides. On the 2CD EKO: The Telekon 06 Audio Programme (sold at the 2006 Telekon gigs and from Numan's website), Numan discussed (with interviewer Steve Malins) the making of Telekon, revealing that it is his favourite of his "early albums." Numan followed the 2006 tour with further "Classic Album" tours, for Replicas in 2008 and The Pleasure Principle in 2009.

In 2006, Numan promised fans a DVD release of the 1981 Micromusic video. On his official website in October 2008, Numan announced that the long-lost master tapes of the Micromusic concert had been found, "in excellent condition and, to make things even better, more footage has been found from two other camera positions that were not used on the original version. This new footage will be edited into a new updated version...We expect this to be, with all the extra footage and interviews, a double disc DVD." On 19 March 2010, Numan announced that the Micromusic DVD would be released on 13 April. Micromusic was released on that date as a one-disc DVD; in addition to the concert itself, the DVD featured an hour-long interview with Numan as a special feature.

Critical reception and legacy
Like Numan's previous album, Telekon received a largely hostile reception in the British music press on its release, but has proved to be an influential work cited as a major influence by musicians such as Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails and Stephen Merritt of Magnetic Fields.

Upon its release in 1980, Smash Hits reviewer Red Starr found Telekon to be "better than The Pleasure Principle but not so good as Replicas" and that Numan was "recycling old ideas instead of pioneering new ones."

Cultural references
NME used the track title "I Dream of Wires" as the name for a fictitious synth-pop act about which they published a series of spoof articles in early 1995, culminating in reports of the alleged band's death in a coach crash in Eastern Europe.

"I Dream of Wires" was covered by English singer Robert Palmer on his 1980 studio album Clues, featuring Numan on keyboards and synthesisers.

"I'm an Agent" was covered by English pop punk band Kenickie as a bonus CD track on CD1 of their January 1997 number 24 hit single "In Your Car".

Track listing
All songs written and composed by Gary Numan except for "Trois Gymnopédies (First Movement)", which is a composition by Erik Satie.

LP
The Vinyl Album also included a 7” Single

A Side - Remember I Was Vapour (Live)

B Side - On Broadway (Live)

26/08/23 Martin H

1998 CD reissue

 * Subsequent digital issues of Telekon revert to the original intro mix for "Remind Me to Smile".

Personnel
Musicians
 * Gary Numan – vocals, Minimoog, Polymoog, ARP Pro Soloist, Roland Jupiter-4, Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, Yamaha CP-30, Roland CR-78, Synare, guitar, piano, Minibass
 * Paul Gardiner – bass, backing vocals
 * Cedric Sharpley – drums, percussion, backing vocals
 * Chris Payne – viola, piano, Minimoog, Polymoog, backing vocals
 * Russell Bell – guitars, violin, claves, backing vocals
 * Denis Haines – Prophet-5, piano, ARP Pro Soloist, Yamaha CP-30, whistle, backing vocals
 * John Webb, James Freud, Simple Minds – handclaps

title: Telekon


text:
User talk:Man of war

--Cel e stianpower hablamé 14:45, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Man of war


text:
Susan Fleetwood

Susan Maureen Fleetwood (21 September 1944 – 29 September 1995) was a British stage, film, and television actress, who specialized in classical theatre. She received popular attention in the television series Chandler & Co and The Buddha of Suburbia.

Early life
Fleetwood was born in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, the daughter of Bridget Maureen (née Brereton) and John Joseph Kells Fleetwood, an RAF officer. She was the elder sister of musician and actor Mick Fleetwood, drummer with rock band Fleetwood Mac. The service family was stationed in Egypt in the years before the Suez crisis and, afterwards, in Norway where John Fleetwood received a NATO appointment and where Susan received her first role as the Old Testament Joseph in a school play. On her return to the UK, she was encouraged to take up drama by a nun at a convent school, winning a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art at the age of sixteen.

Stage
After training with RADA, where a student production won Fleetwood the Bancroft gold medal, in 1964 she joined the company of the Liverpool Everyman theatre, where her fellow student Terry Hands had been appointed director. When Hands moved to the RSC in 1967, she followed. In 1968 at Stratford she gave two commanding performances: in the relatively unpromising part of Cassandra in Troilus and Cressida and as Regan in Lear. In 1969, under the direction of Hands, she movingly doubled the parts Thaisa and Marina in Pericles.

In 1974, she played Imogen in John Barton's production of Cymbeline. Many principal roles followed, until in 1977 the former RSC director Peter Hall persuaded her to join him in the National Theatre company where, in addition to playing Ophelia to Albert Finney's Hamlet, she was offered parts from a wider repertory of plays. In the early 1980s she appeared in seasons with both companies, including a memorable Rosalind in As You Like It. Her last season with the RSC was 1990–91.

Personal life
Fleetwood's partner at the time of her death was theatre director Sebastian Graham Jones.

Death
After suffering from ovarian cancer for a decade, Fleetwood died in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England on 29 September 1995, aged 51.

Select TV and filmography

 * Hamlet (BBC television recording of a Prospect Theatre Company stage performance, 1972), Ophelia, opposite Ian McKellen
 * The Watercress Girl (Granada's Country Matters series, 1972) title role
 * Don't Be Silly (BBC Television Play for Today, 1979) as Pamela Redman''
 * The Good Soldier (Granada Television, 1981) as Leonora
 * Clash of the Titans (1981) as Athena
 * Heat and Dust (1983) as Mrs. Crawford, the Burra Memsahib (The Nineteen Twenties in the Civil Lines at Satipur)
 * Minder (1983) Series 4 Episode 2 "Senior Citizen Caine" as Sonia Caine
 * Strangers and Brothers (1984) as Lady Caroline Quaife (2 episodes)
 * Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) as Mrs. Dribb
 * The Sacrifice (1986) as Adelaide
 * White Mischief (1987) as Gwladys, Lady Delamere
 * Dream Demon (1988) as Deborah
 * Summer's Lease (1989) as Molly Pargeter
 * The Krays (1990) as Rose
 * Six Characters in Search of an Author (TV drama, 1992) as The Mother
 * Shakespeare: The Animated Tales: Hamlet (series, 1992) as Queen Gertrude (voice)
 * The Buddha of Suburbia (TV drama 1993) as Eva Kay
 * Lovejoy (TV drama, Series 5, Episode 8, 1993) as Mary Gladden
 * Under the Hammer (TV, 1994) as Calpurnia Beacon
 * Wycliffe (TV, 1994) as Lady Cynthia Bottrell
 * Chandler & Co (BBC Television, 1995) as Kate Phillips
 * Persuasion (1995) as Lady Russell

title: Susan Fleetwood