text:
Talk:Saint-Gaudens double eagle

Pronounciation
How do you say "Gaudens"? gawdins? go-dan's? Something else? 76.247.47.141 16:27, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm also a bit curious as to this - any ideas? Connormah (talk) 03:30, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * When I have heard it pronounced, it is the first way. Not sure if that is correct though.  Have you checked the sculptor's article?--Wehwalt (talk) 09:50, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

Citeless weasel words...
...In the first paragraph, of a featured article? "It is considered by many the most beautiful of U.S. coins." ?? TJSwoboda (talk) 04:34, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * It's referenced further down in the article. (Yeoman, p. 270) - Snarkibartfast (talk) 10:41, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Correct, see WP:LEAD. Statements in the lede are not to be cited if the fact is repeated and cited in the body of the article.--Wehwalt (talk) 12:44, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah, okay. Sorry to come off half-cocked. TJSwoboda (talk) 17:18, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Common confusion.--Wehwalt (talk) 17:28, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

Merge (?)
Hello, I'm Burmiester, a beaurocrat with the Numismatics project. I'd like to raise the discussion on why there is a motion to merge this page into another article.

This is wrong.

It's plain as day to see that this article is well developed and lengthy enough to avoid a merging. Get back to me with responses, please. (Burmiester (talk) 15:28, 11 September 2013 (UTC))

 * What other article? We have well-developed articles on both the Liberty Head (Coronet) and Saint-Gaudens double eagles, this is in fact a featured article.  There is no need for a merge.--Wehwalt (talk) 15:38, 11 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see, it's on the WP:NUMIS tasks you can do. That should probably be removed, it has been sitting here for years very likely.  I worked on this article three or four years ago. It is probably from before that, when we had a very shoddy article on this and possibly a better one on double eagle and no doubt a merge was thought of, but now we have strong articles for the two types of double eagles.--Wehwalt (talk) 21:53, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

Now a FA in Chinese Wikipedia
I have translated this article to Chinese Wikipedia here and promoted to FA status, and I want to thank User:Wehwalt for his effort to write this amazing article. --Jarodalien (talk) 08:28, 11 January 2016 (UTC)
 * --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 00:00, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your efforts! After spending that time in China last fall and barely learning a word, I know how great a feat it is!--Wehwalt (talk) 06:00, 15 January 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Saint-Gaudens double eagle


text:
Battle of Salineville

The Battle of Salineville occurred July 26, 1863, near Salineville, Ohio, during the American Civil War. U.S. Brig. Gen. James M. Shackelford destroyed Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan's remaining Confederate cavalry and captured Morgan, ending Morgan's Raid. It was the northernmost military action involving an official command of the Confederate States Army.

Background
In June 1863, Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan departed camp in Tennessee on a raid with 2,460 troopers, intending to divert the attention of the Union Army of the Ohio from Confederate forces occupying the state. On July 8, 1863, Morgan crossed the Ohio River at Brandenburg, Kentucky, and entered Indiana, in violation of his orders to remain in Kentucky. After a victory at the Battle of Corydon, Morgan proceeded eastward into Ohio, pursued by U.S. troops under Brig. Gen. James M. Shackelford. On July 19, Morgan attempted to cross the Ohio River into West Virginia at Buffington Island, upriver from Pomeroy in Meigs County, Ohio. Some Confederates successfully fled across the river and to Confederate-held territory. However, Union forces under Brig. Gens. Edward H. Hobson and Henry M. Judah captured an estimated 800 – 1,200 of Morgan's force, while some 300 under Col. Adam "Stovepipe" Johnson crossed upriver.

Morgan and the remaining 400 men escaped, cut off from the river crossings. When another attempt to ford the river failed, Morgan headed north, eventually reaching Columbiana County, still hoping to cross the Ohio River at some point and retreat to the Confederacy. His route took him through several terrified villages, including Moorefield, Harrisville, New Athens, Smithfield, New Alexandria, Wintersville, Two Ridge, Richmond, East Springfield, Bergholz, and Monroeville (Jefferson County). Morgan fled northward with depleted horses and men while U.S. soldiers blocked attempts to reach the river.

The battle and Morgan's surrender

U.S. General Shackelford continued in pursuit of Morgan, leading a mixed command of cavalry, artillery, and mounted infantry from Illinois, Kentucky, West Virginia, Tennessee, Michigan and Ohio, as well as the Steubenville Militia. Morgan's weary men were isolated, constantly pursued, and heading deeper into U.S.-controlled territory. Eventually, Morgan was flanked and cut off by U.S. forces on July 26, 1863, at Salineville, near Lisbon, Ohio. Badly outnumbered, Morgan attempted to cut his way out from the estimated 3,000 U.S. soldiers. He lost 364 men (including 23 dead, several wounded, and nearly 300 captured) in a firefight that lasted no more than an hour and a half. Morgan and some of his men initially managed to elude capture. However, at 2:00 p.m., they surrendered to U.S. Maj. George W. Rue of the 9th Kentucky Cavalry near West Point, Ohio approximately 8 miles northeast of Salineville. Today, a historical marker commemorates the location of the surrender (40° 41.833′ N, 80° 44.633′ W).

Major Rue later reported that Morgan, upon first seeing Rue and his troops approaching, attempted to surrender to one of his prisoners, an Ohio Militia captain named Burbridge, who then immediately tried to parole Morgan and his fellow officers, an act that would have allowed them to return home to Kentucky as noncombatants. Rue disregarded that "surrender" and insisted that Morgan formally surrender to the Union forces, ignoring the paroles. Troops escorted Morgan to Columbus, Ohio, where he and many of his officers were imprisoned in the Ohio Penitentiary. Many of his captured soldiers were sent to Camp Chase and other prisoner-of-war camps in the North.

In July and August 1863, Ohio Governor David Tod led an inquiry into Morgan's surrender. Governor Tod concluded that Captain Burbridge was actually James Burbick, a private citizen of New Lisbon, Ohio, who had never served as an officer in the Ohio Militia. As such, Governor Tod ruled that he had no authority over Morgan and that Morgan's surrender to Union forces stood.

Superlative dispute
Another Confederate action, the St. Albans Raid, was farther north than the Battle of Salineville. On October 19, 1864, 21 Confederates slipped southward from Canada and raided St. Albans, Vermont. However, the Vermont raiders were not an official command of the Confederate army; historians connect the St. Albans raid to the Confederate Secret Service. Morgan's place of surrender at West Point is considered the northernmost point reached by an officially organized Confederate body during the Civil War.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Salineville


text:
General Instruction of the Roman Missal

The General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM)—in the Latin original, Institutio Generalis Missalis Romani (IGMR)—is the detailed document governing the celebration of Mass of the Roman Rite in what since 1969 is its normal form. Originally published in 1969 as a separate document, it is printed at the start of editions of the Roman Missal since 1970.

Background
The 1960 Code of Rubrics replaced the Rubricae Generales Missalis, which had been in the Tridentine Roman Missal since its first edition in 1570 and had been amplified and revised by Pope Clement VIII in 1604. This had been supplemented, since the 1920 edition, by the Additiones et Variationes in Rubricis Missalis ad normam Bullae "Divino afflatu" et subsequentium S.R.C. decretorum (Additions and Variations to the Rubrics of the Missal in accordance with the Bull Divino afflatu and subsequent decrees of the Sacred Congregation of Rites), which indicated the changes in the Roman Missal that followed from the reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X.

In his 1962 edition, Pope John XXIII had made some changes to the document at the beginning of the Roman Missal called Ritus servandus in celebratione Missarum ('Rite to be observed in celebration of Masses').

Status
In his apostolic exhortation Sacramentum caritatis, Pope Benedict XVI stressed the importance of proper knowledge of the General Instruction not only for priests but also for the laity:

Regulations for masses not using the GIRM
In the circumstances indicated in the motu proprio Traditionis Custodes of 2021, the Catholic Church still permits celebrations of Mass in accordance with the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal. Such celebrations are governed not by the General Instruction but by the 1960 Code of Rubrics, particularly its section Rubricae generales Missalis Romani (General Rubrics of the Roman Missal), and by the Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae (Rite to be observed in celebration of Mass).

Structure
The General Instruction is arranged in nine chapters, preceded by a preamble. The chapter headings are:
 * 1) The Importance and Dignity of the Eucharistic Celebration
 * 2) The Structure of the Mass, Its Elements and Its Parts
 * 3) The Duties and Ministries in the Mass
 * 4) The Different Forms of Celebrating Mass
 * 5) The Arrangement and Furnishing of Churches for the Celebration of the Eucharist
 * 6) The Requisites for the Celebration of Mass
 * 7) The Choice of the Mass and Its Parts
 * 8) Masses and Prayers for Various Circumstances and Masses for the Dead
 * 9) Adaptations within the Competence of Bishops and Bishops' Conferences

Versions
The Latin original may be consulted at a number of sites. The most easily legible on a computer screen is perhaps that of the Salesians of Don Bosco (German Salesians).

An English translation, but with adaptations for the United States, can be consulted at the appropriate web page of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Committee on Divine Worship. The same translation, but with adaptations instead for England and Wales, may be found at the web site of the England & Wales Liturgy Office.

title: General Instruction of the Roman Missal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Binary Star (rap)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. - Mailer Diablo 08:18, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Binary Star (rap)
plus a redirect (RHaworth 04:01, 15 October 2005 (UTC))

Doesn't meet definition of notability at WP:MUSIC Tempshill 23:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

KEEP. Binary Star is one of the single most important acts of the Midwest. They performed with Eminem many times and have a huge following. They, along with their lead MC OneBeLo, are one of the single highest selling acts among acts with independent distribution. They've been offered many major record deals, but choose to stay with their home base. They are simply too important a name in hip hop to be deleted. Frank Longo 03:32, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. THey have an allmusic entry here: |STAR&uid=CAW030510200103&samples=1&sql=11:ahd7yl11xpzb~T0. I believe AMG counts (or at least should count) as part of "major music media". THe article needs some formatting, however. --FuriousFreddy 05:08, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 07:13, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup as per Furious Freddy. Have released two records according to Allmusic.com. Capitalistroadster 09:42, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Notable. - Sensor 11:34, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. --Holderca1 20:55, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. --Der Sporkmeister 09:57, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:84.9.88.145

title: User talk:84.9.88.145


text: Talk:Pattern coin

title: Talk:Pattern coin


text:
User talk:Jusunisgay

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Superm401 | Talk 23:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jusunisgay


text:
Innocence (disambiguation)

Innocence is a lack of guilt, with respect to any kind of crime, sin, or wrongdoing, or else a lack of worldly understanding on sensitive issues such as crime and sexuality.

Innocence may also refer to:

Film

 * Innocence (1923 film), a 1923 American silent drama film
 * Innocence (1997 film) (Masumiyet), a Turkish drama by Zeki Demirkubuz
 * Innocence (2000 film), an Australian film by Paul Cox
 * Innocence (2004 film), a French film by Lucile Hadžihalilović
 * Innocence (2005 film), a Thai documentary
 * Innocence (2011 film), (Nevinnost), a Czech film by Jan Hřebejk
 * Innocence (2013 film), a 2013 film based on the book by the same name by Jane Mendelsohn
 * Innocence (2020 film), a South Korean film
 * Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence, a 2004 anime film by Mamoru Oshii

Literature

 * "Innocence" (short story), a short story by Honoré de Balzac
 * Innocence (Fitzgerald novel), a 1986 novel by Penelope Fitzgerald
 * Innocence (Koontz novel), a 2013 novel by Dean Koontz
 * Innocence (Mendelsohn novel), a 2000 novel by Jane Mendelsohn

Opera

 * Innocence (opera), a 2021 opera by Kaija Saariaho

Performers

 * Innocence (band), a 1990s British R&B band
 * The Innocence, previously The Trade Winds, a 1960s American pop group

Albums

 * Innocence (Kenny Barron album), 1978
 * Innocence (Murray Head album), 1993
 * Innocence (Alisa Mizuki album), 1999
 * Innocence (Sennen EP), 2010
 * Innocence (Davichi EP), 2010
 * Innocence (Pontiak album), 2014
 * Innocence (Jena Irene Asciutto EP), 2016
 * Innocence (Kenny G album), 2023

Songs

 * "Innocence" (Björk song), 2007
 * "Innocence" (Nero song), 2010
 * "Innocence" (Tarja song), 2016
 * "Innocence", a song by Avril Lavigne from The Best Damn Thing
 * "Innocence", a song by Boney James from Sweet Thing
 * "Innocence", a song by Deborah Blando from A Different Story
 * "Innocence", a song by Disturbed from Asylum
 * "Innocence", a song by Flume, featuring AlunaGeorge, from Skin
 * "Innocence", a song by Harlequin
 * "Innocence", a song by Hootie & the Blowfish from Hootie & the Blowfish
 * "Innocence", a song by Jeremy Camp from Restored
 * "Innocence", a song by Kirsty MacColl from Kite
 * "Innocence", a song by Madeon, featuring Aquilo, from Adventure
 * "Innocence", a song by Shaman from Reason

Television episodes

 * "Innocence" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
 * "Innocence" (Law & Order)
 * "Innocence" (Star Trek: Voyager)

Legal associations

 * Innocence Network, an affiliation of organizations dedicated to providing pro bono legal and investigative services
 * Innocence Project, a non-profit legal organization committed to exonerating wrongly convicted people

title: Innocence (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:French denier

"French"?
Calling such coin issued under the rule of Charlemagne "French" is an anachronism and historically untenable. There was no such thing as "France" at the time of Charlemagne, his empire being split up into what would later evolve into Germany and France only after his death. If anything, the coin was Frankish, which, despite the superficial similarity, does not mean "French". I'll edit this. SchnitteUK (talk) 10:02, 16 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, I get why a German might feel that way but, no, in English, Charlemagne's Francia of the Franks is quite reasonably considered "France".

 * Now, that said, it's still a moronic title. This coin is known as the denier precisely because that's terser than saying "French penny". The page needs to be moved to Denier (coin) or French penny instead of this bizarre amalgam. — Llywelyn II   09:08, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:French denier


text:
Estadio Tomás Adolfo Ducó

The Estadio Tomás A. Ducó is a football stadium in Argentina, located in the Parque Patricios neighborhood of Buenos Aires. The stadium is the home ground of Club Atlético Huracán and has a capacity of 48,314 spectators.

Inaugurated in 1924 and totally refurbished in 1947, the stadium was named after lieutenant colonel Tomás Adolfo Ducó, president of Club huracán in three periods (1938–45, 1949, 1952–54) and regarded as the most notable chairman in the history of the institution, as he was the promoter of the stadium's reconstruction in the 1940s.

Jorge Newbery
The first field of C.A. Huracán was a land on Arenas street that belonged to the Municipality of Buenos Aires. The club rented that land from 1911 to 1913, when the Municipal authorities forced the club to leave the land and to establish in another place. In 1914 Huracán moved to Chiclana avenue, near to San Lorenzo de Almagro venue on La Plata Avenue. Playing its home games there, Huracán won its first Primera División titles in 1921 and 1922. One year later, Huracán left that field.

In August 1924, the club rented a land on the corner of Amancio Alcorta and Luna in Parque Patricios. The venue, inaugurated in a match v Colón de Santa Fe, had a capacity for 12,000 people and was named after Argentine aviator Jorge Newbery, from whose balloon the club had taken inspiration for its badge. Newbery would also a usual collaborator of the club and even honorary president. Huracán played its home games there when the club won the 1925 and 1928 league titles. By the mid-1930s, the stadium had increased its capacity to near 40,000.

The stadium had also a concrete-made race track for motorcycle racing, also used for track cycling. Competitions were held during the 1920s and 1930s.

In April 1939 the club acquired the land –at a cost of $ 700,000– to remodel the stadium. The National Government granted C.A. Huracán a loan to build its new home venue.

Tomás Adolfo Ducó
Works started in October 1941, under the direction of architects Curutchet, Giraldez & Olivera through their firm "CGO". The studio had designed the current Casa de la Moneda building in 1941. Works on Huracán's stadium lasted about six years, during which the club was granted another loan ($1,553,472) to finish the construction.

The remodeled stadium (works included the replacement of wooden grandstands by structures of concrete) was re-opened on September 7, 1947, in a Primera División match v Boca Juniors. Huracán won 4–3. Nevertheless, it was officially inaugurated on November 10, 1949, when Huracán beat Uruguayan side Peñarol 4–1.

In September 1967 the stadium was named "Tomás Adolfo Ducó", honoring the club's most notable president, who was also the main mover in the construction of the stadium, and a former player.

Ducó was imprisoned and confined to Martín García Island. After being released, he returned to Huracán, being elected again as president of the club in 1949.

Other events
The stadium has been hosted several music concerts, mainly of local rock bands. Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota gave their first concert in a stadium at Huracán in 1993, with more than 80,000 spectators.

Hard rock band La Renga performed in Huracán in 1999 with an attendance of 60,000. The band returned to the Ducó to record their live album Insoportablemente Vivo in 2001. They also recorded another live album, En el Ojo del Huracán five years later. The Palacio Ducó became a frequent venue for the band, giving new concerts in 2017. Another Argentine rock band, Los Piojos, recorded a live album at Huracán in 2001.

In 2024, it was announced the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden will perform at Tomás Ducó Stadium on 1 December 2024. The concert will be part of their Future Past World Tour.

In popular culture
The Tomás A. Ducó stadium was the first of Argentine football to appear on an Academy Awards-winning movie, The Secret in Their Eyes ("El Secreto de Sus Ojos"). In the movie, Inspector Espósito (played by Ricardo Darín and his collaborator Sandoval (Guillermo Francella) attend a Huracán v Racing match –held in Palacio Ducó– in search of a murder suspect, knowing he was a strong Racing supporter.

The phrase about the suspect's passion for a team ("The guy may change anything; his face, house, family, girlfriend, religion, God. But there is a thing that he can't change: his passion") became one of the most memorable moments of the film, not only to describe the character but the Argentine passion for football.

title: Estadio Tomás Adolfo Ducó


text:
MAUD Committee

The MAUD Committee was a British scientific working group formed during the Second World War. It was established to perform the research required to determine if an atomic bomb was feasible. The name MAUD came from a strange line in a telegram from Danish physicist Niels Bohr referring to his housekeeper, Maud Ray.

The MAUD Committee was founded in response to the Frisch–Peierls memorandum, which was written in March 1940 by Rudolf Peierls and Otto Frisch, two physicists who were refugees from Nazi Germany working at the University of Birmingham under the direction of Mark Oliphant. The memorandum argued that a small sphere of pure uranium-235 could have the explosive power of thousands of tons of TNT.

The chairman of the MAUD Committee was George Thomson. Research was split among four different universities: the University of Birmingham, University of Liverpool, University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford, each having a separate programme director. Various means of uranium enrichment were examined, as was nuclear reactor design, the properties of uranium-235, the use of the then-hypothetical element plutonium, and theoretical aspects of nuclear weapon design.

After fifteen months of work, the research culminated in two reports, "Use of Uranium for a Bomb" and "Use of Uranium as a Source of Power", known collectively as the MAUD Report. The report discussed the feasibility and necessity of an atomic bomb for the war effort. In response, the British created a nuclear weapons project, code named Tube Alloys. The MAUD Report was made available to the United States, where it energised the American effort, which eventually became the Manhattan Project. The report was also revealed to the Soviet Union by its atomic spies, and helped start the Soviet atomic bomb project.

The discovery of nuclear fission
The neutron was discovered by James Chadwick at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in February 1932. Two months later, his Cavendish colleagues John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton split lithium atoms with accelerated protons. In December 1938, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann at Hahn's laboratory in Berlin-Dahlem bombarded uranium with slow neutrons, and discovered that barium had been produced. Hahn wrote to his colleague Lise Meitner, who, with her nephew Otto Frisch, proved that the uranium nucleus had been split. They published their finding in Nature in 1939. This phenomenon was a new type of nuclear disintegration, and was more powerful than any seen before. Frisch and Meitner calculated that the energy released by each disintegration was approximately 200 MeV. By analogy with the division of biological cells, they named the process "fission".

Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler applied the liquid drop model developed by Bohr and Fritz Kalckar to explain the mechanism of nuclear fission. Bohr had an epiphany that the fission at low energies was principally due to the uranium-235 isotope, while at high energies it was mainly due to the more abundant uranium-238 isotope. The former makes up just 0.7% of natural uranium, while the latter accounts for 99.3%. Frédéric Joliot-Curie and his Paris colleagues Hans von Halban and Lew Kowarski raised the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction in a paper published in Nature in April 1939. It was apparent to many scientists that, in theory at least, an extremely powerful explosive could be created, although most still considered an atomic bomb an impossibility. The term was already familiar to the British public through the writings of H. G. Wells, in his 1913 novel The World Set Free.

British response
In Britain, a number of scientists considered whether an atomic bomb was practical. At the University of Liverpool, Chadwick and the Polish refugee scientist Joseph Rotblat tackled the problem, but their calculations were inconclusive. At Cambridge, Nobel Prize in Physics laureates George Paget Thomson and William Lawrence Bragg wanted the government to take urgent action to acquire uranium ore. The main source of this was the Belgian Congo, and they were worried that it could fall into German hands. Unsure as to how to go about this, they spoke to Sir William Spens, the master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. In April 1939, he approached Sir Kenneth Pickthorn, the local Member of Parliament, who took their concerns to the Secretary of the Committee for Imperial Defence, Major General Hastings Ismay. Ismay in turn asked Sir Henry Tizard for an opinion. Like many scientists, Tizard was sceptical of the likelihood of an atomic bomb being developed, reckoning the odds of success at 100,000 to 1.

Even at such long odds, the danger was sufficiently great to be taken seriously. Lord Chartfield, the Minister for Coordination of Defence, checked with the Treasury and Foreign Office, and found that the Belgian Congo uranium was owned by the Union Minière du Haut Katanga company. Its British vice-president, Lord Stonehaven, arranged a meeting with the Belgian president of the company, Edgar Sengier. Since Union Minière  management were friendly towards Britain, it was not considered necessary to immediately acquire the uranium, but Tizard's Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Warfare (CSSAW) was directed to continue the research into the feasibility of atomic bombs. Thomson, at Imperial College London, and Mark Oliphant, an Australian physicist at the University of Birmingham, were each tasked with carrying out a series of experiments on uranium. By February 1940, Thomson's team had failed to create a chain reaction in natural uranium, and he had decided that it was not worth pursuing.

Frisch–Peierls memorandum
At Birmingham, Oliphant's team had reached a different conclusion. Oliphant had delegated the task to Frisch and Rudolf Peierls, two German refugee scientists who could not work on Oliphant's radar project because they were enemy aliens, and therefore lacked the requisite security clearance. Francis Perrin had defined a critical mass of uranium to be the smallest amount that could sustain a chain reaction, and had calculated it to be about 40 t. He reckoned that if a neutron reflector were placed around it, this might be reduced to 12 t. In a theoretical paper written in 1939, Peierls attempted to simplify the problem by using the fast neutrons produced by fission, thus omitting consideration of a neutron moderator. He too believed the critical mass of a sphere of uranium to be "of the order of tons".

However, Bohr had contended that the uranium-235 isotope was far more likely to capture neutrons and fission even from neutrons with the low energies produced by fission. Frisch began experimenting with uranium enrichment through thermal diffusion. Progress was slow; the required equipment was not available, and the radar project had first call on the available resources. He wondered what would happen if he was able to produce a sphere of pure uranium-235. When he used Peierls' formula to calculate its critical mass, he received a startling answer: less than a kilogram would be required. Frisch and Peierls produced the Frisch–Peierls memorandum in March 1940. In it they reported that a five kilogram bomb would be the equivalent to several thousand tons of dynamite, and even a one kilogram bomb would be impressive. Because of the potential radioactive fallout, they thought that the British might find it morally unacceptable.

Oliphant took the Frisch–Peierls memorandum to Tizard in March 1940. He passed it on to Thomson, who discussed it with Cockcroft and Oliphant. They also heard from Jacques Allier of the French Deuxième Bureau, who had been involved in the removal of the entire stock of heavy water from Norway. He told them of the interest the Germans had shown in the heavy water, and in the activity of the French researchers in Paris. Immediate action was taken: the Ministry of Economic Warfare was asked to secure stocks of uranium oxide in danger of being captured by the Germans; British intelligence agencies were asked to investigate the activities of German nuclear scientists; and A. V. Hill, the British Scientific Attaché in Washington, was asked to find out what the Americans were up to. Hill reported that the Americans had scientists investigating the matter, but they did not think that any military applications would be found.

Organisation
A committee was created as a response to the Frisch–Peierls memorandum. It held its first meeting on 10 April 1940, in the ground-floor main committee room of the Royal Society in Burlington House in London. Its meetings were invariably held there. The original members were Thomson, Chadwick, Cockcroft, Oliphant and Philip Moon; Patrick Blackett, Charles Ellis and Norman Haworth were subsequently added, along with a representative of the Director of Scientific Research at the Ministry of Aircraft Production (MAP). The MAUD Committee held its first two meetings in April 1940 before it was formally constituted by CSSAW. CSSAW was abolished in June 1940, and the MAUD Committee then came directly under the MAP. Thomson chaired the committee, and initially acted as its secretary as well, writing up the minutes in longhand on foolscap, until the MAP provided a secretary.

At first the new committee was named the Thomson Committee after its chairman, but this was soon exchanged for a more unassuming name, the MAUD Committee. MAUD was assumed by many to be an acronym, however it is not. The name MAUD came to be in an unusual way. On 9 April 1940, the day Germany invaded Denmark, Niels Bohr had sent a telegram to Frisch. The telegram ended with a strange line "Tell Cockcroft and Maud Ray Kent". At first it was thought to be code regarding radium or other vital atomic-weapons-related information, hidden in an anagram. One suggestion was to replace the "y" with an "i", producing 'radium taken'. When Bohr returned to England in 1943, it was discovered that the message was addressed to John Cockcroft and Bohr's housekeeper Maud Ray, who was from Kent. Thus the committee was named the MAUD Committee. Although the initials stood for nothing, it was officially the MAUD Committee, not the Maud Committee.

Because of the top secret aspect of the project, only British-born scientists were considered. Even despite their early contributions, Peierls and Frisch were not allowed to participate in the MAUD Committee because, at a time of war, it was considered a security threat to have enemy aliens in charge of a sensitive project. In September 1940, the Technical Sub-Committee was formed, with Peierls and Frisch as members. However, Halban did not take his exclusion from the MAUD Committee in as good grace as Frisch and Peierls. In response, two new committees were created in March 1941 to replace the MAUD Committee and the Technical Sub-Committee called the MAUD Policy Committee and the MAUD Technical Committee. Unlike the original two committees, they had written terms of reference. The terms of reference of the MAUD Policy Committee were: Those of the MAUD Technical Committee were:
 * 1) To supervise on behalf of the Director of Scientific Research, MAP, an investigation into the possibilities of uranium as contributing to the war effort; and
 * 2) To consider the recommendations of the MAUD Technical Committee and to advise the Director of Scientific Research accordingly.
 * 1) To consider the problems arising in the uranium investigation;
 * 2) To recommend to the MAUD Policy Committee the experimental work necessary to establish the technical possibilities; and
 * 3) To ensure co-operation between the various groups of investigators.

The MAUD Policy Committee was kept small and included only one representative from each university laboratory. Its members were: Blackett, Chadwick, Cockcroft, Ellis, Haworth, Franz Simon, Thomson and the Director of Scientific Research at the MAP. The MAUD Technical Committee's members were: Moses Blackman, Egon Bretscher, Norman Feather, Frisch, Halban, C. H. Johnson, Kowarski, Wilfrid Mann, Moon, Nevill Mott, Oliphant, Peierls and Thomson. Its meetings were normally attended by Winston Churchill's scientific advisor, Frederick Lindemann, or his representative, and a representative of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). Basil Dickins from the MAP acted as the secretary of the Technical Committee. Thomson chaired both committees.

Activity
The MAUD Committee's research was split among four different English universities: the University of Birmingham, the University of Liverpool, the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford. At first the research was paid for out of the universities' funds. Only in September 1940 did government funding become available. The MAP signed contracts that gave £3,000 to the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge (later increased to £6,500), £1,000 (later increased to £2,000) to the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford, £1,500 to Birmingham, and £2,000 to Liverpool. The universities were reimbursed for expenses by the MAP, which also began to pay some of the salaries of the universities' staff. However, Chadwick, Peierls, Simon and other professors, along with some research staff, were still paid out of university funds. The government also placed a £5,000 order for 5 kg of uranium hexafluoride with ICI. Uranium oxide was purchased from the Brandhurt Company, which sourced it from America. Wartime shortages impacted many areas of research, requiring the MAP to write to firms requesting priority for items required by the scientists.

There were also shortages of manpower, as chemists and physicists had been diverted to war work. Of necessity, the universities employed many aliens or ex-aliens. The MAP was initially opposed to their employment on security grounds, especially as most were from enemy or occupied countries. Their employment was only made possible because they were employed by the universities and not the MAP, which was not allowed to employ enemy aliens. The MAP gradually came around to accepting their employment on the project. It protected some from internment, and provided security clearances. There were restrictions on where enemy aliens could work and live, and they were not allowed to own cars, so dispensations were required to allow them to visit other universities. "And so," wrote historian Margaret Gowing, "the greatest of all the wartime secrets was entrusted to scientists excluded for security reasons from other war work."

University of Liverpool
The division of the MAUD Committee at Liverpool was led by Chadwick, who was assisted by Frisch, Rotblat, Gerry Pickavance, Maurice Pryce and John Riley Holt. The division at Liverpool also controlled a small team at the University of Bristol that included Alan Nunn May and Cecil Frank Powell. At Liverpool they focused on the separation of isotopes through thermal diffusion as was suggested in the Frisch–Peierls memorandum.

This process was based on the fact that when a mixture of two gases passes through a temperature gradient, the heavier gas tends to concentrate at the cold end and the lighter gas at the warm end. That this can be used as a means of isotope separation was first demonstrated by Klaus Clusius and Gerhard Dickel in Germany in 1938, who used it to separate isotopes of neon. They used an apparatus called a "column", consisting of a vertical tube with a hot wire down the centre. The advantage of the technique was that it was simple in design and there were no moving parts. But it could take months to reach equilibrium, required a lot of energy, and needed high temperatures that could cause a problem with the uranium hexafluoride.

Another line of research at Liverpool was measuring the fission cross section of uranium-235, on which Frisch and Peierls' calculations depended. They had assumed that almost every collision between a neutron of any energy and a uranium-235 nucleus would produce a fission. The value they used for the fission cross section was that published by French researchers in 1939, but data published by the Americans in the 15 March and 15 April 1940 issues of the American journal Physical Review indicated that it was much smaller.

No pure uranium-235 was available, so experiments at Liverpool were conducted with natural uranium. The results were inconclusive, but tended to support Frisch and Peierls. By March 1941, Alfred Nier had managed to produce a microscopic amount of pure uranium-235 in the United States, and a team under Merle Tuve at the Carnegie Institution of Washington was measuring the cross section. The uranium-235 was too valuable to send a sample to Britain, so Chadwick sent the Americans a list of measurements he wanted them to carry out. The final result was that the cross section was smaller than Frisch and Peierls had assumed, but the resulting critical mass was still only about eight kilograms.

Meanwhile, Pryce investigated how long a runaway nuclear chain reaction in an atomic bomb would continue before it blew itself apart. He calculated that since the neutrons produced by fission have an energy of about 1 MeV this corresponded to a speed of $1.4 cm/sec$. The major part of the chain reaction would be completed in the order of $10 sec$ (ten "shakes"). From 1 to 10 per cent of the fissile material would fission in this time; but even an atomic bomb with 1 per cent efficiency would release as much energy as 180,000 times its weight in TNT.

University of Oxford
The division of the MAUD Committee at Oxford was led by Simon. As a German émigré, he was only able to get involved after Peierls vouched for him, pointing out that Simon had already begun research on isotope separation, which would give the project a head start by his participation. The Oxford team was mostly composed of non-British scientists, including Nicholas Kurti, Kurt Mendelssohn, Heinrich Kuhn, Henry Shull Arms and Heinz London. They concentrated on isotope separation with a method known as gaseous diffusion.

This is based on Graham's law, which states that the rate of effusion of a gas through a porous barrier is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas's molecular mass. In a container with a porous barrier containing a mixture of two gases, the lighter molecules will pass out of the container more rapidly than the heavier molecules. The gas leaving the container is slightly enriched in the lighter molecules, while the residual gas is slightly depleted. Simon's team conducted experiments with copper gauze as the barrier. Because uranium hexafluoride, the only known gas containing uranium, was both scarce and difficult to handle, a mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapour was used to test it.

The result of this work was a report from Simon on the "Estimate of the Size of an Actual Separation Plant" in December 1940. He described an industrial plant capable of producing a kilogram per day of uranium enriched to 99 per cent uranium-235. The plant would use 70000 m2 of membrane barriers, in 18,000 separation units in 20 stages. The plant would cover 40 acre, the machinery would weigh 70000 lt and consume 60,000 kW of power. He estimated that it would take 12 to 18 months to build at a cost of around £4 million, require 1,200 workers to operate, and cost £1.5 million per annum to run. "We are confident that the separation can be performed in the way described", he concluded, "and we even believe that the scheme is, in view of its object, not unduly expensive of time, money and effort."

University of Cambridge
The division of the MAUD Committee at Cambridge was jointly led by Bragg and Cockcroft. It included Bretscher, Feather, Halban, Kowarski, Herbert Freundlich and Nicholas Kemmer. Paul Dirac assisted as a consultant, although he was not formally part of the team. On 19 June 1940, following the German invasion of France, Halban, Kowarski and other French scientists and their families, along with their precious stock of heavy water, were brought to England by the Earl of Suffolk and Major Ardale Golding on the steamer SS Broompark (1939). The heavy water, valued at £22,000, was initially kept at HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs, but was later secretly stored in the library at Windsor Castle. The French scientists moved to Cambridge, where they conducted experiments that conclusively showed that a nuclear chain reaction could be produced in a mixture of uranium oxide and heavy water.

In a paper written shortly after they arrived in England, Halban and Kowarski theorised that slow neutrons could be absorbed by uranium-238, forming uranium-239. A letter by Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson published in the Physical Review on 15 June 1940 stated that this decayed to an element with an atomic number of 93, and then to one with an atomic number of 94 and mass of 239, which, while still radioactive, was fairly long-lived. That a letter on such a sensitive subject could still be published irked Chadwick, and he asked for an official protest to be sent to the Americans, which was done.

Bretscher and Feather argued, on theoretical grounds, that this element might be capable of fission by both fast and slow neutrons like uranium-235. If so, this promised another path to an atomic bomb, as it could be bred from the more abundant uranium-238 in a nuclear reactor, and separation from uranium could be by chemical means, as it was a different element, thereby avoiding the necessity for isotope separation. Kemmer suggested that since uranium was named after the planet Uranus, element 93 could be named neptunium and 94 plutonium after the next two planets. Later it was discovered that the Americans had independently adopted the same names, following the same logic. Bretscher and Feather went further, theorising that irradiation of thorium could produce a new isotope of uranium, uranium-233, which might also be susceptible to fission by both fast and slow neutrons. In addition to this work, Eric Rideal studied isotope separation through centrifugation.

University of Birmingham
The division of the MAUD Committee at Birmingham was led by Peierls. He was assisted by Haworth, Johnson and, from 28 May 1941, Klaus Fuchs. Haworth led the chemists in studying the properties of uranium hexafluoride. One thing in its favour was that fluorine has only one isotope, so any difference in weight between two molecules is solely due to the different isotope of uranium.

Otherwise, uranium hexafluoride was far from ideal. It solidified at 120 F, was corrosive, and reacted with many substances, including water. It was therefore difficult and dangerous to handle. However, a search by the chemists at Birmingham failed to uncover another gaseous compound of uranium. Lindemann used his influence with Lord Melchett, a director of ICI, to get ICI to produce uranium hexafluoride on an industrial scale. ICI's hydrofluoric acid plant was out of commission, and required extensive repairs, so the quote for a kilogram of uranium hexafluoride came to £5,000. Nonetheless, the order was placed in December 1940. ICI also explored methods of producing pure uranium metal.

Peierls and his team worked on the theoretical problems of a nuclear bomb. In essence, they were in charge of finding out the technical features of the bomb. Along with Fuchs, Peierls also interpreted all the experimental data from the other laboratories. He examined the different processes by which they were obtaining isotopes. By the end of the summer in 1940, Peierls preferred gaseous diffusion to thermal diffusion.

A paper was received from the United States in which George Kistiakowsky argued that a nuclear weapon would do very little damage, as most of the energy would be expended heating the surrounding air. A chemical explosive generates very hot gases in a confined space, but a nuclear explosion will not do this. Peierls, Fuchs, Geoffrey Taylor and J. G. Kynch worked out the hydrodynamics to refute Kistiakowsky's argument. Taylor produced a paper on "The Formation of a Blast Wave by a Very Intense Explosion" in June 1941.

Reports
The first draft of the final report of the MAUD Committee was written by Thomson in June 1941, and circulated among members of the committee on 26 June, with instructions that the next meeting on 2 July would discuss it. A considerable amount of editing was done, mainly by Chadwick. At this stage it was divided into two reports. The first was on "Use of Uranium for a Bomb"; the second one "Use of Uranium as a Source of Power". They consolidated all the research and experiments the MAUD Committee had completed. The report opened with a statement that:"We should like to emphasize at the beginning of this report that we entered the project with more skepticism than belief, though we felt it was a matter which had to be investigated. As we proceeded we became more and more convinced that release of atomic energy on a large scale is possible and that conditions can be chosen which would make it a very powerful weapon of war. We have now reached the conclusion that it will be possible to make an effective uranium bomb which, containing some 25 lb of active material, would be equivalent as regards destructive effect to 1,800 tons of TNT and would also release large quantities of radioactive substances which would make places near to where the bomb exploded dangerous to human life for a long period."

The first report concluded that a bomb was feasible. It described it in technical detail, and provided specific proposals for developing it, including cost estimates. A plant to produce one kilogram of uranium-235 per day was estimated to cost £5 million and would require a large skilled labour force that was also needed for other parts of the war effort. It could be available in as little as two years. The amount of damage that it would do was estimated to be similar to that of the Halifax explosion in 1917, which had devastated everything in a 1//4 mi radius. The report warned that Germany had shown interest in heavy water, and although this was not considered useful for a bomb, the possibility remained that Germany could also be working on the bomb.

The second report was shorter. It recommended that Halban and Kowarski should move to the US where there were plans to make heavy water on a large scale. Plutonium might be more suitable than uranium-235, and plutonium research should continue in Britain. It concluded that the controlled fission of uranium could be used to generate heat energy for use in machines, and provide large quantities of radioisotopes which could be used as substitutes for radium. Heavy water or possibly graphite might serve as a moderator for the fast neutrons. In conclusion though, while the nuclear reactor had considerable promise for future peaceful uses, the committee felt that it was not worth considering during the present war.

United Kingdom
In response to the MAUD Committee report, a nuclear weapons programme was launched. To co-ordinate the effort, a new directorate was created, with the deliberately misleading name of Tube Alloys for security purposes. Sir John Anderson, the Lord President of the Council, became the minister responsible, and Wallace Akers from ICI was appointed the director of Tube Alloys. Tube Alloys and the Manhattan Project exchanged information, but did not initially combine their efforts, ostensibly over concerns about American security. Ironically, it was the British project that had already been penetrated by atomic spies for the Soviet Union. The most significant of them at this time was John Cairncross, a member of the notorious Cambridge Five, who worked as the private secretary to Lord Hankey, a minister without portfolio in the War Cabinet. Cairncross provided the NKVD with information from the MAUD Committee.

The United Kingdom did not have the manpower or resources of the United States, and despite its early and promising start, Tube Alloys fell behind its American counterpart and was dwarfed by it. The British considered producing an atomic bomb without American help, but the project would have needed overwhelming priority, the projected cost was staggering, disruption to other wartime projects was inevitable, and it was unlikely to be ready in time to affect the outcome of the war in Europe.

At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, Churchill and Roosevelt signed the Quebec Agreement, which merged the two national projects. The Quebec Agreement established the Combined Policy Committee and the Combined Development Trust to co-ordinate their efforts. The 19 September 1944 Hyde Park Agreement extended both commercial and military co-operation into the post-war period.

A British mission led by Akers assisted in the development of gaseous diffusion technology at the SAM Laboratories in New York. Another, headed by Oliphant, assisted with that of the electromagnetic separation process at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. Cockcroft became the director of the joint British-Canadian Montreal Laboratory. A British mission to the Los Alamos Laboratory was led by Chadwick, and later Peierls, which included several of Britain's most eminent scientists. As overall head of the British Mission, Chadwick forged a close and successful partnership, and ensured that British participation was complete and wholehearted.

United States
In response to the 1939 Einstein-Szilard letter, President Franklin D. Roosevelt had created an Advisory Committee on Uranium in October 1939, chaired by Lyman Briggs. Research concentrated on slow fission for power production, but with a growing interest in isotope separation. In June 1941, Roosevelt created the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), with Vannevar Bush as its director, personally responsible to the President. The Uranium Committee became the Uranium Section of the OSRD, which was soon renamed the S-1 Section for security reasons.

Bush engaged Arthur Compton, a Nobel Prize winner, and the National Academy of Sciences. His report was issued on 17 May 1941. It endorsed a stronger effort, but did not address the design or manufacture of a bomb in any detail. Information from the MAUD Committee came from British scientists travelling to the United States, notably the Tizard Mission, and from American observers at the MAUD Committee meetings in April and July 1941. Cockcroft, who was part of the Tizard Mission, reported that the American project lagged behind the British one, and was not proceeding as fast.

Britain was at war and felt an atomic bomb was urgent, but the US was not yet at war. It was Oliphant who pushed the American programme into action. He flew to the United States in late August 1941, ostensibly to discuss the radar programme, but actually to find out why the United States was ignoring the MAUD Committee's findings. Oliphant reported: "The minutes and reports had been sent to Lyman Briggs, who was the Director of the Uranium Committee, and we were puzzled to receive virtually no comment. I called on Briggs in Washington, only to find out that this inarticulate and unimpressive man had put the reports in his safe and had not shown them to members of his committee. I was amazed and distressed."

Oliphant met with the S-1 Section. Samuel K. Allison was a new committee member, an experimental physicist and a protégé of Compton at the University of Chicago. Oliphant "came to a meeting", Allison recalled, "and said 'bomb' in no uncertain terms. He told us we must concentrate every effort on the bomb and said we had no right to work on power plants or anything but the bomb. The bomb would cost 25 million dollars, he said, and Britain did not have the money or the manpower, so it was up to us."

Oliphant then visited his friend Ernest Lawrence, an American Nobel Prize winner, to explain the urgency. Lawrence contacted Compton and James B. Conant, who received a copy of the final MAUD Report from Thomson on 3 October 1941. Harold Urey, also a Nobel Prize winner, and George B. Pegram were sent to the UK to obtain more information. In January 1942, the OSRD was empowered to engage in large engineering projects in addition to research. Without the help of the MAUD Committee the Manhattan Project would have started months behind. Instead they were able to begin thinking about how to create a bomb, not whether it was possible. Gowing noted that "events that change a time scale by only a few months can nevertheless change history." On 16 July 1945, the Manhattan Project detonated the first atomic bomb in the Trinity nuclear test.

Soviet Union
The Soviet Union received details of British research from its atomic spies Klaus Fuchs, Engelbert Broda and Cairncross. Lavrentiy Beria, the head of the NKVD, gave a report to the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, in March 1942 that included the MAUD reports and other British documents passed by Cairncross. In 1943 the NKVD obtained a copy of the final report by the MAUD Committee. This led Stalin to order the start of a Soviet programme, although it had very limited resources. Igor Kurchatov was appointed director of the nascent programme later that year. Six years later, on 29 August 1949, the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb.

title: MAUD Committee


text: File:Journal of American History Cover, 1965.gif


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Did You Know

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title: Did You Know


text:
Atlas Comics (1950s)

Atlas Comics was the 1950s comic-book publishing label that evolved into Marvel Comics. Magazine and paperback novel publisher Martin Goodman, whose business strategy involved having a multitude of corporate entities, used Atlas as the umbrella name for his comic-book division during this time. Atlas evolved out of Goodman's 1940s comic-book division, Timely Comics, and was located on the 14th floor of the Empire State Building. This company is distinct from the 1970s comic-book company, also founded by Goodman, that is known as Atlas/Seaboard Comics.

After the Golden Age
Atlas Comics was the successor of Timely Comics, the company that magazine and paperback novel publisher Martin Goodman founded in 1939, and which had reached the peak of its popularity during the war years with its star characters the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner and Captain America. The early to mid-1950s found comic books falling out of fashion due to competition from television and other media.

Timely largely stopped producing superhero comics with the cancellation of Captain America Comics at issue #75 (cover-dated Feb. 1950), by which time the series had already been titled Captain America's Weird Tales for two issues, with the finale featuring only anthological suspense stories and no superheroes. The company's flagship title, Marvel Mystery Comics, starring the Human Torch, had already ended its run with #92 in June 1949, as had Sub-Mariner Comics with #32 the same month, and The Human Torch with #35 in March 1949. Timely made one more attempt at superheroes with the publication of Marvel Boy #1-2 (Dec. 1950 - Feb. 1951), which was retitled Astonishing with issue #3 (April 1951) and continued the Marvel Boy feature through #6 (Oct. 1951).

In the absence of superheroes, Goodman's comic book line expanded into a wide variety of genres, producing horror, Westerns, humor, talking animal, drama, crime, war, jungle, romance, espionage, medieval adventure, Bible stories and sports comics. As did other publishers, Atlas also offered comics about models and career women.

Goodman began using the logo of the Atlas News Company, the newsstand-distribution company he owned, on comics cover-dated November 1951, even though another company, Kable News, continued to distribute his comics through the August 1952 issues, with its "K" logo and the logo of the independent distributors' union appearing alongside the Atlas globe. The Atlas logo united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Soon afterwards, the company rejoined the Association of Comics Magazine Publishers and begin using the "star" logo of ACMP on comics cover-dated between April 1952 and January 1955 on its titles, prior to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority.

Atlas attempted to revive superheroes in Young Men #24-28 (Dec. 1953 - June 1954) with the Human Torch (art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers, variously), the Sub-Mariner (drawn and most stories written by Bill Everett) and Captain America (writer Stan Lee, artist John Romita Sr.). The short-lived revival also included restarts of Sub-Mariner Comics (issues #33-42, April 1954 - Oct. 1955) and Captain America (#76-78, May-Sept. 1954). All three superheroes also appeared in the final two issues of Men's Adventures (#27-28, May–July 1954).

Trend-following
Goodman's publishing strategy for Atlas involved what he saw as the proven route of following popular trends in TV and movies — Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in movie monsters another time — and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line. As Marvel/Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee told comic-book historian Les Daniels, Goodman "would notice what was selling, and we'd put out a lot of books of that type." Commented Daniels, "The short-term results were lucrative; but while other publishers took the long view and kept their stables of heroes solid, Goodman let his slide."

While Atlas had some horror titles, such as Marvel Tales, as far back as 1949, the company increased its output dramatically in the wake of EC's success. Lee recalled, "[I]t was usually based on how the competition was doing. When we found that EC's horror books were doing well, for instance, we published a lot of horror books." Until the early 1960s, when Lee, Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko would help revolutionize comic books with the advent of the Fantastic Four and Spider-Man, Atlas was content to flood newsstands with profitable, cheaply produced product — often, despite itself, beautifully rendered by talented if low-paid artists.

The Atlas "bullpen" had at least five staff writers (officially called editors) besides Lee: Hank Chapman, Paul S. Newman, Don Rico, Carl Wessler, and, in the teen humor division, future Mad magazine cartoonist Al Jaffee. Daniel Keyes, future author of Flowers for Algernon, was an editor beginning 1952. Other writers, generally freelance, included Robert Bernstein.

The artists — some freelance, some on staff — included such veterans as Human Torch creator Carl Burgos and Sub-Mariner creator Bill Everett. The next generation included the prolific and much-admired Joe Maneely, who before his death just prior to Marvel's 1960s breakthrough was the company's leading artist, providing many covers and doing work in all genres, most notably on Westerns and on the medieval adventure Black Knight. Others included Russ Heath, Gene Colan, and the fledgling, highly individualistic Steve Ditko.

Some of Atlas' prominent Western titles, many reprinted in the 1970s, were Ringo Kid, with art by Maneely, Fred Kida and John Severin; artist Doug Wildey's The Outlaw Kid; artist Jack Keller's Kid Colt, Outlaw; the anthology Gunsmoke Western, starring Kid Colt; and Black Rider, drawn by Maneely, Syd Shores and others.

Humor and miscellanea
Atlas also published various children's and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlo's Homer, the Happy Ghost (a la Casper the Friendly Ghost), Homer Hooper (a la Archie Andrews) and the Joe Maneely-drawn Melvin the Monster (a la Dennis the Menace). Sergeant Barney Barker, drawn by John Severin, was Atlas' answer to Sgt. Bilko.

One of the most long-running titles was Millie the Model, which began as a Timely Comics humor series in 1945 and ran into the 1970s, lasting for 207 issues and launching spinoffs along the way. Created by writer-artist Ruth Atkinson, it later became the training ground for cartoonist DeCarlo — the future creator of Josie and the Pussycats, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch and other Archie Comics characters, and the artist who established Archie Comics’ modern look. DeCarlo wrote and drew Millie for 10 years.

The high-school series Patsy Walker, co-created by Atkinson and writer Otto Binder in 1944, featured art by Al Hartley, Al Jaffee, Morris Weiss and others, and ran until 1967 It spun off three titles. Patsy herself would be integrated into Marvel Universe continuity years later as the supernatural superheroine Hellcat.

Atlas' talking animal books featured cartoonist Ed Winiarski's trouble-prone Buck Duck, Maneely's mentally suspect Dippy Duck, and Howie Post's The Monkey and the Bear. Buck and the other animal characters briefly returned in the early 1970s when Marvel published the five-issue reprint title Li'l Pals ("Fun-Filled Animal Antics!").

Miscellaneous titles included the espionage series Yellow Claw, with Maneely, Severin, and Jack Kirby art; the Native American hero Red Warrior, with art by Tom Gill; the space opera Space Squadron, written and drawn by future Marvel production executive Sol Brodsky; and Sports Action, initially featuring true-life stories about the likes of George Gipp and Jackie Robinson, and later fictional features of, as one cover headline put it, "Rugged Tales of Danger and Red-Hot Action!".

Staff artist Stan Goldberg recalled in 2005, "I was in the Bullpen with a lot of well-known artists who worked up there at that time. ... The guys ... who actually worked nine-to-five and put in a regular day, and not the freelance guys who'd come in a drop off their work ... were almost a hall of fame group of people. There was John Severin. Bill Everett. Carl Burgos. There was the all-time great Joe Maneely.... We all worked together, all the colorists and correction guys, the letterers and artists. ... We had a great time".

Layoffs
From 1952 to late 1956, Goodman distributed Atlas' comics to newsstands through his self-owned distributor, the Atlas News Company. He shut down Atlas News Company in 1956 and began newsstand distribution through American News Company,  the nation's largest distributor and a virtual monopoly, which shortly afterward lost a Justice Department lawsuit and discontinued its business. As comic-book historian Gerard Jones explains, the company in 1956 "...had been found guilty of restraint of trade and ordered to divest itself of the newsstands it owned. Its biggest client, George Delacorte, announced he would seek a new distributor for his Dell Comics and paperbacks. The owners of American News estimated the effect that would have on their income. Then they looked at the value of the New Jersey real estate where their headquarters sat. They liquidated the company and sold the land. The company ... vanished without a trace in the suburban growth of the 1950s."

The Atlas globe remained on the covers, however, until American News went out of business in June 1957. With no other options, Goodman turned to the distributor Independent News, owned by rival National Periodical Publications, the future DC Comics, which agreed to distribute him on constrained terms that allowed only eight titles per month. The last comic to bear the Atlas globe on the cover was the comic Dippy Duck #1, and the first to bear the new "Ind." distributors' mark was Patsy Walker #73, both cover-dated October 1957. The company was accordingly renamed to Goodman Comics after signing a distribution pact with Independent News, according to a 1960 trade article.

Stan Lee, in a 1988 interview, recalled that Goodman: "...had gone with the American News Company. I remember saying to him, 'Gee, why did you do that? I thought that we had a good distribution company.' His answer was like, 'Oh, Stan, you wouldn't understand. It has to do with finance.' I didn't really give a damn, and I went back to doing the comics. [Later,] we were left without a distributor and we couldn't go back to distributing our own books because the fact that Martin quit doing it and went with American News had gotten the wholesalers very angry ... and it would have been impossible for Martin to just say, 'Okay, we'll go back to where we were and distribute our books.' [We had been] turning out 40, 50, 60 books a month, maybe more, and [now] the only company we could get to distribute our books was our closest rival, National [DC] Comics. Suddenly we went ... to either eight or 12 books a month, which was all Independent News Distributors would accept from us."

During this retrenchment, according to a fabled industry story, Goodman discovered a closet-full of unused, but paid-for, art, leading him to have virtually the entire staff fired while he used up the inventory. In the interview noted above, Lee, one of the few able to give a firsthand account, told a seemingly self-contradictory version of the downsizing: "It would never have happened just because he opened a closet door. But I think that I may have been in a little trouble when that happened. We had bought a lot of strips that I didn't think were really all that good, but I paid the artists and writers for them anyway, and I kinda hid them in the closet! And Martin found them and I think he wasn't too happy. If I wasn't satisfied with the work, I wasn't supposed to have paid, but I was never sure it was really the artist's or the writer's fault. But when the job was finished I didn't think that it was anything that I wanted to use. I felt that we could use it in inventory — put it out in other books. Martin, probably rightly so, was a little annoyed because it was his money I was spending."

In a 2003 interview, Joe Sinnott, one of the company's top artists for more than 50 years, recalled Lee citing the inventory issue as a primary cause. "Stan called me and said, 'Joe, Martin Goodman told me to suspend operations because I have all this artwork in house and have to use it up before I can hire you again.' It turned out to be six months, in my case. He may have called back some of the other artists later, but that's what happened with me."

Pre-superhero Marvel
Goodman's men's magazines and paperback books were still successful — the comics, except in the early Golden Age, were a relatively small part of the business — and Goodman considered shutting the division down. The details of his decision not to do so are murky. Artist Jack Kirby — who had amicably split with creative partner Joe Simon a few years earlier, and separately lost a lawsuit to a DC Comics editor — was having difficulty finding work. He recalled that in late 1958, "I came in [to the Marvel offices] and they were moving out the furniture, they were taking desks out — and I needed the work! ... Stan Lee is sitting on a chair crying. He didn't know what to do, he's sitting on a chair crying — he was still just out of his adolescence [Note: Lee, born Dec. 28, 1922, would actually have been about 36.] I told him to stop crying. I says, 'Go in to Martin and tell him to stop moving the furniture out, and I'll see that the books make money'."

The interviewer, The Comics Journal publisher Gary Groth, later wrote of this interview in general, "Some of Kirby's more extreme statements ... should be taken with a grain of salt...." Lee, specifically asked about the office-closing anecdote, said, "I never remember being there when people were moving out the furniture. If they ever moved the furniture, they did it during the weekend when everybody was home. Jack tended toward hyperbole, just like the time he was quoted as saying that he came in and I was crying and I said, 'Please save the company!' I'm not a crier and I would never have said that. I was very happy that Jack was there and I loved working with him, but I never cried to him. (laughs)"

Kirby had previously returned, in late 1956, to freelance on five issues cover-dated December 1956 and February 1957, but did not stay. Now, beginning with the cover and the seven-page story "I Discovered the Secret of the Flying Saucers" for Strange Worlds #1 (Dec. 1958), Kirby returned for a 12-year run that would soon help revolutionize comics. While career necessity led Kirby back to publisher Goodman, whom he had left acrimoniously in 1941, Kirby nonetheless helped elevate simple science fiction and giant-monster stories with what comics historian Charles Hatfield called "a vital jab in the ribs by [his] outlandish artistry. Soon his dynamic work began gracing countless covers and lead stories in the extant Strange Tales and the newly launched Amazing Adventures, Strange Worlds, Tales of Suspense, Tales to Astonish and World of Fantasy. "Offsetting the formulaic nature of the stories was a dash of invigorating absurdity," wrote Hatfield. "The tales had Kirby's energy and, courtesy of Lee, confessional, first-person titles typical of sensation-mongering tabloids and comics, such as, 'I Created Sporr, the Thing That Could Not Die!'"

A Kirby science fiction/monster story, usually inked by Christopher Rule initially, then by Dick Ayers following Rule's retirement, would generally open each book. This was followed by one or two twist-ending thrillers or sci-fi tales drawn by Don Heck, Paul Reinman, or Joe Sinnott, all capped by an often-surreal, sometimes self-reflexive short by Lee and artist Steve Ditko. Lee in 2009 described these "short, five-page filler strips that Steve and I did together", originally "placed in any of our comics that had a few extra pages to fill", as "odd fantasy tales that I'd dream up with O. Henry-type endings." Giving an early example of what would later be known as the "Marvel Method" of writer-artist collaboration, Lee said, "All I had to do was give Steve a one-line description of the plot and he'd be off and running. He'd take those skeleton outlines I had given him and turn them into classic little works of art that ended up being far cooler than I had any right to expect."

Don Heck, who worked as an Atlas staff artist from 1954 until the company's retrenchment in 1957 before returning the following year, recalled that the 1958 page rate "was around $20 per page to pencil and ink, I think [rival comic-book publisher] DC's average was $38. It didn't pick up until 1964-65, and even then it didn't go up all that much — a couple of bucks a page."

Although for several months in 1949 and 1950 Timely's titles bore a circular logo labeled "Marvel Comic", the first modern comic books so labeled were the science fiction anthology Journey into Mystery #69 and the teen humor title Patsy Walker #95 (both June 1961), which each showed an "MC" box on its cover. However, collectors routinely refer to the company's comics from the April 1959 cover-dates onward (when they began featuring Jack Kirby artwork on his return to Goodman's company), as pre-superhero Marvel. Goodman would reuse the name Atlas for the next comics company he founded, in the 1970s.

Atlas titles by type
Sources:

Some titles may be arguably Timely at the earlier end, or Marvel at the later end. Many series took over the numbering from previous series, which are listed. In titles numbered from or into the various All Winners Comics, additional clarifying information is supplied.

Crime

 * All-True Crime #37–52 (Feb. 1948 – Sept. 1952) early issues Timely; continued from Timely Comics' All True Crime Cases
 * Amazing Detective Cases #3–14 (Nov. 1950 – Sept. 1952) continued from n.a.
 * Caught #1–5 (Aug. 1956 – April 1957)
 * Crime Can't Win #41–43, 4–12 (Sept. 1950 – Sept. 1952) continued from romance title Cindy Smith
 * Crime Cases Comics #24–27, 5–12 (Aug. 1950 – July 1952) continued from successive Timely Comics series Li'l Willie Comics and Willie Comics
 * Crime Exposed vol. 2, #1–14 (Dec. 1950 – June 1952)
 * Crime Fighters #11–13 (Sept. 1954 – Jan. 1955) continued from Timely Comics' Crimefighters
 * Crime Must Lose #4–12 (Oct. 1950 – April 1952) continued from either Sports Action or Blaze the Wonder Collie
 * Justice #7–9 (first three issues), then 4–52 (Fall 1947 – March 1955) early issues Timely Comics; continued from Timely title Wacky Duck; continued as Tales of Justice #53–67 (May 1955 – Sept. 1957)
 * Kent Blake of the Secret Service #1–14 (May 1951 – July 1953)
 * Police Action #1–7 (Jan.–Nov. 1954)
 * Police Badge #479 #5 (Sept. 1955) continued from Spy Thrillers (espionage title)
 * Private Eye #1–8 (Jan. 1951 – March 1952)

Drama

 * Man Comics #1–10 (Dec. 1949 – Oct. 1951) continued as war title Man Comics
 * Rugged Action #1–4 (Dec. 1954 – June 1955) continued as Horror/fantasy/science fiction title Strange Stories of Suspense
 * True Adventures #3 (May 1950) continued from Western title True Western; continued as Men's Adventures #4–8 (Aug. 1950 – June 1951) continued as war title Men's Adventures

Espionage

 * Spy Cases #26–28 4–19 (Sept. 1950 – Oct. 1953) continued from Timely Comics' humor title The Kellys
 * Spy Fighters #1–15 (March 1951 – July 1953)
 * Spy Thrillers #1–4 (Nov. 1954 – May 1955) continued as Police Badge #479 (crime title)
 * Yellow Claw #1–4 (Oct. 1956 – April 1957)

Talking animal and other children's comics

 * Adventures of Homer Ghost #1–2 (Jan.–Aug. 1957)
 * Buck Duck #1–4 (June–Dec. 1953)
 * Cartoon Kids #1 (no date; 1957)
 * Dippy Duck #1 (Oct. 1957)
 * Homer, the Happy Ghost #1–22 (March 1955 – Nov. 1958)
 * Little Lizzie vol. 2, #1–3 (Sept. 1953 – Jan. 1954) (previous volume: Timely Comics' Little Lizzie #1–5)
 * Marvin Mouse #1 (Sept. 1957)
 * Melvin the Monster #1–6 (July 1956 – July 1957) continued as Dexter the Demon #7 (Sept. 1957)
 * Note: The above two series not supernatural, but Dennis the Menace–like

 * The Monkey and the Bear #1–3 (Sept. 1953 – Jan. 1954)
 * Wonder Duck #1–3 (Sept. 1949 – March 1950) continued as It's a Duck's Life #4–11 (Nov. 1950 – Feb. 1952)

Horror/fantasy/science fiction

 * Adventure into Mystery #1–8 (May 1956 – July 1957)
 * Adventures into Terror #43–44 (first two issues), then #3–31 (Nov. 1950 – May 1954) original numbering continued from Timely Comics' humor tile Joker
 * Adventures into Weird Worlds #1–30 (Jan. 1952 – June 1954)
 * Amazing Adventures #1–6 (June–Nov. 1961) continued as Amazing Adult Fantasy #7–14 (Dec. 1961 – July 1962) and Marvel Comics' Amazing Fantasy
 * Amazing Mysteries #32–35 (May 1949 – Jan. 1950) continued from Sub-Mariner;
 * Astonishing #3–63 (April 1951 – Aug. 1957) continued from superhero title Marvel Boy
 * Journey into Mystery #1–82 (June 1952 – July 1962) continued as a Marvel Comics superhero title
 * Journey into Unknown Worlds #36–59 (Sept. 1950 – Aug. 1957) continued from Timely Comics' teen humor series Teen Comics
 * Marvel Tales #93–159 (Aug. 1949 – Aug. 1957) continued from Timely Comics' superhero title Marvel Mystery Comics
 * Menace #1–11 (March 1953 – May 1954)
 * Men's Adventures #21–26 (May 1953 – March 1954) continued from War title Men's Adventures) continued as superhero title Men's Adventures
 * Mystery Tales #1–54 (March 1952 – Aug. 1957)
 * Mystic #1–61 (March 1951 – Aug. 1957)
 * Space Squadron #1–5 (June 1951 – Feb. 1952) continued as Space Worlds #6 (April 1952)
 * Spaceman (cover logo: Speed Carter, Spaceman) #1–6 (Sept. 1953 – June 1954)
 * Spellbound (cover logo: Stories to Hold You Spellbound) #1–34 (March 1952 – June 1957)
 * Strange Stories of Suspense #5–16 (Oct. 1955 – Aug. 1957) continued from drama title Rugged Action)
 * Strange Tales #1–100 (June 1951 – Sept. 1962); post-1961 issues Marvel Comics; series continued as a Marvel Comics superhero title
 * Strange Tales of the Unusual #1–11 (Dec. 1955 – Aug. 1957)
 * Strange Worlds #1–5 (Dec. 1958 – Aug. 1959)
 * Suspense #1–29 (Dec. 1949 – April 1953)
 * Tales of Suspense #1–38 (Jan. 1959 – Feb. 1963); post-1961 issues Marvel Comics; series continued as a Marvel Comics superhero title
 * Tales to Astonish #1–34 (Jan. 1959 – Aug. 1962); post-1961 issues Marvel Comics; series continued as a Marvel Comics superhero title
 * Uncanny Tales #1–56 (June 1952 – Sept. 1957)
 * Venus #1–19 (Aug. 1948 – April 1952) early issues Timely Comics
 * World of Fantasy #1–19 (May 1956 – Aug. 1959)
 * World of Mystery #1–7 (June 1956 – July 1957)
 * World of Suspense #1–8 (April 1956 – July 1957)

Humor (satire)

 * Crazy #1–7 (Dec. 1953 – July 1954)
 * Riot #1–6 (April 1954 – June 1956)
 * Snafu #1–3 (Nov. 1955 – March 1956)
 * Wild #1–5 (Feb. 1954 – Aug. 1954)

Humor (sitcom)

 * A Date with Millie #1–7 (Oct. 1956 – Aug. 1957)
 * A Date with Millie vol. 2, #1–7 (Oct. 1959 – Oct. 1960) continued as Life With Millie #8–20 (Dec. 1960 – Marvel Comics)
 * A Date with Patsy #1 (Sept. 1957)
 * The Adventures of Pinky Lee #1–5 (July – Dec. 1955)
 * Della Vision #1–3 (April – Aug. 1955) continued as romance title Patty Powers
 * Girls' Life (subtitled "Patsy Walker's Own Magazine for Girls") #1–6 (Jan.–Nov. 1954)
 * Hedy of Hollywood Comics #36–50 (Feb, 1950 – Sept. 1952) continued from Timely Comics' Young Allies #1–20, All Winners Comics #21, and Hedy De Vine Comics #22–35
 * Hedy Wolfe (subtitled: "Patsy Walker's Rival"; not to be confused with Hedy of Hollywood) #1 (Aug. 1957)
 * Homer Hooper #1–4 (July – Dec. 1953)
 * Kathy #1–27 (Oct. 1959 – Marvel Comics)
 * Millie the Model #1–207 (Winter 1945 – Marvel Comics)
 * My Friend Irma #3–48 (June 1950 – Feb. 1955) continued from Timely Comics' My Diary
 * My Girl Pearl #1–11 (April 1955 – April 1961)
 * Nellie the Nurse #1–36 (1945 – Oct. 1952) early issues Timely Comics)
 * Nellie the Nurse vol. 2, #1 (1957)
 * Patsy Walker #1–99 (Winter 1945 – Feb. 1962); post-1961 issues Marvel Comics
 * Patsy and Hedy #1–73 (Feb. 1952 – Dec. 1960)
 * Patsy and Her Pals #1–29 (May 1953 – Aug. 1957)
 * Sergeant Barney Barker #1–2 (Aug. – Dec. 1957) continued as War title G.I. Tales
 * Sherry the Showgirl #1–3 (July. – Dec. 1956) continued as Showgirls #4 (Feb. 1957) and Sherry the Showgirl #5–7 (April – Aug. 1957)
 * Showgirls vol. 2, #1–2 (July – Aug. 1957)
 * Wendy Parker #1–8 (July 1953 – July 1954)
 * Willie the Wiseguy #1 (Sept. 1957)

Jungle

 * Jungle Action #1–6 (Oct. 1954 – Aug. 1955; vol. 2, published in the 1970s)
 * Jungle Tales #1–7 (Sept. 1954 – Sept. 1955) continued as Jann of the Jungle #8–17 (Nov. 1955 – June 1957)
 * Lorna, the Jungle Queen #1–5 (July 1953 – Feb. 1954) continued as Lorna, the Jungle Girl #6–26 (March 1954 – Aug. 1957)

Medieval adventure

 * Black Knight #1–5 (May 1955 – April 1956)

Romance

 * Cindy Smith #39–40 (May–July 1950) continued from Timely Comics' Cindy Comics; continued as Crime title Crime Can't Win
 * Girl Confessions #13–34 (March 1952 – Aug. 1954) continued from Girl Comics. See under final category below,‘’’Miscellaneous’’’.
 * Love Adventures #1–12 (Oct. 1949–Aug. 1952; early issues Timely Comics) continued as Actual Confessions #13–14 (Oct.–Dec. 1952)
 * Love Romances #6–106 (May 1949 – July 1963) early issues Timely Comics; continued from Timely's Ideal
 * Love Tales #36–75 (May 1949 – Sept. 1957) early issues Timely Comics; continued from Timely's superhero comic The Human Torch #1–35; see note at ‘’’Superheroes’’’ below.
 * Lovers #23–86 (May 1949 – Aug. 1957) early issues Timely; continued from Timely's superhero comic Blonde Phantom
 * Meet Miss Bliss #1–4 (May 1955 – Nov. 1955) continued as Stories of Romance #5–13 (March 1956 – Aug. 1957)
 * Molly Manton's Romances #1 (Sept. 1949)
 * Romances of Molly Manton #2 (Dec. 1949)
 * My Love Story #1a9 (April 1956 – Aug. 1957)
 * My Own Romance #4–76 (March 1949 – July 1960) continued from Timely Comics' My Romance; continued as Teen-age Romance #77–86 (Sept. 1960 – March 1962; post-#82 Marvel Comics)
 * Patty Powers #4–7 (Oct. 1955 – Oct. 1956) continued from Humor title Della Vision
 * Secret Story Romances #1–21 (Nov. 1953 – March 1956) continued as True Tales of Love #22–31 (April 1956 – Sept. 1957)
 * The Romances of Nurse Helen Grant #1 (Aug. 1957)
 * True Secrets #3–40 (March 1950 – Sept. 1956) continued from Timely Comics' Our Love

Sports

 * Sports Action #2–14 (Feb. 1950 – Sept. 1952) continued from Timely Comics' Sport Stars

Superheroes

 * Captain America #76–78 (May–Sept. 1954) continued from Timely Comics' Captain America Comics and Captain America's Weird Tales
 * The Human Torch #36–38 (April–Aug. 1954) continued from its Timely Comics run, despite its numbering having been taken over by the Romance title Love Tales
 * Marvel Boy #1–2 (Dec. 1950 – Feb. 1951) continued as Horror title Astonishing, in which Marvel Boy stars from #3–6.
 * Men's Adventures #27–28 (May–July 1954) continued from Horror title Men's Adventures
 * Sub-Mariner #33–42 (April 1954 – Oct. 1955) continued from Timely Comics' Sub-Mariner Comics
 * Young Men #24–28 (Dec. 1953 – June 1954) continued from Misc. title Young Men

War

 * 3-D Action #1 (Jan. 1954)
 * Battle #1–70 (March 1951 – June 1960)
 * Battle Action #1–30 (Feb. 1952 – Aug. 1957)
 * Battle Ground (first four issues Battle–Ground) #1–20 (Sept. 1954 – Sept.1957)
 * Battlefield #1–11 (April 1952 – May 1953)
 * Battlefront #1–48 (June 1952 – Aug. 1957)
 * Combat #1–11 (June 1952 – April 1953)
 * Combat Kelly #1–44 (Nov. 1951 – Aug. 1957)
 * Commando Adventures #1–2 (June–Aug. 1957)
 * Devil-Dog Dugan #1–3 (July–Nov. 1956) continued as Tales of the Marines #4 (Feb. 1957) and Marines at War #5–7 (April–Aug. 1957)
 * G.I. Tales #4–6 (Feb.–July 1957) continued from humor title Sergeant Barney Barker)
 * Man Comics #11–28 (Dec. 1951 – Sept. 1953) continued from Drama title Man Comics)
 * Marines in Action #1–14 (June 1955 – Sept. 1957)
 * Marines in Battle #1–25 (Aug. 1954 – Sept. 1958)
 * Men in Action #1–9 (April–Dec. 1952) continued as Battle Brady #10–14 (Jan.–June 1953)
 * Men's Adventures #9–20 (Aug. 1951 – April 1953) continued from Drama title Men's Adventures; continued as horror title Men's Adventures
 * Navy Action #1–11 (Aug. 1954 – April 1956); Sailor Sweeney #12–14 (June–Nov. 1956); and Navy Action #15–18 (Jan.–Aug. 1957)
 * Navy Combat #1–20 (June 1955 – Oct. 1958)
 * Navy Tales #1–4 (Jan.–July 1957)
 * War Action #1–14 (April 1952 – June 1953)
 * War Adventures #1–13 (Jan. 1952 – Feb. 1953)
 * War Combat #1–5 (March–Nov. 1952) continued as Combat Casey #6–34 (Jan. 1953 – July 1957)
 * War Comics #1–49 (Dec. 1950 – Sept. 1957)

Western

 * 3-D Tales of the West #1 (Jan. 1954)
 * All Western Winners #2–4 (Winter 1948 – April 1949)
 * continued from Timely Comics' All Winners Comics vol. 2, #1;
 * continued as Western Winners #5–7 (June 1949 – Dec. 1949)
 * continued as Black Rider #8–27 (March 1950 – March 1955)
 * continued as Western Tales of Black Rider #28–31 (May 1955 – Nov. 1955)
 * continued as Gunsmoke Western #32–77 (Dec. 1955 – July 1963)
 * Annie Oakley #1–11 (Spring–Nov. 1948; June 1955 – June 1956)
 * Arizona Kid #1–6 (March 1951 – Jan. 1952)
 * Arrowhead #1–4 (April 1954 – Nov. 1954)
 * Billy Buckskin Western #1–3 (Nov. 1955 – March 1956) continued as 2-Gun Western #4 (May 1956) and Two-Gun Western #5–12 (July 1956 – Sept. 1957) See also Two Gun Western
 * The Black Rider Rides Again! #1 (Sept. 1957) See also Black Rider, above
 * Frontier Western #1–10 (Feb. 1956 – August 1957)
 * The Gunhawk #12–18 (Nov. 1950 – Dec. 1951) continued from successive Timely Comics titles Blaze Carson, Rex Hart, and Whip Wilson
 * Kid Colt, Hero of the West #1–2 (Aug.–Oct. 1948) continued as Kid Colt, Outlaw #3–229 (Dec. 1948 – Marvel Comics)
 * The Kid from Dodge City #1–2 (July–Sept. 1957)
 * The Kid from Texas #1–2 (July–Aug. 1957)
 * Matt Slade, Gunfighter #1–4 (May–Nov. 1956) continued as Kid Slade, Gunfighter #5–8 (Jan.–July 1957)
 * Outlaw Fighters #1–5 (Aug. 1954 – April 1955)
 * The Outlaw Kid #1–19 (Sept. 1954 – Sept. 1957)
 * Rawhide Kid #1–16, 17–25 (March 1955 – Sept. 1957; Aug. 1960 – Dec. 1961); post-1961 issues Marvel Comics
 * Red Warrior #1–6 (Jan.–Dec. 1951)
 * Reno Browne, Hollywood's Greatest Cowgirl #50–52 (April–Sept. 1950; continued from Timely Comics' Margie; continued as The Apache Kid #53 (Dec. 1950); Apache Kid #2–19 (Feb. 1951 – Jan. 1952; Dec. 1954 – April 1956) and Western Gunfighters #20–27 (June 1956 – Aug. 1957)
 * Ringo Kid Western #1–4 (Aug. 1954 – Feb. 1955) continued as Ringo Kid #5–21 (April 1955 – Sept. 1957)
 * Six-Gun Western #1–4 (Jan.–July 1957)
 * Texas Kid #1–10 (Jan. 1951 – July 1952)
 * True Western #1–2 (Dec. 1949 – March 1950) continued as drama title True Adventures
 * Two-Gun Kid #1–59 (March 1948 – April 1961); early issues Timely Comics
 * Two Gun Western #5–14 (Nov. 1950 – June 1952) continued from Timely Comics' Crime title Casey – Crime Photographer
 * Western Kid #1–17 (Dec. 1954 – Aug. 1957)
 * Western Outlaws #1–21 (Feb. 1954 – Aug. 1957)
 * Western Outlaws & Sheriffs #60–73 (Dec. 1949 – June 1952) continued from Timely Comics' Best Western
 * Western Thrillers #1–4 (Nov. 1954 – Feb. 1955) continued as Cowboy Action #5–11 (March 1955 – March 1956) and Quick-Trigger Western #12–19 (May 1956 – Sept. 1957)
 * Western Trails #1–2 (May–July 1957)
 * Wild Western #3–57 (September 1948 – September 1957) continued from Timely Comics' Wild West; early issues Timely Comics
 * Wyatt Earp #1–29 (Nov. 1955 – June 1960) continued as 1970s Marvel Comics reprint title

Miscellaneous

 * Bible Tales for Young Folk #1–5 (Aug. 1953 – March 1954)
 * Girl Comics #1–12 (Oct. 1949 – Jan. 1952) continued as Romance title Girl Confessions.
 * Miss America Magazine (renamed Miss America starting with issue #46, July 1952) #1–93 (Jan. 1944 – Nov. 1958; 126 issues with inconsistent volume numbering); note: variously, and at times overlapping, a superhero, romance and humor title.
 * World's Greatest Songs #1 (Sept. 1954)
 * Young Men #4–23 (June 1950 – Oct. 1953) continued from Timely Comics' Cowboy Romances; note: cover title is Young Men on the Battlefield! #12–20) continued as Superhero title Young Men.

Note: The romance title Linda Carter, Student Nurse #1–9 (Sept. 1961 – Jan. 1963), sometimes grouped together with Atlas Comics, chronologically falls within Marvel, and all covers have the "MC" box.

title: Atlas Comics (1950s)


text:
File:Pridebox-Melbourne.jpg

Summary
An example of a PRIDE timetable and emergency "Talking Box", on the Melbourne suburban rail network. Photographed at East Camberwell railway station.

Author: Evan Cottle (User: Snippet1) Full Image

title: File:Pridebox-Melbourne.jpg


text: Talk:Timothy Walker (actor)

title: Talk:Timothy Walker (actor)


text:
Talk:Radio France

[Untitled]
New Radio France logo: http://img291.imageshack.us/my.php?image=logoradiofrance3qe.jpg
 * 2005-10-14T17:00:46 Special:Contributions/Alsop

Logo
Changed Radio France Logo to 2006 version - sourced from French Wikipedia --Mgill 06:41, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Radio France. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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ALL Radio France Live Streams

 * https://www.radiofrance.fr/data/streams XMLHttpRequest
 * .... 0mtwb9gd5wx (talk) 07:18, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Radio France


text:
Pyramid (disambiguation)

A pyramid is a structure with triangular lateral surfaces converging to an apex.

Pyramid may also refer to:

Anatomy and medicine

 * Petrous part of the temporal bone, the pyramid
 * Pyramid (brainstem), the anterior part of medulla oblongata

Games and sport

 * Pyramid (solitaire), a card game
 * Pyramid (drinking game), a card game that is most commonly used as a drinking game
 * Puzzling Pyramid, magnetic puzzle game released in 1960.
 * Pyramid (video game), a 1990s Nintendo game by American Video Entertainment
 * Pyramid 2000, a 1980s TRS-80 Color Computer interactive fiction text game based on the Colossal Cave Adventure
 * Human pyramid, a vertically oriented, triangular or pyramid-shaped formation of people
 * Pyramid pool, or pyramids, a cue sport played mainly in the 19th century
 * Russian pyramid, known as "pyramid", a pool/snooker type game
 * League system, a hierarchy of leagues in a given sport
 * Pyramid, a three-dimensional chess variant
 * Pyramid, a fictional sport in the science-fiction TV show  Battlestar Galactica

Television and film

 * Several television game shows with the same format, created by Bob Stewart and now controlled by Sony Pictures Television:
 * Pyramid (game show), the United States versions since 1973, including The $25,000 Pyramid and Junior Pyramid
 * Pyramid (Australian game show), a children's quiz show in Australia since 2009, based on the U.S. Junior Partner Pyramid
 * The PyraMMMid, 2011 crime film
 * The Pyramid (film), 2014 horror film
 * The Pyramid (TV series), a Croatian weekly talk and debate competition television show begun in 2004
 * "The Pyramid", a 1978 episode of The Bionic Woman

Publications and publishing

 * Pyramid (magazine), a gaming magazine
 * Pyramids (novel), a 1989 Terry Pratchett book of the Discworld series
 * The Pyramid (Golding novel), a 1967 novel by William Golding
 * The Pyramid (Kadare novel), a 1995 Albanian novel by Ismail Kadare
 * The Pyramid (short stories), by Henning Mankell, published first as Pyramiden in Swedish in 1999 and afterwards in English in 2008
 * Pyramid Books, a publishing company

Music

 * Pyramid Rock Festival, in Victoria, Australia

Bands, groups

 * Pyramid (band), an American experimental, indie-rock band from North Carolina and active since the early 2000s
 * Pyramids, an American experimental group on Hydra Head Records in the 2000s, from Texas, that released their eponymous 2008 debut album Pyramids (album)
 * The Pyramids (band), an American surf rock group in the 1960s, from California
 * The Pyramids, a jazz and world music group formed in the 1970s and led by Idris Ackamoor
 * Symarip, a British reggae group also known as The Pyramids, active from the 1960s to the 1970s
 * Starfucker, an indie-electronica band from Oregon, started in 2007 as Pyramid or Pyramiddd

Albums

 * Pyramids (album), the 2008 debut studio album of the American experimental group Pyramids
 * Pyramid (The Alan Parsons Project album), 1978
 * Pyramid (Modern Jazz Quartet album), 1960
 * Pyramid (Cannonball Adderley album), 1974
 * Pyramid (Lee Konitz album)

Songs

 * "Pyramid" (song), by Charice
 * "Pyramids" (song), by Frank Ocean
 * "Pyramid", a song by Wolfmother on the album Wolfmother
 * "Pyramid", a song by Two Door Cinema Club
 * "Pyramid", an instrumental song by Incognito (band)

Canada

 * The Pyramid (British Columbia), a lava dome in British Columbia
 * Pyramid Mountain (Wells Gray-Clearwater), a subglacial mound in British Columbia
 * Pyramid Lake (Alberta)

United States

 * Pyramid, Illinois, an unincorporated community
 * Pyramid, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Pyramid, Nevada, an unincorporated community
 * Pyramid Lake (El Dorado County, California)
 * Pyramid Lake (Los Angeles County, California)
 * Pyramid Lake (Nevada)
 * Pyramid Peak (disambiguation)
 * Pyramid Rock (New Mexico), a landform

Elsewhere

 * The Egyptian Pyramids, especially the Pyramids at Giza
 * Pyramids (Bathgate), a land sculpture in West Lothian, Scotland
 * The Pyramids, a rock formation at Victory Beach, New Zealand
 * The Pyramid (Chatham Islands), a small island in the Chatham Islands, New Zealand
 * The Pyramid (Antarctica), a distinctive peak in Victoria Land, Antarctica
 * The Pyramid (Graham Land), a peak in Graham Land, Antarctica
 * Pyramid, Maribor, a low hill in the city of Maribor, Slovenia
 * Great Pyramid of Cholula, Mexico
 * Pyramiden, an abandoned Soviet coal mining settlement on the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard

Transport

 * Pyramid Road, United States
 * Pyramids Road, Australia
 * Pyramid railway station, Australia

Buildings

 * Louvre Pyramid (Pyramide du Louvre), one large and three smaller glass and metal pyramids in the main courtyard of the Louvre Palace in Paris, France
 * Portsmouth Pyramids Centre, a leisure complex in the UK
 * Memphis Pyramid, in Memphis, Tennessee
 * The Pyramids (Indianapolis), an office development in Indiana
 * Walter Pyramid (formerly Long Beach Pyramid), a stadium in California

In business

 * Pyramid scheme, a non-sustainable business model
 * Pyramid Breweries, a brewing company headquartered in Seattle, Washington
 * Pyramid Building Society, an Australian company which collapsed in 1990
 * Pyramid Technology, a defunct computer company based in California from 1981 to 1995
 * The Pyramid Companies, an American shopping mall developer founded in 1970

Science and technology

 * Pyramid (geometry), a polyhedron formed by connecting a polygonal base and a point, called the apex
 * Pyramid (image processing), a type of multi-scale signal representation
 * Pyramid (web framework), an open source web application framework written in Python
 * The codename of a project aiming to rewrite Microsoft Word from scratch
 * Ecological pyramid

Other uses

 * A type of organizational structure
 * Hierarchy

title: Pyramid (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Sad 741

Welcome, from Journalist Welcome to Wikipedia!

Hello. My name is Orane (but I go by the name 'Journalist' on Wikipedia) and I am one of Wikipedia's Administrators. I just stopped by to say Hi and to formally welcome you to Wikipedia. Thank you for your awesome contributions so far. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. I know that being here for the first few days may be a bit confusing, but you'll get used to it pretty soon.

Here are a few good links for newcomers. I know that they can be boring, but I recommend that you take a look at them:
 * Policies and guidelines
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! You can come to my talk page if you have any questions. If Im online, I will definitely respond. If I'm offline, you can go to Where to ask a question. Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~) ; this will automatically produce your name and the date. Again, welcome! Come say Hi! Or an  e    (t)   (c)   (@)  00:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sad 741


text: Wikipedia:Copyright problems/2005 October 15