text:
The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel

The Desert Fox is a 1951 American biographical war film from 20th Century Fox about the role of German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in World War II. It stars James Mason in the title role, was directed by Henry Hathaway, and was based on the book Rommel: The Desert Fox by Brigadier Desmond Young, who served in the British Indian Army in North Africa.

The movie played a significant role in the creation of the Rommel myth: that Rommel was an apolitical, brilliant commander, opposed Nazi policies and was a victim of the Third Reich because of his participation in the conspiracy to remove Adolf Hitler from power in 1944.

The black and white format facilitated the use of large sections of actual documentary footage of World War II throughout the film. Finnish president and Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim's personal Mercedes-Benz 770, a gift received from Adolf Hitler, was used as a prop car during the film's shooting.

Plot
In November 1941 a British commando unit deploys from a submarine off the North African coast. Its mission is to raid the headquarters of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and assassinate the “Desert Fox”. There are heavy casualties on both sides, but Rommel is not among them. He is recovering from nasal diphtheria in a hospital in Germany.

A phone call from Adolf Hitler promptly returns him to his Afrika Korps command, with the British Eighth Army under General Bernard Montgomery poised to counterattack the Axis forces in the Second Battle of El Alamein. Without adequate supplies, weapons, fuel, or men, Rommel is ordered by Hitler to hold fast and fight to the last man. He questions the outrageous directive, initially attributing it to the “clowns“ surrounding Hitler in Berlin, and demands it be re-transmitted again. Receiving the same message, he crumples it with the intention of disregarding the command.

Rommel again falls ill and is returned to Germany, where he is hospitalized. An old family friend, Dr. Karl Strölin, Lord Mayor of Stuttgart, visits him to request he join a group of dissidents plotting to overthrow Hitler. Rommel strongly resists.

After his recuperation, Rommel is transferred to Western Europe, where he is placed in charge of completing the Atlantic Wall. After inspection, he realizes its defenses are inadequate to protect against an Allied invasion. He and his superior, Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, are handicapped by Hitler's astrology-based belief that the real invasion will come at Calais. As a result, the D-Day landings at Normandy are successful, and a broad beachhead is secured. Hitler then compounds his error by refusing to release troops and tanks desperately needed to halt the Allies, and again forbids an orderly retreat to set up a strong defense in depth.

Rommel then risks broaching the topic of a conspiracy against Hitler with von Rundstedt. The older man refuses to commit, but wishes Rommel success with the plot, indicating he expects Rommel to be named his successor within 24 hours.

Immediately after, Rommel is seriously injured when his staff car is strafed by an Allied plane; once again he spends an extended recuperation at home.

On July 20 Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg plants a bomb at Hitler's feet during a meeting of the general staff at the Wolf's Lair. It detonates with severe casualties, but Hitler survives. Thousands suspected of complicity in the attack are tracked down and executed.

An official silence surrounds Rommel, but evidence of his secret participation is gathered. Soon after, General Wilhelm Burgdorf is sent by Hitler to charge Rommel with treason, instructed to offer the beloved national hero a choice between sure conviction, destruction of his reputation, and death by garrote, or an immediate but painless suicide (with his passing attributed to cumulative war wounds), along with the promise that his wife and son will be well looked after. The veiled threat to their welfare should Rommel insist on a public trial, cinches his decision.

He bids a stoic farewell to his wife, who promises to explain the choice to their son. Rommel then climbs into a staff car to meet his fate at a secluded spot.

A voiceover of an actor reciting a speech British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered to the House of Commons in praise of Rommel for his chivalry in battle, tactical genius, and courageous stance against Hitler leads to the credits.

Cast

 * James Mason as Field Marshal Erwin Johannes Rommel
 * Cedric Hardwicke as Dr. Karl Strölin
 * Jessica Tandy as Frau Lucie Rommel
 * Luther Adler as Adolf Hitler
 * Everett Sloane as General Wilhelm Burgdorf
 * Leo G. Carroll as Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt
 * George Macready as General Fritz Bayerlein
 * Richard Boone as Captain Hermann Aldinger
 * Eduard Franz as Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg
 * Desmond Young as Lieutenant Colonel Desmond Young
 * Michael Rennie Narrator
 * Paul Cavanagh as Lt. Col. Caesar von Hofacker (uncredited)
 * John Hoyt as Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (uncredited)
 * Walter Kingsford as Vice Admiral Friedrich Ruge (uncredited)
 * John Goldsworthy as General Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel (uncredited)

Production
The film was based on a book by British army officer and North African Campaign veteran Desmond Young (a lieutenant colonel whose life was effectively personally spared by Rommel's insistence on military law being scrupulously adhered to, depicted early in the film) that sold some 175,000 copies in Britain.

In February 1950, even before the book was published, it was announced that Nunnally Johnson of Fox was leading the negotiations to obtain the film rights to the book. Johnson would write and produce and Kirk Douglas was the first star mentioned.

Johnson eventually made the film as the first part of his new five-year contract with Fox. He normally took ten weeks to write a script but said this one took him eight months because it was so complex, and involved many people who were still alive. While writing it he says the British were generally positive (Rommel had a very high reputation in Britain) but there was some controversy in the US about a Hollywood studio making a sympathetic biography about a German general.

Johnson later said, "If Rommel hadn't been involved in the plot against Hitler, this screenplay wouldn't have been written. Circumstances allowed Rommel to be a pretty good fellow because there were no civilians involved in the North Africa campaigns. I have tried to write the script with detachment. There is no effort to solicit sympathy for him, except in the final sequence. There are the circumstances as he says goodbye to his wife and son to go to his death [which] would undoubtedly create sympathy for any man. Rommel was a very limited man intellectually. His problem was a conflict of loyalties. He followed a false god and when he found that out he risked being a traitor."

In January 1951 Henry Hathaway, who had signed to direct, left to shoot second unit footage in Germany and North Africa. Richard Widmark was being talked about as a possible Rommel.

In February 1951, James Mason signed to play Rommel. Mason's career had been on a downward slide since he moved to the US from Britain and he had lobbied Darryl F. Zanuck to play the role and was so keen to do it he agreed to sign a long-term contract with Fox, to make one film a year for seven years.

The movie was one of the first to use a cold open.

Reception
The film was very popular in Britain, despite scattered protests (as explained below).

Role in Rommel myth
The movie played a significant role in the Rommel myth, a view that the Field Marshal was an apolitical, brilliant commander. From 1941, it was picked up and disseminated in the West by the British press, as it sought to explain its continued inability to defeat the Axis forces in North Africa.

After the war, the Western Allies, and particularly the British, depicted Rommel as the "good German" and "our friend Rommel". His reputation for conducting a clean war was used for the West German rearmament as well as reconciliation between the former enemies – Britain and the United States on one side and the new Federal Republic on the other.

They portrayed Rommel sympathetically, as a loyal, humane soldier and a firm opponent of Hitler's policies. The movie plays up Rommel's role in the conspiracy against Hitler but leaves Rommel's early association with the dictator largely implied. Critical and public reception in the US was muted, but the movie was a success in Britain, along with a less-known 1953 movie, The Desert Rats, in which Mason reprised his portrayal of Rommel.

The movie proved one of the suitable tools for the reconciliation among the former enemies. British popular knowledge at that time focused on the reconstruction of the fighting in that theatre of war, almost to the exclusion of all others. The Desert Fox helped in creating an image of the German army that would be acceptable to the British public.

The film received nearly-universally positive reviews in Britain, but protests at the movie theatres broke out in Vienna and Milan. Basil Liddell Hart, who later edited Rommel's wartime writings into the 1953 book The Rommel Papers, watched the movie with other high-ranking British officers, and reported being

title: The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel


text: Talk:Aurèle Joliat

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Aurèle Joliat


text:
Municipal wireless network

A municipal wireless network is a citywide wireless network. This usually works by providing municipal broadband via Wi-Fi to large parts or all of a municipal area by deploying a wireless mesh network. The typical deployment design uses hundreds of wireless access points deployed outdoors, often on poles. The operator of the network acts as a wireless internet service provider.

Overview
Municipal wireless networks go far beyond the existing piggybacking opportunities available near public libraries and some coffee shops. The basic premise of carpeting an area with wireless service in urban centers is that it is more economical to the community to provide the service as a utility rather than to have individual households and businesses pay private firms for such a service. Such networks are capable of enhancing city management and public safety, especially when used directly by city employees in the field. They can also be a social service to those who cannot afford private high-speed services. When the network service is free and a small number of clients consume a majority of the available capacity, operating and regulating the network might prove difficult.

In 2003, Verge Wireless formed an agreement with Tropos Networks to build a municipal wireless networks in the downtown area of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Carlo MacDonald, the founder of Verge Wireless, suggested that it could provide cities a way to improve economic development and developers to build mobile applications that can make use of faster bandwidth. Verge Wireless built networks for Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and other areas. Some applications include wireless security cameras, police mug shot software, and location-based advertising.

In 2007, some companies with existing cell sites offered high-speed wireless services where the laptop owner purchased a PC card or adapter based on EV-DO cellular data receivers or WiMAX rather than 802.11b/g. A few high-end laptops at that time featured built-in support for these newer protocols. WiMAX is designed to implement a metropolitan area network (MAN) while 802.11 is designed to implement a wireless local area network (LAN). However, the use of cellular networks is expensive for the consumers, as they are often on limited data plans.

In the 2010s larger cities embraced the smart city concept to tackle problems such as traffic congestion, crime, encouraging economic growth, responding to the effects of climate change and improving the delivery of city services. However, by 2018 it has become clear that the private sector could not be relied upon to build up city-wide wireless networks to meet the smart city objectives of municipal governments and public utility providers.

Finance
The construction of municipal wireless networks is a significant part of their lifetime costs. Usually, a private firm works with local government to construct a network and operate it. Financing is usually shared by both the private firm and the municipal government. Once operational, the service may be free to users via public finance or advertising, or may be a paid service. Among deployed networks, usage as measured by number of distinct users has been shown to be moderate to light. Private firms serving multiple cities sometimes maintain an account for each user, and allow the user a limited amount of mobile service in the cities covered. As of 2007 some Muni WiFi deployments are delayed as the private and public partners negotiate the business model and financing.

Corporate city-wide wireless networks
Google WiFi is entirely funded by Google. Despite a failed attempt to provide citywide WiFi through a partnership with internet service provider Earthlink in 2007, the company claims that they are working to provide a wireless network for the city of San Francisco, California, although there is no specified completion date. Some other projects that are still in the planning stages have pared back their planned coverage from 100% of a municipal area to only densely commercially zoned areas. One of the most ambitious planned projects is to provide wireless service throughout Silicon Valley, but the winner of the bid seems ready to request that the 40 cities involved help cover more of the cost, which has raised concerns that the project will ultimately be too slow to market to be a success. Advances in technology in 2005–2007 may allow wireless community network projects to offer a viable alternative. Such projects have an advantage in that, as they do not have to negotiate with government entities, they have no contractual obligations for coverage. A promising example is Meraki's demonstration in San Francisco, which already claims 20,000 distinct users as of October 2007.

In 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo also provided free wireless to select regions in the United States. Yahoo's free WiFi was made available for one year to the Times Square area in New York City beginning November 10, 2009. Microsoft made free WiFi available to select airports and hotels across the United States, in exchange for one search on the Bing search engine by the user.

The City of Adelaide in South Australia in collaboration with the South Australian Government operate a meshed network "Adelaide Free WIFI. For the past five years the network attracts some 8,000 daily users as the networks popularity continues to grow despite the proliferation of 4G technology.

Criticism and externalities
Municipal wireless networks face opposition from telecommunications providers, particularly in the United States, South Africa, India and the European Union. In the 2000s telecommunications providers argued that it is neither economical nor legal for municipal governments to own or operate such businesses. The dominant type of wireless networks are the private wireless local area networks (WLANs), for which individuals or businesses pay a subscription to a local carrier. In 2006 the US Federal Trade Commission expressed concerns about such private-public partnerships as trending towards a franchise monopoly. Within the United States, providing a municipal wireless network was not recognized as a priority. Some have argued that the benefits of public approach may exceed the costs, similar to cable television.

In the early 2010s concerns were articulated that a considerable percentage of the world population did not have access to affordable Internet access. Despite the growing digitalization of business and government services, 37 percent of the European and 22 percent of the north American population did not have affordable access to the Internet in 2009. Because local governments and municipalities in rural economiess either could not fund wireless networks or did not consider it a priority, numerous communities across the world have built and funded autonomous community wireless networks (CWNs), taking advantage of the free 2.4 GHz spectrum and open source software.

The former New York state politician and lobbyist Thomas M. Reynolds argues that unintended externalities are possible as a result of local governments providing Internet service to their constituents. A private service provider could choose to offer limited or no service to a region if that region's largest city opted to provide free Internet service, thus eliminating the potential customer base. The private sector receives no money from taxpayers, so there isn't competition. The lack of competition prevents other municipalities in that region from benefiting from the services of the private provider. The smaller public municipalities would at the same time not benefit from the free service provided by the larger city because it is designed to be subsidized by taxpayers and not concerned about the maximization of profits. The broadband provided by the government isn't largely supported to create an income on top of the private sector not being competed with enough to make a profit. Thus, making both municipal wireless networks anticompetitive.

Cities with municipal wireless service
In many cases several points or areas are covered, without blanket area coverage.

Africa

 * Gaborone, Botswana - rolling out free Wi-Fi to the whole city.
 * Francistown also the city of Botswana has the same initiative.
 * Luxor, Egypt - pilot, paid service in tourist areas
 * Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt - pilot, paid service, tourist areas, EgyNet
 * Johannesburg - City of Johannesburg is currently rolling out free Wi-Fi to many suburbs as well as the city center.
 * Pretoria - South Africa the City of Tswhane has offered its free Wi-Fi to residents around the City, TshWi-Fi
 * Mombasa, Kenya

China
Free public WiFi in tourist areas of big cities, railway stations, airports, and governmental facilities in Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Harbin, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Kunming, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Wuxi, Nanjing, Xi'an, Chengdu, Chongqing, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Foshan, Dalian, Changchun, Qingdao, Yantai, Dongguan, Macau, Huangshan, Hefei, Guiyang, and Guangzhou
 * Hong Kong - most are subscribed, paid services, but free service in selected governmental facilities is also available
 * Shanghai - city network in tourist areas, governmental facilities, and the districts of Jiading, Minhang, Pudong, Songjiang, Baoshan, and Puxi are covered. Public WiFi in various shopping malls, restaurants, stores, along with Pudong Airport, Hongqiao Airport, and all railway stations.
 * Beijing - Citywide network covers most districts, including downtown, along with public WiFi by stores, shopping malls, and restaurants, along with Government Facilities, transportation centers, and Beijing Capital International Airport.
 * Tianjin - Citywide network, along with Tourist areas and railway stations including Tianjin Binhai International Airport
 * Harbin - Network in downtown, railway stations, Shopping malls, and Harbin Taiping International Airport
 * Shenyang - Railway Stations, Tourist Areas, Shopping malls, and Shenyang Taoxian International Airport
 * Shenzhen - Limited to Downtown, Tourist areas, Shopping malls, railway stations, and Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport
 * Hangzhou - Downtown WiFi, tourist areas, railway stations, and Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport
 * Suzhou - Downtown WiFi, tourist areas, and railway stations.
 * Wuxi - Sunan Shuofang International Airport, Downtown, Tourist areas, railway stations, and shopping malls.
 * Nanjing - Downtown, along with full district coverage, tourist areas, Railway stations, shopping malls, plazas, and Nanjing Lukou International Airport
 * Xi'an - Downtown, tourist areas, railway stations, shopping malls, and Xi'an Xianyang International Airport
 * Chengdu - Coverage in many areas, including downtown, plazas, and tourist areas, including Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
 * Chongqing - Downtown coverage, railway stations, tourist areas, and Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport
 * Fuzhou - Coverage in downtown, railway stations, tourist areas, and Fuzhou Changle International Airport
 * Ningbo - Tourist areas, railway stations, tourist areas, and Ningbo Lishe International Airport
 * Foshan - Downtown Coverage, Tourist Areas, railway stations, and Foshan Shadi Airport
 * Dalian - Downtown Coverage, railway stations, tourist areas, and Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport
 * Changchun - Downtown coverage, railway stations, tourist areas, shopping malls, and Changchun Longjia International Airport
 * Qingdao - Downtown coverage, railway stations, tourist areas, shopping malls, and Qingdao Liuting International Airport
 * Yantai - Downtown coverage, railway stations, tourist areas, shopping malls, and Yantai Penglai International Airport
 * Dongguan - Downtown coverage, railway stations, tourist areas, shopping malls, and plazas, including shops, and communities.
 * Macau - Downtown Coverage, including transportation centers, tourist areas, shopping malls, and Macau International Airport
 * Huangshan - Downtown Coverage, including transportation centers, tourist areas, shopping malls, and Huangshan Tunxi International Airport
 * Hefei - Downtown Coverage, including transportation centers, tourist areas, shopping malls, and Hefei Xinqiao International Airport
 * Guiyang - Downtown Coverage, including transportation centers, tourist areas, shopping malls, and Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport
 * Guangzhou - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport
 * Wuhan - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Wuhan Tianhe International Airport
 * Jinan - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport
 * Ordos - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Ordos Ejin Horo Airport
 * Xiamen - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport
 * Zhengzhou - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport
 * Changsha - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Changsha Huanghua International Airport
 * Shijiazhuang - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport
 * Nanning - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Nanning Wuxu International Airport
 * Luoyang - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Luoyang Beijiao Airport
 * Haikou - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Haikou Meilan International Airport
 * Xuzhou - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Xuzhou Guanyin Airport
 * Nanchang - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Nanchang Changbei International Airport
 * Changzhou - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Changzhou Benniu Airport
 * Guilin - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Guilin Liangjiang International Airport
 * Zhuhai - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Zhuhai Jinwan Airport
 * Wenzhou - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Wenzhou Longwan International Airport
 * Tangshan - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Tangshan Sannühe Airport
 * Lanzhou - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Lanzhou Zhongchuan International Airport
 * Xuzhou - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Xuzhou Guanyin Airport
 * Changsha - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Changsha Huanghua International Airport
 * Tangshan - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Tangshan Sannühe Airport
 * Nantong - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Nantong Xingdong Airport
 * Taiyuan - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Taiyuan Wusu International Airport
 * Shantou - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Jieyang Chaoshan International Airport
 * Yangzhou - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Yangzhou Taizhou Airport
 * Quanzhou - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport
 * Kaifeng - Downtown Coverage
 * Yichang - Downtown Coverage, tourist areas, transportation centers, shopping malls, and Yichang Sanxia Airport

Nearly all cities have free WiFi coverage, hosted either by their local service carrier, or city government, all railway stations in China have free WiFi, along with all Airports.

Taiwan

 * Taiwan - iTaiwan, Free wifi covering government office, tourism attractions, transportation service area, constructed by the National Development Council.
 * Taipei - Taipei Free Public Wi-Fi and paid service Wifly by Q-Ware Communications, Inc.
 * New Taipei - free service in specific public areas in the city

India

 * Ahmedabad - Reliance Jio started free 4G services in select areas
 * Bangalore - free coverage of M.G. Road and Brigade Road.
 * Delhi - free Wi-Fi service in Delhi's Khan Market (August 2014), free WiFi service in Delhi's Connaught Place (November 2014), free Wi-Fi service at New Delhi Railway Station (December 2014)
 * Greater Noida — paid, operated by Maksat Technologies (P) Ltd.
 * Kolkata, India - free 4G service by Reliance Jio
 * Faridabad, India - paid Wi-Fi Internet services being deployed by CSC E-governance Services in all Village Gram Panchayats
 * Puducherry, India - paid Wi-Fi Internet services being deployed by CSC E-governance Services in all Village Gram Panchayats
 * Jharkhand, India - paid Wi-Fi Internet services being deployed by CSC E-governance Services in all Village Gram Panchayats

Nepal

 * Kathmandu - Paid services through multiple providers such as wlink, NTC

Pakistan
https://propakistani.pk/2014/09/22/telenor-launches-wifi-hotspots-in-karachi/ https://wifispc.com/pakistan
 * Islamabad - Free PTCL Char G WiFi for Metro Bus, stations and routes.
 * Lahore - Free Wifi service in all city.
 * Rawalpindi - Free WiFi Service.
 * Multan - Free WiFi Service.
 * Karachi - Free Telenor WiFi

Cambodia

 * Phnom Penh - WiCam, Ltd.

Indonesia

 * Malang - Indoken Wireless offers roaming connectivity, T-Fi Beta offers connectivity on public transportation, free access at resource centers.

Malaysia

 * Kuala Lumpur - free, Wireless@KL covering major commercial areas.
 * Penang, - Penang Free Wi-Fi started in 2009, covers some commercial spots in the state, mostly on Penang Island.
 * Port Dickson
 * Sarawak - paid deConnexion available in most business districts in major towns in the state of Sarawak.
 * Kota Kinabalu - free through KK City WiFi starting from 2017 for local residents and tourists. Each user is entitled to 10GB of quota with no time limit every day.

Philippines

 * Balanga, Bataan - free in downtown and several tourist attractions
 * Bogo, Cebu - free WiFi service in most government facilities provided by the city government and ICT Office.
 * Calbayog, Samar - downtown area

Singapore

 * Singapore - free, Wireless@SG with more than 5,000 hotspots

Thailand

 * Bangkok - free service for Bangkok citizens provided by True Corporation.

Vietnam

 * Hạ Long
 * Hội An
 * Da Nang
 * Huế

Austria

 * Vienna - free service around the city through the city lights, at major train stations, and in the Vienna International Airport

Belgium

 * Brussels - UrbiZone covers some institutions for higher education, administration buildings, and public hospitals.

Bulgaria

 * Plovdiv - free throughout the city center and some of the city's outskirts.

Croatia

 * Samobor - paid & free service by NGO SMBWireless.
 * Velika Gorica - free in the city center and nearby villages as a part of e-Gorica.

Estonia

 * Tallinn - Tiigrihüpe free WiFi covers the capital city Tallinn and most of the country.

Finland

 * Helsinki - free, city-operated network in the city center
 * Oulu - free panOULU service.

France

 * Paris - free in many parks and in municipal libraries, museums, and public places. Some suburbs do as well.

Germany

 * Munich - several areas downtown
 * Stuttgart - service along the main shopping street Königstraße and a few other locations.
 * Karlsruhe - most of the city center and several areas in the outer skirts.

Greece

 * Heraklion - free, city-operated network, covers major city squares and roads.
 * Lagkadas - free, city-operated, covers most of the city and is expanding to cover towns in Lagkadas municipality.

Ireland

 * Dublin - free WiFi in areas of the city centre.

Italy

 * Bologna - free service in and around the historical city center.
 * Comiso - free service in and around the historical city center.
 * Milan - free service in and around the historical city center and the Milano Malpensa airport.
 * Ravenna - throughout the historic center of Ravenna there is a free wi-fi service called "Ravenna WiFi."
 * Rome - The WiFimetropolitano project consists in the installation in squares, libraries and meeting places in the metropolitan area, of WiFi devices for free Internet access.
 * Venice, free to residents and city users.
 * Trento, free service in and around the historical city centre.

Lithuania

 * Kaunas - free, in some streets of the city.

Luxembourg

 * Luxembourg — paid & free service in downtown, Central Station Hotcity and European district.

Moldova

 * Chişinău - two metropolitan Wi-Fi networks exist: StarNet and Orange. StarNet's paid and free coverage area includes the city's central streets and residential districts as well as parks. Orange paid coverage area includes the city's mass transit areas and bus stops.

Netherlands

 * Almere - free municipal Wi-Fi covering Downtown Almere
 * Hilversum - free municipal Wi-Fi covering Downtown Hilversum and the shopping area around de Gijsbrecht van Amstelstraat in the southern part of town
 * Leiden - free, community project covering city and region by Wireless Leiden

Norway

 * Trondheim - paid and free service in city centre.

Poland

 * Rzeszów - free, city-operated in participating public schools.
 * Wrocław - free service by Miejski Internet, in few places.

Romania

 * Brașov, Romania - free WiFi over the entire city deployed into existing 5G network by worldwifizone.com of Ireland, over 40,000 daily users at peak.
 * Roman, Romania - free, deployed by Minisoft Romania as part of MetroWireless free internet access project, paid by advertisements, covers much of the city, expanding to nearby villages
 * Vatra Dornei, Romania, 85% of city covered with free WiFi deployed by worldwifizone.com using free guest user and Facebook connect.

Russia

 * Moscow, Russia - MaximaTelecom, award-winning Moscow Metro and public transport public network
 * Moscow, Russia - paid service, Golden Telecom

Serbia

 * Zrenjanin, Serbia - free, city center only
 * Pančevo, Serbia - free, city center only, with time limit session.

Slovenia

 * Ljubljana, Slovenia - free for 1 hour, city center only

Spain

 * Moralzarzal, Spain - free for inscribed citizens, limited time for visitors.
 * Madrid, Spain - free and open Wi-Fi on the municipal bus system, EMT.

Sweden

 * Helsingborg, Sweden - unrestricted, free and city-operated in 220 locations around the town. SSID: Helsingborg Helpdesk: #freewifihbg on most social platforms.
 * Lidköping, Sweden - unrestricted, free and commercially operated. Available in town square. SSID: Lidkoping
 * Örebro, Sweden - free, around Järntorget.
 * Malmö, Sweden - free, operated by Pjodd.se, sharing around 65 access points around central town.

Switzerland

 * Geneva, Switzerland - free, city-operated

Ukraine

 * Kyiv, Ukraine - free WiFi in certain areas of city centre and Passenger Railway Station.

United Kingdom

 * Aberdeen - free access across city centre introduced in April 2017.
 * Blackpool - free, 1.6 km area around city centre Wireless Blackpool - Wireless Blackpool Leaflet
 * Bristol - free, 3 km area around city centre
 * Dundee - free access, limited to the redeveloped waterfront area from July 2018, with plans for wider coverage.
 * Edinburgh - free coverage across the city centre was introduced in summer 2016.
 * Fort William - free, town centre.
 * Glasgow - free citywide access introduced in Scotland's largest city as part of an initiative called "Urban Wireless" by British Telecom in July 2014.
 * Inverness - free, city centre.
 * Liverpool - paid service, covering central areas.
 * Newcastle, Northern Ireland
 * Norwich - free, city center and university, 18-month pilot Openlink (Norwich, UK)
 * Sheffield - free, covering the entire city centre; currently under development since December 2017.
 * York - free, entire city centre, museums, libraries and universities

Canada

 * Calgary, Alberta - paid service operated by WestNet Wireless, first City Wi-Fi in Canada
 * Fredericton, New Brunswick - free, Fred-e Zone
 * Iqaluit, Nunavut - Community Free Access and Paid Service provided by Meshnet, and service of mnemonics.ca
 * London, Ontario - free (pilot project) on Dundas Street, provided by London Downtown Business Association
 * Mississauga, Ontario - free, Wireless access at Mississauga Libraries, Community Centres, Arenas and select transit stops
 * Moncton, New Brunswick - free, Service provided by Red Ball Internet of Moncton. Wireless access available at Arenas and Moncton's Public Library. It was also the first city in Canada to provide wireless internet on its public transportation fleet.
 * Montreal, Quebec - free, community supported Ilesansfil
 * Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan - free, city center and campus
 * Prince Albert, Saskatchewan - free, city center and campus
 * Quebec City, Quebec - free, community supported ZAP Quebec
 * Regina, Saskatchewan - free, city center and campus
 * Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec - free service in selected parks, municipal buildings and commercial center, provided by ZAP Monteregie
 * Saskatoon, Saskatchewan - free, city center and campus
 * Sherbrooke, Québec - free, limited to downtown, provided by ZAP Sherbrooke
 * Shawinigan, Quebec - free service, limited to downtown. City-operated.
 * Stratford, Ontario - paid service, covers entire city.
 * Toronto, Ontario - free service provided by Wireless Toronto and the Toronto Public Library system for locations throughout the Greater Toronto Area
 * Windsor, Ontario- free service for the downtown core provided by the Downtown Windsor Business Improvement Association.

United States

 * Akron, Ohio: ConnectAkron
 * Albany, New York Albanyfreenet
 * Albuquerque, New Mexico
 * Amherst, Massachusetts - free service in downtown area
 * Anderson, Indiana free WiFi
 * Arcata, California
 * Baldwin, Georgia - free Public WiFi available in select locations.
 * Baltimore, Maryland free WiFi
 * Bethany Beach, Delaware Beach and Boardwalk free WiFi
 * Binghamton, New York - free service,
 * Boston, Massachusetts - Wicked Free WiFi available throughout the City of Boston for the public to use
 * Brevard County, Florida - free at all County Library Buildings
 * Bristol, Virginia
 * Burlington, North Carolina - Free public WiFi in select downtown areas.
 * Burlington, Vermont - Citywide WiFi hotspots through Burlington Telecom
 * Cambridge, Massachusetts - free (pilot), through the Cambridge Public Internet (CPI) Initiative
 * Cedar Rapids, Iowa - has Free WiFi Downtown & around the city
 * Charleston, South Carolina - free public wi-fi in Marion Square
 * Chattanooga, Tennessee - free public WiFi citywide; operated by EPB
 * Chicago - free public WiFi in many public places; municipally operated; no technical support
 * Clearwater Beach, Florida - free service,
 * Cleveland, Ohio—free service in the Old Brooklyn neighborhood
 * Corpus Christi, Texas - paid service, Earthlink
 * Decatur, Georgia - Free WiFi in Downtown Decatur
 * Dubuque, Iowa - free, city-operated, provided Mediacom covers downtown area since 2006.
 * El Paso, Texas - Free WiFi in Downtown El Paso.
 * Englewood, New Jersey - Free ultra fast WiFi throughout almost two miles of downtown Englewood 2014.
 * Escondido, California - free service in downtown area and Public Library.
 * Fenton, Michigan - free or paid service in downtown area and public parks, through Tri-County Wireless, Inc.
 * Gerlach, Nevada - Gifted to the public by Black Rock City LLC.
 * Greensboro, North Carolina - Free WiFi in Downtown Greensboro, Greensboro Historical Museum, The Depot, and others.
 * Harrisburg, North Carolina - free, Time Warner Cable
 * Hattiesburg, Mississippi Free WiFi in the downtown area of Front, Main and Pine Streets and the Oaks Cultural District.
 * Hollywood, Florida - Johnson Controls, Sling Broadband Wimax deploy municipal Wi-Fi network for wireless automated meter reading (AMR), public safety and free Wi-Fi service for residents. Muni Wireless
 * Houston, Texas - free service in downtown area and selected neighborhoods around the city; free service also available in all Houston Public Library and Harris County Public Library branches
 * Honolulu, Hawaii - free, Tri-Net Solutions LLC
 * Hiawatha Iowa - Has Free WiFi at Public parks & Public Library
 * Indianapolis, Indiana -free AT&T WiFi downtown
 * Kansas City, Missouri - free WiFi downtown through Sprint/AT&T
 * Kennesaw, Georgia - free, City of Kennesaw WiFi - available in city parks and other areas
 * Kenosha, Wisconsin - Low Cost Paid WiFi located in Downtown Kenosha, service provided by Infinite Technologies LLC
 * Kenosha, Wisconsin - Expensive Lake coverage pre-approved by Kenosha County Board without pre-approval by the City of Kenosha was declined by the City 2/13/2014. The ISP service the County was attempting would undermine the existing small business owner, who has found it a challenge for the city to accept any attempts to grow the WiFi.
 * Kissimmee, Florida - free, Bright House Networks
 * Lafayette, Louisiana
 * Lawrence, Kansas - free, Lawrence Freenet, not-for-profit company that works in conjunction with the City of Lawrence and local internet providers
 * Leverett, Massachusetts
 * Lexington, Kentucky - SSID: "LexingtonPublic" free, originally only for police, firefighters and civil service employees, available along major streets miles outside downtown, available in downtown, East End and Cardinal Hill neighborhoods
 * Linden, Michigan - free or paid service in downtown area and public parks, through Tri-County Wireless, Inc.
 * Los Lunas, New Mexico - http://www.loslunasnm.gov/196/Wi-Fi-Service
 * Longmont, Colorado - Municipal gigabit fiber citywide.
 * Madison, Wisconsin - paid, only covers central part of city.
 * Marion, Illinois - Free. Initially just the downtown square but plans to expand to Public Safety.
 * Maywood, California - Free. Initially just the business corridors, now citywide.
 * Minneapolis, Minnesota - paid, USI Wireless
 * Mountain View, California - free (no longer operating) - Google WiFi
 * Naperville, Illinois - free, downtown area only, known as "napernet"
 * New York City - LinkNYC began service in 2016; intended to have thousands of stations
 * Newton, North Carolina - free, downtown area
 * Ocala, Florida - Free, Downtown Square
 * Pacifica, California - paid service, PacificaNet
 * Palm Bay, Florida - free at City Hall and six parks, Map
 * Peachtree City, Georgia - free at two parks and the public library/City Hall plaza -
 * Philomath, Oregon - free 300 kbit/s access, paid tiers. Serves city limits: also has APs in downtown Corvallis.
 * Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - free downtown 2 hours per day
 * Plattsmouth, Nebraska - free in all public buildings (Court House, Public Library, City Hall, Community Center) and Main Street
 * Ponca City, Oklahoma - covers the whole city
 * Powell, Ohio - Free, covers downtown
 * Rochester, Minnesota - Downtown in Peace Plaza, near the Mayo Clinic and University of Minnesota Rochester\
 * Rockport, Maine
 * San Jose, California - Free in downtown area, and in key low resource neighborhoods through the East Side Access partnership with East Side Union High School District
 * Santa Clara, California - Free, outdoors in most areas of the city
 * Santa Monica, California - Free, outdoors in most areas of the city
 * Skokie, Illinois, - Downtown and park areas
 * Southaven, Mississippi - paid service, city-operated, branded as Magnoliawave
 * South Bend, Indiana - Free service intended to establish downtown as a meeting place and bridge the digital divide
 * Spokane, Washington - two free hours/day, paid after.
 * Statesville, North Carolina- free access
 * Storrs, Connecticut - used for students of The University of Connecticut
 * Springfield, Ohio - free, downtown and Clark State Community College campus
 * The Dalles, Oregon - free, via Google grant to downtown and key event areas. City-operated.
 * Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania - Day pass, monthly service, or even pre-paid wireless data cards are available
 * Williamsburg, Virginia - free, limited to Merchants Square
 * Winston-Salem, North Carolina - free, limited to downtown. City-operated: no technical support.
 * Warwick, Massachusetts - paid service, municipally-operated
 * Yazoo City, Mississippi - Paid network. Branded as Yazoo Wireless, Provided by CYTEC
 * Yorktown, Indiana - Free, limited to downtown

In addition, a few U.S. states, such as Illinois, Iowa, and Massachusetts, offer free Wi-Fi service at welcome centers and roadside rest areas located along major Interstate highways.

Mexico

 * Guadalajara, Jalisco - Free, 150 parks and municipal areas. 1 hour continuous connect and 2 hour connection time allowed per day. In operation since 2011. Installation and operation is municipal government funded. A few of the areas are provided with free electrical outlets to charge / use your device.
 * Mérida, Yucatán - Free. Most major city parks and other areas. Provided by Axtel and Telmex. Usually also provide standing tables with power outlets. The parks are identified by "parque en linea" (online park) signs and branding of the utility providing the connectivity. The SSID is usually "park en linea".

Oceania

 * Margaret River, Western Australia, This free public WIFI is provided by Margaret River Rotary Club and covers the main street all the way up to Reuther Park at the corner of Bussell Hwy & Wallcliffe Rd, Margaret River WA 6285.
 * Melbourne, Australia - VICFREE WiFi is available outdoors in the Melbourne CBD it includes:

Bourke St Mall Queen Victoria Market Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre Melbourne Museum on platforms at CBD train stations It's also available in central Ballarat and central Bendigo.
 * NOTE Telstra also have Telstra air fon hotspots available to Telstra and fon customers Australia wide
 * Adelaide, Australia - AdelaideFree WiFi is a contiguous network available throughout the CBD, provided by Internode
 * Auckland, New Zealand - Citywide network based in all popular areas across Auckland including CBD and Waterfront from Tomizone.
 * Perth, Australia - paid, RoamAD-based metro wide coverage in the CBD by metromesh
 * Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, prepaid access and free 1 hr daily, available at many locations region wide by NOW
 * Wellington, New Zealand - Free Wifi at the Waterfront, CBD & Airport
 * Brisbane, Australia - in public areas and the CBD
 * Nelson, New Zealand - Public areas within CBD

South America

 * Aparecida, Brazil Free service
 * Belo Horizonte, Brazil
 * La Plata, Argentina - free, city center only
 * Buenos Aires, Argentina - free, without registration, 120 spots for all over the city
 * General Lavalle, Argentina - Free service
 * Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina - free, without registration, 12 spots for all over the city.
 * Sud Mennucci, Brazil—free, limited to downtown. City-operated.
 * Medellin, Colombia City-operated free wifi in over 180 locations.
 * Miraflores, Lima Peru Free service, various spots over the district. City-operated.

Africa

 * Stellenbosch, South Africa Free service. Town centre online since February 25, 2012. Coverage to be increased to whole town.
 * Northpine, South Africa Paid. WISP and media delivery services as well as video surveillance focused on the suburb. Community social portal for information sharing, collaboration and local business partnerships. Proof of concept to be expanded to neighbouring areas.
 * Harare, Zimbabwe Available around the city on various hotspots. Provided by ZOL. 1 hour time limit, paid after.

South Asia

 * Delhi, India - Delhi Government constituted a Task Force (March 2015) to provide Free Wi-Fi connectivity in Delhi. The new Task Force is a part of Delhi Dialogue Commission (DDC), an advisory body of the Aam Aadmi Party government, Aam Aadmi Party government decide to consult with various stakeholders to implement its pre-poll promise of providing Free Wi-Fi connectivity across the city, Delhi Dialogue Commission (DDC) chaired by Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal asks people for suggestions for Free WiFi plan (March 2015)
 * Dhaka, Bangladesh Free WiFi is now available in Dhaka Airport Road, Dhanmondi Lake Park, Selected BRTC Buses, Kamlapur Railway Station, Airport Railstation and Dhanmondi Residential Area. The Free WiFi Networks are provided by telecom operators, notably Robi and Aamra. The service is to be rolled out in full Northern Dhaka within December 2018
 * Mumbai, India
 * NOIDA, India
 * Karachi, Pakistan

Southeast Asia

 * Makati, Philippines

West Asia

 * Tel Aviv Downtown and later north part as well.

Europe

 * Swindon, Wiltshire, UK
 * Leicester, UK
 * London, UK (London Underground)

North America

 * Mexico City, Mexico free, coupled with new surveillance system (planned 2008)
 * Panama
 * Tecumseh, Ontario

United States

 * Oakland County, Michigan - free 128 kbit/s, paid for high speed, Wireless Oakland
 * Sacramento, California
 * Silicon Valley, California Joint Venture Wireless Project - free, prototyped for Palo Alto and San Carlos by 2008, Silicon Valley Metro Connect.
 * St. Louis Park, Minnesota - Set up, but not yet deployed due to contracting disputes.
 * Tampa, Florida - Tampabayconnect.net
 * Waukesha, Wisconsin

Oceania

 * Brisbane, Australia
 * Canberra, Australia
 * Melbourne, Australia
 * Ballarat, Australia
 * Bendigo, Australia

South America

 * Jacareí, Brazil
 * São José dos Campos, Brazil
 * São Paulo, Brazil

Canceled or closed

 * Baton Rouge, United States
 * Charleston, South Carolina, United States (on hold)
 * Dublin, Ireland
 * Groningen, Netherlands - Municipal Wireless network with open service model, covering entire city, first parts operational, 2010–2012 expanding to 54sq km
 * MetroFi - free with advertisements, deployed to 10 cities in the western United States, closed in 2008
 * Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States - paid service, Midwest Fiber Networks, target date: March 2008
 * New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
 * Parramatta, Australia
 * Portland, Oregon, United States
 * Puerto Montt, Chile
 * Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Canada - plans to create paid service to cover the entire Waterloo Region, specifically Kitchener, Ontario, Waterloo, Ontario, Cambridge, Ontario (The "Tri-City Area"), to be provided by Atria Networks, was scrapped in 2011 as Atria has been acquired by Rogers Communications, no explanation was given.
 * Riverside, California, United States
 * San Francisco, California, United States
 * Sydney, Australia
 * Tempe, Arizona, United States - paid service, Kite Networks
 * Dubrovnik, Croatia - closed when the new mayor took over

title: Municipal wireless network


text:
There Was a Crooked Man

"There Was a Crooked Man" is an English nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 1826.

Origin
The rhyme was first recorded in print by James Orchard Halliwell in 1842:

 * There was a crooked man and he went a crooked mile,
 * He found a crooked sixpence against a crooked stile;
 * He bought a crooked cat, which caught a crooked mouse,
 * And they all liv'd together in a little crooked house.

It gained popularity in the early twentieth century. One legend suggests that this nursery rhyme originated in the once prosperous wool merchant's village of Lavenham, about 70 miles northeast of London, having been inspired by its multicolored half-timbered houses leaning at irregular angles as if they are supporting each other. One Lavenham house in particular, 'The Crooked House' is often cited as the inspiration for the rhyme.

Other sources state that the poem originates from British history, specifically the period of the Scottish Stuart King Charles I of England (reigned 1625–1649). The crooked man is reputed to be the Scottish General Sir Alexander Leslie, who signed a covenant securing religious and political freedom for Scotland. The "crooked stile" in the poem was the alliance between the parliaments of England and Scotland or the border between the two, depending on the source. "They all lived together in a little crooked house" refers to the fact that the English and Scots had at last come to an agreement, despite the continuing great animosity between the two peoples, who nonetheless had to live with each other due to their common border.

The great recoinage around 1696 led to sixpence coins that were made of very thin silver and were easily bent, becoming "crooked".

title: There Was a Crooked Man


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gravenhurst (webcomic)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:23, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Gravenhurst (webcomic)
I can't speedy this can I? Non notable webcomic, all of 4 pages can be found here. No alexa rank. Author and "host" can be found below. - Hahnchen 16:15, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for lack of significance and verifiablity. Friday (talk) 16:30, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete per above. — brighterorange  (talk) 16:46, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's superbly illustrated and will clearly be gaining in popularity. Maybe I jumped the gun, but it'll need a page soon enough. Osgoodelawyer 17:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete When it needs a page, let's give it a page.  Until then WP is not a crystal ball.   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   21:57, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 11:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Dragonfiend 13:04, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Francisco Tadeo Calomarde, 1st Duke of Santa Isabel

Francisco Tadeo Calomarde y Arría, 1st Duke of Santa Isabel (10 February 1773 – 19 June 1842) was a Spanish statesman.

Biography
Calomarde was born in Villel, Aragon, to poor parents.

He studied law in Zaragoza, and secured through the promise of marriage with the ugly niece of the royal personal physician Berga a prestigious position in the ministry of law; upon acquiring the position, he backtracked on his promise of marriage, as a result of which he had to be cajoled into it by the King's prime minister, under the threat of being sent to the galleys. He thereafter became an influential royalist in the most conservative circles of the royal court.

In 1808, Calomarde followed the central junta of Aranjuez, the leader of which he had become, to Seville and Cádiz; however after the return of Ferdinand VII he was the first to acclaim the absolute monarch, for which he was named first administrator at the Secretaria general de Indias. Due to the fraudulent sale of an American diocese, he was banished to Toledo and, after his secret return to Madrid, to Pamplona. After the restitution of the constitution in 1820, he joined the liberals, true to his flawed character, but only gained renewed influence after the abolishment of the constitution in 1823. He became secretary of the regency based in Madrid, and thereafter, as a willing tool of the reactionaries, he was named secretary of the Camara del real patronato, and finally, 1824, Secretary of Justice.

For eight years now the most important matters of the state passed through his hands, and the protection of the weak king secured him unfettered power, which he used to suppress freedom through the secret police, to retrain the Jesuits, restitute the monasteries and ruthlessly prosecute the Liberals. At the same time, he tried to secure the favors of Don Carlos, while he punished the Carlist uprising with great severity. When in September 1832, Ferdinand VII was struck by such a severe stroke of gout that he was presumed dead, Calomarde was the first to greet Carlos as king. When the king recovered, Calomarde tried to persuade him to revoke his decrees and last will and testament, where the princess Isabel was named regent of the country, and to reinstate the Salic law.

The king however, on his unexpected convalescence, declared the change of testament on 31 December 1832 invalid. Calomarde was banished to his estates in Aragon, and his arrest was ordered, but he escaped in disguise to France, where he died in Toulouse.


text:
William Seymour Tyler

William Seymour Tyler (September 2, 1810 – November 19, 1897) was the Amherst College, Massachusetts, historian during his tenure as professor of Latin, Greek, and Greek literature from 1832 to 1893.

Biography
He was born September 2, 1810, in Harford, Pennsylvania, the son of Joab and Nabby née Seymour Tyler. He matriculated at Amherst in 1829, graduated in 1830 (cf. external links below), and completed his M.A. in (1833). He tutored at Amherst from 1832 to 1834 and in 1836. He was a professor of Latin and Greek at Amherst from 1836 to 1847, and professor of Greek from 1847 to 1893. He was named professor emeritus in 1893 (1893–97). From 1835 to 1836 he studied theology under Dr. Skinner in New York, and on September 4, 1839, he married Amelia Ogden, daughter of Mason Whiting of New York. They had four sons. He was ordained a minister in North Amherst, Massachusetts on October 16, 1859. He received the honorary DD degree from Harvard University (1857) and two honorary LL.D. degrees from Amherst (1871) and Harvard (1886). He died in Amherst on November 19, 1897.

He edited many Greek and Latin texts, and was the author of History of Amherst College During Its First Half Century (1872) and History of Amherst College during the Administration of its First Five Presidents (1894). In the latter he claimed that Amherst was the first U.S. college to use Latin honors, although it appears that Harvard deserves that distinction.

William Seymour Tyler was one of the original trustees of Smith College and one of the residential houses on campus, Tyler House, was named after him. Tyler House, a dormitory building at Amherst College, was also named in his honor.

title: William Seymour Tyler


text:
Talk:Sprague Cleghorn

Untitled
Career stats that look more accurate are here --Walor 07:58, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sprague Cleghorn


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Luke Markle

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Luke Markle
Author of webcomic, above. - Hahnchen 16:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for lack of significance and verifiablity. Friday (talk) 16:30, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete per above. — brighterorange  (talk) 16:47, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete nn. Dragonfiend 12:51, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Valentīns Lobaņovs

Valentīns Lobaņovs (Валентин Анатольевич Лобанёв; born 23 October 1971 in Riga) is a former football midfielder from Latvia. He has played 58 international matches and scored 1 goal for the Latvia national team. He debuted in 1994, and played at the Euro 2004. He started his career in Skonto FC and later played for Metallurg Lipetsk, Metallurg Krasnoyarsk, Shinnik Yaroslavl, Metalurh Zaporizhzhia, FK Venta. His last club was FK Jūrmala.

Honours

 * Skonto
 * Latvian Higher League champion: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2003
 * Latvian Football Cup winner: 1992, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001

title: Valentīns Lobaņovs


text:
Talk:The Five (composers)

"Members?"
The use of "members" here and similar language in other articles of these five connotes some sort of establishment. I can't recall ever seeing them described as any more than like-minded associates in any notable texts. I'm inclined to replace with "...one of five composers known as..." with conforming edits in related articles. Thoughts? CleffedUp 11:26, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * That would seem not to be necessary. The phrase "член могучей кучки" ("member of the Mighty Handful") is used in Russian as well. "Member" does not have to suggest that a person is in an organisation or society. (Even the supposedly more definite expression "card-carrying member of X" is often used in English in a figurative sense.) Mademoiselle Fifi 16:16, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

The Mighty Handful
I've always heard this phrase describes the works of Tomaso Albinoni. There were only a handful of them to survive but had a mighty influence. The Russian composers refered to here are correctly known as "The Five." Probably, someone incorrectly remembered the Mighty Handful and assumed that it connected to the Russian composers.

 * You are insuffuciently informed. 'Mighty Handful' is a universally accepted translation of 'Kuchka' (literally 'mighty little heap'), which was a term contemporaneously assigned to these Russian composers by their friend Stasov. And with all due respect to Albinoni, he has been no 'influence' on anybody.
 * Pfistermeister 10:03, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Other names
In my native language(s), The Mighty Handful is also known as "The Petersburg group", "The Balakirev circle" and "The new Russian school" (direct translations). Are any of those frequent in English use? Should not those be added? --Dijxtra 16:12, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I've never heard those names used in English before. I have however seen "The Mighty Fistful" used quite often. JLP101 15:49, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

The Five is Standard English Usage
Encylopædia Britannica lists this group as "The Five" Columbia University Press's Encylopedia also refers to this group as "The Five" according to this page. The third source here, giving "The Mighty Handful" is this article.... People looking for "The Five" aren't going to find this page. It should be moved. Musikfabrik 09:10, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Did this article formerly reside at "The Mighty Handful"? If so, why did it change? Anyone who knows Russian music deeply knows this group in English as "The Mighty Handful". The point is that Stasov named them not "The Five", but "Могучая кучка", and "The Mighty Handful" is clearly the more accurate designation. Almost every serious book (not encyclopedias) I have read about these composers uses "The Mighty Handful". The more accurate name should be the preferred name. Caving in to the majority is cowardly. Anyway, when you have the ability to direct all inquiries for "The Five" to "The Mighty Handful", there is no reason not to do it. Wikipedia should be encouraging precision. Of course you could argue that by pursuing this line of reasoning I would advocate using "The Mighty (Little) Heap", or "Moguchaya Kuchka", or even the Cyrillic equivalent. That would be stupid. But I would be seriously interested in knowing how many people who know a great deal about this group of composers actually prefer "The Five" to "The Mighty Handful". I think those Frenchies are involved in this one too somehow. Please pardon my arrogance, but this one always gets my hackle up.Ivan Velikii 07:14, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * What would it change if "those Frenchies", as you choose to call them, had been involved? I made the change and I'm an American. I do happen to be a French music specialist. Does this make me unqualified to discuss this article?
 * This isn't about how people "prefer" this group to be called: this is about standard English usage as is practiced in English-speaking countries. To quote Naming_conventions:
 * "articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists."
 * I made the change because this is how this group is usuually refered to in English, as these very "standard" references prove. This is the English lanuage section of Wikipedia. I think that it's perfect that you use "Могучая кучка" in the Russian Language version, but most sources in English use "The Five". You will notice that after I made the name change, i also added the other names by which this group is known, as translated into English. Most English speakers will find "The Five" and then they will find the knowledge that, in Russian, this group is known as "The Mighty Handful". It seems to me that this will further people's education, since they won't know to look for the "Mighty Handful", but they WILL look for "the Five".
 * The change was made almost a month ago and no one has noticed before. Perhaps you might want to bring this point up for discussion at the discussion page of the Wikiproject for composers and see what the general reaction is. Cordially Musikfabrik 19:16, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

I have moved this page to where it originally was - The Mighty Five Handful - which is the most common, not to mention the most accurate translation of the Russian name. There was never any consensus to have the page on The Five, in fact, it appears that the only person objecting in 2006 was an editor who has since been indefinitely blocked due to deceptively using multiple accounts to support his point. --Damianmx (talk) 23:42, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

 * "The Mighty Five"? You seem to be confusing the two names.
 * But seriously, are you relying on a very brief discussion held almost 10 years ago involving all of three editors, to justify a position you're adopting today in 2016? That is hardly anyone's idea of an established consensus, and even if it were, what took it 10 years to be be implemented?
 * For my money, there is no consensus to change this from The Five (composers). If you want to change it, please start a new discussion, giving your reasons.  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  04:19, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

 * My apologies for the typo, I meant the Mighty Handful. As far as the consensus, it is of note that the banned user who changed the name from the Mighty Handful to The Five did so without a consensus in the first place and his changes were not removed even after they were disputed. Why it took so long is beside the point, it always gets me when someone manages to stick something controversial into an article and then insists it cannot be removed without a consensus, that's not what consensus means or how it works...
 * Also on the topic of consensus, I am a little confused. Recently you reverted my edit suggesting that The Five was the last consensus, but just now you say the consensus does not exist. Does one say whatever is convenient just to keep things as they are? That's not fair and also not pertinent to the substantive discussion at hand. --Damianmx (talk) 06:03, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

 * What I said in my edit summary was Last time this was discussed, the outcome was The Five; if you want to revive the discussion, you're welcome to do so. (Note that I said "outcome"; I made no mention of "consensus".) Edit summaries have a character limit, so one sometimes has to abbreviate one's point.  My point was that the 2006 discussion resulted in no change to the status quo (The Five).
 * It's difficult to follow the history of this page. The first time any significant content appeared was here in August 2006. The edit summary said the content was being moved here, but didn't say where it was being moved from.  That aside, I can't see any evidence that this page was ever called anything except "The Five" - until now. If there was in fact a page move at some earlier time, it must have been done in a very unorthodox manner, leaving no obvious record that it ever happened.  if you know more than I do about this murky matter, I'd be delighted to be enlightened. -- Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  06:52, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

I did some research and it seems the reason you are unable to track the page history is because once upon a time the same pushy user Musikfabrik, who started this whole mess, deleted and physically moved the original page to a new page under a different name that suited him. That is not an acceptable way to move a page and is one more reason why I am baffled that no one ever corrected the mess he made. So the original blanked page was named The Mighty Handful and should have stayed that way.--Damianmx (talk) 08:22, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Ok, thanks for that. Look, given the time that's elapsed, I think it would be judicious to have a proper, contemporary discussion about the title of the article, not connected to what it was originally called or what certain users may have said 10 years ago.  What users think now - that's what we need to know.  Is anyone interested apart from you and me?  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  11:21, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I contacted another user who may be interested in this topic but beyond that, I don't know who is interested. Lets leave this section open for a while and see if there are other points of view. I would add that lack of participants should not be an excuse to leave the page as it was left by the user who made the original changes.--Damianmx (talk) 10:06, 17 January 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Damianmx (talk • contribs) 10:01, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Except that, apart from the fact that the change should never have been made because of the way it was done, I happen to agree with it. We'll get to that in due course.  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  11:18, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

 * One thing to note in any decision is that the term "The Five" is used in other pages, most notably Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five, which is a featured article. Jrt989 (talk)

 * Indeed. --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  22:51, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

Lead picture's caption
The caption of the lead picture should specify which image corresponds to which composer. IronGargoyle (talk) 14:18, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

 * ✅ as of 28 March 2015 by an anonymous IP. --BjKa (talk) 10:56, 26 July 2017 (UTC)

Why isn't this a disambiguation page?
I'm sure a majority of people don't know who The Five are... BlueChainsawMan (talk) 07:09, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 18 May 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. Cúchullain t/ c 16:55, 25 May 2018 (UTC)

The Mighty Handful → The Five (composers) (or simply The Five) – per WP:COMMONNAME; see Google Books results for "The Five" + Borodin vs. "The Mighty Handful" + Borodin. The article was titled simple from its creation in 2002 until 2012 and then The Five (composers) till 2016. There has never been a formal RM discussion but the issue was discussed extensively above. Also note the title of FA Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five. —  AjaxSmack 02:22, 18 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Support—I've always known them as Les Cinque. The English equivalent is fine, and more common than the current name. Tony (talk)  08:23, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Recent additions to the lead
An anonymous IP keeps adding this to the lead:

''Although The Five struggled to promote the Russian music, ironically, except Balakirev, who claimed he had a Tatar forefather, but the claim wasn't substantiated, none was of ethnically Russian (Velikoross) descent: Cui of French, Mussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov of Polish-Lithuanian, Borodin of Georgian ancestry respectively. Also, Balakirev was the only true civilian of the five, with others being either career military officers or of a strong military background. ''

I'm not sure what are the user's intentions and why he thinks it is important to mention ethnicity or military careers in the lead. But even if he wants to make some point about the composers not belonging to Russian people, his sources are still wrong: only Cui wasn't ethnically Russian, and even then he grew up in a Russian-speaking environment and studied in Saint Petersburg. The fact that Rimsky-Korsakov's family traced their roots to the 14th-century Czech from Lithuania or that Borodin was born to a Georgian father (and a Russian mother) doesn't make them non-Russians. Details on their ancestries could be found in corresponding articles. I will delete any future additions of this sort as offtopic and WP:OR. AveTory (talk) 22:49, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Excessive weight in section
The section currently comprises over 20% of this article (over 500 words), and the information in it is largely taken out of 3 pages from a single source (N.B.: 500 words is roughly the same amount of words in 3 standard book size pages).

That this article on a highly significant topic in classical music has undergone so few major changes since nearly 14 years ago is a sign that it could use some updating. Either reducing the length of the current section, or expanding the article with enough other material such that the current section proportionally takes up the weight it deserves, would be reasonable solutions, though the latter would be calling for a huge amount of work.

I suspect that the emphasis given in this article to covering the possibly misogynistic portrayals of female characters may be undue and using Wikipedia's voice to sound more objective than it is. It seems like it is roughly as notable as the portrayals of similar subjects by any other composer in the era or context they belong to. I would not be surprised if there were academic writings arguing that the music of almost other major composer is "guilty" of portraying something similar, yet you don't generally find them covered in such detail on their respective Wikipedia articles.

A good benchmark that comes to mind is that this encyclopedia article should not cover to a high level of detail what would generally not be included in most program notes, textbooks, or other educational materials that gives an intermediate-level overview of The Five, which again is such a central topic in the history of classical music that there are at least tens of thousands of such documents, certainly not a shortage that makes relying on 3 pages from a single source necessary.

On any subject, very many things could plausibly be covered; but a general encyclopedia article on it should probably use a more coarse-grained overview approach. A single sentence such as "A few scholars have explored how misogynistic elements might figure in works such as X and Y." would probably suffice for this article; or if not, perhaps the detail would belong better in a new article called "Orientalism in Russian music" or articles about those specific pieces or something. Hftf (talk) 03:46, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Influence on Debussy
I find the following part a bit one-sided. In "Claude Debussy also uses this scale in his music, taking this, among many things, from the Russians." at ''Musical Language > Stylization > "The Five adopted ..." > Whole Tone Scale'', I get the impression that Debussy's usage of the whole tone scale is solely based on russian influence. Without being able to offer a quick source, I learned that Debussy was at least equally influenced by south-east asian music during the world exhibition(s?) in Paris.

I people are interested, i would try to find a fitting source. If not, maybe a source for the heavy influence would be interesting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:C8:971D:6600:5D7E:DB18:3835:74C0 (talk) 09:08, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Five (composers)


text:
Talk:Zhumadian

Untitled
Moved the below unsourced and potentially POV text here. Please provide a credible source if possible. --Plastictv 16:17, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * A sad chapter in Chinese history unfolded in and around Zhumadian in the 1980s. At that time, enterprising people began collecting blood from villagers to sell to local hospitals. Unfortunately, they reused needles from person to person without sterilization. In this way, many blood donors and patients in hospital unwittingly contracted the AIDS virus. Today there are small neighboring villages whose populations are all AIDS sufferers. The government provides them with free medicine, but their ability to travel is severely restricted.

wrong government website address
www.zmd.gov.cn is the website of Zhumadian Development and Reform Commission the current municipality website address is www.zhumadian.gov.cn —Preceding unsigned comment added by Noah Qin (talk • contribs) 11:37, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your information. --Neo-Jay (talk) 16:42, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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etymology of Yicheng
the article contains the sentence "Zhumadian was previously known as Yicheng, for it used to be a relay station.". Could someone with more knowledge please explain the meaning of the name Yicheng, and why that name was chosen? Ideally with Chinese characters. — Soap — 19:39, 25 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zhumadian


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Digital Inkz

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Digital Inkz
Digital "community" of which the only thing seemingly hosted is the 4 page webcomic 2 entries above. - Hahnchen 16:17, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. MCB 22:58, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Dragonfiend 12:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane

Set outside the regular Marvel continuity
Continuity differences: —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Brown Shoes22 (talk • contribs) on November 13, 2005.
 * 1) Mary Jane knows Peter Parker.
 * 2) Mary Jane is dating Harry Osborn in High School.
 * 3) Gwen Stacy is unknow.
 * 4) Mary Jane don't know Peter is Spider-Man.
 * 5) Mary Jane is living with her Mother and Father, Not her aunt.

Length of summaries
Currently the summary of Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane seems way too long in general and in contrast to the summaries of Mary Jane and Mary Jane: Homecoming. For the first two miniseries, each issue is summarized in just one paragraph, while for SMLMJ there are three paragraphs for just the first issue. Also, as SMLMJ is on ongoing series and there might be many issues to come, summaries for this series should be kept shorter and more general in my opinion. --Fritz S. (Talk) 10:42, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Considering WikiProject Comics/Style guidance, the plot summaries should probably be cut down... --Fritz S. (Talk) 11:40, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane #Issues 1-20 section is incomplete
It does not end with MJ putting her feelings aside for Peter and staying with Harry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Powaman (talk • contribs) 23:26, August 26, 2007 (UTC) I thought there was another limited series set afterward done by a different writer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.3.142.58 (talk) 06:25, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 17:32, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Allen v. Allan
In regular MU continuity, there is a character "Liz Allan" which sometimes gets misspelled "Allen." In SMLMJ, is she officially "Allen" or are they just misspelling her name? If it's "Allan" this article should be corrected, but if it's "Allen" then maybe a note should be made in Liz Allan about SMLMJ continuity changing her name. Migaila (talk) 21:04, 11 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure about Moore's new run, but McKeever had her as "Allen" throughout his run, which is why I put it in the article that way.--Fritz S. (Talk) 14:34, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

C-Class rated for Comics Project
As this B-Class article has yet to receive a review, it has been rated as C-Class. If you disagree and would like to request an assesment, please visit WikiProject_Comics/Assessment and list the article. Hiding T 14:31, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Manga?
The page calls the comic “American manga” but Wikipedia defines Manga as “comics or graphic novels originating from Japan and this comic isn’t Japanese. 184.148.237.153 (talk) 22:00, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane


text:
Cutaway

Cutaway may refer to:

Technology

 * Cutaway (guitar), a feature of some guitar body shapes
 * Cutaway (industrial), the display of a manufactured product, where a portion of the exterior housing has been removed to reveal the internal components
 * Cutaway drawing, a type of drawing based on the design technique to cut away part of the outside to show some of the inner work
 * Cutaway van chassis, an incomplete vehicle for further assembly by a manufacturer of conversion vans, RVs, ambulances, etc.
 * Cut-away, disconnecting a parachute that has malfunctioned

Film

 * Cutaway (2000 film), with Tom Berenger, Maxine Bahns, Stephen Baldwin and others
 * Cutaway (2014 film), directed by Kazik Radwanski
 * Cutaway (filmmaking), a film-making technique

Other uses

 * Cutaway, a flying trapeze trick
 * Morning coat, also called a cutaway, a type of formal coat

title: Cutaway


text:
User talk:Ishaanc90

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Also thought you might be interested in these links.

--May the Force be with you! Shreshth91 ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  16:18, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ishaanc90


text:
Degustation

Dégustation is the careful, appreciative tasting of various food, focusing on the gustatory system, the senses, high culinary art and good company. Dégustation is more likely to involve sampling small portions of all of a chef's signature dishes in one sitting. Usually consisting of many courses, it may be accompanied by a matching wine degustation which complements each dish.

History
The French term dégustation is still commonly used in English-language contexts. Modern dégustation probably comes from the French kitchens of the early 20th century and is different from earlier meals with many courses because these meals were served as full-sized meals at each course.

Examples
Sampling a selection of cheeses, at home or in a restaurant, may also be called a dégustation. Three to four varieties are normally chosen, generally including a semi-soft cheese, a goat's cheese, and a blue cheese. The stronger varieties are normally tasted last.

A six course dégustation may include two seafood, red meat and dessert items with matching wines while the same menu could have added a vegetarian item, and any other types of dish to expand the menu to (for example) a nine-course dégustation menu.

The popular Spanish style of tapas is similar to the dégustation style, but is not in itself a complete set menu offering the chefs' signature dishes, but instead offers a variety from which the diner can choose.

title: Degustation


text:
Skin (disambiguation)

Skin is a soft outer covering of an animal, in particular a vertebrate.

Skin(s) or The Skin(s) may also refer to:

Outer covering

 * Peel (fruit), or outer covering of any vegetable
 * Skin (aeronautics), the outer covering of an aircraft or its wing
 * Skinning, removing the outer layer of something's flesh
 * Milk skin, a thin layer over the top of heated milk
 * Hide (skin), an animal skin processed by humans
 * Mobile phone skin, a protective and/or decorative covering for a mobile phone

Film

 * The Skin, a 1981 Italian film by Liliana Cavani
 * Skin (1995 film), a British short film directed by Vincent O'Connell
 * Skins (2002 film), an American drama film
 * Skin (2008 film), a British-South African biographical film about Sandra Laing
 * Skins (2017 film), a Spanish drama film
 * Skin (2018 feature film), an American drama film by Guy Nattiv
 * Skin (2018 short film), an American Oscar-winning drama film by Guy Nattiv
 * Skin: The Movie (2018 film), an American comedy film by Ronn Kilby
 * Skin (2020 film), an Iranian drama film

Novels

 * Skin (Andrew novel), a 2021 novel by Kerry Andrew
 * Skin (Dekker novel), a 2007 novel by Ted Dekker
 * Skin (Hayder novel), a 2009 novel by Mo Hayder
 * Skin (graphic novel), a 1992 graphic novel by Peter Milligan and Brendan McCarthy
 * Skin, an X-Files novel by Ben Mezrich
 * The Skin (novel), a 1949 novel by Curzio Malaparte
 * Skins, a 1995 novel by Adrian C. Louis

Other

 * "Skin" (short story), a 1952 short story by Roald Dahl
 * Skin and Other Stories, a 2000 story collection by Roald Dahl
 * Skin: Talking About Sex, Class & Literature, a 1994 collection of essays by Dorothy Allison
 * Skin (Marvel Comics), a fictional character
 * Skin, a 1995 play by Naomi Iizuka

Performers

 * Skin (British band), a hard rock band, or their 1994 debut album
 * Skin (Japanese band) or S.K.I.N, a rock supergroup
 * Skin (musician) (born 1967), British singer, lead vocalist for Skunk Anansie
 * The World of Skin, also known as Skin, an American band

Albums

 * Skin (16volt album) or the title song, 1994
 * Skin (Endorphin album) or the title song, 1999
 * Skin (Erik Friedlander album), 2000
 * Skin (Flume album), 2016
 * Skin: The Remixes, 2017
 * Skin (Joy Crookes album), 2021
 * Skin (Katie Noonan album), 2007
 * Skin (Melissa Etheridge album), 2001
 * Skin (Peter Hammill album) or the title song, 1986
 * Skin (Peter Himmelman album), 1994
 * Skin (The Rainmakers album) or the title song, 1996
 * Skins (Buffalo Tom album), 2011
 * Skins (XXXTentacion album), 2018
 * Skins! Bongo Party with Les Baxter, 1957
 * Skin (EP), by Collide, 1996

Songs

 * "Skin" (Breaking Benjamin song), 2003
 * "Skin" (Rag'n'Bone Man song), 2017
 * "Skin" (Rihanna song), 2010
 * "Skin" (Sabrina Carpenter song), 2021
 * "Skin (Sarabeth)", by Rascal Flatts, 2005
 * "Skin", by Adema from the album Adema, 2001
 * "Skin", by Alexz Johnson from Instant Star: Greatest Hits, 2009
 * "Skin", by Beartooth from Below, 2018
 * "Skin", by Bladee from Eversince, 2016
 * "Skin", by Bullet for My Valentine from Venom, 2015
 * "Skin", by Club 8 from Pleasure, 2015
 * "Skin", by Collective Soul from Blender, 2000
 * "Skin", by Flowers from Icehouse, 1980
 * "Skin", by Grimes from Visions, 2012
 * "Skin", by Mac Miller from The Divine Feminine, 2016
 * "Skin", by Machinae Supremacy from Overworld, 2008
 * "Skin", by Madonna from Ray of Light, 1998
 * "Skin", by Oingo Boingo from Dark at the End of the Tunnel, 1990
 * "Skin", by R. Kelly, 2008
 * "Skin", by Rae Morris from Unguarded, 2015
 * "Skin", by San Cisco from Flaws, 2020
 * "Skin", by Spacey Jane from Sunlight, 2020
 * "Skin", by Spock's Beard from Day for Night, 1999
 * "Skin", by White Zombie from Let Sleeping Corpses Lie, 2008
 * "Skin, No. 1" and "Skin, No. 2", by Julius Hemphill from Coon Bid'ness, 1975
 * "Skins", by Pink Floyd from The Endless River, 2014
 * "Skinz", by Pete Rock & CL Smooth from Mecca and the Soul Brother, 1992

Video games

 * Skin, in video game terminology, a player customization option for the outward appearance of an item.

Television

 * Skins (British TV series), a 2007–2013 teen drama series
 * Skins (American TV series), an adaptation that aired on MTV in 2011
 * Skin (American TV series), a 2003 drama series
 * Skin (British TV programme), a 1980–1982 documentary programme
 * "Skin" (Almost Human), an episode
 * "Skin" (Supernatural), an episode
 * Skin (Emmerdale), a character
 * Skins, a species of aliens in Roswell
 * Skin (2019 documentary), a documentary on perceptions of beauty based on skin color in Africa

Sports

 * Skins (sportswear), a company that manufactures and sells compression sportswear
 * Skins game, a type of golf and curling event
 * Skins, the team that plays a sport shirtless in shirts versus skins
 * Washington Commanders, formerly the Washington Redskins, sometimes shortened to Skins

Other uses

 * Skin (anthropology), a form of social categorisation system in Australian Indigenous societies
 * Skin (computing), a customized graphical presentation for computer software and websites
 * Polaris Skin, an Italian ultralight trike design

title: Skin (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Rick Tugman

Rick Tugman is a Television Director and Technical Director who was born November 29, 1955 in New York. Raised in Woodmere on Long Island he attended high school at George W. Hewlett High. Rick is a independent contractor initiating and coordinating live production and technical operations on many television programs (mostly sports and entertainment shows) for various television networks like ABC Sports, CBS Sports, FOX Sports, NBC Sports, ESPN, Discovery Channel, Showtime and others.

Mr. Tugman's work has taken him around the world and was recently in Egypt for LIVE broadcasts back to the United States from newly discovered tombs in the Bahariya Oasis where Golden Mummies were discovered.

Tugman currenty lives in South Florida. He enjoys traveling, bicycling, technology, listening to music and podcasts on his IPod and anything spontaneous.

Welcome!
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Rob Church Talk 16:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:Tugman.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Tugman.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Blocked.
You just claimed to me that you are not one Rick Tugman. Just because you were on his computer, as you claim, does not mean in the least that you had to register in his name. See, you have a choice of user names. Anything at all that you want. To choose a name of an individual you claim to be notable is in violation of our policies. To that end you have been blocked. If you are indeed Rick Tugman, and you utterly lied about the above, than the article is an autobiography, and you are attempting to deceive and cover up. Either way, you are in the wrong, and are now indefinitely blocked. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 05:20, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and deleted the Rick Tugman article. I had deleted it as a non-notable autobiography, but I was digging around, and there was an old deletion discussion about the article, which resulted in the original getting deleted, and the old discussion still applied for this article anyway.  I have also deleted the two images you uploaded - as you claim to not be Rick Tugman, so it is unlikely that you own the copyrights to the images and thus are unable to release them under the GFDL.  Thank you for bringing my attention to this matter.  --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 05:28, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rick Tugman