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Timeline of cryptography

Below is a timeline of notable events related to cryptography.

B.C.

 * 36th century – The Sumerians develop cuneiform writing and the Egyptians develop hieroglyphic writing.
 * 16th century – The Phoenicians develop an alphabet
 * 600-500 – Hebrew scholars make use of simple monoalphabetic substitution ciphers (such as the Atbash cipher)
 * c. 400 – Spartan use of scytale (alleged)
 * c. 400 – Herodotus reports use of steganography in reports to Greece from Persia (tattoo on shaved head)
 * 100-1 A.D.- Notable Roman ciphers such as the Caesar cipher.

1–1799 A.D.

 * 801–873 A.D. – Cryptanalysis and frequency analysis leading to techniques for breaking monoalphabetic substitution ciphers are developed in A Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages by the Muslim mathematician, Al-Kindi (Alkindus), who may have been inspired by textual analysis of the Qur'an. He also covers methods of encipherments, cryptanalysis of certain encipherments, and statistical analysis of letters and letter combinations in Arabic.
 * 1450 – The Chinese develop wooden block movable type printing.
 * 1450–1520 – The Voynich manuscript, an example of a possibly encoded illustrated book, is written.
 * 1466 – Leon Battista Alberti invents polyalphabetic cipher, also first known mechanical cipher machine
 * 1518 – Johannes Trithemius' book on cryptology
 * 1553 – Bellaso invents Vigenère cipher
 * 1585 – Vigenère's book on ciphers
 * 1586 – Cryptanalysis used by spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham to implicate Mary, Queen of Scots, in the Babington Plot to murder Elizabeth I of England. Queen Mary was eventually executed.
 * 1641 – Wilkins' Mercury (English book on cryptology)
 * 1793 – Claude Chappe establishes the first long-distance semaphore telegraph line
 * 1795 – Thomas Jefferson invents the Jefferson disk cipher, reinvented over 100 years later by Etienne Bazeries

1800–1899

 * 1809–14 George Scovell's work on Napoleonic ciphers during the Peninsular War
 * 1831 – Joseph Henry proposes and builds an electric telegraph
 * 1835 – Samuel Morse develops the Morse code
 * 1854 – Charles Wheatstone invents Playfair cipher
 * c. 1854 – Babbage's method for breaking polyalphabetic ciphers (pub 1863 by Kasiski)
 * 1855 – For the English side in Crimean War, Charles Babbage broke Vigenère's autokey cipher (the 'unbreakable cipher' of the time) as well as the much weaker cipher that is called Vigenère cipher today. Due to secrecy it was also discovered and attributed somewhat later to the Prussian Friedrich Kasiski.
 * 1883 – Auguste Kerckhoffs' La Cryptographie militare published, containing his celebrated laws of cryptography
 * 1885 – Beale ciphers published
 * 1894 – The Dreyfus Affair in France involves the use of cryptography, and its misuse, in regard to false documents.

1900–1949

 * 1916-1922 – William Friedman and Elizebeth Smith Friedman apply statistics to cryptanalysis (coincidence counting, etc.), write Riverbank Publications
 * 1917 – Gilbert Vernam develops first practical implementation of a teletype cipher, now known as a stream cipher and, later, with Joseph Mauborgne the one-time pad
 * 1917 – Zimmermann telegram intercepted and decrypted, advancing U.S. entry into World War I
 * 1919 – Weimar Germany Foreign Office adopts (a manual) one-time pad for some traffic
 * 1919 – Edward Hebern invents/patents first rotor machine design—Damm, Scherbius and Koch follow with patents the same year
 * 1921 – Washington Naval Conference –  U.S. negotiating team aided by decryption of Japanese diplomatic telegrams
 * c. 1924 – MI8 (Herbert Yardley, et al.) provide breaks of assorted traffic in support of US position at Washington Naval Conference
 * c. 1932 – first break of German Army Enigma by Marian Rejewski in Poland
 * 1929 – United States Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson shuts down State Department cryptanalysis "Black Chamber", saying "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."
 * 1931 – The American Black Chamber by Herbert O. Yardley is published, revealing much about American cryptography
 * 1940 – Break of Japan's PURPLE machine cipher by SIS team
 * December 7, 1941 – attack on Pearl Harbor; U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor in Oahu is surprised by Japanese attack, despite U.S. breaking of Japanese codes. U.S. enters World War II.
 * June 1942 – Battle of Midway where U.S. partial break into Dec 41 edition of JN-25 leads to turning-point victory over Japan
 * April 1943 – Admiral Yamamoto, architect of Pearl Harbor attack, is assassinated by U.S. forces who know his itinerary from decoded messages
 * April 1943 – Max Newman, Wynn-Williams, and their team (including Alan Turing) at the secret Government Code and Cypher School ('Station X'), Bletchley Park, Bletchley, England, complete the "Heath Robinson". This is a specialized machine for cipher-breaking, not a general-purpose calculator or computer.
 * December 1943 – The Colossus computer was built, by Thomas Flowers at The Post Office Research Laboratories in London, to crack the German Lorenz cipher (SZ42). Colossus was used at Bletchley Park during World War II –  as a successor to April's 'Robinson's. Although 10 were eventually built, unfortunately they were destroyed immediately after they had finished their work –  it was so advanced that there was to be no possibility of its design falling into the wrong hands.
 * 1944 – Patent application filed on SIGABA code machine used by U.S. in World War II.  Kept secret, it finally issues in 2001
 * 1946 – The Venona project's first break into Soviet espionage traffic from the early 1940s
 * 1948 – Claude Shannon writes a paper that establishes the mathematical basis of information theory.
 * 1949 – Shannon's Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems published in Bell Labs Technical Journal

1950–1999

 * 1951 – U.S. National Security Agency founded. KL-7 rotor machine introduced sometime thereafter.
 * 1957 – First production order for KW-26 electronic encryption system.
 * August 1964 – Gulf of Tonkin Incident leads U.S. into Vietnam War, possibly due to misinterpretation of signals intelligence by NSA.
 * 1967 – David Kahn's The Codebreakers is published.
 * 1968 – John Anthony Walker walks into the Soviet Union's embassy in Washington and sells information on KL-7 cipher machine. The Walker spy ring operates until 1985.
 * 1969 – The first hosts of ARPANET, Internet's ancestor, are connected.
 * 1970 – Using quantum states to encode information is first proposed: Stephen Wiesner invents conjugate coding and applies it to design “money physically impossible to counterfeit” (still technologically unfeasible today).
 * 1974? – Horst Feistel develops Feistel network block cipher design.
 * 1976 – The Data Encryption Standard published as an official Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States.
 * 1976 – Diffie and Hellman publish New Directions in Cryptography.
 * 1977 – RSA public key encryption invented.
 * 1978 – Robert McEliece invents the McEliece cryptosystem, the first asymmetric encryption algorithm to use randomization in the encryption process.
 * 1981 – Richard Feynman proposed quantum computers. The main application he had in mind was the simulation of quantum systems, but he also mentioned the possibility of solving other problems.
 * 1984 – Based on Stephen Wiesner's idea from the 1970s, Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard design the first quantum cryptography protocol, BB84.
 * 1985 – Walker spy ring uncovered. Remaining KL-7's withdrawn from service.
 * 1986 – After an increasing number of break-ins to government and corporate computers, United States Congress passes the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, which makes it a crime to break into computer systems. The law, however, does not cover juveniles.
 * 1988 – African National Congress uses computer-based one-time pads to build a network inside South Africa.
 * 1989 – Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau built the prototype system which became the World Wide Web at CERN.
 * 1989 – Quantum cryptography experimentally demonstrated in a proof-of-the-principle experiment by Charles Bennett et al.
 * 1991 – Phil Zimmermann releases the public key encryption program PGP along with its source code, which quickly appears on the Internet.
 * 1994 – Bruce Schneier's Applied Cryptography is published.
 * 1994 – Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption protocol released by Netscape.
 * 1994 – Peter Shor devises an algorithm which lets quantum computers determine the factorization of large integers quickly. This is the first interesting problem for which quantum computers promise a significant speed-up, and it therefore generates a lot of interest in quantum computers.
 * 1994 – DNA computing proof of concept on toy travelling salesman problem; a method for input/output still to be determined.
 * 1994 – Russian crackers siphon $10 million from Citibank and transfer the money to bank accounts around the world. Vladimir Levin, the 30-year-old ringleader, uses his work laptop after hours to transfer the funds to accounts in Finland and Israel. Levin stands trial in the United States and is sentenced to three years in prison. Authorities recover all but $400,000 of the stolen money.
 * 1994 – Formerly proprietary, but un-patented, RC4 cipher algorithm is published on the Internet.
 * 1994 – First RSA Factoring Challenge from 1977 is decrypted as The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage.
 * 1995 – NSA publishes the SHA1 hash algorithm as part of its Digital Signature Standard.
 * July 1997 – OpenPGP specification (RFC 2440) released
 * 1997 – Ciphersaber, an encryption system based on RC4 that is simple enough to be reconstructed from memory, is published on Usenet.
 * October 1998 – Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) becomes law in U.S., criminalizing production and dissemination of technology that can circumvent technical measures taken to protect copyright.
 * October 1999 – DeCSS, a computer program capable of decrypting content on a DVD, is published on the Internet.

2000 and beyond

 * January 14, 2000 – U.S. Government announce restrictions on export of cryptography are relaxed (although not removed). This allows many US companies to stop the long running process of having to create US and international copies of their software.
 * March 2000 – President of the United States Bill Clinton says he doesn't use e-mail to communicate with his daughter, Chelsea Clinton, at college because he doesn't think the medium is secure.
 * September 6, 2000 – RSA Security Inc. released their RSA algorithm into the public domain, a few days in advance of their  expiring. Following the relaxation of the U.S. government export restrictions, this removed one of the last barriers to the worldwide distribution of much software based on cryptographic systems
 * 2000 – UK Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act requires anyone to supply their cryptographic key to a duly authorized person on request
 * 2001 – Belgian Rijndael algorithm selected as the U.S. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) after a five-year public search process by  National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
 * 2001 – Scott Fluhrer, Itsik Mantin and Adi Shamir publish an attack on WiFi's Wired Equivalent Privacy security layer
 * September 11, 2001 – U.S. response to terrorist attacks hampered by lack of secure communications
 * November 2001 – Microsoft and its allies vow to end "full disclosure" of security vulnerabilities by replacing it with "responsible" disclosure guidelines
 * 2002 – NESSIE project releases final report / selections
 * August 2002, PGP Corporation formed, purchasing assets from NAI.
 * 2003 – CRYPTREC project releases 2003 report / recommendations
 * 2004 – The hash MD5 is shown to be vulnerable to practical collision attack
 * 2004 – The first commercial quantum cryptography system becomes available from id Quantique.
 * 2005 – Potential for attacks on SHA1 demonstrated
 * 2005 – Agents from the U.S. FBI demonstrate their ability to crack WEP using publicly available tools
 * May 1, 2007 – Users swamp Digg.com with copies of a 128-bit key to the AACS system used to protect HD DVD and Blu-ray video discs. The user revolt was a response to Digg's decision, subsequently reversed, to remove the keys, per demands from the motion picture industry that cited the U.S. DMCA anti-circumvention provisions.
 * November 2, 2007 – NIST hash function competition announced.
 * 2009 – Bitcoin network was launched.
 * 2010 – The master key for High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) and the private signing key for the Sony PlayStation 3 game console are recovered and published using separate cryptoanalytic attacks. PGP Corp. is acquired by Symantec.
 * 2012 – NIST selects the Keccak algorithm as the winner of its SHA-3 hash function competition.
 * 2013 – Edward Snowden discloses a vast trove of classified documents from NSA. See Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)
 * 2013 – Dual_EC_DRBG is discovered to have a NSA backdoor.
 * 2013 – NSA publishes Simon and Speck lightweight block ciphers.
 * 2014 – The Password Hashing Competition accepts 24 entries.
 * 2015 – Year by which NIST suggests that 80-bit keys be phased out.

title: Timeline of cryptography


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Template talk:Citation style

Supposed to be on talk pages
The Templates for deletion/Log/Not deleted/October 2005 debate allowed the template to continue only because it was a tie. Those opposed thought it was an unnecessary template because it clutters the articles since the references were present but not in a "better style" (although there are no rules on references). Those favoring retaining it said it should only be on talk pages. If applied to talk pages it makes a reference back to a talk page about the talk page! Americasroof 11:08, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * ✅ There presently is no consensus on the template placement and use of Template:Articleissues takes care of any template clutter issues. Bebestbe (talk) 16:58, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

This is Clutter. Such issues should be on the talk page not in article space. --PBS (talk) 19:37, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

 * And that's personal opinion, not supported by a consensus on any ongoing discussion. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 08:15, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Proposed change in wording
not "would be clearer' but "might" be clearer. Otherwise it should say "an editor has proposed that the references...would be clearer. I prefer the first change for brevity. DGG 06:22, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I disagree. I don't know of any cleanup template that says "an editor", this template is meant to tell people to clean up the referencing style in the article, if it's incorrectly applied it can be removed. Quadzilla99 00:14, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * But it fails to live up to this intent, because it is too vague and overbroad. It needs to ask people to use standardized reference citations per WP:CITE. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 23:14, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * WP:CITE says If you do not know how to format the citation, provide as much information as you can, and others may fix it for you. Cite It! WP:CITE Does not say People need to use standardized references (but it would be nice if they did :) Jeepday (talk) 04:40, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

 * ✅ I don't think the template wording can be more specific. WP:CITE is not so clear on the point: "There are a number of citation styles and systems used in different fields, all including the same information, with different punctuation use, and with the order of appearance varying for the author's name, publication date, title, and page numbers. Any style or system is acceptable on Wikipedia so long as articles are internally consistent." Instead of making the wording of the template more specific, I added a second unnamed parameter to the template to allow the citation style template poster to provide more details on what may need to be changed in the article regarding the citation, footnoting, or external linking. Bebestbe (talk) 16:55, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Misplacedness
Not all of the participants in the TFD discussion who favored keeping this template suggested restricting it to talk pages. There are plenty of cleanup tags that are article pages themselves, and that's on purpose, to encourage people to deal with the problems and remove the tag when it's done. Otherwise, it will sit on the talk page and be ignored, and when the problem is corrected, no one will remove it. It's been my practice for a long time to put this tag in the reference section of the article itself, where it's not distracting people as they are just starting to read the article. It seems appropriate in an "excuse our dust, and by the way, these references might not be numbered correctly, so be careful" sort of way. If other people want to put them on talk pages, I won't stop them, but I don't like the red "you put this template in the wrong place" line to show up when I feel I am using the template appropriately. -- Beland 05:29, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I also use it and other reference templates on the article for similar reasons. Jeepday (talk) 12:49, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Concensus regarding the placement of the citation style is noted in the usage instructions. Bebestbe (talk) 16:49, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Date parameter and Update Usage
I updated the usage on the template space based on the much discussed Template:Unreferenced. I notice this template does not have a date parameter, Can someone add a date parameter? Jeepday (talk) 13:15, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ I added a date parameter. Bebestbe (talk) 16:48, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Various improvements needed
This template needs a link to the Wikipedia citation standard ... somewhere ... Said: Rursus ☺ ★ 10:40, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * ✅ Please be more specific on what you believe is missing. The template links to Citing sources, Footnotes, and External links all of which are part of Manual of Style and there is no Citation standard so a link to that would seem kind of pointless. Jeepday (talk) 12:55, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Might
First step is to change it to might then, as there is not really a single standard--so nobody can really correctly express an imperative. DGG (talk) 00:02, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ The template now reads The references used in this article may be clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. -- Bebestbe (talk) 16:47, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Yellow?
Shouldn't this have a yellow sidebar, as it has to do with style and not content? Rocket000 10:56, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ The template presently has a yellow sidebar. Bebestbe (talk) 16:45, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

different/consistent
these are really different questions. there is no policy for a particular style of citations, as long as they're clear. there is policy against mixing them in an article. DGG (talk) 20:20, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

second unnamed parameter
I could not get the "second unnamed parameter" (additional message text) to work here. Broken, or discontinued? ~ Ningauble (talk) 01:10, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * There appears to be no second parameter in the code. Can someone explain what has happened to it? Keith D (talk) 20:07, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Looks like removed it here. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 09:53, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Do we want it back? I wasn't missed for over a year... I say remove it from the documentation, and that's it. Debresser (talk) 10:16, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't really think it's necessary. Dropping it from the docs should be fine. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 11:12, 19 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I think a parameter for specifying additional details is useful, so I implemented it. However, I don't think it is a good idea to use unnamed parameters when earlier ones are optional, so I implemented this as the "details" parameter.  I also updated doc to add "details" parameter and removed "Second unnamed parameter", which was never removed. -- JPMcGrath (talk) 06:09, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Move to talk page
This template does not provide a benefit to readers and should appear on a talk page, rather than at the head of an article. Having standard citations would be nice, but there's no reason to have a rather large banner adorn a page informing viewers that the citations are not standardised. I'd like to invite the opinions of other users on this. --LT910001 (talk) 01:35, 1 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose It's a maintenance/cleanup tag, and as such belongs in the lead section of the article, per MOS:LEAD. -- Red rose64 (talk) 14:44, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

Request for comment on use
I recently came into contact with this template here: Supraorbital ridge. I think we accept that many pages are not perfect, but that all the imperfections (major and minor) do not need to be explicitly documented on every single page. I would like to request some comments on:
 * 1) Is this template useful? It doesn't state something that can be improved (ie, need for references), but instead something that any reader could see - that the citations are not consistent.
 * 2) Should this template be placed predominantly on the page's heading?
 * 3) These templates are presumably for editors and readers. What is the likelihood that a reader or editor will, seeing this template, decide to make changes to the article?
 * 4) If an editor does make changes, will that actually improve the article's quality?

The template I refer to is this:

I'd like to hear what other users think. I think this template is unnecessary and somewhat distracting, and I think it is an example of overuse of templates. That said, I'm sure there are some good situations where it's used. I'd like the opinion of other users. Kindly, --Tom (LT) (talk) 07:47, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

 * the concerns are detailed on the article talk page, but they appear to have been resolved (looks like good APAP style to me), so I removed the tag for now... that being said, the tag could be useful if the references were seriously deficient Roberticus  talk  00:26, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I think that the template could be useful if used judiciously. For example, if the problem is that some citations have one date format and some another, or some have items in a different order, or have some with commas and some with periods, an editor could just fix it or make a note on the talk page.  However, if the citation style is causing a problem in the article, and there are too many changes to be made quickly, the template may spur someone to fix it.  For example, if the citations are bare URLs in the middle of paragraphs without ref tags, or make use of "ibid". —Anne Delong (talk) 00:26, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree that most articles with one or two minor citation difficulties would not benefit from this temple. However, there are articles that, via multiple editor and IP input, end up with two, three or even four citation styles. Example: the current version of the Dravidian languages article uses at least three styles. In those cases where the tagging editor either doesn't have the time or expertise to edit the article for a uniform style, this template is appropriate to call attention to the problem by placing it in Category:All articles needing references cleanup where editors like me can find useful work when we are in that mind-set. For that purpose the tag could be hidden or placed on the talk page. The answer to the question about whether the existence of multiple citation styles on a page is obvious, is "no". I don't always look at the Notes/Reference section depending upon why I am accessing a page. If I see such a template I am much more likely to look at them. Which brings us to the last two questions which raise a separate issue, namely, "Should the template be visible on the article page?". #3 Yes, I sometimes fix a page that I come across which has a tag such as this one. I cannot speak for other editors, and I am not sure that there is an easy way to compile statistics on that. Question #4 Left me a little confused about what  was really asking. Even good faith edits can miss the mark, but usually editors who would take up the challenge presented by this temple would improve the article. People who are likely to do citation cleanup are likely to be meticulous. Even if that would be only one reader/editor out of a hundred thousand, then in the course of six months the Dravidian languages article would be likely to attract some edits that improve the citation (given the average of over 500 views per day of the Dravidian languages article). In general I also concur with Anne Delong's comments. Currently there seem to be under 4,000 articles tagged with this template.  That actually is a very small number given the size of the Wikipedia. For comparison the Template:harvnb (not a popular citation template) is used on about 25,000 pages. --Bejnar (talk) 17:06, 12 October 2014 (UTC)
 * For the cases that Anne is thinking of, we have more specific templates like ibid, bare urls, and the like. This is more commonly used when someone notices an absence of little blue numbers like this and thinks that this automatically means that there is a problem.  In other cases, there's a mix of WP:PAREN and blue clicky numbers, which actually is a (sometimes relatively minor) problem, or the page uses WP:General references exclusively (in which case, see no footnotes) or partially (which is not officially a problem at all).  I haven't seen it used for very minor problems (e.g., bibliographic citations that have slightly different orders) and I don't think it should be used for that.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 01:42, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

Proposing a change
I think that has an unclear citation style should be wiki-linked as has an unclear citation style. That section of the Citing sources guideline explains what is and is not an issue and gives a list of standard practices to help clean up citations. As of now when the template is used within Template:multiple issues it offers no links and the text is ambiguous. Let me know if there are any objections or a better link target. Regards, Rjjiii  (talk) 07:06, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

 * It's in the sandbox now and I'll apply it to the live template if there are no objections., I want to ping you first since I noticed the lack of link after you added the template to an article and I don't want the update to come off like a subversion. Regards, Rjjiii  (talk) 06:04, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template talk:Citation style


text:
J. Dover Wilson

John Dover Wilson CH (13 July 1881 – 15 January 1969) was a professor and scholar of Renaissance drama, focusing particularly on the work of William Shakespeare. Born at Mortlake (then in Surrey, now in Greater London), he attended Lancing College, Sussex, and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He taught at King's College London before becoming Regius Professor of English literature at the University of Edinburgh.

In 1925 he took on Dorothy May Meads as a doctoral student to study early women's education, following on from his own work. This was said to be the first major study.

Wilson was primarily known for two lifelong projects. He was the chief editor, with the assistance of Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, of the New Shakespeare, a series of editions of the complete plays published by Cambridge University Press. Of those editions, the one of Hamlet was his particular focus, and he published a number of other books on the play, supporting the textual scholarship of his edition as well as offering an interpretation. His What Happens in Hamlet, first published in 1935, is among the more influential books ever written on the play, being reprinted several times including a revised second edition in 1959.

Wilson's textual work was characterised by considerable boldness and confidence in his own judgement. His work on the complicated matter of the transmission of Shakespeare's texts—none of Shakespeare's manuscripts survive and no published edition of any play was supervised directly by the playwright, so all of the texts are mediated by compositors and printers—was highly respected, though some of his theories have since been eclipsed by new scholarship. However, when the textual principles he painstakingly established did not support the reading that seemed right to him, he would depart widely from them, earning him a reputation for both brilliance and capriciousness; Stanley Edgar Hyman refers to the "valuable (sometime weird)" New Shakespeare. In his interpretations that juxtaposition was heightened without the support of his arduous textual work. These interpretations included a reading of the famous bedroom scene between Hamlet and his mother that remains influential (if frequently questioned) to this day, but also peculiar ideas about covert Lutheranism and almost completely unsourced speculation about Shakespeare's relationship with his son-in-law. The influential Shakespearean W. W. Greg, Wilson's nemesis, once referred to Wilson's ideas as "the careerings of a not too captive balloon in a high wind."

In 1969 he completed a posthumously-published memoir, Milestones on the Dover Road.

Major works

 * The New Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press, 1921–1969 (Editor).
 * Life in Shakespeare's England: A Book of Elizabethan Prose. Cambridge UP, 1911. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00261-5)
 * The Elizabethan Shakespeare. Milford, 1929.
 * The Essential Shakespeare: A Biographical Adventure. Cambridge UP, 1932.
 * The Fortunes of Falstaff. Cambridge UP, 1944.
 * What Happens in Hamlet. 2nd edition. Cambridge UP, 1959.
 * Shakespeare's Happy Comedies. Faber and Faber, 1962.

title: J. Dover Wilson


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Hero of the Russian Federation/archive1

Hero of the Russian Federation
I expanded this article recently, but as usually, my English is not the best. I also need to make sure that I could have a few people see if I am missing key information or key sources that I can use. I am looking forward to make this a WP:FA, like the other hero titles of Belarus and Ukraine. Zach (Sound Off) 02:50, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Your English is perfectly horrible. Why not have someone do some editing for you? With nearly half a billion native speakers, I'm sure you'd be able to engage someone's help. Just make sure you get them to like you first.--Impressionist October 6, 2005
 * Ok. Zach (Sound Off) 23:46, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The only thing I'll mention is that the first two sections after the intro are a bit short.... Ryan Norton T 06:32, 14 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Hot particle

A hot particle is a microscopic piece of radioactive material that can become lodged in living tissue and deliver a concentrated dose of radiation to a small area. A generally accepted theory proposes that hot particles within the body are vastly more dangerous than external emitters delivering the same dose of radiation in a diffused manner. Other researchers claim that there is little or no difference in risk between internal and external emitters, maintaining that individuals will likely continue to accumulate radiation dose from internal sources even after being removed from the original hazard and properly decontaminated, regardless of the relative danger from an internally sourced radiation dose compared to an equivalent externally sourced radiation dose.

The theory has gained most prominence in debates over the health effects of nuclear accidents, dirty bombs or fallout from nuclear weapons, all of which can spread hot particles through the environment. The current ICRP risk model for radiation exposure is derived from studies of victims of external radiation, and detractors claim it does not adequately estimate the risk of hot particles.

Attributes
Hot particles contained in far-traveled nuclear fallout range in size from 10 nanometers to 20 micrometers, whereas those present in local fallout may be much larger (100 micrometers to several millimeters). Hot particles can be identified by a Geiger counter, or by autoradiography, i.e., fogging X-Ray film. Their age and origin can be determined by their isotopic signature.

Due to their small size, hot particles may be swallowed, inhaled or enter the body by other means. Once lodged in the body, cells very near the hot particle may absorb much of its radiation, and be bombarded in a very sustained and concentrated fashion. By contrast, an external radioactive source delivering the same total amount of radiation over the whole body would give a relatively minute dose to any one cell.

Estimating health risk
The Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters (CERRIE), established by the UK Government, carried out a 3-year-long independent expert review into the health risks of internal emitters (i.e., hot particles) and published its findings in 2003. The study failed to reach consensus, but the conclusion of the majority of its members was that the current ICRP risk model, despite being largely derived from studies of survivors of external radiation, adequately estimates the risk of hot particles, and that any differences between internal and external radiation are adequately accommodated by the established parameters in physiological models (relative biological effectiveness, kinetic factors); i.e., that internal radiation does not seem to be significantly more dangerous than an equal amount of externally delivered radiation. However, they noted significant levels of uncertainty regarding dose estimates for internal emitters, especially regarding less common radionuclides such as 239Pu and 241Am, and even more common ones such as 90Sr. Two of the twelve members disagreed with the overall findings, notably Christopher Busby who advocates controversial physico-biological mechanisms such as Second Event Theory and Photoelectric Effect Theory, by which he believes the danger of ingested particles could be greatly enhanced.

Another study largely corroborates the CERRIE findings, though emphasizing the paucity of useful data, substantial uncertainties over accuracy, and the existence of evidence for at least some modest "enhanced cell transformation for hot-particle exposures".

Origin
Hot particles released into the environment may originate in nuclear reactors or nuclear explosions. The Chernobyl disaster was a major source of hot particles, as the core of the reactor was breached, but they have also been released into the environment through illegal dumping of low-level waste at Dounreay. They are also a component of the black rain or other nuclear fallout resulting from detonations of a nuclear weapon, including the more than 2000 nuclear weapons tests in the mid-20th century. Nonradioactive substances can be turned radioactive primarily through neutron activation, though other reactions are also possibilities; this induced radioactivity can be dispersed in hot particles.

Cold War nuclear tests included safety trials in which fissile material was not detonated, but was sometimes dispersed, including plutonium vapor, plutonium aerosols of various sizes, plutonium oxide particulates, plutonium-coated particles, and sizeable lumps of plutonium-contaminated structural material.

Accidents involving satellites and other devices are another source. The crash of the Kosmos 954 satellite released hot particles from its onboard BES-5 nuclear powerplant.

Accidents during transportation of nuclear weapons or nuclear waste are another potential source. A Boeing B-52 Stratofortress nuclear-armed bomber crashed in the area of the northwest Greenland town of Thule (since renamed to Qaanaaq), releasing hot particles.

Common failure of nuclear fuel may result in fuel fleas, which can be found in some facilities that process spent nuclear fuel.

title: Hot particle


text:
User talk:Poiuyt Man/archive 1

Welcome!
Hi Poiuytman, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 06:42, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation
F---, you beat me to disambiguating the DDR pages! :P

Re : "Own Photos/Images on your WikiStats"
Noted, I didn't know about that before you told me =P, thanks for your message. On second thoughts, because of "File links" in image pages I decided to leave them as it is. Anyway, have a great weekend! :) - Cheers, Mailer Diablo 13:13, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The DDR phenomenon
I am planning to write an article for tis topic, see DDR talk SYSS Mouse 03:46, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

DDR 5th Mix Song List
Poiyut, I put the hidden songs in the DDR 5th Mix Song List last for a reason, because they are last on the list. That's why I arranged them that way, because they are grouped that way in the machine. I could never put them in exact order, but I did want to at least group them in their default order grouping. Wanted to consult before making changes. --Kitch 04:50, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Redirect DDR Freak?
Wouldn't it be simpler to just redirect DDR Freak to Dance Dance Revolution? You used the actual words from the article, so the edit history has to be preserved somehow. Kappa 10:33, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Konami Code
If you have the time, would you mind cleaning up the links of Konami Code? thx SYSS Mouse 03:11, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * [[image:WikiThanks.png]] for this.SYSS Mouse 02:09, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Response to Extra Stages
Ahh, okay, didn't realize that "Another Extra Stage" was only in the US home versions of DDRMAX and etc.

I don't think "I won't forget you." has ever been used, either. As for Xbox, they don't even have an arcade mode, so they don't have extra stages. You just keep choosing songs and playing, and if you fail one, it just takes you back to the song select screen. --Kitch 19:32, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

DDR USA
Is there a reason Dance Dance Revolution games doesn't include DDR USA? Dance Dance Revolution (North America) covers US 1st and USA CS, but has a red link to DDR USA. --SPUI (talk) 13:51, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

RE: DDR Solo
Perhaps. We could also add information about Solo 4th Mix, 4th Mix Plus and DDRMAX2. --Kitch 15:29, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Re: Pop'n Music a kid's game?
Hey, I wasn't the one that said it was a kid's game. All I did to the article was put in a wrong-name-due-to-technical-limitations boilerplate (which somebody removed for the opposite reason you changed all my article titles on the DDR mixes >.<;;). And I'm aware how difficult it is. I've played it before. But it is undoubtedly marketed toward kids. --Kitch 17:34, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

From what I understand, the earlier versions were marketed towards kids, but Konami realized adults also played and added harder stuff while keeping the cuteness. --SPUI (talk) 18:13, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

DDR US 1st Mix images.
Eh, I'm not really seeing the crookedness. I can see how #2 lookes rotated clockwise, but the lines under 'stay cool' are perfectly horizontal. Upload them; the images can be reverted if necessary. --SPUI (talk) 05:01, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, templates should definitely include all necessary links, red or blue. --SPUI (talk) 11:00, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

user name redirect
I noticed that your user page redirects to Poiuyt Man. I want to tell you that if people click on your name, he will be transported to "Poiuyt Man" and any talk will goes there and so you may not be noticed about new message.s SYSS Mouse 02:26, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Kind words are always appreciated. I had just completed a slightly more extensive edit of the Penny Arcade article, but I lost the work somehow. What was submitted was a frustrated attempt to recreate it. I'm glad to hear it may be an improvement! -DynSkeet 12:55, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

Re : Requested deletion
Hi Poiuytman,

Thanks for your message. It's been done, as per request. Please do check for double-links as well. :)

- Mailer Diablo 02:53, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

DDR again
would it be possible if we push the article to a featured article? Like, what will happen if we see DDR on main page :)

Nintendo Entertainment System, Doom, Super Mario 64, Golden age of arcade games, Link (Legend of Zelda), BZFlag, Goomba are all featured articles. Why not DDR? Let's end the Nintendo monopoly!!! SYSS Mouse 01:38, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Darling,
I was browsing around all the work you've done on Wiki lately. I'm glad you chose a good hobby. Something like you doing crack would upset me. I love you, sweetheart.

Love, PrettyPretty

WP:RFA
You haven't finished making your self-nomination yet. Please add the end date and time for voting, as per the instructions, and answer the questions below the votes. I presume that you realise that your number of edits is pretty marginal for a RFA.-gadfium 00:42, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Your RFA
Given the continuously rising standards for an Admin, I don't think your RFA will pass. However, you should definitely come back later. JuntungWu 16:48, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Time stamp in edit summary
You used the timestamp in your edit summary for your revert of Wikipedia. Try not to use to this in the future because the time shown in the history depends on the offset from UTC set in the individual preferences.--Clawed 07:08, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Template:Infobox CVG
The lines you've added seem to have broken the display on pages that use this template. I'm not sure what needs fixing, but could you look into it? Thanks. Orange Goblin 13:40, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Please see reply on my talk page. Orange Goblin 13:51, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Arcade games already have an infobox to their own. This is unneeded. WikiProject Arcade games. You should have discussed this prior to making the changes. K1Bond007 14:51, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Dude! You added this to every game without discussing any of this?! You're going to have to fix all of this. As previously stated there already is an Arcade infobox. I can't believe this. Not cool. K1Bond007 15:04, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * So there is an arcade game infoxbox - I couldn't find it eariler. It doesn't appear to be a template though - perhaps it should be made into one, to save copying and pasting? Orange Goblin 15:14, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't understand why you are adding lines to the infoboxes. I don't think Red Faction will ever be an arcade game, let alone all the other ones you added to. I see other people are complaining, so i'll leave the fixing to you. Thunderbrand 15:24, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever they want. It's their project. They apparently have one going here too: Template:Infobox Arcade Game. Merging these two, was not a good thing to do. As Thunderbrand pointed out theres tons and tons of computer and video games that are not arcade games and probably have no chance of ever becoming one. That's just one reason. I've reverted all the changes Poiuytman made. This was a huge mistake that should have been discussed not only with the Arcade Wikiproject, but also with Wikiproject:CVG. K1Bond007 16:42, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * (Reply to K1Bond007 specifically, but applies to all): I apologize for the hassle with the infoboxes, and the work I created for you having to revert them all (I would have done it myself had I returned sooner). It seemed like a good idea at the time, but I do see now that the plan was flawed because the arcade lines would be much less likely to be filled than the other optional lines. I'll try not to be so bold next time. --Poiuyt Man talk  17:32, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Be bold. I'm not trying to say you shouldn't, but whenever templates and standards are concerned (especially templates that are used by this many of articles) you should have a discussion about it before doing it. I can think of plenty of worse things I've had to deal with. :) K1Bond007 20:30, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Hey, since these templates are not going to be used (Template:Infobox CVG/monitor, Template:Infobox CVG/cabinet, Template:Infobox CVG/arcade system), I added them to Templates for deletion. If you care to, you can go there and vote to delete them. Given that you're the creator they'll be deleted faster. Just letting you know. K1Bond007 04:20, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

Zero Mission is a Prequel
Talk:Metroid: Zero Mission has been updated. I hope that we can agree on the correct timeline. To let you know, when I edited the Metroid Series page I did include references and an edit summery. Dai Grepher 9 July 2005 12:16 (UTC)

 * I see that you are willing to discuss the Zero Mission topic, and I think you. However, I am concerned about the method of replying. If all we can do is edit that page by adding new replies under the old ones, and we cannot delete older replies, then the page will grow exponentially. That also might deter others from replying to it. For now I will make a summarized reply under each category for the issue and try to keep it brief, but I would like to know if there is a better, less confusing way to discuss this issue, such as discussing it in a Metroid forum on another website.

Dai Grepher 23:56, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

I got your message. The only other thing I am concerned with is the possible overlooking of some points. It seems that there were a few points that you did not reply to. Dai Grepher 03:58, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Tekken Characters
I know you had paid some attention to the earlier, poorly-executed categorical deletion, so you should have some idea of what I mean by what I'm about to say. Alright, I don't necessarily disagree with you that many of the characters from Tekken don't deserve individualized pages. Personally, from the little I've seen of Tekken, they don't really provide as much balance between major and minor characters as most fighting games. The minor characters are really minor. The thing is, I noticed that your requests for deletion of specific character pages is coming almost right on the heels of the other conflict that has just finally ended after about two weeks. To be frank, I think we should wait on summarily deleting pages and allow for thorough community sifting through the character articles. If the situation doesn't get better in the future--I'm thinking about one or two or, worst-case scenario, three months--then we should readdress the issue of deletion; but to jump on this right now just seems like hasty in my opinion. I'll look for a response here. --Shackleton 05:48, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I am asking you to give this a rest. The cat deletion has just been closed with a massive keep vote.  I've deleted your renomination and rolled back your VfD notices, because this nomination could only create bad feeling on Wikipedia. --Tony Sidaway Talk  05:57, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know whether you've considered this, but it should be easy enough to merge the minor characters into a suitable article and replace the article contents with a redirect to that article. You don't need a VfD for this, just be bold. --Tony Sidaway Talk  06:05, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

I think you're right, I did overreact to your nomination. I had just gone through scores of Tekken articles removing the VfD template and I didn't like the idea of the whole thing being opened up again after such a strong vote for keep. I think you're doing excellent, and much needed, cleanup work on these articles, but really you don't need to use VfD. Preferably we should only ever see real crap listed there, not stuff that is better merged to a main article as you have done. --Tony Sidaway Talk 07:06, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Talk:Metroid: Zero Mission/prequel-remake
Whew. I just got through all that. If I could give you a purple heart for your bravery... oh wait. I can.

Coincidences and Pokemon cleanup
Wow, great to see someone from the SW:CCG communities. Heck, I think I still have an old e-mail address of your on my list of trading references.

Anyway, I saw that you were cleaning up some of the Pokemon game articles, and I wanted to invite you to help comtribute to WP:PAC. While the front page is mostly concerned with cleaning up the Pokémon species articles, we could use some help with Pokémon Collaborative Project and Pokémon Adoption Center/Next. The game articles, especially, are in sad shape, and we could use all the help we can get. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 17:58, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

2 ZM images
Thunderbrand 22:53, August 13, 2005 (UTC)

On mediation
Please see my comments on the RfM page. --Improv 04:03, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Futurama
I noticed your discussion at Talk:Futurama (New York World's Fair). Why wasn't Futurama the article for the the TV show instead of Futurama (TV series), since it is the main usage? --Commander Keane 17:37, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

Trademark
The naming conventions for trademarks are apparently subjective, it states "Follow standard English text formatting and capitalization rules even if the trademark owner encourages special treatment [...] but, don't invent new formats: MCI is standard, not "Mci".

I only renamed it because someone decided to move it from Ico (video game) to Ico (playstation), which is even worse. I'm not going to argue the naming convention too much because I'm not really sure (now that you bring it up) which is really the correct way to go, although I would not use Doom as a precedent because Id is inconsistant. It even states on the page:
 * The title may also be written "DOOM", fully capitalized; id Software themselves are inconsistent in choosing between "Doom" and "DOOM". The variation "DooM", stylized after the game's logo, is also occasionally encountered, but has fallen out of use almost completely in recent years."

User:Fredrik might know more about this since he's essentially the Doom caretaker ;) K1Bond007 19:10, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

Bemani vandalism
this user, 66.24.4.236 is removing the Bemani artist category for many articles that is included in the category. contribution Would you give some time to revert it? (I currently do not have the time to do this.) SYSS Mouse 02:37, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Poiuyt Man/archive 1


text:
Category:Airports in New Zealand

__NOGALLERY__

This category is for airports in New Zealand.

title: Category:Airports in New Zealand


text:
User talk:Eliment

Element
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Owen× ☎  02:51, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eliment


text:
Miles M.30

The Miles M.30 X-Minor was an experimental aircraft, designed by Miles Aircraft to evaluate the characteristics of blended fuselage and wing intersections.

Design and development
Begun in 1938, the X series of designs was Miles designation M.26, covering a wide range of aircraft designs from small feeder-liners to very large 8-engined transatlantic transports.

To investigate the design philosophy of the blended wing/body Miles was given a contract to design and build a sub-scale flying model of the X.9 design, which emerged as the M.30 X-Minor. The small size of the X Minor made it impossible to follow the buried engine design exactly; the engines were too large and had to be mounted externally, resulting in an aircraft similar in layout but differing in aerodynamics. The X Minor first flew in February 1942, providing Miles with useful data for several years. A larger scale prototype of the X transport was planned but never built.

title: Miles M.30


text:
Liberty Music Shop Records

Liberty Music Shop Records was a record label formed in New York City in 1933. Its catalogue included Lee Wiley and Ethel Waters.

At one time in the late 1930s, Liberty had three shops in New York City. They imported a number of records from the UK, as copies of British HMV's and Decca's have been found with large Liberty Music Shop stickers covering the foreign logos.

In 1933, they started their own private recording label, using original masters recorded at Brunswick Records and later Decca studios. They specialized in dance music (Enric Madriguera, Freddy Martin, Emile Petti and Ted Straeter); cabaret and Broadway personalities (Beatrice Lillie, Ramona, Mabel Mercer, Ethel Merman, Cy Walter, Ethel Waters, and Lee Wiley); and niche acts like Casper Reardon and Bruz Fletcher. About 200 records were produced between 1933 and 1942. In the 1950s the label produced LP reissues.

title: Liberty Music Shop Records


text:
Virginia D. Smith

Virginia Dodd Smith (June 30, 1911 – January 23, 2006) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1991 from the Third Congressional District of Nebraska. She was the first and to date only woman from Nebraska to hold a seat in the House.

Before serving in Congress, Smith chaired the American Farm Bureau Women for twenty years.

Congress
Smith was elected to succeed Representative Dave Martin in 1974. In the year of Watergate, she defeated her Democratic opponent Wayne Ziebarth by just 737 votes. However, she never faced another contest anywhere near that close, and was reelected seven more times from what has long been one of the most Republican districts in the nation. Proving just how Republican this district was, her lowest vote share apart from her initial bid was 69 percent in 1986, and she even ran unopposed in 1982.

Death
She died in 2006 in Sun City West, Arizona at the age of 94. She is buried in Iowa alongside her husband, Haven, who died in 1997.

title: Virginia D. Smith


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/James Moye

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 14:31, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

James Moye
Delete - This appears to be some sort of vanity page, which isn't even that flattering. 168.122.206.118 02:55, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't seem like a vanity page per say, looks more like the computer generated lists over at Googlism. Funny site, that.--Qirex 07:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. utcursch | talk 11:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No entry at IMDB (the "James Moye" there appears to be another actor), fails the test for inclusion. (Even if there were an entry for Moye there, this article would desperately need a cleanup.) -- llywrch 18:21, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This guy is a stage actor is the reason he is not in IMDB. Getting cast in that number of successful and famous shows warrants inclusion methinks. Qaz  ( talk ) 05:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * After I looked on IMDB & cast my vote, I wondered that very thing -- however, I would expect that the original contributor would mention that he was a stage actor. And yet, if we accept that as a given, how do we then determine whether a theatre actor is worth including? Are these plays in New York, London, Chicago -- or some place like Cheyenne, Wyoming or Bend, Oregon? Has he performed in any companies that comply with the guidelines of Actors' Equity? (And if so, where can one find a database for all of these companies & plays -- there are none at the AE website.) Or are all of these plays he performed in community or high school plays? I'm looking for information here so I could be comfortable in accepting his entry in Wikipedia. I didn't find that information in the article, which is the reason for my vote. -- llywrch 23:11, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "James Moye has added his name to a list of utterly non-notable actors, proving that vanity pages are vanity pages and that they will continue to be DELETED - Dottore So 06:06, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article was tagged cleanup on May 16.  The only subsequent edits were an edit in August that put the article in its current wretched state and finally the addition of the AFD tag. Quale 23:02, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unencyclopedic; the lack of reference to the names, places, dates, etc. of the productions makes it unverifiable. MCB 00:49, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:FlashPaper

Translate
Could someone please translate from the French article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gary King (talk • contribs) 21:55, October 5, 2005

Need to open PDF files in new window
If you have the Adobe Reader plugin for your web browser you don't need to open PDF files in a separate window, it can be displayed in the same window as the link to the PDF file. --Blenda Lovelace 22:51, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Limitations
It would be nice to explain these "flash player limitations" for why the adobe files are more readable. This could look like a "free" statement —Preceding unsigned comment added by CafeFroid (talk • contribs) 12:59, September 12, 2006

Adobe not supporting Flash?
I don't think so, now that they own it. Maybe not Flashpaper, as it competes with PDF. Also the citation [2] doesn't link to any reference to this claim. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.73.6.33 (talk • contribs) 04:07, August 15, 2007

title: Talk:FlashPaper


text:
Harlan Mills

Harlan D. Mills (May 14, 1919 – January 8, 1996) was professor of computer science at the Florida Institute of Technology and founder of Software Engineering Technology, Inc. of Vero Beach, Florida (since acquired by Q-Labs). Mills' contributions to software engineering have had a profound and enduring effect on education and industrial practice. Since earning his Ph.D. in Mathematics at Iowa State University in 1952, Mills led a distinguished career.

As an IBM research fellow, Mills adapted existing ideas from engineering and computer science to software development. These included automata theory, the structured programming theory of Edsger Dijkstra, Robert W. Floyd, and others, and Markov chain-driven software testing. His Cleanroom software development process emphasized top-down design and formal specification. Mills contributed his ideas to the profession in six books and over fifty refereed articles in technical journals.

Mills was termed a "super-programmer", a term which would evolve to the concept in IBM of a "Chief Programmer."

Achievements

 * Ph.D.: Iowa State University, 1952
 * Visiting professor (part time) 1975-1987
 * Adjunct Professor, 1987-1995
 * Chairman, NSF Computer Science Research Panel on Software Methodology, 1974–77
 * Chairman of the First National Conference on Software Engineering, 1975
 * Editor for IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 1975–81
 * U.S. representative for software at the IFIP Congress, 1977
 * Governor of the IEEE Computer Society, 1980–83
 * Chairman for IEEE Fall CompCon, 1981
 * Chairman, Computer Science Panel, U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, 1986
 * Awardee, Distinguished Information Sciences Award, DPMA 1985
 * Designer of initial NFL scheduling algorithm (http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_harlan/407/)
 * Recipient of ACM SIGSOFT Outstanding Research Award, 1999.

The ICSE-affiliated colloquium "Science and Engineering for Software Development" is being organized in honor of Harlan D. Mills, and as a recognition of his enduring legacy to the theory and practice of software engineering. The ICSE-affiliated colloquium "Science and Engineering for Software Development" was being organized in honor of Harlan D. Mills (1919–1996), and as a recognition of his enduring legacy to the theory and practice of software engineering. The first annual "Harlan Mills Practical Visionary Prize" award was presented in 1996. This award is given to an individual who has demonstrated a long-standing and meaningful contribution to both the theory and practice of the information sciences.

Early life
Born in Liberty Center, Iowa. As a young man, Mills studied art with Grant Wood. During World War II, Mills became a bomber pilot in the U.S. Army Air Corps. His skills in flying and teaching were such that rather than having him fly missions, the Army assigned him to train other pilots.

Education
Mills served on the faculties of Iowa State University, Princeton, New York and Johns Hopkins Universities, the Universities of Maryland and Florida, and Florida Institute of Technology (FIT). At Johns Hopkins and Maryland, he initiated one of the first American university courses in structured programming. At Maryland, he developed a new two-semester freshman introduction to computer science and textbook "Principles of Computer Programming: A Mathematical Approach" with co-authors Basili, Gannon, and Hamlet. At FIT, he developed a new freshman and sophomore curriculum for software engineering using Ada as the underlying language with colleagues Engle and Newman.

Industry
Mills was an IBM Fellow and Member of the Corporate Technical Committee at IBM, a Technical Staff Member at GE and RCA, and President of Mathematica and Software Engineering Technology. At GE, he developed a three-month curriculum in management science attended by hundreds of GE executives. At IBM, he was the primary architect of the IBM Software Engineering Institute where thousands of IBM software personnel were trained in the mathematical foundations of software. He later embodied the mathematical and statistical principles for software in the Cleanroom software engineering process. As founder of Software Engineering Technology, he created an enterprise for Cleanroom technology transfer.

Nation
Mills had an abiding interest in fostering sound software engineering practices through federal programs. During the formative period of the DoD DARPA STARS Program in the 1980s, he provided fundamental concepts for development of high quality software at high productivity. In 1986, he served as Chairman of the Computer Science Panel for the U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board. During 1974-77, he was Chairman of the NSF Computer Science Research Panel on Software Methodology.

Profession
Mills was a program committee member and invited speaker for many professional conferences, and a referee for many mathematics and computer science journals. From 1980-83, he was governor of the IEEE Computer Society. In 1981, he was the chairman for IEEE Fall CompCon. During 1975-81, he served as editor for IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. In 1977, he was the U.S. representative for software at the IFIP Congress. In 1975, he was the chairman of the First National Conference on Software Engineering.

Harlan D. Mills Award
To honor Mills the IEEE Computer Society created the Harlan D. Mills Award, the first one presented in 1999, for "contributions to the theory and practice of the information sciences, [focused on] software engineering". The list of awardees is maintained on the IEEE website.

• 1999 David Parnas

• 2000 Barry Boehm

• 2001 Manny Lehman

• 2002 Jesse H. Poore

• 2003 Victor Basili

• 2004 Elaine Weyuker

• 2006 John C. Knight

• 2007 Bev Littlewood

• 2009 Bertrand Meyer

• 2011 John Rushby

• 2012 Lionel Briand

• 2014 Patrick Cousot and Radhia Cousot

• 2015 Gerard J. Holzmann

• 2016 Wolfram Schulte

• 2017 Pamela Zave

• 2018 Gail C. Murphy

• 2019 Mark Harman

• 2020 Nachiappan Nagappan

• 2021 Dieter Rombach

• 2022 Matthew B. Dwyer

• 2023 David Harel

title: Harlan Mills


text:
User:Meadowbrook

Meadowbrook is a recently minted alumnus of WPI.

Pages To Which I Contribute

 * Long Island - My home island
 * The Town of Hempstead - my hometown
 * Worcester Polytechnic Institute - my alma mater

title: User:Meadowbrook


text:
The Gorilla Foundation

The Gorilla Foundation is a non-profit organization founded in 1976 by Francine Patterson and Ronald Cohn with Barbara F. Hiller.

It was created in order to purchase a female western lowland gorilla named Koko from the San Francisco Zoo. Patterson had been teaching Koko American Sign Language since 1972, under custody of the zoo. In 1974, Patterson moved the project from a trailer at the zoo to a new compound at Stanford University, yet there was a possibility that Koko would need to be returned to the zoo, so Patterson raised money to buy and keep her. After the purchase, the foundation continued to support Patterson's research as she worked with Koko, in order to research language acquisition by non-human animals.

Besides Koko, the foundation also kept two male gorillas: Michael from 1976 until his death in 2000, and Ndume from 1991 until his return to the Cincinnati Zoo in 2019. Koko died in 2018, and after her death followed by the transfer of Ndume, the foundation no longer had any gorillas on which to conduct research.

Beginning
Patterson had worked with Koko since 1972, when she began teaching the then 1-year-old gorilla American Sign Language (ASL). Patterson planned to continue her scientific experiment designed to determine whether, if it were raised using sign language, a gorilla would learn to use language.

Patterson fed and cared for Koko as she would her own child, and the pair formed a mother/child emotional bond. Koko was first moved from the San Francisco Children's Zoo to a private trailer on the zoo in 1973, and then moved to a campus at Stanford University in 1974. After purchasing Koko, the foundation moved her into a trailer near Patterson's home in Woodside, California. In 1976, The Gorilla Foundation acquired Michael, a gorilla born in Cameroon who was allegedly orphaned after his parents were killed for meat, as a potential language-using mate for Koko.

Activities
Patterson and her assistants used simultaneous spoken English and ASL when speaking with the gorillas. Patterson has published several papers claiming that Koko has developed a vocabulary of 1000 to 2000 words and that Koko has invented words and compound words. Under Patterson's criterion for acquisition of a language term, which must be "recorded by two independent observers and be used spontaneously and appropriately on at least half the days of a given month", Koko had learned 264 signs in the first five and a half years of training.

Beginning in the 1990s, the Foundation tried to raise money to move their operation from its sole location in Woodside, California, to a new ape preserve in Maui. They hoped that Koko would successfully mate with her partner, Ndume, who had arrived in 1991, and spontaneously teach their offspring to use sign language. Land was leased in Maui in 1993, but in 2010 The Gorilla Foundation decided that the lease was not secure enough to start work, and decided to focus on the Woodside site instead.

In 2018 Koko died, activating a section of Ndume's loan agreement with the Cincinnati Zoo, which said that Ndume would be placed in an "Association of Zoos and Aquariums" institution after Koko's death. Patterson tried to prevent the move, citing concerns about Ndume's health, which led to a lawsuit resulting in Ndume's removal in June 2019.

According to the Foundation's website, Patterson and other employees have partnered with conservation organizations including International Fund for Animal Welfare and Pan African Conservation Education. The Gorilla Foundation has attempted education projects to decrease the consumption of bushmeat.

Criticism
During a question-and-answer period, in response to a question as to whether her findings would ever be scientifically proven by duplicating them in an independent experiment, Patterson stated that she believes it would not be ethical to do it again because she believes that it is not right to keep such animals in such unnatural circumstances.

Patterson was accused of sexual discrimination in 2005 by reportedly expecting female volunteers to show their breasts to Koko. This led to a lawsuit, during which said volunteers were fired.

Whether the gorillas actually learned language is debated. Some researchers and linguists have said that most of the signs they used were used chaotically in order to meet a goal, without regard for sentence structure, making them not true language. However, the differences between sign languages and spoken languages have been used to help understand the gorillas' language acquisition, and Koko has been described as using language in advanced ways, such as symbolic descriptions, lying, and making jokes.

Care practices
Former employees of The Gorilla Foundation criticized the methods used to care for Koko and her male companion Ndume. In 2012, nine staff members including caregivers and researchers out of "roughly a dozen" resigned, and several submitted a letter to the board to explain their concerns. Former caregiver John Safkow stated that all members of the board left after the walkout, except for Betty White. A pseudonymous source, "Sarah," told Slate that Koko's diet included an excess of processed meat and candy, and that Koko was given a traditional Thanksgiving dinner yearly. The source stated that the official diet they were told to give Koko was appropriate, but that Patterson would visit and feed her "chocolates and meats." Koko's weight of 270 lbs was higher than would be normal for a female gorilla in the wild, approximately 150 –; the foundation stated that Koko "is, like her mother, a larger frame Gorilla." Multiple employees corroborated the claim that both Koko and Ndume were given "massive" numbers of supplements on the recommendation of a naturopath; Safkow recalled that the number was between 70 and 100 pills per day, and "Sarah" claimed that various inappropriate foods like smoked turkey, pea soup, non-alcoholic beer, and candy were used as treats to coax Koko to take the pills. The Gorilla Foundation stated that Koko took "between 5 to 15 types of nutritional supplements" and acknowledged their use of homeopathic remedies.

Several former caregivers at The Gorilla Foundation also raised concerns that Koko's companion Ndume was being neglected. In 2012, a group of former employees reached out to a blogger who focused on the ape caregiver community, who in turn asked the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to follow up on the claims. After an investigation, APHIS reported that Ndume had been neglected in some aspects; for instance, he had not been Tuberculosis tested in 20 years, despite the recommendation being to test gorillas for Tuberculosis yearly.

title: The Gorilla Foundation


text:
Osbourn Park High School

{{Infobox school | name                   = Osbourn Park High School | logo                   = | pushpin_map            = USA Virginia Northern#USA Virginia#USA | streetaddress          = 8909 Euclid Avenue | city                   = Manassas | state                  = Virginia | zipcode                = 20111 | country                = United States | feeders                = Parkside Middle School | url                    = {{URL|https://osbournparkhs.pwcs.edu/}} | schoolnumber           = | principal              = Lisamarie Kane | fundingtype            = Public | district               = Prince William County Public Schools | schooltype             = high school | grades                 = 9–12 { | mascot                 = Yellow Jacket | rival                  = Osbourn High School | colors                 = Blue and Gold {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} | established            = | founded                = 1976 | enrollment             = 2,757 | enrollment_as_of       = 2021–22 | teaching_staff         = 150.93 {{FTE}} | ratio                  = 18.27 }}

Osbourn Park High School is a Prince William County, Virginia public high school in a small county island between the cities of Manassas and Manassas Park, southwest of Washington D.C.

Osbourn Park serves the mid-part of the county. Osbourn Park has also been designated as Prince William County's The Center for Biotechnology and Engineering and houses two other unique programs: Allied Health and NJROTC. It has at various times had a student population ranging from 1900 to 3200, but it is currently around 2500 grades 9-12.

History and Administration
Osbourn Park High School was first opened in 1975, serving students in both Manassas and Manassas Park. Shortly after the school opened, Manassas City and Manassas Park left Prince William County Schools, and created their own school systems (this created Osbourn High School and Manassas Park High School). The school was named for Eugenia Osbourn, a longtime Manassas educator.

Architecture
Osbourn Park was a classic school of the 1970s, constructed with open, modular classrooms. Renovations began in 2005 to update the nearly thirty-year-old interior of the building. Some of the changes include permanent walls for classrooms including doors, new floors, and newly painted walls. Unity Reed High School, another county high school constructed around the same time, is an exact replica of Osbourn Park. Both schools have a red brick facade.

Administration
The Principal of Osbourn Park High School is Lisamarie Kane. Before her appointment in 2021, she was an assistant principal at Gar-Field Senior High School. In 2024, Kane received the 2024 Outstanding High School Principal from the Virginia Association of Secondary School Principals.

Demographics
In the 2023-2024 school year, Osbourn Park's student body of 2,744 was :
 * 16.3% Black/African American
 * 44.9% Hispanic
 * 20.7% White
 * 13.1% Asian
 * 4.4% Two or More Races
 * .4% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
 * .1% American Indian/Alaskan

Programs
Center for Biotechnology and Engineering

Osbourn Park offers the Biotechnology program. It is a four-year program for students interested in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) related fields. The Biotechnology Program allows students to enroll in a variety of Advanced Placement (AP) science courses.

Osbourn Park High School recently purchased class sets of iPads. and the pre-governors school program.

CTE Programs

Osbourn Park also offers specialty programs through their automotive program, firefighting program, Navy JROTC, practical nursing program and project lead-the-way.

Fine and Performing Arts

Osbourn Park is a Virginia Music Educators Association (VMEA) Blue-Ribbon Award-winning school. Osbourn Park's Madrigal Singers was one of the four high school choir and orchestra groups that performed at the 2023 VMEA Convention.

Athletics
Gar-field High School is in the 6A Cedar Run District of the Virginia High School League. The school offers Cheer, Cross Country, Field Hockey, Football, golf, basketball, gymnastics, indoor and outdoor track, swimming and diving, baseball, crew, lacrosse, soccer, softball, and tennis.

State Championships
In 2024, Osbourn Park High School, won the 6A Girls Softball Championship, defeating Battlefield High School.

Notable alumni

 * David Robinson, Class of 1983, Basketball Hall of Fame player (center, San Antonio Spurs), alumnus of the United States Naval Academy, nicknamed "The Admiral".
 * Leeann Tweeden, Class of 1991 (graduated in 3 years), model (Playboy, Frederick's of Hollywood, Hooters, Venus Swimwear) and TV personality (ESPN2, Fox Sports Network).
 * Andrew Dykstra, Class of 2004, D.C. United Goalkeeper
 * Travis Tucker, Class of 2001, semifinalist on American Idol Season 4.
 * Julie Croteau, Class of 1988, first woman to play men's NCAA baseball, and first woman to coach men's NCAA Division I baseball.
 * Jason Richardson, Class of 2009, current musician for All That Remains and solo project, former band Chelsea Grin and Born of Osiris
 * Nico Greetham, Class of 2013, Season 10 finalist of So You Think You Can Dance, actor seen in American Horror Story, The Prom and Love, Victor.

title: Osbourn Park High School


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/The Daily Show/archive1

The Daily Show
I must say that, for a featured article, the content completely ignores 33% of the show. There is virtually no content regarding the fresh new years of TDS when Craig Kilborn was the host. I realize Jon Stewart is more well-known but my opinion is the best writing years of the show were 1996-1999. If you want to make this a featured article, it should exemplify the thoroughness of the content, which this doesn't. If you want to ignore that content as unimportant, the article should be renamed The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and NOT The Daily Show. --Davidp 18:49, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

I've never edited this article. I stumbled across it and I think it's featured article calibre. moink 03:00, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's got potential, but it's a bit list heavy -- nothing that a good copyedit couldn't take care of. . →Raul654 03:07, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Also, consider sorting the see also section like Autism, for example. In addition, the lead seems like a bunch of facts mashed together, but its not too bad at all. Ryan Norton T 03:20, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Object I saw this article before over the template debate and it's quite good, but its got three main issues still (both are more than doable within the FAC timeframe)
 * 1) There are quite a few short paragraphs, esp. towards the beginning (and why is the awards section first? Consider putting it towards the end...)
 * 2) Too list-heavy where there should be prose or something similar
 * 3) You're gonna need a fair-use explanation for Image:Dailyshow-invite.jpg most likely. I'd double-check the others too.

 * Object the lead is too long- and is not a summary of the rest of the article- much of it could be split off into a history of the daily show section. The position of awards as the first thing in the body of the article seems misplaced. I see the list of daily show guests made it though vfd- since this is the case why is there such a massive list of guests in the article- should be condensed to a couple of paragraphs with a main link to the list. There are html links in the text that don't appear in the list of references, and they should so that there is a record of the source if/when it is moved or removed from the source site.--nixie 03:31, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment Shouldn't this should go to peer review first? - —Preceding unsigned comment added by Khaosworks (talk • contribs)
 * No, peer review is an optional part of the FAC process. →Raul654 05:14, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. Far too many "fair use" images.  I'd suggest reducing it to the logo plus the one or two most representative images. --Carnildo 07:28, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object too jumbled, too many lists, too many images (many of which are questionable fair use). -Greg Asche (talk) 02:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object per too many fair use images comment above. Just doesn't look tidy either. Nick Catalano (Talk) 05:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object, if for no other reason than this is a good example of a recurring problem with wikipedia: anything from the past 3 years (the years wikipedia has been profusely edited) gets coverage in great detail, while anything from circa 2002 or earlier gets little mention. For several years the show had a substanitally different format and was hosted by Craig Kilbourn (who I never liked), but he gets the briefest of mention while Colbert and company get extreme coverage. Its current form should get more attention, but this is almost like an article on SNL with several paragraphs on Horatio Sanz and a one line mention of Chevy Chase. -R. fiend 06:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object, Sorry but I have to agree with my fellow conscientious objectors. This article is off to a promising start, but it needs work to get it up to FA status. Send it in for peer review and tune up, then renominate it later. --R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 20:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Object, when I am signed in I have been active in editing this page...and to be honest it is nowhere NEAR ready to be featured. Maybe as a featured TV article maybe, but the whole issue of the guest list has to be solved before any further moves should be undertaken. --136.159.142.84 15:33, 19 October 2005 (UTC) (User:J L C Leung)


text:
User talk:Baylorgurl09

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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--JAranda'' | yeah 03:01, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Baylorgurl09


text:
Rolladen-Schneider LS8

The Rolladen-Schneider LS8 is a Standard and 18 metre class single-seat glider developed by Rolladen-Schneider and in series production since 1995. Currently it is manufactured by DG Flugzeugbau.

Development
By the mid–to–late eighties the LS4 had lost its leading position in the Standard Class to new arrivals, in particular the excellent Discus from Schempp-Hirth. The LS7, in spite of its advanced design, did not recapture the lead and, with flagging sales, Rolladen-Schneider went back to the drawing board.

Designer Wolf Lemke was skeptical of the usefulness of developing a new airfoil. There was no guarantee that the large effort and investment required would bring any palpable gains, as the LS7, ASW 24 and DG-600 had clearly shown. The tools available at the time were simply not up to the task of reliably predicting the performance in everyday conditions of the newer laminar-flow profiles then emerging from the research labs.

The 15–meter Class LS6, which first flew in 1983, was however achieving surprisingly good results flying with locked flaps in the non-FAI sanctioned Sports Class in the United States. Following this lead, Rolladen-Schneider modified an LS6-c by removing the flap handle, resetting the wing at a slightly higher angle of incidence and adding winglets. This experimental prototype outperformed state-of-the-art standard class sailplanes both in side-by-side flight tests and in contests including the German Championships at Neustadt-Glewe.

The LS8 that finally emerged in 1994 had a few improvements over the prototype, the most significant being the redesigned ailerons and the lighter and aerodynamically cleaner wing made possible by deleting the flap system.

Examples of the LS8 scored second, fourth and fifth in the 1995 World Gliding Championships at Omarama, New Zealand; first, second and third in the 1997 World Gliding Championships at St Auban, France; six out of the first ten positions in the 1999 World Gliding Championships in Bayreuth, Germany; the first three places in the 2001 Women's World Gliding Championships in Lithuania and, more recently, first (and nine out of the first ten places) in the 2005 Women's World Gliding Championships in Klix, Germany. In 2006 World Gliding Championships at Eskilstulna, Sweden, LS8 took the first and third places. LS8 was the winner of 2002, 2004, 2005, and 2007 European Gliding Championship. Many regard it as the best all-round standard class glider.

Commercially the LS8 was very successful, due to its competition potential and to the gentle and easy flight characteristics that make it suitable for club and leisure flying. Primarily to cater to the latter market, versions with longer wings and a ‘turbo’ or sustainer version were developed. A total of 491 examples of all subtypes had been manufactured by December 2005.

Despite the commercial success of the LS8 the company producing it failed to prosper and after a slightly acrimonious court battle the LS8 and other Rolladen-Schneider aircraft passed to DG (DG Flugzeugbau) where it is still currently in series production. The LS8 manufactured by DG has some alterations to the mainwheel, the Turbo version etc., and slightly different model designations from the originals.

Turbo development
The development of the sustainer "Turbo" version went through several iterations with the original prototype being manufactured by Rolladen Scheider for Peter Wright who designed a unique turbo design where the engine remained in the engine bay and drove the propeller via a belt. Peter had many years experience working in composites, design and the Formula 1 industry. The prop which extended rapidly through a pneumatic mechanism was belt driven via a belt that ran inside the pylons which were Carbon Fibre aerofoil sections to minimise drag. The engine could be started using a starter motor before deploying the prop with the engine already running, a small alternator then recharged the battery and pneumatic reservoir. Air inlet and exhaust were accomplished through small pneumatic doors it the bottom of the fuselage again to allow engine running with the prop/pylons still in the bay and the main fuselage doors still closed.

This arrangement whilst being greatly admired by many was determined by the manufacturer to be too complex and expensive and a much more conventional Turbo design was eventually selected for production by Rolladen Schneider. The LS design has since been modified by DG after their acquisition of LS (Rolladen-Schneider) with DG's in house DEI NT engine control system. The original Prototype LS8-t (Turbo) was (after difficulties with new EASA regulations trying to export the aircraft to France) converted back to a more or less standard LS8-b where it remains on the British BGA register now redesignated as the LS8-PW (so named after Peter Wright who designed and built the engine installation) with the Competition number F1. It is still unique in being the only LS8 currently on the CAA EASA Annex II list due to its status as a prototype mainly due to the use of unidirectional carbon fibre on the wing skins, an attempt by Rolladen Schneider to improve the surface finish. Production turbos returned to using woven carbon again because of the increased production costs associated with using the more difficult to cut and handle unidirectional material.

Design
The LS8 is a flexible and relatively conservative design with high development potential. Although primarily designed to Standard Class specifications, it has lent itself easily to span extensions, motorisation, etc.
 * Aerodynamic configurations: winglets are default for all spans; wing tips extending the span to 18 metres are an option available to some versions.
 * Structure: wings, winglets, ailerons and horizontal stabilizer are carbon/foam sandwiches; the elevator has a mixed carbon/aramid construction. The longer span versions have a stronger main spar. The cockpit is a double fibreglass shell for increased crashworthiness.
 * Control system: conventional, split elevator/horizontal stabiliser for longitudinal control and top surface Schempp-Hirth air brakes for glidepath control, ailerons with marked differential occupying the outer 50% of the wing's trailing edge. Controls via pushrods with automatic coupling during rigging.
 * Mass balancing: the aileron control system is mass balanced, with integral counterweights inside the wings. The ailerons themselves are also mass balanced in the longer-span versions, with up to 1.5 kg of lead added to the leading edges of each control surface. The elevator and rudder are 100% mass balanced.
 * Sealing: all control gaps as well as the control runs inside the wings are fully sealed. The ailerons are sealed by internal Teflon boots. The resultant very low friction ensures exceptionally light stick forces. The horizontal stabiliser and rudder retain Teflon and Mylar strip seals.
 * Ballast system: 'integral' ballast tanks with two tanks per wing in the LS8-a and subsequent versions. A smaller tank in the tail fin, with a capacity between 3.5 and 12 litres according to version and options, allows centre of gravity corrections.
 * Wheel brake: operated by pressing on the rudder pedals (in DG-built versions also coupled to the air brake lever).
 * Turbo: The Solo 2325 engine is mated to a small diameter 'paddle' propeller that sacrifices a small amount of propulsive efficiency in exchange for much smaller drag if the engine fails to start. The hydraulic extender allows instantaneous extension. (DG-built sustainers have conventional electricity-driven spindle extension).

Rolladen-Schneider

 * LS8: original version with LS6-c style ballast bags, removable fin tank and span limited to 15 metres (6 built)
 * LS8-a: version with stronger spars and integral water tanks allowing conversion into an LS8-18 (438 built, together with LS8-18)
 * LS8-18: as LS8-a plus mass balanced ailerons and an integral tail tank. Can be operated in 15m and 18m mode (438 built, together with LS8-a)
 * LS8-b: as LS8-18. Structurally prepared (wings and fuselage) for retrofit of a self-sustainer engine (36 built, together with LS8-t)
 * LS8-t: -b with self-sustainer ('turbo') (36 built, together with LS8-b)

DG Flugzeugbau
Following the transfer of ownership, subtype designations and specifications changed slightly.
 * LS8-a: as the previous –a model except the spar is not reinforced for span extension.
 * LS8-s: corresponds to the previous LS8-18 model, with a larger main undercarriage, the wing further reinforced for an increased maximum weight of 575 kg in the 18m mode and other minor changes. (11 built, together with LS8-st)
 * LS8-st: self-sustainer version, differs from the previous LS8-t in the same ways as the LS8-s; additionally, an electrically driven spindle and a DEI-NT engine control unit supersede Rolladen-Schneider's hydraulic engine extraction system and the original Walter Binder controller. (11 built, together with LS8-s)
 * LS8-neo with a front electric sustainer

title: Rolladen-Schneider LS8


text:
User talk:Docpurpleman

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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--JAranda'' | yeah 03:01, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:ElvisstampUS29.jpg
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:ElvisstampUS29.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. --ww2censor (talk) 04:11, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Docpurpleman


text:
User:FZK

F. Zafer KAYIKÇILAR

title: User:FZK


text: Category:1997 Atlantic hurricane season

title: Category:1997 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category:1994 Atlantic hurricane season

title: Category:1994 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category:1993 Atlantic hurricane season

title: Category:1993 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Actinostrobus pyramidalis

Actinostrobus pyramidalis, commonly known as swamp cypress, Swan River cypress and King George's cypress pine, is a species of coniferous tree in the Cupressaceae (cypress family). Like the other species in the genus Actinostrobus, it is endemic to southwestern Western Australia.

Swamp cypress is a shrub or small tree, reaching eight metres tall. The leaves are evergreen and scale-like, except on young seedlings, where they are needle-like. The leaves are arranged in six rows along the twigs, in alternating whorls of three. The male cones are small, 3–6 mm long, and are located at the tips of the twigs. The female cones start out similarly inconspicuous, but mature in 18–20 months to 1–2 cm with a rounded apex.

The cones open and release the seeds only upon drying. They tend to remain closed on the trees for many years, opening only if the branch, or the whole tree, dies. Bushfire kills swamp cypress, but it also causes a great many seeds to be released all at once, resulting in prolific regeneration. In one case, an isolated tree on Jeegarnyeejip Island was killed by fire, and the following winter there were 800 seedlings per square metre within a couple of metres of the original specimen, and about 150 per square metre ten metres away.

The species was first collected from Perth in September 1841 by Johann August Ludwig Preiss, and a description was published by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel in 1845 as Actinostrobus pyramidalis. A 2010 study of the genera Actinostrobus and Callitris found that all three species of Actinostrobus lay within the current concept of Callitris based on analysis of 42 morphological and anatomical characters, hence Actinostrobus pyramidalis was renamed Callitris pyramidalis.

title: Actinostrobus pyramidalis


text:
User talk:Dark m00n

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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--JAranda'' | yeah 03:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dark m00n


text: Category:1991 Atlantic hurricane season

title: Category:1991 Atlantic hurricane season


text: User talk:69.236.172.77

title: User talk:69.236.172.77


text: Category:1989 Atlantic hurricane season

title: Category:1989 Atlantic hurricane season