text:
Talk:Nephrotic syndrome

Comment
i am trying to make this a comprehensive text, please comment on the ease of readingHswapnil 21:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi,

Thanks for the good work so far, but this article is not helpful to a layman due to the use of unfamiliar terms. I'm sure this is a continual problem for medical texts on Wikipedia; but some more simple explanations for any given technical term (where possible) would be very useful. My father is currently in hospital with an illness to which this article relates. However I am unable to understand enough of it for it to be useful to me.

Again, I thank you for the effort here; it's easy to be a critic and as such I wish to encourage you rather than dishearten you.

Take care,

GC. Gav (talk) 22:19, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

"Differential diagnosis" header
I understand how one might want to have accompanying descriptive text along with the disease listings, particularly since some of the diseases appear not to have accompanying Wiki articles, but please don't muck up the headers by demanding this kind of specific editing instruction on the header itself. Rather, make sure to include it as part of a neutral-toned text. I didn't include it as such because there are still lists of diseases prevalent in the applicable section and it would not be prudent to say "this section should include a descriptive look at diseases, not just a disease list," while it would be okay to say "this section includes...." So if someone with more information on this subject wants to edit in that kind of information plus text that would make it clear what would be most appreciated in terms of section content, that would be lovely. (Krushsister 19:19, 3 March 2007 (UTC))

Treatment
Under the heading treatment, there are many statements that would require at the very least a citation from an authoritative source. Without that or some statement to refer to your doctor, does it not open Wikipedia to potential liability? --HJKeats (talk) 14:03, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This is covered by Wikipedia's general disclaimer. That said, if you're taking Wikipedia over the word of a physician you've probably got other problems.
 * In any case, the treatment section has to be trimmed down-- nephrotic syndrome is only a working diagnosis. Generally, it requires further work-up. If the person with nephrotic syndrome is a child minimal change disease is usually assumed and further work-up is dependent on responsiveness to treatment with steroids. Nephron  T|C 18:09, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Reviews
209 review  Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 22:26, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Oncotic pressure
The article says that "Lower serum oncotic pressure causes fluid to accumulate in the interstitial tissues." This is a common misconception. The oncotic pressure is unchanged in nephrotic syndrome. The interstitial oedema is due to accumulation of sodium in the extracellular compartment. --129.240.158.84 (talk) 10:49, 19 June 2012 (UTC) Given that there is loss of protein and there may not be renal failure, do you have any source stating that there is accumulation of sodium and no change in oncotic pressure? 2.82.12.122 (talk) 10:02, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

I agree with the first comment... For instance it's also written in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 18th ed in chapter Glomerular Diseases: Introduction -> Nephrotic Syndrome - "Edema secondary to salt and water retention can be controlled with the judicious use of diuretics, avoiding intravascular volume depletion." I also red in another literature (but not English) that proteins are being lost also from interstitial space and so osmotic gradient is not high enough to form edema. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.160.183.35 (talk) 18:50, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

Circular logic
The second paragraph says 'The cause is damage to the glomeruli, which can be the cause of the syndrome or caused by it'. This needs rewriting as it obviously doesn't make sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.29.15.158 (talk) 13:43, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

Corticosteroid tolerance or intolerance?
The section 'treatment of kidney damage' lists 'corticosteroid tolerant patient' as one type of responder to corticosteroid treatment. Below this it says 'Immunosupressors (cyclophosphamide): only indicated in recurring nephrotic syndrome in corticosteroid dependent or intolerant patients'. This looks like it might be a mistake. Should 'corticosteroid tolerant patient' actually be 'corticosteroid intolerant patient?' or is 'corticosteroid intolerant patient' another category of response that needs adding to the list? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.29.15.158 (talk) 13:48, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Nephrotic syndrome. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.tusalud.com.mx/221005.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:59, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Nephrotic syndrome. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added Karma Ayurveda tag to http://www.karmaayurveda.in/kidney-disease/nephrotic-syndrome
 * Added Kidney And Ayurveda tag to https://www.kidneyandayurveda.com/disease/nephrotic-syndrome-treatment/
 * Added tag to  https://pmkisanstatus.co.in/gandhak-rasayan-benefits-in-hindi/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223950/https://www.clinicalkey.com/topics/nephrology/nephrotic-syndrome.html to https://www.clinicalkey.com/topics/nephrology/nephrotic-syndrome.html
 * Replaced archive link http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:f6Z8fk49jDEJ:www.elizalde.gov.ar/area_medica/Normas/nuevas/nefrotico.doc+s%C3%ADndrome+nefr%C3%B3tico+diagn%C3%B3stico+diferencial&hl=es&ct=clnk&cd=12&gl=es&client=firefox-a with https://web.archive.org/web/20090306092804/http://www.elizalde.gov.ar/area_medica/Normas/nuevas/nefrotico.doc on http://www.elizalde.gov.ar/area_medica/Normas/nuevas/nefrotico.doc
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090122133712/http://www.nutrar.com/detalle.asp?ID=6135 to http://www.nutrar.com/detalle.asp?ID=6135
 * Added tag to http://www.hvn.es/servicios_asistenciales/medicina_interna/descargas/EstadosdeHipercoagulabilidad_20062007.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080915104946/http://www.fisterra.com/guias2/tao.asp to http://www.fisterra.com/guias2/tao.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:02, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Nephrotic syndrome. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160109015832/http://pediatrics.uchicago.edu/chiefs/nephro/documents/Peds_Nephro_for_Residents_Nov2005.pdf to http://pediatrics.uchicago.edu/chiefs/nephro/documents/Peds_Nephro_for_Residents_Nov2005.pdf
 * Added tag to  https://pmkisanstatus.co.in/mahasudarshan-kadha-in-hindi/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:08, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Nephrotic syndrome. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080908021010/http://escuela.med.puc.cl/paginas/Cursos/tercero/IntegradoTercero/Mec231_38.html to http://escuela.med.puc.cl/paginas/cursos/tercero/IntegradoTercero/Mec231_38.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080920190812/http://www.udomfyc.org/descarga/sesiones/2006y7/fluidoterapia.pdf to http://www.udomfyc.org/descarga/sesiones/2006y7/fluidoterapia.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:24, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nephrotic syndrome


text:
User:Amyni

Hi there. This is my first entry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Amyni


text:
2001 Queensland state election

The 2001 Queensland state election was held on 17 February 2001 to elect the 89 members of the state's Legislative Assembly. The result of the election was the return of the Labor Party (ALP) government of Premier Peter Beattie, with an increased majority in a landslide. Labor won 66 seats, easily the most it has ever won in Queensland and one of Labor's best-ever results nationwide. There was a 10.07% swing towards Labor, while One Nation suffered a 13.98% swing against it, losing eight seats (five of which were held by the newly formed City Country Alliance after an internal split in December 1999).

The longstanding coalition between the Nationals and Liberals, led by Nationals leader (and former premier) Rob Borbidge recorded only a 2.39% swing against it. However, its support in Brisbane all but vanished; indeed, Labor won every seat in Brisbane except Moggill. Largely due to losses in Brisbane, the Coalition suffered an overall 17-seat loss. This included only three seats for the Liberals, easily the worst showing for the urban non-Labor party in Queensland since it adopted the Liberal banner in 1948. The 'Just Vote 1' strategy adopted by the Labor campaign (capitalising on Queensland's optional preferential voting system) was also considered to be effective in reducing preference flows between the Coalition parties, thereby dampening the combined strength of the conservative parties.

Electoral redistribution
A redistribution of electoral boundaries occurred in 1999.

The electorates of Archerfield, Barambah, Caboolture, Chermside, Crows Nest, Kedron, Merrimac, Mooloolah, Nerang, Sunnybank, Warwick, Western Downs, and Yeronga were abolished.

The electorates of Algester, Darling Downs, Gaven, Glass House, Kawana, Mudgeeraba, Nanango, Pumicestone, Robina, Southern Downs, Stafford, Stretton, and Yeerongpilly were created.

The redistribution merged Chermside with Kedron to create Stafford north of Brisbane, and Crows Nest with Western Downs to create Darling Downs in regional Queensland. Gaven was created on the Gold Coast, and Glass House was created on the Sunshine Coast. Archerfield was renamed Algester, Caboolture was renamed Pumicestone, Merrimac was renamed Robina, Mooloolah was renamed Kawana, Nerang was renamed Mudgeeraba, Sunnybank was renamed Stretton, Warwick was renamed Southern Downs, and Yeronga was renamed Yeerongpilly. Albert notionally became Labor-held, Callide notionally became One Nation-held, while Springwood notionally became Liberal-held.

The changes resulted in 43 notionally Labor-held seats, 10 notionally Liberal-held seats, 21 notionally National-held seats, 13 notionally One Nation-held seats, and 2 notionally Independent-held seats.

Results

 * }

Seats changing hands

 * Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at this election.
 * 1 Jeff Knuth, David Dalgleish, Jack Paff, Bill Feldman, and Harry Black were elected as members of the One Nation Party, but resigned in 1999 and formed the City Country Alliance, and contested the 2001 election for that party.
 * 2 John Kingston, Dorothy Pratt, and Ken Turner were elected as members of the One Nation Party, but resigned in 1999, and contested the 2001 election as Independents.
 * 3 Warren Pitt gained Mulgrave for the Labor Party in the 1998 by-election. The One Nation Party had won the seat at the 1998 election.
 * The Labor Party also retained the seat of Albert which had a notional Labor margin, and the seats of Capalaba and Woodridge, where sitting Labor members had resigned to become Independents.
 * The One Nation Party also retained the seat of Lockyer, where the sitting member contested the 2001 election as a member of the City Country Alliance, and Tablelands, where the sitting member contested the 2001 election as an Independent.

Subsequent changes

 * On 20 March 2001, former National Premier Rob Borbidge (Surfers Paradise) resigned. At the by-election on 5 May 2001, Independent Lex Bell won the seat.
 * On 22 December 2001, Ray Hopper (Darling Downs) joined the National Party.
 * On 18 April 2002, Elisa Roberts (Gympie) resigned from the One Nation Party and sat as an Independent.
 * On 24 March 2003, Independent John Kingston (Maryborough) resigned. At the by-election on 26 April 2003, Independent Chris Foley won the seat.

title: 2001 Queensland state election


text: Category:Elections in Queensland

title: Category:Elections in Queensland


text:
Action at Kalmas

The action at Kalmas was a battle between the British Army and a group of guerrilla fighters in Afghanistan in 1916.

On 26 September 1916 an action took place at Kalmas, thirty miles north of Nasratabad Sipi, between a small British detachment and some gun-runners moving a convoy of arms towards Afghanistan. 2nd-Lt B. W. Wahl, with 23 sowars of the 23rd Light Cavalry and 36 levies, surprised and attacked the gun-runners. The whole convoy was captured, four of its escort being killed and one taken prisoner. However, Lt Wahl and one sowar of the 23rd Light Cavalry were killed in the cavalry charge which opened the action.

title: Action at Kalmas


text:
Type approval

Type approval or certificate of conformity is granted to a product that meets a minimum set of regulatory, technical and safety requirements. Generally, type approval is required before a product is allowed to be sold in a particular country, so the requirements for a given product will vary around the world. Processes and certifications known as type approval in English are often called homologation, or some cognate expression, in other European languages.

Compliance with type approval requirements can be denoted by a third-party marking on the back of the product (e.g.ABS, TÜV, UL, CSA, KIWA), or by a type-approval certificate obtained by a manufacturer and kept on file. The CE mark found on the back of many electronic devices does not mean that the product has obtained type approval in the European Union. The CE mark is the manufacturer's declaration that the system/assembly meets the minimum safety requirements of all the directives (laws) applicable to it, and of itself, does not signify any third party involvement in the design or testing of a system/assembly. Many of the New Approach safety directives do not mandate third party involvement at all (e.g. LVD, EMD), and the ones that do (e.g. PED, MDD, ATEX) only require notified body (NoBo) involvement above a certain degree of risk category. When the risk category mandates this involvement, the CE Marking on the system/assembly will be followed by the NoBo number, which right to use is granted by the NoBo after the required design review, testing or auditing, as spelled out in the Conformity Assessment options of each directive. On the other hand, in China type approval is denoted by the CCC mark.

Type approval is not a term confined to a particular industry. Type approval requirements exist for products as diverse as marine equipment, mobile phones, automotive industry, or medical equipment. Type approval simply means that the product is certified to meet certain requirements for its type, whatever that may be.

Automotive industry
Vehicle type approval is the confirmation that production samples of a design will meet specified performance standards. Traditionally, there are two systems of type approval in Europe. The first one is based on the EC directives and regulates the approval of whole vehicles, vehicle systems, and separate components. The second one is part of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe regulations (UNECE) and also regulates the approval of whole vehicles, vehicle systems, and separate components. Recent changes to the requirements have seen the General Safety Regulation (GSR) EC661/2009 amending Directive 2007/46/EC by substituting the equivalent UNECE regulations in place of the EC directives. In effect the directives are being replaced by UNECE regulations. This now makes compliance with the UNECE regulations for type approval submissions compulsory from 1 November 2012 and compulsory for all vehicles entering to service from 1 November 2014.

The new Framework Directive (Directive 2007/46/EC establishing a framework for the approval of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles) rules the approval schemes of the new motor vehicles and their trailers in the European Union:
 * European Community Whole Vehicle Type Approval (ECWVTA), this currently applies to passenger cars. from 29 October 2012, ECWVTA was extended to cover all new road vehicles and their trailers.
 * United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) regulations.
 * National Small Series Type Approval (NSSTA) - a key advantage of this scheme is that some technical requirements may be reduced or eliminated in comparison with ECWVTA; however, the number of vehicles that can be manufactured is limited to 250 per type, per calendar year in the UK.
 * Individual vehicle approval (IVA) (previously single vehicle approval)

Telecommunications
Each jurisdiction that regulates communications requires all types of equipment, and especially radio communications equipment, that are not specifically exempted (by reason of low power output, for instance) to be tested for conformance to local regulations before it is approved for use in that jurisdiction. Such conformance might include power and noise characteristics, use of permitted frequencies only, frequency stability, and various other electrical parameters.

American commerce
A certificate of conformance is defined in American commerce as a document certified by a competent authority that the supplied good or service meets the required specifications. A certificate of conformance is a lot/datecode specific certification that provides traceability of the goods back to the point of manufacture.

American nuclear business
A certificate of conformity may be required of vendors of goods to nuclear generating stations to get the vendor to legally commit to stating compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

European commerce
A CoC or EC Certificate of Conformity is equal to a declaration of the conformity with the type approval of EC. It is produced to ensure the free movement of equipment within the European Union, specifically for equipment that is subject to homologation or registration.

A CoC is a producer's declaration that equipment, e.g. a car or motorcycles comply with the given approved type. This document contains information about the equipment and its producer's identification, type approval number, other technical specifications. The content of a CoC is defined by the European regulation (Amendment IX, Regulation 92/53). Equipment which do not comply with the EU specification (e.g. vehicle manufactured for the U.S. or Japanese market) and older equipment that have not been given the type approval of the EC yet, cannot have an existing CoC. Similarly, it is not possible to issue a CoC for converted vehicles; in this case another technical document might help register your car. Only car and motorcycles are eligible.

History and legislation
Certificates of conformity have been defined in EU's Single Internal Market and Type Approval Directive (EC-92). EU's single internal market became official on 1 January 1993. Part of the "EC-92" effort was to remove the technical barriers preventing the free movement of products within the EU market. The greatest impact of this effort has been in the area of standards in the automotive sector. The EU Commission is seeking to harmonise the automotive, technical and environmental standards between all the member states. EU legislation defines the standards in the areas of noise, particle emissions and safety. In addition, the EU's Directive on Type Approval (EU Council Directive 92/53) eliminates the need for national type approval requirements by establishing one set of rules for automobiles and their components throughout the EU. This directive aims at the clarification of the type approval procedure for motor vehicles, separate technical units (i.e., trailers), and components.

It simplifies the documentation, designates the type approval number of a separate technical unit by a certificate of conformity, and defines the vehicles, individual technical units, and components. Certificates of conformity, as specified in Annex IX of EU Directive 92/53, will be required for an automobile to enter into service. For component approvals, an endorsement that is issued under the relevant regulations by the U.N. Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) is recognised as equivalent to an approval granted under comparable EU legislation. In March 1992, the EU Council formally adopted the few remaining pieces of component-related legislation that are necessary to make the whole-vehicle type approval a reality for passenger cars. In June 1992, EU member state officials approved the adoption of EU legislation creating a single system for the certification of passenger cars, in turn defining the safety, and other technical, requirements. Legislation established an EU type approval system to replace the national schemes of the twelve member states. In 1996, the EU type approval system became mandatory.

Vehicles with an EU type approval can be marketed anywhere in the European Community. Therefore, a vehicle only needs to receive the type approval certification in one EU country in order to be accepted in all of the other member countries. To receive a type approval, products may either be brought to a testing facility or manufacturers may opt to maintain their own testing equipment. Nevertheless, US and EU automobiles still must be certified to this single set of rules by an authorised member state agency. A similar system was adopted for the type approval of two- and three-wheeled vehicles, which became effective on 1 January 1994.

title: Type approval


text:
User talk:Phamilton

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. ≈ jossi ≈ 21:52, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:Pete Hamilton Beelitz.jpg
A tag has been placed on File:Pete Hamilton Beelitz.jpg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image is an unused redundant copy (all pixels the same or scaled down) of an image in the same file format, which is on Wikipedia (not on Commons), and all inward links have been updated.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Tim 1357  talk  05:15, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phamilton


text: User talk:80.178.180.90

title: User talk:80.178.180.90


text:
User:Misto

Misto
Hi! I'm Misto! I'm from Girona, Gironès, Catalunya.

Prenem descisions hem de ser consequents

 * Wikipedia ca:Viquipèdia: Usuari:Misto.
 * Commons Wikimedia Commons: User:Misto.
 * Wikipedia I'm user to wikipedia: October 1, 2005.
 * Wikipedia es:wikipedia: Usuario:Misto

My contributions

ca:User:Misto es:Usuario:Misto

title: User:Misto


text:
User talk:Biomathics

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk | WS 21:53, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

 * I removed the painting from Behzad Ghorbani because there was no explanation for its inclusion. Is he a painter? -Willmcw 00:55, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Behzad_Ghorbani_30.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Behzad_Ghorbani_30.jpg. The image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to indicate why we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies under Wikipedia's fair use guidelines, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you want the image to be deleted, tag it as db-unksource.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion.

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have any concerns, contact the bot's owner: Carnildo.

Image Tagging for Image:Behzad_Ghorbani_Die_Hochzeit.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Behzad_Ghorbani_Die_Hochzeit.jpg. The image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to indicate why we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies under Wikipedia's fair use guidelines, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you want the image to be deleted, tag it as db-unksource.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion.

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have any concerns, contact the bot's owner: Carnildo.

Please cite sources
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Behzad Ghorbani, but we regretfully cannot accept original research. Please find and add a reliable citation to your recent edit so we can verify your work. Uncited information may be removed at any time. Thanks for your efforts, and happy editing! Can't sleep, clown will eat me 20:55, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Behzad Ghorbani nominated for deletion
FYI, the article Behzad Ghorbani has been nominated for deletion: Articles for deletion/Behzad Ghorbani. Please read Guide to deletion before participating in the debate. If you are the author of the article, you should identify yourself as such, and likewise if you are Behzad Ghorbani, prominent biologist. --Lambiam Talk 11:31, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Behzad Ghorbani 7-2.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Behzad Ghorbani 7-2.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 12:26, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Biomathics


text:
List of California hurricanes

Since 1854, at least 100 tropical cyclones affected the U.S. state of California, including a hurricane in 1858 that produced hurricane-force winds near San Diego. This averages to roughly once a year, although events are more likely during El Niño events. Although storms have occurred as early as June and as late as October, they are most likely during the month of September. Due to cold sea surface temperatures and the typical track of most Pacific hurricanes, there has only been one recorded landfall of a tropical storm in the state – a storm in 1939 that hit Los Angeles, killing 45 people after catching many residents off guard. There have been at least 13 other deadly tropical cyclones affecting California.

Typically, the greatest threat from tropical cyclones is rainfall, which can cause flash flooding when the precipitation accumulates quickly enough. Former Hurricane Kathleen in 1976 produced 14.76 in of rainfall along Mount San Gorgonio, which was the highest precipitation in California related to an Atlantic or Pacific hurricane. Kathleen killed at least nine people in the state from heavy rainfall, with severe flooding affecting the city of Ocotillo. On some occasions, tropical cyclones have dropped the equivalent to a year's worth of rainfall, particularly in the deserts of southern California.

California occasionally experiences high surf and rip currents from distant but powerful hurricanes, such as Hurricane Guillermo in 1997, which killed a swimmer in Orange County. Although the state does not usually suffer from high winds, there have been eight tropical cyclones that have brought gale-force winds to California since 1850, including the hurricane of 1858 and the 1939 tropical storm. Those include the remnants of Tropical Storm Jennifer-Katherine in 1963, Hurricane Emily in 1965, and Hurricane Joanne in 1972. Tropical Storm Nora in 1997 entered the state, producing gale-force winds and heavy rainfall that led to four traffic deaths. The remnants of Hurricane Kay in 2022 produced flooding and 100 mph wind gusts across southern California, killing one person. In August 2023, the remnants of Hurricane Hilary produced 87 mph winds along with heavy rainfall, with floods killing one person.

Climatology and warnings
The state of California rarely experiences Pacific hurricanes for various reasons. Typically, storms in the region move to the west or northwest, away from the North American mainland and out to sea. In addition, much of the coast of California experiences cold sea surface temperatures due to the California Current. As a result, the temperatures in the summer rarely rise above 24 °C (75 °F) in southern California, too cold to sustain intense tropical cyclones, and much cooler than the same latitude along the United States Atlantic coastline. Consequently, the primary threat from tropical cyclones in the region is not from winds, but from rainfall and flash floods. Occasionally, these storms enter southern California after making landfall along Mexico's Baja California peninsula, or otherwise in their dissipating stage. In other instances, an mid-latitude trough can draw moisture from a distant tropical cyclone. Northern California is rarely affected by tropical cyclones.

Roughly once a year, tropical cyclones affect the southwestern United States. The frequency of events increases during El Niño events, such as 1932, 1939, 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1997. A record four tropical cyclones affected the state in September 1939, which set monthly precipitation records across the region. Included among the four was including the most recent tropical storm to make landfall in the state. Although tropical cyclones have affected the state between June and October, September is the month with the most events, which is when storms can be drawn northward by strong upper-level troughs.

Until around 1920, the United States Weather Bureau did not acknowledge the eastern Pacific Ocean as a tropical cyclone basin. After the unexpected 1939 Long Beach tropical storm, the weather bureau set up a forecast office for southern California in February 1940. Before 1965, the lack of satellite imagery meant that some tropical cyclones that affected the region were undetected. In the event a tropical cyclone threatens the state, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) issues a variety of advisories and bulletins, including tropical cyclone warnings and watches. The NHC can issue these advisories at one of seven locations along the Pacific coast, known as breakpoints, beginning at the Mexico–United States border, and continuing northward to Point Piedras Blancas. The first ever tropical storm watch or warning for the state was in 2023 during Hurricane Hilary.

List of tropical cyclones
Hurricanes that affect California are mainly the remnants of hurricanes or tropical storms. In the twentieth century, only four eastern Pacific tropical cyclones have brought tropical storm-force winds to the Continental United States: the 1939 Long Beach Tropical Storm, Tropical Storm Joanne in 1972, Tropical Storm Kathleen in 1976, and Tropical Storm Nora in 1997.

Pre–1900

 * After October 1854 – A system considered to be a tropical cyclone made landfall over Northern California, just north of the Golden Gate.
 * October 2, 1858 – A hurricane near San Diego washed ships ashore and lashed the southern California coast with gale-force winds from San Diego to Long Beach. In 2012, meteorologists Michael Chenoweth and Christopher Landsea assessed it as the only tropical cyclone on record to have produced hurricane-force winds in a small coastal area of southern California, although the storm was assessed as remaining offshore.
 * Sometime before October 14, 1858 – Since this tropical cyclone is reported in a newspaper as being only "one of the most terrific and violent hurricanes ever noted", the report may imply the existence of an earlier hurricane in southern California. Other than occurring before the newspaper account was published (October 18, 1858), everything else about this "hurricane", including whether it even existed, is unknown.
 * Before June or after October 1859 – A system considered to be a tropical cyclone made landfall between Cape Mendocino and San Francisco Bay.
 * August 11–12, 1873 – Rain from a tropical storm fell on San Diego. The rain on August 12 set a record for wettest August day.

1900–1909

 * July 20–21, 1902 – A tropical cyclone struck the southern Baja California peninsula and dissipated, although the monsoon drew its moisture northward. San Diego recorded 0.83 in, which was the highest July rainfall total for the city until 2015 when it was surpassed by Hurricane Dolores.
 * August 18–19, 1906 – A tropical cyclone traversed much of the Gulf of California before dissipating, spreading rainfall across southern California. Needles recorded 3.74 in from the storm, which was roughly 91% of its average annual precipitation.

1910s

 * September 15, 1910 – A tropical cyclone dissipated southwest of Los Angeles, dropping rainfall across most of the state, especially along the coast. Ozena recorded 4.50 in of precipitation.
 * August 26, 1915 – A tropical cyclone dissipated west of the Baja California peninsula, spreading rainfall across southern California. In a 90 minute period, Riverside recorded 1.01 in of precipitation, which is about 10 times of the city's average August rainfall.
 * September 11–12, 1918 – A trough interacted with a dissipating hurricane to produce heavy rainfall across northern California. Red Bluff recorded 7.14 in, more than 20 times the average September rainfall. San Jose and Livermore recorded their largest daily rainfalls on September 12.

1920s

 * September 10–13, 1920 – The remnants of a tropical cyclone moved into southeastern California, bringing light rainfall.
 * August 20–21, 1921 – A tropical cyclone crossed Baja California into the Gulf of California, spreading rainfall across southern California. Calexico recorded 2.84 in of precipitation, more than its average annual rainfall.
 * September 30, 1921 – A tropical cyclone struck northern Baja California and moved northeastward into the southwestern United States, bringing heavy rainfall. Blythe recorded 3.11 in over two days, more than its annual rainfall.
 * September 18, 1929 – A hurricane dissipated west of the Baja California peninsula, although it spread moisture across southern California. Cuyamaca recorded 3.21 in.

1930s

 * September 28–October 1, 1932 –A hurricane traversed most of the Gulf of California, spreading rainfall across California over four days. Tehachapi recorded 7.11 in of rainfall, of which more than half was recorded over a seven hour period. The rains produced flash flooding that killed 15 people. Trains were derailed and buildings were washed away, with damages estimated at over $1 million.
 * August 25, 1935 – A dissipating tropical cyclone moved ashore Point Conception in Santa Barbara County as a remnant low. The storm produced scattered thunderstorms across southern California. Riverside recorded 2.01 in of rainfall.
 * August 9, 1936 – A hurricane tracked up the majority of the Gulf of California before dissipating, although it spread rainfall across southern California.
 * September 4–7, 1939 – A hurricane struck the northern Baja California peninsula and interacted with a shortwave trough, bringing produced rainfall across southern California. The highest total was 6.33 in at Brawley, which was more than twice the average annual rainfall. There was heavy damage in the Coachella Valley in Mecca.
 * September 11–12, 1939 – A tropical storm struck the western Baja California peninsula only six days after the previous storm. It dropped 4 in across the deserts of southern California.
 * September 19–21, 1939 – Another tropical storm struck the western Baja California peninsula, with a peak rainfall of 2.90 in recorded in San Jacinto.
 * September 25, 1939 – A tropical storm known as El Cordonazo, or The Lash of St. Francis, made landfall near Long Beach with sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), which as of 2024 is the most recent tropical storm landfall in California. The storm killed 45 people across southern California, and another 48 people at sea, with residents caught unprepared. Rains related to the storm reached 11.60 in at Mount Wilson. Floodwaters 2 ft deep inundated the eastern Coachella Valley. Damage reached $2 million.

1940s

 * September 8–12 1941 – A hurricane struck Cabo San Lucas, but its remnants dropped light rainfall in southern California, reaching about 0.5 in.
 * August 18, 1945 – The remnants of a hurricane produced thunderstorms in southern California, producing floodwaters 18 in deep in Mecca.
 * September 9–10, 1945 – A tropical cyclone dissipated offshore northern Baja California, bringing about 2 in to the mountains of southern California.
 * September 29–October 1, 1946 – A tropical storm moved ashore the northern Baja California peninsula, spreading heavy rainfall into the mountains of southern California. A cloudburst in San Bernardino dropped 3 in of rainfall in a 30 minute period, resulting in floods that damaged roads and orchards.

1950s

 * August 27–29, 1951 – A tropical storm struck northern Baja California and produced a plume of rainfall across southern California, reaching 5.11 in in Blythe. Floods washed out several roads in the Imperial Valley.
 * September 19–21, 1952 – A hurricane offshore the Baja California peninsula generated thunderstorms across the southwestern United States, reaching 2.11 in in the San Jacinto Mountains.
 * July 16–19, 1954 – A hurricane struck the western Baja California peninsula, spreading rainfall into southern California that reached 2 in. Floods covered a nearly 8 mi portion of U.S. 66.
 * July 28–30, 1958 – A tropical storm dissipated west of the Baja California peninsula, spreading moisture and rainfall into southern California, reaching 2 in at Barton Flats. Floods and mudslides covered five cars, inundated a portion of U.S. 66, and entered a few buildings.
 * September 11, 1959 – A hurricane tracked up the Baja California peninsula, spreading scattered showers across California.

1960s

 * September 9–10, 1960 – Moisture from dissipating Hurricane Estelle generated heavy rainfall in southern California, reaching 3.40 in in Julian. The rains led to flooding, washing out a road in the Lucerne Valley.
 * September 17–19, 1963 – After Tropical Storm Katherine moved ashore Baja California, it produced heavy rainfall across southern California, reaching 6.54 in at Squirrel Inn. This caused flooding in San Bernardino.
 * September 4–5, 1965 – Hurricane Emily dissipated west of Baja California, spreading light rainfall across California of less than 1 in (25 mm).
 * August 30–31, 1967 – Hurricane Katrina produced rainfall across southern California as it traversed much of the Gulf of California, reaching over 2 in. Floods damaged more than 150 buildings, and several roads across the Coachella Valley were flooded.

1970s

 * September 30–October 1, 1971 – Hurricane Olivia, which originated in the Atlantic as Hurricane Irene, struck the central Baja California peninsula. The storm dropped roughly 1 in of rainfall in the southern California deserts.
 * August 12–13, 1972 – Moisture from Hurricane Diana spread across southern California, reaching 2.1 in within one hour at Lucerne Valley. The rains caused flash flooding, closing a portion of I-15, and washing out railroads.
 * September 3, 1972 – Former Hurricane Hyacinth made landfall just north of San Diego as a tropical depression, marking the first California landfall of a tropical cyclone since 1939. Flash flooding from the storm caused I-40 to close for two hours, and rail lines were damaged.
 * October 5, 1972 – Tropical Storm Joanne made landfall along the western Baja California peninsula, and its remnants brought rainfall to the deserts of southeastern California.
 * September 10, 1976 – Tropical Storm Kathleen struck the western Baja California peninsula while interacting with another low pressure area off southern California. This fueled a large area of heavy rainfall, and the interaction accelerated Kathleen's circulation across Death Valley into Nevada. Rainfall peaked at 14.76 in along the southern slopes of Mount San Gorgonio, which marked the highest known precipitation related to an Atlantic or Pacific hurricane in the state. Flooding inundated the Coachella and Imperial Valleys, with six people killed in Ocotillo, after 70% of the town was buried in mud. The floods also washed out portions of roads, including I-8. Damage in the state was estimated at over $120 million.
 * August 15–17, 1977 – Former Hurricane Doreen dissipated near San Clemente Island, after bringing a plume of moisture that spread across southern California. The highest rainfall was 7.63 in along Mt. San Jacinto. The storm killed four people and caused $25 million in damage, with hundreds of houses flooded.
 * October 6–7, 1977 – The remnants of Hurricane Heather produced 2 in of rainfall in southern California.
 * September 5–6, 1978 – Tropical Depression Norman made landfall near Long Beach, generating 7.01 in of rainfall at Lodgepole Campground. The storm also produced a rare summer blizzard along Mount Whitney, killing four hikers from hypothermia. Norman also caused about $300 million in agriculture damage, with about 95% of the raisin crop ruined.

1980s

 * June 29–30, 1980 – Moisture from Hurricane Celia produced light rainfall in southern California.
 * September 17–18, 1982 – Hurricane Norman dissipated southwest of Mexico, although its remnants generated light rains across the southwestern United States, reaching 1 in in Cuyamaca.
 * September 24–26, 1982 – The interaction between a shortwave trough and the remnants of Hurricane Olivia produced heavy rainfall across the western United States, reaching 7.54 in at General Grant Grove. The rains caused a dam to burst, forcing residents in Bishop to evacuate. Olivia caused heavy agriculture damage in the state, estimated at about $325 million.
 * August 11–14, 1983 – Hurricane Ismael generated high waves that killed a woman in Orange County. The storm's remnants also spread rainfall across the state, reaching 5.85 in, which resulted in flooding that killed three people in San Bernardino.
 * September 20–21, 1983 – After dissipating offshore, the remnants of Hurricane Manuel produced 2.85 in of rain in the deserts of southern California.
 * October 7, 1983 – The remnants of Hurricane Priscilla caused light rain showers across southern California.
 * July 14, 1984 – High waves from Hurricane Genevieve killed a surfer in Huntington Beach. The storm also spread rainfall across the southwestern United States, reaching 1.15 in in Borrego Springs.
 * September 10–11, 1984 – Hurricane Marie dissipated west of Baja California, although it spread rainfall across the southwestern United States. weak remnants generated showers over Southern California.
 * July 12, 1985 – Tropical Depression Guillermo dissipated southwest of the state, spreading light rainfall across the state.
 * September 19–24, 1985 – Dissipating Hurricane Terry interacted with a cold front to produce rainfall across southern California, which produced floods that washed out roads along the northern coast of the Salton Sea.
 * September 22–23, 1987 – The remnants of Hurricane Norma generated thunderstorms over Southern California, which caused some flooding.
 * October 5–12, 1987 – Dissipating Hurricane Ramon produced rainfall across southern California, reaching 2.14 inches (54 mm) at Camp Pendleton. The rains caused street flooding that caused dozens of traffic accidents.
 * October 30–31, 1987 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Selma dropped rainfall across southern California, reaching 0.61 in at Camp Pendleton. The rains caused traffic accidents that killed three people and injured 25 others. There was also a landslides along the Antelope Valley Freeway and Soledad Canyon Road.
 * September 17–18, 1989 – The remnants of Hurricane Octave moved across the state, producing rainfall and cloudiness that led to $100 million worth of agriculture damage.

1990s

 * June 9–10 1990 – The remnants of Hurricane Boris produced scattered rainfall across southern California, reaching 1.41 in at Mount Laguna. In San Diego, rainfall reached 0.76 in, contributing to the city's wettest June on record.
 * August 12–14 – Dissipating Tropical Storm Hilda spread rainfall across southern California, causing flash flooding in mountainous areas.
 * July 1992 – The remnants of Hurricane Darby caused cloudiness in California. These clouds were also enough to delay the landing of the Space Shuttle Columbia for a day, and cause it to land in Florida instead of California.
 * August 23, 1992 – The outskirts of Tropical Storm Lester produced thunderstorms across the deserts of southern California, which produced flash flooding in Death Valley and along US 95 and CA 62.
 * August 25–26, 1993 – After making landfall in northwestern Mexico, the remnants of Hurricane Hilary dropped 3 to 4 in of rainfall across the deserts of California, producing flash flooding. In the Morongo Valley, the floods damaged at least 15 houses.
 * August 5, 1997 – Surf from Hurricane Guillermo caused rip currents near Corona Del Mar, and a place just north of Huntington Beach, injuring three people and killing one.
 * August 19–20, 1997 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Ignacio produced rainfall across the state, peaking at 2.16 in. In San Francisco, the rainfall total of around 1 in made it the wettest August on record. The storm also interacted with a ridge to produce gale force winds across the state, which spread wildfires.
 * September 13–14, 1997 – After Hurricane Linda became one of the strongest Pacific hurricanes on record, computer models anticipated that the storm could make landfall in southern California. Ultimately, Linda remained offshore, generating high surf that washed five people off a jetty in Newport Beach, who were rescued by a passing boat. The storm also generated thunderstorms and rainfall in the state, leading to flash flooding and landslides that damaged or destroyed 79 homes.
 * September 24 – 26, 1997 – After making landfall in Baja California, Tropical Storm Nora crossed into the southwestern United States near the border of California and Arizona. Strong winds led to power outages that affected at least 125,000 people in the Los Angeles area. The main impacts were from heavy rainfall, which peaked at 5.50 in along Mount San Jacinto. The rains led to hundreds of traffic accidents, leading to four fatalities. High surf, with waves 20 ft high, affected coastal areas from San Diego to Orange County, entering a few houses.
 * August 9–10, 1998 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Frank spread light rainfall across southern California, reaching 0.76 in at Palomar Mountain.
 * September 3, 1998 – After Hurricane Isis moved ashore northwestern Mexico, it produced light rainfall in the state, reaching 1.53 in at Frazier Park. The scattered rainfall led to about $5 million in agriculture damage.

2000s

 * September 13–14, 2000 – Hurricane Lane lashed the coast with 12 ft waves, before the storm dissipated west of the state. The remnants of Lane triggered thunderstorms across California.
 * September 2–3, 2001 – The remnants of Hurricane Flossie produced thunderstorms across southern California. Lightning struck four people, killing two of them. The rains also led to flash flooding and landslides in the San Bernardino Mountains.
 * September 30, 2001 – While over the northern Gulf of California, Tropical Depression Juliette produced thunderstorms and a dust storm across the Coachella Valley, with a wind gust of 39 mph recorded at Palm Springs International Airport. The winds knocked down trees and power lines.
 * September 3–4, 2002 – High surf from distant but powerful Hurricane Hernan lashed the southern California coast with rip currents and up to 20 ft waves.
 * November 8–9 2002 – Former Hurricane Huko interacted with a trough and produced rainfall across southern and central California, as well as a snowstorm in the Sierras that generated 80 in of snowfall at Chagoopa Plateau.
 * August 26, 2003 – The remnants of Hurricane Ignacio produced thunderstorms across central California that generated 14 fires from lightning strikes, as well as causing power outages that affected 3,500 people.
 * September 5–6, 2004 – High surf from Hurricane Howard hit the southern California coastline with 6 to 12 ft waves, which led to more than 1,000 lifeguard rescues over the busy Labor Day Weekend.
 * September 20, 2004 – The remnants of Hurricane Javier dropped 0.08 in of rainfall at Needles.
 * July 23, 2005 – The remnants of Atlantic Hurricane Emily generated thunderstorms across southern California, producing rainfall that reached 1.50 in in Hemet.
 * September 20, 2005 – Thunderstorms generated by the remnants of Hurricane Max ignited the Pine Fire northeast of Bakersfield, which burned 1814 acre of grasslands.
 * July 2006 – Thunderstorms and rainfall from the remnants of Tropical Storm Emilia helped extinguish the Horse Fire northeast of San Diego.
 * September 6, 2006 – Thunderstorms from the remnants of Hurricane John produced flash floods and mudslides.
 * August 26–27, 2007 – The remnants of Atlantic Hurricane Dean triggered thunderstorms across southern California, reaching 2.13 in at Lake Wohlford. The rains led to flash floods in Escondido and Borrego Springs.
 * July 11, 2009 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Blanca produced unseasonable thunderstorms across the central portion of the state.
 * September 4, 2009 – After Hurricane Jimena struck the Baja California peninsula, its moisture generated thunderstorms across southern California. Flash floods occurred in Ocotillo.
 * October 11–15, 2009 – The remnants of Typhoon Melor fueled a trough that dropped torrential rainfall across California, reaching 21.34 in in Monterrey County. The rains led to flash flooding and landslides, while higher elevations experienced snowfall. In addition, the storm produced strong winds across the state, leading to dust storms and traffic accidents that killed three people in Buttonwillow.

2010s

 * July 18–20, 2012 – The remnants of Hurricane Fabio generated light rainfall across the state, setting daily rainfall records at several locations.
 * September 5–7, 2012 – Moisture from the remnants of Tropical Storm John brought scattered showers to the state.
 * August 25–26, 2013 – Thunderstorms generated by the remnants of Tropical Storm Ivo produced flash flooding that inundated a mobile home park in Borrego Springs.
 * August 26–29, 2014 – Large swells from Hurricane Marie caused high waves that killed a surfer in Malibu.
 * September 8, 2014 – While dissipating west of the Baja California peninsula, Hurricane Norbert generated thunderstorms and 2 in of rainfall, leading to mudslides and flash flooding in the deserts of southern California. The floods washed out a bridge along U.S. 66 southwest of Essex.
 * September 16–17, 2014 – After Hurricane Odile struck the southern Baja California peninsula, it sent a plume of moisture into southern California that produced thunderstorms and flash flooding, leaving 6,000 people around San Diego without power. High winds also uprooted trees and flipped at least one airplane at Montgomery Field Airport.
 * October 6–7, 2014 – High surf from Hurricane Simon caused coastal flooding and rip currents.
 * June 9, 2015 – The remnants of Hurricane Blanca generated thunderstorms in San Luis Obisbo county, which led to flash flooding and a few mudslides.
 * July 18–19, 2015 – Moisture from former Hurricane Dolores produced thunderstorms across southern California, with rainfall totals of up to 4 in. Lightning struck and killed a man in Bakersfield. The thunderstorms ignited a few wildfires, and also led to the first rainout of a Los Angeles Angels baseball game since 1995. The floods also washed out a bridge along I-10 near Desert Center, temporarily shutting off the primary Phoenix-to-Los-Angeles route.
 * September 8–15, 2015 – A plume of moisture from Hurricane Linda produced thunderstorms across southern California, leading to flash flooding that killed one person trying to cross the Mill Creek. The storm also produced urban flooding across Los Angeles and Orange counties.
 * July 11–12, 2017 – Distant Hurricane Eugene lashed the southern California coast with rip currents and 6 to 8 ft waves, leading to hundreds of people requiring lifeguard rescue.
 * September 3–4, 2017 – After traversing the Baja California peninsula, Tropical Storm Lidia produced scattered thunderstorms across southern California. In Santa Barbara, the thunderstorms triggered a microburst with winds of 80 mph, strong enough to knock down a power line, injuring a man.
 * July 6–8, 2018 – Swells from distant Hurricane Fabio brought rip currents and high surf up to 12 ft along the state's southern coastline.
 * September 30 – October 1, 2018 – Moisture from Tropical Storm Rosa produced thunderstorms and flash flooding, killing a driver near Mecca.
 * October 12, 2018 – Tropical Storm Sergio struck the Baja California peninsula, and it spread thunderstorms across southern California, triggering flash floods in the Coahella Valley. Floodwaters along I-10 reached 1.5 ft near Cactus City.
 * November 20, 2019 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Raymond brought a heavy rainfall and snow in the mountains in Southern California, resulting in flooding along CA 99 in the Central Valley. Along the Tijuana River, two people required rescue from floods.

2020s

 * August 16–17, 2020 – Moisture from Tropical Storm Fausto triggered massive thunderstorms across portions of Northern California. The thunderstorms produced mostly dry lightning, and sparked 367 wildfires across the state, several of which quickly exploded in size, threatening thousands of buildings and forcing thousands of people to evacuate. The massive SCU Lightning Complex, August Complex, CZU Lightning Complex, and North Complex fires were connected to the thunderstorms associated with Fausto. In San Francisco, a tree fell during the high winds, and thunderstorms produced wind gusts up to 60 mph.
 * August 22, 2020 – Remnant moisture from Hurricane Genevieve brought heavy rain to parts of Southern California, where a few large wildfires were occurring at the time.
 * October 10, 2020 – Remnant moisture from Hurricane Marie was entrained into an extratropical cyclone heading towards the West Coast of the U.S., which brought heavy rain to parts of Northern California, Oregon, and Washington.
 * September 9-10, 2022 – Tropical Storm Kay transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone off the southern California coast, although its moisture produced heavy rainfall over several days. Mount Laguna recorded 5.85 in of rainfall. The rains led to mudslides and debris flow, killing one woman in Forest Falls. A strong pressure gradient produced strong downslope winds, reaching 109 mph on Cuyamaca Peak. The strong winds caused widespread power outages, affecting more than 63,000 people.
 * August 9–13, 2023 – Remnant moisture from Tropical Storm Eugene caused isolated thunderstorms and light winds Though minimal, the rainfall helped relieve bit of the drought in Southern California. The remnants moved further north and brought isolated thunderstorms to the Sierra Nevada and the San Francisco Bay Area.
 * August 20–21, 2023 – Former Hurricane Hilary dissipated over Baja California, producing a widespread area of strong winds and heavy rainfall across Southern California. The highest rainfall total was 13.07 in. Flash flooding swept away a mobile home in Angelus Oaks, killing a woman. The floods also washed away roads, damaged houses, and caused mudslides. The region was drenched by record-breaking heavy rainfall and strong winds, flooding roads, and causing mudslides and rock slides. Wind gusts reached 87 mph at Magic Mountain. The remnants also brought wind and thunderstorms to Northern California, including parts of both the Greater Sacramento area and the San Francisco Bay Area.
 * September 8, 2023 – High waves from Hurricane Jova produced high waves and rip currents, resulting in five people requiring rescue.

Climatological statistics
Most tropical cyclones impacting California do so in the month of September. September 1939 was "unprecedented" in having four tropical cyclones impact the state.

Deadliest storms
The following is a list of all known tropical cyclone-related deaths in California.

title: List of California hurricanes


text:
Talk:Julian Steward

THE CONTROVERSY SECTION IS STOLEN WORK. PLEASE REMOVE IT.

Untitled
I have removed the "controversy" section at the bottom of the entry. It was taken without permission from an unpublished paper of mine. Please do not put it back up. If someone wants to make the claim of a controversy please utilise published, non-plagarised work.

According to what can only be called as the authoritative biography of Steward by Virginia Kerns (2003 University of Illinois Press), much of the information in this entry is incorrect. Please remove it until a new one can be added. It does no service to anyone to promote incorrect information. For example, beginning with the first sentence, Steward was not born into a family of devote Christian Scientists. His mother converted to Christian Science when Steward was 9 years old. This event seemed to precipitate his parents' divorce and motivated much of his work against religion (Kerns 2003: 19-26). Kerns' book corrects many inconsistencies, errors, and impossibilities in Shimkin (1964), Manners (1973), and Murphy (1977, 1981).

If you feel the entry on Steward is in error, then you should, as someone familiar with authoritative sources, correct it yourself. That is how wikipedia works Rex 03:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

-- John Curran writes I removed the opening two sentences his parents, their religion, and their divorce. Stylistically, they were bad, and seemed out-of-place, especially at the top of the article. The information is relevant, though, and important to understanding Steward. But they belong in a special section on Steward and religion.

I beefed up the section on Steward's education, and clarified his relationship with Farrand.

Steward did not have a long, 11-year relationship with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). I think the previous contributor confused his work for the Bureau of American Ethnography (BAE), a Smithsonian Institution, with his very short-lived contract work for the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1936. Although the BIA did finance, at least in part, one of his last trips to do Shoshone fieldwork, his involvement ended a few months later in the fall of 1936, when he submitted a controversial report (11 pages total, I think) that put him in an adversarial position with the BIA, and for which he was roundly derided. (Kerns 2003:199 see also 206-207)

It was also incorrect that he was an architect of the Indian New Deal. He arrived in Washington after the passage of the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934. His views, as expressed in the 1936 unpublished (and suppressed!) BIA memo, actually ran contrary to the plans of the BIA and the Collier Administration at the time. He "took a dim view" of reorganization; he "opposed 'segregating' them on reservations, not only because it ran counter to their traditional way of life but also because it would impede assimilation." (Kerns 2003:199 see also 206-207)

I also removed any reference to cultural ecology as a "theory". Steward was adamant that cultural ecology was a "concept and method"; his theory of culture change, however, was a theory. The source for that is Kerns 2003:278-279.

Portions of the text I added -- about three paragraphs -- came from work I did for an Anthropological theory class at GWU, which I originally published at  —Preceding signed comment added by AiNewsDesk (talk • contribs) 19:34, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

-- John Curran writes

''"These factors push the evolution of a given society in several directions at the same time, thus this is the multilinearity of his theory of evolution." '' I'm not sure that is what Steward meant by 'multi-linear'. Or, at least, that it completely expresses what he meant by the term. I'll need to think about it, I'll and check my sources when I've got the energy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by AiNewsDesk (talk • contribs) 02:49, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

UTSA Class Project
An overhaul of this article is being done as part of a college class project that is being graded. Please resist changing anything in the next few days, although there shouldn't be a need to. Utsagroup9 (talk) 18:04, 22 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The article has been posted, all that is left to be done is to format citations for Wikipedia. I'll get on that after work, hopefully. Do feel free to fix any links I may have broken though. Utsagroup9 (talk) 18:52, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I have (twice) reverted the class project edits; they contain direct unquoted copies of sentences from Kerns book. For example, "Steward was one of about twenty students at Deep Springs, but he was the only one who responded so immediately and directly to his surroundings by becoming an anthropologist." comes word for word from page 50 of Kerns book. Another example is: "During his years at Deep Springs, Julian Steward also experienced what he called an “intellectual awakening.” In Kerns, the 2nd word is "these", but otherwise verbatim. There are other instances. Because the paragraphs in question do source to Kerns (although not all copied sentences do), we can't really call this plagiarism, there's no real intent to deceive, and an obvious effort to properly source, albeit sloppy/inept. And because the copying is minimal, a sentence here and there, it's not a legal copyright violation either. It is however, sloppy bad editing/writing, and improper practice. Sentences copied from Kerns need to be quoted, or need to be paraphrased into the editor's own words and, either way, consistently sourced. The class project edits are not a bad first draft, but are not ready for publication in the main article. Studerby (talk) 20:25, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Now, class
Now class, you left out something most every other major encyclopedic article has, a list or at least some mention of his works and what is in them.Botteville (talk) 15:39, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julian Steward


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Helen Kushnick

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. — J I P | Talk 05:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Helen Kushnick
Non-Notable Person. Just because she was Jay Leno's agent doesn't mean she is notable and qualifies for a Wikipedia article. Hell I work in the entertainment industry so does that mean I can have a Wikipedia article too? I think not. Misterrick 21:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. As Hollywood agents go, she was pretty controversial.  Kathy Bates won a Golden Globe and was Emmy-nominated for playing her in the TV movie The Late Shift (about the Jay Leno-David Letterman rivalry), so I think some people might want to look her up in Wikipedia. --Metropolitan90 03:02, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There is so little info available about her online, and much of it is very biased against her; she co-founded an AIDS awareness organization and much of her work in her later life (post-Tonight Show) was involved with AIDS research. Further, she is an important figure in the "late night wars," whether or not people want to acknowledge her role in severing the relationship b/w Leno and Letterman. She was a representative for several other Hollywood figures besides Leno, and in many ways was famous in her own right, and so my vote is to keep this article with expansions. Telestylo 07:05, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Her role in the 'late night wars' alone makes her notable, if not for exemplifying how not to handle a client. Being Jay Leno's agent is not what makes her notable; his current agent - whoever that is - is certainly not notable. But she was particularly notorious in hollywood for many years, particularly because the tonight show is such an important show for the industry. Aspersions 07:05, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The book and television movie, as well as coverage in celeb. magazines, make her a notable person. Xoloz 09:16, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Meishin Expressway

The Meishin Expressway (名神高速道路), or Nagoya-Kōbe Expressway 193.9 km is a toll expressway in Japan. It runs from a junction with the Tōmei Expressway in Komaki, Aichi (outside Nagoya) west to Nishinomiya, Hyōgo (between Osaka and Kobe). It is the main road link between Osaka and Nagoya, and, along with the Tōmei Expressway, forms the main road link between Osaka and Tokyo. East of the Chūgoku Expressway near Osaka, it is part of Asian Highway Network.

The part east of interchange 29 (Yōkaichi) is owned by the Central Nippon Expressway Company; the rest is owned by the West Nippon Expressway Company.

History
The Meishin Expressway was the first expressway in Japan, with a section near Osaka and Kyoto opening on July 16, 1963.

The Meishin Expressway parallels the old Nakasendō between Kyoto and Nagoya, now Route 8 and Route 21. The Meihan National Highway is a mostly non-tolled freeway between Osaka and Nagoya, lying further south and built to lower standards. The Shin-Meishin Expressway is an under-construction route between Osaka and Nagoya, lying between the two other high-speed roads, that will connect to the Shin-Tōmei Expressway (via the Isewangan Expressway) and the Sanyō Expressway. It roughly parallels the old Tōkaidō (Route 1).

During the Great Hanshin earthquake of January 17, 1995, the Meishin Expressway suffered light damage but could only be used by emergency vehicles for weeks after the earthquake. It was the only remaining link between Osaka and Kobe for some time after the quake.

List of interchanges and features
Interchanges not yet opened, closed, or abandoned are shown with a gray background. Exit numbers continue from the sequence of the Tomei Expressway.

 * IC - interchange, SIC - smart interchange, JCT - junction, PA - parking area, SA - service area, TN - tunnel, BS - Bus stop (S - open, X - closed)

title: Meishin Expressway


text:
Fine

Fine may refer to:

Characters

 * Fran Fine, the title character of The Nanny
 * Sylvia Fine (The Nanny), Fran's mother on The Nanny
 * Officer Fine, a character in Tales from the Crypt, played by Vincent Spano

Legal terms

 * Fine (penalty), money to be paid as punishment for an offence
 * Fine on alienation, a sum of money paid to a feudal lord when a tenant had occasion to make over his land to another
 * Fine of lands, an obsolete type of land conveyance to a new owner
 * Fine, a dated term for a premium on a lease of land

Music

 * Fine (band), a late 1990s American band
 * Fine (album), a 1994 album by Snailhouse
 * "Fine" (Taeyeon song), 2017
 * "Fine" (Whitney Houston song), 2000
 * "F.I.N.E.*", a 1993 song by Aerosmith
 * "Fine", a song by James from the 2001 album Pleased to Meet You
 * "Fine", a song by Kylie Minogue from the 2014 album Kiss Me Once
 * "Fine", a song by Prism from the 1983 album Beat Street
 * "fine", a 2019 song by Mike Shinoda
 * "Fine", a song by the Linda Lindas from the 2022 album Growing Up

Brands and enterprises

 * Fine (brandy), a term for some French brandy
 * FINE (printing), a print head technology used in Canon printers
 * Fine Air, an international cargo airline that operated from 1989 to 2002
 * Toyota Fine (Fuel cell INnovation Emotion), a series of concept cars

Metallurgy

 * Fine, a term for the purity of precious metals; see Fineness
 * Fine, to produce refined metal in a finery forge

Other uses

 * FINE, an informal association of the four main Fair Trade networks
 * Fine (surname)
 * Fine (mathematics), a property that partially orders the equivalence relations on a set
 * Fine, New York, a town in the United States
 * Fine flounder, a species of flounder
 * Fine, an attribute of certain cricket fielding positions
 * Fine, Irish-language term for 'clan'; see Irish clans

title: Fine


text:
User:Olavmrk/monobook.js

// User:Lupin/popups.js

importScript('User:Lupin/popups.js'); popupDelay=2; popupImages=false;

title: User:Olavmrk/monobook.js


text:
User:Remus Lupin~enwiki

Hi,

I live in Alicante (Spain) and I am working mainly in the Spanish Wikipedia since a lot of work is needed there (the English version is by far more complete). However, I am trying to collaborate in the English version too. I've made some articles but in general I'm adding links to Spanish pages.

In the Spanish version I've made mainly translations from other Wikipedias (English, French and even articles from the German wiki) about naturalists, Spanish and Portuguese explorers, languages and Kings of United Kingdom. I'm trying to improve the Wikipedia adding, what I believe are basic articles for a good encyclopaedia.

If you'd like to make me any comment, do not hesitate and use my discussion page.

Best regards! Remus

es:Usuario:Remus lupin

title: User:Remus Lupin~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Del Toro

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete as single-person nn vanity.

Del Toro
This is just a page on a poster on a forum. No sense creating one here. ErikNY 21:57, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no one cares. Punkmorten 22:02, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Except for Del Toro. :)  He's outta here. - Lucky 6.9 22:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
1998 Queensland state election

Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 13 June 1998 to elect the 89 members of the state's Legislative Assembly.

The result of the election was a second consecutive hung parliament, with the Labor Party forming minority government after receiving the support of independent Peter Wellington. This election was the first in which One Nation supporters were elected to state Parliament, with the controversial party winning 11 seats. With nearly 23% of the vote, One Nation gained a higher percentage of the vote than any other third party (i.e. not Labor or Coalition) at the state or territory level since Federation. This was also the only election at which a third party gained more votes than both the Liberal Party and the National Party considered separately. Unlike in previous elections, no attempt was made to calculate the statewide two-party preferred vote (2PP), because the One Nation vote was so high that any 2PP result would have been meaningless.

A few months after the election, the One Nation member for Mulgrave, Charles Rappolt resigned. Labor won the ensuing by-election, allowing it to form government with a bare majority of 45 seats.

Background
The previous state election had resulted in one of the narrowest margins of any Australian election. The Coalition won a slim majority of the two-party vote. However, the Coalition's majority was wasted on massive landslides in its rural heartland, while Labor won 31 seats in Brisbane. Labor Premier Wayne Goss' government thus clung to life by a single seat. This was brought undone when the Court of Disputed Returns ordered a new election in the disputed seat of Mundingburra, which the Liberals won on a modest swing. The balance of power rested with newly elected Independent MLA Liz Cunningham, who announced her support for the Coalition. Goss resigned, and Nationals leader Rob Borbidge was appointed as Premier.

The Borbidge government's popularity suffered in the later part of its term due to the federal Howard government's GST plans. Seeking to create a more definite majority, Borbidge called a new election on 19 May 1998. Although early polling showed the government to be strongly competitive with Labor, led by Peter Beattie, later polls saw Labor gain a substantial lead.

However, the debate between the two parties was rapidly sidelined by One Nation's emerging support. Formed in 1997 by federal Independent MP for Oxley Pauline Hanson, One Nation gained significant support on a platform of economic nationalism, anti-immigration sentiments and opposition to native title. Its platform was particularly well received in the Nationals' heartland of rural Queensland; indeed, at the time the writs were dropped, there had been fears over the past two years that One Nation would sweep the Nationals out of existence. One Nation stood candidates in 79 seats, all largely political novices. The issue of preference allocations to One Nation, under Queensland's optional preferential voting (OPV) system, became a major campaign issue, with eventual poor results for the Liberals attributed to opposition from many of their traditional voters over their decision not to put One Nation last on preferences.

Borbidge had been well aware of the threat from One Nation. He tried to have One Nation preferenced last on Coalition how-to-vote cards. However, the national Liberal and National organisations pressured their Queensland counterparts to preference One Nation ahead of Labor. They apparently thought that One Nation's populism would peel off enough Labor voters to allow the Coalition to win another term.

One Nation won 11 seats and finished second (after preferences) in 23 seats. Seven of One Nation's seats would have gone to Labor had it not been for leakage of Coalition preferences; had Labor won those seats, it would have been able to form government in its own right.

Seats changing hands

 * Members listed in italics did not contest their seats at this election.
 * ¹ Frank Tanti gained Mundingburra for the Liberal Party at the 1996 by-election. The Labor Party had retained the seat at the 1995 election.

Subsequent changes

 * On 4 November 1998, One Nation Party member Charles Rappolt (Mulgrave) resigned. At the by-election on 5 December 1998, Warren Pitt gained the seat for the Labor Party, increasing the Labor Party total to 45 seats and into majority government.
 * On 6 February 1999, the One Nation Party members Shaun Nelson (Tablelands), Dorothy Pratt (Barambah), and Ken Turner (Thuringowa) resigned from the party and sat as Independents.
 * On 23 February 1999, the One Nation Party members John Kingston (Maryborough) and Jeff Knuth (Burdekin) resigned from the party and sat as Independents. On 18 February 2000, Jeff Knuth (Burdekin) joined the City Country Alliance.
 * On 22 December 1999, the One Nation Party members Harry Black (Whitsunday), David Dalgleish (Hervey Bay), Bill Feldman (Caboolture), Jack Paff (Ipswich West), and Peter Prenzler (Lockyer) resigned from the party and formed the City Country Alliance.
 * On 14 December 1999, the Labor Party member Bob Gibbs (Bundamba) resigned. At the by-election on 5 February 2000, Jo-Ann Miller retained the seat for the Labor Party.
 * On 9 January 2000, the Labor Party member Bill D'Arcy (Woodridge) resigned. At the by-election on 5 February 2000, Mike Kaiser retained the seat for the Labor Party.
 * On 30 November 2000, Deputy Premier Jim Elder (Capalaba) resigned from the Labor Party and sat as an Independent.
 * On 4 December 2000, Grant Musgrove (Springwood) resigned from the Labor Party and sat as an Independent.
 * On 10 January 2001, Mike Kaiser (Woodridge) resigned from the Labor Party and sat as an Independent.

Polling
Although the Coalition Government initially enjoyed strong levels of support subsequent to assuming office in 1996, support was quickly lost. From 1997, Labor opened a consistent, albeit narrow, lead in the polls and by 1998 Labor was enjoying a commanding lead. The Coalition was eventually disadvantaged by what was commonly deemed to be poor government performance and the rapid rise of One Nation support, which under the state's optional preferential voting, fractured the Conservative vote. The Coalition vote significantly plummeted, whilst Labor essentially withstood the swing to One Nation.

title: 1998 Queensland state election


text:
Bernard Derome

Bernard Derome, CM, OQ (born January 10, 1944) is a Canadian broadcaster, who was news anchor for the weeknight editions of Le Téléjournal on Radio-Canada until December 18, 2008.

Biography
Derome studied at Saint Lawrence College under the instruction of the Clerics of Saint-Viateur. In 1963, when he was 19 years old, he began his first job in broadcasting at radio station CJBR in Rimouski. He moved to Canada's government funded French-language broadcaster, Radio-Canada, in 1965 and began anchoring Aujourd'hui (Today) in 1967.

Derome was chief news anchor for Radio-Canada Television from 1970 to 1998, hosting the nightly Le Téléjournal. He firmly established his credentials during the October Crisis and anchored the network's coverage of provincial and federal elections, including the 1980 referendum, the Charlottetown Accord referendum and the 1995 referendum.

After leaving the anchor chair in 1998, Derome anchored several news and documentary programs, including 5 sur 5, Le Monde and La Grande Aventure de la télévision. In 2004, after a drop in ratings for Le Téléjournal, Radio-Canada asked Derome to replace Gilles Gougeon, who had succeeded Stéphan Bureau in the role. In 2008, Derome announced his intention to leave the anchor post at year's end. His final broadcast took place on December 18. He was succeeded by Céline Galipeau, formerly the program's weekend anchor.

In 2015, he joined classical music radio station CJPX-FM as a morning presenter.

Awards

 * Olivar-Asselin Award (1981)
 * Order of Canada (1994)
 * Order of La Pléiade (2000)
 * National Order of Quebec (2006)

title: Bernard Derome


text:
Talk:Cowburn Tunnel

Cowburn Tunnel
Not clear what there was to flood to 30m... was it the airshaft perhaps? And the rising line - was it to avoid going into the unstable shale? (I dimly recollect this was a problem at Woodhead?) I'd assumed it was limestone, and also with Totley (I remember it as Dore and Totley like the station) and the water was from springs. The tunnels are each end of the Hope Valley, so my assumption was, they were limestone outcrops around the shale in the valley. I'll have to ask a geologist. Chevin 22:00, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It flooded the header. They drilled a header shaft and worked outwards. At Totley they drilled seven.
 * It may have been but my reference didn't say, just gave dimensions.
 * The Totley tunnel was cut through a mixture of shale, coal and ganister deposits and probably Crawshaw sandstone, which itself is fairly fragile. I'm still trying to find out about Cowburn. Chevin 13:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Unclear
The bit about the flooding isn't clear. A response above states that they drilled a header shaft and then worked outwards. But the article itself talks about the headings meeting, which sounds like they worked inwards from either end. Which is correct? --David Edgar (talk) 22:33, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Both: tunnels are almost always dug from the ends, in addition to headings from any shafts that may have been sunk. So for a tunnel with one working shaft, like Cowburn, there would be four headings and two meeting places. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 00:31, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * OK, that seems to make sense, thanks.
 * But I also wonder, when it says "work was carried on in a diving bell", can any sort of productive digging work be done by someone in a diving bell? --David Edgar (talk) 01:22, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Maybe not a literal diving bell - perhaps it means that some sort of pressure wall was used, as with the Severn Tunnel. It's unsourced, so I don't know where the claim originated, so I can't check. Maybe can clarify. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 09:52, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cowburn Tunnel


text:
Lock, Stock...

Lock, Stock... is a seven-part British television crime drama series, co-written and created by Guy Ritchie, as a spin-off from his 1998 film Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels. The series first broadcast on Channel 4 on 29 May 2000 with a feature-length pilot, Lock, Stock and Four Stolen Hooves.

The series stars Daniel Caltagirone, Del Synnott, Scott Maslen and Shaun Parkes as close friends Moon, Jamie, Bacon and Lee, who run The Lock, a public house in London. Each episode focuses on the four friends attempting a different business venture, and the comedy of errors that ensues. Ralph Brown also stars as local gangland boss Miami Vice.

Production
Lock, Stock... was Ginger Productions' first commission for television. The series prominently featured the use of the rhyming slang of London's East End, making it harder for some viewers to comprehend. In Australia, the series first aired in 2001 on ABC. In Portugal, the series first aired in 2005 on cable channel SIC Radical. In Germany, the series first aired on cable channel RTL Crime in 2011, under the title Bube, Dame, König, grAS  (which in turn, is the German title of Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels).

Release
A soundtrack album featuring music used in the series was issued on 9 June 2000 via Virgin Records. The complete series was released on DVD Universal Studios for Region 2 on 4 December 2000. The series was later released by Siren Visual Entertainment for Region 4 in Australia. The series is also available to purchase as a box-set on iTunes.

Main cast

 * Ralph Brown as Miami Vice, a local crime boss.
 * Daniel Caltagirone as Moon, a chef and electronics expert.
 * Scott Maslen as Jamie, a fast talker.
 * Shaun Parkes as Bacon, who makes sure things run smoothly, or at least tries to.
 * Del Synnott as Lee, a ladies man, who always has sex on his mind.
 * Christopher Adamson as Three Feet, an enforcer working for Miami Vice.
 * Lorraine Chase as Barbie
 * Lisa Rogers as Tanya, a dancer at Lapland.

Recurring cast

 * Mario Kalli as Kouros; proprietor of the Trojan Kebab House.
 * George Antoni as Nefarious; a Cypriot who deals in anything shady from the back of the Trojan Kebab House.
 * Martin Freeman as Jaap; a Dutch drug taker and general idiot.
 * Chris Rowe as Johan
 * Nicki Grosse as Laura
 * Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as Jordi
 * Nick Brimble as Uncle Derek
 * Ian Brimble as Uncle Brian

title: Lock, Stock...


text:
J. M. Roberts

John Morris Roberts (14 April 1928 – 30 May 2003) was a British historian with many published works. From 1979 to 1985, he was vice chancellor of the University of Southampton, and from 1985 to 1994, he was warden of Merton College, Oxford. He also wrote and presented the BBC TV series The Triumph of the West, first broadcast in 1985.

Biography
Roberts was born in Bath, the son of a department store worker and educated at Taunton School. He won a scholarship to Keble College, Oxford, and took a first in Modern History in 1948. After National Service, he was elected a prize fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, where he completed a doctoral thesis on the Italian republic set up during the time of Napoleon Bonaparte.

In 1953 Roberts was elected a fellow and tutor in Modern History at Merton College, Oxford, and in the same year, he went as a Commonwealth Fund fellow to Princeton and Yale, where his interests broadened beyond European history. He returned to America three times as a visiting professor in the 1960s. In 1964 Roberts lectured for the British Council in India, and from 1966 to 1977 Roberts served as joint editor of the English Historical Review.

From 1979 to 1985 Roberts was vice-chancellor of the University of Southampton where he felt obliged to make unpopular cuts (Classics and Theology). Roberts could be an intimidating figure, even a "terrifying" one, but was described by colleagues as "a nice man, a very nice man, underneath it all".

Roberts did not hesitate to take on ambitious subjects, and in 1976 he published The History of the World, regularly updated in later years and still in print today. The Times Literary Supplement described Roberts as "master of the broad brush-stroke", and in 1985 Roberts wrote and presented the thirteen-part BBC television series The Triumph of the West, a series which painted a broad canvas but avoided simplistic solutions, encouraging the audience to think and reach its own conclusions. Later he served as a historical advisor to the BBC series People's Century.

From 1985 to 1994 Roberts was Warden of Merton College, Oxford. At Merton he became an important figure in the expansion and development of postgraduate studies. He also took up other roles, serving as a governor of the BBC from 1988 to 93 and as a trustee of Rhodes House from 1988 to 94. In 1994 he retired and returned to his native Somerset.

In 1996, Roberts was appointed CBE for his 'services to education and history' and made a Cavalier of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1991.

Roberts died in 2003, at Roadwater, Somerset, shortly after completing the fourth revised edition of The New History of the World.

Legacy
The John Roberts Memorial Fund was established in his honour at Merton College in 2003, with the aim of increasing the financial support available to undergraduate and graduate students. The college hoped that the first recipient would be a history graduate.

When Roberts' The Mythology of the Secret Societies was republished in 2008, the back cover contained the following message: "We are living at a time when conspiracy theories are rife and the notion of secret plans for world domination under the guise of religious cults or secret societies is perhaps considered more seriously than ever."

Personal life
On 10 September 1960, at Milton Abbas, Roberts married (Mariabella) Rosalind Gardiner. The marriage was dissolved in 1964. At Oxford on 29 August 1964 Roberts married Judith Cecilia Mary Armitage, a schoolteacher, and they had one son and two daughters.

Selected works

 * Europe: 1880–1945 (London: Longmans, 1967. 2nd corrected and revised edition, 1970. 3rd edition, 2000 ISBN 978-0-582-35745-7)
 * The Mythology of the Secret Societies (1972; reprint edition, Watkins, 2008 ISBN 978-1-905857-44-9)
 * History of the World (New York: Knopf, 1976). ISBN 978-0-394-49675-7
 * Revolution and Improvement: The Western World, 1775–1847 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976). ISBN 978-0-297-77048-0
 * The French Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978). ISBN 978-0-19-289069-6
 * An Illustrated World History (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980. 8 volumes)
 * The Age of Upheaval: The World since 1914 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981). ISBN 978-0-14-064008-3
 * The Triumph of the West: The Origin, Rise, and Legacy of Western Civilization (London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1985). ISBN 978-0-563-20070-3
 * A Short History of the World (1993). ISBN 978-0-19-511504-8
 * A History of Europe (New York: 1996). ISBN 978-0-7139-9204-5
 * The Age of Diverging Traditions (London: Time-Life, 1998). ISBN 978-0-7054-3660-1
 * The Age of Revolution (London: Time-Life, 1998). ISBN 978-0-7054-3690-8
 * Eastern Asia and Classical Greece (London: Time-Life, 1998). ISBN 978-0-7054-3640-3
 * The Penguin History of the Twentieth Century (1999). ISBN 978-0-14-027631-2
 * Twentieth Century: A History of the World From 1901 to the Present (London: Allen Lane, 1999). ISBN 978-0-7139-9257-1
 * The New History of the World (6th Edition, 2013 ISBN 978-0-19-521927-2)

title: J. M. Roberts


text:
China Compulsory Certificate

The China Compulsory Certificate mark, commonly known as a CCC Mark, is a compulsory safety mark for many products imported, sold or used in the Chinese market. It was implemented on May 1, 2002, and became fully effective on August 1, 2003.

It is the result of the integration of China's two previous compulsory inspection systems, namely "CCIB" (Safety Mark, introduced in 1989 and required for products in 47 product categories) and "CCEE" (also known as "Great Wall" Mark, for electrical commodities in 7 product categories), into a single procedure.

Applicable products
The CCC mark is required for both Chinese-manufactured and foreign-imported products; the certification process involves the Guobiao standards.

The mandatory products include, among others:
 * 1) Electrical wires and cables
 * 2) Circuit switches, electric devices for protection or connection
 * 3) Low-voltage Electrical Apparatus
 * 4) Low power motors
 * 5) Electric tools
 * 6) Welding machines
 * 7) Household and similar electrical appliances
 * 8) Audio and video apparatus (not including the audio apparatus for broadcasting service and automobiles)
 * 9) Information technology equipment
 * 10) Lighting apparatus (not including the lighting apparatus with the voltage lower than 36V)
 * 11) Motor vehicles and safety accessories
 * 12) Motor vehicle Tires
 * 13) Safety Glasses
 * 14) Agricultural Machinery
 * 15) Telecommunication Terminal Products
 * 16) Fire Fighting Equipment
 * 17) Safety Protection Products
 * 18) Wireless LAN products
 * 19) Decoration Materials
 * 20) Toys

Implementation rules
Apart from the GB Standard, the implementation rules are the second important component that form the basis of CCC certification. The implementation rules determine the process of the CCC-Certification and list the mandatory products for the certification. Based on many regulatory amendments, it is important to get the latest version of the implementation rules before starting the certification process.

In 2014, a comprehensive regulatory amendment of the Implementation Rules had taken place. The major changes are:
 * Amendments for Automotive Parts
 * Introduction of factory levels (A-D)
 * Self-made products for end products do not require a CCC Certificate anymore

Administration
The CCC mark is administered by the CNCA (Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China). The China Quality Certification Center (CQC) is designated by CNCA to process CCC mark applications and defines the products that need CCC. The products are summed up in overall product categories. Additionally, the following certification authorities are responsible for specific groups of products:
 * CCAP (China Certification Centre for Automotive Products) products in the automotive area
 * CSP (China Certification Center for Security and Protection) certifies security products, forensic technology and products for road safety
 * CSCG (China Safety Global Certification Centre) for safety glass
 * CEMC (China Certification Centre for Electromagnetic Compatibility) all electronic products

Follow-up certification
The CCC certificate and the Permission of Printing, which allows the manufacturer to mark the CCC-certified product with the CCC mark, must be renewed annually in order to keep the validity of the certificate. The renewal can only be done through a follow-up certification. Part of the follow-up certification is a one-day factory audit.

IT security products
On April 27, 2009, China announced 13 categories of the IT security sector products that must conform to the additional authority that was newly bestowed on the CCC (China Compulsory Certificate), and this requirement was to be put into effect on May 1, 2009. In view of the security measures taken by China, there was a seemingly high likelihood that they would request the full disclosure of all source codes running on any and all devices, imported or otherwise. The divulgence of such source codes is of great concern to countries like the U.S., Japan, the EU, and South Korea; all four asked China to reverse this decision and objected to the implementation of the Chinese plan. Thus, the certification agents were soon limited to the organizations and entities within China - a compromise of sorts. However, despite this restriction, there still arose other concerns as to whether source codes and trade secrets could be leaked to the private sectors. In response to these enduring concerns, China altered the previously planned CCC policy programme. Instead of administering broad and stringent encroachments upon the relevant categories of imports (primarily, computer technology), they decided to engage in an alternate regulatory action solely affecting government procurement projects, while simultaneously postponing the enactment of the policy programme to May 1, 2010. China also stated that the number of applicable CCC product categories is not to expand past the current 13 already in place.

Protection of intellectual property in the CCC certification
Although the CCC-Certification's only purpose is to ensure compliance of products with the Chinese standards, many companies are worried that infringements of their trademarks or patent occur during the CCC-Certification. Especially regarding the following steps, companies are troubled:
 * Comprehensive product information for the application are required
 * Type test of the products in an accredited test laboratory in China
 * Factory audit by Chinese inspectors examine the factory

For the best possible protection for the own products there are:
 * Protecting Intellectual Property Rights in China

title: China Compulsory Certificate