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Mitochondrial myopathy

Mitochondrial myopathies are types of myopathies associated with mitochondrial disease. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the chemical used to provide energy for the cell, cannot be produced sufficiently by oxidative phosphorylation when the mitochondrion is either damaged or missing necessary enzymes or transport proteins. With ATP production deficient in mitochondria, there is an over-reliance on anaerobic glycolysis which leads to lactic acidosis either at rest or exercise-induced.

Primary mitochondrial myopathies are inherited, while secondary mitochondrial myopathies may be inherited (e.g. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy) or environmental (e.g. alcoholic myopathy ). When it is an inherited primary disease, it is one of the metabolic myopathies.

On biopsy, the muscle tissue of patients with these diseases usually demonstrate "ragged red" muscle fibers on Gomori trichrome staining. The ragged-red appearance is due to a buildup of abnormal mitochondria underneath the plasma membrane. These ragged-red fibres may contain normal or abnormally increased accumulations of glycogen and neutral lipids, with histochemical staining showing abnormal respiratory chain involvement, such as decreased succinate dehydrogenase or cytochrome c oxidase. Inheritance was believed to be maternal (non-Mendelian extranuclear). It is now known that certain nuclear DNA deletions can also cause mitochondrial myopathy such as the OPA1 gene deletion.

Signs and symptoms
Proximal muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, lactic acidosis, high serum lactate/pyruvate ratio, normal to elevated serum CK, dyspnea, exaggerated cardiorespiratory response to exercise are common symptoms. It may be isolated to the muscle (pure myopathy) or may be systemic including not only myopathy, but also eye abnormalities, peripheral neuropathy, and neurological abnormalities. Muscle biopsy typically shows ragged-red fibres, histochemical staining shows abnormality of respiratory chain or decreased cytochrome c oxidase (COX).

The five most common are MELAS, MERF, KSS, CPEO, and MNGIE which are listed below:
 * Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like syndrome (MELAS)
 * Varying degrees of cognitive impairment and dementia
 * Lactic acidosis
 * Strokes
 * Transient ischemic attacks
 * Hearing loss
 * Weight loss
 * Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers (MERRF)
 * Progressive myoclonic epilepsy
 * Clumps of diseased mitochondria accumulate in muscle fibers and appear as "ragged-red fibers" when muscle is stained with modified Gömöri trichrome stain
 * Short stature
 * Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS)
 * External ophthalmoplegia
 * Cardiac conduction defects
 * Sensorineural hearing loss
 * Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
 * Progressive ophthalmoparesis
 * Symptomatic overlap with other mitochondrial myopathies
 * Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE)
 * Muscle weakness and atrophy, more prominent distally
 * Hyporeflexic or areflexic
 * Ptosis and ophthalmoparesis common
 * Gastrointestinal dysmotility (such as bloating, stomach cramps, diarrhea)

Cause
Mitochondrial myopathy literally means mitochondrial muscle disease, muscle disease caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. The mitochondrion is the primary producer of energy in nearly all cells throughout the body. The exception is mature erythrocytes (red blood cells), so that they do not use up the oxygen that they carry. In the eye, the lens and outer segment of the retina contain almost no mitochondria. Muscle cells have many mitochondria, particularly type I muscle fibres, and if the mitochondria have problems by which they do not produce enough energy for the cell to function, problems occur.

The cause may be genetic, with many having mitochondrial inheritance (involving the mitochondrial DNA which is only passed on from the mother), although nuclear DNA mutations with Mendelian inheritance that are either autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked recessive also exist. A nuclear DNA example is a mutation within the POLG (polymerase gamma) gene, which causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to become damaged and lose function.

Diagnosis
Muscle biopsy: usually ragged red fibres in Gömöri trichrome stain, normal or excessive glycogen or lipid accumulation within these ragged red fibres, histochemical staining showing impairment of respiratory chain such as COX-negative fibres. Some mitochondrial myopathies are limited to disease expression only in skeletal muscle, with fibroblasts (from skin biopsy) appearing normal.

Blood tests: lactate/pyruvate ratio may be elevated or normal, creatine kinase (CK) may be elevated or normal. Electrolyte panel, anion gap, glucose, vitamin D, TSH, anti-HMGCR and AChR autoantibodies to rule-out pseudometabolic myopathies.

Exercise stress test: exaggerated cardiorespiratory response to exercise (inappropriate rapid heart rate response to exercise with breathlessness [ tachycardia and dyspnea]).

DNA tests: whole exome sequencing (WES) neuromuscular panels (that only test exons), or whole genome sequencing (WGS) for more complex cases (that test exons, introns, and mitochondrial DNA). Introns were initially thought to be "junk DNA," however, some introns regulate the expression of exons. For example, in the mitochondrial myopathy of hereditary myopathy with lactic acidosis (HML), the most common pathogenic mutation is the intronic IVS5+382 G>C (rs767000507).

There are two groups of DNA that affect the mitochondria: mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA. For mitochondrial myopathies that involve a single mtDNA deletion, it would only be found on muscle-derived mtDNA, making a biopsy of affected muscle necessary for DNA analysis rather than saliva or blood. Even among siblings with the same inherited mutation, different muscle groups were affected, with unaffected tissues having near normal levels of mtDNA.

EMG: may be normal, myopathic, or rarely neurogenic.

The symptoms of exercise intolerance, abnormal muscle fatigue, myalgia (muscle pain), arrhythmia, possible fixed proximal muscle weakness, lipid deposits, possible episodes of rhabdomyolysis, with symptoms becoming evident or worsening while fasting, during a fever, during low-intensity aerobic activity or after prolonged activity–all these overlap with the symptoms of another metabolic myopathy, that of fatty acid metabolism disorders.

DNA testing is helpful for determining between the similar presenting, but different in bioenergetic system origin, metabolic myopathies. When DNA testing is inconclusive, a muscle biopsy is necessary.

Differential diagnosis
Diseases that mimic the symptoms of mitochondrial myopathy include electrolyte imbalance, myasthenia gravis, thyroid abnormalities, vitamin D deficiency, immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, diabetes-related pseudohypoxia, and fatty acid metabolism disorders. Hypoxia due to ischemia (insufficient blood flow) also impairs oxidative phosphorylation, which can be seen in intermittent claudication, chronic venous insufficiency, and popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. If symptoms of muscle fatigue improve after approximately 10 minutes of low-moderate intensity aerobic exercise, or after approximately 10 minutes of rest following aerobic exercise, this would be indicative of the second wind phenomenon seen in select muscle glycogenoses.

Ragged red fibres (a mitochondrial abnormality) can be found in a number of myopathies other than the inherited primary mitochondrial myopathies. These include axonal Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease types 2CC & 2EE, congenital myasthenic syndrome types 12 & 14, congenital myopathy types 10B & 22A, and MYH7-related myopathies such as Laing distal myopathy and myosin storage myopathy.

Secondary mitochondrial myopathy can be caused by natural aging, inflammatory myopathies, and chronic alcohol use disorder. It can also be due to certain drugs such statins, bupivacaine, antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, valproic acid, and lamotrigine), and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (antiviral drugs) such as zidovudine and clevudine.

Some metabolic myopathies affect multiple bioenergetic pathways, for instance multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), formerly known as glutaric acidemia type II (GA-II). The ETF genes involved in MADD impairs beta oxidation (fatty acid metabolism), impairs amino acid catabolism (protein metabolism), and simultaneously impairs the respiratory chain by not transferring electrons from reduced FAD+/FADH2. The impaired protein metabolism leads to a buildup of glutaric acid and other acids. Fatty acid metabolism is further impaired as carnitine is used to detoxify the buildup of glutaric acid, causing secondary carnitine deficiency. Although MADD affects multiple bioenergetic pathways, it is classified as a fatty acid metabolism disorder as that is the bioenergetic pathway that is affected the most by the deficiency. However, it is important to note as a differential diagnosis as not only do the symptoms overlap with mitochondrial myopathies, but also muscle biopsies of some individuals with MADD show COX-negative fibres, respiratory chain impairment, and deficiency of coenzyme Q10. Some forms of MADD respond well to riboflavin, known as riboflavin-responsive MADD (RR-MADD).

Riboflavin-responsive exercise intolerance (RREI), a fatty acid metabolism disorder involving the SLC25A32 gene, has symptoms similar to MADD, with muscle biopsy showing ragged red fibres and lipid deposits (mainly in type I fibres), small type II fibres, and impaired FAD-dependent mitochondrial respiratory chain.

Pompe disease (glycogen storage disease type II), another type of metabolic myopathy, has secondary mitochondrial dysfunction present in both the earlier onset forms (infantile and juvenile) and the late-onset form in adults.

Myopathies involving the DMD gene, such as Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, have secondary mitochondrial dysfunction impairing oxidative phosphorylation. The mechanisms leading to this mitochondrial dysfunction are many and it has yet to be elucidated which mitochondrial changes are directly due to the disease and which are compensatory. Three unrelated young boys, with a mutation in the DMD gene, exhibited a pseudometabolic presentation with symptoms of exercise intolerance manifesting as exercise-induced myalgia, muscle stiffness, myoglobinuria and rhabdomyolysis.

A few Limb–girdle muscular dystrophies are known to have secondary mitochondrial dysfunction, including: LGMDR1 calpain3-related (formerly LGMD 2A), LGMDR2 dysferlin-related (LGMD 2B), LGMDR3 α-sarcoglycan-related (LGMD 2D), LGMDR5 γ-sarcoglycan-related (LGMD 2C), and LGMDR6 δ-sarcoglycan-related (LGMD 2F). As well as Myofibrillar myopathy 8 (MFM8) PYROXD1-related, which has an adult-onset, slowly progressive, Limb–girdle phenotype.

Treatment
Although no cure currently exists, there is hope in treatment for this class of hereditary diseases as trials continue.

Aerobic training may improve oxidative capacity by the skeletal muscles becoming aerobically conditioned. Deoxynucleoside monophosphates and deoxynucleotide taken orally, may help in TK2 deficiency (Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 2 myopathic type).

Avoiding physically stressful situations that deplete glycogen reserves, such as fasting and endurance exercise (which rely predominantly on oxidative phosphorylation), may help. A high-carb/low-fat/low-protein diet may help.

title: Mitochondrial myopathy


text:
Talk:Columbus Crew

Roster
I don't see any reason to add players to the roster or to the incoming transfers section until the transfer has been confirmed by either the player or one of the clubs involved. Feel free to let me know if you disagree. MitchStein 21:24, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Anyone have any objections to going back to the old roster template that was being used? The roster right now looks really messy and disorganized.MichaelBlankley (talk) 18:41, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

"Roster"? It's called a "squad". Guv2006 (talk) 00:55, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Fort Knox ?
As some may know I am a huge Columbus Crew fan, anyway I have herd of Legion 04 and the V-Army but Fort Knox fan club only has about 10 people, do we really need this or should we delete it? TheCrew29

I edited the supporters section to compensate for the changes being made for the 2007 season. MichaelBlankley 03:23, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

What is up with this sentance: "Historically, the team has had three major supporters' groups: Legion 04 and the V-Army." Shouldn't it be "two major supporters' groups". Adtroy 19:19, 22 April 2007 (UTC) Got it, now it's two.

Do we really need Union 103? the fan club only has about 10 people, should we delete?

We have more members than 10, thank you. And we are one of the two main groups, so I think it should definitely stay in the article. Please sign your posts, as well. MichaelBlankley (talk) 21:01, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

History section
Can we get a history section started? Kingjeff 04:18, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

A history section would be good, their the only team in mls here without that section. (68.199.35.102 22:33, 26 March 2007 (UTC))

It's in progress now. I'm not going to post it until it's finished for fear that someone will delete it. Hopefully It'll be up before Christmas. MichaelBlankley (talk) 21:01, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

I've added a very brief history section. Hopefully, someone with more time can expand on it and add citations. MitchStein (talk) 08:44, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Why isn't there a photo of the scoreboard on fire? It's one of the most notorious things that the stadium & Crew are known for. In my objective opinion, it's an integral representation of the team. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:30A:2CCF:C7C0:D0E9:69CD:F2B3:C023 (talk) 20:32, 8 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Probably because it's not only place it happens and as such no one feels to take a photo and make it available. Walter Görlitz (talk) 21:00, 8 April 2017 (UTC)
 * https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1366&bih=678&q=mapfre+stadium+scoreboard+fire&oq=mapfre+stadium+scoreboard+fire&gs_l=img.3...1958.10940.0.11215.34.12.2.20.20.0.160.966.11j1.12.0....0...1ac.1.64.img..0.20.877...0j0i30k1j0i5i30k1j0i8i30k1j0i24k1._W9zo25Agv0 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:30A:2CCF:C7C0:CDF8:8694:5DCE:1729 (talk) 02:01, 10 April 2017 (UTC)
 * WP:COPYRIGHT probably has something to say about using any of those. Find a source. Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:04, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

Opening section
I made a number of necessary edits to the article's second paragraph. First I updated the number of trophies the Crew have won from three to four. Then I improved the paragraph's syntax and made the paragraph less about the Los Angeles Galaxy and more about the Crew. --Zipsix (talk) 13:55, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Famous Supporters
Who is Karry Shreeve? I cannot find any information about him anywhere.

Jshecket 16:24, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

I googled the name and came up with absolutely nothing. I think we should go ahead and delete it.

MichaelBlankley 22:19, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Notable Former Players
Why is Frankie Hejduk listed as a former player?

MichaelBlankley 23:19, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Somebody probably added him to the former player list when he was briefly out of contract this past offseason and then was never deleted from the list.

MitchStein 21:27, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Should we perhaps add Nick Theslof to this list? He is currently an assistant coach at Bayern Munich, which is pretty famous, and was signed by the Crew, though I do not think he appeared in a game outside of the preseason (I know he played for the Crew as I own his jersey)--kgilbert78134.243.211.185 (talk) 21:07, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Uniform Picture
The official first kit of the Crew is black-black-black and the alternate is gold-gold-gold. The mixed kits are a relatively new thing, but the team still lists the solid kits as official. I've changed this. MichaelBlankley 22:45, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Pronounciation of "Nordecke"
Is this article aimed at children so a proper phonetic notation cannot be used or are American people just too stupid to understand the IPA? 85.177.0.145 (talk) 00:17, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Classy. You're a massive snob. Nobody likes you. Seabear84 19:14, 27 March 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Seabear84 (talk • contribs)

2009 Season article
Your club doesn't yet have a 2009 Season article, we are hoping to get each of the MLS teams up and going like these; Sounders, Fire, Dynamo, Wizards, and TFC. If you have any questions or concerns feel free to contact me at anytime. Thanks Morry32 (talk) 01:20, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Rivals Section
Some of the information in that section seems pretty questionable to me. I added the 'citation needed' tags to a few of those statements. If they can't be verified by a credible source then I'll delete them. MitchStein (talk) 00:07, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Actually, after reviewing the edit history and finding that all of the questionable claims were made by anonymous users with Canadian IP addresses I just replaced the uncited information with a much more general description. If anybody wants to add more specific details then cite your sources, but I would question whether any further detail is even necessary. MitchStein (talk) 00:37, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Sergio Herrera #0?
It seems weird, but the official Crew roster page states that Sergio Herrera has been given the number "0". I edited it the roster on Wiki to have him as #0, but I haven't been able to find other evidence of it as #0. But hey, if the official roster says #0, then it must be true. Can anyone else find other support for this? Thanks. Acmilan10italia (talk) 02:36, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

MLSnet.com will often list a new incoming player as #0. No player is ever registered as such. Ignore any listings of #0. 82.19.17.200 (talk) 18:43, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

conference champs
Talk:New York Red Bulls

just adding a link to a centralized discussion on division champions conventions. Please post comments there.

Nlsanand (talk) 03:54, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Change in roster format
There was a discussion about the new roster format and we have had a trial at both the Timbers and Whitecaps articles and recently Cascadia Cup rival Sounders have converted. The idea is to move all club articles on Wikipedia to the new format as is discussed in the original discussion and more recently at the football project.

My suggestion is to complete the MLS team articles first, so if you could respond at this discussion, that would be ideal. In short, the new layout is slightly taller and less wide, but it correctly impliments WP:MOSFLAG and is better for visually impared users of Wikipedia and others who use readers. I plan to implement the change to this article by the weekend of January 20-22, however other editors could make the change sooner. --Walter Görlitz (talk) 17:52, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

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Clarification for Club Name in Infobox
I have recently brought up the need to differentiate between "Columbus Crew" and "Columbus Crew SC" in the infobox of Crew players. I believe that there is a need for consensus going forward regarding which term is to be used in the articles and infoboxes for players that have played for the club, from 2015 onward. I do not intend to dispute the term for players that only played for the club before 2014, as "Columbus Crew" would be the only appropriate term. I argue that those players that have played for the club from 2015 onward should have "Columbus Crew SC" in their infobox rather than "Columbus Crew."

First and foremost, I believe it is important to differentiate the name change for players that have played for the club during two separate stints, both before and after the name change was made. Two examples of this are Kei Kamara and Dilly Duka. It would be more technically correct to say that they played for "Columbus Crew SC" if they have played for the club after the name change, while still preserving the old name for when they were playing before the name change.

It has also been argued that lengthening the club name by adding the "SC" on the end would be a violation of Piped link. I do not believe that this constitutes a violation of piping. The policy clearly states to "Avoid making links longer THAN NECESSARY (my emphasis)." I have already detailed why I believe the change is necessary above, but there are other reasons I believe it is necessary.

There is also the argument that the addition of "SC" is non-notable and merely reflects something that should be shortened, such as Manchester United FC being Shortened to Manchester United. There are, however, instances where the FC remains in most articles about the team, such as Toronto FC. Since I believe that the differentiation is necessary for differentiating the time period that the players played for the club, as well as reflecting the entire change made for the name, I do not believe this is a non-notable change.

Other clubs in Major League Soccer have changed their names, and this is reflected by the different names used in the infoboxes for players that played for the club across different times. See players that have played for San Jose Clash/Earthquakes, Sporting KC vs. Kansas City Wizards, Los Angeles Galaxy vs. LA Galaxy, Dallas Burn vs. FC Dallas, etc. Columbus Crew SC instituted a name change, and I don't see why this is necessarily different.

There is also a matter of how the club is referred to colloquially. Before the name change, it was common practice to refer to the club as "the Columbus Crew." However, since the name change it is just as common, if not more so, to refer to the club as "Crew SC." This is both true from a fan perspective and from a media perspective. This further emphasizes that the club is being referred to as "Columbus Crew SC," and I argue that it should be written in its entirety for players that played for the club from 2015 onward.

I don't think this is a non-negligible change. I think this helps reflect the change made by the club itself and that it would be more proper to use the newer name than the out-of-date name. Not only is it much less common in official channels, "Columbus Crew" is also less common colloquially. If other clubs have their name-changes reflected, and Toronto FC can be an exception, why shouldn't Columbus have this exception as well? Jay eyem (talk) 19:12, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

 * I think it would be helpful if you could bring a reference regarding the name change (I didn't manage to find one on the article page itself), and also for the colloquial referring for editors less familiar with the MLS (such as myself). --SuperJew (talk) 19:28, 10 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Odd, the MLSsoccer.com (official website of the league) article isn't loading. I'll try to find something official once I have time. I'm kind of curious to know what would be a good source to determine what is colloquial. I was thinking media guidelines on specific language to use (kind of like the Associated Press) but I'm having difficulty finding such a thing. Jay eyem (talk) 21:17, 10 August 2017 (UTC)
 * In my experience the norm in these cases is to show a handful of major media sources using the term implied to be more commonly used and also Google searches (with number of results mentioned) can give credence in a discussion (I'd suggest using Google's date choosing tool in this case). --SuperJew (talk) 21:22, 10 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Ok, so I have this article on the rebrand itself --> . Part of the problem with using the google search method is that any search for "Columbus Crew" will necessarily include searches for "Columbus Crew SC," which wouldn't necessarily prove that one is more colloquial than the other. I've been looking around league sources and I think the latter appears to be used more often, but they are definitely both used. So I'm stuck on where to go from here. I do think there should be consistency across all of the infoboxes, and I maintain that it should include the SC, but I'll relay that decision for an admin to make. Jay eyem (talk) 20:57, 12 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Also courtesy pinging for their thoughts. --SuperJew (talk) 19:28, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

I'm pinging you for a semi-related reason to this. Not sure if you've read my unnecessarily lengthy post, but you don't need to. I noticed that you made some changes in the infobox for a lot of players that were with Columbus until the end of the 2014 season (e.g. Fifi Baiden) with the name "Columbus Crew SC" rather than "Columbus Crew." Even though the club's name was changed early October 2014, the team wasn't referred to as "Columbus Crew SC" with any consistency until the 2015 season. Wanted to hear your thoughts on that. Cheers. Jay eyem (talk) 14:02, 4 December 2017 (UTC)
 * My logic behind doing it for those players was such: the name of the club was officially changed on October 8, 2014. It was not until November 18, 2014 that the club declined the options of those players who did not return for 2015. If I had been active on Wikipedia at the time, my first major action after the name change would have been to change the name from "Columbus Crew" to "Columbus Crew SC". At the time, there would have been no way of knowing which players would have been retained, and which players would have departed the club, so I would have changed the club name and then kept it going forward. There were also some players (examples Eric Gehrig in December, Ben Sweat in February) who departed the club even further along in the offseason but before the beginning of the 2015 regular season, and who likely would have had the name changed before they departed. For consistency reasons, I changed the name to "Columbus Crew SC" for all players who were members of the club when the name change occurred, and also did it for some players who arrived 2015 and later where it was listed incorrectly as "Columbus Crew". However, I do see the logic behind leaving the name as "Columbus Crew" for all of the players who left the club after the 2014 but before the 2015 season, since they never officially played a game for a team named "Columbus Crew SC". I have no issue with those being changed back, again I had done it in the first place for the sake of consistency. Thanks for the ping. 21.colinthompson (talk) 22:31, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

THis discussion. Walter Görlitz (talk) 14:23, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

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Franchise's imminent relocation
I wanted to leave a discussion concerning Columbus Crew relocating to Austin, TX. With the city of Columbus and Precourt Sport Ventures being in a standstill, it seems that the move will be most likely. I don't think I will be active in Wiki for long. I want to leave this here to encourage for a plan that will be used should the team actually moves. I would like for there to be an article of the Columbus Crew and its history including an infobox of the team as if the club is still active but isn't. Similar to Chivas USA and the NFL teams that has a history where the team had moved to a different city such as the San Diego Chargers and the St Louis Rams and the Baltimore Colts to name a few.

Colombus Crew is a club that had competed since day one in MLS. It has history and traditions along with a Legacy. For that, I think it would be appropriate for that to be shown here as well with having a separate article of the team be here if they move to Austin. I really hope that can happen. Thank you all. HAPPY HOLIDAYS!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bluhaze777 (talk • contribs) 18:28, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Presumes they're relocating. It's not a done deal. It's simply rumour mongering and that has not place in a serious discussion of the team. It has degraded (with "fixes" from other editors, not you) to name calling and general childishness. Until it's known they are relocating, don't even mention it in the lede. Walter Görlitz (talk) 19:24, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

Jimmy Haslam Buying Crew
People are going to want to change the owner to Jimmy Haslam, however, reports currently show that they are still in negotiations. I think we should put a semi-protected barrier on the article. Bkellar (talk) 21:34, 12 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I have formally made the request. Walter Görlitz (talk) 00:12, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Rejected. We do not project articles prematurely. Please resubmit the report when there has been substantial vandalism.  Anarchyte ( talk  |  work )  10:36, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
 * No problem. There have been edits to that effect already but I guess it hasn't been "substantial". Walter Görlitz (talk) 17:10, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

Subheadings for Precourt Era
I really see no problem with having a subheading for the proposed relocation for the team, given that there is an especially high volume of coverage for that compared to other aspects of his ownership. However, there does need to be a subheading for the rest of the content, or at least part of it. Doesn't make tons of sense to just have the one subheading. Jay eyem (talk) 02:07, 11 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Is it supported in MOS:HEADING and MOS:LAYOUT? When I look at it, it creates a sub-section that's short and so breaks LAYOUT. I'll let you explain why it's needed from a MoS though. Walter Görlitz (talk) 00:23, 12 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Seeing as those are both guidelines, and not policy, I don't see a reason to maintain them so stringently (and for the record, I don't see a real argument here). We certainly don't do that with maintaining squads for American teams. I also see nothing explicitly prohibiting these subheadings. Maybe, as someone who is arguing from guidelines, you'd like to point out what exactly the problem is? Just referencing a guideline without a quotation is meaningless. Jay eyem (talk) 03:01, 12 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Forget it. Another editor has decided that it's the coach's era. I totally get that you hate Precourt. Why not just eliminate him from the article? Do whatever you want to it; it's your mess now. Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:47, 12 February 2019 (UTC)
 * In fact I do hate Precourt, but seeing as the potential relocation of the team has enough coverage to have its own article, I don’t really see the problem here. I don’t WP:OWN the article, and I’d appreciate you keeping a WP:CIVIL tone when discussing content disputes. Jay eyem (talk) 13:38, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

This issue seems to happen all the time in pro sports articles that there is confusion between the team and the organization. If we're talking about the team, it's the coach's era; if we're talking about the organization, then it's the owner's or CEO's (in this case "operator-investor") era. We now have the coach's era as a subheading of the owner's era, but we also have an era defined by a single player. It seems to me these emphases are WP:POV and we need a more objective way of defining periods of time. Jack N. Stock (talk) 13:47, 12 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I hadn't thought of that and I have no objection to a change that makes more sense. I do think the latter subheading is fine as is, but I wasn't sure what to name the first subheading. I don't think the heading "The Precourt Era" needs changing, just because that's arguably as important as Berhalter's tenure. Again, I'm not sure how to improve it as it is now. Jay eyem (talk) 23:30, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

Move in order
Looks like the team is re-branding. Move to Columbus SC? Walter Görlitz (talk) 19:40, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Looks like we should? Honestly I'm kinda confused on this whole thing. The team website still has the old logo and team name as the url for the time being. Do we keep "The Crew" as a team nickname? Should we wait and see if the next game has the new name/logo? Same goes for the 2021 season page I suppose. ColeTrain4EVER (talk) 20:36, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * This feels like a "not quite yet" situation. BLAIXX 21:31, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * This is why I pose the question. The press release is about re-branding, and does not appear to be an official name change, but the anons coming here seem to suggest it is the latter. Walter Görlitz (talk) 01:44, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * It seems to be an official rebrand and rename; they just seem to be rather slow at updating their website. Right now as I type this, columbuscrewsc.com redirect to columbuscrew.com, which loads... an old version of mlssoccer.com for some reason. I'm sure it'll load their site with the new branding eventually... -- Iago Qnsi (User talk:IagoQnsi) 02:46, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The team's next match is this Wednesday at 7 PM EST. By then we will definitely know what's going on. If the broadcast has the new logo and name (on graphics, the uniform, match ticker, etc.) that'll be the nail in the coffin. But this slow rollout is kinda confusing so maybe it's best we take our time and watch? ColeTrain4EVER (talk) 03:09, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Looks like the Columbus SC website and the official MLS site have updated the name and logo now, so feels like it's an immediate change. UncleTupelo1 (talk) 13:26, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * In the end I think this is the right move but this tweet from a Columbus beat writer is interesting. Think it matters what logo is actually on the kit? ColeTrain4EVER (talk) 17:57, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure the move was correct. Walter Görlitz (talk) 18:56, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * What's your hesitation? The club has now updated their website, social media, etc to all reflect the new name. It seems pretty finalized to me. -- Iago Qnsi (User talk:IagoQnsi) 20:03, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I think the move was fair (albeit done without consensus). The way they have done this rebranding in the middle of the season you might think that they would have waited for the end of the season, but it seems like they have largely completed the rebrand already (other than the kit, which is really strange). Jay eyem (talk) 21:12, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

Move again, apply for protection for like two weeks?
The name going forward is "Columbus Crew" with no SC at the end.

Sources:
 * https://twitter.com/ColumbusCrew/status/1394472920534106115
 * https://www.dispatch.com/story/sports/2021/05/17/columbus-crew-name-changed-back-logo-redone-after-fans-revolt/5137357001/

Anyone disagree with the move or protection request? ColeTrain4EVER (talk) 03:40, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I think waiting on the move would be wise, but definitely agree with a page protection. Especially now that it has been changed twice in such a short span of time, it might be worth waiting until the dust settles to make any bold changes. Jay eyem (talk) 03:53, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm happy with the move now, it's pretty clear from RS they have dropped the SC. SportingFlyer  T · C  14:04, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * If anything, I just applied for a "move protection" for like 2 weeks. That way the new logo and everything can come in. It things level out more, plus we can organize the history section better I guess. ColeTrain4EVER (talk) 15:02, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. Jackson Scofield (talk) 15:07, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support an ASAP move. I have yet to see a policy or guideline which would support holding off on such a move, especially since "Columbus Crew" alone is by far the WP:COMMONNAME; now that it's official, let's get to it. Tom Danson (talk) 15:48, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support move ASAP. -- Iago Qnsi (User talk:IagoQnsi) 16:47, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

 * I suggest you open a formal requested move discussion. --Malcolmxl5 (talk) 17:18, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose It is their common name, and the franchisees are trying to placate their fanbase, but they just added "Crew" back as can be seen in https://www.columbuscrew.com/post/2021/05/17/joint-statement-columbus-crew-and-its-supporters-group-nordecke . It is not clear whether SC will actually be officially dropped despite the tweets and other press. Walter Görlitz (talk) 17:27, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * From my understanding, per WP:PSTS, the Dispatch is seen as a source above the press release-so when the Dispatch says "no more SC," we go with their word. Tom Danson (talk) 18:09, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * From my understanding, we blew it last time and so there is no reason to rush into it this time. The new source is only one, and we should really rely on multiple. Walter Görlitz (talk) 20:12, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree that we jumped the gun last time and think a proper WP:RM would be helpful. Think the current title is suitable for the moment until there is a more formal consensus and greater consistency from reliable sources. Jay eyem (talk) 22:37, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I read about it in other sources as well (USA Today I think? need to find it), and the club's announced it now. No point in waiting, really. SportingFlyer  T · C  23:44, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. RandyFitz (talk) 23:14, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Strong speedy support. The club has announced it on their website. The website url has dropped the sc www.columbuscrew.com and this article on the official website states the name is now "Columbus Crew" RedPatch (talk) 23:39, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * This page is move protected for 1 week. I'm sorry if some of you feel this is dumb or being "too cautious" but the last move with name change was handled really sloppily and I wanted to try and avoid that. Anyone is free to apply for a move if they wish, and I admit this name change is being handled way better than the last one by the team. That being said, this while we're preparing the page for an eventual move should we put the logo that lasted a whole week in Columbus Crew SC? Also, should the first sentence be "The Columbus Crew, formerly known as Columbus Crew SC and Columbus SC, are an American professional soccer club based in Columbus, Ohio"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by ColeTrain4EVER (talk • contribs) 00:57, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes to them all...crazy how easily WP:COMMONNAME gets ignored these days. Tom Danson (talk) 02:39, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * RedPatch Where in that press release does it state that SC is no longer part of the team name? Walter Görlitz (talk) 03:32, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * In this press release unveiling the logo. "SC" is nowhere to be found among the branding nor names, and with the Columbus Dispatch articles (which outrank the press release per WP:PSTS), we can safely presume that they have jettisoned the "SC." Tom Danson (talk) 11:18, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Dropping the SC has also been well reported.   Also in the Athletic. Thought it was in USA Today too but that was just a reprint of the Dispatch article. SportingFlyer  T · C  12:22, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 19 May 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: MOVE the only opposition has requested a snow close. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Huliva 15:38, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

Columbus Crew SC → Columbus Crew – Yesterday, the Crew announced that they were reverting back to their traditional name, with the Columbus Dispatch, SoccerAmerica and The Atlhletic reporting that they had also abandoned the "SC" part, and the team's updated logo showing no signs of an "SC". Combine all these things with the fact that "Columbus Crew" is by far the team's WP:COMMONNAME even when the SC was around, and I think the move is a pretty clear case (one user had it move-protected because he wanted a proper discussion with proper consensus). Tom Danson (talk) 16:41, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related deletions. RedPatch (talk) 16:58, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Support Pretty clear that this is the name. As I mentioned above. Should we just cut and paste all those votes from yesterday here? RedPatch (talk) 16:58, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Pinging voters from unofficial vote yesterday to re-vote here

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support Clear as day. --ArsenalFan700 (talk) 17:26, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support Seems pretty clear that the page can be moved again. Glad we are doing the process right this time. I don't think Columbus Crew SC is suitable any longer, and Columbus SC is clearly the wrong choice. Being the common name, I think a move is appropriate. Jay eyem (talk) 17:57, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose Seems the marketing group is on the move, but I would like to take this move with more caution than the last. Walter Görlitz (talk) 18:09, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The fact that we're having this move discussion already shows that we're taking more caution than last time. I think that, after all this drama, they're going to be the "Columbus Crew" forever, so once we move it to that, we won't need to do so again. Tom Danson (talk) 18:45, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Might as well WP:SNOWCLOSE the move request. Walter Görlitz (talk) 04:59, 21 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. GiantSnowman 18:37, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support The move drama really isn't on our end, but because the name has changed quickly, twice, in rapid succession. Columbus Crew is now clearly the "correct" name, and we don't need to wait any longer to get this done. SportingFlyer  T · C  18:40, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support move per all above. It took a while, but the Crew have been saved.  O.N.R.  (talk)
 * Support per nom. The language the club has used throughout this whole process has been confusing to say the least, but it's clear from this most recent announcement (and all the coverage surrounding it) that the name of the club is Columbus Crew. 20:21, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Siroxorsid (talk) 20:51, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Appears a clear direction without the SC both from the official release and multiple cited media sources. RandyFitz (talk) 20:58, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. The team's owners are not supposed to be carelessly playing with the name of this team. LSGH (talk) (contributions) 11:46, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support Team is being way better with this re-brand and it feels way more uniform. As the user who called for the move protection I'd support this. ColeTrain4EVER (talk) 16:23, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. The "SC" has definitely been dropped, as reported in reliable secondary sources. There's the fact that it was never the WP:COMMONNAME anyway, and leaving off things that are part of the official name but not the common name is often done with sports teams anyway, as seen with New York Giants (whose full formal name is "New York Football Giants). oknazevad (talk) 01:51, 21 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME and all reasons above, I would support a WP:SNOWCLOSE at this point as well. JE98 (talk) 15:01, 21 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Oddly, team names are at the legal name, such as Arsenal F.C., not the common name. This continues for most European clubs. Walter Görlitz (talk) 00:34, 22 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Isn't the legal name Arsenal Football Club? That makes the choice of Arsenal F.C. sort of dumb.  GreatCaesarsGhost   13:39, 22 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Columbus Crew now appears to be the legal name anyways. SportingFlyer  T · C  19:02, 22 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Probably because there's a pretty clear WP:PRIMARYTOPIC at Arsenal. Jay eyem (talk) 00:38, 23 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support The team is once again the Columbus Crew. The "SC" is gone. KitHutch (talk) 12:45, 23 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per above. New name was well used by sources after their May 22 game. B<b style="color: #FD8F42">L</b><b style="color: #0096FF">A</b>IXX 20:13, 23 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment I think a clear consensus has been reached...per WP:AVALANCHE, I think the move can be made anytime. Tom Danson (talk) 14:21, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I still think it's too soon, but recognize I'm the only one so, please snow close. Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:39, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I noticed that the article page was moved to Columbus Crew, but the Talk page is still at Talk:Columbus Crew SC. Shouldn't they both match? RedPatch (talk) 15:58, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I forgot about the talk page. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Huliva 16:11, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Columbus Crew


text: Category:Oriental Orthodox bishops

title: Category:Oriental Orthodox bishops


text:
Eta Aquarii

Eta Aquarii, Latinized from η Aquarii, is the Bayer designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.04. The distance to this star, as determined by parallax measurements, is about 168 ly. It is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of –8 km/s. Eta Aquarii is near the radiant of a meteor shower named after it.

The stellar classification of Eta Aquarii is B9IV-Vn, which may indicate that it is beginning to evolve away from the main sequence into a subgiant as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. It is 65 million years old and is spinning rapidly with a high projected rotational velocity of 271 km/s. This rotation is causing an equatorial bulge, giving the star an oblate figure with a 24% larger radius at the equator than at the poles. The Doppler effect from the rapid rotation is causing the absorption lines in the star's spectrum to blur, as indicated by the 'n' suffix in the star's classification. Eta Aquarii has an estimated 2.96 times the mass of the Sun and 2.8 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 103 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,042 K.

Naming
This star, along with γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π Aqr (Seat) and ζ Aqr (Sadaltager / Achr al Achbiya), were al Aḣbiyah (الأخبية), the Tent.

In Chinese, 墳墓 (Fén Mù), meaning Tomb, refers to an asterism consisting of η Aquarii, γ Aquarii, ζ Aquarii, π Aquarii. Consequently, the Chinese name for η Aquarii itself is 墳墓三 (Fén Mù sān, the Third Star of Tomb.)

title: Eta Aquarii


text:
Jacob ben Wolf Kranz

Jacob ben Wolf Kranz of Dubno (יעקב קרנץ; 1741–1804), the Dubner Maggid, was a Lithuanian (Belarus)-born preacher (maggid). (Alternative spelling of family name: Kranc)

Famous fables and stories
The Dubner Maggid is famous for his fables or parables designed to teach or illustrate an instructive lessons based on Jewish tradition. The most famous fable of the Dubner Maggid is about the way in which he was able to find such fitting fables. When asked about this the Maggid replied: Once I was walking in the forest, and saw tree after tree with a target drawn on it, and at the center of each target an arrow. I then came upon a little boy with a bow in his hand. "Are you the one who shot all these arrows?", I asked. "Yes!" he replied. "Then how did you always hit the center of the target?" I asked. "Simple," said the boy: "First I shoot the arrow, then I draw the target."

History
Kranz was born at Zietil (Yiddish זשעטל Zhetl)(now Dzyatlava), (then Lithuania now Belarus) in about 1740 and died at Zamość on 18 December 1804. At the age of eighteen he went to Międzyrzec Podlaski (Meseritz), where he served as a preacher. He stayed there for two years, and then became preacher successively at Zolkiev, Dubno, Włodawa (Lublin region), Kalisch, and Zamość. He remained at Dubno eighteen years and is best known for being the Rabbi here. He left Dubno for Vilnius at the request of the famous Vilna Gaon, who, having recently recovered from a sickness and being unable to study, sought diversion in his conversation.

Kranz was considered to be unrivaled preacher. Possessed of great eloquence, he illustrated both his sermons and his homiletic commentaries with parables taken from human life. By such parables he explained the most difficult passages of the Tanakh, and cleared up many perplexing questions in Halakha. He was also an eminent rabbinical scholar, and on many occasions was consulted as an authority.

Confronted with imposters there were several tests that Kranz would go through to prove he was the true Maggid, opening the Tanakh at random, and inventing parables on the spot.

Books
All of Kranz's works were published after his death by Abraham Bär Flahm with the permission of Kranz's son Yitzhak Kranz who found notes left over by the Maggid in Mezritch where he had preached, and was able to piece together parts of some other books.

 * "Ohel Ya'aqov", a homiletic commentary on the Pentateuch abounding with graphic parables (i., Józefów, 1830; ii., Zolkiev, 1837; iii., Vienna, 1863; iv., 1861; v., Vienna, 1859);
 * "Qol Ya'aqov" (Warsaw, 1819), a similar commentary on the Five Scrolls;
 * "Kokhab mi-Ya'aqov", a commentary on the "haft'arot";
 * "Emet le-Ya'aqov" (Zolkiev, 1836), a commentary on the Passover Haggadah;
 * "Sefer ha-Middot" (n.p., 1862), ethics arranged in eight "gates" or sections, each section being divided into several chapters. This work resembles very much the "Hobot ha-Levavot" of Bachya.

As the author himself had given no name to it, Abraham Bär Flahm, its editor, at first intended to call it "Chobot ha-Lebabot he-Chadash" (The New Duties of the Heart, a reference to an 11th Century famous book); but out of respect for the author, Bachya, he changed his mind. The editor also revised the work, and added to it a preface containing a sketch of Kranz's life, and glosses of his own under the title "Shiyyure ha-Middot". Moses Nissenboim of Przemyśl extracted from the author's "Ohel Ya'aqob" some of the parables, added some of funny stories in the Maggid's name and published them in one book entitled "Mishle Ya'aqob" ("The Parables of Jacob" Kraków, 1886). Following an open letter by Abraham Flahm printed in the popular Hagaddah that year claiming plagiarism and forgery, Nissenboim agreed to print Flahm's preface in the succeeding reprints. The agreement is kept to this day. Several parables never published till modern times, but passed on orally in the family, have been written down by Moshe Kranc, a descendant of the Dubner Maggid, in a book about business and Jewish tales: "The Hasidic Masters' Guide to Management".

title: Jacob ben Wolf Kranz


text: Category:American urban planners

title: Category:American urban planners


text:
Chaldean Syrian Church

The Chaldean Syrian Church of India (Classical Syriac: ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ; Malayalam: കൽദായ സുറിയാനി സഭ / Kaldaya Suriyani Sabha) is an Eastern Christian denomination, based in Thrissur, in India. It is organized as a metropolitan province of the Assyrian Church of the East, and represents traditional Christian communities of the East Syriac Rite (hence the name) along the Malabar Coast of India. It is headed by Mar Awgin Kuriakose.

The Church uses the East Syriac Rite, and employs the Divine Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari. Its members constitute a traditional community among Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Nasrani), who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century. They are based mostly in the state of Kerala, numbering some 15,000 members in the region.

The Chaldean Syrian Church is a modern-day continuation of the historical ecclesiastical province of India, that was active in continuity until the 16th century, as part of the ancient Church of the East. After the long period of internal schisms and struggles, that lasted from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, the Church was consolidated during the tenure of Mar Abimalek Timotheus (d. 1945), who is revered as a saint by the Church of the East.

Early history

Christianity in India traditionally traces its origin to Thomas the Apostle, who is believed to have evangelized in India in the 1st century. Honoring that tradition, Christians in India became known as Saint Thomas Christians. By the 3rd century, relations between Christian communities in India and neighbouring Persian Empire were well established, thus enabling Patriarchs of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, as heads of the ancient Chaldean Syrian Church of the East, to establish their jurisdiction over India. Since the East Syriac Rite was the principal liturgical rite of the Church of the East, that rite was also used by the Christian communities of India, located mostly along the Malabar Coast. In the 7th century India was designated as its own ecclesiastical province, headed by metropolitan bishops. Throughout the entire medieval period, Metropolitans of India belonged to the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Church of the East.

In 1490–1491, Patriarch Shemon IV responded to the request of Christians from India, and appointed two bishops, Mar Yohannan and Mar Awgin, dispatching them to India. These bishops, were followed by Mar Yahballaha, Mar Dinkha and Mar Yaqobin 1503–1504. They were later followed by Metropolitan Abraham, who died in 1597. By that time, Christians of the Malabar Coast were facing new challenges, caused by the establishment of Portuguese presence in India.

Period of internal schisms and struggles
The arrival of Portuguese in India, and gradual establishment of their presence along the Malabar Coast, was consequently followed by the missionary activity of the Catholic Church. Portuguese authorities used intimidation to force local Christians into becoming Eastern Catholics, under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Goa. The Archbishops of Goa, backed by the Portuguese, and the Jesuites, claimed full jurisdiction over the local Christians of the Malabar Coast. In the process, local liturgical rite was Latinized, holy books were burned under the suspicion of Nestorianism, and connection with the Church of the East in Mesopotamia was denounced at the Synod of Diamper (1599).

Coercive actions of the Portuguese padroado system ultimately caused resistance, and in 1653 a traditionalist faction of the local Christian community decided to follow Archdeacon Mar Thoma I in a rebellion, which became known as the Coonan Cross Oath. As a response to these events, Rome sent Carmelites from the "Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples" to the Malabar Coast. They first arrived in 1655, and began to deal directly with the Archdeacon Mar Thoma I. Although they were unable to sway the Archdeacon, Carmelites gained the support of other local leaders, including Palliveettil Chandy, Alexandar Kadavil and the Vicar of Muttam, the three councilors of Mar Thoma.

As a result of this, between 1661 and 1662, out of the 116 churches, the Carmelites reclaimed eighty-four churches, leaving Mar Thoma I with thirty-two churches. The eighty-four churches and their congregations were the body from which the later Syro-Malabar Church and the Chaldean Syrian Church have descended, while the other thirty-two churches and their congregations represented the nucleus of the Puthenkoor, which was eventually turned into the Malankara Syrian Jacobite Church, after the introduction of the West Syriac Rite. That process was initiated in 1665, when Mar Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, a Bishop sent by the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, arrived in India. The dissident group under the leadership of Mar Thoma welcomed him, apparently mistaking him for a Bishop of East Syriac Rite sent by the Church of the East.

Though most of the Saint Thomas Christians gradually relented in their strong opposition to the Catholic influence, the arrival of the Bishop Mar Gregorios of the Syriac Orthodox Church in 1665 marked the new step towards permanent schism. Those who accepted new liturgical practices (West Syriac Rite) and theology of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch became known as the "New Party" (Puthenkuttukar, also known as the Jacobites), while the remaining pro-Catholic fraction became known as "Old Party" (Pazhayakuttukar), and later came to be known as the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church.

A minority within the Christian community tried to preserve the traditional use of the East Syriac Rite and re-establish ties with Patriarchs of the Church of the East, who occasionally sent emissaries to India. At the very beginning of the 18th century (c. 1708), bishop Mar Gabriel (d. c.  1733) arrived to India, sent by the Patriarch. He succeeded in reviving the traditionalist community, but was faced with rivalry both from West-Syriac (Jacobite) and pro-Catholic party.

Revival of the East Syriac rites
The Chaldean Syrian Church's current Metropolitan, Mar Aprem Mooken, has argued that the church represents a continuation of the ancient Church of the East hierarchy in India. In 1862, an attempt was made to reestablish direct ties between the community in India and the Patriarch Shimun XVIII, who consecrated an Indian born Mar Abdisho Thondanat (d. 1900) as Metropolitan of India, but his task proved to be very difficult and challenging.

In order to place Christians of the East Syriac Rite in India under his authority, Chaldean Catholic Patriarch Joseph Audo sent a request to Pope Pius IX, asking for confirmation of his jurisdiction. Without waiting for a reply, he dispatched Mar Elias Mellus, Bishop of 'Aqra, to India in July 1874. Mar Mellus had substantial success convincing local Christian communities in Thrissur District, and also some churches in Kottayam District, to recognize him as their bishop. Although the churches were called by the name Syro-Malabar (also known as Chaldean Syrians at that time), the actual situation was that from Irinjalakuda to northwards and south of Bharathapuzha River, and in some churches in Meenachil taluk, the Syro-Malabarians (also known as Chaldean Syrians at that time) were half Catholic and half Nestorian, with an East Syriac liturgy. Nevertheless, by 1877, 24,000 followers had joined his group, based in Our Lady of Dolours Church (now Marth Mariam Cathedral) in the parish of Thrissur. In response, the Pope dispatched Latin Catholic leaders to remove Mar Mellus from the country and sent him back to Mesopotamia in 1882.

After 1882, the majority of Mellus' followers returned to the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, but some 8,000 Christians maintained their demand for restoration of traditional ecclesiastical order. In order to answer those requests, Mar Abdisho Thondanat revived his activity, fulfilling the aspirations of local Christians of the East Syriac Rite for the full reestablishment of traditional ecclesiastical structure. Until his death in 1900, he partially succeeded in organizing the local church, that was named the Chaldean Syrian Church.

After his death, local Christians appealed to Mar Shimun XIX, Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East in Qochanis who was forthcoming, and in December 1907 consecrated Mar Abimalek Timotheus as metropolitan bishop for India. He reached his diocese in February 1908, and took over the administration.

Mar Abimalek Thomotheus organized ecclesiastical order and revived East Syriac rites and teachings in the local Thrissur church. These reforms caused some followers to break away and rejoin the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, but through the reforms, the original East-Syriac oriented Church of India was revived, as it was prior to the Synod of Diamper in 1599.

Modern schism and reconciliation
In June 1952, Patriarch Shimun XXI appointed Thoma Darmo as new Metropolitan of India, based at Trichur. During his tenure, several churches were built, preparation of new clergy was organized, and the Mar Narsai Press was established. In January 1964, a dispute broke out, and Thoma Darmo was suspended from the metropolitan office by the Patriarch.

Emerging dispute had several causes, including issues related to hereditary succession and proposed reform of church calendar. Thoma Darmo did not submit to the suspension, and the community became divided, splitting in two fractions, with one following the Metropolitan, and other remaining loyal to the Patriarch. In 1968, Thoma Darmo left for Iraq, to become head of the newly formed Ancient Church of the East. He appointed Aprem Mooken as new Metropolitan of India, for the fraction that joined the Ancient Church of the East. In the same time, the other part of community, that remained within the Assyrian Church of the East, were led by their own administrators and hierarchs, appointed by Patriarch Shimun XXI. First of them was Mar Dinkha Khanania, at that time Bishop of Iran, who was appointed Patriarchal delegate for India, in 1967.

In October 1971, Patriarch Shimun XXI appointed Mar Timotheus II (d. 2001) as new Metropolitan for India. During the following years, several attempts were made to heal the schism. In 1995, under new Patriarch Dinkha IV of the Assyrian Church of the East, an agreement with Metropolitan Aprem Mooken was reached, thus initiating the process of reconciliation. On that occasion, the validity of ordinations performed by Thoma Darmo after the suspension of 1964 was recognized, and in 1997 the suspension itself was annulled by the Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East.

The Chaldean Syrian Church in India now constitutes one of the four Archbishoprics of the Assyrian Church of the East. Its followers number around 45,000. The present Metropolitan, Mar Aprem Mooken (ordained in 1968), is headquartered in Thrissur City. His seat is the Marth Mariam Valiyapalli 10.51833°N, 76.21722°W. The Chaldean Syrian Higher Secondary School is also affiliated with the church.

title: Chaldean Syrian Church


text:
User talk:MeiStone

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Merovingian (t) (c) 00:37, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
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Court citations and infoboxes.
Greetings. I noticed that you've been working on court citations and infoboxes in some cases, and wanted to point out that we have been having a discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. Supreme Court cases about standardizing the use of these features. The "Link to Court Citation and footnote to external link" seems to have the most support (or at least the least opposition), and I've recently changed all of the cases I contributed over to that format. (see, e.g., Muskrat v. United States. Cheers! BD2412  T 12:38, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikiprojects never die - they just take extended naps! The rationale for the favored citation is pretty strong, tho - not having an external link in the first line of text. I'm working on a compromise idea for infoboxes to make them more flexible - basically, to stack three on top of each other, one with the citation and case history, one with the bench, and one with the opinions. BD2412  T 17:00, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The category automatically attaches when you put the template on your userpage.  BD2412  T 18:12, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Table, tags
Well, you're welcome. I'm always happy to know Wikipedia has such committed new users.

As for tables, there's a great tutorial of sorts at Help:Table. Tables in Wikipedia were once solely HTML, but I think the MediaWiki version has allowed tables for about a year or so.

The citation template is written as follows:, which will produce a citation like x U.S. y (YEAR). I can't recall what the numbers x and y refer to, but you might.

If you need any more assistance, I'll be happy to help. --Merovingian 22:21, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 DavidDouthitt  (Talk) 05:51, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Single square brackets
Just curious: why are you putting nowiki tags around single square brackets? JFW | T@lk  12:20, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

POV at Church of Christ
I just added a comment at regarding your recent edit. Maybe you can help. :) SFT | Talk 12:57, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

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Comments
Thank you, DavidDouthitt, for the corrections you made to the Shell provider article. Your changes were minor, but your work for the gradual improvement of Wikipedia is appreciated by many, including those who do not often make it verbal. - Chrisbrunner.com 12:08, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion of Template:User FORTH-2
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Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 04:03, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:User FORTH-N
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Good point
I agree that the subject is worth a mention, but the deleted content is nearly useless as it stands. I can take a whack at trying to make it make sense and merge it into the main article. --PMDrive1061 (talk) 03:49, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Not a prob. Spinoff articles are done all the time. It's just that the thing was going to need a total rewrite before it went anywhere. Anyway, I'll see what I can do with it. :) --PMDrive1061 (talk) 03:57, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

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Edit-a-thon in Madison

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Audie_Award_Winners
Hi MeiStone. I am writing to you because I noticed you worked on the Audie Awards article. I have created a list page for the categories and winners for those awards. Would you mind reviewing it? I am a fan of audiobooks and think this page would be helpful for the millions of other fans out there. Best, SJTatsu (talk) 19:21, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

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title: User talk:MeiStone


text:
Expressed emotion

Expressed emotion (EE), is a measure of the family environment that is based on how the relatives of a psychiatric patient spontaneously talk about the patient. It specifically measures three to five aspects of the family environment: the most important are critical comments, hostility, emotional over-involvement, with positivity and warmth sometimes also included as indications of a low-EE environment. The psychiatric measure of expressed emotion is distinct from the general notion of communicating emotion in interpersonal relationships, and from another psychological metric known as family emotional expressiveness.

A high level of EE in the home can worsen the prognosis in patients with mental illness, such as schizophrenia and social anxiety disorder, or act as a potential risk factor for the development of psychiatric disease. Higher degrees of expressed emotion in the environment of a patient have been empirically found to be robust predictors of relapse of schizophrenia, eating disorder, and mood disorders. It has also been investigated as a contributor to the progress of unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, dementia, and diabetes. Interventions to improve outcomes include reducing contact with high-EE caregivers, and educating and supporting families so they can reduce high-EE behavior.

Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain why high EE family environments produce worse outcomes, including that:
 * Critical comments often misidentify certain behaviors as laziness or selfishness rather than symptoms of a mental illness.
 * Over-protectiveness can undermine the patient's self-reliance and ability to use their own skills to solve mental health problems.
 * High-EE behaviors can be a source of psychological stress, which exacerbates mental illness (the diathesis–stress model).

Typically it is determined whether a person or family has high EE or low EE through a taped interview known as the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI). Answers to questions and non-verbal cues are used to determine if someone has high expressed emotion. There is another measurement that is taken from the view of the patient, which rates the patient's perception of how their family feels about them and the disorder. An alternative measure of expressed emotion is the Five Minutes Speech Sample (FMSS), where the relatives are asked to talk about the patient for five uninterrupted minutes. Although this measure requires more training, it becomes a quicker form of assessment than the CFI.

History
A 1956 study of readmissions of schizophrenia patients in London by George Brown found that patients discharged to live with their parents or wives were more frequently readmitted than those discharged to live with siblings or non-family in lodging houses. It also found that those that lived with their mothers were more likely to be readmitted if the mothers did not work outside the home, suggesting that the duration of exposure to certain family members was related to relapse. Brown devised the five dimensions of expressed emotion to quantify the interpersonal environmental exposures of patients.

The advantage of a low-EE environment has been cited to partly explain the success of the Belgian village of Geel, where residents have for hundreds of years welcomed unrelated people with mental illness to live with them.

Janis H. Jenkins and her team conducted the first study showing that Mexican immigrants’ familial emotional responses of warmth and sympathy toward mentally ill kin in the United States contributes to a more favorable course of illness than in the case of their Euro-American counterparts.

High expressed emotion
Family members with high expressed emotion are hostile, very critical and not tolerant of the patient. They feel like they are helping by having this attitude. They not only criticize behaviors relating to the disorder but also other behaviors that are unique to the personality of the patient. High expressed emotion is more likely to cause a relapse than low expressed emotion.

The three dimensions of high EE are hostility, emotional over-involvement and critical comments.

Hostility
Hostility is a negative attitude directed at the patient because the family feels that the disorder is controllable and that the patient is choosing not to get better. Problems in the family are often blamed on the patient and the patient has trouble problem solving in the family. The family believes that the cause of many of the family's problems is the patient's mental illness, whether they are or not.

Emotional over-involvement
Emotional over-involvement reflects a set of feelings and behavior of a family member towards the patient, indicating evidence of over-protectiveness or self-sacrifice, excessive use of praise or blame, preconceptions and statements of attitude. Family members who show high emotional involvement tend to be more intrusive. Therefore, families with high emotional involvement may believe that patients cannot help themselves and that their problems are due to causes external to them, and thus high involvement will lead to strategies of taking control and doing things for the patients. In addition, patients may feel very anxious and frustrated when interacting with family caregivers with high emotional involvement due to such high intrusiveness and emotional display towards them. On the whole, families with high EE appear to be poorer communicators with their ill relative as they might talk more and listen less effectively. Emotional over-involvement demonstrates a different side compared to hostile and critical attitudes but is still similar with the negative affect that causes a relapse. The relative becomes so overbearing that the patient can no longer live with this kind of stress from pity, and falls back into their illness as a way to cope.

Critical comments
Critical comments include complaints that the patient is a burden to the family, that the patient is not following instructions, or that the patient is lazy or selfish.

Interventions
Low expressed emotion occurs when the family members are less critical or hostile, and not overly-involved. Low expressed emotion is associated with more positive outcomes for the patient. Psychoeducation on the course and associated effects of the illness, as well as behavioral interventions and communication training can help families move from high expressed emotion to low expressed emotion. However, it is believed that in the early stages of the illness, families should be allowed to grieve and be supported emotionally, and that behavioral interventions can actually increase relapse rates at this critical juncture.

High expressed emotion, by contrast, makes the patient feel trapped, out of control and dependent upon others. The patient may feel like an outsider because of the excessive attention received. Expressed emotion affects everyone in the home, raising the stress level for the family and often increasing anxiety and depression among family members. The behavior of everyone around the patient influences the course of the patient's illness. Academics suggest that movement from high to low expressed emotion is best facilitated by a family therapist, psychiatrist, or family worker, preferably one experienced in the treatment of families with a psychotic family member. Family therapists suggest that treatment is more successful with the attendance of as many household members as possible, in order to give a more complete picture of family patterns. However, the necessity of family therapy does not indicate that the illness is the fault of the family. Family therapy in this area has moved away from the notion that family communication patterns are responsible for psychosis, a notion popularized in the 1960s by family systems therapist Murray Bowen.

Validity
Some studies show that there is no link between expressed emotion and first episode psychosis, illness severity, age of onset, and illness length.

There is also literature that links EE to the course and outcome of numerous major childhood psychiatric disorders. One study showed that one component, high parental dimensions of criticism (CRIT), can be used as an index of problematic parent–child interactions.

In social anxiety disorder, it has been found parents' high level of expressed emotion (emotional overinvolvement, criticism, hostility) is strongly associated with treatment outcome in their children.

title: Expressed emotion