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Charles Collett

Charles Benjamin Collett (10 September 1871 – 5 April 1952) was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Great Western Railway from 1922 to 1941. He designed (amongst others) the GWR's 4-6-0 Castle and King Class express passenger locomotives.

Education and early career
Collett was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School (then at Charterhouse Square, London) and the City and Guilds College of London University. He then became an engineering pupil at Maudslay, Sons and Field, a firm that built marine steam engines. In 1893 he entered the GWR Drawing Office at Swindon as a junior draughtsman. Four years later he was put in charge of the buildings section, and in 1898 became assistant to the Chief Draughtsman. In June 1900 he was appointed Technical Inspector, and soon after Assistant Manager, at the Swindon Works. In 1912 he rose to be Manager of the Works, then in 1919 he was made Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer of the GWR.

Chief Mechanical Engineer
Collett's predecessor, George Jackson Churchward, had delivered to the GWR from Swindon a series of class-leading and innovative locomotives, and arguably by the early 1920s the Great Western‘s 2-cylinder and 4-cylinder 4-6-0 designs were substantially superior to the locomotives of the other railway groupings.

In 1922 Churchward retired, and Collett inherited a legacy of excellent standardised designs. But, with costs rising and revenues falling, there was a need to rationalise the number of pre-grouping designs and to develop more powerful locomotives. Collett was a practical development engineer and he took Churchward's designs and developed them – notably the Hall from the Saint class, and the Castle from the Star. He was also responsible for more humble locomotives, such as many of the pannier tank classes.

4-cylinder engines
By the time Churchward retired, his 4-cylinder Star class locomotives were becoming inadequate for the increasing loads and speeds expected of express passenger trains. To solve this, Churchward had proposed fitting a No 7 boiler (designed for the 4700 class 2-8-0 express freight engines) onto a Star. This was not possible, because the weight would be too great for the track. Instead, Collett enlarged the Star design, leaving the wheels the same but with bigger cylinders and a new standard boiler that would not exceed the $19 1⁄2$ ton permitted axle load. He also fitted a more comfortable cab. The result was christened the Castle class, and the first engine, No 4073 Caerphilly Castle, was soon proudly paraded at the British Empire Exhibition, (placed close to the larger LNER Flying Scotsman) with the claim that it was 'Britain's most powerful passenger locomotive'.

One result of this provocative claim was an agreed exchange of locomotives between the companies. Castle class No 4079 Pendennis Castle went to the LNER in exchange for A1 class No 4474 Victor Wild. Both engines acquitted themselves well, but the performance of the smaller Castle led Gresley to investigate the cause and redesign the A1's valves, as well as give them a higher boiler pressure.

As well as rebuilding several Star class locomotives into Castles, Collett shocked some people by rebuilding the GWR's flagship 4-6-2 locomotive No 111 The Great Bear into a 4-6-0 Castle. This at least had the effect of drawing the attention of General Manager Sir Felix Pole to the restrictive permitted axle loads which had constrained the usefulness of this prestige symbol. When larger locomotives were needed, Sir Felix instructed the Civil Engineer to ensure that the main lines (Paddington–Plymouth, via Westbury or Bristol, and Paddington–Wolverhampton via Bicester) could carry a $22 1⁄2$ ton axle load. This was quickly done, since work was already underway to meet this standard.

By 1926, the other railway companies were catching up with the GWR, with designs such as the LNER Pacifics (improved as a result of the GWR/LNER locomotive exchange), SR Lord Nelson class, and the imminent LMS Royal Scot Class. Better locomotives were needed not only for faster and heavier trains, but also for to uphold the prestige of the GWR. Collett started by testing 6 ft 6 in driving wheels on No 5001 Llandovery Castle. When this proved satisfactory, he spread these wheels out under a larger and higher-pressure boiler, and increased the piston stroke to 28 inches, pushing the design to the limit both of the loading gauge and the newly increased axle load. Fitting these increased dimensions together required an unusual front bogie, with outside bearings on the front axle but inside bearings on the rear, to clear the inside and outside cylinders respectively. Finally, the first loco (or first five) had cylinders bored out to $16 1/4$ inches. The significance of this small change was that it pushed the calculated tractive effort over 40,000 lbs, as required by Sir Felix Pole, thereby emphasising the locomotive's status as the most powerful passenger locomotive in the country. It was named the King class.

Like the Castle class, the King class was exploited for its publicity value. The very first one, No 6000 King George V, was shipped off to America where it led the parade of engines at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Centenary Exhibition, and whence it returned carrying a commemorative bell on its front buffer beam. The King class remained the heaviest and most powerful 4-6-0 engine in Britain. Stanier paid it the compliment of using its principle dimensions (Boiler pressure, cylinder size and wheel diameter—and therefore tractive effort) in his first design, the 4-6-2 LMS Princess Royal Class.

However, while it has been described as Collett's masterpiece, the suggestion has also been made that it was largely the responsibility of Hawksworth, Collett's eventual successor, who was then Chief Draughtsman.

Streamlining
A curious event in the story of the 4-cylinder designs was the appearance of two streamlined locomotives. In the 1930s there was a vogue for streamlining, and Collett came under pressure to produce a streamlined locomotive for the GWR, particularly in view of the forthcoming centenary of the company in 1935. The story goes that Collett took a paperweight model of a King, and smeared plasticine over it to produce an outline for the drawing office to work from. Although probably apocryphal, this may have been as good a way of designing a streamlined loco as any, short of carrying out tests in a wind tunnel. Collett was certainly aware of the many other factors causing drag. As The Great Western Railway Magazine put it, "Rigorous application of the principles of scientific streamlining becomes not only difficult but practically inexpedient, as the net reduction in the total resistance may be relatively small." In March 1935, locomotives 5305 Manorbier Castle and 6014 King Henry VII were outshopped with a hemispherical dome over the front of the smokebox, fairings covering the front buffer beam, cylinders, and splashers, fairings behind the chimney and dome, a vee-shaped cab front and a tapered roof over the tender. Both of these engines, and no others, were given a full-page photograph in the GWR's 1935 publication Swindon Works and its place in Great Western Railway History, but without any further descriptive text. The locomotives gradually lost the streamlined features as they passed through the shops in following years.

Absorbed locomotives and the 5600 class 0-6-2T
Collett became CME just before the grouping of British railways took effect on 1st January 1923. Although the GWR retained its identity by virtue of being grouped with many much smaller railways, it did make Collett responsible overnight for over 800 locomotives, of a wide variety of designs, many in a state of disrepair. The ones in the worst condition could only be scrapped; those in a better condition were surveyed to establish which could be refitted with boilers from the GWR standard range, including three new boilers modified for the purpose. The scrapping of so many unmaintainable engines left a shortfall in power, especially in the Welsh valleys where the widely-used compact inside-cylinder 0-6-2T engines were hard to replace with standard GWR classes. Collett decided to build a new class, based on the Rhymney Railway R class 0-6-2T. Although it used a standard No. 2 boiler, and as many other standard parts as possible, the cylinder castings, wheels, hornblocks, valve gear and three-bar motion crosshead were all new designs. The 5600 class was powerful and versatile, working both passenger and freight trains in the Welsh valleys in a characteristic 'facing up the valley' direction, so that on the faster descending services, the pony truck helped to keep them stable.

However, one story indicates that the development of these engines was not without problems. According to Hurry Riches, the son of the last Locomotive Superintendent of the Rhymney Railway, who had been taken on by the GWR and worked on the new class, the first engine of the class stalled dramatically when it was first steamed. Investigation showed that in the transfer of the standard Stephenson valve-gear arrangement from outside-cylinder use to an inside-cylinder design, the function of the rocker shaft (a substantial bearing that transferred the valve motion through the frames to drive the steam chest) in withstanding off-axis forces was not appreciated, and inadequate support was provided for the end of the valve spindle. The result was that when steamed, the valve spindle bent under the strain, throwing the whole motion out of alignment. A quick fix had to be developed before any of the locomotives could be rolled out, and the story was apparently suppressed to avoid embarrassment at a senior level.

2-cylinder standard tender classes
Collett built no more of Churchward's Saint class locomotives, but he did build further batches of the 2-6-0 'Moguls' in 1925 and 1932. The Running Department asked him to build an enlarged version of this engine, as crews had a tendency to expect too much of it (possibly due to its similarity with larger classes). However, Collett preferred to modify a Saint. He took No 2925 Saint Martin, and fitted it with smaller 6 ft wheels. Over three years of testing, it proved itself a useful and popular mixed-traffic engine. In 1928 a batch of 80 engines of the new Hall class was ordered, differing from the Saints only in having the smaller wheels and a more generous side-window cab. Further batches totalling 259 locos were built up till 1943, and—together with his successor Hawksworth's 71 Modified Halls—made up the largest class of named locomotives on the GWR. Later testing showed that the Hall class suffered a marked reduction in drawbar horsepower when running over 50mph, as the boiler and cylinders designed for the Saint's 6 ft wheels struggled to keep up with the faster revolving smaller wheels. Apart from one war casualty, and the prototype Saint Martin (which was not new when rebuilt as a Hall), none were withdrawn from service until 1960.

In 1901 Churchward had proposed, as part of his set of standard locomotive classes, a two-cylinder 4-6-0 with 5 ft wheels, but never developed one. In 1936, seeking to replace the older 4300 'Moguls', Collett produced such a locomotive as the Grange class. Indeed, he withdrew 80 of the 'Moguls', and used the wheels and motion as part of a 4-6-0 with the same No 1 boiler as the Halls. One disadvantage was that the Granges were heavier than the 'Moguls' and thus had more limited route availability. To answer this, in 1938 Collett withdrew another 20 'Moguls', and again used the wheels and motion to build a 4-6-0, this time with the specially developed, lightweight, No 14 boiler. These were the Manor class. Even though they were indifferent steamers until the draughting of the boiler was investigated and modified in 1951–52, British Rail still built another ten Manors (without any 'Mogul' parts) in 1950.

Collett continued to build more 2-8-0s in the form of the 2884 class, which differed only in detail, not in the principle dimensions, from Churchward's 2800 class of 1903. The last of this class was built by Collett's successor Hawksworth in 1942, and this (by then 45 year old) class was represented in the 1948 Locomotive Exchange Trials.

2-cylinder standard tank classes
In 1927 Collett produced a version of Churchward's small-wheeled 2-6-2T class with larger water tanks having sloped front ends, the 4575 class. He also continued to build Churchward's large-wheeled 2-6-2T design in the shape of the 1929 5101 class, followed in 1931 by the 6100 class with a higher boiler pressure of 225 lbf/in2, then in 1938 by the 8100 class with smaller 5 ft wheels, and in the same year the 3100 class with even smaller 5 ft wheels. Both of these latter classes were rebuilds of older 2-6-2T engines.

He also built more of Churchward's 2-8-0T engines, giving the 5205 class marginally larger diameter 19 x cylinders. 70 of these were built between 1923 and 1926. A further batch of 20 was built in 1930, but due to the depression of the late 1920s, the short-haul South Wales coal trains for which they were intended had decreased, and they were placed in storage. When in 1934 Collett needed to replace the ageing 2-6-0 Aberdare class, he turned to these stored locomotives. In order to increase their range—the 4 ton bunker capacity limited their length of run—he extended the frames at the rear to take a trailing axle which supported an enlarged 6 ton bunker. This was the 7200 class of 2-8-2Ts, and 53 were built in three batches up till 1939, all rebuilds of 2-8-0Ts. A further batch of 10 5205 class 2-8-0Ts was built in 1940 as wartime traffic made them useful again.

Pannier tank engines
The first pannier tanks on GWR engines were introduced by Churchward, as saddle tanks were unsuitable when older engines received new boilers with Belpaire fireboxes. However, he never designed any standard classes using pannier tanks. In 1929 Collett started to replace the hundreds of 0-6-0ST and 0-6-0PT engines that survived from the Victorian and subsequent rebuilding. For this he developed an existing design, the 2721 class of 0-6-0ST/PT, fitting them with a Belpaire boiler pressed to 200 lbf/in2, a larger 3 ton 6 cwt bunker, an all-over cab and improved valve events. No testing was done, and 100 engines of the new 5700 class were ordered as a first batch (the first 50 being built by North British). They were soon followed by another 200 funded by a Government work-creation scheme. All of these were built by outside suppliers: W. G. Bagnall (50), Kerr, Stuart (25), North British (50), Yorkshire Engine Co. (25), Armstrong Whitworth (25), and Beyer, Peacock (25). Further batches were built at Swindon throughout the 1930s and '40s, and one final batch of 10 in 1950 after Nationalization, for a total of 863 locomotives.

In March 1932, No 8700 was converted to a condensing engine for use on the underground Metropolitan line serving Smithfield Market. This led to the construction of ten new condensing engines (with improved cabs), still considered part of the 5700 class, numbered 9701–9710.

One of the more demanding jobs that Collett needed to find new engines for was autotrain working. These trains had to keep to a strict schedule, on some very challenging branch routes, requiring good acceleration and sure-footedness. After considering a number of types, he took No 2080, an 0-6-0ST of Armstrong's 2021 class, and refitted it with larger 5 ft wheels, and pannier tanks. After testing proved this a successful design, he took No 2062 of the same class and carried out a more comprehensive rebuilding, including 16+1/2 x cylinders, new motion and a Standard No 21 boiler at 165 lbf/in2. This became the first of the 5400 class, and appeared in 1930. Production of the class followed in batches up till 1935, totalling 25 locomotives.

Collett also updated Churchward's 0-6-0ST 1361 dock shunting tanks, turning out a modernised version with pannier tanks as the 1366 class. Initially intended for Swindon Works, they were later used elsewhere, including Weymouth Docks.

Some autotrain routes, such as those in South Wales, were more steeply graded. To provide for these, Collett took one of his previous prototypes, No 2062 (now running as 5400), and reduced the wheel diameter to 4 ft. When this proved satisfactory, he ordered a batch of ten forming the new 6400 class. Further batches took production to a total of 40. Like the 5400 class, these were all fitted for autotrain working. For other duties, Collett created a variant with a higher boiler pressure of 180 lbf/in2, but not auto-fitted, and 50 of these were produced numbered in the 7400 series.

Other steam engines
At the Grouping the GWR had absorbed many lines, such as those in Central Wales, that were lightly built and needed light engines to operate them. By the 1930s, the Victorian 0-6-0s which had filled these duties were wearing out. Still available were the Dean Goods, renovated by the fitting of more modern Belpaire boilers. To free them up from other duties, Collett designed the 2251 class of inside-cylindered 0-6-0 tender engines. Very similar in frames and motion to the 5700 Pannier tanks, but with cylinders designed to support a No 10 standard boiler, they were given a Yellow route classification (slightly heavier than the Dean Goods). 120 engines were built from 1930 to 1948 by Collett and Hawksworth. They were able and popular engines, capable of pulling light passenger trains at 60 mph. As well as branch line duties, they were used on main line stopping trains.

For another engine, Collett looked back to the GWR 517 Class for inspiration. Using the same 0-4-2T outline, but modern components in common with the 5400 and 6400 0-6-0PTs, he created the 4800 class. The 75 engines of the 4800 series were all fitted for autotrain working, and were widely distributed around the GWR network. The 20 engines of the 5800 series were identical but not auto-fitted, and less widely spread. In 1946, the 4800 series 0-4-2Ts were renumbered into the 1400 range to make way for some of the 2800 class 2-8-0s which were converted to oil-burning and renumbered in the 4800 range. The 5800s were not renumbered. These delightful engines, being small and nowhere near the end of their working life when steam was withdrawn on British Railways, were popular targets for saving, and four have been preserved.

Starting in 1936, Collett took the boilers from a number of old Duke class engines, and mounted them on the frames of some Bulldog class engines. This economical combination of the better parts of older engines was produced as the Earl class, though they were widely termed the Dukedogs due to their origins. Collett was aware that certain members of the GWR Board of Directors (whom he considered pompous) desired that their names should be given to suitable steam engines, and he therefore applied them to Earl class locomotives. When the directors saw their names on these distinctly Victorian-looking double-framed 4-4-0s, they were not amused. The names were later transferred to some of the more impressive Castle class.

Collett bought six 0-4-0T dock shunting engines from the Avonside Engine Company to replace engines absorbed from the Swansea Harbour Trust. This 1101 class was an Avonside design to Collett's specification. They were later modified with a rounded-off cab, for better clearance under tight bridges, and standard GWR safety valve covers.

Minor developments, of less significance to the GWR, were a brief experiment with a Sentinel geared locomotive, and the building/rebuilding of three 2-6-2T engines for the narrow-gauge Vale of Rheidol Railway.

Diesel railcars
While Collett did a lot of reimagining and redevelopment of older steam locomotive designs, he also introduced some very novel diesel railcars. In 1933, AEC built railcar No 1 for the GWR, a streamlined, 121bhp passenger coach with a cab at each end. This proved underpowered, but Collett recognised its potential, and ordered Nos 2–4 which were dual-engined and capable of 75-80mph carrying 44 passengers. A further twelve were purchased in 1935–36. All of these were self-contained; they were not intended to pull other carriages. No 17 was for parcel traffic and carried no passengers.

A further 20 railcars were built at Swindon in 1940–42, with more angular streamlining and no valances over the bogies. These were equipped to pull a load of up to 60 tons, and fitted with autotrain controls so they could be driven from a cab at the far end of an attached autocoach. Nos 35–38 were single-ended, having only one streamlined end with a cab. They were designed to be used back-to-back, or with a coach between them.

Other development
Collett was responsible for far more than introducing new and updated locomotives. He replaced Churchward's crimson lake livery, reintroducing the old 'chocolate and cream' colours for coaching stock, in 1922, when the backlog of stock maintenance due to WWI was being tackled. He made good use of the dynamometer car to try out new designs. He modernised and strengthened the stationary test plant at Swindon Works to allow testing of engines generating 2000 horsepower, or running at 70mph. In 1934 he introduced the use of Zeiss optical apparatus during locomotive manufacturing to improve the accuracy with which frames and bearing, cylinders and motion were lined up. This doubled the mileage that a locomotive could cover before the motion needed attention.

Collett introduced buckeye couplings for coaching stock, and experimented briefly with articulated coaches in 1925. In 1931 he introduced the luxurious 'Super Saloons' for the Paddington–Plymouth boat train, as well as the less ornate but more modern 'Centenary' coaches in 1935. However, he knew that these large vehicles had limited route availability, and brought about an agreement that all future stock should be no more than 8 ft wide, to maximise its route availability.

Legacy
A gifted technical engineer, who could look at existing designs and reliably improve them, Collett produced a standardized fleet of locomotives ideally suited to the GWR's requirements. He was able to extract substantial performance gains out of the Churchward designs. In 1924 he reported (in a paper to the World Power Conference) Castle class coal consumption of 2.83 lb per drawbar-horsepower hour, a figure dismissed as too good to be true by many engineers, but taken seriously by Gresley after the locomotive exchange of 1925.

Collett has received criticism by contemporary engineers and later railway historians for undertaking very little innovation in his designs, instead sticking with Churchward's style in every case. Arguably this meant that by the time Collett retired the superiority of Great Western locomotives was lost to more modern designs, particularly those of William Stanier, who worked at Swindon before moving to the LMS in 1932. Stanier took Churchward's style with him, but developed it in line with continuing improvements in steam locomotive technology.

Personal life
Collett married Ethelwyn May Simon (1875/6-1923) at St George's, Bloomsbury on 4 November 1896. They had no children. Ethelwyn's premature death in 1923 came as a great shock, and thereafter Collett avoided most social activities. He was very little involved in Swindon's civic affairs, in contrast to his predecessors, but he was a magistrate from 1921 to 1928.

Through his paternal grandparents Benjamin Collett and Charlotte Harriet Sampson, Collett was 1st cousin once removed (1c1r) to Admiral of the Fleet Sir Philip Vian.

Charles Collett’s Locomotive Designs
• GWR No. 12 0-4-0TG

• GWR 1101 Class 0-4-0T

• GWR 1366 Class 0-6-0T

• GWR 5400 Class 0-6-0PT

• GWR 5700 Class 0-6-0PT

• GWR 6400/7400 Class 0-6-0PT

• GWR 4800/1400 Class 0-4-2T

• GWR 5800 Class 0-4-2T

• GWR 5600 Class 0-6-2T

• GWR 3100 Class 2-6-2T

• GWR 5101 Class 2-6-2T

• GWR 6100 Class 2-6-2T

• GWR 4575 Class 2-6-2T

• GWR 8100 Class 2-6-2T

• GWR 5205 Class 2-8-0T

• GWR 7200 Class 2-8-2T

• GWR 4073 Castle class 4-6-0

• GWR 6000 King class 4-6-0

• GWR 4900 Hall Class 4-6-0

• GWR 6800 Grange Class 4-6-0

• GWR 7800 Manor Class 4-6-0

• GWR 2251 Class 0-6-0

• GWR 3200 Earl Class 4-4-0

• GWR 2884 Class 2-8-0

• GWR diesel shunters

• GWR railcars

• VoR 2-6-2T (narrow gauge)

title: Charles Collett


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Talk:Patrick Lucey

Schooling
I added a sentence that Governor Lucey graduated fron Campion Jesuit High School in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin in 1935. In fact, I linked to Campion Jesuit High School alumni websites to the Leo Ryan article. Also Governor Lucey started his political career as justice of the peace in Ferryville, Wisconsin. The office of the justice of the peace has been abolished in the state of Wisconsin. One more item, Leo Ryan graduated from Campion in 1943 and he roomed with my dad. Thank you-Richard Dungar- PS-I will leave it up to you people if you want to add the 2 Campion Jesuit High School websites to the Patrick Lucey article. I would not do it again.

External links modified
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Kairali TV

Kairali TV is an Indian Malayalam language general entertainment free to air television channel owned by Kairali TV Network. It is headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram. It was launched on 17 August 2000.

History
The channel was launched in August 2000 by the then ruling party Communist Party of India (Marxist). Two Malayalam film actors were appointed in major positions—Mammootty as chairman and Mohanlal as director.

title: Kairali TV


text:
File:Sspara.png

Summary
Cover to Silver Surfer: Parable. Art by Jean Giraud, under the pseudonym "Moebius."

Licensing
Fair use Rationale for use in Jean Giraud: The image is used to illustrate Giraud's work for Marvel comics and the way in which he adapted his style to the superhero format. This is a notable part of this artists career. It is not possible to illustrate this with a non-free image. Being a single image from a much larger work, and represented in low resolution, the use of the image can not be expected to negatively affect the copyright holder's ability to capitalize on the work.

title: File:Sspara.png


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/POW-r

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 15:28, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

POW-r
non-notable algorithm; majority of Google hits are from other uses of the word as a deliberate misspelling of "power". DS 15:57, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete agreed. basically an advertisement. — brighterorange  (talk) 16:04, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete non-notable, agree re just an advertisement.--Sgkay 16:20, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Rogerd 08:00, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/POW-r


text:
Informatik

Informatik formerly known as Informätik is an electro-industrial/futurepop duo from Boston that was formed in 1993 and is represented by Metropolis Records in the US and Dependent Records in Europe. The band were repeat contributors to the "Mind/Body" compilation series organized by participants of the rec.music.industrial Usenet group in the mid-nineties. Both members are vegans.

History
Informatik began as the duo of David Spiegelman (aka Da5id Din) and Matthew Crofoot. Crofoot had some piano training as a youth and had a technical background, but was ultimately inspired to make industrial music after exposure to bands like Front 242. Spiegelman played drums and percussion as a youth and came to write electronic music via MIDI programming. The duo self-produced their first demo tape, Direct Memory Access, and decided to start their own label, Sinless Records, so that they could retain control over the production and distribution of their music. The release included the track "Autonomous," which previously appeared on the rec.music.industrial Mind/Body Volume 2 compilation, and a cover of Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song."

The band used Sinless to distribute not only Informatik releases, but their other projects Din_fiv and LogiQ, and produced a compilation of Boston area industrial music, Boston Elektro 101. They eventually opted to close the label after deciding the business was taking too much time away from their other pursuits. Around the same time the band secured a deal with Metropolis Records after sending demos to the label and Philadelphia area record store and distributor, Digital Underground. Metropolis offered not only to distribute Direct Memory Access but to sign the band to the label. Metropolis released their second album, Syntax, in 1998.

Crofoot left the band some time after Syntax and was replaced by Tyler Newman of Battery Cage prior to the release of Nymphomatik in 2002. The personnel switch corresponded with a stylistic change away from a more harsh EBM sound, towards a "trance-oriented" futurepop style. In 2004, the band released Re:Vision, a remix compilation of their prior material featuring interpretations by bands such as Assemblage 23 and Funker Vogt.

Discography

 * 1995 Direct Memory Access
 * 1997 ''Direct Memory Access v2.0
 * 1998 Syntax
 * 2002 Nymphomatik
 * 2004 Re:Vision
 * 2008 Beyond
 * 2009 Come Together (digital single)
 * 2009 Arena
 * 2013 How Long (digital single)
 * 2013 Playing With Fire
 * 2020 Impulse Ambient

title: Informatik


text:
Gülşah Akkaya

Gülşah Akkaya (born October 6, 1977) is a former Turkish professional woman basketball player in forward position. The 1.81 m (5' 11½") tall national player was a top scorer.

Akkaya started playing basketball at the age of 13. She debuted in Deniz Nakliyat and then transferred to Fenerbahçe İstanbul where she played in 1995–96 season. In 1997, she moved to the US and played in the American NCAA with the Lynn University team in two seasons until 1999. She still ranks 4th with an average of 23.8 points in the all-time list of single season points per season for her time being at Boca Raton, Florida.

After Akkaya returned home and was with Fenerbahçe İstanbul in the season 1999–00, she transferred to the Greek club Panserraikos in Thessaloniki for 2002–03 season and became top scorer with 204 points. In 2003, Akkaya played in YES Ramat HaSharon club in Ramat HaSharon, Israel. She helped her team win the championship by scoring a basket at the latest second. Returned to Turkey in 2003, Akkaya played for Erdemirspor in Zonguldak.

Akkaya participated at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería, Spain with the Turkish national team, which won a gold medal.

She was top scorer in Turkish Women's Basketball League with her average of 22.0 points in 25 games in the 2004–05 season.

She also played for Beşiktaş for the 2005–06 season. That year she played in the league finals with Beşiktaş. For 2006–2007 season she returned to Mersin B.B. sports club and played with an average of 17.0 points per game and help Mersin to play in playoffs. She also played for Galatasaray in the 2007–08 season.

She was member of Spanish club El Cadi La Seu D'Urgell sports club for the 2008–09 season. She played for Samsun B.K. between 2009 and 2011.

Akkaya played in the national team that won the silber medal at the EuroBasket Women 2011 championship held in Poland.

During the 2011–12 season, Gülşah played for TED Ankara Kolejliler. By the start of the season 2012–13, she was transferred to Canik, after playing half of the season with Canik, Gülşah returned to Beşiktaş in January 2013, and played with 12,4 points and 4,3 rebounds for the rest of the season.

Individual

 * Turkish Women's Basketball League 2004-05 Top Scorer

National team

 * 2005 Mediterranean Games
 * EuroBasket Women 2011

title: Gülşah Akkaya


text:
User talk:Gochloe555

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 15:58, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Gochloe555


text: File:TerraNovaLandscape.gif

title: File:TerraNovaLandscape.gif


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dream Live Code

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 15:29, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Dream Live Code
hoax? about a movie(?) to be released in 2009, but there is no IMDB entry. WP:NOT a crystal ball, etc. — brighterorange  (talk) 16:00, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

--Delete - not even a single hit for the film on google. --Sgkay 16:16, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and then some.  Sasquatch  t|c 20:00, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not even a plausible hoax. tregoweth  20:43, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Rogerd 08:00, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --Mysidia (talk) 08:09, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:71.51.74.79

title: User talk:71.51.74.79


text:
Michael Balint

Michael Balint (Bálint Mihály, ; 3 December 1896 – 31 December 1970) was a Hungarian psychoanalyst who spent most of his adult life in England. He was a proponent of the Object Relations school.

Life
Balint was born Mihály Maurice Bergsmann in Budapest, the son of a practising physician. It was against his father's will that he changed his name to Bálint Mihály. He also changed religion, from Judaism to Unitarian Christianity. During World War I Bálint served at the front, first in Russia, then in the Dolomites. He completed his medical studies in Budapest in 1918. On the recommendation of his future wife, Alice Székely-Kovács, Bálint read Sigmund Freud's "Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie" (1905) and "Totem und Tabu". He also began attending the lectures of Sándor Ferenczi, who in 1919 became the world's first university professor of psychoanalysis.

Bálint married Alice Székely-Kovács and about 1920 the couple moved to Berlin, where Bálint worked in the biochemical laboratory of Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970), who won the Nobel Prize in 1931. His wife worked in a folklore museum. Bálint now worked on his doctorate in biochemistry, while also working half time at the Berlin Institute of psychoanalysis. Both he and his wife Alice in this period were educated in psychoanalysis.

In 1924 the Bálints returned to Budapest, where he soon assumed a leading role in Hungarian psychoanalysis and his son, John, was born. He was employed at the Budapest Psychoanalytical Institute becoming its director in 1935 after Ferenczi died. Clara Lazar Geroe was one of his students. The political conditions in Hungary made life and psychotherapy very difficult for Jews. John Rickman advised all Jewish analysts to leave and with his assistance Balint emigrated to London settling in Manchester, England, in early 1939, where Bálint became Clinical Director of the Child Guidance Clinic. Here Alice died, leaving Bálint with their son. In 1944 Bálint remarried, but the relationship soon ended, although they were not divorced until 1952. In 1944 his parents, about to be arrested by the Nazis in Hungary, committed suicide. That year Bálint moved from Manchester to London, where he was attached to the Tavistock Clinic and began learning about group work from W.R. Bion; he also obtained the Master of Science degree in psychology.

In 1949 Bálint met Enid Flora Eichholz, who worked in the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations with a group of social workers and psychologists on the idea of investigating marital problems. Michael Balint became the leader of this group and together they developed what is now known as the "Balint group": a group of physicians sharing the problems of general practice, focussing on the responses of the doctors to their patients; the first group of practising physicians was established in 1950. Michael and Enid married in 1958. In 1968 Balint became president of the British Psychoanalytical Society.

The Michael-Balint-Institut für Psychoanalyse, Psychotherapie und analytische Kinder- und Jugendlichen- Psychotherapie in Hamburg is named for him.

The three stages
Balint 'took an early interest in the mother-infant relationship...a key paper on "Primary Object-Love" dates from 1937'. Thereafter, developing an idea of John Rickman, he argued that 'mental function is quite different, and needs to be described differently, in three-person and two-person relationships, and different in creative activity alone'. Lacan wrote (almost approvingly) that 'Michael Balint has analysed in a thoroughly penetrating way the intricate interaction of theory and technique in the genesis of a new conception of analysis...[using] the catchphrase, borrowed from Rickman, of a "two-body psychology"'. On that basis, Balint thereafter explored the idea of what he called '"the basic fault": this was that there was often the experience in the early two-person relationship that something was wrong or missing, and this carried over into the Oedipal period (age 2–5)'.

By 1968, then, Balint had 'distinguished three levels of experience, each with its particular ways of relating, its own ways of thinking, and its own appropriate therapeutic procedures'.

'Psychoanalysis begins at level 3 – the level at which a person is capable of a three-sided experience...primarily the Oedipal problems between self, mother, and father'. By contrast, 'the area of the Basic Fault is characterised by a very peculiar exclusively two-person relationship'; while a 'third area is characterised by the fact that there are no external objects in it' – level number 1.

'Therapeutic failure is attributed by Balint to the analyst's inability to "click in" to the mute needs of the patient who has descended to the level of the basic fault'; and he maintained that 'the basic fault can only be overcome if the patient is allowed to regress to a state of oral dependence on the analyst...and experience a new beginning'.

Focal psychotherapy
Along with his wife, Enid Balint, and Paul H. Ornstein, Balint developed a process of brief psychotherapy he termed "focal psychotherapy", in which 'one specific problem presented by the patient is chosen as the focus of interpretation'. The therapy was carefully targeted around that key area to avoid (in part) the risk that 'the focal therapy would have degenerated into long-term psychotherapy or psychoanalysis'. Here as a rule interpretation remained 'entirely on the whole-person adult level...it was the intention to reduce the intensity of the feelings in the therapeutic relationship'.

In accordance with the thinking of other members of 'what is known as the British independent perspective...such as W. R. D. Fairbairn and D. W. Winnicott', great stress was laid upon the creative role of the patient in focal therapy: 'To our minds, an "independent discovery" by the patient has the greatest dynamic power'.

It has been suggested that it was in fact this 'work of Michael Balint and his colleagues which led to time-limited therapies being rediscovered'.

Ocnophilia and Philobatism
Michael Balint introduced two new concepts into psychoanalytic language in his book Thrills and Regression: ocnophilia and philobatism. The two terms refer to two types of orienting oneself toward object relationships, with ocnophilia consisting in stubbornly attaching oneself to objects, and being unwilling to exist in an empty space without such objects, while philobatism refers to the opposite, a state of mind where one is at an absolute distance to objects. Balint writes: "'[...] for the philobat the world is structured by safe distance and sight, and for the ocnophil by physical proximity and touch. In the event of fear or anxiety, the reaction of the ocnophil is to get as near as possible to his object, to squat or sit down, go on all fours, lean towards, or even press his whole body to the protecting object. Parallel with this he turns his face away, even shuts his eyes, trying not to see the danger. The reaction of the philobat is what is generally called the heroic one: turning towards the approaching danger, facing it in order to watch it, keeping away from objects that offer false security, standing upright on his own.'"Balint links these two dispositions to the general question of how people relate to situations of danger, specifically that of the thrill, translated as "Angstlust" (the lust of anxiety) into German, although Balint is careful to separate the two in the preface of the German translation. In Balint's mind, people tend to regress into either one of these primitive mental states when faced with anxiety, and therein they express essential attachment experiences.

Ocnophilia literally refers to a philia of clinging into something, and is a compound of οκνέω (oknéo, to cling) and φιλιά (philia), while philobatism combines again φιλιά (philia), with batism, derived from βατείν (bateín) which means to walk. The acrobat (literally the high-walker) would be an exemplary form of someone who is a philobat precisely in the sense that she gives herself over to a form of walking that is adventurous and dangerous, yet distant as well. Balint suggests that the (male) acrobat may be thought of as enacting the primal scene when performing in a highly erect form on the tight rope, before eventually returning to mother earth, and the "beautiful young girl" awaiting him.

Balint groups
'Michael Balint [as] part of the independent tradition in British psychoanalysis, [was] influential in setting up groups (now known as "Balint groups") for medical doctors to discuss psychodynamic factors in relation to patients'. " Instead of repeating futile investigations of increasing complexity and cost, and then telling these people there was nothing wrong with them, Balint taught active search for causes of anxiety and unhappiness, and treatment by remedial education aiming at insight, rather than tablets aiming at suppression of symptoms." Such seminars provided opportunities for GPs 'to discuss with each other and with him aspects of their work with patients for which they had previously felt ill-equipped. Since his death the continuance of this work has been assured by the formation of the Balint Society'.

Works

 * Individual Differences of Behaviour in Early Infancy. Dissertation for Master of Science in psychology. London, 1945.
 * Primary Love and Psycho-Analytic Technique. 1956.
 * The Doctor, His Patient and the Illness. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1957.
 * German translation: Der Arzt, sein Patient und die Krankheit. Stuttgart, Klett, 1966.
 * Thrills and Regressions. 1959.
 * German translation: Angstlust und Regression. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1991.
 * The Basic Fault: Therapeutic Aspects of Regression. 1967.
 * The Clinical Diary of Sándor Ferenczi. Edited by Judith Dupont. Translated by Michael Balint and Nicola Zarday Jackson. First cloth edition, 1988.

title: Michael Balint


text:
Albert E. Kahn

Albert Eugene Kahn (May 11, 1912 – September 15, 1979) was an American journalist, photographer, and author. He is known chiefly for his books ''Sabotage! The Secret War Against America (1942), related to Nazi and German-American subversive activities in the United States; and The Great Conspiracy: The Secret War Against Soviet Russia'' (1946). The latter described leading Soviet communists as foreign spies, based on their confessions at the Moscow Trials.

For a time during the 1930s, Kahn had been a member of the Communist Party in the United States, but had changed his thinking by the 1940s and opposed it and the Cold War. In the late 1940s he was blacklisted and unable to gain publication by a mainstream publisher until 1962. In the early 1950s, he and Angus Cameron, an editor formerly with Little, Brown who had also been blacklisted, founded Cameron & Kahn publishers.

Albert E. Kahn's father, Moritz Kahn, was a senior engineer in Albert Kahn Associates, and worked with his two brothers there, Albert Kahn and inventor Julius Kahn.

Early life and education
Kahn was born in London, England in 1912 to an affluent, politically conservative Jewish family. His father Moritz was one of three brothers and became an engineer. His brothers were Albert Kahn, who became known in the United States and internationally as an industrial architect, and inventor Julius Kahn. Albert Kahn founded Albert Kahn Associates in Detroit, Michigan, in which his brothers were associates. Albert Kahn Associates established an office in Moscow in 1930 to train and supervise Soviet architects and engineers, and to design industrial facilities. Moritz Kahn had the lead to set up the Kahn brothers' Soviet Union operation in the early 1930s as a collaboration with Gosproekstroi, the Soviet office for industry.

Educated in the United States, Kahn attended Phillips Exeter Academy and Dartmouth College, where he was a star athlete. His education included Shakespeare. Later in life he said that the study of King Lear first awakened in him a sense of injustice. He was Dartmouth Class Poet, graduating in 1932.

Married in 1934, he and the former Harriet Warner moved to California. Their children included writer Brian Kahn. There Kahn tried unsuccessfully to become a Hollywood screenwriter.

Political leanings
Kahn developed an interest in socialism and working for social justice. After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1937, Kahn agreed to lead an "ambulance tour", to raise medical relief funds for Loyalist forces fighting against the fascist-supported Franco rebellion. On the tour, Kahn spoke to audiences ranging from the wealthy to the unemployed. It was the height of the Depression and Kahn was deeply affected by the widespread deprivation that he saw.

Communists and socialists organized many of the speaking events and impressed Kahn with their idealism. After completing the tour in 1938, he joined the Communist Party of the United States, as did many left-leaning artists, writers and other intellectuals in those years.

With no employment prospects, Kahn accepted a job at his uncle's architectural firm, Albert Kahn Associates, where his father Moritz Kahn was a senior engineer. His father had led establishing an office of the firm in Moscow, beginning in 1930, which trained Soviet and other architects and engineers in industrial design and construction, supporting the country's industrialization under its first five-year plan.

Kahn's political activism quickly caused a rupture with his uncle's firm. A talented orator, Kahn had begun giving anti-fascist speeches. Because he had the same name as his prominent uncle, internationally regarded for his industrial architecture, the publicity caused consternation at the firm.

His uncle and father were concerned also because industrialist Henry Ford was the company's largest client, and he was engaged in business in Nazi Germany. In a meeting with his uncle and father, the younger Kahn was given a choice: Stop speaking publicly, or resign. He chose the latter option.

After moving to New York, Kahn was the American Labor Party candidate in the 1948 elections for New York's 25th congressional district.

Anti-Nazi journalism
Almost immediately Kahn was offered a position as Executive Director of the newly formed American Council Against Nazi Propaganda. Working for a Board of Directors including Helen Keller, Condé Nast, John Gunther, former Ambassador William E. Dodd, and German writer Thomas Mann, Kahn founded The Hour, a syndicated newsletter. In that capacity he engaged in investigative journalism to expose Nazi espionage, sabotage, and propaganda operations in the United States. He also investigated the activities of American fascist and pro-fascist groups, such as the German-American Bund. The Hour's revelations were widely used in printed media, by radio commentators such as Walter Winchell, and by the US War Department, Justice Department, and the Office of War Information.

Books
Kahn used materials gained by his investigations of Nazi and German-American activities for The Hour as the basis of his first book, ''Sabotage! The Secret War Against America'' (1942), co-written with Michael Sayers. Reader's Digest printed excerpts from the book, and it became a bestseller.

Kahn and Sayers also collaborated on The Plot Against The Peace (1945) and The Great Conspiracy: The Secret War Against Soviet Russia (1946), which became an international bestseller. In the latter, which explored the Moscow purge trials, the authors accepted as valid the Communist Party charges of treason against former Soviet opposition leaders, and the underlying allegation of plots to overthrow the Soviet state, assassinate Lenin, Stalin, Gorky, and others. Most historians, by contrast, believe that these were show trials designed to suppress any opposition to Stalin; many of those convicted were summarily executed or exiled in the gulag.

Kahn was an outspoken opponent of the Cold War that arose between the United States (and its western allies) and the Soviet Union after World War II. With fears of communism increasing in the US, he was blacklisted by mainstream publishing, beginning in the late 1940s. Using pre-sales of books to leftist trade unions, he wrote and published High Treason: The Plot Against the People (Lear, 1950), a post-1917 political history of the United States; and The Game of Death: Effects of the Cold War on Our Children (C&K, 1953).

Cameron and Kahn
In the early 1950s, Kahn and Angus Cameron, an eminent Little, Brown editor who had recently been blacklisted, formed the publishing firm Cameron & Kahn. In 1955 the firm published False Witness, the confession by Harvey Matusow, a former Communist and paid US government witness, that he had repeatedly lied under oath when testifying at House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) hearings. These were being conducted to explore purported communist infiltration of government, Hollywood, and publishing. Matusow's confession caused a political sensation.

Pending publication of the book (whose contents had been publicized), the US government subpoenaed Kahn, Cameron and Matusow to appear before a federal grand jury. The publishers were accused of bribing Matusow to falsely assert that he had committed perjury on behalf of the government. After months of hearings and thousands of pages of testimony, the grand jury declined to issue indictments against Cameron or Kahn.

Simultaneously with these grand jury proceedings, Kahn, Cameron, and Matusow were subpoenaed to testify before the United States Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, chaired by James Eastland (D-Mississippi). The purpose of the hearings was to determine whether publication of False Witness was the result of a Communist conspiracy to have Matusow lie in admitting perjury. The Senate committee did not assess the origin and consequences of Matusow's admitted perjury.

In the late 1950s Kahn wrote about the Matusow book and the aftermath of reaction to it. But his account was not published until eight years after his death, as The Matusow Affair: Memoir of a National Scandal (1987), by Moyer Bell. Angus Cameron wrote an introduction to the book.

Cameron and Kahn published books on a range of topics, including The Testament of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, by the couple convicted and executed for espionage. They also published Seeds of Destruction; The Truth about the U.S. Occupation of Germany by Cedric Belfrage. They also published the novel The Ecstasy of Owen Muir by Ring Lardner.

Breaking the blacklist
During the 1950s, Kahn had his passport revoked for refusing to sign an affidavit newly required by the federal government, as to whether or not he was or had ever been a member of the Communist Party. This was related to continued activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee and a campaign of fear led by Senator Joseph McCarthy, R-Wisconsin, claiming communist infiltration of government, publishing, and the entertainment industry. This requirement was ruled unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in a case involving Rockwell Kent, a noted painter and friend of Kahn.

Kahn finally broke the blacklist in 1962 when Simon & Schuster published his Days With Ulanova, an intimate portrait of the fabled Bolshoi Ballet ballerina, Galina Ulanova. Kahn received critical acclaim for this work.

On a trip to Moscow after Stalin's death, Kahn had met with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in the Kremlin. He proposed that they collaborate on the Soviet leader's autobiography. Khrushchev agreed, but was forced from office before the project was launched.

Other books written by Kahn included Smetana and the Beetles (Random House, 1967), a satire of the defection of Stalin's daughter to the United States; Joys and Sorrows (Simon & Schuster, 1970), cellist Pablo Casals's memoir, as told to Kahn; and The Unholy Hymnal (Simon & Schuster, 1971), a satirical exposé of the credibility gap of the Nixon administration and others.

Personal life and death
In 1950, Kahn was serving as president of the Jewish People's Fraternal Order (JPFO), a member organization of the umbrella International Workers Order. With IWO president Rockwell Kent, he attended a conference sponsored by the World Peace Council that resulted in a Stockholm Appeal, appealing for worldwide nuclear disarmament.

Kahn died on September 15, 1979, of a heart attack in Glen Ellen, California.

title: Albert E. Kahn


text:
User talk:Rokovsk

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 16:02, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Rokovsk


text: User:Dave Cohoe/header

title: User:Dave Cohoe/header


text:
New Bohemia, Virginia

New Bohemia is an unincorporated community in Prince George County, Virginia, United States, along U.S. Route 460. It was also once known as Wells or  Wells Station.

New Bohemia was established early in the 20th century by a group of Bohemian and Slovak immigrants who had previously settled in the industrial and mining sections of western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio. In the late 19th century, over 700 Czech and Slovak families settled Prince George and neighboring counties. They had been farmers in Europe and relocated to the area due to the availability of cheap farmland. Their success in rehabilitating worn-out farms, where production had almost vanished under monoculture tobacco production, and producing new crops such as peanuts, led to the immigration of other Bohemians and Slovaks, with a sprinkling of Germans, Austrians, Poles, Russians, and Lithuanians, many of whom came directly from their homelands. Some Bohemian and Slovak families who had homesteaded in the Midwest also moved back east and bought farms in Prince George. Historically, there was a strong connection between the Czech and Slovak communities in Baltimore and the Czech and Slovak communities in Prince George County, Virginia. The members of the two communities would often travel back and forth between Baltimore and Prince George County in order to cooperate on events.

In the late 1980s Interstate 295 was built through the area which brought commercial development to the previously rural community. Several farms were taken to construct the highway and a cloverleaf interchange at Interstate 295 and U.S. Route 460. Due to its location along the Norfolk Southern Railway at the junction of Interstate 295 and U.S. Route 460, and its close proximity to the junction of Interstate 95 and Interstate 85 much of the remaining farmland and timberland around New Bohemia has since been sold for commercial development including a large truck stop, and intermodal freight transport facilities. Several large tracts of land including a parcel previously used as a drop zone by the U.S. Army at nearby Fort Lee were acquired in the early 21st century by Prince George County for the development of an Industrial Park.

title: New Bohemia, Virginia


text:
Template talk:Chicago L

Untitled
yes, the interurbans operated on the tracks now known as a el. How does that make them on-topic for a box that lists the current el lines? I'm fine with the current lines having information about their history and links to the interurban articles, but there's no reason for them to be in this box, nor for the box to appear on the interurbans pages. Tedernst 16:02, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Why should the box be limited to current el lines? It should list former lines as well, which includes the interurbans that operated along the el. --SPUI (talk) 16:05, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

I don't understand that. The el is a current system so having a box on the current lines showing other current lines is logical and useful. The interurbans have never been part of that system, having ceased to exist as this system was created. And why would it make sense to put the current lines box in the interurbans page? I'm just not following how that's useful. I get how history is useful. The pages for the interurbans are very useful and interesting. And I think those articles should be linked from the lines in qusetion (you'll notice I linked to on from the yellow line as applicalbe). I just don't get the connection when listing all the current lines. --Tedernst

 * The way I see it, the el is a system that has existed since 1892, and the navbox should reflect that, as it is better to add the small amount of removed lines to the box than to make a separate box for those. --SPUI (talk) 20:38, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

The el is not a system that has existed since 1892. There were many different train lines that eventually were unified. The box is called CTA and is labeled Chicago Transit Authority and Chicago L. The Chicago L page doesn't even mention the interurbans at all. It does say the oldest segments date to 1892, but that's hardly the same thing. It's clearly talking about a present day system. What's the wikipedia policy on disagreements such as these? Tedernst 15:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The box is about the L. The link to the CTA is because the CTA relates to the L. --SPUI (talk) 20:55, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

I've been reading Categories, lists, and series boxes where it talks about how to use series boxes. I don't see how the articles about interurbans fit in with the articles about the CTA lines and thus should be linked through this box. Could you please let me know how you see things in light of this link? Tedernst 21:02, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

The defunct lines and names no longer in use are an interesting historical topic, but it seems rather silly to include them in the template, which needs to be kept rather minimal as it appears on several pages. Is the suggestion that the CTA template should include links to the rest of the CTA services (i.e. bus lines)? If so, it would be rather pointless as there aren't any articles to reference. siafu 23:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nah, it should be a template about rail operations in the El system. --SPUI (talk) 03:00, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Why? siafu 15:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

SPUI, did you read the guideline page I linked? Please let us know how you see the interurbans in this box fitting in with the guideline, or if this is a special case that doesn't fit in the guideline, please explain that to. Saying it just should be one way doesn't make it so. Please explain your reasoning. Thank you. Tedernst 06:15, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for renaming the template and making the el the focus. I like those changes. I still don't understand how the interurbans articles fit in with the blue line, red line, etc articles per the guideline page for boxes. Help me understand your reasoning? Tedernst 17:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

This is still the template for the Chicago L, and as such has all the lines on it. It needs to be kept short, because its a template, and the former interurbans are much more properly grouped with Metra and its lines than with the current CTA trains. siafu 17:51, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Alignment
The alignment for this template was changed from right to left a few times, apparently because of flow problems with the Chicago article. However, this template is also used on several CTA articles and a left-aligned table often conflicts with the table of contents on these articles. I would suggest either creating a new left-aligned template or otherwise removing it completely from the Chicago article. -- SmokeDetector47( TALK ) 21:54, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Order
Hey, this ranks about 5,678,837th on the list of most important things to fix on Wikipedia, but ... what's the rationale behind the current order in which the lines are listed on this template? When I re-added Pink Line, I put it right after Red Line, as the order appears to be the visible light spectrum (ROY-G-BIV), with brown added at the end. Would it not make more sense, though, to put them in chronological order of when service began, or in alphabetical order? Or maybe I have OCD. Just throwing it out there. Wiki Wistah 23:36, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Yellow Line (CTA) Red Line (CTA) etc
Yellow Line (CTA) Red Line (CTA) etc. Grade level and at grade or at-grade won't do. But what about street running? There is a problem. Peter Horn User talk 17:47, 3 October 2019 (UTC)
 * In this context street running does not make any sense. Ground level and surface are not helpful either. Peter Horn User talk 23:27, 3 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Right-of-way (transportation) does not quite work either. I propose a new article called at-grade railway. Peter Horn User talk 01:00, 4 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I also propose level grade railway Peter Horn User talk 20:41, 13 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Can you help out? Peter Horn User talk 20:48, 13 October 2019 (UTC)
 * At grade Peter Horn User talk 02:52, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Chicago L


text:
Rzepicha

Rzepicha (pronounced ) (also Rzepka) was the wife of the semi-legendary Piast the Wheelwright (founder of the Piast dynasty) and the mother of Siemowit. She is mentioned in Gallus Anonymus' Polish Chronicle (Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum), where her name is explicitly referred to twice.

Biography
According to Gallus Anonymus, she lived in the 9th century. Her ancestors are unknown. In the story described in the chronicle she keeps a house together with Piast and hospitably entertains two guests who came to Piast to celebrate their son`s first haircut.

title: Rzepicha


text:
American Family Publishers

American Family Publishers was an American company that sold magazine subscriptions. Founded in 1977, American Family Publishers (AFP) was one of America's leading marketers of magazine subscriptions. AFP was jointly owned by TAF Holdings, Inc. (a subsidiary of Time Inc.) and a group of private investors. It is best known for running sweepstakes in which a large amount of money was offered as the grand prize (in a range of several hundred thousand to one or more million dollars). The winner was chosen at random, by a professional auditing company, from among all who responded to the sweepstakes, regardless of whether a magazine subscription was purchased or not.

History
Originally based in Newark, New Jersey, then Jersey City, New Jersey, the company's tactics attracted controversy, since the mailings that accompanied the sweepstakes promotions, which invariably included a form via which the recipient could purchase magazine subscriptions, frequently included language that seemed to indicate that the recipient had already won a prize, or was a finalist who had improved chances of winning a prize, when this was not the case.

In a related phenomenon connected to the company's promotion tactics, news stories reported cases of elderly Americans traveling to Florida (the company, at least for some time, routed their mail through St. Petersburg, Florida) in an effort to collect the money that they believed they had won, because of the promotional language contained in the sweepstakes entry forms (for instance, their frequently used phrase You may have already won $10,000,000!, although mitigated by an introductory line that stated "If you have the winning number...," led people to believe that they had already won the major prize).

Television exposé have also aired that claim to reveal, through garbology, that the entries of people who did not order magazines were thrown away rather than entered into a random drawing; however, AFP claimed that this came from a misunderstanding of how AFP processed entries at that time. Most of AFP's entry envelopes had windows on the back revealing an OCR code to identify the customer and sweepstakes, as well as any magazine subscription stamps on the entry form. If a stamp appeared in the proper window, the envelope was opened for further processing; if not, the envelope was scanned for entry in the sweepstakes, then thrown away unopened. A separate checkbox below the return address also allowed AFP to process address corrections without opening the envelope. Star Search host Ed McMahon was the original spokesperson for American Family Publishers from its start and starting in 1993, Dick Clark (who co-hosted TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes on NBC with McMahon) later became co-spokesperson with McMahon.

These claims eventually led to litigation by the attorney general of several states against the company, resulting in court orders requiring changes in the way the company promoted the sweepstakes. The company complied, but increased lawsuits resulted in the company, which was 50% owned by Time, Inc., changing its name to American Family Enterprises. At that time, Time Inc. took a more hands-on role in the business, filing for bankruptcy in 1998.

Competitors
Publishers Clearing House (PCH) was a competitor to American Family Publishers that ran similar sweepstakes. The two companies were often mistaken for each other. Star Search host Ed McMahon worked for both companies according to a 1992 interview .The $25,000 Pyramid host Dick Clark was a spokesperson for AFP as well. PCH remains in business and promotes its products by means of sweepstakes.

title: American Family Publishers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Youkhanna

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Wikibofh 22:26, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Youkhanna
This is vanity and unencyclopaedic. We do not even have an article on the village in question, yet there is this article on the headman's family. The article is correct in saying that Youkhanna is the name John in some Aramaic dialects, but is not anymore noteworthy than that. Gareth Hughes 16:05, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. — Gareth Hughes 16:05, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment is there some hoax going on here? See for an unlikely juxtaposition of Youkhanna+Rayes+Araden.     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   16:44, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Probably the same person as "Youkhanna Reyes ... of the Aradin Society (Detroit, U.S.)" (Google's cache of http://www.atour.com/zenda/previous/19971215.htm, an online magazine). Something slightly odd about it but perhaps just a poor and unclear article; I for one am certainly not informed enough to judge the authenticity & worth of the article and whether it could/should be salvaged. Flapdragon 17:52, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ...though I don't see that the lack of article on the village (Araden/Aradin) has any relevance. Perhaps it should have one, since it seems to have some notability. Flapdragon 18:16, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Gareth Hughes has been bashing all of my contributions to Wikipedia. I an Aramaic/Syriac speaking Assyrian according to Gareth Hughes know less about myself and origination than he does. I beg to differ.

 * I am Gareth Hughes: I speak Syriac. I'm not bashing you: I simply believe that you are writing nonsense. The fact is that this is not an encyclopaedic article. If you want to write something about the name Youkhanna, it should be added to the article on John as an alternative spelling. If you want to write something on Araden, then it should be titled Araden. However, this is really about a bit of both, and is not worthy of being an encyclopaedia entry. --Gareth Hughes 10:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per Gareth Hughes, or redirect to John. Rd232 18:11, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Arzu Özyiğit

Arzu Özyiğit Bildirir (born Arzu Özyiğit; October 16, 1972) is a Turkish female former basketball player. The 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) international competitor played in the center position. She is currently serving as a general manager of Fenerbahçe.

Özyiğit started basketball in 1984 with Botaş Spor in Adana. After she played with several clubs like İÜSK, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, Özyiğit moved to the Greek club Panserraikos in 2002. Özyiğit returned home and played for Fenerbahçe, Kocaeli BB and Beşiktaş.

She was 5-time member of the Turkish girls’ and 190-time member of the Turkish women's national team, a record in the country. Özyiğit won 18 champion title with her clubs. She is the first player in Turkey, who won the championship at four different teams. The latest one with Beşiktaş as the team's captain in 2005. She transferred to Mersin BB team in July 2005.

Özyiğit was also captain of the gold medal-winning team at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería, Spain. She could not play at the final match because of complications with her pregnancy, but the team dedicated the medal to her.

In 2009, she became trainer of the Turkey under-20 women's national basketball team that participated at the 2009 FIBA U20 championships held in Gdynia, Poland. She served in 2010 also as trainer at a basketball school in Kartal, Istanbul. In November 2010, Arzu Özyiğit returned to active sports transferring to Canik Belediyespor, a club in Samsun Province, which plays in the Turkish Women's Basketball Second League (TKB2L).

In June 2003, she married businessman Mustafa Bildirir. He owns an Italian cuisine restaurant "Pulcinella" at Kozyatağı neighborhood in Kadıköy district of Istanbul, where she also helps out whenever she finds time.

title: Arzu Özyiğit


text: Talk:Shigaku zasshi

title: Talk:Shigaku zasshi


text:
The Law of Peoples

The Law of Peoples is American philosopher John Rawls' work on international relations. First published in 1993 as a short article (1993: Critical Inquiry, no.20), in 1999 it was expanded and joined with another essay, "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited" to form a full-length book. Rawls's basic distinction in international politics is that his preferred emphasis on a society of peoples is separate from the more conventional discussion of international politics as based upon relationships between states. It is an attempt to show "how the content of a Law of Peoples might be developed out of a liberal idea of justice similar to, but more general than, the idea I call justice as fairness" (L.P. p. 3).

The Society of Peoples
By 'peoples', Rawls means "the actors in the Society of Peoples, just as citizens are the actors in domestic society" (L.P. p. 23). Peoples share three features: a common system of government; what John Stuart Mill called 'common sympathies' (XVI of Mill's Considerations, 1862); and a moral nature. Although the Law of Peoples is supposed to be part of liberal foreign policy, the peoples Rawls talks about are not necessarily liberal. 'Decent hierarchical peoples' also feature as parties to the Law of Peoples, though 'burdened societies', 'outlaw states' and 'benevolent absolutisms' do not. The inclusion of 'decent hierarchical peoples' is demanded by the notion of toleration, a notion Rawls sees as integral to liberalism. In part, the Law of Peoples is an attempt to show how far international toleration by liberal societies can reasonably be expected to extend.

By 'Law of Peoples', Rawls means "a particular political conception of right and justice that applies to the principles and norms of international law and practice" (L.P. p. 3). This political conception of justice is arrived at through the device of the 'original position' – a hypothetical arrangement whereby representatives of each of the peoples get together with the aim of determining principles that will govern the terms of their association. The principles yielded by this process make up the content of the Law of Peoples. The eight principles are:

 * 1) "Peoples (as organized by their government) are free and independent, and their freedom and independence is to be respected by other peoples."
 * 2) "Peoples are equal and parties to their own agreements."
 * 3) "Peoples have the right of self-defense but no right to war."
 * 4) "Peoples are to observe a duty of non-intervention."
 * 5) "Peoples are to observe treaties and undertakings."
 * 6) "Peoples are to honor human rights."
 * 7) "Peoples are to observe certain specified restrictions on the conduct of war (assumed to be in self-defense)."
 * 8) "Peoples have a duty to assist other peoples living under unfavorable conditions that prevent their having a just or decent political and social regime."

Ideal vs Non-Ideal Theory
The content-giving part of Rawls' thesis belongs to Ideal Theory, it is an attempt to define how different peoples who are just, or at least decent, should behave with respect to one another. Rawls refers to this ideal conception as a "realistic utopia": realistic because it could and may exist; utopian because it "joins reasonableness and justice with conditions enabling citizens to realize their fundamental interests" (L.P. p. 7). This is a continuation of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s idea that any attempt to discover sure principles of government must take "men as they are and laws as they might be" (The Social Contract; opening passage). Thus, the Law of Peoples is realistically utopian: it is an attempt to show "how reasonable citizens and peoples might live peacefully in a just world" (L.P., Preface, p.vi).

It is typical of Rawls' approach that he focuses on ideal theory and does not discuss to any great extent non-ideal theory, which involves considering the proper response to injustice. However, in dealing with international relations the questions arising from the highly nonideal conditions of the real world with its great injustices and widespread social evils cannot be put aside. Thus Rawls considers how a "well ordered" people (liberal or decent) should behave towards outlaw or burdened societies that cannot be considered decent.

Criticisms
It has been argued that cosmopolitan interpretation of John Rawls‘ theory of justice as fairness is a more reasonable alternative to the application of The Law of Peoples at the global level. According to this view, an arbitrary limitation of the scope of applicability of justice as fairness is embodied in the specification of the conception of the person as a citizen and of society as a constitutional liberal democratic nation-state. Moreover, it is argued that the conception of toleration, on which these specifications of fundamental ideas into particular conceptions ultimately rely, is disanalogous between the domestic and international context and incompatible with the foundational commitments of a political theory of justice in The Law of Peoples.

title: The Law of Peoples


text:
User:Blackmagictea

I've contributed to or created the following:

 * Corinne Griffith - Silent film and early talking picture actress.
 * Dorothy Kelly - Forgotten vitagraph silent film actress
 * Pre-Code - films made before the 1934 code took affect.
 * Jaroslava Schallerová - Popular Czech and Hungarian actress.
 * Paul Albert Steck - Late 19th century French painter
 * Peggy Shannon - Tragic stage and screen actress of the 1930's.
 * Robert Cornelius - Pioneer of photography.
 * Three on a Match - 1932 film starring Bette Davis, Joan Blondell, and Ann Dvorak.
 * Valerie a týden divu - Cezch novel written in 1935 / film made in 1970.
 * Fannie Ward - Early silent film actress and vaudeville performer. Her career spanned into her late 60's.

title: User:Blackmagictea