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Bowens International

Bowens International was founded as Bowens Camera Service Company, a London-based camera repair company, in 1923 which by the 1950s had grown to be one of the largest in Europe. In 1963, the name Bowens International LTD. was registered. In June 2016 German investment firm AURELIUS bought Bowens, and in July 2017, AURELIUS closed down the company, discontinuing all further operations.

Company history
Bowens manufacture d lighting equipment for photographers. The first flash bulb units were produced in 1947 and in 1950 the company started to produce its first electronic studio flash systems.

Until the 1960s, studio flash systems were large and cumbersome, requiring bulky power generators to power the flash heads, connected by large cables. In 1963, Bowens invented the first electronic studio flash unit with its power source built into it. This became known as a monobloc (sometimes monolite) which is now an industry standard tool.

Following this invention the company dedicated itself to the design and production of studio flash equipment, Bowens Sales & Service grew out of the Bowens Camera service company and in 1966 they made their first appearance at photokina showing their products to the worldwide photography community and taking their first steps towards global distribution.

In 1968 they produced an update to the Monobloc, The Monolite 400 and later products such as Quad, Prolite and Esprit have also proved popular amongst photographic professionals.

The company produced studio flash systems and photographic accessories, designed in Colchester, England and manufactured at its factory in Suzhou, China from 2010. The main competitors of Bowens International included Broncolor, Profoto, Elinchrom, Multiblitz, Visatec and White Lightning.

The company was acquired together with Calumet in June 2016 by the German based venture capitalists Aurelius in June 2016 and then entered liquidation in July 2017 citing competitive pressures. RSM Restructuring Advisory LLP were appointed liquidators of the company on 16 August 2017. 26 staff lost their job in the UK and the factory in China was closed.

Products
Bowens offered many products, ranging from their compact flash units, to their softboxes and accessories. The Bowens S fitting remains a widely used standard for attaching modifiers to flash heads.

Litebook
In July 2008 Bowens published the first issue of litebook, a quarterly magazine devoted to profiling photographers and photographic studios working with Bowens lighting products.

Bowens TV
Bowens YouTube channel showed the latest news regarding the company and its products. A series of five-minute tutorials called "Hough To" (A pun on the surname of the presenter Christian Hough) show a variety of creative lighting techniques using Bowens products. A series of short videos entitled "Behind the Picture" (the company's strapline) follow photographers as they set up and work on shots.

title: Bowens International


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Steinar Nilsen

Steinar Nilsen (born 1 May 1972) is a Norwegian football coach who has been in charge of Tromsø and Brann in the Norwegian Premier League.

As a player, he played as a central defender at Tromsø and also had a notable stay in Italy's Serie A and Serie B, before retiring in 2004. He won two caps for Norway.

He is the brother of Roger Nilsen.

Player career
Nilsen played for Tromsø between 1989 and 1997, before he was sold to A.C. Milan. Nilsen then moved on to S.S.C. Napoli, before returning to Tromsø in 2003.

Tromsø
After Per Mathias Høgmo resigned his job as head coach of Tromsø in 2005, Nilsen became assistant coach to Otto Ulseth, Høgmo's former assistant. A horrible start to Tromsø's season saw Ulseth fired and Nilsen promoted to head coach. This move was criticised by many Norwegian sports commentators, with some, especially Ivar Hoff, claiming it would assuredly mean Tromsø would be relegated. However, Nilsen turned Tromsø poor form around, and after a good run in the autumn-part of the season, the team avoided relegation. Nilsen also led Tromsø to a historic UEFA Cup victory over Galatasaray, making Tromsø the first Norwegian team (together with Viking) to reach the UEFA Cup's group stage. At the end of the 2005-campaign, Nilsen stepped down from his position as head coach of Tromsø, despite urges from many fans for him to stay longer.

In 2006, following another string of bad results, Tromsø's head coach Ivar Morten Normark was fired and Nilsen once more stepped in as a replacement for the remainder of the season, in hopes that he could save Tromsø from relegation. Nilsen's effect was not as noticeable on the team this time, however, and with four matches left of the season Tromsø I.L. looked like they would almost certainly be relegated. However, a string of three consecutive wins at the end of season put Tromsø in 10th place, meaning Nilsen had once more saved Tromsø from relegation.

In 2007, his first full season as Tromsø-manager, Nilsen led Tromsø to a comfortable 6th-place finish, just a few points shy of European qualification.

SK Brann
In November 2008 Nilsen signed a three-year contract with Brann, to become the successor of Mons Ivar Mjelde. Under his command, Brann finished 5th in the 2009 Tippeligaen, a step up from an 8th place under Mjelde in 2008.

On 21 May 2010 Nilsen's spell as head coach for Brann ended. He was relieved of his contract after a poor start to the season, including an early exit from the Norwegian Cup.

Pundit
Recently, Nilsen has worked as a pundit at the Norwegian broadcaster MAX.

In August 2012, Dagbladet named Nilsen a candidate for succeeding Per-Mathias Høgmo at Tromsø after the 2012 season.

Tromsø
On 16 September 2013 he was signed as Agnar Christensen's assistant coach at Tromsø, but on 1 October he was promoted to head coach when Christensen was sacked, with Nilsen's old teammate Sigurd Rushfeldt becoming the new assistant coach. In December 2013, Tromsø announced that Nilsen had signed a three-year contract as head coach of the club, with a clear ambition of promotion back to Tippeligaen after the 2014 season. And he did, but he lost his job again on 18 August 2015 for reasons undisclosed by the management.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Steinar Nilsen


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User:GraemeL/Deletion

The text below was posted to the WikipediaEN-l by Alphax and is reproduced here with his permission. It is by far the most level headed approach to the whole deletion controversy that I have come across.

Spelling corrections and formatting by me.

A problem on traffic circles
There's a famous (or rather, infamous) one in Adelaide: Britannia Roundabout.

Worst traffic nightmare in the city. Many plans have been made (but never carried through) about what to do with it, from turning it into traffic lights to building over & underpasses.

 * Does it exist? Yes.
 * Is it verifiable? Yes.
 * Have books been written about it? Probably not.
 * Has it appeared in the media? Yes.
 * Should I write an article about it? Maybe.
 * Would said article be speedy deletable? No.
 * Would said article be deleted via AfD? Probably.
 * Is there enough information to make it to Featured status? Maybe.

What should I do?

Put it in Major roads in Adelaide, South Australia or similar.

Inclusion/deletion
Including things for the sake of inclusion is BAD. You end up with junk. Wikipedia is not a place to braindump.

Deleting things for the sake of deleting is BAD. If it's true, verifiable, NPOV, etc. it's the sort of information Wikipedia is able to accept. Wikipedia is an Encyclopedia. It is SUPPOSED to have INFORMATION.

Inclusionists and Deletionists are playing what they think is a zero-sum game. It's WORSE than that: the mere presence of their mindless ranting is actually HURTING Wikipedia. By arguing over what should be kept/deleted, we lose information. We lose readers. We lose editors.

What does not appear on the history tab and on my contributions is lost information that hurts additional information. But the sting of loss also trains the mind to value add. Doing what one is good at but better is happiness.

The solution
Become more encyclopedia-like.

For just about every value of X, where the number of total X is sufficiently large, we can make more logical and more comprehensive articles by MERGING the bits of information we have (which on their own, are perma-stubs) into more comprehensive articles on the topic.

In doing so, we play a BETTER than zero-sum game. We build articles that a "traditional" encyclopedia would be jealous of. We HELP Wikipedia by having articles that both retain information and look professional.

Just remember:

 * Every time you arbitrarily delete an article, you lose a potential editor, who says to themselves, "What a stupid bunch of morons! They deleted the article on X!"

 * Every time you arbitrarily keep an article, you lose a potential editor, who says to themselves, What a stupid bunch of morons! They have an article on X!"

 * If you are careful to only delete things which are copyvios, original research, neologisms, dicdefs, and speedy deletable (and they are the ONLY criteria under which things should be deleted), you will only keep INFORMATION.

 * If you are careful only to keep things which are verifiable, informational, and non-trivial (which is what an ENCYCLOPEDIA should have), you will only delete JUNK.

 * If you use common sense, remember what NPOV is, and merge into DECENT ARTICLES, you will save a lot of bother.

Wikipedia is an Encyclopedia.

Wikipedia is not an experiment in democracy.

Don't stuff beans up your nose.

For great encyclopedia!

title: User:GraemeL/Deletion


text:
Viva Rapid Transit

Viva is the bus rapid transit operations of York Region Transit in York Region, Ontario, Canada. Viva service forms the spine for YRT's local bus service, providing seamless transit service across York Region with connections to northern Toronto.

Viva was designed and built using a public–private partnership (P3) model. York Region partnered with York Consortium, which comprises seven private sector firms with international experience in transit design, architecture, construction and operations. Under the terms of the partnership agreement, public sector responsibilities include establishing fare policies and service levels, ownership of all assets, and control of revenues and funding. Private sector responsibilities include providing professional staffing and procurement support, assuming risk on all approved budgets and schedules, and assisting York Region in its funding and financing requirements.

Viva opened in stages commencing September 6, 2005. The second stage opened on October 16, 2005, the third on November 20, 2005, the fourth on January 2, 2006, and the fifth on January 27, 2008.

, four routes are in operation: Viva Blue, Viva Purple, Viva Orange, and Viva Yellow, which opened in November 2015. In addition, Viva Pink is temporarily suspended and Viva Green is a former route.

Overview
Viva is the first phase of York Region's rapid transit plan to reduce traffic congestion.

The service uses high-end Belgian-built Van Hool and Canadian-built NovaBus buses referred to as "rapid transit vehicles" (RTVs). To maximize speed, buses make use of existing or specially lengthened right-turn lanes bypass lineups at intersections, and of bus-only lanes and roads to avoid traffic. When behind schedule, they are given priority at traffic signals.

Viva operates 18 hours a day, 7 days a week, from 5:30 am to midnight on weekdays, 6:30 am to midnight on Saturdays and 8:00 am to midnight on Sundays. During peak hours (6:30 am to 9:00 am and 4:00 pm to 6:30 pm), buses arrive every three to ten minutes depending on the route. Outside of peak hours, buses arrive 10 to 45 minutes apart.

Stops along the routes are branded as "Vivastations" and incorporate a curbside ticket vending machine and a Presto card reader (fares are on a proof-of-payment basis to speed up boarding times). A real-time display notifies passengers when the next vehicle is expected to depart. Viva stations within York Region are blue, except where they are part of a theme in historic areas. In Toronto, the stations are red.

Viva is integrated with YRT's conventional bus network. Routes connect to Toronto subway stations both in Toronto, on the Yonge branch of Line 1 Yonge–University, and within York Region itself on the University branch of Line 1, with two stations – Vaughan Metropolitan Centre and in Vaughan – having opened on December 17, 2017. Viva also makes connections with GO Transit at commuter rail stations and most bus terminals.

Routes
As YRT’s mandate does not include local service in the city of Toronto, Viva vehicles travelling south of Steeles Avenue (the regional boundary) do not pick up passengers when travelling southbound to connect to Toronto subway stations and do not allow passengers to disembark when travelling north.

In 2009, YRT/Viva bus schedules became available on Google Transit; trip planning, detours, and fare information are available to riders over the Internet.

In April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, rush hour routes Viva Blue A (which bypasses Richmond Hill Centre Terminal), Viva Green, and Viva Pink were temporarily suspended until further notice. On August 14, 2023, YRT confirmed that Viva Green and Viva Blue A service would not resume.

Major locations and terminals
Viva operates at several major locations and terminals, with Viva stations (the names of the stations in brackets) at:

 * Finch Bus Terminal – north of Finch TTC station. An elevator and Viva fare machines are available.
 * Newmarket Terminal – across from Upper Canada Mall on Davis Drive, at Eagle Street West (Newmarket Bus Terminal).
 * Richmond Hill Centre – Yonge Street at Highway 7/Highway 407 next to Silvercity Richmond Hill theatres.  Langstaff GO Station is accessible through a pedestrian overpass.
 * Promenade Terminal – in Vaughan on the north side of Promenade Mall (T&T Supermarket), on Centre Street west of Bathurst Street.
 * Bernard – on east side of the mall on Yonge Street at Bernard, just north of Elgin Mills Road.
 * Unionville Station – located adjacent to the Highway 407 and Kennedy Road interchange (exit 88) in the city of Markham.
 * Markham-Stouffville Hospital – located near the hospital on Church St. and Country Glen Road. in Markham near 9th Line and Highway 7.
 * Vaughan Metropolitan Centre – Located on Highway 7 west of Jane Street
 * Cornell Terminal – located immediately south of Markham-Stouffville Hospital on Rustle Woods Avenue.

Some station shelters along Yonge Street north of Steeles along Yonge utilize Gablet roof design: Clark Avenue, John Street, Centre Street, Royal Orchard, Bay Thorn.

Fares and payment
Viva services are covered by the same fare structure as conventional YRT bus routes. This means riders can transfer between Viva and regular YRT services without paying an additional fare. Riders can also transfer from TTC buses operating in York Region, assuming that they have paid the YRT fare when boarding the TTC bus (when in York Region) or exiting the TTC bus (when travelling to York Region from Toronto) as well as Brampton Transit's bus rapid transit counterpart, Züm. Additionally, Presto card and contactless credit and debit card paying customers who pay single Viva bus fares using their stored card balance are eligible to transfer to or from GO Transit services at discounted co-fare rates through the "Ride to GO" program.

To reduce time spent boarding passengers, Viva routes employ a proof-of-payment fare system. Drivers do not handle fare collection, and riders must purchase their single-ride tickets from "oneRide" ticket machines, available at all Vivastations and terminals, before boarding. The machines accept exact cash fares (coins only, no change provided) and credit and debit cards. Single-ride fares are valid for two hours after purchase on bus routes operated by YRT, Brampton Transit, as well as TTC-operated bus routes operating in York Region. In July 2011, the Presto card was launched in York Region, providing another payment method: riders can tap their Presto card – or, since May 2023, a contactless credit or debit card – on the Presto machine located beside the ticket vending machines prior to boarding Viva buses. In July 2017, the mobile YRT Pay app was also launched. Fares are valid for unlimited travel within two hours after purchase. YRT special constables occasionally board buses to check if passengers have paid their fares and are travelling within the two-hour time window, which, even if expiring while on board a vehicle, can result in a fine.

Rapidways
Often referred to as a transitway or busway by other transit authorities, the term "rapidway" is used to describe the bus-only lanes being designed as part of the bus rapid transit component of the VivaNext plan. The proposed benefit of the rapidways is that Viva vehicles will be able travel faster than before, by avoiding the congestion associated with mixed traffic. While most rapidways will be located in the centre median of roadways, they may also be located curbside to accommodate certain conditions. Rapidway projects funded for construction in York Region are located on Davis Drive, Highway 7 and Yonge Street. Eventually, rapidways could be replaced with a light rail transit system.

History
In November 2008, the provincial transportation agency Metrolinx selected two infrastructure projects for construction beginning in 2009, including major components of the VivaNext plan. Metrolinx gave its final approval to a $7 billion, five-year capital plan that includes over $1 billion for construction of several rapidways.

In the spring of 2009, the Province of Ontario committed $1.4 billion for rapidway construction. The Cornell Terminal in Markham has received $5.6 million in funding through the provincial government's "Quick Wins" program.

Davis Drive rapidway
The Davis Drive rapidway in Newmarket extends 2.6 kilometres from Yonge Street to the Southlake Regional Health Centre.

In November 2009, pre-construction activities, such as utility relocation, planning and geotechnical investigations began for the Davis Drive rapidway. Additional pre-construction activities, such as soil testing, archaeological assessments, building demolition, and removal/relocation of light poles and signs will continue through to the end of 2010. The project was completed in 2015.

Highway 7 rapidway
The Highway 7 rapidway is planned to eventually extend from Highway 50 in Vaughan to Cornell Terminal in Markham. It will connect three major urban centres in York Region; Vaughan Metropolitan Centre, Richmond Hill/Langstaff, and Markham Centre.

All stops from Wigwoss-Helen in Vaughan to Post Rd in Markham are currently operational as of January 2020.

Yonge Street rapidway
The Yonge Street rapidway will extend north along Yonge Street from Richmond Hill Centre Terminal at Highway 7 to Green Lane in Newmarket.

The first segment, which extends from Davis Drive to Sawmill Valley Drive/Savage Road in Newmarket, opened on 5 January 2020. The second segment between Highway 7 and 19th Avenue/Gamble Road opened in December 2020.

Vehicles and fleet rosters
Viva's buses are referred to as Rapid Transit Vehicles (RTVs) by York Region Transit. Viva operates 56 Van Hool buses and 47 Nova buses. All Viva vehicles are wheelchair-accessible.

YRT also has 12 electric buses (New Flyer XE40 and NovaBus LFSe), which first entered service as a trial in 2019.

Future extensions
The VivaNext plan includes the Yonge North Subway Extension of the Yonge subway line north from Finch to Richmond Hill Centre. The Environmental Project Report for the Yonge North Subway Extension was unconditionally approved by the Ministry of the Environment in 2009. This 6.7-kilometre extension is one of the top 15 priority projects of Metrolinx, the provincial transportation agency. A conceptual design contract was initiated in 2010 to maintain momentum on the project and provide a stronger foundation for moving it forward.

Viva Network Expansion Plan (VNEP)
The Viva Network Expansion Plan (VNEP) was York Region's plan to expand the size of Viva's bus rapid transit network. Beginning 2015 through to 2020, the system would have expanded to include six full-service lines and one rush hour line. These expansion plans would have complemented the region's new bus rapidways and subway lines as they opened.

By 2020, the following lines were planned to be in service: As of 2022, Viva Orange has not been extended to Highway 50 and the branch to the Finch subway was not accomplished. Viva Green was not rerouted to run along Leslie Street and Major Mackenzie East. Viva Silver was not established.
 * Viva Blue (Yonge) between Finch Subway – Newmarket Terminal (all times), with a branch bypassing Richmond Hill Centre (rush hour only).
 * Viva Purple (Highway 7 East) between Richmond Hill Centre – Cornell Terminal (all times), with a branch detouring to Enterprise Blvd (all times except rush hour).
 * Viva Orange (Highway 7 West) between Richmond Hill Centre – Highway 50 (all times), with a branch between Finch Subway – Highway 50 (all times).
 * Viva Yellow (Davis) between Newmarket Terminal – Highway 404 (all times).
 * Viva Green (Leslie / Major Mackenzie East) between Don Mills Subway – Harding (all times).
 * Viva Silver (Jane / Major Mackenzie West) between Vaughan Metropolitan Centre Subway – Newkirk (all times).
 * Viva Pink (Yonge / Highway 7 East) between Finch Subway – McCowan (rush hour only).

In 2022, York Region Transit will begin service on the Viva Silver route, which will serve Vaughan Metropolitan Centre north on Jane Street to Major Mackenzie Drive, and east to Richmond Hill GO Station.

Yonge North subway expansion plan
The future Yonge North subway expansion is planned to run 6.8 km kilometres north from Finch station in Toronto along Yonge Street, which straddles the Markham/Vaughan boundary within York, to the Richmond Hill Centre Terminal at Highway 7 and will include four stations in York.

2008 driver strike

Viva's 170 bus operators are members of Amalgamated Transit Union Local 113, which also represents most unionized staff (over 10000 drivers, ticket collectors and maintenance workers) for the TTC.

On September 25, 2008, 160 operators walked off the job at 4 a.m. Sixty-one percent of the operators rejected the contract that had been offered the previous week. There was no Viva service during the strike, although 40 percent of regular YRT routes continued to operate as its drivers are represented by a different local of the ATU that did not go on strike.

On October 10, 2008, 65% of the operators voted to accept the contract that they rejected on September 25, ending the 16-day strike. Service resumed at 6 a.m. on October 11, 2008.

title: Viva Rapid Transit


text:
James Whyte (Australian politician)

James Whyte (30 March 1820 – 20 August 1882) was a Scottish-born Australian politician who served as the sixth Premier of Tasmania, from 20 January 1863 to 24 November 1866. Before moving to Tasmania, Whyte was a pioneering sheep-farmer in western Victoria. He and his brothers perpetrated the Fighting Hills massacre of 40–80 Aboriginal people in Victoria while recovering stolen sheep.

Early life
James Whyte was born near Greenlaw, Berwickshire, in the Scottish Borders, the son of George Whyte (died 1836), a captain in the yeomanry, and his wife Jessie (née Walker).

The family emigrated to Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) in 1832, and as a young man Whyte was a pioneer sheep-farmer in Victoria's western district with his brothers, managing the approximately 57,000 acre Kononwotong sheep run near present-day Coleraine, Victoria.

James later gained wealth from the discovery of gold at a property at Clunes, Victoria, in which he was a partner. It was developed into the Port Phillip Gold Mine. He returned to Tasmania in 1853.

Whyte and his brothers are recognised as pioneers of Coleraine, Victoria with the Main Street named after them.

Aboriginal massacres
In 1840 James, his brothers and their convict servants perpetrated the Fighting Hills massacre – their party killing between 40 and 80 Jardwadjali Aboriginal people while recovering stolen sheep. The party suffered no deaths despite furious resistance by the Aboriginal people. One of the coloniser's party was speared. The Jardwajali people fled in a moment of confusion after one of the attackers died in friendly fire.

A month later stockmen from the Whyte brothers' station were involved in another massacre of up to 60 Jardwadjali people, the Fighting Waterholes massacre.

His obituary later understated these incident saying:"'The difficulties with the savage aborigines were very great, and had to be overcome.'"In 1845, the Konongwootong sheep run was divided - James took 8,000 acres of land, and named the run Koroite.

Political career
Having failed to win a seat in 1854, Whyte was elected to the Legislative Council for Pembroke in 1856. After serving briefly as a minister under the premiership of Thomas Gregson and serving as chairman of several council committees, he became premier and colonial secretary on 20 January 1863. His government engaged in road and rail development, in public service reform, and in fiscal reform including an unpopular proposal for a property and income tax which was to cause its downfall in November 1866. In 1869–70 he was involved in framing laws to prevent the spread of scab disease in sheep, and was chief inspector of sheep from 1870 until 1882. He continued as an active member of committees until 1875, retiring from parliament in 1876.

Other works
Whyte was an active and philanthropic Presbyterian Christian, a fellow of the Royal Society of Tasmania, and an original proprietor of the Tasmanian Daily News (incorporated with the Hobart Town Daily Mercury in 1858). He was married three times:
 * (1) in January 1852 to Sarah Wilkinson (died in childbirth, November 1852);
 * (2) in May 1857 to Elizabeth Gregson, elder daughter of Thomas Gregson (died 1865);
 * (3) in June 1868 to Elizabeth Coverdale, daughter of Dr John Coverdale, superintendent of an orphanage at New Town.

Whyte died in Hobart in 1882, leaving one son, James Wilkinson Whyte who later was the Tasmanian Recorder of Titles.

title: James Whyte (Australian politician)


text:
Brezovica

Brezovica may refer to:

Croatia

 * Brezovica, Osijek-Baranja County, a village near Marijanci
 * Brezovica, Virovitica-Podravina County, a village near Gradina
 * Brezovica, Zagreb, a city district of Zagreb
 * Brezovica Forest, located near Sisak, headquarters for the 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment in occupied Yugoslavia
 * Brezovica Žumberačka, a village near Ozalj, Karlovac County

Kosovo

 * Brezovica, Kosovo, a settlement in the Municipality of Štrpce, Kosovo
 * Brezovica ski resort, a ski resort

Montenegro

 * Brezovica, an alternate name for Beška (Island), in Lake Skadar

Serbia

 * Brezovica, Čačak, a village in Moravica District
 * Brezovica, Gornji Milanovac, a village in Moravica District
 * Brezovica, Ub, a village in Kolubara District
 * Brezovica, Vlasotince, a village in Jablanica District
 * Brezovica, Trstenik, a village in Rasina District
 * Nova Brezovica, a village in the municipality of Vranje, Pčinja District
 * Stara Brezovica, a village in the municipality of Vranje, Pčinja District

Slovakia

 * Brezovica, Sabinov, a village and municipality in Prešov Region
 * Brezovica, Tvrdošín, a village and municipality in Žilina Region

Slovenia

 * Blatna Brezovica, a village in the Municipality of Vrhnika, Inner Carniola
 * Brezovica na Bizeljskem, a village in the Municipality of Brežiče, Styria
 * Brezovica pri Borovnici, a village in the Municipality of Borovnica, Inner Carniola
 * Brezovica pri Črmošnjicah, a village in the Municipality of Semič, Lower Carniola
 * Brezovica pri Dobu, a village in the Municipality of Domžale, Upper Carniola
 * Brezovica pri Gradinu, a village in the Municipality of Koper, Littoral
 * Brezovica pri Ljubljani, a village in the Municipality of Brezovica, Inner Carniola
 * Brezovica pri Medvodah, a village in the Municipality of Medvode, Upper Carniola
 * Brezovica pri Metliki, a village in the Municipality of Metlika, White Carniola
 * Brezovica pri Mirni, a village in the Municipality of Mirna, Lower Carniola
 * Brezovica pri Predgradu, a village in the Municipality of Kočevje, Lower Carniola
 * Brezovica pri Stopičah, a village in the Municipality of Novo Mesto, Lower Carniola
 * Brezovica pri Trebelnem, a village in the Municipality of Mokronog-Trebelno, Lower Carniola
 * Brezovica pri Zlatem Polju, a village in the Municipality of Lukovica, Upper Carniola
 * Brezovica v Podbočju, a village in the Municipality of Krško, Lower Carniola
 * Brezovica, Hrpelje-Kozina, a village in the Municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina, Littoral
 * Brezovica, Radovljica, a village in the Municipality of Radovljica, Upper Carniola
 * Brezovica, Šmarješke Toplice, a village in the Municipality of Šmarješke Toplice, Lower Carniola
 * Brezovica, Velika Polana, a village in the Municipality of Velika Polana, Prekmurje
 * Brezovica, Zagorje ob Savi, a former village in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi, Upper Carniola, now part of Tirna
 * Dolenja Brezovica, Brezovica, a village in the Municipality of Brezovica, Inner Carniola
 * Dolenja Brezovica, Šentjernej, a village in the Municipality of Šentjernej, Lower Carniola
 * Gorenja Brezovica, Brezovica, a village in the Municipality of Brezovica, Inner Carniola
 * Gorenja Brezovica, Šentjernej, a village in the Municipality of Šentjernej, Lower Carniola
 * Municipality of Brezovica, Inner Carniola

title: Brezovica


text: File:Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science logo.gif


text:
Shmuel Hasfari

Shmuel Hasfari (Hebrew: שמואל הספרי; b. 26 August 1954) is an Israeli playwright and screenwriter. He was artistic director of the Cameri Theatre.

Biography
Shmuel Hasfari was born in Ramat Gan to Holocaust survivor parents from Poland; theirs was a religious family. He began theater studies at Tel Aviv University but left to join an alternative theater company that won first prize at the Acco Festival of Alternative Israeli Theatre in 1982. Hasfari is married to actress and writer Hanna Azoulay Hasfari. They have three sons and live in Tel Aviv.

Plays
His works include Kiddush, Shivaa, Hametz, Acordionim, Tashmad and Milano. Huppah Shchorah (Black Wedding Canopy) was performed in 1981 at the Acco Festival.

Awards and recognition
Hasfari is considered one of Israel's leading playwrights. He won an Ophir Award for best director for his 1994 film, Sh'Chur. It was also the 1994 official Israeli submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

His play, ''Isha. Ba-al. Bayit (The Master of the House)'' won a 2003 Award for Best Play in Israel,. While still running at the Cameri Theater, it had its American premiere at the Laguna Playhouse in March 2007, directed by Richard Stein.

title: Shmuel Hasfari


text:
Buchnera

Buchnera may refer to:
 * Buchnera (bacterium), a genus of proteobacteria
 * Buchnera (plant), a plant genus from the family Orobanchaceae

title: Buchnera


text:
Charles Astor Bristed

Charles Astor Bristed (October 6, 1820 – January 14, 1874) was an American scholar and author, sometimes writing under the pen name Carl Benson. He was the first American to write a full-length defense of Americanisms and is the earliest known person to use the term "conspiracy theory".

Biography
Charles was born in New York City, New York, the son of the Reverend John Bristed, an Episcopal clergyman from a New England family, and Magdalena Astor. After his mother's death in 1832, Charles went to live his with grandparents, fur-trader John Jacob Astor and Sarah Todd at their home, "Hellgate" where many famous writers of the day, including Washington Irving and Fitz-Greene Halleck, visited. His mother was the eldest child of John Jacob Astor and his maternal uncle was William Backhouse Astor Sr.

He graduated from Yale College in 1839 with honors, and from Trinity College, Cambridge, England, in 1845, taking numerous prizes and being made a foundation scholar of the college.

Career
He returned to the United States in 1847. Bristed amused himself by contributing articles, poetical translations, critical papers on the classics, and sketches of society to various journals, and in 1849 edited Selections from Catullus, for school use. In 1850, he published "Letters to the Hon. Horace Mann", being a reply to some strictures upon the characters of Girard and Astor. In 1852, a collection of his sketches on New York Society entitled "The Upper Ten Thousand", appeared in the Fraser Magazine. At the same time, he published Five Years in an English University, in which he described the manners, customs, and mode of life but little understood in the United States.

Bristed exhibited in his writings a keen appreciation of men and books. His wide scholarship makes his essays valuable and marks his criticisms with the best qualities of a trained university man. He also published many clever poetical translations from the classics. In his later years, Bristed resided in Washington, D.C. He was a frequent contributor to the Galaxy under the pen-name "Carl Benson", and published The Interference Theory of Governments, a book denunciatory of tariff and prohibitory liquor laws, and Pieces of a Broken-down Critic. Bristed was also one of the trustees of the Astor Library from its founding.

He made the earliest known use of the term "conspiracy theory", in a letter to the editor published in The New York Times on January 11, 1863. Bristed used it to refer to claims that British aristocrats were intentionally weakening the United States during the American Civil War in order to advance their financial interests.

Personal life
Upon his return to New York in 1847, Bristed married his first wife, Laura Whetten Brevoort (1823–1861), sister of James Carson Brevoort.

After his first wife's untimely death of heart disease, he married Grace Ashburner Sedgwick (1833–1897), the daughter of Charles Sedgwick and Elizabeth Buckminster Dwight, by whom he had two sons and a daughter:

 * John Jacob Astor Bristed (1847–1880), who died in his 32nd year.

 * Charles Astor Bristed, Jr. (1869–1936)
 * Mary Rosa Donnelly (1866–1931) - Married in 1894
 * Clementina Hill (1880–1958) - Married in 1932.

 * Cecilia Bristed, an adopted daughter who inherited most of the estate of her brother, John.

Bristed died in Washington, D.C., on January 14, 1874. His funeral was held in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

title: Charles Astor Bristed


text:
Stafford Springs, Connecticut

Stafford Springs is a census-designated place located in Stafford, Connecticut, United States. The population was 4,780 at the 2020 Census. The village was a borough until November 1991, when it was disincorporated.

Located near the source of the Willimantic River, the mill industry grew in the town due to its location and became the largest industry in the area. The village has the Holt Memorial Fountain and the former railroad station.

In the 18th century, the spring at Stafford Springs was famous for its reputed ability to cure "the gout, sterility, pulmonary, hysterics, etc." In 1771, John Adams, then a young lawyer, visited Stafford Springs for several days after suffering from overwork and anxiety.

Stafford Springs was once the headquarters of Station C of the Connecticut State Police, and subsequently was the site of the Troop C Barracks.

Currently Route 32, Route 190, Route 19, and Route 140 pass through or originate in the village.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.41 mi2 (16.6 km2), of which 6.37 mi2 (16.5 km2)  is land and 0.036 mi2 (0.093 km2)  (0.56%) is water.

title: Stafford Springs, Connecticut


text: Category:BitTorrent websites

title: Category:BitTorrent websites


text:
Partonopeus de Blois

Partonopeus de Blois is a long poem in the chivalric romance genre written in Old French in the 1170s or 1180s. Its author is unknown, but some scholarly studies indicate Denis Pyramus.

Plot
Partonopeus is represented as having lived in the days of Clovis, king of France. He is seized while hunting in the Ardennes, and carried off to a mysterious castle with invisible inhabitants. Melior, empress of Constantinople, comes to him at night, stipulating that he must not attempt to see her for two and a half years. After successfully fighting against the Saracens, led by Sornegur, king of Denmark, he returns to the castle, armed with an enchanted lantern that breaks the spell. The consequent misfortunes have a happy ending.

The tale had a continuation giving the adventures of Fursin or Anselet, the nephew of Sornegur.

Analogues
The tale is in essence a variant of the legend of Cupid and Psyche. The name Partonopeus (or Partonopex) is generally assumed to be a corruption of Parthenopaeus, one of the Seven against Thebes, but it has been suggested that the word might be linked to Partenay, due to the points of similarity between this story and the legend of Melusine (see Jean d'Arras) attached to the house of Lusignan, as the lords of these two places were connected. The story has also been compared with the Arthurian story of Le Bel Inconnu.

The romance, or a subsequent version of it, was translated into Old Norse as Partalópa saga.

title: Partonopeus de Blois


text: User talk:24.53.71.212

title: User talk:24.53.71.212


text:
Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper

In physical cosmology, the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper, or αβγ paper, was created by Ralph Alpher, then a physics PhD student, his advisor George Gamow, and Hans Bethe. The work, which would become the subject of Alpher's PhD dissertation, argued that the Big Bang would create hydrogen, helium and heavier elements in the correct proportions to explain their abundance in the early universe. While the original theory neglected a number of processes important to the formation of heavy elements, subsequent developments showed that Big Bang nucleosynthesis is consistent with the observed constraints on all primordial elements.

Formally titled "The Origin of Chemical Elements", it was published in the April 1948 issue of Physical Review.

Bethe's name
Gamow humorously decided to add the name of his friend—the eminent physicist Hans Bethe—to this paper in order to create the whimsical author list of Alpher, Bethe, Gamow, a play on the Greek letters α, β, and γ (alpha, beta, gamma). Bethe was listed in the article as "H. Bethe, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York". In his 1952 book The Creation of the Universe, Gamow explained Hans Bethe's association with the theory thus: "The results of these calculations were first announced in a letter to The Physical Review, April 1, 1948. This was signed Alpher, Bethe, and Gamow, and is often referred to as the 'alphabetical article'. It seemed unfair to the Greek alphabet to have the article signed by Alpher and Gamow only, and so the name of Dr. Hans A. Bethe (in absentia) was inserted in preparing the manuscript for print. Dr. Bethe, who received a copy of the manuscript, did not object, and, as a matter of fact, was quite helpful in subsequent discussions. There was, however, a rumor that later, when the alpha, beta, gamma theory went temporarily on the rocks, Dr. Bethe seriously considered changing his name to Zacharias.

The close fit of the calculated curve and the observed abundances is shown in Fig. 15, which represents the results of later calculations carried out on the electronic computer of the National Bureau of Standards by Ralph Alpher and R. C. Herman (who stubbornly refuses to change his name to Delter)."

After this, Bethe did work on Big Bang nucleosynthesis.

Alpher, at the time only a graduate student, was generally dismayed by the inclusion of Bethe's name on this paper. He felt that the inclusion of another eminent physicist would overshadow his personal contribution to this work and prevent him from receiving proper recognition for such an important discovery. He expressed resentment over Gamow's whimsy as late as 1999.

Main shortcoming of the theory
The theory originally proposed that all atomic nuclei are produced by the successive capture of neutrons, one mass unit at a time. However, later study challenged the universality of the successive-capture theory. No element was found to have a stable isotope with an atomic mass of five or eight. Physicists soon noticed that these mass gaps would hinder the production of elements beyond helium. Just as it is impossible to climb a staircase one step at a time when one of the steps is missing, this discovery meant that the successive-capture theory could not account for higher elements.

It was eventually recognized that most of the heavy elements observed in the present universe are the result of stellar nucleosynthesis in stars, a theory first suggested by Arthur Stanley Eddington, given credence by Hans Bethe, and quantitatively developed by Fred Hoyle and a number of other scientists.

However, the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow theory does correctly explain the relative abundances of the isotopes of hydrogen and helium. Taken together, these account for more than 99% of the baryonic mass of the universe. Today, nucleosynthesis is widely considered to have taken place in two stages: formation of hydrogen and helium according to the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow theory, and stellar nucleosynthesis of higher elements according to Bethe and Hoyle's later theories.

title: Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper


text: Category:Candidates in the 1982 Mexican presidential election


text:
Battle Abbey Roll

The Battle Abbey Roll is a commemorative list, lost since at least the 16th century, of the companions of William the Conqueror, which had been erected or affixed as a memorial within Battle Abbey, Hastings, founded ex-voto by Duke William  on the spot of the slaying of King Harold in the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Traditional sources
It is known to modern historians only from supposed 16th century copies of it published by Leland, Holinshed and Duchesne, all imperfect and corrupt. Holinshed's is much the fullest, but of its 629 names several are duplicates. The versions of Leland and Duchesne, though much shorter, each contain many names found in neither of the other lists.

Several names on the role are disputed; Camden, as did Dugdale after him, held them to have been interpolated at various times by the monks, "not without their own advantage." Later writers went further, Sir Egerton Brydges denounced the roll as "a disgusting forgery," and E. A. Freeman dismissed it as "a transparent fiction."

Duchess of Cleveland's work
A three-volume work by Wilhelmina, Duchess of Cleveland (1819–1901), published in 1889, entitled The Battle Abbey Roll with some Account of the Norman Lineages attempts to vindicate the existence of an original roll and consists of short histories and discussions concerning the origins of several hundred English families of Norman origin, based the names supposedly contained in the Battle Abbey Roll, as given in Holinshed's list, "the most spurious of them all." Her associated genealogies received approval from the meticulous genealogist Horace Round (1895) who declared that her "elaborate work" has "much excellent genealogy".

Volumes
Cleveland, Duchess of, The Battle Abbey Roll with some Account of the Norman Lineages, 3 volumes, London, 1889:
 * Vol.1, London, 1889
 * Vol.2, London, 1889
 * Vol.3, London, 1889

Auchinleck Manuscript Roll
There exists a copy of the Battle Abbey Roll which predates Leland's supposed copy by two centuries, which was not apparently known to the Victorian antiquarians. It forms one section (folios 105v-107r) of the mid-14th-century manuscript known as the Auchinleck manuscript, one of the greatest treasures of the National Library of Scotland. Produced in London in the 1330s, it acquired its name from its first known owner Alexander Boswell, Lord Auchinleck, who discovered the manuscript in 1740 and donated it to the precursor of the National Library in 1744.

Bliss compared the names given in 55 manuscripts and printed versions of lists of purported companions, and concluded that they all derived from three original lists, of which Auchinleck was the earliest extant version of one. Foord has also compared several lists, including Auchinleck.

Assessment
It is probable that the character of the roll has been quite misunderstood. It was not apparently a list of individuals, but only of family surnames, and seems to have been intended to show merely which families had "come over with the Conqueror," and to have been compiled in about the 14th century. Although 1066 was more than a century before the widespread use of heraldry, it may have been an early precursor of the rolls of arms, common in the 13th and 14th centuries, for example the Roll of Caerlaverock made by English heralds in 1300 to record the knights present during King Edward I's siege of Caerlaverock Castle, Scotland. The compiler of the Battle Abbey Roll appears to have been influenced by the French sound of names, and to have included many families of later settlement, such as that of Grandson, which did not in fact come to England from Savoy until two centuries after the Conquest. The roll itself appears to have been unheard-of before and after the 16th century, but other lists were current as early as the 15th century, as the Duchess of Cleveland noted citing in the introduction to her work the 1426 Chronicle of John Brompton, Abbot of Jervaulx in Yorkshire, in which he announced his intention of giving a catalogue of those who came over with the Conqueror as contained in a "piece of old French verse".

Modern lists
In 1866 a proposed list of the Conqueror's followers, compiled from Domesday Book and other authentic records, was set up in the church of Dives-sur-Mer in Normandy by Léopold Delisle, and is reproduced in the Duchess's work. Its contents are sufficient to show that the Battle Roll is of dubious evidential value. The fact remains that only 15 of the combatants at Hastings in 1066 can be named with certainty, as given in Cokayne's The Complete Peerage, while this list of Companions of William the Conqueror has been expanded to 21 individuals by subsequent scholars, most notably D. C. Douglas in 1943, based on circumstantial evidence.

title: Battle Abbey Roll


text:
United Bank of India

United Bank of India (UBI) was an Indian nationalized bank which provided financial and banking services. Established in 1950 and headquartered in Kolkata, the bank was nationalised by the government of India in 1969 becoming one of public sector banks in the country. The bank has been amalgamated with Punjab National Bank, along with Oriental Bank of Commerce, with effective from 1 April 2020.

History
UBI was the result of the merger in 1950 of four Bengal-based banks: Comilla Banking Corporation (founded by Narendra Chandra Dutta in 1914 in what is now Bangladesh), Bengal Central Bank (founded by J. C. Das in 1918), Comilla Union Bank (founded by Indu Bhusan Dutta in 1922) and Hooghly Bank (founded by D. N. Mukherjeee in 1932). All four had suffered runs in December 1983 after the failure of the Nath Bank. The Reserve Bank of India assisted the banks in amalgamating to form United Bank of India.

In 1961, UBI merged with Cuttack Bank (est. 6 June 1913) and Tezpur Industrial Bank (est. 6 June 1918, as the first commercial bank in Assam province). Four years later, in 1965, the government of Pakistan took over the bank's branches in Pakistan.

On 19 July 1969, the government of India nationalised UBI, along with 13 other major Indian commercial banks. At the time of nationalisation UBI had only 174 branches. In 1973, UBI acquired Hindustan Mercantile Bank (est. 1944). In 1976, UBI acquired Narang Bank of India, which had been established in 1943 in Narang, Gujarat.

Amalgamation
On 30 August 2019, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that United Bank and Oriental Bank of Commerce would be merged with Punjab National Bank. The proposed merger would make Punjab National Bank the second largest public sector bank in the country with assets of inr 17950000000000 and 11,437 branches. MD and CEO of UBI, Ashok Kumar Pradhan, stated that the merged entity would begin functioning from 1 April 2020. The Union Cabinet approved the merger on 4 March 2020. Punjab National Bank announced that its board had approved the merger ratios the next day. Shareholders of Oriental Bank of Commerce and United Bank will receive 1,150 shares and 121 shares of Punjab National Bank, respectively, for every 1,000 shares they hold. The merger came into effect since 1 April 2020. Post merger, Punjab National Bank has become the second largest public sector bank in India

On 30 March 2009, the Indian government approved the restructuring of United Bank of India. The government proposed to invest 2.5 billion rupees in shares by 31 March and another 5.50 billion in the next fiscal year in Tier-I capital instruments. The move is part of the Indian government's program to improve the capital base of the state-owned banks. UBI gets SEBI approval for Rs 1,000 crore equity issue via QIP On 22 November 2017, United Bank of India (UBI) said it has received SEBI's approval for issue of equity shares worth Rs 1,000 crore by way of institutional placement.

On 1 April 2020, the bank along with Oriental Bank of Commerce has been merged with Punjab National Bank, making it as the second largest public sector bank in India.

Controversy over Non-performing Assets (NPAs)
In February 2014, an RBI-appointed forensic audit by Deloitte found serious lapses in the Non-performing asset detection system of the bank. It is yet to be established whether this oversight on the part of the bank was deliberate or unintentional.

The bank has reported a loss of ₹1,238 crore during Q3 of the 2013-14 fiscal year, resulting in a downgrade of its tier-II bonds by ICRA, an associate of Moody's Investor Service. United Bank of India's reported NPA of 10.82% is the highest in percentage among listed banks in India.

Delivery channel based products

 * ATM with cash recycler at many branches
 * Varieties of debit card like platinum and moments card
 * Internet banking
 * Mobile banking
 * Prepaid card
 * SMS banking
 * United E passbook application
 * United wallet for utilities payment
 * United credit card
 * United UPI Bhim application

title: United Bank of India


text:
Talk:English-language vowel changes before historic /l/

From the old Talk:Salary-celery merger talk page
Many sentences in this article remind me of a post I originally made on this post. But I didn't actually write this article. (There's also a phrase that looks word-for-word from something by Brynmor Thomas who has published on the New Zealand merger.) Please don't do that again—ask first! —Felix the Cassowary ( ɑe hɪː jɐ ) 14:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC) 64.200.124.189 15:51, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Is the stereotype that Australians in other states without the merger often reverse /{l/ and /el/ true?

"However, due to the very small number of people participating in the study the results cannot be considered convincing." This needs justification, not just peremptory declaration that the results "cannot be considered convincing." At least relax the claim to something along the lines of "some scholars judge that..." and then cite them. 68.99.193.145 (talk) 21:57, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

Other Vic-NZ shared features?
The article has just been changed to say that the salary/celery merger is one of few changes, rather than the only change, NZ and Vic have in common that the rest of Oz skips. What are the others? I can't think of any, but then, as a Victorian I mightn't notice them. Is this just a rewording to make the statement less absolute, rather than an actual acknowledgement of change? —Felix the Cassowary ( ɑe hɪː jɐ ) 04:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Wrong symbol?
I'm 99% sure that the phonetic symbol that should be here is /ɛ/, not /e/, and am changing the article accordingly. 151.196.55.136 22:18, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Because the front vowels of Australian English are generally higher than those of British or American English, /e/ is standardly used. See Australian English phonology for discussion and references. --Angr (t·c) 22:19, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * There you go. That's 1% of doubt for you.  Same goes for NZE ... actually more so for them. Jimp 22Dec05

From the old Talk:Foot-goose and full-fool mergers page
Rubbish! AusE foot is whilst AusE goose is. The distinction is both length & position. Jimp 21Dec05

 * You've misread it. It was talking about before, where for many Australians (at least) the position is nearly merged & length becomes the primary or only queue. I've clarified the para (I hope) and removed the dubious template. —Felix the Cassowary ( ɑe hɪː jɐ ) 13:29, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I see. Jimp 22Dec05

From Golf-gulf merger
I'm moving all this here in case it's deleted. User:Jimp 22Dec05 If it's decided that this should be kept then I suggest merging Golf-gulf merger here. Jimp 07:22, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Article:Golf-gulf merger
The golf-gulf merger is a conditioned vowel merger that occurs in some varieties of Australian English that causes as in gull to merger with  as in doll when it occurs before a consonant, making gulf and golf homophones, that occurs in some variaties of Australian English. The merger does not occur when and  occur at the end of a word, so dull and doll are still distinct as  and, but golf and gulf are merged as. In some other varieties of Australian English before a consonant merges with  instead of  making 'culture' sound like coal-ture, but hull and hole are still distinct because the  and  occur at the end of a word rather than before a consonant.

An exception to both these mergers before a consonant sound is when the consonant sound occurs across a morpheme boundary, as in gulls, which usually remains being pronounced.

A similar but reverse merger occurs in some forms of New Zealand English, particularly in the North Island. In this, it is the sound that is being lost, replaced by. It is notable in words like warrior, which in some instances is indistinguishable from worrier.
 * But worry (and therefore worrier) can have (the LOT vowel) in New Zealand. It's a spelling pronunciation. Are you sure it's not the other way around? Mr KEBAB (talk) 07:25, 11 October 2017 (UTC)

Talk:Golf-gulf merger
Are there any words besides gulf subject to this so-called merger? And can anyone provide published evidence of the existence of it? --Angr/undefined 2 July 2005 20:06 (UTC)

 * Yes: multiply; pulse; bulk; culture (as the article says) etc. In general, any monomorphemic word with the sequence /ɐ/ + /l/ + consonant. No. — Felix the Cassowary 05:02, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Also cult and colt. I believe it's real.  Felix and I both being Aussies have it.  However, I don't have any published evidence on hand and without that I'd have to say it should perhaps go.  Jimp 06:31, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

map
A map for comparing the fill-feel and full-foolmergers would be a greataddition to this article. Circeus 23:25, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Yolk-Yoke Merger?
I've heard the word "yolk" both pronounced with the letter L in it and without, almost exactly like the word "yoke", but with a bit more lip-curling (I think that's it.. I haven't studied phonology too much), almost as if the lips were curling to form a W sound before the K.

I've also noticed some people pronouncing "poke" and "polka" similarly, as well as "folk."

I haven't found these items on Wikipedia and was wondering if they should be added someplace on this page.

 * This isn't really a merger. The "l" sound in "yolk", "polka" and "folk" was lost long ago. Some people may pronounced "yolk" with an "l" today, but that would be a spelling pronunciation. I've added a section about it at phonological history of English consonants. Voortle 23:56, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced Mention of Victorian Usage of Salary / Celery
From article: "The salary-celery merger is a conditioned merger of /æ/ (as in bat) and /e/ (as in bet) when they occur before /l/, thus making salary and celery homophones.[1][2][3]

This merger occurs in the English spoken in New Zealand and the Australian state of Victoria. "

There are no references for the latter statement in this article. I have deleted the statement. Please add a referenced version if you can find it.

Note also that reference 2 above is a 404.

 * It is too referenced at the end of the paragraph, ie, as by Cox & Palethorpe, 2003. 203.220.171.69 12:04, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I have mentioned this issue and this external publication in this other discussion, and I have specified that Cox and Palethorpe's testing utilised just one group of Victorian speakers: 13 fifteen-year-old girls from the same school in Wangaratta. If we are going to use it as a reference in an article that makes claims about all of Victoria, it's fair to point out that this study tested just one homogenous group in one small regional area of Victoria, with no one in Melbourne or surrounding areas being tested. Asa01 23:23, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

salary-celery merger original research
This bit sounds a bit like original research to me: It is one of the very few features that New Zealand and Victoria share that the rest of Australia doesn't also share with New Zealand.

This article lays out what Cox and Palethorpe discovered. By this further synthesis of those findings seems like it is getting into murky OR territory. Asa01 00:11, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Los Angeles South Bay
This is definitely happening in Southern California. I've noticed it since starting to hang around with people from the South Bay (Torrance, Carson, etc.). I'll get the phonetic transcription soon, but for now I'll just say that they say "tal" instead of "tell"; "Hallen" instead of "Helen"; "allay" instead of "ellay" for "LA"; etc.

I haven't done any formal research, but I have a Masters degree in linguistics, so I know more or less what I'm talking about. Is anyone interested in studying this? Can anyone recommend what I should do to study it properly?

Forgot who I was. Jerry 15:07, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

This is California Vowel Shift. The lowering of (I'm using X-Sampa here) /E/ to /{/, especially after /l/ or dark-l /5/. Very common in SoCal actually. --190.0.133.177 (talk) 07:31, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

"chulldren"
Should there be a mention somewhere of the seemingly ever more common pronunciation, in BrE at least, of the word children as "chulldren" (first syllable rhyming with "pull"). Listening to a radio documentary about education on the BBC some time ago I was struck by the number of contributors -- not least, the "child care professionals" -- using this pronunciation. Anyone know of any references to this phenomenon? -- Picapica (talk) 18:37, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Good point! It’s true that very many people mispronounce it like that.  I think some Americans may do so too.  It should be looked into.  — Chameleon 07:16, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

vile-vial merger
Dictionaries list "vile" as a monosyllable, but "vial" as a disyllable. But as an approximate RP speaker, I pronounce these as homophones. Similarly "mile" rhymes with "dial" for me. How about a section on this? Mark314159 (talk) 03:08, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I had read about a real-reel merger somewhere... but unfortunately there's a band called "Reel 2 Real" which makes Google useless in finding that page. -- A. di M. (formerly Army1987) — Deeds, not words. 16:50, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that this merger is complete. All such words have a slight schwa after the diphthong.  They all have one and half syllables, if you will.  :-)   Something similar applies to flour-flower, dire-dyer, etc.  A person would have to be really thinking about the spelling to make a distinction in pronunciation.   — Chameleon 07:23, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * A vile-vial merger is not unique to RP (or approximate RP), or even to BrE. It exists in the transitionary area between Inland Northern American English and Northeast Pennsylvania English.mcornelius (talk) 23:20, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Are there any published sources referring to this as the "vile-vial merger"? +Angr 06:12, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

Broken links
Reference 8, http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phonoatlas/Atlas_chapters/Ch9/Ch9.html, no longer exists, but it is still available from the Internet Archive, at http://web.archive.org/web/20061028164228/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phonoatlas/Atlas_chapters/Ch9/Ch9.html, as well as earlier versions. Mark314159 (talk) 02:07, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I have now made this correction to the article. Mark314159 (talk) 00:30, 7 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I have also changed references 2, 3, and 5, Cox and Palethorpe papers, to point to Internet Archive copies - there are some problems with loading these PDFs, but they are better than dead links. Mark314159 (talk) 01:57, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Doll/dole merger
Surely this merger is not confined to Londoners? Afaik it's pretty widespread in Australian English. Me, I only distinguish them in careful speech. Poll/pole is the same. Roll/role I would never distinguish. (OTOH col/coal I would never merge). Stevage 12:36, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * In most accents of English, doll doesn't rhyme with poll and role, though. Doll has the vowel ( in RP), while poll, pole, roll, role, and coal all have the  vowel ( in RP). There are actually very few words that end in  in a word-final stressed syllable; see wikt:Rhymes:English:-ɒl. —Angr (talk) 20:58, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Interesting. My point wasn't that there isn't normally a distinction, but that the merger isn't confined to London - afaik. Stevage 23:17, 3 February 2011 (UTC)
 * My point was just that doll/dole is the only one of the pairs you mentioned that isn't normally homophonous anyway. AFAIK everyone merges poll/pole and everyone merges roll/role. If the exact pair doll/dole is merged in Australian English, then yes, the merger isn't confined to London. But we'd still need a reliable source showing the merger in Australia to add it to the article. —Angr (talk) 23:25, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Interesting. I could be wrong, but I would have thought around here the poll/pole distinction was made more frequently than doll/dole. (Ok, took a survey, N=1, turns out I'm wrong.) But yes, I don't have any sources, so I guess this isn't going anywhere. :) Stevage 09:00, 6 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Make that N=2 and my input is that doll and dole are perfectly homophonous. I really wish we had some reliable sources to back this up, but I suppose most readers will realise the mistake anyway, just from their own experience. D 4 g 0 t h u r  11:56, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

Call-Cool merger
I've noticed this merger in my own dialect of Australian English but despite all my attempts, I haven't turned up anything on it. If anyone knows of any scholarship on it, I'd like to see it added to the page... if no such works exist, perhaps I should go back to university and do a paper on it myself. D 4 g 0 t h u r 11:51, 31 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree with this merger, I'm from near Cambridge in the UK. /kɔːl/ sounds a little posh to me strangely. I've also been trying to find out if there's a reason for this merger. 79.75.108.102 (talk) 11:14, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Also agree. Call-cool, fall-fool, etc. I think this is an alteration to the standard pronunciation of 'all' in general.
 * "fool-fall" type mergers, or near-mergers, are discussed in the following blog post: http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/people-fool-in-love-extended/ I may work on adding it to the article in the future if I have time. Urszag (talk) 01:43, 19 October 2017 (UTC)

L-vocalization
I'm going to copy most of the English section of L-vocalization to this article because it falls under the subject of this article and the article seems incomplete without it. If anyone has an objection, let me know. (suoı̣ʇnqı̣ɹʇuoɔ · ʞlɐʇ) nɯnuı̣ɥԀ 20:18, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

Other: l̩
Why does the Other section list "l̩" under IPA for all the words? That's not how the IPA actually lists those words. Helping end world sexual repression. (talk) 05:00, 11 October 2017 (UTC)
 * The source (Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006:73) doesn't necessarily say that the four mergers are happening concurrently or mention the resulting vowel quality of each merger. So I suspect whoever instated the "Homophonous pairs" table was misguided. Nardog (talk) 05:27, 11 October 2017 (UTC)

The doll-dole merger.
It is stated within the article that: Where the is not word-final, however, the distinction is not recoverable. That may lead to sold having the same vowel sound as solve as well as hypercorrections such as for solve (RP ). There do not appear to be any minimal pairs in this environment since RP and  are in more-or-less complementary distribution in stressed syllables, with  before  and  (e.g. golf, dolphin, solve, revolve) and  elsewhere (e.g. bolt, polka, gold, soldier, holster). This does not appear to be entirely true. Yes, it could be said that and  are in more-or-less complementary distribution in stressed syllables, but there are too many exceptions to treat that as a rule. Moreover, one such anomaly, the word polka, is mentioned as a supposed example of compliance with this principle, even though it most palpably is not. Other exceptions I can think of include solder, Volga, eschscholtzia, doldrums, dolman and molto. Despite a statement to the contrary within the cited section, there even seems to be a minimal pair in this environment: volt (the unit, pronounced ) and volte (in fencing or as part of volte-face, pronounced ). Could we fix the aforesaid inaccuracies? Maciuf (talk) 15:48, 27 October 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ngoyo

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. --Jacquelyn Marie 04:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Ngoyo
Inaccurate. --posted by Beerbuzz on Ngoyo article at 10:37 UTC 1 October, 2005; reproduced here by Dvyost 14:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I've finished the postings for Beerbuzz's AfD to try to act in good faith here, but I don't think the deletion of this article is called for.  There may well be some inaccuracies--it currently seems put together from a few net sources--but the kingdom of Ngoyo clearly does exist, and was a Iron Age kingdom in Cabinda.  There's even a scholarly book on the subject 1.  I think the best thing to do here is to fix whatever inaccuracies there may be.  --Dvyost 14:52, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If the article is inaccurate, please help correct it. Pburka 16:57, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep inaccuracy is not a reason for deletion, just improvement. --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 22:10, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If it's inaccurate, edit it to make it accurate. Ben D. 23:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ngoyo


text:
User talk:Gsdlova

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Tekana (O.o) Talk 14:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

copyrighted material
Please stop adding copyrighted material from to wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. please read Policies and guidelines for help on understanding what you are doing wrong. If you still need help, please leave a message on my talk page Thank you Tekana (O.o) Talk 14:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi, I have reverted a number of your changes since they appear to be taken directly from other websites, while it's a great thing that you want to help. you can't just take text from AKC.ORG or other websites and copy it into wikipedia. If you want to help, the best idea is to get information about the dogs from multiple sources and write an article in your own words. Feel free to comment on any of our talk pages if you need any help. Trysha (talk) 23:25, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Note: User was also warned before these two notices at User talk:165.121.147.29, which I have reason to believe the user read because the edits stopped for 15 minutes immediately after I posted, then resumed at 1-5 minute intervals again. Elf | Talk 16:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

The same is true for photos; if you are not the creator of the photo, it'll be hard to justify putting it on a public-domain site like Wikipedia. Elf | Talk 02:11, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Save the Children
Why did you start changing this article from British English to American English? --BozMo talk 20:15, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Hardcore Computer
A tag has been placed on Hardcore Computer, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be blatant advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 03:53, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Leonberger
While I would not disagree with "reddish brown" as being more common, I'm not sure that's the breed standard. And I've seen sand-colored Leos (rare). Just a thought. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 23:16, 4 May 2009 (UTC) Stan

title: User talk:Gsdlova


text:
User:MalayroyChoudhury

Just as what Stefan Mallarme was for Symbolists,Ezra Pound was for Imagists,Andre Breton was for Surrealists and Allen Ginsberg was for the Beats, so is Malay Roychoudhury(1939)for the Hungryalist Movement in Bengali Literature.The movement is now known the world over as the "Hungry Generation" due to the infrequent bilingual(Bengali and English) Bulletins of the same name published by Malay which took Calcutta(renamed as Kolkatta) by storm with the appearance of its first issue in November 1961.

Initially the Movement was spearheaded by Malay,his elder brother Samir Roychowdhury,Shakti Chattopadhyay and Haradhon Dhara alias Debi Roy.Latter on thirty more poets and artists joined them,famous among them being Benoy Majumdar, Utpal Kumar Basu,Falguni Ray,Subimal Basak,Tridib Mitra,Shambhu Rakshit and Anil Karanjai.

The Movement gradually petered out after 1965,but today the Hungryalist Movement is being hailed as the most important paradigm shift in postcolonial Bengali creative literature.Malay has been identified as a major Postmodern poet and novelist.Nevertheless, Malay remains the single most controversial thinker throughout these four decades.Over these periods he has experimented with all genres .Amongst his work  the most discussed about are poetry collection, "MEDHAR  BATANUKUL GHUNGUR", novel , "NAAMGANDHO", drama ,"ILLOT" and short story ,"ALOUKIK DAMPATYA".

Malay has translated into Bengali the works of Blake(Marriage of Heaven and Hell),Rimbaud( A Season in Hell),Tristan Tzara (Dada Manifestos and poems),Coctau (Crucifixion),Blaise Cendrars (Trans Siberian Express), as well as Ginsberg(Howl and Kaddish) who had stayed with Malay's parents in 1963.

The HAOWA 49 quaterly magazine has published in January 2001 a 300 page speacial issue exclusively devoted to Malay which discusses the works of Malay by sixty critics .Gale Research ,Ohio had published his autobiography in CAAS Vol 14.Dhaka Bangla Academy And Northwestern University, Illinois have archives on Malay/Hungry Generation.

Lakshmi Narayan Roychoudhury ,grandfather of Malay and Samir, who hailed from Savarna Choudhury clan(Job Charnok purchased Calcutta from the clan), was the pioneer photographer- artist who had established a mobile firm in 1886 and moved from one princely state to another drawing life-size oil paintings of Maharajas and their kin.Malay's father Ranjit carried on the vocation till his death in 1991.Malay's mother Amita died in 1982.

Malay now resides in a small apartment in Kolkata with his wife Shalila who was a hockey player from Nagpur when Malay first met her.Their daughter Anushree (with husband Prashant) and son Jitendra reside in Bombay.

title: User:MalayroyChoudhury


text: User:Inteloutside~enwiki

title: User:Inteloutside~enwiki


text:
User talk:Inteloutside~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Inteloutside. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Inteloutside~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:31, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:04, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Inteloutside~enwiki


text:
HMS Clio (1807)

HMS Clio was a Cruizer-class brig-sloop of the Royal Navy, launched at James Betts' shipyard in Mistleythorn in Essex on 10 January 1807. Her establishment was 71 officers and men, 24 boys and 20 marines. She served in the Baltic during the Napoleonic Wars, accomplished the re-establishment of British rule on the Falkland Islands in 1833, and participated in the First Opium War. She was broken up in 1845.

Napoleonic Wars
In February 1807 Commander Thomas Folliott Baugh commissioned her and sailed her to the Leith Station on the North Sea. Here he succeeded in taking several prizes, but not until 1808.

The first appears to have been the Helyra, Hook, master, from Bergen, which Clio sent into Leith in July. Then on 21 September 1808, while she was cruising off Fleckoro, Clio captured a small Danish privateer armed with six guns and carrying a crew of eleven men. The captured vessel arrived at Leith on 12 October.

On 7 December she captured the Vrouw Heltya.

On 30 March 1808, during the Gunboat War, Clio entered Tórshavn, the capital of the Faroe Islands, and briefly captured the fort at Skansin. The fort surrendered without firing a shot as the landing party approached. The landing party spiked the fort's eight 18-pounder guns and took all the smaller guns and weapons before leaving. Shortly after, on 6 May, a German privateer who had assumed the name "Baron von Hompesch" plundered the defenceless city and seized the property of the Danish Crown Monopoly. The Admiralty Prize Court, however, refused to condemn it as a lawful prize. Later, after the Jørgen Jørgensen affair (see also HMS Talbot), Britain declared the Faroese, the Icelanders, and the settlers in Greenland as "stranger friends" who were to be left in peace.

After this adventure Clio captured some more Danish vessels. On 10 August she captured the Vrou Sophia. On 1 September she captured the Junge Jacob and the Wilhelmina Frederica. On 21 September she captured two more, names unknown, which she sent in to Gothenburg.

More small prizes followed in 1809. On 23 February 1809, Clio took five Danish vessels. Another account has her capturing seven Danish privateers and arriving at Whitby with one of them on 26 February.

She detained an American vessel that was sailing from Hambro to Petersburg and sent her into Leith, where the vessel arrived on 23 May. On 7 September she captured the Danish galliot Providentia and on 14 September the sloop Speculation. On 7 November she, with HMS Childers (1778) in company, captured Danish schooner No. 32. Then on 15 and 16 November she captured the Danish vessels Three Children, Perlin, St Ola, and Fine Smaakin. One of these may have been the vessel that arrived at Leith on the 17th. Two more Danish vessels arrived at Leith on 5 December.

Baugh was promoted to Post-captain on 21 October 1810. While temporarily under the command of Lieutenant M.J. Popplewell (acting), she captured the Henrietta on 3 December. That same day she was in company when Pyramus captured the Danish vessel Fanoe.

Baugh's replacement was Commander William Farrington. He too captured small prizes. On 12 March 1811, Clio, with HMS Egeria (1807) in company, captured the Danish brig Krabbes Minde. Then on 5 May she captured Danish Crown schooner No. 51. On 11 May two Danish vessels arrived at Leith that the frigate HMS Alexandria (1806) and Clio had captured.

Unknown to the British, Danish Captain Hans Peter Holm had returned to Egersund (SW Norway) with Lolland and four other brigs. On 1 May 1811, the British sent four boats from Clio, HMS Belette (1806), and HMS Cherokee (1808), into the western end of the sound, expecting to capture some shipping or do other mischief. The circumstances of locality and wind did not permit the Danish brigs to enter the sound from the further end, but Holm sent the Danish ships’ boats under Lieutenant Niels Gerhardt Langemach, up the sound to oppose the British. Some of the Danes landed to set an ambush from the cliff tops, whilst the armed boats were hidden behind a skerry. As the British rowed boldly in, they met unexpected fire from howitzers and muskets; they immediately withdrew, with the Danish boats in pursuit. The Danes captured one of the British boats and her crew of an officer and 17 men, who had come from Belette, and would have captured more but for the confusion that an explosion of a powder keg on one of the Danish boats caused. This enabled the remaining British boats to reach the protection of their squadron. Clio's primary occupation was escorting convoys to and from the Baltic. Still, on 12 April 1812, Clio and Ethalion captured the Opsloe. Clio was also in sight when Ethalion captured the Unitas and Gunilde Maria that same day. On 25 September she was in company, together with the gun-brig Bruizer, when HMS Hamadryad (1804) recaptured the galliot Expedition.

On 7 October, Clio captured the Danish sloop Sorenen. About a week later, on 13 or 14 October 1812 in the Baltic, off Hermeren, boats from Clio and Hamdryad captured the French privateer lugger Pilotin, which was carrying four 12-pounder carronades and had a crew of 31 men. Three Danish luggers, each mounting two guns, came out from Rødby to support Pilotin but retreated when the British boats advanced towards them. On the same day they recaptured the Swedish schooner Johannes.

On 23 October Clio, Oberon and Chanticleer detained the Jonge Henrick. The next day, Clio and Oberon captured the Danish privateer Wegvusende. The same vessels were also involved in the capture of the privateer Stafeten on 24 December.

On 17 November Clio captured the Dutch vessel Hoffnung and three days later the Danish galliot Cecilia. She captured another Danish galliot, the Dorothea Elizabeth, on 9 December. She also captured the Gode Hensight on 2 December. On 27 December a third galliot fell prey – the Oprigtig Wenskab.

On 2 February 1813 she captured the Danish sloop Junge Jacob, from and of Bergen. She arrived at Aberdeen on 9 February. Junge Jacob had been sailing from North Bergen to the Mediterranean.

The capture of another privateer punctuated the captures of merchantmen. Clio sent in to Leith a small Danish privateer cutter of three (or four) guns and 22 men that she had taken on 22 October off Hiteroe. The privateer had not yet captured anything.

Post-war
From 1816 to 1822 Clio was at Chatham, first in ordinary and then being fitted for sea. In February 1823 she was commissioned under Commander Charles Strangways for the Nore.

From 1826 to early 1827 her captain was Commander Robert Aitchinson, and she performed anti-smuggling patrols in the North Sea. Then in April 1827 Commander Robert Deans took command. Clio was at the Nore and from 1828 to 1829 at Cork. Between December 1829 and July 1830 she was at Plymouth being fitted as a ship sloop.

From 30 April 1830 to 17 June 1833 Clio was under Commander John James Onslow. Around 19 July 1830 she sailed for South America, and on 15 December she was in Rio de Janeiro. Next, on 2 January 1833, Clio participated in the re-establishment of British rule on the Falkland Islands. Onslow arrived at Luis Vernet's settlement at Port Louis to request that the Argentine authorities replace the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate with the British one and leave the islands. Lieutenant-Colonel José María Pinedo, of the schooner Sarandi considered resisting, but as most of his crew were British, thought better of it and sailed on 5 January.

In July 1833 Clio was in Portsmouth to be fitted as a 16-gun brig again. In 1835 she was at Portsmouth for refitting, but by 2 August she was in Lisbon, on her way with a small squadron for The Gambia to settle some unrest in the area. She was in the Gambia by 2 September and then sailed to join HMS Stag (1830) and HMS Tweed (1823). By November Clio was on the south coast of Spain. She sailed to Tarragona in June 1836. By 18 May 1839 she was in Portsmouth.

HMS Hydra (1838) towed HMS Lily (1837) into Portsmouth on 23 May 1839 to be paid off. Commander Deare and almost all his officers transferred from Clio to recommission Lily. Commander Stephen Grenville Fremantle was appointed to take over Clio.

Clio sailed for South America in May 1839 and was in the Rio Plata on 13 January 1841. She spent most of the year cruising out of Montevideo and Rio de Janeiro. On 27 June she captured the slaver ship Felix Vincedor (or Feliz Vencedor); prize money was paid on 31 August 1844. On 12 May a boat under Lieutenant Cox, with 12 men captured a slaver in the Piumas Islands with 300 slaves aboard. However, some seven boats with a dozen men apiece sortied and re-captured the slaver, burning it after having landed the slaves. A week later, while Cox was taking water at Campos, some of the slavers took him and his men prisoner after wounding four seamen. Shortly thereafter the Brazilians released their British captives. At the end of September she left Simon's Bay for the East Indies. On 6 November Fremantle was promoted to Acting Captain and appointed to HMS Southampton (1820). Clio's new captain was Commander Edward Norwich Troubridge.

Opium War
Late in 1841 Clio sailed to China for the First Opium War. On 12 December 1841 she struck a rock (Clio Rock), just west of Pak-Leak Island, near Macao.

On 13 June 1842, Clio anchored off Woosung. On 16 June, after the defences at the mouth of the river were sounded and buoyed, the British bombarded the works on both sides of the river as part of the commencement of operations against Shanghai. Clio then participated in the expedition up the Yangtze River, to the end of hostilities and signing of the Treaty of Nanking on 29 August. Troubridge's replacement as captain of Clio from 30 December 1842 was Commander James Fitzjames.

Fate
Clio was broken up at Portsmouth in 1845.

title: HMS Clio (1807)


text: Template:Scandinavian folklore

title: Template:Scandinavian folklore


text:
Talk:Portland International Jetport

Historic service
I'm just wondering, but did I miss any airlines that used to fly to PWM? If so, could you tell me which ones I missed? Should we also add what destinations these carriers went to from PWM? Help would be appriciated, thank you.

Bkissin 14:45, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Aircraft?
I put the Aircraft going in and out of PWM several months ago and it was deleted because "Aircraft schedeules change so much that it is tough to keep track" Why is it put up again? Is anyone willing to discuss this with me?

Bkissin 18:03, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I just added a few additions to the list of aircraft, but I found the list there when I came.  It appears to be back up though.
 * On a semi-related note, I have just completed an article on Wiggins Airways, which is currently listed as flying Shorts 360s, yet I don't see any in their fleet. Could someone verify that information, otherwise I will remove the 360 from the list. --KPWM 22:59, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I have just removed the Shorts360 from the aircrafts list. --KPWM_Spotter 23:07, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Aircraft - Take 2
...So, what is the official position of WikiProject Airports on the aircraft listings anyways? It seems to keep getting deleted, but I see no reason why... --KPWM_Spotter 18:58, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

B767-200
I've always been hesitant about the quote involving Delta's 767-200. Personally, I was not alive at the time when that plane would have been at PWM. For now, I have removed the quote (as per a consensus at airliners.net, and no better information). If anyone could provide proof of this aircraft in Portland, please add the quotation, and replace the reference. --KPWM_Spotter 03:15, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * According to Adam T. McLemore, (airliners.net user PWM2TXLhopper), they existed at the jetport. I will try and find that archived civil aviation discussion containing it. --Bkissin 02:09, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Check these links:
 * Airliners.net Civil Aviation Forums: Mainliners to Maine Over the Years (Reply 16)
 * Airliners.net Civil Aviation: DL pulling Mainline service from BTR, PWM, and TUL (Reply 48)
 * Those will clearly explain that 767-200s were flown by Delta into PWM.
 * --Bkissin 16:14, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, as an aviation entusiast, I guess I'll take A.Net as a valid source, but I feel that as a wikipedian, I should look for a further source to add that to an article. I'll leave it be for now, but it would be great to see a timetable or other oficial print that shows this.--KPWM_Spotter 18:36, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

US Airways by Trans States Airlines?
It seems that US Airways can't make up its mind about Trans States, or our PIT non-stop this summer. Originally scheduled were two daily ERJs to PIT from both PWM and MHT. Now, the flights have dissapeared, and Trans States doesn't look to be doing any business as a US connection partner. As of now, I've removed the airline altogether from PWM's listing, although, I hope to see it back sometime soon with the PIT flights.... --KPWM_Spotter 12:45, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

AirTran Service: It's Seasonal!!
Although I know that AirTran probably will not pull out of Portland this winter, they are leaving the option open for themselves. Their website quite clearly states that the service is Seasonal. Until that reads otherwise, I will continue to revert the edits that say it is year round. If AirTran says the route is seasonal, the route will be marked as seasonal, so please, stop trying to say otherwise!!! Anyone that doubts me, please see the footnote on their own routemap at http://www.airtran.com/route-map/city_information.aspx  Thanks. --KPWM_Spotter 19:48, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Good Information, but I don't know where to put it!
So, from airliners.net, I found this website called.

On it, I found which airlines serviced PWM (and what aircraft they used) in 1979, 1983, and 1989. I thought it was very good information, but I don't know where to put it!
 * 1979
 * 1983
 * 1989

Can you guys help?

Bkissin 21:52, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

P.S. Do you think the article is Feature-worthy? If not, what would it take to make it that way?

airport - jetport
why is it called portland international jetport and not portland international airport? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.21.172.115 (talk) 03:28, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Good question. I've wondered about this myself. Anyone? –BMRR (talk) 18:27, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

 * P.S. The "International" part of the name seems to be invalid now, since there is no more service to Canada. –BMRR (talk) 18:27, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I guess the "International" part of the name will once again be valid, with the upcoming turboprop service to Toronto. –BMRR (talk) 20:10, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Comment: I assume the primary reason it's not called Portland International Airport is because that name was already in use by the airport in Portland, Oregon. –BMRR (talk) 19:20, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

I heard from a PWM employee that the name was changed from airport to jetport to help promote the fact that Northeast Airlines was offering jet service, which was still new and unique at the time (in Maine, at least). 64.185.130.217 (talk) 17:24, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

Starlink Aviation
As of January 9, the Starlink aviation service is still only rumored. Canadian press has gotten a hold of tentative plans, but there is no official start date or official service announcement, pending Canadian government approval. Until there's a solid press release, leave it out for now. --KPWM_Spotter (talk) 16:26, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * That makes sense. The article I read yesterday didn't make it seem as tentative as this one. --Matt (talk) 16:35, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

South Portland
This should probably be mentioned somewhere in the article: a significant portion of PWM is located within the city of South Portland. I don't have a source for this, and original research doesn't count, so if somebody could find a source and add it, that would be great. —BMRR (talk) 04:33, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Done. —BMRR (talk) 16:36, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Portland-Boston / Boston-Portland
When was the last time that a commercial airline offered non-stop service from Portland to Boston or from Boston to Portland? –BMRR (talk) 18:30, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

 * US Airways was running Beech 1900's as recently as the summer of 2004.  I'm not sure when the service ended, but it was soon after that.  --KPWM_Spotter (talk) 17:47, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Compass Airlines
Compass Airlines is now serving PWM under the Delta Connection brand, but I'm not sure what destinations they're serving. If anyone knows, please add it to "airlines and destinations" table in the article. Thanks. –BMRR (talk) 20:31, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks, KPWM Spotter! –BMRR (talk) 23:13, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Yak-52 crash - updates?
Are there any updates on the cause of the Yak-52 crash? The NTSB said it would take up to a year to complete their investigation; it's been over a year, but I haven't seen anything in the newspapers or on TV. –BMRR (talk) 19:23, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

photos
What happened to all the photos that used to be in this article? 64.185.130.217 (talk) 18:02, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Discuss links here
Editors regularly clean out undiscussed links from this article. Please discuss here if you want a link not to be cleaned out regularly. (You can help!) Ⓩⓟⓟⓘⓧ (talk) 18:43, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

mistake on runway length
recent runway extension for 18/36 comes to 6100 feet so meters should be 1859, not 1524 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bd2media (talk • contribs) 12:42, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Plane Skids off Runway
From Chicago Tribune on March 15, 1998, At Portland Jetport in Portland, Maine, A Delta Air Lines skidded off the runway. "It was landing during a snowstorm and couldn't stop in time," Delta spokeswoman Katie Moussouri. It was a MD-88, Flight 2148 with 152 uninjured Passengers including crew members. Before the MD-88 landed, there was an inch or two of snow with slight ice. FMC022 (talk) 16:48, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portland International Jetport