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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Obersturmführerin

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. There appears to have been no evidence of verifiability offered to assuage the concerns. -Splash talk 23:54, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Obersturmführerin
This article is nominated for deletion as I believe there was no such female rank in the SS. Females were not permitted to join the SS or hold regular SS ranks. Such female members were known collectively as "SS-Helferin". I have never heard of an SS rank known by this name nor have seen it liste din any publication or work about the SS. Husnock 05:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Take a look at the Margot Dreschel article; there seems to be a decent chance that this is real and verifiable. --Clay Collier 11:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have removed the titles from the article as ambiguious and unverifable. I also have a scan of an actual SS-Female Auxiliary record which I will add to the talk page of Helferin as soon as I make the article.  In the record, there is no mention at all of these strange other ranks.  The ranks, themselves, looks like someone just added "in" to the end of exsting male SS ranks.  I am very suspicious that these ranks do not in fact exist. -Husnock 18:35, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Margot Dreschel article does reference this word, however this was added to the article by the same IP that created the Obersturmführerin article; not exactly compelling evidence. Googling the term turns up several mirrors of this wiki article and the Margot Dreschel wiki article. It also produces a number of references to the term on German language sites (big surprise eh)?  My German isn't the greatest, but it doesn't appear that the sites referencing this word in German are even remotely related to the SS or Nazis... though the references could be to Nazism as the context may be understood by the writer and the intended audience. Google translates Obersturmführerin as "Upper tower guide" thoug I think literally it would translate to "over storm leader".  Point is that so far this isn't remotely verifiable and unless someone can provide a solid source for the claim that this is a female rank in the SS, I will say delete.  On a side note, it appears that women were only allowed in the SS Auxillary ranks (as Husnock stated).--Isotope23 16:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Ranks and insignia of the Schutzstaffel if it can be verified, else delete Jesse 18:28, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless its existence is reliably verified. Pavel Vozenilek 00:13, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unverifiable. Google search finds little but Wikipedia mirrors. Andrew pmk | Talk 00:29, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified. -Sean Curtin 05:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain can we have someone from de:wiki take a look at this.Klonimus 09:45, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:0101WONGsy

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Capital titles
Only the first letter of the title should be in upper case. -- Jerry Crimson Mann 08:51, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:0101WONGsy


text:
User talk:Lekshmen.kannan

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 05:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lekshmen.kannan


text:
Barisan Revolusi Nasional

The Barisan Revolusi Nasional Melayu Patani, also known by the shorter form Barisan Revolusi Nasional (BRN; English: Patani Malays (or Malayu) National Revolutionary Front)), meaning "National Revolutionary Front", is an Islamist Patani independence movement in northern Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah and Kelantan) and Patani, southern Thailand. As of 2017, it is the most powerful rebel group in the region.

Originally the BRN was established as a roughly territorial organisation, prioritizing Pattani secessionism. Since 2001, however, the BRN-C (BRN-Coordinasi) has become its most active wing, leading the south Thailand insurgency and imposing extreme religious values on the local society.

The BRN-C, through its "Pejuang Kemerdekaan Patani" paramilitary wing, is the main group behind the murder of teachers in the Southern Border Provinces.

History
The BRN was founded on 13 March 1963 by Haji Abdul Karim Hassan. By 1984, three main factions were discernible within the group:

BRN-Koordinasi
The BRN-Coordinate or BRN-C (BRN-Koordinasi) is currently the largest, most active and best organised of the BRN subgroups. Rejecting the Pan-Arab socialist thought that influenced the early BRN, it favours Salafist ideology and is involved in political activism in the mosques and indoctrination at Islamic schools. The main recruiting unit of the BRN-C is the Pemuda (youth) student group and its leaders are mainly Islamic religious teachers, including veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War.

The BRN-Koordinasi is acknowledged as the group currently spearheading the insurgency in southern Thailand and is at the origin of the group known as Runda Kumpulan Kecil (RKK) to which most violent attacks have been attributed in the last decade.

The BRN-C sees no reason for negotiations and is against talks with other insurgent groups. The BRN-C has the vision of becoming a mass-organisation. It has as its immediate aim to make southern Thailand ungovernable, having largely been successful at it.

Structure
The Pejuang Kemerdekaan Patani (Patani Independence Fighters) are the paramilitary wing of the BRN-C. These militant units operate in the rural areas of southern Thailand working along with the BRN-Coordinate leadership in a loosely organised strictly clandestine cell system dependent on hard-line religious leaders for direction. They are also behind the attacks on schoolteachers.

Other groups

 * BRN-Congress or BRN-K (BRN-Kongres), led by Rosa Burako, has been pursuing a military struggle but is currently less active.
 * BRN-Ulama. There is little information about this subgroup.

The group's violent separatist insurgency began in 2004, with tactics such as setting two bombs at one location, with the second designed to kill and injure those attending the aftermath of the first. In total, the southern insurgency has killed more than 6,000 people.

Peace talks
In January 2020, the Thai Peace Dialogue Panel, led by General Wanlop Rugsanaoh, met with BRN representative Anas Abdulrahman in Kuala Lumpur, in what was described as "the first round of official peace dialogue" by BRN official Abdul Aziz Jabal. The two sides reportedly agreed on a framework for further negotiations.

Incidents
In the past decade, the BRN-C has been involved in numerous arson, bombing, and murder attacks to create an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty in the three southern provinces of Thailand. Thai military observers believe that the attacks are mostly carried out by its loosely affiliated and clandestine RKK outfit.

On 1 May 2013, insurgents attacked a restaurant in the Pattani Region. The perpetrators, armed with machine guns, killed six people including a two-year-old child. The act was an act of revenge, that appeared twelve hours following the action in the three predominantly Muslim provinces of Narathiwat, Pattani and Yala.

Use of children
In 2013 and 2014, the UN received reports that the BRN and other armed groups had recruited boys and girls from the age of 14; children were given military training and assigned as combatants, informants and scouts. No such reports were recorded by the UN in 2015 or 2016.

title: Barisan Revolusi Nasional


text:
Boom Crash Opera

Boom Crash Opera are an Australian pop rock band formed in late 1984. Initially based around the songwriting partnership of Richard Pleasance and Peter Farnan, the band was later joined by Dale Ryder (vocals), Peter ‘Maz’ Maslen (drums) and Greg O’Connor (keyboards). Pleasance developed tinnitus from constant exposure to loud live music and left in 1992 to pursue a solo career as an artist and producer. O’Connor departed in 1994.

Current line-up includes Dale Ryder (vocals), Peter ‘Maz’ Maslen (drums), Peter Farnan (guitar) and John Favaro (bass).

Their highest charting albums are Boom Crash Opera, These Here Are Crazy Times! and Fabulous Beast. Their top 20 singles are "Great Wall", "Hands up in the Air" (both 1986), "Onion Skin" (1989) and "Gimme" (1994). In the United States "Onion Skin" reached No. 8 on the Billboard component chart Modern Rock Tracks. Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane noted that the group had a "strong visual image and the uncanny ability of its principal songwriters to pen catchy, commercial songs ensured a string of successful releases".

1985–1986: Formation and early years
Boom Crash Opera were formed in late 1984 in Melbourne with a line up of Peter Farnan (ex-Urtle Urtle Urtle, Serious Young Insects) on guitar, keyboards and backing vocals; Peter 'Maz' Maslen (ex-One Hand Clapping) on drums, percussion and backing vocals; Greg O'Connor; Richard Pleasance (ex-Government Drum, Bang, One Hand Clapping) on bass guitar, guitar and backing vocals; and Dale Ryder on lead vocals.

Serious Young Insects had formed in 1980 with Peter Farnan on vocals and guitar, Michael Vallance on vocals and bass guitar and Mark White on vocals and drums. Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane described Serious Young Insects as a "quirky, three-piece Melbourne new wave band". They issued an album, Housebreaking (May 1982), and three singles. Lisa Perry of The Canberra Times praised the album: "several times I had to check the cover to see if there were not also some session musos or others contributing to the sounds I was hearing. For a three-piece combo, these lads sure make a good sound". Pleasance, a classically trained guitarist, was a fan and briefly joined the group before it broke up in the following year.

In September 1985 three Australian journalists, Paul Gardiner, Jane Gardiner and Toby Creswell, listed twelve groups as The Next Big Thing, with Boom Crash Opera described as "[o]ne name that stands out ... a Melbourne band that has every A-and-R man and his dog salivating. There are some other bands which, if not attracting the same sort of frenetic endorsement, are nevertheless on the minds of the scouts".

Farnan described his bandmates, other than Pleasance, to The Canberra Times' Pollyanna Sutton in May 1986 "[t]he others are sort of from nowhere ... Drummer Peter "Maz" Maslen, has and still does a lot of recording sessions, in early 1984 he met Richard in this avante-garde band called One Hand Clapping, then played together with Venetta Fields in the time just before Boom Crash Opera. Dale came out of the blue, he has done some singing with bands but never had a serious crack at it until now."

1987–1992: From "Great Wall" to Pleasance leaving
Boom Crash Opera were signed to WEA and in April 1986 they released their debut single "Great Wall", which was produced by Steve Brown. "Great Wall" reached No. 5 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart in the next month. The track was written by Ryder, Pleasance and O'Connor. According to Farnan: "Richard wrote the music and Dale helped him finish the words, but they did not know what they wanted to write about so I suggested they write about the Hume Weir. Like, it isn't specifically about the Hume Weir but they used the idea about a dam wall that dams up fear and prejudice, it is also the wall that shores up relationship". McFarlane described it as an "exuberant" single, which "established the hallmarks of [their] sound: the tight, funky rock of the music, the boom-like crack of the drums and the work song chant of the vocals". The group toured the Australian pub rock circuit promoting the single.

Their second single, "Hands up in the Air", followed in August, which peaked at No. 16. It was written by Pleasance, Ryder and Farnan; and was produced by Brown. A music video was directed by Kimble Rendall (ex-XL Capris, Hoodoo Gurus). At the ARIA Music Awards of 1987 the group were nominated for three awards: Highest Selling Single for "Great Wall", Best New Talent for both singles, and Best Video for "Hands up in the Air". At the Countdown Music and Video Awards of 1986, held in July 1987, "Great Wall" won Best Debut Single. A self-titled debut album, followed in September 1987, which was recorded in London and produced by Alex Sadkin (Grace Jones, Duran Duran, James Brown, Simply Red, Talking Heads). Both "Great Wall" and "Hands up in the Air" were remixed for their album versions. After recording the album Sadkin travelled to the Bahamas to work, where he died in a car accident in July.

Boom Crash Opera reached No. 19 on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart, and was certified as a gold album. Stuart Coupe of The Sydney Morning Herald reported there were "impressive notices" for the album and that the group had "been tipped for mega-stardom". Follow-up singles were "City Flat" (June 1987), "Her Charity" (September) and "Love Me to Death" (March 1988), which were "minor hits". Coupe felt that "City Flat" was "[o]ne of the more outstanding tracks" and it "appears to paint a fairly bleak picture of [their] home town". AllMusic's Kevin Hayes compared their sound to Tears for Fears, Icehouse and INXS. He felt it was an "impressive debut. Pete Maslen's drumming keeps pulse. A pensive guitar leads into the most brilliant of bridges and a lilting melody underpinned by Richard Pleasance's strong bassline". However "Hands up in the Air" was "musically strong but weak in its lyrics ... It's a wonder it made the album, let alone became a single ... [it has a] teeny naïveté".

In August 1989 they released a single, "Onion Skin", ahead of their second album These Here Are Crazy Times (October), which was produced by Jimmy Iovine, Pete Smith and Pleasance, and mixed by Nick Launay. The album reached No. 10 on the ARIA Albums Chart, it spent 40 weeks in the Top 50, and achieved a double platinum certificate. Allmusic's Jonathan Lewis opined that "[it was] slick, commercial pop. As in previous outings, lead singer Dale Ryder's effortless (although somewhat limited) vocal delivery and Richard Pleasance's skillful guitar work helped disguise the fact that underneath the catchy melodies and slick production, there wasn't a lot of substance to [their] music". "Onion Skin" peaked at No. 11 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was followed by four more singles, "Get Out of the House!" (September), "The Best Thing" (December), "Dancing in the Storm" (April 1990) and "Talk About It" (July). "Dancing in the Storm" also featured in the 1990 Australian comedy film The Big Steal.

In 1990 they released a compilation album, Look! Listen!!, which featured remixed versions of songs from their first two albums plus two new songs. At the end of that year Pleasance was diagnosed with tinnitus and was unable to perform with the group. He was temporarily replaced on bass guitar by former bandmate from Serious Young Insects, Vallance. During his break from the band, in 1991, Pleasance released his debut solo album, Galleon. Late that year Boom Crash Opera released a four-track extended play, Dreams on Fire, with both Pleasance and Vallance aboard. The EP was produced by Keith Forsey and the band; it appeared on the ARIA Singles Chart Top 50, and featured the track, "Holy Water". In 1992 they travelled to Los Angeles and began work on a follow-up album, Fabulous Beast. However, during early writing sessions, Pleasance left the band and returned to Australia; he was temporarily replaced by Dorian West on bass guitar (ex-Wildland). It was during the recording of Fabulous Beast that the band found themselves impacted by the 1992 Los Angeles riots. The song "The Last Place On Earth", that appears on the album was inspired and written as a result of this experience. The final vocal line of Ryder's in the song which is "just look out the window", has his voice actually breaking due to being so emotionally moved by the experience.

1993–1997:Fabulous Beast to Gizmo Mantra
After Boom Crash Opera returned from L.A. Ian Tilley joined on bass guitar, keyboards and backing vocals, as the permanent replacement for Pleasance following the departure of Dorian West. In late 1992 they released a single, "Bettadaze". The track was written by Farnan and O'Connor and early in 1993 the Liberal Party wanted to use it for their federal election campaign theme but were refused permission. "Bettadaze" was followed in March by the related album, Fabulous Beast, which was produced by Forsey, Don Gehman, and the group. It peaked at No. 15, while it provided two further singles "In the Morning" and "This Isn't Love". The Canberra Times' Bevan Hannan noted the album's "overall strength" was "especially evident when you compare it to" their previous work. It had an "acoustic flavour" which Hannan found "striking" with "In the Morning" as the "best example" of the style.

The group toured Australia to promote the album and its singles and were "road testing songs". In October they headlined the World's Biggest Barbie in Canberra with Weddings Parties Anything as their support act. Farnan described how they had been "flogging our wares" to Nicole Leedham of The Canberra Times. He noted that "Rock and Roll bands are strange, creative beasts ... We indulge ourselves now and again and take a radical left-hand turn and get off the track". He remembered playing alongside Weddings Parties Anything "[t]hey started at about the same time as us and we were sharing bits of equipment while we were both getting established". Mark Wallace, piano accordionist of the latter group, agreed that the two bands had an affinity but "[we] haven't seen them for a couple of years".

The four remaining members: Farnan, Maslen, Ryder, and Tilley, continued the band and in October 1994 they issued a single, "Gimme", on their newly signed label, BMG. It reached No. 14 and was followed by their next single, "Tongue Tied", which appeared in the top 30 in February 1995. The parent album, Born was released in March and was produced by Farnan and Neil Wiles, and engineered by Kalju Tonuma. It was issued in a double CD package with space reserved for a second disc, Born Again, which was due to be released in April. McFarlane declared the album was a "tougher affair which found the band embracing hi-tech pop, techno-metal and all manner of sound effects and cyberpunk studio trickery". Although "Gimme" had received generous radio airplay and the album had reached the top 40, BMG scrapped the release of the second part, Born Again.

In November 1997 Boom Crash Opera released a studio album, Gizmo Mantra, which was produced by Daniel Denholm, Kalju Tonuma and the group. Pulling back from the electronic sounding previous album, Gizmo Mantra was a return to the melodic rock sounds of earlier work. It included the singles, "All" and "Dreaming up a Fire" – the latter had been written by Farnan and Pleasance at the time of the Dreams on Fire sessions. However Gizmo Mantra failed to reach the top 50. McFarlane noted that "after 1997 [the band] disappeared from view" but during their main career they had a "strong visual image and the uncanny ability of its principal songwriters to pen catchy, commercial songs ensured a string of successful releases".

1998–2015: Later works
Boom Crash Opera continued performing and releasing material. In August 1998 BMG issued a compilation album, The Best Things – Greatest Hits, which featured their singles from previous albums plus two tracks, "Soundtrack" and "Radio", from their unreleased album, Born Again.

In 2002 Robert Doyle the Opposition Leader of Victoria used "Dancing in the Storm" as his theme during the Liberal Party's state election campaign launch in November. The band were not asked their permission, and would have refused if asked according to Pleasance who had co-written the track with Farnan. He said the pair would consult their lawyers "about possible copyright action". Pleasance opined that the group would not allow any political party to use their music, "It's just not what the songs are about". The Liberal Party's campaign failed: Steve Bracks and his Australian Labor Party won the election.

In 2008 Hook N Sling released a dance re-make of the 1989 single, "The Best Thing", featuring on Ministry of Sound Sessions 5. On 5 April 2009 the group performed at Alistair Knox Park, Eltham for A Day of Healing – a benefit concert to support the Country Fire Authority and affected communities following the Black Saturday bush fires. During those bush fires the group had been in Pleasance's studio in Hepburn Springs, recording an acoustic disc for Dancing in the Storm.

On 1 May 2009 Boom Crash Opera released Dancing in the Storm as part of the Liberation Blue series. It comprises a compilation CD with acoustic re-workings of their songs and a live DVD recorded during the Fabulous Beast Tour. The acoustic disc had the line up of Ryder on vocals, Farnan on acoustic guitar, Maslen on drums, Pleasance on acoustic bass guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin, sitar and Oud, and Tilley on bass guitar. Pleasance guested with the band for the first time since 1992. The live DVD was from a performance for MTV Australia's Unplugged, at Melbourne's Channel Nine studios, back in June 1993. Both discs were engineered and produced by Pleasance. The band promoted Dancing in the Storm with a national tour. The band's song "Dancing in the Storm" was used in 2010 for the Mt Franklin Water TV ad. On 12 February 2012 the group performed at the St Kilda Festival. Three releases were issued on 18 October 2013 by Liberation Records; The Best Things – Greatest Hits, and album of rare tracks called The Lost Things and a 4-CD set called Rattle it Out.

2016–present: Band changes
In March 2016, Drummer Peter ‘Maz’ Maslen advised media that original member and lead singer Dale Ryder had resigned from the band, replaced by Andrew De Silva. The band toured across Australia throughout 2016 and January 2017. Ryder rejoined in 2019.

Current Members

 * Peter Farnan - guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1985-present)
 * Peter Maslen - drums, percussion, backing vocals (1985-present)
 * John Favaro - bass, backing vocals (2010-present)
 * Dale Ryder - lead vocals, harmonica (1985-2016, 2019-present)

Former Members

 * Richard Pleasance - bass, guitar, backing vocals (1985-1992, guest 2009 )
 * Greg O'Connor - guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1985-1994, guest 2009 )
 * Michael Vallance - bass (1991-1992)
 * Dorian West - bass (1992)
 * Ian Tilley - bass, keyboards, backing vocals (1992-2009)
 * Andrew De Silva - lead vocals (2016-2018)

Careers outside the band
After the 1993 tour promoting Fabulous Beast, Boom Crash Opera took a break. Farnan had produced the debut album, This Is The Sharp (September 1993), for The Sharp, a three piece pop-rock band from Collingwood. He has also produced and written with artists such as Rachael Kane, and Cade.

Maslen has performed live and/or as a recording drummer for many Australian artists including: Natalie Imbruglia, Delta Goodrem, Mark Seymour and The Undertow, Men at Work, The Seekers, Tripod, Shellie Morris, Tex Perkins, Felicity Urquhart, Belinda Emmett, Vika and Linda, Archie Roach, Ollie Olsen, Bodyrockers, Icehouse, Shannon Noll, Jimmy Barnes, Kylie Minogue,  Diesel, Jimmy Little, Troy Cassar-Daley, Colin Hay, Olivia Newton-John, Ian Moss and James Reyne.

Pleasance's 1991 solo album, Galleon, included contributions from Paul Hester and Deborah Conway. It was critically acclaimed and received five nominations at the ARIA Music Awards of 1992. Pleasance then promoted the album, as a support act on Elvis Costello's tour of Australia. Pleasance co-produced and performed on the debut album by Deborah Conway, String of Pearls. In 1995 Pleasance released his second solo album, Colourblind. In 1998 Pleasance wrote and produced the theme for the popular Australian TV series, SeaChange.

Studio albums

 * Boom Crash Opera (1987)
 * These Here Are Crazy Times! (1989)
 * Fabulous Beast (1993)
 * Born (1995)
 * Gizmo Mantra (1997)
 * Dancing in the Storm (2009)

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

Countdown Australian Music Awards
Countdown was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974 to 1987, it presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazine TV Week. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.

 * rowspan="2" |1986
 * "Great Wall"
 * Best Debut Single
 * Won
 * themselves
 * Best Debut Act
 * Nominated
 * Best Debut Act
 * Nominated

title: Boom Crash Opera


text: User:Malcolm/Userboxes/HTML-N

title: User:Malcolm/Userboxes/HTML-N


text:
Giant octopus (disambiguation)

Giant octopus is a common name for the genus Enteroctopus.

Giant octopus may also refer to:

 * Gigantic octopus, a cryptid
 * St. Augustine Monster, a globster mistakenly believed to be a gigantic octopus
 * Lusca, suggested to be a gigantic octopus
 * Mega Shark Versus Giant Octopus, a low budget monster movie produced by The Asylum

title: Giant octopus (disambiguation)


text:
Smooth-toothed pocket gopher

The smooth-toothed pocket gophers, genus Thomomys, are so called because they are among the only pocket gophers without grooves on their incisors. They are also called the western pocket gophers because they are distributed in western North America. They are considered distinct enough from other pocket gophers to be recognized as a separate subfamily or tribe.

Natural history
Thomomys gophers are highly fossorial. They rely on their incisors for digging more than most other gophers. They feed on plants, largely from beneath the surface, but they do come above ground at night. Roots, stems, leaves, and bulbs are eaten. When not directly in an agricultural field they are a benefit to humans by enriching soil and preventing runoff.

Species
Over one hundred subspecies have been described, but not all are currently recognized by modern authorities. Like many fossorial rodents, Thomomys shows a great deal of allopatric variation.

 * Thomomys
 * Subgenus Megascapheus
 * Thomomys atrovarius
 * Thomomys bottae - Botta's pocket gopher
 * Thomomys bulbivorus - Camas pocket gopher
 * Thomomys nayarensis
 * Thomomys sheldoni
 * Thomomys townsendii - Townsend's pocket gopher
 * Thomomys umbrinus - southern pocket gopher
 * Subgenus Thomomys
 * Thomomys clusius - Wyoming pocket gopher
 * Thomomys idahoensis - Idaho pocket gopher
 * Thomomys mazama - Mazama pocket gopher (including the extinct subspecies Thomomys mazama tacomensis - Tacoma pocket gopher)
 * Thomomys monticola - mountain pocket gopher
 * Thomomys talpoides - northern pocket gopher

General characteristics
Thomomys, commonly referred to as smooth-toothed pocket gophers, is a group of rodents belonging to the family Geomyidae. Members of Thomomys are unique among gophers in that they have smooth upper incisors, free of the grooves that are common in other species. All species share the trait of fur-lined, external cheek pockets that allow them to move food material to and from their underground dwellings. Size varies among species, but commonly ranges from the size of a smaller mole to a larger rat. Coloration can range from yellow, to grey, to brown, and even black. They are all full-bodied with squat legs, short hair, and small eyes and ears.

Pocket gophers have special visual adaptations to match their extreme and unique subterranean lifestyle. Though the size of their eyes are typical for rodents, the lens is able to transmit light rays that fall into the ultraviolet range. They possess three different photopigments: two cone pigments specific to 367 nm and 505 nm, and a rod pigment at 495 nm. Overall, the pocket gophers have less rod density than nocturnal rodents.

Habitat
Members of Thomomys inhabit southwestern Canada, the western United States, and a large percentage of Mexico. They thrive in fertile land often used for agriculture, but can be found in many different localities. They prefer areas with high primary productivity and nitrogen soil concentrations.

Diet
They are fossorial herbivores that consume an extensive amount of food for their body size. This could be due to the fact that they expend copious amounts of energy excavating and maintaining their elaborate tunnel systems. It is estimated that burrowing uses 360-3400 times the amount of energy required for above-ground travel. They selectively consume underground parts of perennial and annual grasses, forbs, and woody plants. They are also known to forage above ground, usually close to their burrow entrances. They are choosy and prefer certain species and parts of plants, perhaps due to their high daily energy expenditure.

Tunneling and mounds
Thomomys pocket gophers live underground and create extensive systems of tunnels through which they traverse. They move earth from below ground, and deposit it above ground in piles known as mounds. In snowy regions, they create tunnels through the snow known as earthcores. Earthcores and mounds together can cover up to 30% of the surface in highly excavated areas. The most prominent ecological effect would be that of their tunneling and mounds. The mounds are thought to increase ecological diversity of plants by providing a space for fugitive species that would otherwise have been eliminated due to competition over time. The flora of mounds differs noticeably from the surrounding areas, often with increased numbers of forbs and annuals. The actual mound soil differs in composition from that of the surrounding area as well, creating a different texture and water-holding potential. The ecological impact of this is still relatively unexplored.

Effects on agriculture and development
These gophers are able to alter the mineral availability, organic molecule concentration, texture, and moisture content of soil. This can be either a benefit or a nuisance depending on the soil condition and usage. In arid or semi-arid environments, these changes enhance vegetation growth and soil quality. They are thought to be able to help generate and regenerate prairie lands that have degraded. However, they are commonly known as pests in areas of agriculture and development. They have and can cause a heavy loss to farmers by consuming the roots or underground crops themselves. Farmers try to control and limit their population in crop areas using a variety of means. In the wild however, their presence is encouraged and advantageous.

Control and eradication
Many different methods have been used to try to eliminate overpopulation of pocket gophers. These include chemicals, propane blasting, and trapping. A park in Penn Valley, CA installed owl boxes to encourage the habitation of barn owls, a natural pocket gopher predator.

Recommendations released by the University of California, Davis suggest the use of a gopher probe to locate the main burrow. Then a shovel can be used to widen the opening to the main burrow and traps can be set at opposite directions within the burrow. A wide array of different traps can be used, including the choker-style box trap and the pincher trap. Baiting a trap is not always necessary, though it may afford quicker or better results. Lettuce and other vegetables can be used as the bait. It is best to cover the traps with canvas or dirt to conceal the light. If two days pass without success, it is advisable to move the traps. Toxic bait can also be used, but involves a different trap placement strategy.

Fumigation is usually unsuccessful because gophers can quickly seal off their burrows at the first whiff of fumes. The exception to this is fumigation with aluminum phosphide; however, this can only be used by a professional.

Gas explosives and flooding have commonly been utilized to force gophers from their burrows, and while sometimes successful, are not guaranteed to achieve full eradication.

title: Smooth-toothed pocket gopher


text:
Dar Al Fouad

Dar Al-Fouad (دار الفؤاد) is a hospital in Giza, Egypt, on the outskirts of Cairo. It offers cardiothoracic surgery, cardiology, oncology, organ transplant, and orthopedic departments.

Dar Al Fouad Hospital (DAFH) provides medical and surgical care to patients. DAFH also collaborates with medical institutions, such as the American Cleveland Clinic.

DAFH's top medical care and hospital management was recently granted accreditation by the Joint Commission International (JCI). The hospital was founded in 1999.

Projects
Dar Al Fouad is rapidly expanding throughout the region in order to serve additional communities. Projects are underway in Egypt (Nasr City), Kuwait, Saudi Arabia (Jeddah, Riyadh), Libya, Sudan, Oman, Abu Dhabi and Bahrain. In addition, Dar Al Fouad is conducting a feasibility study on the development of a nursing college in Egypt.

title: Dar Al Fouad


text:
User:GTBacchus/sandbox

Stubs from Ulidiidae

Otitinae 213

 * 1) Otitinae
 * 2) Diacrita
 * 3) Diacrita aemula
 * 4) Diacrita costalis
 * 5) Diacrita plana
 * 6) Haigia
 * 7) Haigia diegensis
 * 8) Haigia nevadana
 * 9) Idana
 * 10) Psaeropterella
 * 11) Psaeropterella macrocephala
 * 12) Psaeropterella punctifrons
 * 13) Pseudomelieria
 * 14) Pseudomelieria argentina
 * 15) Tetropismenus
 * 16) Tetropismenus hirtus
 * 17) Tujunga mackenziei

Cephaliini 28

 * 1) Acrostictella
 * 2) Acrostictella parallela
 * 3) Cephalia
 * 4) Cephalia fascipennis
 * 5) Cephalia femoralis
 * 6) Cephalia fenestrata
 * 7) Cephalia flavoscutellata
 * 8) Cephalia fulvicornis
 * 9) Cephalia maculipennis
 * 10) Cephalia marginata
 * 11) Cephalia myrmecoides
 * 12) Cephalia nigripes
 * 13) Cephalia rufipes
 * 14) Delphinia (fly)
 * 15) Myiomyrmica
 * 16) Myrmecothea
 * 17) Proterpnomyia
 * 18) Proterpnomyia subandina
 * 19) Pterotaenia
 * 20) Pterotaenia angustifasciata
 * 21) Pterotaenia edwardsi
 * 22) Pterotaenia peruana
 * 23) Tritoxa
 * 24) Tritoxa cuneata
 * 25) Tritoxa flexa
 * 26) Tritoxa incurva
 * 27) Tritoxa pollinosa
 * 28) Tritoxa ra

Myennidini 43

 * 1) Acatochaeta
 * 2) Arborotites
 * 3) Arborotites stuckenbergi
 * 4) Callopistromyia
 * 5) Callopistromyia annulipes
 * 6) Callopistromyia strigula
 * 7) Dyscrasis
 * 8) Dyscrasis hendeli
 * 9) Myennidini
 * 10) Myennis
 * 11) Myennis appendiculata
 * 12) Myennis cyaneiventris
 * 13) Myennis mandschurica
 * 14) Myennis millepunctata
 * 15) Myennis monticola
 * 16) Myennis nebulosa
 * 17) Myennis nigra
 * 18) Myennis octopunctata
 * 19) Myennis sibirica
 * 20) Myennis tricolor
 * 21) Namibotites
 * 22) Namibotites argentata
 * 23) Oedopa
 * 24) Oedopa ascriptiva
 * 25) Oedopa capito
 * 26) Oedopa elegans
 * 27) Paroedopa
 * 28) Paroedopa punctigera
 * 29) Pseudodyscrasis
 * 30) Pseudodyscrasis steyskali
 * 31) Pseudotephritina
 * 32) Pseudotephritina inaequalis
 * 33) Pseudotephritis
 * 34) Pseudotephritis approximata
 * 35) Pseudotephritis corticalis
 * 36) Pseudotephritis inaequalis
 * 37) Pseudotephritis ussurica
 * 38) Pseudotephritis vau
 * 39) Stictomyia
 * 40) Stictomyia longicornis
 * 41) Stictomyia punctata
 * 42) Ulidiotites
 * 43) Ulidiotites dakotana

Otitini 125

 * 1) Ceroxys
 * 2) Ceroxys albitarsis
 * 3) Ceroxys amurensis
 * 4) Ceroxys baneai
 * 5) Ceroxys caerulea
 * 6) Ceroxys cinifera
 * 7) Ceroxys flavoscutellata
 * 8) Ceroxys fraudulosa
 * 9) Ceroxys friasi
 * 10) Ceroxys hortulana
 * 11) Ceroxys latiusculus
 * 12) Ceroxys morosa
 * 13) Ceroxys munda
 * 14) Ceroxys nana
 * 15) Ceroxys obscuripes
 * 16) Ceroxys ochricornis
 * 17) Ceroxys pallidus
 * 18) Ceroxys quadrivittata
 * 19) Ceroxys scutellata
 * 20) Ceroxys similis
 * 21) Ceroxys urticae
 * 22) Dorycera
 * 23) Dorycera brevis
 * 24) Dorycera caucasica
 * 25) Dorycera conspersa
 * 26) Dorycera graminum
 * 27) Dorycera grandis
 * 28) Dorycera hybrida
 * 29) Dorycera inornata
 * 30) Dorycera judea
 * 31) Dorycera limpidipennis
 * 32) Dorycera longiceps
 * 33) Dorycera maculipennis
 * 34) Dorycera melanotica
 * 35) Dorycera nitida
 * 36) Dorycera persica
 * 37) Dorycera pictipennis
 * 38) Dorycera scalaris
 * 39) Dorycera subasiatica
 * 40) Dorycera syriaca
 * 41) Dorycera tuberculosa
 * 42) Herina (fly)
 * 43) Herina aartseni
 * 44) Herina frondescentiae
 * 45) Herina germinationis
 * 46) Herina ghilianii
 * 47) Herina gyrans
 * 48) Herina lacustris
 * 49) Herina liturata
 * 50) Herina lugubris
 * 51) Herina merzi
 * 52) Herina nigrina
 * 53) Herina oscillans
 * 54) Herina paludum
 * 55) Herina palustris
 * 56) Herina parva
 * 57) Herina pseudoluctuosa
 * 58) Herina rivosecchii
 * 59) Herina scutellaris
 * 60) Herina tristis
 * 61) Herina yunnanica
 * 62) Hiatus fulvipes
 * 63) Melieria
 * 64) Melieria beckeri
 * 65) Melieria cana
 * 66) Melieria clara
 * 67) Melieria dolini
 * 68) Melieria felis
 * 69) Melieria imitans
 * 70) Melieria immaculata
 * 71) Melieria kaszabi
 * 72) Melieria latigenis
 * 73) Melieria limpidipennis
 * 74) Melieria mongolica
 * 75) Melieria nigritarsis
 * 76) Melieria nigritarsoides
 * 77) Melieria obscura
 * 78) Melieria obscuricorne
 * 79) Melieria occidentalis
 * 80) Melieria occulta
 * 81) Melieria ochricornis
 * 82) Melieria omissa
 * 83) Melieria pallipes
 * 84) Melieria pseudosystata
 * 85) Melieria pulicaria
 * 86) Melieria rubella
 * 87) Melieria sabuleti
 * 88) Melieria similis
 * 89) Melieria soosi
 * 90) Melieria subapennina
 * 91) Melieria theodori
 * 92) Melieria turcomanica
 * 93) Otites
 * 94) Otites approximata
 * 95) Otites atripes
 * 96) Otites bacescui
 * 97) Otites bimaculata
 * 98) Otites bivittata
 * 99) Otites bradescui
 * 100) Otites cinerosa
 * 101) Otites erythrocephala
 * 102) Otites erythrosceles
 * 103) Otites formosa
 * 104) Otites gradualis
 * 105) Otites guttatus
 * 106) Otites michiganus
 * 107) Otites nebulosa
 * 108) Otites pyrrhocephala
 * 109) Otites snowi
 * 110) Otites stigma
 * 111) Tetanops
 * 112) Tetanops apicalis
 * 113) Tetanops cazieri
 * 114) Tetanops eryngii
 * 115) Tetanops flavescens
 * 116) Tetanops impunctata
 * 117) Tetanops integer
 * 118) Tetanops luridipennis
 * 119) Tetanops magdalenae
 * 120) Tetanops myopaeformis
 * 121) Tetanops myopina
 * 122) Tetanops parallelus
 * 123) Tetanops psammophila
 * 124) Tetanops rufifrons
 * 125) Tetanops vittifrons

Ulidiinae 359

 * 1) Ulidiinae

Lipsanini 98

 * 1) Acrosticta
 * 2) Acrosticta apicalis
 * 3) Acrosticta bicolor
 * 4) Acrosticta compta
 * 5) Acrosticta dichroa
 * 6) Acrosticta fiebrigi
 * 7) Acrosticta foveolata
 * 8) Acrosticta fulvipes
 * 9) Acrosticta mexicana
 * 10) Acrosticta profunda
 * 11) Acrosticta rubida
 * 12) Acrosticta ruficauda
 * 13) Acrosticta rufiventris
 * 14) Acrosticta scrobiculata
 * 15) Acrosticta tepocae
 * 16) Acrosticta wytsmani
 * 17) Acrostictomyia
 * 18) Acrostictomyia longistigma
 * 19) Acrostictomyia subapicalis
 * 20) Aspistomella
 * 21) Aspistomella heteroptera
 * 22) Aspistomella lobioptera
 * 23) Axiologina
 * 24) Axiologina ferrumeguinum
 * 25) Axiologina ferumequinum
 * 26) Cenchrometopa
 * 27) Cenchrometopa curvinervis
 * 28) Chaetopsis
 * 29) Chaetopsis aenea
 * 30) Chaetopsis angusta
 * 31) Chaetopsis apicalis
 * 32) Chaetopsis canovae
 * 33) Chaetopsis debilis
 * 34) Chaetopsis duplicata
 * 35) Chaetopsis fulvifrons
 * 36) Chaetopsis graminicola
 * 37) Chaetopsis grisea
 * 38) Chaetopsis hendeli
 * 39) Chaetopsis hennebertii
 * 40) Chaetopsis laticauda
 * 41) Chaetopsis macroclada
 * 42) Chaetopsis magna
 * 43) Chaetopsis massyla
 * 44) Chaetopsis mucronata
 * 45) Chaetopsis oligosperma
 * 46) Chaetopsis praeceps
 * 47) Chaetopsis quadrifasciata
 * 48) Chaetopsis wauchii
 * 49) Eumecosomyia
 * 50) Eumecosomyia hambletoni
 * 51) Eumecosomyia lacteivittata
 * 52) Eumetopiella
 * 53) Eumetopiella engeli
 * 54) Eumetopiella fascipennis
 * 55) Eumetopiella rufipes
 * 56) Eumetopiella varipes
 * 57) Heterodoxa
 * 58) Heterodoxa fatuhivae
 * 59) Heterodoxa hivaoae
 * 60) Heterodoxa uahukae
 * 61) Heterodoxa uapouae
 * 62) Hypoecta
 * 63) Hypoecta longula
 * 64) Lipsana
 * 65) Lipsana insulaepaschalis
 * 66) Neoeuxesta
 * 67) Neoeuxesta fumicosta
 * 68) Neoeuxesta guamana
 * 69) Notogramma
 * 70) Notogramma azapae
 * 71) Notogramma cactipeodes
 * 72) Notogramma cimiciforme
 * 73) Notogramma cimiciformis
 * 74) Notogramma purpuratum
 * 75) Paraphyola
 * 76) Paraphyola angustifrons
 * 77) Paraphyola crucifera
 * 78) Pareuxesta
 * 79) Pareuxesta academica
 * 80) Pareuxesta hyalinata
 * 81) Pareuxesta intermedia
 * 82) Pareuxesta latifasciata
 * 83) Pareuxesta obscura
 * 84) Pareuxesta xanthomera
 * 85) Perissoneura
 * 86) Perissoneura chrysea
 * 87) Perissoneura paradoxa
 * 88) Siopa
 * 89) Siopa longicornis
 * 90) Steneretma
 * 91) Steneretma laticauda
 * 92) Texasa
 * 93) Texasa chaetifrons
 * 94) Ulivellia
 * 95) Ulivellia inversa
 * 96) Zacompsia
 * 97) Zacompsia fulva
 * 98) Zacompsia metallica

Pterocallini 144

 * 1) Aciuroides
 * 2) Aciuroides insecta
 * 3) Apterocerina
 * 4) Apterocerina argentea
 * 5) Apterocerina necta
 * 6) Chondrometopum
 * 7) Chondrometopum arcuatum
 * 8) Chondrometopum leve
 * 9) Coscinum
 * 10) Coscinum clavipes
 * 11) Cymatozus
 * 12) Cymatozus marginatus
 * 13) Cymatozus polymorphomyiodes
 * 14) Cyrtomostoma
 * 15) Cyrtomostoma gigas
 * 16) Dasymetopa
 * 17) Dasymetopa fenestrata
 * 18) Dasymetopa fuscicosta
 * 19) Dasymetopa luteipennis
 * 20) Dasymetopa lutulenta
 * 21) Dasymetopa ochracea
 * 22) Dasymetopa quinquepunctata
 * 23) Dasymetopa septempunctata
 * 24) Dasymetopa sordida
 * 25) Elapata
 * 26) Elapata remipes
 * 27) Goniaeola
 * 28) Goniaeola foveolata
 * 29) Lathrostigma
 * 30) Lathrostigma limbatofasciata
 * 31) Megalaemyia
 * 32) Megalaemyia albostriata
 * 33) Megalaemyia bestifer
 * 34) Megalaemyia costalis
 * 35) Megalaemyia elsae
 * 36) Megalaemyia fenestellatus
 * 37) Megalaemyia punctulata
 * 38) Megalaemyia radiata
 * 39) Micropterocerus
 * 40) Micropterocerus longifacies
 * 41) Neomyennis
 * 42) Neomyennis zebra
 * 43) Ophthalmoptera
 * 44) Ophthalmoptera bipunctata
 * 45) Ophthalmoptera elegans
 * 46) Ophthalmoptera innotata
 * 47) Ophthalmoptera longipennis
 * 48) Ophthalmoptera undulata
 * 49) Paragoniaeola
 * 50) Paragoniaeola tanycephala
 * 51) Paragorgopis
 * 52) Paragorgopis argyrata
 * 53) Paragorgopis cancellata
 * 54) Paragorgopis clathrata
 * 55) Paragorgopis discrepans
 * 56) Paragorgopis euryale
 * 57) Paragorgopis maculata
 * 58) Paragorgopis oreas
 * 59) Paragorgopis schnusei
 * 60) Paragorgopis stapes
 * 61) Paragorgopis stheno
 * 62) Parophthalmoptera
 * 63) Parophthalmoptera picea
 * 64) Perissoza
 * 65) Perissoza scripta
 * 66) Plagiocephalus
 * 67) Plagiocephalus huberi
 * 68) Plagiocephalus lobularis
 * 69) Pterocalla
 * 70) Pterocalla amazonica
 * 71) Pterocalla angustipennis
 * 72) Pterocalla bella
 * 73) Pterocalla costalis
 * 74) Pterocalla fenestrata
 * 75) Pterocalla guttulata
 * 76) Pterocalla maculata
 * 77) Pterocalla nitidiventris
 * 78) Pterocalla oculata
 * 79) Pterocalla ophthalmoptera
 * 80) Pterocalla pennata
 * 81) Pterocalla pentophthalma
 * 82) Pterocalla plumitarsis
 * 83) Pterocalla proxima
 * 84) Pterocalla punctata
 * 85) Pterocalla quadrata
 * 86) Pterocalla radiata
 * 87) Pterocalla reticulata
 * 88) Pterocalla scutellata
 * 89) Pterocalla striata
 * 90) Pterocalla strigula
 * 91) Pterocalla undulata
 * 92) Pterocerina
 * 93) Pterocerina acutipennis
 * 94) Pterocerina alboguttata
 * 95) Pterocerina americana
 * 96) Pterocerina anastrepha
 * 97) Pterocerina angulata
 * 98) Pterocerina basalis
 * 99) Pterocerina bifasciata
 * 100) Pterocerina clarifascia
 * 101) Pterocerina colorata
 * 102) Pterocerina costalimai
 * 103) Pterocerina fenestrata
 * 104) Pterocerina ferruginea
 * 105) Pterocerina furcata
 * 106) Pterocerina garleppi
 * 107) Pterocerina hendeli
 * 108) Pterocerina interrupta
 * 109) Pterocerina nigricauda
 * 110) Pterocerina nigripennis
 * 111) Pterocerina nigripes
 * 112) Pterocerina obliteratella
 * 113) Pterocerina ochracea
 * 114) Pterocerina pallidibasis
 * 115) Pterocerina paradoxa
 * 116) Pterocerina picea
 * 117) Pterocerina plurifurcata
 * 118) Pterocerina psidii
 * 119) Pterocerina ruficauda
 * 120) Pterocerina scalaris
 * 121) Pterocerina stylata
 * 122) Pterocerina townsendi
 * 123) Pterocerina trifasciata
 * 124) Rhyparella
 * 125) Rhyparella decempunctata
 * 126) Rhyparella novempunctata
 * 127) Terpnomyia
 * 128) Terpnomyia angustifrons
 * 129) Terpnomyia bicolor
 * 130) Terpnomyia citrivitta
 * 131) Terpnomyia costalis
 * 132) Terpnomyia latifrons
 * 133) Terpnomyia nitens
 * 134) Terpnomyia tigrina
 * 135) Tetrapleura (insect)
 * 136) Tetrapleura andongensis
 * 137) Tetrapleura chevalieri
 * 138) Tetrapleura picta
 * 139) Xanthacrona
 * 140) Xanthacrona bipustulata
 * 141) Xanthacrona phyllochaeta
 * 142) Xanthacrona tripustulata
 * 143) Xanthacrona tuberosa
 * 144) Xanthacrona ypsilon

Seiopterini 20

 * 1) Homalocephala
 * 2) Homalocephala albitarsis
 * 3) Homalocephala angustata
 * 4) Homalocephala apicalis
 * 5) Homalocephala bimaculata
 * 6) Homalocephala biumbrata
 * 7) Homalocephala mamaevi
 * 8) Homalocephala ozerovi
 * 9) Pseudoseioptera
 * 10) Pseudoseioptera albipes
 * 11) Pseudoseioptera dubiosa
 * 12) Pseudoseioptera ingrica
 * 13) Seioptera
 * 14) Seioptera albipes
 * 15) Seioptera colon
 * 16) Seioptera costalis
 * 17) Seioptera demonstrans
 * 18) Seioptera dubiosa
 * 19) Seioptera importans
 * 20) Seioptera vibrans

Ulidiini 96

 * 1) Physiphora
 * 2) Physiphora aenea
 * 3) Physiphora alceae
 * 4) Physiphora elbae
 * 5) Physiphora euphorbiana
 * 6) Physiphora hendeli
 * 7) Physiphora laticauda
 * 8) Physiphora nasoni
 * 9) Physiphora tenuis
 * 10) Timia (fly)
 * 11) Timia abstersa
 * 12) Timia albiantennata
 * 13) Timia albifacies
 * 14) Timia alini
 * 15) Timia altaica
 * 16) Timia amoena
 * 17) Timia anomala
 * 18) Timia apicalis
 * 19) Timia arianica
 * 20) Timia asiatica
 * 21) Timia berlandi
 * 22) Timia beybienkoi
 * 23) Timia camillae
 * 24) Timia canaliculata
 * 25) Timia carbonaria
 * 26) Timia danieli
 * 27) Timia desparsata
 * 28) Timia dimidiata
 * 29) Timia emeljanovi
 * 30) Timia emiliae
 * 31) Timia erythrocephala
 * 32) Timia flaveola
 * 33) Timia gobica
 * 34) Timia golbeki
 * 35) Timia gussakovskyi
 * 36) Timia hirtipes
 * 37) Timia jakowlewi
 * 38) Timia kaszabi
 * 39) Timia kerzhneri
 * 40) Timia klugi
 * 41) Timia komarowii
 * 42) Timia libani
 * 43) Timia melanorrhina
 * 44) Timia mokhnata
 * 45) Timia mongolica
 * 46) Timia monticola
 * 47) Timia nasuta
 * 48) Timia nigriantennata
 * 49) Timia nigriceps
 * 50) Timia nigrimana
 * 51) Timia nigripes
 * 52) Timia nitida
 * 53) Timia orientalis
 * 54) Timia pamirensis
 * 55) Timia paramoena
 * 56) Timia parva
 * 57) Timia persica
 * 58) Timia planiceps
 * 59) Timia polychaeta
 * 60) Timia problematica
 * 61) Timia protuberans
 * 62) Timia pubescens
 * 63) Timia pulchra
 * 64) Timia punctulata
 * 65) Timia reitteri
 * 66) Timia rugifrons
 * 67) Timia testacea
 * 68) Timia turgida
 * 69) Timia xanthaspis
 * 70) Timia xanthostoma
 * 71) Timia zaitzevi
 * 72) Ulidia
 * 73) Ulidia albidipennis
 * 74) Ulidia atrata
 * 75) Ulidia atrovirens
 * 76) Ulidia bipunctata
 * 77) Ulidia clausa
 * 78) Ulidia erythrophthalma
 * 79) Ulidia facialis
 * 80) Ulidia fascialis
 * 81) Ulidia fulvifrons
 * 82) Ulidia kandybinae
 * 83) Ulidia megacephala
 * 84) Ulidia melampodia
 * 85) Ulidia nigricubitalis
 * 86) Ulidia nitens
 * 87) Ulidia nitida
 * 88) Ulidia omani
 * 89) Ulidia parallela
 * 90) Ulidia rubida
 * 91) Ulidia ruficeps
 * 92) Ulidia salonikensis
 * 93) Ulidia semiopaca
 * 94) Ulidia smaragdina
 * 95) Ulidia splendida
 * 96) Ulidia wadicola

Unplaced 168

 * 1) Amethysa
 * 2) Amethysa basalis
 * 3) Amethysa calligyna
 * 4) Amethysa fasciata
 * 5) Amethysa intermedia
 * 6) Amethysa macquarti
 * 7) Anacampta
 * 8) Anacampta latiusculus
 * 9) Anacampta morosa
 * 10) Anacampta munda
 * 11) Anacampta robusta
 * 12) Anacampta unimaculata
 * 13) Blainvillia
 * 14) Blainvillia palpata
 * 15) Califortalis
 * 16) Califortalis hirsutifrons
 * 17) Carlottaemyia
 * 18) Carlottaemyia moerens
 * 19) Chrysomyza
 * 20) Chrysomyza africana
 * 21) Chrysomyza allomma
 * 22) Chrysomyza anaglypha
 * 23) Chrysomyza azurea
 * 24) Chrysomyza chalybea
 * 25) Chrysomyza flavipes
 * 26) Chrysomyza longicornis
 * 27) Chrysomyza obscura
 * 28) Chrysomyza sericea
 * 29) Chrysomyza tarsata
 * 30) Chrysomyza violacea
 * 31) Cliochloria senegalensis
 * 32) Empyelocera
 * 33) Empyelocera abstersa
 * 34) Empyelocera amoena
 * 35) Empyelocera anomala
 * 36) Empyelocera berlandi
 * 37) Empyelocera camillae
 * 38) Empyelocera dimidiata
 * 39) Empyelocera melanorrhina
 * 40) Empyelocera nasuta
 * 41) Empyelocera nigriceps
 * 42) Empyelocera nigrimana
 * 43) Empyelocera nitida
 * 44) Empyelocera xanthaspis
 * 45) Empyelocera xanthostoma
 * 46) Eupterocerina
 * 47) Eupterocerina conjuncta
 * 48) Euxestina
 * 49) Euxestina similis
 * 50) Heramyia
 * 51) Heramyia populicola
 * 52) Hypochra
 * 53) Hypochra albufera
 * 54) Hypochra asiatica
 * 55) Hypochra atricornis
 * 56) Idanophana
 * 57) Idanophana gephyra
 * 58) Macheirocera
 * 59) Macheirocera grandis
 * 60) Meckelia
 * 61) Meckelia confluens
 * 62) Meckelia connexa
 * 63) Meckelia griseicolle
 * 64) Meckelia philadelphica
 * 65) Meckelia splendens
 * 66) Meckelia zaidami
 * 67) Megaloprepemyia
 * 68) Megaloprepemyia excellens
 * 69) Metopocampta
 * 70) Metopocampta planiceps
 * 71) Myrmecomyia
 * 72) Myrmecomyia formicaria
 * 73) Ophryoterpnomyia
 * 74) Ophryoterpnomyia zikani
 * 75) Ortalis acuticornis
 * 76) Ortalis aenea
 * 77) Ortalis aequifera
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 * 79) Ortalis alternatus
 * 80) Ortalis angustata
 * 81) Ortalis astrolabei
 * 82) Ortalis atomaria
 * 83) Ortalis basalis
 * 84) Ortalis bigotii
 * 85) Ortalis bimaculata
 * 86) Ortalis bipars
 * 87) Ortalis cana
 * 88) Ortalis chalybea
 * 89) Ortalis cienericeps
 * 90) Ortalis cinifera
 * 91) Ortalis comperei
 * 92) Ortalis complens
 * 93) Ortalis concisivitta
 * 94) Ortalis conformis
 * 95) Ortalis confusa
 * 96) Ortalis costalis
 * 97) Ortalis decatomoides
 * 98) Ortalis decorata
 * 99) Ortalis dispila
 * 100) Ortalis dominula
 * 101) Ortalis erythrocephala
 * 102) Ortalis fasciata
 * 103) Ortalis fenestrata
 * 104) Ortalis flavoscutellata
 * 105) Ortalis fraudulosa
 * 106) Ortalis grata
 * 107) Ortalis isara
 * 108) Ortalis lacustris
 * 109) Ortalis laticornis
 * 110) Ortalis leucomelas
 * 111) Ortalis leucomerus
 * 112) Ortalis ligata
 * 113) Ortalis longicornis
 * 114) Ortalis lugubris
 * 115) Ortalis marginata
 * 116) Ortalis massyla
 * 117) Ortalis mentissa
 * 118) Ortalis nebulosa
 * 119) Ortalis notata
 * 120) Ortalis nubila
 * 121) Ortalis obliqua
 * 122) Ortalis palustris
 * 123) Ortalis paralleia
 * 124) Ortalis parva
 * 125) Ortalis picta
 * 126) Ortalis platystoma
 * 127) Ortalis prompta
 * 128) Ortalis quinquemaculata
 * 129) Ortalis semivitta
 * 130) Ortalis snowi
 * 131) Ortalis stigma
 * 132) Ortalis striolata
 * 133) Ortalis tarsalis
 * 134) Ortalis trifasciata
 * 135) Ortalis tristis
 * 136) Ortalis unicolor
 * 137) Ortalis vacillans
 * 138) Ortalis vau
 * 139) Paragorgopsis
 * 140) Paragorgopsis amoena
 * 141) Paragorgopsis excellens
 * 142) Paragorgopsis fascipennis
 * 143) Phaeosoma
 * 144) Phaeosoma mongolicum
 * 145) Phaeosoma nigricorne
 * 146) Platyeuxesta
 * 147) Platyeuxesta rivelloides
 * 148) Prionella
 * 149) Prionella beauvoisii
 * 150) Prionella villosa
 * 151) Rhadinomyia
 * 152) Rhadinomyia burmanica
 * 153) Rhadinomyia conjuncta
 * 154) Rhadinomyia luzonica
 * 155) Rhadinomyia orientalis
 * 156) Schnusimyia
 * 157) Schnusimyia parvula
 * 158) Systata
 * 159) Systata angustata
 * 160) Systata obliqua
 * 161) Systata silvicola
 * 162) Tephronota
 * 163) Tephronota canadensis
 * 164) Tephronota humilis
 * 165) Terelliosoma
 * 166) Terelliosoma heryngii
 * 167) Vespomima
 * 168) Vespomima nigrotaenia

title: User:GTBacchus/sandbox


text:
Talk:Second French intervention in Mexico

motivation unclear
"[The invasion followed] Juárez's suspension of payments of interest on loans to foreign countries made by previous governments". This is unclear to me. I am assuming these were loans to Mexico from France, Britain and Spain. Can this be explicitly stated? "Loans to Mexico", made by previous governments of ?...

-fl

 * Mexico had loaned from many countries, and following the bankruptcy at least France, UK and Spain was among the creditors. The entire bankruptcy side of the affair is strangely absent. Is it considered controversial somehow? 82.180.29.126 (talk) 17:55, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

anon edit
removed anons edit "French troops were defeated." from the end of the 1863 section. Astrokey44 05:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

french and spanish version
For a different view, this is the google translated version of the spanish wikipedia article: and the french one:. The french one lists five battles which have their own articles Astrokey44 05:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Mexican constitution
A comment was placed in the article, "--- not strictly true. see Constitutions of Mexico ---" (after it said in the article that "The republic was restored, and a new constitution was written" Astrokey44 00:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Casualties
Can anyone check on the casualties? I wanted to implement a war box here, but didn't have enough stats. Specific number of deaths, etc. Thanks -- WB 03:21, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

I might as well ask this...
... what are the sources for this information? - Ta bu shi da yu 08:08, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * its shown in the reference section Astrokey44 14:48, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Article Review
The following is a review of this article written for a history class:

''Although a growing number of people in the United States celebrate Cinco de Mayo each year, few individuals among them actually know the history of the holiday. Despite the fact that Mexico is such a close neighbor, its history is rarely discussed in the United States and so many do not know that the 5th of May is the day that Mexican forces defeated French invaders at the Battle of Puebla in 1862. In fact, the Second Empire of France under the leadership of Napoleon III went to great lengths in an attempt to colonize Mexico during this time period. The events 1862—1867 were interesting examples of French imperialism and intriguing part of French, Mexican, and even U.S. history. If the average person wished to learn about them, she or he may turn to the free, online encyclopedia, Wikipedia. For these reasons I have decided to critique the article entitled “French Intervention in Mexico,” and evaluate its usefulness, objectivity, and accuracy about this subject in French history.''

The author does a very good job of presenting the material without strong bias. Overall, the events are presented without a great deal of comment; mostly it is a listing of when and where certain events occurred. Unfortunately this means there is almost no analysis and no explanation of why things happened as they did. When the author takes any stance it is one of condemning the Second Empire’s actions and supporting a Mexican Republic. The author states that France was interested only in “exploiting” the mines in Mexico and had “ambitions of colonizing Mexico.” There is no sympathy towards Mexican Conservatives, or towards Maximilian (even regarding his execution). I believe that the author found Juárez, the Republicans, and the United States to be in the right when it came to the issue of European intervention in Mexico during this time.

The author makes a few statements in the article that I would classify as assumptions because there are no citations for them. The author assumes that France invaded in order to colonize and control the wealth of Mexico, and did so at a time when the United States would not interfere. There is also the assumption that Maximilian could never be accepted by either political group in Mexico. I feel that many of the assumptions made by the author would be substantiated and repeated in other histories about this subject, but the lack of references does not allow the reader to validate these claims. Since the author is not overly concerned with opinions or analysis, there are few ideas she or he tries to convince the reader of. I do find it quite believable that Maximilian found few allies in Mexico, and the idea that France saw this time period as a prime opportunity to invade Mexico (since the United States was busy with its own Civil War) is quite convincing as well. Both these opinions make sense politically. However, I am not convinced that France invaded Mexico merely to control the mines in northwestern Mexico. Such an action seems hardly worth the lives and resources that would be lost in a foreign invasion.

There are only two references listed directly following the article, which are links to pages on a website entitled www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/mexico. One is a timeline of the “Mexican Adventure,” and the other is a bibliography of about 55 books on the topic. The website does not appear very sophisticated, and most of the book titles are in German (I think). It is really anyone’s guess as to whether the author of the article used these references, or if they are meant to be resources for further investigation of the subject. There is no form of citation, and no information about who posted these “references”—was it the author, Wikipedia, or just anyone browsing around the site who felt like adding them? Given the vagueness of the references, I would certainly not judge this article as suitable for use as an academic resource, but I think I trust it enough to consider it a good addition to general knowledge—until it’s proven wrong by a “respected” source.

The most glaring deficiencies of the article seem to be grammatical and spelling errors. There are not an overwhelming amount of typos, but it flips from past and present tense narration, and some of the wording throughout the article is a little awkward. It could definitely benefit from some harsh editing. I was a little confused when it discussed the events surrounding Maximilian’s execution, which were muddled in their presentation, but apart from that the article is direct and easy to understand. It provides a good general knowledge of the French intervention in Mexico during the 1860s.

Although there is a fairly good base of knowledge in the article, there were many unanswered questions I had after examining it. Why did President Juárez suspend its payments to foreign governments? The author says, “The crown was offered to Maximilian, due to Napoleon’s effort,” but what exactly were these efforts? What were the French popular opinions towards Napoleon III’s actions in Mexico? How important was the role of the United States in forcing out the French, and how much did they support the Mexican Republicans? Why didn’t Maximilian abandon Mexico when advised to by Napoleon? And why did the 5th of May become a holiday when the battle it commemorates failed to rid Mexico of the French army completely? Clearly this article is just a jumping off place for further investigation.

Wikipedia can provide a relatively accurate basis of knowledge, and point of departure for future research, but hopefully those that use it recognize its faults. The information presented cannot be assumed to be wholly accurate, and should certainly not be a source of information for academic papers; especially when it is presented without references and an anonymous author. And, of course, as with any article, it should be questioned in regards to its accuracy, attitudes, and assumptions.

I think a willingness to look at Maximilian objectively would make one arrive at the conclusion he was a man with good intentions but in the wrong place at the wrong time. Remember, he was very much a product of the progressive wave in vogue at the time and in some respects more liberal than Juarez himself. Perhaps, had he not been a foreigner, he would have been welcomed with open arms by the great majority of Mexicans.

Alloco1 16:03, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Egyptians!
Would someone answerr this weren't there egyptian troops fighting under the french at the time or possibly ottoman, I'm pretty sure there was some egyptian troops fighting under french in mexico though it could have been in south america or I could be completely wrong. Zakaria mohyeldin 07:35, 10 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Erm, pretty sure Egypt was a British colony at the time. You may be thinking of Zouaves, units who's uniforms and orginization were based on that of the units in Algeria, though not even these were significantly comprised of African soldiers.66.133.180.58 (talk) 19:44, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

There were Egyptains fighting there for the French. Egypt did not fall under British control until the 1880s and was still fully independent in the 1860s. The French did a deal with the Egyptian King allowing them to recruit troops there, beliving they would be well suited to the Mexican climate. Many were enslaved and forced to serve there. 86.139.149.25 (talk) 02:40, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Were there war camels and war elephants in the Egyptian contingent? What kind of elephants? --Error (talk) 02:19, 29 October 2018 (UTC) of

 * No there was a battalion sized "Egyptian Auxiliary Corps" numbering about 450 infantrymen, dispatched by the Bey of Egypt in February 1863 as part of a deal with the French. The theory was that they would be largely immune to the tropical diseases that were causing heavy losses amongst the French, Belgian and Austrian troops dispatched to Mexico. Recruited largely from Sudanese conscripts they fought in the Veracruz region and earned a reputation for being ruthless and effective. They did not however include "camel cavalry", "Coptic knights", "cannon elephants" and "war hounds" as recorded in an earlier version of the article. I think that someone is trying to be whimsical by presenting them as a sort of circus parade. I have edited this section and provided a source reference. Buistr (talk) 04:54, 29 October 2018 (UTC)

Title
I reverted a unilateral move of this page, at "French intervention in Mexico" to "Franco-Mexican War" I personally have no strong feelings about what title is better, but any move should be discussed on the talk page before moving; also most wikilinks go to this present title, and any proper move should include fixing links and redirects. -- Infrogmation 15:32, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Word "Unfortunately"
I removed the word "Unfortunately" stated twice in "The Battle" section, since they represented only the French perspective.M.Campos (talk) 17:32, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Confederate States
Did the Confederate States government take any interest in the conflict? France was officially neutral in the American Civil War but leaned toward the South. Which side controlled the Mexican side of the Texas border? 168.137.100.26 (talk) 17:29, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

First Decree of 1865, issued 31 December 1864, in case anyone is interested
Decree authorizing the Journal of the Empire as the Official Newspaper

GLIN.GOV is a database product of the Law Library of Congress. There is a sepia-colored image with the Imperial Coat of Arms along with the metadata available for this record. It is available upon request.

No citations in article?
The whole article is basically one big unsourced mess. Needs inline citations and more verifiable sources please. Put template up also. Cartras (talk) 18:27, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

What the hell is that?
Result 	John attempts to throw knife at Isaias, but Isaias kills him with magnum. ISAIAS IS ONLY MEXICAN SURVIVOR while the french retreated.

What the hell is that honestly? That can't be serious... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.161.129.150 (talk) 11:29, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

Ruminative links?
- could anyone add in a note relating the story told in this article to the issue of developing countries' debt - and thus link to that article? . . and, actually, write an article on sovereign debt as a banking-craze / banking-crash of the, erm, 1980s I think? - with the (existing) developing countries' debt article linked to it?

What's in my mind is that the French intervention in Mexico was an early incident in the history of loans to sovereign states / "recourse" (banker's term) when the loans "go sour" (banking slang!) / "moral hazard" (banker's jargon for a type of loan where central bankers will be reluctant to rescue a borrower, for fear of encouraging feckless borrowing, but will eventually have to anyway - so that there's a window of opportunity for junk lenders). This is an important and continuing theme in the development of our culture! - ask Lehman Brothers!

(Argentina's role in the history of the Paris Club seems to be another section of the same story.)

- same again but "Monroe Doctrine"? As a Brit, I lack insight into the origins / purpose / impact of the Monroe Doctrine. I'm aware of Reagan's response to Thatcher's appeal at the start of the Falklands (Malvinas!) War as a conscious exception to that doctrine (Reagan made satellite intelligence available to the Brits - ie supported a European power's intervention in South America) .. and of the real possibility that, eg, Obama's Administration will decline to offer similar support to Britain if Argentina again moves against those islands .. and of the possibility that this is among the reasons for Britain's comparatively large-scale involvement in Afghanistan (comparatively = with other European NATO allies, not with the US obviously!!) - and of course Iran!

SquisherDa (talk) 15:00, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

 * The Falkland Islands were British long before the Monroe Doctrine. Booting invaders off your own territory was never 'intervention'! Monroe was about preventing European powers from establishing NEW territorial claims in the Western Hemisphere or intervening in the affairs of independent nations there.
 * If Monroe can be interpreted as you (and others) believe, it would be impossible for the UK to control any territories in the Americas - yet, in addition to the Falklands, the UK held Belize (British Honduras) in central America and British Guiana in south America until the late 20th century. Furthermore, US territorial claims in the western hemisphere didn't alter the ownership of Dutch and French posessions there either - Aruba and Curacao, for example.
 * Sadly, Wikipedia is just so full of pro-American bias as to make it virtually useless on geopolitical affair.2A01:4B00:AE0E:6200:DC7D:D977:5E79:92BB (talk) 02:03, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

"Cruzoob" needs to be removed
The addition of a third belligerent, Cruzoob, to the infobox seems to be wholly unwarranted, as there is, in fact, no mention of it anywhere in the article except in the infobox. I'd remove it myself, but I have little experience with infoboxes, and fear I'd remove parts that should remain. MayerG (talk) 04:39, 2 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Can you explain your doubts a bit more please? The fact that is isn't mentioned in the article (and note that there are several subarticles - battles, treaties...etc) is no reason for its removal since it is well referenced within the infobox.  Lajbi  Holla @ me  •  CP  07:26, 2 April 2013 (UTC)

 * There never was a "Cruzoob state" that was a belligerent in the French intervention in Mexico, and the meager information in the infobox gives no reason to think there was. "Cruzoob" is an apparent reference to the religious views of some of the participants in the civil unrest (the Caste War) that accompanied divisions within the rebellious Mexican states in Yucatan during its time of proclaimed independence and lasting till after its reincorporation into Mexico. If you have any evidence that this religious group sent troops against or to the aid of the French or, conversely, France sent troops against or to the aid of them, then by all means add this to the article, but as it is any mention of these particular participants in a geographically and chronologically distinct conflict is unwarranted. MayerG (talk) 04:40, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Okay, so first, there's a map at the Történelmi világatlasz, Budapest, Hungary, 1991, Kartográfiai Vállalat, ISBN 963-351-696-X-CM, page 71/II, which shows that part of the Yucatan as being independent from 1821 to 1868. That's one source and I don't want to cite more as I don't have time to go through all the available references in the Cruzoob column of the infobox - although you can do it if you have time and looking for answers -, but several of them has evidences that the Maya people living there and exclusively worshiping the Cruzoob religion launched attacks on both the Mexican authorities as well as the French invaders (as their struggle began earlier than this particular war and continued after). It is also mentioned that Maximilian unsuccessfully tried to please them by giving the Cruzoob freedom of religion and other privileges regarding the land they owned, but as his treasury went low he had to reconsider and so the Maya ambushes restarted. A quote from an infobox reference to your request on troops: The machete and the cross: campesino rebellion in Yucatan (page 4); "The establishment of Maximilian's empire in 1864 brought significant but short-lived changes in government policy. Campaigns against the bravos were renewed, although to no avail, for the rebels at the height of their power inflicted serious defeats on the government forces.". It's all there all it requires is checking the references, for me it took like five minutes so for a deeper insight expend time on its research.  Lajbi  Holla @ me  •  CP  17:17, 3 April 2013 (UTC)
 * But Yucatan was not an independent state from 1821 to 1868, even if you can find a Hungarian map that says it was. Yucatan separatists decreed their independence for a few months in 1823, and again in 1841, but rejoined Mexico in 1848. Take a look at these maps here, from 1827 http://wchsutah.org/maps/finley-1827.jpg and 1847 http://wchsutah.org/maps/upper-california-1847.jpg, showing Yucatan in Mexico. As far as the French are concerned, this map http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_mexico/french_intervention_1862.jpg (from a Mexican source) shows that the theater of French operations in Mexico did not reach to the corner of Yucatan where the religious rebels operated. There's no evidence in what you've cited that French troops took part in any way in the Yucatan Caste War, nor any evidence that there was ever a "Cruzoob state", as opposed to rebels fighting against others in Yucatan, who sometimes did, and sometimes didn't, claim allegiance to central control from Mexico City. It took only a few minutes to find these sources; someone familiar with French and, especially, Mexican sources could probably clean this up easily. It's not a question of can you find a map somewhere, or a sentence somewhere, that seems to link the two. The question is do significant, reliable sources on Mexican history concur that Mayan rebels in a corner of southeast Yucatan formed an independent state whose participation in the French-Mexican War is of such import as to count as a third belligerent state in that war? I don't think so, and you've not presented evidence to the contrary. MayerG (talk) 02:53, 4 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I'd say the first two maps you presented are simply too old to be reliable in this issue. While my map is from 1991 and probably better supervised by scholars (its credits list about a 30 of them) and thus historically more accurate. It doesn't matter if you believe it or not, it is a reliable source. As for the Mexican-source map, it says that it shows the political boundaries as of 1857 so it doesn't concern to the French Intervention era, which is the main scope of this article (nor does it show e.g. the American Civil War boundaries, which happened the same time). And as I said read the books in the references and not just my quote before writing a statement such as "there's no evidence". There's not only English but German sources as well. Those have several other evidences but I won't copy-paste them here one by one.  Lajbi  Holla @ me  •  CP  14:36, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

Why the second of anything?!
I'm wondering why in the list of titles some have the word "second" in it, I mean was there a first invasion, war or intervention by France in/with Mexico or is the used of "second" a reference to France being in an imperial state for the second time if not just why the used of it. I read the article and it did not reference a first time that France was belligerent towards Mexico other that this. -- Sion8 (talk) 23:22, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes indeed, there was a first French invasion to Mexico in 1838. --148.247.186.142 (talk) 20:51, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

Role of United States
In the main article, in the left box, where we see the belligerents, the must also be the United States, the profe is Siege of Mexico City, where the American Legion of Honor from US is with 3000 man involved in the war. --93.184.26.78 (talk) 08:55, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Be bold but neutral. Juan Riley (talk) 00:18, 7 October 2015 (UTC)

 * there were less tan 100 american voluntaries in the mexican army according to the soldiers who fought in the war 2806:102E:B:1876:BCBA:BC29:C456:6856 (talk) 19:11, 10 September 2022 (UTC)

Change the wikipedia title to Second Franco Mexican war — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.252.249.164 (talk) 09:58, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

Mention of Sudanese soldiers in infobox
Hi, the parenthetical note in the infobox clearly says that the Egyptian force came "with Sudanese slave soldiers", not that "the entire Egyptian force was made up of Sudanese slave soldiers", as you interpreted it here. I see no issue here unless the source itself has been misread or unless there are other reliable sources contradicting this. R Prazeres (talk) 23:01, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

Casualties
, as you have made edits citing Codfelter, you may be able to confirm details. The infobox presently gives casualties for Mexican Republican, Mexican Emperial and French forces as well as "others" under French command. Can you confirm what Codfelter has to say on casualties. Cinderella157 (talk) 08:29, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

 * The entire book is available online for free, so you can access it yourself to verify the information. Gilbertstry (talk) 09:32, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
 * , do you have a link please? Cinderella157 (talk) 09:49, 24 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Railroad Wars

Railroad Wars were business rivalries between railroad companies, which occurred frequently in American history. Although they were usually little more than legal disputes inside a courtroom, they sometimes turned into armed conflicts. There has been competition between railroad companies since the beginning of railroading in the United States, but violent confrontations were most common in the final quarter of the 19th century, particularly in the Old West.

Placer County Railroad War
One of the first railroad wars in Old West history was the Placer County Railroad War in California. In 1864, the Sacramento Valley Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad began competing for the ownership of a road from Ashland to a point just outside Auburn Station, which was in the process of being abandoned by the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada Railroad. Because the Sacramento Valley company was in need of American-made rail for use in the First transcontinental railroad, the abandonment of the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada road gave them an opportunity to purchase new rail cheaply. To the contrary, the Central Pacific was interested in completing the road to Auburn.

In order to stop the destruction of the road by the Sacramento Valley company, Central Pacific convinced a local Welshman named Griffith Griffith, who owned a granite quarry along the road, to sue the former for threatening his business. Griffith was successful and on June 15, 1864, he received a court order to stop the destruction of the road. The Sacramento Valley company ignored the order though and on July 2 they began disassembling the road for use elsewhere.

In response, the sheriff of Placer County assembled his deputies and arrested some railroad workers at Auburn Station. However, on July 9, the disassembling of the road was resumed so the deputies attempted to stop it again. But, before they were successful, the Justice of Lincoln arrived and arrested the deputies for disturbing the peace. When he learned of this, the sheriff of Placer County ordered the Auburn Greys, a local militia, to pick up where his deputies had left off. During the following encounter, the militia opened fire on a crew of workers as they were removing the tracks. Others were arrested and put in jail. The road was safe for the time being, but, soon after, the California Supreme Court got involved and sided with the Sacramento Valley Railroad. Now that the Sacramento Valley company had permission from the state to continue removing the road, the Central Pacific was forced to build their own line to Auburn, which was completed on May 13, 1865.

Colorado Railroad War
The Colorado Railroad War, also known as the Royal Gorge Railroad War, was fought in the late 1870s between the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and the smaller Denver and Rio Grande company. In 1878, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe was competing against the Denver and Rio Grande to put the first line through Raton Pass. Both railroads had extended lines into Trinidad, Colorado and the pass was the only access to continue on to New Mexico. There was a great deal of legal maneuvering, and even threatened violence between rival gangs of railroad workers. To break the impasse, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe hired a number of local gunfighters in February 1878. Faced with this threat, and running out of money, the Denver and Rio Grande was forced to cede the pass to its rivals. The initial dispute was over without a shot being fired. However, the next year a silver strike in Leadville brought the struggle back to life.

Now both railroads were competing to put track along the narrow Royal Gorge. The Denver and Rio Grande had hired its own gunfighters so the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe decided to strengthen its forces. On March 20, 1879 the railroad hired Bat Masterson to put together a group of gunmen. Masterson's force included such famous fighters as Doc Holliday, Ben Thompson, Dave Rudabaugh and Mysterious Dave Mather, as well as about seventy others. This impressive force had great success through early June 1879, but, on June 10, the state Fourth Judicial Circuit, with the later concurrence of the federal courts, ruled in favor of the Denver and Rio Grande, changing matters entirely. With the assistance of the sheriffs in the counties through which the railroads passed, the Denver and Rio Grande mounted an attack on its rival's forces. There was heavy fighting at the Santa Fe's garrisons in Colorado. The garrisons in Denver and Colorado Springs fell quickly. Masterson's headquarters in Pueblo held out the longest, but they eventually conceded defeat. Later, there were some bloodless skirmishes, but the war was essentially over with the Denver and Rio Grande in control of the Royal Gorge.

Enid-Pond Creek Railroad War
The Enid-Pond Creek Railroad War was a dispute between the citizens of two Oklahoma counties and the Rock Island Railroad. In the late 1880s, the Rock Island Railroad built a line into the Indian Territory, entering near Caldwell, Kansas and following the Chisholm Trail. At part of the infrastructure, the company established railroad stations near several of the existing stagecoach stations along the trail. Two of the stations, Pond Creek, built at Pond Stage Stand on Round Pond Creek, and Enid, built at Skeleton Station near the Skeleton Ranch headquarters, would become involved in a controversy between the railroad and the United States Department of the Interior. The problems began when the Department of the Interior set about opening the Cherokee Outlet to settlement. Hoping to lessen the problem of county seat wars, a common event in newly settled areas of the Old West, the Department of the Interior divided the Cherokee Outlet into counties and assigned them county seats. Pond Creek was chosen as the seat of "L" County and Enid became the seat of "O" County. Following the announcement of the official county seats, several Cherokee citizens began claiming land allotments, choosing sites near Pond Creek and Enid. Subsequently, railroad officials were accused of conspiring with the Cherokee to speculate on town development. Accordingly, officials in the Department of the Interior moved the government approved towns to different locations nearby, effectively creating two new towns. A land run opened the Cherokee Outlet in 1893 and settlers, mostly from Kansas, occupied all four town sites; railroad Pond Creek, government Pond Creek, railroad Enid, or North Enid, and government Enid, or South Enid. The Rock Island Railroad responded to the government's action by refusing to stop trains at the government towns. Initially, the citizens in both government towns protested to get the railroad to provide them service and the Oklahoma Territorial government and United States House of Representatives supported them. However, the United States Senate took the railroad's side and refused to act. Government officials then informed the Rock Island Railroad that they had to furnish mail service to the two government towns. The Rock Island company responded by installing a type of hook on their trains to pick up and deliver mail without having to slow down. When the mail pouches broke open, furious citizens claimed it was done intentionally. The people of Enid then passed an ordinance setting a speed limit for trains passing through the town, but the Rock Island Railroad ignored it.

Citizens in both government towns attempted to flag down trains or force them to stop by placing dummies on the tracks and leaving wagons and debris across the rails. When that failed, the citizens resorted to violence. In June 1894, the people of Pond Creek tore up about a hundred yards of railroad and wrecked a freight train. By July, citizens were shooting at passing trains and placing bombs on the railroad tracks. Later that month, a group of unknown assailants sawed partially through a number of wooden supports on the trestle near Enid, which led to the wrecking of another freight train. To restore order, men of the United States Marshals Service and United States Army troops from Fort Reno and Fort Supply were sent in to patrol the railroad right-of-way. Violence continued, though. Finally, the United States Senate decided to intervene and on August 8, 1894, President Grover Cleveland signed an act which required railroads "to establish and maintain passenger stations and freight depots at or within one-fourth of a mile of the boundary limits of all town sites established prior to August 8, 1894, in said Territories." Soon after, railroad Pond Creek was renamed Jefferson and relocated to higher ground; government Pond Creek remained, but "L" County was eventually renamed Grant County and the seat was moved to Medford. Railroad Enid became North Enid and government Enid, or South Enid, became the present-day Enid, the seat of Garfield County.

Deschutes Railroad War
The Deschutes Railroad War began in 1908 when two competing railroad companies, the Deschutes Railroad and the Oregon Trunk Railway, started racing to build a line from the mouth of the Deschutes River across central Oregon. The Deschutes Railroad, a Union Pacific subsidiary, was owned by Edward H. Harriman and the Oregon Trunk was owned by James J. Hill.

Harriman was the first to begin construction and, after surveying the area, he decided that the eastern side of the river would be the best route. Soon after, Hill began building his own line on the western side. Later on, however, in the Deschutes River Canyon, the two roads actually ran side-by-side or shared the same rails and terminals. Over the following years, there were multiple legal disputes to decide which company should have sole access to the canyon, but railroad workers went even further. Competing construction crews would often blow up the other side's supplies by igniting their black powder stores. They also dumped boulders onto camps below and engaged in small gunfights. Casualties remained light though and by 1912 the two railroads were operating on mostly separate lines, thus removing the cause for hostility.

title: Railroad Wars


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Louis Hagey

Henry Louis Hagey, (July 19, 1906 – March 12, 1967) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1938 to 1943 who represented the riding of Brantford. He won his seat in a by-election after the previous member, Morrison MacBride died in office.

Background
Hagey was educated at Brantford Collegiate Institute and obtained a degree from Waterloo College in 1929. He attended Osgoode Hall and was called to the bar in 1932. Hagey served as past master of Doric Lodge, AF and AM, 32nd degree Scottish Rite. Hagey was the great-grandson of the Mennonite Bishop Joseph B. Hagey and his cousin, Gerry Hagey, founded the University of Waterloo. He married Ardell Tennant with whom he had four children. He died in Brantford in 1967 at the age of 60.

Politics
In 1933, he became an alderman for the town of Brantford, Ontario. He remained in the position for the next five years. During his time on council he also served as chair of the Public Utilities Commission. In 1938, the local MPP, Morrison MacBride died and a by-election was held to replace him. Hagey stood as the candidate for the Liberal Party and defeated Conservative candidate Reginald Welsh by 1,146 votes on July 20, 1938. Hagey sat as a backbench supporter of the Mitchell Hepburn government.

In the 1943 election, he was defeated by CCF candidate Charles Strange by 1,045 votes.

title: Louis Hagey


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USS Schmitt

USS Schmitt (DE-676) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort in the United States Navy, commissioned in 1943. In late 1944, she was converted to a high speed transport and was redesignated APD-76. She was retired in 1949 and transferred to the Republic of China Navy in 1969, where she served as ROCS Lung Shan (PF-44) until 1976, when she was scrapped.

History
USS Schmitt was named for Father Aloysius H. Schmitt and was laid down on 22 February 1943 by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company of Quincy, Massachusetts; launched on 29 May 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Elizabeth Buchheit; and commissioned on 24 July 1943.

Battle of the Atlantic (1943-1944)
After shakedown in Bermuda and repairs at New York, Schmitt departed from New York on 19 October 1943 escorting a convoy to Curaçao in the West Indies, and then made her first trans-Atlantic crossing with a convoy from Curaçao to Derry, Northern Ireland. She served on the Derry-New York convoy route until 30 September 1944, crossing the ocean 16 times without incident. Between voyages, the escort underwent anti-submarine training at Derry or at Casco Bay, Maine, and received repairs made necessary by the rough North Atlantic weather.

On 21 October, Schmitt began a convoy voyage from Norfolk to Bizerte and other Mediterranean ports, returning to New York on 10 December. Between 16 December 1944 and 19 January 1945, she served as training ship for submarines at New London, Connecticut, and then on 20 January arrived at the United States Naval Frontier Base, Tompkinsville, Staten Island, New York, for conversion to a Charles Lawrence-class high speed transport. Her designation was changed to APD-76 on 24 January 1945.

Pacific War (1945)
Schmitt completed conversion on 3 April 1945, and once again underwent shakedown, this time out of Norfolk. She departed Hampton Roads on 19 April and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 16 May. She embarked Underwater Demolition Teams there and carried out six days of exercises with them at Maui before sailing for the Southwest Pacific on 4 June. The fast transport arrived off Balikpapan, Borneo, on 23 June, and screened the bombardment group of cruisers and destroyers during shore bombardment missions between 23 and 28 June. Her UDT personnel carried out night reconnaissance operations on 25 and 28 June, with the ship resuming escort duties during the day. On 1 July, Schmitt's boat led the first 17 waves of landing craft to the beach. The ship left Balikpapan on 3 July, disembarking her UDT personnel at Oceanside, California, on 2 August; and, while the ship was under repair at San Pedro from 4 to 18 August, the war in the Pacific came to an end.

Post-war (1945–1949)
Schmitt reembarked UDT personnel and departed from San Pedro on 19 August. She arrived at Sasebo, Japan, on 20 September and carried out four days of beach reconnaissance there followed by two more days on nearby islands. She got underway from Japan on 27 September and returned on 19 October to San Diego. Between 17 and 30 November, she made one round-trip voyage to Pearl Harbor, bringing troops home to the United States, and then sailed through the Panama Canal and proceeded to join the Atlantic Fleet at Norfolk on 16 December.

For the next three and a half years, Schmitt conducted peacetime training and upkeep along the Atlantic Coast, highlighted by refresher training and shore bombardment practice in the Caribbean and amphibious landing exercises in Newfoundland and Labrador. She varied her normal routine between 12 June and 7 July 1948 when she escorted four Naval Academy sailing yawls in the Newport to Bermuda race. On 16 April 1949, the fast transport arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, for inactivation, and was decommissioned and placed in reserve there on 28 June.

Republic of China Navy (1969-1976)
Schmitt was struck from the Navy List on 1 May 1967, and transferred in February 1969 to the Republic of China Navy as ROCS Lung Shan (PF-44). She was subsequently scrapped in 1976.

Awards
Schmitt received one battle star for her World War II service.

title: USS Schmitt


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text: User talk:203.76.143.126

title: User talk:203.76.143.126