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Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth

Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth (1525 – 13 January 1584) was an English peer, courtier, administrator and military commander during the reigns of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. His reputation suffered through the surrender of Calais in 1558, which occurred under his command.

Career
The eldest son of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth and Margaret Fortescue, of Nettlestead, Suffolk, Thomas studied at St John's College, Cambridge. He served with distinction under his relative the Lord Protector Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547, for which he was knighted at Roxburgh in August 1547. He sat as MP for Suffolk from 1547 to 1553: his father died in 1551, leaving him heir to his title, during the third prorogation, and he was replaced by Sir Thomas Cornwallis before the end of the parliament. He was one of the peers who found Somerset Not Guilty of treason, but Guilty on a capital charge of felony, in 1551.

Having signed the Letters Patent for the Limitation of the Crown, intended to favour the succession of Lady Jane Grey, on 21 June 1553, Wentworth was (according to Raphael Holinshed) among the first of the nobility to rally to the cause of Queen Mary while Queen Jane was being proclaimed in London. It is suggested that his support for Queen Mary arose from a conviction that her title to the Crown was rightful, rather than from a desire to restore Roman Catholicism. In mid-August 1553 he was empanelled to deliberate on the guilt of the Duke of Northumberland, the Marquess of Northampton and the Earl of Warwick, and then upon Sir Ambrose Dudley, Sir John Gates, Sir Henry Gates and Sir Thomas Palmer. Having given satisfaction by assisting in their condemnation, four days later Wentworth made his first appearance as a sworn member of the Privy Council at Richmond.

He was not required to sit in judgement upon Jane Grey in November 1553, but in December Mary appointed him Lord Deputy of Calais. Wentworth was the last Englishman to hold this post, for on 7 January 1558 he was compelled to surrender Calais to Francis, Duke of Guise, his representations as to the defenceless condition of the fortress having been disregarded by the Privy Council some years earlier. He was suspected of collusion with the enemy for his ineptitude and indecision during the final crisis, and was indicted for treason. (In fact his passive behaviour was probably owing to his certainty that the cause was hopeless.) His behaviour was unfavourably compared to the gallant defence of Guisnes, yet Guisnes also surrendered after a few days.

Wentworth was deprived of his manors at Stepney and Hackney at this time. He remained in France as a prisoner of war for more than a year, a delay which may have spared him the stigma for the loss of Calais. During that time Elizabeth succeeded to the throne, and although he was held in the Tower of London on his return to England, he was acquitted of treason in April 1559, and his manors were soon restored to him. Henry Machyn recorded his relief at the acquittal. In 1561, as Wentworth was rehabilitated, John Day published an English translation of Heinrich Bullinger's collection of One Hundred Sermons on the Apocalypse, and dedicated the work to him (as Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk) with a lengthy Epistle dated from Ipswich. Wentworth's religious views were tolerant.

At Ipswich on 30 December 1569, he made his declaration of obedience to the Act of Parliament for the Uniformity of Common Prayer. In 1572 he was among the Lords who sat in judgement at the trial for High Treason of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, convicted and condemned him.

In March 1562/63, two of Wentworth's brothers, James and John, died in the loss of the Queen's ship Greyhound. Wentworth married twice, on both occasions to his kinswomen of other branches of the Wentworth family. The first wife was Mary Wentworth, daughter of Sir John Wentworth of Gosfield, and she died without children at Calais. The second wife, whom he probably married in 1555 or 1556, was Anne, daughter of Henry Wentworth, Esquire, of Mountnessing, Essex. Having become the mother of Wentworth's children, Dame Anne died on 2 September 1571 and was buried in Stepney church. Sir Thomas died intestate on 13 January 1584, and was probably buried near her.

Children

 * William Wentworth (died 7 November 1582), the eldest son, married Elizabeth Cecil (born 1 July 1564), a daughter of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, but died at Theobalds, predeceasing his father.
 * Henry Wentworth, 3rd Baron Wentworth (1558–1593), the second son, consequently succeeded to the title. He was one of the judges of Mary, Queen of Scots at Fotheringay in 1586. Henry married Anne Hopton (daughter of Sir Owen Hopton) and was father of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Cleveland.

Popular culture
Wentworth appears as a minor character in the novel The Two Dianas by Alexandre Dumas.

title: Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth


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Snow White (1916 film)

Snow White is a 1916 American silent romantic fantasy film directed by J. Searle Dawley. Winthrop Ames adapted it from his own 1912 Broadway play Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which was in turn adapted from the 1812 fairy tale (as collected by the Brothers Grimm). The film stars Marguerite Clark and Creighton Hale, Clark reprising her stage role.

Having seen the film at the age of fifteen, Walt Disney was inspired to use the Brothers Grimm fairy tale as the subject of his first feature-length animated film in 1937.

Cast

 * Marguerite Clark as Snow White
 * Creighton Hale as Prince Florimond
 * Dorothy Cumming as Queen Brangomar
 * Lionel Braham as Berthold the Huntsman
 * Alice Washburn as Witch Hex (*see below)
 * Richard Barthelmess as Pie Man
 * Arthur Donaldson as King
 * Irwin Emmer as Dwarf
 * Billy Platt as Dwarf
 * Herbert Rice as Dwarf
 * Jimmy Rosen as Dwarf

uncredited
 * May Robson as Witch Hex (she replaced originally scheduled Alice Washburn)
 * Kate Lester as a dowager queen

Preservation status
Formerly thought to have been destroyed in a vault fire and presumed lost, a "substantially complete" print with Dutch intertitles, missing a few scenes, was found in Amsterdam in 1992 and restored at George Eastman House.

Home media
Snow White is included in the boxed DVD set Treasures from American Film Archives: 50 Preserved Films (2000).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Snow White (1916 film)


text:
User:Promus

Promus is a user at en.wikipedia and de.wikipedia

title: User:Promus


text:
Heel-toe technique

Heel-toe technique is a foot technique that drummers use to be able to play single strokes or double strokes on the bass drum, hi-hat, or other pedals.

Origin
The heel-toe foot technique was pioneered by drummers of the big band era. The application most commonly used for this technique at that time was a rocking motion that assisted the drummer in keeping solid time on the hi-hat, while simultaneously playing timpani type floor tom rhythms or swinging the ride cymbal. Early video footage of Buddy Rich, along with fellow Big band drummers are seen utilizing this technique in a musical setting.

Present day
In modern times, this method has been brought into mainstream knowledge and developed by James Davenport (Warpath), and implemented into various styles of music such as heavy metal by drummers such as Chris Adler, Jared Klein (Rivers of Nihil) and John Longstreth (Origin), where the heel-toe technique is used to play a multiple stroke roll on both feet. Usually this consists of double and triple strikes. It has also been incorporated into the drum and bass genre by artists like Jojo Mayer. Tim Waterson used a hybrid version of the heel-toe technique to set the double stroke world record for feet in the World's Fastest Drummer competition with a score of 1,407 doubles in 60 seconds. Davenport is the first drummer to build a style of playing that uses multiple stroke kick drumming as the foundation of his technique.

Description
The technique allows a drummer to play two strokes in a single motion similar to the Moeller method for hand technique. It consists of two parts:
 * 1) Begin from a position where the heel of the foot is suspended off the floor, and the ball of the foot is barely touching the footboard (the heel can be a little higher off the floor than the ball of the foot if that works for you).  Keeping the foot relaxed, step down with the sole of the foot almost parallel to the floor, onto the footboard in a flam motion where first the ball of the foot strikes and depresses the footboard, and a fraction of a second later the heel lands in its usual place on the floor. Despite the flam motion, you'll only actuate the beater to play one stroke.  The front part of the foot is not depressing the pedal hard in this position, so the beater is free to bounce naturally back ready for the second stroke.
 * 2) Using the hip flexors and calf, raise the upper leg while snapping the foot forward/down to actuate the second stroke. The ball of the foot snaps down, the heel comes up, and the ball of the foot (or toes) completes the second stroke. Your foot is back where you started, ready for another cycle.

The term heel-toe is used because of the appearance of the heel pushing down on the pedal followed by the toe. In actuality, it's the ball of the foot (or toes) both times, and depending on the relative size of the feet and pedal, and the drummer's individual technique, the heel may not touch the pedal or ground at all.

The technique is an asset when playing double kick pedals or two bass drums as it allows for drum rudiments to be played with the feet. When mastered, drummers can use the method to play complex patterns in the same manner as the hands in addition to rolling the bass drum.

 * Pros - Efficiency: increased speed and endurance, with less leg motion and effort required compared to single strokes for the same BPM.
 * Cons - Limited volume, as a result of not using more of the larger leg muscles in the early stages, and uneven volume, particularly when beginning to learn this technique.

The limited volume is due to muscle fatigue if the knee and upper leg are not used to power the second stroke. Often this will cause cramp. It takes years of deliberate practice to develop the muscles needed to even out the volume. For this reason, it can be especially convenient to use triggers when using this method.

title: Heel-toe technique


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Ysleta del Sur Pueblo

Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, also Tigua Pueblo, is a Native American Pueblo and federally recognized tribe in the Ysleta section of El Paso, Texas. Its members are Southern Tiwa people who had been displaced from Spanish New Mexico from 1680 to 1681 during the Pueblo Revolt against the Spaniards.

The people and language are called Tigua (pronounced tiwa). They have maintained a tribal identity and lands in Texas. Spanish mostly replaced the indigenous language in the early 1900s, and today, English is increasingly gaining ground in the community. Today there are efforts to revive the indigenous language.

They are one of three federally recognized tribes in Texas.

Tribal government
As of 2022, E. Michael Silvas is the governor of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. The 2021 Tribal Council consists of Sheriff Bernardo Gonzales, Councilman Rudy Cruz Jr., Councilman Rafael Gomez Jr., Governor E. Michael Silvas, Cacique Jose Sierra Sr., Lt. Governor Adam Torres, War Captain Javier Loera, Councilman Raul Candelaria, and Councilman Andrew Torrez.

In 2020, the tribal government employed 293 individuals, of which 58 percent were tribal citizens.

Population
In April 2008, the Tribal Census Department reported 1,615 enrolled citizens. By 2020, there were 4,696 enrolled citizens of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo.

Economic development
For almost 40 years, the Pueblo has owned and operated tribal businesses that provide employment for its members and the El Paso community. These businesses include the Big Bear Oil Co., Inc., and the Tigua Indian Cultural Center, and Speaking Rock Entertainment Center.

The Speaking Rock Entertainment Center in El Paso features live concerts, a restaurant, a café, and bars. Originally called the Speaking Rock Casino, the center has had Class II casino gaming since 2022.

17th century
The Ysleta del Sur Pueblo is a U.S. federally recognized Native American tribe and sovereign nation. The tribal community known as Tigua established Ysleta del Sur in 1682. After leaving the homelands of Quarai Pueblo due to drought the Tigua sought refuge at Isleta Pueblo and were later captured by the Spanish during the 1680 Pueblo Revolt and forced to walk south for over 400 miles.

The Tigua settled and built the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and soon after built the acequia (canal) system that sustained a thriving agricultural-based community. The tribe's early economic and farming efforts helped pave the way for the development of the region.

19th century
Throughout the 19th century and into the first half of the 20th century, the Tiguas maintained the syncretic Spanish-Indigenous political and religious offices introduced by the Spanish in the 16th century. Like other Pueblos, the Tiguas had offices that included Cacique (chief), who served for life as well as in spiritual matters, Lieutenant-cacique, Governor, Lieutenant-governor, War Captain, and subordinate captains. Local newspapers regularly reported on tribal elections and the Tiguas' primary religious celebration on St. Anthony's Day honoring St. Anthony the patron saint of their mission church and community. Lacking a well-bounded and defined federal Indian reservation, the Tiguas intermarried extensively with Mexican Americans and assimilated many cultural and material traits of their Hispanic neighbors. Over time, many lost the Tiwa language and many Isleta Pueblo customs and traditions.

20th century
Important for their later federal tribal recognition, in 1901 noted anthropologist Jesse Walter Fewkes (later famous for his excavations of Mesa Verde) visited Ysleta del Sur as part of a trip to study the New Mexico Pueblos. While noting their assimilation or "Mexicanization," Fewkes published a short ethnographic article detailing the Tiguas' surviving Pueblo customs and traditions. He found that twenty-five could still speak the Tiwa language while many more could understand it. He noted that the Tiguas still performed several indigenous dances, including the scalp dance and a rattle dance. Ceremonies were accompanied by chants in the Tiwa language. Tiguas still called their community by a Tigua name, "Chiawipia." The group continued to hold elections for tribal officers. At the time, Fewkes wrote that José Piarote served as Cacique, Mariano Manero served as Governor, and Tomal Granillo was War Captain. Significantly, Manero still carried a baton or staff of office that Fewkes concluded was just like those carried by leaders at the New Mexico Pueblos.

During the 1930s the Tiguas did not seek aid from the federal government during President Franklin Roosevelt's important Indian New Deal like many unrecognized Indian tribes. They were still recognized, however, as indigenous people by local and state officials. The tribe was invited to take part in the 1936 Texas Centennial Celebration in Dallas. Donning Plains Indian regalia, Tigua officials rode in the opening ceremony parade. Tigua leaders made Franklin Roosevelt "Honorary Cacique" and Eleanor Roosevelt "Honorary Squaw" at the time.

By the 1950s the Tigua community was in dire circumstances. Having lost their valuable tribal lands, most members lived in poverty near the old mission church while others moved to other parts of El Paso for better economic opportunities. That decade the community was threatened when the City of El Paso annexed Ysleta, imposing new taxes. Tigua leaders reached out for aid. In 1961, the Mayor of El Paso wrote to the Bureau of Indian Affairs asking for assistance for the group. As this was during the Termination Era when the U.S. government was "getting out of the Indian business" and terminating tribal governments and reservations, the government denied any responsibility for the Tiguas. As part of the Tiguas' outreach for assistance, the University of Arizona Anthropology Department sent a graduate student to study the group in 1966. He took a census, finding that 166 individuals served as the core of the Tigua community while others were more peripherally involved. The War Captain, Trinidad Granillo, still maintained the tribe's ceremonial center (kiva) in his home. He also kept the tribes' sacred drum or tombe which was revered for its spiritual power. The scholar also reported that the Tiguas still maintained their St. Anthony's Day ceremonials, tribal dances, and indigenous chants.

The 1960s were important years for the Tigua community. With the aid of a Latino friend, the Tiguas reached out to a young attorney, Tom Diamond, to aid them in their economic struggles. Diamond, a vocal supporter of the liberal agenda of Democratic Presidents John F. Kennedy and his successor Lyndon Johnson, agreed to aid the group. Diamond helped the Tiguas reconnect with their relatives at Isleta Pueblo in New Mexico. Its governor, Andy Abieta, visited the Tiguas and was surprised at the level of Isleta traditions the band still maintained. He became a staunch advocate for the band. Under Diamond, the Tiguas pursued a significant lands claims case through the post-war Indian Claims Commission, an effort that generated considerable documentation on the tribal survival of the Tiguas, as well as the consequences that stemmed from the federal government's failure to fulfill its trust responsibilities to the band.

In 1966, Diamond helped introduce the Tiguas to Vine Deloria, Jr., a noted Lakota scholar who was then serving as Executive Director of the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI). The NCAI lobbied to have the Tiguas recognized as a federally recognized Indian tribe. Deloria also featured the Tiguas prominently in his seminal book, Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto, highlighting the band as an important symbol of the survival of indigenous values in modern American society. As part of the effort to secure status and aid for the band, Diamond gained the support of the Texas delegation to Congress and the Senate for Tigua tribal recognition. Due to termination sentiment in Congress, federal officials were not willing to grant full federal tribal acknowledgment at the time. The Ysleta band as a result only was recognized as the Tigua Indians of El Paso in 1967 as a Texas Indian tribe; House Bill 888 was passed during the 60th Legislature, Regular Session, transferring all trust responsibilities for the Tigua Indians to the Texas Indian Commission. On April 12, 1968, under Public Law 90–287 82 Stat. 93 the United States Congress relinquished all responsibility for the Tiwa Indians of Ysleta, Texas to the State of Texas. The Tiwa Indians Act, borrowing word-for-word from the Lumbee Indian Act of the mid-1950s, specified that tribal members would be ineligible for any services, claims or demands from the United States as Indians.

Under Texas jurisdiction, the state created a reservation for the Tiguas. Tiguas and state officials created economic development programs. The most important was a tourism venture on the reservation. Here Tiguas were hired to demonstrate indigenous crafts and lifeways. During the 1970s there was great public interest in Indigenous Americans, and for a time, this program was successful. It became apparent to Tiguas and their non-indigenous supporters, however, that limited state aid and economic development programs were not sufficient for tribal survival. Without federal tribal status, the Tiguas did not have access to federal programs of the Bureau of Indian Affairs; they could not exercise true self-government without federal tribal recognition.

Public Law 100-89, 101 STAT. 666 was enacted August 16, 1987 and restored the federal relationship with the tribe simultaneously with those of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe. The restoration act renamed the tribe to the Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo, repealed the Tiwa Indians Act, and specifically prohibited all gaming activities prohibited by the laws of the state of Texas. The Tigua have maintained a federal relationship continuously since 1987.

The legislation of the United States Congress restored eligibility to receive services from the federal government to this group, the southernmost tribe of the Pueblo peoples.

title: Ysleta del Sur Pueblo


text: Category:Roads in Lithuania

title: Category:Roads in Lithuania


text:
Gávea Investimentos

The Gávea Group comprises two investment management firms (Gávea Investimentos and Gávea Equity) and one distributor (Gávea DTVM). These are regulated by the Central Bank of Brazil, the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários - CVM (Brazil’s equivalent to the US SEC) and the Brazilian Financial and Capital Markets Association (ANBIMA).

Assets under management of approximately US$3.5 billion as of March 2019.

Gávea was founded in the 2nd quarter of 2003 by Arminio Fraga and Luiz Henrique Fraga, launching its first two products in August of that same year. Its activities are focused on four lines of business; hedge funds, private equity funds, equity funds and real estate funds.

Gávea has offices in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, with a staff of approximately 150.

In November 2010, Gávea announced the sale of a majority interest in its capital to J.P. Morgan Asset Management, the asset management arm of JPMorgan Chase. And consequently, creating a strategic alliance with Highbridge Capital Management, the global alternative asset manager owned by J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Its investment process for each of the existing lines of business remains unchanged, under the leadership of CIO Arminio Fraga, Luiz Henrique Fraga and their teams.

title: Gávea Investimentos


text:
Kimmo Kinnunen

Kimmo Paavali Kinnunen (born 31 March 1968) is a Finnish former javelin thrower. He won gold at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo and silver at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart.

His other achievements include a 4th-place finish at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona and 7th-place finish at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. His personal best is 90.82 from the 1991 World Championships.

Kimmo Kinnunen is son of javelin thrower Jorma Kinnunen.

Seasonal bests by year

 * 1986 - 71.72
 * 1987 - 72.94
 * 1988 - 80.24
 * 1989 - 83.10
 * 1990 - 81.46
 * 1991 - 90.82
 * 1992 - 83.42
 * 1993 - 84.78
 * 1994 - 79.34
 * 1995 - 82.64
 * 1996 - 85.32
 * 1997 - 82.48
 * 1998 - 84.23
 * 1999 - 85.96
 * 2000 - 81.41
 * 2001 - 81.35
 * 2002 - 80.39
 * 2003 - 74.54

title: Kimmo Kinnunen


text:
The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates

The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates is a book by John Milton, in which he defends the right of people to execute a guilty sovereign, whether tyrannical or not.

In the text, Milton conjectures about the formation of commonwealths. He comes up with a kind of constitutionalism but not an outright anti-monarchical argument. He gives a theory of how people come into commonwealths and come to elect kings. He explains what the role of a king should be, and conversely what a tyrant is, and why it is necessary to limit a ruler's power through laws and oaths.

Full title
''The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates: proving that it is lawful, and hath been held so through the ages, for any, who has the Power, to call to account a Tyrant, or wicked King, and after due conviction, to depose, and put him to death; if the ordinary MAGISTRATE have neglected, or deny’d to do it. And that they, who of late so much blame Deposing, are the Men that did it themselves''.

Background and context
In February 1649, less than two weeks after Parliament executed Charles I, Milton published The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates to justify the action and to defend the government against the Presbyterians who initially voted for the regicide and later condemned it, and whose practices he believed were a "growing threat to freedom." Milton aimed to expose false reasoning from the opposition, citing scripture throughout the Tenure of Kings and Magistrates to counter biblical reference that would cast holy and public disapproval on Parliament's actions. "Milton’s case was not that Charles I was guilty as charged, but that Parliament had the right to prosecute him." Milton later remarked that the piece was "written to reconcile men's minds, rather than to determine anything about Charles".

The work also rebuts theories posited by Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes. Specifically, Milton took issue with the notions that a separation of powers leads to anarchy and that the king's power was naturally absolute.

The work appeared five times: in 1649, perhaps written during the King's trial, with a second edition following in 1650 ("with improvements" ), and twice in collections (Works, 1697, and Complete Collection, 1698). A final edition, revised, retitled, and presenting somewhat altered views, appeared in 1689 during a controversy over the succession of William III. This edition, titled Pro Populo Adversus Tyrannos: Or the Sovereign Right and Power of the People over Tyrants, may have been edited by James Tyrell, a historian, but continued to be advertised, in 1691, as being Milton's work.

Tract
Milton begins The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates by paraphrasing the words of Sallust to describe the nature of tyranny:

"Hence is it that Tyrants are not oft offended, nor stand much in doubt of bad men, as being all naturally servile; but in whom vertue and true worth most is eminent, them they feare in earnest, as by right thir Maisters, against them lies all thir hatred and suspicion. Consequentlie neither doe bad men hate Tyrants, but have been alwayes readiest with the falsifi'd names of Loyalty, and Obedience, to colour over thir base compliances."

Milton continues by discussing the nature of law, and the rule of law, and the private sphere:

"And surely they that shall boast, as we doe, to be a free Nation, and not have in themselves the power to remove, or to abolish any governour supreme, or subordinat, with the government it self upon urgent causes, may please thir fancy with a ridiculous and painted freedom, fit to coz'n babies; but are indeed under tyranny and servitude; as wanting that power, which is the root and source of all liberty, to dispose and œconomize in the Land which God hath giv'n them, as Maisters of Family in thir own house and free inheritance. Without which natural and essential power of a free Nation, though bearing high thir heads, they can in due esteem be thought no better than slaves and vassals born, in the tenure and occupation of another inheriting Lord. Whose government, though not illegal, or intolerable, hangs over them as a Lordly scourge, not as a free government; and therfore to be abrogated. How much more justly then may they fling off tyranny, or tyrants; who being once depos'd can be no more the privat men, as subject to the reach of Justice and arraignment as any other transgressors."

Milton calls on the people to support Parliament's actions and wisdom:

"Another sort there is, who comming in the cours of these affaires, to have thir share in great actions, above the form of Law or Custom, at least to give thir voice and approbation, begin to swerve, and almost shiver at the Majesty and grandeur of som noble deed, as if they were newly enter'd into a great sin; disputing presidents, forms, and circumstances, when the Common-wealth nigh perishes for want of deeds in substance, don with just and faithfull expedition. To these I wish better instruction, and vertue equal to thir calling; the former of which, that is to say Instruction, I shall indeavour, as my dutie is, to bestow on them; and exhort them not to startle from the just and pious resolution of adhering with all thir strength & assistance to the present Parlament & Army, in the glorious way wherin Justice and Victory hath set them;"

Themes
Jonathan Scott believed that The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates was one of the "key republican texts" during the 17th century. However, Milton gave up parts of his Republican views to support Parliament, especially when he called for the people to support the government. "[It is] more properly termed a regicide tract, justifying the killing of King Charles I, rather than a republican tract, justifying the establishment of a new kind of government."

The argument in The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates is complicated, and Milton attempts to reexplain his views in Eikonoklastes. With both pieces Milton attempted to disrupt the popular image of Charles I as innocent (Eikonoklastes means "image breaker").

The work is unique compared to other works during its time because Milton emphasises the deeds of individuals as the only way for there to be justice. The work also emphasises the freedom of the individual, and only through such freedom is an individual able to develop properly. Citing classical and biblical references, this emphasis refutes the divine right of kings, as well as Hobbes's idea of absolute power held by a monarch. Milton argues that no man is better than another, having all been created in God's image, free and equal, and that all have a right to dispose of themselves. Further, he argues that their freedom and equality entitles them to inflict the same treatment upon the king they would receive at the hands of the law, that magistrates are empowered by the people:

"It being thus manifest that the power of Kings and Magistrates is nothing else, but what is only derivative, transferr’d and committed to them in trust from the People, to the Common good of them all, in whom the power yet remains fundamentally, and cannot be tak’n from them, without a violation of thir natural birthright."

Milton emphasises the concept of trust, instilled in the king by the people, and the dynasty’s violation of that trust. He describes the crimes perpetrated by the executed King, asserting that kings are accountable to more than just God.

Also, Milton emphasises the importance of an education focusing on the ability to discriminate between ideas and establishing self-discipline.

Reception
The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates immediately influenced the political works and theories of many others, including Bulstrode Whitelocke, John Canne, John Lilburne, John Twyn, and various anonymous works. The amount of attention that the work received prompted John Shawcross to declare that the work, itself, allowed Milton to be viewed as a "great writer". Later on, the work was able to influence others without them knowing; a piece by Algernon Sidney, which copies words directly from The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, influenced various tracts and many responders to Sidney did not know that the lines were originally from Milton.

Milton's controversial denial of the divine right of kings prevented widespread acceptance of The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates.

The Song Curse my Name by the German metal band Blind Guardian is an interpretation of Milton's tract.

title: The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RB20E

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 18:13, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

RB20E
Single line (not even a sentence) substub with a cleanup-date tag on it since July 27. "nissan engine producer from the late 80's, single cam 6 cylander, belt drive, 2.0L.". Quale 18:58, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable engine model number (I don't think it's an engine producer). If someone wants they can merge it with a Nissan-related page. Andrew pmk | Talk 00:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point. It may well be a typo. Perhaps "nissan engine produce[d]..."?  Quale 06:06, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RB20E


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Erik Anderson

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedily deleted by me. Scimitar parley 20:03, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Erik Anderson
The assertions of notability (taco eating, kindness award) look to be hoaxes; I can't find references to either. Without those it's just another nn-bio. Delete. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 18:58, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. ≈ jossi fresco ≈ 19:24, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. NN-bio peppered with hoaxes. KeithD (talk) 19:26, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as a hoax OR nn-bio. 27 tacos in 10 minutes?  Not even close to the record... Sonya Thomas is the record holder with 43 in 11 minutes.  Nice try though.--Isotope23 19:27, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Raytheon Sentinel

Page move?
If this page is about the ASTOR project (for example, ASTOR redirects here, labeling the link as "Airborne stand-off radar"), and the Raytheon Sentinel is mainly notable as the proposed airframe for this project, then should the bulk of this page be moved to Airborne stand-off radar? Ojw 18:59, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps a more general overall topic page should be Airborne Surveillance and Ground Battle Management. This topic should discuss the combination of Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR, Moving Target Indicator, MTI, and communication elements of jamming enemy communications and jam-proofing the other.

Notable aircraft under this role are JSTARS, ASTOR, the Preditor with Hellfire weapon, and several pod mounted assets for fighters of several countries shuch as Elta's pod for the IAF, Thales' pod for the French AF.

Rolls-Royce Deutschland BR710 turbo fan
The name of the engines is Rolls-Royce Deutschland BR710 turbo fan. source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7881031.stm?lss —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.194.216.101 (talk) 09:51, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it doesn't matter whether its a German or another countries engine. --91.221.58.27 (talk) 07:15, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

 * The name of the company is Rolls-Royce Deutschland, formerly BMW Rolls-Royce. The article is at Rolls-Royce BR700 because in most cases the manufacturer is referred to as just Rolls-Royce, as the company no longer distinguishes where its engines are made. - BilCat (talk) 07:59, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

Language
The 'English' of this article is atrocious. Would anyone mind if I translated it into real English?Keith-264 (talk) 17:36, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I have had a go at a tidy up but your welcome to improve on my attempt. MilborneOne (talk) 19:34, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Possible reinclusion after editing
"During 2014, it was announced that a contract for the development of a maritime-capable software upgrade was to be placed in the spring of 2015; the defense periodical Jane's has speculated that such an upgrade would allow the Sentinel to detect surface vessels and potentially submarine periscopes, furthermore, that other sensors could be fitted as a 'low-end' capability for maritime surveillance to complement a 'high-end' platform such as the P-8A Poseidon. " I believe the above content has some merit, although it does need refactoring to consider if it did or did not take place. Planned upgrades that add an additional role or functionality to a platform are normally mentioned, as per entire sections of Lockheed U-2 and Boeing AH-64 Apache - this paragraph, once copyedited and updated to reflect the passage of time/planned nature better, should be up to standard with the relevant work. Kyteto (talk) 22:39, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

 * 1 and 3 are the same reference. And 2 is broken. So I'm not saying I disagree with inclusion if we can find some references and context as to what did/didn't happen, and why. But as is, better out. Mark83 (talk) 22:49, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

Grammar
You can't say stuff like While based on the Bombardier Global Express ultra long-range business jet, the prime contractor for the Sentinel was the American defence firm Raytheon. I have corrected it once but it got swept away in further changes. If you look at it carefully I hope you can see why it is wrong and why I object to it. Anyway, I am happy to just make my mark here so that at least it is properly recorded, and I think I must now walk away and leave you to it. Happy editing. 82.34.153.236 (talk) 10:06, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Forgive me, but that doesn't appear to be a grammar issue to me. It's perhaps a bit obtuse, but it makes the point about the prime contractor that your version leaves out. (Gotta love them I-drive-bys! No follow up.) BilCat (talk) 18:00, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raytheon Sentinel


text:
Talk:Hygrometer

varying quality
this company sells about 9 different hygrometers. Can anyone account for why the different units show somewhat different humidity percents? The readings generally diverge from each other by approximately 5 percent points. I've seen 7% difference once. Nastajus 07:14, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

technically challenging
Humidity measurement is one of the more challenging technical problems in basic physics, mainly because small microclimate variations from place to place make it nearly impossible to maintain a consistent RH throughout the environmental chamber used for calibrating the devices. Two thermometers can be compared by immersing them in an insulated vessel of water and stirring vigorously to minimize temperature variations within the container, but air is many orders of magnitude less efficient as a heat-transfer medium (just compare the cross-sectional area of the pipes used to distribute heat from the furnace in a house with hot-water heating to the cross-sectional area of the ductwork used to distribute heat in a house with forced-air heating!). Unless one wishes to purchase highly-specialized equipment costing thousands of dollars, the most accurate means available to most of us for humidity measurement is a good-quality wet-dry psychrometer. Actually if a bunch of cheap digital devices are all within 5 percentage points of each other they are doing rather better than is typical of such devices! 71.235.75.86 11 August 2007
 * Well a year later I got my answer! Thank you. They sat in a row next to each other, 1 foot apart. Perhaps the humidity would be really different at the other end of the store, away from the doorway. I've added the ip reference, for whatever it's worth. Nastajus (talk) 04:26, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

It's possible to directly measure changes in the permittivity of air due to humidity changes with a pair of closely spaced electrodes as a capacitor. It's not necessary to have the vapor absorb into some media used as a dielectric. Changes in humidity are seen almost instantly. And the changes are a fair amount larger than those from inserting a 1 mil plastic film between the electrodes. --Aflafla1 (talk) 03:53, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

Pix
Does anyone have a picture of a chart recording Hygrometer? Preferably the kind with two pens: red for temperature and blue for humidity? RJFJR 18:59, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There are already three images of hygrometers on this page. How many do we really need?  :-)  Tim Pierce 05:19, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Coil type
Info on the metal(s) in a coil hygrometer would be good (there's already a picture of one). I bought some (non-adjustable) coil hygrometers and they appear to be extremely inaccurate, but I recall an accurate one from childhood.

I added a bit of info. One tip for gaining an accurate one that (surprisingly) worked for me: I went to a store when the temperature and humidity was fairly low (dewpoint in the upper 40's Fahrenheit) in the fall and selected one based on the known humidity that day, assuming that indoor and outdoor dewpoint were the same. I have it in my basement and I also have an electronic sensor down there and they are usually within ~3% of each other. The electronic sensor was checked in salt chambers at 33% and 75% and it was within 2% at those points. These two in my basement are usually closer than two identical electronic ones I have, so I might have just got lucky ;) --Ron E (talk) 15:10, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

Calibration
Is this calibration info good? If folks think it is, let's add a link or adapt it for use in the article.

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 09:54, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

digital
There's lots of cheap digital hygrometers now available from places that sell consumer electronics. Are they any good? Are they basically the capacitive type described in the article and do they mostly obsolete the other types? Should there be more space devoted to them in the article? 207.241.239.70 (talk) 06:42, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * You would probably get a better answer at the WP:Reference desk. However, as a quick answer, we seem to have problems with our digitals at low temperatures, -20 C and colder, reading too low, and these would not be cheap ones. CambridgeBayWeather Have a gorilla 11:14, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

I propose adding something to section about psychrometers
How do people feel about my adding the following to that section of the article?

"The dry bulb constitutes one of the two thermometers in a sling psychrometer. The other is called a sock.  The person using the sling psychrometer covers the sock with water before putting the instrument into motion.  In order to get a reading, the user slings (swinging it causing the two thermometers to rotate) the sling psychrometer.  During the slinging, the water on the sock evaporates."

Here is the source: p. 308, Barron's Earth Science The Easy Way by Alan D. Sills. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 2003.

I shall wait several days. If no one shares a reaction here, then I hope to add the passage to the section about psychrometers.Earththings (talk) 05:03, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

 * There is a sentence about sling psychrometers already there. By the way does the book really call the wet-bulb a sock? I've never heard it called that before. We call it a wet-bulb, (see Wet-bulb temperature) and the muslin sleeve that goes over it at below freezing temperatures is the sock, until it gets too cold and then we just make ice. But getting a nice even ice coating on a sling is a real pain. Enter CambridgeBayWeather, waits for audience applause, not a sausage 07:08, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Yes, it does call the wet-bulb a sock.Earththings (talk) 03:07, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Humidistat
Searching the term humidistat, a device analogous to a thermostat but which responds to humidity not temperature, redirects to humidifier. A humidistat should have its own entry, but at least it should redirect to here, not humidifier. Many modern microwaves utilize a humidistat in "smart cooking" applications such as microwavable popcorn. Darqcyde (talk) 15:12, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Application
There is a sentence at the end of the paragraph that states "These devices make measurements a lot faster but are often not allowed in explosive environments.". Does anyone have a reference to backup this information? DevRockinAZ (talk) 08:31, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

The preceding sentence states "With a growing demand on the amount of measurements taken the psychrometer is now replaced by a dewpoint gauge known as a dewcheck." I could not find any information on what a "dewcheck" is, other than a particular meter with the brand name "DewCheck". This appears to be an inappropriate product placement, but I myself don't have enough knowledge to be certain. 70.68.217.153 (talk) 02:56, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

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Spectroscopic Chilled Mirror Citation Required
In the "Chilled Mirror Dew Point Hygrometer" section the second paragraph currently reads:

"More recently, spectroscopic chilled-mirrors have been introduced.[3] In this techniques, the dewpoint is detected using a spectroscopic detection, ascertaining the nature of the condensation. This method avoids many of the pitfalls of the previous chilled-mirrors and has been shown to be able to operate drift free."

I would like to request two edits to be made to this paragraph. These are:

1. Removal of the company name reference at [3]. I believe that this may be in breach of covert advertising guidelines. The company name returns more prominent search results (the top result) from www.google.co.uk than searches for "Spectroscopic Chilled Mirrors" thus giving the company an unfair competitive advantage as indicated in the covert advertising guidelines.

2. Add the requirment for a good quality citation of the claims made in the paragraph at its end. As of the time of writing this request the only information I have found regarding "Spectroscopic Chilled Mirrors" is related to the company referenced at [3].

Thank you in advance for considering these edit requests.

Aegir1984 (talk) 19:35, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * (1) – agreed, the whole point of a reference is to give a source for Wikipedians to check information accuracy, just giving a company name is not specific enough. (2) – I am confused what you are requesting. Are you asking me to find a citation for this paragraph, or do you wish it to be labeled [citation needed]? Altamel (talk) 16:54, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Hello Altamel,

Thanks for looking at this editing. The second part is just for adding a [citation needed] label as the only information sources I can find have been authored by the CEO of the company in question without suitable peer review or independence of opinion.

Aegir1984 (talk) 10:12, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

RH
What does mean RH ?

Thanks.

--AXRL (talk) 23:04, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

 * ok found : Relative Humidity...
 * --AXRL (talk) 23:12, 7 November 2017 (UTC)
 * --AXRL (talk) 23:12, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

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Problem with the test: above the frost point
The article includes the following sentence:

However, a conventional hygrometer is unable to measure properly above the frost point, and the only way to go around this fundamental problem is to use a heated humidity probe.[8]

I have zero expertise on this subject, but I think it should read "below the frost point" - can someone please check it and either correct the article or correct me?

Thanks

Gravimetric Hygrometer
I've rewritten the explanation to match the cited paper—the process compares the weight of a desiccant before and after using it to dry the gas sample, then calculates the amount of dried gas from its temperature, pressure and volume. The principle is to determine the amounts of water and gas separately, not to compare the weights of humid and dry gas as originally stated. I've also cited an NIST page which says this explicitly. Musiconeologist (talk) 03:23, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

Short description
The Android app didn't give me the opportunity to leave an edit summary when I changed this. So this is the edit summary. I've changed "relative humidity in the atmosphere" to "humidity", since it needn't be either atmospheric humidity or relative humidity which is measured. Musiconeologist (talk) 19:53, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

Weird edit summary
I accidentally saved today's edit (March 6th, 2024) part way through writing the edit summary. It was a reversion of the previous edit, and ''Undid revisby. . .  should read Undid apparent spam by. . . '' Musiconeologist (talk) 20:26, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hygrometer


text:
Rain Lover

Rain Lover (1964-1989) was a champion Australian Thoroughbred racehorse best remembered for his back-to-back wins in the 1968 and 1969 VRC Melbourne Cup.

Background
Rain Lover was sired by the good racehorse, Latin Lover (GB) (a son of the unbeaten Ribot). His dam Rain Spot was by Valognes (GB). He was owned and bred by Clifford A. Reid, who won the 1945 Melbourne Cup with Rainbird. Trainer Mick L. Robins, a former coal miner from Broken Hill, New South Wales had obtained his trainer's licence just three months before he took over Rain Lover's conditioning.

Racing career
In his first Melbourne Cup triumph, under jockey Jim Johnson, Rain Lover won by a record eight-length margin and in a record time of 3:19.1.

Controversy surrounded his second win as the hot favourite and heavily backed Big Philou trained by Bart Cummings was the victim of a doping scandal and was withdrawn from the race 39 minutes before the start. Burdened with 9 st. 7 lbs. Rain Lover still went on to win the race in game fashion by a neck from Alsop and created history as the first back-to-back winner since Archer in 1861 and 1862.

Amongst his other major wins were the SAJC Adelaide Cup, VATC St George Stakes (twice) and the AJC Chipping Norton Stakes.

Stud record
Retired to stud in 1970, Rain Lover enjoyed moderate success as a sire before his death in 1989. One of his best winners being Princess Veronica (VATC Easter Cup).

title: Rain Lover


text:
Hyundai RB (buses)

The Hyundai RB (hangul:현대 알비, 현대RB) is a series of rear engine coaches manufactured by the South Korean Hyundai Motor Company.

Most models of the coach are distinguishable by a rear engine, at coach model is commonly referred to as "RB" or Rear engine Bus, but the common Hyundai badge is usually used on the rear.

In Japan, Asia-Pacific, Mid-East, Africa, South America, its principal competitors are Asia AM, Daewoo BV.

Model concept
The RB family of bus and coach chassis was evolved from designs made by Hyundai's Thames commercial vehicle subsidiary until 1978. The engine was mounted at the rear of the vehicle, and a passenger entrance was provided ahead of the front axle, opposite to the driver. The original RB520 and RB585 models later became the RB520 and RB585 automatics, and with constant revision and upgrading, they gave way to the RB600 by 1986. In an attempt to lower the floor height of the vehicle, the supercharged diesel engine was tilted over to one side around 1978.

In South Korea, the RB was popular during the 1980s, when considerable financial assistance was available to operators for fleet renewal. However, following the election of the Grand National Party Government in 1986, the Stock Exchange money began to dry up causing demand for buses to decline. This led Hyundai to build the next-generation Aero City bus around 1991.

Now only a small number of RB buses remain in passenger use, but many have gone on to second lives as mobile tour buses and stock car transporters.

Models

 * RB 520: City Bus of urban & suburban bus
 * RB 585: Tour Bus of private & commercial bus
 * RB 600: Tour Bus of private & commercial bus
 * RB 635: Express Bus

title: Hyundai RB (buses)


text:
User talk:Shoreman

aerogel
I was under the impression that other drying methods destroyed aerogel's dendritic structure, and left a much denser solid. What other methods are used?--Joel 19:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

See, for instance, Cabot Corporation's Nanogel(R)-brand aerogel. They don't give much in the way of details in this brochure, but you can see that they have "eliminat[ed] the need for supercritical drying". (See the "What is aerogel?" section.) Shoreman 20:43, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Proposed Image Deletion
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All files in category Unclassified Chemical Structures listed for deletion
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title: User talk:Shoreman


text:
Kommissionen

Kommissionen, (in English: The Commission) is a 2005 Swedish TV series airing over 12 episodes.

The series, set in and around Stockholm, deals with the effects and political aftermath of a terrorist attack that destroys Rosenbad, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and much of the Riksdag building.

Kommissionen was shot in 2004 and was scheduled for airing on SVT in the spring of 2005, but it was postponed until the autumn. When aired on television, it was simultaneously released on DVD and as a book.

Selected cast

 * Katarina Ewerlöf - Lena Lagerfeldt,
 * Loa Falkman - Rolf G. Johansson, Prime Minister of Sweden
 * Chatarina Larsson - Grete Ancker
 * Helge Skoog - Sigvard Borg
 * Göran Gillinger - Nils Folkesson
 * Peter Perski - Karim Mahmoudi
 * Cecilia Häll - Unni Hoffner
 * Anna Ulrika Ericsson - Anne Petersson
 * Thomas Hedengran - Yngwe

title: Kommissionen


text:
List of Interstate Highways in West Virginia

The Interstate Highways in the U.S. state of West Virginia are owned and maintained by the West Virginia Division of Highways. There are 6 primary interstates, 1 auxiliary interstate, and 2 proposed interstates.


text:
Cryptodira

The Cryptodira (hidden neck) are a suborder of Testudines that includes most living tortoises and turtles. Cryptodira differ from Pleurodira (side-necked turtles) in that they lower their necks and pull the heads straight back into the shells, instead of folding their necks sideways along the body under the shells' marginals. They include among their species freshwater turtles, snapping turtles, tortoises, softshell turtles, and sea turtles.

Neck retraction
The Cryptodira are characterized by retraction of the head in the vertical plane, which permits for primarily vertical movements and restricted lateral movements outside of the shell. These motions are largely due to the morphology and arrangement of cervical vertebrae. In all recent turtles, the cervical column consists of nine joints and eight vertebrae. Compared to the narrow vertebrae and the closely positioned zygapophyses of the pleurodires, the cryptodires’ vertebrae take on the opposite shape. Their cervical vertebrae are more distended, and their zygapophyses (processes that interlock adjacent vertebrae) are much more widely spaced—features allowing for a condition called ginglymoidy, and ultimately, their “hidden” neck retraction. Ginglymoidy refers to the double articulation where articulation between the sixth and seventh vertebrae and the seventh and eighth vertebrae allows for bending of the neck into an S shape. Formation of this S shape occurs in one plane that enables retraction into the shell.

Cryptodiran neck retraction is also dependent on associated cervical musculature for its characteristic motions. A study that focused solely on the mechanism of neck retraction in Chelodina (pleurodire) versus that of Apalone (cryptodire), found an absence of the longissimus and iliocostalis systems and reduced epaxial musculature. Absence of longissimus musculature, which primarily functions in moving the neck via ipsilateral flexion and contralateral rotation, contributes to the backwards retraction of the neck into the shell. Lack of this muscular system also results in poorly developed transverse processes (the lateral processes of a vertebra), forcing them to be developed in a more cranial direction. The iliocostalis system, used for lateral flexion and extension of the vertebral column, is commonly absent in all turtles. With the presence of a shell, these muscular movements are no longer possible. Epaxial musculature that functions in alternated forms of stepping and walking is minimized in turtles, due to their restricted stride lengths and heavily weighted shells.

Systematics and evolution
Cryptodires evolved from pleurodires during the early Jurassic period, originating from South America and Southeast Asia. By the end of the Jurassic, cryptodires had almost completely replaced pleurodires in the lakes and rivers, while beginning to develop land-based species. Meanwhile, pleurodires became the dominant freshwater testudines in the Cretaceous to Eocene of Europe, and produced a family of marine species, the Bothremydidae.

The Cryptodira suborder has four living superfamilies, the Chelonioidea (sea turtles), Testudinoidea (tortoises and pond turtles), Kinosternoidea (Central American river turtle and mud turtles) and Trionychoidea (soft-shell turtles and relatives). Chelydridae (snapping turtles) form a sister group to Kinosternoidea. The former three subfamilies (and Chelydridae) are classified in the clade Durocryptodira, while the latter is classified in the clade Trionychia. These two clades likely diverged in the middle of the Jurassic.

Two circumscriptions of the Cryptodira are commonly found. One is used here; it includes a number of primitive extinct lineages known only from fossils, as well as the Eucryptodira. These are, in turn, made up from some very basal groups, and the Centrocryptodira contain the prehistoric relatives of the living cryptodires, as well as the latter, which are collectively called Polycryptodira or Durocryptodira.

The alternate concept restricts the use of the term "Cryptodira" to the crown clade (i.e. Polycryptodira). The Cryptodira as understood here are called Cryptodiramorpha in this view. A recent study placed Plesiochelyidae as an Angolachelonia and outside Testudines, thus Cryptodira.

As per the system used here, the Cryptodira can be classified as:

 * †Hangaiemys
 * †Bashuchelyidae
 * Pan-Cryptodira
 * Family †Macrobaenidae? Sukhanov 1964
 * Family †Xinjiangchelyidae? Nesov, 1990
 * Family †Sinemydidae? Yeh, 1963
 * Clade Pandurocryptodira
 * Clade Americhelydia
 * Clade Chelydroidea
 * Family Chelydridae (snapping turtles)
 * Superfamily Kinosternoidea
 * Family Dermatemydidae (river turtles)
 * Family Kinosternidae (mud turtles)
 * Clade Panchelonioidea
 * Clade †Angolachelonia?
 * Clade †Thalassochelydia?
 * Family †Eurysternidae?
 * Family †Plesiochelyidae?
 * Family †Thalassemydidae?
 * †Owadowia?
 * Family †Sandownidae? (may also belong in Thalassochelydia)
 * Family †Protostegidae? (may also belong in Thalassochelydia)
 * Family †Toxochelyidae
 * Family †Ctenochelyidae
 * Superfamily Chelonioidea (sea turtles)
 * Family Cheloniidae (green sea turtles and relatives)
 * Family Dermochelyidae (leatherback sea turtles)
 * Clade Pantestudinoidea
 * Family †Lindholmemydidae?
 * Superfamily Testudinoidea
 * Family †Haichemydidae
 * Family †Sinochelyidae
 * Clade Emysternia
 * Family Platysternidae (big-headed turtle)
 * Family Emydidae (pond, box and water turtles)
 * Clade Testuguria
 * Family Geoemydidae (Asian river turtles, Asian leaf turtles, Asian box turtles and roofed turtles)
 * Family Testudinidae (tortoises)
 * Clade Pantrionychia
 * Clade †Adocusia
 * Family †Adocidae
 * Family †Nanhsiungchelyidae
 * Superfamily Trionychia
 * Family Carettochelyidae (pignose turtles)
 * Family Trionychidae (softshell turtles)

Distribution

 * Trionychidae (softshell turtles) are found from North America, Africa, South and East Asia to New Guinea.
 * Kinosternidae (mud and musk turtles) are found from eastern North America to the Amazon drainage of South America.
 * Dermatemydidae (Mesoamerican river turtles) are found in the Caribbean-Gulf drainage of Mesoamerica.
 * Emydidae (cooters, sliders, American box turtles, and Allies) are found from Europe to Ural Mountains and North America southward to Eastern Brazil.

title: Cryptodira


text: Category:Roads in the United Kingdom

title: Category:Roads in the United Kingdom


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/October 4, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/October 4, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/October 4, 2005


text:
El Tambo, Cauca

El Tambo is a municipality of Cauca Department, Colombia, located about 33 kilometres west of the departmental capital Popayán in the Andes mountain range. Within its territories is located the Munchique National Park. El Tambo is the main producer of peach palm or chontaduro in the region.

title: El Tambo, Cauca


text:
Sumve

Sumve is a ward located in the Kwimba District of the Mwanza Region, in Tanzania. Sumve's residents are predominantly from the Wasukuma tribe, the largest in Tanzania, but some of Sumve's institutions employ Wahaya, Wajita, Wakerewe, Wanyamwezi and others from neighboring tribes. Therefore, many of the residents speak Kisukuma along with Swahili, the national language. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 18,514 people in the ward, from 16,436 in 2012.

The primary economic activity in the village of Sumve is the farming of rice, maize and cotton, often at the subsistence level. Sumve hosts the Kwimba district designated hospital. Since six years the village has been connected to electricity via Tanesco, although there are frequent power outages (in which case a generator kicks in). The Sumve College of Nursing and Midwifery collaborates in training the hospital staff. Two secondary schools, Sumve Girls Secondary School (O-level) and Sumve High School (O and A-level) are located in the village along with several primary schools. Many of the residents are Roman Catholic, and a large Catholic church built by the "White Fathers" of the Netherlands nearly 100 years ago still remains in Sumve today.

Sumve is approximately 70 km Southeast of Mwanza, the regional capital. Though very rural, plans exist to bring running water to Sumve's residents in the near future. At present there is a small water pump to supply water throughout the village. A computer training center, called Sumcot, has been set up, to assure IT education and internet use is available to hospital staff and students of the schools. Sumve is accessible via private vehicles (travel time is about one hour to Mwanza), but most visitors and residents take one of the buses to and from Mwanza. Though the place is accessible through railway road but at the present is not in function. The area is supplied with full mobile network dominated by Airtel and Vodacom.

Villages
The ward has 27 villages.

 * Sumve Lugulu "A"
 * Sumve Lugulu "B"
 * Budushi "A"
 * Budushi "B"
 * Budushi "C"
 * Nyamayengo
 * Chambali
 * Nyamijundu
 * Solwe
 * Sumve
 * Mahiga
 * Imalaseko
 * Mbafe
 * Mabatini
 * Igoma
 * Nyambiti
 * Lugeye
 * Businuka
 * Buchela
 * Bumyengeja
 * Ilebelo
 * Kasela
 * Mwashilalage
 * Ngongwa
 * Nyang'hwale
 * Mwakasubi
 * Kitangili

title: Sumve


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UK Youth Parliament

The UK Youth Parliament (UKYP) is a youth organisation in the United Kingdom, consisting of democratically elected members aged between 11 and 18.

Formed in 2000, the parliament has 369 members, who are elected to represent the views of young people in their area to government and service providers. Over 500,000 young people vote in the elections each year, which are held in over 90 percent of constituencies.

Members meet regularly to hold debates and plan campaigns at least three times a year locally, and twice on a national level, which includes the annual debate within the Chamber of the House of Commons every November, co-chaired by the Speaker Lindsay Hoyle and Deputy Speakers. Young people hold positions throughout the organisation's management, and it is endorsed by the majority of the UK's political parties.

Those elected for UKYP hold the suffix of MYP (Member of the UK Youth Parliament).

Formation
The concept of a United Kingdom Youth Parliament first arose at an event in Coventry entitled "Heirs To The Millennium". After the event, the MP Andrew Rowe and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and youth worker Kate Parish began to develop a proposal for the youth advocacy group. In 1998, a steering committee was formed, led by Andrew Rowe and chaired by a young person named Jannik Ecke.

In 2000, Malcolm Wicks, Department for Education and Employment, agreed to employ a member of staff who would work full-time on developing the UK Youth Parliament alongside Kate Parish. Soon after, the first elections for the UK Youth Parliament were held, with the first Annual Sitting being held in 2001.

Membership
A Member of Youth Parliament (MYP) works with MPs, service providers, and decision makers in order to present the views of their constituents to them. Deputy Members of Youth Parliament (DMYP/SMYP) may also be elected, although not every MYP has a deputy. Deputies work with and support their Member of Youth Parliament locally and regionally, but are not entitled to attend the Annual Conference or other national events – unless their MYP is unable to.

There are 391 constituencies that MYPs can sit in.

Elections
The UK Youth Parliament elections are held every one or two years (depending on the local authority), with all young people between the ages of 11 and 18 being entitled to vote or stand.

Over one million votes were cast in the elections between 2006 and 2009. In 2008, 565,802 young people voted, with 1,625 standing as candidates from across England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

Annual Conference
The Annual Conference is the parliament's main yearly meeting, which all Members of Youth Parliament attend.

Past Annual Conferences
The 9th Annual Sitting was held at the University of Kent from 24 July to 27 July 2009. The keynote speakers were:
 * John Bercow, Speaker of the House of Commons
 * Wes Streeting, President of the National Union of Students
 * Jonathan Shaw, Minister for the South East
 * Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury

House of Lords debates
In May 2008, the UKYP was granted permission to hold a debate between over 300 MYPs in the House of Lords, making it one of only two organisations to ever use the venue for non-Parliamentary proceedings, the other being the English Speaking Union for their International Mace Final on 12 May 2007.

2007–09
Prime Minister Gordon Brown suggested that members of the UK Youth Parliament could have annual access to the House of Commons chamber in 2007, but this did not come about until March 2009, when a motion was passed to allow the UK Youth Parliament to use the House of Commons for that year's annual meeting. However, a Conservative Member of Parliament objected, which forced a vote to be taken on the issue, also employing a procedure called "I spy strangers" (historically used to expel disruptive spectators, but now mostly to disrupt the House's business) to take business in the House beyond 7:00pm and stifle any possible debate on the issue. On 12 March, a second debate was held in the House of Commons with a vote set to be taken four days later.

On 16 March 2009, 189 Members of Parliament voted to allow the UK Youth Parliament to debate in the House of Commons, with 16 votes of opposition by Conservative backbenchers. It was the first time in history that the House of Commons chamber was used by a group other than MPs.

The debates were chaired by John Bercow, Speaker of the House of Commons, who closed the event with a dramatic speech to MYPs in which he described the British National Party as "a poison which we could well do without". The Speaker is usually expected to remain impartial, so as not to compromise his authority, but in this case was able to express personal opinion because the ornamental mace that indicates Parliament is sitting was not in place.

2022
The 2022 Sitting was the first formal sitting since 2019. 5 topics were debated, derived from the initial 2022 Make Your Mark results, which saw Health and Wellbeing come out on top. The 5 topics which were debated were:
 * Impact of Discrimination on Health
 * Environment and Health
 * Education and Health
 * Cost of Living and Health
 * Mental Health

Cost of Living and Health won a majority in the voting, meaning that this was the new Priority Campaign.

2023
In 2023, For the first time, UK Youth Parliament had visiting representatives at the House of Commons debates of the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man as well as from the UK Overseas Territories including Anguilla and Bermuda.

It was also the first time that the UK Youth Parliament debated surrounding their campaign, Free School Meals. Out of the 5 topics debated, Financing and Funding came out on top, meaning that this became the priority campaign for the rest of the term.

Steering Group
Decisions regarding the development and progression of the organisation is undertaken by the Steering Group, made up of one MYP elected from each region and nation (known as "SGs"), for a 12-month term from 1 February to 31 January the following year. Their main focus is "key decisions relating to the membership and the programme of work, within the given strategic boundaries".

They meet a minimum of four times a year to represent their regions nationally, coordinate campaign efforts and organise events such as the Annual Conference. Reports are taken back to MYPs at their regional conventions & other meetings.

The name of the group was changed from Procedures Group to Steering Group in November 2019 in order to reflect the groups varied responsibilities better.

The Current Steering Group Members (2024-26) are as follows:

East Midlands - Callum Parr

Yorkshire and the Humber - Tian Liu

South West - Jamie Burrell

London - Ayah Mamode

East of England - Eva Woods

South East - Dylan Baldock

North West - Virginia Collins

Wales - Ashleigh Watkins

Scotland - Emma Prach

North East - Georgia Robson

West Midlands - Hardik Singh

Northern Ireland - Lauren Bond

Management and support
The National Youth Agency manages the UK Youth Parliament, after securing the contract in May 2024.

The UK Youth Parliament was previously managed by the British Youth Council who won a bid in 2011, granted by the Department for Education to lead a national Youth Voice Service. Youth Voice supported young people in influencing local and national Government decision making in England, and provide continued support for the UK Youth Parliament. The British Youth Council announced their closure, after over 75 years.

The corporate and administrative governance is now overseen by the Board of Trustees of the National Youth Agency.

Praise
The organisation has been endorsed by former Prime Ministers Gordon Brown and David Cameron. It has also been endorsed by former Liberal Democrat Party Leader and former Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg. In 2009, Brown described the UK Youth Parliament as "a symbol of the politics we should all strive for - politics that bring people together to work for what is best for us all."

In 2006, the organisation's Head of Programmes Kate Parish was given a National Council for Voluntary Youth Services Award, for her "commendable dedication to the development of UK Youth Parliament".

In 2008, the UK Youth Parliament was given the Positive Images award by the Children & Young People Now magazine for exposing young people's experiences of the current levels of sex and relationships education in a high-profile publicity campaign. In 2009, the organisation also received a Brook special achievement award for this campaign.

Criticism
A study by the University of Colorado found that youth participation organisations in the UK, including the UK Youth Parliament, needed to "tackle the unintentional practice of tokenism". The paper concludes that "failing to act upon [young people's] opinions or take them very seriously" once they are identified is often a cause of frustration amongst participants.

title: UK Youth Parliament


text:
Pine Point

Pine Point may refer to:

 * Australia
 * Pine Point, South Australia, a small township south of Ardrossan.

 * Canada
 * Pine Point, Northwest Territories, a former mining town
 * Pine Point Mine
 * Pine Point Park, a park in Toronto, Ontario

 * United States
 * Pine Point, Minnesota, United States, a census-designated place
 * Pine Point Township, Becker County, Minnesota
 * Pine Point Research Natural Area in Minnesota
 * Pine Point (California), a landform on Richardson Bay in Marin County, California

title: Pine Point


text:
Canadian Railway Museum

The Canadian Railway Museum ((Le) Musée ferroviaire canadien), operating under the brand name Exporail in both official languages, is a rail transport museum in Saint-Constant, Quebec, Canada, on Montreal's south shore.

Collection
Established in 1961 by its owner and operator, the Canadian Railroad Historical Association, the museum maintains the largest collection of railway equipment in Canada with over 140 pieces of rolling stock. There are also over 250,000 objects and documents from Canada's railway history in the collection which is maintained in the archives on the property.

The museum operates a heritage streetcar line around the grounds as well as a heritage railway which pulls a small passenger train on a former freight spur to Montée des Bouleaux. The streetcar operates daily during the spring, summer and fall while the railway operates every Sunday during the same period.

Three engines that did not operate in service in Canada but have a 'Canadian connection' are SNCF 030-841 3-030.C.841, LB&SCR A1 class 54 Waddon & LNER Class A4 4489 Dominion of Canada, two of which are British in origin and the third is French.

The museum underwent a significant expansion during the 2000s when the Angus Exhibit Pavilion opened. Some of the most valuable items were placed in the new pavilion, which became the main exhibition building.

One of the most notable artifacts is former Canadian Pacific locomotive #2850, with a 4-6-4 wheel arrangement, known as a "Hudson type". In 1939, this particular locomotive was responsible for pulling the Royal train carrying King George VI and Queen Elizabeth on the westbound leg of their trip across Canada. Because of this, #2850 and all engines of its class (H1c/H1d #2820-2859, H1e #2860-2864), were redesignated as Royal Hudsons. This did not include the H1a/H1b classes #2800-2819.

title: Canadian Railway Museum


text:
Gaelic Games Europe

The European Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (Cumann Luthchleas Gael na hEorpa) or Gaelic Games Europe is one of the international units  (outside of Ireland) of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), and is responsible for organising Gaelic games in continental Europe. Gaelic Games Europe is also responsible for the European Gaelic football, hurling, camogie and ladies' Gaelic football teams which compete every three years at the GAA World Gaelic Games.

The first evidence of Gaelic games in Europe dates back to a hurling match in 1774 in Belgium, various games were played across the continent after that with their frequency increasing in the late 20th century.

While sporadic attempts were made to form clubs and organise competitions, the first four clubs were organised into a 'County' Board at a meeting in 1999 organised by Joe McDonagh, the then president of the GAA. Since then, growth has resulted in over 100 clubs spread across 24 countries, catering for over 5,000 players who play camogie, hurling, men's and ladies football and handball competitions.

The European County Board (ECB) changed its name to Gaelic Games Europe at the Annual Convention in Leuven (Belgium) in November 2016.

Structure
Gaelic Games Europe governance structures are based on a volunteer culture. Any member can submit a motion to their club's annual general meeting suggesting new policies, amendments to an existing policy or propose changes to the playing rules. If approved, the motion is discussed at the Gaelic Games Europe Annual Convention.

Each club can send delegates to the annual convention which is the main decision making body for Gaelic games in Europe. At the convention, delegates discuss issues, decide on motions and elect people to serve on committees.

Two members of European clubs have been recognised for their long service and dedication to developing Gaelic games. Mary Gavin, who founded Den Haag GAA club in 1979 and was involved in the establishment of the European Board in 1999, received a GAA Presidents Award in 2013. The Camogie Association also named their World Gaelic Games trophy in her honour in 2019. Tony Bass, a GAA administrator and referee, was secretary of Cuala GAA club and served on various Dublin GAA county and Leinster Council committees before moving to the Netherlands and establishing the Maastricht Gaels club in 2004 was recognised with a GAA President's Award in 2021. Bass has been GGE chairperson, secretary, development officer and represented Europe on the GAA Central Council and at multiple GAA, LGFA and Camogie congresses.

Regions
Clubs across Europe are assigned to a "region". Each region elects a "Regional Committee" which is responsible for organising competitions and developing Gaelic games in their area. The GGE Management (MC) or European (EC) Committees may delegate other tasks. Regions elect one EC representative each and are also represented on many sub-committees. There are five regions, Benelux, East and Central, Iberia, North West and Nordics, two of which are divided into "sub-regions".

In the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the Minister for Sport in Ireland Jack Chambers signed a statement that Russian based athletes and administrators should be banned from participation and representation internationally. Almost all sporting organisations within Europe have adhered to this policy. Support for this policy was reaffirmed in February 2023 by the new Irish Minister for Sport Thomas Byrne, who stated "Pending an improved situation in Ukraine, I urge the sports movement to stay the course and continue to exclude those that are not respecting such important instruments in the international sporting landscape as the Olympic Truce.” Despite this, Russian based teams and administrators enjoy full membership of Gaelic Games Europe. In the aftermath of controversial comments regarding war crimes in Ukraine by a Russian based administrator of Gaelic Games Europe, the GAA issued a statement that the comments were made “in a personal capacity and do not reflect the views of the GAA”. The administrator however remained a member of management committee of Gaelic Games Europe.

As of 2023, the regions are:

Competitions formats
In GAA terms 'Europe' comprises all of continental Europe (excluding Ireland & Great Britain) with great distances between each team, so Gaelic Games Europe has various competition formats.

Since 2006, men's and ladies football competitions have been played on a regional basis. Teams play in regional competitions and may also enter European Football Championships. Some regions also have their own competitions (e.g. Brittany, Galicia).

Many of the regional competitions use a system of 'rounds' (also called 'tournaments') spread over a number of months with 3-5 rounds being the norm in regional football championships. Each round is competed in a single day with teams playing a single round-robin group or multiple groups followed by knock-out style play-offs (e.g. quarter & semi-finals) and a final which determine the ranking of every team present on the day. Teams are awarded points (25 points for the winner, 20 points for the runner-up, etc.) which are added to those accrued in other rounds to determine the competition winners for that season.

All men's (11-a-side) and ladies (9-a-side) teams may enter the European Football Championships which is a one-day event, usually in October. Teams are seeded into different grades (Senior, Intermediate and Junior). Each team plays 3-4 group games before progressing to the play-off stages of a Championship, Shield & Plate competition depending on their results.

The 'Premier' championships are for 15-a-side teams in men's and ladies' football and are organised on a 'knock-out' basis - as is usual in GAA championships with 60 minute games - played over a number of weekends or a tournament format at a suitable 15-a-side GAA pitch. Winners then represent Europe in the All Ireland Club Championships.

The European camogie and hurling championships are played by teams (9-a-side) from across Europe who compete together over five 'rounds' in various cities between May and October annually.

Other matches such as internationals (which have featured France, Italy, Germany, Galicia and Brittany) are also played, along with national 'Cup' competitions confined to teams in a single country e.g. Finland, Germany.

Every three years, a variety of camogie, hurling and ladies/men's football teams from Europe compete in the GAA World Games in both Irish-born and Non-Irish categories.

Gaelic football (men)
Source:

Ladies' Football
Source:

Hurling
Source:

Camogie
Source:

Affiliated clubs
These are the 107 affiliated clubs (as of June 2024 ) located across 24 countries and organised into five "regions" (Benelux, Central-East, Iberia, Nordics and North-West) for competition purposes. Various "sub-regions" such as Brittany (France), Galicia and Andalucia (Spain) have their own competitions as well as playing in regional championships.

title: Gaelic Games Europe


text:
Ruud Jolie

Ruud Jolie (born Rudolf Adrianus Jolie on 19 April 1976) is the lead guitarist of the symphonic metal band Within Temptation.

Early life
Ruud is an only child. Growing up, he first initiated himself to music by playing the keyboards, but his passion for music developed in favor of the guitar soon after he watched a video of an Iron Maiden concert. Thus, after he was done with high school, Ruud attended the conservatory for his college education majoring in jazz guitar. He graduated in 1999.

Work prior to Within Temptation
Ruud started out by playing with several local bands. He joined Brotherhood Foundation, a nu-metal band whom he stayed with for a period of two years. When Brotherhood Foundation was playing at the 1998 "Dynamo" festival in the Czech Republic, Ruud met Within Temptation who were also playing there. Back then, Michiel Papenhove was still Within Temptation's guitarist, and there were no initial plans for Ruud to join the symphonic metal band yet. In an interview with Starfacts, Ruud stated that his most embarrassing gig experience was when he still had long hair and it was caught in the microphone while headbanging. He thought it was doubly embarrassing because the girl he loved was in front row. They never got together.

After Brotherhood Foundation, Ruud joined an alternative rock band "Vals Licht" (False Light) in 2001. This band was known for its combination of heavy music with Dutch lyrics, something that had never been done before. They released several singles on the Dutch market, of which "Het Licht" reached the top ten charts. A month after joining "Vals Licht", Ruud got a phone call from Within Temptation asking him to join their band seeing as to guitarist Michiel Papenhove was quitting. Ruud turned them down because he had just committed himself to "Vals Licht" and thought it was not proper to "jump from tree to tree" so quickly. A couple of months later, the late drummer of "Vals Licht", Johann De Groot, was diagnosed with lung cancer. In that same week, Robert Westerholt, the founder and guitarist of Within Temptation, unaware of Johann's condition called Ruud again with the same request. Ruud turned down Within Temptation once again due to the uneasy circumstances "Vals Licht" was going through, but in counterpart offered to become Within Temptation's substitute guitarist until they found themselves a permanent member.

Within Temptation
In the summer of 2001, Within Temptation had a gig in Mexico City. Ruud, as a substitute, travelled along to perform at the concert. This trip really brought Ruud closer to the members of Within Temptation, and made him realize that he wanted to become a permanent member of the band. Within Temptation had already hired a 'permanent' guitarist. However, when they returned home, luckily for Ruud, that did not work out, and so he received a third and final phone call from Robert asking him to indefinitely join the band, a request to which Ruud finally agreed.

Solo Work
In September 2007, Ruud announced his plans for a solo project, entitled "For All We Know". In a post on his Myspace blog, Ruud said "I decided to call it that because I think that name raises all the questions that don't have immediate answers in an instant. And what is more interesting than searching for answers? Everybody is looking for certain answers I guess. Even subconsciously. Therefore it's multi-interpretable. The only questionable thing about the name that might raise some eyebrows instead of questions is when you pronounce the abbreviation of it; FAWK. Ah well, that's just a minor detail... Musically it's going to be heavy in the basics. Very guitar oriented of course. It won't be a shred-fest but guitaristically (if that's even a word) interesting. Some keywords that come to mind right now are; Heavy, Hysterical, Melodic, Atmospherically, Ambient, Groovy, Mellow... Check out my influences in the general info section. Then you see what kind of music I listen to. I guess it's inevitable that some of the 'ingredients' of those bands and artist end up in my own musical stew. And no, it's not going to be something like Within Temptation. What would the use be of doing a side project when it's something like my main band?" The first album was released on 25 April 2011. On the second album there are vocal contributions by Anneke van Giersbergen and Wudstik.

Maiden uniteD
When the Dutch Iron Maiden fan club asked Joey Bruers to do a special show it had to be something other than the regular tribute or cover band. He asked Ruud to join him together with other musicians from several bands to perform a set of rearranged acoustic Maiden songs. The reactions from the crowd were overwhelming. The idea that became a show then became a project. A project to bring all kinds of musicians and fans together to celebrate the music. Maiden uniteD presents classic Iron Maiden songs in a new and exciting light. Acoustic re-arrangements that transform the songs into something that Iron Maiden fans would have never imagined hearing. He's currently recording and producing their third album which should be released in the spring of 2015.

Equipment
Ruud is an official endorser of Mayones guitars. He uses 6 Regius models (6, 7 and 8 string). He also uses a wide range of Paul Reed Smith guitars, Jackson Guitars and Fender guitars. He uses Mesa Boogie rectifier, Diezel VH-4 amplifiers, Fractal Audio Systems Axe-Fx II and Kemper Profiling Amps.

Discography
For All We Know

 * For All We Know			2011
 * Take Me Home			2017

with Within Temptation

 * Mother Earth Tour 2002
 * Running Up that Hill (EP) 2003
 * "Stand My Ground" (Single) 2004
 * The Silent Force 2004
 * "Jillian (I'd Give My Heart)" 2005
 * The Silent Force Tour 2005
 * "Memories" (Single) 2005
 * "Angels" (Single) 2005
 * "What Have You Done" (Single) 2007
 * The Heart of Everything 2007
 * "Frozen" (Single) 2007
 * The Howling (EP) 2007
 * "All I Need" (Single) 2007
 * "Forgiven" (Single) 2008
 * Black Symphony 2008
 * "Utopia" (Single) 2009
 * An Acoustic Night at the Theatre 2009
 * The Unforgiving 2011
 * Paradise (What About Us?) (EP) 2013
 * Hydra 2014
 * Resist 2019
 * Bleed Out 2023

with other bands

 * The Outsidaz					(2001)		The Outsidaz
 * Attacks When Provoked        	 	        (2002)		Lieke
 * All in Hand  				        (2002)		Rosemary’s Sons
 * Luidkeels    				        (2003)		Vals Licht
 * Woensdag Soundtrack				(2004)		Asura Pictures
 * The Rebel in You                                 (2006)            Yellow Pearl
 * Live in Europe                                   (2010)            Anneke van Giersbergen & Agua De Annique
 * Mind the Acoustic Pieces                     (2010)            Maiden uniteD
 * League of Lights (2011) League of Lights
 * Weightless Blood                                 (2012)            Rani Chatoorgoon
 * Across The Seventh Sea                           (2012)            Maiden uniteD
 * Samsara                                          (2016)            Rani Chatoorgoon

title: Ruud Jolie


text: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-09-26

title: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-09-26


text:
Roy Higgins (jockey)

Roy Henry Higgins MBE (5 June 1938 – 8 March 2014) was an Australian jockey who rode from the late 1950s to the early 1980s. His talent in the saddle was to later earn him the nickname "The Professor".

Early life
Higgins was born in Koondrook, Victoria and grew up in the southern New South Wales town of Deniliquin where, in 1953, he was apprenticed to local horse trainer Jim Watters.

Career
Despite a constant battle with his weight, Higgins won almost every major race on the Australian calendar. He rode a total of 2312 winners during his career and won the Melbourne Jockeys' Premiership a record-equalling 11 times. His first premiership win was in the 1964/65 racing season.

Higgins won the Melbourne Cup twice, on Light Fingers in 1965 and Red Handed in 1967, both for trainer Bart Cummings, one Caulfield Cup, two W. S. Cox Plates, five VRC Oaks, four Victoria Derbys, the Blue Diamond Stakes and the AJC Oaks six times. He also won two Sydney Cups and two Golden Slipper Stakes. Some of the horses he was associated with were Gunsynd, Leilani, Storm Queen, Sir Dane and Big Philou.

Higgins' last race ride was at Flemington in October 1983, after which he declared his ambition was "to be a little fat man". He continued to be employed in the racing industry as a commentator on TV and radio, particularly on Melbourne radio. He also lectured in the jockey training program at the Northern Lodge Training Centre of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE.

Higgins was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1987. He was an inaugural inductee into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame in 2001.

Honours
In the June 1974 Queen's Birthday Honours, Higgins was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to "Horse racing as a jockey".

Personal life
Higgins was married to Genine. Although they were separated they remained friends. They had two daughters.

Death
Higgins died in Melbourne on 8 March 2014, aged 75, following a short illness.

title: Roy Higgins (jockey)


text:
William Widdrington, 1st Baron Widdrington

William Widdrington, 1st Baron Widdrington (11 July 1610 – 3 September 1651) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1642 and was created a peer in 1643. He fought in the Royalist army in the English Civil War and was killed in battle in 1651.

Biography
Widdrington was born on 11 July 1610, the son and heir of Sir Henry Widdrington of Widdrington, Northumberland and his wife Mary Curwen, daughter of Sir Nicholas Curwen.

Knighted in 1632, he was appointed High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1636. He was then elected Member of Parliament for Northumberland in both the Short and the Long Parliaments of 1640 to 1642, but in August 1642 he was expelled for taking up arms in support of Charles I.

During the Civil War he fought for the King chiefly in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and on 9 July 1642 was rewarded for his loyalty to the Crown by creation as 1st Baronet Widdrington of Widdrington. He served as governor of Lincoln in 1643, and on 2 November 1643 was elevated to the Peerage as 1st Baron Widdrington of Blankney.

In 1644, after helping to defend York, and the Kings defeat at Marston Moor he left England with the Duke of Newcastle for exile in Hamburg.

In 1648, he was condemned to death in his absence by the House of Commons and his estates were confiscated. He returned in 1650 when he accompanied Charles II to Scotland and in 1651 he was mortally wounded while fighting for him at Wigan.

Family
In 1629 Widdrington married Mary, daughter and heiress of Anthony Thorold of Blankney Hall, Blankney, near Lincoln. They had eight sons and two daughters including:
 * William Widdrington, 2nd Baron Widdrington (died 1675) first son; had issue.
 * Edward, who married Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas Horseley, of Long Horseley, Northumberland. They had at least one daughter Teresa who married William, Wheler, 3rd Baronet.
 * Jane, married Sir Charles Stanley, K.B., nephew of the Lord Derby.
 * Ralph Widdrington (MP), c. 1640-1715


text:
Talk:General Foods

Untitled
Hello,

I am a kid doing a science project on generic foods verses naem brand foods. which is better? well i m trying to prove that generic is!

What exactly does General Foods make now? 71.111.232.40 23:42, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:General Foods


text: User talk:216.167.223.145

title: User talk:216.167.223.145