text:
Tom Green (polygamist)

Thomas Arthur Green (June 9, 1948 – February 28, 2021) was an American Mormon fundamentalist in Utah who was a practitioner of plural marriage. After a high-profile trial, Green was convicted by the state of Utah on May 18, 2001, of four counts of bigamy and one count of failure to pay child support. This decision was upheld by the Utah State Supreme Court in 2004. He was also convicted of child rape, on the basis that he had impregnated his wife Linda when she was 13. The wife in question was his stepdaughter before they were married; she was the daughter of his first polygamous wife. In total, he served six years in prison and was released in 2007.

Religion
Green was raised as a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a Mormon missionary in the church's Great Lakes Mission (Indiana and Michigan) from June 1967 to June 1969. In the 1980s, while in his thirties, Green left the LDS Church and converted to a type of Mormon fundamentalism, which teaches that its adherents should practice plural marriage. (The LDS Church stopped allowing polygamy in the 1890s.) He eventually took seven wives. He was also a one-time apostle for the Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a fundamentalist group that split from the Apostolic United Brethren, another fundamentalist group.

Trial and conviction
The prosecution, led by Juab County Attorney David Leavitt, alleged that Green married teenagers, divorced them, and then collected the welfare payments they received as "single mothers" while he continued living with them. Utah officials typically do not prosecute polygamy per se in the absence of other crimes (such as marriage of underage girls or financial crimes), and the Green case was described as "Utah's first high-profile bigamy case in half a century." Green's trial attracted substantial national attention  and some international media coverage. His other wives also all refused to testify against him.

On June 24, 2002, Green was convicted of child rape for having sex with 13-year-old Linda Kunz, who ultimately was his legal wife. Kunz, who refused to testify against Green at the trial, was born in 1972, and gave birth to her first child with Green in 1986. Green had four other wives and 35 children in all. Tom Green was sentenced to five years in prison for the first conviction, and five years to life in prison for the second conviction. While he was in jail, one of his wives reportedly left him and took their children with her. Green was released from prison on parole on August 7, 2007.

Documentary film
Green and his lifestyle were the subject of the British-made documentary One Man, Six Wives and Twenty-Nine Children in 2000, at the New York International Documentary Film Festival.

Death
Green died from COVID-19 pneumonia in Salt Lake City at age 72 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Utah.

title: Tom Green (polygamist)


text:
Category:A1 Grand Prix teams

Teams participating in the A1 Grand Prix series.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:A1 Grand Prix teams


text:
User talk:Wormeyman

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed nobody had said hi yet... Hi!

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

You might like some of these links and tips:
 * some General guidance.
 * Tutorial and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
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 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf melmac 06:36, 4 October 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Wormeyman


text:
Talk:Broadmeadows railway station, Melbourne

Comments
I'm moving this here as it sounds downright bizarre, and could well be vandalism. To be moved back if there's anything to it. (Was added by anon 203.173.29.220.)

 * --> " However, no plans have been made to move the mens toilets out of the waiting room, a curious planning decision that made Prince Charles almost vomit during a tour in 1988. " — Preceding unsigned comment added by TPK (talk • contribs) 06:36, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You obviously dont come from broady... the toilets ARE in the waiting room. 144.132.61.119 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.132.61.119 (talk • contribs) 23:34, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

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text:
Queen of Sheba's gazelle

The Queen of Sheba's gazelle or Yemen gazelle (Gazella bilkis) is an extinct species of gazelle. It was sometimes regarded as a subspecies of the Arabian gazelle, which is no longer a valid species. It was found on the mountains and hillsides in Yemen, but none have been sighted since 1951, when five specimens were collected in mountains near Ta'izz, where it was reportedly common at the time.

Surveys in the area of their former occurrence have failed to find any sign of its presence. In 1985, a photograph of gazelles was taken in a private collection, Al Wabra Wildlife Farm, in Qatar. Zoologist Colin Groves claims these could possibly be surviving Queen of Sheba's gazelles. It is not confirmed whether these animals truly belong to this species. The cause of extinction is still uncertain.

title: Queen of Sheba's gazelle


text:
Regions of Guinea

Guinea is divided into 8 administrative regions. 7 regions other than Conakry Region are further subdivided into 33 prefectures.

title: Regions of Guinea


text:
American Civil Liberties Union v. Department of Defense

American Civil Liberties Union v. Department of Defense, No. 1:04-cv-04151, 389 F. Supp. 2d 547 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (ACLU v. DoD), is a case in United States Federal Court, wherein the American Civil Liberties Union sued the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency under the Freedom of Information Act for the release of still-secret materials —specifically those related to abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad, Iraq, during the U.S. military Occupation of Iraq. The case was brought in 2004. According to already public reports, the abuse began in mid-2003 and was ended in late 2003. Public news reports of the abuse first appeared in April 2004.

Since 2003, the government has released more than 100,000 pages. These documents show both that hundreds of prisoners were tortured in the custody of the CIA and Department of Defense, and that the torture policies were devised and developed at the highest levels of the Bush administration.

In late September, 2005, Federal Judge Alvin Hellerstein, though affirming the Glomar response ("can neither confirm nor deny") for some documents, found that the ACLU case for FOIA disclosure was stronger, and that the Glomar application to certain documents was not valid.


text:
Penicillium roqueforti

Penicillium roqueforti is a common saprotrophic fungus in the genus Penicillium. Widespread in nature, it can be isolated from soil, decaying organic matter, and plants.

The major industrial use of this fungus is the production of blue cheeses, flavouring agents, antifungals, polysaccharides, proteases, and other enzymes. The fungus has been a constituent of Roquefort, Stilton, Danish blue, Cabrales, and other blue cheeses. Other blue cheeses, such as Gorgonzola, are made with Penicillium glaucum.

Classification
First described by American mycologist Charles Thom in 1906, P. roqueforti was initially a heterogeneous species of blue-green, sporulating fungi. They were grouped into different species based on phenotypic differences, but later combined into one species by Kenneth B. Raper and Thom (1949). The P. roqueforti group got a reclassification in 1996 due to molecular analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences. Formerly divided into two varieties―cheese-making (P. roqueforti var. roqueforti) and patulin-making (P. roqueforti var. carneum)―P. roqueforti was reclassified into three species: P. roqueforti, P. carneum, and P. paneum. The complete genome sequence of P. roqueforti was published in 2014.

Description
As this fungus does not form visible fruiting bodies, descriptions are based on macromorphological characteristics of fungal colonies growing on various standard agar media, and on microscopic characteristics. When grown on Czapek yeast autolysate agar or yeast-extract sucrose (YES) agar, P. roqueforti colonies are typically 40 mm in diameter, olive brown to dull green (dark green to black on the reverse side of the agar plate), with a velutinous texture. Grown on malt extract agar, colonies are 50 mm in diameter, dull green in color (beige to greyish green on the reverse side), with arachnoid (with many spider-web-like fibers) colony margins. Another characteristic morphological feature of this species is its production of asexual spores in phialides with a distinctive brush-shaped configuration.

Evidence for a sexual stage in P. roqueforti has been found, based in part on the presence of functional mating-type genes and most of the important genes known to be involved in meiosis. In 2014, researchers reported inducing the growth of sexual structures in P. roqueforti, including ascogonia, cleistothecia, and ascospores. Genetic analysis and comparison of many different strains isolated from various environments around the world indicate that it is a genetically diverse species.

P. roqueforti can tolerate cold temperatures, low oxygen levels, and both alkali and weaker acid preservatives which allows the fungi to thrive and be found in dairy environments, such as cheese. On the other hand, it also spoils refrigerated foods and meats, breads, and silage.

Uses
The chief industrial use of this species is the production of blue cheeses, such as its namesake Roquefort, Bleu de Bresse, Bleu du Vercors-Sassenage, Brebiblu, Cabrales, Cambozola (Blue Brie), Cashel Blue, Danish blue, Swedish Ädelost, Polish Rokpol made from cow's milk, Fourme d'Ambert, Fourme de Montbrison, Lanark Blue, Shropshire Blue, and Stilton, and some varieties of Bleu d'Auvergne and Gorgonzola. (Other blue cheeses, including Bleu de Gex and Rochebaron, use Penicillium glaucum.)

When placed into cream and aerated, P. roqueforti produces concentrated blue cheese flavoring, a type of enzyme-modified cheese. A similar flavoring can be produced using other sources of fatty acids such as coconut oil.

Strains of the microorganism are also used to produce compounds that can be employed as antibiotics, flavours, and fragrances, uses not regulated under the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act. Its texture is chitinous.

Secondary metabolites
Considerable evidence indicates that most strains are capable of producing harmful secondary metabolites (alkaloids and other mycotoxins) under certain growth conditions. Aristolochene is a sesquiterpenoid compound produced by P. roqueforti, and is likely a precursor to the toxin known as PR toxin, made in large amounts by the fungus. PR-toxin has been implicated in incidents of mycotoxicoses resulting from eating contaminated grains. However, PR toxin is not stable in cheese and breaks down to the less toxic PR imine.

Secondary metabolites of P. roqueforti, named andrastins A–D, are found in blue cheese. The andrastins inhibit proteins involved in the efflux of anticancer drugs from multidrug-resistant cancer cells.

P. roqueforti also produces the neurotoxin roquefortine C. However, the levels of roquefortine C in cheese made from it is usually too low to produce toxic effects. The organism can also be used for the production of proteases and specialty chemicals, such as methyl ketones, including 2-heptanone.

title: Penicillium roqueforti


text:
UnidosUS

UnidosUS, formerly National Council of La Raza (NCLR) (La Raza), is the United States's largest Latino nonprofit advocacy organization. It advocates in favor of progressive public policy changes including immigration reform, a path to citizenship for migrants, and reduced deportations.

Founded in 1968 (as NCLR), UnidosUS has regional offices in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Miami, Phoenix, San Antonio and is headquartered in Washington, D.C.

History
In 1963, a group of Mexican Americans in Washington, D.C., formed the National Organization for Mexican American Services (NOMAS). The organization existed primarily to provide technical assistance to Hispanic groups and bring them together under one umbrella. NOMAS presented a proposal to the Ford Foundation to establish an organization that could provide technical assistance and organizational structure to the Mexican American community. The Ford Foundation hired Herman Gallegos, Julian Samora, and Ernesto Galarza to travel the Southwest and make a recommendation on how the Ford Foundation could help Mexican Americans.

Gallegos, Samora and Galarza founded the Southwest Council of La Raza (SWCLR) in Phoenix, Arizona, in 1968. SWCLR was given financial support from the Ford Foundation, the National Council of Churches, and the United Auto Workers, and the organization received 501(c)(3) status later that year.

In 1973, the SWCLR became a national organization, changed its name to the National Council of La Raza, and moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C. Early disagreements among the organization's leadership caused the Ford Foundation to threaten to withhold funding, resulting in President Henry Santiestevan's resignation and the election of Raul Yzaguirre.

The Spanish word raza is often translated into English as race. The phrase La Raza has a particular history in the context of political activism in which NCLR uses it. NCLR uses "La Raza" to refer to "the people" or "the Hispanic people of the New World".

Beginning in about 1975, the NCLR began expanding its focus to include the issues of non-Mexican American Latinos. This policy was made official in 1979. By 1980, the NCLR was funded almost entirely by the federal government.

When the Reagan Administration reduced available federal funding, the NCLR cut back the scale of its operations. As a result, the organization began focusing on national policy and concentrating its efforts in Washington, D.C. After the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, state governments exerted more control over the disbursement of welfare funds, which led to the development of the NCLR's Field Advocacy Project to influence decisions at the state and local levels.

On January 1, 2005, Janet Murguía replaced Raul Yzaguirre as the president and CEO.

On July 10, 2017, NCLR announced its new name, UnidosUS.

On October 10, 2021, UnidosUS announced that it would sever all ties with Facebook after a former employee of the social media platform revealed the negative impact that the social media platform itself has caused in society, including the proliferation of hate speech and misinformation.

Programs
The organization holds an annual conference. In 2016, Elizabeth Warren and Steve St. Angelo spoke at the conference. In 2019, Janet Murguía spoke at the conference.

Funding
Prior to 2000, three-quarters of the organization's funding came from private sources, including individuals and corporations, and one-quarter of its funding came from the federal government. As of 2015, the organization reported receiving 85% of its funding from individuals, corporations, and foundations, and 15% of its funding from the government. In 2018, 7% of its funding came from the federal government.

title: UnidosUS


text:
Coppersmith (disambiguation)

Coppersmith may refer to:

 * Coppersmith, a person who works with copper and brass
 * Coppersmith (surname)
 * Coppersmith Hills, mountain range in Lassen County, California, United States
 * Coppersmith barbet (Megalaima haemacephala), bird found in India, Sri Lanka, southeast Asia and Indonesia
 * World CopperSmith, American metalwork company

title: Coppersmith (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Vignemale

Untitled
The coordinates for this mountain are given by Bing maps as 42.777,-0.134777 (http://www.bing.com/maps/?lvl=15&cp=42.7821~-0.135&FORM=MMREDRbut - you can see the mountain from the north on birds eye view) by converting them to minutes seconds hours, you lose the negative longitude, any idea how to rectify this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.31.148.220 (talk) 14:20, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

The French page links to the right place, not sure what the error is here —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.31.148.220 (talk) 14:27, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vignemale


text: User talk:24.4.172.211

title: User talk:24.4.172.211


text:
Hamilton Camp

Hamilton Camp (born Robin S. Camp; 30 October 1934 – 2 October 2005) was a British-born actor and singer, who relocated to the United States with his family when he was a young child. He is known for his work as a folk singer during the 1960s, and eventually branched out into acting in films and television.

Early life
Camp was born in London and was evacuated during World War II to the United States as a child with his mother and sister. He became a child actor in films and onstage. He originally performed under the names Robin Camp and Bob Camp, later changing his name to Hamilton after joining the Subud spiritual movement. For a few years, he billed himself as Hamid Hamilton Camp; in this period, he was leader of a group called Skymonters that released an album in 1973 on Elektra. The band consisted of himself (vocals, guitar), Lewis Arquette (vocals, comedy monologues), Lewis Ross (lead guitar), Jakub Ander (bass) and Rusdi Lane (percussionist & mime).

Career
Hamilton Camp began his acting career in 1946, at 12 years old. Camp's debut as a folk singer was at the Newport Folk Festival in 1960; and his first recording, with Bob Gibson, was Bob Gibson & Bob Camp at the Gate of Horn, from 1961. Over the next four decades he maintained a dual career as a musician/songwriter and as an actor. Camp is probably best known, however, as the author of the song "Pride of Man", which was recorded by a number of artists, notably Quicksilver Messenger Service, Gram Parsons, and Gordon Lightfoot, who included it as one of three songs by other songwriters on his first record.

An early Gibson & Camp gospel song, "You Can Tell the World" was the opening track on Simon & Garfunkel's first album, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M. As a singer, Camp had a minor hit with the song "Here's to You," which peaked at number 76 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1968. In 1969 Camp formed a group called The True Brethren with Waqidi Falicoff (guitar, vocals), Raphael Grinage (cello) and Loren Pickford (flute and saxophone). The four later composed the incidental music for the Broadway show Paul Sills' Story Theatre, which won two Tony awards and was nominated for best show in the 1971 awards.

His voice work as "L" the robot policeman in the 1978 film Starcrash and a role in the 1976 Peter Bogdanovich film Nickelodeon. He also performed with the Chicago comedy troupe The Second City and the San Francisco satirical comedy troupe the Committee and appeared in a number of stage productions, including a 2004 production of A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Hollywood Bowl.

His television work includes a supporting role on He & She, a sitcom starring Richard Benjamin and Paula Prentiss, which ran for one season in 1967–68. He guest-starred on television shows such as The Rat Patrol, The Monkees, M*A*S*H, Soap, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Twilight Zone, Starsky and Hutch, Cheers, The Andy Griffith Show, Bewitched, Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., Three's Company and Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, as the older H. G. Wells. He appeared on two episodes of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as Leck, a Ferengi and on one episode of Star Trek: Voyager as a Malon freighter pilot.

In 1977, Camp appeared in three episodes of The Feather and Father Gang. In the 1978 opening season of WKRP in Cincinnati, Camp guest-starred in the fifth episode as Del Murdock, owner of Del's Stereo and Sound. He returned to WKRP as Johnny Fever's ex-wife's new fiancé. Also in 1978, he played Warren Beatty's valet, Bentley, in Heaven Can Wait. In 1980, he appeared as a semi-regular on Too Close for Comfort as Arthur Wainwright, the adventurous, youth-oriented boss of Henry Rush, and on the FOX sitcom Titus as Erin Fitzpatrick's alcoholic father, Merritt. He played Bart Furley, brother of Don Knotts' character Ralph Furley, on an episode of Three's Company, "Furley vs. Furley". He also voiced Professor Moriarty in the English dub of the anime series Sherlock Hound.

He was the voice of Fenton Crackshell, aka GizmoDuck, on the Disney animated series DuckTales and its spinoff Darkwing Duck. He played the role of old Malcolm Corley in LucasArts' graphic adventure Full Throttle. He voiced the Prophet of Mercy in the 2004 video game Halo 2.

He became Disney Studio's new voice of Merlin, following the death of Karl Swenson. Camp also voiced for Hanna–Barbera; as Greedy Smurf and Harmony Smurf on The Smurfs series and all of HB's Smurf television specials, Count Dracula in Scooby-Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf, Turk Tarpit in The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones, Mr. Gruber in Paddington Bear, The Grand Dozer on Potsworth & Co., several villains of the week from A Pup Named Scooby-Doo and Barney Rubble as a kid in The Flintstone Kids. Camp's final work was on the film Hard Four in early 2005, as well as a musical album produced by James Lee Stanley called Sweet Joy, completed shortly before his death.

Personal life and death
He married Rasjadah Lisa Jovita Cisz in 1961, and they had six children. His wife died in 2002.

Camp died of a heart attack on October 2, 2005, at age 70. He was survived by his six children and thirteen grandchildren.

Filmography

 * Bedlam (1946) as Pompey (voice, uncredited)
 * Mrs. Mike (1949) as Tommy Howard
 * The Happy Years (1950) as Butch Sidney (uncredited)
 * Outrage (1950) as Shoeshine Boy
 * Dark City (1950) as Bobby – Boy (uncredited)
 * Kim (1950) as Thorpe (uncredited)
 * When I Grow Up (1951) as Bully
 * The Son of Dr. Jekyll (1951) as William Bennett (uncredited)
 * Week-End with Father (1951) as Pianist (uncredited)
 * My Cousin Rachel (1952) as Philip – Age 15 (uncredited)
 * Titanic (1953) as Messenger Boy (uncredited)
 * Ride Clear of Diablo (1954) as Andrew O'Mara (uncredited)
 * Executive Suite (1954) as Roger Ingoldsby
 * The Black Shield of Falworth (1954) as Organ Grinder (uncredited)
 * Mardi Gras (1958) as Organ Grinder (uncredited)
 * Too Tough to Care (1964) as Otto, a psychologist at a cigarette company
 * The Perils of Pauline (1967) as Thorpe
 * The Graduate (1967) as Second room clerk (uncredited)
 * The Monkees (1967) – Philo in S1:E31, "Monkees in the Movies"
 * Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County (1970) as Mr. George Fowler
 * Nickelodeon (1976) as Blacker
 * Smokey and the Bandit (1977) as a state trooper.
 * American Hot Wax (1978) as Louie Morgan
 * Rabbit Test (1978) as Misha
 * Heaven Can Wait (1978) as Bentley
 * Starcrash (1978) as Elle (English version, voice)
 * Roadie (1980) as Grady
 * All Night Long (1981) as Buggoms
 * SOB (1981) as Mr. Lipschitz
 * Too Close For Comfort (1981) as Arthur Wainwright
 * Three's Company (1981) as Bart Furley
 * The Smurfs (1981–1989) as Greedy Smurf / Harmony Smurf (voice)
 * Evilspeak (1981) as Hauptman
 * Eating Raoul (1982) as John Peck – Dishonest Wine Buyer
 * Safari 3000 (1982) as Feodor
 * Young Doctors in Love (1982) as The Others – Oscar Katz
 * The Incredible Hulk (1982-1983) as Dr. Brandon Jones (voice)
 * Twice Upon a Time (1983) as Greensleeves (voice)
 * ABC Weekend Specials (1983) as Sheriff / Little Green Man #1 / Butcher / Villager / Mushroom Harvester (voice)
 * Under Fire (1983) as Regis Seydor
 * Meatballs Part II (1984) as Col. Bat Jack Hershey
 * The Rosebud Beach Hotel (1984) as Matches
 * No Small Affair (1984) as Gus Sosnowski
 * City Heat (1984) as Garage Attendant
 * It Came Upon the Midnight Clear (1984) as Meek Angel
 * The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries (1984) as Dracula / Sheldon Keats (voice)
 * Sherlock Hound (1984-1985) as Professor Moriarty (voice)
 * Pink Panther and Sons (1984) as Additional Voices
 * The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo (1985) as Rankor / Ghoulio (voice)
 * CBS Storybreak (1985-1988) as Dr. Crabneckel (voice)
 * The Flintstone Kids (1986-1988) as Barney Rubble / Flab Slab (voice)
 * Foofur (1986-1988) as Additional Voices
 * DuckTales (1987-1990) as Fenton Crackshell / Gizmoduck / Man in Soap Opera / Overlord Bulovan / Director / Cop #2 (voice)
 * Yogi's Great Escape (1987) as Li'l Brother Bear (voice)
 * Scooby-Doo Meets the Boo Brothers (1987) as Ghostly Laugh (voice, uncredited)
 * The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones (1987) as Turk Tarpit (voice)
 * Rockin' with Judy Jetson (1988, TV movie) as Mr. Microchips / Manny (voice)
 * Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School (1988, TV Movie) as Phantom Father (voice)
 * Bird (1988) as Mayor of 52nd Street
 * The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley (1988) as Additional Voices
 * The Flintstone Kids' Just Say No Special (1988) as Barney Rubble (voice)
 * A Pup Named Scooby-Doo (1988) as Additional Voices / Mr. Dayton / Samurai Ghost (voice)
 * Scooby-Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf (1988, TV Movie) as Dracula (voice)
 * Mama's Family (1989) as Dr. Bishop / Purvis (voice)
 * Bridesmaids (1989) as Ridgefield
 * Arena (1989) as Shorty
 * The Further Adventures of SuperTed (1989) as Sparky
 * Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1989-1991) as King Jean-Claude (voice)
 * Betty Boop's Hollywood Mystery (1989) Maxwell Movieola (voice)
 * The Little Mermaid (1989) as Additional Voices (voice)
 * Paddington Bear (1989-1990) as Mr. Gruber (voice)
 * Saved By The Bell (1989) as Mr. Margolies
 * Dick Tracy (1990) as Store Clerk
 * Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (1990, TV Series) as Mountie / Chief Beetlebreath (voice)
 * Megaville (1990) as Dr. Skutnik
 * Midnight Patrol: Adventures in the Dream Zone (1990) as The Grand Dozer (voice)
 * TaleSpin (1990-1991) as Babyface Half Nelson / Police Officer / Seymore (voice)
 * Tiny Toon Adventures (1990) as The Scottish Flea (voice)
 * Gravedale High (1990) as Tucker (voice)
 * The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1991) as Grocery store clerk (voice)
 * Darkwing Duck (1991) as Gizmoduck / Fenton Crackshell / Jock Newbody (voice)
 * Space Cats (1991) as Incidental Characters (voice)
 * The Pirates of Dark Water (1991) as Additional Voices (voice)
 * Let's Kill All the Lawyers (1992) as Marcus
 * Diner (1992) as A-1 (voice)
 * Bobby's World (1992) as Uncle Lou (voice)
 * The Wattersons (1992-2006, due to the memory of Hamilton Camp) as Hoppity Hooper / Additional Voices (voice)
 * Attack of the 50 Ft. Woman (1993) as Prospector Eddie
 * Bonkers (1993) as Pitts / TV commercial director (voice)
 * Mighty Max (1993-1994) as Additional Voice (voice)
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990) as Jocko / Kevin Tyler / Dwayne (voice)
 * The Tick (1994-1996) as Professor Chromedome / Benjamin Franklin / Guy with Ears Like Little Raisins (voice)
 * Aladdin (1994-1995) as Ayam Aghoul (voice)
 * The Pebble and the Penguin (1995) as Megellenic 2 (voice)
 * Full Throttle (1995) as Malcolm Corley and Father Torque (voice)
 * Gordy (1995) as Father Pig / Richard the Rooster (voice)
 * The Twisted Adventures of Felix the Cat (1995-1996) as Voices / Mr. Monster / Mr. Whale
 * All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 (1996) as Chihuahua (voice)
 * Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1996-1997) as H.G. Wells
 * Life with Louie (1997) as Jen Glenn (voice)
 * Adventures from the Book of Virtues (1997) as Swindler / The Servant (voice)
 * Almost Heroes (1998) as Pratt
 * Dr. Dolittle (1998) as Pig (voice)
 * Star Trek: Voyager - episode Once Upon a Time (1998)
 * Joe Dirt (2001) as Meteor Bert
 * The Zeta Project (2001) as Dr. Rashad
 * House of Mouse (2001-2002) as Merlin (voice)
 * Wishcraft (2002) as Chief Bates
 * Dexter's Laboratory (2002) as Principal (voice)
 * The 4th Tenor (2002) as Papa
 * Out of Order (2003) as Hamster / Plant (voice)
 * Brave: The Search for Spirit Dancer (2005, video game) as Grey Bear (voice)
 * The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (2006) as Country Dirt Grome / Man (voice, posthumous release)
 * Hard Four (2007) as Bix Karew (final film role, posthumous release)

Discography

 * Bob Gibson and Bob Camp at the Gate of Horn (1961, Rhino)
 * Paths of Victory (1964, Collectors' Choice Music)
 * Here's to You (1967, Warner Brothers Music)
 * Welcome to Hamilton Camp (1967, Warner Brothers Music)
 * (1973, Elektra)
 * Rumpelstiltskin: A Folktale by Edith H. Tarcov (1973, Scholastic Records)
 * (1978, Mountain Railroad Records)
 * Mardi's Bard (2003, DJC)
 * Sweet Joy (2005, Beachwood)

title: Hamilton Camp


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Philippine Hokkien

Philippine Hokkien is a dialect of the Hokkien language of the Southern Min branch of Min Chinese descended directly from Old Chinese of the Sinitic family, primarily spoken vernacularly by Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines, where it serves as the local Chinese lingua franca within the overseas Chinese community in the Philippines and acts as the heritage language of a majority of Chinese Filipinos. Despite currently acting mostly as an oral language, Hokkien as spoken in the Philippines did indeed historically have a written language and is actually one of the earliest sources for written Hokkien using both Chinese characters (traditionally via Classical Chinese worded from and read in Hokkien) as early as around 1587 or 1593 through the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china and using the Latin script as early as the 1590s in the Boxer Codex and was actually the earliest to systematically romanize the Hokkien language throughout the 1600s in the Hokkien-Spanish works of the Spanish friars especially by the Dominican Order, such as in the Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum (1626-1642) and the Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu (1620) among others. The use of Hokkien in the Philippines was historically influenced by Philippine Spanish, Filipino (Tagalog) and Philippine English. As a lingua franca of the overseas Chinese community in the Philippines, the minority of Chinese Filipinos of Cantonese and Taishanese descent also uses Philippine Hokkien for business purposes due to its status as "the Chinoy business language" [ sic]. It is also used as a liturgical language as one of the languages that Protestant Chinese Filipino churches typically minister in with their church service, which they sometimes also minister to students in Chinese Filipino schools that they also usually operate. It is also a liturgical language primarily used by Chinese Buddhist, Taoist, and Matsu veneration temples in the Philippines, especially in their sutra chanting services and temple sermons by monastics.

Terminology
The term Philippine Hokkien is used when differentiating the variety of Hokkien spoken in the Philippines from those spoken in China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and other Southeast Asian countries.

Historically, it was also known in Philippine English, Filipino (Tagalog), and other Philippine languages as Fookien or Fukien or Fukienese across the country, derived from the Chinese postal romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin reading of Fujian province in China, such as in the old newspaper, The Fookien Times. It was historically and is still also called as just "Chinese"  in English or "Intsik" and "Tsino" in Filipino (Tagalog), usually generalized to refer to Chinese languages in general, usually by those unfamiliar with the Hokkien language compared with other Chinese languages or to promote to such people. It was also historically and is still formally and conservatively known as "Amoy", usually by Protestant Chinese Filipino churches and schools who conduct "Amoy Worship Service" or "Chinese Worship Service" as part of their liturgy, despite the danger of confusing the Amoy dialect of Hokkien compared to the Hokkien language in general, although these protestant Chinese Filipino churches also do indeed occasionally use abstract liturgical terms from the Amoy dialect of Hokkien too from time to time and also typically use bibles and hymnal books from Xiamen (Amoy) typically written in the Amoy dialect of Hokkien.

The endonym used by speakers of the dialect itself or the Hokkien language in general though is typically, ; Tâi-lô: ''Lán-nâng-uē / Lán-lâng-uē / Nán-nâng-uē. ''

Sociolinguistics
Only 12.2% of all ethnic Chinese in the Philippines have a variety of Chinese as their mother tongue. Nevertheless, the vast majority (77%) still retain the ability to understand and speak Hokkien as a second or third language.

History
From the late 16th century to the early 17th century, Spanish friars in the Philippines, such as the Dominican Order and Jesuits specifically in Manila, produced materials documenting the Hokkien varieties spoken by the Chinese trading community who had settled there in the late 16th century:

 * Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China (1593), a Hokkien version of the Doctrina Christiana.
 * Dictionarium Sino Hispanicum (1604), by Pedro Chirino
 * Vocabulario de la Lengua Española y China / Vocabulario Hispanico y Chinico
 * Bocabulario de la lengua sangleya por las letraz de el A.B.C. (1617), a Spanish-Hokkien dictionary, with definitions.
 * Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu (1620), a Spanish-Hokkien grammar book.
 * Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum (1626-1642), a primarily Spanish-Hokkien dictionary (with additional incomplete Mandarin part), giving equivalent words, but not definitions.
 * Vocabulario de letra china (1643), by Francisco Diaz

These texts appear to record a dialect descended primarily from a coastal Chiangchiu (Zhangzhou) dialect of Hokkien, specifically modern-day Haicheng from the area around the old port of Yuegang (an old initially illegal smuggling port that was later legalized in 1567 and is now part of Longhai), but also with some attested features of the dialects of Chuanchiu (Quanzhou), such as from Anhai  and Tong'an, and Teo-Swa as well, hence Klöter (2011) considers it to be a contact variety, known as Early Manila Hokkien (EMH). Yuegang, part of Zhangzhou Prefecture under the late Ming China and Qing China used to be the Chinese terminus to and from Spanish Manila, under the Spanish Empire, which was part of the main artery that linked the trans-Pacific trade carried by the Manila galleon over the Pacific to Acapulco in New Spain (modern-day Mexico) of the Spanish Americas, that was also linked to the trans-Atlantic trade from the port of Veracruz to Seville in Spain, spreading trade goods from Asia across the Americas and later across Iberia and Europe. Later, the old port of Yuegang would be overshadowed and supplanted by the Port of Xiamen  closer to the sea by around the mid-1600s at the Ming-Qing transition due to conflict between the Ming/Southern Ming loyalist, Koxinga, and the Qing forces.

As a result as well of a 1603 Sangley Rebellion and a 1639 2nd Sangley Rebellion which both caused massacres of ethnic Sangley Chinese in Manila or Southern Luzon in general, the loss of Spanish Formosa to the Dutch in 1642, and the victory of Koxinga in 1662 against the Dutch at the Siege of Fort Zeelandia in Taiwan, which caused the founding of the Kingdom of Tungning, Koxinga would send an ultimatum to Spanish Manila demanding to pay tribute to him or else he would send a fleet to conquer them and expel the Spaniards as well. The Spanish took the threat very seriously and withdrew their forces from the Moluccas, Sulu, and Mindanao to strengthen Manila in preparation for an attack. There would be several raids across Northern Luzon by Koxinga's forces. In the same year of 1662, Koxinga would suddenly die of malaria, only a few months after defeating the Dutch, in a fit of madness and delirium after discovering that his son and heir, Zheng Jing, had an affair with his wet nurse and conceived a child with her. A 1662 Sangley Massacre would ensue due to these mounting events and many Sangley Chinese fled by ship or to the mountains. Likewise during the 1700s, Spanish Dominican friar missionaries in Amoy/Xiamen would be severely persecuted in the region as well, but nevertheless continued to operate clandestinely.

The Sangley Chinese community in the Philippines would survive through the 1700s but intermix locally to create Chinese Mestizos (Mestizos de Sangley) and be replenished by migrants from Amoy/Xiamen and Chinchew/Quanzhou. Some of whom even aided the British during the British occupation of Manila in 1762-1764. The Chinese Mestizo (Mestizos de Sangley) descendants throughout the centuries with each succeeding generation would gradually stop speaking Hokkien though in favor of assimilating to the local mainstream languages of their time, especially Tagalog and Spanish, such as in the mestizo family of Philippine national hero, Jose Rizal. The Hokkien spoken across the Philippines throughout the past centuries introduced certain amounts of Hokkien loanwords to Philippine Spanish and the major lowland Austronesian languages of the Philippines, such as Tagalog, Kapampangan, Cebuano Bisaya, Hiligaynon, Central Bicolano, Pangasinense, Ilocano, Waray-waray, Chavacano, etc. as a result of the generations of intermarriage and assimilation. Those who chose to marry endogamously and retained speaking the language and as a result of gradual replenishment of migrants from Amoy/Xiamen and Chinchew/Quanzhou, especially relatives from Fujian, China of those already in the Philippines, throughout the centuries would later continue the Sangley Chinese community in the Philippines that spoke Hokkien. Later in the early 1800s, the Spanish Empire would also have its issues with conflicts and wars that would seriously destabilize it, starting with the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, and the numerous conflicts and wars of independence across the Spanish Americas, which eliminated the Spanish Americas as the center of the Spanish Empire.

Around 1815, the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade would finally cease when the Mexican War of Independence broke out, which the First Mexican Empire would gain independence from the Spanish Empire by 1821. From then on 1821 to 1898, Spanish Philippines would be under direct royal governance under Madrid in Spain.

By 1832, Rev. Walter Henry Medhurst still noted in his Hokkien dictionary, originally as an account given by Conrad Malte-Brun (1775-1826) on the province of Hok-këèn (Fujian), that

"Tchang-chew-fou (Chëang-chew-hoó) [ sic] is near the port of Emouy (Āy-moôiⁿᵍ) [ sic], a great emporium of trāde, frequented by the Spaniards from Manilla [ sic]."

The Spanish trade with Amoy to and from Manila later grew nominal as a result of the above destabilizing conflicts cutting the empire in half. The Hokkien Chinese merchants from Amoy and Chinchew to and from Manila would later outcompete the Spaniards by the mid-1800s, as noted by the British, such as James Matheson, co-founder of Jardine Matheson:

"Amoy, a much more substantial port giving access to the tea-growing province of Fukien, was open to Spanish trade only. But the right was merely nominal because Chinese junks could transport goods to and from the Philippines much more cheaply than could the Spaniards. The latter had practically given up the trade; only one Spanish ship put in at Amoy between 1810 and 1830. ...Another witness said the Spaniards had given up the Amoy trade since 1800."

The Suez Canal which would later link Spanish Philippines directly to Spain in Iberia without rounding the cape would only start construction by 1859 and be completed at 1869.

By 1873, Rev. Carstairs Douglas writes in his Hokkien dictionary that

"Singapore and the various Straits Settlements [such as Penang and Malacca], Batavia [Jakarta] and other parts of the Dutch possessions [Indonesia], are crowded with emigrants, especially from the Chang-chew prefecture; Manila and other parts of the Philippines have great numbers from Chin-chew, and emigrants are largely scattered in like manner in Siam [Thailand], Burmah [Myanmar], the Malay Peninsula [Peninsular Malaysia], Cochin China [Southern Vietnam], Saigon [Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam], &c. In many of these places there is also a great mixture of emigrants from Swatow." By 1883, Rev. John Macgowan also records 3 entries explicitly defining Hokkien in his Hokkien dictionary: "Luzon, 呂宋 Lū-sòng,—belongs to Spain, 呂宋是大°呂宋之°屬國 Lū-sòng sī Tōa lū-sòng ê siók kok" "Manilla [ sic], 呂宋 Lū-sòng, very many Chinese go to—, 唐°人°去°呂宋盡多° tn̂g lâng khì Lū-sòng tsīn tsōe." "Philippines, 呂宋 Lū-sòng."

The Chinese community of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era used to also speak a sort of Spanish pidgin variety known as "Caló Chino Español" or "La Lengua del Parian" in Spanish or "Kastilang tindahan" in Tagalog, especially because the Chinese community before obligates Chinese cabecillas (community leaders), such as Capitan Carlos Palanca Tan Quien Sien, to teach rudimentary Spanish to new Chinese immigrants which was taught in Chinese-owned schools. They could speak these Spanish pidgin varieties after one month which many, especially old timers later became very fluent, albeit some still with accented Spanish. Spanish was prevalent enough among the educated in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era, that Joseph Earle Stevens, an American that stayed in Manila from 1893-1894 had this to say in his book, "Yesterdays in the Philippines":

"Spanish, of course, is the court and commercial language and, except among uneducated natives who have a lingo of their own or among the few members of the Anglo-Saxon colony, it has a monopoly everywhere. No one can really get on without it, and even the Chinese come in with their peculiar pidgin variety"

By 1941, Vicente Lim publishes a dictionary in Manila, titled "Chinese-English-Tagalog-Spanish Business conversation and social contact with Amoy pronunciation" giving equivalent words in the stated 4 languages,  where "Chinese" and "Amoy" referred to a formalized literary form of the local Chuanchiu-based Hokkien as used by the author and the Chinese Filipino community in the Philippines at that time. As per Lim's dictionary, American English took precedence as consistent with the American colonial era, when English along with Spanish began to be taught as the official language of the Philippine Islands under the Insular Government, which later, Tagalog was chosen as the basis of Filipino, the national language of the Philippines under the 1935 constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth.

By 1987, under the current 1987 constitution of the Philippines, Spanish began to only be "promoted on a voluntary and optional basis", leading to most schools in the Philippines to no longer teach Spanish as a required class subject, which would most if not completely dissipate from mainstream use in later decades in the Philippines. The Spanish used decades before have been retained as a few Spanish loanwords in Philippine Hokkien, such as those found below.

In the 21st century, the Philippines now only has 2 official languages, Filipino (Tagalog) and English, with currently 19 recognized regional languages, including Cebuano Bisaya, Hiligaynon, etc., which Philippine Hokkien speakers currently frequently codeswitch with, which the form using Filipino (Tagalog) and English together with Hokkien is known as Hokaglish, akin to Taglish.

From the 20th to the 21st century, there have been a few books published about Hokkien from the Philippines based on what is used at least by the author in the Philippines and many of whom have been utilizing the Latin script often together with Chinese characters to try and write Hokkien based on the author's level of literacy on written Hokkien. Sometimes the Chinese characters used in these 20th to 21st century books only use Chinese characters more appropriate to Mandarin Standard Chinese, so it is mostly the Romanized Latin script section that can be properly identified as Philippine Hokkien, although due to different author's level of literacy on written Hokkien, the orthographies of the romanization used may widely differ per author usually influenced by the author's knowledge of English orthography, Filipino orthography, Mandarin Pinyin or Wade-Giles, and Spanish orthography (for older works). These 20th-21st century publications from the Philippines about Hokkien often also call the Hokkien language with different names, such as "Chinese",    "Amoy",  "Fookien",  "Fukien", "Fukienese", or even "Fujianwa" or "Foojian". There have been books as well in the Philippines writing in Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) for Hokkien in the Philippines, such as Victoria W. Peralta-Ang Gobonseng's "Amoy Vernacular Handbook" Vol. 1 Revised Edition (2003).

Use as a liturgical language
Hokkien in the Philippines has been used as a liturgical language in Christianity (both Roman Catholicism and Protestant denominations), Chinese Buddhism, Taoism, and Matsu worship for centuries. For Roman Catholic Christianity, it was used ever since the Spanish friars ministered to Sangley Chinese around the 1590s to 1600s and beyond. For Buddhism, Taoism, and Matsu worship, it was used ever since the first Hokkien-speaking Sangley Chinese practitioners in the Philippines gathered together for liturgy or the first Buddhist, Taoist, and Ma-cho chinese temples were erected in the Philippines, such as the Seng Guan Temple, Ma-Cho Temple, etc. For Protestant Christianity, it was used ever since Protestant Chinese Filipinos converted to Protestant denominations around the early 20th century when the first Protestant Chinese Filipino churches sprang up, such as St. Stephen's Parish Church (for Episcopalian Anglicanism) and the United Evangelical Church of the Philippines (UECP) (for Presbyterian Evangelicalism), etc.

In the 21st century, Protestant Chinese Filipino churches and schools usually conduct liturgy usually called "Amoy Worship Service" or "Chinese Worship Service" where protestant Chinese Filipino pastors or reverends (Hokkien ) usually conduct their church service message in typically mostly Philippine Hokkien with added formal abstract liturgical Amoy Hokkien terms or Hokkienized Mandarin terms read in Philippine Hokkien reading and sometimes additionally Mandarin (i.e. some praise and worship songs in certain churches). These Chinese Filipino protestant churches are usually linked to BSOP (Biblical Seminary of the Philippines) and CCOWE (Chinese Congress on World Evangelization) and their respective Chinese Filipino schools that each Chinese Filipino church may also usually operate and sometimes also teach Hokkien usually known as "Amoy" or use it as language of instruction to teach Mandarin, which is also typically known as just "Chinese" in school classes. These Protestant Chinese Filipino churches that also operate with a Chinese Filipino school usually within the same campus also sometimes minister church or chapel service in "Amoy" (Hokkien) to their students too.

Chinese Buddhist temples in the Philippines also primarily conduct their sutra chanting services and temple sermons in Hokkien via the venerable monks and nuns living in the temples across the Philippines. Many of the Chinese Buddhist monastics only speak Hokkien or Mandarin (if recently came from China), though some can also speak English, and rarely also Filipino (Tagalog). Some of the Chinese Buddhist temples are associated as well with the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan. Most Chinese Buddhist temples in the Philippines are rooted in the Chinese Mahāyāna tradition with some syncretizing Taoism, while also practicing Confucian principles. For example, Guandi or known in Hokkien as or  or, the Chinese God of War, is usually a door god or a statue by the doors and entrances of Chinese Buddhist temples to serve as a symbolic protector. Some Chinese Buddhist temples also run Chinese Filipino schools in the Philippines, such as the Samantabhadra Institute, Philippine Academy of Sakya, and Philippine Buddhacare Academy.

Roman Catholic Christianity in the Philippines used to also have Hokkien as one of the languages they used to conduct their liturgy in but it's current use for ministry is now defunct, especially under the Chinese-Filipino Catholic Apostolate of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP). It has a long history in using Hokkien to minister to Sangley Chinese living in the Philippines and Fujian as evidenced in the works of the Spanish friars, such as the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lingua china (1593), who aimed to use the Sangley Chinese Catholic converts as a catalyst for converting the rest of China.

Education
During the late 20th century, despite Standard Chinese (Mandarin) taking the place as the usual Chinese class subject taught in Chinese Filipino schools as the topic of study, some schools had Chinese teachers that used Amoy Hokkien as medium of instruction in order to teach Mandarin Chinese to native-Hokkien-speaking Chinese Filipino students, but decades later around the Marcos Era, regulations became stricter and the medium of instruction for teaching Standard Chinese (Mandarin) in Chinese classes shifted from Amoy Hokkien Chinese to purely Mandarin Chinese (or in some schools to English). Also, due to the increased rural to urban migration of Chinese Filipinos, Chinese Filipino schools in urban areas increased but those in the provinces gradually declined, some closing down or some turning into ordinary Philippine schools, where some tried to preserve their "Chinese" characteristic by instead teaching Hokkien as their Chinese class subject, deeming it as more practical in the Philippine-Chinese setting.

, the Ateneo de Manila University, under their Chinese Studies Programme, offers Hokkien 1 (Chn 8) and Hokkien 2 (Chn 9) as electives. Chiang Kai Shek College offers Hokkien classes in their CKS Language Center.

Linguistic features
21st century Philippine Hokkien is largely derived from the Coastal Quanzhou  Hokkien dialects of Jinjiang, Coastal Nan'an , Shishi , Quanzhou City Proper , Hui’an , but has possibly also absorbed influences from the adjacent Amoy dialects of Xiamen , Coastal Tong’an , Kinmen , Highland Nan'an , Inland Yongchun , and Inland Anxi  dialects of Xiamen and Highland Quanzhou respectively.

Meanwhile, the older late 16th to 17th century Early Manila Hokkien once spoken around the Manila Bay area was largely derived from Coastal Zhangzhou Hokkien dialects of Haicheng  and Longxi, with also some features from the Coastal Quanzhou  Hokkien dialects of Anhai  and Tong'an. Haicheng and Longxi have since been merged by 1960 within modern-day Longhai of Coastal Zhangzhou  on the mouth of the Jiulong River  from where the old smuggling port of Yuegang  used to operate from, before being overshadowed by the Port of Xiamen  closer to the sea by around the mid-1600s at the Ming-Qing transition due to conflict between the Ming loyalist, Koxinga, and the Qing forces.

Although Philippine Hokkien is generally mutually comprehensible especially with other Quanzhou Hokkien variants, including Singaporean Hokkien and Quanzhou-based Taiwanese Hokkien variants, the local vocabulary, tones, and Filipino or Philippine Spanish and English loanwords as well as the extensive use of contractions and colloquialisms (even those which are now unused or considered archaic or dated in China) can result in confusion among Hokkien speakers from outside of the Philippines.

Contractions
Some terms have contracted into one syllable. Examples include:

 * dī-tsa̍p/lī-tsa̍p > dia̍p/lia̍p ( / ): twenty; 20 (same format for 20–29, i.e. 二十一[21] is "dia̍p-it" 廿一)
 * saⁿ-tsa̍p > sap : thirty; 30 (same format for 30–39, i.e. 三十二[32] is "sa̍p-dī" 卅二)
 * sì-tsa̍p > siap : forty; 40 (same format for 40–49, i.e. 四十三[43] is "siap-saⁿ" 卌三)
 * siáⁿ-lâng-á (啥人仔) > siâng-á (誰仔): who
 * tsàiⁿ-iūⁿ-á (怎樣仔) > tsiùⁿ-á (障仔): how
 * tán—tsi̍t-ě (等一下) > tán—tsě (等際): to wait

Vocabulary
Philippine Hokkien, like other Southeast Asian variants of Hokkien (e.g. Singaporean Hokkien, Penang Hokkien, Johor Hokkien and Medan Hokkien), has borrowed words from other languages spoken locally, specifically Spanish, Tagalog and English. Examples include: Philippine Hokkien has also calqued a few expressions from Philippine English since the American colonial era, such as
 * lé-chu-chhài : "lettuce", from Spanish lechuga + Hokkien (chhài, "vegetable")
 * ka kaó: "cocoa", either from Spanish ' or Tagalog '
 * ka-pé: "coffee", from Tagalog ', which was from Spanish '
 * pà-chî: "potato", either from Spanish ' or Tagalog ' + Hokkien (chî, "potato")
 * kam-á-tit: "tomato", either from Tagalog ' or directly from Spanish '
 * sap-bûn: "soap", either from Early Modern Spanish ' or Tagalog '
 * pá-lâ: "to pay", from Spanish paga, inflection of pagar
 * lo͘-sin: "dozen", from English
 * chi̍p-nî-chhia (集尼車), from Philippine English  + Hokkien (chhia, "vehicle")
 * go-ma-ôe: "rubber shoes (sneakers)", from Tagalog goma or Spanish goma + Hokkien 鞋 (ôe, "shoe")
 * go-ma-thn̂g: "bubblegum", from Tagalog goma or Spanish goma + Hokkien 糖 (thn̂g, "candy")

 * Hó tsá-khí ! (好早起！): "Good Morning!"
 * Hó àm-po͘ ! (好暗晡！) / Hó ě-po͘ ! (好下晡！): "Good Afternoon!"
 * Hó àm-mî ! (好暗暝！): "Good Evening!"

Philippine Hokkien also has some vocabulary that is unique to it compared to other varieties of Hokkien:
 * 車頭 : "chauffeur"
 * 山猴 : "country bumpkin"
 * 新山, 義山 : "cemetery" (used in the sign for Manila Chinese Cemetery)
 * 霸薯 : "potato"
 * 麵頭 : "bread"
 * 病厝 : "hospital"
 * 毋好 : "to be sick"
 * 燒燒 : "to have a fever"
 * 桶, short for 面桶 : "million". in other Hokkien varieties, 百萬 is used instead
 * instead of just 翕像, there is also 欱像 : "to photograph"
 * instead of just 有時陣 . there is also 有陣時 and, 有陣仔 : "sometimes"
 * 熱人 : "hot" (of the weather). in other Hokkien varieties, it means "summer"
 * 寒人 : "cold" (of the weather). in other Hokkien varieties, it means "winter"

Philippine Hokkien usually follows the 3 decimal place Hindu-Arabic numeral system used worldwide, but still retains the concept of from the Chinese numeral system, so 'ten thousand' would be, but examples of the 3 decimal place logic have produced words like:
 * 'eleven thousand' –, and same idea for succeeding numbers
 * Other Hokkien variants:
 * 'one hundred thousand' –, and same idea for succeeding numbers
 * Other Hokkien variants:
 * 'one million' – or, and same idea for succeeding numbers
 * Other Hokkien variants:
 * 'one hundred million' –, and same idea for succeeding numbers
 * Other Hokkien variants:

Hokaglish
Hokaglish is code-switching involving Philippine Hokkien, Tagalog and English. Hokaglish shows similarities to Taglish (mixed Tagalog and English), the everyday mesolect register of spoken Filipino language within Metro Manila and its environs.

Both ways of speaking are very common among Chinese Filipinos, who tend to code-switch these languages in everyday conversation, where it can be observed that older generations typically use the Hokkien Chinese sentence structure base while injecting English and Tagalog words while the younger ones use the Filipino/Tagalog sentence structure as the base while injecting the few Hokkien terms they know in the sentence. The latter therefore, in a similar sense with Taglish using Tagalog grammar and syntax, tends to code-mix via conjugating the Hokkien terms the way they do for Filipino/Tagalog words.

In other provinces/regions of the Philippines, a similar code-switching medium is also done with Philippine Hokkien and English, but instead of or along with Tagalog, other regional languages are used as well, such as Cebuano Bisaya (akin to Bislish), Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, Ilocano, Bikolano, Waray, Kapampangan, Pangasinense, etc., so in Metro Cebu, Chinese Filipino families speak a code-swtiching mix of Philippine Hokkien, Cebuano Bisaya, and Philippine English, while in Metro Davao, Butuan, and Cagayan de Oro (CDO), a mix of Philippine Hokkien, Cebuano Bisaya, Tagalog, Philippine English is used, while in Iloilo and Bacolod, a mix of Philippine Hokkien, Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), and Philippine English is used, while in Vigan and Baguio, a mix of Philippine Hokkien, Ilocano, and Philippine English is used, while in Tacloban, a mix of Philippine Hokkien, Waray, Philippine English is used, while in Naga, a mix of Philippine Hokkien, Central Bikolano, and Philippine English is used, while in Zamboanga City, a mix of Philippine Hokkien, Chavacano, Philippine English, and sometimes Cebuano and/or Tagalog are used.

title: Philippine Hokkien


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RAAF Base Pearce

RAAF Base Pearce is the main Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) military air base in Western Australia, located in Bullsbrook, north of Perth. It is used for training by the RAAF and the Republic of Singapore Air Force.

Pearce is the busiest RAAF base in Australia, with the highest air traffic including civil flights, including civil movements at the Joint User bases. Although its primary role is pilot training, it remains the only permanent RAAF base on the west coast, and thus has a significant logistics role. Pearce also has operational responsibility for RAAF Gingin, a small military airfield located near Pearce, also used for flying training. When requested by the flying units, a rotation of air traffic controllers travel from Pearce to Gingin daily to provide services.

History
Built between 1936 and 1939, RAAF Base Pearce was officially granted "station" status on 6 February 1939. It was named in honour of Sir George Pearce, a Senator from Western Australia. Pearce was elected to the inaugural Senate in 1901 and remained a Senator for Western Australia until 1938. He was Minister for Defence in four separate ministries including the period 1910 to 1913 when the Central Flying School was established.

The base opened with two resident squadrons, Nos. 14 and 25 Squadrons. During World War II, No. 5 Initial Training School (ITS) was formed at RAAF Pearce as part of the Empire Air Training Scheme and No. 85 Squadron RAAF was stationed. Recruits commenced their military service at the ITS, learning fundamentals such as mathematics, navigation and aerodynamics.

On 10 September 1950 a one-off motor race meeting, called the "Air Force Handicap" was held as a part of an air show. The circuit was triangular in shape, and used all three runways of the base. The feature race was won on handicap by Syd Negus in a Plymouth Special, ahead of Syd Barker in a Ballot V8 and Arthur Collett in an MG TC.

In 1964, Australia and the United States agreed to conduct a "Joint Research Program for Studying Aero-Space Disturbances and their Effect on Radio Communications" at the Pearce base.

RAAF Base Pearce is used by the Australian Air Force Cadets as a headquarters and for promotional courses, as well as serving as headquarters for No. 7 Wing and premises for No. 701 Squadron (AAFC).

The base also serves as an anti-hijacking training aid for Special Air Service Regiment counter-terrorism squadron, also known as Tactical Assault Group (West). It is used to practise airliner entry and hostage rescue drills. The base is home to a mockup of a Boeing 747 used for this counter-terrorism training. Built in the early 1990s the mockup is slightly smaller than the Boeing 747, includes two non-operational engines and has been painted in the livery of the fictional Emu Airlines.

Since 1993, Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) has operated its Flying Training Institute at Pearce. As part of the institute, No. 130 Squadron RSAF operates training aircraft at Pearce.

The 2005 Defence Force Air Show, held at Pearce on 19–20 November, marked the first visit to Perth of the United States Air Force (USAF) B-1B Lancer bomber. The 2012 Defence Force Air Show, held at Pearce on 19–20 May, included visits by a USAF B-52 bomber, a USAF KC-135 tanker, an RAAF AEW&C Wedgetail and an RSAF C-130 Hercules.

In 2014, the base was the hub for the international search of the southern Indian Ocean for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. It hosted search aircraft from six other nations including a United States Navy P-8 Poseidon, P-3 Orions of the Royal New Zealand Air Force, Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force and Republic of Korea Navy, and Ilyushin Il-76s of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force.

Pearce has sometimes been proposed as the site for a second Perth international airport.

RAAF units
The following units are located at RAAF Base Pearce:

title: RAAF Base Pearce


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Kathleen Sullivan (lawyer)

Kathleen Marie Sullivan (born August 20, 1955) is an American lawyer and senior counsel at Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, a global, litigation-only law firm headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Based in the firm's New York City office, Sullivan chairs its national appellate practice group. She was the first and only female name partner at an Am Law 100 law firm. Previously, Sullivan served as dean of Stanford Law School, where she was the Stanley Morrison Professor of Law.

Early life and education
Born in Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan, and raised on Long Island, New York, Sullivan graduated from Cold Spring Harbor High School in 1972. She participated in the Telluride Association Summer Program during high school, then attended Cornell University, where she was a member of the Telluride House, and graduated in 1976. She then became a Marshall Scholar at Wadham College, Oxford, and graduated in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.

Sullivan returned to the United States to attend Harvard Law School. Professor Laurence Tribe called her, at the time, "the most extraordinary student I had ever had." During law school, Sullivan worked as a research assistant to Tribe and assisted him with his Supreme Court appeals. After graduating from Harvard Law School in 1981, Sullivan served one year as a judicial law clerk to Judge James L. Oakes on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Following her clerkship, Sullivan elected against joining a large law firm, and instead returned to Cambridge, Massachusetts, as a litigation associate in Tribe's private appellate practice.

Career
Although several major law schools offered her positions, Sullivan accepted an assistant professorship at Harvard in 1984, and was promoted to professor of law in 1989. Following a visiting teaching position at Stanford Law School in spring 1992, Sullivan accepted an offer to join that faculty in 1993 and was promoted to the Stanley Morrison Professor of Law in 1996. Sullivan served as Dean of Stanford Law School from 1999 to 2004, becoming the first woman to head any of Stanford's seven schools and the first woman Dean at one of the nation's top three law schools. After voluntarily stepping down as Dean in 2004 to serve part-time as the inaugural director of the Stanford Constitutional Law Center, Sullivan remained on Stanford Law's faculty until 2012. Stanford recruited New York University Law School assistant dean and legal scholar Larry Kramer to succeed her as Dean, as well as serve as Richard E. Lang Professor at the Law School.

Sullivan specializes in constitutional law and co-edited a leading casebook with the late Stanford Law professor Gerald Gunther, Constitutional Law, through its 17th edition. She has co-edited the 18th and 19th editions with Noah Feldman. From 2000 to 2007, Sullivan was the sixth most-cited constitutional law scholar, and the most-cited female legal scholar between 2005 and 2009. She is an elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Appellate advocate
While Stanford's Dean, Sullivan maintained a pro bono constitutional law practice. In 2005, she joined Quinn Emanuel Urquhart Oliver & Hedges (now Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan), where she helped to found and build the firm's nascent appellate practice. Now chair of the firm's national appellate practice, Sullivan has argued and briefed numerous appeals before the U.S. Courts of Appeals, the California Supreme Court, the New York Court of Appeals, and the U.S. Supreme Court, where she has argued nine times. Cases she won before the U.S. Supreme Court include: Bruesewitz v. Wyeth, Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., and Granholm v. Heald (which struck down state prohibition of interstate wine shipping). She also represented Shell Oil in an appeal to limit the company's liability for toxic waste. Sullivan has also filed pro bono briefs in a wide range of civil rights cases, and served as co-counsel for Michael Hardwick in the 1986 landmark gay rights case Bowers v. Hardwick.

In both 2006 and 2013, The National Law Journal recognized Sullivan as one of America's 100 most influential lawyers.

In late 2016, Sullivan argued on behalf of Samsung Electronics in Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. in front of the Supreme Court and it ruled in favor of Samsung to reverse the decision and remanded it to Federal Circuit court to define the appropriate legal standard to define "article of manufacture".

Personal life
Sullivan, a member of the New York bar since 1982 and the Massachusetts bar since 1988, failed the July 2005 California bar exam, which The Wall Street Journal viewed as illustrating preexisting criticisms about the way the test is administered and graded. She retook the exam in February 2006 and passed.

title: Kathleen Sullivan (lawyer)


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The Genius of Christianity

The Genius of Christianity, or Beauties of the Christian Religion (Le Génie du christianisme, ou Beautés de la religion chrétienne) is a work by the French author François-René de Chateaubriand, written during his exile in England in the 1790s as a defense of the Catholic faith, then under attack during the French Revolution. It was first published in France in 1802, after Chateaubriand returned to France following Napoleon general amnesty for émigrés who had fled the Revolution. Napoleon, who had recently signed the Concordat with the pope, initially made use of Chateaubriand's book as propaganda to win support among French Catholics. Within five years, he would quarrel with the author and send him into internal exile.

In The Genius of Christianity, Chateaubriand defends the wisdom and beauty of Christianity against the attacks on it by French Enlightenment philosophers and revolutionary politicians. The book had an immense influence on nineteenth-century culture and not just on religious life. In fact, it might be said its greatest impact was on art and literature: it was a major inspiration for the Romantic movement.

Work
The book emerged from Chateaubriand's attempt to understand the causes of the French Revolution, which had led to the deaths of many of his friends and family members. Sometime in the late 1790s, Chateaubriand had reverted to the Catholic faith of his childhood. He felt that France had lost its way during the Enlightenment period, when leading intellectuals, such as Voltaire, were hostile to traditional religion. In the work, Chateaubriand aims to prove "Christianity comes from God, because it is excellent". With that objective in mind, he is particularly interested in the artistic contributions of the Christian religion, comparing them with ancient and pagan civilizations. The principal theme of the book is that "only Christianity is able to explain progress in arts and letters".

Chateaubriand accuses the writers of the eighteenth century of misunderstanding God. He makes an exception for Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who had "a shadow of religion". For Chateaubriand, Voltaire is an inferior playwright to Jean Racine because Voltaire was not a Christian.

Structure and contents
Chateaubriand divided Génie du christianisme into four parts:
 * Part One: Dogmas and Doctrine. Divided into six books: Mysteries and Sacraments; Virtues and Moral Laws; Truth of the Scriptures, the Fall of Man; Truth of the Scriptures (Continued), Objections against the Moral System of Moses; the Existence of God proved by the Marvels of Nature: Immortality of the Soul, proved by Morals and Sentiments.
 * Part Two: The Poetry of Christianity. Divided into five books: General Survey of Christian Epics; Poetry in Relation to Human Characters; Poetry in Relation to Human Passions (Continued); On the Marvellous, or Poetry in Relation to Supernatural Beings; the Bible and Homer.
 * Part Three: Fine Arts and Literature. Divided into five books: Fine Arts; Philosophy; History; Eloquence; Harmonies of the Christian Religion with Scenes of Nature and the Passions of the Human Heart.
 * Part Four: Ritual. Divided into six books: Churches, Ornaments, Singing, Prayers, Solemnities, etc.; Tombs; General Survey of the Clergy; Missions; Military Orders or Chivalry; Services Rendered to Society by the Clergy and the Christian Religion in General.

The original edition of Génie du christianisme also contained two novellas by Chateaubriand, René and Atala, both of them romantic tales about American Indians. The novellas had already been published separately. Together with the related story Les Natchez, which went unpublished until 1827, these books continued to bring fame to Chateaubriand throughout his life.

Influence
Génie du christianisme had a considerable influence on the history of literary and religious ideas in nineteenth-century France. Written in a Classical style, but early Romantic in sensibility, it glorified new sources of inspiration, such as Gothic architecture and the great epics of the Middle Ages. As David Cairns writes: "Beyond its specific purpose, Génie du christianisme set a current of sympathy flowing between the author and a whole generation of young French men and women, kindling their imaginations over a wide range of feelings and ideas: the power of the great epic writers, Nature in its immense diversity and grandeur, the poetry of ruins, the spell of the distant past, the beauty of immemorial popular rituals and the haunting melancholy of the music accompanying them, the pangs of awakening consciousness and the perils and ardours of the solitary adolescent soul. More than any other work, it was the primer of early French Romanticism". Besides this, the book served as a model for the renewal of French Catholicism, inspiring numerous authors, including Dom Guéranger and Félicité Robert de La Mennais.

title: The Genius of Christianity


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Larvotto

Larvotto (Le Larvotto ; Larvotu ), also known as Larvotto/Bas Moulins, is the easternmost ward in the Principality of Monaco. It is part of the quarter of Monte Carlo. It has an estimated surface area of 21.8 ha and access to the Mediterranean Sea. In 2008, it had a population of 5,443, making it the most populated ward in Monaco.

Geography
Larvotto is northeast of Monte Carlo and La Rousse. It borders Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France, to the northeast.

The Grimaldi Forum, a conference and congress centre, is located on the seafront of Larvotto.

Avenue Princesse Grace, located alongside Larvotto Beach, was the world's most expensive street to live on. The average apartment was 6970 $/sqft. The Japanese Garden is a municipal park on the Avenue Princesse Grace.

Fauna and flora
At the end of 2016, to prepare the seabed for the construction of the new neighborhood called Le Portier, posidonia plates and lithophilic rocks were transplanted to the Larvotto seabed. Some 47 large Nacres were also moved to the Larvotto seabed.

Demography
Le Larvotto is the most densely populated district of the principality, and the second largest, after Fontvieille. The quality of life, due in part to the large number of parks, makes Larvotto a very popular walking area for both Monegasque and foreign tourists. This explains why property prices are between 10% and 20% higher than in the neighbouring districts

Submarine reserve
The Larvotto and Portier Coastal Reserve is a Ramsar zone of about 0.23 km² consisting of a coastal area with a rocky bottom about 10 meters deep in the western part. In the eastern part of the reserve there are beaches and artificial rocky protection works with important Posidonia oceanica meadows. The area is an ideal refuge for the different species of fish in the area. Although there are development projects near the western part, the protected beaches are only used for recreational activities. The coastal waters of the reserve are closed to tourism and serve as a place for limited environmental education and as a base for numerous scientific studies.

Tourism
Despite its predominantly residential character, the district includes several hotels, as well as the Sporting Monte-Carlo. The last Monegasque beach accessible to the public is there (since the closure of the "Portier" beach).

Trivia
Larvotto, including the outside views of Monte-Carlo Bay Hotel & Resort, was a filming location for a music video by singer Yuri Shatunov for the song "Тет а тет".

Notable residents

 * Philip Green; English businessman (in the Roccabella high-rise on Avenue Princesse Grace)
 * Shirley Bassey; Welsh singer (in the Roccabella high-rise on Avenue Princesse Grace)
 * Thor Hushovd; Norwegian cyclist

title: Larvotto


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Virtual reality in tourism

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 18:53, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Virtual reality in tourism, Virtual Reality in Tourism
Two identical articles (except for the caps), that appear to be advertising for "Archeoguide". The articles have been tagged for cleanup for almost a year now, and haven't been touched in that time. The images are unsourced, and the original contributor hasn't been active since 14 November of last year. --Carnildo 06:49, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both unless de-adverted. Marskell 11:28, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both as pernomination. utcursch | talk 11:40, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Knightmare (1986 video game)

Knightmare is a 1986 vertically scrolling shooter video game developed and published by Konami for the MSX home computer. It was included in compilations for the MSX, PlayStation and Sega Saturn, followed by a port for mobile phones, and digital re-releases for the Virtual Console and Microsoft Windows. It is the first entry in the Knightmare trilogy. The game stars Popolon, a warrior who embarks on a quest to rescue the princess Aphrodite from the evil priest Hudnos. The player must fight waves of enemies while avoiding collision with their projectiles and obstacles along the way, and facing against bosses.

Knightmare was created by the MSX division at Konami under management of Shigeru Fukutake. The character of Popolon was conceived by a staffer who later became the project's lead designer and writer, as the process of making original titles for the platform revolved around the person who came up with the characters. Development proceeded with a team of four or five members, lasting somewhere between four and six months. The music was scored by Miki Higashino, best known for her work in the Gradius and Suikoden series, and Yoshinori Sasaki.

Knightmare garnered generally positive reception from critics and retrospective commentarists. It was followed by The Maze of Galious and Shalom: Knightmare III (1987), while Popolon and Aphrodite would later make appearances outside of the trilogy in other Konami titles. In the years since, fans have experimented with remaking and porting the title unofficially to other platforms.

Gameplay
Knightmare is a vertical-scrolling shoot 'em up game starring Popolon, a warrior who embarks on a quest to rescue the princess Aphrodite from the evil priest Hudnos. The player controls Popolon through eight increasingly difficult stages across a Greek-esque fantasy setting, populated with an assortment of enemies and obstacles, over a constantly scrolling background that never stops moving until a boss is reached, which must be fought in order to progress further. The player must also avoid or take out enemy formations to gain bonus points, and reveal hidden bridges to cross rivers by shooting at it.

Popolon is equipped with a bow and arrows as the main weapon, which can be upgraded or changed by collecting a flashing weapon crystal. Picking up a new weapon grants its initial state and can be upgraded by picking the same weapon twice in a row. Popolon can also obtain temporary power-ups via power crystals branded with a "P" icon that initially appears colored black. These can be cycled through other weapons and power-ups by firing at them, ranging from boomerangs, three-way shots, swords, speed increasers, temporary invincibility and a shield to withstand enemy projectiles. If grabbed in their initial state, these crystals grant extra bonus points instead.

Scattered on the playfield are question mark blocks containing chess-themed magic jewels that can aid or hinder the player by shooting a block to release the jewel. While many of the blocks are visible onscreen, others are hidden and must be unveiled by shooting at the block until the jewel is released. The player can also uncover secret exits within certain stages and warp into the next stage. Getting hit by an enemy or blocked by an obstacle and scrolled offscreen will result in losing a live stock, as well as a penalty of decreasing Popolon's overall firepower to his original state. The player can obtain more lives by earning 100.000 points each time or collecting a yellow magic jewel, but the game is over once all lives are lost.

Development and release
Knightmare, known as Majou Densetsu in Japan, was developed by the MSX division at Konami under management of Shigeru Fukutake, who revealed about its creation process in a 1988 interview with Japanese publication Micom BASIC Magazine. Fukutate explained that the staffer who came up with the character of Popolon was in charge of design and facilitating development of the project, as the process of making original titles for the MSX revolved around the person who came up with the characters being assigned to do both planning and the story. Fukutate further explained that the planner would then lead a team of four or five members to proceed with development, which would last between four and six months. Fukutate also claimed they made it difficult from the beginning because shoot 'em ups on the MSX were meant to be played at home. Micom BASIC writer Akira Yamashita speculated that the game's idea was possibly an arrangement of the Konami arcade game Finalizer (1985). The soundtrack was composed by Miki Higashino (best known for her work in the Gradius and Suikoden series) and Yoshinori Sasaki. Higashino worked as part-time composer and wrote the game's music, but she did not use the MSX hardware. Masaaki Kukino (of Haunted Castle, Asterix, and Silent Scope) revealed that the game's title is a portmanteau of knight and nightmare, giving it a double meaning.

Knightmare was first published for the MSX in Japan on March 29, 1986, and later in Europe of that year by Konami. In Argentina, the game was distributed by Microbyte. Konami also released a slightly altered version that could be downloaded from the "LINKS" network (a Japanese equivalent for internet in the 1980s), where the player could submit high scores to an online server. Unlicensed versions for the SG-1000 and arcades were also distributed under the names Mó Yù Chuánqí (魔域伝奇) and Pesadelo ("Nightmare" in Portuguese) by the Taiwanese company Jumbo and Brazilian manufacturer Fort II respectively. Its main theme was featured alongside music tracks from Penguin Adventure and King Kong 2: Yomigaeru Densetsu in a compilation album titled The Konamic Game Freaks, distributed in Japan by Alfa Records in 1987. In 1988, it was included as part of the Konami Game Collection Vol. 1 compilation for MSX, featuring support with the Konami SCC cartridge for improved audio.

Knightmare is found in the Konami Antiques MSX Collection (1997-1998) compilations for PlayStation and Sega Saturn. On January 8, 2003, Konami ported the game for i-mode enabled mobile phones. In 2006, the full soundtrack was included as part of a compilation album titled Legend Of Game Music Consumer Box, distributed in Japan by Scitron. The game was re-released two times on the Japanese Virtual Console; first for the Wii on December 22, 2009, and later for the Wii U on March 19, 2014. It was also re-released in digital form for Microsoft Windows through D4 Enterprise's Project EGG service on July 22.

Reception
Knightmare received generally positive reception from critics. The French MSX Magazine described it as a "must have" for shoot 'em up fans. MSX Computing saw its visuals as very innovative and found the audio to be acceptable, but felt that the game was similar to Sky Jaguar. MSX Computer Magazine recommended it for action fans and regarded it as one of Konami's better titles on MSX, highlighting the graphics and sound. They felt that the game's variety kept it interesting, but noted its extreme difficulty. Tilt concurred regarding its challenging difficulty, while feeling that the continuous automatic scroll was slow and caused frustration. Regardless, they labelled it as "one of the finest" action games on the platform, commending the audiovisual presentation. They also named it as the "Best Action Software" of 1986.

An editor for MSX Gids lauded the game's visuals, audio and overall quality, noting its addictive nature but the difficulty as well. Micro V.O's Yves Huitric commended its audiovisual aspect, but noted that the character moved faster than the scrolling scenery. Aktueller Software Markt's Wolfgang Rui noted the game's challenging difficulty but expressed admiration towards the music, stating that it was "the best thing i've heard so far on MSX". Spanish publication Input MSX praised the graphics for their originality and variety, as well as the audio. A writer for MSX News regarded Knightmare as "an authentic masterpiece". The five reviewers of MSX Extra commented that it was a fun fast-paced but difficult game. They noted the varied visuals, background music, and sound effects in a positive light.

Retrospective coverage
Retrospective commentaries for Knightmare have been favorable. Retro Gamer's Stuart Hunt highlighted Miki Higashino's music for enhancing the gameplay, but found the game difficult due to the lack of save options. MeriStation's David Pérez García and Francisco Alberto Serrano praised its graphical department, lack of slowdown, soundtrack and controls, deeming it as a "must-play" for shoot 'em up fans. USgamer's Jeremy Parish compared and found the game better than King's Knight (1986), citing its visual style, controls, and music. Parish also regarded it as a technical showcase for the MSX. Vandal's Emmanuel Castro called it "an outstanding game for its time", noting its difficulty and catchy main theme.

In 2014, HobbyConsolas identified Knightmare as one of the twenty best games for the MSX. IGN Spain's Jaume Esteve described it as an unusual vertical-scrolling shooter due to the absence of ships and compared its power-up system with that of TwinBee, writing that "despite the technical limitations of the computer that were mainly reflected in that limping scroll, Knightmare deserved much more impact than it finally had, although it is certainly one of the games that are essential when it comes to touching the catalog of the MSX." Kurt Kalata of Hardcore Gaming 101 commended the music and boss fights, opining that "It's a fun game, let down by some technical limitations."

Legacy
Knightmare spawned two follow-ups released on the MSX and Family Computer, both of which fall under different genres: The Maze of Galious and Shalom: Knightmare III (1987). In addition to the main games, a stand-alone sequel titled Majou Densetsu II: Poporon Gekitou Hen was scheduled to be published in 1987 by Konami for the PC-8801 and X1 home computers. The game was intended to be a vertical-scrolling shooter similar to the original but with role-playing elements added. Despite being advertised and previewed in Japanese magazines,   it was never released for unknown reasons. The characters of Popolon and Aphrodite would later make appearances outside of the trilogy in other Konami titles such as Parodius (1988), and Hai no Majutsushi (1989). Former Compile staffer Takayuki Hirono cited Knightmare as an influence on Zanac (1986), particularly its power-up system. In 2021, Konami announced a contest encouraging indie developers to make games based on some of its classic series, including Knightmare.

In the years since, fans have experimented with remaking and porting Knightmare unofficially to other platforms. In 1992, a MS-DOS version was created by the group Friends Software. In 2005, a mod dubbed Knightmare Gold was released by the Portuguese fan group Amusement Factory, which allowed support with the MSX2 hardware for smooth scrolling, an upgraded color palette, among other changes. In 2012, a ZX Spectrum port developed by Climacus and McNeil was released online as a free download. In 2013, a demo for a Windows remake was released online by Spanish programmer Alberto De Hoyo (of Demon Videogames), with the full version releasing in 2015, followed afterwards by a "Gold Edition" containing new features. In 2015, a ColecoVision port was developed by Opcode Games and published by Team Pixelboy, featuring an "Easy" mode but requires the Super Game Module expansion to run on the hardware, while the ROM image was released online for free in 2018. In 2022, an Amiga port co-developed by "h0ffman" and Toni Galvez was made available online for free, featuring several enhancements and additions.

title: Knightmare (1986 video game)