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Al Hirschfeld Theatre

The Al Hirschfeld Theatre, originally the Martin Beck Theatre, is a Broadway theater at 302 West 45th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1924, it was designed by G. Albert Lansburgh in a Moorish and Byzantine style and was constructed for vaudevillian Martin Beck. It has 1,404 seats across two levels and is operated by ATG Entertainment. Both the facade and the interior are New York City landmarks.

The facades of the Al Hirschfeld's auditorium and stage house are designed as one unit. There is a double-height arcade with cast-stone columns at the base of the theater. The eastern section of the arcade contains the auditorium entrance, the center section includes a staircase with emergency exits, and the western section leads to the stage house. Red brick is used for the upper stories of the facade. Albert Herter, a muralist who frequently collaborated with Lansburgh, oversaw much of the interior design. A square ticket lobby is directly inside the main entrance, leading to a vaulted inner lobby and an L-shaped mezzanine lounge. The auditorium is decorated with ornamental plasterwork and contains a sloped orchestra level, a mezzanine level, and a curved sounding board. In addition, there are box seats at the balcony level, near the front of the auditorium. The auditorium has an octagonal ceiling with a multicolored dome.

Beck had proposed the theater in 1923, and it opened with a production of Madame Pompadour on November 11, 1924. It was the only theater in New York City to be owned outright without a mortgage. The Beck was used by several theatrical groups in its early years, including the Theatre Guild. After Martin Beck's death in 1940, the theater was managed by his wife Louise Heims Beck. The theater was purchased in 1966 by William L. McKnight of Jujamcyn Theaters, and it hosted several short runs during the 1970s and 1980s. The theater was renamed for Broadway illustrator Al Hirschfeld in 2003. Throughout the years, the theater has staged long-running productions including The Teahouse of the August Moon, Dracula, Into the Woods, Guys and Dolls, and Kinky Boots.

Site
The Al Hirschfeld Theatre is on 302 West 45th Street, on the south sidewalk between Ninth and Eighth Avenues, in the Theater District and Hell's Kitchen neighborhoods of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The land lot is rectangular. The lot covers 13,389 ft2, with a frontage of 133.33 ft on 45th Street and a depth of 100.42 ft. The Al Hirschfeld Theatre shares the city block with the Film Center Building and the off-Broadway Davenport Theatre to the west. Across Eighth Avenue to the east are the Row NYC Hotel and the Majestic, John Golden, and Bernard B. Jacobs theaters. In addition, St. Luke's Lutheran Church, the off-Broadway St. Luke's Theatre, and The Whitby are to the north.

The Al Hirschfeld is the westernmost Broadway theater in the Theater District and the only one west of Eighth Avenue. When the venue was constructed in 1925, the block to the east already contained eight theaters. The site of the theater itself, at 302 to 314 West 45th Street, was filled by seven brownstone townhouses of three stories each. Six of the houses, numbers 302 to 312, had been purchased by Nathan Wilson and then sold by Berkley Builders. The seventh house at number 314 was owned by Nellie Clauss.

Design
The Al Hirschfeld Theatre, originally the Martin Beck Theatre, was designed by Gustave Albert Lansburgh in the Byzantine and Romanesque styles. The theater opened in 1924 and was built for Martin Beck (1868–1940), who originally named the venue for himself. The Beck was the only Broadway theater designed in a Byzantine style; most other Broadway theater buildings of the time were designed in a neoclassical style. Furthermore, Lansburgh specialized in designing movie palaces on the West Coast of the United States, including Los Angeles's Hill Street Theatre and San Francisco's Golden Gate Theater. H. H. Oddie Inc. built the theater, and numerous material suppliers and contractors were involved in the project. The Al Hirschfeld is operated by Jujamcyn Theaters.

Facade
The Al Hirschfeld's auditorium and stage house share a design for their facades, unlike with most other Broadway theaters, where the auditorium and stage house have distinct designs. The facade of the Al Hirschfeld is much wider than its length. The base of the theater contains a granite water table and a double-height arcade with cast-stone columns. The rest of the facade uses red brick.

Base
The arcade on the lowest two stories contains eleven arches. The second-outermost arch on either end is both taller and wider than the remaining arches. The octagonal columns rest on granite bases and contain capitals with both Moorish and Byzantine motifs. The tops of each arch contain stone borders. The presence of the arcade gives the theater's exterior a three-dimensional quality compared to other Broadway theaters' relatively flat facades.

The three easternmost arches contain the theater's main entrance. The doorway to the lobby is recessed within the second-easternmost arch (at the center of the three arches). It contains two bronze-and-glass double doors, which have bronze grilles with arch motifs. There are sheet-metal ceiling panels with light fixtures directly in front of the doors, as well as engaged columns flanking the doors. To the left (east) of the lobby entrance is a metal service door, a sign board, and a gate to a service alley. To the right (west) is a box office window with a marble sill and iron shutters; a panel above the window is inscribed with the words "Martin Beck Theatre". The box office window is also flanked by two pairs of engaged columns rounded and the other octagonal. Above the three arches is a modern marquee cantilevered from the arches. On the second floor are recessed brick walls. There are windows flanked by brick jambs and topped by round-arched stone panels. The center window opening is a double window separated by a stone colonette, while the other window openings are single.

The five center arches screen a stone fire-escape staircase. The underside of the staircase includes arches of varying sizes. The top of the staircase, to the east, contains two double metal doors from the balcony. Directly beneath the top of the staircase are two double metal doors from the orchestra level, which are topped by stone lintels and metal-and-glass lanterns. The bottom of the staircase, to the west, contains another doorway that is marked as a stage entrance; the words "Erected by Martin Beck 1924" are carved on an adjacent column.

The three westernmost arches contain recessed brick walls similar to those at the lobby entrance. The second-westernmost arch contains a double metal door at the ground story, while the westernmost (right) arch has a window at the ground story. The second story of the three western arches is similar to the second story above the main entrance, with arched brick windows.

Upper stories

Above the arcade are additional stories with round-arched openings, each containing a one-over-one sash window. The facade of the auditorium, to the east, has two stories above the arcade. The stage house to the west has three stories. There is a corbel table with Romanesque-style round arches near the top of the facade; additional stories rise above the main roof. The upper stories of the stage house are set back from the main roof. In front of this is a large metal sign board facing east toward Eighth Avenue, which is used to display the name of the present production.

Interior
Beck had intended for the theater's interior to be more lavish than any other in the area. Albert Herter, a muralist who frequently collaborated with Lansburgh, oversaw much of the interior design. Herter's decorative scheme was largely in the Moorish and Byzantine styles. According to a contemporary source from the theater's opening, the decorative motifs were intended to depict various mythological scenes.

Lobbies
The square ticket lobby is directly inside the main entrance. It has stone walls and a groin-vaulted ceiling with Guastavino tiles. The walls on both sides contain segmental arches, and the western arches contain ticket windows. There are wrought-iron lamps on the west and east walls. The two double doors on the north wall lead from the street, while two glass-and-bronze double doors on the south wall connect to the inner lobby.

The inner lobby is double-height and rectangular in plan, with a staircase to the mezzanine at the southeast end. It was originally decorated in cream-colored plaster. The northern wall (leading from the ticket lobby) is decorated with a molded panel. Above that is a large arch, which encompasses three smaller arched openings with geometric glass panes. The inner lobby contains piers on the west and east walls, with attached wrought-iron lighting sconces. These piers support three round arches on each side; a mezzanine-level lounge is behind the western arches. At ground level, the western wall contains modillions and pilasters, topped by capitals containing stylized-leaf and volute motifs. There are also leaded-glass double doors in the two outermost arches, which lead to the auditorium. At mezzanine level, both walls contain paneled railings with molded bands of dentils and bosses. Three circular ceiling domes rise from the wall arches. One contemporary source described the domes as depicting "figures in mediaeval costumes against a gold ground".

The mezzanine lounge is L-shaped. The short arm of the "L" is the staircase landing on the south, while the long arm runs above the western wall of the inner lobby. The piers on the lounge's eastern wall correspond to the piers on the inner lobby's western wall. The capitals of the piers contain stylized-leaf motifs, supporting the ceiling, which in turn is divided into half and full groin vaults. Wrought-iron sconces are installed on the piers. The southern end of the lounge contains a seating area, with a niche enclosing a marble water fountain. On the northern end, a staircase with a wrought-iron railing and ceiling lantern descends directly into the orchestra seating. The western wall includes doors that lead to the auditorium. The lounge is directly below the top row of mezzanine seating and is at the same level as the bottom mezzanine row. This removes the need for ticket-holders to climb to the top of the mezzanine seating before descending to their seat.

Auditorium
The auditorium has an orchestra level, a mezzanine-level balcony, boxes, and a stage behind the proscenium arch. The space is designed with plaster decorations in low relief. Playbill cites the theater as having 1,302 seats, while The Broadway League cites 1,404 seats. Originally, the theater seated 1,200 patrons, or 600 on either level. The original color scheme was red, blue, and orange, with some golden highlights. Byzantine motifs were used extensively in the design, and three murals decorated the side and rear walls. The seats were upholstered in a rose-red color, with blue highlights, while the auditorium was surrounded by blue draperies.

Seating areas
The orchestra level is wheelchair-accessible via the main doors. The rear or western end of the orchestra contains a promenade. Originally, the promenade had stained glass, bronze, marble, tapestries, and other objects from Martin Beck's collection. The orchestra level is raked, sloping down toward an orchestra pit in front of the stage. Near the front of the auditorium, stairs with wrought-iron railings lead up to the boxes. The side walls have exit doors, and the rear wall contains doorways from the inner lobby. In addition, wrought-iron lighting sconces are placed on the orchestra walls.

The mezzanine level can only be accessed by steps. The mezzanine and boxes share a front railing, which is decorated with geometric patterns in plasterwork. The side walls have wrought-iron lighting sconces. There are metal railings around the staircases to the orchestra and the passageways to the mezzanine lounge. Originally, the side walls also had tapestries. A technical booth is at the rear of the balcony, while light boxes are mounted onto the front rail. Moldings and bands divide the mezzanine's underside into paneled sections. Five of these panels contain circular wrought-iron grills with light fixtures.

On either side of the proscenium is a box at the mezzanine level, which contains a shallow S-curve that appears to spiral downward. At the orchestra level, decorated groups of columns support the bottoms of the boxes, which are paneled. The fronts of the boxes are ornamented with geometric patterns in plasterwork. There are also large clustered columns at the centers of each box, which support a fan vault. Within either box, between the proscenium and the clustered columns is an opening with four marble pilasters, topped by Byzantine and Moorish capitals, which support three arches. Above these triple arches are half-domes, which support the sounding board. Between either box and the mezzanine seats is another opening, formed by the clustered columns on one side and the auditorium wall on the opposite side.

Other design features

Next to the boxes is the proscenium with an elliptically arched opening. On either side of the proscenium are half-columns containing geometric designs, which support four concentric arches. Each column on either sides is made of stone upon a marble base and is carved in a different Byzantine motif from the other columns. Albert Herter also designed the theater's original curtain, which was hung across the proscenium opening. The curtain was originally decorated in the same red, orange, blue, and gold color scheme as the rest of the auditorium. The stage, covering 2914 ft2, was Broadway's largest stage before the construction of the Vivian Beaumont Theater in the 1960s.

A perforated-plaster sounding board curves onto the ceiling above the boxes, in front of the proscenium arch. The ceiling itself is decorated with moldings, which divide the surface into recessed panels. The main section of the ceiling is an octagonal canopy. The center of the ceiling contains a large, circular wooden dome, which hangs from the octagonal ceiling panel via canvas strips. The dome and the canvas strips are both decorated in a red, yellow, and green color scheme with geometric designs. A painted glass chandelier is suspended from the dome's center.

History
Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. Manhattan's theater district had begun to shift from Union Square and Madison Square during the first decade of the 20th century. Most of the theaters built in the 1900s and 1910s were built on side streets near Broadway, but the Broadway-theater district expanded westward to Eighth Avenue and eastward to Sixth Avenue after World War II. Martin Beck was a vaudevillian who operated the Orpheum Circuit, which in the early 20th century was the dominant vaudeville circuit on the West Coast of the United States. In the early 1910s, he expanded to the East Coast and developed the Palace Theatre in New York City, which he soon lost to his rival Edward Albee. Although Beck was supplanted as the leader of the Orpheum Circuit in 1923, he wished to continue doing business in the city, and he planned a theater for legitimate shows.

Development and early years

In July 1923, Martin Beck acquired six dwellings at 302 to 312 West 45th Street, with the intent of building a legitimate theater there. That September, Beck enlarged his site by buying a townhouse at 314 West 45th Street. The same month, Oddie and Falk were awarded the construction contract for the theater, which was to cost $1 million. The venue was to have a 1,160-seat capacity and a stage measuring 40 by. The existing buildings on the site were being razed by November 1923. Beck's 45th Street theater, along with another one planned on 52nd Street, were part of an effort to shift the Theater District westward. Beck initially planned to open his namesake theater with a production of Imre Madách's The Tragedy of Man, but he instead decided to book the operetta Madame Pompadour after seeing it in London and several other European cities. Since Charles Dillingham had the rights to present Madame Pompadour in the United States, Beck convinced Dillingham to jointly produce the operetta at the new theater.

According to Martin Beck's wife Louise, the Beck was the only theater in New York City that, at its completion, was owned outright without a mortgage. The theater opened on November 11, 1924, with Madame Pompadour,  which ultimately ran for 80 performances. This was followed in 1925 by a more popular show, a musical adaptation of the play Captain Jinks by Clyde Fitch, starring J. Harold Murray and Joe E. Brown for 167 performances. A. H. Woods subsequently leased the theater for his production of the John Colton play The Shanghai Gesture, starring Florence Reed, which opened at the Beck in 1926 and ran for 210 performances. The next year, the Beck hosted James Gleason's comedy The Shannons of Broadway, featuring Gleason and his wife Lucile, which had 288 performances.

Late 1920s to 1930s
In 1928, the Theatre Guild took over the Beck. The Guild's first production at the theater was Wings Over Europe, which opened at the end of the same year. Next, the Guild staged Dynamo by Eugene O'Neill, starring Glenn Anders and Claudette Colbert, which ran for 66 performances in early 1929. Later that year, the theater hosted the Czech comedy The Camel Through the Needle's Eye, as well as the Russian play Red Rust. The latter was the Theatre Guild Acting Company (later the Group Theatre)'s first production. In 1930, the Theatre Guild presented George Bernard Shaw's The Apple Cart, Philip Barry's Hotel Universe, and Sergei Tretyakov's Roar China! at the Beck. The Theatre Guild hosted Maxwell Anderson's play Elizabeth the Queen to the Beck in early 1931, starring Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne. The Group Theatre had its first production that September with the opening of Paul Green's The House of Connelly. Lunt and Fontanne returned to the theater in the Guild's Reunion in Vienna later that year.

The Abbey Irish Theatre Players performed at the Martin Beck Theatre for the 1932–1933 season, their first New York City appearance since 1911. Their productions included The Far-off Hills, The New Gossoon, Juno and the Paycock, and Playboy of the Western World. The Abbey Theatre departed in January 1933, and the Beck hosted the play The Lake, featuring film star Katharine Hepburn, the same year. Sidney Howard's docudrama Yellow Jack was presented next in 1934. The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company commenced a season of Gilbert and Sullivan works at the Beck in September 1934, performing 11 operettas and running for 15 weeks. Next was a revival of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet in late 1934, featuring Basil Rathbone and Katharine Cornell. Cornell and Burgess Meredith starred in two plays in 1935: The Barretts of Wimpole Street, also featuring Brian Aherne and Brenda Forbes, and Flowers of the Forest, also featuring Margalo Gillmore. Later in 1935, Anderson's Winterset opened at the Beck, featuring Meredith, Margo, and Eduardo Ciannelli.

Cornell's husband Guthrie McClintic had directed several of the mid-1930s plays at the Martin Beck Theatre, including Romeo and Juliet and Winterset. Also among these were Shaw's play Saint Joan, which opened in 1936 and featured Cornell, Maurice Evans, and Tyrone Power Jr. The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company returned in August 1936 to perform another set of Gilbert and Sullivan operettas, running through to the end of the year. Another Anderson play, High Tor, opened in 1937 and starred Meredith, Peggy Ashcroft, and Hume Cronyn for 171 performances. Also in 1937, the Beck hosted the play Barchester Towers with Ina Claire, for which some of the orchestra seating was temporarily removed and walled off. In 1938, the theater hosted Victoria Regina, featuring Helen Hayes, for 87 performances. The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company hosted yet another season of Gilbert and Sullivan shows early the next year. Hayes returned later in 1939, performing in the drama Ladies and Gentlemen for 105 performances.

1940s to early 1960s
The play Lady in Waiting, adapted from Margery Sharp's novel of the same name, ran at the Beck for 87 performances in 1940. Martin Beck died later the same year, and Louise Beck and Louis A. Lotito took over the theater. Lillian Hellman's A Watch on the Rhine opened in 1941 and ran for 378 performances. Lunt and Fontanne returned to the theater the next year with the opening of S. N. Behrman's play The Pirate, which had 176 performances. Members of the United States Army then presented five plays in August 1943, and Richard Rodgers and Herbert Fields's musical A Connecticut Yankee opened that November. The next year, Berhman's Jacobowsky and the Colonel opened at the Beck, running for 417 performances. The Beck hosted the play Foolish Notion with Tallulah Bankhead and Donald Cook in 1945, followed the same year by Leonard Bernstein, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green's popular musical On the Town, the latter of which ran for six months.

Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer's musical St. Louis Woman was presented at the Beck in 1946, and O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh was staged that year. This was followed the next year by the musical Barefoot Boy with Cheek, featuring Nancy Walker, and a revival of Antony and Cleopatra, featuring Katharine Cornell. Revivals of Shaw's play You Never Can Tell and Jerome Kern's Sally were presented at the Beck in 1948, followed by That Lady in 1949 with Cornell. Next, the Beck hosted The Wisteria Trees with Helen Hayes, as well as a translation of Jean Anouilh's Ring Round the Moon, in 1950. The following year, Tennessee Williams's The Rose Tattoo starred Eli Wallach and Maureen Stapleton, Maxwell Anderson's Barefoot in Athens had a short run in 1951, as did Truman Capote's The Grass Harp in 1952. This was followed in 1953 by Arthur Miller's The Crucible.

The John Patrick comedy The Teahouse of the August Moon, starring David Wayne, opened in October 1953 and ultimately ran for 1,027 performances over two and a half years. The Beck then hosted a revival of Shaw's Major Barbara in 1956, as well as a musical version of Candide. Tennessee Williams's Orpheus Descending opened in 1957, featuring Maureen Stapleton and Cliff Robertson, but it only ran for 68 performances. By contrast, the Norman Krasna comedy Who Was That Lady I Saw You With? had 208 performances in 1958, while Williams's Sweet Bird of Youth lasted for 375 performances in 1959. Other appearances at the Beck in the late 1950s included performances from Israel's Inbal Dance Theater in 1958 and Les Ballets Africains in 1959. Louis Lotito's group City Playhouses Inc. took a ten-year lease on the theater in August 1958.

Charles Strouse and Lee Adams's first collaboration, the musical Bye Bye Birdie featuring Dick Van Dyke and Chita Rivera, opened at the Beck in April 1960 and stayed for 607 performances. Afterward, the theater hosted Jerry Herman's musical Milk and Honey, which opened in 1961 and stayed for a year and a half. In 1963, the theater staged Mother Courage and Her Children with Anne Bancroft, Barbara Harris, and Gene Wilder; a transfer of Strange Interlude; and Edward Albee's version of The Ballad of the Sad Café with Colleen Dewhurst and Michael Dunn. The play The Physicists with Jessica Tandy and Hume Cronyn, as well as the musical I Had a Ball with Richard Kiley and Buddy Hackett, both opened at the Beck in 1964. This was followed the next year by the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of Marat/Sade.

Late 1960s to 1980s
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing president William L. McKnight, who headed Jujamcyn Theaters and already operated the St. James Theatre, offered Louise Beck $1.5 million for the Martin Beck Theatre in December 1965. McKnight also offered to buy out Lotito's lease on the theater, which was to expire in three years. The sale was finalized in February 1966, with McKnight paying $1.35 million to Louise Beck and $150,000 to Lotito. McKnight would not receive the property title until the next month, after Marat/Sade was set to close. Under Jujamcyn's operation, the Beck hosted the Albee play A Delicate Balance, featuring Tandy, Cronyn, Rosemary Murphy, and Marian Seldes, in 1966. The next year, the theater staged a production of Comden, Green, and Jule Styne's musical Hallelujah, Baby!. In 1968, the off-Broadway musical Man of La Mancha relocated to the Beck, staying for three years.

Many of the Beck's productions in the 1970s were short-lived. In 1971, the Beck hosted Albee's All Over with Tandy, Dewhurst, Betty Field, and George Voskovec, as well as the musical The Grass Harp, based on Capote's play two decades earlier. Two productions during the decade had just one performance: Ring Around the Bathtub on April 29, 1972, and No Hard Feelings on April 8, 1973. The British play Habeas Corpus was presented at the Beck in late 1975, running for 95 performances. In 1976, McKnight transferred the Beck and Jujamcyn's other venues to his daughter Virginia and her husband James H. Binger. Finally, the theater had a hit in 1977 with the opening of the play Dracula, featuring Frank Langella, which ran for 925 performances.

In 1981, the Beck hosted the Lillian Hellman play The Little Foxes, featuring Elizabeth Taylor, and the Robert Brush and Martin Charnin musical The First. This was followed in 1982 by the Michael Stewart play Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean with Cher, as well as A Little Family Business with Angela Lansbury. The Royal Shakespeare Company returned in 1983 with All's Well That Ends Well, and the musical The Rink with Liza Minnelli and Chita Rivera was staged at the Beck in 1984, running for 204 performances. On the other hand, Requiem for a Heavyweight managed just three performances in March 1985, and the following month's revival of the musical Take Me Along closed on its opening night. The next hit at the Beck was Into the Woods, with music by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine, which opened in 1987 and had 765 performances. Another popular production at the theater was Grand Hotel, which premiered in late 1989 and stayed two years before transferring to another theater.

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started considering protecting the Beck as an official city landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. The LPC designated both the facade and the interior as landmarks on November 4, 1987. This was part of the LPC's wide-ranging effort in 1987 to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters. The New York City Board of Estimate ratified the designations in March 1988. Jujamcyn, the Nederlanders, and the Shuberts collectively sued the LPC in June 1988 to overturn the landmark designations of 22 theaters, including the Beck, on the merit that the designations severely limited the extent to which the theaters could be modified. The lawsuit was escalated to the New York Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of the United States, but these designations were ultimately upheld in 1992.

1990s to present
After the closure of Grand Hotel in early 1992, the musical Guys and Dolls was revived that year, running until 1995. Following this, Laurie Metcalf starred in My Thing of Love, which ran at the Beck for 13 performances in May 1995. That October, Ken Ludwig's Moon Over Buffalo opened at the Beck with Carol Burnett and Philip Bosco; it lasted for 308 performances. The Beck was renovated in 1996, a project that involved extending the mezzanine level forward by three rows. Magician David Copperfield performed in the show Dreams & Nightmares that year. Afterward, a revival of the musical Annie opened in March 1997, running for 238 performances. The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music, featuring Rebecca Luker and Richard Chamberlain, was revived at the Beck in 1998 for 533 performances. The musical Kiss Me, Kate was revived at the Beck in late 1999, running through the end of 2001 after nearly closing due to the September 11 attacks. This was followed in 2002 by the musical Sweet Smell of Success, which had 108 performances, as well as a revival of Man of La Mancha.

In late 2002, Jujamcyn announced that the Martin Beck Theatre would be renamed after illustrator Al Hirschfeld the following June, celebrating what would be his 100th birthday. This would make Hirschfeld the first visual artist with a Broadway theater named for him. Jujamcyn President Rocco Landesman described the renaming as "an important event for the history and heritage of Broadway". Hirschfeld died in January 2003, months before he would have turned 100, though he knew the theater would be renamed for him. A celebration and tribute to Hirschfeld were held on June 23, 2003, featuring performers drawn by Hirschfeld during his career. The Al Hirschfeld Theatre was renovated after Man of La Mancha closed. The theater constructed a new marquee with an illuminated version of Hirschfeld's Self-Portrait as an Inkwell. Red neon initially represented the "ink" on the marquee, but blue neon was later substituted; Playbill said the red neon gave the "macabre" impression that the figure on the marquee was using ink from its own head. The mezzanine lounge received 22 reproductions of Hirschfeld drawings, which depict plays and actors that appeared at the theater.

The Al Hirschfeld reopened on November 23, 2003, with a revival of the musical Wonderful Town; it ran for 497 performances. After Binger died in 2004, Landesman bought the Al Hirschfeld and Jujamcyn's four other theaters in 2005, along with the air rights above them. Jordan Roth joined Jujamcyn as a resident producer the same year. The musical Sweet Charity opened at the Al Hirschfeld in May 2005 after nearly being canceled, staying for 297 performances. In 2006, some of the air rights above the Al Hirschfeld were sold to two developers as part of a special zoning provision. The musical The Wedding Singer opened in 2006 and ran for 285 performances, followed in 2007 by Curtains for 511 performances. A musical version of A Tale of Two Cities had a short run in 2008, while the musical Hair opened the next year with 519 performances. In 2009, Roth acquired a 50 percent stake in Jujamcyn and assumed full operation of the firm when Landesman joined the National Endowments of the Arts.

Elf the Musical opened at the Al Hirschfeld in late 2010 for a limited run, followed in 2011 by a revival of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. Next, the play Fela! had a limited revival at the Al Hirschfeld in July 2012, and Elf the Musical was revived again that November. The musical Kinky Boots opened at the theater in April 2013, ultimately running for 2,507 performances over six years. The next show to occupy the Al Hirschfeld was the musical Moulin Rouge!, which opened in 2019. Moulin Rouge! achieved the box office record for the Al Hirschfeld Theatre, grossing $2,716,892 over nine performances for the week ending December 29, 2019. The theater closed on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It reopened on September 24, 2021, with Moulin Rouge! returning. Jujamcyn and Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG) agreed to merge in early 2023; the combined company would operate seven Broadway theaters, including the Al Hirschfeld. In July 2023, Jordan Roth sold a 93 percent stake in Jujamcyn's five theaters, including the Al Hirschfeld Theatre, to ATG and Providence Equity.

Notable productions
Productions are listed by the year of their first performance.

Martin Beck Theatre

 * 1924: Madame Pompadour
 * 1925: Captain Jinks
 * 1926: The Shanghai Gesture
 * 1927: The Shannons of Broadway
 * 1928: Night Hostess
 * 1928: Wings Over Europe
 * 1929: Dynamo
 * 1929: Porgy
 * 1930: The Apple Cart
 * 1931: The House of Connelly
 * 1931: Reunion in Vienna
 * 1933: The Lake
 * 1934: Yellow Jack
 * 1934: Gilbert and Sullivan Series (eleven unique productions)
 * 1934: Romeo and Juliet
 * 1935: The Barretts of Wimpole Street
 * 1935: Flowers of the Forest
 * 1935: Winterset
 * 1935: Romeo and Juliet
 * 1936: Saint Joan
 * 1936: Gilbert and Sullivan Series (eleven unique productions)
 * 1937: High Tor
 * 1937: Barchester Towers
 * 1938: How to Get Tough About It
 * 1938: Victoria Regina
 * 1939: Gilbert and Sullivan Series (eight unique productions)
 * 1939: The Devil and Daniel Webster
 * 1939: Ladies and Gentlemen
 * 1940: Cabin in the Sky
 * 1941: Watch on the Rhine
 * 1942: The Moon Is Down
 * 1942: My Sister Eileen
 * 1943: The Corn Is Green
 * 1943: A Connecticut Yankee
 * 1944: Jacobowsky and the Colonel
 * 1945: On the Town
 * 1946: Jeb
 * 1946: St. Louis Woman
 * 1946: The Iceman Cometh
 * 1947: Barefoot Boy with Cheek
 * 1947: The Voice of the Turtle
 * 1947: Antony and Cleopatra
 * 1948: You Never Can Tell
 * 1948: Sally
 * 1948: Edward, My Son
 * 1949: Goodbye, My Fancy
 * 1950: The Curious Savage
 * 1950: Ring Round the Moon
 * 1951: The Rose Tattoo
 * 1952: Mrs. McThing
 * 1952: The Grass Harp
 * 1953: The Crucible
 * 1953: The Teahouse of the August Moon
 * 1956: Mister Johnson
 * 1956: Major Barbara
 * 1956: Candide
 * 1957: Orpheus Descending
 * 1958: The Tunnel of Love
 * 1958: Who Was That Lady I Saw You With?
 * 1958: Maria Golovin
 * 1958: Say, Darling
 * 1959: Les Ballets Africains
 * 1959: Sweet Bird of Youth
 * 1960: Bye Bye Birdie
 * 1961: The Happiest Girl in the World
 * 1961: Milk and Honey
 * 1963: Mother Courage and Her Children
 * 1963: Strange Interlude
 * 1963: The Ballad of the Sad Cafe
 * 1964: Cafe Crown
 * 1964: The Physicists
 * 1964: I Had a Ball
 * 1965: Oliver!
 * 1965: Drat! The Cat!
 * 1965: Baker Street
 * 1965: Marat/Sade
 * 1966: A Delicate Balance
 * 1967: Hallelujah, Baby!
 * 1968: Man of La Mancha
 * 1975: Habeas Corpus
 * 1977: Happy End
 * 1977: Dracula
 * 1980: Onward Victoria
 * 1981: Bring Back Birdie
 * 1981: The Little Foxes
 * 1981: The First
 * 1982: Come Back to the Five and Dime Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean
 * 1983: All's Well That Ends Well
 * 1984: The Rink
 * 1985: Take Me Along
 * 1987: Into the Woods
 * 1989: Grand Hotel
 * 1992: Guys and Dolls
 * 1995: Moon Over Buffalo
 * 1996: David Copperfield, Dreams and Nightmares
 * 1997: Annie
 * 1997: The Cherry Orchard
 * 1997: Eugene Onegin
 * 1998: The Sound of Music
 * 1999: Kiss Me, Kate
 * 2002: Sweet Smell of Success
 * 2002: Man of La Mancha

Al Hirschfeld Theatre

 * 2003: Wonderful Town
 * 2005: Sweet Charity
 * 2006: The Wedding Singer
 * 2007: Curtains
 * 2008: A Tale of Two Cities
 * 2009: Hair
 * 2010: Elf the Musical
 * 2011: How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying
 * 2012: Fela!
 * 2012: Elf the Musical
 * 2013: Kinky Boots
 * 2019: Moulin Rouge!

title: Al Hirschfeld Theatre


text:
Carnegie Library (disambiguation)

A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie.

Carnegie Library, or similar, may also refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Carnegie Library, Herne Hill, England
 * Carnegie Library, Runcorn, England
 * Carnegie Library, Teddington, England
 * Carnegie Library, Wrexham, Wales

Alabama

 * Carnegie Library (Dublin, Georgia)

Arizona

 * Phoenix Carnegie Library and Library Park
 * Carnegie Library (Prescott, Arizona)

California

 * Carnegie Library (Anaheim, California))
 * Colton Carnegie Library
 * Andrew Carnegie Library (Corona, California)
 * Dixon Carnegie Library, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Solano County
 * Carnegie Free Library (Eureka, California)
 * Livermore Carnegie Library and Park
 * Carnegie Art Museum (Oxnard, California)
 * Carnegie Free Library (Petaluma, California)
 * Carnegie Library (Upland, California)

Colorado

 * Carnegie Library (Boulder, Colorado)
 * Carnegie Library (Monte Vista, Colorado)
 * Carnegie Public Library (Rocky Ford, Colorado)
 * Carnegie Public Library (Trinidad, Colorado), NRHP-listed in Las Animas County

District of Columbia

 * Carnegie Library of Washington D.C.

Florida

 * Bradenton Carnegie Library
 * Mirror Lake Library or Carnegie Library
 * Carnegie Library at FAMU

Georgia

 * Carnegie Library Building (Athens, Georgia)
 * Carnegie Library of Barnesville
 * Carnegie Library (Dublin, Georgia)
 * Carnegie Library of Moultrie
 * Carnegie Library of Valdosta

Idaho

 * Carnegie Public Library (Boise, Idaho)

Indiana

 * Carnegie Center for Art & History, New Albany, originally opened as a Carnegie Library
 * Carnegie Library of Covington
 * Carnegie Public Library (Anderson, Indiana)
 * Colfax Carnegie Library
 * Greensburg Carnegie Public Library
 * Carnegie Library (Muncie, Indiana)
 * Rensselaer Carnegie Library

Iowa

 * Carnegie Library Building (Carroll, Iowa)
 * Clarinda Carnegie Library
 * Perry Carnegie Library Building
 * Carnegie Library (Sheldon, Iowa)

Kansas

 * Carnegie Library (Newton, Kansas)
 * Carnegie Library (Parsons, Kansas)
 * Carnegie Library (Peabody, Kansas)
 * Carnegie Library Building (Manhattan, Kansas)
 * Carnegie Library Building (Washburn University), Topeka, Kansas
 * Carnegie Library Building (Wichita, Kansas)
 * Lyndon Carnegie Library

Kentucky

 * Carnegie Library (Corbin, Kentucky)
 * Carnegie Library (Danville, Kentucky)
 * Carnegie Library (Hickman, Kentucky)
 * Carnegie Library (Lexington, Kentucky), part of the Gratz Park Historic District
 * Carnegie Public Library (Shelbyville, Kentucky)

Michigan

 * Carnegie Public Library (Escanaba, Michigan)
 * Ironwood Carnegie Library
 * Carnegie Public Library (Ishpeming, Michigan)

Minnesota

 * Bemidji Carnegie Library
 * Carnegie Public Library (Crookston, Minnesota), NRHP-listed in Polk County
 * Dawson Carnegie Library (Dawson, Minnesota), NRHP-listed in Lac qui Parle County
 * Madison Carnegie Library (Madison, Minnesota), NRHP-listed in Lac qui Parle County
 * Redwood Falls Carnegie Library (Redwood Falls, Minnesota), NRHP-listed in Redwood County

Missouri

 * Carnegie Library of Albany (Albany, Missouri)

Montana

 * Carnegie Public Library (Big Timber, Montana)
 * Carnegie Public Library (Havre, Montana)
 * Carnegie Public Library (Missoula, Montana), NRHP-listed in Missoula County

Nebraska

 * Carnegie Public Library (Gothenburg, Nebraska)

New Jersey

 * Carnegie Library (Montclair, New Jersey)

New Mexico

 * Carnegie Library (Roswell, New Mexico)

New York

 * Carnegie Library (North Tonawanda, New York)
 * Carnegie Library (Syracuse University), listed on the Comstock Tract Buildings NRHP
 * Niagara Falls Public Library or Carnegie Library

Ohio

 * Carnegie Public Library (East Liverpool, Ohio)
 * Carnegie Library (Sandusky, Ohio)

Oklahoma

 * Carnegie Library (El Reno, Oklahoma)
 * Carnegie Library (Guthrie, Oklahoma)
 * Carnegie Library (Lawton, Oklahoma)

Pennsylvania

 * Carnegie Free Library of Allegheny
 * Carnegie Free Library of Beaver Falls
 * Carnegie Free Library of Braddock
 * Andrew Carnegie Free Library & Music Hall (Carnegie, Pennsylvania)
 * Carnegie Free Library (Connellsville, Pennsylvania)
 * Carnegie Library of Homestead, in Munhall
 * Carnegie Free Library (McKeesport, Pennsylvania)
 * Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh

South Carolina

 * Carnegie Free Library (Gaffney, South Carolina)
 * Carnegie Public Library (Sumter, South Carolina)

South Dakota

 * Carnegie Public Library (Brookings, South Dakota), NRHP-listed in Brookings County
 * Dallas Carnegie Library
 * Carnegie Public Library (Dell Rapids, South Dakota), NRHP-listed in Minnehaha County
 * Milbank Carnegie Library, NRHP-listed in Grant County
 * Redfield Carnegie Library
 * Carnegie Free Public Library (Sioux Falls, South Dakota)
 * Carnegie Free Public Library (Watertown, South Dakota)

Tennessee

 * Carnegie Library (Nashville, Tennessee)

Texas

 * Carnegie Public Library (Belton, Texas), NRHP-listed in Bell County
 * Carnegie Public Library (Tyler, Texas)

Washington

 * Andrew Carnegie Library (Edmonds, Washington)
 * Carnegie Library (Hoquiam, Washington)

Washington, D.C.

 * Carnegie Library (Washington, D.C.)

West Virginia

 * Carnegie Library (Parkersburg, West Virginia)
 * Carnegie Public Library (Huntington, West Virginia)

Wisconsin

 * Carnegie Free Library (Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin)

Wyoming

 * Carnegie Public Library (Buffalo, Wyoming)

Elsewhere

 * Carnegie Library of Reims, France

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carnegie Library (disambiguation)


text: File:Survivor's Quest (2004).jpg

title: File:Survivor's Quest (2004).jpg


text:
Social education in Japan

Social education (shakaikyôiku 社会教育) is the Japanese word for nondegree-oriented education.

Modern Japan is unquestionably a society that values education highly (see Education in Japan). Diverse institutions, such as the miscellaneous schools, provide social education services. Large newspaper companies and local governments sponsor cultural centers that offer ongoing programs of informal education, and department stores organize curricula covering everything from cooking classes to music, English conversation (eikaiwa), and Japanese poetry.

"Lifelong learning," another term for social education, was also a key phrase in the education reforms of the late 1980s. The responsibility for social education is shared by all levels of government, but especially by local government. Local governments also are largely responsible for such public facilities as libraries and museums--basic resources in social education. The ministry of education is interested in increasing the use of public school facilities for lifelong learning activities, increasing the number of social education facilities, training staff, and disseminating information about lifelong learning opportunities.

The Japanese are voracious readers. Popular bookstores are full from the moment they open their doors each day with readers seeking books from a staggering range of foreign as well as Japanese titles. The top four national newspapers (Asahi Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun, Yomiuri Shimbun, Nihon Keizai Shimbun) alone have a combined daily circulation (with two editions each day) of more than 35 million, and there are four daily English-language papers as well.

title: Social education in Japan


text:
Survivor's Quest

Survivor's Quest is a novel set in the Star Wars expanded universe, published by Del Rey on February 1, 2004. Written by Timothy Zahn, it is a sequel to Zahn's 1998 Star Wars novel Vision of the Future.

Setting
Survivor's Quest is set in 22 ABY, three years after the events of Vision of the Future and three years before those of Vector Prime.

Characters

 * Luke Skywalker
 * Mara Jade Skywalker
 * Aristocra Chaf'orm'bintrano
 * Dean Jinzler
 * Evlyn
 * 501st Legion
 * Chak Fel
 * Jorad Pressor
 * General Prard'ras'kleoni
 * Talon Karrde

Plot
Survivor's Quest opens with a meeting between Talon Karrde and Luke and Mara Jade Skywalker. Karrde's people had earlier picked up an urgent transmission, addressed to Luke, coming from Admiral Voss Parck on the planet Nirauan. Before the message could be passed on, however, it had been stolen by a member of Karrde's own organisation, one Dean Jinzler. Fearing that the message might be somehow connected with the unknown menace Parck and Baron Fel had warned them about two years earlier, Luke and Mara decide to head out to Nirauan.

There, they learn that the message had in fact come from Chiss Aristocra Chaf'orm'bintrano (or "Formbi"). The Chiss have found the remains of the colonization and exploratory vessel Outbound Flight, which had been destroyed by Grand Admiral Thrawn many years previous. Now, the Chiss wish to hand over their find to the New Republic, and Luke and Mara join the odd group—which includes a squad of stormtroopers from the 501st, a remnant of an alien people, the Geroons, who owe a strange debt to the people of Outbound Flight, and a false New New Republic ambassador—which will visit the site of the tragedy.

As they voyage on the Chaf Envoy deeper into Chiss space, into a treacherous cluster of stars known as the Redoubt, Luke and Mara grow more uneasy. Occurrences of sabotage and theft only serve to deepen their suspicions. On top of that, Mara begins to feel torn between her duty to the New Republic and her troubled respect for the Empire.

The expedition reaches its destination: the remains of the Dreadnaught cruisers that made up the Outbound Flight project. Not only are the ships fairly intact, but Mara can sense life. There are survivors, possibly hundreds of them. Suddenly, everything comes together in a whirlwind of events. The supposedly peaceloving Geroons instead are revealed to be the bloodthirsty Vagaari, who desire revenge against the Chiss and Outbound Flight for their defeat at the hands of Thrawn during the Jedi vessel's destruction. Luke, Mara, the Chiss, the Imperials, and the embittered survivors now must work together against the Vagaari if any of them are to come out alive.

They manage to defeat the Vagaari, who in turn sabotage the Chaf Envoy and commandeer one of the Dreadnaughts. The Vagaari then head back through the Redoubt to attack the Chiss command station, leaving Luke, Mara, and the others practically stranded. Following the welcome discovery of a Delta-Twelve Skysprite vessel, however, Luke and Mara are soon pursuing the rogue Dreadnaught. They catch up to it and make their way aboard, killing its crew and commandeering the vessel. They find out that the main Vagaari "colony ship" is actually a starfighter carrier that is beginning to overwhelm the Chiss station's defenses. Using a fake signal, Luke and Mara trick the Vagaari into believing the Dreadnaught to be a friendly ship. However, Luke and Mara use the Dreadnaught under their control after a showdown with a droideka and the fanatical Vagaari Supreme Commander Estosh, to aid the Chiss fighters and to defeat the other Vagaari forces.

The survivors are entrusted into the care of the Empire of the Hand, and Luke and Mara finally have time to settle down and enjoy their marriage.

Development
Lucasfilm and Del Rey planned Survivor's Quest as a Luke/Mara parallel to Tatooine Ghost, a Han Solo/Princess Leia book being written at the time. During the outline process, Zahn got the idea to connect the novel to Outbound Flight, another Star Wars novel he was writing about a doomed space expedition. He decided to have Survivor's Quest cover what was essentially the end of the Outbound Flight Project story before the beginning was explored in the titular novel, already in the works but scheduled to be published second.

Fool's Bargain
Fool's Bargain is an e-book novella written by Zahn in conjunction with Survivor's Quest. Set before the events of that novel, it tells the backstory of a 501st Legion stormtrooper. The novella was first released electronically on February 3, 2004, and later published in the paperback edition of Survivor's Quest on December 28, 2004.

title: Survivor's Quest


text:
Birtle (electoral district)

Birtle is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba, Canada.

Birtle was established in 1881, following the western expansion of the province's boundaries. It was located in the central western region of the province, near Roblin and Russell. It was eliminated for the 1886 provincial election, but re-established for the 1888 election.

For most of its history, Birtle was safe for the Liberal and Liberal-Progressive parties. The constituency was abolished with the 1958 election, with much of its territory going to the new constituency of Birtle-Russell.

title: Birtle (electoral district)


text:
Finger Lakes Railway

The Finger Lakes Railway is a Class III railroad in the Finger Lakes region of New York. The company began operations on July 23, 1995, and operates in Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Ontario, Schuyler and Yates counties. The FGLK operates 18 diesel locomotives on 167 mi of ex-Conrail trackage, formerly owned by the New York Central Railroad, the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Between 2001 and 2013, the railroad operated a heritage railroad known as the Finger Lakes Scenic Railway which offered passenger train excursions.

Main line
FGLK main route runs from Syracuse to Canandaigua, New York over a distance of 76 miles. Once part of the New York Central Railroad and known as the Auburn Road, it dates all the way back to the Auburn and Syracuse Railroad.

At Syracuse, New York the FGLK interchanges with CSX Transportation and the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway (NYSW). Travelling west, the line passes through Solvay, Camillus, Skaneateles Junction (also known as Hartlot or Skaneateles Falls), Sennett, Auburn, Aurelius (Station name Relius), Cayuga, Seneca Falls and Waterloo. At Geneva, New York, there is a connection with Norfolk Southern Railway's Corning Secondary.

Continuing west, the line passes through Phelps Junction and Clifton Springs. In Shortsville, the railroad comes to the terminus of the Ontario Central Railroad. Finally, the line arrives at Canandaigua, New York.

Branch line to Kendaia/Romulus
The FGLK operates a portion of the ex-Lehigh Valley Railroad mainline from Geneva to Kendaia, running south on the east side of Seneca Lake. This was the Lehigh Valley's mainline from Waverly, New York to Buffalo, New York. This line saw much action during World War II and the Cold War, with many military movements in and out of the Seneca Army Depot, until it closed in the summer of 1998. The now-closed base has a very large yard which at current time is used for rail car storage by the Finger Lakes Railway. The local industrial development agency works to attract new industries to locate at the abandoned depot because of the rail infrastructure.

Branch line from Penn Yan to Watkins Glen
The Penn Yan, New York branch was once part of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Only a small section of this line extends from Watkins Glen to Bellona. To get to this line, the Finger Lakes Railway uses trackage rights over Norfolk Southern's Corning Secondary from Geneva to Himrod Junction, which is in the middle of the branch, from Penn Yan in the north to Watkins Glen, New York in the south.

Ontario Central
FGLK acquired the Ontario Central Railroad in October, 2007. Previously, the line had been owned by the Livonia, Avon and Lakeville Railroad. It consists of 13.3 mi of ex-Lehigh Valley trackage that was part of the Sayre-Buffalo mainline that also makes up the Kendaia branch. The two railroads connect near Shortsville, New York.

Midcoast Railservice
Between August 1, 2022 & Mid-June 2024, Finger Lakes Railway subsidiary Midcoast Railservice operates the state-owned line between Brunswick, Maine and Rockland, Maine for three years.

History of Freight service
The Finger Lakes Railway is predominantly a freight company. It was founded by three shortline railroad entrepreneurs, former Boston & Maine Railroad managers, Cynthia O’Connor and Michael Smith, and George Betke, Chairman of Farmrail with funding from Genesee & Wyoming.

FGLR handles about 18,000 cars of freight each year. It handles a large variety of goods serving the local agricultural and manufacturing industries. The main cargo includes plastic, canned food, clay, grain, lumber and paper products, scrap steel, chemical substances, finished steel, salt, sand, soda ash, paper, potash, fertilizer, beer, phosphorus fertilizer, telephone poles and aluminum ingots. The Finger Lakes Railway interchanges with the Class I railroads CSX and Norfolk Southern, with connections to Canadian Pacific via Norfolk Southern.

Heritage railroad passenger excursion trains
The FGLK once operated a passenger excursion service, The Finger Lakes Scenic Railway, as a heritage railroad. Operations began in October, 2001 with four coaches having been purchased second-hand from Via Rail in late 1999. The cars arrived in the winter of 1999 after the seats were replaced. Operation of the excursions ended in mid-2013.

When the excursions were being run, they included both general scenic and also seasonally-themed trips.

At present (2023), FGLK is again operating passenger excursions.

title: Finger Lakes Railway


text:
Talk:Fair Trade Commission

Microsoft
What was the outcome of the 2004 Microsoft issue? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.168.159.136 (talk) 18:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fair Trade Commission


text:
Granada Talk TV

Granada Talk (alternatively Granada Talk TV) was a short-lived TV channel owned and operated by Granada Sky Broadcasting, a joint venture between BSkyB and Granada Television. It launched on 1 October 1996 with the other channels of the bouquet, but due to low viewership the channel ceased broadcasting on 31 August 1997.

The channel is perhaps best known for helping launch the careers of Sacha Baron Cohen (presenter of anarchic children's show F2F), Natasha Kaplinsky (co-presenter of the Paul Ross Show) and Graham Norton (regular guest presenter on F2F).

It also bred some of British television's most successful production talent, including Layla Sabih (later commissioning editor at the ITV Network), Mark Cowley (the creative force behind the 'Bush Tucker Trials' on ITV's I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!) and Rob Burley (later editor of the Jonathan Dimbleby programme and the driving force behind ITV's Sunday political output).

Channel controller Will Smith became head of Granada London's Factual department, best known for the hit series Airline.

It closed on 31 August 1997 and the final day's broadcasts were a simulcast of Sky News so that it could provide coverage of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales.

title: Granada Talk TV


text:
Wenlock Group

The Wenlock Group (Wenlockian), in geology, is the middle series of strata in the Silurian (Upper Silurian) of Great Britain. This group in the typical area in the Welsh border counties contains the following formations: Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, 90–300 ft.; Wenlock Shale, up to 1900 ft.; Woolhope or Barr Limestone and shale, 150 ft.

Woolhope Beds
The Woolhope Beds consist mainly of shales which are generally calcareous and pass frequently into irregular nodular and lenticular limestone. In the Malvern Hills there is much shale at the base, and in places the limestone may be absent. These beds are best developed in Herefordshire; they appear also at May Hill in Gloucestershire and in Radnorshire. Common fossils are Phacops caudatus, Encrinurus tuberculatus, Orthis calligramma, Atrypa reticularis, and Orthoceras annulatum.

Wenlock Shales
The Wenlock Shales are pale or dark-grey shales which extend through Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, through Radnorshire into Carmarthenshire. They appear again southward in the Silurian patches in Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Monmouthshire. They thicken from the south northward. The fossils are on the whole closely similar to those in the limestones above with the natural difference that corals are comparatively rare in the shales, while graptolites are abundant. Six graptolite zones were recognized by Gertrude Elles in this formation.

Wenlock Limestone
The Wenlock Limestone occurs either as a series of thin limestones within shales or as thick massive beds; it is sometimes hard and crystalline and sometimes soft, earthy or concretionary. It is typically developed at Wenlock Edge, where it forms a striking feature for some 20 mi. It appears very well exposed in a sharp anticline at Dudley, whence it is sometimes called the Dudley Limestone; it occurs also at Aymestrey, Ludlow, Woolhope, May Hill, Usk and Malvern.

The fossils include corals in great variety (Halysites catenularis, Favosites aspera, Heliolites interstinctus), crinoids (Crotalocrinus, Marsupiocrinus, Periechocrinus), often very beautiful specimens, and trilobites (Calymene blumenbachii, the Dudley locust, Phacops caudatus and Illaenus (Bumastus) barriensis). Brachiopods are abundant (Atrypa reticularis, Spirifer plicatilis, Rhynchonella cuneata, Orthis, Leptaena, Pentamerus). Lamellibranchs include the genera Avicula, Cardiola and Grammysia whilst Murchisonia, Bellerophon and Omphalotrochus are common gastropod genera. Common cephalopod genera include Orthoceras, Phragmoceras and Trochoceras.

Silurian fauna
The greater part of the known Silurian fauna of Britain comes from Wenlock rocks; J. Davidson and G. Maw obtained no fewer than 25,000 specimens of brachiopods from seven tons of the shale. Not only are there many different genera and species but individually certain forms are very numerous. The three principal zonal graptolites are, from above downwards: Monograptus testis, Cyrtograptus linnarssoni, and Cyrtogra murchisoni.

Other areas
When traced northward into Denbighshire and Merionethshire, the Wenlock-age rocks change their character and become more slaty or arenaceous. They are represented in this area by the Moel Ferna Slates, the Pen-y-glog Grit, and Pen-y-glog Slates. All of those layers belong to the lower part of the Denbighshire Grits, a great series of slates and grits 3000 ft thick.

Similar deposits of similar age occur on this horizon still farther north. In the Lake District, the Wenlock rocks are represented by the Brathay Flags, the lower part of the Coniston Flags series. In southern Scotland, their place is taken by the variable Riccarton Beds of Kirkcudbright shore, Dumfriesshire, Riccarton, and the Cheviots. In Lanarkshire, they are represented by sandstone in the form of greywackes and by shales. In the Pentland Hills, one finds mudstones, shales, and grits. In the Girvan area are the Blair and Straiton Beds.

In Ireland, there is more rock of Wenlock age. In the Dingle Peninsula one finds the Ferriters Cove Beds, a thick series of shales, slates, and sandstones with lavas and tuffs. In County Tipperary and County Mayo are the Mweelrea Beds and others.

Economic geology
Lime and flagstones are the most important economic products of the British Wenlock rocks.

title: Wenlock Group


text: User talk:165.139.181.226

title: User talk:165.139.181.226


text:
Annweiler am Trifels

Annweiler am Trifels, or Annweiler is a town in the Südliche Weinstraße district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the river Queich, 12 km west of Landau. Annweiler am Trifels station is on the Landau–Saarbrücken railway.

Annweiler is situated in the Southern part of the Palatinate forest called the Wasgau, and is surrounded by high hills which yield a famous red sandstone. The town's main industry is tourism. On the Sonnenberg (493 m) lie the ruins of the castle of Trifels, in which Richard Coeur de Lion was imprisoned from 31 March to 19 April 1193.

Annweiler is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") of Annweiler am Trifels.

In a 1911 edition of the Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, the area around Annweiler was referred to as "Pfälzer Schweiz".

Annweiler has a primary school and a secondary school ( Staatliche Realschule Annweiler ) which was a partner school with the William Lovell Secondary School in Stickney, Lincolnshire. There is also a school for people with learning disabilities and a vocational school and the Trifels-Gymnasium evangelical grammar school.

Mayors

 * Christian Sieben (1815–1832)
 * Heinrich Pasquay (1832–1833)
 * Abraham Noe (1833–1835)
 * Heinrich Mühlhäuser (1837–1848)
 * Wilhelm Köstner (1848–1851)
 * Matthäus Künkele (1852)
 * Georg Jacoby (1853–1858)
 * Philipp Streccius (1871–1874)
 * Karl Culmann (1875–1877)
 * Georg Jacoby (1877–1885)
 * August Pasquay (1885–1899)
 * Philipp Daniel Bartz (1900–1913)
 * Jean Meyer (1913–1918)
 * Philipp Mergenthaler (1918–1919)
 * Adolf Hoffmann (1920–1921)
 * Heinrich Gotthold (1921)
 * Konrad Bretz (1921–1928)
 * Friedrich Orth (1928–1933)
 * Karl Becker (1933)
 * Richard Bärsch (1933–1935)
 * Friedrich Peters (1935–1940)
 * Richard Bärsch (1940–1945)
 * Eduard Diehlmann (1945–1946)
 * Friedrich Hofäcker (1946–1956)
 * Theo Leyendecker (1956–1969)
 * Hans Stöcklein (1969–1987)
 * Peter Weber (1987–1994)
 * Gert Rillmann (1994–2004)
 * Thomas Wollenweber (2004–2019)
 * Benjamin Seyfried (2019 – )

Notable residents

 * Markward von Annweiler (1140–1202)
 * Horst Christill (born 1959), church musician and composer
 * Matthias Kern (1750–1793) Journalist
 * August Naegle (1869–1932) Church Historian, Politician
 * Hans-Ulrich Pfaffmann Politician
 * Jutta Kleinschmidt Auto Racing Driver
 * Gustav Franz Ullrich Industrialist
 * Friedrich Gerhard Wahl Engineer and Architect (1748–1826)

International relations
Annweiler am Trifels is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Ambert, France
 * 🇮🇹 Gorgonzola, Italy

title: Annweiler am Trifels


text: Category:Roads in Canada

title: Category:Roads in Canada


text:
Pyxis (vessel)

A pyxis (Greek: πυξίς; : pyxides) is a shape of vessel from the classical world, usually a cylindrical box with a separate lid and no handles. They were used to hold cosmetics, trinkets or jewellery, but were also used for dispensing incense and by physicians to contain medicine. Surviving pyxides are mostly Greek pottery, but could also be made from a range of other materials: wood, bronze, ivory, marble, terracotta, silver, or stone. The name derived from Corinthian boxes made of wood from the tree puksos ("boxwood"). During the Classical period, the Attic word "kylichnis" was also used to refer to the same shape. The shape of the vessel can be traced in pottery back to the Protogeometric period in Athens, however the Athenian pyxis has various shapes itself.

Types
There were many different varieties of pyxis, popular in different times and places. The earliest were the Protogeometric type of vessel which had a globular body, and the pointed-bottom pyxis from the early Geometric period. The pointed pyxis didn't last much longer than the ninth century BCE. During the later Geometric period another style emerged with a flat, very broad base. Contemporary scholarship classifies pyxides as either: type A, type B, type C, type D, lekanis, Nikosthenic, or tripod.

Nikosthenic type
This type was introduced by Nikosthenes during the late sixth century BCE. It is characterised by a deep, calyx-shaped bowl with a flanged rim and a stemmed foot, and a domed lid. The decorations on pyxides found in an Etruscan context tend towards depictions of battles and athletic contests; for pyxides found in Greek and near eastern Mediterranean settings the depictions tend to be of marriage, childbirth, or religious processions. Evidence suggests that this was a popular type on the eastern Aegean island of Samos and in Etruria between 560–500 BCE.

 Proto-Geometric type

Examples of pyxide from the Proto-Geometric style of Greek pottery normaly between roughly 1050 and 900 BCE include the globular pyxis, a type of pyxis characterized with a wide, circular body and a flared lip at the top of the vessel. Other forms of pyxide commonly from the early geometric period include the pointed pyxis is a type of pyxis characteried with a wide tip that thins into a point at the bottom.

 Conrinthian type

Corinthian style pyxides usually share similar traits of being less circular than traditional Greek geometric style pyxides. This can be seen in the tall convex pyxis, and the 8th century straight-sided pyxis Corinthian styles. Other forms of Corintian pyxyde inclue the Type II: Low Concave-sided pyxis dated around the 5th and 4th centuries BC and the Type III: High Concave-sided pyxis dated ca. late 7th century BC

title: Pyxis (vessel)