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User talk:CurtDogg

Welcome!

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title: User talk:CurtDogg


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Just Legal

Just Legal is an American courtroom drama television series that stars Don Johnson and Jay Baruchel as two courtroom lawyers in Venice, California. The series premiered on The WB on September 19, 2005, and was canceled on October 3, 2005, after three episodes had been aired. Almost a year later The WB burned off five additional episodes following a repeat of the pilot on August 6, 2006. The series concluded on September 10, 2006. This is the last show to air on The WB before its rebrand to The CW.

Synopsis
Just Legal, starring Don Johnson and Jay Baruchel, is a drama about two "amusingly mismatched lawyers" that "comes at you unassumingly." David "Skip" Ross (Baruchel), 19, is a legal genius who graduated from law school at the top of his class, but now can find no one to hire him. Enter Grant Cooper, a washed-up middle-aged lawyer who has made one too many bad choices in his career, leaving him a jaded court-appointed attorney, rejected by his peers. Skip is Grant's golf caddy, and he convinces Grant just to let him write a legal brief for him; but when they arrive at the courthouse, Grant is told he needs a "second chair" (an attorney to sit at the second seat at counsel's table), and he gives them the only one he has: Skip Ross. Grant has no intention of actually bringing Skip into his practice, but his charm, enthusiasm, intelligence, and most of all, ability to actually win a case, win Grant over.

There are a variety of cases featured on the show, from murder cases to botched plastic surgery. Many of the storylines are based on real-life cases. Grant and Skip do their own "dirty work" for their cases, going to crime scenes and interviewing witnesses, as Grant teaches Skip more about what it means to be a “real lawyer” and Skip teaches Grant more about what it means to trust in people. The series is set in Venice and neighboring Santa Monica, California.

Reception
The scores by Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic differ very greatly as the former gave a 77% 'fresh', but the other a mere 53% 'yellow'.

Cast and characters

 * Don Johnson as Grant H. Cooper: A functioning alcoholic with a cynical view of the world, Cooper is nonetheless touched by the enthusiasm and idealism he sees in his unlikely new protégé. Skip's brilliant mind allowed him to excel at all things academic, but he had a sheltered upbringing and now finds himself in the working world with few social skills to fall back on. Skip needs the practical advice that can only come from an experienced trial lawyer, and Cooper is only too happy to have someone around to do the "grunt" work. As he helps the young man make the transition from school and boyhood to the tough world of court and manhood, Cooper is reminded of the best part of himself—the part that got lost along the way. Cooper repeatedly prides himself with being "jaded" after 27 years on the job. After refusing to agree to a plea bargain for one of his clients (several years before the series begins), he lost the case and that client was put to death by lethal injection, which for Cooper was the beginning of his downward spiral. From then on, he was forced to make a living as a small-time ambulance chaser, and has no problem admitting to it.
 * Jay Baruchel as David "Skip" Ross: David Ross is nicknamed "Skip" by his peers, not because he skipped classes, but rather because he skipped so many grades through his young life. By age 18 he is already a lawyer and a member of the California Bar Association, having graduated first in his class. His ambition is to become the best trial lawyer ever, originally inspired by one of his favorite movies, To Kill a Mockingbird. Unfortunately for him, no downtown law firm is willing to hire him because of his age. His young age is also hard on him because it is difficult for him to find a place to rent, since no one will believe that he is an actual lawyer. With Grant's help, Skip learns the inner workings of the legal system and the "do"s and "don't"s about courtroom law. Unlike Cooper, Skip is an optimist and looks at everything in a positive way. Skip cannot escape the fact that his college friend, Kate Manat (Susan Ward) has been hired by a downtown law firm and is often on the opposite side of the courtroom, a situation made more awkward by the fact that he is attracted to her. David "Skip" Ross is similar to Doogie Howser, M.D.
 * Jaime Lee Kirchner as Dulcinea "Dee" Real: The law office has only one employee, Dulcinea "Dee" Real, a former client of Cooper's who took the job to pay off her legal fees and fulfill her parole requirements. An African American in her mid-twenties, Dee is tough, blue collar and strikingly beautiful; a woman who looks amazing in jeans, a T-shirt and an electronic ankle bracelet. Her crime was murder and although Cooper managed to get the charge reduced to manslaughter, he was not able to keep her out of jail. Though he won't admit it, Cooper feels guilty that Dee ended up serving time. Smart, capable and completely immune to Cooper's charm, Dee can hold her own against Cooper and Skip, and she often manages to intimidate them both.
 * Reiley McClendon as Tom Ross, Skip's little brother. He's cool, calm, suave, and a likable guy. Unfortunately for him, he isn't as smart as his older brother, since he has failed 10th grade. He also can't seem to understand why Skip is such a workaholic and why his brother doesn't have much of a social life. Tom also enjoys hanging out at his brother's apartment, even though Skip doesn't approve.
 * Susan Ward as Kate Manat: Skip and Kate were college friends and study partners. Kate was hired by one of the downtown law firms that did not hire Skip.

Cancellation and reairing
Just Legal was cancelled in October 2005 after only three episodes aired due to low ratings; the program lost a large portion of its lead-in 7th Heaven’s audience and came in last place among the six major broadcast networks in its Monday night timeslot. After almost a year off the air, the series returned on August 6, 2006 with a rerun of the pilot episode, followed by the network burning off the final five episodes on subsequent Sundays. The final episode aired on September 10, 2006.

Popular culture references

 * Don Johnson's character, Grant Cooper, is much like his role of Det. Sonny Crockett on Miami Vice, in that both are cynical, jaded men of the law who do know right from wrong but are willing to stand up against the powers that be if necessary.
 * In the episode The Heater, Grant Cooper says, "I used to live on a boat." This is a subtle reference to his days on Miami Vice, where he played Det. Sonny Crockett who lived on the boat St. Vitus Dance.
 * Cooper was also the surname of his partner Rico Tubbs's alias on Miami Vice ("Rico Cooper").
 * Names like Nancy Grace, Mark Geragos, Johnnie Cochran, and Greta Van Susteren were mentioned in the show.
 * Famous modern-day courtroom cases such as those of Scott Peterson and Robert Blake were mentioned.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Just Legal


text:
Christian Hadinata

Christian Hadinata (, born 11 December 1949) is a former Chinese Indonesian badminton player.

Profile
Though early in his career he was a fine singles player who reached the final of the prestigious All-England Championship in 1973, Christian's success in doubles earned him recognition as one of the great doubles players in badminton history. He won two gold medals at the 1980 IBF World Championships in Jakarta, in men's doubles with Ade Chandra, and in mixed doubles with Imelda Wiguna. He played for Indonesia for 15 years, beginning his career in 1971 at the Asian championships in Indonesia and managed to become a mixed doubles champion with Retno Koestijah. Christian's Thomas Cup (Men's International Team Championship) record is particularly notable. Playing in six consecutive campaigns from 1973 to 1986, and with a variety of doubles partners, he dropped only one match, helping Indonesia capture the cup on four occasions (1973, 1976, 1979, 1984). In 2001 he was inducted into the World Badminton Hall of Fame.

Personal life
His wife is Yoke Anwar and they have two children. People affectionately call him Ko Ko Chris (Ko Ko meaning big brother in Hokkien).

Career Coach

 * Indonesian badminton player (1971–1986)
 * Indonesian badminton coach (began in 1985)
 * Director National Training PBSI (Indonesia Badminton Association)

Olympic Games (demonstration)
Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

World Games
Mixed doubles

World Championships
Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

World Cup
Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

Asian Games
Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

Asian Championships
Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

SEA Games
Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

International Open Tournaments (16 titles, 17 runners-up)
The World Badminton Grand Prix has been sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation from 1983 to 2006.

Men's singles

Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

 * IBF Grand Prix tournament
 * IBF Grand Prix Finals tournament

Invitational Tournaments
Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

title: Christian Hadinata


text:
User talk:Mike15

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title: User talk:Mike15


text: User talk:70.240.69.212

title: User talk:70.240.69.212


text:
Talk:Exact cover

Is It Possible the Example Oversimplifies Some Steps, or Leaves Out Some Critical Detail?
I'm implemented 2 different sets of code (one using linked lists, the other using numpy) They both work with the toy example presented in this wikipedia page. However, that same code fails when run against an even slightly more complex answer.

I keep following the algorithm, and it seems to nuke all the rows. I've done 2 completely different implementations, but it now seems to me the the LOGIC of what's shown in this wiki example almost guarantees a failure like I'm seeing.

I've tried to detail this in Stack Overflow: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63066395/debugging-exact-cover-pentominoes-example-clearly-im-misunderstanding-somethin — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ttennebkram (talk • contribs) 00:05, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

needs work
I have been searching the intertubes and I can't find a decent explanation of how to translate the sudoku problem(or any other NP problem for that matter) into an exact cover problem, even Knuth's paper is not cristal clear, everybody "ass-u-mes" it is evident, everybody seems to automagically "get it", and now I feel stupid, it would be great if you could explain the _why_ as if you were talking a little baby. Thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.134.148.58 (talk) 03:54, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

attention tag
Needs sources and context, and better organization. --Trovatore 01:51, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Many Thanks for the prompt clarifications of 2006 04 01 put into the article
This has enabled me to now read the article with a reduced sense of contradiction between the 'definition' and the matrix example given (for the case where the set of elements in the universe is finite). I also feel the revised article gives me a better understanding of the topic. But even now, this arises, at least in part, from an assumption of mine, that is that what follows is true (that "every" should be replaced with "each"):

I have a suggestion for one further improvement. I believe it may be quicker for readers such as me to grasp the intended meaning of the Definition if, instead of saying (2nd sentence):

"An exact cover is a set of some of the sets S1, S2, ..., Sn such that every element of the universe U is contained in exactly one of them."

this sentence is modified to read:

"An exact cover is a set of some of the sets S1, S2, ..., Sn such that each element of the universe U is contained in exactly one of them."

i.e. replacing the word "every" by the word "each".

?

thinkact thinkact 10:44, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Linguistics
Replacing every with each doesn't seem like it would make any more sense to me. We want to convey the sense that every element in the universe is contained and while each is technically correct it conveys less of a sense of holisticness?

Meh, either way though really. I'm not sure it matters :)

Nice article, please expand
This article could use some expansion, I think. It ought to include a description of how the N Queens Problem and SuDoku and other similar puzzles can be reduced to the Exact Cover Problem. Personally, I can instantly see the similarity between N Queens and SuDoku, and can readily see how they belong to a distinct class of puzzles. But it is much more difficult for me to see how they are both "special cases" of the ECP. Someone should provide either a proof of the relationship, or a citation of (or, preferably, a link to) a document containing such a proof. I don't know if either of the references at the bottom of the page contains such a proof, but if one of them does, it should be noted which one, especially since neither of them are very accessible (The Knuth reference links to a pdf file, which doesn't count as being "very accessible". I've never encountered a PDF viewer that doesn't make my computer go to 100% CPU usage immediately upon opening. Hence, I make it a point never to read a pdf document unless I'm quite sure it has the information I'm looking for. A trip to the library is similarly inconvenient.) Comiscuous 06:06, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. See my question/suggestion below re reorganizing related articles. --Rob Zako 17:40, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Eh?
The first sentence is incomprehensible, imho. The article would be better if the first section was deleted. 220.253.116.234 14:43, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I was about to say the same thing! The first section is nonsensical gibberish.  What the hell does "combining" mean?  Adding?  Concatenating?  What are "extras"? Xezlec 17:13, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Reorganize Exact cover, Algorithm X and Dancing Links articles?
The exact cover, Algorithm X and Dancing Links articles all discuss similar ideas. The exact cover problem is an NP-complete problem; Algorithm X is a brute-force algorithm that finds all solutions to the exact cover problem; and Dancing Links is a computer implementation of Algorithm X. These related topics have received a lot of interest recently because Dancing Links is the preferred technique for solving Sudoku puzzles quickly by computer. I suggest that all three topics be reoganized so that most of the information about concepts and examples is in the exact cover articles, with the other two articles focusing just on the particulars of the algorithm or the computer implementation. --Rob Zako 16:53, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

 * First of all, people tend to put far too much weight on NP complete. You can't infer from A) exact-cover is NP complete, and B) Sudoku is an instance of an exact-cover problem, that C) Sudoku is NP-complete.  Most likely Sudoku is NP-complete, but I could certainly invent a class of exact-cover problems that wasn't.

 * The complexity measure is likewise beside the point if the interest is not associated with a telescopic quantity N. Sudoku over an N^2 x N^2 board is of human interest for N=3, maybe 4, and 5 on a rainy day after a blue moon aligns with Mars and Venus.  Anyone solved a Rubick's tesseract lately?

 * As far as the brute-hood of Algorithm X is concerned, if I had a deterministic choice heuristic for a family of exact-cover problems with N log (N) performance characteristics, I would characterize that instance of Algorithm X as a highly-directed depth first search. It wouldn't be hard to set up an exact cover problem with such a highly effective choice heuristic.  The knapsack problem is NP-complete, but if I give you only bricks that are powers of 2 in size, solution time is linear.

 * Dancing links is a relatively recent paper from Knuth. I'm sure the majority of the interest derives from Sudoku, but I would have pursued this quite independently, as I have an exact cover problem of my own interest.  You would never know this on the surface, because Sudoku serves as the perfect proxy for me to discuss my interest in this algorithm with others.

 * It's worth bearing in mind that Sudoku could have been introduced in 3000 B.C. using nine moons of the Mayan or Babylonian calendar and it would have been entirely comprehensible, esp. if you managed to convey that a properly arranged Sudoku board portends a good hair day. In short, Sudoku happens to be a perfectly formed human proxy for problems of the exact-cover OCD itch.  Even if the fad for Sudoku wanes, that won't change.  The Rubick's cube remains a perfectly formed human proxy for entry-level group theory.

 * I'm totally in agreement with the parent comment, but not if the end result only serves to make the NP-complete pronouncement sound more profound than it is, or to isolate the serious material from the fadish Sudokuites. MaxEnt 03:00, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Algorithms other than Knuth's
Exact cover has been well-known for decades, but Knuth's publication of Dancing links and Algorithm X is recent. The 'Finding Solutions' section mentions only Algorithm X, but I feel sure that there must be other good algorithms, especially for some specific exact cover problems where algorithms can be tailored to features of the matrix. I guess it's possible that Knuth's algorithm is a clear winner among the general algorithms? The Eight Queens problem page lists a number of good and bad algorithms for that (similar) problem - I wonder if something like that would be suitable here? Chrisjohnson 23:06, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

(Pre)conditions
The article should highlight two trivial (pre)conditions. First, if the union of the subsets in the collection $$\mathcal{S}$$ is a proper subset of the universe U, then trivially there is no exact cover. Thus it is typical to require that the union is exactly U. Second, if one of the subsets in the collection $$\mathcal{S}$$ is the null set, then it makes no difference whether it is included or excluded in the exact cover. Thus it is typical to exclude the null set. In the matrix representation of the exact cover problem, these two conditions are that each column have at least one 1 and that each row have at least one 1, respectively. --Rob Zako (talk) 20:19, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Generalizations
The article should be edited to highlight two different kinds of generalizations.

First, there are problems that are precisely equivalent to the exact cover problem, for example, the exact hitting set problem and the matrix representation of exact cover. These are not so much generalizations of exact cover as they are different representations or interpretations of the same basic logic. Fundamentally, a collection of sets isn't essential but only two sets that have some relation between them, or equivalently a bipartite graph. The article should describe the formal definition of exact cover in terms of a collection of subsets, but then make clear equivalent problems. Perhaps there should be a section titled Equivalent problems.

Second, in his paper "Dancing Links", Donald Knuth talks about a simple generalization of the exact cover problem with primary and secondary constraints. Primary constraints must be satisfied exactly once, but secondary constraints can be satisfied once or not at all. In particular, the N queens problem is a generalized exact cover problem. In the matrix representation, one technique for making a column into an optional constraint is to add a row with a single 1 in that column. (It would be appropriate to also talk about the significance of a columns with a single 1.) The generalization is minor and it is a simple matter (and more efficient) to modify Algorithm X or Dancing Links to handle secondary constraints directly without the need for added rows. The article should be expanded to explain this simple generalization, and the N queens problem should be added back in. Perhaps there should be a section titled Generalizations. —Rob Zako (talk) 20:44, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

NP-complete
The article should be expanded to better explain that exact cover is NP-complete. The article should also make connections to other NP-complete problems and to complexity theory. For example, exact cover is trivially equivalent to exact hitting set. Exact cover is also one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems. The article should provide a proof that exact cover is NP-complete by describing the appropriate reduction. Perhaps it would be useful to include a standard sidebar in articles on NP-complete problems, or at least Karp's 21 NP-complete problems, showing the relation of the problem to other NP-complete problems. —Rob Zako (talk) 21:04, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Special cases
I added two examples of special cases of the exact cover problem in the "See also" section: perfect matching and 3-dimensional matching. We could explain this connection in more detail; maybe we could have a section on special cases just like we have a section on generalisations? — Miym (talk) 22:24, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Please ignore re: review pentomino tiling solution coordinates
. Scott Barnes (talk) 20:21, 24 September 2012 (UTC) Coordinates are in row, column form. They look ok after all. Scott Barnes (talk) 20:27, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

What is a collection?
The article's very first sentence states that an exact cover is a collection. What is that? In particular, is a collection allowed to include an element more than once, i.e., is it a multi-set? Or is it just a set? Or a list? As far as I know, the term "collection" is not standard mathematics terminology. I think the term "family" would be more appropriate, as it is commonly used to refer to a set of sets. 2A02:1205:5078:1F10:9D12:8732:AF0:1B8F (talk) 18:26, 24 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, this is probably intended to be a clearer wording but instead it only confuses. A wiki search for collection results in 0 math related entries. --134.130.4.241 (talk) 15:36, 4 June 2015 (UTC)
 * A collection is just the same thing as a set. We just use the word "collection" rather than "set" when the things in the collection (set) are complex.  We do this especially when talking about "sets of sets".  In this case, we prefer to instead talk about "collections of sets" so that we have one word (collection) for the higher-level set, and a different word (set) for the sets that are in it. -- Addemf (talk) 02:55, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

Isn't an exact cover just the same thing as a partition?
In mathematics we just call this concept a partition, unless there's something I'm missing. So should this page get merged with the page on partitions? Or at the very least, should this page say something like "An exact cover is a structure studied in computer science. Although it is conceptually the same as a partition in mathematics, computer scientists are interested in different questions about this structure."? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Addemf (talk • contribs) 02:59, 27 July 2021 (UTC)
 * You're right, and the article does say so: "Equivalently, an exact cover of $$X$$ is a subcollection $$S^{*}$$ of $$S$$ that partitions $$X$$." Arguably, the article should be renamed to Exact cover problem as that's what it really is about: a decision problem, namely to decide whether a given a collection $$S$$ of subsets of a set $$X$$ contains a subcollection that partitions $$X$$. It's really more about computer science than about mathematics. – Tea2min (talk) 11:37, 27 July 2021 (UTC)
 * An exact cover is a partition formed out of given sets, rather than some other kind of partition. I prefer article titles that name the fundamental underlying object (exact cover) rather than titles that name the question of how to find that object ("exact cover problem"), name the algorithms for solving that problem ("exact cover problem algorithm") or name the amount of time used by any of these algorithms ("exact cover problem algorithm exponential time complexity"). That way lies madness. Let's only include title words that provide significant information to readers. —David Eppstein (talk) 16:27, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Exact cover


text:
David Julyan

David Julyan is an English musician and score composer. He is best known for composing the scores for director Christopher Nolan's early films.

Early life
David Julyan was born in 1967 in Cheltenham, England.

Other projects
In 2006, he scored the horror movie The Descent and a UK feature, Outlaw. Julyan has also been invited to sit on film music discussion panels at various film festivals, including the BMI Music & Film Panel at the 2004 and 2006 Sundance Film Festivals and the 2002 Flanders International Film Festival Ghent panel on "How to Get Started in Film Music". An interview with him has been included in the book Moving Music.

title: David Julyan


text:
Japan Aviation High School

The Japan Aviation High School (日本航空高等学校) is a private high school in Kai, Yamanashi, Japan. It was established by Japan Aviation in partnership with Japan Airlines as a corporate educational institution to promote the teaching of industrial technology, and is part of the Japan Aviation Academy. Most graduates go to a special advanced school established as an annex. Very few students continue to the university level.

title: Japan Aviation High School


text: User talk:68.9.49.249

title: User talk:68.9.49.249


text:
Ceratopetalum apetalum

Ceratopetalum apetalum, the coachwood, scented satinwood or tarwood, is a medium-sized hardwood tree, straight-growing with smooth, fragrant, greyish bark. It is native to eastern Australia in the central and northern coastal rainforests of New South Wales and southern Queensland, where it is often found on poorer quality soils in gullies and creeks and often occurs in almost pure stands. C. apetalum is one of 8 species of Ceratopetalum occurring in eastern Australia, New Guinea, New Britain and various islands in the same region.

Description
Coachwood usually grows to a height of 25 metres, with a trunk diameter of 90 cm However, exceptional specimens can reach 40 metres tall and live for centuries. The stem has distinctive horizontal marks, or scars, which often encircle the trunk. Larger trees have short buttresses. The heartwood is attractive with a colour ranging from pale pink to pinkish-brown. The sapwood is not always distinguishable, with a grain that is straight, finely textured and even. On the tangential face, the wood is often highly figured. The wood has a characteristic caramel odour.

Taxonomy
Ceratopetalum apetalum was first formally described in 1830 by David Don in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, from specimens collected by George Caley.

The common name of coachwood comes from its use in the building of coaches.

Uses
Its timber is light and easily worked. It is used for flooring, furniture and cabinetwork, interior fittings, turnery, gun stocks, wood carving, and veneers, as well as spars and masts for boats. Courtroom number three of The High Court of Australia is completely furnished with coachwood timber.

title: Ceratopetalum apetalum


text:
User talk:Poekr72

Please go and use the sandpit for what you are doing, not the main article space, SqueakBox 01:53, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Or use your user page.

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. , SqueakBox 01:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Poekr72


text: User talk:24.50.19.13

title: User talk:24.50.19.13


text: User talk:220.236.83.47

title: User talk:220.236.83.47


text: File:Shimmer Cover.jpg

title: File:Shimmer Cover.jpg


text:
Hedonic treadmill

The hedonic treadmill, also known as hedonic adaptation, is the observed tendency of humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes.

According to this theory, as a person makes more money, expectations and desires rise in tandem, which results in no permanent gain in happiness. Philip Brickman and Donald T. Campbell coined the term in their essay "Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society" (1971). The hedonic treadmill viewpoint suggests that wealth does not increase the level of happiness.

Overview
Hedonic adaptation is an event or mechanism that reduces the affective impact of substantial emotional events. Generally, hedonic adaptation involves a happiness "set point", whereby humans generally maintain a constant level of happiness throughout their lives, despite events that occur in their environment. The process of hedonic adaptation is often conceptualized as a treadmill, since no matter how hard one tries to gain an increase in happiness, one will remain in the same place.

Hedonic adaptation can occur in a variety of ways. Generally, the process involves cognitive changes, such as shifting values, goals, attention and interpretation of a situation. Further, neurochemical processes desensitize overstimulated hedonic pathways in the brain, which possibly prevents persistently high levels of intense positive or negative feelings. The process of adaptation can also occur through the tendency of humans to construct elaborate rationales for considering themselves deprived through a process social theorist Gregg Easterbrook calls "abundance denial".

Behavioral/psychological approach
"Hedonic treadmill" is a term coined by Brickman and Campbell in their article, "Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society" (1971), describing the tendency of people to keep a fairly stable baseline level of happiness despite external events and fluctuations in demographic circumstances. The idea of relative happiness had been around for decades when in 1978 Brickman, et al., began to approach hedonic pleasure within the framework of Helson's adaptation level theory, which holds that perception of stimulation is dependent upon comparison of former stimulations. The hedonic treadmill functions similarly to most adaptations that serve to protect and enhance perception. In the case of hedonics, the sensitization or desensitization to circumstances or environment can redirect motivation. This reorientation functions to protect against complacency, but also to accept unchangeable circumstances, and redirect efforts towards more effective goals. Frederick and Lowenstein classify three types of processes in hedonic adaptation: shifting adaptation levels, desensitization, and sensitization. Shifting adaptation levels occurs when a person experiences a shift in what is perceived as a "neutral" stimulus, but maintains sensitivity to stimulus differences. For example, if Sam gets a raise he will initially be happier, and then habituate to the larger salary and return to his happiness set point. But he will still be pleased when he gets a holiday bonus. Desensitization decreases sensitivity in general, which reduces sensitivity to change. Those who have lived in war zones for extended periods of time may become desensitized to the destruction that happens on a daily basis, and be less affected by the occurrence of serious injuries or losses that may once have been shocking and upsetting. Sensitization is an increase of hedonic response from continuous exposure, such as the increased pleasure and selectivity of connoisseurs for wine, or food.

Brickman, Coates, and Janoff-Bulman were among the first to investigate the hedonic treadmill in their 1978 study, "Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?". Lottery winners and paraplegics were compared to a control group and as predicted, comparison (with past experiences and current communities) and habituation (to new circumstances) affected levels of happiness such that after the initial impact of the extremely positive or negative events, happiness levels typically went back to the average levels. This interview-based study, while not longitudinal, was the beginning of a now large body of work exploring the relativity of happiness.

Brickman and Campbell originally implied that everyone returns to the same neutral set point after a significantly emotional life event. In the literature review, "Beyond the Hedonic Treadmill, Revising the Adaptation Theory of Well-Being" (2006), Diener, Lucas, and Scollon concluded that people are not hedonically neutral, and that individuals have different set points which are at least partially heritable. They also concluded that individuals may have more than one happiness set point, such as a life satisfaction set point and a subjective well-being set point, and that because of this, one's level of happiness is not just one given set point but can vary within a given range. Diener and colleagues point to longitudinal and cross-sectional research to argue that happiness set point can change, and lastly that individuals vary in the rate and extent of adaptation they exhibit to change in circumstance.

Empirical studies
In a longitudinal study conducted by Mancini, Bonnano, and Clark, people showed individual differences in how they responded to significant life events, such as marriage, divorce and widowhood. They recognized that some individuals do experience substantial changes to their hedonic set point over time, though most others do not, and argue that happiness set point can be relatively stable throughout the course of an individual's life, but the life satisfaction and subjective well-being set points are more variable.

Similarly, the longitudinal study conducted by Fujita and Diener (2005) described the life satisfaction set point as a "soft baseline". This means that for most people, this baseline is similar to their happiness baseline. Typically, life satisfaction will hover around a set point for the majority of their lives and not change dramatically. However, for about a quarter of the population this set point is not stable, and does indeed move in response to a major life event. Other longitudinal data has shown that subjective well-being set points do change over time, and that adaptation is not necessarily inevitable. In his archival data analysis, Lucas found evidence that it is possible for someone's subjective well-being set point to change drastically, such as in the case of individuals who acquire a severe, long term disability. However, as Diener, Lucas, and Scollon point out, the amount of fluctuation a person experiences around their set point is largely dependent on the individual's ability to adapt.

After following over a thousand sets of twins for 10 years, Lykken and Tellegen (1996) concluded that almost 50% of our happiness levels are determined by genetics. Headey and Wearing (1989) suggested that our position on the spectrum of the stable personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience) accounts for how we experience and perceive life events, and indirectly contributes to our happiness levels. Research on happiness has spanned decades and crossed cultures in order to test the true limits of our hedonic set point.

In large panel studies, divorce, death of a spouse, unemployment, disability, and similar events have been shown to change the long-term subjective well-being, even though some adaptation does occur and inborn factors affect this.

In the aforementioned Brickman study (1978), researchers interviewed 22 lottery winners and 29 paraplegics to determine their change in happiness levels due to their given event (winning lottery or becoming paralyzed). The event in the case of lottery winners had taken place between one month and one and a half years before the study, and in the case of paraplegics between a month and a year. The group of lottery winners reported being similarly happy before and after the event, and expected to have a similar level of happiness in a couple of years. These findings show that having a large monetary gain had no effect on their baseline level of happiness, for both present and expected happiness in the future. They found that the paraplegics reported having a higher level of happiness in the past than the rest (due to a nostalgia effect), a lower level of happiness at the time of the study than the rest (although still above the middle point of the scale, that is, they reported being more happy than unhappy) and, surprisingly, they also expected to have similar levels of happiness than the rest in a couple of years. One must note that the paraplegics did have an initial decrease in life happiness, but the key to their findings is that they expected to eventually return to their baseline in time.

In a newer study (2007), winning a medium-sized lottery prize had a lasting mental wellbeing effect of 1.4 GHQ points on Britons even two years after the event. Some research suggests that resilience to suffering is partly due to a decreased fear response in the amygdala and increased levels of BDNF in the brain. New genetic research have found that changing a gene could increase intelligence and resilience to depressing and traumatizing events. This could have crucial benefits for those with anxiety and PTSD. Recent research reveals certain types of brain training can increase brain size. The hippocampus volume can affect mood, hedonic setpoints, and some forms of memory. A smaller hippocampus has been linked to depression and dysthymia. Certain activities and environmental factors can reset the hedonic setpoint and also grow the hippocampus to an extent. London taxi drivers' hippocampi grow on the job, and the drivers have a better memory than those who did not become taxi drivers. In particular, the posterior hippocampus seemed to be the most important for enhanced mood and memory.

Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2003) researched changes in baseline level of well-being due to changes in marital status, the birth of first child, and the loss of employment. While they found that a negative life event can have a greater impact on a person's psychological state and happiness set point than a positive event, they concluded that people completely adapt, finally returning to their baseline level of well-being, after divorce, losing a spouse, the birth of a child, and for women losing their job. They did not find a return to baseline for marriage or for layoffs in men. This study also illustrated that the amount of adaptation depends on the individual.

Wildeman, Turney, and Schnittker (2014) studied the effects of imprisonment on one's baseline level of well-being. They researched how being in jail affects one's level of happiness both short term (while in prison) and long term (after being released). They found that being in prison has negative effects on one's baseline well-being; in other words one's baseline of happiness is lower in prison than when not in prison. Once people were released from prison, they were able to bounce back to their previous level of happiness.

Silver (1982) researched the effects of a traumatic accident on one's baseline level of happiness. Silver found that accident victims were able to return to a happiness set point after a period of time. For eight weeks, Silver followed accident victims who had sustained severe spinal cord injuries. About a week after their accident, Silver observed that the victims were experiencing much stronger negative emotions than positive ones. By the eighth and final week, the victims' positive emotions outweighed their negative ones. The results of this study suggest that regardless of whether the life event is significantly negative or positive, people will almost always return to their happiness baseline.

Fujita and Diener (2005) studied the stability of one's level of subjective well-being over time and found that for most people, there is a relatively small range in which their level of satisfaction varies. They asked a panel of 3,608 German residents to rate their current and overall satisfaction with life on a scale of 0–10, once a year for seventeen years. Only 25% of participants exhibited shifts in their level of life satisfaction over the course of the study, with just 9% of participants having experienced significant changes. They also found that those with a higher mean level of life satisfaction had more stable levels of life satisfaction than those with lower levels of satisfaction.

Happiness set point
The concept of the happiness set point (proposed by Sonja Lyubomirsky ) can be applied in clinical psychology to help patients return to their hedonic set point when negative events happen. Determining when someone is mentally distant from their happiness set point and what events trigger those changes can be extremely helpful in treating conditions such as depression. When a change occurs, clinical psychologists work with patients to recover from the depressive spell and return to their hedonic set point more quickly. Because acts of kindness often promote long-term well-being, one treatment method is to provide patients with different altruistic activities that can help a person raise his or her hedonic set point. This can in turn be helpful in reducing reckless habits in the pursuit of well-being. Further, helping patients understand that long-term happiness is relatively stable throughout one's life can help to ease anxiety surrounding impactful events.

Resilience research
Hedonic adaptation is also relevant to resilience research. Resilience is a "class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk," meaning that resilience is largely the ability for one to remain at their hedonic setpoint while going through negative experiences. Psychologists have identified various factors that contribute to a person being resilient, such as positive attachment relationships (see Attachment Theory), positive self-perceptions, self-regulatory skills (see Emotional self-regulation), ties to prosocial organizations (see prosocial behavior), and a positive outlook on life.

Critical views
One critical point made regarding humans’ individual set point is to understand it may simply be a genetic tendency and not a completely determined criterion for happiness, and it can still be influenced. In a study on moderate to excessive drug intake on rats, Ahmed and Koob (1998) sought to demonstrate that the use of mind-altering drugs such as cocaine could change an individual's hedonic set point. Their findings suggest that drug usage and addiction lead to neurochemical adaptations whereby a person needs more of that substance to feel the same levels of pleasure. Thus, drug abuse can have lasting impacts on one's hedonic set point, both in terms of overall happiness and with regard to pleasure felt from drug usage.

Genetic roots of the hedonic set point are also disputed. Sosis (2014) has argued the "hedonic treadmill" interpretation of twin studies depends on dubious assumptions. Pairs of identical twins raised apart are not necessarily raised in substantially different environments. The similarities between twins (such as intelligence or beauty) may invoke similar reactions from the environment. Thus, we might see a notable similarity in happiness levels between twins even though there are no happiness genes governing affect levels.

Further, hedonic adaptation may be a more common phenomenon when dealing with positive events as opposed to negative ones. Negativity bias, where people tend to focus more on negative emotions than positive emotions, can be an obstacle in raising one's happiness set point. Negative emotions often require more attention and are generally remembered better, overshadowing any positive experiences that may even outnumber negative experiences. Given that negative events hold more psychological power than positive ones, it may be difficult to create lasting positive change.

Headey (2008) concluded that an internal locus of control and having "positive" personality traits (notably low neuroticism) are the two most significant factors affecting one's subjective well-being. Headey also found that adopting "non-zero sum" goals, those which enrich one's relationships with others and with society as a whole (i.e. family-oriented and altruistic goals), increase the level of subjective well-being. Conversely, attaching importance to zero-sum life goals (career success, wealth, and social status) will have a small but nevertheless statistically significant negative impact on people's overall subjective well-being (even though the size of a household's disposable income does have a small, positive impact on subjective well-being). Duration of one's education seems to have no direct bearing on life satisfaction. And, contradicting set point theory, Headey found no return to homeostasis after sustaining a disability or developing a chronic illness. These disabling events are permanent, and thus according to cognitive model of depression, may contribute to depressive thoughts and increase neuroticism (another factor found by Headey to diminish subjective well-being). Disability appears to be the single most important factor affecting human subjective well-being. The impact of disability on subjective well-being is almost twice as large as that of the second strongest factor affecting life satisfaction -— the personality trait of neuroticism.

title: Hedonic treadmill


text: Category:Aviation schools

title: Category:Aviation schools


text:
Baggage (album)

Baggage is the first studio album from the New York band Sirsy, released in September 2000 and re-released in November 2002.

Track listing

 * 1) Delicious - 4:22
 * 2) This Time - 3:53
 * 3) Soon - 4:43
 * 4) Dry - 3:47
 * 5) So Good - 3:44
 * 6) IOU - 4:14
 * 7) Soft Like A Girl - 3:43
 * 8) Let Go - 4:31
 * 9) Hurricane - 3:10
 * 10) Wishless - 5:00

title: Baggage (album)


text:
Sleepy Creek Lake

Sleepy Creek Lake is a 205 acre impoundment of the Meadow Branch of Sleepy Creek in Berkeley County in West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle. The reservoir is located entirely within the Sleepy Creek Wildlife Management Area.

History
Sleepy Creek Lake was constructed by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources (WVDNR) and was completed in 1962. The lake was opened for fishing in 1964. WVDNR began stocking the reservoir with northern pike in 1989.

Description
Sleepy Creek Lake is a reservoir located at an elevation of 1099 ft within the 23000 acre Sleepy Creek Wildlife Management Area, which lies within both Morgan and Berkeley counties. The lake is nestled between two mountain ridges: Sleepy Creek Mountain (1905 ft) and Third Hill Mountain (2172 ft). The lake has a maximum depth of 26 ft and an average depth of 9 ft.

Sleepy Creek Lake provides fishing for largemouth bass, bluegill, crappie, northern pike, and channel catfish.

title: Sleepy Creek Lake


text: File:Chaka Khan - I Feel For You (album).jpg


text:
Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok

Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok is a five-star hotel in Bangkok owned in part and managed by Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. Located on the Chao Phraya River, the original structure was the first hotel built in Thailand when it opened as The Oriental in 1876. Today, the hotel is one of two flagship properties of the Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group.

History
When Siam opened to foreign trade after the signing of the Bowring Treaty, the sailors that crewed the ships though Bangkok required accommodation on shore. To meet this demand, Captain Dyers, an American, and his partner J.E. Barnes, opened a hotel called the Oriental Hotel. This burnt down in 1865.

Several years later, a partnership of Danish captains opened a replacement hotel. In the 1870s, the board of the Oriental Hotel decided the opening of the new River Wing in 1876 as the official establishment date of the Oriental Hotel.

H. N. Andersen
In 1881, 29-year-old Hans Niels Andersen, a Danish businessman, bought the premises. His various business ventures led to him becoming a much-respected member of the Western community in Siam. Andersen identified a need for a respectable hotel with good accommodation, a bar, and a western menu to meet the needs of travelers and businessmen visiting Siam.

Encouraged by Prince Prisdang Jumsai, Hans Niels Andersen formed a partnership with Peter Andersen and Frederick Kinch to build a luxury hotel. Designed by Cardu & Rossi, a team of local Italian architects, the Oriental was the first luxury hotel in Siam. The hotel opened on 19 May 1887 with 40 rooms and features which at the time had never been seen in Siam outside a royal palace: a second floor (during a time of single-storey bungalows), carpeted hallways, smoking and ladies' rooms, a billiards room and a bar capable of seating 50 patrons. To ensure the success of the restaurant and a satisfactory level of service, the owners lured the chef and butler from the French Consulate away to work at the hotel.

The first major event that the hotel hosted was a grand banquet on 24 May 1888 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. After personally inspecting the hotel’s facilities in December 1890, King Chulalongkorn decided the hotel was up to the standard necessary to host visiting royalty. The hotel's first royal guests were the entourage of Crown Prince Nicholas of Russia (later Tsar Nicholas II) in April 1891.

Marie Maire took over ownership of the hotel in 1910 and immediately set to work renovating it. She sold the property in 1932, but during World War Two, it was leased by the Japanese Army and used as an officer's club (under management by the Imperial Hotel of Tokyo). Once World War Two ended, Allied prisoners who thought the hotel still belonged to Japan occupied and vandalized it.

Germaine Krull
At the end of the war, a six-person partnership each contributed US$250 to buy the hotel, badly run down from its wartime service. The partnership consisted of Germaine Krull (1897–1985), Prince Bhanu, General Chai Prateepasen, Pote Sarasin (prominent businessman and lawyer) and John Webster and Jim Thompson, two Americans who had served in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and who had stayed on in Thailand. Krull took the position of manager in 1947, despite no prior experience in the hotel field. Born in Germany, she had been best known as a photographer during the 1920s before service in the Pacific as a war correspondent for Agence France Presse. The hotel's restoration and restocking offered Thompson an opportunity to put to use his architectural and artistic abilities.

The hotel reopened for business on 12 June 1947. Krull turned out to be a natural hotelier and during her reign restored the hotel to its position as the premier hotel in Thailand. Thompson soon left the partnership over a plan to build a new wing, though he stayed on in residence at the hotel for some time. To compete with popular clubs and a new local bar called Chez Eve, Krull established the Bamboo Bar, which soon became one of the leading bars in Bangkok.

In 1958 the ten-story Garden Wing was built. It featured the city’s first elevator and was home to the Le Normandie Restaurant. In 1967, fearful that Thailand would fall to the communists, Krull sold her share to Italthai which at the time was well on its way to becoming one of the country’s most significant mercantile groups eventually totaling some 60 companies involved in almost all aspects of the Thai economy.

Italthai
Italthai had been founded in the mid-fifties by Giorgio Berlingieri, an Italian born in Genoa, and Dr Chaijudh Karnasuta, a Thai. Berlingieri felt that the Oriental had begun to rest on its laurels and had dropped behind its competitors. He wanted to develop the Oriental into one of the best hotels in the world. Too involved with his various businesses to devote time to the project, Berlingieri in November 1967 appointed 30-year-old Kurt Wachtveitl (1937– ), at that time manager of Nipa Lodge (a hotel that Italthai owned in Pattaya), as general manager of the Oriental.

In 1972 the hotel acquired an adjacent property upon which it erected the 350-room River Wing.

Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group and Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok
The Group began with the opening of its flagship property, The Mandarin, in Hong Kong in 1963, which soon built up a reputation for luxurious service. In 1974, Mandarin International Hotels Limited was formed as a hotel management company. The Group's intention was to expand into Asia and operate hotels with a standard of service comparable to their property in Hong Kong.

In 1974 the company's hotel interests expanded further through the acquisition of a 49% interest in The Oriental, Bangkok. Through the management of both The Mandarin in Hong Kong and The Oriental, in Bangkok, the Group was in an unusual position of having two "flagship" hotels. In 1985, the Company rationalized its corporate structure by combining these two properties under a common name, Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group.

The hotel opened its renowned Oriental Spa in 1993 and finished a complete renovation of its rooms and suites in 2003. In 2006, The Oriental, Bangkok celebrated its 130th anniversary. In September 2008, the hotel formally changed its name from The Oriental, Bangkok to Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok.

Hotel
The hotel has contained 331 rooms, including 60 unique suites. The two-story Authors' Wing, the only remaining structure of the original 19th-century hotel, houses suites named after Joseph Conrad, Somerset Maugham, Noël Coward and James Michener. The River Wing contains deluxe two-bedroom suites named after former guests or personages associated with the hotel, including Barbara Cartland, Gore Vidal, Graham Greene, Wilbur Smith, John le Carré, Jim Thompson, Norman Mailer, Thai author Kukrit Pramoj. Other suites are named after ships associated with the early Bangkok trade, such as Otago (once captained by Joseph Conrad), HMS Melita, Vesatri and Natuna.

Awards

 * Named “Best City Hotel in Asia” and one of the “Top 20 Hotels Worldwide” (Travel + Leisure's annual World Best Awards 2009)
 * Best City Center Hotel Spa Worldwide (Luxury Travel Advisor, December 2008 - Awards of Excellence)
 * Urban Spa of the Year (AsiaSpa Magazine, November 2008 - AsiaSpa Awards)
 * Named one of the 400 Best Hotels (Forbes Traveler, November 2008)
 * No. 8 in Overseas Leisure Hotels - Asia & the Indian Subcontinent (Condé Nast Traveller, October 2008 - Readers’ Travel Awards)
 * No. 13 in Spas in Overseas Hotel (Condé Nast Traveller, October 2008 - Readers’ Travel Awards)
 * No. 3 in Top 20 International City Hotels (Andrew Harper’s Hideaway Report, September 2008 - The World’s Best Hotel, Resorts & Hideaways)
 * Named one of top 50 hotels in the world 2023
 * Named on Condé Nast Gold list 2023
 * 2023 Tripadvisor tTravellers' choice award

title: Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok


text: User talk:134.121.248.138

title: User talk:134.121.248.138


text:
Longneck

Longneck can refer to:

 * "Longneck Bottle", a song written by Steve Wariner and Rick Carnes
 * Longneck eel
 * Long Neck, Delaware, United States
 * a design of beer bottle
 * a term for Apatosaurus or similarly structured dinosaurs

title: Longneck


text:
User talk:DhiMinusGan

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 01:57, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
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Ft. Lauderdale
Thanks for putting that list in ABC order. That was very badly needing to be done and was on a to-do list in the back of my mind! great job! happy editing Butnotthehippo 07:17, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Weston, Florida
I went ahead and reverted all the way back to your version prior to the other editor vandalizing the article, because your new edit still contained vandalism and I could not revert the vandal's edits. When dealing with multiple vandalism events, select the last good version, choose edit, and then save the old version. That will eliminate all intermediate edits. Horologium t-c 19:33, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

SW 154th Avenue, Davie, Florida, United States.
So you do photo request? I have been trying to collect a photo of the lot at SW 154th Avenue, Davie, Florida, United States (see here where the South Florida Temple is going to be built. If you live anywhere near that can you take a photo for me?--ARTEST4ECHO (talk/contribs) 18:29, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

Wikipedia Help Survey
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Thank you for your time,

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Nomination for deletion of Template:South Carolina cities and mayors of 100,000 population
Template:South Carolina cities and mayors of 100,000 population has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. -- wooden superman  09:32, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

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Official Name
Hey! Per the settlement infobox guidelines, the "official name" section should not be used unless the official name is distinct from the common name. So in most cases, if the city is "Ville, State" it should not include City of Ville. If the name is "Ville, State", but the official name is "Consolidated County of Ville". It would be included. Thanks for you edits!

glman (talk) 14:24, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the explanation. Going froward I'll try my best not to incorrectly do that. DhiMinusGan (talk) 00:50, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:DhiMinusGan


text: User talk:4.242.198.163

title: User talk:4.242.198.163


text:
ZED-2

ZED-2 (Zero Energy Deuterium) is a zero-power nuclear research reactor built at the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario, Canada. It is the successor to the ZEEP reactor. Designed by AECL for CANDU reactor support, the unit saw first criticality on 7 September 1960. The reactor is still operating at Chalk River where it is used for reactor physics and nuclear fuel research.

Description
The ZED-2 is a low-power (200 W), tank-type (3.36 m diameter, 3.35 m high), heavy-water moderated reactor capable of a peak flux of 109 n/cm².s. Seven special Zirconium-alloy fuel assemblies are used and reactor control is via moderator level adjustment. Liquid (light or heavy water) and gas (CO2) coolants can be used and be heated to 300 C at 8.6 MPa while the heavy water moderator can be heated or cooled independently of the coolant in the Zr assemblies. ZED-2 has also been used for definitive studies of the effects of heavy water and alternative ordinary (light) water and organic coolants. Sufficient CANFLEX (43-element) bundles are being built containing SEU fuel to provide "full-core" simulation for the Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR) project.

In November 2010, the American Nuclear Society officially honoured the ZED-2 reactor with the title of 'nuclear historic landmark', recognising its 50 years of service and many contributions in the field of nuclear research and technology.

title: ZED-2


text:
VCC–Clark station

VCC–Clark is an elevated station on the Millennium Line of Metro Vancouver's SkyTrain rapid transit system. The station is named after the nearby Vancouver Community College (VCC) located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and serves as the western terminus of the Millennium Line.

History
VCC–Clark station's original plans called for it to be located underground below Broadway to the south of Vancouver Community College, but the City of Vancouver wanted the line to run to the north through an emerging technology zone on the False Creek Flats.

The station was originally planned to open with the original portion of the Millennium Line in 2002, but the construction was delayed because of property issues as the station is located in a former railyard. Service at the station was slated to begin in the fourth quarter of 2005, but testing and commissioning of the station and related facilities continued during that time frame, with trial running of trains starting in mid-November that year. The station, designed by the architecture firms Francl Architecture and Stantec Architecture, officially opened in 2006. A limited-stop bus route, the 84, connects VCC–Clark to UBC to relieve the 99 B-Line bus route and the trolley buses on Broadway.

Plans originally called for the Millennium Line to extend west along the Broadway corridor from VCC–Clark station to Granville Street and 10th Avenue with three additional stations. In 2006, it was revealed that this 5 km extension would be placed on hold while priority was given to the Canada Line and Evergreen Extension. In 2018, a 5.7 km extension west to Arbutus Street was approved with an estimated completion date of 2026.

Entrances
VCC–Clark station is served by a single entrance located at the west end of the station. The entrance is located on the Keith Drive north of 6th Avenue.

Transit connections
VCC–Clark station is served by one bus connection: an express route to the University of British Columbia.

title: VCC–Clark station


text:
Talk:Harold Davenport

Note
The MacTutor article says that Davenport was always a heavy smoker. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.157.230.88 (talk) 09:57, 16 October 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Harold Davenport


text: User talk:24.222.105.190

title: User talk:24.222.105.190


text:
Dallas Crane (album)

Dallas Crane is the third studio album by Australian rock band Dallas Crane. It was released in 2004 and was nominated for the ARIA Music Awards in the Best Rock Album category. It had a favorable critical reception, rated four stars by both The Age, which described it as sounding "like it was knocked off live over a boozy weekend", and the Sunday Herald Sun, which rated it "one of the most impressive rock albums of the past decade ... rivalling Face to Face, Big Bad Noise and Jaws of Life in the realm of Aussie classics". It earned 3½ stars from The Herald Sun and 7/10 by the Sun-Herald. It was ranked No.2 on a Sunday Herald Sun list of the best albums of 2004.

Track listing
(All songs by Dallas Crane)

 * 1) "Dirty Hearts" - 2:29
 * 2) "Iodine" - 2:46
 * 3) "Can't Work You Out" - 3:05
 * 4) "Unlucky Star" - 2:53
 * 5) "Open To Close" - 4:01
 * 6) "Wrong Party" - 4:15
 * 7) "Come Clean" - 7:30
 * 8) "Numb All Over" - 3:05
 * 9) "Under The Moon" - 2:13
 * 10) "Wannabe" - 3:42
 * 11) "Out In Space" - 2:37
 * 12) "Ladybird" - 2:34
 * 13) "Come and Go" - 3:55
 * 14) "Alright By Me" - 4:34

Personnel

 * Pete Satchell - vocals, lead guitar
 * Dave Larkin - vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Shannon Vanderwert - drums, vocals
 * Pat Bourke - bass guitar

title: Dallas Crane (album)


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KZON

KZON (103.9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Gilbert, Arizona, and broadcasting to the Phoenix metropolitan area. It simulcasts an adult contemporary radio format with co-owned KMVA 97.5 FM Dewey-Humboldt, Arizona, as "Hot 97.5/103.9." The stations are owned by the Riviera Broadcast Group with studios on 7th Street in Midtown Phoenix.

KZON is a Class C station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations. The transmitter is on East Ocotillo Road at North Schnepf Road in San Tan Valley, Arizona. KZON is also heard on two FM translators: 94.9 MHz in Chandler and 96.1 MHz in Fort McDowell.

Country (1981–1993)
The station signed on the air on. Its original call sign was KQEZ. It called itself "Easy Country 103" and its city of license was Coolidge, Arizona. It was powered at only 3,000 watts, a fraction of its current output, so the station primarily focused on the Casa Grande Valley.

In 1991, original owner Larry E. Salsburey sold the station to Scott Christianson's Chriscom. KQEZ, however, fell on financial hard times in the early 1990s. In September 1992, KQEZ's disc jockeys informed listeners that they had not been paid in a month; at that time, owner Christianson said he could not pay workers because of $200,000 in debt. In April 1993, the station went off the air altogether.

Classic rock (1993–1995)
Two months later, the station was sold to J.M. Wolz, the first of three license transfers in a year. Wolz put the station back on the air with a classic rock format as KAZR. A signal upgrade followed providing the southern sections of the Phoenix area with a clear signal.

Rock/top 40 hybrid (1995–1996)
On March 20, 1995, the format was flipped to a modern rock/top 40 hybrid branded as “The Blaze.” A change of call letters to KBZR followed the change of format.

Rhythmic oldies (1996)
In the spring of 1996, the station began moving its transmitter closer to Phoenix. At the same time, the station began a 6-month stunt of an automated Rhythmic Oldies format, only going by the moniker "S.T.E.V.E." The name was an acronym standing for "Songs That Everyone Vociferously Enjoys."

Hip-hop (1996–2001)
On October 30, 1996, at 3:30 p.m., the station completed its upgrade, and the station once again began stunting, this time with people chanting "Party! Party! Party!" for several hours which ended with a sound of a record scratching and a male announcer saying "Arizona's Party Station" in reverse, which led to its new name and slogan, and the station flipped to a hip hop-emphasizing rhythmic top 40 format as "103.9, Arizona's Party Station". The call letters were changed in the spring of 1997 to KPTY to reflect the station branding. Despite the station's signal limitations, KPTY did well in the ratings. In fact, rival KKFR, which was airing a broad-based Mainstream Top 40 format at the time, began to move towards hip hop-emphasizing rhythmic top 40 format as well, and took away much of KPTY's audience.

In 1998, KPTY evolved to a hybrid hip-hop/modern rock format shortly followed by a change of branding to "Party Radio @ 103.9." During the last week of 1999, KPTY stunted with a supposed broadcast hijacking with buzzing sounds and audio glitches in the songs, legal IDs and sweepers, while the DJs were talking. On December 31, 1999, KPTY began stunting with a 24-hour loop of "We Like To Party" by The Vengaboys. On January 1, 2000, KPTY returned to a rhythmic top 40 format (this time with more of a dance lean) as "103.9 The Party".

Alternative (2001–2012)
In October 2001, the station's owners were persuaded by the staff of the original KEDJ "The Edge" on 106.3 FM and 100.3 FM to drop the Rhythmic Top 40 format and bring the KEDJ call letters and its alternative rock format over to 103.9 FM. KPTY flipped to "The Edge" exactly 5 years after the station began: October 30, 2001 at Noon. The 106.3 and 100.3 frequencies originally used by "The Edge" were sold to Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation (now Univision Radio) and switched to a Regional Mexican format.

In April 2008, the morning show "The Morning Ritual" was dropped in place of the syndicated Adam Carolla Show from Los Angeles. The Adam Carolla Show was cancelled on February 20, 2009, due to Carolla's flagship station KLSX flipping formats. It was quickly replaced by another Los Angeles–based morning show, Kevin and Bean.

In July 2009, the station relaunched as "FM/1039...Where Music Matters." FM/1039 Launched under then-Program Director Tim Virgin. That same month, Virgin left to do Afternoons at Q101 in Chicago. Former program director Marc Young returned to the station and took over afternoon duties as well.

On January 8, 2010, the "FM 103/9" branding was changed to "X 103-9...Alternative Rock Now." On February 2, 2010, under the direction of Program Director Marc Young, the station's call letters were changed from KEDJ to KEXX to align with the "X 103.9" branding.

Classic rock (2012)
On January 12, 2012 at 6AM, the station shifted its alternative rock format for a hybrid mix that included classic rock artists, rebranding under the name "My 103.9." "Personal Jesus" by Depeche Mode was the last song under their alternative rock format; the first song under the readjusted format was "It's My Life" by Talk Talk.

Hot adult contemporary (2012–2022)
As of June 2012, the station shifted to a Hot AC format, still under the name "My 103.9."

On December 27, 2013, Trumper Communications and Riviera Broadcasting Group announced that they would merge their Adult Top 40 outlets into one simulcast, with KMVA and KEXX becoming "Hot 97.5/103.9 Trending Radio." The combined signals made their launch at midnight on January 1; the last song as "My" was "This Love" by Maroon 5, and the first song under the "Hot" simulcast was "Blow Me (One Last Kiss)" by P!nk.

On April 9, 2015, its HD2 digital subchannel became the high definition simulcast of KOAI in Sun City West.

On June 20, 2016, KEXX changed its call letters to KZON, taking over the call sign from 101.5 FM which changed their callsign to KALV-FM earlier that month.

Rhythmic hot adult contemporary (2022-2024)
On June 17, 2022, at noon, KZON and KMVA shifted to rhythmic hot AC, keeping the "Hot" branding and adopting the "Rhythm of the Valley" positioner, with the first song being "Hot in Herre" by Nelly.

Adult contemporary (2024-present)
On April 23, 2024, KMVA and KZON shifted to mainstream adult contemporary, still keeping the "Hot" branding and positioning itself as "The Valley's Best Variety".

title: KZON


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Harold Volkmer

Harold Lee Volkmer (April 4, 1931 – April 16, 2011) was an American politician from Missouri. He was a Democrat who served 20 years in the United States House of Representatives.

Early life and career
Volkmer grew up in Jefferson City, Missouri, where he "got his start in politics helping his mother campaign in Jefferson City, Missouri, for the re-election of President Franklin Roosevelt." He attended Jefferson City Junior College and Saint Louis University. He later received his law degree from the University of Missouri, and passed the bar exam even before graduating. He married the former Shirley Ruth Braskett (died in 1995) in 1955, and they became the parents of two sons and a daughter. Volkmer served in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957.

Prior to entering politics, Volkmer operated a private law practice in Hannibal, Missouri.

Political career
After graduating from law school, "Volkmer quickly entered public service, first as an Assistant Attorney General for the State, and then in the United States Army. He was elected Prosecuting Attorney for Marion County in 1960, and then State Representative in 1966." Volkmer was re-elected to the Missouri House of Representatives four times. "During his ten years in the Missouri legislature, he earned the same reputation that he would have had in Congress. An 'energetic blunt-talking lawyer' and 'a maverick,' in the words of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Volkmer led the way on a major reorganization of the executive branch of state government. As the Republican minority leader later recalled, 'Volkmer was the brains for all of us. He understood the issue of reorganization better than anybody in the Legislature. We all looked to him for leadership, including me. I don’t like to say that, darn it, because he’s a Democrat. But it’s true.'"

As Chairman of the Missouri House Judiciary Committee, Volkmer sought and obtained approval of the Equal Rights Amendment by the Missouri House of Representatives. In 1976, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives and was re-elected nine times.

In Congress, Volkmer represented a mostly rural 21-county area in northeastern Missouri. He served on the House Agriculture Committee and helped shape five major farm bills. Volkmer also served for several of his early terms on the House Judiciary Committee. He had a reputation as a conservative Democrat due to his opposition to gun control legislation, his opposition to abortion, and his opposition to gay rights. However, these highly salient political issues overshadowed Volkmer's more progressive stances on many issues involving civil rights, environmental laws, and education policy. For instance, he supported the extension of the Voting Rights Act in 1982, the extension and expansion of the Fair Housing Act in 1988, expansion and strengthening of various environmental laws including Superfund, the Clean Water Act, and the Clean Air Act, and opposed certain Pentagon weapons programs considered by him to be wasteful and unnecessary. Volkmer also supported the Panama Canal Treaty Enabling Legislation in 1978, and the modernization of the United States Bankruptcy laws in 1978. Volkmer also supported the creation of the U.S. Department of Education.

He was one of the primary sponsors of the 1986 McClure-Volkmer Act that came to be known as the Firearm Owners Protection Act. This act amended the Gun Control Act by creating an expanded system of rules and procedures with respect to compliance inspections of gun shops. According to legal scholar Dave Kopel, "Line by line, FOPA significantly strengthened statutory protections of the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Tenth Amendments. FOPA remains one of the most far-reaching laws ever enacted by Congress to safeguard constitutional rights."

For most of his tenure, Volkmer usually skated to reelection. From 1978 to 1990, he only faced one close race, in 1984. In 1992, however, he was nearly defeated by Republican Rick Hardy, a political science professor at MU, surviving by only 5,800 votes. He faced an equally close race in 1994, when Republican assistant attorney general Kenny Hulshof held him to 50.4 percent of the vote. He lost a rematch to Hulshof in 1996 by just under 5,900 votes. Since then, the Democrats have only once cracked the 40 percent barrier in the district, now numbered as the 3rd.

After leaving Congress, Volkmer served as chairman of the National Commission on Small Farms, and "the members of the National Rifle Association overwhelmingly elected him to their Board of Directors, on which he served for the next 12 years." Volkmer resided in Hannibal, Missouri until his death at age 80 from pneumonia on April 16, 2011.

title: Harold Volkmer


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User:Bobaagard

Robert Dayle "Bob" Aagard was born on February 14, 1979, to Grant and Cyndi Aagard in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in the Sugarhouse Neighborhood of Salt Lake City until November 29, 1990, when his family moved to Holladay, Utah.

Bob attended Uintah Elementary, Olympus Jr High, and graduated from Olympus High School in 1997. He subsequently attended Salt Lake Community College for a brief time.

Bob served as a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Minnesota Minneapolis Mission from 1998-2000.

The past two years, Bob has become politically active. He founded the group Mormons for Dean in 2003. In 2004, he served as the campaign secretary for his friend Shaun Kruger, who was running as a republican for Salt Lake County Council. Later that year, he spent numerous hours volunteering for Democratic candidates, including Peter Corroon. In 2005, Bob ran for secretary of the Salt Lake County Democratic Party, a race in which he lost. He is getting active in Pete Ashdown's campaign for the U.S. Senate, and contributes to 3 blogs.

He currently is employed as a substitute teacher in the Granite School District and works as a Guest Services usher at the Delta Center.

Bob's blogs

The World, According to Me

Bob on Sports

Mysteries of Man (and Woman)

title: User:Bobaagard


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Muʻa (Tongatapu)

Mua is a small town in the Hahake (eastern) district on the island of Tongatapu, and it was for centuries the ancient capital of the Tongan empire. It is divided in the villages Lapaha and Tatakamotonga, is close to Talasiu and famous for the ancient langi (royal burial tombs).

Geography
Mua is situated along the eastern side of the lagoon of Tongatapu. Except for a 50 to 200 m zone along the shore which is low-lying mud (now largely landfilled with stones), the remainder of the village is on high-lying red volcanic soil of high fertility.

Lapaha is also the home of the Tu'itonga Empire. Lapaha is also the first capital of Tonga before the Tu'i Kanokupolu move it to Nukualofa.

Demography
According to the 1996 census there were 3900 people living Mua, a number expected to rise to 4900 if confirmed by the November 2006 census.

Most people of Lapaha are Roman Catholic, while Tatakamotonga is largely Wesleyan, although both see an increasing number of Mormons. This has a historical reason: the last Tui Tonga was Roman Catholic and lived in Lapaha.

Tatakamotonga has a government primary school in the northwestern part of the village and a high school run by the Wesleyan church (Tapunisiliva, eastern branch of Tupou high school) in the north-east. Lapaha has a government primary school and a high school run by the Roman Catholic Church (Takuilau) at the eastern end of the village.

History
Mua was at one time the center of Lapita culture in Tonga (about 2,000 years ago) and later (twelfth to sixteenth century CE) the capital of the Tui Tonga Empire. After the disintegration of the empire it remained the capital of the Tui Tonga (Tonga kings), up to the nineteenth century, but was rather a spiritual centre and no longer a source of political power.

The Tui Tonga and his retinue stayed in Lapaha, his residence being Olotele and Ahofakasiu, while Takuilau was for his wives (not to be confused with the current high school of the same name but further to the east). Subchiefs and servants on the other hand lived in Tatakamotonga.

When, around 1470, the Tui Tonga line started to lose power to the Tui Haatakalaua, and another century later to the Tui Kanokupolu, chiefs belonging to these lines were not welcome in Mua, and had to stay on the low-lying coastal areas, separated from the 'real' chiefs (i.e. those belonging to the Tui Tonga) by the Hala Fonuamoa (dry land road). The former became known as the kauhalalalo (low road people) and the latter as the kauhalauta (inland road people), which nowadays are still two important moieties in Tonga.

Burial tombs
Whatever political power the Tui Tonga yielded to their rivals, they gained in spiritual power, and as a kind of high priest they were perhaps even more awesome than as kings. When a Tui Tonga died he was buried in one of the huge tomb hills, known as langi, of which there are still at least two dozen in Lapaha. The Tui Haatakalaua were also buried in such tombs, but they are called fale instead.

The langi are big, artificial hills surrounded by huge slabs of coral rock, usually in three or more tiered layers. These slabs were quarried from several places along the coast of Tongatapu or neighbouring minor islands. The waves of the sea made them over the centuries, by compacting coral sand into layers of 10 to 20 cm thick. They were only to be dug out and then transported by boat to the building site. Nevertheless, the accuracy by which the slabs were cut to shape so that they fit along each other with barely any space to spare is remarkable.

One of the best-preserved langi is the Paepae-o-Telea, which is even more remarkable as the slabs along the corner really have an 'L' shape.

The story that the slabs were moved by magic means from Uvea to Tonga is just a myth. Uvea is volcanic and has not got the proper geology. This fact has always been known, as shown, for example by a stanza of the poem named Laveofo from around the 18th century by Tufui.

The last Tui Tonga, Laufiltonga was buried in langi Tuofefafa. His grave is still marked with a huge cross, as he died as Catholic.

The langi are still used nowadays as burial sites. When the Kalaniuvalu chief died in 1999 he was buried in the Paepae o Telea. When the Tui Pelehake chief, Uluvalu and his wife Kaimana died in 2006, they were buried in langi Nā Moala.

Also worthwhile visiting are the remaining groundworks of an old, deserted fort on the border of Talasiu and Lapaha.

List
According to the matāpule Makalangahiva (variations by other informants)
 * 1) Langi Tuo teau
 * 2) Langi Kātoa
 * 3) Langi Fanakava ki langi
 * 4) Langi Tuo fefafa
 * 5) Langi Tau a tonga
 * 6) Langi Malu a tonga
 * 7) Langi Leka
 * 8) Langi Sinai
 * 9) Langi Taetaea
 * 10) Langi Faapite
 * 11) Langi Tōfā ua
 * 12) Langi Nukulau uluaki
 * 13) Langi Nukulau ua
 * 14) Langi Foou
 * 15) Langi Hahake
 * 16) Langi o Luani
 * 17) Langi Tauhala
 * 18) Langi Paepae o Telea (or Paepae o Telea)
 * 19) Langi Nā Moala
 * 20) Langi Hēhēa
 * 21) Langi Esi a e kona
 * 22) Langi Malomaloaa
 * 23) Langi Nakuli ki langi
 * 24) Fale Loāmanu
 * 25) Fale Fakauō
 * 26) Fale Tui(nga)papai
 * 27) Fale Pulemālō
 * 28) Fale Tauhakeleva

Fāonelua
The nickname of Lapaha is Paki mo e toi (picked with sap), referring to the many sweet smelling flowers which were to be picked regularly to be made into kahoa, (flower garlands) for the lords. Likewise Tatakamotonga is also known as Kolokakala (fragrant town) and other variants of this name.

An important tree with beautiful red flowers grew (and still grows) on the coastal marshland. Its name is Fāonelua and it is a unique species of mangrove. Only the Tui Tonga was allowed to wear its flowers as a garland, and as such the name has become a symbol for his reign.

Notable Person

 * Ronald Fotofili, Olympic sprinter from Lapaha

title: Muʻa (Tongatapu)


text: User:Kneg

title: User:Kneg


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Ignace Gelb

Ignace Jay Gelb (October 14, 1907 – December 22, 1985) was a Polish-American ancient historian and Assyriologist who pioneered the scientific study of writing systems.

Early life
Born in Tarnów, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Poland), he earned his PhD from the University of Rome in 1929, then went to the University of Chicago where he was a professor of Assyriology until his death.

Career
Although writing systems have been studied for centuries by linguists, Gelb is widely regarded as the first scientific practitioner of the study of scripts, and coined the term grammatology to refer to the study of writing systems. In A Study of Writing (1952), he suggested that scripts evolve in a single direction, from logographic scripts to syllabaries to alphabets. This historical typology has been criticized as overly simplistic, forcing the data to fit the model and ignoring exceptional cases. Gelb's typology has since been refined by Peter T. Daniels and others.

Gelb had contributed significantly to the decipherment of the Anatolian hieroglyphs (formerly often referred to as 'Hittite hieroglyphs'), having published 3 volumes of studies on the subject.

In the course of his career, he published over 20 books, that have been translated into many languages, and over 250 scientific articles.

View of the Maya
Gelb believed that the Maya hieroglyphs did not qualify as true writing capable of representing language, which has now been disproven following the decipherment of the Maya script.

Work in Assyriology
Gelb's work in Assyriology focused on publishing editions of Akkadian texts and a grammar and dictionary of Old Akkadian. He became editor of the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary in 1947 and continued work on the project until his death. His other important works include works on Mesopotamian land tenure and sales, metrology, and other aspects of economic and social history.

Gelb, supported by Assyriologist Aage Westenholz, differentiated three stages of Old Akkadian: that of the pre-Sargonic era, that of the Akkadian empire, and that of the Ur III period.

He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1968) and of the British Academy (1978), a member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, and in 1975 he was elected as a member of the prestigious American Philosophical Society. Additionally, from 1965 to 1966 he was president of the American Oriental Society.

title: Ignace Gelb


text:
Talk:Yohji Yamamoto

Untitled
any info about yohji yamamoto? site?

Review Requested
[Review requested for translated article]

Language and formatting excellent. One citation needed for apparent quote: "supresses mode with antimode". Short article - is there more information in the Japanese article which could be brought across? If not, is there information available (in Japanese; couldn't find much on the English web) about Yamamoto's life beyond fashion? CastorQuinn 23:55, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Yohji Yamamoto