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Talk:Justin Chancellor

Bass Strap
Aw come on, I thought it was funny, and it was mentioned in one of the official newsletters? hellboy 03:04, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, funny it was. But I guess they are right... considering the information value to everbody but insiders. Don't take it harshly. =) --Johnnyw 21:52, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Speaker size
Are you sure it's 8 inches? Most bass speakers range from 10 inches to 18... 8 inches is pretty much unheard of for bass cabinets, and according to their website, Mesa doesn't make bass cabinets with 8 inch speakers. Sitinthechair 4 April 2006
 * He doesn't use 8 inch speakers. But some manufactures do make 8 inch speaker cabinets and I've seen some custom build 4x8's and 8x8's but no that was an error and I fixed it, someone must have misunderstood what an 8x10 speaker configuration meant. -Alex June 21, 2006

New style of playing
I think the section describing Justin's "new style of playing" on 10,000 days is misleading. I really think it's just an extension and progression of what he's done in the past. He's used effects before, as well as played non-traditional parts layered with the guitar, and swapping roles with it. These things are heard in his earlier playing, particularly in Lateralus, even if one can argue that they're more prevalent now. I also don't know what's meant by saying that he plays "individual parts" on 10,000 days. What does individual refer to? If you mean something not in unison with the guitar and/or vocals, a majority of bass parts would qualify for this, even very simple ones.

Copyright issue with Justin Chancellor}}}
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Justin's equipment
There is a new Bass Player interview with Justin that also has a very thorough list of his entire equipment. Check here. -- Johnny w  talk  13:03, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Synaesthesia?
I heard somewhere that Justin is a synesthete. Can anyone confirm this? 74.245.191.214 (talk) 21:21, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I heard it too. In fact, it was even stated in this article, as well as in the article that lists well-known synaesthetes. Joost de Kleine (talk) 15:22, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Why is this no longer mentioned in the article, while the article is categorized under "People with synesthesia"? Surely there must be a few sources lurking around. (I know one, but its from cracked.com, not exactly encyclopedia material.) 99.237.200.255 (talk) 21:03, 12 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't know if a BBC documentary would be considered a proper reference by the arsehats that moderate wikipedia these days, but they made a film on autism (synaesthesia being a form of) that mentioned him. I just did a quick search for it, but couldn't find it sadly; I'm not in the UK and BBC is kind of anal about that.
 * I'm not sure if Justin is real happy about his 'condition' being known (although as cracked.com jokes: dumb, slutty girls as far as the eye can see! What's not to like?), but it would be good to find this pseudo-scientific reference if he's cool with it... anyone in Britain care to take a shot at bbc.co.uk video archives, given these hints? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.175.228.227 (talk) 01:17, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Playing Style
There should be a section on Justin's playing style. All the other members' articles have a section on their styles, why shouldn't Justin's. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.163.77.111 (talk) 23:32, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

I added a Playing Style section, let me know of any errors and dont be afraid to edit anything that isnt correct. Thanks, Kevin. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.176.221.202 (talk) 23:24, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Not that I particularly disagree with a playing style section, but I think that a lot of the info there comes under the Original Research category, something which is generally frowned upon in wikipedia. hellboy (talk) 02:48, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Justin should reserve his right to remain anonymous if he wants to and he APPARENTLY DOES! Respect goes out to him! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.234.232.24 (talk) 18:09, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Justin Chancellor


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96 Aquarii

96 Aquarii is a multiple star system in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. The designation is from the star catalogue of English astronomer John Flamsteed, first published in 1712. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.56. The estimated distance to this system, based upon an annual parallax shift of 29.27 mas, is around 111 light years. The system has a relatively large proper motion and it is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7 km/s.

The visible components, A and B, have an angular separation of 9.8 arc seconds and share a common proper motion. Their presumed orbital period is estimated as 4,400 years. Component A was first identified as a single-lined spectroscopic binary by Adams et al. (1924) at the Mount Wilson Observatory. It has an orbital period of 21.2 days with an eccentricity of 0.60. The Aab pair have an angular separation of 6 mas and a combined stellar classification of F4 V Fe−0.4, matching an F-type main-sequence star with a mild underabundance of iron. Magnitude 10.92 component B is likewise a single-lined spectroscopic binary, having an orbital period of 659.9 days and an eccentricity of 0.70. The separation of Bab is 45 mas, and their spectrum matches a red dwarf class of M3 V.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 96 Aquarii


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64 Arietis

64 Arietis is a possible binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. 64 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.67. Based upon an annual parallax shift of $1.19$, this star is approximately 214 ly distant from the Sun. It is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +8.5 km/s.

The visible component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K4 III, currently on the red giant branch. It is around 5.2 billion years old with 1.27 times the mass of the Sun. With the supply of hydrogen at its core exhausted, the star has expanded to 11 times the radius of the Sun and it shines with 42 times the Sun's luminosity. This energy is being radiated from the outer envelope at an effective temperature of 4,426 K, giving it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

title: 64 Arietis


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26 Aquarii

26 Aquarii is a single star located approximately 960 light years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 26 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.66. This object is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +8 km/s.

Houk and Swift (1999) listed a stellar classification of K2(III) for 26 Aquarii, corresponding to an evolved K-type giant of uncertain luminosity class. Bartkevicius and Lazauskaite (1997) found spectral traits of MD-Ba?-K3 II–III, K2 Ia, suggesting some type of giant K-type star with a suspected metal deficiency (MD) of barium. It has 54.5 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 842 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,210 K.

title: 26 Aquarii


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Musu

MUSU may refer to

 * University of Melbourne Student Union, one of several student organisations at the University of Melbourne, Australia
 * University of Manchester Students' Union, student organisation of the University of Manchester, England
 * Middlesex University Students' Union, student organisation of Middlesex University, London, England
 * Musu Dior, creator of Christian Dior perfume company.

title: Musu


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19 Aquarii

19 Aquarii is a star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. With an apparent magnitude of about 5.7, the star is barely visible to the naked eye as a white-hued star (see Bortle scale). Parallax estimates put it at a distance of about 260 light years away from the Sun. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21 km/s.

This object is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A8V. It is around 788 million years old with a fairly fast rotation rate, as its projected rotational velocity is about 155 km/s, so it must be rotating at least that fast. It has 1.86 times the mass of the Sun and 2.76 times the Sun's radius. 19 Aquarii is radiating 26 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,078 K. Eggen has this star flagged as a blue straggler and a member of the HR1614 supercluster.

title: 19 Aquarii


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44 Aquarii

44 Aquarii is a single star located 336 light years away from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 44 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.75. This body is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +7.4 km/s.

A stellar classification of G6 III indicates this is an evolved giant star, most likely (98% chance) on the horizontal branch, having exhausted the hydrogen at its core and expanded. It is a suspected variable star of unknown type. 44 Aquarii is 537 million years old with about 2.53 times the mass of the Sun and 9 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 62 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,025 K. At this heat, the star has the golden-hued glow of a G-type star.

title: 44 Aquarii


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Live Cream Volume II

Live Cream Volume II is the second live album by the British rock band Cream, released in March 1972 by Polydor Records (Atco Records in the US). This album contains six tracks recorded at various performances from 9 March to 4 October 1968.

Reception
Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic stated that Volume 2 had more songs on it than its predecessor, including two songs whose album versions were released as singles. He also commented on how the sound quality was some of the best at the time. He did not like, however, that there were not as many extended jams as there were on the predecessor and that Jack Bruce and Eric Clapton's singing is not good on "White Room" and "Sunshine of Your Love." Greenwald felt that the live version of "Deserted Cities of the Heart" is better than the studio version.

"Steppin' Out" was used in the dramatic climax of Mean Streets (1973) directed by Martin Scorsese.

Personnel
''Per liner notes
 * Eric Clapton – vocals, guitar
 * Jack Bruce – vocals, bass, harmonica
 * Ginger Baker – drums
 * Felix Pappalardi – producer
 * Tom Dowd – recording engineer
 * Bill Halverson – recording engineer
 * Gene Paul – re-mix engineer
 * Kevin Brady – re-mix engineer
 * Jim Marshall – cover photography
 * Gene Trindl – backliner photography
 * Stanisław Zagórski – album design

title: Live Cream Volume II


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Indefinite pronoun

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun which does not have a specific, familiar referent. Indefinite pronouns are in contrast to definite pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns can represent either count nouns or noncount nouns. They often have related forms across these categories: universal (such as everyone, everything), assertive existential (such as somebody, something), elective existential (such as anyone, anything), and negative (such as nobody, nothing).

Many languages distinguish forms of indefinites used in affirmative contexts from those used in non-affirmative contexts. For instance, English "something" can be used only in affirmative contexts while "anything" is used otherwise.

Indefinite pronouns are associated with indefinite determiners of a similar or identical form (such as every, any, all, some). A pronoun can be thought of as replacing a noun phrase, while a determiner introduces a noun phrase and precedes any adjectives that modify the noun. Thus, all is an indefinite determiner in "all good boys deserve favour" but a pronoun in "all are happy".

Table of English indefinite pronoun usage
Most indefinite pronouns correspond to discretely singular or plural usage. However, some of them can entail singularity in one context and plurality in another. Pronouns that commonly connote indefiniteness are indicated below, with examples as singular, plural, or singular/plural usage.

List of quantifier pronouns
English has the following quantifier pronouns:

 * Uncountable (thus, with a singular verb form)
 * enough – Enough is enough.
 * little – Little is known about this period of history.
 * less – Less is known about this period of history.
 * much – Much was discussed at the meeting.
 * more (also countable, plural) – More is better.
 * most (also countable, plural) – Most was rotten. (Usually specified, such as in most of the food.)
 * plenty (also countable, plural)– Thanks, that's plenty.
 * Countable, singular
 * one – One has got through. (Often modified or specified, such as in a single one, one of them, etc.)
 * Countable, plural
 * several – Several were chosen.
 * few – Few were chosen.
 * fewer – Fewer are going to church these days.
 * many – Many were chosen.
 * more (also uncountable) – More were ignored. (Often specified, such as in more of us.)
 * most (also uncountable) – Most don't agree.
 * plenty (also uncountable) – Plenty are jumping on the bandwagon.

Possessive forms
Some of the English indefinite pronouns above have possessive forms. These are made as for nouns, by adding  's or just an apostrophe following a plural -s (see English possessive).

The most commonly encountered possessive forms of the above pronouns are:
 * one's, as in "One should mind one's own business."
 * those derived from the singular indefinite pronouns ending in -one or -body: nobody's, someone's, etc. (Those ending -thing can also form possessives, such as nothing's, but these are less common.)
 * whoever's, as in "We used whoever's phone that is."
 * those derived from other and its variants: the other's, another's, and the plural others': "We should not take others' possessions."
 * either's, neither's

Most of these forms are identical to a form representing the pronoun plus -'s as a contraction of is or has. Hence, someone's may also mean someone is or someone has, as well as serving as a possessive.

Compound indefinite pronouns
Two indefinite pronouns can sometimes be used in combination together.
 * Examples: We should respect each other. People should love one another.

And they can also be made possessive by adding an apostrophe and s.
 * Examples: We should respect each other's beliefs. We were checking each other's work.

title: Indefinite pronoun


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50 Aquarii

50 Aquarii, abbreviated 50 Aqr, is a single star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 50 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation. It is a faint star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.76 that is barely visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions. The star is located near the ecliptic and thus is subject to lunar occultations. Based upon an annual parallax shift of $0.97$ as seen from Earth orbit, it is located 266 light years away. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21 km/s.

This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G7.5 III that is most likely (87% chance) on the red giant branch. As such, it is estimated to be 620 million years old with 2.5 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 14 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 104 times the Sun's luminosity from its expanded photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,897 K.

title: 50 Aquarii


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19 Arietis

19 Arietis (abbreviated 19 Ari) is a star in the northern constellation of Aries. 19 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.70, which means it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 6.81 mas, it is approximately 480 ly away from Earth. At that distance, the brightness of the star is diminished by 0.21 in magnitude from extinction caused by interstellar gas and dust.

This is a red giant star with a stellar classification of M0 III. It is a semi-regular variable with periods of 32 and 275 days; the brightness of the star changes by an amplitude of 0.14 in magnitude during those intervals. 19 Arietis has expanded to 39 times the size of the Sun, its photosphere radiates 300 times the luminosity of the Sun. The effective temperature of the outer envelope is 3,838 K, giving it the cool reddish glow of an M-type star.

title: 19 Arietis


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15 Arietis

15 Arietis (abbreviated 15 Ari) is a single variable star in the northern constellation of Aries. 15 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation; it also bears the variable star designation AV Arietis. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.74, which is just bright enough to be visible to the naked eye from dark suburban skies. An annual parallax shift of 5.84 mas corresponds to a physical distance of approximately 560 ly from Earth. At that distance, the star's brightness is reduced by 0.33 in magnitude because of extinction from interstellar gas and dust.

This is a red giant star with a stellar classification of M3 III. The measured angular diameter of this star is 3.67 ± 0.11 mas. At the estimated distance of Delta Ophiuchi, this yields a physical size of about 67 times the radius of the Sun. The radius determined from the observed brightness and colour of the star is.

15 Arietis is a short period semiregular variable with the designation AV Arietis. The period given in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars is 5.032 days. Longterm photometry finds that the strongest pulsation period is 18.1 days with an amplitude of 0.028 magnitudes, while a second is 21.9 days and 0.030 in magnitude.

title: 15 Arietis


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31 Arietis

31 Arietis (abbreviated 31 Ari) is a binary star in the northern constellation of Aries. 31 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. The two members of this system orbit each other with a period of 3.80 years and an eccentricity of 0.017. Both components of the system are F-type main sequence stars with a stellar classification of F7 V. The pair have an apparent visual magnitude of 5.75, which is just bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 28.79 mas, the distance to this system is approximately 113 ly. The system is located near the ecliptic, so it is subject to occultation by the Moon. The dynamical mass of the system is.

title: 31 Arietis


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10 Arietis

10 Arietis is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. 10 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-white hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.63. Based upon parallax measurements, it is located around 159 light years away from the Sun. The system is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +12.9 km/s.

The pair orbit each other with a period of approximately 325 years and an eccentricity of 0.59. The semimajor axis of the orbit has an angular size of $1.39 arcsecond$. The magnitude 5.92 primary, designated component A, is an aging F-type subgiant star with a stellar classification of F8 IV. The secondary star, component B, is a magnitude 7.95 F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F9 V. There is a magnitude 13.5 visual companion, designated component C, at an angular separation of $95.3 arcsecond$ along a position angle of 150°, as of 2001.

title: 10 Arietis


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51 Aquarii

51 Aquarii is a binary star system located around 410 light years away from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 51 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-white hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.78. The system is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +6 km/s.

The dual nature of this system was discovered by S. W. Burnham in 1873 with a 6 inch Alvan Clark refractor. The pair orbit each other with a period of 145 years and a large eccentricity of 0.7. The magnitude 6.45 primary, designated component A, is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A0 V. It has a high rate of rotation with a projected rotational velocity of 91 km/s. The secondary component has a matching class of A0 with a visual magnitude of 6.63. It has an effective temperature of 10,238 K.

title: 51 Aquarii


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21 Arietis

21 Arietis (abbreviated 21 Ari) is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. 21 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude is 5.57; the brighter member is magnitude 6.40 while the fainter star is magnitude 6.48. The distance to this star system, based upon an annual parallax shift of 19.58 mas, is 167 ly. The pair orbit each other with a period of 23.70 years and an eccentricity of 0.68.

The system was initially thought to be a triple system in 1981, since the orbit of the system predicted a mass greater than would be expected from its F6V spectral type. This was later rejected because the distance to the system was overestimated. However, while observing the spectrum of the system, it was found that a giant planet may be causing radial velocity variations. The purported planet would have a mass of, an orbital period of 925 days and orbit the primary star.

title: 21 Arietis


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62 Arietis

62 Arietis is a single star in the northern constellation of Aries, a few degrees to the north of Tau Arietis. 62 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.52. Based upon an annual parallax shift of $1.1$, it is approximately 690 ly distant from the Earth.

This object is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of G5 III, most likely (96% chance) on the horizontal branch. Having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, the star has expanded to 35 times the Sun's radius. It is around 219 million years old with 3.7 times the mass of the Sun. The star is radiating 533 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,665 K.

Chinese name
In Chinese astronomy, 62 Arietis is called 天阿, Pinyin: Tiānhé, meaning Celestial River, because this star is marking itself and stand alone in Celestial River asterism, Hairy Head mansion (see : Chinese constellation). 天阿 (Tiānhé) is westernized into Teen Ho, but according to another opinion about this asterism, Teen Ho is asterism consisting four stars in Aries.

Another "Tiānhé" (Celestial River) in Tail mansion, is asterism consisting the stars in Ophiuchus

title: 62 Arietis


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35 Aquarii

35 Aquarii, also known by its Flamsteed designation, is a single star located approximately 2,200 light years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.80. This object is moving closer to Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −7 km/s, and is suspected to be a runaway star, potentially ejected from an open cluster due to a binary–binary interaction.

This star is a blue giant with a stellar classification of B2 III, indicating that it is a massive star that has evolved off the main sequence. With an age of around 22.5 million years, it has a relatively low projected rotational velocity of 10 km/s. The star has a mass of 10 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 1,622 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 17,400 K.

title: 35 Aquarii


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74 Aquarii

74 Aquarii (abbreviated 74 Aqr) is a triple star system in the constellation of Aquarius. 74 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation and it also bears the variable star designation HI Aquarii. The combined apparent visual magnitude is 5.8, although it is very slightly variable, and it is located at a distance of 590 ly from Earth.

Visual binary
74 Aquarii is a double star with the two components separated by about $9.479$. The two components are referred to as A and B or AB and C in different publications. The pair form a binary with a period of 9.5 years at a typical angular separation of $0.046$, but the orbit is highly eccentric. In 2010, this component was at an angular separation of 0.069 arcseconds along a position angle of 285.9°. This is equivalent to a projected separation of $0.862$.

Spectroscopic binary
The primary star of the visual pair is a double-lined spectroscopic binary, where the presence of both components is revealed from the Doppler shift of their spectral lines, meaning 74 Aquarii is a triple system. The spectroscopic binary was discovered and the orbit calculated by Richard J. Wolff of the University of Hawaii in 1974. A refined orbit was calculated in 2004 by Italian astronomers Giovanni Catanzaro and Paolo Leto in 2004. The orbital period is 3.4 days and the orbit is nearly circular.

Components
The three stars have a combined spectral type of B8 or B9 and all three are thought to be similar. It is unclear whether the stars are on the main sequence, subgiants, or giant stars. The two visual components are both chemically peculiar stars, the brighter of the two being a mercury-manganese star and the fainter an Ap/Bp star with an excess of mercury. 74 Aquarii is an a2 CVn variable star, with a total amplitude of just 0.01 magnitudes, and a period of 3.5892 days.

title: 74 Aquarii


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15 Aquarii

15 Aquarii, abbreviated 15 Aqr, is a single, blue-white star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 15 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is a dim star that is just visible to the naked eye under good viewing conditions, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.83. Based upon an annual parallax shift of $−0.130$, it is located around 710 light years away. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction of 0.18 due to interstellar dust. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −9 km/s. Relative to its neighbors, 15 Aqr has a peculiar velocity of $−9.0$ and may (62% chance) be a runaway star.

Hube (1970) found a stellar classification of B7 III for this star, which would suggest it is a B-type giant star. However, the Bright Star Catalogue (1964) listed it as a B-type main-sequence star with a class of B5 V, and multiple sources use this instead. The star is roughly 65 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 20 km/s. It has an estimated 5.7 times the mass of the Sun and about 3.4 times the Sun's radius. 15 Aquarii is radiating 822 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 14,318 K.

title: 15 Aquarii


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List of Australian plant species authored by Joseph Maiden

This is a list of Australian plant species authored by Joseph Maiden, including naturalised species:

 * Acacia abrupta Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia acellerata Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia adsurgens Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia alleniana Maiden
 * Acacia ancistrocarpa Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia angusta Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia armitii F.Muell. ex Maiden
 * Acacia attenuata Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia baeuerlenii Maiden & R.T.Baker
 * Acacia bakeri Maiden
 * Acacia bancroftiorum Maiden
 * Acacia basedowii Maiden
 * Acacia betchei Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia blakelyi Maiden
 * Acacia boormanii Maiden
 * Acacia burrowii Maiden
 * Acacia caesiella Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia calcarata Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia cana Maiden
 * Acacia carneorum Maiden
 * Acacia centrinervia Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia chalkeri Maiden
 * Acacia chrysella Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia chrysopoda Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia clunies-rossiae Maiden
 * Acacia confluens Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia coolgardiensis Maiden
 * Acacia curranii Maiden
 * Acacia curvinervia Maiden
 * Acacia deflexa Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia desertorum Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia difficilis Maiden
 * Acacia dorothea Maiden
 * Acacia dunnii (Maiden) Turrill
 * Acacia enervia Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia eriopoda Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia excentrica Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia fauntleroyi (Maiden) Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia ferocior Maiden
 * Acacia flocktoniae Maiden
 * Acacia forsythii Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia fragilis Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia froggattii Maiden
 * Acacia gardneri Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia gillii (Maiden) Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia glaucocarpa Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia glutinosissima Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia gracilifolia Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia granitica Maiden
 * Acacia grasbyi Maiden
 * Acacia hamiltoniana Maiden
 * Acacia hammondii Maiden
 * Acacia havilandiorum Maiden
 * Acacia helmsiana Maiden
 * Acacia hemsleyi Maiden
 * Acacia hilliana Maiden
 * Acacia inophloia Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia inops Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia jennerae Maiden
 * Acacia jensenii Maiden
 * Acacia jibberdingensis Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia jonesii F.Muell. & Maiden
 * Acacia jucunda Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia kettlewelliae Maiden
 * Acacia kingiana Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia kybeanensis Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia lentiginea Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia linearifolia Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia loderi Maiden
 * Acacia longiphyllodinea Maiden
 * Acacia mabellae Maiden
 * Acacia macnuttiana Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia malloclada Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia maxwellii Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia merrickiae Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia mollifolia Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia muelleriana Maiden & R.T.Baker
 * Acacia nigripilosa Maiden
 * Acacia obtecta Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia orbifolia Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia oshanesii F.Muell. & Maiden
 * Acacia pachyacra Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia pilligaensis Maiden
 * Acacia prainii Maiden
 * Acacia proxima Maiden
 * Acacia ptychoclada Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia pulviniformis Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia pustula Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia rendlei Maiden
 * Acacia rhodoxylon Maiden
 * Acacia ruppii Maiden & Betche
 * Acacia sedifolia Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia semicircinalis Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia semilunata Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia semirigida Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia sessilispica Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia shirleyi Maiden
 * Acacia sparsiflora Maiden
 * Acacia steedmanii Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia stowardii Maiden
 * Acacia subflexuosa Maiden
 * Acacia tenuior Maiden
 * Acacia tropica (Maiden & Blakely) Tindale
 * Acacia validinervia Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia viscifolia Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia websteri Maiden & Blakely
 * Acacia whitei Maiden
 * Actinotus forsythii Maiden & Betche
 * Alloxylon pinnatum (Maiden & Betche) P.H.Weston & Crisp
 * Almaleea cambagei (Maiden & Betche) Crisp & P.H.Weston
 * Archidendron muellerianum (Maiden & R.T.Baker) I.C.Nielsen
 * Atriplex kochiana Maiden
 * Baeckea denticulata Maiden & Betche
 * Blechnum norfolkianum (Heward) Maiden
 * Boronia deanei Maiden & Betche
 * Boronia glabra (Maiden & Betche) Cheel
 * Boronia granitica Maiden & Betche
 * Boronia repanda (F.Muell. ex Maiden & Betche) Maiden & Betche
 * Calotis inermis Maiden & Betche
 * Capparis arborea (F.Muell.) Maiden
 * Corymbia bloxsomei (Maiden) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson
 * Corymbia gilbertensis (Maiden & Blakely) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson
 * Corymbia haematoxylon (Maiden) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson
 * Cryptocarya erythroxylon Maiden & Betche ex Maiden
 * Cryptocarya gregsonii Maiden
 * Ctenopteris walleri (Maiden & Betche) S.B.Andrews
 * Dodonaea camfieldii Maiden & Betche
 * Dodonaea hirsuta (Maiden & Betche) Maiden & Betche
 * Endiandra globosa Maiden & Betche
 * Epacris hamiltonii Maiden & Betche
 * Eriachne glabrata (Maiden) W.Hartley
 * Eucalyptus acaciiformis H.Deane & Maiden
 * Eucalyptus agglomerata Maiden
 * Eucalyptus aggregata H.Deane & Maiden
 * Eucalyptus albida Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus andrewsii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus approximans Maiden
 * Eucalyptus archeri Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden
 * Eucalyptus bakeri Maiden
 * Eucalyptus bancroftii (Maiden) Maiden
 * Eucalyptus banksii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus baxteri (Benth.) Maiden & Blakely ex J.M.Black
 * Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage
 * Eucalyptus blakelyi Maiden
 * Eucalyptus blaxlandii Maiden & Cambage
 * Eucalyptus brownii Maiden & Cambage
 * Eucalyptus burracoppinensis Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus caleyi Maiden
 * Eucalyptus cambageana Maiden
 * Eucalyptus camfieldii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus canaliculata Maiden
 * Eucalyptus clelandii (Maiden) Maiden
 * Eucalyptus concinna Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus confluens Maiden
 * Eucalyptus conglobata (Benth.) Maiden
 * Eucalyptus conglomerata Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus conica H.Deane & Maiden
 * Eucalyptus consideniana Maiden
 * Eucalyptus crucis Maiden
 * Eucalyptus cylindriflora Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus dalrympleana Maiden
 * Eucalyptus deanei Maiden
 * Eucalyptus decorticans (Bailey) Maiden
 * Eucalyptus desmondensis Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus dongarraensis Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus dundasii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus dwyeri Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus ebbanoensis Maiden
 * Eucalyptus eremophila (Diels) Maiden
 * Eucalyptus ewartiana Maiden
 * Eucalyptus fastigata H.Deane & Maiden
 * Eucalyptus flocktoniae (Maiden) Maiden
 * Eucalyptus fraxinoides H.Deane & Maiden
 * Eucalyptus gardneri Maiden
 * Eucalyptus gilbertensis (Maiden & Blakely) S.T.Blake
 * Eucalyptus gillii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus glaucescens Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus grasbyi Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus griffithsii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus guilfoylei Maiden
 * Eucalyptus haematoxylon Maiden
 * Eucalyptus herbertiana Maiden
 * Eucalyptus houseana Maiden
 * Eucalyptus jacksonii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus jensenii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus johnstonii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus jutsonii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus kessellii Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus kingsmillii (Maiden) Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus kitsoniana Maiden
 * Eucalyptus kochii Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus kondininensis Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus kybeanensis Maiden & Cambage
 * Eucalyptus lane-poolei Maiden
 * Eucalyptus lesouefii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus lirata W.Fitzg. ex Maiden
 * Eucalyptus longicornis (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Maiden
 * Eucalyptus macarthurii H.Deane & Maiden
 * Eucalyptus major (Maiden) Blakely
 * Eucalyptus melanoxylon Maiden
 * Eucalyptus merrickiae Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus microcarpa (Maiden) Maiden
 * Eucalyptus microneura Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus mooreana W.Fitzg. ex Maiden
 * Eucalyptus moorei Maiden & Cambage
 * Eucalyptus neglecta Maiden
 * Eucalyptus nicholii Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus nitens (H.Deane & Maiden) Maiden
 * Eucalyptus normantonensis Maiden & Cambage
 * Eucalyptus notabilis Maiden
 * Eucalyptus nova-anglica H.Deane & Maiden
 * Eucalyptus orgadophila Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus ovularis Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus pachycalyx Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus pilligaensis Maiden
 * Eucalyptus pimpiniana Maiden
 * Eucalyptus platycorys Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus praecox Maiden
 * Eucalyptus propinqua H.Deane & Maiden
 * Eucalyptus pseudoglobulus Naudin ex Maiden
 * Eucalyptus quadrangulata H.Deane & Maiden
 * Eucalyptus rigidula Maiden
 * Eucalyptus rubida H.Deane & Maiden
 * Eucalyptus rudderi Maiden
 * Eucalyptus rummeryi Maiden
 * Eucalyptus sargentii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus scoparia Maiden
 * Eucalyptus scyphocalyx (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus seeana Maiden
 * Eucalyptus sessilis (Maiden) Blakely
 * Eucalyptus sheathiana Maiden
 * Eucalyptus shirleyi Maiden
 * Eucalyptus similis Maiden
 * Eucalyptus squamosa H.Deane & Maiden
 * Eucalyptus staeri (Maiden) Kessell & C.A.Gardner
 * Eucalyptus stowardii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus stricklandii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus subcrenulata Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus tenuipes (Maiden & Blakely) Blakely & C.T.White
 * Eucalyptus transcontinentalis Maiden
 * Eucalyptus triflora (Maiden) Blakely
 * Eucalyptus umbrawarrensis Maiden
 * Eucalyptus websteriana Maiden
 * Eucalyptus whitei Maiden & Blakely
 * Eucalyptus woodwardii Maiden
 * Eucalyptus yarraensis Maiden & Cambage
 * Eucalyptus yilgarnensis (Maiden) Brooker
 * Euryomyrtus denticulata (Maiden & Betche) Trudgen
 * Goodenia dimorpha Maiden & Betche
 * Goodenia glomerata Maiden & Betche
 * Goodenia havilandii Maiden & Betche
 * Hakea bakeriana F.Muell. & Maiden
 * Haloragodendron lucasii (Maiden & Betche) Orchard
 * Helichrysum boormanii Maiden & Betche
 * Hibbertia elata Maiden & Betche
 * Homoranthus darwinioides (Maiden & Betche) Cheel
 * Hymenophyllum walleri Maiden & Betche
 * Isolepis australiensis (Maiden & Betche) K.L.Wilson
 * Kunzea bracteolata Maiden & Betche
 * Kunzea cambagei Maiden & Betche
 * Lasiopetalum longistamineum Maiden & Betche
 * Leptochloa decipiens (R.Br.) Maiden
 * Leptospermum macrocarpum (Maiden & Betche) Joy Thomps.
 * Leptospermum rotundifolium (Maiden & Betche) F.Rodway ex Cheel
 * Leucopogon fletcheri Maiden & Betche
 * Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche
 * Melaleuca alternifolia Maiden & Betche ex Cheel
 * Micromyrtus hexamera (Maiden & Betche) Maiden & Betche
 * Olearia flocktoniae Maiden & Betche
 * Olearia microphylla (Vent.) Maiden & Betche
 * Ozothamnus tesselatus (Maiden & R.T.Baker) Anderb.
 * Pandorea baileyana (Maiden & R.T.Baker) Steenis
 * Parsonsia rotata Maiden & Betche
 * Phebalium nottii (F.Muell.) Maiden & Betche
 * Phebalium stenophyllum (Benth.) Maiden & Betche
 * Plantago hedleyi Maiden
 * Podolepis robusta (Maiden & Betche) J.H.Willis
 * Polycarpaea holtzei Maiden & Betche
 * Prasophyllum fitzgeraldii R.S.Rogers & Maiden
 * Prostanthera granitica Maiden & Betche
 * Prostanthera teretifolia Maiden & Betche
 * Pultenaea campbellii Maiden & Betche
 * Pultenaea luehmannii Maiden
 * Pultenaea vrolandii Maiden
 * Pultenaea williamsonii Maiden
 * Rapanea sp. Richmond River (J.H.Maiden & J.L.Boorman NSW 26751) NSW Herbarium
 * Rhodanthe microglossa (Maiden & Betche) Paul G.Wilson
 * Rulingia procumbens Maiden & Betche
 * Rulingia prostrata Maiden & Betche
 * Rupicola sprengelioides Maiden & Betche
 * Spartothamnella puberula (F.Muell.) Maiden & Betche
 * Swainsona bracteata (Maiden & Betche) Joy Thomps.
 * Themeda avenacea (F.Muell.) Maiden & Betche
 * Uranthoecium truncatum (Maiden & Betche) Stapf
 * Westringia cheelii Maiden & Betche
 * Zieria robusta Maiden & Betche


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Symptoms of True Love

"Symptoms of True Love" is a 1988 song by American singer–songwriter Tracie Spencer. This song is the second single released from Spencer's self-titled debut album. The single was released on February 17, 1988. The song was written by German composer team Irmgard Klarmann and Felix Weber.

Background
Unlike her first single from the album (the ballad "Hide and Seek"), this song is an uptempo club/dance track. The theme of the song focuses on Spencer discovering that she is suffering from "symptoms of true love" and lists the causes.

Chart information
"Symptoms of True Love" was Spencer's first single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching number 38. On the Hot Black Singles chart, it peaked at a respectable number 11.

Music video
The music video for "Symptoms of True Love" is rather simple and it was made in March 1988, and it shows Spencer and a group of friends dancing and grooving along to the song. The video's set features comic book-style art in the vein of Roy Lichtenstein.

title: Symptoms of True Love


text:
Talk:Metal mining

This article was on mining Manganese nodules from the deep ocean so I copied it into Manganese nodule#mining and redirected there. We may want this to become a general purpose article on the mining of metals. RJFJR 03:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metal mining


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Hair transplantation

Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that removes hair follicles from one part of the body, called the 'donor site', to a bald or balding part of the body known as the 'recipient site'. The technique is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness. In this minimally invasive procedure, grafts containing hair follicles that are genetically resistant to balding (like the back of the head) are transplanted to the bald scalp.

Hair transplantation can also be used to restore eyelashes, eyebrows, beard hair, chest hair, pubic hair and to fill in scars caused by accidents or surgery such as face-lifts and previous hair transplants. Hair transplantation differs from skin grafting in that grafts contain almost all of the epidermis and dermis surrounding the hair follicle, and many tiny grafts are transplanted rather than a single strip of skin.

Since hair naturally grows in groupings of 1 to 4 hairs, current techniques harvest and transplant hair "follicular units" in their natural groupings. Thus modern hair transplantation can achieve a natural appearance by mimicking original hair orientation. This hair transplant procedure is called follicular unit transplantation (FUT). Donor hair can be harvested in two different ways: strip harvesting, and follicular unit extraction (FUE).

Pre-operative assessment and planning
At an initial consultation, the surgeon analyzes the patient's scalp, discusses their preferences and expectations, and advises them on the best approach (e.g. single vs. multiple sessions) and what results might reasonably be expected. Laxometers are used to measure the looseness (or more specifically, laxity) of the scalp. Pre-operative folliscopy will help to know the actual existing density of hair, so that postoperative results of newly transplanted hair grafts can be accurately assessed. Some patients may benefit with preoperative topical minoxidil application and vitamins.

For several days prior to surgery the patient refrains from using any medicines which might result in intraoperative bleeding and resultant poor grafting. Alcohol and smoking can contribute to poor graft survival. Post operative antibiotics are commonly prescribed to prevent wound or graft infections.

Harvesting methods
Transplant operations are performed on an outpatient basis, with mild sedation (optional) and injected local anesthesia. The scalp is shampooed and then treated with an antibacterial agent prior to the donor scalp being harvested.

There are several different techniques for harvesting hair follicles, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Regardless of the harvesting technique, proper extraction of the hair follicle is paramount to ensure the viability of the transplanted hair and avoid transection, the cutting of the hair shaft from the hair follicle. Hair follicles grow at a slight angle to the skin's surface, so transplanted tissue must be removed at a corresponding angle.

There are two main ways in which donor grafts are extracted today: strip excision harvesting, and follicular unit extraction.

Strip harvesting (FUT)
Strip harvesting (also known as follicular unit transplantation or FUT) is the most common technique for removing hair and follicles from a donor site. The surgeon harvests a strip of skin from the posterior scalp, in an area of good hair growth. A single-, double-, or triple-bladed scalpel is used to remove strips of hair-bearing tissue from the donor site. Each incision is planned so that intact hair follicles are removed. The excised strip is about 1–1.5 x 15–30 cm in size. While closing the resulting wound, assistants begin to dissect individual follicular unit grafts, which are small, naturally formed groupings of hair follicles, from the strip. Working with binocular Stereo-microscopes, they carefully remove excess fibrous and fatty tissue while trying to avoid damage to the follicular cells that will be used for grafting. The latest method of closure is called 'Trichophytic closure' which results in much finer scars at the donor area.

The surgeon then uses very small micro blades or fine needles to puncture the sites for receiving the grafts, placing them in a predetermined density and pattern, and angling the wounds in a consistent fashion to promote a realistic hair pattern. The technicians generally do the final part of the procedure, inserting the individual grafts in place.

Strip harvesting will leave a thin linear scar in the donor area, which is typically covered by a patient's hair even at relatively short lengths. The recovery period is around 2 weeks and will require the stitches/staples to be removed by medical personnel or sub cuticular suturing can be done.

Follicular unit extraction (FUE)
With Follicular Unit Extraction or FUE harvesting, individual follicular units containing 1 to 4 hairs are removed under local anesthesia; this micro removal typically uses tiny punches of between 0.6mm and 1.0mm in diameter. The surgeon then uses very small micro blades or fine needles to puncture the sites for receiving the grafts, placing them in a predetermined density and pattern, and angling the wounds in a consistent fashion to promote a realistic hair pattern. The technicians generally do the final part of the procedure, inserting the individual grafts in place.

FUE takes place in a single long session or multiple small sessions. The FUE procedure is more time-consuming than strip surgery. An FUE surgery time varies according to the surgeons experience, speed in harvesting and patient characteristics. The procedure can take anywhere from a couple hours to extract 200 grafts for a scar correction to a surgery over two consecutive days for a megasession of 2,500 to 3,000 grafts. With the FUE Hair Transplant procedure there are restrictions on patient candidacy. Clients are selected for FUE based on a fox test, though there is some debate about the usefulness of this in screening clients for FUE.

FUE can give very natural results. The advantage over strip harvesting is that FUE harvesting negates the need for large areas of scalp tissue to be harvested, so there is no linear incision on the back of the head and it doesn't leave a linear scar. Because individual follicles are removed, only small, punctate scars remain which are virtually not visible and any post-surgical pain and discomfort is minimized. As no suture removal is required, recovery from Micro Grafting FUE is less than 7 days.

Disadvantages include increased surgical times and higher cost to the patient. It is challenging for new surgeons because the procedure is physically demanding and the learning curve to acquire the skills necessary is lengthy and tough. Some surgeons note that FUE can lead to a lower ratio of successfully transplanted follicles as compared to strip harvesting.

Robotic hair restoration
Robotic hair restoration devices utilize cameras and robotic arms to assist the surgeon with the FUE procedure. In 2009, NeoGraft became the first robotic surgical device FDA approved for hair restoration. The ARTAS System was FDA approved in 2011 for use in harvesting follicular units from brown-haired and black-haired men.

Applications
There are a number of applications for hair transplant surgery, including:
 * Androgenetic alopecia
 * Eyebrow transplant
 * Frontal hair line lowering or reconstruction (naturally high hairlines without an existing hair loss condition)

If donor hair numbers from the back of the head are insufficient, it is possible to perform body hair transplantation (BHT) on appropriate candidates who have available donor hair on the chest, back, shoulders, torso and/or legs. Body hair transplant surgery can only be performed by the FUE harvesting method and, so, requires the skills of an experienced FUE surgeon. However, there are several factors for a potential BHT candidate to consider prior to surgery. These include understanding the natural difference in textural characteristics between body hair and scalp hair, growth rates, and having realistic expectations about the results of BHT surgery.

Cost
The cost of hair transplantation depends on the individual hair loss and consequently on the number of necessary grafts. The average price per graft ranges between US$1.07 in Turkey up to US$7.00 in Canada. Some clinics also offer all-inclusive packages. In the UK the cost can be between £4000–£8000 depending on location and area of implant.

Side effects
Hair thinning, known as "shock loss", is a common side effect that is usually temporary. Bald patches are also common, as fifty to a hundred hairs can be lost each day.

History
The use of both scalp flaps, in which a band of tissue with its original blood supply is shifted to the continue bald area, and free grafts dates back to the 19th century. In 1897, Menahem Hodara successfully implanted hair taken from the unaffected areas of the scalp on to the scars that were left bald by favus. Modern transplant techniques began in Japan in the 1930s, where surgeons used small grafts, and even "follicular unit grafts" to replace damaged areas of eyebrows or lashes, but not to treat baldness. Their efforts did not receive worldwide attention at the time, and the traumas of World War II kept their advances isolated for another two decades.

The modern era of hair transplantation in the western world was ushered in the late 1950s, when New York dermatologist Norman Orentreich began to experiment with free donor grafts to balding areas in patients with male pattern baldness. Previously it had been thought that transplanted hair would thrive no more than the original hair at the "recipient" site. Orentreich demonstrated that such grafts were "donor dominant," as the new hairs grew and lasted just as they would have at their original home.

Advancing the theory of donor dominance, Walter P. Unger, M.D. defined the parameters of the "Safe Donor Zone" from which the most permanent hair follicles could be extracted for hair transplantation. As transplanted hair will only grow in its new site for as long as it would have in its original one, these parameters continue to serve as the fundamental foundation for hair follicle harvesting, whether by strip method or FUE.

For the next twenty years, surgeons worked on transplanting smaller grafts, but results were only minimally successful, with 2–4 mm "plugs" leading to a doll's head-like appearance. In the 1980s, strip excisions began to replace the plug technique, and Carlos Uebel in Brazil popularized using large numbers of small grafts, while in the United States William Rassman began using thousands of "micrografts" in a single session.

In the late 1980s, B.L. Limmer introduced the use of the stereo-microscope to dissect a single donor strip into small micrografts.

The follicular unit hair transplant procedure has continued to evolve, becoming more refined and minimally invasive as the size of the graft incisions have become smaller. These smaller and less invasive incisions enable surgeons to place a larger number of follicular unit grafts into a given area. With the new "gold standard" of ultra refined follicular unit hair transplantation, over 50 grafts can be placed per square centimeter, when appropriate for the patient.

Surgeons have also devoted more attention to the angle and orientation of the transplanted grafts. The adoption of the "lateral slit" technique in the early 2000s enabled hair transplant surgeons to orient 2 to 4 hair follicular unit grafts so that they splay out across the scalp's surface. This enabled the transplanted hair to lie better on the scalp and provide better coverage to the bald areas. One disadvantage however, is that lateral incisions also tend to disrupt the scalp's vascularity more than sagittals. Thus sagittal incisions transect less hairs and blood vessels assuming the cutting instruments are of the same size.

One of the advantages of sagittals is that they do a much better job of sliding in and around existing hairs to avoid follicle transection. This makes a strong case for physicians who do not require shaving of the recipient area. The lateral incisions bisect existing hairs perpendicular (horizontal) like a T while sagittal incisions run parallel (vertical) alongside and in between existing hairs. The use of perpendicular (lateral/coronal) slits versus parallel (sagittal) slits, however, has been heavily debated in patient-based hair transplant communities. Many elite hair transplant surgeons typically adopt a combination of both methods based on what is best for the individual patient.

Research and future techniques
Stem cells and dermal papilla cells have been discovered in hair follicles. Research on these follicular cells may lead to successes in treating baldness through hair multiplication (HM), also known as hair cloning.

title: Hair transplantation


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Post-Suharto era in Indonesia

The Post-Suharto era (Era pasca-Suharto) is the contemporary history in Indonesia, which began with the resignation of authoritarian president Suharto on 21 May 1998. Since his resignation, the country has been in a period of transition known as the Reform era (Era Reformasi). This period has been characterised by a more open political-social environment and grassroots economic improvement.

Issues over this period have included a push for a stronger democracy and civilian rule, elements of the military trying to retain their influence, a growing Islamism in politics and society, and demands for greater regional autonomy. The process of reformasi has resulted in a higher degree of freedom of speech, in contrast to the pervasive censorship under the New Order. This has led to a more open political debate in the news media and increased expression in the arts. Events that have shaped Indonesia in this period include the independence of East Timor, a bombing campaign by Islamic terrorists (including the 2002 Bali bombings), the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, religious and political tensions from 2016 to 2019, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Fall of Suharto (1998)
The Reformasi of 1998 led to changes in Indonesia's various governmental institutions, including the structures of the judiciary, legislature, and executive office. Generally, the fall of Suharto in 1998 is traced from events starting in 1996, when forces opposed to the New Order began to rally around Megawati Sukarnoputri, head of the PDI and daughter of the founding president Sukarno. When Suharto attempted to have Megawati removed as head of this party in a back-room deal, student activists loyal to Megawati occupied the headquarters of PDI in Jakarta. This culminated in Black Saturday on 27 July, when the military broke up the demonstrations.

These actions, along with increasing concerns over human rights violations in Indonesian-occupied East Timor, began to unsettle Suharto's usually friendly relations with Western countries such as Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These further worsened when the 1997 Asian financial crisis hit Indonesia, highlighting the corruption of the New Order.

In West Kalimantan, there was communal violence between Dayaks and Madurese in 1996, in the Sambas riots in 1999 and the Sampit conflict 2001, resulting in large scale massacres of Madurese. In the Sambas conflict, both Malays and Dayaks massacred Madurese.

Growing dissatisfaction with Suharto's authoritarian rule and the rapid erosion of the economy led many, chiefly the younger generation, to renew their protests directly against the New Order. During the period 1997–1998 (mainly at 13–15 May 1998), a massive riot broke out in Indonesia. People were burning everything within the city, including cars, motorcycles, buildings, and monuments in addition to pillaging and looting from stores.

Presidency of Habibie (1998–1999)
After Suharto's resignation, Vice-president B. J. Habibie was sworn in as president and undertook numerous political reforms.

In February 1999, the Habibie administration passed the Political Parties Law, under which political parties would not be limited to just three as had been the case under Suharto. Political parties were also not required to have Pancasila as their ideology. This resulted in the emergence of many political parties, and 48 would go on to compete in the 1999 legislative election.

In May 1999, the Habibie administration passed the Regional Autonomy Law, which was the first step in decentralising Indonesia's government and allowing provinces to have more part in governing their areas. The press became liberated under Habibie, although the Ministry of Information continued to exist. Political prisoners such as Sri Bintang Pamungkas, Muchtar Pakpahan, and Xanana Gusmão were also released under Habibie's orders.

Habibie also presided over the 1999 legislative elections, the first free election since 1955. It was supervised by the independent General Elections Commission (KPU) instead of an elections commission filled with government ministers as had been the case during the New Order. In a move that surprised many, and angered some, Habibie called for a referendum on the future of East Timor. Subsequently, on 30 August, the inhabitants of East Timor voted for independence. This territorial loss harmed Habibie's popularity and political alliances.

Presidency of Wahid (1999–2001)
In 1999, Abdurrahman Wahid became President of Indonesia. His first cabinet, dubbed the National Unity Cabinet (Kabinet Persatuan Nasional), was a coalition cabinet that represented several political parties: the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), National Awakening Party (PKB), Golkar, the United Development Party (PPP), National Mandate Party (PAN), and Justice Party (PK). Non-partisans and the military (TNI) were also represented in the cabinet. Among Wahid's administrative reforms were the abolition of the Ministry of Information, the New Order's primary weapon in controlling the media, and the disbandment of the Ministry of Welfare, which had become corrupt and extortionist under the New Order.

Autonomy and tolerance toward dissent
Wahid intended to give rebellious Aceh province a referendum on various modes of autonomy, rather than an option for independence like in East Timor. Wahid also wanted to adopt a softer stance towards Aceh by having less military personnel on the ground. In March, the Wahid administration began to open negotiations with the Free Aceh Movement (GAM). Two months later in May, the government signed a memorandum of understanding with GAM to last until the beginning of 2001, by which time both signatories would have breached the agreement.

On 30 December 1999, Wahid visited Jayapura, the capital of Papua province (then known as "Irian Jaya"). Wahid was successful in convincing West Papuan leaders that he was a force for change and even encouraged the use of the name Papua.

In September 2000, Wahid declared martial law in Maluku. By now, it was evident that Laskar Jihad, a radical Islamic militia, were being assisted by members of the military and it was apparent that they were financed by Fuad Bawazier, the last Minister of Finance to have served under Suharto. During the same month, West Papuans raised their Morning Star flag. Wahid's response was to allow this provided that the Morning Star flag was placed lower than the Indonesian flag, for which he was severely criticised by Megawati and Akbar. On 24 December 2000, a series of bombings were directed against churches in Jakarta and eight cities across Indonesia.

In March of that year, Wahid suggested that the 1966 Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) resolution on the banning of Marxism–Leninism be lifted.

Relations with the military
When he ascended to the presidency, one of Wahid's goals was to reform the military and to remove its dominant socio-political role. In this venture, Wahid found an ally in Agus Wirahadikusumah, whom he made Commander of Kostrad in March. In July, Agus began uncovering a scandal involving Dharma Putra, a foundation with affiliations to Kostrad. Through Megawati, military members began pressuring Wahid to remove Agus. Wahid gave in to the pressure but then planned to have Agus appointed as the Army Chief of Staff to which top military leaders responded by threatening to retire and Wahid once again bowed down to pressure.

Wahid's relations with the military deteriorated even further when in the same month it was revealed that Laskar Jihad had arrived in Maluku and was being armed with what turned out to be military weapons, despite Wahid's orders to the military to block their entry into the region. The militia had planned earlier in the year to go to the archipelago and assist the Muslims there in their communal conflict with the Christians.

In 2000, Wahid was embroiled in two scandals that would damage his presidency. In May, the State Logistics Agency (Bulog) reported that US$4 million was missing from its pension fund. The missing cash had been embezzled by Wahid's own masseur, who claimed Wahid sent him to Bulog to collect the cash. Although the money was returned, Wahid's opponents took the chance of accusing him of being involved in the scandal and of being aware of what his masseur was up to. At the same time, Wahid was also accused of keeping a US$2 million donation made by the Sultan of Brunei to provide assistance in Aceh.

Impeachment
By the end of 2000, many within the political elite were disillusioned with Wahid. The most prominent was Amien Rais who regretted having supported Wahid for the presidency the previous year. Amien attempted to rally opposition by encouraging Megawati and Akbar to flex their political muscles. Megawati surprisingly defended Wahid while Akbar preferred to wait for the 2004 legislative elections. At the end of November, 151 People's Representative Council (DPR) members signed a petition calling for the impeachment of Wahid.

In January 2001, Wahid announced that Chinese New Year was to become an optional holiday. Wahid followed this up in February by lifting the ban on the display of Chinese characters and the importing of Chinese publications. In February, Wahid visited Northern Africa as well as Saudi Arabia to undertake the hajj pilgrimage. Wahid made his last overseas visit in June 2001 when he visited Australia.

In a meeting with university rectors on 27 January 2001, Wahid commented on the possibility of Indonesia descending into anarchy. Wahid suggested that he may be forced to dissolve the DPR if that happened. Although the meeting was off-the-record, it caused quite a stir and added to the fuel of the movement against him. On 1 February, the DPR met to issue a memorandum against Wahid. Two memorandums constitute an MPR Special Session where the impeachment and removal of a president would be legal. The vote was overwhelmingly for the memorandum, and PKB members could only walk out in protest. The memorandum caused widespread protests by NU members. In East Java, NU members attacked Golkar's regional offices. In Jakarta, Wahid's opposition began accusing him of encouraging the protests. Wahid denied it and went to talk to the protesters at the town of Pasuruan, encouraging them to get off the streets. Nevertheless, NU protesters continued to show their support for Wahid and in April, announced that they were ready to defend and die for the president.

In March, Wahid tried to counter the opposition by moving against dissidents within his own cabinet. Minister of Justice Yusril Ihza Mahendra was removed for making public his demands for the president's resignation while the Minister of Forestry Nur Mahmudi Ismail was also removed under the suspicion of channelling his department's funds to Wahid's opposition. In response to this, Megawati began to distance herself and did not show up for the inauguration of the Ministers' replacement. On 30 April, the DPR issued a second memorandum and on the next day called for an MPR Special Session to be held on 1 August.

By July, Wahid grew desperate and ordered Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), the Coordinating Minister for Politics and Security to declare a state of emergency. SBY refused, and Wahid removed him from his position. Finally, on 20 July, Amien declared that the MPR Special Session would be brought forward to 23 July. The TNI, having had a bad relationship with Wahid through his tenure as president, stationed 40,000 troops in Jakarta and placed tanks with their turrets pointing at the Presidential Palace in a show of force. To prevent the MPR Special Session from taking place, Wahid then enacted a Decree disbanding the MPR on 23 July despite having no power to do so. In defiance against Wahid's decree, the MPR proceeded with the Special Session and then unanimously voted to impeach Wahid, and to replace him with Megawati as president. Wahid continued to insist that he was the president and stayed for some days in the Presidential Palace but bowed down and left the residence on 25 July to immediately fly to the United States for health treatment.

Presidency of Megawati (2001–2004)
Under Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of Indonesia's first president Sukarno, the process of democratic reform begun under Habibie and Wahid continued, albeit slowly and erratically. Megawati appeared to see her role mainly as a symbol of national unity, and she rarely actively intervened in government business. Under her tenure, the Mutual Assistance Cabinet (Kabinet Gotong Royong) helped govern the country. It included Megawati's successor, the retired General SBY. The military, disgraced at the time of Suharto's fall, regained much of its influence. Corruption continued to be pervasive though Megawati herself was seldom blamed for this, and also commence military operations against the GAM separatist.

Although the economy had stabilised and partly recovered from the 1997 crisis by 2004, unemployment and poverty remained high. The Indonesian Constitution was amended to provide for the direct election of the president, and Megawati stood for a second term. She consistently trailed in the opinion polls, due in part to the preference for male candidates among Muslim voters, and due to what was widely seen as a mediocre performance in office. Despite a somewhat better than expected performance in the first round of the elections, she was defeated by SBY in the second round.

Presidency of Yudhoyono (2004–2014)
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was inaugurated as president on 20 October 2004. The next day, he announced his new cabinet, which would be known as the United Indonesia Cabinet (Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu). Consisting of 36 ministers, it included members of the Democratic Party, Golkar and the PPP, PBB, PKB, PAN, PKP, and PKS. Professionals were also named in the cabinet, most of them taking on ministries in the economic field. The military were also included, with five former members appointed to the cabinet. As Yudhoyono's promised during the election, four of the cabinet appointees were female.

Economy
In late 2007, Yudhoyono led Indonesia into a free trade agreement with Japan. In 2005, economic growth was 5.6% which decreased to 5.4% in 2006 Inflation reached 17.11% in 2005 but decreased to 6.6% in 2006.

Yudhoyono also allocated more funds to decrease poverty. In 2004, 11 trillion rupiah was set aside, increasing to 23 in 2005 and 42 in 2006. For 2007, 51 trillion was allocated. In March and October 2005, SBY made the unpopular decision to cut fuel subsidies, leading to increases in fuel prices of 29% and 125% respectively. The poor were somewhat compensated by the Direct Cash Assistance (BLT), but the cutting of subsidies damaged SBY's popularity. In May 2008, rising oil prices contributed to SBY's decision to cut fuel subsidies once more, which were the subject of protests in May and June 2008.

To alleviate the effects of rising prices on poor people, Yudhoyono introduced cash transfers, known in Indonesia as Bantuan Langsung Tunai (BLT, Direct Cash Assistance), from October 2005 to December 2006 with a target of 19.2 million poor families. BLT was given again in 2008. The BLT concept was the idea of vice president Jusuf Kalla. In 2013, BLT was renamed Bantuan Langsung Sementara Masyarakat (BLSM, Temporary Community Direct Assistance). The BLT program has been criticized as a unsustainable tool to make Yudhoyono more popular during election years.

Disasters
Two months after SBY assumed office, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami struck Aceh and other countries along the Indian Ocean coastline. Three months later, an aftershock of the earthquake triggered a tsunami in Nias Island. In 2006, Mount Merapi erupted and was followed by an earthquake in Yogyakarta. In October 2010, Mount Merapi erupted, killing 353 people, while an earthquake and tsunami struck the Mentawai Islands. Indonesia also suffered a small outbreak of bird flu and endured the Sidoarjo mud flow. In 2007, severe floods struck Jakarta. SBY allowed Jakarta governor Sutiyoso to open the Manggarai watergate with the risk of flooding the Presidential Palace.

Terror attacks
On 1 October 2005, suicide bombings occurred on the island of Bali. The attacks bore the hallmarks of the militant Islamic group Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)—a group linked to Al-Qaeda—though police investigation was underway. The group was also responsible for the 2002 Bali bombings. SBY condemned the attack, promising to "hunt down the perpetrators and bring them to justice.".

2009 presidential election
In 2009, Yudhoyono was elected for a second term along with Boediono, the former Governor of Bank Indonesia. They defeated two candidates: Megawati Soekarnoputri – Prabowo Subianto and incumbent vice-president, Jusuf Kalla – Wiranto. The Yudhoyono-Boediono ticket won the election with more than 60% votes of nationwide in the first round. Yudhoyono's Second United Indonesia Cabinet was announced in October 2009 after he was re-elected as president earlier in the year.

2014 presidential election
In 2014, constitutionally barred from running for a third term, SBY was succeeded by Joko Widodo (popularly known as Jokowi) with Kalla returning as vice president, defeating Prabowo and Hatta Rajasa. Jokowi is the first president without a high-ranking military or political background. During his 2014 election campaign, Jokowi promised to improve economic GDP growth to 7% and to end the bagi-bagi kursi (giving government positions to political allies) policy, although these promises are yet to be fulfilled. The Indonesian rupiah hit its lowest level record in 20 years during his administration.

First term
A controversial remark by his former deputy governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok) led to divisions in the country's Muslim population amid a gubernatorial election. Protests were held in response to Ahok's remark by Islamist groups in November and December 2016 in Jakarta. The Jokowi administration responded by banning the Indonesian chapter of Hizb ut-Tahrir.

There have been concerns of declining freedom of expression during this period, evidenced by the arrest, detainment, and imprisonment of many people for their social media activity being interpreted as an insult to the president and the government.

Several disasters, such as earthquakes (In Palu, Lombok, and Banten) and a haze due to deforestation in Borneo and Sumatra occurred during this period. ISIL-linked bombings have also occurred in Jakarta and Surabaya.

Central Statistics Agency reported in March 2018 that the poverty rate in Indonesia was 9.82 percent, down from March 2017 which was 10.64 percent. This was the first time that poverty levels in Indonesia had been reduced to below two digits. Previously, the poverty rate was always above 10 percent, even reaching 23.4 percent in 1999 after the 1997-1998 crisis.

2019 general election
On 17 April 2019, Indonesia held a general election. For the first time, eligible voters chose the president, the vice president, members of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), and members of local legislative bodies simultaneously. The election was described as "one of the most complicated single-day ballots in global history". Jokowi and his vice presidential candidate Ma'ruf Amin won the election against Prabowo and his running mate Sandiaga Uno. It was followed by protests and riots in May rejecting the re-election during which at least 8 protesters were killed. On 16 August 2019, forty-three Papuan students in Surabaya, East Java were arrested by police following reports that an Indonesian flag was damaged outside the building where they lived, leading to protests in Papua and other parts of Indonesia. A series of mass demonstrations led by students took place in major cities of Indonesia in September 2019 to protest against new legislation that reduces the authority of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), as well as several bills. The protests subsequently developed into the largest student movement in Indonesia since the 1998 demonstrations that brought down the Suharto regime. On 26 August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced that the country's new capital city will be located in East Kalimantan on Borneo island. The new capital will replace Jakarta and will be built in parts of Penajam North Paser Regency and Kutai Kartanegara Regency.

COVID-19 pandemic
An ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first confirmed to have spread to Indonesia on 2 March 2020. As of 5 November 2020, the coronavirus has killed more than 14,000 people in Indonesia. In late 2020, the pandemic has caused the economy to fall into a recession for the first time in 22 years. In October 2020, protests erupted throughout Indonesia after the DPR passed the controversial Omnibus Law on Job Creation.

2024 general election
In March 2024, Prabowo Subianto won the presidential election, meaning he will become Indonesia’s next president with his running mate Gibran Rakabuming Raka, son of outgoing President Joko Widodo, as new vice president.

title: Post-Suharto era in Indonesia


text:
55 Arietis

55 Arietis is a single star in the northern zodiac constellation of Aries. 55 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.72. Based upon an annual parallax shift of $0.115$, it is approximately 910 ly distant from Earth, give or take a 30 light-year margin of error. Eggen (1995) listed it as a proper motion candidate for membership in the IC 2391 supercluster. It may be a runaway star, having a peculiar velocity of $−2.0$ relative to its neighbors.

The spectrum of this star matches a B-type giant with a stellar classification of B8 III. It has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 196 km/s. The star has 4.1 times the mass of the Sun but 9.5 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 326 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,961 K.

title: 55 Arietis


text:
Sanjak of Alexandretta

The Sanjak of Alexandretta (لواء الإسكندرونة; İskenderun Sancağı; Sandjak d'Alexandrette) was a sanjak of the Mandate of Syria composed of two qadaas of the former Aleppo Vilayet (Alexandretta and Antioch, now İskenderun and Antakya). It became autonomous under Article 7 of the 1921 Treaty of Ankara: "A special administrative regime shall be established for the district of Alexandretta. The Turkish inhabitants of this district shall enjoy facility for their cultural development. The Turkish language shall have official recognition".

In 1923, Alexandretta was attached to the State of Aleppo, and in 1925, it was attached to the combined State of Syria, with a sort of federal administrative status termed régime spécial.

The 1936 elections in the sanjak returned two MPs favoring the independence of Syria from France, and this prompted communal riots as well as passionate articles in the Turkish and Syrian press. The sanjak was given autonomy in November 1937 in an arrangement brokered by the League. Under its new statute, the sanjak became 'distinct but not separated' from the French Mandate of Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defence matters.

Population
The province had an ethnic plurality of Turks and Arabs, also including various minorities.

Despite the plurality, Turks were overrepresented in the assembly of the province, constituting more than half of it. The minorities took their oaths in Turkish when they were appointed as a deputy.

1938 voter registration and elections
The allocation of seats in the sanjak assembly was based on the 1938 census held by the French authorities under international supervision: out of 40 seats, 22 were given to the Turks, nine for Alawi, five for Armenians, two for Sunni Arabs, and two for Antiochian Greeks. Based on 29 May 1937 agreement and the 3 July 1938 signings France and Turkiye will co-defence Hatay with 2500 troops for each. According to this agreement, the Turkish military has sent intervention forces from Payas and Hassa. On July 5, Turkish forces entered İskenderun.

According to the official registration numbers by July 22, 1938, 57,008 voters in the Sanjak were registered, belonging to the following ethnic groups.
 * Turks: 35,847
 * Alawites: 11,319
 * Armenians: 5,504
 * Greek Orthodox: 2,098
 * Arabs (Sunni Muslim): 1,845
 * Others: 359

40 seats of the sanjak assembly per qadaa were distributed as follows:
 * Antakya: 14 Turks, 7 Alawis, 2 Armenians, 2 Sunni Arabs, 1 Greek Orthodox
 * İskenderun: 3 Turks, 2 Alawis, 1 Armenian, 1 Greek Orthodox
 * Kırıkhan: 5 Turks, 2 Armenians
 * Total: 22 Turks, 9 Alawis, 5 Armenians, 2 Sunni Arabs, 2 Greek Orthodox

Despite the voter registration, no elections were held and an approved by Hatay assembly was commissioned by Turkish and French authorities. Tayfur Sökmen who was appointed by Atatürk to lead the transition arrived in Antakya from Dörtyol on August 25, 1938.

Hatay State

On September 2, 1938, the assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Hatay State. The State lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. The name Hatay itself was proposed by Atatürk and the government was under Turkish control. The president Tayfur Sökmen was a member of Turkish parliament elected in 1935 (representing Antalya Province) and the prime minister Dr. Abdurrahman Melek, was also elected to the Turkish parliament (representing Gaziantep Province) in 1939 while still holding the prime-ministerial post. On 29 June 1939, following a referendum, the Hatay legislature voted to disestablish the Hatay State and join Turkey. The Hatay State became the Hatay Province of Turkey in 1939.

title: Sanjak of Alexandretta


text:
Talk:Manganese nodule

There was an article on the mining of deep ocean manganese nodules at Metal mining, I merged and redirected it into this article. The mining section needs to become a little stronger integrated but actually isn't bad. RJFJR 03:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

There is a reference to the effect that the nodules were first discovered in 1803, not 1868: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Earthscience/Oceanography/OceanSediments/Manganesenodules/Manganesenodules.htm

Is this source credible? If so I'd like to update the page to reflect this.

OliverHeaviside (talk) 21:33, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

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Proposed merge
Ferromanganese nodules appears to be a synonym for polymetallic or manganese nodules. Multiple reliable sources support this, eg.. Hence I propose to merge Ferromanganese nodules into this article. Lithopsian (talk) 17:04, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * agreed. Support merging as ferromanganese nodules seems to be a class of manganese nodules with a certain mineral or trace metal composition. RFZYN SPY  talk 06:19, 30 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Ehrbar (talk) 16:50, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support merge. If that's something IP editors can do. 192.77.12.11 (talk) 08:23, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 18:16, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manganese nodule


text:
4 Arietis

4 Arietis is a single star in the northern constellation of Aries, the ram. 4 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.86. The star has an annual parallax shift of $5.7$, which is equivalent to a distance of 285 ly from the Sun. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +6 km/s.

This is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B9.5 V. It is 257 million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 33 km/s. The star has more than double the mass of the Sun and around 2.2 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 40 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,913 K.

title: 4 Arietis


text:
User talk:Loch Ness Monster

Welcome
Hello Loch Ness Monster, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Though we all make goofy mistakes, here is what Wikipedia is not. By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. Don't forget to use the Show preview button before you save. Again, welcome! – ABCD✉ 03:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Loch Ness Monster


text:
40 Arietis

40 Arietis is a probable binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. 40 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. Their combined apparent magnitude is 5.82, putting the system near the limit of naked eye visibility. Based upon an annual parallax shift of just $1.6$, it is 445 ly away from the Sun. At that distance, its brightness is diminished by 0.21 in magnitude from extinction caused by interstellar gas and dust.

This is a suspected spectroscopic binary with an angular separation of $19.74$ between the two components. The visible component is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K1 III. It is a suspected variable star of unknown type, and is around 2.6 billion years old with 1.6 times the mass of the Sun. With the supply of hydrogen at its core exhausted, the star has expanded to 20 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 128 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,473 K.

title: 40 Arietis


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1 Arietis

1 Arietis is a double star in the northern constellation of Aries. 1 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. The pair have a combined visual magnitude of 5.86, making it faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 5.57 mas, the distance to the two stars is approximately 590 ly. As of 2016, the secondary had an angular separation of $6.95$ along a position angle of 165° from the primary. They are moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +7 km/s.

The brighter star, designated component A, is a magnitude 6.40 giant star with a stellar classification of K1 III. The companion star, component B, is a magnitude 7.20 A-type main sequence star with a classification of A6 V. Helmut Abt (1985) had this star classified as A3 IV, matching a more evolved subgiant.

title: 1 Arietis


text:
47 Arietis

47 Arietis is a single star in the northern constellation of Aries. The designation is from the star catalogue of English astronomer John Flamsteed, first published in 1712. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.80. It has an annual parallax shift of 30.15 ± 0.30 mas, which is equivalent to a physical distance of approximately 108 ly from Earth.

The star is moving further from the Sun with a radial velocity of +26.6 km/s. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.237 arc seconds per year. The combination of these movements indicate this star is a member of the Hyades supercluster.

Li et al. (2000) categorized this as an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F5 V(e). Previously, Cowley (1976) listed a class of F5 IV, which would indicate it is a subgiant star. It is most likely (97.8% chance) the source of X-ray emission that is detected at these coordinates, and it is a radio source. The star has 1.55 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 4.43 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of roughly 6,633 K.

47 Arietis has a red dwarf companion at an angular separation of 14.8 arc seconds along a position angle of 113°, as of 1998. This star has a class of M3.5 and an infrared J-band magnitude of 10.47.

title: 47 Arietis


text:
20 Arietis

20 Arietis is a single star in the northern constellation of Aries. 20 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.79, which is bright enough to be just faintly visible to the naked eye as a yellow-white hued star. The star is located approximately 137 light years away from the Sun based upon parallax. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.188 arc seconds per annum. 20 Arietis is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +25 km/s.

Gray et al. (2001) gave the stellar classification of 20 Arietis as F6 III-IV, matching an F-type star with spectral traits intermediate between a giant and a subgiant star. Harlan (1969) had found a less-evolved class of F6 IV-V. The star is around two billion years old with an estimated 1.5 times the mass of the Sun and two times the Sun's radius. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 8.0 km/s and has a higher than solar metallicity. The star is radiating 6.6 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 6,416 K.

title: 20 Arietis


text:
Talk:Lords of Dogtown

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 January 2019 and 10 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): TylerManko.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:50, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
This article is terrible, biased and immature.

Gee, thanks. How about doing something constructive with it, then? Perhaps cite some specific incidences of bias and immaturity. I've done some major cleanup on the article, but I'm leaving the copy-editing tag up for now, just because I think some sections, especially the history bit, need serious stylistic revision. --Nevah Entitar 22:55, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Someone needs to put in the story. You know, piece-by-piece. One example is Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2005 film), which I added the Plot to on my last account, which I can't log into now ... Anyways, use that as an example, as in someone who's either seen the movie recently, or has seen it enough times to remember it detail-by-detail relatively closely, needs to write the plot of the Movie. I would do it now, but I haven't seen the movie for maybe half a year now, and the only thing I remember is the last scene ... Which made me cry ='(

Since I am so awesome, and therefore have a subscription to Juice Magazine, I will make a criticisms part to this article and try to remove some of the immaturity. You have to understand, though, that this article was written by people who saw the movie: 12 year olds.24.154.173.50 07:08, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

This article honestly is terrible. I did some cleaning up and expanding a few months ago, but peope re-edited it. A lot of the events in the movie are improperly described in this article. Also, someone needs to go back through and revise for grammar and clarity. This article looks like it was written by a bunch of 10-year olds. I haven't watched the movie in awhile, so I don't want to edit anything yet, but it will try and get around to it soon.

People who write anything for this article should try and be fairly familiar with Dogtown and Z-Boys and the actual Dogtown movement. A lot of the problems with this article have to do with people interpreting the movie the wrong way, not knowing it is based on real events, and/or being unfamiliar with these real events.

Thanks, --PunkRock911 00:24, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Hi, I just made minor changes - corrected a few typos, cleaned up punctuation, and reworded a few sentences for clarity. Aoibheannniamh 02:36, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes. I agree some change needs to be made to try and clean it up. However, if you knew me you would know my grammer and such is horrible. Anywho, I agree with the above statement of having someone who knows more about the Dogtown movement. Perhaps someone who has possibly seen the wounderful documenteries that have been creadted. I am not sure, but I might try to help some on the weekends I have free time. Now I know I may be stating the obvious(I tend to do that alot.) But I wanted to say something, and I think I have that right.Crazzycorbe 02:32, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

I used to be relatively familiar with the things mentioned, though I haven't though enough about the Zephyr Boys, or the movie, or events in the movie, in enough time to really have forgotten most of it. I can't remember much of the movie, though ... But, yes, like someone said, the article appears to have been written by a child in several places ... But it was certainly not only seen by 12-year-olds (even though, eerily enough, I was 12 when I saw it), and a lot of other people watched it. To say it was only seen by little kids is really imbecilic, in my opinion ... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.107.246.70 (talk) 02:05, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Lords Of Dogtown.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Lords Of Dogtown.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 17:07, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

How the Z-Boys changed skateboarding forever
I would like to make some changes to this wiki page, which shows some of the true history behind the Z-boys mainly Tony Alva, Stacy Peralta and Jay boy Adams changed skateboarding forever. Also delve into some other things dealing with the story. Also some of the words spoken by people on this talk page should be a little more friendly and helpful not trying to attack people here. TylerManko (talk) 15:39, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lords of Dogtown


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56 Arietis

56 Arietis is a single, variable star in the northern zodiac constellation of Aries. It has the variable star designation SX Arietis, while 56 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.79. The estimated distance to this star is approximately 415 ly, based on parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +18 km/s.

This is a magnetic, chemically peculiar star of the silicon type with a stellar classification of B9pSi, and it has a rapid rotation period of 17.5 hours. This period is increasing by about two seconds every hundred years. The star displays evidence of a five year period for procession of its axis. 56 Arietis is the prototype of a class of variable stars known as SX Arietis variables, which are rotationally variable stars with strong magnetic fields. It ranges in brightness from 5.75 down to 5.81 with a cyclical period matching its rotation rate.

title: 56 Arietis


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7 Arietis

7 Arietis is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. 7 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. The pair have a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.76, making it faintly visible to the naked eye from dark suburban skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 5.39 mas, it is approximately 600 ly distant from the Earth, give or take a 30 light-year margin of error. It is drifting further away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +16 km/s.

This is listed as an eclipsing binary system with a period of 47.9 days and has the variable star designation RR Arietis. During each eclipse of the primary star, the magnitude of the system decreases by 0.40. The eclipse of the secondary reduces the magnitude by 0.35. The primary component of the system is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K1 III. It is about 25 times the size of the Sun and is radiating 231 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an eeffective temperature of 4,500 K.

The eclipsing binary nature of this star has been disputed by Italian astronomer Ennio Poretti. Observations made as part of the British Astronomical Association eclipsing binaries program by Tristram Brelstaff were also unable to confirm eclipses.

title: 7 Arietis


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16 Aquarii

16 Aquarii, abbreviated 16 Aqr, is a star in the constellation of Aquarius. 16 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is a faint star, just visible to the naked eye, with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.869. Based upon an annual parallax shift of $0.912$, it is located about 342 light years away. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −6 km/s, and is predicted to come within 66.91 pc in 6.8 million years.

At the estimated age of 740 million years, this is an aging giant star currently on the red giant branch with a stellar classification of G7 III. This indicates it has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is generating energy via hydrogen fusion along a shell surrounding a hot core of inert helium. The star has 2.3 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 8 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 37 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,096 K.

title: 16 Aquarii