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Historiography of World War II

The historiography of World War II is the study of how historians portray the causes, conduct, and outcomes of World War II.

There are different perspectives on the causes of the war; the three most prominent are the Orthodox from the 1950s, Revisionist from the 1970s, and Post-Revisionism which offers the most contemporary perspective. The orthodox perspective arose during the aftermath of the war. The main historian noted for this perspective is Hugh Trevor-Roper. Orthodox historians argue that Hitler was a master planner who intentionally started World War II due to his strong beliefs on fascism, expansionism, and the supremacy of the German state. Revisionist historians argue that it was an ordinary war by world standards and that Hitler was an opportunist of the sort who commonly appears in world history; he merely took advantage of the opportunities given to him. This viewpoint became popular in the 1970s, especially in the revisionism of A. J. P. Taylor. Orthodox historians argue that, throughout the course of the war, the Axis powers were an evil consuming the world with their powerful message and malignant ideology, while the Allied powers were trying to protect democracy and freedom. Post-revisionist historians of the causes, such as Alan Bullock, argue that the cause of the war was a matter of both the evil and the banal. Essentially Hitler was a strategist with clear aims and objectives, that would not have been achievable without taking advantage of the opportunities given to him. Each perspective of World War II offers a different analysis and provides different perspectives on the blame, conduct and causes of the war.

On the result of the war, historians in countries occupied by the Nazis developed strikingly similar interpretations celebrating a victory against great odds, with national liberation based on national unity. That unity is repeatedly described as the greatest source of future strength. Historians in common glorified the resistance movement (somewhat to the neglect of the invaders who actually overthrew the Nazis). There is great stress on heroes — including celebrities such as Charles de Gaulle, Winston Churchill and Josip Broz Tito — but also countless brave partisans and members of the resistance. Women rarely played a role in the celebrity or the histories, although since the 1990s, social historians have been piecing together the role of women on the home fronts. In recent years much scholarly attention has focused on how popular memories were constructed through selection, and how commemorations are held.

Self esteem and glory
R.J. Bosworth argues the major powers have experienced intellectual conflict in interpreting their wartime stories. Some have ignored the central issues. Germany and, to a much lesser extent, Japan have experienced a collective self-analysis. But these two, as well as Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy, have largely ignored many roles and have looked instead for glory even when it was lacking. In a lot of cases the countries deny any involvement in war crimes or objectionable historical occurrences.

Blame
Blame as the driving force during World War II, is a widely known orthodox perspective. Especially directly after World War II, Nazi Germany was held to blame for starting the war. Orthodox historians cited several reasons for this. Germany was the one who initially invaded Poland against the recommendation of the allies, and also attacked the Soviet Union. Also, the system of alliances between the Axis Powers was one that was only meant for war. The Tripartite Pact stated that if any country declared war on one of the Axis countries, the other two would also declare war on those countries. Another reason, historians saw, is that the policies of Hitler were overly aggressive; not only did Hitler preach war with France and the Soviet Union, but he followed a careful plan of expansion. The events that took place before the war such as the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, Anschluss, and the German involvement during the Spanish Civil War, showed that Hitler was anticipating the possibility of war and preparing for one.

Taylor The Origins of the Second World War (1961)
In 1961, English historian A. J. P. Taylor published his most controversial book, The Origins of the Second World War, which earned him a reputation as a revisionist—that is, a historian who sharply changes which party was "guilty." The book had a quick, profound impact, upsetting many readers. Taylor argued against the standard thesis that the outbreak of the Second World War – by which Taylor specifically meant the war that broke out in September 1939 – was the result of an intentional plan on the part of guilty Adolf Hitler. He began his book with the statement that too many people have accepted uncritically what he called the "Nuremberg Thesis", that the Second World War was the result of criminal conspiracy by a small gang comprising Hitler and his associates. He regarded the "Nuremberg Thesis" as too convenient for too many people and claimed that it shielded the blame for the war from the leaders of other states, let the German people avoid any responsibility for the war and created a situation where West Germany was a respectable Cold War ally against the Soviets.

Taylor's thesis was that Hitler was not the demoniacal figure of popular imagination but in foreign affairs a normal German leader. Citing Fritz Fischer, he argued that the foreign policy of Nazi Germany was the same as those of the Weimar Republic and the German Empire. Moreover, in a partial break with his view of German history advocated in The Course of German History, he argued that Hitler was not just a normal German leader but also a normal Western leader. As a normal Western leader, Hitler was no better or worse than Stresemann, Chamberlain or Daladier. His argument was that Hitler wished to make Germany the strongest power in Europe but he did not want or plan war. The outbreak of war in 1939 was an unfortunate accident caused by mistakes on everyone's part.

Notably, Taylor portrayed Hitler as a grasping opportunist with no beliefs other than the pursuit of power and anti-Semitism. He argued that Hitler did not possess any sort of programme and his foreign policy was one of drift and seizing chances as they offered themselves. He did not even consider Hitler's anti-Semitism unique: he argued that millions of Germans were just as ferociously anti-Semitic as Hitler and there was no reason to single out Hitler for sharing the beliefs of millions of others.

Taylor argued that the basic problem with an interwar Europe was a flawed Treaty of Versailles that was sufficiently onerous to ensure that the overwhelming majority of Germans would always hate it, but insufficiently onerous in that it failed to destroy Germany's potential to be a Great Power once more. In this way, Taylor argued that the Versailles Treaty was destabilising, for sooner or later the innate power of Germany that the Allies had declined to destroy in 1918–1919 would inevitably reassert itself against the Versailles Treaty and the international system established by Versailles that the Germans regarded as unjust and thus had no interest in preserving. Though Taylor argued that the Second World War was not inevitable and that the Versailles Treaty was nowhere near as harsh as contemporaries like John Maynard Keynes believed, what he regarded as a flawed peace settlement made the war more likely than not.

By geography
The Nazis perfected the art of stealing, draining the local economies to the maximum or beyond, so that overall production fell. In all occupied countries resistance movements sprang up. The Germans tried to infiltrate and suppress them, but after the war they emerged as political actors. The local Communists were especially active in promoting resistance movements, as was the British Special Operations Executive (SOE).

Canada
Canada incorporated professional historians to Canadian Military Headquarters in the United Kingdom during the war and paid much attention to the chronicling of the conflict in the words of the official historians of the Army Historical Section and through art and trained painters. The official history of the Canadian Army was undertaken after the war, with an interim draft published in 1948 and three volumes in the 1950s. This was in comparison to the First World War's official history, only one volume of which was completed by 1939 and the full text only released after a change in authors some 40 years after the fact. Official histories of the RCAF and RCN in the Second World War were also a long time coming, and the book Arms, Men and Government by Charles Stacey (one of the main contributors to the Army history) was published in the 1980s as an "official" history of the war policies of the Canadian government. The performance of Canadian forces in some battles has remained controversial, such as Hong Kong and Dieppe, and a variety of books have been written on them from various points of view. Serious historians, mainly scholars, emerged in the years after the Second World War, foremost Terry Copp (a scholar) and Denis Whitaker (a former soldier).

Eastern Front
It is commonly said that history is written by the victors, but the opposite occurred in the chronicling of the Eastern Front, particularly in the West. Soviet secrecy and unwillingness to acknowledge events that might discredit the regime led to them revealing little information, always heavily edited, leaving western historians mostly to rely on German sources. While valuable sources, they tended to be self-serving; German generals, in particular, tried to distance themselves and the Heer from the Nazi Party, while at the same time blaming them for their defeat (individuals supporting these arguments are commonly called part of the 'Hitler Lost Us The War' group). While this self-serving approach was noticed at the time, it was still generally accepted as the closest version of the truth. The result was a commonly held picture of the Heer being the superior army, ground down by the vast numbers of the 'Bolshevik horde' and betrayed by the stupidity of Hitler. Not only did this ignore Hitler's talent as a military leader, an erratic talent that was sometimes brilliantly incisive and sometimes grossly in error, it also severely undervalued the remarkable transformation of the Soviet armed forces, especially the Red Army, from the timid, conservative force of 1941 to an effective war-winning organisation.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Western historians were suddenly exposed to the vast number of Soviet records of the time. This has led to an explosion of the works on the subject, notably by David Glantz, Earl Ziemke and Richard Overy. These historians revealed the brutality of Stalin's regime, the recovery of the USSR and the Red Army in 1942 and the courage and abilities of the average Soviet soldier, relying on Soviet archival material to do so. Phillips Payson O'Brien argues that it is a fallacy that the war was won on the Eastern Front. He argues instead that it was won by the air-sea battle, which immobilized the German and Japanese forces. They lost mobility, were unable to move munitions from the factory to the battlefield and ran out of fuel for their aircraft and ships. They became highly vulnerable and were helpless.

Especially here the provided data gets interpreted differently. When it comes to casualties, there are massive differences, which are often influenced by the political or societical structure of a country. This cannot be really proven though, because the provided data from that time is already manipulated and may not be true or fabricated.

Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory (2006) by Welsh historian Norman Davies sought to correct common misconceptions about the war, such as that contrary to popular belief in the West, the dominant part of the conflict took place in Eastern Europe between the two totalitarian systems of the century, communism and Nazism; that Stalin's USSR was as bad as Hitler's Germany. The subtitle No Simple Victory does therefore not just refer to the losses and suffering the Allies had to endure to defeat the Axis but also the difficult moral choice the Western democracies had to make when allying themselves with one criminal regime in order to defeat another.

Battle of France, 1940
The German victory over French and British forces in the Battle of France (10 May – 22 June 1940) was one of the most unexpected and astonishing events of the 20th century and has generated a large popular and scholarly literature.

Observers in 1940 found the events unexpected and earth-shaking. Historian Martin Alexander notes that Belgium and the Netherlands fell to the German army in a matter of days and the British were soon driven back to their home islands:

 * But it was France's downfall that stunned the watching world. The shock was all the greater because the trauma was not limited to a catastrophic and deeply embarrassing defeat of her military forces - it also involved the unleashing of a conservative political revolution that, on 10 July 1940, interred the Third Republic and replaced it with the authoritarian, collaborationist Etat Français of Vichy. All this was so deeply disorienting because France had been regarded as a great power....The collapse of France, however, was a different case (a 'strange defeat' as it was dubbed in the haunting phrase of the Sorbonne's great medieval historian and Resistance martyr, Marc Bloch).

One of the most influential books on the war was written in summer 1940 by French historian Marc Bloch: L'Étrange Défaite ("Strange Defeat"). He raised most of the issues historians have debated since. He blamed France's leadership:
 * What drove our armies to disaster was the cumulative effect of a great number of different mistakes. One glaring characteristic is, however, common to all of them. Our leaders...were incapable of thinking in terms of a new war.

Guilt was widespread. Carole Fink argues that Bloch:
 * blamed the ruling class, the military and the politicians, the press and the teachers, for a flawed national policy and a weak defense against the Nazi menace, for betraying the real France and abandoning its children. Germany had won because its leaders had better understood the methods and psychology of modern combat.

Resistance
The heroism of the French Resistance has always been a favoured topic in France and Britain, with new books in English appearing regularly.

Vichy France
After 1945 the French ignored or downplayed the role of Marshal Petain's puppet government. Since the late 20th century it has become a major research topic.

Collaboration
Collaboration with the Germans was long denied by the French, but since the late 20th century has generated a large literature.

Civilian conditions
The roles of civilians, forced labourers and POW's has a large literature.

There are numerous studies of women.

Alsace-Lorraine
Germany integrated Alsace-Lorraine into its German Empire in 1871, France recovered it in 1918, it was again in occupation 1940–45. There was widespread material damage. The first wave of destruction in 1940 was inflicted by German forces, the second was caused by Allied bombers in 1944, and the final wave surrounded bitter fighting between German occupiers and American liberators in 1944–1945.

Denmark
Beginning with the German occupation of Denmark in 1940 and lasting until 1943, the Danish government had a "Policy of Cooperation" (da) with Nazi Germany. This meant the Danish government tried to do a balancing act of officially cooperating with the Nazis, while at the same time also working against them and aiding the Danish resistance. Due to this cooperation, Adolf Hitler labelled Denmark as the "model protectorate". When the Policy of Cooperation collapsed in 1943, the resistance helped about 7,000 Jews (and about 500 non-Jewish spouses of Jews) escape across Øresund to neutral Sweden. This operation is known as the rescue of the Danish Jews, and was a great source of frustration for the Nazis.

Denmark has a large popular literature on the war years, which has helped shape national identity and politics. Scholars have also been active but have much less influence on this topic. After the liberation two conflicting narratives emerged. A consensus narrative told how Danes were united in resistance. However, there was also a revisionist interpretation which paid attention to the resistance of most Danes, but presented Danish establishment as a collaborating enemy of Danish values. The revisionist version from the 1960s was successfully adopted by the political Left for two specific goals: to blemish the establishment now allied with the "imperialist" United States, and to argue against Danish membership in the European Community. From the 1980s, the Right started to use also used revisionism to attack asylum legislation. Finally around 2003, Liberal Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen started using it as his basic narrative of the war years (partly to legitimize his government's decision to join the war against Iraq in 2003). The occupation has thus played a central role in Danish political culture since 1945, although the role of professional scholars has been marginal.

Netherlands
Dutch historiography of World War II focused on the government in exile, German repression, Dutch resistance, the Hunger Winter of 1944-45 and, above all, the Holocaust. The economy was largely neglected; it was robust in 1940-41 then deteriorated rapidly as exploitation produced low productivity, impoverishment and hunger.

Norway
The memory of the war seared Norwegians and shaped national policies. Economic issues remain an important topic.

Poland
On August 1, 1944, the clandestine Polish Home Army, owing allegiance to the exiled government in London, initiated an uprising in Warsaw against the occupying Germans. There is a large literature in several languages. The Warsaw Rising Museum (WRM), opened in Warsaw in 2004 to commemorate it.

Polish Jews made up about half of Holocaust victims. There is a large literature on the Holocaust in Poland and its memory and memorials, and also the Jewish uprising in the Warsaw ghetto in 1943.

Soviet Union
Popular behaviour has been explored in Byelorussia under the Germans, using oral history, letters of complaint, memoirs, and reports made by the Soviet secret police and by the Communist Party.

Common themes: heroic liberation from Nazis
Almost all national narratives of the Second World War—ranging from historiography in liberal democracies to that of Communist dictatorship, fit the same European pattern. The French-German historian Etienne Francois has identified the common themes, as paraphrased by Johan Östling:
 * Fundamental to them all...was the victory over Nazi Germany. In descriptions of the end of the war and the liberation, national unity was often stressed. This newly won liberty opened a door to the future and marked the beginning of a new, bright chapter in history. A common characteristic in most national narratives was the glorification of the resistance movement, while in countries that had been liberated by foreign troops, domestic efforts tended to be highly praised. In addition, the 'heroisation' of the war was another common denominator in the narratives – not only were charismatic victors such as Charles de Gaulle, Winston Churchill and Josip Broz Tito designated as heroes, but also brave partisans and members of the resistance.

Holocaust denial
A field of pseudohistory has emerged which attempts to deny the existence of the Holocaust and the mass extermination of Jews in German-occupied Europe. The proponents of the belief, known as Holocaust deniers or "negationists", are usually associated with Neo-Nazism and their views are rejected by professional historians.

War crimes of the Wehrmacht
At the Nuremberg Trials, the Schutzstaffel (SS) was declared a criminal organization, but the regular armed forces (Wehrmacht) were not. Although some high-ranking field marshals and generals were convicted of war crimes for issuing criminal orders, Nazi war crimes were mostly blamed on the SS-Totenkopfverbände (concentration camp guards) and the Einsatzgruppen (death squads), overlooking the participation of Wehrmacht soldiers in the Holocaust. More recent scholarship has challenged this view. An exhibition on the war crimes of the Wehrmacht sparked demonstrations.

title: Historiography of World War II


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Babushkinskaya

Babushkinskaya (Бабушкинская) is a Moscow Metro station in the Babushkinsky District, North-Eastern Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It was opened on September 29, 1978 as a part of the VDNKh – Medvedkovo sector. It is on the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line, between Sviblovo and Medvedkovo stations after the commissioning of which there were 107 stations in the Moscow Metro.

Name
Babsuhkinskaya was named after Babushkinsky District where the station is located, which in turn was named after Mikhail Babushkin, a polar aviator.

On March 29, 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic in Russia, the management of the Moscow Metro temporarily renamed the station to "DomaBabushkinskaya" (Домабабушкинская), meaning "Grandmother at home", to remind the citizens of Moscow to keep their elderly parents at home.

Design
Babushkinskaya is a single vault-type station, elliptical in cross-section with slightly canted, grey marble side walls. All of the signs and light fixtures are attached to the ceiling, so the platform is completely open except for a few minimalist benches located along the central axis. At the end of the platform, above the exit stairs, is a sculpture by A. M. Mosichuk commemorating Babushkin's Arctic flight.

Entrances
The entrances to the station are located at the intersection of Yeniseyskaya and Menzhinskogo Streets.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Babushkinskaya


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St Benildus College

St Benildus College is an all-boys, Catholic secondary school located in Stillorgan, Dublin, Ireland. Established in 1966, the college was named after the De La Salle Saint, Brother Benildus of Clermont-Ferrand, France. As of 2023, there were over 880 students at the school. It is located on the Upper Kilmacud Road in South Dublin on a 25-acre site. The Luas green line runs close to school, and the Kilmacud stop is at the back of the school.

St. Benildus College has been under the trusteeship of the Le Chéile Trust since 2010 but retains its Lasallian ethos. Several De La Salle Brothers reside at St. Benildus monastery on the school grounds. The school is administered by an eight-member board of management.

Sport
Sports undertaken at the school include basketball, football, hurling, soccer, rugby, badminton and athletics. The school has won Provincial and All-Ireland honours in several of these sports.

The school also has a gym which is available to students in 4th year and over, although students who are supervised by a PE teacher can use the facilities.

In March 2009, the students of Benildus won their first ever Dublin senior "A" colleges title. In 2008/2009, the school's U-16 hurlers won the Dublin "A" division title, and the U-14 hurlers won the "A" division shield. The Benildus team beat Coláiste Éanna on both occasions. In May 2010, in O'Toole Park, Benildus retained their Dublin Senior "A" Football title by beating local rivals Coláiste Eoin.

In 1998, the college won the U-16 All Ireland soccer title which qualified them to compete in the World Students Cup in Sardinia in 1999.

In November 2013, a full-sized astroturf pitch was opened. It consists of one full-sized GAA pitch and two full-sized soccer pitches. The facilities are used by several local amateur sports clubs.

Alumni

 * Willie Burke; League of Ireland footballer
 * David Byrne; Dublin GAA footballer
 * Ray Cosgrove; Dublin GAA footballer and former All-Star
 * Rory Cowan; actor and entertainer
 * Paul Cunningham; RTÉ environment correspondent
 * Derek Daly; racing driver
 * Danny O'Donoghue; singer-songwriter with Irish band The Script
 * Diarmaid Ferriter; historian and author.
 * David Gillick; twice European indoor athletics gold medalist.
 * James Keddy; League of Ireland footballer
 * David Kitt; singer-songwriter
 * Joe Lynam; BBC presenter
 * Paul Mannion; Dublin GAA footballer
 * Daniel McConnell, editor Business Post
 * Padraic McMahon; of Irish band The Thrills
 * Maurice Pratt; businessman
 * Richard Sadlier; former Ireland international soccer player
 * Philip F. Tyler, actor and television presenter
 * Éamon Zayed; Libyan international footballer

Staff

 * Aidan Fennelly; Laois footballer
 * Austin O'Malley; Mayo footballer
 * Cormac McAnallen; Tyrone football captain
 * Walter Walsh; Kilkenny hurler
 * Noel McGrath; Tipperary hurler
 * Darragh Fives; Waterford hurler

title: St Benildus College


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User talk:AutobotNo1

You've been unblocked. Apologies; someone thought you were an unauthorized bot. N (t/c) 23:38, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:AutobotNo1


text: User talk:82.19.19.200

title: User talk:82.19.19.200


text: User talk:131.111.194.9

title: User talk:131.111.194.9


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Talk:List of Jews born in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union/Archive 1

In the List?
Please answer or add to the list.

 * Lilya Brik
 * André Levinson
 * Lera Auerbach
 * Michael Chekhov
 * Mark Gayn, or Mark Julius Gayn (born on Barim, Asian Russia)
 * Feodor Yulievich Levinson-Lessing
 * Sulamith Messerer
 * Asaf Messerer
 * David Lichine
 * Yuri Yankelevich
 * Lydia Litvyak
 * David Edelstadt
 * Vladimir Minorsky

 * Pollak? Litvak? Galitsianer? Ukrainian?

 * David Gurevich
 * Hanna Rovina
 * Berthold Lubetkin
 * Sophie Irene Simon Loeb(Sophie Irene Loeb)
 * Jerome Friedman
 * Sergei Sakhnovski
 * Alexander Vilenkin
 * Hanon Izakson

 * --Sheynhertzגעשׁ״ך 03:37, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Russian descent? Pollak? Litvak? Galitsianer? Ukrainian?

 * David Copperfield
 * Abraham J. Twerski Twersky family was Chernobiler descent
 * Abraham Ellstein
 * Eddie Cantor
 * Louis Ginsberg (poet) (article need)
 * Allen Ginsberg
 * Kirk Douglas (family came from Odessa)
 * Julius Katchen
 * Judy Holliday

 * --Sheynhertzגעשׁ״ך 04:01, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * List of Russian Jews/temp

Jewish?

 * Boris Berezovsky (pianist)
 * Elizaveta Gerdt
 * Mikhail Yakovlevich Suslin (other Suslin, Suslov people)

from LazarKr to User:72.144.172.2

 * to user: 72.144.172.2
 * I've reverted your last changes to my changes, that I've have done before.
 * I don't know you and your contributions to Wikipedia, becouse your are anonymous.
 * 1. According to your remarks you think that all persons that I've added to List of Russian Jews didn't make Profound Contribution to Russia. All this persons are Members or Corresponding Members of Russian Academy of Sciences. There is no more Respectable Institution for Scientists in Russia and former USSR. You`ve deleted several physicists that made great Contribution to development of Soviet nuclear weapons. For instance, there is Institute of Nuclear Physics that called by name of Gersh Budker.
 * 2. A great many of persons that you have removed from List appear in Wikipedia in vaious places : first of all as Russian scientists and in various lists of People by occupation. Why don't you make an effort to Remove all this persons from not Jewish Lists, before you interfere in Lists of Jews?
 * 3. You have made a lot of syntax corrections. For instance, spelling of 'Belarusian' and 'Azerbaijani'. In Wikipedia in section of people is List of various Peoples. Why before correcting somebody's  Syntax You don't bother to check the Suggestion of Wikipedia.
 * LazarKr 10:06, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

to LazarKR

 * to LazarKR
 * you're right. All the people you added to this list did NOT make big enough contributions to be listed. If we were to list all the member of the USA academy of sciences for some majority city, a good 90% would not be worthy of having a wikipedian list. That's like saying that since your father was a successful physicist and he deserves a wikipedian list. Wikipedia just doesn't work like this. You are adding too many names of little or no significane, and everyone will attest to that. Some pages just cannot be stretched. Instead, why don't you contribute to nonexistent pages and lists?

to Antidote from LazarKr

 * 1. I've included about one hundred Russian Jewish scientists Members of Russian Academy of Sciences in List of Russian Jews. You have deleted twice by revert all this persons. In the last revert you are implying that I'm behaving against the rules of Wikipedia. Perhaps you are right. I'm rather new active User (two month of expierence in editing). So I want you to help me.
 * If somebody enters a big amount of new names with an appropriate edition, can another User delete all this entries without any explanations? If this according to Wikipedia policy, please direct me to appropriate paragraphs.
 * You can't just put any names of scientists on a list like this, especially considering over 90% of them have no articles. That would be equivalent to making a list of Mensa members. Not every Mensa member is important enough to list in Wikipedia. Like I said before, my father (for example) may be a great physicist but you can't include him on Wikipedia because it is likely he did not accomplish anything big enough for his name to be listed.
 * You can't just put any names of scientists on a list like this, especially considering over 90% of them have no articles. That would be equivalent to making a list of Mensa members. Not every Mensa member is important enough to list in Wikipedia. Like I said before, my father (for example) may be a great physicist but you can't include him on Wikipedia because it is likely he did not accomplish anything big enough for his name to be listed.

 * Despite you didn't explain these deletions, I suspect, that you think that all these persons don't deserve to be included in Wikipedia. All these persons are Members of Russian Academy of Sciences. Part of them are Foreign Members of Academies of Sciencies of other Countries. Several persons are nuclear scientists. I know that Combination of Nuclear Scientist and Member of National Academy of Sciences makes them Outstanding Personalities in all the World.

 * A combination of being a nuclear scientist and in an Academy of Science does NOT make you an outstanding personality in all the world. I know more than 1 nuclear physicist just personally and I would never consider them important enough to list on Wikipedia.

 * I don't know how you came to conclusion, that all these people don't deserve to be included in Wikipedia. If you can explain me it will cirtainly contribute to our dispute.

 * I have already explained: NOT EVERY PHYSICIST CAN BE LISTED IN WIKIPEDIA. It would be too extensive and destroy any use this list has. Leave that to the Russian archives.

 * But things are rather more complicated. This dispute is not only bewtween us. I've Identified in the List of Russian Scientists in Wikipedia at least sixteen persons that You've deleted (that does not include Russian Jewish scientists that were in the List of Russian Jews defore I've entered the above persons). All these sixteen scientists are not only mentioned by names, but have an appropriate articles. It means that Wikipedia Editors of List of Russian scientists believe that all these persons deserves to be included in Wikipedia. It does't make sense that you will delete names of these scientists in the List of Russian Jews without deleting the same names from the List of Russian Scientists. So if you insist to delete these scientists you have to communicate with Wikipedia editors of List of Russian scientists and convince them that these people don't deserve to be included in Wikipedia. Several big Russian Institutes and Departments of big Institutes are named by the names of these scientists. So if you are consisrent in your opinon that these people are worthless you can apply to Russian President Putin and try to convice him to change the names of such Institutes.

 * The scientists that have articles written on them are already listed in the categories, and other lists.

 * 2. You've also deleted the Reference to List of Jews in Russia (USSR) that based on names of Prominent Jews which mentioned in Russian Jewish Encyclopedia (about nine thousands names). I've included this reference in order to allow to any user that have doubts about Jewishness of some particular person from territory of USSR to check wether this person appear in the list.

 * That source is already listed on infinite amount of pages for one. Secondly, I know nothing about the credibility of that page, and it's credibility isn't what we're arguing about anyway. It's the inclusion of so many people.

 * 3. You have deleted names of three persons from the List of Belarusian Jews. Let us discuss all this cases.
 * 3.1 Paul Baran - the outstanding scientist co-inventor of Internet.
 * You claim that he isn't a Jew.
 * No, I claimed that he is not a Belarusian.

 * 3.2 Isaac Asimov - writer
 * You claim that he is not Jewish.
 * No, I claimed that he was not a Belarusian.

 * 3.3 Naum Akhiezer - I didn't explain why did you removed this name. Please, give some explanations.
 * Once again, not an ethnic Belarusian.

 * 3.4 I'll restore the situation before your interferance. I can assure you that after your answer on my letter I'll reconsider my response according to quality of your explanations.
 * (80.230.113.161 20:24, 27 October 2005 (UTC)) LazarKr

 * I you want these people to be noticed, go ahead and add a link to the bottom of the page, but listing them on Wikipedia is quite frankly ridiculous.

How do we proceed
May I propose a simple solution to this dispute. Instead of adding tons of red links, let's start from the other end and create articles on notable people. We'll categorize them one-by-one. Every one of us has some knowledge to contribute, I'm sure we can get along and serve our readers better if we collaborate on making high quality encyclopedic resource. ←Humus sapiens←ну? 00:19, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

From LazarKr - Destortion of my Letter to Antidote
My original letter was written in 20:25 on 27 October 2005 under User 80.230.113.61
 * User Antidote Destorted my Letter to him. Some original patches were deleted. Some new Patches were included. If somebody wants to read my original letter he can find it in History:
 * I strongly protest to Destortion of my Letters and believe that such action is against the rules of Wikipedia.
 * Any User can write in the Discussion whatever he likes, desirably not Anonymous.
 * LazarKr 08:55, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

I deleted parts of your letter that were rambling so I can more easily respond to your questions, genius. You need to calm down and get a grip. 72.144.71.194 19:34, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Protected
This article has been protected for repeated revert wars. I do not endorse the current version, as both LazarKr and 72.144 are reverting without discussion at all. LazarKr: do NOT bite the newcomers. 72.144 has been creating numerous articles and contributing to the encyclopedia. 72.144: before making what could be substantially controversial edits, please discuss them first on the talk page, no matter how annoying you think your fellow contributors. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-10-30 13:47

I have already discussed with LazarKR this issue many times. All the people he added that are of any importance to this encyclopedia are already accounted for in my revisions. I even added a link to the Russian Jewish page so people can browse the less important members of the Academy; but Lazar seems to think that its ay-ok to add every single Russian Jewish scientist who ever existed in the USSR onto this list, when most of them cannot even be found on www.google.com! Making a list of Yale graduates is equivalent to what he is adding on this page. My former revisions should be kept for they include all the scientists of whom have articles including a link to the Academy pages. That is much more efficient than adding millions of red-links of people who did nothing more than hold a profession in the USSR. In addition to this LAZAR is adding many peoples of who's nationality isn't even Russian. He disregards my edits on list of East European Jews of which account for all his articled edits and just gets revert trigger-happy. It's a simple concept: Ukrainians go on list of East European Jews and Russian go on list of Russian Jews. We cannot have all on both pages. 72.144.172.181 21:18, 30 October 2005 (UTC)
 * While adding a ton of red links isn't necessarily good, we should always leave room for expansion. Maybe you can compromise by allowing people that do have some significant presence on at least Google (for verifiability reasons). I agree about keeping Europeans on European lists and Russians on Russian lists. Let's wait for LazarKR to reply and go from there. If you think he is revert warring on other articles, let me know. You also might consider making an account so that I can more easily contact you (rather than trying to hunt down your current IP). — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-10-30 22:12

This is my account. I honestly think that there is a bit too much praise-bloating on this page. The people who are currently accounted for are a wonderful sampling and a link to the others is perfectly satisfactory. Inserting infinite amounts of red links just fumbles up the page, especially considering it will be very difficult to write articles for all these people. I say we should just leave the people I had in my last revert, but making sure they are all infact jews (since I caught several blatant mistakes) and making sure they are in fact Russians (and not Ukrainian or Poles). Antidote 06:37, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

New list
Can all members involved please work up a new verifiable list at List of Russian Jews/temp. Please use references. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-10-31 06:41

The people I added to the list are all 95% certified Russian (not Ukrainian/Belarusian/Polish) Jews. I think the list should be presented like that with the addition of a link to the "Prominent Jews" on a separate website. Antidote 07:46, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Alright, let's see how others reply. If you could find more links to sites that list prominent Russian Jews that aren't on your list, that would help with compromise. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-10-31 12:20

Lazar's just not gonna reply now because you already locked the page on the way he wanted it. Also I will consider adding some of the articled peoples (but most are Ukrainians and not Russians) :-/ Antidote 05:59, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

I just finished going through the Russian's list and added all confirmed Jews to the temp list. As of now it should be 95% accurate, much more so than the current list. Antidote 22:56, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Alright. We need at least one more opinion on this first, preferably from LazarKr, but if you can find someone else on here that would know about this, and convince them to take a look at the new list, then I'll be comfortable with it and replace the old version with it. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-11-1 23:22

Like I said, Lazar is not going to respond since we have the list saved on the way he wants it. Unfortunately I do not know many editors on here, but I am currently looking. Antidote 04:49, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

To Brian0918 from LazarKr
I ,personally, don't dare to delete even one person from List if I have't some information about such person. Russia and ,desirably ,knowleage of scientific aspects of Russia have to be involved.
 * You've protected this list in order to avoid revert war becouse of content dispute.
 * First of all, I think, that content dispute here is only a secondary matter.
 * User Antidote (sometimes he use his second name Homus Sapiens or acts anonimously) deleted about hundread persons from lists of Russian Jews, without knowing anything about this persons.
 * You made an effort to find solution and protected this List for editing. I think that you just postponed this dispute. I'm a new user (about two month of active editing), so I don't know, how such disputes resolved in Wikipedia. I think that somebody else, with a good knowleage of
 * LazarKr 08:58, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

LazarKr: first, you discard my constructive edit and instead of fixing the mess and apologizing, you accuse me in being someone's sockpuppet. Please get familiar with WP:RULES. ←Humus sapiens←ну? 09:54, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

LazarKr: You ignored the discussion, when you could have debated the entries, and instead waited until the article was unblocked to revert again. Unless you start discussing the entries and stop reverting, further action will have to be taken. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-11-4 14:07
 * to Brian0918: May be it's comfortable to accuse somebody in vandalism without trying to understand what really happened. I can't resist the power of Administrator. From now anybody can do what he likes in List of Russian jews. I would be glad if you will explain The Revert of my changes in List of Nobel Prize Winners.
 * LazarKr 19:37, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Reversion
So if it's accepted that they're Russian and Jewish, why shouldn't they be on a list of Russian Jews? Why confine the information to noting on another list of Russians that they're Jewish?--Brownlee 20:09, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

 * As part of wikipedian standards we put people of first-generation American birth on a list of X-Americans. If you feel its somehow not clear that they are Jewish (despite them having sources saying they're jewish and being on list of jewish americans), you can make a section similar to the one on List of Polish Americans whereas the Jews have their own section. Stop re-adding them to this list, it is considered vandalism if you do not give a valid reason. If you feel it is unfair that first-generation americans are not categorized purely by their ethnicity, you can argue for the merging of all X-American lists with their subsequent European counterparts. Thank you. 65.10.45.212 15:39, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Firstly, please don't delete Zhirinovsky - undoubtedly had Jewish father. Secondly, please don't alter Lev Rapoport to Lev Rapoprt because then the link won't work. Thirdly, there is no official standard as you claim. Fourthly, this is an ethnic list, and these people are undoubtedly ethnic Russian Jews. Thank you.--20.138.246.89 15:51, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Ethnic groups/Rules for lists of X-Americans. 65.10.45.212 16:03, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This is not a policy; it's a discussion. Further, the position you advance is not mentioned.--20.138.246.89 16:15, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The position I advance is part of the basis of the discussion. The whole reasons for including X-American lists as opposed to just simply adding everyone to lists of their ancestry. 65.10.45.212 16:41, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

I don't agree, but that's scarcely relevant. Please provide a link to the relevant Wikipedia policy.--20.138.246.89 16:46, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

It is completely relevant. Why are you adding Russian-Americans to this list then? Not all wikipedian standards are enumerated. Link me to a policy that says we can add people to a list based solely on their great grandparent's ancestry. They are standards that arise from discussion. If you wish, we will bring several editors to help clear up this mess. 65.10.45.212 16:55, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * By all means delete everyone on the list with only a Jewish great-grandparent, and bring as many editors as you like.--20.138.246.89 17:00, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

When has this discussion become about who's Jewish? This is about who can be listed on a non-X-American list. If they were born in Russia, its fine, if their parents are born in Russia but they are born in the US, they do not qualify for this list per the introduction of X-American lists. By the way, lets discuss this all on the GREEK page, its too hard going from page to page. 65.10.45.212 17:10, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This is not a list of X-Americans, it's the List of Russian Jews. It's irrelevant here whether someone is also an X-American. There is of course no reason why someone cannot be on two lists if that is appropriate. Which Greek page?--20.138.246.89 17:16, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The reason they can't be on two lists is because we'd have to standardize EVERYONE from X-American lists to be on two lists then. And please please move the discussion to TALK:List of South-East European Jews, I'm getting dizzy. 65.10.45.212 17:18, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Lera Broditsky
Anyone have a source to see if she was born in Russia? 16:13, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm taking the liberty of emailing her and asking, as it is apparently the only method by which to go by. 65.10.55.187 14:18, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Now to implent a standard to go by with two X parents. We'll use the great flying Dutchman, an American sports-player born of two German parents.

Equivalently, entry Abraham Maslow was an American-born, American-raised psychologist of two Russian parents.

Furthermore, writer Saul Bellow was born in Canada to Russian parents but later established his career in America.

As we would not put Honus Wagner, AKA the Flying Dutchman on List of Germans but rather List of German Americans, there's no reason to put Bellow and Maslow on a list of Russians.

Changes will not be implemented until a few days to give time for comments etc. 65.10.55.187 15:37, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You can't e-mail her and ask her; that's original research.--20.138.246.89 16:31, 11 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Adam Johnston Fergusson Blair

Adam Johnston Fergusson Blair, (4 November 1815 – 30 December 1867), known prior to 1862 as Adam Johnston Fergusson, was a Scottish-born Canadian lawyer, judge and politician.

Life and career

Born in Perthshire, Scotland, the son of Adam Fergusson and his first wife Jemima Johnston Blair, he emigrated to Upper Canada with his family in 1833. He was called to the bar of Upper Canada in 1839 and set up practice in Guelph. He was named a judge in the court for Wellington District in 1842.

He resigned from the bench to run as a Reform Party candidate in the general election of 1847. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for the riding of Waterloo and reelected in 1851. He represented the South riding of Wellington from 1854 to 1857. In 1860, he was elected to the Legislative Council for Brock division. He served as receiver general from March to May 1863, when he was named provincial secretary. He supported the Quebec resolutions in the legislative council and, in 1866, was named president of the executive council after the resignation of George Brown.

Following Canadian Confederation, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada on 23 October 1867 by a royal proclamation of Queen Victoria. Sitting as a Liberal, he represented the senatorial division of Ontario until his death, only two months and six days after his appointment.

He added Blair to his surname in 1862 in order to inherit the Blair estate in Scotland after the death of his older brother Neil James Fergusson Blair.

Fergusson is buried by the Anglican Parish Church of St Luke (founded 1834), the oldest church in Burlington, Ontario.

title: Adam Johnston Fergusson Blair


text:
Gary Lewis

Gary Lewis may refer to:

 * Gary Lewis (musician) (born 1945), son of Jerry Lewis and lead singer of Gary Lewis & the Playboys
 * Gary Lewis (actor) (Gary Stevenson, born 1957), Scottish actor
 * Gary Lewis (tight end) (born 1958), former American football player
 * Gary Lewis (running back) (1942–1986), American football player
 * Gary Lewis (defensive lineman) (born 1961), former American and Canadian football player
 * Gary Lewis (outdoor writer) (born 1967), American writer
 * Gary Christie Lewis (born 1970), New Zealand carpenter, former husband of Lady Davina Windsor
 * Garry Lewis (gridiron football) (born 1967), American football player
 * Garry Lewis (soccer) (born 1986), American soccer player

title: Gary Lewis


text:
User talk:GRock

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Splintercellguy 03:38, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:GRock


text:
Antheraea polyphemus

Antheraea polyphemus, the Polyphemus moth, is a North American member of the family Saturniidae, the giant silk moths. It is a tan-colored moth, with an average wingspan of 15 cm (6 in). The most notable feature of the moth is its large, purplish eyespots on its two hindwings. The eyespots give it its name – from the Greek myth of the cyclops Polyphemus. The species was first described by Pieter Cramer in 1776. The species is widespread in continental North America, with local populations found throughout subarctic Canada and the United States. The caterpillar can eat 86,000 times its weight at emergence in a little less than two months. Polyphemus moths are considered to be very polyphagous, meaning they eat from a wide variety of plants.

Life cycle
The life cycle of the moth is much like that of any other Saturniidae species. It lays flat, light-brown eggs on the leaves of a number of host trees, preferring Ulmus americana (American elm), Betula (birch), Salix (willow), but also, more rarely, can survive on other trees, including: Quercus (oak), Acer (maple), Carya (hickory), Fagus (beech), Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust), Juglans (walnut), Pyrus (pear and quince), Prunus (plum, peach, apricot, cherry, etc.), Sassafras, and Citrus.

When the eggs hatch, small yellow caterpillars emerge. As the caterpillars age, they molt five times (the fifth being into a pupa). Each instar is slightly different, but on their fifth and final instar, they become bright green with silver spots on their sides. They feed heavily on their host plant and can grow up to 3–4 inches long. They then spin cocoons of brown silk, usually wrapped in leaves of the host plant.

Two broods generally hatch each year throughout the United States, one in early spring and one in late summer. The moths eclose and then must pump their wings with fluid (hemolymph) to extend them. The females emit pheromones, which the male can detect through his large, plumose (feathery) antennae. Males can fly for miles to reach a female.

After the moths mate, the female spends the majority of the remainder of her life laying eggs, while the male may mate several more times. Adults of this family of moths have vestigial mouths, meaning their mouth parts have been reduced. Because of this, they do not eat and only live as adults for less than one week.

In captivity, this moth is much more difficult to breed than other American saturniids such as Hyalophora cecropia, Callosamia promethea, or Actias luna. Kept in a cage, the male and female tend to ignore each other, unless a food plant (particularly oak leaves) is present.

Sexual dimorphism
Differentiating between sexes of this species is very easy. The most obvious difference is the plumose antennae. Males have very bushy antennae while females have moderately less bushy antennae. The male's antennae are used to detect pheromones released by unmated females. Another difference is that the females are slightly larger in the abdomen due to carrying eggs. A surprising amount of variation occurs within this species. Color patterns can range from a reddish cinnamon to a dark brown, but are almost always a shade of brown.

In the late 1950s, amateur lepidopterist Gary Botting hybridized the Polyphemus moth (then known as Telea polyphemus) with Antheraea yamamai from Japan and, later, Antheraea mylitta from India by transferring the pheromone-producing scent sacs from female "T. polyphemus" to the Antheraea females and allowing T. polyphemus males to mate with them. The resultant hybrids were displayed in his winning U.S. National Science Fair exhibit "Intergeneric hybridization among giant silk moths". After Botting consulted with genetic statistician J.B.S. Haldane and his wife, entomologist Helen Spurway, the Polyphemus moth was reclassified, becoming Antheraea polyphemus.

Conservation
Parasitic insects – such as the parasitoid wasp – lay their eggs in or on the young caterpillars. These then hatch into larvae that consume the insides of the caterpillars. Once the caterpillars pupate, the larvae themselves pupate, killing the Polyphemus pupa. The Compsilura concinnata tachinid fly, introduced to North America to control the spongy moth, is one particular known threat to the North American native Polyphemus moth.

Squirrels have also been known to consume the pupae of Polyphemus moths, decreasing the population greatly. Pruning of trees and leaving outdoor lights on at night can also be detrimental to the moths.

Response to threats
The Polyphemus moth uses defense mechanisms to protect itself from predators. One of its most distinctive mechanisms is a distraction display that serves to confuse, or simply distract, predators. This involves the large eyespots on its hindwings, which give the moth its name (from the cyclops Polyphemus in Greek mythology). Eyespots are also startle patterns, a subform of distraction patterns, used for camouflage via deceptive and blending coloration.

Most startle patterns are brightly colored areas on the outer body of already camouflaged animals. (Another example of the use of startle patterns is the gray treefrog, with its bright-yellow leggings. When it leaps, a flash of bright yellow appears on its hind legs, usually startling the predator away from its prey.) Distraction patterns are believed to be a form of mimicry, meant to misdirect predators by markings on the moths' wings. The pattern on the hindwings of the Polyphemus moth resembles that on the head of the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). This defense mechanism often results in wing damage to the moth, which does not affect the insect's flight.

title: Antheraea polyphemus


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Harrison Stickle

Harrison Stickle is a fell in the central part of the English Lake District, situated above Great Langdale. The fell is one of the three (although the number is debated) fells which make up the picturesque Langdale Pikes, the others being Pike of Stickle and Loft Crag. Together they make up one of the most picturesque, and probably the best-known, mountain groups in the District. A "stickle" is a hill with a prominent rocky top.

Topography
The Langdale Pikes form a raised rocky parapet around the southern and eastern edges of a high tableland centred upon Thunacar Knott. Harrison Stickle is the high point of this system and its crags fall south and east from the summit, presenting an arresting view from the valley floor 2000 ft below, or from further afield.

To the north, the main ridge of the central fells passes over Thunacar Knott before climbing to High Raise. The craggy eastern face of this ridge continues north as far as Harrison's near neighbour, Pavey Ark, visually the most impressive face in the area. The south-western border of Harrison Stickle is formed by the deep ravine of Dungeon Ghyll, which cuts through the parapet of the Langdale Pikes and into the lower hinterland of Harrison Combe. Across the Ghyll westwards are Thorn Crag, Loft Crag and finally Pike of Stickle. Below the steep eastern face of Harrison Stickle lie Stickle Tarn and its ghyll, thus ensuring that all drainage from the fell is to Great Langdale. The tarn is a waterfilled corrie about 50 ft deep, this being enhanced by a dam. The water is used for public consumption in Great Langdale.

Geology and archaeology
Harrison Stickle's summit area is composed of the pebbly sandstone and breccia of the Pavey Ark Member.

Several greenstone knapping sites have been found below the main peak, and following the strike of the tuff exploited at nearby Pike O'Stickle in the neolithic period. The sites on Pike O'Stickle have been well described as the Langdale axe industry, but they have been found to be much more widespread than originally thought. The rock was roughly shaped on site, and then traded across the country, where the final polishing could be undertaken. Such polished axes have been found in Buckinghamshire for example as well as in East Anglia. The axes varied widely in size, shape and function, and most were designed to be fitted with either wooden or bone handles (using pointed butt ends or narrow waists).

Summit
The summit is a short rocky ridge with a cairn at each end, the northern one being higher. The view from Harrison Stickle is as good as the view of it — a surprisingly rare occurrence — with all of the major fell groups visible.

Ascents
The fell is usually climbed from New Dungeon Ghyll Hotel in Great Langdale, and there are a number of possible routes up. The simplest first follows Stickle Beck to Stickle Tarn; a path then leads up the western side of Pavey Ark to reach the summit. The fell is almost invariably combined with other nearby peaks to make a longer circular walk.

title: Harrison Stickle


text:
File:Shane warne sketch.jpg

Summary
pencil drawing I did of Shane Warne. pretty rough, but putting here since there seems to be trouble finding an image of him.

title: File:Shane warne sketch.jpg


text:
Talk:Katharine Sergava

Untitled
The suggestion that a bio of doubtful notability be moved to Wiktionary seems not only absurd, but hostile and disrespectful twd our colleagues at Wiktionary. It should be explained on this page, and IMO apologized for. --Jerzy•t 03:39, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Reasons she should be included in Wikipedia are: I've removed the Wiktionary notice which I assume is an error. Ben Finn 12:13, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) She was a cast member in the original production of a famous musical
 * 2) She is famous enough to have had obituaries published (or at least her death reported - not sure which) in two major newspapers

I don't know if this is presumptuous of me, but having now explained the importance (above) and extended the article a bit, I've also removed the other notice. Ben Finn 12:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * _ _ I'm restoring that notice, even tho i am not used to seeing it used, and the original tagger improperly tagged it w/o listing it on WP:CU. I don't think "presumption" is quite the word, but IMO it would have been much more collegial to leave the removal to someone other than the principal contributor to the article. Thus i prefer to hold you to a standard that better supports confidence in our process of collective editing without editors in chief.
 * _ _ The newly added material is good, and does contribute to the evidence of notability.
 * _ _ IMO, the numbered pts made above were already obvious, but there's no harm in making them explicit.
 * _ _ I share the tagger's concern somewhat, & think the article does not yet establish notability. Getting the spotlight for the dream ballet is cool, but it neither makes a career nor i think rises to the "talk of the town" level where a single event makes one notable.  So far, the article does not even say whether she had any true performance career: she certainly had no notable career in film or TV, and dancers' careers are, i believe, so front-loaded (except for teachers and choreographers) that there is a presumption that the early 30's of age are the peak.
 * _ _ IMO, a solo dancer on Broadway has barely stepped out of the chorus: dancers aren't understood to be actors (and the tradition of calling them "hoofers" evokes such things as "cattle-call auditions"). Having also a named role in the same show actually furthers this impression: "We need another live body in the crowd scenes; whatsamattuh, we aren't paying that ballerina by the minute, are we?"
 * _ _ The performing professions are full of artists who deserve gratitude, but in the nature of things most of them are non-notable, whether they delight in the opportunity to practice professionalism in a series of too-often under-appreciated jobs, or grow sick of their work, or make a real choice leave full-time paid performing in favor of family, or better money, or better working conditions. Most of them probably have a role that best serves to justify the whole thing, and that is surely notable with a life -- whether or not it is encyclopedically notable.
 * _ _ We may just not know enuf about KS, or she may, like other heroic people in most walks of life, not rise into notability. --Jerzy•t 18:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I was mistaken in inferring from the name Template:cleanup-importance that articles with the tag belong on WP:CU. That tag is now a rdr to Template:Importance. (And i didn't add this talk page's article to CU.) --Jerzy•t 19:42, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Your points are all taken. However my point 2 still stands I think. Additionally, she has 287 references on Google, which is surely enough to merit Wikipedia inclusion. Ben Finn 20:12, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

KS a little mysterious
As was the case for many Russian imigrants during the early 20th century, Katharine Sergava's roots and life are a bit mysterious. I am not an authority on Madame Sergava, as we called here in the studio, but I studied acting with her from 1995 to 2000 at the HB Studio in Greenwich Village. My information comes from a patch work of her own stories told in class, information gathered by a few of her oldest students (of over 10 years)who also acted as her assistants, and the little bit of corroborative information on the web.

According to Mdme S, herself, her dancing career was not of the prima ballerina, not so much because of any lack of talent (apparently quite the opposite, as she told us that the choreographer of the Ballet Russe called her a "little Markova" - a reference to one of the greatest prima ballerinas of the 20th century), but because of her diminutive size. She was barely over 5' with proportionately short arms and legs - a sort of "anti-Balanchine" ballerina. :-) She was of a more stocky, powerful build, which was long disregarded by the ballet world in her day. Her smallness was apparently perfect for portraying the "ballet Laurie" in Oklahoma! as the illusion of being "in the distance" when not really apparently was desired. Mdme Sergava was chosen, then BECAUSE of her ample balletic talent, rather than being a "hoofer." Oh, since this is somewhat in defence of the appropriateness of entry into Wikipedia, she performed as Ballet Laurie for over 1100 consecutive performances. This was not only a notable feat, but has been surpassed by only a few stalwart souls in the latter 20th century who participated in the record breaking runs of CATS and A CHORUS LINE.

Also, it is little recognized that Katharine Sergava was second cast to Lotte Lenya Weill in the role of Jenny Diver in the 1954 revival of The Threepenny Opera in the famous English translation by Marc Blitzstein. I say second cast, rather than understudy, because it was known beforehand that Lotte Lenya would perform for only a limited portion of the run. In the end, KS actually performed the role more times in revival than Mrs. Lenya Weill. Again, from Mdme. Sergava's, herself, we were told that Mr. Blitzstein preferred KS's interpretation, because she really understood his choice of words and the underlying meaning of his translation. Apparently, Lotte Lenya sang the song as a "cabaret piece," while KS performed it as a dramatic monologue set to music - a very "Stanislavskian" approach.

The mysteriousness spawns from the wayward travel in her life, and therefore confusions as to exactly what happen when. She was born in Russia (she claims in 1909, not 1910) to a bourgeois family whose name is unknown to me, but was NOT Sergava (that is a stage name that she pronounces as Ser-GAY-vuh]. Her family fled Russia to Paris from the Revolution, as so many Russians of that class in that era did. Her earliest dance training was in Russia, as a child, but her formative work was done in Paris. It seems that she studied with Michel Fokine - a seminal character in ballet history - as a child in Russia. It seems that her introduction to America came through her work with the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, which had passed from Russian hands to French and then finally American. But this was always a little murky to me, because her stories often ignored any strict time line. So, when KS danced with the BRdMC, I am not sure, but I think it was with the American incarnation that began in 1932, perhaps in the latter 30s, after Holloywood and before Oklahoma!. Clearly, in the mid-1930s KS was in Hollywood, but by the early 40s, it seems, if I read the archival information correctly at the Lincoln Center Library of the Performing Arts, KS performed at the Ballet Theatre in NYC with the artists of the Ballet Russe - just before she was to start her work in Oklahoma!. KS did do some films in Hollywood in the mid-30s (apparently BEFORE formally studying acting) but it was in NYC where she studied with Andrius Jilinsky, a student of Constantine Stanislavsky, and trained with him for several years, and ultimately had somewhat of a stage career (after Oklahoma!) doing rather oddball character roles from the 40s through the 50s, and a bit into the 60s. At this point, as KS's stage career wayned, Uta Hagen, a friend by that point, asked KS to come teach acting at the HB Studio. After some thought, she did so, and ended up teaching there for nearly 40 years.

At some point in the late 40s or early 50s (I don't really know when), she met a brilliant mathematician and engineer at a party, whose name was Bernard Sznycer, and she ended up marrying him. He died sometime in the early to mid-1990s. Prof. Sznycer's claim in the history books of engineering was as the co-designer of Canada's first and, apparently, only "home grown," Canadian produced helicopter, the SG-IV-C (prototype)[SG = Sznycer-Gottlieb = BS and Prof. Selma Gottlieb], which was first flown on July 9, 1947. [HISTOR!CA: The Canadian Encylopedia; under Helicopter - http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003692] One of the earlier, functioning designs.

This is a book - I apologize - but I hope it is somewhat enlightening, and not too confusing. It is NOT a work of scholarship, but hopefully, may spur someone on to some of the real thing. -- CG

 * Why not add some of the above to the article? Ben Finn 12:51, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I am obviously very new at this, so I need a little "hand-holding." :-)[read: point to information on how to do so] Also, though, I am still unsure of some of those things that sound like absolute facts above, in fact, I did some further research and have corrected some info on KS and her life, already. And where do I find the protocols for citing research documentation? Thanks. [CG]--Altobasso 07:40, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I am now in the process of gathering accurate information on Mme. Sergava from some of her closest confidants and longest students, as well as, possibly, some documentation from her personal effects, as they become available from her estate. As I learn more about the "real" KS and learn about the Wikipedian "protocols," I shall do more posting on the "stub" article. - CG--Altobasso 01:22, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Katharine Sergava


text:
User talk:Yellow Dart

Say...  did you know there was already an Ion thruster article when you wrote Ion engines? I'm going to review your article for anything missing from Ion thruster, integrate the two, then convert it into a redirect, just a heads up. - C HAIRBOY (☎) 03:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

umm, i'm new here and i have no idea if this is how i'm supposed to reply, but anyway, i didn't know there was an ion thruster page and apperently it has more info than mine. Anyway, didn't know it was there... well... there goes my work.

No worries, it's happened to all of us! One thing I do is go and google the subject with the work 'wikipedia' after it, it'll usually find any pre-existing stuff. Sorry to be the bearer of bad news, you wanna do the merge? BTW, welcome to Wikipedia! I know this can be frustrating, but your work looks good, and I look forward to seeing more of your stuff! - C HAIRBOY (☎) 03:40, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yellow Dart


text:
Talk:Carrozzeria Ghia

 * Something should be written about Ghia Aigle.Hektor 03:40, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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Notice of Reliable Sources Noticeboard discussion
There is currently a discussion at Reliable sources/Noticeboard regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. The thread is www.team.net. Thank you. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 02:37, 17 October 2018 (UTC)

Ghia 1500 gt
This model was by far the most produced ghia (845 acording to Ford) Why not mentioned in the article? Maaiken2020 (talk) 16:31, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carrozzeria Ghia


text: Template:Devo

title: Template:Devo


text:
User:Upsuperman

-{T|Welcome to my Wiki's home! }-

{|width="100%" cellspacing="3" '''Welcome to my Wiki's home! '''
 * colspan="2" style="width: 100%; background: #25aaff; " align="center"|
 * colspan="2" style="width: 100%; background: #25aaff; " align="center"|

 * -valign="top"
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 * -valign="top"
 * style="border: 1px solid #6b6bff; background: #d4e3ff; "|

Introduce Me

 * I'm from Fujian, China

 * I was born on February 9, 1991

My Religion

 * 中国少年先锋队（1997-2004）
 * 中国共产主义青年团（2005-）

My Blog

Contact Me

 * You can go to my talk page
 * Also I have [mailto:quanxunzhen@gmail.com two] [mailto:quanxunzhen@163.com E-mail Address], and I want you use [mailto:quanxunzhen@gmail.com the first one].
 * Q Me maybe a good idea!
 * Though I have a [mailto:quanxunzhen@hotmail.com MSN], but I hardly ever use it.

I joined...

 * GIMPS分布式运算，寻找梅森素数

What I'm doing

 * style="width: 260px; border: 1px solid #00ffaa; background: #b1ffe2; " align="center"|

 * colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #6b6bff; background: #d4e3ff; "|
 * colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #6b6bff; background: #d4e3ff; "|

Robots

 * I wrote a robot named "Stub-bot". It can find small page and tell user to add tag to page. Now it was used in Chinese Wikipedia.

Pages

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 * colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #3e3e3e; background: #c2c2c2; "|

My Toolbox

 * }

 * Note: 本页调试时采用了1152*864的高分辨率. 如果无法正常显示，请使用1152*864以上的4:3分辨率！

究极人类，没有敌对！

zh:User:究极人类

title: User:Upsuperman


text:
Abd al-Wahid I

Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid 'al-Makhlu' (also known as Abd al-Wahid I, أبو محمد عبد الواحد بن يوسف Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ibn Yūsuf) was the Almohad Caliph for less than a year in 1224.

Life
Abd al-Wahid was the son of the great Almohad conqueror Abu Yaqub Yusuf and younger brother of the late Caliph Yaqub al-Mansur (d.1199). He had served with distinction on campaign in al-Andalus, was appointed governor of Málaga in 1202, and sheikh of the Masmuda tribe of the Haskura in 1206. He served for some time after that as governor in Sijilmassa, and around 1221, was briefly governor in Seville.

Abd al-Wahid was back in Marrakesh in February 1224, when his grand-nephew, the young Almohad caliph Yusuf II, was accidentally killed, leaving no heirs. The palace vizier Abu Sa`id Uthman ibn Jami'i quickly drafted the elderly Abd al-Wahid, then in his sixties, and presented him before the Almohad sheikhs of Marrakesh, who promptly elected him as the new Almohad Caliph. However, the hastiness of the election and the probable unconstitutionality of these proceedings, was disputed by his other nephews, the brothers of al-Nasir, who governed in al-Andalus. Like other leading Almohad family nobles, the brothers had probably hoped for a less-experienced and more pliable candidate, likelier to give them freer rein to carry on autonomously in the provinces, as they had enjoyed during the caliphate of Yusuf II. The succession stunt unbalanced the careful coalition that had been built up over decades, setting different branches of the Almohad family member against each other, and against the palace bureaucrats and the tribal sheikhs.

It was the first serious succession dispute in the Almohad Caliphate. Despite disagreements, the Almohad coalition had hitherto loyally lined up behind the new caliph. Not this time. Instigated by the shadowy figure of Abu Zayd ibn Yujjan, a former high bureaucrat who had been disgraced and exiled by ibn Jami'i, the brothers decided to elect their own Caliph Abdallah al-Adil in Seville, and set about ferrying troops from Spain to challenge Abd al-Wahid I in Morocco.

Abd al-Wahid I did not last long as Caliph. Ibn Yujjan used his contacts in southern Morocco, notably Abu Zakariya, the sheikh of the Hintata tribe, and Yusuf ibn Ali, governor of Tinmal, who seized the Marrakech palace and removed Ibn Jami'i and his supporters (Ibn Jami'i was eventually killed, while in exile in the Atlas Mountains). The caliph, Abd al-Wahid I, was murdered by strangulation in September 1224. The nickname by which he is frequently referred to in the chronicles, "al-Makhlu", means "the Deposed".

title: Abd al-Wahid I


text: User talk:Upsuperman

title: User talk:Upsuperman


text:
The Perishers (band)

The Perishers were a Swedish indie rock band. The band formed in 1997 with six members. The lineup since 2001, has consisted of Ola Klüft (vocals, guitar), Martin Gustafson (keyboards, backing vocals), Pehr Åström (bass), and Thomas Hedlund (drums). In 2005, the band was personally handpicked by Sarah McLachlan to open her second leg of the Afterglow tour. Each night of the tour, Sarah McLachlan joined the band and sang background vocals on their song "Pills". The live track was released as a promotional CD single and as an online exclusive EP via Tower Records later that year.

Additionally, several of their songs have been played in episodes of the American television programs The O.C., One Tree Hill, Greek and Veronica Mars. In Veronica Mars, the ballad "Sway" featured prominently in a climactic episode of the series' second season.

Sarah Isaksson (Klüft's former vocal teacher) is a featured artist on their song "Pills". Their song "My Heart" has been played on Saturn Sedan commercials as well as a second-season episode of the ABC Family series Kyle XY. Another song, "Trouble Sleeping", was played in a promotional spot for Grey's Anatomy; the song "Come Out of the Shade" was featured in an episode of the show.

In 2010 the band broke up when the lead vocalist, Ola Klüft, left the group in order to perform under the name A Lanky Swede - he released his first solo album on 14 April 2011.

Members

 * Ola Klüft – vocals, guitar
 * Martin Gustafson – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Pehr Åström – bass
 * Thomas Hedlund – drums (also drums for Deportees (band), Phoenix (band) and Cult Of Luna)

Studio albums

 * From Nothing to One (2002)
 * Let There Be Morning (2003)
 * Victorious (2007)

EPs

 * Sway EP (2005)
 * Pills (Live) EP (2005)

Live albums

 * The Perishers Live (2005)

Other

 * Demo (2000)

Cover songs

 * Blue Christmas
 * When Tomorrow Comes

Singles

 * The Night
 * My Home Town
 * When I Wake Up Tomorrow
 * In The Blink Of An Eye
 * Sway
 * Let There Be Morning
 * Pills feat. Sarah McLachlan (Live)
 * Trouble Sleeping
 * Carefree
 * Come Out Of The Shade
 * Victorious

Non-album tracks

 * All Wrong
 * Blur
 * Honestly
 * Not Anymore
 * Our Days Are Here
 * Sleep Tight
 * The Best Days
 * I Hope You'll Be Missing Me (Like I Will Miss You)

title: The Perishers (band)


text:
User talk:Pilliga

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia , Hopefully you will decide to stay here.

You may want to take a look at the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some links I've found useful:
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merge
 * New user log
 * Be Bold
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off
 * Wikiquette
 * Contributing to Wikipedia
 * User page
 * How to upload files
 * Image copyright tags

Also: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your username and the time after your comments. Signing with three tildes ~~~ will just sign your username. I hope to see you around Wikipedia! If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page!

Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

03:44, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pilliga


text:
User talk:Kook12

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:King of the Ants.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:King of the Ants.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 18:26, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kook12


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Perishers (band)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep! --Phroziac(talk) 01:38, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

The Perishers (band)
By own admission, not notable Jwissick  (t)  (c)  03:45, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Their songs have appeared on popular TV series, and they have collaborated with Sarah McLachlan. Cnwb 03:56, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. No "major commercial breakthrough," but still notable. Ben D. 10:44, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Have an allmusic page, in accordance with WP:MUSIC--CastAStone 18:06, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, apparently they qualify under WP:MUSIC criterion #2 (national/international concert tour). --Metropolitan90 03:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User:Sarranduin

title: User:Sarranduin


text:
Talk:South Lawndale, Chicago

In the news
Hispanics in U.S. feel pull of the suburbs By James B. Kelleher] Reuters. BlankVerse 05:27, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

La Villita
Honestly I think LV needs its own page, more history... I'll get working on that. Antihistoriaster (talk) 05:44, 11 March 2016 (UTC)

History of Little Village name
Many sections and articles about places with odd names include an expiation of how the odd choice came about. “Little Village” lacks an explanation. Is there a reliable source which could be cited? There are thousands of little villages and small towns which chose some person, geographic feature, or other distinctive basis for its naming. What happened here? Edison (talk) 15:28, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Lawndale, Chicago


text:
User talk:Scottmollie

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia , Hopefully you will decide to stay here.

You may want to take a look at the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some links I've found useful:
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merge
 * New user log
 * Be Bold
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off
 * Wikiquette
 * Contributing to Wikipedia
 * User page
 * How to upload files
 * Image copyright tags

Also: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your username and the time after your comments. Signing with three tildes ~~~ will just sign your username. I hope to see you around Wikipedia! If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on my talk page!

Johann Wolfgang [ T ... C ]

03:45, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scottmollie