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Robert Shapiro (lawyer)

Robert Leslie Shapiro (born September 2, 1942) is an American attorney and entrepreneur. He is best known for being the short-term defense lawyer of Erik Menéndez in 1990, and a member of the "Dream Team" of O. J. Simpson's attorneys that successfully defended him from the charges that he murdered his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and Ron Goldman, in 1994. He later turned to civil work and co-founded ShoeDazzle, LegalZoom, and RightCounsel.com, appearing in their television commercials.

Early life and education
Shapiro was born in Plainfield, New Jersey, to a Jewish family. He graduated from Hamilton High School in Los Angeles in 1961 and UCLA in 1965, with a B.S. in Finance. He obtained his Juris Doctor from Loyola Law School in 1968. At UCLA, he pledged the Jewish fraternity Zeta Beta Tau with his best friend, Roger Cossack.

Legal practice and books about the law
Shapiro was admitted to the State Bar of California in 1969. He has represented famous athletes, most notably O. J. Simpson, Darryl Strawberry, José Canseco, and Vince Coleman. In 1998, he sued Strawberry over unpaid legal fees; the case was eventually settled out of court. Shapiro has also represented celebrities, his clients including Johnny Carson, Christian Brando, Linda Lovelace, F. Lee Bailey, and the Kardashian family.

In the case of Lyle and Erik Menéndez, who murdered their parents in 1989, Shapiro arranged the surrender of Erik in 1990, who at the time of Lyle's arrest was in Israel for a tennis tournament. He later represented Erik during their first arraignment, until the defense was handed over to Leslie Abramson, who represented Erik until the brothers' conviction in 1996.

Shapiro played a crucial role in the O. J. Simpson murder case. Already associated with Simpson, on June 17, 1994, he was present at Robert Kardashian's press conference pleading for Simpson to turn himself in to the police. According to Shapiro, Simpson's psychiatrists agreed that his letter to "friends", which Kardashian read over the air, was a suicide note. On television, Shapiro appealed to Simpson to surrender. Later that day, after the famous low-speed "Bronco chase", Simpson surrendered to the police, with Shapiro's assistance.

When the actual trial began, Shapiro led the defense team (dubbed the "Dream Team"), but later ceded lead chair to Johnnie Cochran. Despite their team's success in freeing Simpson, Shapiro criticized his fellow Dream Team attorneys F. Lee Bailey (calling him a "loose cannon") and Cochran, for bringing race into the trial. In his book The Search for Justice: A Defense Attorney's Brief on the O.J. Simpson Case (1998), Shapiro states that he does not believe Simpson was framed by the LAPD but does believe the verdict was correct due to reasonable doubt. Shortly after the Simpson trial, Shapiro steered his practice away from criminal defense toward civil litigation.

Shapiro was sued by record producer Phil Spector for refusing to return a $1 million retainer for legal services. Spector ultimately settled the lawsuit against Shapiro for an undisclosed amount.

On April 30, 2007, Shapiro was the subject of a published appellate opinion involving allegations that he had forwarded a request from his client to the client's CEO to remove twelve duffel bags, each containing $500,000 in cash, from the client's apartment, prior to a judge's order freezing the client's assets. In that opinion the California Court of Appeal held that Shapiro's law firm, Christensen Miller Fink Jacobs Glaser Weil & Shapiro LLP, could be held liable for his alleged misconduct, even though Shapiro holds no equity interest in the firm and is not a true partner. Ultimately, Shapiro settled the case for $450,000 (nearly twice the amount he said he was paid to represent the client in the first place), without admitting any wrongdoing.

Shapiro has represented Steve Wynn and Wynn Resorts, actress Eva Longoria, Rob Kardashian (in the 2017 revenge porn case brought by Blac Chyna), Occidental Petroleum Corporation, Rockstar, and Diamond Resorts International. Shapiro represented the colorful Malibu psychiatrist and stem cell marketeer William C. Rader before the Medical Board of California, in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the permanent revocation of Rader's medical license.

Shapiro frequently writes about the law and has published multiple books on the subject. In 2013, The National Law Journal named him on the list of the 100 Most Influential Lawyers in America. Shapiro has also been recognized among the "500 Leading Lawyers in America," by Lawdragon in 2023 and has been consistently named to Southern California Super Lawyers for decades.

Children's book
Shapiro created Somo the Sober Monkey, a character in the children's book Somo Says No, which has an anti-drug theme. It is made available to schools free of charge.

Business ventures
Shapiro is the cofounder of LegalZoom, ShoeDazzle, and RightCounsel.com.

Personal life
Shapiro married Linell Thomas on March 8, 1970. They had two sons, Grant and Brent.

After his son Brent's death from a drug overdose in 2005, he founded the Brent Shapiro Foundation, a nonprofit organization with an aim to raise drug awareness, for which he serves as chairman of the board, as well as Pickford Lofts, a rehabilitation facility.

Portrayals in films and television
Shapiro is known as a "celebrity" lawyer and as such is a celebrity himself. He has appeared as himself (or as a lawyer resembling his real-life self) in a number of films and television series, including the film Havoc (2005). He has also been portrayed by actors in film dramatizations of the O.J. Simpson murder trial.

 * Bruce Weitz portrayed Shapiro in the Fox TV movie The O. J. Simpson Story (1995).
 * Ron Silver portrayed Shapiro in the CBS TV miniseries American Tragedy (2000).
 * John Travolta portrayed Shapiro in the FX cable TV miniseries American Crime Story: The People v. O.J. Simpson (2016). Though Travolta's performance was met with mixed reviews, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie, which he lost to his co-star Sterling K. Brown, who portrayed Christopher Darden. As one of the producers, however, Travolta won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series.
 * Douglass Olsson portrayed Shapiro in the NBC miniseries Law & Order: True Crime - The Menendez Murders (2017). Olsson appeared in the second episode as Erik Menendez's lawyer who surrendered him to the LAPD from Israel. Shapiro was then mentioned several times by Erik Menendez in the seventh episode during a conversation with O. J. Simpson.
 * Himself in An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (1997)

title: Robert Shapiro (lawyer)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TrafficWorks4U

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 08:38, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

TrafficWorks4U
Spam. Apears to be promotion of a non-notable website. Created by the same IP user who created Jubin Jacob. Delete. DES (talk) 16:11, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nominator. Thryduulf 16:37, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * del. Nonnotable. mikka (t) 18:40, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Adcruft.--Isotope23 18:51, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
History of the Big Bang theory

The history of the Big Bang theory began with the Big Bang's development from observations and theoretical considerations. Much of the theoretical work in cosmology now involves extensions and refinements to the basic Big Bang model. The theory itself was originally formalised by Father Georges Lemaître in 1927. Hubble's Law of the expansion of the universe provided foundational support for the theory.

Philosophy and medieval temporal finitism
In medieval philosophy, there was much debate over whether the universe had a finite or infinite past (see Temporal finitism). The philosophy of Aristotle held that the universe had an infinite past, which caused problems for past Jewish and Islamic philosophers who were unable to reconcile the Aristotelian conception of the eternal with the Abrahamic view of creation. As a result, a variety of logical arguments for the universe having a finite past were developed by John Philoponus, Al-Kindi, Saadia Gaon, Al-Ghazali and Immanuel Kant, among others.

English theologian Robert Grosseteste explored the nature of matter and the cosmos in his 1225 treatise De Luce (On Light). He described the birth of the universe in an explosion and the crystallization of matter to form stars and planets in a set of nested spheres around Earth. De Luce is the first attempt to describe the heavens and Earth using a single set of physical laws.

In 1610, Johannes Kepler used the dark night sky to argue for a finite universe. Seventy-seven years later, Isaac Newton described large-scale motion throughout the universe.

The description of a universe that expanded and contracted in a cyclic manner was first put forward in a poem published in 1791 by Erasmus Darwin. Edgar Allan Poe presented a similar cyclic system in his 1848 essay titled Eureka: A Prose Poem; it is obviously not a scientific work, but Poe, while starting from metaphysical principles, tried to explain the universe using contemporary physical and mental knowledge. Ignored by the scientific community and often misunderstood by literary critics, its scientific implications have been reevaluated in recent times.

According to Poe, the initial state of matter was a single "Primorial Particle". "Divine Volition", manifesting itself as a repulsive force, fragmented the Primordial Particle into atoms. Atoms spread evenly throughout space, until the repulsive force stops, and attraction appears as a reaction: then matter begins to clump together forming stars and star systems, while the material universe is drawn back together by gravity, finally collapsing and ending eventually returning to the Primordial Particle stage in order to begin the process of repulsion and attraction once again. This part of Eureka describes a Newtonian evolving universe which shares a number of properties with relativistic models, and for this reason Poe anticipates some themes of modern cosmology.

Early 20th century scientific developments
Observationally, in the 1910s, Vesto Slipher and later, Carl Wilhelm Wirtz, determined that most spiral nebulae (now called spiral galaxies) were receding from Earth. Slipher used spectroscopy to investigate the rotation periods of planets, the composition of planetary atmospheres, and was the first to observe the radial velocities of galaxies. Wirtz observed a systematic redshift of nebulae, which was difficult to interpret in terms of a cosmology in which the universe is filled more or less uniformly with stars and nebulae. They weren't aware of the cosmological implications, nor that the supposed nebulae were actually galaxies outside our own Milky Way.

Also in that decade, Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity was found to admit no static cosmological solutions, given the basic assumptions of cosmology described in the Big Bang's theoretical underpinnings. The universe (i.e., the space-time metric) was described by a metric tensor that was either expanding or shrinking (i.e., was not constant or invariant). This result, coming from an evaluation of the field equations of the general theory, at first led Einstein himself to consider that his formulation of the field equations of the general theory may be in error, and he tried to correct it by adding a cosmological constant. This constant would restore to the general theory's description of space-time an invariant metric tensor for the fabric of space/existence. The first person to seriously apply general relativity to cosmology without the stabilizing cosmological constant was Alexander Friedmann. Friedmann derived the expanding-universe solution to general relativity field equations in 1922. Friedmann's 1924 papers included "Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes" (About the possibility of a world with constant negative curvature) which was published by the Berlin Academy of Sciences on 7 January 1924. Friedmann's equations describe the Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker universe.

In 1927, the Belgian physicist Georges Lemaitre proposed an expanding model for the universe to explain the observed redshifts of spiral nebulae, and calculated the Hubble law. He based his theory on the work of Einstein and De Sitter, and independently derived Friedmann's equations for an expanding universe. Also, the red shifts themselves were not constant, but varied in such manner as to lead to the conclusion that there was a definite relationship between amount of red-shift of nebulae, and their distance from observers.

In 1929, Edwin Hubble provided a comprehensive observational foundation for Lemaitre's theory. Hubble's experimental observations discovered that, relative to the Earth and all other observed bodies, galaxies are receding in every direction at velocities (calculated from their observed red-shifts) directly proportional to their distance from the Earth and each other. In 1929, Hubble and Milton Humason formulated the empirical Redshift Distance Law of galaxies, nowadays known as Hubble's law, which, once the Redshift is interpreted as a measure of recession speed, is consistent with the solutions of Einstein's General Relativity Equations for a homogeneous, isotropic expanding universe. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation. In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that most of the universe was expanding and moving away from everything else. If everything is moving away from everything else, then it should be thought that everything was once closer together. The logical conclusion is that at some point, all matter started from a single point a few millimetres across before exploding outward. It was so hot that it consisted of only raw energy for hundreds of thousands of years before the matter could form. Whatever happened had to unleash an unfathomable force, since the universe is still expanding billions of years later. The theory he devised to explain what he found is called the Big Bang theory.

In 1931, Lemaître proposed in his "hypothèse de l'atome primitif" (hypothesis of the primeval atom) that the universe began with the "explosion" of the "primeval atom" – what was later called the Big Bang. Lemaître first took cosmic rays to be the remnants of the event, although it is now known that they originate within the local galaxy. Lemaitre had to wait until shortly before his death to learn of the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, the remnant radiation of a dense and hot phase in the early universe.

Big Bang theory vs. Steady State theory
Hubble's Law had suggested that the universe was expanding, contradicting the cosmological principle whereby the universe, when viewed on sufficiently large distance scales, has no preferred directions or preferred places. Hubble's idea allowed for two opposing hypotheses to be suggested. One was Lemaître's Big Bang, advocated and developed by George Gamow. The other model was Fred Hoyle's Steady State theory, in which new matter would be created as the galaxies moved away from each other. In this model, the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. It was actually Hoyle who coined the name of Lemaître's theory, referring to it as "this 'big bang' idea" during a radio broadcast on 28 March 1949, on the BBC Third Programme. It is popularly reported that Hoyle, who favored an alternative "steady state" cosmological model, intended this to be pejorative, but Hoyle explicitly denied this and said it was just a striking image meant to highlight the difference between the two models. Hoyle repeated the term in further broadcasts in early 1950, as part of a series of five lectures entitled The Nature of The Universe. The text of each lecture was published in The Listener a week after the broadcast, the first time that the term "big bang" appeared in print. As evidence in favour of the Big Bang model mounted, and the consensus became widespread, Hoyle himself, albeit somewhat reluctantly, admitted to it by formulating a new cosmological model that other scientists later referred to as the "Steady Bang".

1950 to 1990s

From around 1950 to 1965, the support for these theories was evenly divided, with a slight imbalance arising from the fact that the Big Bang theory could explain both the formation and the observed abundances of hydrogen and helium, whereas the Steady State could explain how they were formed, but not why they should have the observed abundances. However, the observational evidence began to support the idea that the universe evolved from a hot dense state. Objects such as quasars and radio galaxies were observed to be much more common at large distances (therefore in the distant past) than in the nearby universe, whereas the Steady State predicted that the average properties of the universe should be unchanging with time. In addition, the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964 was considered the death knell of the Steady State, although this prediction was only qualitative, and failed to predict the exact temperature of the CMB. (The key big bang prediction is the black-body spectrum of the CMB, which was not measured with high accuracy until COBE in 1990). After some reformulation, the Big Bang has been regarded as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the cosmos. Before the late 1960s, many cosmologists thought the infinitely dense and physically paradoxical singularity at the starting time of Friedmann's cosmological model could be avoided by allowing for a universe which was contracting before entering the hot dense state, and starting to expand again. This was formalized as Richard Tolman's oscillating universe. In the sixties, Stephen Hawking and others demonstrated that this idea was unworkable, and the singularity is an essential feature of the physics described by Einstein's gravity. This led the majority of cosmologists to accept the notion that the universe as currently described by the physics of general relativity has a finite age. However, due to a lack of a theory of quantum gravity, there is no way to say whether the singularity is an actual origin point for the universe, or whether the physical processes that govern the regime cause the universe to be effectively eternal in character.

Through the 1970s and 1980s, most cosmologists accepted the Big Bang, but several puzzles remained, including the non-discovery of anisotropies in the CMB, and occasional observations hinting at deviations from a black-body spectrum; thus the theory was not very strongly confirmed.

1990 onwards
Huge advances in Big Bang cosmology were made in the 1990s and the early 21st century, as a result of major advances in telescope technology in combination with large amounts of satellite data, such as COBE, the Hubble Space Telescope and WMAP.

In 1990, measurements from the COBE satellite showed that the spectrum of the CMB matches a 2.725 K black-body to very high precision; deviations do not exceed 2 parts in $100,000$. This showed that earlier claims of spectral deviations were incorrect, and essentially proved that the universe was hot and dense in the past, since no other known mechanism can produce a black-body to such high accuracy. Further observations from COBE in 1992 discovered the very small anisotropies of the CMB on large scales, approximately as predicted from Big Bang models with dark matter. From then on, models of non-standard cosmology without some form of Big Bang became very rare in the mainstream astronomy journals.

In 1998, measurements of distant supernovae indicated that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, and this was supported by other observations including ground-based CMB observations and large galaxy red-shift surveys. In 1999–2000, the Boomerang and Maxima balloon-borne CMB observations showed that the geometry of the universe is close to flat, then in 2001 the 2dFGRS galaxy red-shift survey estimated the mean matter density around 25–30 percent of critical density. From 2001 to 2010, NASA's WMAP spacecraft took very detailed pictures of the universe by means of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The images can be interpreted to indicate that the universe is 13.7 billion years old (within one percent error) and that the Lambda-CDM model and the inflationary theory are correct. No other cosmological theory can yet explain such a wide range of observed parameters, from the ratio of the elemental abundances in the early universe to the structure of the cosmic microwave background, the observed higher abundance of active galactic nuclei in the early universe and the observed masses of clusters of galaxies.

In 2013 and 2015, ESA's Planck spacecraft released even more detailed images of the cosmic microwave background, showing consistency with the Lambda-CDM model to still higher precision.

Much of the current work in cosmology includes understanding how galaxies form in the context of the Big Bang, understanding what happened in the earliest times after the Big Bang, and reconciling observations with the basic theory. Cosmologists continue to calculate many of the parameters of the Big Bang to a new level of precision, and carry out more detailed observations which are hoped to provide clues to the nature of dark energy and dark matter, and to test the theory of General Relativity on cosmic scales.

title: History of the Big Bang theory


text:
Teos

Teos (Τέως) or Teo was an ancient Greek city on the coast of Ionia, on a peninsula between Chytrium and Myonnesus. It was founded by Minyans from Orchomenus, Ionians and Boeotians, but the date of its foundation is unknown. Teos was one of the twelve cities which formed the Ionian League. The city was situated on a low hilly isthmus. Its ruins are located to the south of the modern town of Sığacık in the Seferihisar district of Izmir Province, Turkey.

History
Pausanias writes that the city was founded by Minyans from Orchomenus under the leadership of Athamas, a descendant of Athamas the son of Aeolus. Later on they were joined by Ionians and more colonists from Athens and Boeotia. Because it was founded by Athamas, Anacreon also called it Athamantis (Ἀθαμαντίς).

Teos was a flourishing seaport with two fine harbours until Cyrus the Great invaded Lydia and Ionia (c. 546 BC). The Teans found it prudent to retire overseas, to the newly founded colonies of Abdera in Thrace and Phanagoria on the Asian side of the Cimmerian Bosporus. The port was revived by Antigonus Cyclops. During the times of the Roman emperors, the town was noted for its wine, a theatre and Temple of Dionysus. These are positioned near the acropolis, which is situated on a low hill and had fortifications by the 6th century. A shipwreck near Tektaş, a small rock outcrop near Teos harbour, dates from the Classical period (around the 6th to the 4th centuries BC) and implies trading connections by sea with the eastern Aegean Islands.

It was a member of the Lydian group of the Ionian League, one of the four groups defined by Herodotus, based on the particular dialects of the cities. Vitruvius notes Hermogenes of Priene as the architect of the monopteral temple of Dionysus at Teos.

The site today
The modern village of Sığacık is situated close to the ruins of Teos. The interior of what was previously the city has now been intensively farmed, which makes it difficult to excavate the site. Through ploughing, pottery has been brought to the surface of the earth, which has been collected through archaeological survey.

An interesting rental agreement chiseled into stone was uncovered in 2016 in the ruins of Teos.

Notable people

 * Anacreon the poet,
 * Hecateus the historian
 * Protagoras the sophist
 * Andron the geographer
 * Antimachus the epic poet
 * Apellicon, the preserver of the works of Aristotle
 * Epicurus reportedly grew up in Teos and studied there under Nausiphanes, a disciple of Democritus.

title: Teos


text: User talk:156.63.162.7

title: User talk:156.63.162.7


text:
Talk:Philadelphia City Council

Style Wars
Boothy443 - I put the matrix up first. Most of your changes have been stylistic. Please stop changing it. --evrik 16:15, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * How about no, learn how to edit. --Boothy443 | comhrá 21:24, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * My edits make the page cleaner and easier to read. --evrik 19:26. 02 October 2005

Council members without articles
Seven of the seventeen council members do not have articles about them. Can someone please add stub articles about them? --DThomsen8 (talk) 13:26, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I did them all. Now for photos. --DThomsen8 (talk) 19:56, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

New City Council for 2012-2016
When the results of the November 8, 2011, general election are final, I will prepare a new table listing the members. Several are new members, and we will need articles about them. The new council will be sworn in on January 2, 2012. --DThomsen8 (talk) 01:05, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Should every Philadelphia City Council person have a Wiki page? Many have not been updated in 10+ years. Nnev66 (talk) 18:13, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Nnev66 it's a large city and the actions of these councilmembers impact many people. which ones haven't been updated in 10+ years? Narsk (talk) 15:06, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Looks like Average Pennsylvanian made some updates since my original message but then deleted their account... The Cindy Bass page needs an update and Draft:Anthony Phillips (politician) (which I helped edit) looks ready to re-submit (am waiting for Arjsd to comment). Looks like someone attempted to make one for Jim Harrity but it was deleted. Jeffrey Jones Jr. is brand new so make take some time to get enough coverage of him to be notable enough. Nnev66 (talk) 00:44, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Nnev66, I am a fairly infrequent Wikipedia editor so your edits slipped by me, but they look good. Regarding resubmitting, I'd be happy to resubmit. Personally I thought it was clear from the initial submission that the subject met the requirements of WP:NPOL, but hopefully the additional edits make that even more clear. Arjsd (talk) 01:22, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * And now it's officially resubmitted. Arjsd (talk) 01:24, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I think the page was on the line before although IMO showed more notability than pages for council members Mark Squilla, Quetcy Lozada, Brian J. O'Neill, or Nicolas O'Rourke. Phillips has had some accomplishments since then which have been reported in The Philadelphia Inquirer and CNN so hopefully that will help. Also, he replaces and was mentored by the current mayor - I think that adds to notability but we'll see what the reviewers think. I'm trying to understand the reviewer process, where someone crosses Wikipedia's notability line, and how pages are normalized relative to each other. Nnev66 (talk) 21:33, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

External links modified
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it is to take effect in 2016
It's 2018.Xx236 (talk) 12:53, 4 October 2018 (UTC) It's 2024, and with Dthomsen8 passing it seems this effort does not have a leader. Nnev66 (talk) 16:22, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

City Council 2022-2027
Bringing discussion down to a new section. Looks like Narsk, Phillypaboy123, and Arjsd have created Philadelphia City Council member pages in the past couple of years. I did some edits on Arjsd's page Draft:Anthony Phillips (politician) which has been re-submitted for review. Regarding Philadelphia City Council member pages, User:Average Pennsylvanian made some recent edits in mid-late March but then deleted their account. It looks like the Cindy Bass page needs updating. Maybe also Curtis J. Jones Jr.. Did one of you do one for Jim Harrity? It appears to be deleted but I think there's enough out there to start another one. Also, Quetcy Lozada has a "notability" template on it so should be updated if possible. I'm thinking about doing a page on councilmanic prerogative but may be a while until I have time. Nnev66 (talk) 23:55, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi @Nnev66, I've been trying to add harder to find info like their bios and birth dates. I've just started my Wiki account and am working thru how the editing process works, so apologies if it appears I deleted my account haha. As a native Philadelphia (area) native this was my way of familiarizing myself and putting some needed info out there.
 * I'm definitely interested in adding info for these councilmembers since many of them definitely fit the notability guidelines, but it's not a priority for me atm, since the info can be found pretty easily (imo) on newssites, archived newspapers, and such. My main goal for now is gathering data from my university databases before I lose access, so don't expect more from me other than a few things here and there for now. Average Pennsylvanian (talk) 03:52, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philadelphia City Council


text:
Mike Eastwood

Michael Barry Eastwood (born July 1, 1967) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Eastwood played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Winnipeg Jets, Phoenix Coyotes, New York Rangers, St. Louis Blues, Chicago Blackhawks and Pittsburgh Penguins

Playing career
As a youth, Eastwood played in the 1979 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from South Ottawa.

Eastwood was drafted in the fifth Round, 91st overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1987 NHL Entry Draft. He then played four seasons with Western Michigan University of the CCHA. He played 164 games for Western Michigan, scoring 69 goals and adding 80 assists for 149 points. His best season was his last one when he had 29 goals and 32 assists in 42 games. In 1991, Eastwood made the jump to pro hockey. He did not become an NHL regular though until two years later.

In 1995, Eastwood was traded to the Winnipeg Jets for Tie Domi. This started a trend for Eastwood as he would then go on to play for many different teams. In his career, he has played 783 NHL games, scoring 87 goals and adding 149 assists for 236 points. His best season came in 1999–2000, when he scored 19 goals and 15 assists for 34 points.

Post-playing career
After his retirement in 2004, Eastwood was sought out by sports radio producers in the Ottawa area for his perspective on the NHL. He formerly co-hosted Ottawa Senators post-game shows with Scott MacArthur, and has appeared in radio commercials for restaurants in the Ottawa area. He currently serves as an Assistant Coach for the Ottawa 67's in the Ontario Hockey League.

Personal life
In June 2020, his niece Lindsay Eastwood, signed her first professional contract with the Toronto Six, the first Canadian expansion team in the NWHL. She scored her first professional goal against Amanda Leveille in the second game of the 2020–21 NWHL season, the first goal in the Six franchise history. The assists on Eastwood's historic goal were credited to Emma Woods and Shiann Darkangelo.

title: Mike Eastwood


text:
George Regas

George Thomas Regas (Greek: Γεώργιος Θωμάς Ρεγάκος; November 9, 1890 – December 13, 1940) was a Greek American actor.

Biography
Regis was born near Sparta, Greece, the brother of actor Pedro Regas. He was a stage actor in Athens before coming to the United States. In New York City he played Romeo in a Grecian version of Romeo and Juliet.

In 1921, Regas acted in his first motion picture, The Love Light with Mary Pickford. This film was produced by Pickford's production company. He would go on to create character roles in over one hundred films. He was married to actress Reine Davies, the sister of Marion Davies. He starred as Mateo in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939).

On Broadway, Regas portrayed Pedro in Zombie (1932).

Death
Regas died In St. Vincent's Hospital after an operation for a throat infection on December 13, 1940, in Hollywood, California, at age fifty.

Partial filmography

 * The Love Light (1921) - Tony
 * The Dangerous Moment (1921) - Movros Tarkides
 * Omar the Tentmaker (1922) - Emissary to the Shah
 * The Rip-Tide (1923) - The Philosopher
 * Fashionable Fakers (1923) - A. Turk
 * The Sea Hawk (1924) - Oarsman (uncredited)
 * The Wanderer (1925) - Gaal
 * That Royle Girl (1925) - Baretta's Henchman
 * Desert Gold (1926) - Verd
 * Beau Geste (1926) - Maris
 * The Rescue (1929) - Wasub
 * Redskin (1929) - Notani
 * Wolf Song (1929) - Black Wolf
 * The Wheel of Life (1929) - Bit Role (uncredited)
 * Sea Fury (1929) - Captain
 * Acquitted (1929) - Tony (billed as George Rigas)
 * Alma de Gaucho (1930) - Don Casimiro
 * The Lonesome Trail (1930) - The Ring Tailored Roarer
 * Beau Ideal (1931) - The Emir
 * Caught Cheating (1931) - Giuseppe
 * Riders of the North (1931) - Leclerc
 * Trapped (1931) - Jim Moore
 * City Streets (1931) - Machine Gunner (uncredited)
 * Newly Rich (1931) - Lippo (uncredited)
 * Hell-Bent for Frisco (1931) - Tony
 * Danger Island (1931, Serial) - Lascara
 * Battling with Buffalo Bill (1931) - Henchman Breed Johns
 * Mounted Fury (1931) - Pierre LeStrange
 * The Golden West (1932) - Chief Black Wolf (uncredited)
 * Destination Unknown (1933) - Tauru
 * Central Airport (1933) - Havana Mechanic (uncredited)
 * The Phantom of the Air (1933, Serial) - Ship Captain (uncredited)
 * The Way to Love (1933) - Pedro
 * Blood Money (1933) - Charley
 * Sixteen Fathoms Deep (1934) - Theo Savanis
 * Viva Villa! (1934) - Don Rodrigo
 * Grand Canary (1934) - El Dazo (uncredited)
 * Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back (1934) - Singh
 * Fighting Trooper (1934) - Henri
 * Kid Millions (1934) - Attendant (uncredited)
 * The Marines Are Coming (1934) - The Torch (uncredited)
 * Red Morning (1934) - Native (uncredited)
 * Bordertown (1935) - Guillermo - Jailer in Mexico (uncredited)
 * The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) - Kushal Khan (uncredited)
 * Under Pressure (1935) - Ruby, the Greek (uncredited)
 * Eight Bells (1935) - Pedro (uncredited)
 * The Red Blood of Courage (1935) - Frenchy - Henchman
 * In Caliente (1935) - First Motor Cop (uncredited)
 * Pursuit (1935) - Mexican Border Patrolman (uncredited)
 * Here's to Romance (1935) - Greek Husband (uncredited)
 * Night Cargo (1936) - Gus Noble
 * Rose Marie (1936) - Boniface
 * Hell-Ship Morgan (1936) - Covanci
 * Robin Hood of El Dorado (1936) - Tomás
 * The Girl from Mandalay (1936) - Headman
 * Under Two Flags (1936) - Keskerdit (uncredited)
 * Sworn Enemy (1936) - Greek - a Gangster (uncredited)
 * Isle of Fury (1936) - Otar
 * Rebellion (1936) - Gang Member (uncredited)
 * Daniel Boone (1936) - Black Eagle
 * The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) - Wazir
 * Waikiki Wedding (1937) - Muamua
 * Left-Handed Law (1937) - Sam Logan
 * Another Dawn (1937) - Sheik Achaben (scenes deleted)
 * The Californian (1937) - Ruiz
 * The Legion of Missing Men (1937) - Sgt. Garcia
 * Love Under Fire (1937) - Lieutenant De Vega
 * Charlie Chan on Broadway (1937) - Hindu (uncredited)
 * Ali Baba Goes to Town (1937) - Bearded Arab (uncredited)
 * Clipped Wings (1937) - Fernando - Moran's Henchman
 * The Mysterious Pilot (1937, Serial) - RCAF Constable Remington (uncredited)
 * Hawaiian Buckaroo (1938) - Regas
 * Torchy Blane in Panama (1938) - Gomez
 * Four Men and a Prayer (1938) - Egyptian Policeman (uncredited)
 * The Toy Wife (1938) - Man Shot in Court (uncredited)
 * Mr. Moto Takes a Chance (1938) - Bokor
 * Arrest Bulldog Drummond (1938) - Soongh
 * Scouts to the Rescue (1939) - Lokola -Indian Tribe High Priest
 * Gunga Din (1939) - Thug Chieftain (uncredited)
 * The Oklahoma Kid (1939) - Pedro (uncredited)
 * Union Pacific (1939) - Indian Hearing Mollie's Telegraphy (uncredited)
 * Code of the Secret Service (1939) - Mexican Police Officer
 * Beau Geste (1939) - Arab Scout (uncredited)
 * The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939) - Matteo
 * The Rains Came (1939) - Rajput (uncredited)
 * The Cat and the Canary (1939) - Indian Guide
 * The Mad Empress (1939) - Mariano Escobedo
 * The Light That Failed (1939) - Cassavetti
 * Virginia City (1940) - Murrell's Halfbreed Henchman (uncredited)
 * 'Til We Meet Again (1940) - Mexican Bartender (uncredited)
 * Torrid Zone (1940) - Sergeant of Police
 * North West Mounted Police (1940) - Freddie (uncredited)
 * The Mark of Zorro (1940) - Sergeant Gonzales (final film role)

title: George Regas


text:
Gould Estate v Stoddart Publishing Co Ltd

Gould Estate v Stoddart Publishing Co Ltd (1998), 39 OR 555 (Ont CA), is a Canadian case on appropriation of personality, the ownership of copyright, and requirements of fixation.

Background
During 1956, Jock Carroll interviewed a young Glenn Gould for an article in Weekend Magazine. Carroll documented much of the encounter, he took pictures of Gould, wrote notes and took an audio recording of the interview. All of this was permitted by Gould. The article was eventually published under the title "I Don't Think I'm at All Eccentric". Gould died in 1982. In 1995, Stoddart Publishing published Carroll's book, Glenn Gould: Some Portraits of the Artist as a Young Man. The book contained 70 photographs from the 1956 interview, as well a narrative that was largely based on the 1956 notes and recording, including many quotations by Gould.

The estate of Glenn Gould brought an action against Carroll and Stoddart Publishing for copyright infringement in the material that Carroll had recorded and the pictures he had taken, as well as for appropriation of personality. Both sides agreed that there was no contract in effect that would have governed the matter.

The judgment below
At trial, Lederman J. dismissed both claims.

 * On the copyright issue, copyright in the photographs vested in the defendants, while Gould’s oral statements in the interview did not attract copyright which might have given the estate standing to sue.
 * On the issue of appropriation of personality, the judge found that Gould's proprietary rights were not violated because Gould's image was used as a subject of the book rather than for endorsement.

Lederman J. discussed the area of appropriation of personality at some length in his judgment. In obiter comments, he characterized it as being a right of publicity, as opposed to a right of privacy. The latter is a personal right which does not survive the death of the subject, while the former can devolve to the subject's estate:

":[23]         In the end then, and perhaps at the risk of oversimplifying, it seems that the courts have drawn a "sales vs. subject" distinction. Sales constitute commercial exploitation and invoke the tort of appropriation of personality. The identity of the celebrity is merely being used in some fashion. The activity cannot be said to be about the celebrity. This is in contrast to situations in which the celebrity is the actual subject of the work or enterprise, with biographies perhaps being the clearest example. These activities would not be within the ambit of the tort. To take a more concrete example, in endorsement situations, posters and board games, the essence of the activity is not the celebrity. It is the use of some attributes of the celebrity for another purpose. Biographies, other books, plays, and satirical skits are by their nature different. The subject of the activity is the celebrity and the work is an attempt to provide some insights about that celebrity.

...

 * [28]          A more theoretical approach to distinguishing the Privacy Acts can be found in U.S. law. There, several cases have recognized a distinction between the right of privacy and the right of publicity.... The former is considered a personal tort and is designed to protect an individual’s interest in dignity and peace of mind. The right of publicity, on the other hand, protects the commercial value of a person’s celebrity status. As such, it is a form of intangible property, akin to copyright or patent, that is descendable. Given that the Canadian statutory rights of action are found in Privacy Acts, it would certainly seem that, following the U.S. reasoning, whatever statutory restrictions there may be on the rights of action for privacy violations and unauthorized use of personality, they should not be applied to the common law tort of appropriation of personality.

 * [29]          The right of publicity, being a form of intangible property under Ontario law akin to copyright, should descend to the celebrity’s heirs. Reputation and fame can be a capital asset that one nurtures and may choose to exploit and it may have a value much greater than any tangible property."

He summarized the issue of copyright as follows:

":[37]         Here too, the nature of the interview, conducted in informal settings—at an empty Massey Hall, at the home of Gould’s mother and on vacation in the Bahamas—was such that it was intended to be casual, to catch the spontaneity of Gould when he was relaxing. The conversation between the two men was the kind that Gould would have with a friend. Indeed Gould and Carroll remained friends for a short while afterwards. Gould was not delivering a structured lecture or dictating to Carroll. Rather, Carroll engaged Gould in easygoing conversation out of which emerged comments which provided insights into Gould’s character and personal life. Gould was making offhand comments that he knew could find their way into the public domain. This is not the kind of discourse which the Copyright Act intended to protect."

At the Court of Appeal
The Court of Appeal for Ontario affirmed the trial decision, dismissing the appeal but decided the case on conventional copyright principles rather than appropriation of personality. The court held that the oral statements of Gould could not be protected by copyright because there was not fixation. Gould was not reading from a speech or had prepared anything that was said.

Finlayson J.A. approved the trial judge's findings, where he held:

":[27]   As must be evident from my approach to this case, I am not persuaded that I should analyze the facts of this case in the context of a claim for misappropriation of personality. I am satisfied that it can be disposed of on conventional intellectual property lines and there is no necessity to explore any balance between privacy rights and the public’s interest in a prominent Canadian. However, I cannot leave the matter without commenting on the efforts of the appellants to seek the moral high ground by asserting that Carroll was exploiting the artistic genius of another at no cost to himself. This misdescribes the legal issues. We are not concerned about Gould’s musical or artistic works but with Carroll’s literary and artistic work. The book of portraits is Carroll’s creation, not Gould’s. He was, and now his heirs are the owners of this literary and artistic creation and it is his estate that is entitled to protection from the appellants who contributed nothing to the book. Not only did the appellants not create the book, they were incapable of doing so. Carroll had the photographs, the tapes and his notes of his interviews with Gould. He was the only person who could have reached back in his memory and recreated the scenes where he first met Gould. The results are captivating. The book provides a compelling insight into the character of a musical genius. In protecting Carroll’s artistic creation, the law permits the public to benefit from an insight into Gould’s early years to which it would otherwise be denied."


text:
User talk:Magwich

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title: User talk:Magwich


text:
User:Imdaking/template1

Welcome!

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title: User:Imdaking/template1


text: User talk:167.128.59.45

title: User talk:167.128.59.45


text: User talk:84.92.81.231

title: User talk:84.92.81.231


text:
Talk:Mandopop

Mandopop and Taipop Controversy
This article should actually be either renamed to "Taiwanese pop" or create another article describing "Taiwanese pop". Because nobody has even heard of Mandopop. There is no such thing. If you think Taiwanese pop is sung in Mandarin, and therefore it's Mandopop not Taiwanese pop, that's wrong as well. If I sing a song in Korean here, does that make it K-pop? If I sing a Japanese song, does that mean J-pop? No. Because the XXX pop just merely represents the style of the music not the language itself.

However, by putting Taiwanese pop into Mandopop without giving it a separate genre is very unfair and ignorant to the Taiwanese musicians. Have you not noticed that this article essentially is describing the Taiwanese styled music? Taiwanese style music has become the mainstream of Mandarin language pop nowadays. The "Taiwanese pop" doesn't mean it is sung in Hokkien Chinese, but rather, just Mandarin songs in Taiwanese style.

The reason why there is no Mandopop is that other countries such as China or Hong Kong do not have their distinct genre of music. There is no C-pop or HK-pop because the people in China just listen to Taiwanese pop. This is a fact. Most Chinese people listen to the Taiwanese artists rather than their own. And by deliberately generalizing Taiwanese pop into a sub genre of Chinese pop makes me doubt there is some political meaning in this.Jjj84206 (talk) 01:35, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

A search on Google shows a puny 842 pages on "Mandopop". I listen to Mandarin pop, I have never heard of the term Mandopop. Mandarin pop is obviously a much better alternative for this virtually non-existent term. Mandel 16:17, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Why does half of this page talk about Hokkien pop, this is suppose to be a page about Mandopop

Because many singers are from Taiwan sing in both languages. Perhaps there should be a page for Hokkien pop, but it should be called Taiwanese pop, because most of it is from Taiwan. The only singer outside of Taiwan who sings in Taiwanese (or Hokkien) is Eric Moo from Malaysia.

Perhaps there should be separate Taiwanese pop page. After all, Taiwanese are well represented overseas...

so-called "Tai-pop"
To my knowledge, and to Google's knowledge, no one outside of Benjwong's inner circle uses Tai-pop to mean "Mandarin pop originating from Taiwan." I did a quick Google search, and heck, I even added identifiers to make sure we weren't confusing Tai-pop with "Gang Tai Pop." How many results did I get? A whopping 22. Let's end this "Tai-pop" nonsense. Pandacomics 01:32, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Please check the edit history of mandopop, gangtai and Taiwanese pop to see my contributions from awhile back. You are practically assuming I know nothing about the subject which is funny. I'll leave it out for now, because you seem quite positive everyone on the planet outside my circle calls Taiwanese pop correctly and mandopop correctly.  We could sure use your expertise for the 60s and 90s era though. Feel free to contribute.  Benjwong 05:23, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I am not assuming you know nothing about the subject, because clearly you know enough about Taiwanese language pop enough to create an article about it. I'm just saying that you can't use "Tai-pop" to define Mandopop that is located on the island of Taiwan. Jay Chou is in Mandopop. An artist that sings in the Min Nan language and lives in Taiwan will be classified as Taiwanese pop, as you said. But what you're saying with the sentence "It is also called Tai-pop as a slang term" is that Tai-pop = Mandopop in Taiwan, which is false. Mandopop in Taiwan is Mandopop. Mandopop in Mainland China is also Mandopop. BTW, my expertise is in the late 90s to present, thank you very much. Pandacomics 12:22, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Very true. Mandopop is the correct and official name everywhere "today".  But please consider the historical context that at one time Taiwanese pop was phased out to the point that it was invisible outside of Taiwan. So names like taiwan pop, tai-pop, gantai pop were all available to describe the only genre exported out of Taiwan (mandopop). I have asked around and these conventions are used by non-Taiwanese natives well before repromotion of 1989. I would say 50 years from now, people might be displeased with the word rap used on hip hop.  I don't know, perhaps they have newer names like New Taiwanese Song too? I guess I was interested in the historical context when I wrote it.  Benjwong 13:22, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, Taiwanese language pop still more or less invisible outside of Taiwan because of the residual effects of the Taiwanese language ban. Yes, I am fully aware that the ban is lifted now, but I'm just saying that it's going to take a long time for Taiwanese pop (not Mandopop) to recover, especially in light of how fast Mandopop is growing (to areas like Malaysia and Singapore, for example). Pandacomics 14:44, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Do we have any reliable sources specifically to back up that "Tai-pop" was or is a commonly used term? Google search doesn't seem to be returning much. Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 15:02, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Just talk to anyone who lived outside of Taiwan at the height of the martial law. Ask them "What is Tai-pop/Taiwan pop". I guarantee you 99% will make a reference to mandopop without knowing Taiwanese pop even exist. We are making such a hard-and-fast rule with google, it is scary. At the least I agree with Pandacomics going forward, it is the right thing to do with the re-arrival of taiwanese pop.  Benjwong 00:49, 15 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not trying to use the number of Google hits to establish a term as "common" or not. I'm saying that, at least at a quick glance, I didn't find any reliable sources to confirm that this term is used to refer to Taiwanese pop music.  Most of the Google hits on "Tai-pop" or "Taipop" don't even talk about Taiwanese pop music.  I'm trying to stay neutral here, but in disputes, it always helps to actually have some sources.  Are there actually news or magazine articles that use this term?  It's fine that you may know a lot of people who know what "Tai-pop" is, but personally, this is the first time I've ever heard of this term, and nearly all the Chinese people I know lived outside of Taiwan during the height of martial law.  Anecdotal evidence doesn't move the dispute along anywhere.  Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 08:58, 15 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Can someone tell me which term is the more popular for mandopop? (台灣歌, taiwan song) or (國語歌, mandarin song).  Benjwong 19:49, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, considering Mainland China contributes a fair amount to the Mandopop industry (e.g. Li Yuchun), I'd say the latter is more neutral. Pandacomics 21:09, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

I am not sure mainland has done anything for the Mandopop industry in the last 50 years. You might want to read up on Anita mui and the many artist performances censored in the mainland for being too sexy and rebellious. Supergirl is a "national" contest to prove there are great singers in China. They sing other people's song. When they market bad-ass songs, and the communist party approves it, then I'll be shocked. Until then 台灣歌 Taiwan pop, taiwan song goes hand in hand with mandopop. Benjwong 01:23, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Not in the last 50 years, true, but again, you can't discount the amount of progress that the mainland is making in the Mandopop industry. The mainland duo, Yu Quan, is actually pretty big right now. I'll throw her name out again, but Li Yuchun helped start the short-hair fad in Mainland China. Zhou Bichang won an award at Hong Kong's Mandarin Music Awards. Neither of them are censored. In fact, along with Liu Yifei, they're part of a new "SuperGirl" (my own term, NOT a technical one!) generation largely due to the cult following of the show. Most Mainland artists started in the late 90s, so they got a late start. By that time, Taiwanese juggernauts like Sky Wu, Zhang Yu, Harlem Yu (of Meteor Garden fame) and Shunza were in complete control of the Mandarin music market. Don't forget the fact that a lot of HK singers are, in fact, from the Mainland. Names that come into mind are Faye Wong and Leon Lai. So...I'd say that Mainland China does have some influence, just not as much as their Taiwanese counterparts. Pandacomics 01:46, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Unless I missed something. Both Faye Wong and Leon were marketed and launched 100% in HK. It's not where you are born, but where you become a "commercial" success. The mainland is in a special situation now. They are making these artificial supergirl contest forcefully to catch up to taiwan and HK. The real/natural/un-government sponsored market is visible at Chinese rock. Benjwong 02:04, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Tai-pop would be a convenient contraction to distinguish Taiwanese artists but is unfortunately marred by the same pronunciation as Thai-pop. Note that Google Search lists a precedence for T-pop referring to Thailand and not Taiwan, interestingly there are minimal references for Siam-pop which would be the historical preference. 219.79.235.121 03:17, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Sinopop
The popular usage in the occident would be Sino-pop from Sino-, albeit as an alternative name to C-pop with the Mandarin language as the predominant form. Picking a reference at random from Google Search: Performing Arts. 219.79.235.121 03:19, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:5outof7singingstars.jpg
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BetacommandBot 05:33, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

90s?
So uh, why is there no mention of the nineties? _dk 04:47, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I am wondering why there are so few contributors for this topic. That goes for zh.wikipedia also. The Taiwan music scene is so big, it doesn't do them any justice. Maybe the Music of China template is scaring people away? Benjwong (talk) 05:03, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Incomparablebeauty.ogg
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GENIE (junyi)
This article was proposed for deletion. I deprodded it, but can someone familiar with the genre and language try sourcing the article? Her website has copies of press articles. Fences &  Windows  17:34, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Lyrics section
The lyrics section is absurd and is only expressing someone's personal opinion or rather a disgust towards the mainland Chinese - simplified characters and Northern accent. I think it should be removed or replaced with a more neutral info. --Anatoli (talk) 00:27, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately we may not have many mainland Chinese contributors who could write up more about mandopop in mainland China. I, for example like Hei Yazi (黑鸭子) and Han Hong (韩红). --Anatoli (talk) 01:36, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211312/http://orias.berkeley.edu/2006/Jones.pdf to http://orias.berkeley.edu/2006/Jones.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070222133239/http://home.comcast.net/~tzeng2/TaiwanPopSongs/in_english.htm to http://home.comcast.net/~tzeng2/TaiwanPopSongs/in_english.htm
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Lists of Mandopop artists
The section on Mandopop Artists asks for citations. One extensive source can be found here. There are over 380 artists/groups named.--Megaton Sheriff (talk) 12:12, 20 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Last.fm, whose content is mostly user-generated, is not reliable; the website is explicitly mentioned as a source to avoid at WP:NOTRSMUSIC. Because of this, Last.fm should not cited as a source in this or any other Wikipedia article under most circumstances. A non-exhaustive list of acceptable music-related sources to cite can be found at WP:RSMUSIC.  Life of Tau 03:43, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:07, 25 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Images of Taiwanese idols, attached to Hoa Hoc Tro Magazine (Vietnam).jpg

title: Talk:Mandopop


text:
File:Battle of olympus.jpg

Summary
Cover art of the game The Battle of Olympus for NES.

Fair use in The Battle of Olympus
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) Infinity has released no such images into the public domain, and a replacement image could not be created that would adequately provide the same information.
 * 2) The image is being used for no purpose other than to identify the subject of the article.
 * 3) The image resolution has been significantly decreased from the original, so copies made from it would be of inferior quality.
 * 4) The use of this image neither detracts from the game nor inhibits its salability in any way.

title: File:Battle of olympus.jpg


text:
User talk:Edward301

Welcome!

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Image copyright problem with Image:Sk51.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:NobbysNuts.jpg
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title: User talk:Edward301


text: User talk:64.21.98.130

title: User talk:64.21.98.130


text:
Sarah Williams (poet)

Sarah Williams (December 1837 – 25 April 1868) was an English poet and novelist, most famous as the author of the poem "The Old Astronomer". She published short works and one collection of poetry during her lifetime under the pseudonyms Sadie and S.A.D.I., the former of which she considered her name rather than a nom de plume. Her posthumously published second poetry collection and novel appeared under her given name.

Biography
Williams was born in December 1837 in Marylebone, London, to Welsh father Robert Williams (c. 1807–1868) and English mother Louisa Ware (c. 1811–1886). She was very close to her father and considered her "bardic" interests to come from him. As a young child unable to pronounce 'Sarah', she inadvertently gave herself the nickname 'Sadie'. An only child, she was educated first by her doting parents and later governesses. She graduated from Queen's College, London.

Although Williams was only half Welsh by birth and never lived outside London, she incorporated Welsh phrases and themes in her poems and Sadie was considered a Welsh poet.

Robert Williams died in January 1868 of a sudden illness. Already suffering from cancer and devastated by the loss of her father, Sarah's condition deteriorated. After three additional months of hiding the cancer from her friend and mother, she agreed to surgery despite knowing it might kill her. She died in Kentish Town, London during surgery on 25 April 1868.

Her second book of poetry, Twilight Hours: A Legacy of Verse, was published in late 1868. The collection included "The Old Astronomer" (also known as "The Old Astronomer to His Pupil", as it was titled in a 1936 U.S. reprint), now the most famous of her poems. The second half of the fourth stanza is widely quoted:

Ian Rankin titled his Inspector Rebus novel Set in Darkness after the lines and quoted them in the introduction. In an interview, Rankin linked the quote to the rise of a restored Scottish Parliament and the redemption of the Inspector in the novel. The poem is written from the perspective of an aged astronomer on his deathbed bidding his student to continue his humble research. The lines have been chosen by a number of professional and amateur astronomers as their epitaphs.

Legacy
The galaxy NGC 3628 is nicknamed "Sarah's Galaxy," possibly in tribute to Williams.

In Star Trek: Discovery, a starship's dedication plaque quotes from her famous poem.

title: Sarah Williams (poet)


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Pedro Regas

Petros "Pedro" Regas (born Panagiotis Thomas Regakos; April 18, 1897 – August 10, 1974 in Hollywood, Los Angeles), a veteran stage actor, Regas was spotted on the Broadway stage by Mary Pickford who persuaded him to go to Hollywood and be in pictures, which he did in 1920 and continued to play in films for 50 years.

Regas died of a heart attack and was interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

Partial filmography

 * Señorita (1927) - Hernandez Gaucho (uncredited)
 * The Ridin' Renegade (1928) - Little Wolf
 * Two Fisted Justice (1931) - Henchman Cheyenne Charlie
 * Law and Order (1932) - Mexican (uncredited)
 * Scarface (1932) - Tony - Bodyguard (uncredited)
 * The Mouthpiece (1932) - One of J.B.'s Henchmen (uncredited)
 * Thunder Below (1932) - Messenger (uncredited)
 * Tiger Shark (1932) - Crewman (uncredited)
 * Trailing the Killer (1932) - Manuel
 * The Barbarian (1933) - Dragoman (uncredited)
 * Fighting Texans (1933) - Store Customer (uncredited)
 * Flying Down to Rio (1933) - Waiter (uncredited)
 * Viva Villa! (1934) - Tomás
 * Grand Canary (1934) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * West of the Pecos (1934) - Manuel
 * Black Fury (1935) - Tony - a Miner (uncredited)
 * Under the Pampas Moon (1935) - Jockey (uncredited)
 * The Adventures of Rex and Rinty (1935, Serial) - Pasha [Chs. 1-4, 7-11]
 * Sutter's Gold (1936) - De La Cruz (uncredited)
 * Give Us This Night (1936) - Fisherman
 * Robin Hood of El Dorado (1936) - Lookout Yelling 'Murrietta Comes!' (uncredited)
 * The Traitor (1936) - Pedro Moreno
 * Lady Luck (1936) - Head Barber (uncredited)
 * Mummy's Boys (1936) - Fakir (uncredited)
 * Waikiki Wedding (1937) - Cab Driver (uncredited)
 * Midnight Taxi (1937) - Dazetta (uncredited)
 * Behind the Headlines (1937) - (uncredited)
 * Border Cafe (1937) - Mexican Policeman (uncredited)
 * The Girl of the Golden West (1938) - Renegade in Prologue (uncredited)
 * Tropic Holiday (1938) - Peón (uncredited)
 * Juarez (1939) - Antonio Regales (uncredited)
 * Only Angels Have Wings (1939) - Pancho
 * Code of the Secret Service (1939) - Diego (uncredited)
 * The Rains Came (1939) - Official (uncredited)
 * Road to Singapore (1940) - Zato - Policeman (uncredited)
 * They Drive by Night (1940) - Harry's Partner (uncredited)
 * North West Mounted Police (1940) - Half-breed Archer (uncredited)
 * Our Wife (1941) - Cuban Driver (uncredited)
 * The Night of January 16th (1941) - Cuban Bartender (uncredited)
 * Remember Pearl Harbor (1942) - Code Interpreter (uncredited)
 * Perils of Nyoka (1942) - Ibrahim - Bedouin [Ch.1] (uncredited)
 * Action in the North Atlantic (1943) - Greek Seaman (uncredited)
 * For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) - Soldier #3 (uncredited)
 * Tiger Fangs (1943) - Takko
 * Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1944) - Thief (uncredited)
 * The Mask of Dimitrios (1944) - Turkish Morgue Attendant (uncredited)
 * To Have and Have Not (1944) - Civilian (uncredited)
 * The Conspirators (1944) - Fisherman (uncredited)
 * The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945) - Barkeep (uncredited)
 * South of the Rio Grande (1945) - Luis
 * Perilous Holiday (1946) - Pedro (uncredited)
 * Anna and the King of Siam (1946) - Guide (uncredited)
 * California (1947) - Mexican Sheepherder (uncredited)
 * The Homestretch (1947) - First Mate (uncredited)
 * Trail of the Mounties (1947) - Trapper La Porte
 * Secret Beyond the Door (1947) - Waiter (uncredited)
 * French Leave (1948) - Seaman (uncredited)
 * The Kissing Bandit (1948) - Esteban (uncredited)
 * Mexican Hayride (1948) - Proprietor (uncredited)
 * Viva Zapata! (1952) - Innocente (uncredited)
 * Tonight We Sing (1953) - Greek (uncredited)
 * Ride, Vaquero! (1953) - Comrade (uncredited)
 * Killer Ape (1953) - Magi (uncredited)
 * The Outsider (1961) - Mr. Sinta (uncredited)
 * The Madmen of Mandoras (1963) - Presidente Juan Padua
 * Alvarez Kelly (1966) - Mexican Manservant (uncredited)
 * They Saved Hitler's Brain (1968) - Old Arab
 * Justine (1969) - Aged Man (uncredited)
 * Flap (1970) - She'll-Be-Back-Pretty-Soon
 * Angel Unchained (1970) - Injun

title: Pedro Regas


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grandcolor

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 08:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Grandcolor
Advertisment Zeimusu | Talk page 16:19, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * del. Nonnotable. mikka (t) 18:40, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as per nom, Pete.Hurd 16:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Al-A'sha

Al-A'sha (ٱلْأَعْشَىٰ) or Maymun Ibn Qays Al-A'sha (d.c. 570– 625) was an Arabic Jahiliyyah poet from Al-Yamama, Arabia.

He traveled through Mesopotamia, Syria, Arabia and Ethiopia. He was nicknamed Al-A'sha which means "weak-sighted" or "night-blind" after he lost his sight. He continued to travel even after becoming blind, particularly along the western coast of the Arabian peninsula. It was then that he turned to the writing of panegyrics as a means of support. His style, reliant on sound effects and full-bodied foreign words, tends to be artificial.

His love poems are devoted to the praise of Huraira, a black female slave. He is said to have believed in the Christian eschatological themes of Resurrection and Last Judgment, and to have been a monotheist. These beliefs may have been due to his interactions with the bishop of Najrān and the 'Ibādites of Al-Hirah. His poems were praised for their descriptions of the wild ass, for the praise of wine, for their skill in praise and satire, and for the varieties of metre employed.

One of his qasidah or odes is sometimes included in the Mu'allaqat, an early Arabic poetry collection done by the critic Abu 'Ubaydah.

title: Al-A'sha


text:
Jay Berger

Jay Berger (born November 26, 1966) is an American former professional tennis player. He won three singles and one doubles title on the ATP Tour and reached his career-high singles ranking of World No. 7 in April 1990.

Early and personal life
Berger was born in Fort Dix, New Jersey, and is Jewish. He and his wife Nadia resided on Key Biscayne and now reside in Jupiter, Florida, and have four children: daughter Alexandra, and sons Daniel, Jonathan, and Noah. His son Daniel, who played golf at Florida State (where he was an All-American), is a PGA Tour pro golfer who was 2015 Rookie of the Year, and as of February 14, 2021, has four career PGA Tour wins.

Tennis career
Berger was the USTA Boys’ 18s National Champion in 1985. He also won the 1985 Florida State Junior Championship.

He reached the fourth round in the 1985 US Open.

College career
Berger was an All-American at Clemson University in 1985 and 1986, where he recorded a 91–22 singles record in two seasons. His 80.5% career winning percentage in singles play places 3rd all-time at Clemson.

Pro tennis career
Berger turned professional in 1986. He played on the tour from 1986 to 1991.

He won his first top-level singles title in 1986 at Buenos Aires. In 1988, he captured both the singles and doubles titles at São Paulo. In March he upset world # 2 Mats Wilander, 6–0, 7–5, in Orlando, Florida. In March 1989 Berger upset world # 3 Boris Becker, 6–1, 6–1, in Indian Wells. In May he upset world # 3 Mats Wilander, 6–3, 6–4, in Rome. In August Berger beat world # 3 Stefan Edberg, 6–4, 6–2, at Indianapolis.

In 1989, Berger reached the quarterfinals at both the French Open and the US Open. He also won the third tour singles title of his career that year at Charleston, South Carolina. Berger was runner-up at the Canadian Open in 1990.

He retired from the professional tour in 1991. Chronic knee injuries forced his retirement.

During his career, Berger won three top-level singles titles and one tour doubles title. He registered victories over Stefan Edberg, Boris Becker, Jimmy Connors, Pete Sampras, and Mats Wilander.

Davis Cup
Berger appeared in Davis Cup play in 1988 and 1990.

Halls of Fame and Awards
Berger was inducted into the Florida Hall of Fame in 1993. He was inducted into the Greater Miami-Dade Hall of Fame in 2001. He was also voted "Sportsman of the Year" by the Olympic Committee in 1985, and "Junior Player of the Year" by TENNIS Magazine in 1985. In 2014 he was inducted into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.

Coaching career
Berger went on to become an assistant coach at Florida International University, where he resumed his studies and graduated magna cum laude with a bachelor's degree in Sports Management in 1994. Berger was the Head Men’s and Women’s tennis coach at the University of Miami and coached the national team. He was the Big East Coach of the Year in 2000 and 2001.

He coached Ryan Harrison until Jan-Michael Gambill replaced him in 2014 after which he coached former world No. 8 Jack Sock. He currently coaches the World No. 19 Reilly Opelka.

title: Jay Berger


text:
User talk:Dolags32128

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --  Thorpe  talk 16:19, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Dolags32128


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Wu Han (historian)

Wu Han (August 11, 1909 – October 11, 1969) was a Chinese historian and politician. Wu was one of the most important historians in the development of modern historical scholarship in China during the 1930s and 1940s.

In the 1940s he was a leading member of the China Democratic League, a non-aligned political organization during most of the Chinese civil war which eventually threw its weight behind the Chinese Communist Party. After 1949, he served as the Vice Mayor of Beijing.

In November 1965, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, he came under attack for a play he wrote about an upright Ming dynasty official called Hai Rui Dismissed from Office, which was widely understood as an anti-Mao allegory. His political downfall also resulted in the purge of Beijing Mayor Peng Zhen. Wu died in prison in 1969.

Early life and education
Wu Han was born in Yiwu, Zhejiang in 1909. With support from the Wu clan organization and with the money from selling his mother's jewelry, he attended university preparatory schools in Hangzhou and then in Shanghai, where he was inspired by the lectures of Hu Shih. He entered Tsinghua University in 1931 and came under the influence of Tsiang Tingfu. Since he was responsible for the support of his brother and sister, he was unable to go abroad for study. Wu stayed at Tsinghua as a teaching assistant but began to publish important articles on Ming dynasty history using critical techniques to resolve old controversies and raise new questions.

1937–1953
When the war with Japan broke out in 1937, Wu joined National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming. While there, he wrote a full scale biography of the founder of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, published in 1943, expanded and revised in 1947. He became a leading intellectual in the democratic movement of the 1940s, as well as a widely published essayist. Through his part in the China Democratic League he was enlisted in the founding of the People's Republic in 1949.

When the new United Front was founded, as a member of the Democratic League, Wu was asked to take the position of Vice Mayor of Beijing in charge of education and cultural affairs for the 6 county municipal area that became a model for municipalities across the PRC. In the 1950s, Wu represented China abroad on cultural tours and popularized his research at home, using figures from history as models and allegorical figures. He became a member of the Chinese Communist Party secretly in the mid-50s; this was not known by his colleagues or by Party members except at the very highest level. It was only revealed in the Cultural Revolution by the Red Guard accusations after they found his files.

As a historian, Wu was a pioneering researcher into the Ming dynasty. The topic had been taboo under the Qing dynasty.

Later years
In 1956, Wu Han and Yuan Zhen adopted Wu Xiaoyan. In 1958, the two adopted Wu Zhang.

Several years before the controversy and political dispute raised by Hai Rui Dismissed from Office, Wu Han, Deng Tuo, and Liao Mosha wrote a series of articles called The Village of the Three Families which satirized the political experiments of the Great Leap Forward.

Yang Jisheng wrote in his history of the Cultural Revolution:

As a leading Ming historian within the party, Wu Han used Marxism to interpret history and used history as a politically charged allusion to the present. Prior to the establishment of the PRC, Wu Han's works had castigated the founding Ming emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang, as a stand-in for Chiang Kai-shek, but after the PRC was established, Wu's book Zhu Yuanzhang served as a paean of praise to Mao Zedong. This double standard is typical of intellectuals who rise to fame under a totalitarian government.

Yang writes that Mao had encouraged Wu Han to write the essay "Hai Rui Scolds the Emperor," published under Wu's pen name in the People's Daily in June 1959, which was based on events in the life of a Ming dynasty official. Wu subsequently turned the essay, after multiple revisions, into the Beijing opera Hai Rui Dismissed from Office, which was performed in 1961 to great acclaim. Subsequently, "...the hypervigilant Jiang Qing and Kang Sheng decided [it] was ... 'related to the Lushan Conference and ... implicitly endorsed 'assigning output quotas to households' and the ongoing verdict-reversal wind. Mao took their views seriously and instructed Jiang Qing to find a hit man to denounce the play."

The subsequent attacks on the play and Wu Han were actually aimed at the mayor of Beijing, Peng Zhen, a pillar of the Chinese Communist Party ("CCP") establishment that Mao wanted to take down. This process took time but eventually resulted in launch of the ten-year struggle between Mao and the CCP bureaucracy known as the Cultural Revolution.

The leftist literary critic Yao Wenyuan, later appointed to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and who became known as one of the Gang of Four, fired one of the opening shots in this struggle on November 10, 1965 when he published an article in Wenhui Bao attacking Wu and his play on the grounds that Hai Rui was metaphorically equated with Marshal Peng Dehuai, who had criticized Mao for launching the Great Leap Forward and who had been purged as a result. Yao Wenyuan argued that therefore Wu Han had equated Mao himself with the un-approachable Ming emperor who dismissed the righteous Hai Rui from office.

Under intense pressure, Wu admitted ideological mistakes but denied that his motives were counter-revolutionary. Over the next months the controversy grew, and Wu was finally jailed. Although there were reports that Wu Han committed suicide while in prison in 1969, fellow prisoners later reported that he was beaten in prison about a year before he died. It is also thought his tuberculosis may have recurred so it cannot be established how he died.

title: Wu Han (historian)


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Steve Eminger

Steve Eminger (born October 31, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL).

Playing career
Eminger, who is also known for his physical play, started his hockey career with the Kitchener Rangers of the Ontario Hockey League in 1999. He was drafted in the first round, 12th overall by the Washington Capitals at the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut the next season, but after 17 games in Washington he was sent back down to Kitchener. Kitchener was strengthened by Eminger's return, and they won the Memorial Cup.

Since leaving junior hockey, Eminger split his time between the Capitals and their AHL affiliate, the Portland Pirates. Despite the lofty projections that came with his first-round-pick status, Eminger has failed to live up to expectations. Throughout the 2007–08 NHL season, the final season of his contract, Eminger spent a great deal of time as a healthy scratch. However, during the 2008 playoffs the Capitals were decimated by injuries and Eminger was put into the lineup with a larger role. During these playoffs, Eminger suddenly found his niche and proved himself to be a solid defenceman. During the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, Eminger, along with the 84th overall pick (Jacob De Serres) were traded to the Philadelphia Flyers for the 27th pick overall (John Carlson).

On June 29, 2008, Eminger and the Flyers agreed to a one-year contract. After 12 games with the Flyers, Eminger was traded to Tampa Bay on November 7, 2008, along with Steve Downie and a 4th round draft pick for Matt Carle and a 3rd round draft pick.

On March 9, 2009, on the day of the trade deadline, Tampa Bay traded Eminger to the Florida Panthers in exchange for Noah Welch and a 3rd round draft pick.

On September 4, 2009, Eminger was signed as a free agent by the Anaheim Ducks to a two-year deal.

On July 9, 2010, Eminger was traded to New York Rangers for Aaron Voros and Ryan Hillier. On September 10, 2012, Eminger agreed to a new contract to re-sign with the Rangers.

After spending his professional career entirely on North America soil, Eminger signed as a free agent to his first contract abroad with Russian club, CSKA Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League on October 21, 2014. After producing just 2 assists in 25 games, Eminger was released from his KHL contract and on January 24, 2014, Eminger joined the Norfolk Admirals after having cleared AHL wavers.

On September 5, 2014, the Boston Bruins announced that Eminger had signed a one-year contract with their AHL affiliate, the Providence Bruins. As a free agent in the summer and into the midpoint of the 2015-16 season, Eminger returned to play in signing a professional try-out contract with the Lake Erie Monsters of the AHL on January 21, 2016. Eminger ended his playing career after winning the Calder Cup with the Monsters during the 2015–16 season.

On June 14, 2017, Eminger was announced to have accepted a position as a professional scout for the New York Rangers.

Personal life
Eminger is married to Lindsay Eminger.

title: Steve Eminger


text: User talk:81.152.142.202

title: User talk:81.152.142.202


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User:Pantaloons

Biography
Pantaloons was born on a cold winter day in the Siberian outback, bereft of all forms of clothing. He vowed from that day forth never to be pantsless again.

Lo, we behold him in the modern age as a disciple of science.

Broken Arms Gordon 16:39, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * "NewsRadio" Quote Site

 * Jerry Orbach (1935-2004)

 * The Escapist

title: User:Pantaloons


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Charlie Dodd

I think some "joker" a put a false date as well as that User:Bude idiot adding that rubbish about the poll tax. however im pretty certain that th rest is true, ill research and try to find some real dates-Grabbo


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Brief intervention

Brief intervention can often be referred to as screening and brief intervention (SBI) or, in England, identification and brief advice (IBA). Brief interventions are a technique used to initiate change for an unhealthy or risky behaviour such as smoking, lack of exercise or alcohol misuse. This page primarily describes brief interventions as applied to alcohol. As an alcohol intervention it is typically targeted to non-dependent drinkers, or drinkers who might be experiencing problems but are not seeking treatment. It is an approach which aims to prevent the acceleration or impact of alcohol problems, and/or to reduce alcohol consumption. It can be carried out in a range of settings such as in primary care, emergency or other hospital departments, criminal justice settings, workplaces, online, university/college settings,  and other settings.

Brief intervention includes 'screening' or 'identification' whereby a person's drinking risk level is assessed using a validated tool such as the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). This is then followed by some degree of feedback on this assessment. Alcohol Brief Interventions can be brief, such as delivered in a single session, or extended with multiple components or designed to be used multiple times.

It works in two ways:
 * by getting people to think differently about their alcohol use so that they begin to think about or make changes in their alcohol consumption.
 * by providing those who choose to drink with skills that allow them to consume alcoholic beverages in a safer way.

FRAMES
For alcohol misuse, the following elements have been identified as particularly important, and forming the acronym FRAMES:
 * Feedback on the risk for alcohol problems
 * Responsibility: where the individual with alcohol misuse is responsible for change
 * Advice: about reduction or explicit direction to change
 * Menu: providing a variety of strategies for change
 * Empathy, with a warm, reflective, empathic and understanding approach
 * Self-efficacy of the misusing person in making a change

Motivational interviewing
Brief interventions are based on motivational interviewing techniques.

Motivational interviewing is a technique which aims to be both non-judgmental and non-confrontational. Its success depends largely on the presentation of objective feedback based on information provided by an individual. The technique involves acknowledgement that individuals who attend a counselling session, assessment or prevention program may be at different levels of readiness to change their alcohol consumption patterns, including:

 * No perception of any alcohol consumption problem
 * Realisation of alcohol consumption problem with no corresponding action
 * Current active addressing of alcohol consumption problem
 * Ongoing maintenance of reduced consumption

The technique attempts to increase a person's awareness of the potential problems caused, consequences experienced, and risks faced as a result of patterns of alcohol consumption. As feedback is presented, the clinician or program provider may foster the development of discrepancies between the perception that someone has of themselves and the reality of that person's situation.

This technique acknowledges that people may come to a counseling session, an assessment, or a prevention program at different levels of readiness to change their drinking behavior. Some people may have never thought of making changes in their drinking, others may have thought about it but not taken steps to change it, some may be actively trying to cut down, and others may have already cut down, and succeeded in maintaining reduced consumption. Motivational Interviewing attempts to address the specific issues that people are facing at any particular stage.

In short, the strategy seeks to prompt individuals to think differently about their use of alcohol and ultimately consider what might be gained through change.

Feedback
When the assessment is complete, people receive personalized feedback about their alcohol consumption and related behaviors. For instance, 'feedback' highlights that the person's drinking may be placing their health at risk, and is above recommended consumption guidelines. In groups (e.g., a social fraternity or sorority), feedback can be given based on data collected from group members prior to an intervention program. Some researchers have used mailed feedback after collecting data on a questionnaire such that no face-to-face interaction actually occurs.

Skills training
Skills training programs develop skills for consuming alcohol in a safer way. One of the limitations of information-only programs is that they may raise awareness and information about the effects of a substance, but leave the individual to make behavioural changes themselves.

Skills training programs can work well with motivational interviewing techniques, as skills training programs work to provide the individual with the skills to make these changes in their drinking behavior, as the motivational interviewing simultaneously works to make the individual aware of their behaviour.

In doing so, they provide harm reduction strategies for those who choose to drink. This means that moderate drinking goals may also be considered, recognising that any steps toward safer alcohol consumption are steps in the right direction. Consequently, while abstinence may be the optimal outcome for some people, skills for drinking in a way that will minimize harm can be considered if abstinence is not viewed as realistic, attainable, or attractive. For example, blood alcohol concentration level estimation training enables people to set limits for moderate goals that are unique to their gender, weight, and time spent drinking. Teaching practical strategies for reaching these limits, such as spacing one's drinks, pacing oneself, alternating alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, consuming food before drinking and drinking for promote success.

Evidence
A range of systematic reviews published by Cochrane have described a small to medium effect size showing change in primarily alcohol use as a result of these interventions. For example in a recent review of primary care patients including 69 studies, moderate quality evidence was found that brief interventions could reduce alcohol consumption in hazardous or harmful drinkers. Digital brief interventions were found to be similarly effective with again moderate quality evidence that online brief interventions targeting alcohol reduced drinks per week by three standard drinks. Whilst these reviews are robust, they are limited in their ability to summarise change because many of the studies are not measuring the same outcomes in the same way. One review found that in 405 trials, there were 2641 separate outcomes measured in 1560 different ways. When diverse outcomes are used, data is hard to bring together in a meta-analysis and there are problems with differing views on what shows whether an intervention shows Effectiveness or Efficacy. Others have sought to improve the field by creating a Core Outcome Set which can reduce the size of the problem of differing outcomes by creating an international standard for all BI evaluations through the International Network on Brief Interventions for Alcohol & Other Drugs.

title: Brief intervention


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Abdullah Mehsud

Abdullah Mehsud (عبدالله مهسود; عبدالله محسود; 1977 – 24 July 2007) was a Pashtun militant commander who killed himself with a hand grenade after security forces raided his dwelling in Zhob, Balochistan, Pakistan. He belonged to the Mahsud tribe.

American authorities later claimed that he had originally been a prisoner in the Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, who was judicially released and subsequently "returned to terrorism".

Early life
Abdullah Mehsud (Muhammad Alam Mahsud) was born in 1977 in Nano village of South Waziristan, and was a Pashtun, part of the Mehsud tribe's SlimiKhel clan in South Waziristan which is the homeland of the Meshud tribe located in northwest Pakistan. Abdullah Mehsud fought against the Northern Alliance and lost a leg to a landmine in 1996.

Capture
During the opening days of Operation Enduring Freedom, Mehsud fought against U.S. and Northern Alliance forces in Afghanistan. In December 2001, he surrendered to the Uzbek warlord Abdul Rashid Dostum in the Battle of Kunduz. He was handed over to the U.S. and spent 25 months in Guantanamo Bay detention camp, where he was fitted with a prosthetic limb. He was released by the U.S. and returned to South Waziristan.

Return to the battlefield
After his release, Mehsud immediately began rebuilding his Pakistani Taliban (Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan/TTP) cadre. He commanded a force of up to 5,000 Taliban fighters. He then began initiating attacks on coalition soldiers in Afghanistan.

In Waziristan, Mehsud was believed to be behind the kidnapping of two Chinese engineers from the building of the Gomal Zam Dam, which left one hostage dead during a botched rescue attempt. He was also alleged to have been behind an attack on Pakistan's Interior Minister Aftab Ahmad Sherpao that killed 31 people.

In March 2005, a Department of Defense document claimed:

In 2005, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf announced that Mehsud had been killed by ISI forces, only to later retract the statement.

Mehsud was one of the first three former Guantanamo captives the Bush Presidency reported had returned to the battlefield. As of July 2007, spokesmen reported that over thirty captives had returned to the battlefield, or associated with terrorists, after their release. As of July 2007, the spokesmen had named seven of those individuals.

Promise to never surrender
Sikh Spectrum reported that during a telephone interview in 2004, Abdullah Mehsud promised to never surrender.

Death
On 24 July 2007, Mehsud was at a house with other militants in Zhob, Balochistan. A team of Pakistani law enforcement agencies conducted a raid on the house where he was staying. Mehsud killed himself by detonating a hand grenade. During the raid, several other militants were killed, Abdul Rahman Mehsud and Muhammad Azam, were captured along with a local Pakistani Taliban leader.

Relationship with Baitullah Mehsud
Abdullah Mehsud has been described as a brother of Baitullah Mehsud, a tribal leader of the Waziri Mehsud tribe. Other sources merely assert that they were clansmen, or associates. Islam Online reports that Baitullah suspected that Abdullah was a double agent.

Defense Intelligence Agency claims he "returned to terrorism"
The Defense Intelligence Agency asserted Abdullah Mahsud had "returned to terrorism". The DIA reported:

title: Abdullah Mehsud