text:
Health issues in American football

Health issues in American football comprise a large number of health risks associated with participating in the sport. Injuries are relatively common in American football, due to its nature as a full-contact game. Injuries occur during both practice and games. Several factors can affect the frequency of injuries: epidemiological studies have shown older players can be at a greater risk, while equipment and experienced coaches can reduce the risk of injury. Common injuries include strains, sprains, fractures, dislocations, and concussions. Concussions have become a concern, as they increase the risk of mental illnesses like dementia and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In individual leagues like the National Football League (NFL) and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), a public injury report is published containing all injured players on a team, their injury and the game-day status of each player.

Catastrophic injuries—defined as serious injury to the spine, spinal cord, or brain—and fatalities are uncommon in football; both have become less common since the 1970s, although a small number of them still occur each year. Both concussions and catastrophic injuries can be caused by helmet-to-helmet collisions as well as impact against the ground or other players' knees; in other cases, they can be caused by players who have sustained a head injury returning to play, which can place the player at risk of sustaining a severe injury. Despite the decrease in catastrophic injuries, a greater number of NFL players have reported major injuries and shortened careers since the 1970s, in part due to the increasing size and speed of players and the use of artificial turf.

In many cases, injuries sustained while playing can cause long-term damage. In addition to neurological damage caused by hits to the head, injuries to the mid and lower body can force players to retire or lead to nagging ailments in later life. Various methods have been used to reduce injuries in football, including rule changes such as the abolition of large wedge formations; a sharp decline in cervical spine injuries since the 1970s has been attributed to rule changes that altered blocking and tackling techniques. More recently, rule changes to protect players from head injuries have been instituted. Equipment like the football helmet and pads are used to give players a level of protection from injuries, while other factors such as cleat size are used to minimize the risk of injuries due to field condition.

Injuries
Because American football is a full-contact sport, head injuries are relatively common. According to the San Francisco Spine Institute at Seton Medical Center in Daly City, California, up to 1.5 million young men participate in football annually, and there are an estimated 1.2 million football-related injuries per year. An estimated 51% of injuries occur during training sessions, while 49% occur elsewhere. Injuries are nearly 5 times more likely to happen during contact training sessions than in controlled, non-contact sessions. Older players are at the most risk for injuries, while teams with experienced coaches and more assistant coaches are less likely to experience injuries. 50% of injuries occur in the lower extremities (with knee injuries alone counting for roughly 36% of all injuries) and 30% occur in the upper extremities.

The most common types of injuries are strains, sprains, bruises, fractures, dislocations, and concussions. According to the NFL Physicians Society, the most common injuries in football are "concussions, blunt injuries to the chest such as cardiac contusions, pulmonary contusions, broken ribs, abdominal injuries, splenic lacerations and kidney injuries." Orthopedic injuries to the knee, foot, ankle, shoulder, neck and back are also common, as are muscle strains to the hamstrings, quads, calves and the abdomen.

Concussions are particularly concerning, as repeated concussions may increase a person's risk in later life for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and mental health issues such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, and depression. Concussions are often caused by helmet-to-helmet collisions, impact against the ground or other players' knees, and upper-body contact between opposing players. However, helmets have prevented more serious injuries such as skull fractures. Cervical spine injuries can be catastrophic, but have sharply declined since the mid-1970s due to rule changes and improved workout regimes, equipment, and coaching.

Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) are an issue in both high-school and professional-level football. Steroid use has been linked to an increased risk for musculoskeletal injuries among players. Human growth hormone (HGH) is used by some players to improve performance, recover from injuries, decrease aging, and to lose weight. Although none of these uses are scientifically proven or legal, HGH places users at risk for adverse side effects such as onset of diabetes and negatively impacting joints and organs such as the heart. However, there have been no studies of HGH use or the baseline levels of the hormone in NFL athletes. NFL players are routinely subject to drug tests in accordance with the NFL's two substance policies. Players found using performance-enhancing drugs, including anabolic steroids, can face suspension and other penalties. As of 2014, the league does not test for HGH use among players.

National Football League
An injury report section is common in the sports sections of American newspapers, detailing injuries for each team and the amount of time each injured player is expected to be out. The injury report was created to prevent gamblers from gaining inside information about injuries from players, and as a result, NFL teams must report on the status of injured players on a set schedule during the season. The standard severity descriptions are "out" (will not play in the upcoming game); "doubtful" (25% chance of playing); "questionable" (50% chance of playing); or "probable" (75% chance of playing). Teams have been known to downplay, exaggerate or overly detail their teams' injuries in an attempt to confuse or mislead upcoming opponents. Injured players may be placed on one of several injured lists, including the Physically Unable to Perform (PUP) list. If a player is injured in an event outside of a game or team practice, or during collegiate practice prior to being drafted, he is eligible for the Nonfootball Injury list. Players who have sustained major injuries and are not expected to play for the rest of the season may be placed on the Injured Reserve (IR) list. These players do not count towards the teams' roster limit.

Aside from concussions, orthopedic injuries are among the most common in the National Football League. These injuries consist of trauma such as tears in the achilles, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and patellar tendon. A study was done but the Feinberg School of Medicine and Northwestern University, where they studied the "return to play rate" (RTP) for given orthopedic procedures done based on a given injury. They found that out of 559 NFL players, the most difficult injuries for NFL players to return to play in were patellar tendon tears (50.0 %) and achilles tears (72.5%).

College and high school football
According to the College Football Assistance Fund, over 20,000 injuries occur from college football each year. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) maintains an injury list similar to that used by the NFL – injured players are listed as "Out", "Doubtful", "Questionable", or "Probable", but suspended players are also included on the list. College players are limited to four years of eligibility, but can receive a medical redshirt that lets them play another year if they have suffered a season-ending injury and have not played in more than 30% of the season's games.

Brain injury
In 1994, the NFL established the Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee (MTBI), which was later replaced by the Head, Neck and Spine Committee, to study concussions and brain injuries in professional football players. The committee and its leadership, including Ira Casson and Elliot Pellman, were criticized by former players for stating that there is not enough research to determine if concussions lead to permanent brain injury. Pellman, who served as chairman of the committee from 1994 to 2007, received a large amount of criticism because he did not have a background in neurology and the research he published on brain injuries disagreed with the findings of independent scientists. In 2009, an NFL-commissioned report showed increased incidence of diagnosis of memory loss and dementia among retired professional football players when compared to the general population. The study also indicated that these symptoms were related to the effects of concussions. However, the NFL and the report's own researchers questioned the reliability of some of the data-gathering methods employed by the study, including the fact that the study was conducted by phone. The same year, the committee acknowledged for the first time that concussions can lead to long-term brain injuries. A Congressional hearing in October 2009, as well as pressure from the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA), led to an overhaul of the concussion policy in November and December of that year.

NFL commissioner Roger Goodell addressed the issue of head injuries in professional football during a talk held on November 15, 2012, at the Harvard School of Public Health. In the talk, he highlighted the NFL's efforts to reduce head injuries by enacting measures such as penalizing hits to the head, better assessing concussions on the sideline, and removing players from the game after they have been diagnosed or suspected of having sustained a concussion. He also discussed the need for increased research on brain injuries and long-term disorders, and called for a culture change in the league, saying that players need to be more willing to acknowledge their injuries to medical staff. In September 2012 the league pledged a $30 million donation to the National Institutes of Health to research the connection between brain injuries and long-term mental health issues. Beginning in 2012 the NFL was the subject of several lawsuits initiated by former players who alleged that the league withheld information and misled players about the potential long-term impacts of head injuries. Six of the lawsuits were approved to be tried together. In August 2013 the NFL reached a settlement with more than 4,500 former players, agreeing to pay $765 million to be used to pay for medical examinations for former NFL players and for research and education purposes. Additionally, the funds will also be used to compensate former players who are determined to have significant cognitive impairment.

Concussions are also an issue outside of professional football. In a 2010 study by Purdue University and Indiana University, an estimated 43,000 to 67,000 football players suffer a concussion every season. However, because many injuries go unreported, the true number may exceed 100,000. The study, "Functionally- [sic]Detected Cognitive Impairment in High School Football Players Without Clinically Diagnosed Concussion", was published in 2013 in the Journal of Neurotrauma and observed 21 high school players throughout a season; it determined that even players who would not be diagnosed with a concussion based on their symptoms can display notable impairments via MRIs and verbal or cognitive testing, indicating that the current tests used on the sideline to assess concussions may not be adequate. A 2013 study by the National Academy of Sciences found that concussion rates in college football exceed those in any other sport, and that high school players have twice the risk of sustaining a concussion as collegiate players. The study found that, as reported by athletic trainers, college football players sustain 6.3 concussions for every 10,000 athletic exposures (meaning an individual practice or game), and the rate for high school football players is 11.2. The high school concussion figure is nearly double that of the next-highest sport, lacrosse. The study, funded by a $75,000 donation from the NFL to the Centers for Disease Control Foundation, also found that there is no evidence that newer helmet technology decreases the risk for concussions.

According to 2017 study on brains of deceased gridiron football players, 99% of tested brains of NFL players, 88% of CFL players, 64% of semi-professional players, 91% of college football players, and 21% of high school football players had various stages of CTE.

Catastrophic injuries and fatalities
Catastrophic injuries are not common in American football. According to the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, there were 468 non-fatal injuries resulting in permanent neurological damage across all high school sports in the United States from 1982 to 2011. In football, catastrophic injuries are rare but are devastating when they occur. The rate of catastrophic head injuries has remained low since the introduction of the modern football helmet in the 1970s, but rates of injury are much higher at the high school level than the college level. A 2007 study found that, in high school and college football, there are an average of 7.23 catastrophic head injuries per year: there were 0.67 injuries per 100,000 high school players and 0.21 injuries per 100,000 college players. Over a 13-year period from September 1989 to June 2002, there were 94 players who sustained catastrophic head injuries—8 of these players died as a result of the injury, 46 sustained permanent neurological damage, and 36 made a full recovery. 56% of these players had a history of head injuries, 71% of them occurring in the same season as their catastrophic injury, and most of the catastrophic injuries resulted from being tackled or making a tackle. The study recommended that players exhibiting neurological symptoms should be strongly discouraged from returning to play.

The medical costs for catastrophic injuries can be extremely high—a 2011 estimate from the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center notes that first-year costs of someone who has high tetraplegia, an injury that causes partial or full loss of use in all limbs, is USD $1,044,097, with subsequent years costing $181,328. Many high schools across the United States require students to have an insurance policy, while others offer supplementary insurance to help offset the cost; some schools also request that boosters help families pay for these policies.

Catastrophic injuries have been on a steady decline since the 1960s, due in part to rules banning dangerous forms of contact such as spearing, face tackling and butt blocking. However, catastrophic injuries are still caused by helmet-to-helmet collisions, as well when players hit their heads against an opposing player's knee or the ground. Returning to play after sustaining a head injury earlier in the game also places players at risk for an even more severe injury. Many states are requiring teams to prevent players who have shown any signs of a concussion from returning to a game, while other steps such as more aggressive enforcement of safety rules and better condition of the neck muscles have been suggested. Additionally, coaches are being urged to train players to block with their shoulders instead of their heads.

Fatalities in football are rare. A 2013 study of high school and college football players split fatalities into two types: direct fatalities, defined as those caused by "trauma from participation in a sport resulting in a brain injury, cervical fracture, or intra-abdominal injury" and indirect fatalities, defined as those resulting from external factors such as "cardiac failure, heat illness, sickle cell trait [SCT], asthma, or pulmonary embolism". The study found that, on average, there are 4 direct fatalities and 8.2 indirect fatalities among high school and college players per year, making indirect fatalities more than twice as common as direct fatalities.

Effects on post-career life

In addition to immediate health effects, some injuries sustained during a player's career can have effects that extend to their post-career life. A cohort mortality study by researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) examined 3,349 NFL players who played at least five full seasons from 1959 to 1988. The findings from this study suggest that, in comparison to the typical American male, NFL players live longer on average but have around three times the risk of death associated with neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the risk of death from Alzheimer's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was roughly four times higher among former players than the average American male. The study also compared mortality risks from speed players (quarterbacks, running backs, fullbacks, wide receivers, tight ends, linebackers, cornerbacks, and safeties) and nonspeed players (offensive and defensive linemen), with findings indicating that a greater number of deaths were attributable to neurodegenerative disorders in speed players than nonspeed players. This may be due to the increased momentum of collisions from speed players.

Outside of neurodegenerative disorders, physical injuries sustained during a career can have an adverse effect on post-career life. A 1990 survey conducted jointly between the NFLPA and Ball State University found that 65% of surveyed players had suffered a major injury (defined as one that caused them to miss at least eight games): among players that played before 1959 this number was 42%, but it jumps to 72% among those who played in the 1980s. Additionally, roughly 50% of players who had played in the 1970s and 1980s reported that they retired due to injury, compared to only 32% among those who played prior to 1959. Two-thirds of players reported that injuries they had sustained limited their ability to engage in recreational activity and sports in retirement, while half said their injuries decreased their ability to perform manual labor. A follow-up survey in 1994 found that 47% of recipients reported having arthritis. These reports have been attributed to several factors, including the increase in the use of artificial turf as well as the increasing size and speed of players. Dr. James Andrews, a noted orthopedic surgeon, said that "athletes are bigger, stronger and running faster, and they're tearing up knees from cutting, changing direction on a dime". Andrews also noted the increase in the number of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, which he attributed to the size of modern players.

Prevention

Injuries have always been a part of football, and various methods have been used historically and in modern times to prevent or minimize them. One method that has been used to prevent injuries is changing the rules of the sport. An early example of this was the elimination of mass formations like the flying wedge in the early 1900s, due to the large number of severe injuries the formations caused. Smaller wedges consisting of three, four, or five players were frequently used on kickoff returns before wedges were limited to two or fewer players in 2009 by the NFL; a similar rule was adopted by the NCAA a year later. The sharp decrease in the number of catastrophic cervical spine injuries since the mid-1970s has been partially credited to rule changes that modified tackling and blocking techniques. With the increasing awareness of the long-term effects of concussions, the NFL has passed rules prohibiting the targeting of "defenseless" players over-the-shoulder, requiring plays to be blown dead when the runner loses his helmet, and placing more stringent limits to the ability of players who have sustained a concussion to return to play.

Similarly, modern equipment was developed to reduce injuries. The football helmet, although a scapegoat for concussions, serves as effective protection against more dangerous injuries like skull fractures. The modern helmet traces its roots back to the leather helmets used by football players in the early 1900s to protect themselves from head injuries. Helmets later evolved to be made of hard plastic, and a facemask was added to protect players from sustaining facial injuries. Many players also wear mouthguards to prevent injuries to their teeth and tongues; at some levels, such as the NCAA, the use of a mouthguard is mandatory. Football players wear a number of pads to protect themselves – shoulder pads are the most important pads, protecting the shoulder and sternum, but thigh pads, hip pads, tail pads, and knee pads are also used. Many quarterbacks wear flak jackets to protect their ribcage. Cleats come in a number of lengths, with players choosing which cleat to use based on the playing field – players prefer a shorter cleat when playing on artificial turf to prevent their feet from digging into the ground and risking injury, while longer cleats are generally used on fields that are wet or slippery to provide better traction. Athletic cups are not typically used at the professional level because athletic cups tend to make it harder to move and there is an unwritten code among players not to target the groin area. Additionally, studies have shown that proper conditioning techniques, fitness routines and exercise routines, as well as high-quality equipment and coaching, can reduce the risk of injury among players.

title: Health issues in American football


text:
Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects against unreasonable search and seizure. This right provides those in Canada with their primary source of constitutionally enforced privacy rights against unreasonable intrusion from the state. Typically, this protects personal information that can be obtained through searching someone in pat-down, entering someone's property or surveillance.

Under the heading of legal rights, section 8 states:

8. Everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure.

Any property found or seized by means of a violation of section 8 can be excluded as evidence in a trial under section 24(2).

Reasonable expectation of privacy
Section 8 does not apply to every search or seizure. Rather, the right focuses on the action being unreasonable on the basis that it violates the expectation of privacy that a reasonable individual would have.

Examples
The driver of a motor vehicle normally has a reasonable expectation in the contents of that vehicle, although that same expectation does not necessarily extend to the passenger of a vehicle who is not the owner.

Likewise, a visitor to a dwelling house does not enjoy the same expectation of privacy as a permanent occupant.

A reasonable expectation of privacy generally exists in a hotel room, although the expectation of privacy in a hotel room diminishes in circumstances where the occupant indiscriminately invites members of the public inside.

Information which does not "tend to reveal intimate details of the lifestyle and personal choices of the individual" is usually not subject to a reasonable expectation of privacy. For this reason, utility records are generally not subject to an expectation of privacy, nor are heat patterns which can be detected from outside a private building. Garbage placed at the curb for pickup is considered in law to be abandoned, and therefore fails to engage a reasonable privacy interest.

In R. v. TELUS Communications Co., the Supreme Court of Canada found that the reasonable expectation of privacy protected by Section 8 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms applies to modern communications technologies such as text messages, even if the data in question is located on a third-party server.

Search
Not every form of examination constitutes search. A search within the meaning of section eight is determined by whether the investigatory technique used by the state diminishes a person's reasonable expectation of privacy. The focus of analysis is upon the purpose of the examination. A police officer who compels someone to produce their licence would not be invasive enough to constitute a search (R. v. Ladouceur, [1990] ). Equally, an inspection of the inside of a car is not a search, but questions about the contents of a bag would be. (R. v. Mellenthin [1992] ) It has also been ruled that the use of a police dog as a means to gain probable cause to search is also in itself a violation of section 8, and that other factors must be present before a police dog can be used and a search executed. (R. v. A.M. [2008], R. v. Kang-Brown [2008] )

In R. v. Feeney, the Supreme Court found that the entry into a private home without a warrant constitutes a violation of Section 8.

The use of wiretapping technology is also considered a "search" for the purpose of Section 8. Warrantless wiretapping can sometimes be justified under section 1 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in cases where exigent circumstances exist; however the Supreme Court found in R. v. Tse, 2012 SCC 16 that when police use such tactics, they must promptly notify the individual whose reasonable expectation of privacy has been infringed.

The application of section 8 is not limited to the criminal context, and has become an issue in civil forfeiture litigation, with some courts holding that "exactly the same Charter principles apply to the manner in which that evidence is obtained as would be applicable in a criminal case".

In R v Fearon (2014), the Supreme Court held in a 4–3 ruling that police search of a cell phone without a warrant during an arrest does not violate the Charter. However, the Court ruled that police must follow several search guidelines.

Seizure
The meaning of seizure is fairly straightforward. In R. v. Dyment (1988), the Supreme Court defined it simply as the "taking of a thing from a person by a public authority without that person's consent." This meaning has been narrowed to cover property taken in furtherance of administration or criminal investigation (Quebec (Attorney General) v. Laroche, [2002] ).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Talk:Carol Browner

title: Talk:Carol Browner


text:
User:Bloodhound~enwiki

Hi

title: User:Bloodhound~enwiki


text:
User talk:Cool sword

used to be User:Coolsword, then I forgot my password and started this one.

Thank you for the work you've put into school articles on Wikipedia. For a list of other schools which may need improvement, please refer to User:GRider/Schoolwatch. Bahn Mi 01:43, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of Joaquin Miller Middle School (San Jose, California) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Joaquin Miller Middle School (San Jose, California) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Joaquin Miller Middle School (San Jose, California) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Mercurywoodrose (talk) 01:54, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cool sword


text:
Talk:Georgian lari

Untitled
Does anyone have information on the original tetri? Dove1950 18:22, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

South Ossetia
Does South Ossetia uses Georgian lari? --Chochopk 17:11, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No, Russian Rubles are used in South Ossetia. Mcarling (talk) 15:58, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Stalin
Does Georgia plan on releasing any commemorative coinage to honor the most stable, sane, honorable, and respected Georgian ever to live, Joseph Stalin? 68.189.255.6

 * Never. Georgia will never honor its most unstable, unhonorable, and despised Georgia who destroyed his homeland's freedom and exterminated the best part of Georgian society. --Kober 05:20, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

200 lari
Georgia Issues Banknotes with Sokhumi Images --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 02:14, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

1 and 2 lari banknotes
Frequently used or rarely used? They were removed from one list but not added to the other. Since they exist, they belong in one or the other. Not R (talk) 13:54, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, since it was an anonymous edit that removed them, I'll go ahead and revert that edit to restore them to the "rarely used" list. Not R (talk) 03:51, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Georgian lari


text:
Talk:Tetri

Ancient tetri
George V of Georgia article mentions tetri as a currency introduced in the 14th century. This article needs to be expanded to include that. -Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy) 10:29, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tetri


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Dirk Digglers

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. H e rmione1980 23:06, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

The Dirk Digglers
Delete, band vanity. Tito xd (?!?) 01:15, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The only thing that stands out is one of the members is a IRA militant. no historical value unless he was significant within the IRA. Delete --Fsdfs 01:30, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As of yet unrecorded seals it for me. Punkmorten 12:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 03:29, 18 October 2005 (UTC)\
 * Delete per nom. - Sensor 03:06, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:86.131.10.110

title: User talk:86.131.10.110


text:
Talk:1980-1982 Ford Thunderbird

Merge?
I've always wondered why this article was separate from the main Thunderbird article. I can see how the 1980 T-Bird was so different than previous models, but in my opinion, all of the information on this page can be crammed onto the T-Bird article, which would make this article redundant. --ApolloBoy 01:18, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

I incline to agree, and the same goes for the '77-'79 article. RivGuySC 04:49, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:1980-1982 Ford Thunderbird


text:
Tokyo Dome City

Tokyo Dome City (東京ドームシティ), referred to as Big Egg City before January 1, 2000, is an entertainment complex in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan.

It also includes the world's largest roofed baseball stadium, known as Tokyo Dome (AKA "Big Egg"); an amusement park known as Tokyo Dome City Attractions (formerly Kōrakuen Yūenchi); and Korakuen Hall. In May 2003, a spa resort known as LaQua opened for business near Tokyo Dome City Attractions. It also hosts character shows for Toei Company's Toei Superheroes, including the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai series (the Tokyo Dome Corporation is the Super Sentai series' main sponsor).

The Tokyo Dome City contains the Tokyo Dome Hotel, a 43-story hotel that is easy to spot from the street and from the Tokyo Subway Suidobashi Station, which is only two blocks away.

Tokyo Dome City facilities

 * Tokyo Dome baseball stadium
 * LaQua
 * a building that houses a spa, fitness center and shopping mall
 * amusement park rides including Big O and Thunder Dolphin
 * Tokyo Dome City Attractions amusement park
 * Theatre G-Rosso
 * Tokyo Dome Hotel
 * Yellow Building
 * Sauna Tokyo Dome, Korakuen Hall sports arena
 * Blue Building
 * Tokyo Dome Bowling Center, Off-track betting (Wins Korekauen)
 * MEETS PORT
 * Tokyo Dome City Hall

Transportation

 * Kōrakuen Station of several subway lines, integrated within the complex
 * Kasuga Station of several subway lines, to the north
 * Suidōbashi Station, a JR line station across a street from Tokyo Dome City

title: Tokyo Dome City


text:
Black squirrel

Black squirrels are a melanistic subgroup of squirrels with black coloration on their fur. The phenomenon occurs with several species of squirrels, although it is most frequent with the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger). Black morphs of the eastern gray and fox squirrels are the result of a variant pigment gene. Several theories have surfaced as to why the black morph occurs, with some suggesting that the black morph is a selective advantage for squirrels inhabiting the northern ranges of the species, with the black fur providing a thermal advantage over its non-melanistic counterpart.

Black squirrels share the same natural range as their non-melanistic counterparts. Black morphs of eastern gray squirrels occur most frequently in the northern portion of its range around the Great Lakes Basin. Conversely, black morphs of fox squirrels typically occur most frequently in the southeastern portions of the species' natural range, the southeastern United States. Although they are found more frequently in those regions, the coloration remains uncommon in most areas that these species inhabit. However, black morphs of eastern gray squirrels form the majority of the species' population in the Canadian province of Ontario, and the U.S. state of Michigan. In addition to their natural range, black morphs of eastern gray squirrels were also introduced into other areas of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Several municipalities and post-secondary schools in the United States have adopted a black squirrel for branding purposes, using it as a symbol and/or mascot. Some municipalities that have adopted the black squirrels as a symbol for their community have also passed ordinances that discourage attempts to threaten them.

Description
The black coloration in both eastern gray squirrels and fox squirrels is believed to stem from a variant pigment gene. A study published by FEBS Letters in 2014 demonstrated how a pigment gene missing a piece of DNA, can be a determinant of an eastern gray squirrel's coat. The emergence of black fur in the eastern gray squirrel is believed to be the result of the 24 bp deletion from their melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene; with the specific allele referred to as MC1R∆24. A study published by BMC Evolutionary Biology pointed to evidence that the variant pigment gene originated from the black fox squirrel, and was later passed on to eastern gray squirrels as a result of interspecies mating; given that the variant gene in both species were identical. Black coat color is caused by a 24 base pair deletion in MC1R in the western population of fox squirrels and by a point mutation in the agouti-signaling protein gene in the southeastern population.

Black morphs may also occur with Columbian ground squirrels, Eurasian red squirrels, Richardson's ground squirrels, and western gray squirrels, although it is far more unusual for the latter to display color polymorphism. No association between melanism and variations in their MC1R was found in Eurasian red squirrels; with researchers suggesting that the different color variations (including black morphs) in Eurasian red squirrels, and fox squirrels being a polygenic result. Melanism with Richardson's ground squirrels is due to recessive genes.

Benefits of black fur
With regard to black squirrels and melanism, two major theories dominate the literature, that its frequency is the result of crypsis, and/or the result of thermoregulation.

Concealment
It has been theorized that non-melanistic gray squirrels have a concealment advantage in forests dominated by deciduous trees, while black squirrels hold a concealment advantage in forested areas in the northern portions of its range, where conifer trees are more prevalent. The theory is based on the idea that forests where coniferous trees are predominant block more sunlight from reaching the forest below, providing a dimly-lit habitat in which a darker-coated squirrel could better conceal itself compared to its lighter counterpart. It is also suggested that non-melanistic squirrels have a concealment advantage over their melanistic counterparts in deciduous forests because deciduous trees shed their leaves on a seasonal basis, illuminating the forested area below it during the winter season. A study conducted in 1989 on melanistic fox squirrels found the non-melanistic coloration better for concealment while the squirrel was still, but a melanistic coloration provided better concealment for when it was in motion. The frequency of black morph eastern gray squirrels is thought to have been once relatively common throughout the eastern gray squirrel range, although their frequency and population have dwindled since the 1700s. It has been suggested that their population declined due to extensive deforestation and the hunting of squirrels for their meat and pelts; with the newly changed environment providing non-melanistic gray-colored squirrels an advantage in concealment. However, the theory that the black morphs squirrels were more prevalent prior to the 1700s, and that deforestation led to their decline has been challenged by some researchers. One study found a high frequency of black eastern gray squirrels lived in rural southern Ontario, an area primarily made up of farmland.

Melanism in fox squirrels in the southeast portion of its natural range has also been associated with crypsis, as it inhabits forests that go through periodic burnings. It has been suggested that black squirrels would be harder to detect in forests already burned, due to the blackened substrate.

Thermoregulation

It has also been suggested that black morph squirrels have a considerably higher cold tolerance than gray squirrels given the color of their coat. Black-coated animals were found to have 18 percent lower heat loss in temperatures below -10 C, a 20 percent lower metabolic rate, and a non-shivering thermogenesis capacity that is higher than a gray morph. Additionally, researchers of the color morph have noted a strong negative correlation with the frequency of black squirrels and areas with high air temperature.

The black coat has been suggested as a selective advantage for squirrels inhabiting the northern ranges of the species, as it helps them inhabit colder regions. The apparent thermal advantage has contributed to the expansion of the eastern gray squirrel's range northward following the end of the last glacial period. Black morph eastern gray squirrels have been reported as far north as Sudbury, Ontario, past the traditional range of the eastern gray squirrels.

A study published by the European Journal of Ecology in 2019 on eastern fox squirrels found that the melanistic morphs of the species saw a noticeable increase in their surface temperature (fur and skin) in both sunny and cloudy weather; whereas the non-melanistic fox squirrels only saw their surface temperature increase when it was sunny with no cloud cover. Its ability to gain heat in sunny and cloudy conditions is believed to be the reason why melanistic squirrels are more active during winter mornings. However, the same study noted that there was no difference in metabolic heat production between the color morphs.

Reproduction

Among eastern squirrels, gray mating pairs cannot produce black offspring. Gray squirrels have two copies of a gray pigment gene and black squirrels have either one or two copies of a black pigment gene. If a black squirrel has two copies of the black gene it will be jet black. If it has one copy of a black gene and one gray gene it will be brown-black. Approximately nine percent of melanistic eastern gray squirrels are believed to be jet black. In areas with high concentrations of black squirrels, litters of mixed-color individuals are common.

Differences with non-melanistic squirrels
A study conducted in 1990 of black and gray morphs of the eastern gray squirrel concluded that there was no major difference in behavior between the morphs. The same study also found no difference between the morphs when reacting to either a human or canid predator. However, another study in 2010 also found that gray morphs of the eastern gray squirrel were more prone to initiate flight than black morphs after hearing a red-tailed hawk; although the fact that black morphs were less likely to initiate flight after hearing a red-tailed hawk may not be an effect of pigmentation, rather the environment they inhabit. Given the higher frequency of black morphs in an urban setting, it has been suggested that black morphs have a higher tolerance for human/urban stimuli. It has also been suggested that behavioral differences with regard to mating may exist between the urban and rural populations of eastern gray squirrels.

A 2019 study on fox squirrels found that there was no noticeable difference in metabolism between the different color morphs of that species. However, the same study on fox squirrels found that melanistic fox squirrels were more active than their non-melanistic counterparts during the winter and spring months, with melanistic fox squirrels found to be 30 percent more active during the mornings than their non-melanistic counterparts. Conversely the non-melanistic fox squirrels were more active during the autumn season. It has been suggested that the black squirrel's higher heat gain for its surface temperature is the reason why they are able to be active earlier in the day and remain active longer.

Distribution
Natural populations of black morph eastern gray and fox squirrels can be found in the natural ranges of both species in North America, although their frequency varies depending on the area. Black fur for both species of squirrels is rare and occurs at rates of less than one percent. It has been suggested that one in 10,000 eastern gray squirrels are a black morph.

It has been suggested that the frequency of the black color morph in the eastern gray squirrel populations has declined since the late 1700s, especially south of the Great Lakes. There is a higher frequency of the black morph in the northern portions of the eastern gray squirrel's range; which includes the southern portions of central Canada and northern United States. In particular, large populations of black squirrels are found within the Great Lakes Basin, with a notable increase in their frequency between the 41st parallel north and the 45th parallel north.

Black squirrels occur with the highest frequency in Ontario and Michigan, and are the predominant color morph found in those areas; with the black morph accounting for 66 percent of squirrels documented on iNaturalist in Ontario, and 56 percent in Michigan. Significant populations of black morphs are also present in the other provinces/states that surround the Great Lakes; with approximately 15 percent of the eastern grey squirrels in those regions reported to be melanistic. Black squirrel populations south of the Great Lakes remain largely localized, with the frequency of black squirrels varying from one region to another. Black squirrels were found to be more common in urban areas as opposed to rural areas and forests. Among exurban populations of eastern gray squirrels, the black morph only occurs in high frequencies in Ontario and northern Michigan.

Conversely, black morphs of fox squirrels occur with the highest frequency in the southeastern portion of its natural range, the southeastern United States. Like the eastern gray squirrels, the frequency of black fox squirrels is dependent on the area, reaching a maximum frequency of 13 percent. Although they occur more frequently in the southeastern United States, large populations of black morph fox squirrels may be found in other areas of the species' natural range; including Council Bluffs, Iowa, around the Missouri River. Approximately half of the fox squirrels found in Council Bluffs are melanistic. Melanistic fox squirrels in Council Bluffs have since expanded across the Missouri River to other areas in the Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area; with melanistic fox squirrels now accounting for 4.6 to 7.6 percent of fox squirrels in Omaha.

The Delta fox squirrel (Sciurus niger subauratus) is a subspecies of fox squirrel found in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. There are two common phases, a glossy solid black phase and a reddish phase that lacks the white markings of the fox squirrels found in the surrounding hill country.

Reintroduction programs
Several populations of black morph squirrels were the result of reintroduction/re-population programs intended to reintroduce the species and/or the black morph to areas they once inhabited, but had been wiped out by human hunting and predators in previous centuries.

Black squirrels in Washington, D.C. originated from eighteen black morphs captured at Rondeau Provincial Park in Ontario and released in the parks around the National Mall in 1902 and in 1906 by Teddy Roosevelt. There remains a level of uncertainty as to why the black morphs were introduced into the National Mall; although representatives from the Smithsonian Museum suggest their introduction may have been part of a larger effort to revitalize the local eastern gray squirrel population whittled down by human hunting. By the 1960s, the black morphs had spread beyond the parks that surround the National Mall, although were largely contained by the Capital Beltway. In 2005, it was estimated that black morphs comprised between 5 and 25 percent of all eastern gray squirrels in that area.

The present population of black eastern gray squirrels in Battle Creek, Michigan was reportedly introduced in 1915 by John Harvey Kellogg, who wanted to repopulate the area with the species after their populations were devastated in the previous centuries by predators and human hunters. He reportedly received 400 eastern gray squirrels from Kent County, Michigan, including some black morphs, and released them into the community. Researchers north of Battle Creek, at the Kellogg Biological Station, later trapped some black morph eastern gray squirrels in 1958 and 1962, and released them on the East Lansing campus of Michigan State University at the behest of the university's president.

Black morphs were once present in Ohio, although the color morph was extirpated from the state by 1930. However, an initiative to reintroduce the black morphs into the squirrel population was undertaken in 1961 by Kent State University, based in Portage County. The university, in coordination from the Canadian and U.S. governments, released ten black squirrels from London, Ontario onto its campus grounds in an effort to reintroduce the black morphs into the area. By 1964, the Record-Courier reported the number of black squirrel increased to 150. Black morphs of the eastern gray squirrels have since expanded through northeastern Ohio.

Introduced/non-native populations
Several populations of black morph squirrels were introduced into the area by accident. Some of these black morph populations have been embraced by their communities, although others are viewed as an invasive species to the local ecosystem.

The introduction of black squirrels in the Quad Cities occurred in the 19th century. According to one story, recounted in the book The Palmers, they were first introduced on the Rock Island Arsenal by either the Palmer family or the base commander. According to the story, some of the black morphs later escaped the arsenal by jumping across ice floes on the Mississippi River when it was frozen, and populated the other areas on Rock Island. Eastern gray squirrels, including their black morphs, were introduced into British Columbia during the early 1900s. The species was also later introduced into other areas of Canada to which it was not native, such as Calgary, Alberta. The majority of the eastern gray squirrels in Calgary originated as pets, or zoo animals that escaped captivity during the 1930s. As in Ontario, black eastern gray squirrels are now the predominant morph of the species found in Calgary.

The black morph population in Marysville, Kansas were supposedly released into the area by accident. Reportedly the black morphs were brought to Marysville during the 1920s as a part of an exhibit for a circus, but were accidentally released after a child opened the cage holding the black morphs. Attempts to replicate Marysville city branding success with the black squirrels was also attempted by residents of Hobbs, New Mexico; who reportedly took some black morphs from Marysville to populate Hobbs. However, they were unsuccessful in introducing the black morphs into Hobbs, with the local squirrel population reportedly killing the black squirrels that were released there.

The population of black squirrels in Massachusetts's Pioneer Valley originated from two shipments of Michigan black squirrels sent to Frank Stanley Beveridge, the founder of Stanley Park in Westfield. Beveridge reportedly released the black squirrels into the park he established during the late 1940s. The population of black squirrels has since spread throughout the Pioneer Valley, with large populations existing in Amherst and Westfield. During this same period, black squirrels from Canada were also released at parks in Princeton, New Jersey.

Black morphs of eastern gray squirrels are also present in the United Kingdom. The black squirrel population in the UK originates from black morphs brought over from North America, as opposed to a mutation that occurred with the existing population of non-melanistic eastern gray squirrels. However, how the species was introduced into the country's ecosystem remains undetermined. Some suggest the black morph population originated from squirrels released into the wild in the 19th century, while others assert the population originated from black morphs in zoos that escaped captivity. The first black squirrel to be recorded in the wild in the United Kingdom was in 1912, in Woburn, Bedfordshire. By 2009, the black morph accounted for nearly half of all squirrels in Cambridgeshire and in other areas of England, including Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire. There are an estimated 25,000 black morphs squirrels in the East of England in 2009. However, as eastern gray squirrels (both non-melanistic and black morphs) threaten the local Eurasian red squirrel population, local authorities have begun to regulate and control the spread of the species in parts of England.

In culture
Black squirrels have been adopted by several cities and post-secondary institutions in the United States for the purposes of public relations branding, often making the black morphs a mascot. The city of Marysville, Kansas, adopted the black morph squirrels as an official mascot of the city in 1972, and the "Black Squirrel Song" becoming the town's official anthem in 1987. The same legislation that made it an official mascot provided the "mascots" the freedom to trespass on all city property, "immunity" from all traffic regulations, and the "first pick of all black walnuts growing within the city". Marysville is one of several communities in the United States that have enacted specific legislation to protect the black morph populations, given their low frequency south of the Great Lakes. Other cities that provide legal protection for black squirrels include Council Bluffs, Iowa; which enacted an ordinance that discourages attempts to threaten them.

Several universities also use a black squirrel as an "unofficial" mascot or symbol for their institutions for public relations purposes. Post-secondary institutions typically adopt the black squirrel as an informal mascot for branding purposes, in an effort to further their recognition and visibility and to present an image of a "fun college campus". The black squirrel has been used as an "unofficial" mascot of Kent State University, and the county it resides in since the late 20th century. Kent State University hosts an annual "Black Squirrel Festival," a festival that commemorates the introduction of the species on the university campus in 1961. In 2009, a statue of a black squirrel was unveiled on the campus. The Kent State University Press named a trade imprint Black Squirrel Books, after the black morph eastern gray squirrels that inhabit its campus. Other post-secondary that have also attracted print and digital publicity for its relationship with black squirrels includes Augustana College, the College of Wooster, and Sarah Lawrence College. The athletics program for Haverford College, the Haverford Fords, also adopted the black squirrel as an official mascot.

Literature
Black squirrels are major characters in British author Robin Jarvis's fantasy trilogies The Deptford Mice and The Deptford Histories, which feature anthropomorphic animals. They are portrayed as being of royal blood and are regarded as the wisest and noblest type of squirrel.

In Celtic folklore, black squirrels were associated with magic, occult knowledge, and the otherworld.

Black squirrels inhabit the forest of Mirkwood in the legendarium of J. R. R. Tolkien.

title: Black squirrel


text:
Talk:Eurodollar

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 September 2020 and 6 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): 燕京赵大知识分子.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:57, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

sentence
"A purchase or sale is, in effect, a bet on U.S. short-term interest rates. Prices are quite responsive to Fed policy, inflation, and other economic indicators.

CME Eurodollar futures prices are determined by the market’s forecast of the 3-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)."

May be one should have said instead "the price of the eurodollar is responsive to the SPREAD between the 3-month LIBOR and 3-month T-Bill" ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.116.234.208 (talk • contribs) 19:00, 1 June 2007

Not contradictory
The price of a Eurodollar futures contract defined by the forecast of USD 3M LIBOR in the future. It is not the spread between LIBOR and Treasury bill rates, but the full LIBOR rate itself, that is used. And, even though it is the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate, it is still a short-term rate on USD deposits. Thus the statement that it is U.S. short-term rates that matter is correct. 24.207.238.21 14:27, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Definitely not contradictory Brettman9 04:17, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

I quote Paper Money, by “Adam Smith”, Futura edition of 1982, page 122:-

‘On February 28, 1957, the Moscow Narodny Bank in London put out to loan through a London merchant bank, the sum of $800,000. This miniscule amount was borrowed and repaid outside the American banking system. The Soviets also owned a bank in Paris, called the Banque Commercial pour l’Europe du Nord, whose telex address was “Eurbank”. The Paris Russian bank took some Narodny dollars and lent them; the dollars were known as Eurbank dollars, and finally Eurodollars.’

Joseph B. Fox 17:19, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

The early growth of the eurodollar market
The eurodollar market was inadvertently given two helping hands by the American authorities in the early ‘sixties. Firstly, the Federal Reserve Board, in an attempt to curb monetary growth, imposed onerous regulations on banks operating within the United states: raising the level of non-interest bearing deposits to be held at the Fed, capping interest rates banks could pay, etc. Banks outside of America were immune from these burdens, and could thus go about the business of borrowing and lending dollars more profitably than those within America.

Secondly, Congress passed the Exchange Equalisation Act, whose purpose was to stem the flow of dollars to more lucrative investment homes abroad. It had the perverse effect of encouraging American corporations to set up subsidiaries in tax-havens such as the Netherlands Antilles, through which they would borrow billions of dollars in the City of London, the birthplace and still the home of the Eurodollar. Joseph B. Fox 18:14, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

US TREASURY/CONGRESS JURISDICTION
"Eurodollars are deposits denominated in United States dollars at banks outside the United States, and thus are not under the jurisdiction of the Federal Reserve. Consequently, such deposits are subject to much less regulation than similar deposits within the United States, allowing for higher margins."

This is true - in and of itself - but the article fails to acknowlege the fact that both the banks - and the Fed - depend on the jurisdiction held by both the US Treasury, and the US Congress. If either or both step in and exercise their constitutionally mandated jurisdiction, they can certainly affect how successful either the Fed or the Banks manipulate the Dollar. - 69.115.58.62 22:17, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Eurobond settlement
In order to avoid the British stamp duty that would otherwise be payable, the final transfer of eurodollar bonds traded in the City of London takes place in Luxembourg or Brussels. Joseph B. Fox 17:50, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Clearing eurodollars
London has its own US dollar clearing system, but final inter-bank net settlement takes place across bank accounts in New York City. At the retail end of the market, dollar-denominated bank accounts are available in Britain which provide cheques (Am: checks) which clear equally well through both the London and American banking systems. Joseph B. Fox 17:52, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Euro-prefix confusion
It had long been assumed that the European single currency would be called the ECU (European Currency Unit). The ECU had been created as a banking currency in March, 1979. (Central banking facilities for the ECU were provided by the Bank for International Settlements, which is in Basel, Switzerland, and thus outside the European Union.) Travellers cheques (Am: checks) denominated in ECUs were available, and some purely commemorative ECU coins had been issued. The French in particular favoured the name, as there had been a French écu coin. However, at the Madrid Conference of December, 1995, held to finalise details of the new currency, Germany’s Chancellor Kohl objected. He said that “ECU” sounded like “die Kuh”, the German for “the cow”. In what struck some observers as a demonstration of the true centre of power in the EU, Kohl’s suggested alternative name was accepted without objection. That name was “euro”. This raised the possibility of confusion regarding eurodollars, eurobonds and other eurocurencies. But it immediately occurred to the writer that euros held outside the eurozone would be euro euros. This idea first appeared in the public prints above the writer’s name on the letters page of The Daily Telegraph (London) of August 23, 1996. The term has since been used by Rodney Leach in “Monetary Union: a Perilous Gamble”, the Bank of England in “Practical Issues Arising from the Introduction of the Euro” and David Lascelles in “The Crash of 2003: an EMU Fairytale”. In the last mentioned, the author had the City of London’s traders dub the euro euro the “yo yo”, a diminutive of which this writer entirely approves. It seems that the relevant EU authorities were alerted to the concept of the euro euro; perhaps mindful of camels and tents, the European Central Bank gave British banks access, through the Bank of England, to €3 billion-worth of intra-day liquidity (daylight overdrafts). They were also given direct access to TARGET, the pan-EU interbank euro clearing system. Thus the United Kingdom, while not using the euro, can be said to be part of the eurozone. Since the introduction of the euro, the City of London has gained the lion’s share of the wholesale euro-denominated financial markets, somewhat to the chagrin of the authorities in Frankfurt and Paris. Joseph B. Fox 17:54, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

any currency held in a country where it is not the official currency?

 * "There is nothing "European" about Eurodollar deposits; a US dollar-denominated deposit in Tokyo or Caracas would likewise be deemed Eurodollar deposits. Neither is there any connection with the euro currency. More generally, the "euro" prefix can be used to indicate any currency held in a country where it is not the official currency: for example, euroyen or even euroeuro."
 * Um, this does seem a wee bit broad. I'd expect that US greenbacks invested in Niagara, Ontario Canada would not be referred to as "eurodollars", for instance. They'd simply be "US dollar accounts". Otherwise, too much chance to confuse them with other dissimilar national currencies also denominated in "dollar" amounts. Australia, Canada, Jamaica, Hong Kong, New Zealand and a few other places all have their own dollar currencies, none of which are based on the US version. They're also a long way from Europe. --66.102.80.212 (talk) 23:57, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * ...and Yen in a US deposit would be euroyen...? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.102.99.248 (talk) 12:35, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

hmmm...
So if Joe Smith from NYC makes Citibank NYC transfer 1000 bucks for him to his London (or Hongkong) account at Citibank London (resp. Hongkong), those 1000 "home dollars" turn to "eurodollars"?

How, then, can the Fed calculate money growth (M2 etc.)?

Confusing article
this article is very confusing it needs clarification --69.146.148.84 (talk) 15:47, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

"Eurodollar"
I've encountered this term in fiction several times, and not once did it refer to the concept outlined in this article. It always referred to a fictional currency that the EEC issued to supercede the national currencies of EEC members. Obviously, that's dated, since the EEC was replaced by the EU, which then issued the Euro... but this article seems to shoot a European bias out. It definitely requires more non-European references, say from Japan, which the article states as an example of a place where eurodollar accounts exist. 76.66.195.196 (talk) 08:57, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

 * My American aunt kept on saying 'Euro dollar' when she referred to the Euro, just like she would say 'Canadian dollar' or 'Australian dollar'! MarcNL (talk) 11:42, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Most European institutions, for example like the ECB, use the 'Euro' terminology to refer to the currency; I've never actually seen 'Eurodollar' used to refer to Euro currency in any official or institutional setting. However, 'Eurodollar' is a official moniker for a set of money markets and contracts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eric.c.zhang (talk • contribs) 18:25, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * And for the fictional currency in the 2020 video game Cyberpunk 2077. --Damian Yerrick (talk) 17:36, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eurodollar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Human Shit (band)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete as per Articles for deletion/Human Shit--Allen3 talk 00:30, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Human Shit (band)
Just another unheard of band (the article even admits it), who has not done anything to stand out from the rest of the thousands of other bands that shared the same fate. Appears to be a duplicate article in attempt to evade a previous deletion request Fsdfs 01:22, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Non brainer per nom and title.  Molotov  [[Image:Caranimationforvmolotov.gif|25px]]   (talk)   e    03:22, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: There is no duplicate, but the article was moved.  All votes should be done at Articles for deletion/Human Shit.  --rob 03:39, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Secund

title: Secund


text:
Talk:A Pain That I'm Used To

I'm wondering if the disambiguation of including "(single)" at the end of the article title is really necessary in this case, because there is no ambiguity involved. Would there really other articles called "A Pain That I'm Used To"? As I'm not too experienced with moving articles or any precedent surrounding this kind of issue, I figured I'd leave it up for discussion before having it moved to just A Pain That I'm Used To. John5008 01:22, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I support moving the page. There's no need for disambiguation in this case.  "Do not disambiguate, or add a link to a disambiguation page, if there is no risk of confusion." (Disambiguation)  Acegikmo1 05:26, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Alright, apparently the moving procedure wasn't as difficult as I thought it would be, so I made the switch. I hope that is to everyone's satistfaction. John5008 20:09, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, this looks good to me, the original placing of the article was an error on my part, thank you for correcting. --Davis "Suede" Hurley 23:50, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on A Pain That I'm Used To. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120902181204/http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Depeche+Mode&titel=A+Pain+That+I%27m+Used+To&cat=s to http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Depeche+Mode&titel=A+Pain+That+I%27m+Used+To&cat=s
 * Added tag to http://spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?key=149736&cat=s

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:55, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on A Pain That I'm Used To. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071022043952/http://www.fox.com/bones/features/music/season1.htm to http://www.fox.com/bones/features/music/season1.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080425162514/http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Depeche+Mode to http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Depeche+Mode
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131203143729/http://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Depeche+Mode to http://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Depeche+Mode
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100213083021/http://swisscharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Depeche+Mode to http://swisscharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Depeche+Mode

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:52, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:A Pain That I'm Used To


text:
Chicago hip hop

Chicago hip hop is a regional subgenre of hip hop music that originated in Chicago in the late 1980s in the form of hip house. The hip hop of Chicago is sometimes called "Chi-town" in the music industry. It became commonplace for serious rappers to cite the Nation of Islam, a Black Muslim organization headquartered in Chicago, as a lyrical and ideological influence in the 1980s and 1990s, a rap theme often resulting in controversy. Beginning Throughout the years, Chicago Hip Hop has taken the world by storm, producing some of the most famous and well respected rappers to ever live. Although already successful in the music industry from record labels such as Chess Records and Vee-Jay Records (each primarily producing soul and jazz), Chicago needed a new style after these companies and many others were bought by larger ones. The solution: Hip Hop, a relatively new genre already being popularized with rap groups such as N.W.A.. Chicago was quick to join the trend, with them joining in a few years later than the first rap song was ever made. Now we can see that Chicago has the fourth largest underground (also known as “grassroots”) rap music in the nation. These rappers are not affiliated with any large production companies, sometimes having contracts with record labels, but otherwise staying unheard of. Although there are less big names to compete against, having so many aspiring young rappers, the resources are scarce, and it causes a very competitive environment. Any person trying to make a name for themselves will have to fight against thousands of other people to make it big. This can cause rappers to have to find other ways to make a name for themselves. A way this is done is battle rap. Chicago is one of the easiest places to find a rap battle, as rappers are constantly competing against each other to showcase their talent. (Harkness, Geoff). Chicago Rap Beef and Drill Another way that rappers diss each other is rap beef, which Chicago has produced a plethora of. Many instances of the beef stem from gang related feuds, as gangs are a very prominent problem in Chicago. One of the most notorious rappers in beef is Chicago rapper Chief Keef, also known as Keith Cozart. His first rap beef being with other Chicago rapper Lil Jojo, also known as Joseph Coleman. After Coleman was shot and killed in a drive-by shooting, police began to investigate Keith Cozart due to the intense beef they expressed through rap. Not only has Chicago been one of the main places where rap beef stems from, but gangsta rap has also been widely popularized by chicago. Whilst not originally from Chicago, it has become an essential part of music from Chicago. Modern day, we can see lots of gangsta rap, or commonly called “drill rap” coming out of the infamous “O Block”, a small area in Chicago densely populated with gangs. Drill rappers such as King Von or Dayvon Daquan Bennett, Keith Cozart (Chief Keef), DD Osama or David DeShaun Reyes all being born in O Block. Rappers such as these are now keeping modern day Chicago Hip Hop alive, each collecting hundreds of millions of streams on apps such as Spotify, but rappers such as Kanye West and Ludacris are what made it big in the first place. (Harkness, Geoff). Biggest Chicago Rappers Although only living in Chicago for eight years, West prodfully boasts living in Chicago, even going so far as to say on a Jimmy Kimmel Live episode “Never think that I'm not from Chicago for one second”. You can see many other rappers boasting about their birthplace in their lyrics, including Ludacris, Twista, Common and more. Hip Hop is a huge part of Chicago culture throughout the nearly 40 years it has been there, and Chicago has influenced Hip Hop throughout the years. Some of the most essential and important rappers are from Chicago, and without Chicago, there is no way to tell where Hip Hop would be right now. (Harkness, Geoff).

In the 2000s, Chicago produced artists such as Kanye West and Common. In the 2010s, Drill music became popular in Chicago, which was very different from Chicago’s previous artists. The genre was criticized by Lupe Fiasco. Drill music originated in Chicago’s South Side and was influenced by trap music and gangsta rap. Graffiti artists, breakdancers, activists, hip hop writers, rappers and hip hop producers have existed in the city for decades.

Notable artists

 * Kanye West
 * Chief Keef
 * Polo G
 * Lil Durk
 * Twista
 * King Von
 * G Herbo
 * Lupe Fiasco
 * Common
 * Lil Bibby
 * Juice Wrld
 * Chance The Rapper
 * Lucki
 * Famous Dex
 * Do or Die (group)
 * Dreezy
 * Lil Reese

title: Chicago hip hop


text:
User talk:CyaTamarO

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

-- Curps 01:22, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CyaTamarO


text: User talk:69.156.18.215

title: User talk:69.156.18.215


text:
Vajrasamadhi-sutra

The Vajrasamadhi-sutra is the reconstructed Sanskrit title of a Buddhist sutra ascribed to Shakyamuni Buddha but produced in Korea under the name Kumgang sammae kyong, or the Adamantine Absorption Sutra. Although it was originally believed to have been a Chinese translation from a Sanskrit text, scholars have recently found that it was produced in Korea in about 685 CE and that it may be connected with the emergence of Seon in Korea.

History
According to Buswell, the Vajrasamadhi-sutra is thought to be an apocryphal scripture written by a Korean monk around 685 CE. Hagiograpic accounts claim a supernatural origin for the text: when a Silla king sent an envoy to China in order to find medicine for his sick queen, the party was taken to bottom of the sea by a dragon king who entrusted the text to them, saying the text should be arranged by the unknown monk Taean and commented on by Wonhyo. In reality the text was likely connected with the emergence of Seon in Korea, and if this is the case it would be only the second known Korean text in this tradition. Wonhyo wrote a commentary on the text shortly after its production called the Kumgang sammaegyong non in which he speculates that it may have been the inspiration for the Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana, which was in fact written over a hundred years earlier. The text includes quotations of Bodhidharma, who lived in the 6th century CE, and references to the East Mountain Teachings of Daoxin and Hongren, both of whom lived in the 7th century. The aim of the text appears to be the synthesis of newly introduced Chan Buddhism with already established Huayan Buddhism.

Contents
The Adamantine Absorption Sutra presents itself as a fusion of all pre-existing Mahayana ideas with the Vinaya precepts that work together to give a complete system of Buddhist meditation. The aim of the text appears to be the synthesis of Chan Buddhism, which had just been introduced to Korea, with already established Huayan Buddhism. The text includes quotations of Bodhidharma and references to the East Mountain Teachings of Daoxin and Hongren. The author may have been attempting to fuse these disparate Chan traditions. The text also includes elements of the philosophy from the Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana, specifically the notion of one mind that has an aspect of true thusness on the one hand and arising/ceasing on the other.

title: Vajrasamadhi-sutra


text:
Glen Waverley Secondary College

Glen Waverley Secondary College is a non-selective public government school located in Glen Waverley, Victoria, Australia. It is one of the largest secondary schools in Victoria, with 2,250 students and 181 teachers as of 2024. In addition, the college is one of the highest performing state high schools in Victoria, it ranked 59 out of all 530 Victorian high-schools in 2013, based on the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR).

History
Glen Waverley Secondary College opened as Glen Waverley High School in 1960 with six old Nissen huts. The early conditions, in May 1960, at the school were described as "appalling" with class sizes of up to 44 students. The total enrolment at the time was 227 students. In October 1960 tenders were opened for the construction of a new high school, to be built at the present location at O'Sullivan Road, to replace the Nissen huts.

In 1967, the college acquired the Nayook site, its first and only rural campus, with the intention to use the area for a plantation, as part of a School Endowment Pine  Plantations program. However, from 1970 to 1975, the Nayook site was developed for use as a school camp. The Nayook campus is now run by the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), catering to over 3000 Victorian students, with continued use by Glen Waverley Secondary College.

The school's name was changed after the amalgamation of three secondary schools in the early 1990s to Glen Waverley Secondary College. The amalgamation of Syndal High School, Lawrence Secondary College (also known as Syndal Technical School) and Glen Waverley High School occurred after falling enrolments in the 1980s.

In 1995, the college was selected as a Navigator school along with Bendigo Senior Secondary College, Apollo Parkways Primary School and Essendon North Primary School, as part of a Victorian government initiative to promote the use of technology in teaching.

In 2004, the school received $7.8 million from the Victorian Government in an effort to replace the school's older facilities, becoming the largest recipient of the Victorian Government's school upgrade program. The college has since rebuilt major parts of the campus including a new library, administration building, and Middle School Building. The college's Art Wing and Senior Center were also renovated. In 2013, the college received an additional $159,149 in maintenance funding.

Curriculum
The school is subdivided into two major cohorts: Middle School and Senior School. The Middle School delivers the common Australian curriculum to students from Year 7 to Year 9, with the addition of the 2020 Program. The Senior School delivers the VCE subjects to students in Year 10 to 12.

In 2003, the school was part of a joint scientific experiment with RMIT University and Melbourne Zoo in collaboration with space agencies (NASA, BioServe and SpaceHAB) which involved sending spiders to space. The resulting research by RMIT University was published in the Science in School journal.

The school's curriculum has been a research focus of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, as a result of the integration of ICT into the curriculum.

Academic performance
In 2006, four students from the College achieved the maximum possible score of 99.95 on the Victorian Certificate of Education, outperforming all schools in the state, except for Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School. Additionally, in 2010 and 2011 the College was the top performing non-selective or specialist state school in Victoria.

In 2013, the school had "38% achieving ATAR scores above 90, [and] 80% above 70". 95% of the cohort received university offers and 5% receiving offers from TAFE or private providers. The College's students also performed above average on the standardised National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy tests, for all areas.

In 2014, Glen Waverley Secondary College had the fourth highest amount of VCE High Achievers after Melbourne High School, Mac.Robertson Girls' High School and Scotch College, Melbourne.

Glen Waverley Secondary College was ranked 11th out of all state secondary schools in Victoria based on VCE results in 2018.

title: Glen Waverley Secondary College


text:
Seventh Heaven

Seventh Heaven or 7th Heaven may refer to:

Religious and ancient cosmology

 * The highest of Seven heavens according to Islam and Judaism
 * One of the celestial spheres in cosmological models widely used until the early 17th century.

Books

 * Seventh Heaven (poetry collection), a poetry collection by Patti Smith, and the title poem
 * Seventh Heaven, a 1990 novel by Alice Hoffman
 * 7th Heaven (novel), a novel in the Women's Murder Club Series by James Patterson

Film, television, and theater

 * Seventh Heaven (play), a 1922 Broadway play by Austin Strong
 * 7th Heaven (1927 film), a silent film with Janet Gaynor
 * Seventh Heaven (1937 film), a remake with James Stewart
 * Seventh Heaven, a 1955 Broadway musical by Victor Young and Stella Unger
 * Seventh Heaven (1956 film), Swedish film
 * 7th Heaven, a 1989 short directed by Shimmy Marcus
 * Seventh Heaven (1993 film) (De zevende hemel), a Dutch romantic comedy
 * 7th Heaven (TV series), an American family drama TV series
 * Seventh Heaven (1997 film) (Le septième ciel), a French film starring Sandrine Kiberlain
 * 7th Heaven, a 2004 Norwegian film with music by John Erik Kaada
 * Seventh Heaven, a 2008 Egyptian film nominated for Best Picture in the 5th Africa Movie Academy Awards
 * Seventh Heaven (2015 film), an Israeli musical animated short film

Music

 * 7th Heaven (band), an American rock band
 * Seventh Heaven, alias of British music producer Alan James Stott, one half of Neutron and Star

Albums

 * Seventh Heaven (Buck-Tick album), 1988
 * Seventh Heaven (Kalafina album), 2009
 * Seventh Heaven, by Anthony Phillips and Andrew Skeet
 * Seventh Heaven, by Takanori Nishikawa
 * Seventh Heaven, an EP by Jesu

Songs

 * "Seventh Heaven" (L'Arc-en-Ciel song), 2007
 * "Seventh Heaven", by Beck from Colors, 2017
 * "Seventh Heaven", by Deep Purple from Abandon, 1998
 * "Seventh Heaven", by Perfume, B-side of "Polyrhythm", 2007
 * "7th Heaven" (Vanity song), 1985
 * "7th Heaven", by Angelina Jordan, 2021

Other uses

 * Seventh Heaven (sports), a sports team winning game seven in a best-of-seven playoff series
 * Seventh Heaven (horse), thoroughbred racehorse
 * Seventh Heaven, a Ferris wheel in Ufa, Bashkortostan
 * Seventh Heaven (restaurant), the revolving restaurant in the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, Russia
 * Jing, King of Bandits: Seventh Heaven, an animation in the anime series Jing: King of Bandits
 * 7th Heaven (frequent flyer program), the Air Jamaica frequent–flyer program
 * 7th Heaven, a bar owned by Tifa Lockhart in the Final Fantasy video-game series

title: Seventh Heaven


text:
User:Onyourkeaster

Interests

 * Northern Renaissance
 * oil painting
 * slang

title: User:Onyourkeaster


text:
User:PPE

PPE is a journalist and freelance writer in Washington, D.C.

title: User:PPE


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Sharks/Template shark article

This page describes a template shark article. First part just lists the headings and gives an idea on what to write in each section, the second part gives examples.

 Including picture and all field as per WikiProject Tree of Life/taxobox usage

Taxonomy
''''

Distribution and habitat
''''

See Shark habitat maps on Commons for any distribution maps already made.

Distribution maps The basic template map is the world map without country borders (Image:BlankMap-World-noborders.png) that can be found at Blank maps.

The blue colour shows where the species is (sometimes) present and white is where it is absent.

The grey colour has R:205 G:195 B:204 The blue colour has R:0 G:0 B:255

If you edit a map, try to save at full-quality so that no blurring occurs at the edge of the countries - this blurring makes further editing of the map more difficult because the "fill" function of many image editing programs don't work with the blurred edges.

Anatomy and appearance
''''

Diet
''''

Behavior

Reproduction
''< Describe mating season, where young are feed, gestation period, when sexual maturity is reached, if it is Viviparous, Oviparity or Ovoviviparity. >''

Relationship to humans
''''

General references
''< list general references for the page, below is a set of good examples to find general shark info. If there are enough also list in a ....

 * Leonard J. V. Compagno, Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes, Princeton University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-691-08453-X
 * Leonard J. V. Compagno, Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1984
 * Leonard J. V. Compagno, FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. 4, Parts 1 and 2, Sharks of the World, 1984, Rome: FAO
 * Richard Ellis, The Book of Sharks, 1976, New York: Grosset & Dunlap
 * Thomas H. Lineaweaver III and Richard H. Backus, The Natural History of Sharks, 1969, Philadelphia: Lippincourt.
 * Reader's Digest, Sharks: Silent Hunters of the Deep, 1989, Sydney: Reader's Digest
 * Jeremy Stafford-Deitsch, Shark: A Photographer's Story, 1988, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books
 * template
 * template


text:
Pubstro

A pubstro (or just stro) is a hacked computer or server with an installed FTP server. This FTP server is used to facilitate the transferring and spreading of warez, or copyrighted software.

This is typically accomplished by scanning broad IP address ranges with port scanners in search of servers running open ports that are vulnerable to attack by various scripts (e.g. CGI, PHP, VNC, etc.). The scripts are utilized to gain entry into the server whereupon the cracker uploads server software and creates logins. Many crackers will then patch the server against the very vulnerabilities they utilized to compromise the system thereby protecting it from being hijacked by other FXP groups.

Although widely used among FXP boards, pubstros are frowned upon in the warez scene.

title: Pubstro


text: User talk:131.104.36.118

title: User talk:131.104.36.118


text: User talk:66.188.26.84

title: User talk:66.188.26.84


text:
User talk:Janeway216

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! DS 01:27, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

period period period period period

Image:Us-ok-tu.jpg
Hello Janeway216, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:Us-ok-tu.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Janeway216/Tulsa draft. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not re-add the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Please note that it is possible that the image on your page is included vie a template or usebox. In that case, please find a free image for the template or userbox. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 05:58, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Ravenclaw.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Ravenclaw.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:06, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Janeway216/Tulsa draft
User:Janeway216/Tulsa draft, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Janeway216/Tulsa draft and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Janeway216/Tulsa draft during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Darkskynet (talk) 18:12, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Janeway216


text:
Talk:Encyclopedic

Pity this page redirects to encyclopedia. because the term encyclopedic is continually being sited as the reason for deleting entries, but it seems wikipedia contains no definition. I hoped to find it here. :DavidP 01:27, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

For discussion of what encyclopedic means, see: What Wikipedia is not --SteveMcCluskey 01:41, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Encyclopedic


text:
Dewey Warren

Dewey Warren (born May 7, 1945) is a former American football quarterback for the University of Tennessee football team and the American Football League (AFL)'s Cincinnati Bengals. Warren was nicknamed "the Swamp Rat" due to his early years growing up near the marshlands of the Vernon River in Georgia.

College career
In three seasons with Warren as the starting quarterback of the Tennessee Volunteers, their record was 19-6. He was the first UT quarterback to pass for more than a 1,000 yards in a season.

During his sophomore season, he led the Vols to a win against the Rose Bowl-bound UCLA Bruins and a berth in the Bluebonnet Bowl.

Before Warren took over as quarterback, Tennessee's single-season records were 75 passing attempts, 36 completions (by Johnny Majors in the 1950s), and 552 yards. Under coach Doug Dickey's wide-open T-formation offense, in 1966, Warren threw 229 passes with 136 completions and 1,716 yards.

Warren led Tennessee to an 8-3 record in that transformational 1966 season, followed by an 18-12 win over Syracuse University in the 1966 Gator Bowl, for which he was named the game's MVP. The following year, the Vols went 9-2, won the Southeastern Conference championship and were recognized by Litkenhous as national champions before a 26-24 loss to the University of Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl. He finished eighth in the voting for the 1967 Heisman Trophy.

Warren ended his UT career with 3,357 yards passing and 27 touchdowns.

Professional career
Warren was selected in the sixth round (155th overall) of the 1968 NFL/AFL Draft.

He spent one season with the American Football League's Cincinnati Bengals in the team's expansion year, playing in seven games in 1968 and starting three. Sharing time with Bengals quarterbacks John Stofa and Sam Wyche, Warren completed 47 passes in 80 attempts (58.8 percent) for 506 yards and one touchdown. In 1969, Warren played for the Las Vegas Cowboys of the Continental Football League.

Coaching career
Warren coached at Brigham Young University, Kansas State University, Tennessee, and the University of the South.

Warren was instrumental in revolutionizing college football under LaVell Edwards at Brigham Young. Edwards, who had spent his career as a defensive coach, became head coach in 1972; he knew that BYU lacked the blue-chip athletes necessary to win consistently with a conventional run-oriented game, so handed the offense to Warren, who had been hired to install a passing attack.

Warren's offense turned every running play into a passing play, and overwhelmed defenses with four and five receivers, coming from every possible position in the offense. Although Warren left BYU after only two seasons, his offense, led by quarterback Gary Sheide, was already setting records. BYU continues to use his offense, with further refinements, today.

Personal
Warren is now the host of a sports talk radio show in Knoxville, Tennessee, where he lives, and also plays in charity golf tournaments.

title: Dewey Warren


text:
Candelilla wax

Candelilla wax is a wax derived from the leaves of the small candelilla shrub native to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, Euphorbia antisyphilitica, from the family Euphorbiaceae. It is yellowish-brown, hard, brittle, aromatic, and opaque to translucent.

Composition and production
With a melting point of 68.5–72.5 C, candelilla wax consists of mainly hydrocarbons (about 50%, chains with 29–33 carbons), esters of higher molecular weight (20–29%), free acids (7–9%), and resins (12–14%, mainly triterpenoid esters). The high hydrocarbon content distinguishes this wax from carnauba wax. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in many organic solvents such as acetone, chloroform, benzene, and turpentine.

The wax is obtained by boiling the leaves and stems with dilute sulfuric acid, and the resulting "cerote" is skimmed from the surface and further processed. In this way, about 900 tons are produced annually.

Uses
It is mostly used mixed with other waxes to harden them without raising their melting point. As a food additive, candelilla wax has the E number E 902 and is used as a glazing agent. It also finds use in the cosmetic industry, as a component of lip balms and lotion bars. One of its major uses is as a binder for chewing gums.

Candelilla wax can be used as a substitute for carnauba wax and beeswax. It is also used for making varnish.

title: Candelilla wax


text:
User:Shilasu

My Most Commonly Used Links
Template_messages/Cleanup

Contact
Also, feel free to use my talk page, if you so desire.

title: User:Shilasu


text:
James Whiteside

James Whiteside (12 August 1804 – 25 November 1876) was an Irish politician and judge.

Background and education
Whiteside was born at Delgany, County Wicklow, the son of William Whiteside, a clergyman of the Church of Ireland. His father was transferred to the parish of Rathmines, but died when his son was only two, leaving his widow in straitened circumstances. She is said to have schooled her son personally in his early years. He was educated at Trinity College Dublin, entered the Middle Temple, and was called to the Irish bar in 1830.

Legal and judicial career
Whiteside very rapidly acquired a large practice, and after taking silk in 1842 he gained a reputation for forensic oratory surpassing that of all his contemporaries, and rivalling that of his most famous predecessors of the 18th century. He defended Daniel O'Connell in the state trial of 1843, and William Smith O'Brien in 1848; and his greatest triumph was in the Yelverton case in 1861. He was elected member for Enniskillen in 1851, and in 1859 became member for Dublin University. In Parliament, he was no less successful as a speaker than at the bar, and in 1852 was appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland in the first administration of the Earl of Derby, becoming Attorney-General for Ireland in 1858, and again in 1866. In the same year he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, having previously turned down offers of a junior judgeship. His reputation as a judge did not equal his reputation as an advocate, although he retained his great popularity. In 1848, after a visit to Italy, he published Italy in the Nineteenth Century; and in 1870 he collected and republished some papers contributed many years before to periodicals, under the title Early Sketches of Eminent Persons.

Personal life
In July 1833 Whiteside married Rosetta, daughter of William and Rosetta Napier, and sister of Sir Joseph Napier, Lord Chancellor of Ireland. He died on 25 November 1876 in Brighton, Sussex.

He was universally well-liked, being noted for charm, erudition and a sense of humour. Barristers who practised before him said that his charm, courtesy and constant flow of jokes made appearing in his Court a delightful experience. His brother-in-law Napier, from whom he was estranged in later years, was overcome with grief at his death, and collapsed at the funeral.

Like his brother-in-law Joseph Napier, he was devoted to the Church of Ireland and strongly opposed its disestablishment.

title: James Whiteside