text:
Dream of Life

Dream of Life is the fifth studio album by Patti Smith, released in June 1988 on Arista Records.

Recording and release
Dream of Life was her first album after the dissolution of The Patti Smith Group, and the only album that she made with her husband Fred "Sonic" Smith. Lead single "People Have the Power" received some album-oriented rock airplay at the time, and later was revived by Michael Stipe as a theme song for the 2004 Vote for Change concerts. "People Have the Power" was performed live for the first time by Patti and Fred Smith at the Arista Records 15th Anniversary Gala at Radio City Music Hall on March 17, 1990. "Paths That Cross" is dedicated to the memory of Samuel J. Wagstaff. The cover photograph is by Robert Mapplethorpe.

Reception
Dream of Life received generally favorable reviews from critics, who ranked the album number 31 in The Village Voice's 1988 Pazz & Jop critics' poll. It was also ranked number 49 on Sounds magazine's list of the best albums of the year.

Track listing
All songs were written by Patti Smith and Fred "Sonic" Smith.

Personnel

 * Patti Smith – vocals
 * Fred "Sonic" Smith – guitar, production
 * Jay Dee Daugherty – drums, keyboards, consultant
 * Richard Sohl – keyboards

Additional personnel
 * Andi Ostrowe – backing vocals
 * Bob Glaub – bass on "Going Under"
 * Errol "Crusher" Bennett – percussion on "Looking for You (I Was)"
 * Gary Rasmussen – bass
 * Hearn Gadbois – percussion
 * Jesse Levy – cello on "The Jackson Song"
 * Kasim Sulton – bass
 * Malcolm West – bass on "The Jackson Song"
 * Margaret Ross – harp on "The Jackson Song"
 * Robin Nash – backing vocals on "Going Under"
 * Sammy Figueroa – percussion

 * Technical
 * Scott Litt – associate producer, mixing, assistant producer
 * Thom Panunzio, Kevin Killen, Jay Healy, Jim Michewicz, Brian Sperber – engineer
 * Robert De La Garza, Roger Talkov, Rob Jacobs, Rich Travali, Marc DeSisto, Dave McNair, Bill Dooley – assistant engineer
 * Shelly Yakus – mixing
 * Bob Ludwig, Vic Anesini – mastering
 * Maude Gilman – design
 * Robert Mapplethorpe – photography

title: Dream of Life


text:
User:Aryobarzan

Introduction
My name is Ali Daneshgar, I was born in Tehran, Iran. I like photography, and would like to contribute my photos to Wikipedia.

Here you can access my website Aryo

What I have done here, Up to now
Uploaded a photo to Borujerd

Uploaded Darius I the Great's inscription photo to Kermanshah Province

Uploaded BabaTaher Mausoleum photo to Baba Tahir

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Aryobarzan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KASHMIR

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECTED to Kashmir by Dmcdevit.  Rob e  rt  23:53, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

KASHMIR
KEEP THIS ARTICLE! I am not trying to force on everyone. THe problem is I am very much educated on Kashmir & most of you guys dont understand that the person who wrote the original Kashmir page, leaves out alot of facts (which is why u see it is disputed) and makes it long and boring. My version has the same info he has, and then some, and its also shorter and easier to understand. So thats why I made this new page and I dont think its right to delete this.

ARYAN818 05:46, 17 October 2005 (UTC) Version of Kashmir article that user who created article keeps trying to force on others; is reverted every single time. See ARYAN818's contributions) RattleMan 21:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fork. --fvw *  22:01, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fork. Andrew pmk | Talk 22:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as fork. --Tony Sidaway Talk 06:28, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Mis-capitalizing (like all-caps) is a possible search term, so I've been bold and simply redirected it to Kashmir. Dmcdevit·t 01:00, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KASHMIR


text:
Fremont Group

Fremont Group is a private investment group based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was formerly known as Bechtel Investments up until 1993, reflecting its ownership by the Bechtel family. In 1993, its name was officially changed to Fremont Investors, Inc.

Organizations
The firm consists of three business areas:
 * FPR Partners - a hedge fund
 * Fremont Realty Capital - a real estate investment firm
 * Fremont Ventures - a venture capital investment firm

In 2007, Calera Capital, a San Francisco-based private equity firm that spun out of the Fremont Group (its first institutional investor), changed its name from Fremont Partners as part of a rebranding effort in advance of raising its fourth private equity fund.

The Fremont Group also distinguishing itself from Fremont General Corp, a financial services company and Fremont Investment & Loan, a retail bank.

Controversy
On May 5, 2003, The New Yorker ran an article revealing that the bin Laden family had invested $10 million in The Fremont Group. The investments represented a small fraction of the assets managed by Fremont.

title: Fremont Group


text:
User talk:Alyblaith

California WikiProjects
As a California Wikipedian, you may be interested in the California WikiProject (and/or one of its 'daughter' Wikiprojects on Southern California,  Santa Barbara County, California State Highways and California County Routes). Please take a look at the WikiProject to see if there is anything that interests you. If you have any comments or questions, feel free to contact me. If enough people express an interest, it would also be very easy to create additional daughter WikiProjects, such as a Northern California WikiProject or a California Politics WikiProject.

It has also more than seven months since the 2nd Los Angeles area Wikipedia meetup ([ 26 September]] 2005), so it is time for another one. There have also been California meetups in San Diego (18 October 2005) and a very small one in Santa Barbara (8 April 2006. It's also about time that the Bay Area gets its first Meetup if anyone is willing to organize it. Blank Verse 05:29, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

A Valentine by Poe
I used your great formatting idea, please see A Valentine (Poe)/highlighted. Thanks! - Epousesquecido (talk) 20:10, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Survey
Hi Alyblaith!

I have put together a survey for female editors of Wikipedia (and related projects) in order to explore, in greater detail, women's experiences and roles within the Wikimedia movement. It'd be wonderful if you could participate!

It's an independent survey, done by me, as a fellow volunteer Wikimedian. It is not being done on behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation. I hope you'll participate!

Just click this link to participate in this survey, via Google!

Any questions or concerns, feel free to email me or stop by my user talk page. Also, feel free to share this any other female Wikimedians you may know. It is in English, but any language Wikimedia participants are encouraged to participate. I appreciate your contributions - to the survey and to Wikipedia! Thank you! SarahStierch (talk) 21:47, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alyblaith


text:
Talk:Dream of Life

Fair use rationale for Image:Dream of life.jpg
Image:Dream of life.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:48, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

2006 NYC Show
It might be worth mentioning that Patti Smith played the entirety of Dream of Life in order (plus B sides) in a show at the Bowery Ballroom in New York on December 29, 2006 (the first of three nights in a row at the Bowery). She said at the show that it was the first time since the 80s that they had played most of the songs from the album. Interestingly, it was a few months before the 2007 reissue, so the album wasn't actually available at the time of the concert. --8.11.254.188 (talk) 17:26, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dream of Life


text:
Talk:BRAT diet

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is currently the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 October 2021 and 31 May 2022. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): LNguyen2021.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:09, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Duplicate?
duplicates page BRAT therefore unnecessary —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * BRAT is a redirect to BRAT_Diet, so this has been addressed. Dean 01:12, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Can't the "T" stand for "tea"?
Maybe this is for the adult version? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * The T means toast. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.40.44.83 (talk) 02:49, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * There are different versions, one called BRATT, which is Tea and Toast. However, the medical community, according to the sources I read, seems to frown on the use of products with caffeine because of dehydration.  I personally think that tea or regular Coca Cola are good for settling one's stomach, but can understand the medical POV. Sundaybrunch 02:11, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Decaf tea and/or ginger ale and/or Sprite and/or 7-UP? Dean 01:15, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Carbonated beverages aren't recommended at all. They'll contribute to increased acidity. --IO Device (talk) 17:06, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Sundaybrunch: There's mythology swirling around fluid intake, including drinking ones with caffeine. Aaron E. Carroll says, "Before anyone writes me to tell me that coffee is going to dehydrate you, research shows that’s not true either." See this article:
 * "No, You Do Not Have to Drink 8 Glasses of Water a Day" -
 * http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/25/upshot/no-you-do-not-have-to-drink-8-glasses-of-water-a-day.html?action=click&contentCollection=Politics&module=MostPopularFB&version=Full&region=Marginalia&src=me&pgtype=article
 * Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 16:51, 1 October 2015 (UTC)

 * By the way, if carbonated beverages are used here, they can be taken flat. A fast way to flatten soda is to put it into a baby bottle, shake vigorously, then flex the nipple (turning the bottle upside down may help even more). Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 18:55, 1 October 2015 (UTC)

Rewrite
I've rewritten this article to include citations and remove unsourced opinions. One main removal of opinion was the statement about CRAM and milk usage. The respectable medical sources I found (AAP and CDC) recommend the continuation of milk for both babies (listing both breastmilk and formula) and older children. This contradicts the unsourced statement about the unlikelihood of milk usage. If someone can provide contrary information from reliable sources, then it can be replaced with the indication of divided opinons of medical experts. I've also removed the unreferenced box because citations are included for all points except for BRATT and BRATY, which I consider common knowledge. Sundaybrunch 10:23, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

The pictures really make this page
Seriously. Do we need a picture of Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, and Toast to help illustrate the article? Anonymous 23:25 24 April 2007 (CST)

You must Check This Article for more Information — Preceding unsigned comment added by Akshaymehta74 (talk • contribs) 07:59, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Why not Jell-O?
Before you advance to a BRAT diet you are on a clear liquid diet. So, why while on the BRAT diet should you avoid Jell-O?

No unflitered apple juice?
I'd really like to see a reference for avoiding unfiltered apple juice. As applesauce is a key component, and isn't that just basically unfiltered apple juice, it seems odd that apple juice should be avoided as much as soda (caffeine), etc.

 * My bet would be either "it's a lot of sugar without any binding, which will screw with digestion" and/or "it's slightly acidic, and will bugger your stomach up". Then again, I'm no doc.  Dean 01:14, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The article actually refers to "undiluted" apple juice & not "unfiltered," which supports the assertion that the high sugar content is problematic. This is a diet often recommended for children with gastrointestinal irritations, and the undiluted apple juice similarly pops up in dietary recommendations for children continuously as something that should be extremely limited, if not avoided all together, due to excess sugar and the replacement of more appropriate fluids, especially milk and/or formula. Bbogen 23:48, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Unfiltered apple juice is a natural diuretic, just like cranberry juice. I would assume it would be best to steer clear of any diuretics to avoid dehydration. However, if you are looking for a kidney detox, unfiltered apple juice is the way to go! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.62.253.26 (talk) 14:20, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Contrary medical advice
I don't understand what this section is for or what contrary means in this context. Could someone clarify this section? 75.15.199.67 (talk) 16:18, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree very much with the person above, as right now I'm suffering the effects of an e-Coli UTI and am absolutely baffled by the "Contrary medical advice" section or what it's supposed to mean. Evening Scribe (talk) 21:23, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I've now removed the "Contrary" section because I agree that it is totally not clear what it's supposed to mean. I've left the "Avoid" section in the article. --IO Device (talk) 17:43, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

"Historically?"
Is the BRAT diet really just historical? I had radiation therapy to the abdomen three years ago, and I was told by the hospital nutritionist to adhere to the BRAT diet. She told me this the day of my first treatment, which leads me to believe this is a standard thing, and not just a response to a specific reaction I had to the treatment. Of course I can't edit the article based solely on this experience because it's technically original research. But I do think it suggests a need for further research on a central claim in the article. —75.46.65.163 (talk) 00:58, 13 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Good point and worthy of review of available reliable sources. --4wajzkd02 (talk) 01:51, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Can someone please add back the introductory section?
The introduction / summary / basic info section has disappeared. I'm not experienced enough at Wikipedia editing to confidently identify and then undo the edit which caused this problem. But it appears to me that this happened in the last 24-48 hours. Lanya (talk) 00:34, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Oh, and someone (same user?) did a sloppy job and left in some characters that were not intended to be visible text, at the VERY beginning of the article. Lanya (talk) 00:38, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Ref
Can you provide the text of this source which supports a recommendations? The first edition says "Supportive care. Should be provided in all cases and can consist of fluid and electrolyte replacement, a diet of easily digestible foods (eg, BRAT diet: bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast), and/or antimotility medications"

It is not commending on evidence that supports it use that I can see.

Why was the CDC removed? Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 23:54, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Our article is inline with WebMD https://www.webmd.com/children/brat-diet
 * Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 23:57, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

Bro really
I know this post was a long time ago but its BRATY, 🍌🍚🍎🍵, and yogurt not no freaking toast 🤨🤨 Kilikilipowa50000 (talk) 02:55, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:BRAT diet


text:
Global Development Alliances

Global Development Alliances (GDA) is a program of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was created in May 2001 as a new way for the U.S government to provide aid to developing countries through public-private partnerships. From 2001 to 2016, USAID formed 1500 of such partnerships with over 3 500 private sector organisations. The goal of these partnerships are to provide market-based solutions to problems faced by developing countries as identified by USAID.

title: Global Development Alliances


text: User talk:68.144.35.49

title: User talk:68.144.35.49


text:
President's Award

The President's Award may refer to:
 * Gaisce, The President's Award, Ireland
 * NAACP Image Award - President's Award, United States
 * Rashtrapati Award - Award given by the President of India
 * the highest rank of the Kiribati Scout Association
 * President's Awards - A pair of awards given annually by the American Hockey League (AHL)

Also,
 * Presidents' Award, Award of the British Psychological Society

title: President's Award


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Redelture

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:33, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Redelture

 * Delete Neologism StephenJMuir 22:01, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Zero Google hits Cpaliga 22:07, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons stated above. Andrew pmk | Talk 22:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonsense. --JJay 06:13, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.118.137.250

title: User talk:69.118.137.250


text: User talk:128.95.176.50

title: User talk:128.95.176.50


text:
1985 in Australia

The following lists events that happened during 1985 in Australia.

Incumbents

 * Monarch – Elizabeth II
 * Governor-General – Sir Ninian Stephen
 * Prime Minister – Bob Hawke
 * Deputy Prime Minister – Lionel Bowen
 * Opposition Leader – Andrew Peacock (until 5 September), then John Howard
 * Chief Justice – Sir Harry Gibbs

State and territory leaders

 * Premier of New South Wales – Neville Wran
 * Opposition Leader – Nick Greiner
 * Premier of Queensland – Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen
 * Opposition Leader – Nev Warburton
 * Premier of South Australia – John Bannon
 * Opposition Leader – John Olsen
 * Premier of Tasmania – Robin Gray
 * Opposition Leader – Ken Wriedt
 * Premier of Victoria – John Cain Jr.
 * Opposition Leader – Jeff Kennett
 * Premier of Western Australia – Brian Burke
 * Opposition Leader – Bill Hassell
 * Chief Minister of the Northern Territory – Ian Tuxworth
 * Opposition Leader – Bob Collins
 * Chief Minister of Norfolk Island – David Buffett

Governors and administrators

 * Governor of New South Wales – Sir James Rowland
 * Governor of Queensland – Sir James Ramsay (until 21 July), then Sir Walter Campbell
 * Governor of South Australia – Sir Donald Dunstan
 * Governor of Tasmania – Sir James Plimsoll
 * Governor of Victoria – Sir Brian Murray (until 3 October)
 * Governor of Western Australia – Gordon Reid
 * Administrator of Norfolk Island – Raymond Trebilco (until 28 April), then John Matthew
 * Administrator of the Northern Territory – Eric Johnston

January

 * 1 January – Australia commences a two-year term as a member of the United Nations Security Council.
 * 19 January – A hailstorm accompanied by severe winds sweeps through Brisbane and surrounding areas, causing an estimated $110 million of property damage. Subsequently, around 95,000 insurance claims are lodged.
 * 28 January – Victorian Premier John Cain's support for reforms to the Upper House rather than its abolition defuse this as an election issue.
 * 29 January – Federal Cabinet endorses an earlier decision to provide refuelling facilities to United States aircraft monitoring MX missile tests in the Pacific. Strong anti-American and anti-nuclear reaction soon forces Prime Minister Bob Hawke to withdraw the offer.

February

 * 1 February – AM stereo broadcasting starts in Australia.
 * 5 February – The United States of America withdraws from a planned ANZUS naval exercise because New Zealand refused to permit nuclear-capable warships to call at its ports. Australia cancels its involvement in U.S.-led MX missile tests.

March

 * March – The Bondi beast rapist commits his first assault in Clovelly, New South Wales.
 * 1 March – Uniform credit legislation is introduced in New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia.
 * 2 March – The ALP government of John Cain reelected in Victoria for a second consecutive term with 47 seats and over 50% of the primary vote. A tied result in Nunawading, decided in Labor's favour, is later declared void by Justice Starke.
 * 4 March – At the request of the United States, the Federal Government cancels the annual meeting of the ANZUS Council.
 * 21 March – The Queensland Government enacts harsh anti-strike legislation.
 * 23 March – Two electric trains collide head on just north of Trinder Park railway station in Woodridge, Queensland at 6.47 a.m. Two people including a train driver, are killed in the smash, and another 28 people are injured.
 * 30 March – Alderman Sallyanne Atkinson is elected as Brisbane's first female Lord Mayor.
 * 31 March – In excess of 300,000 people throughout Australia march in the Palm Sunday anti-nuclear rallies.

April

 * 20 April – The Duke of Kent officially opens the Queensland Performing Arts Complex at a gala Royal Festival Performance. The opening celebrations – which include a parade, the launching of masses of balloons, fireworks and a fly-over by RAAF aircraft – are scheduled to continue for almost a month.
 * 26 April – Mr. Justice Lionel Murphy is committed for trial on two charges of attempting to pervert the course of justice.
 * 28 April – The Nuclear Disarmament Party (NDP) splits.

May

 * 14 May – Federal Treasurer Paul Keating releases a mini-Budget aimed at reducing Government spending, with cuts falling mainly on defence and the unemployed.
 * 20 May – Queensland police raid the Greenslopes Fertility Clinic, Brisbane and seize the patient files of 20,000 women. The search warrant is later ruled invalid and the files returned.  Other raids are carried out on clinics in Brisbane and Townsville.
 * 30 May – At the Premiers' Conference, the Grants Commission makes cuts, especially to the Northern Territory and Queensland. Business and conservative interests praise Federal Treasurer Paul Keating as a result.

June

 * 2 June - The vehicular ferry Empress of Australia makes its last trip between the mainland and Tasmania.
 * 4 June
 * Victoria celebrates its 150th anniversary.
 * A Government White Paper presents three options for taxation.
 * 24 June - Up to 40,000 farmers march on Parliament House, Melbourne protesting Labor's rural policies.

July

 * 1 July – 4 July – A Tax Summit is held. Federal Treasurer Paul Keating abandons his preferred Option C (a 12.5% retail sales tax) after a public outcry.
 * 11 July Minister of Transport, Hon. D.F. Lane, M.L.A opened Albion Station.

August

 * 6 August – The merging of two retail chain operations creates Coles Myer Limited.
 * 17 August – The 1985 Nunawading Province state by-election is held for the Victorian Legislative Council seat of Nunawading Province. which Labor loses with a swing of around 4.5% against it, returning minority status to the Legislative Council.
 * 22 August – The Royal Commission on the use and effects of chemical agents on Australian personnel in Vietnam finds no link between the chemical defoliant Agent Orange and the health problems of the Vietnam War veterans.

September

 * 5 September – John Howard replaces Andrew Peacock as federal Liberal leader and thus federal Leader of the Opposition. Neil Brown beats 11 others to become Deputy Leader.
 * 10 September – Simon Crean becomes President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions.
 * 20 September – Capital gains tax is introduced. The rules allow the cost of assets held for 1 year or more to be indexed by the consumer price index (CPI) before calculating a gain.
 * 21 September – At the inaugural "Light on the Hill" dinner at Bathurst, Prime Minister Bob Hawke describes privatisation as the "height of irrationality" and a "recipe for disaster".

October

 * 3 October – Victorian Premier John Cain announces the resignation of Victorian Governor Sir Brian Murray over his acceptance of discounted air fares from Continental Airlines. The issue dragged on for several years, causing much embarrassment and recrimination.
 * 9 October – Victorian Police investigate complaints from the Nuclear Disarmament Party on bogus how-to-vote cards issued during the 1985 Nunawading Province state by-election, authorised by Australian Labor Party state secretary Peter Batchelor.
 * 12 October – Canon Arthur Malcolm becomes the first Aboriginal Bishop in Australia.
 * 24 October – South Australian Ombudsman Mary Beasley resigns over much publicity over travel concessions for her partner Susan Mitchell. Her successor Grant Edwards resigns on the same day, subject to an inquiry, with Eugene Biganovsky thus becoming the third to hold the office within the one day.
 * 26 October – The Mutijulu Aboriginal community is given freehold title to Ayers Rock and the Uluru National Park.

November

 * 13 November – Mr. Justice Paul Brereton introduces amendments to the Darling Harbour Bill, stating that the intransigence of the SSC had forced the New South Wales Government to exempt the controversial Sydney Monorail from normal planning controls and claiming that the casino planned for the site would spell the end to illegal gambling.
 * 25 November – A man, later to be revealed as Bruce Goodluck, wears a chicken suit and walks into the House of Representatives and sits on the government front bench but is removed by officers at the request of the deputy speaker, Allan Rocher.

December

 * 2 December – Federal Parliament passes the Australia Act, cutting the nation's last legal and constitutional ties with Britain.
 * 4 December – Retiring New South Wales Local Government Minister Kevin Stewart sacks Warringah Shire Council for negligence and granting favours to a developer.
 * 5 December – The Royal Commission into British atomic tests in Australia (McClelland Royal Commission) severely criticises Britain for violating safety standards and recommends that Britain clean up contaminated areas and pay compensation.
 * 7 December – The Labor government of John Bannon is re-elected for a second term in South Australia.
 * 16 December – New South Wales Premier Neville Wran is charged with contempt of court by the Federal Department of Public Prosecutions in relation to remarks he had made on 28 November when the Appeal Court had ordered a new trial for Mr. Justice Lionel Murphy.
 * 22 December – The new Victorian Governor is announced as academic and Uniting Church minister, Rev. Davis McCaughey, to be sworn in on 18 February 1986.
 * 30 December – Rural discontent at soaring interest rates and falling commodity prices is symbolised by a Canowindra farmer when he dumps 23 tonnes of wheat outside Parliament House in Canberra. His subsequent prosecution prompts a mass rally of up to 8,000 famers in Canberra on 14 February 1986.

Unknown dates

 * New South Wales abolishes capital punishment for treason and piracy with violence, thereby abolishing capital punishment from Australia.
 * The McClelland Royal Commission into the nuclear tests at Maralinga in the 1950s reports its findings.

Arts and literature

 * 18 February – Australia wins the 26th Viña del Mar International Song Festival with the song I can no longer (sung in Spanish as Ya no puedo más), created by K. C. Porter, Turner y Toppano, and sung by Lorenzo Toppano.
 * 9 March – The National Gallery of Australia purchases the painting L'Après-midi à Naples (Afternoon in Naples) by Paul Cézanne for A$1 million.
 * Christopher Koch's novel The Doubleman wins the Miles Franklin Award

Film

 * Bliss
 * Burke & Wills
 * The Coca-Cola Kid
 * Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome

Television

 * 11 February – Ray Martin takes over Mike Walsh's old daytime slot, replacing The Mike Walsh Show with Midday with Ray Martin.
 * 18 February – Network 0/28 becomes known as SBS.
 * 18 March – Neighbours premieres on the Seven Network. Six months later Neighbours is axed by HSV-7 with the final episode going to air on 8 November 1985. Network Ten subsequently buys the rights and begins screening it from 20 January 1986 where it becomes a hit.
 * 8 June – Hey Hey It's Saturday moves to 6:30 pm Saturdays.

Sport

 * 18 January – First day of the 1985 World Indoor Games in Paris, France, where six Australian athletes are competing: Michael Hillardt (1500 metres), Clayton Kearney (60 and 200 metres), Dave Smith (5000m Walk), Nicole Boegman (Long Jump), Gael Martin (Shot Put), and Deann Mayfield (High Jump). Hillardt wins the gold in the 1500 metres, while Smith claims bronze.
 * 24 March – Robert de Castella is once again Australia's best finisher at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships, this time staged in Lisbon, Portugal. He finishes in 20th place (34:17.0) in the race over 12,190 metres.
 * 9 June – Grenville Wood wins the men's national marathon title, clocking 2:13:37 in Sydney, while Elizabeth Patmore claims the women's title in 2:45:47.
 * 11 June – New South Wales win their first Rugby League State of Origin series.
 * 17 August – North Melbourne play their last game at the Arden Street Oval. North Melbourne defeat Richmond, 16.20.116 to 9.12.66.
 * 28 September – Glenelg defeat North Adelaide for the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) flag.
 * 28 September – The Essendon (26.14.170) defeat the Hawthorn (14.8.92) to win the 89th VFL premiership. It is the second consecutive premiership for Essendon.
 * 29 September – The Canterbury Bulldogs defeat minor premiers the St. George Dragons 7–6 to win the 78th NSWRL premiership. It is also the second consecutive premiership for Canterbury. Illawarra Steelers finish in last position, claiming the wooden spoon.
 * 3 November – The first Formula One Australian Grand Prix takes place on the streets of Adelaide.
 * 5 November – What A Nuisance wins the Melbourne Cup.
 * 4 December – Australia are unable to undo a 2–0 deficit from the first leg and draw 0–0 with Scotland in the World Cup qualifying playoff at Olympic Park, failing to qualify for the 1986 FIFA World Cup.
 * 10 December – 120 members are inducted into the new Sport Australia Hall of Fame.

Births

 * 2 January – Damien Bodie, actor
 * 7 January – Jessica Michalik, teenage girl (died 2001)
 * 12 January – Brad Robbins, basketball player
 * 21 January – Matt Unicomb, basketball player
 * 28 January – Libby Trickett, swimmer
 * 29 January – Isabel Lucas, actress
 * 30 January – Richie Porte, cyclist
 * 12 February – Saskia Burmeister, actor
 * 13 February – Bridget Neval, actress
 * 17 February – Anne Curtis, actress
 * 18 February – Brad Newley, basketball player
 * 6 March – Yael Stone, actress
 * 7 March
 * Cameron Prosser, swimmer
 * Daniel Munday, basketball player
 * 12 March – Nikolai Topor-Stanley, soccer player
 * 13 March – Sean Carlow, figure skater
 * 14 March – Steven Marković, basketball player
 * 19 March – Sean Wroe, track and field sprinter
 * 22 March – Kelli Waite, swimmer
 * 27 March – Danny Vuković, soccer player
 * 8 April – Adrian Bauk, basketball player
 * 13 April – Anna Jennings-Edquist, actress
 * 16 April – Rhiana Griffith, model and actress
 * 17 April – Luke Mitchell, actor
 * 3 May – David Reynolds, racing driver
 * 11 May
 * Beau Ryan, rugby league player and sportscaster
 * Jaime Robbie Reyne, actor
 * 22 May – Stephanie Zhang, figure skater
 * 31 May – Matthew Knight, basketball player
 * 5 June – Tim Coenraad, basketball player
 * 10 June – Dane Nielsen, rugby league player
 * 12 June – Sam Thaiday, rugby league player
 * 21 June – Sharna Burgess, ballroom dancer
 * 30 June
 * Hugh Sheridan, actor, musician and television presenter
 * Lasarus Ratuere, actor
 * 5 July – Stephanie McIntosh, actress
 * 27 July – Aljin Abella, actor
 * 3 August
 * Georgina Haig, actress
 * Tim Slade, racing driver
 * 18 August – Brooke Harman, American-born actress
 * 19 August – Gavin Cooper, rugby league player
 * 29 August – Joshua Jefferis, gymnast
 * 30 August – Leisel Jones, swimmer
 * 13 September – Scott Arnold, golfer
 * 29 September – Michelle Payne, jockey
 * 30 September
 * Adam Cooney, footballer
 * David Gower, rugby league player
 * 10 October – Ricki-Lee Coulter, singer
 * 14 October – Nicholas Colla, actor
 * 16 October – Casey Stoner, motorcycle racer
 * 23 October – Lachlan Gillespie, singer and actor
 * 24 October – Tim Pocock, actor
 * 5 November – Kate DeAraugo, singer
 * 9 November – Timothy Lang, basketball player
 * 23 December – Luke O'Loughlin, actor

Full date unknown

 * Neil Erikson, far right activist

Deaths

 * 11 January – William McKell, 12th Governor General of Australia and 27th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1891)
 * 29 January – Billy Cook, jockey (b. 1910)
 * 2 April – Doris Fitton, actress and theatrical director (born in the Philippines) (b. 1897)
 * 3 May – Percy Spender, New South Wales politician and diplomat (b. 1897)
 * 18 June – John England, New South Wales politician and Administrator of the Northern Territory (b. 1911)
 * 9 August – Clive Churchill, rugby league player (b. 1927)
 * 20 August – Ken Kennedy, ice speed skater (b. 1913)
 * 16 December – Mervyn Waite, cricketer and Australian rules footballer (b. 1911)
 * 28 December – Sir Henry Winneke, 21st Governor of Victoria and Chief Justice of Victoria (b. 1908)

title: 1985 in Australia


text:
Klein geometry

In mathematics, a Klein geometry is a type of geometry motivated by Felix Klein in his influential Erlangen program. More specifically, it is a homogeneous space X together with a transitive action on X by a Lie group G, which acts as the symmetry group of the geometry.

For background and motivation see the article on the Erlangen program.

Formal definition
A Klein geometry is a pair (G, H) where G is a Lie group and H is a closed Lie subgroup of G such that the (left) coset space G/H is connected. The group G is called the principal group of the geometry and G/H is called the space of the geometry (or, by an abuse of terminology, simply the Klein geometry). The space X = G/H of a Klein geometry is a smooth manifold of dimension
 * dim X = dim G − dim H.

There is a natural smooth left action of G on X given by
 * $$g \cdot (aH) = (ga)H.$$

Clearly, this action is transitive (take a = 1), so that one may then regard X as a homogeneous space for the action of G. The stabilizer of the identity coset H ∈ X is precisely the group H.

Given any connected smooth manifold X and a smooth transitive action by a Lie group G on X, we can construct an associated Klein geometry (G, H) by fixing a basepoint x0 in X and letting H be the stabilizer subgroup of x0 in G. The group H is necessarily a closed subgroup of G and X is naturally diffeomorphic to G/H.

Two Klein geometries (G1, H1) and (G2, H2) are geometrically isomorphic if there is a Lie group isomorphism φ : G1 → G2 so that φ(H1) = H2. In particular, if φ is conjugation by an element g ∈ G, we see that (G, H) and (G, gHg−1) are isomorphic. The Klein geometry associated to a homogeneous space X is then unique up to isomorphism (i.e. it is independent of the chosen basepoint x0).

Bundle description
Given a Lie group G and closed subgroup H, there is natural right action of H on G given by right multiplication. This action is both free and proper. The orbits are simply the left cosets of H in G. One concludes that G has the structure of a smooth principal H-bundle over the left coset space G/H:
 * $$H\to G\to G/H .$$

Effective geometries
The action of G on X = G/H need not be effective. The kernel of a Klein geometry is defined to be the kernel of the action of G on X. It is given by
 * $$K = \{k \in G : g^{-1}kg \in H\;\;\forall g \in G\}.$$

The kernel K may also be described as the core of H in G (i.e. the largest subgroup of H that is normal in G). It is the group generated by all the normal subgroups of G that lie in H.

A Klein geometry is said to be effective if K = 1 and locally effective if K is discrete. If (G, H) is a Klein geometry with kernel K, then (G/K, H/K) is an effective Klein geometry canonically associated to (G, H).

Geometrically oriented geometries
A Klein geometry (G, H) is geometrically oriented if G is connected. (This does not imply that G/H is an oriented manifold). If H is connected it follows that G is also connected (this is because G/H is assumed to be connected, and G → G/H is a fibration).

Given any Klein geometry (G, H), there is a geometrically oriented geometry canonically associated to (G, H) with the same base space G/H. This is the geometry (G0, G0 ∩ H) where G0 is the identity component of G. Note that G = G0 H.

Reductive geometries
A Klein geometry (G, H) is said to be reductive and G/H a reductive homogeneous space if the Lie algebra $$\mathfrak h$$ of H has an H-invariant complement in $$\mathfrak g$$.

Examples
In the following table, there is a description of the classical geometries, modeled as Klein geometries.

title: Klein geometry


text:
Jan Włodarkiewicz

Lieutenant Colonel Jan Włodarkiewicz (28 May 1900 – 19 March 1942; ; noms de guerre Damian, Darwicz and Odważny) was a Polish soldier, an officer of the Polish Army and a freedom fighter during World War II. He is notable as the first commander of the Wachlarz, the first secret service formed by an underground resistance organization in occupied Europe.

Jan Włodarkiewicz was born on 28 May 1900 in Warsaw. A graduate of the prestigious Stanisław Staszic gymnasium in Warsaw, in his youth Włodarkiewicz took part in several anti-tsarist youth organizations. After the outbreak of World War I he joined the clandestine Polish Military Organization, where he received basic military training.

After the war he remained in the Polish Army and since 1918 served in all conflicts Poland fought in. Initially in the Nieśwież-based Polish 27th Uhlan Regiment, in 1929 he was assigned to the staff of the 9th Independent Cavalry brigade in Baranowicze. After his successful service there, in 1930 he was assigned to the Centre for Cavalry Training in Grudziądz. In 1935 he was promoted to rotmistrz (captain of cavalry). Since then until the outbreak of World War II he served in the Polish General Staff as an officer officially responsible for the training of reserve Polish cavalry units. In reality, he served in the Special Command entitled with organization of partisan warfare, diversion and railroad sabotage of the 2nd Department of the Polish General Staff.

After the outbreak of the Polish Defensive War of 1939 he was ordered to supervise the creation of various reserve cavalry units in the Cavalry Reserve Centre in Garwolin. On September 15 he formed a cavalry squadron out of marauders and left-overs from various units. Together with the unit, he joined the Polish 41st Infantry Division and fought in the ranks of the Lublin Army. For his merits he was promoted to major and managed to survive the defeat together with his unit. After the Polish defeat in the battle of Kock, which ended the Polish campaign, he initially wanted to break through besieged Warsaw and then, after its fall, to Hungary or Romania. However, the Soviet-German cooperation prevented him from getting close to the border and on October 15, 10 days after the last major Polish unit capitulated to the Germans, he disbanded the unit under his command in the village of Mrozy.

Włodarkiewicz and most of his men hid their weapons and broke through to Warsaw. There in November 1939 Włodarkiewicz met his wartime companion and deputy, Witold Pilecki. Together they formed the Secret Polish Army, one of the first resistance movements in Poland and the occupied Europe. In 1940 the organization melted into a larger merger of resistance groups, the Confederation of the Nation and Włodarkiewicz assumed the military command over the latter organization's forces. In summer of that year he met with Stefan Rowecki, the commander of Związek Walki Zbrojnej (ZWZ), the predecessor of Armia Krajowa. Together they formed the Wachlarz, a separate organization entitled with sabotage and intelligence between the pre-war Polish eastern border and the German Eastern Front. Włodarkiewicz was named the commander of the organization and in September 1941 he joined the ZWZ. Awarded to Lieutenant Colonel, in March 1942 he left for Lwów, where he planned to visit the local network of the 1st Sector of the Wachlarz. However, shortly after his arrival, on 19 March 1942 he died in unknown circumstances.

title: Jan Włodarkiewicz


text:
Talk:Oleg Lundstrem

Untitled
Lundstrøm and his orcheastra have an incredible history, see, eg. http://www.lundstrem-jazz.ru/eng/history/shanhai.php. It is so a sad day today. mikka (t) 22:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oleg Lundstrem


text:
Talk:Brigade of Gurkhas

Rgr
Details 103.204.223.132 (talk) 08:49, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brigade of Gurkhas


text:
Fusulinida

The Fusulinida is an extinct order within the Foraminifera in which the tests are traditionally considered to have been composed of microgranular calcite. Like all forams, they were single-celled organisms. In advanced forms the test wall was differentiated into two or more layers. Loeblich and Tappan, 1988, gives a range from the Lower Silurian to the Upper Permian, with the fusulinid foraminifera going extinct with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. While the latter is true, a more supported projected timespan is from the Mid-Carboniferous period.

Taxonomy
Thirteen superfamilies are presently recognised, based on taxa (families) included in the three superfamilies given in the Treatise. Three are based on families in the Parathuramminacea, 1964, and nine families in the Endothyracea, 1964. The Fusulinacea remains the same in both sources (Treatise 1964 and Loeblich and Tappan, 1988).

The term fusulinata has traditionally been used to refer to all palaeozoic foraminifera with multi-chambered tests. However, recent studies based on test microstructure have suggested that fusulinids may be polyphyletic and consist of at least three distinct lineages, and as such are in need of systematic revision.

Test composition
Traditionally, fusulinid tests were considered to have been composed of very small, tightly-packed calcite crystals with no preferred orientation—a so-called microgranular structure. However. a 2017 study using scanning electron microscopy revealed that this supposed structure actually represented tests that had been extensively modified by diagenetic processes. Instead, living fusulinids had low-magnesium hyaline tests with spherical nanograins up to 100 nm across, similar to the tests of the Rotaliida. These factors combined with overall shape of the test led these authors to suggest classification of the fusulinids with the Globothalamea.

A 2021 study further examined test microstructure and suggested instead that the forams examined in the 2017 study were not true fusulinids, but rather considered them their own group containing Nanicella and relatives. These authors considers that true fusulinids did in fact have microgranular tests. A third group consisting of forms related to Semitextularia was also found to have a distinct test microstructure, and was suggested to be a third lineage.

Evolutionary history
The fusulinids are among the earliest calcareous-walled foraminifera; they appear in the fossil record during the Llandoverian epoch of the early Silurian. The earliest of these were microscopic, planispirally coiled, and evolute; later forms evolved a diversity of shapes including lenticular, globular, and elongated rice-shaped forms.

Later species of fusulinids grew to much larger size, with some forms reaching 5 cm in length; reportedly, some specimens reach up to 14 cm in length, making them among the largest foraminifera extant or extinct. Fusulinids are the earliest lineage of foraminifera thought to have evolved symbiosis with photosynthetic organisms.

Fossils of fusulinids have been found on all continents except Antarctica; they reached their greatest diversity during the Visean epoch of the Carboniferous. The group then gradually declined in diversity until finally going extinct during the Permo-Triassic extinction event.

Terminology
The term "fusulinid" applies to any of the Fusulinida. The Fusulinida are fusulinids (sensu lato). However, the term "fusulinid" is often applied just to the fusiform Fusulinacea and not to the entire order.

Application
Members, especially of the Fusulinacea, are excellent index fossils for determining ages and correlating Upper Mississippian to Permian strata. In some places fusulinaceans may be so abundant as to be a significant component of limestone.

title: Fusulinida


text:
Enthesopathy

An enthesopathy refers to a disorder involving the attachment of a tendon or ligament to a bone. This site of attachment is known as the enthesis (pl. entheses). If the condition is known to be inflammatory, it can more precisely be called an enthesitis.

Forms
Enthesopathy can occur at the shoulder, elbow, wrist, carpus, hip, knee, ankle, tarsus, or heel bone, among other regions. Enthesopathies may take the form of spondyloarthropathies (joint diseases of the spine) such as ankylosing spondylitis, or psoriatic arthritis, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendinitis. Further examples include:
 * Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder
 * Rotator cuff syndrome of shoulder and allied disorders
 * Periarthritis of shoulder
 * Scapulohumeral fibrositis
 * Synovitis of hand or wrist
 * Periarthritis of wrist
 * Gluteal tendinitis
 * Iliac crest spur
 * Psoas tendinitis
 * Trochanteric tendinitis

Causes
Generalized involvement of the entheses with calcification of tendon and ligament insertions and of joint capsules has been found for example in people with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets.

Diagnosis
Mainly by clinical examination and provocative tests by counteracting the muscle action.

Treatment
The natural history of the two most common enthesopathies (plantar fasciitis and lateral epicondylitis-both mislabeled as inflammatory) is resolution over a period of about one year without treatment.

There are no known disease-modifying treatments for these enthesopathies. In other words, there is no experimental evidence that any treatment can alter the pathophysiology (mucoid degeneration) or the duration of symptoms. There is no evidence that activity modification alters the natural history of the disease.

To date, all treatments are palliative. The evidence suggests that most treatments have non-specific effects (e.g. placebo effect, regression to the mean, self-limiting course of symptoms).

Injection of corticosteroid, platelet-rich plasma, stem cells, and extracorporeal shockwave therapy are examples of treatments that are not supported by experimental evidence and remain open to debate.

Palliative treatments consist of stretching, analgesics, and padding (e.g. cushioned foot wear for plantar fasciitis), splints (e.g. tennis elbow strap), and other treatments. The concept that a calcified attachment can be removed surgically is highly debatable as these calcifications are a regular part of an enthesopathy.

title: Enthesopathy


text:
User talk:Dvigster

Proposed deletion of File:Pig board.jpg

The file File:Pig board.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned image of the board of a non-existent game whose article was deleted 14+ years ago (Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Interstellar Pig Fan Prototype). WP:NOTWEBHOST"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ★ Bigr   Tex  02:47, 15 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dvigster


text:
Category:Soccer players in the United States by club

These are all players for teams in Major League Soccer or other professional soccer leagues in the United States.


text:
Las Vegas Bay

Las Vegas Bay is a bay at the western edge of Lake Mead in the U.S. state of Nevada. The bay is located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area to the northeast of the city of Henderson, Nevada, near the junction of Lake Mead Drive and Lake Mead Boulevard. A public campground and boat access are available in Las Vegas Bay. Low water levels of Lake Mead have rendered the marina there inoperable, and it has moved to the Hemenway Boat Harbor, in the south end of the Boulder Basin. The launch ramp there has also been closed due to the water levels.

The bay is the natural discharge point for the Las Vegas Wash.

title: Las Vegas Bay


text: Category:Theatre in Portugal

title: Category:Theatre in Portugal


text:
Baby Doll (disambiguation)

Baby Doll is a 1956 film written by Tennessee Williams and directed by Elia Kazan.

Baby Doll may also refer to:

People

 * Baby Doll (singer), stage name of Serbian performer and Eurovision contestant Dragana Saric
 * Baby Doll (wrestler) (born 1962), stage name of professional wrestler Nickla Roberts
 * Baby Doll, stage name of Indian model / performer Deepal Shaw
 * Baby Doll, another name for Pussycat Doll Melody Thornton
 * Malaysia Babydoll Foxx, American drag queen

Film and television

 * Baby Doll (1916 film), starring Oliver Hardy
 * La bambolona, a 1967 Italian film
 * Baby Doll, a 1987 episode of the American situation comedy television series Charles in Charge
 * "Baby-Doll" (Batman: The Animated Series), a 1994 television episode
 * Baby-Doll (character), a character in the episode
 * "Baby Doll", a 2002 science fiction short story by Johanna Sinisalo
 * Babydoll, the protagonist of the 2011 film Sucker Punch

Albums

 * Babydoll (album), an album by Alisha Chinai

Songs

 * "Baby Doll" (Girlicious song)
 * "Baby Doll" (Top Cats song), 2012
 * "Baby Doll" (Kanika Kapoor song), 2014
 * "Baby Doll" (Pat Green song), 2004
 * "Baby Doll", a song from the 1952 film The Belle of New York
 * "Baby Doll", a song by Cat Power from her 2003 album You Are Free
 * "Baby Doll", a song by Devo from their 1988 album Total Devo
 * "Babydoll", a song by The Fratellis from their 2008 album Here We Stand
 * "Babydoll", a song by Hole from their 1991 album Pretty on the Inside
 * "Babydoll", a song by Laurie Anderson from her 1989 album Strange Angels
 * "Babydoll", a song by Mariah Carey from her 1997 album Butterfly
 * "Baby Doll", a song by N*E*R*D from their 2001 album In Search of...
 * "Baby Doll", a song by Penny McLean from her 1975 album Lady Bump
 * "Baby Doll", a song by Tony! Toni! Toné! from their 1988 album Who?

Other uses

 * Babydoll, a style of nightgown popularized by the 1956 film
 * Baby doll, a child's toy doll representing a child, especially an infant
 * Baby Doll, a perfume made by Yves Saint Laurent; winner of a 2000 FiFi Award
 * Babydoll, a trend in modelling inspired by the babydoll-like look of supermodel Gemma Ward
 * Babydoll, a diminutive variety of the Southdown breed of sheep

title: Baby Doll (disambiguation)


text:
Dottorato di ricerca

The dottorato di ricerca (research doctorate) is the highest Italian academic degree, the equivalent of a Ph.D.

The term dottore is frequently used in Italy to refer to any person with a university Laurea: thus, a person with a Laurea Magistrale uses the title "dottore magistrale" and a person with a Laurea uses the title of "dottore". Those unfamiliar with the Italian university system or the Italian use of titles should note that a "dottore" or "dottoressa" in an Italian context does not necessarily hold a Ph.D. Holders of the dottorato acquire the title of dottore di ricerca ("doctor of research"), also abbreviated to "Dott. Ric." or "Ph.D."

History and admission
The dottorato is a relatively recent addition to the Italian academic landscape, having been instituted in 1980.

According to the Bologna Process, Italy fits the framework since the adoption, in 1999, of the so-called 3+2 system. The first degree is the Laurea that can be achieved after three years of studies. Selected students can then complete their studies in the following step: two additional years of specialization which leads to the Laurea Magistrale.

After 1999, the Laurea corresponds to a Bachelor's Degree while the "Laurea Magistrale" corresponds to a Master's Degree. Only the Laurea Magistrale grants access to third cycle programmes (Post-MA degrees, Doctorates or Specializing schools), that last 2 to 5 years (usually completing a PhD takes 3 years). However, it is now established that there is just a unique five-year degree Laurea Magistrale a ciclo unico (Single cycle master's degree) for programmes such as Law (Facoltà di Giurisprudenza), Arts (Accademia di Belle Arti), Music (Conservatorio di Musica) and a few others, and six-years degree for Medicine and Surgery (Medicina e Chirurgia) and Dentistry (Odontoiatria e Protesi Dentaria). The title for MA/MSc/MFA/MD/MJur/MEd graduate students is dottore (abbreviation in dott./dott.ssa or dr., meaning Doctor). This title is not to be confused with the PhD and Post-MA graduates, whose title is Dottore di Ricerca (Research Doctor or Philosophy Doctor).

The Italian Master's Degree should not be confused with Italian "Masters" that are one-year specialistic courses which guarantee a more practical education but do not give access to further levels of studies (they can be considered similar to Postgraduate diplomas).

Superior Graduate Schools in Italy
The first institution in Italy to create a doctoral program (PhD) was Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in 1927 under the historic name "Diploma di Perfezionamento". Further, the research doctorates or PhD (Italian: Dottorato di ricerca) in Italy were introduced with law and Presidential Decree in 1980 (Law of February 21, 1980, No. 28 and the Presidential Decree No. 382 of 11 July 1980), referring to the reform of academic teaching, training and experimentation in organisation and teaching methods.

Hence, the Superior Graduate Schools in Italy (Grandes écoles) (Italian: Scuola Superiore Universitaria), also called Schools of Excellence (Italian: Scuole di Eccellenza) such as Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies still keep their reputed historical "Diploma di Perfezionamento" PhD title by law and MIUR Decree.

The Superior Graduate Schools in Italy or Scuola superiore universitaria have “Diplomi di Perfezionamento “, which are equivalent to “Dottorati di Ricerca” (PhD).:

 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa - Legge n. 308/1986
 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento “SANT’ANNA”, Pisa - Legge N. 41/1987
 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Alta Scuola Europea di Scienze Religiose Fondazione per le Scienze Religiose Giovanni XXIII, Bologna -D.M. Murst 19.10.1999
 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Scuola Internazionale di Alti Studi della Cultura Fondazione collegio s. Carlo, Modena - D.M. Murst 4.5.1998
 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Societa’ Internazionale per lo studio del Medioevo Latino, Fondazione Ezio Franceschini, Firenze - D.M. 3.4.2001
 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, Firenze - D.M. 9.10.2001
 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA). Trieste - D.M. Murst 24.2.1993
 * Diploma di Doctor Philosophiae (PhD): European University Institute (Istituto Universitario Europeo), Fiesole/Firenze - Legge N. 352/1986
 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Istituto di scienze farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milano - D.M. MIUR 11.11.2008
 * Dottorato in Studi Storici: Università degli Studi S. Marino - D.M. Murst 11.6.1990 and scambio Note 16.7.1999 in vigore dal 28.11.2000
 * Dottorato in Ingegneria Gestionale: Università degli Studi	S. Marino - D.M. Murst 11.6.1990 and scambio Note 16.7.1999 in vigore dal 28.11.2000
 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Fondazione Internazionale per gli studi superiori di Architettura, Scuola Superiore Europea di Architettura Urbana - Napoli - D.M. MIUR 14 Luglio 2006

title: Dottorato di ricerca


text:
User:Zen00

A cool guy, just wait till he gets around to editing this page.

title: User:Zen00


text:
Veran

Veran may refer to:
 * Veran (The Legend of Zelda), the antagonist in the video game The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages
 * Veran Matić (born 1962), the Chief Executive Officer of B92

Véran may refer to :
 * Veranus of Cavaillon, a French saint
 * Saint-Véran, a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France
 * 48159 Saint-Véran, a main belt asteroid
 * Olivier Véran, a French politician

title: Veran


text:
Richard Beer-Hofmann

Richard Beer-Hofmann (11 July 1866 – 26 September 1945) was an Austrian dramatist and poet.

Biography
Beer-Hofmann was born on 11 July 1866 in Vienna to Jewish parents. His mother died within a week of his birth and after her death, he was adopted and reared by his uncle and his aunt, Bertha and Alois Hofmann. He spent his early childhood in Brno, Moravia, where Alois Hofmann owned a textile factory. In 1880 the family moved to Vienna and Richard Beer-Hofmann finished his schooling at the Akademisches Gymnasium. In the 1880s he studied law in Vienna, receiving his doctorate in 1890. In the same year of his graduation, he became acquainted with the writers Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Hermann Bahr and Arthur Schnitzler, with whom he shared a long friendship and membership in the Junge Wien (Young Vienna) literary movement. He consequently began his literary activities as a freelance writer.

Beer-Hofmann married Paula Lissy in 1897. Their daughter Miriam Beer-Hofmann Lens was born in the same year.

At first Beer-Hofmann wrote novellas, later moving on to short stories and poetry. In the 1920s he worked as a theatre director for Max Reinhardt, a role which continued until 1932. In 1939 Beer-Hofmann emigrated from Austria, and traveled to New York via Zürich. His wife, Paula, died in Switzerland. Subsequently, his works were banned in Austria and Germany. In 1945 he became a United States citizen, but died that same year on 26 September in New York City.

Beer-Hofmann's literary output consists primarily of novellas, dramas, and poems. It can be considered part of the literary current of the Wiener Moderne. Beer-Hofmann received several notable literary awards, including the Volksschillerpreis in 1905 in Germany and the award of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1945 in the United States. One year after his death the Beer-Hofmann Society was created in New York.

Richard Beer-Hofmann's as well as his daughter's papers can be found in the Leo Baeck Institute Archives. In addition to the Richard Beer-Hofmann Collection (AR 745) and the Miriam Beer-Hofmann Lens Collection (AR 7258), there is a research collection (AR 25593) of the literary historian Richard M. Sheirich's papers at the Leo Baeck Archive. Sheirich's collection sheds light on Beer-Hofmann's preparation for discussing Jewish topics in his works as well as his daughter's efforts to keep her father's as one of the most important modern literary author's memory.

Works

 * Novellen
 * Der Tod Georgs
 * Der Graf von Charolais
 * Gedenkrede auf Wolfgang Amadée Mozart
 * Trilogy “Die Historie von König David” (uncompleted)
 * Jakobs Traum
 * Der junge David
 * Paula. Ein Fragment
 * Verse
 * Schlaflied für Mirjam

title: Richard Beer-Hofmann