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Talk:Onondaga people

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Onondaga population
There are only about 1500 Onondaga that are members of the bands, one in ny and one in ontario. The population is nowhere near 80,000 as previously mentioned on this page. With only about 40-50% of aboriginal people living on reserve, the population off reserve is probably also around 1500.1500,1500= 3,000 Even if say the Onondaga are a huge exception to other Native nations the population would still not be more than about 7,000-8,000. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.7.210.203 (talk) 22:47, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

 * The Onondaga do not live on a reservation; they still live on a portion of their traditional homelands. https://www.onondaganation.org/aboutus/ Bfa comm unity (talk) 20:57, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

 * [It appears that the fort depicted in the Onondaga article is in fact the Oneida Nation fort that Champlain attacked.]---
 * [The writer is confusinvernment was following the Articles of Confederation. The two treaties resolved many disagreements and established the ongoing relationship that the two peoples follow today.  The symbols of the two treaties are the Two Row Wampum Belt and the George Washington Belt.  These treaties also include the numerous allied nations of the League.  There are other treaties between the confederacy and the United States to include the Treaty of Fort Pitt in 1775.  This early established peace and neutrality between the colonists and the confederacy.] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gchester (talk • contribs) 04:14, 4 July 2006

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus. --evrik (talk) 05:28, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Onondaga Council
The subject of Onondaga Council is not entirely clear, however it seems that one authoritative article on the Onondaga people/nation is desirable. ''' Flat Out   let's discuss it   23:30, 17 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Merge. The Onondaga Council article's content seems like it would fit better as a section of this article. It is a much shorter article, with a singular reference. The cited information could easily be incorporated into this article, where it would be much more appropriate. —Josh3580talk/hist 06:13, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Merge. There is a problem here, in that not all Onondaga people are enrolled in the Onondaga Nation (which I assume Onondaga Council refers to—the US federally recognized tribe, which redirects to Onondaga people). In Canada, Onondaga people are enrolled in the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation. Onondaga Council is pretty horribly written, so merging it into Onondaga people is fine; however, Onondaga Nation should be its own independent article. -Uyvsdi (talk) 06:22, 18 February 2014 (UTC)Uyvsdi

I don't agree. I don't think you understand the gravity of what The Great Peacemaker was tryin'' to accomplish,,, If you want to hijack an article about my own people go ahead, if you want to co-operate with some1 whoo has first-hand knowledge, access to council members, and a stron stance within the congression-gatherings, talk to me otherwise put whatever spin you want to on something you guys obviously know nothing about. I understand why we can't reference Wikipedia in College. Good luck with the article! InternetHero (talk) 14:42, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * No one is hijacking anything. This is the WP:CONSENSUS process, which is how all decisions are made on Wikipedia. Please understand that no one owns the articles here, they are a collaborative effort, where we all work together to improve content. Please stop taking these things so personally. Other editors are trying to contribute just like yourself. No one has discussed removing your contributions, only moving them to another location. You have made your comment, which will be considered in the decision. As the discussion continues, if the merge is inappropriate, there will not be a consensus supporting it. —Josh3580talk/hist 15:55, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Strongly oppose. WP:IPNA convention and widespread applied practice is that people/ethno articles and government articles are separate topics and belong in separate categories.  In some cases, a category may be on a redirect to one or the other if there is only one article, but it is desirable to keep them separate; the Onondaga Council article should be about the political body, not about the people.Skookum1 (talk) 18:14, 13 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Onondaga Nation does need its own article for sure though; the nation-people redirect is hangover from the days in wikipedia when "FOO nation/Nation" titles were common and used very ambiguously; as was also Mohawk nation, which now redirects to Mohawk people but I believe Mohawk is clearly the PRIMARYUSE and origin of all other secondary uses; no RM has been filed there as with other similar cases because of time constraints and what would seem be a long, obstinate and complicated PT-cum-RM-battle. I'll run view stats on it and related titles later.  As also with this title here, which I haven't refiled an RM on since the BATHWATER closure of the bulk RMs a few weeks ago.Skookum1 (talk) 07:16, 1 April 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Chipewyan people which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 09:30, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Cayuga people which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:29, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

Eclipse dating
Both the Great Peacemaker and Hiawatha pages give significant support for dating the eclipse to 1451; this page is the odd one out with the date (discussed in other pages) of 1142. Needs some editing to reconcile, but I don't have time to get to it for a while, so hopefully one of you fine folk will. --45.48.161.235 (talk) 17:15, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Onondaga people


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"Humble" Bob Shoudt

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. — J I P | Talk 11:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

"Humble" Bob Shoudt

 * Delete non-notable "speed eater". --Revolución (talk) 22:06, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment and please don't delete this AFD page again Snowspinner! --Revolución (talk) 22:06, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. --Ashenai 08:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I just ate. :(  --Merovingian (t) (c) 10:20, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. --fvw *  11:40, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please this is interesting if we keep ncaa sports figures why not this he is a professional speedy eater Yuckfoo 19:19, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if verified I am willing to allow champions in even such minor "sports" to be considered notable -- but there need to be cited sources. DES (talk) 21:04, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Litovel

Litovel (Littau) is a town in Olomouc District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 9,700 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The villages of Březové, Chudobín, Myslechovice, Nasobůrky, Nová Ves, Rozvadovice, Savín, Tři Dvory, Unčovice and Víska are administrative parts of Litovel.

Geography
Litovel is located about 16 km northwest of Olomouc. It lies in a flat agricultural landscape of the Upper Morava Valley lowland. The highest point is the hill Šumina at 418 m above sea level. The Morava River and six its branches flow through the town, which gave it the nickname "Moravian Venice".

The northern part of the municipal territory lies in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area, named after the town.

History
The first written mention of Litovel is from 1287, older documents have been proven to be forgeries. The town was founded between 1252 and 1256 by King Ottokar II.

In 1327, King John of Bohemia allowed the town to build walls. The royal town developed until the Hussite Wars. After the war, Litovel asked for the assignment of a protector and came under the protection of the Vlašim family from Úsov. In the 16th century, the lords of Boskovice acquired the Úsov dominion, Litovel became their property and lost its statute of a royal town.

In the early 17th century, Litovel was acquired by the House of Liechtenstein and lost its significance. The town was further affected by the Thirty Years' War, during which was plundered by the Swedish army, and by plague epidemics.

In 1850, Litovel became a district town and began to grow with the influx of inhabitants from the surroundings. The Czech population began to prevail over the German, and the town became a centre of Czech culture and education. At the beginning of the 20th century, trade and industry began to develop rapidly, and new factories for processing agricultural products were established.

Economy
Litovel is known especially for the food industry. In the village of Tři Dvory is located a factory of Adriana, a manufacturer of pasta, and Brazzale, a cheese-producing company which has here one of the largest hard-cheese producing factories in the world.

Litovel is also known for its brewery. The tradition of brewing beer here began in 1297.

Pro-Ject brand turntables and audio equipment are manufactured in Litovel.

Transport
The D35 motorway (part of the European route E442) from Olomouc to the Hradec Králové Region runs through the town.

Litovel is located on the railway line Prostějov–Červenka. The town is served by three train stations: Litovel, Litovel město and Litovel předměstí.

Sights
The historic town centre is formed by the Přemysl Otakar II. Square and its surroundings. It was delimited by the Morava and its branches, and by town walls, which remnants are preserved. The landmark of the town square is the town hall. It was originally a manor house which was sold to the town in 1557. It was reconstructed in 1572 and baroque modified in 1724. The town hall tower, 65 m tall, was built right over the Nečíz, one of many branches of the Morava that runs underneath the square.

The town square is lines by preserved burger houses. A plague column stands in the middle of the square. It was created in 1724. The pillar is decorated with seven statues of plaque patrons and The Holy Virgin on the top.

The Bridge of Saint John (Svatojánský most) is a stone bridge over the Morava River. It was constructed in 1592, and it is the third oldest bridge in the country (and the oldest stone bridge in Moravia).

A notable building is the Gymnasium of Jan Opletal. The Neorenaissance school building comes from 1901 and is decorated with four ceramic mosaics designed by Jano Köhler, which depict scenes from the history of the town.

The Church of Saints Philip and James is the probably the oldest church in Litovel. Its existence was first mentioned in 1342. It was completely rebuilt after in the early Baroque style in 1692–1694.

The Church of Saint Mark was originally a Gothic church, also first recorded in 1342. The extensive renaissance reconstruction took place in 1529–1532, after the Thirty Year's War it was baroque modified.

Notable people

 * Gustav Tschermak von Seysenegg (1836–1927), Austrian mineralogist
 * Karl Kostersitz von Marenhorst (1839–1897), Austro-Hungarian general
 * Marija Ružička Strozzi (1850–1937), Croatian actress
 * Hans Temple (1857–1931), Czech-Austrian painter
 * Gustav Frištenský (1879–1957), strongman and wrestler; lived and died here
 * Henry Kulka (1900–1971), Czech-New Zealander architect
 * Jan Čep (1902–1974), Czech writer and translator
 * Přemysl Krbec (1940–2021), gymnast

Twin towns – sister cities
Litovel is twinned with:
 * Littau (Lucerne), Switzerland
 * 🇸🇰 Revúca, Slovakia
 * 🇵🇱 Wieliczka, Poland

title: Litovel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hero 2.0

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 11:27, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Hero 2.0
Discusses a single, highly specific gameplay element of a soon-to-be defunct online computer game. The discussion in the main Asheron's Call 2 article seems sufficient Ephemeral life 18:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. - Ephemeral life 18:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. Andrew pmk | Talk 19:04, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non notable. DES (talk) 21:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
William Bradford (painter)

William Bradford (April 30, 1823 – April 25, 1892) was an American romanticist painter, photographer and explorer, originally from Fairhaven, Massachusetts, near New Bedford. His early work focused on portraits of the many ships in New Bedford Harbor. In 1858, his painting New Bedford Harbor at Sunset was included in Albert Bierstadt's landmark New Bedford Art Exhibition.

Career
He is known for his paintings of ships and Arctic seascapes. From 1861 to 1866 he made excursions north to Labrador with Dr. Isaac Israel Hayes. He was one of the first American painters to portray the frozen regions of the north: for example, his contemporary Frederic Edwin Church had painted The Icebergs in 1861; Albert Bierstadt was also active in the same period. Bradford was accompanied by photographer William H. Pierce on his 1864 expedition, which resulted in the first iceberg photographs taken in acrtic regions.

In 1862, Boston, he was an art teacher to Charles Dormon Robinson. With funds provided by LeGrand Lockwood, Bradford traveled to Greenland in 1869, his farthest northern excursion, reaching eventually as far as 75° north latitude aboard the steamship Panther, accompanied by photographers John L. Dunmore and George Critcherson. Upon his return, Bradford spent two years in London, where he published an account of his trips to the north, entitled The Arctic regions, illustrated with photographs taken on an art expedition to Greenland; with descriptive narrative by the artist.(London, 1873)   In 1874, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member.

He was associated with the Hudson River School, not an institution but rather an informal group of like-minded painters. He adopted their techniques and became highly interested in the way light touches water and how it affects the appearance of water surfaces and the general atmospherics of a painting. He compositionally balanced many of his paintings by creating a counter-subject and by placing darker colors around the edges, framing and counteracting the center's better-lit subject.

title: William Bradford (painter)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tom Freda

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus (4 keep, 1 delete, 2 merge).  Rob e  rt  23:44, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Tom Freda
Non-notable. Delete -- Spinboy 02:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

NOTE: This page was deleted for some unknown reason, and was recreated by Spinboy. I've restored it to its original undeleted version. --Blackcap | talk 22:21, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

FURTHER NOTE: The admin responsible was Snowspinner. Please see WP:ANI#Large scale AfD unlisting for details. --Blackcap | talk 22:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep per my argument at Articles for deletion/Pierre L. J. Vincent. --Blackcap | talk 06:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Semi large? It's not that large. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 06:26, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * As above. Depends whether the organisation is notable or not. If it is, these two need to be kept. The Land 11:33, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * They've been in the news recently, at least the organization, due to the new Governor General of Canada. That being said, they aren't as big an organization as the Canadian Federation of Taxpayers for example. They're just a small blip on the Canadian spectrum. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 16:21, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, despite its name, has only ten voting members so I suspect the CCR is actually "bigger" if not as well funded. Homey 01:13, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak keep. I guess you could categorise them as a major Canadian republican body, in that they seem to be prominent within the very small Canadian republican movement. They do get some google news hits. Pburka 16:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge into Citizens for a Canadian Republic. Unlike Pierre L. J. Vincent, Tom has no notability out of the CfaCR. -- Corvus 18:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Mmmmm... good point. However, if the organization is considered significant, he may warrant his own article. Depends: eventualism vs. mergism. I think I'll stick to my original vote for now, though. --Blackcap | talk 18:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Merege as per User:Corvus. Seems to have no sepeerate notability -- at least none is asserted in the articel as it stands. DES (talk) 20:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - he's regularly interviewed by radio and tv and quoted in newspapers, particularly when there's a royal visit as well as on or around Victoria Day for the past few years. If John Aimers (of whom it can be said has no notability outside of the Monarchist League of Canada) merits an article, so does Freda. Homey 01:09, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - He's a co-founder of Canada's first republican movement (an achievement in its own right), their main anglo spokesperson, and as Homey just mentioned, he regularly speaks on behalf of organized Canadian republicans in the media. And again, if the head of their monarchist counterpart deserves a page, so should the head of the republicans. As far as the significance of the organization is concerned, they recently formed a strategic alliance with the republican movements of Austrailia, NZ and UK. So not only are they recognized in Canada as the voice of Canadian republicans, but also internationally. I think it's obvious what's happening here. The attempts to delete this page are coming from monarchists who will do anything to sabotage the republican movement. I hope admin will see through these attepmts for what they are - vandalism. MC Rufus 01:32, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * (vote actually by Olaf 2, forging MC Rufus's signature.)  Rob e  rt  23:44, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * No, the vote wasn't forged. My roommate forgot to log out and I had assumed I still was. My apologies MC Rufus 11:02, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Luxurious

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep (no consensus). I am a bit concerned about some incivility in a few of the votes, however I also realize that the article was rewritten during the course of the debate. Vote count stands at 5k-8d-1r which is less than the usual 2/3 threshold anyway. Kappa has asked that this page should be moved to Luxurious (song) and that the page at luxurious be a disambig; since people searching for "Luxurious" might well look for the economics article, I will be bold and do that. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:47, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Luxurious
A not-yet-released single, which can't be notable as ... it hasn't yet been released. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete (or make redirect to relevant album). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, and this is a common word with an article not related to the common usage of the word. A dicdef of this word exists on Wiktionary. Andrew pmk | Talk 19:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Adv for non released stuff. Speedy ? Gtabary 22:51, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Gwen Stefani singles are notable. Rename to Luxurious (song) and disambig with Luxury good. Kappa 01:13, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Remove the unsourced, unverifiable speculation, and all you have is "it is a single". Gamaliel 03:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Gamaliel. Quale 04:39, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, WP:NOT. --fvw *  11:38, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom and fvw. non-notable becauze non-existant. DES (talk) 20:59, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If this information was sourced it would deserve one line on the album page.  Jkelly 15:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect → Luxury good. ~⌈Markaci⌋ 2005-10-5 T 01:01:50 Z
 * STRONG KEEP. This song was announced as the fifth single from Love. Angel. Music. Baby. on TRL on September 23, 2005. It will not be going anywhere. The music video is due out in a few weeks. And this is NO crystal ball assumption. --Winnermario 23:34, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Two sources have been added to prove this single's eventual release. Winnermario 19:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. You do not request for an article to be deleted because you are the one without the knowledge. Also, references have been added now. DrippingInk 20:14, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep WP is not a crystal ball, but this seriously is not one of those cases OmegaWikipedia 06:15, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, of course. An unreleased single certainly can be notable, if it's highly anticipated and famous, by a very successful artist. This applies to all kinds of things. National elections are notable before they happen, spacecraft before they're launched, major hurricanes before they hit land, major movies before they hit theaters... Like, duh. Everyking 05:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Eyebeam (comic strip)

Eyebeam was a daily comic strip written and illustrated by Sam Hurt at the University of Texas at Austin. Unlike most college strips, its popularity led to a print life past Hurt's graduation.

Publication history
The strip ran in the college's The Daily Texan from 1980 to 1990, though examples from 1978 to 1979 exist. In 1983, Austin's daily paper, the American-Statesman, picked up the strip. Other newspapers around the U.S. followed suit, although Eyebeam's family of subscribers was never greater than a few dozen.

By 1982, Eyebeam's popularity was such that a monster character called Hank the Hallucination ran for the University of Texas Student Government presidency (campaign slogan: "Get Real") and won. A figment of Eyebeam's imagination even within the boundaries of the comic, Hank received more votes than the two human candidates combined. After it was ruled that imaginary characters could not serve in the post, future Democratic adviser and CNN political contributor Paul Begala was the campus' second choice. Following his loss, Begala wrote a tongue-in-cheek complaint for the Texan, arguing "I cannot help but feel Hank's platform is illusory at best .... I must say that the candidate himself lacks substance."

The strip developed a devoted enough fanbase to support a steady series of paperback collections, as well as ancillary merchandise such as T-shirts.

Switch to Queen of the Universe
In 1990, Hurt abandoned the comic strip, taking an offer from United Feature Syndicate to start a new strip based on the Peaches character, Queen of the Universe. The strip was sometimes called Peaches, Queen of the Universe. Hurt's freewheeling style did not translate as well under the syndicated system, which was apparently hoping for a female Calvin character, and the latter strip was not a success. Hurt described the strip's demise as the result of "a printing accident... [it] drowned in a sea of red ink." Some readers felt the most Eyebeam-like sequences of the strip's run came at the very end, after Hurt had gotten the cancellation notice.

After Queen of the Universe
Sam Hurt revived Eyebeam in 1995, but as a weekly. A comic book series also appeared, combining reprints with fresh material. Hurt discontinued Eyebeam for a second time in 2002, and resumed it for a third time in 2006. As of 2008, the strip appears weekly in the Austin Chronicle as well as on Hurt's website.

Story and characters
Beginning as a fairly typical "college life" strip, Eyebeam quickly mutated into something more. Besides the title character (a bemused, rail-thin lawyer and acceptor of weirdness) and the aforementioned Hank, regular characters included Eyebeam's down-to-earth but sexually voracious girlfriend Sally, and his best friend, the conical ne'er-do-well Ratliff McNubb. Secondary characters included the slacker robot IM4U, the narcissistic Rod Rutherford, Rod's lovestruck girlfriend Beth, and Eyebeam's coworker Vernon (who seemed to be missing the top of his head). Much later, Ratliff's rambunctious niece Peaches burst into the storylines, which indirectly led to the strip's demise.

Style
Hurt's drawing style was thick and loose, and used periodically shifting backgrounds as were found in George Herriman's "Krazy Kat". A vase of flowers, for example, could be exchanged for an umbrella stand and then a fountain, without narrative explanation. The strip's logo was similarly ever-changing. Many of the strip's odder visual elements were accepted at face value, if discussed at all, such as Sally's endless jet stream of hair, Ratliff's sea-of-trash bedroom, or Ratliff's spherical automobile.

Legacy
When the Comics Journal compiled its 2000 list of the greatest comics of the century, Eyebeam received one judge's vote.

Hurt remains in Austin, Texas, where he does animation and sculpture.

Published collections

 * 1982: I'm Pretty Sure I've Got My Death-Ray In Here SOMEWHERE (self-published)
 * 1984: Eyebeam, Therefore I Am (Andrews McMeel Publishing) ISBN 978-0961166014
 * 1985: Eenie Meenie Minie Tweed (Andrews McMeel) ISBN 978-0961166021
 * 1985: Our Eyebeams Twisted (Blunt Books) ISBN 978-0961166038
 * 1985: The Mind's Eyebeam (Andrews McMeel) ISBN 978-0836220865
 * 1988: Teetering on the Blink (Texas Monthly Press) ISBN 978-0877191001
 * 1988: Render Unto Peaches (Texas Monthly Press) ISBN 978-0877191155

A three-issue comic book series, Eyebeam: The Complete Collection 1978-1989, was released in 1992. The first of a three-volume compilation of Hurt's Queen of the Universe strip was released in 2012.

Other uses
Eyebeam comics were extensively used in the American Bar Association's essay compilation Full Disclosure: Do You Really Want to Be a Lawyer? (Hurt received a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree from the University of Texas Law School in 1983.)

Characters from Eyebeam are animated by Sam Hurt in a music video by Brave Combo, "The Hokey Pokey." Sally, Eyebeam, Ratliff, and Hank appear.

title: Eyebeam (comic strip)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yocrunch

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus.  Rob e  rt  23:07, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Yocrunch
Non-notable, uninteresting product MacRusgail 15:26, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete unless if we plan to list every product ever, this should go Ashibaka (tock) 20:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No please: do not list every product ever :-) Gtabary 22:55, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep unless and until we come up with a good set of standards to determine brand notability. Clearly, this is different from the Mach 3, but how? Meelar (talk) 22:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * We already have such a set of notability criteria for products. See WP:CORP.  Uncle G 05:10, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I would have suggested merge, but there isn't enough material really decide where to merge it, nor is there any real loss in tossing it. --Gmaxwell 02:11, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Anyone who wants to keep lousy articles like this should spend some time to improve them instead, so they are less likely to end up on AFD. Quale 04:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ... which is exactly what I've just done. Uncle G 05:10, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * People independent of the company have written about the product, its marketing, its packaging, its manufacturing process, and even about inventive ways to incorporate it into a kosher diet. (See the references that I've added to the article.)  The WP:CORP criteria for products are satisfied.  Keep.  Uncle G 05:10, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Mild keep for the rewritten articel. Seems mildly notable. I wouldn't be devastated if this were deleted, however. DES (talk) 20:58, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Good on Uncle G. Keep with the additions. --Jacquelyn Marie 21:53, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The rewritten version establishes notability. --GraemeL (talk) 22:57, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable product. I'm not convinced that it's an original invention either. Bwithh 02:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as rewritten. MCB 06:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable yoghurt-cruft. Why would the author choose to write about the product over the company, which would likely pass the notability test?  Dottore So 11:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. An article about the company would be fine, but I'd guess it's more likely that someone would come to Wikipedia looking for information about this product than about the company. JamesMLane 18:19, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete brand with local/regional importance only, i.e. not even national, obviously not global. No unique features. Would, maybe, fit in in a list of the company's products, no need for an article. Nabla 18:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, brand with importance, if only local/regional. Kappa 23:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 *  Delete and redirect/move to company page, which would solve the unlikely problem of a Wikipedia search for Yocrunch. Nothing links to this page.  I don't see anything notable; Wikipedia doesn't cover the several more successful imitators of the product, so there's no call to identify the original one (even assuming that this is original).  Precedent: Trix Yogurt and Danimals currently redirect to the company page. FRCP11 13:36, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "delete and move" is a self-contradictory choice. Uncle G 13:56, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pierre L. J. Vincent

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. H e rmione1980 19:03, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Pierre L. J. Vincent
Non-notable, fails pokemon test. Delete -- Spinboy 02:48, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

NOTE: This page was deleted for some unknown reason, and was recreated by Spinboy. I've restored it to its undeleted version. --Blackcap | talk 22:23, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

FURTHER NOTE: The admin responsible was Snowspinner. Please see WP:ANI#Large scale AfD unlisting for details. --Blackcap | talk 22:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. He seems notable to me, and what's more important, is fully verified. He's the co-founder of a semi-large Canadian republican organization. I'm curious as to what the pokemon test is, though. --Blackcap | talk 06:16, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Semi large? It's not that large. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 06:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not Canadian, nor do I follow Canadian politics much, but within the republican movement it seems reasonably large/notable, at least enough to warrant inclusion. And what's the pokemon test? --Blackcap | talk 17:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Assuming the claims made in the article are true it's a definite keep. If there are reasons to think his organisation isn't a major Canadian republican body, then please let us know them. The Land 11:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * They've been in the news recently, at least the organization, due to the new Governor General of Canada. That being said, they aren't as big an organization as the Canadian Taxpayers Federation for example. They're just a small blip on the Canadian spectrum. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 16:21, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. I guess you could categorise them as a major Canadian republican body, in that they seem to be prominent within the very small Canadian republican movement. They do get some google news hits. Pburka 15:58, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It seems to me that the legal fight mentioned in the article, due to his being fired from his government job for refusal to take the oath of alligience would make him notable even without the political organization angle. Crypticfirefly 16:11, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I don't like the Pokémon test, I am not sure I would agree that this doesn't pass it. gren グレン 20:50, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What the hell is the Pokemon test? --Blackcap | talk 21:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The pokemon test is simple. You ask youself 'Is this more or less important than an article on a pokemon character or episode'? --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 22:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah. Got it. --Blackcap | talk 22:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe this test is highly controversial as many believe that pokemon characters or episodes simply don't belong on Wikipedia, and it is very simplistic, many use it to argue in favour of keeping an article, since the vast majory of stuff on AfD would pass. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 22:34, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yah. My problem is that I think Pikachu is well known than Saint Stephen.  However, I think the latter is far more encyclopedic.  gren グレン 22:48, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with Crypticfirefly. -- Corvus 19:19, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per User:Crypticfirefly Being the plaintif and key figure in a major legal test is IMO notabel without more, so how large his orgization is is moot for that purpose -- although it would be nice if sources were cited about the orginaztion and its size and influence. DES (talk) 20:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alfredo Oliveira

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 05:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Alfredo Oliveira
Non-notable Brazilian high school teacher/business consultant. Physchim62 11:22, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn Many of the Googles for refer to someone born in 1918.   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   12:41, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like vanity to me. Gtabary 23:01, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Should we admit personal biographies about non-notable people in Wikipedia? Elapsed 10:35, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, doesn't assert notability (though it might to some, so probably best not speedied). Also, all articles with the term "personal development" in them should be deleted. --fvw *  11:35, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete under WP:CSD A7 and so tagged. If for some reason not speedy deleted, delete as non-notable. I see nothing that remotly looks like an assertion of notability here. DES (talk) 20:54, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; probably vanity. Re: "Personal development", as the one who translated the article, that might not be the best way to put it (maybe something along the lines of "personal path" as opposed to "career path" might be better), but I think I've captured the meaning fairly well. --Spangineer  (háblame)  21:54, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
GWR 4500 Class

The Great Western Railway (GWR) 4500 Class or Small Prairie is a class of 2-6-2T steam locomotives.

History
They were designed as small mixed traffic locomotives, mainly used on branch lines. The design was based on the earlier 4400 Class, but with larger driving wheels and altered wheel spacing. This gave them extra speed — capable of 60 mph in service. A total of 75 were built; 55 were built in four batches between 1906 and 1915 and a fifth batch of 20 locos was built in 1924, during Collett's tenure at Swindon. The first two batches were originally numbered 2161–2190 but were renumbered 4500–4529 during 1912. The first batch (2161–2180) is significant in that it was the last batch of locos built at Stafford Road Works, Wolverhampton. Of this batch 2168 (as 4507) was the last Wolverhampton-built loco to remain in service with BR, not being withdrawn until 1963. The final two batches built were nos. 4530–4554 in 1913-15 and nos. 4555–4574 in 1924.

The 4575 Class was a later development with larger side tanks.

Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway and Port Talbot Railway
The Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway (R&SBR) had been worked by the GWR since 1 July 1906, although it was not absorbed until 1 January 1922. In April 1907, the GWR sent three new locomotives of the first batch, nos. 2165–7, to the R&SBR; these were given R&SBR numbers 31–33. The Port Talbot Railway (PTR) was absorbed by the GWR on 1 January 1908, but its locomotive fleet remained separate until 1 January 1922. In March 1909, R&SBR nos. 31 and 32 were transferred to the PTR, regaining their GWR numbers 2165 and 2166. These two were returned to the GWR in 1912, being renumbered 4504 and 4505 in December that year. No. 33 was not returned until January 1914, when it was renumbered 4506.

Preservation
Three of the class still exist, two of them survivors from Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales. All of them have run in preservation.

4555: Warrior
4555 was bought in working order from British Railways by Patrick Whitehouse and fellow Talyllyn Railway member Pat Garland, so has never had to be restored. Originally working on the Dart Valley Railway, she later moved to the Dartmouth Steam Railway. She returned to steam in 2020 after having been under a major overhaul since 2014. Currently on a 3-year loan to the East Somerset Railway from March 2020. Went on loan to the Chinnor & Princes Risborough Railway for the 2024 season. She currently carries the name: Warrior.

4561
This locomotive left Woodham Brothers in September 1975. It is currently undergoing an extensive overhaul on the West Somerset Railway, having been out of service since 1998.

4566
Currently stored out of service on the Severn Valley Railway awaiting an overhaul, this locomotive left Woodham Brothers in August 1970. It returned to service in late 2006 following an overhaul and after several years painted in Great Western green, was repainted into BR unlined black with the early crest for the first time in preservation. It was withdrawn from service in January 2017 following the expiry of her boiler certificate. It is on display inside the Engine House at Highley until its turn to overhaul comes again.

title: GWR 4500 Class


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE.  Rob e  rt  23:10, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
Sub-stub with no information and noclaim of notability. - Laur 11:15, 2 October 2005 (UTC) Delete per fvw --JAranda | yeah 03:06, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand or merge with University of New Hampshire. This is a real laboratory which seems to be fairly important in its field, but it is a substub right now. Andrew pmk | Talk 19:33, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Content does not explain importance of the lab.  Vegaswikian 06:43, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, there's nothing to merge. --fvw *  11:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per User:fvw unless new content celarly establishing separate notability is added to the article. DES (talk) 20:46, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Turnip Head

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. DS

Turnip Head
Non-notable saying from usenet. -- Kjkolb 08:09, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination. Sandstein 10:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination too. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 16:09, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom --NeilN 03:31, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, " --fvw *  11:33, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable insult. DES (talk) 20:44, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Property Specification Language

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. – Rich Farmbrough 20:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Property Specification Language
nn computer program used by not so notable company Delete or Merge with Accellera --JAranda | yeah 06:45, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The article claims this is a "standardised" language. Therefore there should be a reference to the organisation having published the standard. I don't see any. The company itself doesn't seam to be notable enough to justify the claim of a defacto standard. So, if no clear standard reference is given soonish, i'd say delete. Gtabary 23:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep Accellera a well known standards body in its field, but I don't know much about this particular standard. --Apyule 07:14, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, though I suppose the Accellera article could use any content it can get at the moment. --fvw *  11:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete A standard must be either widely used, or promulgated by soem more or less widely recongnized body (whether recognized de facto or de jure), in short it must be notable, or the producet of a notable creator. This appears to be neither. DES (talk) 20:43, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, even though it short article, it deserves it's own article... --Thv 11:03, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Strategic negotiations

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO consensus. – Rich Farmbrough 23:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Strategic negotiations
Appears to be a neologism and an ad for a book called, surprisingly, "Strategic Negotiations". -- Kjkolb 04:45, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge content to Negotiation. This is a standard textbook in a reputable field but it doesn't merit an advertisement article in its own right.     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   12:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup, but rename to Strategic Negotiations: A Theory of Change in Labor-Management Relations, possibly with a dab or even redirect at Strategic negotiations. --fvw *  11:31, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless there's a reason this book needs an article, which I don't currently see. To me it looks like a promotion attempt.  If this book really needs an article, renaming is certainly appropriate.  Friday (talk) 15:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Deletion policy/Shortcuts

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was that it be deleted. Warofdreams talk 10:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Deletion policy/Shortcuts
This page has outlived its usefulness. When I came across it today, it was a collection of links to sections on WP:DP that didn't exist anymore, and it still said "VfD." I updated it a bit, but all of its content is already in WP:DP and its related pages. No one still uses the shortcuts this page contains, it no longer needs to exist. --Blackcap | talk 22:08, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * weak Delete It is as useless as you describe, but it is not a substantial harm either. Xoloz 08:59, 3 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/I Love Math

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Clear consensus to delete. DS 18:36, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

I Love Math
NN "academically themed music group".

 * Delete Fawcett5 02:54, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Possibly patent nonsense. --SuperDude 02:58, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Appears to be nonsense. --Interiot 03:09, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wholly fails WP:MUSIC. --Blackcap | talk 06:21, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.135.219.200 (talk • contribs).
 * Please note the above anon blanked other people's votes. - Mgm|(talk) 09:07, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't think it's nonsense, but just a case of more hopes than reality.  It's non-notable at this time.  When they cut a disc under an established label, they can get an article then.  But I won't hold my breath; note that the band members are currently "parted".  --A D Monroe III 16:50, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Blackcap. --Apyule 05:54, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Blackcap. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 08:04, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per WP:MUSIC. Gamaliel 08:07, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No reliable sources to verify this with. Angela. 11:15, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per MUSIC. --fvw *  11:29, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Fails WP:MUSIC, therefore non-notable. DES (talk) 20:38, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
File:Davincilogo.jpg

Summary
TV series Da Vinci's Inquest logo.

Rationale
This image, Davincilogo.jpg, is being linked here; though the picture is subject to copyright I (feydey) feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * illustrates the subject of the article.
 * no free alternative.
 * the size and resolution make reproduction for bootleg copies difficult.
 * reproduction does not detract from the commercial value.

title: File:Davincilogo.jpg


text: User talk:70.19.96.165

title: User talk:70.19.96.165


text:
File talk:VoiceOver Utility.png

Reverted to original size. Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 22:09, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: File talk:VoiceOver Utility.png


text: User talk:85.75.45.100

title: User talk:85.75.45.100


text:
Z-plane

Z-plane may refer to:
 * z = esT, the domain of the z-transform
 * z = x + iy, the complex plane in general

title: Z-plane


text: Category:Baja California

title: Category:Baja California


text:
Military history of Iraq

The military history of Iraq, due to a rich archaeological record, is one of the longest in written human history. The region of Iraq, which used to be Mesopotamia, has been referred to as the "cradle of civilization", and wars of conquest have been recorded in this region as far back as the third millennium BC. Because of its geopolitical dominance and ideology based in world domination, the Neo-Assyrian Empire is by many researchers regarded to have been the first world empire in history. The area possesses strategic value, initially for the rich, fertile agricultural region in the Mesopotamian plain, and more recently for large petroleum deposits and access to the oil-rich Persian Gulf. The present territory of Iraq lacks significant strategic barriers, making it difficult to defend against foreign invasion.

A study done on the current Iraqi military have shown a decrease in its power beyond the war of 2003. On the other hand Iraq's military at the rule of Saddam Hussain was the greatest military in the middle east and in the top 10 world wide.

Mesopotamia

 * In 2525 BC, there was a battle between King Eannatum of Lagash, and Umma. The battle is recorded on the Stele of the Vultures. The king won the battle by using armored soldiers who were in phalanx formation, and also used chariots pulled by onagers.
 * About 2300 BC, Sargon of Akkad attacked and conquered 34 Sumerian cities, beginning the Akkadian Empire.
 * The Sumerians living in Iraq had to battle the Elamites from western Iran.
 * Kassites attacked Babylonia in the 16th century BC.
 * About 1263 BC, the Assyrian king Shalmaneser I defeated a rebellion led by Shattuara II of Hanigalbat.
 * Nebuchadnezzar I (1119–1098 BC) attacked Assyria.
 * The Chaldeans took over Babylonia in the 9th century BC, forming the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and had to fight many revolts and aggressors.
 * King Esarhaddon (681–669) conquered Elam in western Persia.
 * Nebuchadrezzar II (605–562 BC) conquered Jerusalem taking 15,000 Jewish captives, who were put into exile for 70 years (see Babylonian captivity).
 * Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, defeated the Neo-Babylonian Empire and conquered the region in 539–538 BC.
 * In 331 BC, Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia at the Battle of Gaugamela, east of present-day Mosul. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC.
 * In later centuries, starting from 190 BC, the Persians ruled Iraq for hundreds of years under different dynasties including the Parthian and Sassanid dynasties, after the first conquest in the 6th century BC.
 * In 627 AD, the Byzantines sacked Ctesiphon, which was invaded again in 637, this time by Muslim Arabs. The battle between 18,000 Arab tribesmen led by General Khalid ibn al-Walid (The Sword of Allah) and the Persians led by Rostam Farrokhzād, was fought at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, south of Baghdad.

Middle Ages (634–16th century)

 * Muslim Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid and Sa`d ibn Abī Waqqās conquered Mesopotamia, which itself was controlled by the Sassanid Persian Empire during the Islamic conquest of Persia in the 7th century.
 * In 680, Hussein bin Ali, the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, was killed in the Battle of Karbala on the day of Aashurah.
 * In 701, a revolt by Ibn Ash'ath was crushed by Syrian armies.
 * Around 747, the Abbasid Revolution led to the Abbasid caliphate being proclaimed in 750. The city of Baghdad was founded in 762 and became the center of the caliphate.
 * Baghdad was sacked during the Fourth Fitna around 811.
 * By 865, the Abbasid civil war (865–866) resulted in rival capitals in Samarra and Baghdad.
 * In 927–928, the Qarmatians of Bahrayn invaded and raided much of Iraq.
 * In 945, the Buyid dynasty from the Caspian Sea took over Baghdad, with the Abbasid caliphs becoming puppet rulers.
 * Mosul was captured in 977.
 * In 1055, the Seljuk leader Togrul Beg overran the central area of Iraq.
 * The Abbasids regained control in 1135.
 * Baghdad repelled an attack by the Mongols in 1245.

 * Baghdad was sacked on February 10, 1258, by Hulagu Khan following the Siege of Baghdad (1258), with between 250,000 and 800,000 people killed during the Mongol invasion.
 * Baghdad was sacked again in 1401 by Tamerlane.
 * From 1405 Turkish tribes from Anatolia took over Iraq and there was much infighting between themselves, and against local groups. The Black Sheep Turkmen at first ruled Iraq until 1466 when the White Sheep Turkmen took control.
 * Around 1508, Iraq was conquered by the Safavid dynasty of Iran.
 * From around 1533–1534, Iraq was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

Ottoman rule (16th century–World War I)

 * Baghdad was put under Persian rule between 1623 and 1638, when Murad IV restored Ottoman rule and massacred many local Shiites.
 * In 1776, Basra was occupied by the Persians. They held it until 1779 when Karim Khan Zand's death precipitated a period of internal disorder and resulted in withdrawal from Basra.

British Mandate of Mesopotamia (1918–1932)

 * The British invaded Iraq during World War I in the Mesopotamian Campaign. They invaded southern Mesopotamia in November 1914. The Battle of Ctesiphon was fought in November 1915. The undermanned and overstretched British forces were defeated by the Turks, who besieged the British in the city of Kut-al-Amara for 143 days in the Siege of Kut, ending with a British surrender, with 10,000 men becoming prisoners in April 1916. The British took the middle eastern campaign more seriously following this defeat, transferring command from India to the main British command, and General Frederick Stanley Maude was put in charge of British forces, leading the British to a series of victories. The battles of Mohammed Abdul Hassan, Hai and Dahra were won by the British in January 1917. In February, they recaptured Kut. On March 11, 1917, the British occupied Baghdad after the Fall of Baghdad (1917).
 * Between 1920 and 1922, the British put down an Iraqi revolt costing them 40 million pounds to do so.
 * In January 1921, the Royal Air Force's Mesopotamian Group was formed by raising Mesopotamian Wing to group status.
 * On 1 October 1922, Mesopotamian Group was absorbed into the newly formed RAF Iraq Command which was given control of all British forces in Iraq.
 * Faisal I, leader of Iraq from 1921 to 1933, helped to make his country fully independent in 1932.

Post-colonial monarchy (1932–1958)
On 1 April 1941, Rashid Ali and four generals overthrew the pro-British Iraqi government. The British were concerned that the Axis powers might get involved in Iraq since the new government was pro-Axis. The British landed troops at Basra while Iraqi forces besieged RAF Habbaniya.

On 2 May, the British launched pre-emptive air strikes against Iraqi forces. On 7 May, the Iraqis abandoned the positions above RAF Habbaniya. By about 11 May, the Iraqi Air Force was neutralized. From about 13 May, the "Flyer Command Iraq" (Fliegerführer Irak) of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) started to arrive. The aircraft of Fliegerführer Irak started to fly sorties under Iraqi colours from Mosul against the British and Commonwealth forces. For a variety of reasons, Fliegerführer Irak was able to achieve little in the way of results. British ground forces from RAF Habbaniya attacked Iraqi forces in Fallujah and, by 22 May, had withstood an Iraqi counter-attack. The British forces then attacked Baghdad, Rashid Ali and his government fled, and an armistice was signed on 31 May.

The pro-British Iraqi government was restored and the Kingdom of Iraq declared war on the Axis on 16 January 1943.

The Iraqi Army participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War against Israel.

Early republic (1958–1963)
The US began military aid to Iraq in 1954, and Iraq joined the pro western Baghdad Pact in 1955.

A garrison in Mosul rebelled against Qassem, and Kurdish leader Barzani returned from exile in the Soviet Union to suppress them. Iraq claimed sovereignty over Kuwait after it gained independence from Britain in 1961, but it backed down after the British sent troops to Kuwait.

Iraq sent troops and planes to Jordan during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war (the Six-Day War).

Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (1968–1979)
Iraq sent an expeditionary force to fight beside the Syrians and Jordanians in the 1973 October War against Israel. This force was composed of:

 * 2 armoured divisions;
 * 2 infantry brigades;
 * 1 special forces brigade;
 * 12 artillery battalions.

The expeditionary force operated southwest of Damascus with 60,000 men, 700 T-55 tanks, 500 APCs (mostly OT-62 TOPAS and M113) and over 200 artillery pieces. The two armoured divisions were the 3rd and the 6th. The 3rd Armoured Division, the Salah ad-Din forces, was the elite of the army, and Iraqi officers avidly competed to be assigned to it.

Abu Tahsin al-Salihi, later dubbed "The Sheikh of Snipers" in the war against ISIS, claimed to be deployed with the expeditionary force in a brigade.

Saddam Hussein (1979–2003)
Saddam Hussein came to power as President of Iraq on July 16, 1979. He was known for his oppressive regime that killed thousands of civilians.

Iran–Iraq War
After months of provocations and shelling of Iraqi towns and villages on the border with Iran by the newly established Ayatollah regime in Iran, Iraq responded on 22 September 1980 and achieved success in stopping the shelling of its border towns and villages. The Iran–Iraq dragged on into a long war, with between 1 and 2 million casualties. The war ended with a ceasefire on August 20, 1988 and the Iraqi military came out of it as one of the powerful military in the region.

On June 7, 1981, Israeli F-15s and F-16s bombed and destroyed the Osirak nuclear reactor, 18 mi south of Baghdad following the orders of Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.

On May 17, 1987, an Iraqi Mirage fighter fired two Exocet missiles at the American ship USS Stark (FFG-31), killing thirty-seven of the crew.

Gulf War

On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait. The United States led an international coalition which heavily bombed Iraq and freed Kuwait in 1991. After this war, sanctions were imposed on Iraq as well as a north and south no fly zones, and during the 1990s, Iraq was frequently bombed by American and British aircraft in small sorties.

In January 1993, the US launched a cruise missile attack against Iraq, because of it not dismantling police posts near the border with Kuwait. In June 1993, another US cruise missile attack was launched because of a suspected assassination plot against former US president George H. W. Bush. In 1996, Iraqi troops moved into northern Iraq to support the Kurdish Democratic Party against the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. The US responded with limited air attacks in the south. There were Iraqi attacks against allied aircraft in the no fly zones in January 2001, with American and British responding with bombing of targets in northern Iraq in February.

Invasion of Iraq
The United States led a "coalition of the willing" which invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003, in a war that took three weeks to get control of the country, yet the fighting lasted much longer. Baghdad was captured on April 9. Saddam Hussein was deposed, but remained in hiding until December 14, 2003, when he was captured by the US, tried by an Iraqi court, and executed in accordance with the court's death sentence.

Interim government (2003–2008)
Iraq rebuilt its military with the aid of countries from the Coalition of the Willing (see Military of Iraq). The effort to create a new national military was complicated by focused insurgent attacks on recruitment centers and claims of insurgents' infiltration of the new forces. Saddam Hussein was executed on December 30, 2006, after a court appointed by the interim government found him guilty of ordering the deaths of the inhabitants of an Iraqi village almost 10 years earlier.

title: Military history of Iraq


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yeeouch

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 15:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Yeeouch

 * del. Nonnotable websipe. A small blip on google radar. mikka (t) 02:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep -- From the article: YeeOuch.com achieved recognition by the UWA guild, and is now the official system for obtaining books via an online source.: I think this is notable, because not many universities are providing an official system: While this may be merely a blip on the Google radar; this is a little more important than the other billions of sites in the world where there's nothing to merit an article in an encyclopedia. --Mysidia (talk) 02:33, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What makes you think that UWA guild is notable so that its recognition is important? mikka (t) 02:38, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. UWA is notable, but the UWA guild falls below notability.  Being noted by a non-notable is non-notable.  That leaves the article with no claims to notability.  --A D Monroe III 16:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. --fvw *  11:27, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Mild delete No indication of notability in article or previous comments here. Evidence of the actual significance of the UWA guild recognition, or of the degree to whifh this is actually used by students in Western Australia could caus eme to change my view. DES (talk) 20:28, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yeeouch


text:
Talk:Faith Ford

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title: Talk:Faith Ford


text: User talk:71.247.135.52

title: User talk:71.247.135.52


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Socially Indifferent

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Socially Indifferent
Seems like the article goes around in circles without saying anything about Social indifference --Mysidia (talk) 02:26, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Transwiki to WikiMedia - perhaps the author is trying to demonstrate this concept in his/her article. Brisvegas 11:12, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: dicdef, with self-explanatory title. Also they need to learn how to use capitals... --MacRusgail 14:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect to apathy. --Revolución (talk) 19:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Apathy (which is where indifference redirects). Angela. 11:10, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, restatement of the title plus personal essay. I don't see the need for a redirect, there's lots of foo indifference redirects that could be made but since the apathy article has nothing specific to say about them I think people who type it into the search box and hit go are better off getting the search results. --fvw *  11:27, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Fvw. DES (talk) 20:26, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Joystick (song)

"Joystick" is a 1983 hit single by the Dazz Band - subject, and was co-written by Bobby Harris, and Eric Fearman who were the singer and guitarist of the group. "Joystick" was the group's second biggest hit of three Top 100 singles, where it reached #61 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #9 on the Black Singles Chart.

Background
The title of the song is double entendre for the male phallus (and is a common slang term used in the United Kingdom). The band adopted hip-hop production techniques, favoring keyboards and drum machines over horns, echoing the popularity of the electro-funk style. The single became a dancefloor favorite following its release.

In popular culture

 * The song can be heard in the Namco Museum 50th Anniversary compilation.
 * It is included in the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows versions of Grand Theft Auto V on the radio station Space 103.2.
 * In Chile, the song was used of promo Chilean channel Telenorte in 1991.

title: Joystick (song)


text:
Abilene and Smoky Valley Railroad

The Abilene and Smoky Valley Railroad is a non-profit heritage railway located in Abilene, Kansas, United States. The A&SV was founded in 1993 to preserve the legacy of the railroad industry in Kansas and was designated as Kansas’ official heritage railroad in 2024 by an act of the state legislature. The A&SV is an experiential learning museum, where tourists ride on a train of vintage railcars while narrators tell the story of how railroads built Kansas’ agribusiness-oriented economy. Passengers are allowed to tour antique passenger cars and talk with staff members about their roles in making the trains operate.

The A&SV’s Flint Hills Express excursion train runs from April through September. Special trains run during the Halloween and Christmas seasons. The Smoky Valley Limited dinner train offers some of Kansas’ best home cooking, with trains running weekly during the summer and early fall. The Meadowlark Flyer is a special school charter for elementary schools in the region. Additionally, the railroad offers private charters for class reunions, family reunions, birthdays, anniversaries, company parties and other special events.

The railroad is home to two National Historic Register treasures: Abilene’s 1887 Rock Island Depot and a1919 ATSF 3415 4-6-2 Pacific steam engine. The depot is located in Old Abilene Town, south of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. Santa Fe 3415 is the only operational steam locomotive in Kansas and was restored in the fall of 2008, making its first run May 23, 2009, after having sat as an inanimate park exhibit for nearly 40 years. In 2024, the Kansas Legislature designated ATSF 3415 as the state’s official steam locomotive.

The railroad also uses vintage diesel engines to power its trains. A 1945 Alco S-1 locomotive was donated to the A&SV in 1993, and a newly restored 1940 General Electric 44-ton center cab engine that was acquired in 1995 and only recently restored.

The Abilene and Smoky Valley Railroad operates on rails that were initially laid by Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad in 1886. The 49-mile line, originally known as the Herington-Salina subdivision, was built to connect the Rock Island’s main line with the grain elevators and flour mills in Salina, Kansas. The A&SV operates on 5.5 miles (8.9 km) of track between Abilene and the neighboring Dickinson County community of Enterprise, where trains stop at a replica 1800s milling operation, the Hoffman Grist Mill. Using vintage milling equipment, the facility grinds locally grown grain into a variety of flour products, as well as corn meal and grits, that are packaged and sold in the mill’s gift shop. During the Enterprise layover, passengers are also allowed to explore the caboose and locomotive.

Tickets on all trains can be purchased at the railroad’s website, asvrr.org. Caboose and locomotive cab rides are available at an extra charge.

title: Abilene and Smoky Valley Railroad


text:
Dark side

Dark side, Dark Side, or Darkside may refer to:

Popular culture

 * Dark side (Star Wars), the dark side of the Force in the Star Wars universe
 * Dark Side (video game), a 1988 video game from Incentive Software
 * The Dark Side (book), a 2008 book by Jane Mayer
 * The Dark Side (magazine), a UK horror film publication
 * Darkside (novel), a 2007 children's novel by Tom Becker
 * Darkside, a horror novel by Dennis Etchison
 * Darkside (radio play), a 2013 drama by Tom Stoppard, based on Pink Floyd's album The Dark Side of the Moon
 * Darkside, Scottish professional wrestler known for winning the ICW World Heavyweight Championship (Scotland)
 * The Darkside (film), anthology film directed by Warwick Thornton
 * Red: The Dark Side, a 2007 Indian film

Music

 * Darkside (band), an American electronica duo
 * The Darkside (band), a British indie band
 * Darkside, a subgenre of grime
 * Darkside, name for the genre sometimes also called Darkcore

Albums

 * The Dark Side (DarkSun album), 2007
 * The Dark Side (Gregorian album), 2004
 * Darkside (Necrophobic album), 1997
 * Darkside (Tim Minchin album), 2005
 * Darkside / Stay Awake or the title song, an EP by Kisschasy, 2004
 * The Darkside Vol. 1, by Fat Joe, 2010
 * The Darkside Vol. 2, by Fat Joe, 2011
 * The Darkside III, by Fat Joe, 2013
 * The Dark Sides, by King Diamond, 1988
 * No More Heroes Sound Tracks: Dark Side, from the video game No More Heroes, 2008
 * "The Dark Side", disc one of the Dream Theater album  Greatest Hit (...And 21 Other Pretty Cool Songs), 2008

Songs ("(The) Dark Side")

 * "Dark Side" (Blind Channel song), 2021
 * "Dark Side" (Kelly Clarkson song), 2012
 * "Dark Side" (Phoebe Ryan song), 2017
 * "Dark Side" (R5 song), 2016
 * "The Dark Side" (song), by Muse, 2018
 * "Dark Side", by Erich Church from The Outsiders, 2014
 * "Dark Side", by The Shadows of Knight, 1966

Songs ("Darkside")

 * "Darkside" (Alan Walker song), 2018
 * "Darkside" (Blink-182 song), 2019
 * "Darkside", by Bring Me the Horizon from Post Human: Nex Gen, 2024
 * "Darkside", by Crazy Town from The Gift of Game, 1999
 * "Darkside", by Lil Wayne from Funeral, 2020
 * "Darkside", by Lindsey Stirling from Artemis, 2019
 * "Darkside", by Shinedown from Attention Attention, 2018
 * "Darkside", by Ty Dolla Sign and Future from Bright: The Album, 2017
 * "DarkSide", by Zara Larsson from Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself, 2013

Other uses

 * DarkSide (dark matter experiment), an affiliation of physicists searching for dark matter
 * DarkSide (hacker group), a hacking group responsible for ransomware attacks.
 * The night portion of a planetary body, defined by the terminator line

title: Dark side


text:
Passai

Passai (katakana パッサイ), also Bassai (バッサイ), is a karate kata. According to Motobu Chōki, the Passai kata was one of the three most practiced kata in Okinawa, along with Naihanchi and Kūsankū, but was already lost in China at the time. Originally there were two types of Passai, Dai (大, lit. 'big') and Shō (小, lit. 'small'), but today there are many different variations depending on the school. In 1935, Gichin Funakoshi changed the name of the Passai Dai (パッサイ大) to Bassai Shodan (抜塞初段, now Bassai Dai) to reflect the Japanese pronunciation and Kanji, and the pronunciation Bassai was subsequently popularized on the Japanese mainland.

The Passai kata is practiced today in various Korean martial arts besides karate, such as Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, and Soo Bahk Do. In Korean, the kata have several names: Bassahee, Bal Se, Pal Che, Palsek, Bal Sae, Ba Sa Hee, and Bal Sak. The kata focus on the idea of changing disadvantage into advantage by strong and courageous response, switching blocks and differing degrees of power. The feeling of kata should be precise, with fast execution of technique and attention given to appropriate balance between speed and power. Passai kata are usually classed as intermediate.

History
Passai is a kata of karate that originated in the Ryukyu Kingdom (present-day Okinawa Prefecture, Japan), but its origins are unknown. According to Motobu Chōki, the kata was introduced to Ryūkyū from China but was lost in China. After the restoration of diplomatic relations between Japan and China in 1972, many Japanese karate practitioners have conducted research mainly in Fujian Province, China, but the original forms of many karate kata, including Passai, have not been discovered to this day.

One of the leading theories regarding the origin of Passai relates to the lion dance performed in Fujian Province. The lion dance is called "拍獅" (lit. 'beat lion') in Fujian, which is pronounced "pa sai" in Fuzhou and "phah sai" in Quanzhou (Minnan), respectively.

In his 1922 book, Gichin Funakoshi names the form Passai/パッサイ and provides no Kanji characters to go along with this name. The same "Passai" spelling is used by Motobu Chōki in 1926. By 1936, Funakoshi switches to calling the form Bassai/バッサイ but uses the characters "拔塞" which he spells as "Passai/パッサイ". "Bassai/Bá-sāi" would be the Chinese pronunciation of "拔塞", which in Japanese would be pronounced "Batsu-sai/ バツサイ".

Whereas the Japanese meaning of "拔(batsu)" is "to pull out or to extract", in Chinese "拔(bá)" can mean "to seize or capture"; and "塞(sai/soku)" means a "place of strategic importance" or fort. Thus, Funakoshi's characters of "Bá sāi(拔塞)" would mean "to seize or capture" a "place of importance/fortress." However, the 1973 translation of Karate-do Kyohan lists Funakoshi's explanation of the form name as "Breaking through an enemy's fortress."

The Korean Hangul spelling of the Hanja "拔塞" is "bal-chae (발채) ". Hwang Kee spells the form as both Basahee and Bassai, stating "the original name of the form is Pal Che (拔柴) [sic]". Both Hwang Kee claiming the form is affiliated with the "So Rim Sa" and Gichin Funakoshi who indicates the form is of "Shōrin-ryū /少林流"  attribute the form to Chinese Shaolin/少林 styles, although originally, Funakoshi spelled this as "昭林流 [sic]".

Versions
Of the Okinawan versions of Passai, a clear evolutionary link can be seen from Matsumura no Passai (named after the legendary Sokon Matsumura), to Oyadomari no Passai (named after the Tomari-te karate master Kokan Oyadomari), and then onto the Passai of Anko Itosu who popularized karate by introducing it into the curriculum of Okinawan schools. The Matsumura version has a distinct Chinese flavour, whereas the Oyadomari version is more "Okinawanized". It was further modified by Itosu, and is thought to have created a "sho" (Passai sho) form of it. Gichin Funakoshi of Shotokan took it to Japan and taught them as Bassai dai and Bassai sho. The Tomari style which incorporated Oyadomari no Passai was passed down the Oyadomari family for three generations, originally taught by a Chinese living in Tomari (possibly named Anan), who "used very light techniques". Sokon Matsumura also learned Chinese boxing from the military attachés Ason and Iwah at Fuzhou.

The Okinawans did not have a clear definition for the name "Passai" for Funakoshi to translate into Japanese, so he substituted it with a similar-sounding kanji, "Bassai". This can be literally translated to mean "extract from a fortress" or "remove an obstruction". This is thought to be in reference to the power with which the kata should be executed, emphasizing energy generation from the hips and waist. However, the designation of Bassai by the Japanese does not appear to have a direct relation to movements in the kata or its origins.

The Shorin-ryu version of Passai bears a close resemblance to Oyadomari no Passai, and is a much softer kata than Shotokan's Bassai dai. Further evidence that Passai has roots in Tomari city is that Passai dai starts with the right fist covered by the left hand, like other kata thought to have originated there, such as Jitte, Jion, Jiin and Empi. This hand gesture is a common salutation in China. However, there is some contention between researchers as to if there was a separate Tomari school of karate.

The suffix -dai means "large" and -sho "small". Hence, Passai sho is a shorter variation on Passai and also bears some resemblances to Bassai dai, indicating this kata may have been born out of combining elements of Passai and Passai sho. One notable point is that bunkai describes it as a defense against a bo.

Itosu is thought to have created this from a version of Bassai practiced in Shuri city. To confuse matters even more Bassai Sho is written exactly the same way as a Chinese form known as baji xiao which has a counterpart form known as baji da (from the bajiquan style), so perhaps this kata pair and the Dai-Sho naming scheme originates from China, invalidating the claim Itosu authored most of the -sho kata.

title: Passai


text:
User:Juzeris/monobook.js

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title: User:Juzeris/monobook.js


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Anders Andersen

Anders Andersen may refer to:
 * Anders Andersen (Norway) (1846–1931), Norwegian politician, founder of the Norwegian Labour Party
 * Anders Andersen (Denmark), Danish politician, finance minister, 1973–1975
 * Anders Andersen (wrestler) (1881–1961), Danish Greco-Roman wrestler in the 1908 Summer Olympics
 * Anders Andersen (speedway rider) (born 1988), Danish motorcycle speedway rider
 * Anders Hartington Andersen (1907–1996), Danish marathon runner, 1932-6 Olympics

title: Anders Andersen


text: User talk:80.134.211.188

title: User talk:80.134.211.188


text:
User talk:YCCHAN

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers such as yourself:

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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Spinboy 22:14, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:YCCHAN


text:
Seisan

The karate kata Seisan (十三) (alternate names Sesan, Seishan, Jusan, Hangetsu) literally means '13'. Some people refer to the kata as '13 Hands', '13 Fists', '13 Techniques', '13 Steps' or even '13 killing positions'; however, these names have no historical basis.

Seisan is thought to be one of the oldest kata, being quite spread among other Nahate schools. Shito-Ryū has its own version similar to Sanchin and different versions are now practiced even in Shuri-te derivatives like Shotokan (called Hangetsu) and in Wado-Ryū (called Seishan). Isshin-ryū also adopted this kata. Korean Tang Soo Do adopted it, and it is called either by its original name Sei-Shan or Seishan, or by Ban Wol which is the Korean translation of Hangetsu ("half moon"). Due to its difficulty, this kata is often reserved for advanced Tang Soo Do students.

Practicing styles
The following styles have made this kata a formal part of their curriculum.

 * Chitō-ryū
 * Gōjū-ryū
 * Go-Kan-Ryu
 * Isshin-ryū
 * Isshin Kempo
 * Koryu Uchinadi
 * Meibukan
 * Moo Duk Kwan
 * Ninjutu Shito Ryu
 * Ryū-te
 * Ryūei-ryū
 * Seito Matsumura-ryu
 * Shōrin-ryū Seibukan
 * Shōrin-ryū Okinawa Seidokan
 * Shōrin-ryū
 * Shōrinji-ryū
 * Shinki-ryu
 * Shitō-ryū
 * Shorinjiryu Koshinkai Karatedo
 * Shotokan
 * Kaminohenshi-ryu karate
 * Tang Soo Do
 * Uechi-ryū
 * Wadō-ryū
 * Shingo-ha Yoshukai Karate
 * Yoshukai Karate
 * Shindo-ryu Karate
 * Kiaido Ryu
 * JKF Renbukai
 * Ronin Kempo - Jutsu

Myth and history
There are numerous theories regarding the name of the kata. These include the number of steps originally in the kata, the number of different types of 'power' or 'energy' in the kata, the number of applications, or that the kata represents defense against 13 specific types of attack. None of these explanations have actual historical support. While it is believed Seisan derives from Yong Chun White Crane Boxing from Fujian Province in Southern China, where the form is known as 'Four Gate Hands', this remains completely unproven and uncorroborated. There are some other Chinese styles having a form called 'Shisan' (13) in their curricula. According to research conducted by Emanuel Giordano, the kata would derive from the Chinese form 三戰十字 San Zhan Shizi.

Variations
Versions of Seisan taught today have roots in Shuri-te, Naha-te and Tomari-te streams of karate that are believe to have been traditionally taught in the Okinawan towns of Shuri, Naha and Tomari respectively.

Uechi-Ryū Seisan
This is the second of the three kata of Pangai-noon learned and then taught by Kanbun Uechi. It has obvious foundations in Sanchin, relying primarily on the "Sanchin stance" or sanchin dachi (三戦立ち) and opening as does Uechi-Ryū Sanchin for three strikes then later returning to these strikes near the end of the kata. Compared with other versions of the kata, Uechi-Ryū's is very different. The kata introduces some of the basic techniques such as knee strikes, the one-knuckle punch shōken zuki (小拳突き), spearhand nukite (貫手突き), and the front kick shōmen geri (正面蹴り) which were then incorporated in the "bridging" kata created by Kanbun Uechi's son and senior students between Sanchin and Seisan. In modern Uechi-Ryū, it is the fifth kata learned and the one tested for the first "black belt" or shodan (初段) grade.

Isshin-Ryū Seisan
Isshin-Ryū traditionally teaches this kata as the first one to be learned in their curriculum, unlike other styles. As is a feature of the style, all punches are performed with a vertical fist. The founder's primary teacher of the kata was Chotoku Kyan of the Shorin-Ryū style, but the Isshin-ryu version also shares many features with the Goju-Ryū style, including tension and breathing techniques.

Goju-Ryū Seisan
The Goju-Ryū (Naha-te) version of the kata is a more complicated version that contains close range fighting techniques such as short-range punches, low kicks, and directional changes to unbalance the opponent. It contains techniques performed under full tension through the range of motion, as well as strong fast techniques. Seisan is said to complement Seiunchin. Although rooted in the same form, significant differences can be seen in the Goju version compared to the other versions mentioned above.

Seibukan Shorin-Ryū Seisan
The version of Seisan taught in the Seibukan Shorin-Ryū syllabus can be traced back to Sōkon 'Bushi' Matsumura (a highly influential teacher to Shorin styles, hence the name Matsumura-no-Seisan). The form predominantly features the stance Shiko-Dachi (common in Tomari-te kata) accompanying a block which often sets up a powerful pivot and punch into Zenkutsu-dachi. This form introduces many recurring concepts used in higher level Seibukan Shorin-Ryu kata.

Okinawa Seidokan Shorin-Ryū Seisan
Very closely resembling the Seibukan Shorin-Ryū Seisan from the same lineage the Okinawa Seidokan system traditionally teaches Matsumura-no-Seisan as the first kata in their curriculum. Though not considered a basic kata, the Okinawa Seidokan version is foundational in teaching koshi (trunkial twist power) from a beginners onset. The use of the shiko dachi (四股立), zenkutsu dachi (前屈立), and neko-ashi dachi (猫足立) serve to build up the legs of the practitioner for low travel and centered transitioning. Traditionally the regular performance is performed to a regular counting cadence maintaining the same tempo throughout the kata. However, Okinawa Seidokan also teaches a slowed down version where every count performs breathing similar to Goju-Ryū's Sanchin kata where breathing in and out is timed upon every outward movement. This slower version is called 'Seisan Breath' and taught to higher level students to develop internal martial arts. This kata is considered a gateway kata to understanding applications of many Shorin-Ryū kata following in the system.

Shotokan Hangetsu
Hangetsu contains many slow movements under tension, popular in Naha-te schools such as Goju-Ryū, but rare in Shotokan and Shuri-te influenced styles making the kata quite unique. Funakoshi was taught by Sokon Matsumura (Shuri-te), Kodatsu Iha (a student of Kosaku Matsumora of Tomari-te) and Seisho Aragaki (associated with Goju-Ryū) all of which had knowledge of a version of Seisan. Funakoshi's could have taken the best from these contrasting styles synthesising them into Hangetsu, which possibly explains why the form is so different from other kata in the Shotokan canon.

Aragaki no Seisan
Another more obscure version of this kata known as Aragaki-no-Seisan, bears the closest surface resemblance to the Shotokan kata Hangetsu. The Shotokan version was probably renamed when Gichin Funakoshi formed his school in Japan. Hangetsu translates to 'Half Moon' or 'Half Month' a reference to the half-moon stance used extensively and the semi-circular stepping actions in this kata. The name Seisan could have been a reference to the 13-day cycle of the Moon's phases, and knowing this Funakoshi named the kata 'Half Moon/Month'. A more obscure and unlikely theory is that the kata was taken from a Chinese folk dance where the performer is explaining the importance of the tides as they cycle on 13-day intervals as the Moon revolves around the Earth.

title: Seisan


text:
User:Mellowflask

"Of all human pursuits, the pursuit of wisdom is the more perfect, the more noble, the more useful, and the more full of joy." --St Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles 1:2

"for life is not a paragraph

And death i think is no parenthesis" e.e.cummings

“Oh I with there were some words in the world that were not the words I always hear!” donald barthelme

And I never started to plow in my life that someone did not stop in the road and take me away to a dance or picnic. I ended up with forty acres; I ended up with a broken fiddle -- And a broken laugh, and a thousand memories, And not a single regret. Fiddler Jones - Edgar lee masters

What good fortune for governments that the people don't think - A. Hitler

It loved to happen Marcus Aurelius

The happiness of being with people Kafka

Alis volat propriis

There isn’t anyone out there who isn’t Seymour’s fat lady. J.D. Salinger

title: User:Mellowflask


text:
Uničov

Uničov (Mährisch Neustadt) is a town in Olomouc District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 11,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The villages of Benkov, Brníčko, Dětřichov, Dolní Sukolom, Horní Sukolom, Nová Dědina, Renoty and Střelice are administrative parts of Uničov.

Etymology
The name Uničov is derived from the personal name Unič. At the beginning of the 13th century, a town was founded on the site of the original village, which is the cause of the Latin name Nova civitas and German name Neustadt, both meaning 'New Town'. The German adjective Mährisch (i.e. 'Moravian') was given in the 18th century to distinguish it from other places with the same name.

Geography
Uničov is located about 21 km northwest of Olomouc. It lies in a flat agricultural landscape of the Upper Morava Valley lowland. The Oslava River flows through the town. The western tip of the municipal territory extends into the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area.

History
Uničov is one of the seven royal Moravian towns. It was founded around 1213 by the Margrave Vladislaus III, the brother of King Ottokar I of Bohemia. It received Magdeburg rights in 1223 and was granted further privileges by Ottokar's successor King Wenceslaus I in 1234. The town was to become a centre of ore and precious metal mining, but the deposits were not so plentiful. The town therefore reoriented itself to trade and crafts, and in 1327 it was fortified.

Until the Hussite Wars, town administration of Uničov was controlled by German colonizers. In 1422, Hussite forces under the command of Sigismund Korybut occupied the town and got rid of the German administration. After the accession of the Hussite king George of Poděbrady in 1458, the town became a centre of the new confession until it fell to his rival Matthias Corvinus in 1479.

A part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526, Uničov prospered until the Battle of White Mountain in 1620. For participating in the Bohemian rebellion, the town was divested of its privileges by Emperor Ferdinand II and made a subject of the Austrian House of Liechtenstein, a verdict that however was overruled a few years later.

The citizens nevertheless suffered severely in the Thirty Years' War, when in 1642 the town was occupied by Swedish troops. In 1643, a large fire further damaged Uničov. The Swedes did not leave the town until 1650. The town recovered only slowly from the consequences of the war and had economic problems. Uničov became a small rural town.

After the Seven Years' War, Emperor Joseph II met here with the Prussian king Frederick the Great in 1770, a rapprochement of the former enemies that would lead to the First Partition of Poland two years later.

After World War II, the remaining German population was expelled. In 1948, the construction of a large engineering plant began, which led to the migration of new residents to the town.

Economy
The main commercial activity of Uničov nowadays takes place at the engineering-metallurgical complex UNEX. This heavy engineering company is worldwide known for its production of bucket-wheel excavators.

Transport
Uničov lies on a railway line heading from Olomouc to Šumperk.

Sights
The town hall is landmark of the town square, located in the middle of the square. It was built in the late 14th or early 15th century and originally served as a market house. The town hall was rebuilt several times and lost its Gothic character. Gradually a 45 m high tower and a chapel (now a ceremonial hall) were added. In the 19th century, it was rebuilt to its current pseudo-Renaissance form.

In the middle of the square is also a 22 m high Marian column, one of the most significant in Moravia. It was completed in 1743.

The Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary comes from the first half of the 14th century. It is a significant example of Gothic and late Renaissance architecture. The church burned down a total of eight times and was therefore repaired and modified many times. it has two towers, one of them being octagonal.

The Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross is a remnant of a Minorite monastery complex that was abolished in the 19th century. In addition to the baroque rebuilt part, the original gothic part is also visible. Today it serves as a concert hall.

Vodní branka ("water gate") is an architecturally valuable Renaissance building that was part of the town fortifications and served as armory. Today it is the town museum.

Notable people

 * Sigismund Albicus (c. 1360–1427), Archbishop of Prague
 * Leopold Waber (1875–1945), Austrian lawyer and politician
 * Petr Uličný (born 1950), football player and manager
 * Jan Březina (born 1954), politician; served as Uničov mayor in 1995–1997
 * Jan Hruška (born 1975), bicycle racer
 * Lukáš Plšek (born 1983), ice hockey player

Twin towns – sister cities
Uničov is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Bieruń-Lędziny County, Poland
 * 🇺🇦 Dubno, Ukraine
 * 🇸🇰 Jelšava, Slovakia
 * 🇵🇱 Lędziny, Poland
 * 🇮🇹 Roccagorga, Italy

title: Uničov


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User talk:FullHouse

Full House is serbian gangsta rapper. Born in Kragujevac 1990 with name Marko Krstic. In hip hop scene known like Full House or Joe Canabis. His first album was named "Ride cool car or die easely". In year 2004 he created with Big Black rap group named WSC (WestSide criminals). He hoped in future to become american hip hop artist. On the album "Ride cool car or die easely" he have 15 songs (Thug love, 2pac's revange...)

title: User talk:FullHouse