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Civil code of Argentina

The Civil Code of Argentina was the legal code in force between 1871 and 2015, which formed the foundation of the system of civil law in Argentina. It was written by Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield, as the culmination of a series of attempts to codify civil law in Argentina. The original code was approved on September 25, 1869, by the passage of Law 340, and became active on January 1, 1871. With numerous subsequent modifications, it continued to be the foundation of Argentine civil law (Derecho civil argentino) for more than a century. On 1 August 2015, the Civil Code of Argentina was replaced by a new Civil and Commercial Code - Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación.

Vélez Sársfield's code reflects the influence of the continental law and liberal principles of the 17th century. It was also influenced by the great Napoleonic code, the Spanish laws in effect at that time in Argentina, Roman law (especially through the work of Savigny), canon law, the draft of the Brazilian civil code (Esboço de um Código Civil para Brasil) by Freitas, and the influence of the Chilean Civil Code (by Andrés Bello).

Approval of the Argentine civil code was necessary for judicial reasons and political reasons. It gave a new coherence and unity to civil law. The civil code's authority over provincial law improved the inconsistent existing legislation throughout the country at the time. This unity and coherence would bring two important benefits: it would facilitate both the people's knowledge about the law, as well as its application by judges, the legislation would also strengthen the political independence of the country, through legislative independence and national unity.

In spite of the stability brought by the civil code to the Argentine law system, it was subject to various modifications throughout its history, as was necessary to adequately regulate a society undergoing significant social, political and economical changes. The most important reform was Law 17.711 of April 22, 1968. Not only did the law change around 5% of the complete article, it is especially important due to the change in orientation regarding some regulated institutions. There were also other reform projects that were not implemented. Along with proposals to change institutions and methods, one of them proposed to merge the civil code with the commercial code, following the example of the Italian code.

After decades of deliberations, a new Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación was approved in 2014, and entered into force in 2015, replacing the old code.

Precursors
The codification in Argentina was part of a process being undertaken around the world, due to the advantages that such a systematic approach granted. Indeed, there had been earlier codifications; those completed toward the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century had a strong influence on the compilation of the Civil Code of Argentina. Stemming from these, there were separate attempts at civil codification in the Argentine republic during the first half of the 19th century, but it was finally achieved in 1869.

The unification of the country and its political growth and strengthening demanded the codification of the civil laws, since it was not possible to continue under the uncertainty caused by the inadequate code that existed under the rule of the Spanish.

Before the Civil Code, there had been several attempts to this effect, without success. In 1824, Juan Gregorio de las Heras issued a decree appointing one commission charged with compiling the Commercial Code and another charged with compiling the Military Code, but neither of these two projects' efforts came to fruition. In 1831, the Legislature of Buenos Aires adopted the Spanish Commercial Code compiled in 1829 and created a commission to see to any reforms to it that might be necessary. In 1852, Justo José de Urquiza created a commission of 14 members for the compilation of the Civil, Penal, Commercial and Procedural Codes. However, the revolution of September 11 of that year, which resulted in the secession of the Province of Buenos Aires from the Argentine Confederacy, prevented this project from making any concrete progress.

The Argentine Constitution of 1853, in clause 11 of article 67, authorized the Argentine National Congress to draw up the Civil, Commercial, Penal and Mining Codes. With the intent of fulfilling this constitutional mandate, Facundo Zuviría brought before the Senate a law that would empower the Executive Branch to appoint a commission to complete those tasks. The law was passed and signed by Urquiza, but for financial reasons the initiative was postponed.

In the State of Buenos Aires, an initiative to launch a Civil Code suffered the same fate. On October 17, 1857, a law was passed that authorized the Executive Branch to spend the necessary funds to compile the Civil, Criminal and Procedural Codes, but the initiative was ultimately frustrated. However, the Commercial Code had better luck. The task of compiling that code had been given to Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield and Eduardo Acevedo Maturana, who sent it to the legislature for its approval. The Commercial Code of the State of Buenos Aires was finally passed in 1859, and it was this code that was adopted at the national level in 1862 and amended in 1889.

Legislation in force prior to its sanction
Until the sanction of the Code, the Argentine legislation was based on the Spanish legislation previous to the May Revolution, and on the one called Legislación Patria (Native Legislation).

The Spanish legislation in use in the country was the New Compilation of 1567, since the Newest Compilation of 1805 did not have application before the revolution. The New Compilation contained laws coming from the Fuero Real (Royal Jurisdiction), the Ordenamiento de Alcalá (the Code Law Reordering of Alcalá), the Reordering of Montalvo and the Laws of Toro. In order of importance: Nevertheless, the Siete Partidas (Seven-Part Codes) were more often applied due to their prestige, the extension of the addressed matters, and the further knowledge of them by judges and lawyers.
 * 1st New Compilation,
 * 2nd Fuero Real,
 * 3rd Fuero Juzgo,
 * 4th Fuero viejo de Castilla (Old Fuero of Castile),
 * 5th the Partidas.

The Legislación Patria was composed of the laws sanctioned by the provincial and national governments. These laws were of considerably less importance compared to the Spanish legislation and weren't altered, confirming the principle according to which the political emancipation lets endure the previous private Law until the new State arranges otherwise, in exercise of its sovereignty.

The primary national laws were the liberty of wombs (Libertad de Vientres) and of the slaves entering the territory (1813), the suppression of entailed states (mayorazgo) (1813) and of emphyteusis (1826), and the suppression of gentilic retract (1868), that gave the right to re-acquire family real estate sold to a stranger to the nearest relative of the original vendor (up to the 4th grade of kinship).

Other various laws and provincial decrees modifying different institutions existed, as the emancipation by age rating (dictated by Buenos Aires on November 17, 1824, by Tucumán on September 1, 1860, and by Entre Ríos on March 10, 1866); the determination of domicile in the main estate (dictated by Buenos Aires on September 16, 1859), about books of births, matrimonies and deaths, being the parish priests in charge (dictated by Buenos Aires on December 19, 1821, by Jujuy on September 7, 1836, and by Santa Fe on May 17, 1862); about restrictions and limits to the domains (dictated by Buenos Aires on July 27, 1865, by Jujuy in February 1855 and March 7, 1857, and by Córdoba on August 27, 1868); and of the renting of fields (dictated by Santa Fe on July 31, 1837).

Sanction
Argentina had been attempting without success to join the codifying movement in vogue at that time in some of the world's most powerful nations. The creation of the code would bring several advantages to the legislation that was at that time characterized by its dispersion, and consequently, its difficult implementation. The new system would provide mainly a unity and coherence to the civil legislation, and thus it would help it to be known and applied.

There were also reasons of judicial nationalism that were motives for its creation, since it was considered necessary to reaffirm the political independence obtained decades before through legislative independence. The legislation most influential on Argentine law was until then the Spanish legislation, sanctioned centuries before, primarily because national law had minimal influence on private law.

Finally, the sanction of a code was hoped to become an efficient instrument for the consolidation of the national unity that had been expensively obtained only a few years earlier. The unification could have been damaged if the provinces had kept their own laws, or had independently sanctioned new ones to fix the inadequacies in the Spanish one instead of doing it in an unified way.

On June 6, 1863, Law No. 36, sponsored by deputy José María Cabral from Corrientes Province, was passed, which empowered the executive branch to appoint commissions in charge of writing the projects for the Civil, Penal, and Mining Codes and Military Ordinances.

Even though the law allowed for the creation of commissions of several persons, president Bartolomé Mitre decided to put a single person in charge, Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield, through a decree dated October 20, 1864.

Vélez Sársfield redacted the Project for the Civil Code without collaborators other than assistants that would transcribe his drafts. Among them were Victorino de la Plaza, who later would become president, Eduardo Díaz de Vivar and Vélez Sársfield's daughter Aurelia. For the task, Vélez Sársfield withdrew to a country house he owned, located a few kilometers from Buenos Aires city, where he wrote the drafts that his assistants transcribed. The final transcript was delivered to the government for its printing, and was later destroyed. The drafts can currently be found at the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.

As Vélez Sársfield moved forward with his work, he would send it to the executive branch, which would then print and distribute it among the legislators, magistrates, lawyers and "competent persons, to allow them to study the work now and build an opinion of it for the time of its ratification". Vélez Sársfield finished Book I in 1865, the first two sections of Book II in 1866, the third section of that book at the beginning of 1867, Book III in 1868, and Book IV in 1869, finishing the code after 4 years and 2 months of work.

The project completed, President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento sent a note to the Congress on August 25, 1869, proposing the law that would ratify the project of the Civil Code. In the message, Sarmiento recommended immediate implementation, "entrusting its reform to the passage of future laws that will be enacted as experience dictates their necessity".

The Chamber of Deputies approved the project on September 22, 1869, after rejecting various alternate version and objections to its being passed without amendment. The chamber determined that it would become effective on January 1, 1871. It then passed to the Senate, which ratified it on September 25, and it was promulgated by Sarmiento on September 29.

The Project was closed-book endorsed, that is it was accepted without changes to the original, which according to Llambías did not require any debate:

"Parliamentary bodies, due to their composition and functioning, lack the capacity to undertake the study and analytical debate related to a scientific task of such a delicate systematic nature as a Code. It can only be expected that such debate will become inorganic and endless, and that in the case of the passage of proposed amendments the coherence of the general system will be ruined, through the failure to recognize that the main advantage of codifying efforts resides in the methodizing of the law, which allows the maximum usefulness to be obtained from it later."

The endorsement of the Civil Code represented a great improvement over the previous legal regime, and fused modern advances in doctrine with local customs and active law.

Sources of the Civil Code
In his work on the Code, Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield was inspired by contemporary and older codes, by national and international law, and to a large extent by the prevailing doctrines of the period. These sources can be classified as follows: Roman law, Spanish and Argentine law, canon law, the Napoleonic Code and its commentaries, the work of Freitas, and various other minor sources.

Roman law
Roman law was not a direct influence on the civil code in the sense that none of its dispositions were directly extracted from the Corpus Iuris Civilis or from any Roman jurist's passage. Nevertheless, Vélez Sársfield returned to the Roman criteria in some institutions' regulations, even those that hadn't been addressed by the contemporary codification. That was the case of property transmitted by "tradition", as opposed to the French code, which had changed it to transmission by "consentment". Moreover, among the notes of the codifier there are quotes of those laws, but they are second-hand references.

The indirect Roman influence is reflected in the most part in the doctrines used by the author, especially as regards patrimonial structures. The main influence on the work of Vélez Sarsfield was the German Romanist Friedrich Carl von Savigny with his work "System of the present Roman law" (System des heutigen römischen Rechts), used especially referring to legal entities, obligations, property and possession, and the adoption of the domicile principle as a determining element of the law, applicable to the people's marital status and capacity.

Spanish and native legislation
Once he finished the gathering process, Vélez Sársfield was criticized for ignoring the Spanish legislation, which by the time was the one in effect in Argentina. One of these critics was Juan Bautista Alberdi, who was refuted by the modernizing critic and by Vélez himself: "'Had Dr. Alberdi gone at least lightly through my project, he would have found that the first source I make use of at the laws that rule us. The biggest number of articles have a note on the law of Partidas, of the Royal Forum, of the recopilated ones. '"

The influence of this legislation regarding its method and technique was practically null, what can be understood due to the dispersion that characterized it. Nevertheless, on the material, and the sense and reach of the dispositions, Vélez did make use of the old Right, adopting it to the new needs.

The national legislation had little relevance on private law, though it did partially influence on the work of the Coder. Such is the case of the hereditary vocation of the article 3,572, whose antecedent is the law dictated by the legislature of the Buenos Aires Province dictated on May 22, 1857. Vélez had also in mind the uses and customs of the country, especially regarding the family organisation.

Canon law
Canon law had a large influence over family law, especially in the area of matrimony. Vélez Sársfield left matrimony under the jurisdiction of the Catholic Church, taking the institution of canonical marriage and giving it civil effects. But the validity of matrimony was unchanged from the canonical version and the dispositions of the ecclesiastical courts, which would remain until the sanction of the law of civil matrimony. About this, Vélez Sársfield expressed: "'Catholic people, such as the people of the Argentine Republic, would not be able to contract civil matrimony. For them it would be an endless concubinage, condemned by the religion and customs of the country. Any law that would authorize such matrimonies, in the present state of our society, would ignore the mission of the laws, which is to keep and strengthen the power of customs, not to weaken and corrupt them. It would give incentive to Catholic people to ignore the precepts of their religion, without a beneficial result for individuals or families. For those who do not profess the Catholic religion, a law that gives marriage a religious characteristic does not attack in any sense the freedom of cult, for the law doesn't force anyone to renounce their beliefs. Each one can invoke God from the altar of one's own cult.' .'" This resolution by Vélez Sársfield is explained by the uses and customs of that time, as it shows the sanction of a law of civil matrimony by the legislature of the Santa Fe Province in 1867: the law produced a popular reaction that ended with the resignation of the governor and the dissolution of the legislature house, which annulled the law when it was reconstituted.

Napoleon's Code
The influence of this code in the Coder movement proved very important, and the Civil Code of Argentina did not escape from this influence, being in a direct way or through his commentators.

The direct influence can be shown in the 145 articles copied from the French code. But the main direct influence of the commentators is that of the treta of Charles Aubry and Frédéric Charles Rau, specially the third edition published in Paris between 1856 and 1858, of which the Coder took several passages that he used in around 700 articles. The work of Raymond Troplong provided the material for 50 articles related to the testament inheritance, and others for the real rights. From Jean Demolombe he took 52 articles for book IV and 9 for book III, from Chabot he used 18 articles for book IV, and from Zachariae 70 articles.

Freitas's work
The influence of Brazilian lawyer Augusto Teixeira de Freitas came from two of his works: the "Consolidation of the civil laws" (Consolidação das Leis Civis) and his "Draft of a civil code for Brazil" (Esboço de um Código Civil pra Brasil).

The ‘’Consolidation of the civil laws’’ sorts in 1,333 articles the material of the Portuguese legislation, that contained the same dispersion present in the Spanish legislation in use in the Americas. His "Draft" was commended to him by the Empire of Brazil in 1859, but remained unfinished after completion of article 4,908, without reaching the inheritance section. In spite of this, it was one of the most frequently consulted works by Vélez Sársfield; the first three books of the Argentine Civil Code contain more than 1,200 articles from the Draft.

Other sources
Vélez Sársfield also used a number of different Codes and doctrine works that had a secondary influence in the Argentine Civil Code.

After the French Code, the most influential code was the Chilean Civil Code, promulgated on 1855 and written by lawman Andrés Bello. That code was highly valuated by the Argentine Coder, and it is estimated that he based on it for the formulation of 170 articles of the Argentine code.

He also made use of the Code of Louisiana, in which he based for the creation of 52 articles, of the Albertine Code for the Sardonic States, of the legislative Russian consolidation, the Code of Parma, the Code of Two Sicilies, the General Prussian Code of 1874, the Austrian Code of 1811, the Code of New York State and the Italian Code of 1865.

Vélez Sársfield made also use of the 1851 project for the Spanish Civil Code prepared by Florencio García Goyena. That project held 3,000 articles, and it's calculated that it helped in the formulation of 300 articles of the Argentine Code.

Finally, Vélez used 27 articles from the 1851 project for the Uruguayan Civil Code by Eduardo Acevedo Maturana, as well as some references for his notes.

Structure
Method is of crucial importance in a codification work, due its systematic nature, and to the vastness of the subject. Hence it is important to regard and direct man's behavior through general and specific formulae that find their appropriate place among the assembled articles.

Vélez Sársfield dedicated much effort to the selection of an adequate method, and after receiving objections to the use of the methods of Justinian's Institutiones and of the French civil code, he decided to use the one followed by Freitas in his Consolidaçao das Leis Civis, which finds its origins in the teachings of Friedrich Carl von Savigny.

According to Freitas's ideas, it is convenient to commence a Code Law by the general dispositions, then address the ones referred to the subject of every legal relation ("the theory of persons"). But, as men don't live isolated but in their family's bosom, it must be continued with the Family law. Then the individual enters the civil life and establishes links person-to-person: the "obligations", or person-to-the-things submitted to him: the "real property". Finally it must be legislated about the theory of estate, with the "successions" and the "theory of privileges". To end, the institution of prescriptions, that, as referring to the rights as a whole, it was considered appropriate to locate it in a section inside the common dispositions to the real and personal rights.

Thus, the Civil Code organisation is the following:
 * Preliminary titles: the Civil Code begins with two preliminary titles. The first title deals with the laws and elaborated a "general theory of the law". The second refers to the way of counting the intervals in law.
 * Book I: This book is dedicated to the people. Its first section "Of the people in general", deals with the persons themselves, and the second, "On personal rights in family relationships", with the family.
 * Book II: This book is divided into three sections. The first deals with the obligations in general and their limits. The second, talks about the judicial acts and doings that produced the acquisition, modification, transfer and lose of the rights and obligations. Finally, the third deals with obligations from contracts.
 * Book III: This book talks about real rights, dealing with things themselves, or in relation with the persons.
 * Book IV: This book contains a preliminary title about the transmission of rights in general. It then has three sections: the first about successions mortis causa, the second about privileges and right of keeping, and the third about prescription.

Fundamental principles
The compilation of the Civil Code was organized around a set of fundamental principles, which were based on ideas in vogue at the time of its compilation:
 * Sovereign will principle: The terms specified in contracts should be respected as if they were law, insofar as the exercise of a right would not constitute an illicit act. However, jurisprudence has established restrictions on this principle, as specified by Article 953, in the so-called "moral clause": "The object of legal compacts should be acts that are not contrary to respected custom."
 * Responsibility based on fault: Civil responsibility was grounded in the idea of fault. Article 1067 establishes that no punishable illicit act exists where there has been no harm caused, or exterior action that could cause harm, and without the ability to impute Mens rea, fault or negligence to the actor.
 * Absolute right to property: The right of private property allows one to use, enjoy, and even destroy something owned, but there are certain limitations imposed on the reach of this right, and jurisprudence establishes restrictions, based on the aforementioned Article 953. The justification of the right to destroy property is established in the following note found in Article 2.513: "[...] But it must be recognized that with absolute right to property, comes the right to destroy property. Any preventive restriction would cause more harm than good. If the state acts as an arbiter of abuse, soon it will begin to act as arbiter of use, and any real notion of private property and liberty would be lost."
 * Family grounded in indissoluble matrimony: Family law was grounded in the concept of indissoluble matrimony, and parentage was classified according to origin, either from within marriage or outside of wedlock. Children born out of wedlock were further classified as natural, from adultery, from incest, or sacrilegious. This framework excluded non-Catholics, who had only gained the right to marry in 1888, with the reform imposed by Law N° 2.393.

Notes by the Codifier
The Civil Code of Argentina has a unique feature, which is the inclusion of footnotes with the articles, in which Vélez Sársfield explains the origin of, and principles governing, the positions adopted, sometimes citing or inserting laws and paragraphs from a source treatise.

The presence of these notes stems from a request from the Ministry of Justice, that he annotate each article and its conformity to or divergence from laws currently in force in the country, as well as those of the major world powers.

The notes are very valuable from a doctrinal standpoint. In them the codifier states the problem, summarizes the arguments and chooses a solution, always in a succinct manner. As a result, the Code became a veritable treatise on comparative law, which proved to be quite useful, as the bibliographic material available at the end of the 19th century was not plentiful.

It is important to note that the footnotes contain numerous errors and even contradictions vis-à-vis the article text, as can be seen in the text of articles 2.311 and 2.312 and the footnote to the former. Some of these errors are attributable to the codifier, but others are likely due to circumstances beyond his control. There are instances where Vélez Sársfield reworked an entire title or modified a rule without altering the footnotes pertaining to the original edition. In this manner, for example, all the footnotes in Book IV were brought directly from the original drafts by Victorino de la Plaza without any of the pertinent modifications. That said, one should keep in mind that during the editing of Nueva York and La Pampa many modifications from the original text were accumulated.

Editions
The project drawn up by Vélez Sársfield was printed as the author was sending the different books to the government. The first book was printed by the press called "La Nación Argentina"" (The Argentine Nation) in 1865, while the rest of the installments were printed by Pablo Cini in 1866, 1867, 1868 and 1869. During 1869 Vélez trusted Coni with the reprinting of the first book, to maintain homegenity.

This edition, known as the Buenos Aires edition, had many errors, and the numbering of the articles wasn't done with the work as a whole, but independently in every tome. This numbering method resulted very useful at the time of its writing, as the addition or suppression of new articles required minor touch-ups in the group of articles, but once printed was inefficient.

Because of this, President Sarmiento insinuated to the codifier the necessity of making a new version that included the typos corrections. Veléz Sársfield accepted this proposition, and commended this correction work to his cousin Carlos Carranza through a letter: "'...I want to ask you for the ardous service of reading with utmost care the three last books and correcting in them the printing mistakes or replacing and erasing some words that may be missing or have no need to be there. I insist that you do me this favor with all your powers so the official version be good'"

The printing was trusted by Sarmiento to the Argentine minister in Washington, D.C., Manuel García, while the rest of the task was given to the company Hallet Breen, who had quoted $2,000 less than other firms. This edition, renowned as the New York edition, maintained the numbering depending on each tome, and wasn't free of typos either.

Laws of Errata
The first law of Errata was the law No. 527, that sanctioned what the Executive could propose for the new edition of the Civil College New York law, which could introduce a correction of 24 titles.

This was necessary because when the first copies of this edition arrived in the country at the end of 1870, President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento's opposition took advantage of the modifications in the legal code sanctioned by Congress to initiate a media campaign against the government. For this reason Victorino de la Plaza and Aurelio Prado were appointed to compare both versions and report on the existing differences. While they were doing so, on January 1, 1871, President Sarmiento's decree declared the Buenos Aires edition to be official.

In August of that year, Dr. de la Plaza and Dr. Prado reported that they had found 1,882 differences between the two texts, but due to the intrascendencia of many of these alterations, they concluded that the new edition of the code was not contrary to that sanctioned by Congress.

However, public opinion was not amiable with this solution, as it declared official a text only nominally approved by the Congress and had a great amount of misprints besides. This last problem was what the senator for Tucumán Benjamín Paz prepared to rectify, by means of a law project presented in 1878 that noticed 29 new errors. As this project passed through the commissions of the Chambers of Deputies and Senators, the number grew up as far as 285. This 285 errors are the ones that the Law No. 1196 corrects, sanctioned August 29, 1882, commonly known as the Law of Errata, though it was the second of its kind to be sanctioned.

But all the corrections were not limited to merely formal adjustments: some of them introduced changes in the doctrine of the Civil Code edited by Vélez Sársfield. This is the case of the alteration introduced in the article 325, in whom it was added as a requisite sine qua non the state of natural son to start an action of paternity after the father's death: "'The natural children have the right to be recognised by the father of mother, or to be declared as such by the judge, when the parents denied them as being their children, admitting in the paternity of maternity investigation all the proofs that are admitted to prove the facts, and that concur to demonstrate the natural paternity. Not being in the possession of this state, this right can only be exercised by the children during the lifes of the parents'"

The Law 1,196 also established the making of a new edition that included the corrections stated in that law. Abiding that disposition, in 1883 the third edition of the Civil Code was made, known as The Pampa edition for the name of the workshop who did the printing. This edition includes an important modification, being that the articles are number as whole.

In 1900, President Julio A. Roca ordered a new edition that eliminated the articles revoked by the Civil Marriage Law and introduced the new dispositions without altering the numbering of the non-modified articles. At the end of the task, the project was sent to the national government, who in turn passed it to the Faculty of Law of the University of Buenos Aires to examine it. The Faculty designated a commission, who after the investigation determined that the project introduced reforms in the law doctrine. After asking for a competence extension, the Commission proposed this modifications in 1903, although the project was never dealt with by the Congress.

Reforms
The rationalist notion that all law should be condensed and comprehensively written in a code was challenged by social, economic and political mutations which imposed a need for the text to be constantly updated. One of the issues that divide the doctrine on this subject is the question of whether it is more convenient to make partial reforms of the code or to completely substitute it with another one.

Until recent times, the Civil Code has only been partially reformed, the most notable reform effort being that associated with Law 17.711. Nevertheless, there have been several projects to replace the Code completely, including one that went so far as to attempt to merge it with the Commercial Code.

Partial reforms
The changes in these laws were made by the court system or by legislative reform, and the ones listed here are only the most influential.
 * Civil marriage law: The original civil code denied non-Catholics the right to marry. On November 12, 1888, law number 2,393 provided the right of civil marriage, effective immediately.
 * Women's civil right's law. On September 14, 1926, law number 11,357 provided more legal rights for married women.
 * Name: The regulation of people's names was addressed as usually by the codifier, as the decrees 11,609/1943 and 410/1946 regulated this institution.
 * Adoption law: The original civil code did not regulate adoption. On September 23, 1948, law number 13,252 created regulations.
 * Law of horizontal property: Vélez Sársfield had forbidden the horizontal subdivision of property, which was overruled by law 13,512 made on September 30, 1948.
 * Sales of real estate by installments or sales of fractioned real estate: The Law No. 14,005 regulated the sale by installments of sets of estates, in order to guide the buyers. It was later modified by the Law No. 23,266.
 * Land registry and prescription: On October 3 the Law No. 14,159 was sanctioned, establishing rules about the cadastre and the acquisition of real estate by prescription.
 * Law about children born inside and outside marriage: Law number 14,367, approved on October 11, 1954, partially removed distinctions between children born inside and outside marriage.
 * Regime about minors and family: Law 14,394 of December 30, 1954 modifies the penal regime of the minors, the minimum age to marry, the simple absence and the decease presumption, and incorporated the family good, which cannot been executed by a debt subsequent to the constitution as such. Another special feature of this law is that in its article 31 implements for the first time in the Argentine legislation the divorce, as part of the fight between Juan Domingo Perón's government and the Catholic Church. After the Revolución Libertadora that overthrew Perón, this reform was suspended by the order in council 4070/1956, and later substituted by the law 23,515 in 1987.
 * Registry of motor vehicles: The order in council 6582/1958 created the National Registry of Motor Vehicles Property and made compulsory the registry of the legal businesses which transmitted their property.
 * Name of physical persons: The existent regulations about the name were replaced by Law No. 18,248, promulgated on October 28, 1968.
 * Adoption: The old law was replaced by law number 19,134 on June 3, 1971.
 * Foundations: Foundations had a void in the code, until Law No. 19,386, which came into effect on September 25, 1972, regulated the regime.
 * Right of private life: On September 30, 1975, Law No. 21,173 was sanctioned, which included the article 1071 bis on the code regulating said right.
 * Transplants: The national regime on organ transplants was determined by Law number 21,541, approved on March 18, 1977.
 * Marks and brands: This regime, used for livestock identification, was incorporated to the legislation by means of Law No. 22,939 of October 6, 1983. Previously it was regulated by the rural codes.
 * Law of blood: Law No. 22,990 of November 20, 1983 regulates the uses of human blood.
 * Filiation and paternity authority: Law No. 23,264 of September 25, 1985 compares the children born outside marriage at the same level to those born within, and establishes that parental responsibility can be exercised by both parents.
 * Civil marriage: Law No. 23,515 modifies the matrimony regime, and reestablishes the divorce, which had been suspended since 1956.
 * Pact of San José, Costa Rica: Law No. 23,504 ratified the American Convention on Human Rights which sought to consolidate human rights.
 * Elimination of all kind of woman discrimination: The ratification of the Convention about the Elimination of all kinds of Discrimination against Women was product of Law No. 23,179.
 * Convertibility Law: The so-called Convertibility Law fixed the exchange-rate between australs and dollars, and introduced some reforms to the Civil Code's regime. This law, No. 23,928, allowed to convene that the agreed obligations in a foreign currency were to be resolved only in the stipulated currency. This reforms survived the abandoning of the convertibility regime by the Law No. 25,561.
 * Law of escrow and leasing: Law No. 24,441 incorporated the contract of escrow and leasing, which meant a great advance for the Argentine legislation.

Law No. 17,711
In 1966 the State Secretary Office of Justice designated a commission to evaluate a reform to the Civil Code, without determining whether it should be total or partial. In the beginning the commission was made up of Roberto Martínez Ruiz, José Bidau, Guillermo Borda, Abel Fleitas, José López Olaciregui, Dalmiro Alsina Atienza and Alberto Spota; although after the resignation of the last three, only the doctors Bidau, Fleitas and Martínez Ruiz formed the project. Borda occupied at that moment the position of Interior minister, but that didn't stop him from contributing to the project, as the elevation note established, giving "evidence of the valuable and effective collaboration made by the minister of Interior, the doctor Guillermo A. Borda, who dedicated long hours to the deliberations (of the Commission), in spite of the multiple tasks due to the official duties of the position he currently occupies"

Law No. 17,711 was sanctioned on April 22, 1968, and came into force on July 1 that same year. This law affects approximately 5% of the Civil Code articles (200 articles in whole), but its importance transcends numbers, as it changes some of the backbone criteria of the established regime.

Among the most important changes, this reform included the theory of abuse of rights, the lesion vice, the good faith principle as the rule for interpretation in contracts, the theory of unforeseenness, the limitation of the absolute character of the property, the generous repairing of moral damage in the contractual and extra-contractual civil responsibility, the possibility of reducing the compensation in the forced crimes, the solidarity of the co-authors of forced crimes, the automatic delay as a rule in obligations with deadlines, the implicit resolutory condition in contracts, the registry inscription as publicity for the transmission of property rights on real estate, the protection of third parties with good faith sub-acquirants of property or personal rights in case of nullity, the acquisition of age at 21, the emancipation by age abilitation, the extension of the capacity of the working minor, the personal separation by joint proposal and modification of the succession order.

Although not all the doctrine agreed then with the changes made by the law, which gave it many criticisms, time proved that the reform was an important advance in the Argentine civil legislation.

Bibiloni Draft
This was the first project for integral reform of the Civil Code, which took place in 1926. This project was begun by the Law No. 12,542 and then expanded by 13,156, which established a committee formed by a member designated by the Supreme Court of Argentina, another member by the National Academy of Legal Science (Academia Nacional de Ciencias Jurídicas), designated by each of the Civil Courts (Cámaras Civiles) of the Nation's Capital, another member by the Bar Association and another by the department of Right (facultades de Derecho) of the national universities of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, La Plata, and del Litoral.

The resulting committee was formed by Roberto Repetto, Julián Pera, Raymundo Salvat, Juan Bibiloni, Héctor Lafaille, Enrique Martínez Paz, Juan Carlos Rébora, José Gervasoni and Rodolfo Rivarola. This committee suffered a few changes, as Salvat resigned and was replaced by César de Tezanos Pinto, while Pera, who ascended to the position of minister of the Supreme Court, was replaced at first by Mariano de Vedia y Mitre and then by Gastón Tobal.

Doctor Bibiloni was commissioned the writing of the draft, which would serve as an orientation for debates. Bibiloni finished in six years, but while he was working different books with the same purpose were being published, similar to Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield's bill. Because of this, the committee had started to have debates since 1926 and not 1932.

This draft has a great influence in German judicial science, not only directly in the German Civil Code, but also through its commentaries. The code also used the same doctoring tool as Vélez Sársfield, the inclusion of footnotes to establish resolutions.

Draft of 1936
The commission utilized the first draft edited by Bibiloni, but expanded it into a draft law which had great differences with Bibiloni's. Once finished with the first draft, the commission designated Lafaille and Tobal as editors, who sometimes disagreed with what was decided by the commission, and they managed to finish the draft in 1936. In spite of the changes made, the draft was signed by the editors and by Repetto, Rivarola and Martínez Paz.

As far as its methodology, the draft contained a General Section, in which it deals with people, the facts, the things, the practising of the rights and the prescription; and four books in which it deals with the family, the obligations and their sources, the real rights and the succession, and finally it features a law of registries.

The whole of the articles of the project is relatively brief; it had 2,144 articles. Each article grouped in several paragraphs the solution to the issues related with the subject that was dealt with in the article, which made them dense but facilitated their study.

After the conclusion of editing in 1936, the draft was sent to the National Executive Power on October 10 of that year. The Executive Power sent the draft to Congress, but it was never ratified.

1954 Draft
The draft for the Civil Code was written in 1954 by the "Institute of Civil Right" (Instituto de Derecho Civil), dependent on the Ministry of Justice. Jorge Joaquín Llambías was the head of the project, with Roberto Ponssa, Jorge Mazzinghi, Jorge Bargalló Cirio and Ricardo Alberdi as collaborators.

The draft contained 1,839 articles, a very small number in comparison with the present Civil Code and other previous projects. Such synthesis was achieved by omitting the repetition of general principles, and defining only the differences to those general principles in the description of the code for particular institutions.

The used method contains a Preliminary Title, which consists of three chapters with the general resolution, norm on private international law, and the computation of time periods. Divided in five books, Book I deals with the general principles, the persons, property, facts and juridical acts; Book II with the family, Book III deals with inheritance; Book IV with the obligations and Book V regulates the real and intellectual rights.

Because of the Revolución Libertadora coup d'état, the project never reached legislative treatment, and remained inedited until 1968, when it was edited by the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán.

Project of legislative unification
Article 75 of the Argentine Constitution, at section 12, empowers the Argentine National Congress to dictate the Civil, Commercial, Penal, Mining and Work, and Social Security codes. Because of this, part of the doctrine sustained that the Constitution obstructed the legislative unification. Nevertheless, the authors argued that it is not written in which way it should be done, be it by one single body or more.

In 1986, the General Legislative Commission of the Chamber of Deputies created a committee for the "unification of the civil and commercial legislation", designing Héctor Alegría, Atilio Alterini, Jorge Alterini, Miguel Araya, Francisco de la Vega, Sergio Le Pera and Ana Piaggi as advisors, to whom would later join Horacio Fargosi.

On April 22, 1987, the project was raised, and on July 15 sanctioned by the Chamber of Deputies. The project moved on to the Senate, where a temporary commission was formed, which made several reforms, but didn't arrive to a conclusive judgement since its duration was not renovated after the originally intended six months.

At the end of 1991 the law was sanctioned with no modifications by the Senate, but later the Executive Power, considering it inadequate to the new political and economical situation, decided to veto it.

Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación
After decades of deliberations, a new code - Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación - was approved in 2014 and entered into force in 2015, replacing the old code.

title: Civil code of Argentina


text:
Urvashi Butalia

Urvashi Butalia (born 1952) is an Indian feminist writer, publisher and activist. She is known for her work in the women's movement of India, as well as for authoring books such as The Other Side of Silence: Voices from and the Partition of India and Speaking Peace: Women's Voices from Kashmir.

Along with Ritu Menon, she co-founded Kali for Women, India's first feminist publishing house, in 1984. In 2003, she founded Zubaan Books, an imprint of Kali for Women.

In 2011, Butalia and Menon were jointly awarded the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award, for their work in Literature and Education.

Early life and education
Butalia was born in Ambala, Punjab, into a progressive and atheist family of Punjabi heritage. She is the third of four children of Subhadra and Joginder Singh Butalia. Her mother ran a counselling centre for women. Butalia has one [older] sister, Bela, and two brothers, Pankaj and Rahul. Pankaj Butalia is a left-wing documentary filmmaker best known for a documentary on the miserable conditions of widows living in Vrindavan.

Butalia earned a BA in literature from Miranda House, Delhi University, in 1971, a Master's degree in literature from Delhi University in 1973, and a Master's in South Asian Studies from the University of London in 1977. She speaks Hindi, Punjabi and Bengali, along with English, Italian and French.

Career

Butalia started her career working with Oxford University Press in Delhi. She worked for a year at their Oxford headquarters, before moving briefly to London-based Zed Books as an editor in 1982. She then returned to India and, along with Ritu Menon, set up a feminist publishing house, Kali for Women, in 1984.

Butalia engages herself in teaching at the Young India Fellowship at Ashoka University through her course on women, society and changing India.

Butalia's main areas of interest are the Partition and oral histories from a feminist and left-wing perspective. She has written on gender, communalism, fundamentalism and media. Her writings have appeared in several newspapers and magazines, including The Guardian, the New Internationalist, The Statesman, The Times of India, Outlook and India Today. She has been a regular columnist for the left-wing Tehelka and for Indian Printer and Publisher, a business-to-business (B2B) publication dealing with the print and publishing industry.

Butalia is a consultant for Oxfam India and holds the position of Reader at the College of Vocational Studies at the University of Delhi.

Kali for Women
Kali for Women, India's first exclusively feminist publishing house, which Butalia co-founded with Ritu Menon, was set up in 1984 as a trust to increase the body of knowledge on women in the Third World, to give voice to such knowledge as already exists, and provide a forum for women writers, creative and academics.

In 2003, co-founders Butalia and Menon parted ways. Both went on to set up their own imprints under the banner of Kali for Women, with Menon establishing Women Unlimited and Butalia founding Zubaan Books.

Zubaan Books
Originally set up as a non-profit in 2003, Zubaan now operates as the private company, Zubaan Publishers Pvt. Ltd. The independent publishing house publishes fiction and academic books, "on, for, by and about women in South Asia", with the list including renowned authors such as Jaishree Misra, Nivedita Menon, Manjula Padmanabhan, Suniti Namjoshi and Annie Zaidi.

The Other Side of Silence
Apart from several newspaper articles and op-ed pieces dealing with feminist issues, Butalia has authored or co-authored several books. The Other Side of Silence (1998), the product of more than seventy interviews conducted with survivors of the Partition, is being used as an academic text in some Indian universities.

The Goethe Institute has described it as "one of the most influential books in South Asian studies to be published in recent decades... It emphasises the role of violence against women in the collective experience of tragedy." The Other Side of Silence won the Oral History Book Association Award in 2001 and the Nikkei Asia Prize for Culture in 2003.

Activism
Butalia is an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP).

Awards and recognition
In 2000, Butalia won the Pandora Award from Women in Publishing.

In 2011, Butalia was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India.

In 2017, the Goethe Institute awarded Butalia the Goethe Medal, an official decoration of the Federal Republic of Germany that "honors individuals who have displayed exceptional competence of the German language as well as in international cultural exchange."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Urvashi Butalia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grady Avenell

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. H e rmione1980My RfA 22:46, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Grady Avenell
Don't think he meets minimum requirements for musician listing 66.68.187.101 03:15, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep lead singer of Will Haven also appeared on a track on the Soulfly album Primitive. Notable enough for mine. Capitalistroadster 03:23, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Capitalistroadster. Kappa 06:22, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. utcursch | talk 11:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. NSR (talk) 13:00, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as this does appear to be a notable musician. Hall Monitor 18:08, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"Snow"

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete and Redirect to "Poetry of Mao Zedong" (I'm pretty sure this is what everyone wanted from the conversation here... let me know if that's not the case) Ryan Norton T 23:34, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

"Snow"
Not sure but I don't think all of Mao's poems deserve an article... not sure about this one as I have never heard of it for sure. Anyways, it's also POV saying "Mao [is] a first-rate poet" and not sure about the copyright status of the translation. Neutral but should be at least moved to Snow (poem)--  Sasquatch  t|c 03:12, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just as a further note, there is also "Mount Liupan" Loushan Pass Three Short Poems "The Double Ninth" "Yellow Crane Tower" "Changsha" all made by this user and all pertaining to Mao's poems. Again, I'm not too sure all of them are that notable, would suggest merging information now that I see that there's that much to, say a page like Mao Zedong's poetry or something rather than leaving seperate stubs that may or may not be copyvios...  Sasquatch  t|c 03:17, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it's a good idea to merge all Mao's poems to a seperate page. And I will do it. But please don't delete it just because you " never heard of it". I am sure there are huge amount of poetry in the world you never heard of. Again, copyright is not a problem.
 * I think it's a good idea to merge all Mao's poems to a seperate page. And I will do it. But please don't delete it just because you " never heard of it". I am sure there are huge amount of poetry in the world you never heard of. Again, copyright is not a problem.
 * I think it's a good idea to merge all Mao's poems to a seperate page. And I will do it. But please don't delete it just because you " never heard of it". I am sure there are huge amount of poetry in the world you never heard of. Again, copyright is not a problem.
 * I think it's a good idea to merge all Mao's poems to a seperate page. And I will do it. But please don't delete it just because you " never heard of it". I am sure there are huge amount of poetry in the world you never heard of. Again, copyright is not a problem.

Well, it's your opinion that Mao's poem doesn't deserve an article, but your never heard of it doesn't mean it doesn't exist. This only means you lack basic knowledge of Chinese history and literture. As I have said in the article, it's considered by many Chinese to be a first-rated classic in literature. The copyright has no problem, since all Mao's work's translation are done by Chinese government and has no copyright.

By the way, I think your deletion of this article is too arbitrary. Please tell me where I can complain about this kind of behavior.

Yiyu Shen

 * A couple of things, since it isn't copyvio, it should probably be over at Wikisource rather in an encyclopedia, also, it hasn't been deleted yet, I am not completely for deletion in fact and I even said that I would rather them be merged. And I never said it didn't exist and I read plenty of Chinese literature because I am Chinese but we also have some policy on Wikipedia that should be followed. Again, source material should not be on Wikipedia and should be transwikied and these stubs should be merged into a general article about Mao's poetry or in the very least moved to the proper naming conventions. If you truly wish to complain, you can do so here, on the talk page of the pages you created, but I doubt you'll find that people will be that much against me.  Sasquatch  t|c 03:24, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Delete and move to Wikisource as per nominator.--inks T 03:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Better idea: move to Wikisource under the main banner of Poetry of Mao Zedong, then create an article detailing Mao's Poetry at Poetry of Mao Zedong then link to the source poems. Best of both worlds, you have the article detailing his style and influence then you have source documents that are linked to. How does that sound? I'd be happy to help finish that up.  Sasquatch  t|c 03:42, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I agree it could be better that I move all Mao's works to Wikisource and create a link under Mao's entry. But it just amazes me each movie, or TV series, no matter how trashy it is, can have an entry in Wikipedia, while a piece of poem with huge influences cannot. What's the guideline for you do deal with movies, and poems, or novels, differently?
 * I think the difference is that the articles for movies and TV series are articles about the movie or show. This article is basically just the text of the poem.  (Possible because the text of a poem is much shorter than the script of a movie or even the text of an entire book.)  I think if the article instead consisted of a discussion of the poem and why it is important, it would not have been nominated to be moved to Wikisource.
 * Keep, a poem which is far more notable than "Hungry, Hungry Homer" for example. Kappa 06:26, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I did a cursory search on Wikipedia and find these poems having full texts: Charge of the Light Brigade, Mariana, Ame ni mo Makezu, this is just a small sample and I believe there are much more. Now I wonder what the policy is. In my opinion, you justification of deleting my entry on Mao's poetry can only be one of the following four:

1) The rule is no full text of poems can be entered into Wikipedia, this has been proved false by above examples. 2) You think Mao's poetry have no high literature value, but this is just your personal opinion and is very arbitrary. The fact is Mao's poems are highly regarded by millions of Chinese people like me, and his quotes are often cited in daily conversations and in many other novels, poems, movies, etc. The truth is ordinary Chinese people enjoy his poetry very much, and trust me, they don't have to. 3) You don't like Mao, again, this is just your personal opinion, and it should has nothing with the literature value of his poetry. 4) You are afraid it will be a violation of copyright, for this as I have said, Mao's works has no copyright. It's available everywhere on the internet.

For above reasons, though transfering all Mao's poems to Wikisource may be a better idea, I don't think it's a violation of Wikipedia policy to create individual entries for some of Mao's best poems.

Yiyu Shen 09:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, actually, the rule is "no full text of poems, please". If you do find an article that has the full text of a poem, it shouldn't (and, in fact, of the three you mentioned, two of them actually don't, and I'm going to look into the problem of the third). Wikipedia is managed by volunteers who are always trying to make it better; but sometimes we don't know about a problem until someone mentions it. That said, I too support a) the move to Wikisource, and b) the creation of Poetry of Mao Zedong. DS 11:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, I will move Mao's poems to Wikisource as you suggested and create Poetry of Mao Zedong. Thank you all for the kind suggestions and sorry for the trouble.

Yiyu Shen 12:18, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Definitely the best solution. I look forward to reading the Poetry of Mao Zedong article... I wasn't even aware he wrote poetry.--Isotope23 18:38, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I have moved all Mao's poems to Wikisource and created Poetry of Mao Zedong, it's not completed yet. If you are interested please take a look at it and help me to improve it.

Thanks

Yiyu 20:29, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"Snow"


text:
Henry Deane

Henry Deane may refer to:

 * Henry Deane (archbishop of Canterbury) (c. 1440–1503)
 * Henry Deane (engineer) (1847–1924), Australian engineer
 * Harry Deane (1846–1925), American baseball player
 * Sir Bargrave Deane (Henry Bargrave Deane, 1848–1919), English judge

title: Henry Deane


text:
User talk:Flyer 13

= Greetings =

Greetings, I am open to comments, criticisms, and general discussion. If you think I could improve my editing methods please drop me a note... I'm always learning. =)

Google logos
The logos you decided to delete are actually the official Google logos that they have used throughout the years.

cheers Treelovinhippie 05:12, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh ok, sorry I jumped the gun there. You're right, the logos do seem to belong.  Thanks for taking the time to tell me.  I've put a comment on the Google talk page.  Cheers, flyer_13 14:08, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Hey there flyer!
Hi! If you want to see my user page, just go on over to user:Filmcom! Good to see you're over here too! Filmcom 16:28, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi there Filmcom. =) flyer_13 01:50, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Flyer 13


text:
Talk:Toe

balance
aren't toes also instrumental in the balance of humans? just a thought, i don't know how to add otherwise i would

quality
This article is awful- after the first section it sounds like it was written by a child in a foreign language and then translated poorly into English. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.94.44.124 (talk) 17:07, 26 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your suggestion. When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold in updating pages. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes — they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome. You don't even need to log in (although there are many reasons why you might want to). WhatamIdoing (talk) 01:54, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * In this vein, I've edited out a line about "toes falling off". I'll edit the rest of the article as I see fit, trying to keep to the bones of the article, but it may be difficult to toe the line. Ahem, sorry.69.249.223.63 (talk) 00:01, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

Source?
"In some african tribes, the toe is considered to be the sexiest part of the human body. This shows the differences in cultures, and different perspectives one can have."

What's the source for this? --speak togadren 01:22, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

poopify
I notice that most people think u need help. Bastie 00:59, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

The shoe did it. --Neil Dewhurst, Lyon, France. (talk) 13:51, 31 March 2017 (UTC)

gus
why are you so ugly? i dino. you're toes did it.

Moving toes
Is in physically possible for a person to move ( flex, curl ) all his toes separately from each other? Is there anything in the structure of the foot that prevents three middle toes from moving separately? --Itinerant1 09:58, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Notes for Cleanup
"Why, Phillips asks, must toes "merely be counted?" In a Feb. 14 (1991?) NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE letter, he proposes labels for the pedal digits: porcellus fori (big toe), p. domi (second toe); p. carnivorus (third toe), p. nonvoratus (fourth digit) and p. plorans domum (smallest toe). These names--all variations on a theme by Mother Goose--translate loosely into: little pig at market, baby pig at home, meat-eating piglet, small pig that's not eaten, and piggy crying all the way home."

The largest toe is called the Hallux —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mdwyer (talk • contribs)

 * The above is taken from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Name+this+little+piggy-a010658401 though I'm not sure what it has to do with cleanup.--Shantavira 16:12, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

This article is actually terrible. Could someone who knows something about the subject please add to it?

toes and intelligent design
the very fact that humans have toes shows that we descended from apes. Otherwise why the hell would god have given us toes? This should go in the article. With creationist editors around here, no wonder this article sucks. 166.193.192.11 (talk) 22:32, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Question
There is a picture of a bird's toes which I drew myself. Can I use it here? Fangusu (talk) 10:59, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Toe hair
Toes can grow hair. If you have experienced this, there are several ways of dealing with it: shaving, waxing or crimping. It can be seen as preferable to embrace your toe hair, and celebrate it - for example with toe accessories, such as toe ring, hair clips and toe cuffs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ginajune (talk • contribs) 20:05, 25 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, WP:NOTAFORUM. Lesion  ( talk ) 20:08, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Hallux
Individual articles for each of the toes leads to unnecessary fragmentation of the information, duplication, and decreases the quality of information displayed on all six pages. It would enhance the quality of the information to have it displayed in one spot, allowing for comparison and providing some context. Additionally, these articles could be reexpanded at a later date if sufficient content existed. LT910001 (talk) 11:02, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

little piggies
I absolutely loved finding the inclusion of "piggies" in this article. It's funny, but it's legit, given how commonly it's used.... PurpleChez (talk) 19:28, 25 September 2018 (UTC)

Flexor digitorum longus
The page Toe should very probably also mention the Flexor digitorum longus muscle. But I'm not knowledgable enough to add it myself.–Jérôme (talk) 11:41, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Accessory nail
Can a link be made to https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_nail_of_the_fifth_toe 62.49.178.9 (talk) 23:54, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: English 102 Section 6
— Assignment last updated by DoctorBeee (talk) 19:38, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toe


text:
User:Titoxd/Status

This is a list of my status templates, available for other users' convenience. You may use them, if you promise two things:
 * 1) You won't subst: the templates, because I'm trying to create a uniform look for them.
 * 2) You'll tell me on my talk page that you're using them. I'd like to keep track, but I doubt I'll use the "What links here" button very often.

Have fun with them! Tito xd (?!?) 03:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

New templates
Request a new Status template!

title: User:Titoxd/Status


text:
User talk:CantStandYa

Starbuck footage
Hi. When you have a moment, could you add a note to the Galactica 1980 discussion page giving the source for the tidbit of information regarding the Starbuck footage? I've been a BSG fan since 1978 and I've never heard of this before. My understanding and what I recall reading back in 1980 was that Benedict came back to shoot Return of Starbuck. It also doesn't jive with a number of websites out there on the history of BSG that indicate the series was cancelled after production ended, so there were no incomplete or unaired episodes. Thanks. 24.71.223.140 03:14, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I heard this in a Dirk Benedict radio interview on "The Russ Martin Show", afternoons Dallas (3pm - 7pm), frequency 105.3. This interview aired circa summer of 2004, I recall. CantStandYa 14:51, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Takei Feud w/Shatner
Saw your edit to the Takei article adding info about a shatner feud? Got a source/sources we can cite, as it seems a bit controversial. exolon 18:09, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Transcripts from the Howard Stern show are available for a fee. I heard these exchanges verbatim on air. However, I'm not going to send a check to Howie in New York for these transcripts. However, you may call the K-Rock studios in New York and ask to speak to producer Gary Dell'Abate. He will surely verify this info. CantStandYa 20:41, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Irish British category vote requested
Hi I noticed you voted to keep Scottish-Americans I would appreciate your help to retain Category:Irish British people, as I feel is perfectly valid to point out Irish people or people of near Irish descent who have contributed to life in Great Britain (England Scotland and Wales). Categories_for_deletion Thanks!! Arniep 01:26, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Your recent edits to Sea Org
Dear CantStandYa: Firstly, I would like to thank you very much for your hard work towards improving articles on Wikipedia. Regretfully, however, I have had to revert the edits that you made to Sea Org due to factual errors; let me address the individual aspects of the edits that you made individually.

Firstly, you edited this passage: "In more recent times, the Sea Org is primarily based on land; however, the highest levels of Scientology are still delivered at sea on board the Sea Org's vessel, the Freewinds"

to read: "In more recent times, the Sea Org is primarily based on land; however, the workings of the highest levels of Scientology are still conducted at sea on board the Sea Org's vessel"

The highest auditing levels, for example the OT8 solo processing, does indeed take place at sea on board the Freewinds. However, the "workings" in respect of the management of Scientology are based at the "Flag Land Base" in Los Angeles, the "Gold Base" near Hemet, and at Saint Hill Manor, East Grinstead, England; as far as I am aware, however the Sea Org's presence at sea is more token than anything else, and the bulk of its activities take place on land. In the past, throughout the 1970s, the Church of Scientology management, including L. Ron Hubbard himself, were indeed based at sea, but they more or less disbanded their nautical aspects in the early 1980s. If, on the other hand, you have a recent source that disproves this, by all means include the text but it must be sourced - please see Cite sources for more information on this.

Secondly, you changed: "It has, however, been alleged by former Sea Org personnel that members are restricted from leaving"

to read: "It has, however, been noted by former Sea Org personnel, and families of personnel that died mysteriously, that members are prevented from leaving."

The claims of being unable to leave are allegations, mostly found in court affidavits; they are not really proven and thus "alleged" rather than "noted" is more appropriate, and that was also the terminology used in Atack's book which I used as a source.

As for "families of personnel that died mysteriously", that needs to be backed up with a source as per No original research, and I think it is more of a disputed claim than a factual point. Certainly, I do not know of anyone who died mysteriously in the Sea Org during my time, although that is beside the point as per WP:NOR; it is more that such claims should be presented as claims, not factual statements, and referenced.

Once again, thank you for your work on the article; I look forward to your further contributions. As a long-time Scientologist, if you have any further questions regarding this matter I should be able to assist you; I am entirely at your service. Best regards, -- NicholasTurnbull | (talk) (e-mail) (cabal) 20:55, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Don't drink the Kool-Aid. CantStandYa 19:23, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

do better research
"chastised by USMC Colonel in Iraq" lol where'd you hear this bullshit son?

Repeated by Junior Congresswoman on the floor of the Congress. Grow up. CantStandYa 02:46, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Deletion of edits
Deleting comments from your talk page is generally considered to be not just rude, but unless the comments are uncivil in the first place, a violation of the civility policies. Please, refrain from edits such as

But that's not really why I'm here. I'm here about your edits to anti-hero. You have been reverting a number of edits by other users. Edits such as this: seem to be less about the goal of the page than preserving particular example characters. I would ask that you re-consider these edits in future. -Harmil 23:35, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Reminder: "they" and "their" are plural
This is just a friendly reminder that the words "they" and "their" are plural, not singular. You can not use those words to refer to a single person, nor can you use them with a singular pronoun such as "someone". Please keep this in mind in the future. Thank you. 4.253.43.163 00:07, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Black Watch Image
I've flagged the black watch image as a copyright violation - it's not a "whole page" newspaper scan so that's the wrong category - if you have a full correct source for the image (e.g. the credit line from the paper in appeard in) and can substantiate rights to use then please do so Trapper 18:50, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:1stBatBW.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:1stBatBW.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Trapper 19:02, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Socks

 * With few exceptions, users should make all their contributions from a single account. Sock puppetry

Please do not use more than one account to edit any single article. If you continue I will block all of your sock accounts. -Will Beback 19:01, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * FYI: Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents#Socks of Shran/CantStandYa -Will Beback 23:13, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * This account is not blocked and you may use it. Please stop creating new accounts. If you want to switch account names then let me know. Otherwise additional accounts will be blocked. -Will Beback 20:38, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:TexasMedalValor.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:TexasMedalValor.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. Chris G Bot (talk) 10:01, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:US regions-Midwest.jpg

The file File:US regions-Midwest.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphan image, superseded by File:US map-Midwest.PNG created by same uploader and hosted at Commons."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ★ Bigr   Tex  20:48, 2 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:CantStandYa


text:
Henry Deane (engineer)

Henry Deane (26 March 1847 – 12 March 1924) was a British-Australian engineer, responsible for electrifying the Sydney tramway system and for building the Wolgan Valley Railway and Trans-Australian Railway.

Biography
Deane was born at Clapham Common, England, the son of Henry Deane, a chemist and fellow of the Linnean Society of London, and his wife Jemima, née Elliott. Deane was schooled in England, matriculating in 1862, then studied at Queen's College, Galway (now the National University of Ireland, Galway), where he graduated B.A. in 1865 honours in mathematics and natural science. Like many others, he was awarded M.A. in 1882 by the Queen's University of Ireland, upon its dissolution.. Deane also studied engineering for two years and obtained his diploma at King's College London as an occasional student.

After two years in the office of (later Sir) John Fowler at London, Deane was engaged by Waring Brothers from 1869 to 1871 on the Hungarian railways, and from 1871 to 1873 was chief technical assistant at the shipbuilding works of the Danube Steam Navigation Company, Althofen, Hungary. In 1875, Deane returned to England, where he was engaged in roof and bridge designs as well as survey work. In 1879, he moved to the Philippines where he worked on sugar-works. He returned to England but left for Australia at the end of 1879, arriving in Sydney in January 1880 on the Kent.

In Sydney, Deane joined the New South Wales Government Railways as a railway surveyor. He was initially involved in the trial survey of the northern line between the Hawkesbury River and Ourimbah. In 1881, Deane was appointed District Engineer on the Gunnedah to Narrabri line. In 1883, he was District Engineer on the Homebush to Hawkesbury line. In July 1886, he became Inspecting Engineer. In June 1889, following the retirement of Edward Whitton, he became Acting Engineer-in-Chief and then Engineer-in-Chief in 1891. In 1894 and again in 1904, he made world trips studying light railways and tramway systems. From July 1899, his role expanded to include tramway construction and he took a leading part in inaugurating the Sydney electric tramway system.

One of his significant advances was the introduction of pioneer standards that lowered construction costs on low-traffic country lines.

Second career
In 1905, the railway construction branch was abolished and Deane retired from the New South Wales railways.

In April 1906, he became a consultant to the Commonwealth Oil Corporation and oversaw the survey and construction of the Wolgan Valley Railway. One of his significant innovations was the use of 1 in 25 (4%) grades and 5 chain (100m) curves on a standard gauge railway and with the use of Shay locomotives.

On 25 March 1908, he was appointed consulting engineer to the Commonwealth Government in connection with the survey of the transcontinental railway between Port Augusta and Kalgoorlie. He had been closely associated with the transcontinental railway since 1903 when he represented New South Wales as chairman of a conference of Engineers-in-Chief on that matter. In 1910 he became engineer-in-chief and supervised the construction of a large portion of this railway.

Deane was also consulted on the issue of solving the national break of gauge problem. For example, he was put in charge of the third rail experiments at Tocumwal in 1915, and especially the Brennan switches.

He retired from Commonwealth Railways in April 1914 and then practised as a consulting engineer at Melbourne.

Family
Deane died in Melbourne on 12 March 1924, and was buried with Anglican rites in Brighton Cemetery. He was twice married (in 1873 and 1890) and left a widow, three sons and three daughters. He was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and of several learned societies. He was twice president of the Royal Society of New South Wales and for two years was president of the Linnean Society of New South Wales.

In conjunction with Joseph Maiden, Deane published a series of papers on native timbers, and wrote frequently on forestry and botanical subjects. Eucalyptus deanei and Leptospermum deanei were named after him. His work on tertiary fossil botany was particularly valuable, and gave him a high reputation among the geologists of his time.

Commemoration
The Henry Deane Plaza near Sydney's Central Railway station is named in commemoration of Henry Deane., a fitting tribute since Henry Deane put together plans for the station in his capacity as Engineer-in-Chief of Railway Construction, work began on the Central Railway Station in 1901.

title: Henry Deane (engineer)


text:
Talk:Boothia Peninsula

So where is the Boothia Peninsula anyway? This map doesn't really say..

 * The shading is the clue. The two peninsulas with edges shaded in Red are the the Boothia and Melville Peninsulas.   --  Geo Swan 03:33, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Great - So which shaded area is which? It's not marked which one is which! Am I supposed to know already? -- Commking, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In English, and other European languages, we read from left to right. The peninsulas are named left to right.  If I was writing form an Arabic or Hebrew wikipedia I would list them in the opposite order.  Do you really not find that clear enough?  --  Geo Swan 13:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Err, no, it is most definitely not clear. And, no, the peninsula's are not named left to right at all on this map - they are blank and unmarked. It's not implied or stated in any way either graphically on that map or the accompanying text, in English or any other language, what we are looking at. It is unclear, it is ambiguous, and so it should be fixed. (And why do we need the Nunavut Peninsula shaded on this map anyway?) -- Commking, 4 October 2005

 * There is a long convention where the label is in the caption, not in the image. Photographs with multiple persons are routinely labelled in the caption.  And if the order of the persons, or items, in the image are not specified everyone understands the listed names are applied to the image in left to right order.  I thought it would be clear in this image too.  You say it isn't clear to you?  Fine.  I've changed it.

 * I don't know what you mean by the "Nunavut Peninsula". Could you please clarify?  --  Geo Swan 02:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Now it's clear thanks. -- Commking, 4 October 2005

Bellot Strait & Amundsen's NWP route
This article states Amundsen used the Bellot Strait in his E-W North West Passage transit in the yacht Gjøa, when in fact Amundsen did not enter the Gulf of Boothia, but stayed N of Somerset Island and went S down Peel Sound passing the western opening of the Bellot Strait.

Sources:

The Last Place on Earth Roland Huntford pp.87-88

Transits of the Northwest Passage to End of the 2015 Navigation Season R.K.Headland, Scott Polar Research Institute

Wikipedia article Roald Amundsen - North West Passage

The incorrect information appears to originate in an edit from 01:37hrs, 13 March 2012 by User Geo Swan made in good faith.

Although I am a long-standing Wikipedia contributor, I am unsure how to contact Geo Swan to suggest a revision, so instead I have marked this error with a citation needed tag and a desciptive reason.

MrEckLeckTick (talk) 10:49, 29 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Greetings!
 * Among the ways to give another contributor a heads-up, is the use of the ping template.     should give you a heads-up.
 * Yes, my edit was made in good faith, thanks. I can't find my copy of Delgado's book, so I can't cite a page number.  Delgado was the curator of the Vancouver Maritime Museum, where the St. Roch is a museum ship, so I do trust him.
 * Since you have page numbers, and I don't, I suggest we defer to you -- at least, until I find my copy of Delgado. If I find it, and it confirms he unambiguously asserts Amundsen also used Bellot, I'll probably just let it slide.
 * Cheers! Geo Swan (talk) 22:52, 29 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boothia Peninsula


text:
User talk:Cpaliga

I'm new. So, if I screw up, let me know here. Thank You.
[Not "Screwed Up" far from it ;o), but I would really like your input into reactivating Megalomania as an article in it's own right so visit Megalomania talk and let me know what you think? --Zeraeph 07:06, 8 January 2006 (UTC)]

title: User talk:Cpaliga


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rail gauges and power supply of Hong Kong rails

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was MERGE to Rail transport in Hong Kong. I will add a tag, but leave another editor to action it. -Splash talk 18:39, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Rail gauges and power supply of Hong Kong rails
This small article does not appear to have much room to grow when it all does is to list rail gauges and the power supply of railway lines in Hong Kong. The amount of content does not justify having its own article. This information can easily be merged into any of the relevant articles, such as in Trains on the MTR, KCR, Transport in Hong Kong etc, unless it can be demonstrated that it has room to be expanded into a full-length article? --Huaiwei 03:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Feel free to boldly merge - this is not a matter requiring resolution in AfD. -- BD2412 talk 03:29, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful information and encyclopædic. Length is not always relevant. If the consensus is to merge, move the content to a separate section under rail transport in Hong Kong, and keep as a redirect. — Instantnood 05:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC) (modified 08:24, 5 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Keep Don't merge. CalJW 08:52, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Rail transport in Hong Kong. Valid info, but not really worthy of a separate article. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per Sjakkalle's suggestion. utcursch | talk 11:33, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Prefer keep to merge, doesn't look like something you'd want on a main page like Transport in Hong Kong. Kappa 14:17, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment But I doubt people will be typing "Rail gauges and power supply of Hong Kong rails" to get this information. Articles like these are usually helper articles which need to be split off either because the main article is too long, or this suplementary info is too detailed to fit into the main page. This article do not fit into either scenario. While I agree redirecting to Transport in Hong Kong may be far too general, having this information incorporated into MTR, KRC and/or Trains on the MTR should be specific and relevant enough, expecially when it all takes is an additional paragraph or even a single line in those articles.--Huaiwei 14:47, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If I was looking for this information (which I'll admit is unlikely) I would probably start with Rail transport in Hong Kong. At the current state of that article, a merge wouldn't hurt, but if it grows into a full article these technical details will be clutter. I would certainly not appreciate having to load all of MTR, KTC Peak Tram etc if the information was split into single sentences. Kappa 15:09, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Then merging the whole article into Rail transport in Hong Kong seems like the best solution. I didnt notice the existance of this page earlier.--Huaiwei 08:10, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. This article does not seem to stand alone.  Putting it in context of the rail system would improve the usability of the information.  Vegaswikian 06:12, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to the main topic Rail transport in Hong Kong. *drew 20:27, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Sjakkalle and *drew --Kgf0 21:27, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG)

Comments
Hi. I am on the Executive of a non-commercial organisation calld the Taxonomic Databases Working Group (TDWG). When searching for some definitions for a Glossary for TDWG in Wikipedia, it occured to me to add an entry for TDWG (as there wasn't one - but there was one for a similar organisation IETF).

To SEED a short entry, I used some text from the TDWG Web site with minor changes. I figured that was a fair definition of the organisation and goals. I figured that once published, I'd inform other TDWG Executive members and key TDWG membes to update it accordingly.

It didn't get that far! The copyright got it! Ironically, I'm currently working on a project that addresses IP and copyright for TDWG!

So, how do I get the TDWG text released!!??

Lee Belbin Manager, TDWG Infrastructure Poject —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.253.103.145 (talk • contribs) 23:16, October 3, 2005

 * Sorry for taking so long to get back to you. I'll WP:AGF and accept that you are who you say you are. I'll remove the copyright tag now. Happy editing. NatusRoma 19:02, 19 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
File:I Am Trying to Break Your Heart.ogg

"I Am Trying to Break Your Heart", from Wilco's Yankee Hotel Foxtrot

Rationale for fair use

This 29 second clip of Wilco's "I Am Trying to Break Your Heart" is used for the purposes of criticism and comment on the band Wilco. It is intended, in the context of scholarship, to inform the reader of the sound of Wilco while not displacing the original product.

According to section 107 of the United States Copyright Act of 1976:

The fair use of a copyrighted work...for purposes such as criticism, comment,...scholarship...is not an infringement of copyright.


text:
Talk:The Ashley Book of Knots

Duplicate knots
Is that right about duplicate knots? I haven't read my copy cover to cover, but I thought that each entry was original. --Blackcap | talk 03:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yep, just added an example of it to the article. --Dfred 03:53, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Deadly, thanks. Nice work on the article! Snoutwood (talk) 07:20, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. While doing some research before rewriting Constrictor knot I found eleven occurances of it in ABOK, and there may actually be more.
 * There are numerous examples. Sometimes it is an alternate way to tie the same knot.  Sometimes it is an alternative use for a knot tied the same way (ie. Rolling Hitch 12 entries in the index or Overhand with 19 unqualifed index entries and 4 additional ways to tie, probably the champ) Ccalvin
 * Some more examples, for those interested. The "Tom Fool Knot" is shown as both #1141 and in more detail as #2534, the final illustration of which is actually that of the "Handcuff Knot", which in turn is shown as both #1134 and #1140. The error in #2534 brings up the question: Should a section on "Known Errors" be added to the main article? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ian Fieggen (talk • contribs) 23:00, 11 May 2007 (UTC).
 * There are many examples of duplicates. For example clove hitch has a huge number of entries. --Dfred (talk) 01:09, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe this can help to sort it out: Ashley writes on page 10 that "Knots that serve more than one purpose may be illustrated more than once. [...] the methods of applying vary, the ends often are differently led, or the ways of tying are peculiar. [...] ... the ... duplication is usually within the spirit of the definition, that either a different form, a different way of tying, or a different use constitutes a distinct knot. –Xauxa (talk) 23:11, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Publisher
The 'Further Reading' gives the publisher as Faber & Faber. My edition is Doubleday. Should both be listed? Same ISBN. Ccalvin 20:29, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I changed this a while back... I couldn't verify Faber & Faber, but found fairly definitive info for Doubleday as the publisher.  If folks do have F&F editions of this book, please provide more detailed publishing info for your citations.  Thanks.  (BTW, I've seen a paperback edition of ABOK from a publisher called "Coles" in Canada, but I need to check my recollection of that...) --Dfred (talk) 01:09, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ABOK-Cover.jpg
Image:ABOK-Cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 04:37, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

The Shipping News
I've added Proulx's extensive use of passages from TABOK in The Shipping News to this article. Should it stay?Theenglishman (talk) 13:12, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Problems with modern materials?
This caveat: "some knots as presented are not entirely appropriate or safe when tied in modern synthetic fiber ropes because many modern materials exert much less friction than natural fibers do". Are there any examples of such knots? Hexmaster (talk) 22:30, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Some that come to mind are the simplest friction hitches (e.g. rolling hitch, taut-line hitch) which can be very difficult to make work in some modern ropes. However not all "natural fiber" cordage is necessarily easy to tie, either...  Ashley performed a series of knot security tests in springy mohair yarn for the Collins & Aikman company which clearly illustrate how knots which are normally considered secure can be less so when made in particular knotting material. (see ABOK pp.16-18 & p. 273)

 * One user group that takes knot strength and security seriously are climbers. Some of the knots now used as standard climbing knots, such as the flemish bend, were considered by Ashley to be excessively bulky or overly difficult to tie. (see #1411.)   Another example of this would be the triple fisherman's knot which is now recommended for UHMWPE and other "super fiber" ropes.  Although it is an obvious extension of the single/double fisherman's knots, it was not included in ABOK presumably because the double fisherman's (#1415) is, even today, quite sufficient for all but the most extreme types of cordage.   (N.B. I'm not 100% sure that it doesn't appear in ABOK, but it is not in any of the obvious places.)

 * Regarding the statement itself, it was originally added by an anon user here. I'm making a few revisions to make the statement slightly more NPOV and less in need of a citation...  --Dfred (talk) 18:29, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

Exhibit on Ashley & book
The New Bedford Whaling Museum is having an exhibit now (July 2017 – June 2018) on Ashley and his book. https://www.whalingmuseum.org/explore/exhibitions/thou-shalt-knot-clifford-ashley/

and has published a catalog.

Suggest someone include this new material — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.181.46.206 (talk) 13:40, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I have added it as an external link.MartinezMD (talk) 17:17, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Ashley Book of Knots


text:
User talk:Joenizzle

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

--JAranda'' | yeah 03:17, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joenizzle


text:
Tarcoola railway station

Tarcoola railway station is a railway station in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Trans-Australian Railway in the state's west. It serves the town of Tarcoola and is the northern junction of the Sydney-Perth and Adelaide-Darwin railways, which share approximately 530 km of track between Tarcoola and Crystal Brook.

History
The Trans-Australian Railway was built through Tarcoola in 1915, and in 1980 it became a junction station when the Adelaide–Darwin railway diverged from Tarcoola to Alice Springs. This was extended to Darwin in 2004. It was initially built as a standard gauge replacement for the Central Australia Railway.

There is a triangular junction at Tarcoola which joins Crystal Brook, Darwin and Perth. Another triangular junction at Crystal Brook joins Tarcoola, Adelaide and Sydney.

The station has two triangles, a smaller one for turning locomotives, and the larger one to the west of the town gives direct access from the Darwin line to the Trans-Australian Railway to Kalgoorlie. The latter has been put out of service.

In 2018, the track between Tarcoola and Adelaide was upgraded from 47 kg/m to 60 kg/m rails. This was done while the track was open for service, with 600 m of rail being replaced at a time between train services. The upgrade increased the maximum permitted axle load by four tonnes.

Services
The Ghan and the Indian Pacific passenger services pass through Tarcoola both running once per week in each direction all year round. The mail for Tarcoola arrives by train.

title: Tarcoola railway station