text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Singaporean response to 2005 Kashmir earthquake

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Linuxbeak | Talk 21:52, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Singaporean response to 2005 Kashmir earthquake
A response to 2005 Kashmir earthquake. I think it would be sufficient to just have 2005_Kashmir_earthquake instead a separate page for Singapore's response. __earth 08:08, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. __earth 08:08, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. This is a practice established during Hurricane Katrina. There are at least 25 articles spin-off from the main article Hurricane Katrina. At least 7 articles on "Country X response to Hurricane Katrina". Nobody complained about that. This is a far worse disaster, I see no reason for a lesser treatment, and please help to counter the systemic bias. There is no way to transfer the current content in Singaporean response to 2005 Kashmir earthquake to the main article 2005 Kashmir earthquake without unbalancing the main article. I'm surprise at this nomination made without first discussing, and I appreciate if the nominator can state clearly his reason for deletion, "I think it would be sufficient ..." is just too vague. Is the nominator calling for a "merge" of content or simply a "delete"? --Vsion 09:33, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I vote for deletion if you missed the first time I stated it. __earth 09:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please state the reason for the nomination (vanity, nn, hoax, etc.), as per Deletion policy --Vsion 09:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Such a minor branch of a subject that it doesn't deserve an article. For Katrina, it might be justifiable because the article is too long. 2005 Kashmir earthquake is quite short compared to Hurricane Katrina. Kashmir is just 18k while katrina is almost 60k. And yes, there's a way to incorporate the article's subject without unbalancing the main article. We could removed the condolence speech and simply state what kind of aid is being offered, just like other entry for other countries that are offering aid. __earth 10:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please help to countering the systemic bias in Wikipedia, and also keep in mind that Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopaedia. The main article need to focus on the main event and main relief operation. This article, on the other hand, focuses specifically on Singapore's reaction to the disaster and contributions to the relief operation which now involve several fronts. --Vsion 10:36, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete due to fact that whatever is in the main article should sufficiently cover it, or redirect to said article. -- NSLE | Talk 09:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Changing vote to keep after second thoughts and comments made by Huaiwei. -- NSLE | Talk 04:30, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per __earth Manik Raina 10:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep as per Vision. I see nothing that this article has contravened in terms of Deletion policy. If the only issue is that this content could fit into the main article, and this can only be done so by removing content, then I would certainly think this is setting a dangerous precedent.--Huaiwei 17:38, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Vision. Davewild 19:29, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete68.196.170.32 19:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If it is a "strong" delete, then I suppose you must have strong reasons to think it so. Do share with us what they are, please?--Huaiwei 20:43, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, it'd be better if you could sign your name. Jesushaces
 * Strong Keep. There is no concrete reason why this is listed for deletion.  There is clearly enough information on the Singaporean response for it to have its own article. -Nameneko 23:17, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep frivolous nomination. Trollderella 00:36, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Vsion and Huaiwei. Really, _earth, does it bug you that much? Jesushaces 01:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete IMHO, we should start out with a separate "International response to Kashmir earthquake" article, and only when that gets too big to contain all the information, should separate articles be created for individual countries. Also, what is so special about Singapore's response among all other countries, that it warrants a separate article? --Berkut 01:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. 2005 Kashmir earthquake is in a edit mode with rapid changes, so spliting out specific, well-defined sub-topics is a common practice to help contributors keep the main article focused on the overall rescue and relief operation. The relief effort is a significant event in Singapore, because of the large Pakistani, South Asian and Muslim community in the country. As we strive for a broader, global perspective in wikipedia, prejudging and suppressing X-Country's perspective at this stage is counter-productive. --Vsion 03:05, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, makes an excellent sub-article to the "international response" section of the main article. No reason for deletion has been given. Kappa 03:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, though I suggest making this a subarticle off the article International response to 2005 Kashmir earthquake as was done for International response to Hurricane Katrina. Alex.tan 04:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep - this is simply damaging the reputation of a legitimate issue, and I suspect earth simply has a strong systemic bias. -- Natalinasmpf 04:24, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I doubt its systemic bias. If there were, wouldn't larger countries like the US which offers $50 mil + several military equipment and China which offers $6.2 mil + dogs have pages of their own? The point is, the main article is sufficient. If there were a bias, this nominee is because it's the only page of its kind concerning Kashmir earthquake. __earth 06:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If you think the idea of having separate articles for certain countries is pointless, look at Hurricane Katrina, which has a subarticle on international relief efforts as well as individual articles for Canadian, French, Mexican, Dutch, Russian, Singaporean, and Swedish responses to the disaster. Besides, if you'd like to start other nation-specific relief effort articles, you're free to do so.
 * -Nameneko 07:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep but merging with "international response" is a valid measure as well. Kahlen 13:54, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The article can be kept as of now, but it will make no sense till either - 1. it is a part of International response to 2005 Kashmir earthquake like Alex.tan says, or 2. someone takes the initiative to write simialar articles for other countries. If this remains the only article of its type, then there won't be much point. In this regard, the corresponding articles for Hurricane Katrina are not "brilliant prose" themselves, IMHO. Saksham 03:37, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Conditional keep. Saksham is right on the money for this one. If someone else writes other articles about the international response to the earthquake, just leave it as is. Otherwise, move to a section of International response to 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Tito xd (?!?) 06:40, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: I respectfully disagree with the comments that this article can only exist on condition that other "Country-X reponse" articles are created. There is no wikipedia policy and guideline that impose such a condition. While I can easily satisfy it by creating another article, I disagree with such a condition that is based on editorial preferences, which are not grounds for AfD. Let me state clearly the reasons for keeping this article:
 * The content is NPOV, factual, verifiable and notable.
 * The presented facts received wide coverage not just in local news media, but also reported by AFP, Reuters, Xinhua, as well.
 * Keep in mind that there isn't just one perspective looking at this event. There are X-country's perspectives as well. And I don't deny that this article is about Singapore's perspective. That's nothing wrong with it as we strive for a comprehensive, global perspective in wikipedia.
 * This article is related not just to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake event, it is also part of the comprehensive coverage to provide the knowledge and understanding on the demographics (which has large number of foreign residents), the importance of foreign relations, and the preoccupation with internal security and civil defence in the small country. The relief effort are therefore significant in Singapore. I cannot say for other countries, but they may or may not relate as much to the event in South Asia. Therefore, whether there exists other articles is irrelevant.
 * If you only want to read summarized description of the main event, then of course this article is of little interest to you. But for others who wish for a detailed understanding of the disaster or to study the politics of South East Asia, they would find this full article more useful than just a one-paragraph abstract.
 * This is not a loop-sided contribution by a user, I have contributed much more to the main article 2005 Kashmir earthquake than this one; and many entries in 2005_Kashmir_earthquake were added by me. We may wish there are other countries' articles as well, but deleting this article is really a step backward, not forward. There are alot more work to be done as we aim for a comprehensive coverage; but as long as this content is encyclopedic, there is no reason to remove it.
 * In its currents state, there is no way to merge this article into another without deleting most of the content.
 * Finally, the stated reason for this nomination is really not valid for AfD, according to Deletion policy. --Vsion 17:30, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, as per reasons above. - Mailer Diablo 12:29, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Vsion. --Andylkl (talk) 11:57, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep, just like Hurricane Katrina articles, this one should not only be kept, but more should be made. Just look at all the articles on Katrina. -Tcwd (talk) 17:47, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Nikon Coolpix 4500

The Nikon Coolpix 4500 is a digital camera — the penultimate model in the famous 950-995 lineup of swivel lens models. The last model was the Nikon Coolpix S4, most of its features match the Nikon 995. The Coolpix 4500 was announced by Nikon on May 29, 2002.

It's a 4 MP model with 4x optical zoom lens and has many manual controls. Like its predecessors, it takes sharp photos (though some claim the 995 is sharper) and has a long shutter lag.

Its minimum focus range is 30 cm but reduced to 2 cm in macro mode.

Its automation manages 16 pre-programmed Scene modes to facilitate shooting (landscape, portrait, macro, sunset/moonlight, panorama assistant, text, museum, party/indoor, twilight, backlight, beach / snow, night portrait, combination of shots, fireworks, night, sports). Exposure adjustment is automatic and also allows for manual mode with adjustment within a range of ±2.0 in 0.33 EV increments.

The white balance is done automatically, but also semi-manually with pre-set options (sunny, incandescent light, fluorescent tubes, cloudy, flash).

Its built-in flash has an effective range of 0.5 to 3 m in wide-angle and 0.5 to 1.6 m in telephoto, and has a red-eye reduction function.

The “BSS” function (Best Shot Selector) selects from ten successive shots the best exposed image and saves automatically.

The “Noise reduction” function is automatically activated when the shutter speed is slow.

Its burst mode allows you to take 5 images per second.

Nikon stopped marketing in 2006.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nikon Coolpix 4500


text: Category:Politics of Slovakia

title: Category:Politics of Slovakia


text:
Joseph M. Barr

Joseph M. Barr (May 28, 1906 – August 26, 1982) was an American politician who held a variety of positions, including an eleven-year tenure as mayor of Pittsburgh from 1959 to 1970.

Life
Barr was born in Pittsburgh to James P. and Blanche E. Moran Barr. He married Alice White, when she was 29 and he was 43. White had been active with women's Republican groups in Chicago but left the Republican party in support of her Democrat husband. Together they had two children, Alice ("Candy") and Joseph ("Skipp).

Pittsburgh politics
In 1959 Barr the consummate Harrisburg insider and Lawrence the seasoned Pittsburgh chief swapped roles, with Barr coming "home" and running for Mayor and Lawrence becoming Governor of Pennsylvania. He was instrumental as mayor in completing many of the Lawrence programs, while at the same time having the city's infrastructure catch up to all the progress that Lawrence instituted. Expanded and modernized street lights, water services and the stadiums were all hallmarks of Barr's leadership. He oversaw the completion of both Three Rivers Stadium and the Pittsburgh Civic Arena, both having bogged down in heated political disputes during Lawrence's tenure.

State Democratic politics
In 1940, Barr became the state's youngest state senator, serving the Pittsburgh-area in Harrisburg. Barr was elected chair of the State Democratic Party in 1954, and was elected Pennsylvania's male representative on the Democratic National Committee following Lawrence's death in 1966. He retired from public life in 1972.

Other work
In 1967 and 1968, Barr served as president of the United States Conference of Mayors.

Later life
Barr died on August 26, 1982. He is buried in Pittsburgh's St. Mary Cemetery.

title: Joseph M. Barr


text:
User talk:Third Realm

A tag has been placed on Third Realm, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion. To do this, add  on the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag) and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Natalie 11:53, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

File:Third Realm.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Third Realm.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Calliopejen1 (talk) 19:34, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Third Realm


text:
User:Alanc

Internal links and Random Trivia

 * I was born in Ely, Nevada and graduated from White Pine High School there almost 17 years later, but lived many places in between.
 * I earned a Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science from UC Berkeley
 * I now work on the X Window System for Sun Microsystems Oracle, both on the Solaris implementation and the open source release from the X.Org Foundation.

title: User:Alanc


text: Category:Politics of South Africa

title: Category:Politics of South Africa


text: User talk:220.237.15.68

title: User talk:220.237.15.68


text:
Silver Shadow (song)

"Silver Shadow" is a song by American R&B group Atlantic Starr, released as the third single from their successful 1985 album As the Band Turns. Lead vocals were performed by Barbara Weathers.

The song peaked at No. 13 on the US Billboard R&B chart and No. 49 on the dance chart. In the UK, it was released as the first single from the album and charted at No. 41. With the success of "Secret Lovers", the song was re-released in the UK in 1986; however, it only reached No. 98.

Background
"Silver Shadow" was written and produced by Atlantic Starr members David and Wayne Lewis with other member Jonathan Lewis credited as an associate producer. The song was written for the group's sixth studio album, As the Band Turns (1985), their first album since four of the group's original members left and singer Barbara Weathers joined.

"Silver Shadow" is an uptempo song featuring a soft lead vocal from Weathers. The lyrics positively detail fate and dreams.

Reception
Alex Henderson from AllMusic picked the song as a highlight on As the Band Turns, calling it "excellent" and "dreamy". Andrew Hamilton of the same publication characterized it as a "surrealistic up-tempo number with an eerie softness and Energizer bunny intensity". Tim Roets of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel viewed Weathers' as "the centrepiece", deeming her delivery "icy but soulful" and "a breathtaking example of pop singing". In his review of the album, Carl Matthews of the Baltimore Afro-American said "Silver Shadow" along with "Thank You" comprised the group's "more familiar standard pop sound". Ralph Kiesel, writer for The Blade highlighted it as a "percolating [...] dance hit". In a less enthusiastic review, Mark Moses of The Boston Phoenix wrote: "'Silver Shadow' has a pleasing soft vocal from Barbara Weathers, a peppy melody, and little else."

Rapper DMX's career was influenced by "Silver Shadow"; in an interview for Rolling Stone he explained: "I'd just finished doing a robbery, and I was walking into my building [...]. I stopped right in my tracks. If you hear the words to that song, you'd know how it predicted my life to me. I'd been doin' the beatbox before that, but that's when I started writin' seriously."

Formats and track listings

 * US 7" single
 * 1) "Silver Shadow" – 4:06
 * 2) "Silver Shadow" (Specially Remixed Version) – 4:30

 * US 12" single (Specially Remixed Version)
 * 1) "Silver Shadow" (Specially Remixed Version) – 6:55
 * 2) "Silver Version" (Dub Version) – 5:13

 * UK 7" single
 * 1) "Silver Shadow" – 4:55
 * 2) "Cool, Calm, Collected" – 4:02

 * UK 12" single
 * 1) "Silver Shadow" – 4:55
 * 2) "Cool, Calm, Collected" (US Club Mix) – 6:28

 * UK 12" single (Specially Remixed Version)
 * 1) "Silver Shadow" (Specially Remixed Version) – 6:55
 * 2) "Cool, Calm, Collected" (US Club Mix) – 6:28

Credits and personnel

 * David Lewis – writer, producer
 * Wayne Lewis – writer, producer
 * Jonathan Lewis – associate producer

Credits adapted from the single's liner notes.

Background
In 1992, English producer Ron Tom met Melanie Blatt, an aspiring singer who had no singing experience at the time. The pair went on to record 14 or 15 tracks over the space of a year. Tom was running a studio and management company in All Saints Road, Notting Hill, having success managing singer Gabrielle and collaborating with Terence Trent D'Arby, Seal, Level 42 and Curiosity Killed the Cat. He met Shaznay Lewis the following year, another aspiring singer. Tom had also worked with another singer, Simone Rainford, for several years.

Tom, along with Blatt, Lewis and Rainford decided that the three singers should form All Saints 1.9.7.5. Speaking to the Sunday Mirror, Tom recalled: "I'd been working with Simone when she was 14 and she has a million-dollar voice. Melanie had no singing experience but she had a really beautiful voice [...]. Shaznay has a great voice and was really ambitious." As the manager of All Saints 1.9.7.5, Tom began "ploughing money into them because [he] was convinced they would make it." The group were later signed to ZTT Records that year, a label run by producer Trevor Horn and his wife Gill Sinclair.

Recording and release
Tom invested roughly £50,000 arranging gigs, studio staff and promotion for All Saints 1.9.7.5. He produced "Silver Shadow" as the group's debut single, with additional production by Toby Baker. Tom paid £200 a day for Paul Wright and his assistant Andy Gallimore's engineering of the song. The group recorded "Silver Shadow" at ZTT's Sarm West Studios and Tom's Metamorphosis Studios in Notting Hill. Rainford sang lead vocals.

The group promoted the single by playing at radio roadshows and nightclubs across the UK, including the Hippodrome. The single's cover art was shot at All Saints Road by Tim France and designed by M@ Maitland. "Silver Shadow" was released by ZTT on August 21, 1994, bowing at number 92 on the UK Singles Chart. In a review of the single, The Guardian derided the group as having an out-dated swingbeat style and the song as having an "idiotic number of mixes, encompassing every dance style bar Morris", concluding: "Eternal may rest easy in their Timberlands."

Formats and track listings

 * 12" single
 * 1) "Silver Shadow" (Shadow '94) – 5:07
 * 2) "Silver Shadow" (UK Swing One) – 5:06
 * 3) "Silver Shadow" (Club Sax) – 6:30
 * 4) "Silver Shadow" (Jungle) – 4:45
 * 5) "Silver Shadow" (Underground Mix) – 4:53
 * 6) "Silver Shadow" (Rap Dub) – 4:39

 * CD single
 * 1) "Silver Shadow" (7" Edit) – 3:50
 * 2) "Silver Shadow" (UK Swing One) – 5:06
 * 3) "Silver Shadow" (Club Sax) – 6:30
 * 4) "Silver Shadow" (Jungle) – 4:45
 * 5) "Silver Shadow" (Bogle Dub) – 5:10
 * 6) "Silver Shadow" (Rare Groove) – 4:38

Credits and personnel

 * Ron Tom – producer
 * Paul Wright – engineer
 * Andy Gallimore – engineer assistant
 * Toby Baker – additional production and programming
 * Tim France – photography
 * M@ Maitland – design

Credits adapted from the single's liner notes.

title: Silver Shadow (song)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Singapore gay terminology

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Linuxbeak | Talk 22:12, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Singapore gay terminology
WP:NOR WP:Verifiability WP:WINAD Kgf0 08:04, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. Any content to be retained should be folded into the other articles in Category:Singaporean gay and transgender culture, defining the terms in-situ as they are used in context and as necessary.  The rest could perhaps move to the appropriate sections of Wiktionary. --Kgf0 08:04, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per. nom. mikka (t) 19:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. And thanks for including your criteria for deletion. Denni ☯ 01:01, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. *drew 01:30, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Saiburi

Saiburi may refer to:
 * Syburi or Saiburi Province (ไทรบุรี), a Thai province after the annexation of northern Malay states in 1943 - 1945.
 * Saiburi (ไทรบุรี), the Thai name for the Malay state of Kedah.
 * Sai Buri District (สายบุรี), a district in Pattani Province.

title: Saiburi


text:
Indian Military Academy

The Indian Military Academy (IMA) is one of the oldest military academies in India, and trains officers for the Indian Army. Located in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, it was established in 1932 following a recommendation by a military committee set up under the chairmanship of General (later Field Marshal) Sir Philip Chetwode. From a class of 40 male cadets in 1932, IMA now has a sanctioned capacity of 1,650. Cadets undergo a training course varying between 3 and 16 months depending on entry criteria. On completion of the course at IMA cadets are permanently commissioned into the army as Lieutenants.

The academy, spread over 1400 acre, houses the Chetwode Hall, Khetarpal Auditorium, Somnath Stadium, Salaria Aquatic Centre, Hoshiar Singh Gymnasium and other facilities that facilitate the training of cadets. Cadets in IMA are organized into a regiment with four battalions of four companies each. The academy's mission, to train future military leaders of the Indian Army, goes hand in hand with the character building enshrined in the IMA honour code, warrior code and motto. Cadets take part in a variety of sports, adventure activities, physical training, drills, weapons training and leadership development activities.

The academy's alumni include six recipients of India's highest military decoration, the Param Vir Chakra. Other achievements by alumni include 73 Military Crosses, 17 Ashoka Chakras, 84 Maha Vir Chakras and 41 Kirti Chakras. In 2017, Lieutenant Ummer Fayaz Parray was the 847th name to be engraved on the IMA War Memorial, which honours alumni of the academy who have fallen in the course of action.

Up to 1 October 2019, the 87th Raising Day, over 61,000 gentleman cadets had graduated and over 3,000 foreign cadets from over 30 other states, including Afghanistan, Singapore, Zambia, and Malaysia, had attended IMA for pre-commission training. Alumni have gone on to become Chief and Vice-Chief of Army Staff, Olympians and politicians. Foreign alumni have also done well in their countries, going on to becomes chiefs of their respective militaries, prime ministers, presidents and politicians.

Demands for an Indian military training academy
During the Indian independence movement, Indian leaders recognised the need for a local military institution to meet the needs of an armed force loyal to sovereign India. The Indianisation of the officer cadre of the army began in 1901, but it was only for the elite, and after training they were not allowed into the regular army. The British Raj was reluctant to commission Indian officers or permit local officer training. In 1905, natives could officer only Indian troops and by rank were not equal to commissioned British officers. Up to the outbreak of the First World War, the highest rank to which a native soldier of India could rise was Subedar, a rank lower than the lowermost officer rank of Subaltern.

But following the Indian military performance in the First World War, the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms facilitated the officer training of 10 Indian commissioned officers at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In 1922, the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College (now known as the Rashtriya Indian Military College or just RIMC) was set up in Dehradun to prepare young Indians for admission to Sandhurst. The Indianisation of the Army started with the commissioning of 31 Indian officers. Among this first batch of officers to be commissioned was Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw, who became the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army in 1969 and later the first Indian Field Marshal. Despite demands from the Indian officers, the British resisted expansion of the Indian officer cadre. Indian leaders pressed the issue at the first Round Table Conference in 1930. The establishment of an Indian officer training college was one of the few concessions made at the conference. The Indian Military College Committee, set up under the chairmanship of General Sir Philip Chetwode, in 1931 recommended the establishment of an Indian Military Academy in Dehradun to produce forty commissioned officers twice a year following two and a half years of training.

Inauguration to Independence
The Government of India transferred the former property of the Railway Staff College of the Indian Railways, with its 206-acre campus and associated infrastructure, to the Indian Military Academy. Brigadier L.P. Collins was appointed the first Commandant and the first batch of 40 gentleman cadets (GC), as IMA trainees are known, began their training on 1 October 1932. The institute was inaugurated on 10 December 1932 by General Sir Philip Chetwode, 7th Bt. Chetwode was promoted to being a Field Marshal the following year, in February 1933. In 1934, before the first batch had passed out, Viceroy Lord Willingdon presented the first colours to the academy on behalf of King George V. The first batch of cadets to graduate the academy, graduating in December 1934, now known as the Pioneers, included Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, General Muhammad Musa and General Smith Dun, who became the Army Chiefs of India, Pakistan, and Burma, respectively. General Dun graduated at the top of his class at IMA and also commanded the passing out parade for the first course. The second, third, fourth and fifth batches were called, respectively, Immortals, Invincible, Stalwarts and Bahadurs. Through the first 16 regular courses that passed out of the academy, until May 1941, 524 officers were commissioned. But the outbreak of the Second World War resulted in an unprecedented increase in the number of entrants, a temporary reduction in the training period to six months and an expansion of the campus. A total of 3,887 officers were commissioned between August 1941 and January 1946, including 710 British officers for the British Army. The academy reverted to its original two and a half year course of training at the end of the war. During the final years before Independence, the academy navigated the role of training officers for both colonial and postcolonial armies.

Post-Independence
Following the Independence of India in August 1947 and the subsequent partition into Pakistan, a number of British officers who were trainers in the academy left for Britain, while Pakistani cadets left for Pakistan. A total of 110 Pakistani cadets then continued their training at Pakistan Military Academy, Kakul. Brigadier Thakur Mahadeo Singh, DSO, was appointed the first Indian Commandant of the academy. The 189 GCs who graduated on 20 December 1947 were the first class from IMA to be commissioned into a free India.

In late 1947, the Chiefs of Staff of the Indian Armed Forces, following the recommendation of a 1946 committee headed by Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, decided to initiate an action plan to commission a new Joint Services training academy. In the interim, they decided to conduct Joint Services training at IMA. The academy was renamed the Armed Forces Academy and a new Joint Services Wing (JSW) was commissioned on 1 January 1949, while training of Army officers continued in the Military Wing. The academy was renamed as the National Defence Academy (NDA) on 1 January 1950, ahead of India becoming a Republic. In December 1954, when the new Joint Services training academy was established in Khadakwasla, near Pune, the NDA name along with the Joint Services Wing was transferred to Khadakwasla. The academy in Dehradun was then rechristened as the Military College. Brigadier M.M. Khanna, MVC was the first IMA alumni to be appointed Commandant of IMA at the end of 1956. In 1960, the founding name, Indian Military Academy, was reinstated. On 10 December 1962, on the 30th anniversary of the academy's inauguration, the second President of India, Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, presented new colours to the academy.

After the Sino-Indian War of 1962, special measures were introduced. From 1963 until August 1964, the duration of regular classes was truncated, emergency courses were initiated, and new living quarters for cadets were added. However, unlike previous wars, the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 and that of 1971 did not disrupt Academy training or graduation schedules. On 11 February 1971, William G Westmoreland, Chief of Staff, United States Army, visited the academy.

In 1976, the four battalions of the academy were renamed after Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa, General Kodandera Subayya Thimayya, Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw and Lieutenant General Premindra Singh Bhagat, with two companies each. On 15 December 1976, then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed presented new colours to the academy. In the 1970s, the Army Cadet College (ACC) was shifted from Pune to Dehradun, becoming a wing of IMA. In 2006, the ACC was merged into IMA as the fifth battalion, the Siachen Battalion.

By 1 October 2019, the 87th Raising Day, the number of GCs to have graduated from IMA stood at 61,762, including foreign alumni from 33 friendly countries. Foreign countries included Angola, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Myanmar, Ghana, Iraq, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, Palestine, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tonga, Uganda, Yemen and Zambia.

Campus
The academy is in the Doon Valley (Dronacharya Ashram), Uttarakhand. National Highway 72, the Dehradun–Chakrata Road, separates the North and South Campus. The campus of the academy covers an area of 1400 acre. The Chetwode Hall on the drill square, built in 1930, houses the administrative headquarters of IMA and is also the hub of academic training. It has lecture halls, computer labs and a cafe. On the opposite side of the drill square is the Khetarpal Auditorium. Opened in 1982, it has a seating capacity of over 1,500. A newer wing of the Chetwode building, added in 1938, houses the central library. It has over 100,000 volumes and subscriptions to hundreds of periodicals from across the world, in addition to multimedia sections. In addition, there are two branch libraries closer to the cadet barracks across the campus.

The IMA museum on the campus displays artifacts of historic importance such as the pistol of Lieutenant General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi of the Pakistan Army, given upon his surrender to Lt. Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora after signing the instrument of surrender to end the Bangladesh liberation war of 1971. A captured Pakistan Army Patton tank is also on the grounds.

Athletic facilities
The South Campus of IMA includes facilities such as the Somnath Stadium, with a seating capacity of 3,000, the Salaria Aquatic Centre, consisting of an Olympic sized swimming pool, and the Hoshiar Singh Gymnasium. The North Campus includes the polo ground along the Tons River. Tons Valley to the northwest of the campus is used for para-dropping, para-gliding, skydiving and battle training. Other facilities include stables with a stud farm, a small arms shooting range, and épée fencing from the modern pentathlon.

War memorial
The IMA War Memorial commemorates the alumni of the academy who died in action. At the sanctum sanctorum of the memorial is a bronze statue of a gentleman cadet with a sword presenting arms. The memorial was inaugurated by Field Marshal Manekshaw on 17 November 1999, shortly after the conclusion of the Kargil War. IMA officers led and fought in the war, with some of them becoming household names in India for their gallantry. Among their ranks were two Param Vir Chakra recipients and eight Maha Vir Chakra recipients. In 2017, Lieutenant Ummer Fayaz Parray was the 847th name to be engraved on the War Memorial.

Gentleman cadet life
There are various modes of entry into IMA, which include: on graduation from National Defence Academy, on graduation from Army Cadet College (a wing of IMA itself), direct entry through the Combined Defence Services Examination followed by SSB exams, and technical entry under university and college schemes. While those who gain entry into IMA go on to become permanently commissioned officers, those who go to the other officer training academies such as Officer Training Academy, Chennai are trained for short service commission. Depending on entry criteria married or unmarried male candidates are allowed to voluntarily apply for the course. Lady Cadets are not inducted into the Indian Army through IMA, though there has been talk of the same. IMA has a sanctioned capacity of 1,650.

A trainee on admission to IMA is referred to as a gentleman cadet (GC). One reason for this is that the academy expects its graduates to uphold the highest moral and ethical values. Inscribed in the oak paneling at the eastern entrance of the Chetwode Hall is the academy's credo, excerpted from the speech of Field Marshal Chetwode at the inauguration of the academy in 1932:

"The safety, honour and welfare of your country come first, always and every time. The honour, welfare and comfort of the men you command come next. Your own ease, comfort and safety come last, always and every time."

The freshman GCs hail from diverse backgrounds from all parts of India. The training is action-filled, intense, diverse, and fast. Significant emphasis is placed on self discipline. The official website of the Indian Army describes the training as "a test of one's mettle and capabilities, and in psychological terms a foretaste of what the trainees would face in the battlefield". On passing out GCs are permanently commissioned into the Army as Lieutenants.

Organization
IMA cadets are organized as a regiment with four training battalions, of four companies each. There were sixteen companies in 2013. Battalions are named after generals of the Indian Army (except for Siachen Battalion), while companies are named after battles in which the Army has participated.

 * Cariappa Battalion: Kohima Company, Naushera Company, Poonch Company
 * Thimayya Battalion: Alamein Company, Meiktila Company, Sangro Company
 * Manekshaw Battalion: Imphal Company, Zojila Company, Jessore Company
 * Bhagat Battalion: Sinhgarh Company, Keren Company, Cassino Company
 * Siachen Battalion: Erstwhile Army Cadet College

Training
Technical graduates, ex-NDA, ex-ACC and university entry cadets undergo training at IMA for one year. Direct entry cadets train for one and a half years. A gentleman cadet gets a stipend of inr 56100 per month for the duration of the course (as per the 7th pay commission).

IMA's mission is to train future military leaders of the Indian Army. Physical training, drills, weapons training and leadership development form the focus of the training. Character building is embedded in the honour code of IMA "I shall not lie, steal or cheat, nor tolerate those who do so". From the honour code came the adoption of "The Gentleman Cadet's Resolve" and in turn the Credo, Honour Code and Resolve became the academy Trishul for conduct of cadets. The "Warrior Code" of IMA which has been adopted from the "Bhagwat Gita", the punch line of it being "I am a Warrior, fighting is my dharma;" also talks of compassion.

Training is broadly categorised into character building, service subjects and academic subjects. Service subjects give basic military knowledge up to the standard required for an infantry platoon commander. Academic subjects provide the cadet with a general education so as to enable a basic knowledge in professional subjects as well as enable cadets to clearly express themselves both verbally and in writing. In the early 1970s the service subjects to academic subjects ratio was 16:9 (64% service to 36% academic); this ratio was enhanced for technical graduates to a ratio of 83% service subjects and 27% academic subjects. Over time this ratio varied as per regular course entry or technical entry, and changed as terms were increased or decreased. Weapon training includes the close quarter battle range, the location of miss and hit target system, jungle lane shooting and the team battle shooting range. The curriculum is reviewed from time to time and adapted to whatever the current situation the country is in. Cadets are also put in roles where they need to think like the enemy such as in Exercise Chindit where some GCs are asked to act as terrorists while others have to capture them. They are trained in various forms of warfare, including conventional war, proxy war, low intensity conflict, and counter-insurgency. An integral part of the training are the ustads or instructors numbering about 200. The ustads are responsible for aspects of training including drills, weapons training and field craft.

Games and sports include cross country, hockey, basketball, polo, athletics, football, aquatics, volleyball and boxing. There is also an annual sports meet with other military academies in India. Adventure activities undertaken at the academy include trekking, cycling, and rock climbing. In 1997 a cadet died during a boxing session. In 2007 a cadet died in a grenade blast. In 2009 a cadet died by drowning. Between 2017 and 2019, three cadets died during training. Two cadets died of exhaustion during a 10 km run, while a third died after slipping into a gorge during a night navigation exercise. The academy requires that cadets get insurance against death and disability during training.

Passing out parade
One of the most well known traditions in the IMA is the passing out parade (POP). Before the cadets begin the POP, the band plays an aarti, allowing the cadets to pray to their respective gods. Traditionally, the adjutant leads the parade. In 2019, the reviewing officer for the 136th parade was Lt. Gen. Cherish Mathson. IMA has adopted a song penned by Javed Akhtar for its POPs — Bharat mata teri kasam, tere rakshak rahenge hum ().

During the POP, a civilian dignitary may also make a speech, as was the case during the passing out parade in 1962 when the President Dr. Sarvepalli. Radhakrishnan addressed the cadets, and in 2007 when the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh did so. In 1982, during the golden jubilee, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi inspected the POP while in 1992, the President R. Venkataraman reviewed the diamond jubilee POP (winter term). In 2006, President APJ Abdul Kalam was the reviewing officer at the POP. The finale is the antim pag (final step), where cadets take the last step into Chetwode Hall. However the POP on 11 June 1961 was called off without the final step due to weather, the only instance where this has happened for a passing out batch. The tradition of cap-flinging during the passing out parade has a long past but it was replaced by the cadets doing celebratory pushups. The passing out also consists of traditions such as presentation of a "Sword of Honour" to the best GC. Notable recipients of the Sword of Honour include the first Chief of Defence Staff Bipin Rawat (in 1978) and the Olympian and union minister Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (in 1990).

Notable alumni
Over 61,000 GCs have graduated from IMA. IMA alumni have led and fought in every conflict in which the Indian Army has served. Numerous alumni have earned laurels, died in action and been honoured with gallantry awards. As of 2016, alumni from the academy were recipients of 7 Param Vir Chakras, 17 Ashoka Chakras, 84 Maha Vir Chakras and 257 Vir Chakras. Alumni were also recipients of 2 Sarvattam Yudh Seva Medals, 28 Uttam Yudh Seva Medals, 48 Kirti Chakras and 191 Shaurya Chakras. Battle casualties from the academy total 817 alumni.

Pre-Independence honours
In 1941, during World War II, then 2nd Lieutenant Premindra Singh Bhagat was awarded the Victoria Cross. Captain Mateen Ahmed Ansari and Captain Sartaj Singh were awarded the George Cross and George Medal respectively. Siri Kanth Korla was awarded both the Distinguished Service Order (as Captain) and the Military Cross (as Major), while Sarbjit Singh Kalha (as Major) was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. In total, 73 Military Crosses were awarded to IMA alumni during that war and over 200 alumni were killed in action. Lt. Gen. Kashmir Singh Katoch, MC, a Padma Bhushan recipient and the military advisor to Hari Singh, the erstwhile ruler of the princely state of Kashmir, completed his military training from IMA in 1936.

Param Vir Chakra and Ashok Chakra awardees
Alumni who have been honoured with the Param Vir Chakra include Major Somnath Sharma (posthumous), Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria (posthumous), Lieutenant Colonel Hoshiar Singh, 2nd Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal (posthumous), Captain Vikram Batra (posthumous), and Captain Manoj Kumar Pandey (posthumous). Lt. Triveni Singh was posthumously awarded the Ashok Chakra Award.

Maha Vir Chakra awardees (Kargil War, 1999)
During the Kargil War of 1999, the Maha Vir Chakra was awarded posthumously to Academy alumni Major Rajesh Singh Adhikari, Major Vivek Gupta, Captain Anuj Nayyar, Captain Neikezhakuo Kenguruse. Lieutenant Balwan Singh,

Field Marshal and Generals
Sam Manekshaw, an alumnus of IMA, was the first Indian to become a Field Marshal. Other graduates of IMA include the current Chief of Army Staff (COAS) and a number of past COASs including General Bipin Rawat, General Vijay Kumar Singh, General Bikram Singh, General Deepak Kapoor and General Sunith Francis Rodrigues. A number of Vice Chief of Army Staff are also alumni of IMA such as Lt. Gen. Philip Campose and Lt. Gen. Sarath Chand. Lt. Gen. Zoravar Chand Bakshi (PVSM, MVC, VrC, VSM), an alumnus of IMA, was "India's most decorated General". Lt. Gen. Harbakhsh Singh, a 1933 batch GC of IMA, also a Japanese POW for three years, was the Western Army Commander during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Numerous GOC-in-C have passed out from IMA such as Lt. Gen. Alok Singh Kler, the current GOC-in-C of the South Western Command (Sapta Shakti Command).

Sports
The academy has produced Olympians such as Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, a 1990 Sword of Honour recipient, who won a silver medal at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games and went on to become the sports minister; Colonel Balbir Singh Kular scored three goals in hockey during the 1968 Olympics and was captain of the Indian team in the 1971 World Cup; Lt. Col. Haripal Kaushik and Lt. Col. Ali Iqtidar Shah Dara were also hockey players who won gold medals in the Olympics. IMA alumni who have received India's highest award for sports, the Arjuna Award, include Major General Mohammed Amin Naik for his achievements in rowing and Brigadier Raj Manchanda for his achievements in squash among others. Lt. Col. Satyendra Verma carried out the first base jump in the country. Major D. P. Singh is India's first blade runner. Many alumni have conquered peaks such as Mount Everest.

Alumni from British Indian Army assigned to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan Armies

 * General M. A. G. Osmani – Commander-in-Chief of the Bangladesh Mukti Bahini
 * Lt. General Khwaja Wasiuddin – General in Pakistan Army and Bangladesh Army, member of Nawab of Dhaka family
 * General Yahya Khan – Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army and third President of Pakistan
 * General Tikka Khan – 1st Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army
 * General Gul Hassan Khan – Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army
 * General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army and sixth President of Pakistan
 * Lt. General. Sahabzada Yaqub Khan – Pakistan Ambassador to the United States and later the Foreign Minister
 * General Muhammad Musa Khan – Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army
 * Lt. General Habibullah Khan Khattak – Chief of General Staff, Pakistan Army
 * Captain Raja Muhammad Sarwar – Recipient of Nishan-i-Haider, Pakistan Army
 * Major Tufail Mohammad – Recipient of Nishan-i-Haider, Pakistan Army
 * Maj. General Smith Dun – Chief of Army Staff Myanmar Army, Sword of Honour IMA

International alumni
Some of IMA's International alumni include:
 * General Ibrahim Ismail – Chief of Staff of the Malaysian Armed Forces
 * General Ibrahim Babangida – former military president of Nigeria
 * Captain Tunku Ismail Sultan Ibrahim – Crown prince of Johor state, Malaysia
 * Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai – an Afghan Taliban politician
 * Sultan Sallehuddin — Sultan of Kedah State, Malaysia

In 2019, foreign cadets taking part in the spring term passing out parade numbered 77 with Afghanistan having the most foreign gentleman cadets graduating, 45 in total. In the POP on 10 December 2005, Penjor Gyeltshen, an officer from the Royal Bhutan Army, became the first foreigner since India's independence to win the Sword of Honour (presented to the best cadet). In 1972, Prince Tu'ipelehake was the first Tongan to attend IMA.

In popular culture
The 2004 Bollywood film Lakshya is partly shot in IMA as well as the Tamil film Vaaranam Aayiram. In 2015 Tanushree Podder penned a novel called On The Double: Drills, Drama, and Dare-Devilry at the Indian Military Academy, a fictional portrayal of a gentleman cadet's life. Making of a Warrior, a documentary by Dipti Bhalla and Kunal Verma, provides an inside look at IMA's culture, traditions and training regime.

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Death Master File

The Death Master File (DMF) is a computer database file made available by the United States Social Security Administration since 1980. It is known commercially as the Social Security Death Index (SSDI). The file contains information about persons who had Social Security numbers and whose deaths were reported to the Social Security Administration from 1962 to the present; or persons who died before 1962, but whose Social Security accounts were still active in 1962. , the file contained information on 111 million deaths.

In 2011, some records were removed from the file.

Overview
The data includes:
 * Name (Given name, surname), since 1990s the middle initial
 * Date of birth (Year, Month, Day)
 * Date of death (Year, Month), since 2000 the day of month
 * Social Security number
 * Whether death has been verified or a death certificate has been observed.

In 2011, the following information was removed:
 * Last ZIP code of the person while alive
 * ZIP code to which the lump sum death benefit was sent, if applicable

The Death Master File is a subset of the Social Security Administration's Numident database file, computerized in 1961, which contains information about all Social Security numbers issued since 1936. The Death Master File is considered a public document under the Freedom of Information Act, and monthly and weekly updates of the file are sold by the National Technical Information Service of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Knowing that a patient died is important in many observational clinical studies and is important for medical research. It is also used by financial and credit firms and government agencies to match records and prevent identity fraud.

The Death Master File, in its SSDI form, is also used extensively by genealogists. Lorretto Dennis Szucs and Sandra Hargraves Luebking report in The Source: A Guidebook of American Genealogy (1997) that the total number of deaths in the United States from 1962 to September 1991 is estimated at 58.2 million. Of that number, 42.5 million (73 percent) are found in the Death Master File. Other research published by the Social Security Administration in 2002 suggests that for most years since 1973, 93 percent to 96 percent of deaths of individuals aged 65 or older were included in the DMF. Today the number of deaths, at any age, reported to the Death Master File is around 95 percent.

Distribution
Social Security Administration distributes the file via National Technical Information Service. In May 2013, the cost of a single download (with no weekly, monthly or quarterly annual subscription costs) was $1825.

Errors and omissions
The Social Security Administration has estimated that about 16 million decedents were missing from the File, leading to government benefits being paid out improperly; the total amount of improper payments in 2014 was estimated at $124 billion.

Conversely, the Social Security Administration estimates that roughly 12,000 living people are added to the File annually, potentially due to clerical error. Because the File is used widely for commercial purposes, an erroneous listing can lead to not only a cessation of government benefits, but also the freezing of bank accounts, the inability to buy or rent property, and mistaken accusations of identity theft. The Office of the Inspector General called the error rate "very low", but noted that "SSA’s erroneous death entries can lead to mistaken benefit terminations and cause severe financial hardship and distress to affected people. ... When errors like this occur, it can be a long and difficult process to resurrect your financial life."

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Talk:Synoptic problem

Untitled
Please add more information on what Lessing's ur-gospel theory was. There is no info in wikipedia on those topics. :)

Other takes on "synoptic problem"
Introducing The Restoration Of The Gospel OF Christ

I have solved the synoptic problem by first reconstructing the declaration mentioned in Luke 1:1 which I entitled "The Declaration of the Apostles according to william".

The 'Dec' is a perfect four column harmony of the four gospel accounts, the order of all scripture based on dramatic unities of time, distance, and movement. The chronology of the four gospel accounts could then be determined which I have accomplished.

Knowing that I had determined the exact order of all scripture in the four gospel accounts, I then restored the gospel of Christ by conflating the four columns of M-M-L-J from the Declaration into one column of text. The restored gospel is entitled "The Gospel Of Christ according to william".

Luke's Prologue introduces three distinct and separate documents: The gospel account according to Luke; The Declaration of the Apostles according to the william; and The Gospel Of Christ according to the william.

"Wiliam" is a contraction of the phrase "will of the I am" meaning that this work is according to the will of God, even my Lord Jesus Christ.

Now is the appointed time. The restoration of the gospel of Christ heralds the coming to the end of the times of the Gentiles. Grace and honor to all.

PDF files of all my writings are free downloads from the TCAT website.

www.thechurchattroutdale.com

All files may be printed and all pdf files may be shared. "Freely have we received and freely do we give."

WGP 4.28.10

Evangelical Christians I have encountered have a totally different concept of the synoptic problem than the higher criticism approach of the article. It seems to me that "synoptic problem" means the mental and linguistic gymnastics taken to reconcile descrepancies between the gospels in such a way to maintain their Biblical inerrancy. I wonder if someone could comment on that in the article? El charangista 00:25, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * How exactly does the synoptic problem/hypotheses reconcile discrepancies between the gospel accounts? My impression was that the whole synoptic approach is fairly "historico-critical" and (generally speaking) tends to be either opposed or deemed fairly irrelevant by the evangelical side of Christianity Leon 06:38, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Regarding what has been called "the synoptic problem": I've heard that Luke took a largely journalistic approach by interviewing eyewitnesses and researching other accounts. I've also heard that Matthew, as a tax collector, likely knew some form of shorthand, and was able to transcribe Jesus's teachings verbatim, on the spot.  The higher criticism approach seems to treat each of the gospels as later writings cobbled together, regarding their authors as propogandists of a sort, and not as first or second generation sources.
 * Purely from my imagination, I can theorize Mark writing his gospel first; then Luke running around interviewing people, including Matthew, using Mark as a framework; then Matthew writing his own gospel, having been inspired (in the usual sense) by Luke's journalism.
 * Regarding the apparent discrepencies between gospel accounts: I believe that has its own article, or section in other articles, such as the biblical inerrancy article you mentioned. --BlueNight (talk) 21:35, 5 January 2008 (UTC).

"Eta Linneman" addendum under Proposed Solutions
So I removed the "citation needed" tag again. WP:RS does not say you can't ref another wiki page as a source, and it's a guideline anyway not a hard and fast rule. Furthermore, this is not something that requires a fact tag. But I went ahead and added a cite anyway, which is a duplicate from the other article that I also re-added as a further source. Let's discuss any more issues you have with that here. --shift6 17:48, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for getting the reference. I wanted to first say that the WP:CITE page says in big bold letters Note: other Wikipedia articles cannot be used as sources. I also wanted to say that "homepage.mac.com" is a self-publishing hosting service, similar to "members.aol.com" or "geocities.com" and brings up issues of Verifiability. It would be better for wikipedia if the text (which is claimed to be in the public domain) was linked to from a different source. The only other places I could find this document online was and . Next, we need to qualify what sort of "Christians" believe this claim. You removed the word "traditional" which I restored. There are many Christians who accept the two source hypothesis, therefore making the statement inaccurate. Thanks for finding a source for the information, and coming to talk to work out these issues.-Andrew c 20:55, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I didn't check WP:CITE because you had referenced WP:RS in the history, so I appreciate that clarification. As for the source, while it is found on a personal web page, it also cites an original author and date, and the title and date of the periodical in which it was originally published in 1889. I understand wiki's policy on verifiability, but how would someone be expected to reference such a source? Especially since it is used to claim "some people believe X", a claim which really only needs one adherant to be true, as opposed to a historical-factual or wide ranging claim. The web page author is not claiming authority on some matter which is being used as a source for some wide claim in the wiki article, he just reproduced a really old work.

 * Finally, I feel that your final assessment is incorrect. Yes, there are Christians who believe in a two source hypothesis. But this does not make it inaccurate to say that no source documents are needed, because of the definition of spiritual inspiration. Note that my edits did not that claim no sources existed, only that they are not needed. I removed the word "traditional" in my most recent edit as I thought that might be the controversial part of the sentence, as in claiming some kind of wide-ranging belief within Christianity. --shift6 01:26, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

merge_with_synoptic_gospels
I propose these articles be merged. I was cleaning up the gospels article, and I realized that other than the section on etymology, these two articles were covering the same material. Counter proposals, anyone? --Otheus 14:08, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

I totally support the motion. --Marcus wilby73 19:28, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Keep The research into the Synoptic Problem is a separate theological and academic  discipline than that into the Synoptic Gospels. If you do merge then keep a redirect from one to the other Jack1956 07:05, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm conflicted here. Both of these topics are notable enough to warrant their own articles, however if we do have redundant content, we may only have enough material to fill one good article. And I don't know what the title of the article should be. The synoptic problem is the one I am more familiar with, and the one that holds the most interest with me, but it gets less google hits than synoptic gospels. Maybe we could consider keeping them separate, but work on cleaning them up to avoid redundancy. Maybe have one paragraph/section summarizing the synoptic gospels here, and one paragraph/section summarizing the synoptic problem at the other article and have main links directing each other the the more specific content. Though, I'm not sure how much content could go in the synoptic gospels article if we cut out all the info on the problem/proposed solutions. -Andrew c [talk] 13:43, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep apart. The Synoptic Gospels page should describe each of the three, and the content and stylistic overlaps and differences.  The Synoptic Problem should discuss the various modern theories on which came first and what may have been copied from where. --Rumping 22:27, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

I believe the two articles should be merged. I feel that those genuinely seeking instruction on the subject may search for Synoptic Gospels, rather than using the technical term 'synoptic problem', and as a result may miss the marvellous resort that the work on this site is. - Philbool 21:10, 2 November 2007 (UTC) 21:08, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep separate. TheScotch 08:32, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Keep separate would be my guess, but including Synoptic Problem as a subarticle on Synoptic Gospel, summarizing according to Summary Style.  --Alecmconroy (talk) 16:54, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Keep. Should the article on "synoptic gospels" be about their content, their structure, and their significance in Christianity? This article is more about a historical issue.Vice regent 20:47, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep separate  Any disputes can be handled at Synoptic Problem, and Synoptic Gospel can be a neutral overview/definition of the subject  Nownownow (talk) 20:55, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

I removed the merge messages. Hope it's ok. --Witr (talk) 21:34, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

What this article is lacking
The article is about the synaptic problem. Yet, it starts with the solutions, and discusses afterward of the problems. Also, we should explain much more carefully the problems that are being raised. I think that a list of quick "facts" that the solution must account would be helpful. I am not a specialist of this question, so I am hesitant to change the article, but here is what the list of "quick facts" could include (which I borrowed from diverses Wikipedia articles about the gospels):
 * Matthew and Luke, but not Mark, include a sayings collection from Jesus
 * 92% of Mark is found in Matthew, but only 56% of Mark is included in Luke. Matthew and Luke share 53%.
 * Chronologically, Matthew and Luke follow Mark most of the time. When Matthew disagrees with Mark's chronology, Luke often agrees with Mark. When Luke disagrees with Mark's chronology, Matthew will always agree with Mark. Matthew and Luke rarely ever disagree together against Mark.
 * Whenever Mark and Matthew agree, Mark often has a more verbose version.
 * Luke has more similarity to John than any other two synoptic gospels
 * Mark's Greek is more primitive than the other Gospel writers. Often, Luke or Matthew will state a parallel Jesus quote much more eloquently than Mark.
 * There is progression in the quality of language and communication with Mark being the least polished/rendered Greek, Matthews being the most 'Jewish', with many key terms replaced with Jewish emphasis to make the Gospel more applicable to a predominately Jewish audience, and Luke being the work of a refined scholar of language, with clear rhetorical technique demonstrated -Philbool
 * Luke refers in his gospel that many versions summarizing Jesus life are already available 21:15, 2 November 2007 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Marcus wilby73 (talk • contribs).

 * Right, so first off, we merge synoptic gospels with this article, and then expand on the similarities and differences. It's hard/redundant to try to cover the same material in two different articles. My proposal so far has one supporter (Markus wilby73) who is not a "main" contributor to either article, so I'm waiting to hear from others before commencing the merge. --Otheus 21:41, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Makes sense to me, Otheus. I'd hate to end up at this article (as I just did) and miss those useful facts (as I would have if I weren't in the habit of checking talk pages). Pschelden 09:22, 25 October 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pschelden (talk • contribs)

The Study of the Synoptic Gospels and the Study of the Study of the Synoptic Gospels are different categories, cross referencing and summarizing would be a far better solution to what is missing from both this article and the synoptic gospel article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.107.99.236 (talk) 18:52, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Help needed at Nativity of Jesus
Outside input is requested at Nativity of Jesus. It concerns a section, The narratives compared, which is a table showing the differences in detail between the nativity accounts of Matthew and Luke. Questions have been raised as to whether it should be included. Concerns include original research, novel synthesis, and dependence upon primary sources. The table can be seen at this version of the page:. Opinions concerning whether it should be included at all (given its current state, as well as the "Nativity as myth" section, which addresses discrepancies in the narratives), and if so, then in its current state, or beefed up with references, or converted to prose, are needed and would be greatly appreciated. Thanks to all who respond at the talk page. carl bunderson (talk) (contributions) 21:52, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

2 ideas that I'm never going to add
First the dating of when the gospels were written must have some influence on these theories and should be mentioned. Second rather than just % how about content. For example it would be good to say things like: the 11% Mark but not in Matthew was about demonic possession, Jesus rejecting family, and advising his followers to do the same.Nitpyck (talk) 05:04, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

Primary meaning of the term "synoptic problem" not expressed well in opening paragraph
I think a concentration on order of writing in the lead is highly misleading. As the rest of the article makes clear, the centerpiece of the problem is explaining the pattern of apparently common material among the synoptics; the order of composition comes as a corollary of this. Mangoe (talk) 14:28, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I believe the following would be a better first paragraphs, since it emphasis the main concept behind the synoptic problem, which is DETERMINING THE ORDER IN WHICH THE FIRST THREE GOSPELS WERE WRITTEN;

 * The synoptic problem is the phrase used by academic scholars with regards to questions of what order the first three canonical gospels, those of Mark, Matthew, and Luke were written. These are known as the Synoptic Gospels (from the Greek 'syn,' meaning “together,” and 'optic,' meaning “seen”). It does not address factual, historic or theological “problems” with these gospels, but only questions that bear on determining the dating of the writing of the texts.

 * Augustine believed the order to be Matthew, Mark, then Luke, and that ordering was accepted for many years. Later scholars found “problems” with this ordering, and began to suggest alternative ordering for the gospels based on the “problem” they saw with Augustine's ordering. —Preceding unsigned comment added by RichGriese (talk • contribs) 17:54, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm looking at the references in the article, and every one of them says "textual interrelationships" and none of them says "order", except as a consequence of the interrelationships. I'd be happy to have Goodacre's input, from him. Having you relate his words isn't satisfactory. Mangoe (talk) 19:26, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
 * no problem. I simply though i would help improve the article, since the goal of the synoptic problem is not clear from the initial paragraphs. If you like it the way it is, that fine. You will find that when fundamentalists and other supernaturalists hear the word "synoptic problem", just seeing the word "problem" next to the word "gospel" makes them crazy, and they think it is some attack on the historic, theological, or factual information in the gospels. They do not realize that the goal of the synoptic problem, which might be better called "the synoptic question" or "the synoptic puzzle" is simply an attempt to determine what order the gospels were written in. If you don't want that clarrified in the initial wording, as I said, that is up to you guys. I thought I would simply try to help. RichGriese (talk) 22:56, 21 September 2010 (UTC) BTW, look at the artcicle as it is, if you notice the only thing all the hypothesis are talking about is THE ORDER or the writing. No other relationships are talked about, and if any other information is talked about, it is with regard to how it affects determining THE ORDER that the the synoptics were written in.

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:29, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Synoptic problem


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Charles Thompson (jazz)

Charles Phillip Thompson (March 21, 1918 – June 16, 2016) was an American swing and bebop pianist, organist, composer, and arranger.

Early life
Thompson was born in Springfield, Ohio, United States, on March 21, 1918. His father was a minister and his stepmother played the piano. "He first studied violin and briefly played tenor saxophone, but took up piano as a teenager." He moved with his family to Parsons, Kansas, in the southeastern part of the state. Later Thompson attended a Kansas City high school.

By the age of twelve, Thompson was playing private parties with Bennie Moten and his band in Colorado Springs, Colorado. During this time, Count Basie played off and on with Moten's band. During a show, Basie called Thompson up to perform. He was dubbed "Sir Charles Thompson" by Lester Young.

Career
Thompson chiefly worked with small groups, including the Coleman Hawkins/Howard McGhee sextet in 1944–1945. Throughout the 1940s he played and recorded with Charlie Parker, Dexter Gordon, Miles Davis and J. C. Heard, among others. He played with Lucky Millinder's big band in 1946, and under Illinois Jacquet in 1947–48 and 1952.

He worked freelance, principally on organ, for much of the 1950s. He played with Parker again in 1953 and recorded with Vic Dickenson and Buck Clayton in 1953–54. Thompson worked with Earl Bostic in the late 1950s before heading his own quartet in 1959.

In the early 1960s, he toured Europe and Canada with Buck Clayton. Thompson was in Europe again in 1964, with Jazz at the Philharmonic, and in 1967 for the show Jazz from a Swinging Era. "Living variously on the West Coast, where he often worked with Vernon Alley, and in Toronto, Paris, and Zurich, he continued to lead small groups through the 1970s and 1980s." He composed the jazz standard "Robbins' Nest".

Personal life
Thompson had one daughter. He died on June 16, 2016, at the age of 98 in a hospital near Tokyo, Japan. He had lived in the country with his wife Makiko since 2002.

As leader

 * Takin' Off (Delmark)
 * Sir Charles Thompson and Coleman Hawkins: For the Ears (Vanguard, 1954–56)
 * Sir Charles Thompson and the Swing Organ (Columbia, 1959)
 * Sir Charles: Rockin' Rhythm with Sir Charles at the Organ (Columbia, 1961)
 * Hey There (Black & Blue, 1974)
 * Robbins' Nest: Live at the Jazz Showcase (Delmark, 2000)
 * I Got Rhythm: Live at the Jazz Showcase (Delmark, 2001)

As sideman
With Dexter Gordon With Dodo Greene With Joe Newman With Paul Quinichette With Harold Ashby and Paul Gonsalves With Ike Quebec With Joe Williams
 * With Buck Clayton
 * The Huckle-Buck and Robbins' Nest (Columbia, 1954)
 * How Hi the Fi (Columbia, 1954)
 * All the Cats Join In (Columbia 1956)
 * Buck & Buddy (Swingville, 1960) with Buddy Tate
 * One for Buck (Columbia, 1961)
 * Buck & Buddy Blow the Blues (Swingville, 1961) with Buddy Tate
 * Landslide (Blue Note, 1961-62 [1980])
 * My Hour of Need (Blue Note, 1962)
 * The Count's Men (Jazztone, 1955)
 * I Feel Like a Newman (Storyville, 1956)
 * Moods (EmArcy, 1954)
 * Tenor Stuff (Columbia (UK),1961)
 * The Complete Blue Note 45 Sessions (Blue Note, 1960–2)
 * Together (Roulette, 1961) with Harry "Sweets" Edison
 * Jazz Spectacular (Frankie Laine) (Columbia 1955)

title: Charles Thompson (jazz)


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St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, formerly called St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, is based in Tooting in the London Borough of Wandsworth, and serves a population of 1.3 million across southwest London. A large number of services, such as cardiothoracic medicine and surgery, neurosciences and renal transplantation, also cover significant populations from Surrey and Sussex, totalling about 3.5 million people.

As of 2018, the trust employs 9,309 staff.

On 1 October 2010 St George's Healthcare integrated with Community Services Wandsworth, formerly the provider arm of NHS Wandsworth. This integration saw Community Services Wandsworth become the Community Services Wandsworth division of St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, with the 1,200 members of staff becoming employees of St George's Healthcare under TUPE.

St George's Healthcare incorporates St George's Hospital in Tooting and a full range of community services provided at Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton, St John's Therapy Centre in Battersea, HMP Wandsworth, health centres and clinics, GP surgeries, schools and in people's homes throughout Wandsworth.

St George's Hospital
St George's Hospital is one of the UK's largest teaching hospitals. It shares its main hospital site in Tooting, England with the renowned St George's, University of London which trains NHS staff and carries out advanced medical research.

The hospital has around 1,000 beds and provides all the usual care you would expect from a local NHS hospital, such as accident and emergency, maternity services and care for older people and children. However, as a major acute hospital, St George's Hospital also offers very specialist care for the most complex of injuries and illnesses, including trauma, neurology, cardiac care, renal transplantation, cancer care and stroke. It is also home to one of four major trauma centres and one of eight hyper-acute stroke units for London.

St George's Hospital also provides care for patients from a larger catchment area in the South East of England, for specialties such as complex pelvic trauma. Other services treat patients from all over the country, such as family HIV care and bone marrow transplantation for non-cancer diseases. The trust also provides a nationwide state-of-the-art endoscopy training centre.

St John's Therapy Centre
Opened in February 2007 on the same site as its predecessor building, St John's Therapy Centre in Battersea brings together community-based therapy services, a mental health unit and two GP practices, bringing a range of multi-disciplinary professionals closer together. In December 2008, all St George's Healthcare services formerly provided at the Bolingbroke Hospital in Battersea, were relocated to St John's.

St John's Therapy Centre was officially opened on Thursday 2 July 2009 by Professor Ann Keen MP, Parliamentary Undersecretary of State for Health.

A modern flexible building, the new centre is much larger than its predecessor and allows patients to access a variety of services under one roof. The success of the building's architectural design was praised when it was awarded a Wandsworth Design Award in 2007. The awards, which are presented by Wandsworth Borough Council, recognise buildings that have made a positive contribution to the local environment.

Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton
Queen Mary's Hospital is a large community hospital housed in a state of the art, four-storey building containing all the modern equipment needed to offer the local population and its patients from around the world the latest treatment techniques.

The rebuilt hospital was opened in the grounds of the original hospital in February 2006. Services continued to be delivered in the old hospital whilst the new building was developed. The development of Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton was funded as a PFI scheme.

Queen Mary's Hospital provides outpatient rapid diagnostic and treatment facilities, mental health community services, a minor injuries unit, burns dressing clinic, limb fitting services, a sexual health clinic, 69 mental healthcare beds, 50 elderly and intermediate care beds and 20 rehabilitation beds.

Queen Mary's sees over 130,000 patients a year. In 2009 the hospital's Minor Injuries Unit saw 16,500 people come through its doors to be treated by an emergency nurse practitioner. The unit is open every day of the year offering treatment and advice on a wide range of injuries and illnesses.

Community services
The Community Services Wandsworth division provides a wide variety of specialist and community hospital based services as well as providing community services to children, adults and older people. This includes district nursing, health visiting, specialist nursing, school nursing, family planning, sexual health, HIV services, haemoglobinopathies, community dentistry, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech and language therapy, dietetics, rehabilitation services and services for people with learning disabilities. These services are provided from Queen Mary's Hospital in Roehampton, Dawes House intermediate care unit, Tooting Walk-in centre, St John's Therapy Centre, Balham Health Centre, Bridge Lane Health Centre, Brocklebank Health Centre, Doddington Health Centre, Eileen Lecky Health Centre, Joan Bicknell Centre, Mapleton Centre, St Christopher's Health Clinic, Stormont Health Centre, Tooting Health Clinic, Tudor Lodge Health Centre, Westmoor Health Clinic, GP surgeries, schools, in people's homes and at Wandsworth Prison.

In October 2017 the trust lost the contract for community services in Wandsworth, worth £51.6 million to Central London Community Healthcare NHS Trust

HMP Wandsworth
HMP Wandsworth is the largest prison in the UK, with up to 1,665 inmates at any time. St George's Healthcare is responsible for providing a full range of health services at the prison.

In September 2009 Community Services Wandsworth took over the running of health services at HMP Wandsworth after Secure Healthcare, who previously provided health services there, went into voluntary liquidation and ceased to trade. Community Services Wandsworth integrated with St George's Healthcare NHS Trust on 1 October 2010.

Large Trust of the Year
St George's Healthcare was named 2009 Large Trust of the Year by the independent Dr Foster Intelligence, publisher of the Hospital Guide. Researchers studied data supplied by hospitals across the UK, and awarded St George's one of the top scores and the top Band 5 rating across 13 safety indicators, leading to a fantastic score of 97.26 out of 100. St George's was joint third out of all trusts taking part, and top of the large trusts.

The trust did very well in the 2014 cancer patient experience survey and has agreed to pair up with Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, which did badly, in a scheme intended to "spread and accelerate innovative practice via peer to peer support and learning".

Financial summary
In 2009/10 St George's Healthcare achieved a surplus on income and expenditure of £10.6m meeting its financial duty to break-even during the year. This is the third successive year the trust has made a surplus after incurring deficits between 2003 and 2007. With regard to its other financial duties, the trust stayed within its external financing limit (EFL) – using slightly less cash to fund its services and to meet its obligations than the allowance set by the Department of Health. The trust also met its capital cost absorption duty earning a return of at least 3.5 per cent on its assets (land, buildings, equipment etc.) for the year and stayed within the Capital Resource Limit (CRL) approved by the Department of Health.

In 2007 the trust received loans from the Department of Health totalling £34m to finance the deficits it had accumulated in the four-year period 2003/04 – 2006/07.The loans are repayable in full by March 2012. Since the trust has stabilised its financial position it has been able to repay £18m of these loans over the last three financial years – £2m in 2007/08, £8m in 2008/09 and a further £8m last year. Under the terms of the loan agreement the trust was scheduled to make two further repayments of £8m each year in the next two years.

The trust's bid to become a Foundation Trust was hampered by its financial problems. Its application was repeatedly deferred but finally succeeded in February 2015. It plans a cost improvement programme for the 2014/15 financial year of £45.2m and a further £45.8m for 2015/6 but expects to finish 2014/5 with a £10 million deficit.

In March 2015 it was announced that 3 mental health wards at Queen Mary's Hospital will close and beds will be reduced from 153 to between 108 and 126 beds by 2021. £160m from the sale of NHS land will be invested in the Tooting and Tolworth hospitals. The trust reported that vacancies had reached 1/6 of the nursing workforce in July 2015.

In April 2017 it submitted a request for £200 million to improve its buildings after the Care Quality Commission warned it about breaches in regulations related to safe and fit premises. It got £27 million in overall capital funding from the Department of Health in 2019, of which £3.5 million was to sort out the water supply after two cases of legionella.

Overseas patients
The trust issued invoices to patients thought to be ineligible for NHS treatment totalling £3.6 million in 2018–9, but only collected £0.5 million.

Performance

In March 2016 the trust was rated as having a poor reporting culture in the Learning from Mistakes League. In October 2016 it was placed in special measures after it was rated inadequate by the Care Quality Commission. The trust chairman Sir David Henshaw said: "There will be no quick fix to the problems we face."Many of these challenges are due to very poor board and senior management decisions in the past and a failure to tackle the big challenges head on. 25% of patients with suspected cancer did not see a cancer specialist within two weeks though 93% should do so within that time.

In 2019 it was forced to outsource 125 general surgeries to Spire Healthcare and Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust because there were 118 patients waiting more than a year for treatment and it could not meet the national waiting times target that 92% of patients should wait no more than 18 weeks.

It was in special measures from 2016 until December 2019.

Health tourism
In the summer of 2015 immigration officers from the Border Force were stationed in the hospital to train staff to identify "potentially chargeable patients". In October 2016 the trust announced that it planned to require photo identity papers or proof of their right to remain in the UK such as asylum status or a visa for pregnant women. Those not able to provide satisfactory documents would be sent to the trust's overseas patient team "for specialist document screening, in liaison with the UKBA (border agency) and the Home Office." It was estimated that £4.6 million a year was spent on care for ineligible patients. A check on 1,660 maternity patients during five months in 2017 found that 18 were not eligible for free NHS treatment and they were billed a total of £45,000.


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Stubbs the Zombie in Rebel Without a Pulse

Stubbs the Zombie in Rebel Without a Pulse is a reverse horror video game developed by Wideload Games and published by Aspyr Media. It was released on October 18, 2005, for the Xbox video game console, and was released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X in November that same year. The game was released on February 10, 2006, in Europe with distribution handled by THQ. The game was made available on Steam on May 17, 2007 and was later removed, but it became available for purchase again in March 2021 following an update which fixed several major compatibility and stability issues. It became available on Microsoft's Xbox Live Marketplace as an Xbox Originals on May 19, 2008, but was removed late 2012 due to technical issues.

Set in the retro-futuristic version of 1959, the game follows Stubbs who rises from his grave as a zombie and decides to get his revenge by eating brains of the inhabitants of the Pennsylvania city of Punchbowl.

The game was a moderate success garnering favorable reviews and sales for the Xbox version. A sequel was planned, but since Wideload's closing in 2014, it has been since declared canceled.

On March 16, 2021, a remastered version of the game was published by THQ Nordic and released for PC (via Steam), PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S, featuring modernized controls and achievements/trophies. An "I Love Stubbs" Collector's Edition, featuring a severed Stubbs statue and exclusive vinyl, was available as of July 2021 with a shipping date of Q4 2021.

Gameplay
In Stubbs the Zombie, the player plays as a zombie, and the primary goal is to kill humans and devour their brains. Eating brains gives back a certain amount of lost health to the player as well as converting those humans into zombies, causing them to fight alongside the player. The player has the option of beating an enemy to death with melee strikes or to transform them into zombies. Stubbs' zombie state prevents him from wielding any conventional weapons, and instead wields a variety of improvised weaponry and combat techniques, most of which are done using a specific body part as explosives or makeshift devices. Stubbs can drive a wide variety of vehicles, such as cars, tractors and tanks. All of the aforementioned improvised weapons, excluding Stubbs' hand, will convert enemies they kill into zombies. Stubbs can herd zombies which are in range by whistling. Since there is a limit to how many zombies will follow him at a time, Stubbs can guide the rest by sending whole groups of zombies in a direction with a single shove. Stubbs' zombie followers can kill humans and eat their brains, just like Stubbs can, and any human killed by one of his minions will also turn into a zombie. An enemy that fires upon a zombie in a group will attract the attention of all the rest of the zombies. Crowds of zombies serve as a great shield when approaching enemies armed with ranged weapons and are needed for sowing the necessary chaos and confusion into a difficult melee.

Different enemies have different abilities, health pools and weapons for dispatching Stubbs, civilians typically have no weapons or may have the occasional melee weapons, have low health, are quite cowardly and can be grabbed by the front regardless of their health, whereas other enemies need to be hit and dazed before Stubbs is able to eat their brains from the front, though he can eat their brains from behind if they are unaware of Stubbs or distracted by other zombies.

Setting
Punchbowl is a retro-futuristic city that resembles the future as portrayed by the media in 1950s. It includes hovercars, laser weaponry, a monorail, and robots. Punchbowl was envisioned and funded by Andrew Monday and created by his teams of scientists, led by former Nazi scientist Dr. Hermann Wye.

Plot
In 1959, Andrew Monday, multi-billionaire playboy industrialist has founded the futuristic utopian city, Punchbowl, in Pennsylvania. During its opening ceremony, deceased traveling salesman, Edward "Stubbs" Stubblefield, rises from his grave as a Zombie and begins to consume the brains of Punchbowl's inhabitants, quickly creating his own army of the undead, and causing increasing amounts of havoc as the Zombies clash with the various militant factions of the area. As things begin to escalate, Stubbs heads to The Punchbowl Police Station where he is captured and the police chief plans to dance on Stubbs' grave. Stubbs manages to escape by ripping his hand off and using it to control a scientist to release his restraints. Stubbs makes his way to the chief's office where they have a dance-off before the chief dances to the armory, unaware he has Stubbs' pancreas stuck to him. It then explodes, killing him.

As Stubbs continues his path of destruction, he comes across Otis, the paranoid, trigger-happy leader of a local redneck militia called "The Quaker State Irregulars" who believes the Zombie outbreak is part of a Communist infiltration mission. Stubbs follows Otis back to his farm where he gives a rousing speech (consisting of only the word "Brains" in various cadences) to his fellow Zombies in a parody of the war film Patton. Upon cornering Otis, Stubbs seems to be at a disadvantage, as Otis has prepared a large stockpile of TNT which he intends to detonate. But before he can light it, Otis seems to recognize Stubbs from when he was alive and begins to panic. This gives Stubbs the chance to grab the match and light the TNT himself, escaping to a safe distance before the house is blown up. He then rides a flustered sheep back to Punchbowl.

Stubbs goes to the dam where he relieves his bladder by urinating in the town's water supply, contaminating it. He then causes the dam to explode by having the other Zombies use themselves as electrical conduits. The flash flood of contaminated water worsens the zombie outbreak and brings Stubbs back into the city limits, where the U.S. Army has arrived to dispatch the zombies. Stubbs eventually reaches Herman Wye’s laboratory, where Wye himself reveals he unwittingly created Stubbs via an experimental growth serum that he used for accelerating the growth of grass in Punchbowl. He also declares his intent to use Stubbs as a specimen for his research. However, after a difficult battle, Stubbs manages to defeat Wye.

Upon arriving at City Hall to confront Andrew, Maggie (Andrew's very attractive mother), realizes the Zombie looks familiar and stops Andrew from shooting him, proclaiming her love for Stubbs. She explains that 26 years ago, during The Great Depression, she was a young country girl living at her family's farm. Stubbs, still a living man at the time, arrived at their house in an attempt to do business. Finding him extremely charismatic, Maggie took Stubbs back to her room where the two had sex. Unfortunately, Maggie's father, Otis, returned home and caught the two together. Unbeknownst to Maggie, he had killed Stubbs and dumped his body in the wilderness (in the same spot where Punchbowl would later be built). Maggie also reveals that she became pregnant with Andrew from the experience, making Stubbs his biological father. This is revealed to be the cause of Stubbs' inordinate infatuation with Maggie shown throughout the game. The two share a romantic embrace, which is abruptly cut short by Stubbs eating her brain. Enraged by seeing his mother murdered and learning the truth of his conception, Andrew attacks Stubbs from behind a forcefield, partially destroying Punchbowl in the process. Stubbs survives the battle and attempts to kill Andrew, but is stopped by Maggie, who has become a Zombie herself. As Punchbowl is destroyed by a nuclear strike in an effort to contain the outbreak, Stubbs and Maggie sail off in a small rowboat and "live" happily ever after. During the credits, photos of things that happened during the events of the game are shown on the left.

Development
Stubbs the Zombie was Wideload Games' first game after its founding. The company's founder, Alex Seropian had previously co-founded and worked with Bungie and used the production as an experiment to determine how he would run an independent studio. The game's development began with a team of twelve, but Seropian decided to use contractors which raised the number to sixty. This decision brought difficulties when the hiring process wasn't properly overseen, leaving the team with a shortage of producers and lack of cohesion. A game development model was developed, with 12 full-time employees overseeing pre and post production phases, while independent contractors worked with the remaining content. Using the Halo engine provided some problem in the early stages. The engine was completely developed by Bungie and it lacked notes from them or peer reviews that would emphasize possible programming problems. Due to this, an excessive amount of time was spent determining which contractors would require training to use the engine, as well as how long they would receive instruction.

From the onset, the game's concept intended to innovate the horror genre by letting the player play as a zombie. Seropian claims that the team intended to take "something that people are familiar with" and turn it "upside down." The game was intended to contrast with what was regarded as the general idea of zombie games, changing the "straightforward good guys versus zombies" format found in games like Resident Evil. Humor became a key aspect during the developmental stage, with Seropian claiming that the team wanted to go "beyond just amusing dialogue in a cut-scene". Character dialogue and game mechanics were designed so that "funny results" are directly based on the player's action, preventing them from becoming repetitive or stale.

Reception
The Xbox version received "generally favorable reviews", while the PC version received "average" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. Eurogamer claimed that the Xbox version had "lots of reasonable ideas that don't quite work" and "a general lack of cohesion".

The game was perceived as "painfully short" and "linear", but "never boring". The game's environments were described as "nicely varied", noting that "places like Punchbowl, the city of the future, are extremely well designed and appropriately cool looking." The game's soundtrack received predominantly positive reviews. The character's voice acting was described as the element that "set the game apart", to the point of claiming that "Never before have the sounds of zombie moaning been done so well in a game." IGN emphasized the "futile cries from civilians and armed foes" and "squishy, scalp-munching sound effects" as elements contributing to a higher quality than the game's visuals.

Detroit Free Press gave the Xbox version a score of all four stars, saying, "The chaos that ensues is as lighthearted as a blood-soaked zombiefest can be." CiN Weekly gave the same version a score of 78% and said, "Sure, it's not the most action-packed or finely tuned game, but there are enough clever attacks and humorous elements in Pulse to keep you playing through to see what other goodies - or appendages - they'll toss your way." However, The Sydney Morning Herald gave the game three-and-a-half stars out of five and called it "a brief ride and the action can become repetitive, but the sharp humour keeps you smiling."

Stubbs the character was ranked second on EGM's Top Ten Badass Undead.

The editors of Computer Games Magazine presented Stubbs the Zombie with their 2005 "Best Soundtrack" award.

Cannibalism controversy
Stubbs the Zombie, along with F.E.A.R., encountered controversy in November 2005 regarding cannibalism in games. NIMF's David Walsh and U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman also criticized the game as "cannibalistic" and harmful to underage children. Senator Lieberman stated "It's just the worst kind of message to kids, and furthermore it can harm the entirety of America's youth". Wideload Games responded by saying that Stubbs is a zombie, not a human cannibal. GamePolitics also chided the report, calling it "ridiculous" and citing 36 mainstream news outlets had picked the story immediately after the NIMF report.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack to Stubbs features covers of 50s and 60s-era songs performed by popular and upcoming alternative rock artists.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Meditative art

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. Linuxbeak | Talk 00:31, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Meditative art
I would like to see more people discuss this page, it has been linked on needs attention for over a year, and I have a suspicion this is not a widely accepted term, but I am not an expert. cohesion | talk 08:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A laudable aim, but this isn't the place for that discussion - unless you are proposing that it be deleted. As to the use of the term, it is used, but not widely, and it certainly isn't the "standard" nomenclature. Usually, you will find the term abstract minimalist used (or simply abstract expressionist). People like Josef Albers and Mark Rothko in particular are absent from this article, as is Barnett Newman - so it could do with considerable expansion. But what's there is good. What are you proposing - merging it into something? Because there's too much there to really consider deletion. Grutness...  wha?  12:32, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Deletion was one of the possibilities in mind, if it turned out this was a completely fabricated term for example, since it's not, merging information or some other action probably would be best. - cohesion | talk 17:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've only come across it a couple of times in three years of part time work as an arts reviewer - and in that business it's difficult to say what's a neologism and what's real. A move to Monochromatic art (with links to things like Grisaille and expansion to cover more than just 20th century art) might be the best solution, since that term is widely used. It's probably too big to merge into abstract expressionism. Grutness...  wha?  00:58, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.