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Puddling (metallurgy)

Puddling is the process of converting pig iron to bar (wrought) iron in a coal fired reverberatory furnace. It was developed in England during the 1780s. The molten pig iron was stirred in a reverberatory furnace, in an oxidizing environment to burn the carbon, resulting in wrought iron. It was one of the most important processes for making the first appreciable volumes of valuable and useful bar iron (malleable wrought iron) without the use of charcoal. Eventually, the furnace would be used to make small quantities of specialty steels.

Though it was not the first process to produce bar iron without charcoal, puddling was by far the most successful, and replaced the earlier potting and stamping processes, as well as the much older charcoal finery and bloomery processes. This enabled a great expansion of iron production to take place in Great Britain, and shortly afterwards, in North America. That expansion constitutes the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution so far as the iron industry is concerned. Most 19th century applications of wrought iron, including the Eiffel Tower, bridges, and the original framework of the Statue of Liberty, used puddled iron.

History
Modern puddling was one of several processes developed in the second half of the 18th century in Great Britain for producing bar iron from pig iron without the use of charcoal. It gradually replaced the earlier charcoal-fueled process, conducted in a finery forge.

The need for puddling
Pig iron contains much free carbon and is brittle. Before it can be used, and before it can be worked by a blacksmith, it must be converted to a more malleable form as bar iron, the early stage of wrought iron.

Abraham Darby's successful use of coke for his blast furnace at Coalbrookdale in 1709 reduced the price of iron, but this coke-fuelled pig iron was not initially accepted as it could not be converted to bar iron by the existing methods. Sulfur impurities from the coke made it 'red short', or brittle when heated, and so the finery process was unworkable for it. It was not until around 1750, when steam powered blowing increased furnace temperatures enough to allow sufficient lime to be added to remove the sulfur, that coke pig iron began to be adopted. Also, better processes were developed to refine it.

Invention
Abraham Darby II, son of the blast furnace innovator, managed to convert pig iron to bar iron in 1749, but no details are known of his process. The Cranage brothers, also working alongside the River Severn, allegedly achieved this experimentally by using a coal-fired reverbatory furnace, in which the iron and the sulphurous coal could be kept separate but it was never used commercially. They were the first to hypothesise that iron could be converted from pig iron to bar iron by the action of heat alone. Although they were unaware of the necessary effects of the oxygen supplied by the air, they had at least abandoned the previous misapprehension that mixture with materials from the fuel were needed. Their experiments were successful and they were granted patent Nº851 in 1766, but no commercial adoption seems to have been made of their process.

In 1783, Peter Onions at Dowlais constructed a larger reverbatory furnace. He began successful commercial puddling with this and was granted patent Nº1370. The furnace was improved by Henry Cort at Fontley in Hampshire in 1783–84 and patented in 1784. Cort added dampers to the chimney, avoiding some of the risk of overheating and 'burning' the iron. Cort's process consisted of stirring molten pig iron in a reverberatory furnace in an oxidising atmosphere, thus decarburising it. When the iron "came to nature", that is, to a pasty consistency, it was gathered into a puddled ball, shingled, and rolled (as described below). This application of grooved rollers to the rolling mill, to roll narrow bars, was also Cort's adoption of existing rolling mills on the Continent. Cort's efforts to license this process were unsuccessful as it only worked with charcoal smelted pig iron. Modifications were made by Richard Crawshay at his ironworks at Cyfarthfa in Merthyr Tydfil, which incorporated an initial refining process developed at their neighbours at Dowlais.

Ninety years after Cort's invention, an American labor newspaper recalled the advantages of his system: "When iron is simply melted and run into any mold, its texture is granular, and it is so brittle as to be quite unreliable for any use requiring much tensile strength. The process of puddling consisted in stirring the molten iron run out in a puddle, and had the effect of so changing its anotomic arrangement as to render the process of rolling more efficacious."

Cort's process (as patented) only worked for white cast iron, not grey cast iron, which was the usual feedstock for forges of the period. This problem was resolved probably at Merthyr Tydfil by combining puddling with one element of a slightly earlier process. This involved another kind of hearth known as a 'refinery' or 'running out fire'. The pig iron was melted in this and run out into a trough. The slag separated, and floated on the molten iron, and was removed by lowering a dam at the end of the trough. The effect of this process was to desiliconise the metal, leaving a white brittle metal, known as 'finers metal'. This was the ideal material to charge to the puddling furnace. This version of the process was known as 'dry puddling' and continued in use in some places as late as 1890.

An additional development in refining gray iron was known as 'wet puddling', also known as 'boiling' or 'pig boiling'. This was invented by a puddler named Joseph Hall at Tipton. He began adding scrap iron to the charge. Later, he tried adding iron scale (in effect, iron oxides such as FeO, Fe2O3, or Fe3O4). The result was spectacular in that the furnace boiled violently, producing carbon monoxide bubbles. This was due to a chemical reaction between the iron oxides in the scale and the carbon dissolved in the pig iron: C + Fe2O3 -> CO + 2 FeO. To his surprise, the resultant puddle ball produced good iron.

One big problem with puddling was that up to 15% of the iron was drawn off with the slag because sand was used for the bed. Hall substituted roasted tap cinder for the bed, which cut this waste to 8%, declining to 5% by the end of the century.

Hall subsequently became a partner in establishing the Bloomfield Iron Works at Tipton in 1830, the firm becoming Bradley, Barrows and Hall from 1834. This is the version of the process most commonly used in the mid to late 19th century. Wet puddling had the advantage that it was much more efficient than dry puddling (or any earlier process). The best yield of iron achievable from dry puddling is one ton of iron from 1.3 tons of pig iron (a yield of 77%), but the yield from wet puddling was nearly 100%.

The production of mild steel in the puddling furnace was achieved circa 1850 in Westphalia, Germany and was patented in Great Britain on behalf of Lohage, Bremme and Lehrkind. It worked only with pig iron made from certain kinds of ore. The cast iron had to be melted quickly and the slag to be rich in manganese. When the metal came to nature, it had to be removed quickly and shingled before further decarburization occurred. The process was taken up at the Low Moor Ironworks at Bradford in Yorkshire (England) in 1851 and in the Loire valley in France in 1855. It was widely used.

The puddling process began to be displaced with the introduction of the Bessemer process, which produced steel. This could be converted into wrought iron using the Aston process for a fraction of the cost and time. For comparison, an average size charge for a puddling furnace was 800 – while a Bessemer converter charge was 15 short tons (13,600 kg). The puddling process could not be scaled up, being limited by the amount that the puddler could handle. It could only be expanded by building more furnaces.

Process

The process begins by preparing the puddling furnace. This involves bringing the furnace to a low temperature and then fettling it. Fettling is the process of painting the grate and walls around it with iron oxides, typically hematite; this acts as a protective coating keeping the melted metal from burning through the furnace. Sometimes finely pounded cinder was used instead of hematite. In this case the furnace must be heated for 4–5 hours to melt the cinder and then cooled before charging.

Either white cast iron or refined iron is then placed in hearth of the furnace, a process known as charging. For wet puddling, scrap iron and/or iron oxide is also charged. This mixture is then heated until the top melts, allowing for the oxides to begin mixing; this usually takes 30 minutes. This mixture is subjected to a strong current of air and stirred by long bars with hooks on one end, called puddling bars or rabbles, through doors in the furnace. This helps the iron-III (the Fe(3+) species acting as an oxidiser) from the oxides to react with impurities in the pig iron, notably silicon, manganese (to form slag) and to some degree sulfur and phosphorus, which form gases that escape with the exhaust of the furnace.

More fuel is then added and the temperature is raised. The iron completely melts and the carbon starts to burn off. When wet puddling, the formation of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide due to reactions with the added iron oxide will cause bubbles to form that cause the mass to appear to boil. This process causes the slag to puff up on top, giving the rabbler a visual indication of the progress of the combustion. As the carbon burns off, the melting temperature of the mixture rises from 1150 to 1540 C, so the furnace has to be continually fed during this process. The melting point increases since the carbon atoms within the mixture act as a solute in solution which lowers the melting point of the iron mixture (like road salt on ice). Working as a two-man crew, a puddler and helper could produce about 1500 kg of iron in a 12-hour shift. The strenuous labour, heat and fumes caused puddlers to have a very short life expectancy, with most dying in their 30s. Puddling was never able to be automated because the puddler had to sense when the balls had "come to nature".

Puddled steel
In the late 1840s, the German chemist Franz Anton Lohage developed a modification of the puddling process to produce not iron but steel at the Haspe Iron Works in Hagen; it was subsequently commercialized in Germany, France and the UK in the 1850s, and puddled steel was the main raw material for Krupp cast steel even in the 1870s. Before the development of the basic refractory lining (with magnesium oxide, MgO) and the wide-scale adoption of the Gilchrist–Thomas process ca. 1880 it complemented acidic Bessemer converters (with a refractory material made of SiO2) and open hearths because unlike them, the puddling furnace could utilize phosphorous ores abundant in Continental Europe.

Puddling furnace

The puddling furnace is a metalmaking technology used to create wrought iron or steel from the pig iron produced in a blast furnace. The furnace is constructed to pull the hot air over the iron without the fuel coming into direct contact with the iron, a system generally known as a reverberatory furnace or open hearth furnace. The major advantage of this system is keeping the impurities of the fuel separated from the charge.

The hearth is where the iron is charged, melted and puddled. The hearth's shape is usually elliptical; 1.5 – in length and 1 – wide. If the furnace is designed to puddle white iron then the hearth depth is never more than 50 cm. If the furnace is designed to boil gray iron then the average hearth depth is 50 –. Due to the great heat required to melt the charge the grate had to be cooled, lest it melt with the charge. This was done by running a constant flow of cool air on it, or by throwing water on the bottom of the grate.

The fireplace, where the fuel is burned, used a cast iron grate which varied in size depending on the fuel used. If bituminous coal is used then an average grate size is 60 x and is loaded with 25 – of coal. If anthracite coal is used then the grate is 1.5 x and is loaded with 50 – of coal.

A double puddling furnace is similar to a single puddling furnace, with the major difference being there are two work doors allowing two puddlers to work the furnace at the same time. The biggest advantage of this setup is that it produces twice as much wrought iron. It is also more economical and fuel efficient compared to a single furnace.

title: Puddling (metallurgy)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jay Tischfield

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Angr/undefined 20:03, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Jay Tischfield
Whatever this is, it sure isn't an article. [ edit ] 05:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain for now. Dr. Tischfield has, apparently, authored a paper called "Loss of heterozygosity or: how I learned to stop worrying and love mitotic recombination.". Now, this is a great title. He is also the Chair in Rutgers Department of Genetics [sauce], and has apparently won some awards. I'm not sure how to vote on this guy, but at the very least it needs total cleanup. Lord Bob 05:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It needs writing before anyone can clean it up. Like edit says, it isn't an article. Delete. TheMadBaron 07:03, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not an article.  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  07:29, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. The title is excellent though. Dottore So 11:06, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Ryan Norton T 15:14, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete... I like anyone who makes Dr. Strangelove references, but ultimately I don't see any assertion of notability that merits a wiki article.--Isotope23 15:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator, this is not an article. Hall Monitor 17:50, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Looks like a Speedy Delete here for lack of content Placed the Tag --JAranda | yeah 19:55, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I removed the speedy tag. Please check out the underlined words in the A1 speedy at WP:CSD. -Splash talk 00:32, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Per nom, this is not an article. If someone makes it an article, I may change my vote. Justin Bacon 00:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete I am a an academic geneticist, and I haven't heard of this guy. Every department chair at any large school will have ten titles like that (they come with big chunks of research money from the school).  He published an interestingly-titled article, but that isn't significant.  He is not up for a Lasker or a Nobel, and almost certainly never will be.  A quick check shows that many Nobel-level geneticists are not in WP, and they should be in here before this guy is: Randy Sheckman (chair of genetics at Berkeley, cloned all the secretion genes 20 years before anyone else), Richard Palmiter (invented transgenic mice), David Anderson (caltech, isolated neural stem cells) &c &c &c.  This is a vanity page.
 * While you may be right, I like to think that a somewhat-noted academic would be able to write a better article than that! Lord Bob 04:02, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Folklore studies

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2018 and 18 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kingsarahjeffs.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:34, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

[Untitled]
Horrible article. I am no good at doing things Wikipedia style so I was hoping someone could help me. First of all folkloristics is sometimes, even often, known simply as folklore. For Wikipedia it is convenient that we use folkloristics as the main article but we also need something in the disambiguation page for folklore to point here. Another term for folkloristics is ethnology (see: ) but the page on ethnology does not reflect this at all and is purely concerned with ethnology in the anthropological sense. There needs to be some kind of reference to this article. Are there any folklorists here at all? I am a graduate student of folkloristics but I would prefer that someone whose native language is English would handle rewrite this article. If no-one can be found here I'll try to find someone to do it.--Óli Gneisti (talk) 04:21, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

What a long undifferentiated list. Can anyone select out the most important names, work them into a paragraph and retitle the list "Other folklorists include? Or can a one-line synopsis of the named folklorist's contribution be added to the name? I'm not competent, or I'd do it myself. --Wetman 05:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, and doesn't "folklorist" also refer to oral historians and compilers of folktales, not just theorists? I'd expect to see Zora Neale Hurston and Américo Paredes on the list...--Rockero 23:58, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's very unsatisfactory. 99% of this article is covered by Category:Folklorists. I suggest merging to Mythography and making this a redirect. --Guinnog 00:08, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I fear that the distinction between folklore (the popular repository of folk knowledge, tales, herb lore, etc.) and mythography (literally: "the writing of myths") (myths being the tales that connect a people to their past (and often their future), their lands, and each other--much more frequently an oral tradition than a written one) might be lost if such a merger is carried out. Please comment.--Rockero 10:44, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This article is currently a bad article. Someone shouldimprove it, remove the unnecessary biographical information and go into more detail analysis. Mythography is a different discipline. Just because the article is bad now doesn't make it redundant. It needs expansion not removal.leontes 04:55, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It is redundant because there's already a category for it. I'm removing the list since it already exists in a far superior state, and then the rest of the article can be debated over (it's just a list of "references" now). Radagast83 04:11, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Strong Against. Without question this entry needs to be improved, but Mythography and Folkloreism are two distinct disciplines. Ionesco 16:33, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Noticed the proposal to merge mythography and folkloristics and 2 opposes on this page. Agree it is merging two topics and already too broad, if anything narrow it not broaden into covering mythography as well. I think consensus reached to taking off the merge idea now. Goldenrowley 03:34, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Quality of content
Very inadequate and incomplete. It needs a summary of the history of the discipline which begins in Europe with J. G. Herder and the Grimm brothers (known for fairy tales and dictionary). Here we have two lists limited to North America. Folklore studies have an interesting history in the British Isles and continental Europe and are particularly strong in the smaller nations established from the 19th century on e.g. Scandinavia, eastern Europe. Here they got well supported by the goverments of those countries.Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 02:02, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Program

University of:
 * (Canada)
 * (Canada)
 * (Canada)
 * (Canada)
 * (Canada)
 * (Canada)

Counter Views
This section is far too long, unclear, and loaded down with jargon to the extent of being unreadable my a non-expert (i.e. sastriya-loukika, exonym, subject-position). The sense I get is that this is an argument that concepts like folklore and anthropology are dehumanizing and probably somewhat racist. That's not an unreasonable argument, but the problem is I don't even know if that is the argument. There's also the fact that the section attributes this to "Cultural Study" scholars, but the only article referenced is by a fellow named Debaprasad Bandyopadhyay of the Indian Statistical Institute. I'm not saying this person is not a legitimate academic, and it seems he does write in a cultural studies vein, but without more references showing his view is representative of them, I think this point should be attributed to him personally, not him as a voice of Cultural Studies. Kevin Corbett (talk) 22:35, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

title of article
Why is this article called by something which the very first sentence admits is the less usual name? Why not call it "Folklore Studies"? --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 20:08, 4 March 2017 (UTC) Agree - visited this talk page only to make the same point. Weird. 86.163.23.215 (talk) 18:30, 9 August 2017 (UTC)

In writing this article I had to choose between several names, all of which were used to describe the study of folklore. The first sentence does not say that "folklore studies" is more common than "folkloristics", it says it is also used for this field of studies. In response to a flag that the article was too focused on American folkloristics, I then added the common names for the field used in Britain. In selecting the term folkloristics as primary, I created redirects from other terms which were applicable. In the note_1 included in the top paragraph, I reference the discussion between Dundes and Bronner during 1970s - 1980s about the best name for this field of studies. If the experts can't agree, I find it understandable that we might also want to examine the terminology that works best. Smithriedel 21:26, 9 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Per this ngram and this ngram, folklore studies is the dominant term in both British and American English. Doremo (talk) 03:17, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

 * So another user has moved the page from Folklore studies to Folkloristics again. I'm just here to review redirects so I'm going to confirm the redirect as "I guess it works", but I'm leaving this note to explain why this change has happened in case anyone is wondering what happens and wants to revert.  originalmess  talk 04:50, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks; I've moved the page back to the more common term because the move was not discussed. Doremo (talk) 06:47, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

Article Converted to Personal Essay
It looks like a wave of edits has converted this article into a personal essay. While it needed to be rewritten, this isn't an improvement: it violates WP:NPOV and WP:RS at just about every corner. I'm going to be reverting the previous version back but there may be material that we can pull from this version with the appropriate checks in place. :bloodofox: (talk) 09:56, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

 * I am reverting back to the longer version. It is not a personal essay but instead contains valuable information on the history and current understanding of the field of studies. I was very careful in rewriting the article from the original one to include all real facts and information from the original one. The lists included in the earlier version were moved to list pages, as is appropriate. I would suggest that we start with the longer version, and anything that feels like personal opinion we talk through one by one. The field of Folkloristics is not Mythology, which I see by your personal page is your specialty. Perhaps we need to start with that clarification. Smithriedel 12:00, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

 * First, I will again refer you to WP:NPOV and WP:RS. Next: this article has all the hallmarks of a personal essay and, in its current state, belongs on a blog, not on Wikipedia. The article slips in and out of the imperative ("Compare this to brushing your teeth"), long sections contain no references, primary sources are used throughout. The article contains a bizarre section called "Hijacked by the Nazis". Opinion serves as fact throughout. For some reason there's a repeated, major focus on American folklore. The article contains phrases such as "In Scandinavia, intellectuals were also searching for their authentic Teutonic roots" and "This law also marks a shift in our national awareness; it gives voice to the national understanding that diversity within the country is a unifying feature, not something that separates us." Yeah, okay.

 * Next, you write "The field of Folkloristics is not Mythology, which I see by your personal page is your specialty". Gee, you don't say. You might want to dig a little deeper into user's contributions before making general statements like that one.

 * Finally, to sign your talk page posts, use ~.

 * I'm tagging this article for a rewrite. :bloodofox: (talk) 04:34, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

RfC: Article Content, Recent Changes
The article slips in and out of the imperative ("Compare this to brushing your teeth"), long sections contain no references, primary sources are used throughout. The article contains a section called "Hijacked by the Nazis". Opinion serves as fact throughout. For some reason there's a repeated, major focus on American folklore. The article contains phrases such as "In Scandinavia, intellectuals were also searching for their authentic Teutonic roots" and "This law also marks a shift in our national awareness; it gives voice to the national understanding that diversity within the country is a unifying feature, not something that separates us." Is this OK? :bloodofox: (talk) 04:38, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment - Summoned by bot. I think rather than an RfC, this would be better addressed by listing each of your points of contention and then opening up the conversation for editors to discuss. Meatsgains (talk) 01:14, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

I would be very willing to respond to specific issues in the article and make corrections. Bloodofox has already given a short list to start on above; I will either make corrections that he has suggested or give reasons why the text is shaped as it is. Currently on another project, but I will pick up the comments as soon as possible and add my discussion here. I do maintain that this topic belongs in the portal Folklore, not Mythology. Mythology is a different field of study and needs to be handled in its own article. Smithriedel 14:28, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

Here are corrections and comments to the specific issues raised by Foxoblood above. I am very glad to continue to improve this article given appropriate input.

•	The article slips in and out of the imperative ("Compare this to brushing your teeth"), This imperative has been changed into a statement. It should be alright now.

•	long sections contain no references, I have frequently used a footnote at the end of a paragraph to reference the text above it. That seemed better than trying to footnote each sentence with the same reference.

•	primary sources are used throughout. I would need to know where this represents a problem. As sources, I have used multiple standard textbooks on the subject area. These I do not consider primary sources. •	The article contains a section called "Hijacked by the Nazis". This section was added in response to a flag on the article that it was too focused on American folklore. This new section describes the historical development in Germany, where the profession of Volkskundler was taken over by the National Socialists to justify and shore up their political agenda. It has taken decades for the field of German Volkskunde to recover from their connection with the racist ideology of the Nazis. •	Opinion serves as fact throughout. I would need specific examples of this. I have used extensive footnoting to document where the different viewpoints come from, referencing well-known academics across the field.

•	For some reason there's a repeated, major focus on American folklore. I addressed this criticism by adding references to the fields of Folklore in Great Britain and Europe. “It became established as a field across both Europe and North America, coordinating with Volkskunde (German), folkermimne (Norwegian), and folkminnen (Swedish) among others.” This is an indirect quote from Brunvand, Jan Harald, ed. (1996). American Folklore, an Encyclopedia. New York, London: Garland Publishing, pg. 286. Each country will have its own specific issues to investigate. I assume that the entries in the wikipedias in each of these languages will be more specific about the challenges in their particular regions and countries.

•	The article contains phrases such as "In Scandinavia, intellectuals were also searching for their authentic Teutonic roots" I have added a reference for this statement.

•	"This law also marks a shift in our national awareness; it gives voice to the national understanding that diversity within the country is a unifying feature, not something that separates us."

In the text, I have added reference for this, which is taken from the mission statement of the Smithsonian Institution. Smithriedel 17:29, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

I have addressed all the specific issues that were raised about style of the article. If there are no more comments or concerns, I will remove the flag at the top about a complete rewrite in a few days. If there are concerns about this, please add them here to the discussion. thanks, 14:16, 13 November 2017 (UTC)Smithriedel
 * As I've requested these problems be addressed and they still remain, I'll soon be preparing for a total rewrite of this page that meets WP:GA standards. :bloodofox: (talk) 21:29, 20 October 2018 (UTC)

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New WikiProject: WikiProject Folklore
Please note that Wikipedia now has a WikiProject focused on improving the site's coverage of folklore and folklore studies, WP:Folklore. Interested editors are invited to participate. :bloodofox: (talk) 16:27, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

German "Volkskunde" and the Nazis
Folklore was mostly appreciated by young and weak national states without much of an acknowledged common tradition. In these countries folklore often became loaded wirh the task to shape a common feeling of belonging (notwithstanding the fact that folklorists were more apt to describe particular local findings). This is why folklore played a major part in Germany before the founding of the national state (Empire, 1871) and then again after 1918, when the weak Republic of Weimar had to reestablish a common feeling of belonging. Forerunner in this was the catholic Center Party with its high influence on cultural policy and, regionally, universities. This explains why after 1918 folklore was established at the universities and a very far-reaching and expensive research project was developed: the Atlas der deutschen Volkskunde. Atlas-folkloristics was basically identical with the historical-geographical method, but transferred the method from narratives and songs to different matters like customs and material objects. But Atlasses were from organizational reasons more limited than fairy-tale research, and so the neighbouring states - like Switzerland, the Netherlands and Sweden - began their own Atlasses. The scientific start in the Weimar Republic reached its peak in the Mid-Thirties, when two handbooks and a dictionary appeared, but above all the first comprehensive book about methodology: Adolf Bach's "Deutsche Volkskunde". Bach is the most modern thinker here, relying heavily on experiences in linguistic and cultural geography, but also introducing themes which in those days were much debated internationally, like collective mentality and genetical differences (two paths which seemed to lead nowhere and were left after the war).

Now what's the impact of the Nazis? For a part, the Nazis simply followed the Weimar tradition. In their first years, they made some political improvements, which were duly hailed by some folklorists. On the long run, most folklorists looked at the "politisation" of the universities as a nuisance. The Nazis were not much interested in folklore, they preferred branches like historical demography. The Atlas project was bluntly finished with the least care possible. German folkloristics had reached a certain peak in the Mid-Thirties, but even if German and Nazi institutions had some influence in foreign countries, they didn't attempt to make known the scholarly handbooks, dictionaries or Bach's methodology - the one and only book of the 1930's which was propagized internationally and shaped the image of folklore in Germany was a quite marginal publication: Matthes Ziegler: "Volkskunde auf rassischer Grundlage" (1939). Rheinvolk (talk) 13:26, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Folklore studies
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Folklore studies's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "esquiremag": From Babaylan:  From Philippine mythology:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 20:57, 14 February 2020 (UTC)

What are the characteristic of Folklores
The 4 characteristic of Folklores

41.114.248.156 (talk) 11:25, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

Tone of article.
The article frequently uses language that is not in keeping with the encyclopedic tone of voice used in Wikipedia articles. For one, The language is often too flowery. Here are some examples: “(This law was added to the panoply…, Then came the 1930s…, this country represents a trove of cultures rubbing elbows with each other, mixing and matching into exciting combinations as new generations come up.)” I also noticed at least one example of weasel words: “ The United States is known as a land of immigrants…” Although I may be mistaken, and I apologize if I am, I think this is a possible area of improvement with the article. Isvaderlynn (talk) 06:42, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Folklore studies


text:
Category:United States senators from North Carolina

People who have represented North Carolina in the United States Senate.


text:
Jim Lindsey

James Edgar Lindsey (born November 24, 1944) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL) from 1966 to 1972. Today he is a real estate agent and golf developer.

Arkansas Razorbacks Football
Lindsey was a member of the 1964 national championship-winning football team at the University of Arkansas, and founded Lindsey & Associates in Fayetteville, Arkansas in 1972. James Lindsey is a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity at the University of Arkansas - Xi Chapter. He completed a degree in mathematics.

Lindsey was a member of the University of Arkansas board of trustees and was a central to many of the decisions made by the board, including the hiring of head football coach Houston Nutt in 1997 and the decision to continue to play football games at War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Minnesota Vikings
Lindsey was a running back for the Vikings, most often used for punting and kickoff returns. He played from 1966-1972.

Real Estate and Golf
As a 21-year-old, Lindsey used his $75,000 NFL signing bonus to purchase a tract of land in Northwest Arkansas, his starting point in buying and selling real estate, an occupation he pursued during his off-seasons, and which became his main occupation after retirement from football. As of 2013, Lindsey's company owned more than 37,000 apartment units and 42 golf courses.

Lindsey Golf courses are located in Alabama, Arkansas, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma and Tennessee. Courses range from 9-18 holes, with many of them featuring a links style design. These courses tend to fill a niche for affordable public golf courses, but that are maintained at country-club level standards.

Documentary Film
In 2011, production began on a documentary film covering Lindsey's life. Narrated by Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones, "The Jim Lindsey Story" details Lindsey's youth in the Arkansas Delta, role during the 1964 championship season, time in the National Football League, and rise in real-estate. The film features interviews with College Football Hall of Fame coach Frank Broyles, former Arkansas head coach Ken Hatfield, former NFL players Fred Cox and Dave Osborn, and Pro Football Hall of Fame coach Bud Grant. Executive produced by Emmy Award winners Larry Foley and Dale Carpenter, the documentary is presented by the University of Arkansas's Walter J. Lemke Department of Journalism. "The Jim Lindsey Story" is scheduled for release in fall of 2013.

title: Jim Lindsey


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Evilphoenix

 * ''The following discussion is preserved as an archive of a successful request for adminship. Please do not modify it.

Evilphoenix
[ Vote here]  (32/0/1) ending 05:20 October 14, 2005 (UTC)

– I joined Wikipedia on May 9th, having lurked for several months, enjoying reading the encyclopedia and learning more about the method in which it is being created. The culture of civil discussion, consensus building, and striving for a neutral, factual point of view greatly impressed me and led me to my decision to contribute to Wikipedia, which has been a very enjoyable experience for me so far. I have over 2,100 edits (Kate's Report), and spend most of my time here either copyediting or working on New Page patrol, with occasional participation in AfD discussion. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 05:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here:
 * I do. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 05:25, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Support

Oppose
 * 1) He's done some excellent work, Support wholeheartedly. --fvw *  05:29, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) EXTREME... erm... I've seen good work. Sup some port Grutness...  wha?  07:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Merovingian (t) (c) 11:30, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support. Carbonite | Talk 12:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support. Kirill Lokshin 12:57, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support without any witty comments. Thryduulf 13:06, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support: After a review of your edits, the only one I questioned was this one. A quick Google search would have shown you this individual had a #5 hit in the UK (3rd link on Google search). Be a slight bit more careful in placing things for AfD, ok? I loved this comment from this nominee "We have no sense of humor here on Wikipedia" (on this page) Hysterical! Nominee seems to have a solid grasp of policy and is a strong contributor. Participation level is high, and use of edit summaries over the last 500 edits is 96%! --Durin 13:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Man-zier support.--Scimitar parley 14:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support a good editor and a good future admin. -Splash talk 15:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support. Cabal member 16 will serve my- er- our cause well. Dmcdevit·t 15:41, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support. Good-natured guy. Denelson83 18:23, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Support. A very good contributor who has displayed a good grasp of policy. Rje 18:23, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Support without prejudice. Evilphoenix is a wonderful editor and future admin.  Hall Monitor 18:55, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) '''Support Private Butcher 18:57, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Support --JAranda'' | yeah 19:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Michael Snow 20:29, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Simply Support. Every time I've run into him I've seen that he has good knowledge of policy. Tito xd (?!?) 23:02, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) S'port --Doc (?) 23:03, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) Support CambridgeBayWeather 23:13, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Andre ( talk ) 04:55, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Support  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   13:55, 8 October 2005 (UTC) scritch (that's the sound of me adding one more chalk mark to the support tally) Grutness...  wha?  22:26, 8 October 2005 (UTC) ::Oops - seems I'd forgotten that i'd already voted!
 * 22) Weak Support because he never told me he was running! I would have been glad to nominate! :P Strong support anyway. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 23:20, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Aww, I'm flattered. Thanks for saying that you would have liked to nominate me, and I'm sorry I didn't tell you, but I didn't want to give the appearance of campaigning. I appreciate the endorsement nonetheless, though. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 13:56, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) He's not one already? I guess if I thought he was one before and I didn't have any issues, I could support.  JYolkowski // talk 21:55, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support A great contributor and a reasonable voice. Cmouse 06:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support Strong editor, helpful, should make a great admin. Johntex\talk 18:36, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support - another good one. BD2412  talk 05:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support. Friday (talk) 15:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. --hydnjo talk
 * 7) Support. Good edits, seems to understand policy. Jayjg (talk) 16:04, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. El_C 03:28, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support fellow vandalbuster ≈ jossi fresco ≈ 03:33, 14 October 2005 (UTC) Support Removes vandalism -- ☺ A  d a m 1213  ☺ |talk  03:34, 14 October 2005 (UTC) Replaced and struck through text after voter blanked it from page. See:, Ëvilphoenix Burn! 06:31, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) He's got my vote :) --AppleBoy Talk 03:33, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) My only memory of Evilphoenix is this edit, which was marked "rvv". Since this wasn't vandalism, but a content dispute about moving something to another page, with an edit summary saying "see talk", I feel that more though could have gone into it. The other votes suggest that this is an isolated event, which I hope it is. JPD 10:59, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I reverted that (yesterday) coming directly in from IRC, and when I double checked the edit I noticed the pointer to the talk page from the anon. However when I looked at the talk page, I didn't really see anything that maintained a clear consensus for removing that section, indeed I didn't really see anything that I felt gave me clear guidance as to the consensus on that section, but that's also me looking at an unfammiliar discussion on an unfamiliar page. I did however, see Talk:French_ensigns, which was a comment asking the IP that had just blanked a serious portion of the article to not do so. Noting that, I felt reasonably safe in letting the reversion stand. Had I seen something that gave me clear guidance otherwise, I would have reverted back to the anon's edit, but I didnt feel like I had. Thanks for your comment. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 16:30, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Comments

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A.I would like to work on to clearing pages from Copyvio, work on Speedy deletion patrol (mostly clearing articles already tagged by other users), and close out AfD discussions. I would also not mind having page protection and rollback abilities to deal with vandalism. I would also like to participate more in the RfA process. I have been observing RfA's here for some time, and I know that some editors prefer to see RfA candidates that have participated in RfA discussions. In my mind, I feel that sysops would know best what qualities to look for in a sysop, so I have not generally participated at length in RfA discussions, with exceptions for a few candidates that I did know well enough to voice an opinion on.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * Generally, I do one of two things: copyedit and New Page patrol. For copyediting, I enjoyed working on Tooth enamel, Korean Buddhism , and Kinnaur . I founded the Harry Potter WikiProject, which is doing very well. I also participate in an outside wiki using MediaWiki software, the ClemsonWiki, and I edit there as Evilphoenix as well. I am a sysop on that site, so I have had a chance to get a feel for the added buttons, but in all fairness, the infrastructure there is not nearly as complex as on WikiPedia, and there is also less vandalism and conflict.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A.I do not feel I have had any serious editing conflicts. There have been a few occasions where I have disagreed with other users. Generally, my practice has been to discuss it on the Talk page when I find evidence of disagreement with another editor. I am a big believer in the value of consensus and discussion, and the culture of pursuing those ideals on Wikipedia was one of the things that appealed to me about the project, and is part of why I chose to participate. I have occasionally encountered "WikiStress", but that has thankfully been rare, and more from fighting Vanity, Linkspam, and hoaxes on New Pages than from any dealings with regular Wikipedia users. I believe that in any conflicts I would encounter, I would follow the practices of the Wiki, seek to build consensus, and engage in discussion of the issues.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the discussion. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page. No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.233.165.169

title: User talk:69.233.165.169


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DJ Goop

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedied as nn-bio --fvw *  05:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

DJ Goop
This is an article about a DJ who submits mixes to web radio stations. I couldn't find him on All Music and the article doesn't say anything about touring or albums. -- Kjkolb 05:23, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DJ Goop


text:
Didymosphenia geminata

Didymosphenia geminata, commonly known as didymo or rock snot, is a species of diatom that produces nuisance growths in freshwater rivers and streams with consistently cold water temperatures and low nutrient levels. It is native to the northern hemisphere, and considered an invasive species in Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, and Chile. Even within its native range, it has taken on invasive characteristics since the 1980s. It is not considered a significant human health risk, but it can affect stream habitats and sources of food for fish and make recreational activities unpleasant. This microscopic alga can be spread in a single drop of water.

Description

Didymosphenia geminata is a diatom, which is a type of single-celled organism unique for their silica (SiO2) cell walls. The life history of diatoms includes both vegetative and sexual reproduction, though the sexual stage is not yet documented in this species. Although it is symmetric only along the apical axis, typical of gomphonemoid diatoms, it is a cymbelloid, which are typically symmetric along both primary axes. Cells contain a raphe, which allows them to move on surfaces, and an apical porefield, through which a mucopolysaccharide stalk is secreted.

The stalk can attach to rocks, plants, or other submerged surfaces. When the diatom cell divides, through vegetative reproduction, the stalk divides too, eventually forming a mass of branching stalks. The nuisance build-up is not the cell itself, but their massive production of extracellular stalks. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that form the stalks are made primarily of polysaccharides and protein, forming complex, multi-layered structures that are resistant to degradation.

Native range
The native distribution of D. geminata is the cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including the rivers of northern forests and alpine regions of Europe, Asia and parts of North America. Until its recent discovery in New Zealand, where it was introduced, it was never previously found in the Southern Hemisphere. The distribution of didymo in the last two decades appears to be gradually expanding outside its native range. Even within its native range, there have been reports of excessive growths in areas where it previously existed only in low concentrations.

Didymo is now considered likely to be native to New York.

Russian Federation
Buryatia Widespread across large areas of Russia. Occurrence, ecology, water quality, and scanning electron micrography of D. geminata from Irokinda Mine Site, Buryatia, John G. Aronson, North American Diatom Symposium, Sept, 2011.

Canada
Alberta: Earliest anecdotal reports of D. geminata blooms in Alberta rivers occurred as early as the mid-1990s (e.g. the upper Bow River in Banff National Park). Reports of Didymo presence and bloom formation have been documented for most rivers in the South Saskatchewan River Basin in recent years (2005 to present).

British Columbia: D. geminata was first reported as a nuisance species in the late 1980s on Vancouver Island. Since that time, outbreaks of Didymo have been reported on the island and on the mainland.

Quebec: D. geminata was first officially reported in 2006 but a recent report demonstrates that it was present in the sediments back in the 70s at the least.

New-Brunswick: D. geminata was first reported in 2007.

Ontario: D. geminata was reported in the upper St. Marys River in 2015 and 2016.

United States
Arkansas: In late spring / early summer of 2005, didymo was found directly below Bull Shoals Dam on the White River. The Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality has found a 13-mile reach of the river to be affected.

Arizona. Found in Oak Creek just above the Pine Flat Campground in late August 2015

California: Rock snot has been around in Northern California for quite some time, and is commonly found on the North and South Fork of the Yuba River. It can also be found in reservoirs such as Lake Shasta, Bullard's Bar Reservoir, and Scotts Flat Lake.

Colorado: The range of Didymosphenia geminata was extended into Colorado by limnologist John G. Aronson, who collected it in 1976 from upper Fish Creek, near Steamboat Springs, Colorado.

Connecticut: In 2011 anglers reported blooms of didymo in the West Branch of the Farmington River to the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.

Idaho: According to the Idaho Department of Fish and Game, didymo has been identified along the South Fork of the Boise River for a number of years. Biologists cannot say for sure if it is native to the drainage, or has appeared in the last 10 to 15 years.

Indiana: Found in unnamed creek which feeds into Patoka River; Orange County. (pers. obs: amateur naturalist)

Kentucky: Didymo was found in the Cumberland River below Wolf Creek Dam in the Crocus Creek area 2008. The State of Kentucky has banned felt-soled waders in the river to prevent spread of the organism.

Maryland: In May 2008, didymo was found in the Gunpowder River in Baltimore County. In December 2009, it was found in the Savage River in western Maryland. In May 2012, its presence was confirmed in Big Hunting Creek in Frederick County.

Missouri: There are currently no known infested streams in the state. The nearest infestation is located in the White River, just south of the Missouri-Arkansas border.

New Hampshire: During the summer of 2007, didymo was discovered for the first time in New Hampshire in the Connecticut River near Pittsburg.

New York: Didymo is now considered likely to be native to New York. In August 2007, didymo was found in New York State in a section of the Batten Kill, a Hudson River tributary, in Washington County. It has also been found in Esopus Creek in the Catskills. Black Creek Washington County

North Carolina: A slithery, mucous-like algae known as “rock snot” is the latest in a long line of invasive species haranguing Western North Carolina's famous trout waters. The N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission is advising anglers to use extra caution when cleaning their equipment to prevent the spread of didymo, which was recently found in the Tuckasegee River in Jackson County.

Pennsylvania: Didymo has been confirmed in the Delaware River. In 2012, its presence was confirmed in the Youghiogheny River. In 2013, PA Department of Environmental Protection put out an alert that it has now been discovered in Pine Creek, Lycoming County.

South Dakota: Didymo has been present in Rapid Creek in South Dakota since at least 2005, and is blamed for a significant decline in the brown trout population there. It is also present to lesser extents in other nearby locations.

Tennessee: Didymo was found in the tailwaters of the Norris, Cherokee, Wilbur and South Holston hydroelectric dams in 2005, the first U.S. finding east of the Mississippi River.

Vermont: In June 2007, didymo was discovered in the Connecticut River near Bloomfield, Vermont, its first recorded discovery in the northeastern United States. The sighting was reported by a fishing guide and confirmed by Dr. Sarah Spaulding, a didymo expert from Denver, Colorado.

Virginia: Didymo was identified in western Virginia in the summer of 2006 in the Smith River, the Jackson River, and the Pound River.

West Virginia: In 2008, didymo was found in West Virginia in the Elk River in Webster County near Webster Springs and in Glady Fork and Gandy Creek, both in Randolph County. The alga was found in Seneca Creek in Pendleton County in 2009.

South America
Chile: In 2010, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and a Chilean laboratory, Centro de Investigacion en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), confirmed the identification of the diatom D. geminata (didymo) as forming extensive blooms in Chilean rivers in Chile's Los Lagos Region (X Región de Los Lagos) in the Andes west of Esquel, a town in the Chubut Province of Argentina, with reports from the Espolon River and the Futaleufú River for a total of more than 56 river kilometers affected.

New Zealand
D. geminata was discovered in New Zealand in 2004, the first time it was found in the southern hemisphere. To restrict its spread, the whole of New Zealand's South Island was declared a controlled area in December 2005. Extensive publicity was carried out to limit the spread, but it has subsequently been found in an increasing number of rivers there.

Preventing further spread
The following methods have been recommended to prevent the spread of didymo in New Zealand:

Check: Before leaving the river, remove all obvious clumps of algae and look for hidden clumps. Leave them at the site. If you find clumps later don't wash them down the drain, treat them with the approved methods below, dry them and soak them in bleach for at least 4 hours.

Clean: Soak and scrub all items for at least one minute in either hot (60 °C) water, a 2% solution of household bleach, antiseptic hand cleaner, or dishwashing detergent.

Dry: If cleaning is not practical (e.g. livestock, pets), after the item is completely dry wait an additional 48 hours before contact or use in any other waterway.

New Zealand and the U.S. states of Alaska, Maryland, South Dakota and Vermont have banned anglers from wearing felt-soled boots. Orvis, a leading U.S. manufacturer of fly-fishing equipment, has started selling more rubber-soled boots than felt-soled.

Alternative theory
In the Gaspésie region of Quebec, a paleolimnological study was performed to (i) assess the validity of claims that didymo is in fact an introduced species in Quebec and (ii) explore potential mechanisms underlying the recent proliferation of didymo in the region. It was found that recent invasion or transfer to the Gaspésie region is a highly unlikely explanation for post-2006 didymo blooms. It was demonstrated that freshwater systems in Gaspésie are responding to recent climate warming. Given didymo’s habitat and environmental preferences, it was proposed that climate-related changes in regional rivers are likely an important factor that favors its proliferation.

Dr. Max Bothwell at Environment Canada claims that phosphorus-poor streams create blooms of the algae. The research paper, "Blooms of benthic diatoms in phosphorus-poor streams" was first published in March 2017.

title: Didymosphenia geminata


text:
Talk:Natalie Bassingthwaighte

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Summer 2007 Assessment Drive

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 21:44, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
--SeK612 10:37, 9 March 2006 (UTC) I've added an image to the main page, since it was requested. Someone may need to sort out the copyright though as I've used a generic picture which is from her official acting profile. I've made a few changes to help add some more information to the page. Again someone may need to look over this as I tend to suck at formal English. I'll try to keep the page updated with Natalie news if can though.

<< Image Request (temporarily met).

Natalie Bassingthwaighte (born 1 September 1975 in Wollongong, Australia) is an Australian actress, most famous for playing the role of Isabelle "Izzy" Hoyland in the soap opera Neighbours. Now, she may be more well known as the lead singer of Australian dance outfit Rogue Traders, taking them to the top on their second album Here Come The Drums, which includes the smash hit songs "Voodoo Child" and "Way To Go", released in 2005. She also has had the lead roles in remakes of musicals such as Footloose and Grease. Natalie has also become a huge hit in the uk for more info click on the link. Before joining Rouge traders Natalie played at her local hotel in melbourne, the nepean hotel. In australia you can watch natalie on channel 10 at 6.30 weeknights!!

Discography
Who put the single certifications under the actual singles. The certification should be next to the song because it's only from the ARIA charts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.230.121.26 (talk) 06:59, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Personal life query
Article currently has " Bassingthwaighte revealed she had married at the age of 23, before getting divorced in 1998.[31] " Given that she was born on 1 September 1975, it means she was married at September and divorced later that same year? Even for a short marriage is a divorced granted so quickly? The source has her "in the process of divorcing the unnamed chap, another resident of Wollongong, when the fledgling star was performing in the musical Rent". It does not say the divorce was granted yet. Furthermore when was the Rent musical touring Australia? Was Rent still going in 1999? I'm not sure.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 07:18, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * According to The Daily Telegraph, here, "Bassingthwaighte married chef Graham Wilmott in the spring of 1998 when the ambitious young South Coast singer was only 23." and "As her star rose, the relationship foundered and in two years was over." This contradicts current content.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 08:27, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I adjusted these details and then got hooked into re-editing the article and adding a whole lot more. According to my biased view it has been improved to B-class. I'm moving on now.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 09:09, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

Singles discography format
Recently I spent time improving this article and this included reformatting the previous singles wikitable. I used the Template:Singles discography (see here). However at 00:34, 29 April 2012 (local time: AEST, see here) this was reverted by User:Meluvseveryone (talk) with the edit summary "Undid revision 489448740 by Shaidar cuebiyar (talk) Fixed charts".

I dispute the need for this reversion and request User:Meluvseveryone to explain why this form is better before reverting it again.

My preference for the form used is based upon: shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 00:50, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) It is more efficient: it uses less wikicode to achieve a suitable display.
 * 2) Previously linked album titles and not linked: reduce overlinkage.
 * 3) Displays a footnote to explain use of "–".
 * 4) Finally the TBA for the final single has been replaced by the "Non-album single" phrase.
 * Sorry to cause any confusion, I just believe that we should stick to the standard discography format used on most discography pages.--Meluvseveryone (talk) 14:30, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I generally follow standards, in this instance a better model is available & it is not prohibited, so why not use it? It may slowly gain in popularity and this is how wikipedia gets improved.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 22:54, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
 * If you want this format to be popular, you take it up with the administrators and create a discussion page. Otherwise this'll count as vandalism. Stupid, I know, I don't make the rules. And I prefer the other format truthfully. This new one I think looks cluttered. The certifications should have dot points, and it is completely useless and cluttering to say "duet with..." than rather simply "with..."--Meluvseveryone (talk) 09:24, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Was that diaphonemic transcription,, meant to be ? --Mahmudmasri (talk) 23:36, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Natalie Bassingthwaighte. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110519015949/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-year.php?year=2006 to http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-year.php?year=2006

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 11 one external links on Natalie Bassingthwaighte. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110515023850/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2005.htm to http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2005.htm
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/64wvT6oq3?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aria.com.au%2Fpages%2FARIACharts-Accreditations-2006Singles.htm to http://www.aria.com.au/pages/ARIACharts-Accreditations-2006Singles.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080807134101/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2007Albums.htm to http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2007Albums.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080927062539/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2008Singles.htm to http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2008Singles.htm
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/64wwV0ML3?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aria.com.au%2Fpages%2Fhttpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accr.htm to http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accr.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091112030515/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2009Albums.htm to http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2009Albums.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/meet-the-women-of-underbelly-the-golden-mile/story-e6frex4r-1225849082658
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.throng.co.nz/neighbours/natalie-bassingthwaighte-leaves-neighbours
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/rogues-romantic-getaway/story-e6frewz0-1111112434854
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Escort
I heard she was working as an escort while her boyfriend was in los angelas sleeping around on her 1.145.187.14 (talk) 12:20, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Natalie Bassingthwaighte


text: User talk:24.127.34.31

title: User talk:24.127.34.31


text:
User talk:John Patricio

Welcome!

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William V. Aguiar Jr.
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title: User talk:John Patricio


text:
Bi-partisan appointment republican model

The Bi-partisan appointment republican model was a proposal for Australian constitutional reform. If approved at referendum, the model would have established Australia as a republic with a Head of State appointed by the Australian Federal Parliament. The model was put to the people at the November 1999 republican referendum and was defeated by 54.4% of voters.

Model details
Under the model, nominations for the Head of State or President could have been made by any Australian citizen or group of citizens. These would have been received by a nominations committee established by Parliament. The committee would provide a report to the Prime Minister on the most suitable candidates for the position. The Prime Minister would select a candidate after securing support from the Leader of the Opposition. This bi-partisan part of the procedure gives the model its name.

The formal appointment of the Head of State would have been made in a joint sitting of Parliament, attended by members of both the Senate and House of Representatives. A special two-thirds majority would have been required to ratify the candidate's appointment as Head of State.

The powers of the proposed Head of State would not have been substantially different from those of the reigning Monarch and Governor General. The Head of State would have been vested with the powers of executive government, but those powers would have been normally exercised on the advice of ministers.

Under the model, the term of the Head of State would have been five years. The Head of State could have been removed by the Prime Minister but this decision would have been subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives within thirty days. Any vacancy in the post would have been temporarily filled by the longest-serving state governor.

Rationale
If implemented, the model would have established an Australian Republic by removing constitutional links to the monarchy. References to either Queen or Governor-General in the Australian constitution would have been replaced by a reference to the President of Australia.

Supporters of the model argued that appointed presidents would carry out the presidential duties in a very similar fashion to the current Governor-General, as the method of appointment requires the combined support of the major political parties. The President would continue to act on the advice of the Prime Minister, as to do otherwise would invite dismissal. Consequently, the change to a republic is argued to have minimal impact on the rest of Australia's parliament and government.

Although the 1999 referendum was limited to the federal jurisdiction, the model is able to be adopted with little modification by each of the six Australian states to formally break ties with the monarchy.

Critique of the model
The model was criticised for its lack of democratic qualities. The Head of State is not elected by the people and the Prime Minister may legally ignore all nominations made by ordinary citizens. The model was specifically criticised for allowing the Prime Minister to dismiss the Head of State.

The model was also criticised for its bi-partisan mechanism. According to some, the deliberate seeking of support by the Prime Minister to the Opposition Leader, who are by definition political adversaries, may influence the outcome of other policy contests. The mandate implicitly conferred by two-thirds of the parliament may encourage the President to make use of reserve powers.

History
The model was originally developed by legal academic George Winterton, and influenced by systems used in Europe. The central concept was for a President, appointed by a two-thirds majority of parliament. Subsequent to a judicial process, the President could be dismissed by an absolute majority in both houses of parliament. After consulting with other experts, the proposal with drafted amendments was published in the Independent Monthly, March 1992 and was supported by the Australian Republican Movement (ARM).

In 1993 the model was reviewed as one of four options by the Republic Advisory Committee, chaired by Malcolm Turnbull who shortly after became ARM chairman. Prime Minister Paul Keating presented a slightly altered version, providing both appointment and dismissal by a two-thirds majority of parliament. He declared that this version, often called the Keating-Turnbull Model, should be put to the people.

Under Prime Minister John Howard, the model was closely examined and criticised at the 1998 constitutional convention. The model evolved to incorporate a nominations committee and authority to dismiss the Head of State was taken from the parliament and given to the Prime Minister. With these changes, the model was supported by a simple majority of 73 out of 152 delegates, 22 abstaining. An absolute majority of 89 then agreed it should be put to the people.

At the 1999 Australian republic referendum, the model was supported by opposition parties, progressives and some conservatives who feared a future directly elected president, while monarchists and those favouring other republican models rejected it. The referendum failed, with especially large majorities against in rural and outer suburban electorates.

After the defeat, the Australian Republican Movement downgraded the model's status from preferred to one of six possible options. Its long-term future is likely to depend on the result of a proposed models plebiscite, which would allow electors to directly show their support for this version of republicanism.


text:
Talk:DanceSafe

Just google for emanuel sferios and the macneil lehrer news hour, or 60 minutes, etc. That will show at least the proof that he started this organization for you.

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/youth/july-dec01/ecstasy.html

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/04/24/60II/main188049.shtml

http://www.alternet.org/drugreporter/9910/

Founder Information, Online Harm reduction Info
Added founder as emauel sferios see resignation letter here http://www.dancesafe.org/eman-resignation.php

Added information on popular education approach, possibly link to paolo_freire @wikipedia.org, not quite sure how to do that.

Added direct link to the discussion board, an important part of dancesafe's work.

194.66.175.82 17:26, 30 November 2005 (UTC)ernestrome

Previous edits
The last few edits were by me, ernestrome

I've added a redirect so it isn't necessary to capitalise the S

Alternate points of view needed
DanceSafe is a controversial organization. Some presentation of the alternate points of view is probably appropriate, but I never followed the controversy very closely. Does anyone have anything they can add? Breakpoint 09:54, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Contraversal by providing harm reduction infromation? -71.162.132.52 (talk) 04:50, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Criticism
There needs to be a section for criticism. I will add one in a few hours. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.71.21.22 (talk) 21:32, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

 * If there is to be a critisism section there needs to be quotes or cites or something more substantial than some people not being "keen" on the program. As such I am removing the critisism section as it adds nothing to the article. 68.153.29.23 (talk) 23:05, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The Criticism section now has a cite, the cite however indicates that DanceSafe offers a positive contribution. Everything following the cite uses weasel words to contradict the point that is actually being made by the citation. I propose again that the criticism section be removed as there is no useful information in it stating criticism. 68.153.29.23 (talk) 03:46, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:DanceSafe