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Talk:St Johns Beacon

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Are you sure the restaurant was closed in 77? I remember going there in the Early 80's —Preceding unsigned comment added by User:82.152.238.178 (talk • contribs) 14:38, 4 October 2005

 * This article needs to be verified I too, thought it closed after 1977. I remember going there with my younger brother who would've been far too young at that time. Incidentally, when we visited (probably early 80s) it was still revolving (I remember waiting for our table to line up with the (stationary) toilets on the central column ... the waitress must have loved us!!!)  Was it because the bearings siezed that it stopped revolving or was it because it was unoccupied??? Also, is the height 133m or (as stated in one of the external links) 120.1m ????? David  Humphreys SPEAK TO MEABOUTTHE THINGS I MESSED UP 04:17, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Yeh I always heard that is got stuck, not the second floor was too heavy, and that is why it doesn't rotate anymore. It might just not need to rotate Sweetie candykim (talk) 14:30, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * There reads: The outdoor observation deck which had been located on the roof of the restaurant was transformed into a second floor; this now holds offices and conference rooms for the radio station. The studios are on the lower floor that used to be the restaurant. and The Tower is open to the public everyday.

So, what exactly is open? The observation deck and restaurant are no more in use, and nothing else is mentioned as ever been accessible for public. 82.141.124.129 (talk) 17:39, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 11:12, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Height
On this list List of tallest buildings and structures in Liverpool it is second, and it says it has a height of 120m, but not in the article. Which is right? Sweetie candykim (talk) 14:32, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

This article is now consistent with the list referenced in the previous comment (2nd tallest / 125m), and this is backed up by a reference. Suggest this talk be archived? Drummle (talk) 11:50, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

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Origins
The article doesn't explain why this bizarre and arguably pointless structure was built in the middle of Liverpool in the first place. The GPO/MOD 'Backbone' microwave network was being built at about the same time, with several city centre comms towers - is there some connection with this? --Ef80 (talk) 19:06, 24 June 2020 (UTC)
 * The article is now much improved in this respect. Thanks to all editors. --Ef80 (talk) 09:49, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

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Originally planned as chimney?
Was the purpose of the tower not originally a chimney for the heating station of a mall? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:DF:1F41:AF04:4D60:3E04:7B26:C601 (talk) 15:02, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

 * "The construction of St Johns Beacon began in 1965, its main purpose to provide a ventilation shaft for the shopping complex below, its completion coming in December 1969." https://stjohnsbeacon.co.uk/ 92.200.140.107 (talk) 17:25, 29 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Some more: "The beacon's main purpose at first was to act as a ventilation shaft to the shopping centre below" https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpools-unlikely-landmark-continues-fascinate-20886280
 * "The tower was designed to serve a dual function as an observation tower and also a ventilation flue for the shopping centre boilers in the basement, however, changes in health and safety regulations in the year of completion meant that the latter function was never served."https://www.landscapebritain.co.uk/location/st-johns-beacon/ 92.200.140.107 (talk) 19:02, 29 October 2023 (UTC)
 * "Back on February 8, 1973, the Liverpool Echo had to put out a notice from the service asking people not to call telling them St Johns Beacon was on fire.(...)The fire brigade point out, however, that the Beacon is in fact a chimney from St. John's Market and that the smoke is from the heating system there." https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/nostalgia/unknown-use-st-johns-beacon-22815261 92.200.140.107 (talk) 19:17, 29 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @2003:DF:1F41:AF04:4D60:3E04:7B26:C601 41.193.88.176 (talk) 08:47, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:St Johns Beacon


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List of parks and open spaces managed by the City of London Corporation

The City of London Corporation owns and maintains open space in and around Greater London.

They have mainly been acquired since 1878, when two Acts of Parliament entrusted the management of Epping Forest and several other areas within a 25-mile (40 km) radius to the corporation: these areas laid the foundation for the Green Belt in the 20th century. On dedicating the opening of Epping Forest on 6 May 1882, Queen Victoria said "It gives me the greatest satisfaction to dedicate this beautiful forest to the use and enjoyment of my people for all time."

Within the City
The city has no sizeable parks within its boundary, but does have a network of a large number of gardens and small open spaces, many of them maintained by the corporation. These range from formal gardens such as the one in Finsbury Circus, containing a bowling green and bandstand, to churchyards such as St Olave Hart Street, to water features and artwork in courtyards and pedestrianised lanes. There are 150 smaller areas within the square mile of the City of London, including:

 * Barber-Surgeon's Hall Garden, London Wall
 * Cleary Garden, Queen Victoria Street
 * Churchyard at St Olave Hart Street
 * Courtyard of St Vedast Foster Lane
 * Finsbury Circus, Blomfield Street/London Wall/Moorgate
 * Jubilee Garden, Houndsditch
 * Portsoken Street Garden, Portsoken Street/Goodman's Yard
 * Postman's Park, Little Britain
 * Seething Lane Garden, Seething Lane
 * St Dunstan-in-the-East, St Dunstan's Hill
 * St Mary Aldermanbury, Aldermanbury
 * St Olave Hart Street churchyard, Seething Lane
 * St Paul's churchyard, St Paul's Cathedral
 * West Smithfield Garden, West Smithfield
 * Whittington Gardens, College Street

Outside the City
The total managed area is 4,200 hectares (42 km2). Included in the open spaces are:
 * Hampstead Heath 274 hectares. Located in the boroughs of Camden and Barnet
 * Epping Forest, 3,188 hectares. Largest public open space in the London area.
 * Burnham Beeches, 218 hectares. An area in Buckinghamshire purchased 1880.
 * Stoke Common, 83 hectares in Buckinghamshire.
 * The City Commons, seven green spaces in South London and Surrey managed by the corporation:
 * Ashtead Common, 200 hectares
 * Farthing Downs, 95 hectares
 * Coulsdon Common, 51 hectares
 * Kenley Common, 56 hectares
 * Riddlesdown Common, 43 hectares
 * Spring Park, 20 hectares
 * West Wickham Common, 10 hectares
 * Highgate Wood 28 hectares Purchased in 1886
 * Queen's Park in northwest London, 12 hectares. Purchased 1886, having been the site of 1879 Royal Agricultural Exhibition
 * West Ham Park, 31 hectares. Purchased 1874

It also has an interest in the Downlands Countryside Management Project in South-east London.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Vasily Bazhenov

Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov (Васи́лий Ива́нович Баже́нов; 1 March (N.S. 12) 1737 or 1738 – 2 August (N.S. 13) 1799) was a Russian neoclassical architect, graphic artist, architectural theorist and educator. Bazhenov and his associates Matvey Kazakov and Ivan Starov were the leading local architects of the Russian Enlightenment, a period dominated by foreign architects (Charles Cameron, Giacomo Quarenghi, Antonio Rinaldi and others). According to Dmitry Shvidkovsky, in the 1770s Bazhenov became the first Russian architect to create a national architectural language since the 17th century tradition interrupted by Peter I of Russia.

Bazhenov's early success was followed by a tragic professional and private life. His two main construction projects were abandoned for political or financial reasons. His magnum opus, the neoclassical Grand Kremlin Palace, was cancelled shortly after groundbreaking. The imperial palace in Tsaritsyno Park fell victim to the Battle of the Palaces; Bazhenov's palace core was demolished on the orders of Catherine II. Another project, for the Moscow State University building, ended in a bitter conflict with Bazhenov's former benefactor Prokofi Demidov and led Bazhenov into bankruptcy. Before his death, Bazhenov implored his children to stay aside from the treacherous construction business.

Bazhenov's legacy remains debated. The attributions of Pashkov House and lesser projects to Bazhenov, backed by a sketchy paper trail, deductions and conjectures, are uncertain to the point where his life and work became subject of conspiracy theories. Even his place of birth and the location of Bazhenov's grave are unknown. His life story, as reconstructed by Igor Grabar and popularized by the historians of the Soviet period, is regarded by modern critics as the "Bazhenov myth", and even most recent academic research fails to replace this myth with a reliable biography.

Early career

The exact year and place of Bazhenov's birth is uncertain; he was born in 1737 or 1738 in a family of a church clerk either in Moscow or in the village of Dolskoye near Maloyaroslavets. According to the second version, the family relocated to Moscow when Vasily was three months old. In 1753 Vasily volunteered (but was not formally hired) into the Kremlin-based architectural company of Dmitry Ukhtomsky, then the only Moscow institution providing basic architectural training. There Bazhenov acquired practical construction skills; poverty forced him to seek paid work instead of classroom training.

In 1755 Bazhenov joined the first class of the newly opened Moscow State University. Bazhenov's first biographer, Eugene Bolkhovitinov (1767–1837, Metropolitan of Kiev since 1822), wrote that Bazhenov also studied at the Slavic Greek Latin Academy but this opinion is firmly refuted by 20th century biographers. Bolkhovitinov, perhaps, knowingly twisted the facts to raise the prestige of clerical colleges.

In the beginning of 1758 the University, requested by Ivan Shuvalov, dispatched a group of sixteen students, including Bazhenov and Ivan Starov, to Saint Petersburg to continue training at the newly established Imperial Academy of Arts. They, along with twenty boys selected in Saint Petersburg, became the first class of the Academy. In May 1758 the class was reduced to thirty students (8 nobles and 22 raznochintsy); at the first exam, twenty-year-old Bazhenov ranked first, also being the oldest student; fourteen–year–old Starov ranked seventh while the youngest student, Stefan Karnovich, was only twelve. Bazhenov, according to his own statement, was assigned to the class of Savva Chevakinsky, chief architect of the Russian Admiralty, worked on the construction of the Saint Nicholas church and became a personal mentor and blood brother of younger Starov.

Three years later Bazhenov and painter Anton Losenko became the first students of the Academy of Arts to be awarded a scholarship out of Russia. Bazhenov trained in Paris at the workshop of Charles De Wailly (Starov joined him there in October 1762). Bazhenov's entries to the competitions of the French Academy of Architecture were a success; he "triumphantly concluded" the scholarship, being elected to the Roman Academy of Saint Luke, Academy of Fine Arts of Florence and Academy of Fine Arts of Bologna. Later, Bazhenov became the principal promoter of French neoclassicism in Russia and set the stylistic canon of neoclassical Moscow along the ideas of De Wailly.

He returned to Russia in May 1765 possessing "unusual and impeccable credentials for a Russian of that day" and applied for a degree and tenure at the Academy, but the new management had no intention to hire Bazhenov. He was subjected to a rigorous formal examination and was ordered to submit a new graduation project; he had no success with the Academy but was noticed by Catherine II and her son Paul, who commissioned Bazhenov to design and build a private mansion on Kamenny Island. At the end of 1766 Grigory Orlov, then commander of imperial artillery and military engineers, hired Baznenov into his retinue, in the military rank of captain of artillery, and commissioned him the Arsenal in Saint Petersburg. Next year, Bazhenov followed Orlov into Moscow where he would live for most of his remaining life "giving a Russian reality to French Classical and Italian Palladian modes to which he was exposed."

Kremlin Palace
Catherine suggested the idea of rebuilding the decrepit palaces of the Moscow Kremlin into a new government center of the reformed country (in 1767 Moscow hosted an elected congress framing a new code of laws) and Bazhenov eagerly responded; as early as 1767 he produced first drafts of his opus magnum, the utopian Grand Kremlin Palace. Orlov, fascinated by the proposal, rightfully questioned the feasibility of the enormous edifice, but Baznenov went forward and finalized the design by the end of summer of 1768. The largest neoclassical complex in Europe, if ever completed, would have replaced the Kremlin itself, leaving only its cathedrals intact.

According to his plan, the new four–storey neoclassical palace would take up the whole southern side of the Kremlin - 2,100 feet or 630 meters from Konstantino-Yeleninskaya tower in the east to Borovitskaya Tower in the west, and extending north along the western wall of the Kremlin up to the Arsenal. The palace would have completely enclosed the Kremlin Cathedrals, obstructing their view from across the Moskva River. Instead of building the palace on the top plateau of the Kremlin Hill, Bazhenov placed it right on the steep slope between the plateau and the Kremlin wall slated for demolition, employing enormous stone buttresses to prevent it from sliding into the river. The river itself should have been cleaned up, regulated and flanked by an embankment sided with logs.

Layout of the new Kremlin "was the most inventive planning effort of Catherine's reign". Bazhenov retained the historical Cathedral Square and proposed creation of a new square in the eastern part of the Kremlin that would become the new center of Moscow and the start of three new radial streets projecting due north, north-west and north-east. The northern radius, passing through a planned opening in the Kremlin wall, would directly connect the palace with Tverskaya Street. Bazhenov expanded his planning into modernizing the city itself, which eventually led to the Projected Plan officially accepted in 1775, a joint effort led by Pyotr Kozhin and Nicholas Legrand.

Nikolay Karamzin wrote in 1817 that "plans of Bazhenov, the famous architect, are similar to Plato's Republic or More's Utopia: they should be admired in thought and never put into practice." Nevertheless, the project received a go–ahead and the government set up the Kremlin Construction Board (or Expedition in 18th century parlance), an institution that survived into the 19th century. The Expedition became a new architectural school for local students, starting with Bazhenov's aide Matvey Kazakov. Kazakov, working in Kremlin since 1768, became Bazhenov's equal after 1770 and took over management of the Expedition in 1786. He surpassed Bazhenov as educator, revitalized Ukhtomsky school and trained Joseph Bove, Ivan Yegotov and Aleksey Bakarev.

At the groundbreaking ceremony (1773) Bazhenov declared that "today we renew old Moscow". Work commenced by shaving of the southern slope of the Kremlin Hill and laying foundation for the supporting buttresses. Central part of the southern wall of Kremlin, Taynitskaya and First Unnamed towers were demolished. Earth pit began right next to the Cathedral of the Archangel and for the next year Bazhenov and his engineers struggled with the threat of landslides. In 1775 Catherine shut down the project, citing damage to the Cathedral of the Archangel and the unsuitable geology of the Kremlin Hill. Historians reason that she had other, more important concerns: enormous cost of the palace and reluctance to invest in Moscow, an old city that she perceived as a threat to her control and modernization of the Empire, the demise of constitutional assembly or the simple fact that by 1775 "Catherine had nothing more to prove."

The original wooden model of the planned palace (1:44 scale, 17 meters long), made by Bazhenov's students is preserved at the Moscow Museum of Architecture. When the museum was based at the Donskoy monastery the model was publicly displayed in its main cathedral. In 2001 City of Moscow proposed building a dedicated museum pavilion to display the model in Alexander Garden but the proposal was rejected.

Tsaritsyno
Bazhenov, at least in the first half of Catherine's reign, perfectly understood her taste and stylistic program, that of Age of Enlightenment rather than of Neoclassicism. During the 1775 celebrations of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca on the Khodynka Field, Bazhenov "turned imitation of English Gothic Revival into an attempt to create a universal stylistic language for Russian architecture combining typical elements of medieval buildings of both East and West, motifs from Antiquity and pure fantasy." This ephemeral work paved way to Catherine's decision to build two imperial palaces in Moscow suburbs (in 1775 she lived in a temporary wooden building in Kolomenskoye). The lesser Petrovsky Castle on the road to Saint Petersburg was awarded to Kazakov, the larger Tsaritsyno to Bazhenov.

In summer of 1775 Bazhenov designed the first draft of Tsaritsyno, now lost. It followed Catherine's affection to "peasant style", featuring numerous neo-Gothic, country style lodges scattered on a carefully planned "natural" landscape. The same approach was employed in the second, "completely non-classical" master plan approved by Catherine in spring of 1776. This time Bazhenov added a dominant main palace, designed as two identical buildings connected with a greenhouse. One wing was intended for Catherine, another for her son and heir Paul. Bazhenov planned to decorate Tsaritsyno with traditional Russian coloured tiles, izraztsy, but Catherine objected and insisted on a simpler red (brick walls), white (ornaments) and yellow (glazed roof tiles) colour scheme. Roof tiles did not last long in Russian winters and were soon replaced with sheet iron. Bazhenov began construction with the "front row" of small buildings, gates and bridges. Their white stone inserts feature finely carved ornaments that disappeared in later buildings either due to shortage in skilled craftsmen or Bazhenov's own stylistic decision. In 1777 Bazhenov demolished the old wooden manor house of the Cantemirs, former owners of Tsaritsyno, and started construction of the main palace. Shortage of government funds plagued the project from the start; in fact, most of Bazhenov's written legacy consists of business letters pleading the state treasury for money, skilled labor, and counting his private debts incurred in Tsaritsyno. In 1783 he actively sought new jobs, writing that "he was now quite free in Tsaritsyno."

The main palace, with an added central annex for Paul's children, was built in eight years. Governor Jacob Bruce, who inspected Tsaritsyno in 1784, was puzzled by the absence of a formal front courtyard, but nevertheless sent Catherine an enthusiastic report praising, in particular, bridges and landscaping. Catherine suddenly visited Tsaritsyno in June 1785, and left displeased by slow pace of the work; she scorned the palace in letters to Paul and Melchior Grimm as a "dark place with low vaults and narrow stairs, unfit for living."

By 1785 Bazhenov's palace layout became politically incorrect: relations between Catherine and Paul irreversibly worsened, the empress entertained removing Paul from the order of succession completely, and twin palaces had to make way for a single one – her own. Catherine announced her will to demolish and rebuild the main palace, but Bazhenov was not fired immediately; he and Kazakov were ordered to submit independent redesign proposals. Bazhenov presented a new design in the end of 1785, but it was rejected and Bazhenov was dismissed from the project "to improve his health and household matters". In February 1786 Catherine finally awarded Tsaritsyno project to Kazakov; Bazhenov's palace was demolished in summer of 1786. Public opinion incorrectly connected her anger to Bazhenov's association with the Free Masons or his Gothic styling; in fact, Kazakov retained both Gothic and Masonic features and most of Bazhenov's auxiliary buildings survived to date.

Demidov affair
By the middle of 1780s Catherine, once fascinated by the art of Bazhenov and Charles Cameron, settled for the different version of neoclassicism professed by Kazakov in Moscow and Starov and Quarenghi in Saint Petersburg. In December 1786 Bazhenov finally retired from state service and had to rely on private commissions alone. The extent of these private jobs, once considered to be numerous (see attribution problem) has been subsequently revised to a very small number of more or less reliably attributed buildings; in contrast, Matvey Kazakov's legacy of the same period has been documented far better. Shvidkovsky noted that Bazhenov set the style of neoclassical Moscow but it was Kazakov and his alumni who actually designed and built it. According to Shvidkovsky, residential Moscow before the fire of 1812 was influenced, through Bazhenov, by works of Charles de Wailly and his circle; Bazhenov enhanced the French style with use of sculpture and garden architecture. Kazakov lacked Bazhenov's refinement but his buildings "were considerably more practical than Bazhenov's, more adapted to Moscow life."

Bazhenov, eager to improve his finances, accepted what looked like a generous offer from Prokofi Demidov, a wealthy and whimsical patron of arts. Demidov planned to donate a new building to Moscow University; he agreed to refinance Bazhenov's debts in exchange for his design and management services. Relations soon turned sour; Demidov, literally having Bazhenov in his pocket, rejected his design for a downtown campus and ordered Bazhenov to design a new green field campus on the Sparrow Hills. This cat and mouse game (as presented in Bazhenov's own writing) continued for nearly a decade; the architect wasted years on a dead end project and remained bankrupt at the mercy of Demidov. Once again Kazakov picked up the job and completed the "old" downtown core of the University in 1793.

In 1792 Bazhenov relocated to Saint Petersburg and accepted an uninspiring but stable job of an architect of Kronstadt admiralty; in his spare time he translated the complete works of Vitruvius. In April 1792 Bazhenov was implicated in the Nikolay Novikov affair; police found Bazhenov's letter to Novikov about supplying masonic books to Paul. Novikov spent four years in Schlisselburg fortress jail while Bazhenov escaped free. Masonic influence over Bazhenov's life and art led to him being called "the Russian Christopher Wren" and the theory that he was a long-term agent of martinists tasked with winning Paul's support. Paul was aware of Bazhenov's real or alleged mission but by 1792 he stepped aside from freemasonry and personally warned Bazhenov against further conspiracies.

Late recognition
Emperor Paul I of Russia supported Bazhenov as one of the alleged victims of his despised mother. Shortly upon ascension to the throne (1796) Paul summoned Bazhenov to Saint Petersburg and made him vice-president of the Imperial Academy of Arts. The Academy of this period, influenced by the ideas of its second President Ivan Betskoy, admitted boys at the age of six to nine years old, and provided nine-year general (elementary and secondary) education followed by at least six years of professional training in arts and architecture. Bazhenov believed that the Academy must dispose with elementary education and focus on its core subjects, admitting literate teenagers who could prove their talent in an open contest. He did not live enough to materialize this program; it was gradually implemented by Alexander Stroganov (1802) and Alexey Olenin (1830).

Paul's main construction project, Saint Michael's Castle, was awarded to his house architect, Italian Vincenzo Brenna, while Bazhenov was appointed to supervise Brenna. Historians of the 19th and early 20th centuries could not clearly separate the input of each architect and attributed the design to Brenna and Bazhenov jointly. Nikolay Lanceray (1930s) and subsequent Russian historians give full credit to Brenna; according to Lanceray, Bazhenov did not interfere in Brenna's designs that were, to a large extent, Brenna's renditions of Paul's own romantic vision. According to Dmitry Shvidkovsky, Bazhenov worked on an earlier design of the castle and this fact was later interpreted as his participation in actual design; Brenna "was given the task of adapting Bazhenov's design" but created an independent work. At any rate, Bazhenov died in the middle of the project leaving Brenna in full control; the castle turned out not a Neoclassical building, but "a rare example of an imperial palace genuinely redolent of the Romantic era."

Paul also commissioned Bazhenov to design a new hospital near Danilov Monastery. Bazhenov, again, responded with an extravagant plan that did not proceed past wooden frame and was replaced by Kazakov's extant Pavlovskaya Hospital built in 1802–1807. Shortly before his death Bazhenov began compilation of an album on Russian Architecture, collecting drafts of "all large buildings in two capitals."

Attribution problem
Reliable attribution of private 18th-century buildings in Russia, even those that retained original styling and floorplans, is rarely possible. Wealthy patrons eagerly hired architects who made themselves famous by working on government megaprojects, but in many instances original drawings are missing. In these cases historians used general design features or specific features to deduce probable author. Uncertainty led to frequent misattribution, particularly in case of Bazhenov and Kazakov and subsequent changes in attribution or admitting inability to make one.

Buildings in Moscow
Attribution of specific Moscow buildings to Bazhenov in this article is based on the academic Pamyatniki arhitektury Moskvy (Памятники архитектуры Москвы) series of books issued in 1983–2007.

Tradition of the first half of the 20th century, started by Igor Grabar, credited Bazhenov with designing numerous high-profile private buildings in Moscow. Later research has shown that in most cases his input cannot be reliable ascertained. Pashkov House, most likely, has been designed by Bazhenov while other residences once credited to him are now listed under "unknown architect" heading.

 * Pashkov House, Bazhenov's most conspicuous extant building and "one of Moscow's most graceful and handsome residential ensembles" is attributed to him "through the 19th century tradition supported by the majority of researchers". Pashkov House, uniquely to 18th-century architecture, retains its original external appearance and layout as conceived by the architect around 1784 and completed in 1787. The building was severely damaged by the Fire of 1812 and, for the first time in the history of Moscow, was rebuilt exactly to original drafts in recognition of its landmark significance.
 * Yushkov House on Myasnitskaya Street in Moscow (late 1780s – early 1790s) is simply "attributed" to Bazhenov. According to Schmidt, it represented architect's turn from French neoclassicism to Italianate architecture. Layout of this building, featuring a corner rotunda, became a widely copied standard for neoclassical architects in Moscow. The building later housed Palace School of Architecture and Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1844–1918), VKHUTEMAS (1918–1930) and, since 1989, Russian Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.
 * Razumovsky House on Vozdvizhenka Street, another corner rotunda completed in 1799, has been attributed to Bazhenov by Schmidt, but Russian sources agree on inability to ascertain architect's identity.
 * Tutolmin House in Tagansky District has been attributed to Bazhenov by Igor Grabar; later researchers attributed it to Starov. Prior to rebuilding in 1900s, the building's landmark role rivalled that of Pashkov House. Same attribution uncertainty applied to now demolished Prozorovsky House on Bolshaya Polyanka Street, "one of most charming estate houses in this street."
 * The Dolgov House in Bolshaya Ordynka Street, has been once attributed to Bazhenov based on the fact that his wife was related to the owner of the building. This opinion has been since discarded.
 * The belltower of the Church of All Sorrows in Bolshaya Ordynka Street, across Dolgov House, is unconditionally attributed to Bazhenov while the church itself has been built by Joseph Bove in 1828–1833.
 * Panukhina (1994) suggested that Bazhenov could have been involved in the late stages of construction of Moscow Kriegskomissariat (present-day headquarters of Moscow Military District) in Zamoskvorechye, designed by Nicholas Legrand.

Country estates and churches
Even less certainty applies to attribution of country estates and churches:
 * The best known of these, in Bykovo, belonged to, Governor of Moscow and Bazhenov's direct superior. Probable extant Bazhenov's works there include the main mansion and neo-Gothic , while most of 18th-century buildings have been lost.
 * A church in Starki (present-day Kolomensky District), estate of prince Cherkassky, built in 1759–1763, was one of the first Gothic Revival buildings in Russia. If attribution to Bazhenov is correct, he designed it while still a student at the Academy of Arts.
 * Church of Annunciation in Polivanovo, former Razumovsky estate, is "typical to Bazhenov" which fact remains the sole ground for attribution.
 * Neoclassical Church of Theotokos of Vladimir in Dolgoprudny (1772–1777), with an unusual triangular layout, has been attributed to either Kazakov or Bazhenov despite complete lack of written evidence. Layout of the church is most likely inspired by the Temple of War by Jean-Francois Nefforge.

title: Vasily Bazhenov


text:
Big Karnak

Big Karnak is a 1991 platform arcade video game developed and released by Gaelco. Taking place in an Ancient Egypt setting, players assume the role of a pharaoh warrior who embarks on a journey to save his wife while fighting against mythical beings and Egyptian gods. The game was a commercial success for Gaelco and garnered positive reception from critics.

Gameplay
Big Karnak is a platform game reminiscent of Trojan and Ghouls 'n Ghosts, where players assume the role of a pharaoh warrior who embarks on a journey through four increasingly difficult levels taking place in an Ancient Egypt setting to save his wife by defeating the Egyptian gods Horus, Nut, Isis and Osiris.

During gameplay, players fight against mythical beings, acquire different weapons, solve puzzles and jump between front and back movement planes while avoiding hazards along the way. Players can also deflect certain enemy projectiles to avoid damage. Losing all the energy results in losing a live and the game is over once all lives are lost but players can insert more credits into the arcade machine to continue playing.

Development and release
Big Karnak was created under the working title El Faraón by a small team at Gaelco, a Spanish game development company co-founded in 1985 by former Tecfri members Luis Jonama, Josep Quinglés and Javier Valero, serving as one of their first arcade projects alongside Master Boy. Gaelco decided to work on a horizontal-scrolling arcade game similar to Double Dragon, Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja and Ghouls 'n Ghosts, recruiting writer Toni López Yeste to create the artwork, scripts and animation. Yeste studied comics and illustrations at Escola Joso in Barcelona before being proposed by the school to work at Gaelco, despite never having contact with video games until then.

Yeste began writing the script for what would later become Big Karnak in June 1988 and he stated that once the script was shown, Gaelco realized it would work and production of the project began in September of that year. Yeste went to arcades in order to check recent games on the market and study them, with Ghouls 'n Ghosts being the title he studied the most but did not know Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja until production started. Jonama stated in a 2014 interview with the Spanish version of Retro Gamer that he, Quinglés and Valero initially started programming but later directed the games as they grew, with Jonama collaborating on the project as a programmer alongside Albert Sunyer while Quinglés specialized on sound design. Julian Goicoa was in charge of marketing the game worldwide but also acted as director and proposed changes from a commercial viewpoint. Artist Xavier Arrebola G. also created artwork for the game with Yeste. Arrebola was first introduced to video games Asteroids during his college days and joined Gaelco in 1989 when Big Karnak was in a more advanced development state due to his interest with computer graphics, being in charge of both character animations and level design.

Yeste stated that when production started, several elements from the original script for Big Karnak were added or scrapped due to either not working in the game or being deemed too difficult. Arrebola also stated that team members gave their ideas during development, as equipment and resources were limited, with Yeste claiming that enemies which broke the Egyptian aesthetic was due to the collaborative effort. Yeste also claimed a total of eight levels were originally envisioned but the number was ultimately reduced to four. When designing the carnivorous plant enemies for a level, Arrebola was inspired by Frank Oz's Little Shop of Horrors. Jonama and the team used PCs with ARPA, an in-house tool created by Gaelco that allowed artists transpose their hand-drawn animation work from graph paper into pixel art.

Big Karnak was released on arcades by Gaelco in 1991. The game was presented on various trade shows across Europe such as the 1991 European Computer Trade Show. The title was never ported to other systems, until its inclusion as part of the Gaelco Arcade 2 compilation for Evercade, marking its first console debut.

Reception and legacy
According to the book Video Games Around the World, Big Karnak "achieved great success" commercially. David Wilson of Zero magazine rated the game with a 4.5 out of 5 score. Martin Gaksch of German magazine Power Play gave the title a positive outlook. Oldies Rising scored it 15 out of 20. In 2015, David Martinez of Hobby Consolas also gave it a positive outlook. As of April 2020, the rights to Big Karnak were acquired by Piko Interactive.

title: Big Karnak


text:
Talk:1922 United Kingdom general election

National Liberal Party
As used in United Kingdom general election, 1922 "National Liberal" seems to link to an inappropriate article. Laurel Bush 13:39, 4 October 2005 (UTC).

That is correct. There have been two (major) National Liberal Parties. The first lasted about a year and were the remnants of the "Coalition Liberals" after the Lloyd George Coalition broke down about a month before this election. They rejoined the Liberals before the 1923 election to offer a unified Free Trade platform against Stanley Baldwin.

The second National Liberal Party broke away from the Liberals midway through the 1929 Parliament, to fight on a platform of protectionism, in concert with the Conservatives and National Labour Party in the National Government. It is this which is in the article. 129.67.53.94 20:55, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Parties now split, so National Liberal Party (UK, 1922) is now the relevant article. Zangar (talk) 00:26, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

I have a different issue with this. Oughtn't the gains and losses of the "National Liberals" not be measured against nothing, but against the  number of "Coalition Liberals" in the 1918 parliament? Aren't the "national Liberals" basically the coalition liberals, now that the coalition is over? john k 16:02, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Figures don't make sense
According to the table, all the major parties make gains here... that isn't possible.

WikiReaderer 16:45, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

 * This is because the National Libs were measured against nothing, when they should have been measured against the Coalition Libs. The seat surplus has now been rectified. BillMasen 21:52, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

The graphic is very unhelpful
This was a UK election and yet the Northern Irish Westminster seats are not depicted.Jatrius (talk) 19:57, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

Prime Minister Before Election
The info Box indicates David Lloyd George was Prime Minister before the election. While Lloyd George was Prime Minister for nearly all of the period between the 1918 and 1922 elections he had officially resigned the office and Bonar Law was appointed Prime Minister by George V on 23rd October. Thus was technically Law was Prime Minister at the time the election was held. Dunarc (talk) 16:10, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Recent Prime Ministers?
Most attention was focused on the new and most recent Prime Ministers.
 * What does this mean? It could only mean Lloyd George and Bonar Law. Valetude (talk) 22:59, 6 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, it means Law and Lloyd George. I'll edit it to make it clearer. DuncanHill (talk) 23:01, 6 July 2022 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Tenaya Canyon

This just needs some simple cleanup for PoV and context. —BenFrantzDale 13:40, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I modified this file yesterday (06 Oct), to rectify factual inaccuracies. As it was written, it asserted: 1) no creek flows down Tenaya Canyon (but Tenaya Creek does); and 2) that no one hikes it since there's no water flow into the Canyon (the real reason is that one must rappel to descend, or climb [it'd be 5th class, so ropes required] to ascend).  Also, the picture's POV is looking up the canyon, which I inserted today (07 Oct).   I did not write the initial article, which was certainly a good candidate for NPOV dispute, but I think, in its current form, it's fine.  If you agree, please say so here, so the NPOV dispute can be removed.  —User:BrianWelsch 17:44 UT, 07 Oct 2005
 * Much improved. It could do with context, though "Tenaya Canyon is the extension of Yosemitee valley continuing to the East..."—something like that. Also, the PoV is still geared toward climbing rather than answering "what is Tenaya Canyon". I changed the POV to . —BenFrantzDale 19:10, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Randomly strolling onto this page, it still contains many factual errors. There are not "many" people that have died on the downclimbs. In fact, there may be none. There have been hikers that have gotten lost when hiking in the area around Tenaya Lake and wandered down the canyon, but few if any deaths have been reported. Also, it is not so difficult to navigate up the canyon and is not fifth class unless you are off-route. It is third class by the usual route. -Bob Burd

 * Good to see you here, Bob: I've visited your excellent web site. Feel free to correct factual errors in the article, yourself. Anyone can edit! hike395 04:39, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

I just wandered here and also thought the insistance on equipment etc. was overstated. In September or October 1970, when I was 15, I walked down to the valley from Tenaya Lake with a small party of climbers. The creek was nearly empty except for a few pools, we used no ropes, and at no point do I remember it being more difficult than a scramble (and one leap over some slimy granite). There was exposure in one or two places. Some geography and geology would be nice. Eperotao 00:00, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Canyoneering
I removed the section on canyoneering. It was uncited and was un-encyclopedic in tone. If someone can cite the claims made and re-write it, please add it back in the article. - Barkeep  06:05, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tenaya Canyon


text:
User:Slashme

I am David Richfield, a South African chemical engineer / biochemist living in Germany. I'm also a founder member and former director of Wikimedia South Africa, the South African Wikimedia Chapter. I also created the parliament diagram tool, which is widely used to create diagrams for political articles on Wikipedia.

My username comes from IRC: "/me" is a shortcut which inserts your username.

I enjoy learning languages, graphic design, 3D modeling with Blender, cartography on OpenStreetMap, computer programming, playing Go and promoting free software. In 2016, I started juggling.

Here's a Limerick: $$\int_1^\sqrt[3]{3} \! t^2\,dt \cos(\frac{3\pi}{9}) = \ln(\sqrt[3]{e})$$

Parliament diagram tool
You can make diagrams using this online tool!

I started work a while back on a tool to render svg diagrams for legislatures - I started out with a tool that spits out a rectangular diagram with a title and a legend. In May 2010, I saw some very nice arch-shaped diagrams drawn with User:Habbit's ADSvote program requested for conversion to SVG on WP:GL/I. Instead of doing manual SVG conversion, I programmed a similar algorithm, which I now host on Wikimedia's Toolserver (link above). The source code is hosted at GitHub - Bug reports, feature requests and patches are welcome!

The arch tool is quite popular for election results on Wikipedia, but the Westminster-style tool is still under development: a standard style has not yet been clarified, so if you use it, expect criticism and/or correction. If the output is not as you expect, consider editing with Inkscape and saving the result as a "plain SVG".

You can also upload the diagrams directly from the tool. You can see the most recent uploads here.

There have been significant contributions to the tool by Ambady Anand S, Ranjith Siji, and Rade-Mathis.

Pages I started
 Don't start what you can't finish. • 25th South African Parliament

• 3Beta Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

• 3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry

• Akida

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• Anthrone

• Anxiogenic

• Aptera fusca

• A Retrieved Reformation

• Aspalathin

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• Carr index

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• J Willard Hershey

• JN Reddy (South African politician)

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Translations

 * Blendax
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 * Nick Sloane (salvage expert)
 * Grand Central Water Tower Midrand
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 * Octanol-water partition coefficient

Some pictures and animations I've contributed
Here are some selected files. For a more complete list, with many more pictures, see my Commons uploads (or if you have javascript enabled, you can see them in a gallery view)

Camera
I bought a Canon PowerShot A630 in April 2007, and have since started contributing photos to Wikipedia. In 2008, due to an insurance payout after a stupid accident involving seawater, it was upgraded to an A650IS, quite a nice camera, and it runs chdk quite nicely, thanks! That camera was eventually stolen in 2013, and I have replaced it with an SX270HS, which has the new Digic 6 processor. There is a development CHDK version for this model, but I have not tested it yet: it is still alpha software as of November 2014. I've also since bought a Canon EOS 600D. It's a very nice camera! I have had good success with macro photography using extension tubes with the stock lens, but I later also bought a combination macro/telephoto lens.

Go, Baduk, Weiqi

 * List of go clubs on the web
 * International map of go clubs
 * The South African Go Clubs website
 * The South African Go Clubs wiki
 * The truth about Scientology

title: User:Slashme


text:
Coppingford

Coppingford is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Upton and Coppingford, in Cambridgeshire, England. Coppingford lies approximately 7 mi north-west of Huntingdon. Coppingford is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. The main manor house, still in existence, dates from about 1200. In 1931 the parish had a population of 29. The population at the 2011 Census of Upton and Coppingford was 202.

Its name came from Old Norse Kaupmanna = "of the merchants" + Anglo-Saxon ford = "ford".

History
In 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.

Coppingford was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Leightonstone in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Copemaneforde in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at Coppingford; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £4 and the rent was the same in 1086.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there were 17 households at Coppingford. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Coppingford in 1086 is that it was within the range of 59 and 85 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acre; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were four ploughlands at Coppingford in 1086 and that there was the capacity for a further one ploughland.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manor at Coppingford the total tax assessed was four geld.

By 1086 there was already a church and a priest at Coppingford.

Government
Coppingford is part of the civil parish of Upton and Coppingford, which has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. On 1 April 1935 the parish of Coppingford was abolished to form "Upton and Coppingford".

Coppingford was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Coppingford became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Coppingford is a part of the district ward of Sawtry and is represented on the district council by two councillors. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Coppingford the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Coppingford is part of the electoral division of Sawtry and Ellington and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

At Westminster Coppingford is in the parliamentary constituency of North West Cambridgeshire, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Coppingford is represented in the House of Commons by Shailesh Vara (Conservative). Shailesh Vara has represented the constituency since 2005. The previous member of parliament was Brian Mawhinney (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1997 and 2005.

Population
In the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Coppingford was recorded every ten years by the UK census. During this time the population was in the range of 34 (the lowest was in 1901) and 89 (the highest was in 1881).

From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 (due to the Second World War).

All population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight. The parish of Coppingford was merged with the parish of Upton between 1931 and 1951.

title: Coppingford


text:
Grafham, Cambridgeshire

Grafham is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England. Grafham lies approximately 5 mi south-west of Huntingdon. Grafham is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. The village gives its name to the nearby reservoir, Grafham Water. The village recently successfully raised funds as a community venture and via external funding sources to open a community convenience store located in the grounds of the village hall.

History
Grafham is named after German Count Ham who made his version of the famous ham sandwich some 350 years before the Earl of Sandwich.

In 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.

Grafham was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Leightonstone in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Grafham in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there were two manors at Grafham; the annual rent paid to the lords of the manors in 1066 had been £5 and the rent was the same in 1086.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there were 24 households at Grafham. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Grafham in 1086 is that it was within the range of 84 and 120 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acre; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were 6.75 ploughlands at Grafham in 1086 and that there was the capacity for a further two ploughlands. In addition to the arable land, there was 6 acre of meadows and 3784 acre of woodland at Grafham.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the king and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manors at Grafham the total tax assessed was 5.5 geld.

In 1086 there was no parish church at Grafham.

Government
As a civil parish, Grafham has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. The parish council has six councillors and normally meets on the third Tuesday of a month.

Grafham was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Grafham became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Grafham is a part of the district ward of Brampton and is represented on the district council by two councillors. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Grafham the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Grafham is part of the electoral division of Brampton and Kimbolton and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

At Westminster Grafham is in the parliamentary constituency of Huntingdon, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Grafham is represented in the House of Commons by Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative). Jonathan Djanogly has represented the constituency since 2001. The previous member of parliament was John Major (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1983 and 2001.

Population
In the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Grafham was recorded every ten years by the UK census. During this time the population was in the range of 176 (the lowest was in 1801) and 344 (the highest was in 1871).

From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 (due to the Second World War).

All population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight.

In 2011, the parish covered an area of 1801 acre and so the population density for Grafham in 2011 was 223.9 persons per square mile (86.4 per square kilometre).

title: Grafham, Cambridgeshire


text:
Helium mass spectrometer

A helium mass spectrometer is an instrument commonly used to detect and locate small leaks. It was initially developed in the Manhattan Project during World War II to find extremely small leaks in the gas diffusion process of uranium enrichment plants. It typically uses a vacuum chamber in which a sealed container filled with helium is placed. Helium leaks out of the container, and the rate of the leak is detected by a mass spectrometer.

Detection technique
Helium is used as a tracer because it penetrates small leaks rapidly. Helium also has the properties of being non-toxic, chemically inert and present in the atmosphere only in minute quantities (5 ppm). Typically a helium leak detector will be used to measure leaks in the range of 10$−7$ to 10$3$ Pa·m$−1$·s$−10$.

A flow of 10$3$ Pa·m$−1$·s$−13$ is about 0.006 ml per minute at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP).

A flow of 10$3$ Pa·m$−1$·s$6$ is about 0.003 ml per century at STP.

Types of leaks
Typically there are two types of leaks in the detection of helium as a tracer for leak detection: residual leak and virtual leak. A residual leak is a real leak due to an imperfect seal, a puncture, or some other hole in the system. A virtual leak is the semblance of a leak in a vacuum system caused by outgassing of chemicals trapped or adhered to the interior of a system that is actually sealed. As the gases are released into the chamber, they can create a false positive indication of a residual leak in the system.

Uses
Helium mass spectrometer leak detectors are used in production line industries such as refrigeration and air conditioning, automotive parts, carbonated beverage containers food packages and aerosol packaging, as well as in the manufacture of steam products, gas bottles, fire extinguishers, tire valves, and numerous other products including all vacuum systems.

Global helium spray
This method requires the part to be tested to be connected to a helium leak detector. The outer surface of the part to be tested will be located in some kind of a tent in which the helium concentration will be raised to 100% helium.

If the part is small the vacuum system included in the leak testing instrument will be able to reach low enough pressure to allow for mass spectrometer operation.

If the size of the part is too large, an additional vacuum pumping system may be required to reach low enough pressure in a reasonable length of time. Once operating pressure has been reached, the mass spectrometer can start its measuring operation.

If leakage is encountered the small and "agile" molecules of helium will migrate through the cracks into the part. The vacuum system will carry any tracer gas molecule into the analyzer cell of the magnetic sector mass spectrometer. A signal will inform the operator of the value of the leakage encountered.

Local helium spray
This method is a small variation from the one above. It still requires the part to be tested to be connected to a helium leak detector. The outer surface of the part to be tested is sprayed with a localized stream of helium tracer gas.

If the part is small the vacuum system included in the instrument will be able to reach low enough pressure to allow for mass spectrometer operation.

If the size of the part is too large, an additional pumping system may be required to reach low enough pressure in a reasonable length of time. Once operating pressure has been reached, the mass spectrometer can start its measuring operation.

If leakage is encountered the small and "agile" molecules of helium will migrate through the cracks into the part. The vacuum system will carry any tracer gas molecule into the analyzer cell of the magnetic sector mass spectrometer. A signal will inform the operator of the value of the leakage encountered. Thus correlation between maximum leakage signal and location of helium spray head will allow the operator to pinpoint the leaky area.

Helium charged vacuum test
In this case the part is pressurized (sometime this test is combined with a burst test, i.e. at 40 bar) with helium while sitting in a vacuum chamber. The vacuum chamber is connected to a vacuum pumping system and a leak detector. Once the vacuum has reached the mass spectrometer operating pressure, any helium leakage will be measured. This test method applies to a lot of components that will operate under pressure: airbag canisters, evaporators, condensers, high-voltage SF6 filled switchgear.

Partial vacuum method (ultra sniffer test)
In contrast to the Helium charged sniffer test, the partial vacuum method, the ultra sniffer test gas method (UST-method) uses the partial vacuum effect, so that the gas tightness of test sample can be detected at normal pressure with the same sensitivity as the helium charged vacuum test with helium gas helium. The method has a sensitivity of 10$−5$ Pa·m$−12$·s$3$. Similar to the classical Helium charged sniffer test the test sample is enclosed in a bag, but in contrast to the classic method, the bag is exposed with a helium-free gas, so that the helium concentration inside the bag can reduced from 5·10$−1$ to 10$−5$ Pa·m$3$·s$−1$. This sensitivity corresponds to a theoretical gas loss of 1 cm$−13$ in 3000 years.

The UST method can be used very economically for the ad hoc testing of test samples. The test system can be set up easily, with normal pneumatic items, such as valves and plastic hoses. For the embedding of the test samples, a simple plastic bag is sufficient. The UST method was also used for the leak testing of component of the fusion experiment Wendelstein 7-X in Germany.

Bombing test
This method applies to objects that are supposedly sealed.

First the device under test will be exposed for an extended length of time to a high helium pressure in a "bombing" chamber.

If the part is leaky, helium will be able to penetrate the device.

Later the device will be placed in a vacuum chamber, connected to a vacuum pump and a mass spectrometer. The tiny amount of gas that entered the device under pressure will be released in the vacuum chamber and sent to the mass spectrometer where the leak rate will be measured.

This test method applies to implantable medical devices, crystal oscillator, saw filter devices.

This method is not able to detect a massive leak as the tracer gas will be quickly pumped out when test chamber is pumped down.

Helium charged sniffer test
In this last case the part is pressurized with helium. The mass spectrometer is fitted with a special device, a sniffer probe, that allows it to sample air (and tracer gas when confronted with a leak) at atmospheric pressure and to bring it into the mass spectrometer.

This mode of operation is frequently used to locate a leak that has been detected by other methods, in order to allow for parts repair. Modern machines can digitally remove the helium two decades below the background level and thus it is now possible detect leaks as small as 5·10$3$ Pa·m$−1$·s$−12$ in sniffing mode.

title: Helium mass spectrometer


text:
User talk:217.148.68.113

Proposed deletion of Object Data Manager

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Nomination of Object Data Manager for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Object Data Manager is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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September 2017
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Proposed deletion of IBM Concurrent Copy

The article IBM Concurrent Copy has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (software) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

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Proposed deletion of IBM Subsystem Device Driver

The article IBM Subsystem Device Driver has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (software) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

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title: User talk:217.148.68.113


text:
Don Tacos

Don Tacos (ドンタコス) is a Japanese snack food manufactured by Koikeya. It is a tortilla chip that comes in four flavours: Mexican Chili, Seafood, Super Hot Chili, and Rich Butter Grilled Corn. Don Tacos is sold in 78-95 gram bags, in 47 gram cups that include dipping sauce, and in 50 gram boxes for supermarkets with dipping sauce. The cups come with either BBQ sauce or ketchup sauce, and the boxes come with either hamburger sauce or ketchup dipping sauce.

Old commercials for Don Tacos included stereotypes of Mexican culture along with a chant which can be translated to "Don Tacos Don Tacos I'm happy I can soon eat Don Tacos!"

The Don Tacos mascot is colored red and yellow. It looks like a smiling globe with a moustache wearing a sombrero.

title: Don Tacos


text: User talk:69.54.115.254

title: User talk:69.54.115.254


text:
Binbrook, Ontario

Binbrook is a community in southeastern Hamilton, Ontario, in Canada. It was amalgamated into the city of Hamilton in 2001. Since then, hundreds of new homes have been built in Binbrook, which is separated from Hamilton by conservation and agricultural lands. As of the 2021 census, Binbrook has a population of 10,791 residents.

History
Armstrong's General Store was a longtime centre of community activity as was the feed mill. In the 1960s, Cybulski's Grocery Store became a hub for the small community. Knox Presbyterian Church, as well as a Baptist church, and Anglican Church all are near the centre of the village.

The community of Binbrook has a rich history of agriculture and First Nations peoples. Evidence has been found of Algonquin tribes inhabiting this area.

The first registry of Binbrook was in 1791 when it was called Township #11 in the District of Nassau. The plan can be found in the Department of Lands and Forests, Toronto, dated October 25, 1791, where it lists four concessions and blocks divided amongst several families. Open seasonally, the Binbrook farmers' market has become a highly anticipated event highlighting local growers and artisans. The Market takes place at the Fairgrounds, which holds a special place in Canadian history as the host of one of North America's oldest Fall fairs. The Fairgrounds and Agricultural Hall are home to many community events and lie at the centre of the community.

The Binbrook Little Theatre, across from the Agricultural Hall, is home to local productions that highlight the area's creativity and culture. The theatre gives opportunities to those wanting to explore their acting potential on the stage and puts on three productions a season.

The Hamilton Public Library opened the Binbrook branch in April 2018. The community also has a community centre, arena, soccer fields, and the Binbrook Conservation area.

Binbrook Conservation Area
The Binbrook Conservation Area is a 396-hectare (978-acre) tract of land owned and operated by the Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority. Of this area, 174 hectares (430 acres) are covered by picturesque Lake Niapenco. The area was purchased by the NPCA in 1968. The lake was formed after the completion of the 1971 dam. The dam was built to augment the Welland River's summer water flow and provide seasonal flood control.

The lake is surrounded by open meadows, hardwood forests, and reforested areas. At one time, there were campgrounds in the conservation area. The old campground access roads now provide the basis for many hiking trails at the Binbrook Conservation Area. Recently, the Park has added Wakeboarding, allowing area residents to enjoy the surf at this otherwise quiet and serene lake.

Demography
The population of the Binbrook population centre was 10,791 at the Canada 2021 Census.

The community still has its roots in farming, and new residents continue to support the local farming community while encouraging the vitality and growth of the village.

title: Binbrook, Ontario


text:
Hail Weston

Hail Weston is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England. Hail Weston lies approximately 7 mi south of Huntingdon. Hail Weston is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England.

History
In 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.

Hail Weston was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Toseland in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Westone and Westune in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there were three manors at Hail Weston; the annual rent paid to the lords of the manors in 1066 had been £8.5 and the rent had fallen to £5.25 in 1086.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there were 12 households at Hail Weston. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Hail Weston in 1086 is that it was within the range of 42 and 60 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acre; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were 6.5 ploughlands at Hail Weston in 1086 and that there was the capacity for a further 1.5 ploughlands. In addition to the arable land, there was 10 acre of meadows and 70 acre of woodland at Hail Weston.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manors at Hail Weston the total tax assessed was four geld.

In 1086 there was no church at Hail Weston. In 1086 the land in Hail Weston was owned by Robert, son of Fafiton, and by Eustace the sheriff. A bridge over the river Kym existed in 1377.

Two fresh water springs in the parish were used for medicinal purposes in the 16th and 17th centuries but later fell into disuse. The civil parish of "Southoe with Hail Weston" was abolished in 1935 and the two new parishes of "Southoe and Midloe", and Hail Weston were created.

Government
As a civil parish, Hail Weston has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. The parish council has seven members and normally meets monthly.

Hail Weston was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Hail Weston became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Hail Weston is a part of the district ward of Kimbolton and Staughton and is represented on the district council by one councillor. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Hail Weston the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Hail Weston is part of the electoral division of Brampton and Kimbolton and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

At Westminster Hail Weston is in the parliamentary constituency of Huntingdon, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Hail Weston is represented in the House of Commons by Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative). Jonathan Djanogly has represented the constituency since 2001. The previous member of parliament was John Major (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1983 and 2001.

Geography
The village of Hail Weston lies on the southern side of the River Kym (previously known as the River Hail or River Hale) which meanders through the parish towards the river Great Ouse; the parish lies between 62 feet and 154 feet above ordnance datum and the parish covers an area of 1977 acres. The River Kym marks the eastern boundary of the parish and there is a ford on the road between Hail Weston and Little Paxton.

The village and parish lies on a bedrock of Oxford clay and in regions there are superficial Glaciofluvial and River Terrace deposits of sand and gravel from the Quaternary period, together with alluvium (clay and silt) from the same period. Generally, the soil in the parish is classified as a lime-rich loamy soil with impeded drainage. The main agricultural land use within the parish of Hail Weston is arable farming, with grassland adjacent to the river Kym and a wooded area to the south-west of the parish.

Demography
The usual resident population of Hail Weston in the 2011 census was 610 of whom 50.8% were male and 49.2% female; the population density was 197.5 persons per square mile (76.3 per km2). There were 240 households; 17.5% of these households consisted of one person, 80.0% contained one family group and there were 2.5% of other household types. The census also showed that 30.4% of households had one or more dependent children under the age of 18, and 19.6% of households consisted of people who were all over the age of 65. The mean average number of people per household was 2.5 people.

Of the usual resident population, 23.0% were under the age of 18 years, 60.7% were between 18 and 65 years old, and 16.4% were over the age of 65 years. In 2011, 74% of the residents of Hail Weston were between the ages of 16 years and 74 years old and considered to be potentially economically active; of these, 68% were involved in part-time, full-time or self-employment. The five major industry sectors of the economically active residents of Hail Weston are shown in the table below:

Hail Weston is in the Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) called "Huntingdonshire 015C", which in 2015, was ranked 24,141 out of 32,844 LSOAs in England against the index of multiple deprivation. This indicates that Hail Weston is amongst the 30% least deprived neighbourhoods in England.

The 2011 census showed that 92.6% of the residents of Hail Weston were born in the United Kingdom, with 3.1% of residents coming from other European Union countries, and 4.3% coming from the rest of the world. At the same time, 97.7% of people in Hail Weston described themselves as ethnic white, 1.5% as having mixed or multiple ethnic groups, and 0.7% as being Asian or British Asian, with the remainder in another ethnic group. In that same census, 68.2% described themselves as Christian, 23.3% said they had no religious beliefs, 7.9% did not specify a religion, and 0.7% described themselves as belonging to another religion.

Historical Population
The population of Hail Weston that was recorded at the UK censuses between 1801 and 1901 ranged between 258 and 423.

Census: Hail Weston 1801–1971 Census Population: Hail Weston 1951, 1971, 1991 Census Population: Hail Weston 2001–2011

Culture and Community
In the 19th century, the village had three public houses: the Royal Oak Pub, the Crown (which closed 2001), and another whose name is not currently recorded. Situated in the centre of the village, the Royal Oak Pub is a grade II listed, thatched-roof pub, dating to at least the 17th century but the public house was closed in January 2012. A community action group was formed to attempt to buy the Royal Oak and run it as a co-operative community pub. In January 2013 the Royal Oak was registered as an Asset of Community Value under the Localism Act 2011. It reopened as a pub in May 2017.

The Church school in Hail Weston closed in 1966 and the building is now used as a village hall and currently houses the Hail Weston Pre-school Activity Group. The 1881 UK census listed a number of shops, a bakery and a post office in the village but these have all closed.

The poem "The Holy Wells of Hailweston" written by Michael Drayton in 1622 celebrates the healing powers of the spring water from Hail Weston.

Transport
The B645 road passes by the southern edge of the village, linking it with Eaton Socon and the A1 trunk road to the east and Kimbolton to the west. The B645 was downgraded from the A45 when the new A14 A1-M1 link road was opened to traffic in the mid-1990s. Route 12 of the National Cycle Network is a 121 mi route from Enfield Lock to Spalding and passes through the village of Hail Weston. It is 1.7 mi from Hail Weston to the nearest railway station at St Neots which is on the East Coast Main Line where regular services run south to London and run north to Huntingdon, Peterborough and beyond.

Religious Sites
The church at Hail Weston is a Grade II* listed building that is dedicated to St Nicolas and consists of a chancel, nave, west tower and south porch. The church was originally built in the 13th century, with some rebuilding in the 15th century; the tower was built in the 16th century, and is unusual for being constructed of timber. The church was completely restored in 1884, when the south porch was added. The tower contains three bells which have been there since 1709. Hail Weston is part of the same ecclesiastical parish as neighbouring Southoe and is in the deanery of St Neots within the diocese of Ely.

In 1691 a non-conformist church was formed at Hail Weston and at first they met in a barn until a chapel was built in 1759; the chapel was registered in 1904.

title: Hail Weston


text:
Talk:HK Magazine

Problem when using Wikipedia
I don't know why after I login, edit the page and save, it always log me out and don't have my login name in the history. This happened twice already.

From 0101YIPnw

I have the same problem too. I don't know if i was log in or not if i saw 0101WUhy on the top but I lost my names in the history. This happened twice as well.

From 0101WUhy

About the founder of HK Magazine
In fact, I looked into the background of the magazine and i am wondering the founder of this magazine. Where can we find it? Memorandum & Articles of Association or Statutory Declaration? Or it is not an important fact to put into an encyclopedia?

0101WUhy

about distribution
Is it really about 80000 copies every week according to the July-December 2004 audit?

Because I read about it, but it has only written down "79, 683 copies (July-December 2004 Audit)". It seems the number do not mean per week.

0101YIPnw

I read an online source. It says "an audited circulation of 45,000 and a weekly readership of 150,000". I am not sure it is a correct or reliable source. It is on the http://www.relationshipnetwork.com/hkmag_home.html, click "more about HK Magazine" at the bottom

0101YUNGyy

Thanks! I think this is reliable.

0101YIPnw

Concerning the Content and the Pictures
I guess the "Content" of the HK magazine is too much focused on several issues, and the pictures also. I think we should use examples with more variations and the "content" should be more general. Besides, what's the standard with the use of pictures? I think the 1991 one is good because it is remarkable for the magazine's early publications, and the one entitled "recent photo" is also good for it shows the the magazine's general aim and targeted reader. By the way, I also change the description of this picture, as i guess it is not recent.

0101PUNy

Actually, the whole impression of our article is now just like a scatter of houses on a large area of grassland. I agree PUNy that the "content" should be more general. That means we should reconsider wheather to reconstruct the "content". It can be classified into a few groups in terms of the nature of things. For example, dish, nightlife and film can cluster into a category say "entertainment". Will it be better?

0101WUhy

about the articles
I have seen there are about 15 articles uploaded. That's good to have some articles,but I am afraid that may cause plagiarism....

Also, some articles do not have the date. Would it be better to delete the one without dates so that the rest would not look too clumsy?

0101YIPnw

Yes. It looks clumsy and imbalance so we should consider weather to put such a long list of articles. Besides, other problem also exists. Do we need to include “contact” or “editors and directors” in our article? It seems a bit like brochure-style, instead of a writing style for an encyclopedia. In fact, we can include the registered office in the History part and then delete the “contact” part. As for the “editors and directors”, in my opinion, they are facts, but they are facts that are ever-changing. Today's directors will not be tomorrow's directors. What is the significance to put them in our article? Looking into the history, there are changes in directors on 30th August, 2002, 17th August, 2002, 26th June, 2000, 7th April, 1999, 18th February, 1998, 1st April, 1997, 20th March, 1996, 17th May, 1995, 5th January, 1994, 10th May, 1990, 9th May, 1990 and 24th February, 1989, and even resignation of director on 1st April, 1997, 17th May, 1995 and 28th February, 1989. Will it be reasonable if we put all the history into the encyclopaedia we are creating? I doubt. I hope all of us think of this seriously, or our article will be jeopardized.

0101WUhy

Re: plagiarism I don't think there's a problem because it's just an external link, ie. we are just giving the source of the article, not copying the article onto our site. It should be quite clear to the readers that both sources (the website that hosts the article and HK Mag) are cited.

Re: editors I think it is useful information. If you worry that it would be confusing, you can specify that this is the current editorial team. For past editors or directors, if you think they're relevant enough (eg. famous) you may want to put in that information on our page as well.

0101NGmk

I think it would be better adding the articles' link into the reference list as it is still using other website's resourse. I also think that cut it shorter is better, because it seems too many. I think 4-5 articles is already enough.

For the contact part, it sounds a bit strange if the registered office is added to the history. And I think giving a contact can help readers to contact with HK Magazine since they may not familiar with HK Magazine.

0101YIPnw

about "See also" and "other HK Magazine
It seems that this 2 links do not have information about HK Magazine, is there any uses of this 2 links?

Also, is it necessary to put "Other HK Magazine"? it seems irrelevant to our topic.

0101YIPnw

Concerning our writing style
Should we describe "Asia City Publishing Group" as "one of the 'pionerring' free-distribution publications in South East Asia" in the part of Publisher? Should we employ this writing style? It seems the wordings are copied from somewhere.

0101WUhy

Well, better to delete the word "pionerring" because it seems not being neutral point of view.

0101YIPnw

About the "Other HK magazines" part
I don't understand why should we have this part and why choose these three magazines to put under this part.

0101YUNGyy

Agreed. They're really irrelevant and there's already an 'HK magazines' link.

0101NGmk

0101YIPnw 11:49, 12 October 2005 (UTC) I think these magazine are irrelevant our topic too.

And also the 2 links at "See also" seems not having information about HK Magazine, is there any uses of this 2 links?

0101YIPnw

HK Magazine Group Members

 * Images are used to supplement your wiki entry, not dominate
 * focusing on "City Living” – do not abuse quotation marks, only use it to when quoting someone
 * See more comments on WebCT discussion section 0101TA 17:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * "City Living" is a quote of the magazine's category from the Asia City Publishing Group's website.
 * I also think that there are too many pictures which are not very remarkable.
 * I believe there should be consistency in the picture footnotes, should there be issue date? It looks very messy for different styles.

0101PUNy 8:45PM, 15 October 2005

Various Comments on HK Magazine
I've look at the linked website, there is only one comment, should it be considered as "various". Besides, can it represent the general comments of readers?

0101PUNy 9:11PM, 15 October 2005

Magazine Website
I deleted the link http://www.hannahkeeley.com/magazine.html because it has nothing to do with the HK magazine that we're working on.

Make images smaller
please make your HK magazine cover image smaller, right now it gets in the way of the text. 0101TA 01:23, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

I think we should remove the photos except the first one because it's really unnecessary to put repetitive or non-representative photos up there... 0101NGmk

Deleting Style
I deleted this part because a lot of what covered is redundant and overlaps with the contents part. 0101NGmk

Health & Beauty Guide
Is there more information on this one? There's no description but just a photo. Is it really a supplement? Is it published annually? what are the contents? --0101NGmk 08:28, 20 October 2005 (UTC) 0101NGmk

American Language?
Why is it called an 'American Language' magazine? It's an ENGLISH LANGUAGE magazine. There's no such thing as an American language, unless you mean Native Indian tongue, or 'American English Dictionary'.

It's English. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.218.44.8 (talk) 18:42, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:HK Magazine


text:
User:Venex

I'm a regular user from the Spanish Wikipedia.

My name is Jorge, I'm 17 years old and live in the Venezuelan city of Mérida.

My work here will be to complete all the stubs about Venezuela, especially of my region, the Venezuelan Andes.

The principal articles that I will work on are:

 * Mérida, Mérida
 * Venezuela
 * Category:Politic-administrative regions of Venezuela
 * Category:States of Venezuela
 * Megadiverse Countries
 * Others

 Commons | En | Es | Fr

es:Usuario:Venex fr:Utilisateur:Venex

title: User:Venex