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Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House

The Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House (also 867 Madison Avenue and the Rhinelander Mansion) is a French Renaissance Revival mansion at the southeastern corner of Madison Avenue and 72nd Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. Built between 1894 and 1898, it was designed by Alexander Mackintosh of the architectural firm of Kimball & Thompson. The house was commissioned by the heiress Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo, who never moved in. It was converted to a commercial building in the 20th century, becoming the New York City flagship store of the Ralph Lauren accessory and clothing company in the 1980s. The mansion is a New York City designated landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House is four and a half stories tall and has a limestone façade modeled on a French château. Although storefront windows have been installed on the ground story over the years, the upper stories retain decorative details such as ornamental carvings and round-arched windows. The red roof contains various stone and copper dormers as well. The original interiors of the building are very poorly documented, as it was abandoned upon completion; the second story had various communal rooms, while the third and fourth stories originally had bedrooms. The interior layout has been significantly altered over the years, and few of the original interior plans and decorations survive.

Waldo bought the site in 1882 but did not develop it for more than a decade. Waldo refused to move into the house for unknown reasons, and she also refused to maintain, rent out, or sell the building. The Dime Savings Bank of New York took ownership in 1912, and two developers attempted to build apartments on the site in the 1910s. The building was partially converted to commercial use in 1920, when the antique dealer Olivotti & Company moved into the lower stories. Through the early 1980s, the building was sold several more times and hosted various commercial and residential tenants. In 1984, the designer Ralph Lauren leased the building and had it renovated to serve as the flagship store of his company, which opened in 1986. Ralph Lauren has been the mansion's sole tenant since then, though the house was sold several more times after Ralph Lauren moved in. The building became a Ralph Lauren menswear store in 2010.

Site
The Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House is at 867 Madison Avenue, along the southeast corner of 72nd Street, on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. The house has a frontage of 102 ft on Madison Avenue to the west and 40 ft on 72nd Street to the north. The land lot is slightly L-shaped, with an area of 4491 ft2.

The apparel and accessories chain Polo Ralph Lauren, which has had its flagship store at the Rhinelander Mansion since 1986, also operates additional structures across Madison Avenue. These include 888 Madison Avenue, a 22,000 ft2 store completed in 2010 as Ralph Lauren's secondary flagship; it is designed in a Beaux-Arts style with a limestone façade and marble interiors. The Rhinelander Mansion shares the block with St. James' Episcopal Church immediately to the south, 36 East 72nd Street to the east, and 740 Park Avenue to the southeast. Other nearby buildings include 720 Park Avenue and 730 Park Avenue on the block to the south; 907 Fifth Avenue and 9 East 71st Street to the west; and 7 East 72nd Street and 9 East 72nd Street to the northwest.

Architecture
The Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House is four and a half stories tall. Kimball & Thompson were credited with the design of the house. According to a photo caption published when the house was nearly complete, a local designer with the firm, Alexander Mackintosh, was responsible for most of the work. The mansion was designed in a Francois I style and was modeled on the châteaux of the Loire Valley in France. It is alternatively known as the Rhinelander Mansion.

Exterior
The mansion has a limestone façade. Among the decorative details are ornamental carvings and round-arched windows in the French Renaissance style, which are concentrated on the upper stories. The roof is red and contains a copper cresting, as well as various dormers and finials.

Madison Avenue
The primary elevation of the façade faces Madison Avenue and is divided vertically into three parts: a central section flanked by projecting pavilions at either end. In the center of the ground (first) floor was the original main entrance. The ground story originally had decorations and an iron fence, but these were removed in the 20th century, when the house became a commercial building. The round-arched doorways at ground level were originally windows, while the other ground-floor openings were enlarged into storefront windows. The ground floor contains storefront windows, round archways, and smooth walls. There is an entrance at the corner of Madison Avenue and 72nd Street, which was added in a 1980s renovation.

At the second and third stories, the center bays protrude from the façade. The center bays include such decorations as volutes, finials, colonnettes, and broken entablatures. On both stories, there are five recessed arched windows in the center bays, which are placed behind ornate openwork balustrades (similar to those at the Château of Blois). Each of the windows is topped by scrolled keystones, while the corners above the arches contain spandrels with round medallions. There are niches with small statues between each of the central second-story windows, while ornamented cartouches are placed between the third story windows. Many of the niches are empty, but some of the niches contain depictions of French Renaissance royalty. Within the projecting end pavilions, these stories contain rectangular windows divided by vertical transoms and horizontal mullions made of stone. There are pilasters on either side of each of the outer bays' windows; the pilasters are topped by capitals.

The fourth-story windows are rectangular, with colonnettes on either side of each window, and are placed behind openwork balustrades. The central bay is a double-height stone dormer. At the fourth story, the central dormer's window is flanked by columns and topped by a stone lunette. At the fifth story, there is a smaller window within the central dormer; there are finials above and beside it. On the extreme north and south ends of the Madison Avenue elevation, there is a smaller stone dormer in front of a section of hip roof. There are two pairs of copper dormer windows on the fifth story between the stone dormers. Each pair of copper dormers is separated by a stone chimney with carvings of rhombuses on its side, which are designed to resemble those on the Château de Chambord.

72nd Street
On the 72nd Street elevation, the first floor has storefronts (similar to those on Madison Avenue), and the entire width of the façade is curved at the second and third floors. On both stories, the second and third stories are composed of rectangular windows, which are divided by vertical transoms and horizontal mullions made of stone. The center window on each story is a triple window, which in turn is flanked by one double window on either side. There are friezes with cartouches below the second-story windows, as well as putti and foliate panels below the third-story windows. The fourth and fifth stories have a double-height dormer, similar to the one at the center of the Madison Avenue elevation.

Interior
The original interiors of the building are very poorly documented, as it was abandoned upon completion in 1898, and some rooms may not even have been completed. The interior was reportedly lavishly decorated with carvings and rare tapestries. A New York Times reporter wrote in 1984 that 32 commercial tenants had occupied the house over the years, so many of the original decorations had been removed. According to another report, the mansion was significantly modified 15 times between 1921 and 1979. The architect Witold Rybczynski wrote in his book Home: A Short History of an Idea that, when the house was renovated in the 1980s, the designer Ralph Lauren aimed to redesign the interior in a way reminiscent of the past, rather than replicating the original architecture verbatim.

Basement and first story
There was a large bowling alley in the basement. The first floor was a large center hall extending one-third the width of the Madison Avenue frontage, with mahogany paneling on the walls and ceiling. There was a library to the right of the stairs, as well as a red-mahogany billiards room to the left. The original drawing room was decorated with a wooden floor, while the conservatory had mosaic flooring; both spaces had ornate ceilings.

On the eastern wall of the main hall, there was originally a grand staircase with a mosaic wall. Little is known about that staircase, but it was entirely demolished in a later renovation. A new staircase and elevator were built in the 1960s, and a grand mahogany staircase was added to the house in the 1980s, when the house was renovated for the Ralph Lauren Corporation. The design of the modern grand stairway is based on a stair at the Connaught Hotel in London; documents indicate that a historian known as Mosette recommended that the renovation architects build a replica of the hotel's stairway. Oil portraits were placed along the walls of the grand mahogany stairway.

Upper floors
The second story is the only part of the house for which detailed floor plans have been found. The second floor contained the main dining room, breakfast room, reception room, drawing room, two salon rooms, three kitchens, and six bathrooms. The parlor along 72nd Street had parquet floors, rosettes, and plaster moldings along the walls and ceilings. There were moldings along the arches, walls, and ceilings of the other rooms as well. In addition, there was a second-floor ballroom, which was lit by 1,000 light bulbs. There were bedrooms on the third floor and servants' quarters on the fourth floor. Much of the fourth floor was occupied by a large ballroom. The New York Times wrote in 1909 that, although a house of the Waldo Mansion's size should have had space for 10 to 12 servants, the house contained only two servants' bedrooms and no space at all for domestic workers.

By the early 1980s, the interior of the second story remained largely intact, but the third and fourth stories had been significantly modified with dropped ceilings and fluorescent lights. After the 1980s renovation, it had green walls with portraits, in addition to elaborate plasterwork, wood paneling, and vaulted ceilings. The rooms were variously designed in the style of a rural cottage or an English clubhouse. Display cases were carefully installed to blend in with the interiors, and items such as luggage, flowers, and birdcages were arranged to complement the house's design. The house also contained other features such as working mahogany fireplaces. The design was based on various settings such as a hotel, a workshop, and a clubhouse. Objects such as sepia prints, side tables, and Chippendale chairs were used to give the interiors the appearance of an English clubhouse. Other motifs, such as a fireplace with English-style paneling, were also used throughout the house.

History
Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo was born in 1837 into the wealthy Rhinelander family, which had lived in downstate New York since 1696, when Philip Jacob Rhinelander emigrated from Germany to New Rochelle, New York. In 1876, she married the stockbroker Francis William Waldo, and they had one son, Rhinelander Waldo. After Francis died in 1878, his widow never remarried. In 1882, Waldo bought a site at the southeast corner of 72nd Street and Madison Avenue, announcing plans to construct a home that the Real Estate Record called "quite unique in design". She did not immediately proceed with construction and lived with her sister Laura in a row house on the opposite side of 72nd Street. By the mid-1890s, numerous wealthy families had settled on 72nd Street, and various chateauesque houses were being developed on the Upper East Side just east of Central Park.

Construction
Waldo hired Francis Kimball and George Thompson to design a chateauesque house in New York City after being inspired by a chateau in France. In November 1894, the architectural firm of Kimball and Thompson filed plans for two houses near the southeast corner of 72nd Street and Madison Avenue. The five-story house at the corner itself was to cost $65,000, a relatively low price for its time, and there was to be a five-story house to the east, which was to cost $18,000. At the time, Waldo was living at the Savoy Hotel. She sold some of the property that she had inherited around 1896 and used the proceeds to cover a portion of the construction costs of two new adjoining homes on the property, which totaled $340,000, with the remaining balance in a $195,000 mortgage. The Doehring Fireproof Construction Company was hired to install fireproof partitions within the mansion. Waldo also traveled back to Europe to look for furniture that she wanted.

The four-story house at 867 Madison Avenue was finished by 1898. At the time of the house's completion, Waldo was in Europe. The New York Times estimated in 1909 that, in total, it had cost $1 million to build and furnish the house. A single directory denotes Gertrude Waldo as having resided in the house, but nearly all other sources describe Gertrude as never having lived there; news articles from the 1900s describe her as living at 31 East 72nd Street with her sister. The reason Waldo chose not to reside in the house is unknown, as she never divulged the reason before her death in 1914. One newspaper claimed that, when Gertrude returned from Europe, there was dissatisfaction with the building's style. Other newspapers claimed that the house was built for her son Rhinelander, who either refused to live there or went to the Philippines as soon as it was complete. According to research conducted by a later tenant, Waldo probably could not afford to live in the house upon her return.

Abandonment
Waldo never unpacked many of the European furnishings she had brought from Europe, and the furnishings remained in their crates. Although Waldo did not live in the house, neither did she want to sell it. Several times, when her family found a buyer for the house, Waldo refused to sign the documents that were necessary for such a sale. Waldo also refused to rent it out or perform any maintenance, and she frequently did not pay interest on the house's mortgage. It is unknown why Waldo refused to make payments toward the mortgage, but whenever a bank came close to foreclosing on the house, she paid off the outstanding debt before she could lose control. The abandoned house stood in contrast to the apartment buildings Waldo did own, where she collected rent from tenants. One of the house's subcontractors placed a $2,675 lien on the house in 1901, claiming that Waldo had failed to pay them, although whether she paid them is unclear.

During the 1900s, thieves broke into the abandoned house on a regular basis, and the house gained the nickname "House of Mystery". The roof was already damaged by 1904, and one source reported that some of the paintings and gold-leaf decorations had been damaged beyond repair. Bronze decorations and mosaics had become covered with mold, and about $15,000 worth of books had been destroyed by water damage. When the house was placed on sale in 1905, one real-estate broker declared that the house needed at least $40,000 in repairs before he would consider buying it. Records show that Waldo gave a $50,000 mortgage on the house to Anna Baier that year. Baier moved to foreclose on the house in 1907. Thieves frequently targeted the abandoned mansion; in one case, there were four separate break-ins in four months.

By 1908, Waldo had placed the mansion at 867 Madison Avenue for sale, along with the adjacent house at 28 East 72nd Street to the east. By then, 867 Madison Avenue's windows and doors were dirty, and the mortar was peeling off the façade because of a lack of maintenance. Waldo reached an agreement to sell the house through a broker, but reneged on the deal when the papers effecting the transfer were ready to be signed. She said "I don't think I'll sell" and walked out on the offer. Baier foreclosed on the houses again in December 1909 to satisfy a $10,000 judgment, $9,221 in unpaid taxes, and a $150,000 mortgage, and the houses was scheduled to be sold at auction. The auction was canceled the next month. The buildings remained unoccupied, generating no revenue for Waldo, though 28 East 72nd Street would eventually be sold in 1911. That September, Waldo transferred ownership of the 867 Madison Avenue home to her sister Laura, along with other property that Waldo owned in Lower Manhattan on Washington Street and Barclay Street.

Sales
The Dime Savings Bank of New York moved to foreclose on the house's mortgage in October 1911. The Dime Savings Bank acquired the house at a foreclosure auction in February 1912, paying $150,000. At the time, local media sources reported that Waldo could have sold it for $350,000 in previous years. A restrictive covenant had been applied to the site, preventing it from being used as anything other than a private residence of up to four stories. The bank filed a lawsuit against all the other residents of the block in 1914, saying the existence of the restriction dissuaded potential buyers of the site. The Dime Savings Bank asked the New York Supreme Court to grant it an exception to the restriction, but neighboring property owners opposed the move, prompting the bank to file a lawsuit. By then, other parts of Madison Avenue were quickly being redeveloped with commercial structures. The bank argued that an apartment building was a series of private houses atop each other, but it was initially unsuccessful in lifting the restrictive covenant. The restriction was ultimately repealed by the late 1910s.

The Samuel A. Herzog Construction Company bought the house in March 1918, with plans to build an apartment structure there. After the Herzog company gave up its mortgage on the house, the Dime Savings Bank took back ownership. The Fred T. Ley Company indicated in January 1919 that it wished to buy the house with a loan from the Dime Savings Bank, and it bought the building in March. The Ley Company announced plans that June for a 14-story apartment building there, topped by a three-story penthouse, which would cost $1 million. Had the apartment building been erected, it would have contained 60 regular apartments with two to four rooms each. The planned penthouse, set back from the roof on both sides, was described as a "country house" with a limestone exterior, red Spanish-tile roof, 28 rooms, and a private elevator. By then, the home's stonework was falling off, while its windows had cracked.

1920s to 1940s
The news media announced in October 1920 that the building had been sold to the Renaissance Building Company, which planned to divide it into apartments with two to four rooms each. The buyer also took over a $200,000 mortgage on the house. The lower stories were converted to commercial space and leased to the antique dealer Olivotti & Company, which was being forced to relocate from Madison Avenue and 45th Street. Olivotti originally leased the basement, first, and second stories, becoming the house's very first occupant. The New York Times characterized Olivotti's lease as being part of a new "art colony" on Madison Avenue; at the time, it was one of several art dealers or antique shops on the avenue within the Upper East Side. Norman S. Riesenfeld bought the building from Renaissance Inc. in June 1926. Riesenfeld initially considered replacing it with an apartment building, but he decided to resell the building that October to Olivotti & Co. after negotiating with the company's representatives during a trip to Italy. The Times reported that Olivotti planned to renovate and occupy the structure. Olivotti's name was carved into the ground floor's northern façade. In addition, the mansion's original doorway was relocated.

While Olivotti occupied the lower stories, the upper floors were used as apartments. William May Wright and his wife were recorded as living in the house during the 1920s, hosting events such as receptions in their residence. The fourth and fifth stories were the residence of Alessandro Olivotti, the dealer who operated Olivotti & Company. One of the residences was leased to Mrs. B. Madden in 1932, and a pharmacy took over the basement and the corner storefront at 867 Madison Avenue in 1935. Mademoiselle Marie's dress shop leased a storefront in the mansion in 1941. The photographer Hal Phyfe, and a doctor known as Dr. Stanton, were also cited as having lived in the house in the mid-20th century, and the mansion was additionally occupied by two florists during that period.

During the mid-1940s, the house itself was valued at $25,000, while the land was valued at around $270,000. The Olivotti store went out of business in 1946, and the Dry Dock Savings Bank sold the house that September to A. J. Paretta, who planned to renovate the building into a commercial structure. By December 1946, the building was owned by Flushing Acres, who took over a $100,000 mortgage on the property. The fashion designer Elizabeth Hawes opened a store within the building in early 1948. The photographer Edgar de Evia also moved to one of the house's apartments with his partner Robert Denning, an interior decorator, in the 1940s or 1950s. De Evia's tenure in the mansion is particularly well-documented compared with those of other residents. In addition, a firm named Creative Playthings had space in the building.

1950s to early 1980s
The interior decorator Elizabeth Draper leased a section of the second story in 1950. The real-estate company Fischer-Landis Inc. took over the mansion in February 1952 at an assessed value of $325,000; by that time, the house was known as the Olivotti Building. Its tenants included de Evia (who lived on three stories), as well as the Tate & Hall and Elizabeth Draper decorating firms, who paid a combined $47,000 a year. The next month, Fischer-Landis resold the Rhinelander Mansion to the 867 Madison Corporation. In 1956, the 867 Madison Corporation leased the building to de Evia's firm, the Denvia Realty Corporation, and Clara Dresses leased one of the house's storefronts. After meeting Vincent Fourcade in 1959, Denning separated from de Evia but continued to live at the house. Denning and Fourcade founded the firm of Denning & Fourcade, Inc., and opened an office within the building.

The spaces on the first floor were divided and leased to various tenants in the 1960s and 1970s. The restaurateur Larry Ellman, owner of the Cattleman Restaurant, leased some space in the building in the 1960s, and the Roko Gallery also had space at 867 Madison Avenue. The building was sold by the 867 Madison Avenue Corporation to Central Ison Ltd. in 1964 for $590,000. The new owner planned to preserve the building, as it was more economically feasible to do so; all of the existing tenants' leases were scheduled to expire by 1966, and Central Ison planned to lease some of the newly vacated space out to an auction house. By then, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) was considering designating the house as a landmark, though an LPC representative said in 1971 that the commission had not formally considered a landmark designation for the house. The British auctioneer Christie's announced in 1967 that it had leased space on the Rhinelander Mansion's first and second floors and that it would restore the interiors. The top three stories became offices. Christie's opened its space to the public in November 1968.

The furrier David Bennett opened a store in the mansion in 1970. The nearby St. James Episcopal Church bought the house in 1971 and used the top three floors as its offices. The church paid $300,000 in cash and took over a $700,000 mortgage. After buying the house, St. James Church hired the architectural firm of Adams & Woodbridge to devise plans for a connection between the mansion and the church's adjacent parish house. During the 1970s, Christie's continued to occupy the Rhinelander Mansion, and a clothing store operated by the fashion designer Julio Espada also opened there. An entrance for a flower shop was added during the decade. The LPC considered designating the Rhinelander Waldo House as a city landmark in May 1976 and formally designated the building that July. At the time, the first floor had several shops, the second floor hosted Christie's, and the third through fifth floors housed the St. James Church, The auctioneer Phillips, Son & Neale moved into the Rhinelander Mansion in 1977, using it as its headquarters. The house was also renovated to accommodate Phillips, Son & Neale.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1980. Phillips, Son & Neale acquired the mansion from St. James Episcopal Church the same year. When Philips, Son & Neale placed the mansion for sale in 1982, the Rhinelander Florist shop occupied the ground floor. Around the same time, the Zabar family leased one of the storefronts for their gourmet-food store Eat, redecorating the space in a variation of the house's original interior. The Zabars restored the space's windows, mahogany ceilings, and wooden doors, and they also added a marble floor, entrance arch, and balustrade. The house also hosted historic-house tours in the 1980s. Philips, Son & Neale continued to own the house until 1984, when the 867 Partnership reportedly bought it for $6.36 million. At the time of the sale, Eat and a kitchen appliance store named La Cuisiniere occupied the first floor. 867 Partnership unsuccessfully sought to lease the second through fifth floors to a bank. Throughout the years, the interiors had been significantly modified, and many of the original decorative details were no longer visible.

Renovation
867 Partnership began renovating the building in 1984, converting the second floor to retail space and the third through fifth floors into office space. The façade was also restored. The fashion designer Ralph Lauren, head of the Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation, leased the basement and the first four stories in January 1985, with an initial lease of 20 years and an option to extend it another 29 years. Lauren had considered leasing the Charles Scribner's Sons Building and a Trump Tower storefront on Fifth Avenue before deciding upon the Rhinelander Mansion. He submitted plans that March to expand the mansion's rear and to renovate the exterior. Lauren planned to convert the house into New York City's first standalone Polo Ralph Lauren clothing store (at the time, all of his New York City sales were through other stores). One company executive said they wanted to "restore the charm and dignity the building had to create an interior that's elegant and clubby", and Lauren himself told Architectural Digest that "I've always thought that showing clothes in a townhouse would be the ultimate for me". Rhinelander Florist, Eat, and La Cuisiniere all had to relocate to accommodate the Polo Ralph Lauren store.

Naomi Leff & Associates were hired to design the house's renovation; this was a contrast to other Ralph Lauren stores, which had been designed by Ken Winslow. Polo Fashions executive Buffy Birrittella assisted Lauren with the renovation. The Rhinelander Mansion's renovation required as many as 400 workers at a time. As part of the project, workers installed furniture and decorations that were reminiscent of the house's original design, including oak floors and mahogany balustrades. Although many of the original architectural drawings and decorative details were no longer extant, Leff's firm restored some of the original decorations, such as stairways and plasterwork. The main entrance was moved to the corner of the building. Ralph Lauren employees traveled to Europe to acquire antique decorations and furniture for the interiors. The renovation team also acquired materials such as 82000 ft2 of mahogany, in addition to felt walls and drapery. The interiors were fitted with such lavish displays as antique toys, rattan cages with live canaries, and real grass. One commentator called the mansion's store "the first flagship store to actively engage with filmic fantasy as a whole of brand merchandising strategy".

Though the store was originally supposed to open in November 1985, it was delayed by factors ranging from constant bomb threats to stringent preservation requirements. The 20000 ft2 store opened on April 21, 1986, following a preview event. According to Lauren, the project cost over $14 million, though other sources described the renovation as costing up to $18 million or $30 million. Leff's firm also gained media attention when the renovation was completed. Following the renovation, Polo Ralph Lauren requested a $4 million federal tax credit for the building's restoration, as the structure was on the NRHP. The New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP), which had to endorse the tax credit, spent over a year reviewing Lauren's request, as many of the original decorative details had been covered up or even destroyed.

1980s and 1990s

Polo Ralph Lauren was the sole operator of the 867 Madison Avenue store, in contrast to other Ralph Lauren stores that had co-owners. Lauren intended to sell new clothing designs at the Rhinelander Mansion before selling them elsewhere. Originally, the first two stories were for men's clothing and accessories; the third floor was for women's clothing; and the fourth story was for home furnishings. The arrangement was deliberate: the store was marketed as primarily a menswear store, and Birrittella said that, while women would walk through men's clothing departments, the inverse was not true. After the Rhinelander Mansion store opened, Lauren said: "I saw families go upstairs and shop, and that's an experience." The Rhinelander Mansion store earned between $80,000 and $120,000 daily in its first month; within a year, the store had made $31 million. During Christmas holiday seasons, Polo Ralph Lauren replaced the house's awnings and redecorated its interior. The company spent more than $100,000 in 1988 to refurbish a room on the third floor for the women's collection, and it opened a "country store" on the fourth floor the same year.

The house was placed for sale at the beginning of 1989, and several foreign firms expressed interest in buying the mansion. An Irish company, Power Corporation plc, bought the house in mid-1989 for $43 million; Power Corporation's executive vice president called the building a "trophy property" because of factors such as the Ralph Lauren store's sales revenue and the consumer price index. At the time, Polo Ralph Lauren's rent was eight percent of the Rhinelander Mansion store's sales revenue. The Rhinelander Mansion flagship was one of Polo Ralph Lauren's most profitable stores in the early 1990s, and the store had outgrown the mansion. In 1991, the company leased space at 888 Madison Avenue, across the street from the mansion, for its sportswear division. The company decided to renovate 888 Madison Avenue, opening a Polo Sport store there in September 1993. Unlike the Rhinelander Mansion, the Polo Sport store was designed in a contemporary style. The opening of the Polo Sport store at 888 Madison Avenue further increased sales at the flagship store in 867 Madison Avenue.

Despite the flagship's popularity among tourists, as well as the location's high revenues (which reached $33.8 million in 1993), it operated at a net loss in the mid-1990s due to high expenses. The mansion's owner Power Corporation was also experiencing financial difficulties and discreetly placed the house for sale in 1992. The firm sought to resell the house for $46 million, but there were few potential buyers. By early 1997, Power Corporation was still negotiating to sell the house to one of several potential buyers, including Polo Ralph Lauren. The mansion was sold in November 1997 to an unidentified German entity for around $36 million. At the time, Polo Ralph Lauren was the sole tenant of the mansion, paying $3 million annually in rent. 867 Madison Avenue retained its country-club atmosphere through the end of the 20th century. A 1998 Los Angeles Times article noted that the flagship store's patrons were given complimentary drinks.

2000s to present
In the early 2000s, a Women's Wear Daily reporter wrote that the Rhinelander Mansion maintained its manor-like character, while the store inside had 50 salespeople "who behave more like servants at an English estate than typical retail clerks". Polo Ralph Lauren kept the mansion's drapes closed to entice visitors, while the decorations and artwork inside were swapped out every few weeks to attract repeat customers. By then, men's and women's clothing departments each occupied about half of the house's space. Polo Ralph Lauren acquired yet another building across the street, at 872 Madison Avenue, in 2004; that structure housed the store's baby-clothing department, which had opened the previous year. The boys' clothing department moved to another structure nearby, at 878 Madison Avenue, in 2004. A writer for The New York Times said in 2006 that the block of Madison Avenue adjoining the Rhinelander Mansion had become a "Disney-like mall of Ralph Lauren stores". Lauren also opened stores downtown to attract younger customers who did not travel to the Rhinelander Mansion.

The Rhinelander Mansion was sold again in 2005 for $80 million to Sloane Capital Group, an investment group led by the Irish investors Aidan Brooks and J. P. McManus. Although Polo Ralph Lauren had offered to buy the house, Sloane Capital had submitted a higher bid. The Rhinelander Mansion remained Polo Ralph Lauren's flagship through the late 2000s. Cheaper items were placed near the main entrance, while more pricey objects were deeper inside the mansion. Ralph Lauren opened an eyewear division within the mansion in 2006. Ralph Lauren announced plans in 2008 to rebuild the neighboring structure at 888 Madison Avenue into the company's second New York City flagship. The womenswear and home appliances departments were moved from the Rhinelander Mansion to the new flagship when the latter structure opened in 2010. The Rhinelander Mansion was converted into Ralph Lauren's flagship menswear store, while the company's eyewear and children's divisions were located elsewhere.

When the Rhinelander Mansion opened in September 2010, each story was occupied by different menswear brands. The first floor contained watches and Polo-branded items; the second floor had the Purple Label brand and a luggage department; the third floor accommodated a "world of heritage" department and the RRL brand; and the fourth floor was used by the Black label collection, the RLX activewear label, and a sportswear room. Ralph Lauren opened a shoe salon for men on the mansion's ground floor in 2013. At Lauren's request, the Polo division was relocated upstairs in the mid-2010s, resulting in decreased sales. The company instead displayed expensive accessories and objects in the storefront windows. In the 2010s, the Ralph Lauren Corporation also hosted shows outside its stores at Madison Avenue and 72nd Street.

Brooks and McManus continued to own the building through Tribeca Holdings, which agreed in 2016 to sell the building to an unnamed buyer at an undisclosed price. The store closed temporarily in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. In December 2023, Ralph Lauren renewed its lease for the building until 2034.

Reception
When the building was constructed, numerous sources described the project as costly and extensive. In 1906, the New York Evening World called the mansion "one of the most pretentious in the city" before the Andrew Carnegie Mansion, Charles M. Schwab House, and other large dwellings were finished. The architect and writer Robert A. M. Stern wrote in his 1983 book New York 1900 that the house's design had been derived from the same sources as the Fifth Avenue mansions of the renowned architect Richard Morris Hunt, but that the Rhinelander Mansion "surpassed the master in exuberance and charm". The architecture critic Henry Hope Reed Jr. said: "The fortress heritage of the rural, royal residences of the Loire was not lost in the transfer to New York. The roof-line is very fine....The Gothic is found in the high-pitched roof of slate, the high, ornate dormers and the tall chimneys."

After the Ralph Lauren store opened in 1986, a Chicago Tribune writer likened the building to an English gentlemen's club, while Newsday said the decor evoked the original grandeur of the mansion. Los Angeles Times writers described the house as a "merchant's mansion straight from Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" and compared it to a country estate. Paul Goldberger, who at the time was an architectural critic at The New York Times, said the renovation was "the most successful conversion of a New York house into a luxury emporium" after the renovation of the Morton F. Plant House for the jeweler Cartier in the early 20th century. Another New York Times writer in 2006 said the mansion's rooms were an "interior design fantasy", complementing the items that were being sold there.

A writer for The New York Times wrote in 1994 that "the four-story, faux French chateau is one of the city's best-known and beloved structures". The AIA Guide to New York City wrote, "Every part of this building exudes personality". In a 2001 guidebook, Francis Morrone wrote that the building's "varied, irregular silhouette" had a romantic air and that it was one of the main surviving Chateauesque mansions in the city. Christopher Gray wrote in 2010 that the house's design would have been suited for Fifth Avenue, where there were similarly large mansions. A writer for the Daily Beast wrote that the Madison Avenue mansion and the adjacent house on 72nd Street was "her crowning achievement, and her most lasting legacy".

Impact of Ralph Lauren store
Before the Polo Ralph Lauren store opened at the Rhinelander Mansion, few similar boutique flagship stores existed, and most of Madison Avenue's stores were private boutiques rather than large chains. Fashion-industry executives predicted that the store's opening would encourage retail activity on Madison Avenue, and department store officials feared that people would stop buying Ralph Lauren merchandise at their stores, though that prediction did not come to pass.

The success of the Rhinelander Mansion store caused rents at nearby buildings to increase and prompted Lauren to build other flagship locations. Polo Ralph Lauren became one of several upscale fashion outlets along Madison Avenue from 57th to 72nd Street; one observer credited its presence with having inspired the openings of other stores on the avenue. Despite a retail downturn in the late 1980s, Polo Ralph Lauren's Rhinelander Mansion store remained one of the most popular on Madison Avenue, and the house itself became a symbol of Polo Ralph Lauren.

Awards and design influence
Following the house's 1986 renovation, the Friends of the Upper East Side Historic District gave Lauren an award in 1986. The New York Landmarks Conservancy gave the house itself an award for "outstanding commercial renovation" in 1988. The design of the Rhinelander Mansion inspired that of another Polo Ralph Lauren store on Michigan Avenue in Chicago, although the Chicago store was 37000 ft2, nearly twice the Rhinelander Mansion's size. The arrangement of other Polo Ralph Lauren locations in London, Paris, Moscow, Tokyo, and Milan were based on the layout of the Rhinelander Mansion store as well. 888 Madison Avenue, immediately to the west, was inspired by the designs of the Rhinelander Mansion and the nearby James B. Duke and Henry Clay Frick mansions.

title: Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House


text:
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Haringey

The London Borough of Haringey maintains 240 ha of parks and open spaces. By 2015, 20 of these were accredited with a Green Flag Award. Until their disbandment in April 2009, the parks were patrolled by the Haringey Parks Constabulary.

List of Parks and Open Spaces

 * Albert Road Recreation Ground
 * Belmont Recreation Ground
 * Bluebell Wood
 * Bruce Castle Park
 * Chapmans Green
 * Chestnuts Park
 * Coldfall Wood
 * Downhills Park
 * Down Lane Park
 * Ducketts Common
 * Fairland Park
 * Finsbury Park
 * Granville Road Spinney
 * Hartington Park
 * Lordship Recreation Ground
 * Manchester Gardens
 * Markfield Park
 * Muswell Hill Playing Fields
 * The Paddock
 * Paignton Park
 * Priory Park
 * Railway Fields
 * Russell Park
 * Stanley Road Open Space
 * Stationers Park
 * Wood Green Common
 * Woodside Park

Local Nature Reserves
Haringey Council maintains three local nature reserves.
 * Parkland Walk (joint managed with Islington council ).
 * Queen's Wood
 * Railway Fields

Parks not maintained by Haringey Council

 * Highgate Wood which is maintained by the Corporation of London.
 * Tottenham Marshes which is maintained by Lee Valley Regional Park Authority (which Haringey Council contributes to financially ).
 * Alexandra Park which is maintained by Alexandra Palace.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Nakchu

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Qaz  ( talk ) 05:58, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
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 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Nakchu


text:
Talk:Cloyster

I worked heaps on this page and I think it turned out as one of the most complete Pokemon articles. :) -WindFish 05:59, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Hmmm, yes, this certainly is one of them. I might even say that this is the standard by which all other Pokemon articles are to be measured... In the ideal world, all the other 390 Pokemon have articles as complete as this. -Erik the Appreciator (D'oh, I don't really get this signature business right.)

GA Failing

 * No fair use rationales
 * No introductions at the top of sections
 * Bad writing
 * Gender introduction for no reason
 * Plural is messy

Needs work, H ig hway Batman! 10:29, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * There are fair use rationales M  inun    (Spiderman)  15:17, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

GA Failing
Let me give a lesson on italics and references -

 * "Pokémon anime", should be "Pokémon anime".
 * "Pokemon manga series", is a completely different series of manga, when you are talking about "Pokémon Adventures''".
 * "Pokémon Trading Card Game" should "Pokémon Trading Card Game."
 * "Pokémon Red and Blue", should be "Pokémon Red and Blue"

Now for references -

 * References should be like this -

..

 * anime ones should look like this -

 * Synopsis of Pokémon anime; Episode 001 "Pikachu, I Choose You!" Serebii.net. URL Accessed July 22], [[2006.

 * manga ones should be referenced by the book, like here.

The article is still choppy, the formatting is terrbile, the prose is not paragraphed correctly. The article is badly referenced, and the sections intro in other GAs, like Combusken, are lacking. Try again, H ig hway Return to Oz... 16:10, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hope you don't mind me making a copy of the books into my userspace — M in un  Spiderman 15:18, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure, as long you give credit to me for organising it when it's due. H ig hway Return to Oz... 15:34, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Failed GA... again
There are no references in parts of the video games, the anime and the TCG. Do not renominate articles without making any edits. H ig hway Return to Oz...  14:57, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cloyster


text:
OpenText Together

Together is a product from OpenText, formerly from Micro Focus (acquired by OpenText in 2023), formerly from Borland (acquired by Micro Focus in 2009), formerly from TogetherSoft (acquired by Borland in 2003), that currently integrates a Java IDE, which originally had its roots in JBuilder, with a UML modeling tool.

The product line was previously sold in three levels of functionality: Together Developer, Together Designer, and Together Architect; however, since 2007, Together has been unified into a single product. Earlier versions of the Together products were completely proprietary self-contained applications, whereas since the 2006 version Together has been based on Eclipse. The installation allows installing Together using an existing Eclipse installation.

Together is implemented as a set of Eclipse plugins. Together Developer provides Unified Modeling Language (UML) 1.4 modeling, multilanguage support, physical data modeling, design patterns, source code design pattern recognition, code template design and reuse, documentation generation, and code audits and metrics. Together adds language-neutral UML 2.0 diagramming, business process modeling, and logical data model, and logical to physical data model transformation and custom pattern support.

Together currently uses the Eclipse 4.3.1 platform.

BPMN diagrams can be created by import from and used to generate output to business process execution language with Web Services definitions (BPEL4WS). Audits and metrics are provided at both the model and code level, defined in Object Constraint Language (OCL) 2.0. Together supports Design Patterns, Java 6, C++, CORBA, and Query/View/Transformation model transformations.

title: OpenText Together


text:
User talk:Erwinrossen

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 06:01, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Alice Detector.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Alice Detector.gif. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. --Tawker 06:01, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Brandyledford.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Brandyledford.jpg. The image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to indicate why we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies under Wikipedia's fair use guidelines, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you want the image to be deleted, tag it as db-unksource.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion.

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have any concerns, contact the bot's owner: Carnildo. 04:20, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erwinrossen


text:
User talk:Reiko Sazanami

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Qaz  ( talk ) 06:01, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
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 * How to write a great article
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title: User talk:Reiko Sazanami


text:
User talk:Roegge18

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 06:01, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Roegge18


text:
User talk:Abuttayeb

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 06:01, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abuttayeb


text:
Talk:Royal Munster Fusiliers

Rating
Since the undated "Start" rating no longer applies, this now 32 kilobytes "GA" (good article) being moved to minimum "B" quality Osioni (talk) 14:56, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

4th (Extra Reserve) Battalion
Should that read kinsale, county cork ireland or Kinsale & in county kerry

Kglavin 06:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

9th (Service) Battalion
There is a discrepancy here that needs clarification. Currently states that battalion was subjected to a mustard gas attack in April 1916 at the Battle of Hulluch. However the Battle of Hulluch page states that this was a chlorine gas attack, and Poison gas in World War I states that mustard gas was first used in 1917.

sgfoote 09:29, 16 January 2006

Victoria Crosses?
The lead claims the regiment received eight in total, but only three are mentioned in the article and the "recipients" section. Is eight correct? Scalpfarmer 20:28, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Eight are recorded, but not all VC recipients were of Irish nationality or do not yet have a Wiki-page. Osioni 10:34, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Chronological order
Would it not be best to have the battles in which 1RMF was involved in chronological order? What a rather confusing order it is in now! Wikig39 (talk) 12:46, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * re strange comment: 1RMF battles and actions are indeed in chronological order, 1914 to 1918 Osioni (talk) 14:43, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Oops, my mistake Osioni. I hadn't noticed, the first time I read the article, the separation you were making between the actions of the 1st and the 2nd (R.S.) Bns. Maybe making the break/transition clearer? Great article, btw. Wikig39 (talk) 14:58, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Royal Munster Fusiliers. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160317105048/http://rememberthem.ie/tipperary-remembrance-arch/ to http://rememberthem.ie/tipperary-remembrance-arch/

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:02, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Battles of Neuve Chapelle and Aubers chronology
The section "1915: Gallipoli and the Second Battle of Ypres" says that the 2 battalion fought in the battle of Neuve Chapelle and says "The day before the attack was to be launched on 9 May, the battalion received Absolution from their chaplain, Father Francis Gleeson." But Neuve Chapelle was 10-13 March. This is in reference to the Battle of Aubers, on 9 May. The article for Father Francis Gleeson also metions the absolution being before this battle, not Neuve Chapelle. If there are no objections, I'll change this Forbioso (talk) 14:03, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Royal Munster Fusiliers


text:
User talk:Romille

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Qaz  ( talk ) 06:06, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Romille


text:
Talk:Ordinal indicator

Superscript historically uncommon in English typography
I've been told by some typography folks that the superscript ordinal indicators in English are not really the historical usage, except for a specific period of time. Basically, they used to be written on the line, then for about 100 years during the Victorian era were superscripted, then the superscripts were dropped, and now with Word's auto-superscripting they're making somewhat of a resurgence, to the dismay of typographers who had hoped that particular bit of poor Victorian design was gone for good. --Delirium 06:06, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Unicode characters not deprecated
I contest the statement that the Spanish/Portugese/Italian ordinal indicators are deprecated by the Unicode consortium. The referenced note says, of superscripted characters in general (making specific reference to numbers): "Using these characters directly in markup provides an alternate representation compared to marked up text, leading to different treatment by search engines. However, when super and sub-scripts are to reflect semantic distinctions, it is easier to work with these meanings encoded in text rather than markup, for example, in phonetic or phonemic transcription." This leaves the question of which representation is more suitable specifically for ordinal indicators open. --Ahruman 09:50, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree - I've deleted the text (although I wouldn't be opposed to putting it back if there was a reference that actually deprecated them). DopefishJustin 04:31, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting. So Unicode does not take sides on whether to use markup on a regular letter, or just use the special characters, when indicating an ordinal. But what about when not indicating an ordinal? Is the use of the characters discouraged for abbreviation situations like the numero sign in English? It seems unwise to use them so, but it's very tempting for some folks, I've noticed. —mjb 20:31, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Underlined Indicator
Is it standard to underline super-scripted ordinal indicators?

(Commando303 (talk))

 * It is common in handwriting. In print, underlining ordinal suffixes or anything else is abominated for three reasons: it makes the text hard to read, it spoils the appearance of the page, and in manual typesetting it is hard to underline text. Sicherman (talk) 14:03, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Sloppy Seconds?
The Irish equivalent of 2nd appears here as "2ú", though the Irish word shown does not end in "ú". Is this correct? Sicherman (talk) 14:06, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Primary, Secondary
In the French section it states "The suffix º is used for terms like primo, secundo, and tertio as 1º, 2º, and 3º" I was taught this usage at school and college for primary, secondary, tertiary in English - it isn't a solely French thing. The Yowser (talk) 14:07, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

Reversion back to functional template
I agree with this edit, restoring a prior version of a template, which doesn't misbehave. --Lexein (talk) 11:18, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

Alignment of the diagrams
The diagrams worked better when they were next to the text that talks about them. The reason the "clear" produces unsightly gaps is because of the HUGGGE "punctuation" infobox. That thing is bloated beyond belief and an infobox, according to the docs, should contain information about the article subject. That thing should be replaced with a navbox at the bottom of the article, or just a link to a "punctuation" page.Spitzak (talk) 20:04, 23 June 2019 (UTC)

In languages with more than two genders
It would be nice to have examples (if there are any) of ordinal indicators in languages with grammatical genders other than masculine and feminine (e.g. German), as this situation is not mentioned in the article. Alternatively/in addition, it would be nice to elaborate on the situation in languages (other than English) with no genders – is the rule in most such languages the same as English, i.e. to just use the ending letters of the word? Joel Brennan (talk) 18:12, 15 January 2022 (UTC)
 * We are all volunteers here, so you have just volunteered to search for the source material that describes this aspect and write it up! (You might get help at talk:German language etc.) Most articles get developed like this. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 20:07, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ordinal indicator


text:
Talk:Prussian Blue (band)

Article name & split
If this suvives AfD, I propose that we split this into two articles, Prussian Blue (British band) and Prussian Blue (American band), and create a disambiguation page here. What do people think? --Apyule 06:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Absolutely; the rather inoffensive English band should absolutely not be on the same page as the crazy neo-Nazis. Rsynnott 21:53, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

AFD debate link
This article has been kept following this AFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prussian Blue (band)


text:
David E. Mark

David Everett Mark (November 15, 1923 – September 17, 2005) was a Career Minister in the United States Foreign Service.

Born in New York City to Leslie Mark (ne Lazarus Macht) and Lena Tyor Mark, Mark graduated from Columbia University, and while serving in the Army Air Corps during World War II, he completed his studies at Columbia Law School. He joined the U.S. Foreign Service in 1946, serving first in South Korea, Germany, Finland, Romania and Moscow in the 1950s.

Mark met his wife, Elisabeth Ann Lewis, in Moscow in 1958 where she headed the Anglo-American school. They married in Washington, D.C. in 1959, and moved to Geneva, Switzerland where Mark joined the delegation to the Test Ban Treaty negotiations. 1963-1964 he attended the Harvard International Seminar run by Henry Kissinger.

In the early 1960s, Mark served in various capacities in INR at the U.S. State Department until his appointment as United States Ambassador to Burundi from 1974 to 1977. From 1979 to 1981 he served again at the State Department as a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State. After retirement from government in 1981, he consulted on international affairs for ALCOA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Mark spoke fluent Russian, German, and French, and was conversant in Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and Japanese. With the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1989 and the dearth of Russian linguists, Mark was asked to help establish the American Embassy in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia. He returned to Tbilisi in 1992 to participate in helping the Georgians write their Constitution.

During the 1990s until his death, Mark was an active member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City. He volunteered every week for nine years as a guide and translator for Big Apple Greeters of New York. He worked full-time as a licensed New York City tour guide for Gray Line/CoachUSA. When he was not volunteering and touring on the Gray Line bus tours, Mark taught a variety of courses as an adjunct professor of global affairs at New York University.

Ambassador Mark died in a car accident in 2005 at age 81.

title: David E. Mark


text:
Mustafa Kamil Pasha

Mustafa Kamil Pasha (مصطفى كامل, ) (August 14, 1874 - February 10, 1908) was an Egyptian lawyer, journalist, and nationalist activist.

Early life and education
Kamil was born in Cairo in 1874. His father was an engineer who first worked for the Egyptian army and then for the civil institutions. He was a graduate of the Khidiwiyya high school in Cairo. He was trained as a lawyer at the French law school in Cairo and at the Law Faculty at the University of Toulouse in France. In January 1893, as a university student Kamil first became famous when he led a group of students who destroyed the offices of the newspaper Al Muqattam which supported the British occupation of Egypt. As a passionate nationalist, he supported Egypt's khedive, Abbas Hilmi II, who strongly opposed the British occupation. A protegee of Abbas Hilmi, whom he first met in 1892, it was the khedive who paid for Kamil to be educated in Toulouse. The American historian Michael Laffan described Kamil as "...a spellbinding orator,  tireless  traveller, prolific  writer and charismatic personality". Kamil befriended the French Orientalist François Deloncle who promised to introduce him to French politicians, but instead gave him the job as his secretary, causing him to quit in disgust.

Francophile
Kamil first came to widespread attention outside Egypt when he presented a petition to the French Chamber of Deputies in Paris in June 1895 asking the French government to pressure Britain to leave Egypt. Kamil at the same time paid for a poster to be printed which shows him presenting a petition to Marianne in the "Temple of Reason" asking her to free Egypt, with the miserable-looking Egyptian masses standing behind him while the British lion together with a British soldier hold a half-naked woman symbolizing Egypt in chains. To the right of Marianne stand Uncle Sam and other symbolic characters for the other nations of the world, who were all standing upright and look happy, showing what Kamil hopes that Marianne will make Egypt like. Kamil's poster with its symbolic representation of Egypt's status was very popular, and was reprinted in many European and American newspapers in 1895. In a speech delivered in French in Toulouse on 4 July 1895, Kamil accused Lord Cromer of "purposively appointing incapable, indifferent or traitorous men at the head of Egyptian government ministries and other administrative positions. In this manner he not only manipulates these men like an instrument under his control but he uses the incompetence of these men to attempt and prove to Europe that our country lacks a governing managerial class." In the same speech, Kamil called for French help, saying: "Yes gentlemen, it is France's duty..to interfere and save us...France which has generously awakened Egypt from its profound sleep and has always treated us like its dearest offspring, earning in the process our eternal respect, emanating from the depths of our hearts and souls."

Upon returning to Egypt, Kamil wrote and published a pamphlet in French (the language of Egypt's elite) whose title Le peril anglais: Conséquence de l'occupation de l'Egypte par l'Angleterre gave away its thesis. From 1895 to 1907, Kamil visited France every year, always giving speeches and writing newspaper articles criticizing British rule in Egypt. Kamil's friendship with the French writer Pierre Loti and the feminist Juliette Adam led to him being introduced to much of the French intelligentsia, who were impressed by the charismatic and intelligent young Egyptian who spoke and wrote fluent French. However, Kamil's Francophile rhetoric was calculated as he told Abbas Hilmis's secretary in a letter in September 1895: "Like any realistic person knows, nations only cater to their best interests. The French, just like the English; regardless of how they pretend to be loyal to us, will do whatever is in their best political interests. Therefore through our rapprochement and our amicability toward them we are merely employing a purposeful political maneuver to gain their trust and perhaps, even if it is temporary, we can benefit from them politically." Kamil sometimes exaggerated the Francophilia of Egypt to win French support, as in a speech in Paris on 18 June 1899 when he said: "The war which your neighbors from across the English-Channel have been waging against your cultural influence and prestige on the banks of the Nile is without a name. English hate has especially targeted the French Language, for they have been zealously and tirelessly attempting to replace their language for yours." Despite Kamil's claims, French remained one of the official languages of Egypt until the 1952 revolution.

He also sought co-operation with France and the Ottoman Empire, but later he gradually grew more independent of outside backers, and appealed mainly to the Egyptian people to demand the end of the British occupation. Kamil often worked as an unofficial diplomat, touring the capitals of Europe on behalf of the Khedive, seeking support to end the British occupation of Egypt.

Ideology
Kamil had what was described as a "complicated loyalties" owing to Egypt's status as an Ottoman vilayat (province) that was self-governing under the descendants of Mohammad Ali the Great that had been occupied by Britain in 1882. Like most Egyptians of his generation, Kamil saw the Khedives as the legitimate rulers of Egypt, who in turn owned their loyalty to the Ottoman Sultan-Caliph in Constantinople. He also called on Khedive Abbas to grant constitutional government to his subjects. Realizing that Egypt could not expel the British by force, Kamil confided his efforts to public relations, writing: "The wise among the British have realized the danger of their occupation of Egypt. What they need to know is the true feelings of the Egyptian nation, its fears, hopes, and the truth. This would force their government to evacuate the Nile Valley. The best thing that we Egyptians can do now is to advertise the truth to Europe with as many languages as possible, especially in English and French."

In 1900, Kamil founded the newspaper Al Liwa' ("The Standard") as a platform for his views and utilized his skill as both a journalist and lawyer. He also founded a boys' school open to Egyptian Muslims, Christians, and Jews. A Francophile, Kamil was much influenced by French republican values of Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, seeing France as the embodiment of the values of progress, prosperity, and freedom. Kamil's writing help to redefine loyalty to al-watan ("the homeland") in terms stressing the importance of education, nizam (order), and love of al-watan, implicitly criticizing the state created by Mohammad Ali the Great, which was run on very militarist lines. Like many other Egyptian nationalists of the early 20th century, Kamil took pride in the achievements of the ancient Egyptian civilization, which for him showed that Egypt had a history of statehood going back thousands of years, which set the Egyptians apart from other peoples.

Greatly influenced by the French philosopher Ernest Renan who argued that what defined a nation was "Le désir d'être ensemble" ("a will to live together"), Kamil maintained that the Egyptians had for millennia had wanted to live together in a single state. Kamil's argument that the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around about 3100 BC was the birth of Egypt as a state based his sense of Egyptian nationalism on loyalty to Egypt as a state and geographic entity, and contradicted the standard Islamic teaching that all of Egypt's history prior to the Muslim conquest of 639-642 AD was a period of jahiliyyah ("barbarous ignorance"). Like many other Egyptian nationalists of the 19th century, Kamil took great pride in the discoveries of archaeologists who uncovered the ruins of ancient Egypt, and he presented Egyptian history from the time of the Pharaohs to the present as one that all Egyptians should be proud of. Somewhat misunderstanding Mohammad Ali the Great's intentions, Kamil claimed that Mohammad Ali had only restored Egypt back to its status as a great power, which originated with the days of the Pharaohs. Proud of his fallah (peasant) origins, Kamil saw himself as an Egyptian first and a subject of the Ottoman empire a distant second. Kamil's position on the role of Islam in Egyptian life was quite elastic as at various times depending on his audience he asserted that Islam was the cornerstone of Egyptian national identity and at other times asserted that it was love of al-watan which defined being Egyptian, a position that implicitly accepted the Copts and Egyptian Jews as equals of the Muslims. Kamil tended to see Egyptian wataniya (patriotism) as being boosted by Islam instead of being based on Islam. Through Kamil was not willing to reject publicly the pan-Islamic message of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II aka "Abdul Hamid the Damned", his writings tended to imply that the Muslims of the Egyptian al-watan had more in common with each other than they did with Muslims from other lands, and Islam was presented by him more as a means for unifying the Egyptian people than the end. Kamil supported Abdul Hamid's pan-Islamic campaign as the best way of bringing the Ottoman empire onto Egypt's side, hoping that the Sultan might persuade the British to leave Egypt, but he did not want Egypt to be occupied by the Ottomans again.

Relations with Britain
Lord Cromer usually described Kamil in his dispatches to London as "the incapable  nationalist  demagogue", and in one dispatch described a conversation with a  nationalist Egyptian intellectual who was almost certainly Kamil: "'I had to explain to the young Gallicised Egyptian that the principles of an ultra Republican Government were not applicable in their entirety to the  existing phase of Egyptian  society, and that, when we speak of the rights of man, some distinction has necessarily to be made in practice between a European  sprouting  nonsense  through  the  medium of a fifth-rate  newspaper in his own country, and man in the person of a ragged Egyptian fellah  [peasant], possessed of a sole garment, and who is unable to read a newspaper in any language  whatsoever.'" Kamil disagreed passionately with Lord Cromer's frequent claims that "Orientals" did not have the same capacity for reason that the Europeans did, and much of his writings were concerned with showing that the Egyptians did have the capacity for reason and intelligent thought. Kamil also assailed Cromer in a speech for trying "to bring an end to French influence, which is still very extensive and overly dominant." Kamil charged that the Egyptian educational system was once the place of "loyal and scholarly, Egyptians and French teachers, is now the meeting place of the most ignorant and the most egotistical British adventurers...The British are trying to create for our children a purely galophobe and anglophile school. You would not believe the lessons of hate given daily against France and Turkey."

Kamil frequently excoriated Cromer for neglecting the Egyptian educational system, charging if he had been concerned with educating every Egyptian instead of paying off the debts run up by Ismail the Magnificent by exploiting Egypt, then he would had seen that the Egyptians did have the capacity for reason that he denied that they possessed. In a speech to the Société de Géographie de Paris, Kamil protested that insinuations that "Egyptians are not fit to govern their own country is a calumny, which any reasonable person must refute." When writing for European, usually French audiences, Kamil often attacked Cromer's claim that the average Egyptian Muslim was a bloodthirsty "fanatic" looking for any chance to murder Christians. In one newspaper article, Kamil wrote:"'the English committed an injustice after an injustice, but they have convinced Europe that we are a fanatic people, hostile to all Christians. This is the biggest of all lies! We are not fanatics, or hostile to Christians. We are a wise and hospitable people and the proof is incontestable...For the last century, we were in direct contact with Europe and especially France, and we were never hostile to anyone. On the contrary, the entire world finds in Egypt the most generous hospitality. If our enemies claim that we are religious fanatics, it is time to put an end to their legendary deceits.'" Kamil tended to portray relations between the Muslim majority and the Coptic Christian minority in Egypt as ideal, arguing Egypt was a tolerant nation and not at all like Lord Cromer's picture of a "fanatical" Muslim nation that trampled down the Copts. To counter Cromer's "fanaticism" argument, Kamil coined the slogan "Libre chez nous, hospitaliers pour tous" ("Free in our country, hospitable to all"), which become his motto.

Much of Kamil's writings anticipated later Third World nationalism as he gave extensive coverage in Al-Liwa to independence movements in India (modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) and the Netherlands East Indies (modern Indonesia), suggesting that independence activists in both places shared a common predicament with people like himself, as all were members of an oppressed "East" dominated by the West. In 1900, Kamil who had hoped that France might intervene in the Boer War on behalf of the Transvaal and Orange Free State wrote: "What a lesson for us who counted on Europe!"

The Rising Sun
After the Entente Cordial of 1904 and the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-05, Kamil became ardent Japanophile, praising the Japanese as an "Eastern" people who had modernized and as a role model for Egypt. Under the terms of the Entente Cordial of April 1904, France recognized Egypt as being in the British sphere of influence in exchange for which Britain recognized Morocco in the French sphere of influence. Kamil gave the Russo-Japanese War extensive coverage in Al-Liwa' and praised the Japanese for having modernized without losing their Japanese identity. Viewing the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II as a reformer, at the same time, Kamil constantly covered reforming efforts in the Ottoman Empire and expressed the hope that Abdul Hamid would be a great reformer like the Meiji Emperor of Japan. Much of Kamil's writings in Al-Liwa urged Abdul Hamid to be more like the Meiji Emperor in giving the Ottoman empire "vigor" in embracing modernizing reforms. On 28 March 1904, Kamil wrote to a French friend, Juliette Adam that he was writing a book on Japan "so as to explain to the people how to rise, and to encourage them by the current striving  of the Japanese". In June 1904, Kamil wrote to Adam that he had finished his book on Japan, saying: "I have just finished the first volume of my book on Japan. The chief reason which has pushed me to do it is to profit by the current of great sympathy that my compatriots have for the Japanese to tell them that those people are so strong only because they are patriotic. I believe that it will have a ringing effect. I have never tired myself so much as these last days".

In his 1904 book The Rising Sun, Kamil wrote: "'If the Europeans had been genuine in their  propaganda  and  speech that they wanted to civilize  all human  kind and  that they did not enter countries except to take their people into their hands to mobilise them on the path to civilisation, then they would  have been pleased in their anticipation of the progress of the yellow race and its development and reckoned Japan the greatest of civilised factors. However the  truth and reality is that rivalry remains the general rule in mankind. It is ordained that everyone works for the disappointment and disadvantage of his opponent. The Europeans do not wish for the advancement of the Orientals and the Orientals do not desire the permanence of European sovereignty'." In another article in September 1904, Kamil wrote that the Japanese victories against Russia were "a glory for every Easterner". When Kamil learned that his French friend Pierre Loti who was supporting Russia against Japan had ended their friendship over the issue, a disappointed Kamil wrote to Adam on 9 June 1905:"'I am extremely sorry to learn that Loti has changed towards me ... If I have spoken of my enthusiasm for Japan before him, it is that I cannot hide my opinion and my sentiments;...You are astonished that I am for the Japanese; all my people agree with me. Pray examine the thing from the Egyptian and Mussulman [Muslim] point of view. Of the two combatants, Japan has done no harm to Egypt nor to Islam; on the other hand Russia has done to Egypt, at the time of its greatness under Mehmet  Ali [Mohammad Ali the Great], the greatest evil in burning its fleet, in concert with England, always treacherous, and France, always deceived [Kamil was referring to the 1827 Battle of Navarino when a Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet off the coast of Greece]. And in giving to Mehmet Ali the most serious opposition, she has done to Islam and the Mussulman peoples the blackest of evils. She is enemy No. 1 [sic]. In the second place, it is not the alliance of England with Japan which  ruins the independence  of my country but the entente of treacherous England with France. Why then should I be anti-Japanese? I, who adore the patriots  [sic] and find amongst the Japanese the finest example of patriotism? The Japanese people is not the sole Oriental people which has put Europe in its proper place. How should I not love them? I understand very well your grief and chagrin, you who have prepared the Russian  alliance for other ends. But I would have shared this grief and chagrin if France had remained for us France'." Much of The Rising Sun is concerned with the Meiji Restoration with the Meiji Emperor cast a hero who had modernized Japan by ending the Tokugawa bakufu, which an Egyptian audience understood as a call for the Khedive Abbas Hilimi to modernize Egypt by ending the British occupation. The message was made explicit when Kamil compared the late Tokugawa bakufu, unable to stand up to foreign powers who pushed Japan around, with the present state of Islamic world, likewise unable to stand up to foreigners, and expressed the hope that both Abdul Hamid II and Abbas Hilimi II would be able to emulate the Meiji Emperor.

Description of Japan
Reflecting his view of Islam, in The Rising Sun, Kamil presented Shinto simply as a means for the Japanese state to unify the Japanese people around a common loyalty to the Emperor rather than a faith in its own right. Kamil wrote he did not believe that the Emperors of Japan were gods, but he felt having the Japanese people worship their emperor as a living god was very useful towards uniting the Japanese people as one, arguing that the Japanese were never divided in the way that the Egyptians were because almost all Japanese regarded their emperor as a god who could not be disobeyed. Kamil did not understand the distinction between State Shinto which gloried the Emperors of Japan as living gods vs. folk Shinto which had existed in Japan for thousands of years, seeing all Shinto as State Shinto. The Japanese always used the term Mikado ("high gate") to refer to the Emperor as his title and name were considered to be too sacred to be uttered by ordinary people, and Kamil did not understand the term Mikado was only a metonym for the Japanese monarchy. Kamil wrote that it was terrible for Shinto to decline as Shinto had "glorified the Mikado's forefathers and ancestors and respected the sacred Japanese origin, was scorned by the daimyo and was replaced by Buddhism and Confucianism to kill indigenous sentiments and wipe out patriotic affection in the soul". Kamil wrote with admiration how State Shinto unified the Japanese people into one, declaring: "The spirit of change and national pride crept among all [the Japanese], after which the individual who had believed that his village was the whole country began to realise that the entire kingdom was a country for everyone; and that no matter how remote its parts or isolated its regions, any foreign intervention in the meanest of its villages would disturb its peace and likewise hurt them".

Kamil praised the Meiji reforms for giving Japan a legal system based on the French legal system that made all Japanese equal before the law and a constitution, both reforms which he implied that the Khedive should emulate in Egypt. The chapter in The Rising Sun praising the bakufu in the 16th and 17th centuries for stamping out Christianity in Japan as Christianity was a "foreign faith" that undermined the unity of the Japanese people frightened Egypt's Coptic minority. In the same way, Kamil praised those samurai who had "restored" the Meiji emperor in 1867, even through the reforms of the Meiji era ended the special status and way of life of the samurai, as patriots who put the greater good of Japan ahead of their own interests. Kamil's message was that the Egyptian Turco-Circassian aristocracy needed to be more like the Japanese elite in pursuing reforms that would end their special status for the greater good of Egypt. What attracted Kamil the most to the Japanese system was its authoritarianism as he wrote approving how the Japanese people worshiped their emperor as a living god and untiringly sought to unconditionally obey his commands, even unto death, which he regarded as the key to how Japan had successfully modernized. At the same time, Kamil who had never visited Japan himself, painted Japanese society in a very rosy light, declaring that Japan did not have censorship, its French-style legal system treated everyone as an equal, and the Japanese state ensured universal education for all, with the obvious inference that Egypt would benefit if only it were more like Japan.

Critique
Kamil presented Japanese imperialism in a favorable light, arguing the Japanese, unlike the British (who Kamil claimed were only interesting in economically exploiting their colonies) were practicing in Korea an Asian version of the French mission civilisatrice ("civilizing mission"), arguing that the Japanese only conquered other people's countries to improve the lot of the ordinary people. Kamil in The Rising Sun drew a contrast between the "evil" of the Russian empire, "enriched by every colonialism" vs. the "rightful" anger of the Japanese at being "cheated" out of their conquests from the First Sino-Japanese war in 1894-95. Laffan wrote Kamil seemed to have taken it for granted that Japan's imperialistic policies towards Korea and China were justified, and noted that he never seems to have considered the viewpoint that the Koreans and the Chinese resented being under Japanese control in the same way that he resented Egypt being under the control of Great Britain. He also noted that Kamil would have been dismayed to learn that the model for Japanese rule of Korea during the years 1905-10 when Korea was a Japanese protectorate was Lord Cromer's administration of Egypt, as the Japanese saw Cromer's "veiled protectorate" of Egypt a perfect example of what they were seeking to do in Korea.

Sudan
Despite his anti-imperialist views towards the British occupation, Kamil held imperialist views towards the Sudan, writing that Egypt was the rightful ruler of the Sudan "by right of conquest" and stated he could never accept the view that the Sudan should be independent of Egypt. Like many Egyptians of his generation, Kamil believed that Egypt had the right to control the sources of both the Blue Nile and White Nile. Kamil also held racist views towards people in sub-Saharan Africa, writing about his belief that Black people were inferior to Egyptians and expressed his approval for the attempt of Ismail the Magnificent to expand Egypt's empire in the Sudan by trying to conquer the Great Lakes region of Africa and Ethiopia. In his writings, Kamil expressed anger at the British for, in his view, lumping the Egyptians in with the population of sub-Saharan Africa, instead of giving them separate treatment.

Denshawi incident
Kamil's cause was strengthened by the Denshawai incident on 13 June 1906 in which four peasants were hastily tried and hanged for having assaulted British Army officers who were hunting pigeons in their village. The Denshawai incident galvanized the Egyptian nationalist movement, and Kamil used the case of an Egyptian farmer being killed by British troops after he attempted to help a British officer who died of sunstroke together with the hanging of four Egyptian farmers for supposedly instigating the alleged murder of the officer to rouse nationalist anger, becoming the spokesman of the Egyptian nationalist movement. In an article in Le Figaro on 11 July 1906, Kamil wrote: "A tragic affair took place in the Egyptian delta village of Dinshaway, which has managed to emotionally touch humanity in its entirety." Kamil's article in Le Figaro first brought international attention to the Dinshaway incident, and on 15 July 1906, Kamil visited London. Kamil translated his article into English and mailed it to every MP, where giving speeches all over Britain recounting the Dinshaway affair.

On 26 July 1906 Kamil gave a speech at the Carlton Hotel in London, which began with highlighting the history of the Coptic minority in Egypt to counter Cromer's "fanaticism" argument before attacking Cromer for his neglect of the Egyptian educational system, charging that entire generations of Egyptians had gone uneducated since he had taken charge of the Egyptian finances. Kamil then turned to the Dinshaway incident, saying: "Lord Cromer established this special tribunal in Dinshaway which has revolted everyone . . . a tribunal which follows no legal code and no laws. . . . Its existence was an outrage against the humanity and civil rights of the Egyptian people and a blemish on the honor of British civilization.". Afterwards, Kamil visited 10 Downing Street to meet the Prime Minister, Henry Campbell-Bannerman. Campbell-Bannermann asked Kamil for a list of Egyptians capable of being ministers, leading him to write down 32 names, several of whom were appointed to the Egyptian cabinet. The Dinshaway incident led to Lord Cromer resigning in March 1907, and in his resignation letter, Cromer for the first time referred to Kamil by name, writing: "If I were younger I should rather enjoy fighting the Khedive, Mustafa Kamil and their English  allies, and moreover, I think I should beat them".

He was supported strongly by Mohammad Farid, a prominent member of Egypt and Sudan's aristocracy. With Farid's assistance, Kamil founded the National Party in December 1907, two months before his death.

Death and legacy
His funeral was the occasion for a massive demonstration of popular grief, being attended by hundreds of thousands who saw Kamil as their champion. Farid, who spent his last penny supporting the country's national liberation movement, became the leader of the National Party after Kamil's death.

The mausoleum of Mustafa Kamil (built between 1949–53) close to Cairo's Citadel in neo-Mamluk style is open to the public as a museum, the Mostafa Kamel Museum, and holds in a side room a display of memorabilia related to him.

Fazlur Rahman Malik argues that even though he was necessarily secular, his nationalism was inspired by an Islamic past. This appears to be the natural conclusion as Egypt had remained under the Islamic Caliphate system for centuries before. The British often accused him of advocating pan-Islamism, and it is well known that he supported the Ottoman Sultan against the Egyptian Government and the British authorities in Egypt in the dispute over Taba in May 1906, even though later in his life he moved away from supporting Egypt as a part of an all-encompassing Islamic world, and more as a unique territorial entity.

Kamil is remembered as a fervent Egyptian nationalist, and an articulate advocate of Egyptian independence. The current Egyptian national anthem (Bilady) is thought to have been inspired by one of Mustafa Kamil's speeches: "'If I weren't an Egyptian, I would have wished to be an Egyptian.'"

title: Mustafa Kamil Pasha