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Punisher: War Zone

Punisher: War Zone is a 2008 vigilante action film based on the Marvel Comics character the Punisher. Rather than a sequel to 2004's The Punisher, the film is a reboot that follows the war waged by vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher (played by Ray Stevenson) on crime and corruption, in particular on the disfigured mob boss known as Billy "Jigsaw" Russotti (Dominic West). The film is directed by Lexi Alexander, from a screenplay written by Nick Santora, Art Marcum, and Matt Holloway. It is the third feature film adaptation of The Punisher, the second reboot thereof and the first of two films to be produced under the Marvel Knights production banner, which focuses on films for mature audiences.

Development of a follow-up to The Punisher began two months before its release. The film was initially developed as a sequel, with Thomas Jane reprising the title role. Jane departed the project in 2006, and Ray Stevenson was announced as his replacement in July 2007. Filming began in October 2007 in Montreal, Canada.

Punisher: War Zone was released in North America by Lionsgate on December 5, 2008, and it was released in the United Kingdom by Sony Pictures Releasing on February 6, 2009 to negative reviews and grossed $10 million worldwide, making it a box-office bomb. Its related soundtrack hit the #23 slot on Billboard's Top Independent Albums chart. In the years since its release, the film has developed a cult following.

This was the final Punisher film to be produced by an outside studio before the rights reverted to Marvel Studios, with Stevenson reprising his role as Castle in The Super Hero Squad Show. A television series was later released on Netflix in 2017 and is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Plot
Having lost his family to mob violence, former Force Recon Marine Frank Castle has spent the last five years as a vigilante known as the Punisher. Castle assaults a party for local Don Gaitano Cesare, and kills him and the guests. Cesare's caporegime Billy "The Beaut" Russotti escapes to his recycling plant hideout, and Detectives Martin Soap and Saffiotti, who were staking out the party, inform Castle. Castle infiltrates Russoti's hideout, and after a brief firefight, Russoti is thrown into a glass-crushing machine that leaves him hideously disfigured. Russoti later refers to himself as "Jigsaw" because the stitches in his face resemble puzzle pieces. Castle, who takes cover behind the body of Nicky Donatelli, discovers that Donatelli was actually an undercover FBI agent.

Agent Paul Budiansky, the deceased agent's partner, joins the NYPD's "Punisher Task Force", partnering with Soap to help bring Castle to justice. Meanwhile, Jigsaw frees his deranged and cannibalistic brother, "Loony Bin Jim".

Distraught over killing the agent, Castle unsuccessfully attempts to make reparations to Donatelli's wife, Angela, and daughter, Grace. He considers retiring, but his armorer Microchip makes him reconsider after telling him that Jigsaw will go after Donatelli's family for revenge.

Jigsaw, Loony Bin Jim and their two henchmen, Ink and Pittsy, break into Donatelli's house and hold the family hostage. The Punisher tracks down Maginty, a known associate of Jigsaw, executing him after extracting the information before Budiansky and Soap apprehend him. Castle tells him that Jigsaw went after Donatelli's family, and Budiansky sends a police car to check on the Donatelli residence, intending to turn the Punisher in. When the patrol car fails to respond, Budiansky checks on the house, where Ink and Pittsy capture him. Soap frees the Punisher, who kills both Ink and Pittsy before leading Angela and Grace away. Budiansky then arrests Jigsaw and Loony Bin Jim after a short gunfight.

Jigsaw and his brother bargain with the FBI for their release by giving up Cristu Bulat, who was smuggling in a biological weapon destined for Arab terrorists in Queens, New York. The brothers are granted immunity, plus the US$12 million Bulat was paying to use Jigsaw's port, and a file on Micro. They take Micro hostage, killing his mother in the process. They once again take the Donatellis hostage, after critically injuring Micro's associate Carlos, whom Castle had left to protect them. Castle later arrives at the hideout, and kills Carlos, after Carlos asks him to not let him "die like this". Jigsaw sets himself up in the Bradstreet Hotel, putting together a small army of gangsters desiring vengeance against the Punisher. Castle enlists the help of Budiansky, who informs Cristu's father, Tiberiu Bulat, about Jigsaw's location. Tiberiu's enforcers start a shootout in the hotel lobby, affording Castle a distraction.

Castle enters through a second-floor window, leading to a firefight with Jigsaw's hired guns. Afterward, Castle engages Loony Bin Jim in solo combat; realizing that he will probably not survive the brawl, Jim flees. Castle chases and confronts both him and Jigsaw, who are holding Micro and Grace at gunpoint. Jigsaw gives Castle a choice: If Frank shoots Micro, Jigsaw will let the others go free. Micro bravely offers his life to save the girl, but Castle chooses to shoot Loony Bin Jim instead. As a result, Jigsaw kills Micro. Enraged, Castle attacks Jigsaw, engaging him in hand to hand combat, before impaling him with a metal rod and killing him by throwing him onto a fire.

Outside, Angela forgives Castle, who bids farewell to Budiansky and the Donatelli family. As Castle and Soap leave together, Soap tries to convince Castle to give up his vigilante status after having "killed every criminal in town." Soap changes his mind when he is held up by a murderous mugger, who quickly becomes another victim of the Punisher.

Cast
Other actors in smaller roles include Larry Day as FBI Special Agent-in-Charge Miller, Ron Lea as NYPD Captain Ross, Tony Calabretta as Soap's partner Detective Saffiotti, John Dunn-Hill as Don Gaitano Cesare, Bjanka Murgel as Jigsaw's girlfriend (credited as "Arm Candy"), Cas Anvar as Jigsaw's plastic surgeon, and Edward Yankie as the priest Father Mike.
 * Ray Stevenson as Frank Castle / The Punisher: Prior to filming, Stevenson read every possible issue of the Punisher MAX series, underwent endurance, martial arts, and weapons training with former Force Recon Marines and the film's fight choreographer Pat E. Johnson.
 * Dominic West as Billy "The Beaut" Russoti / Jigsaw: A vain and image-obsessed Mafia killer. By killing off the established gangsters, Punisher creates the opportunity for Jigsaw to become a boss. The character's given name is changed from the comics, where he is called "Billy Russo." Paddy Considine was considered for the role of Jigsaw in the film, but the offer was retracted and given to West who had previously turned it down.
 * Doug Hutchison as James Russoti / "Loony Bin Jim" / "LBJ": A chemically imbalanced, cannibalistic, psychopath whose veins practically flow with adrenaline and testosterone, leaving him in a constant state of homicidal mania that he alleviates by going on periodical killing sprees. He is an original character created for the film.
 * Colin Salmon as FBI Agent Paul Budiansky: Former partner of Nicky Donatelli. Based on an NYPD officer of the same name in the Punisher story arc "Widowmaker".
 * Wayne Knight as Linus Lieberman / Microchip: Armorer to the Punisher. The character makes his live-action film debut, after being written out of the 2004 film due to director Jonathan Hensleigh's dislike of him.
 * Dash Mihok as Detective Martin Soap: Head detective of the NYPD's "Punisher Task Force".
 * Julie Benz as Angela Donatelli: the widow of FBI agent Nicky Donatelli.
 * Stephanie Janusauskas as Grace Donatelli: Angela and Nicky's daughter.
 * Mark Camacho as Carmine "Pittsy" Gazzera: One of Jigsaw's henchmen, and Ink's father. One of two henchmen originating from the Punisher story arc "In the Beginning".
 * Romano Orzari as FBI Agent Nicky Donatelli: An undercover FBI agent attached to Russoti, whose accidental death is the catalyst for the events in the story.
 * Keram Malicki-Sánchez as "Ink" Gazzera: One of Jigsaw's henchmen, and Pittsy's cocaine-addicted son. One of two henchmen originating from the Punisher story arc "In the Beginning".
 * T. J. Storm as Maginty: A member of the Westies and leader of an "urban freeflow" gang. He originates from the Punisher story arc "Kitchen Irish."
 * Carlos Gonzalez-Vio as Carlos Cruz: Former Latin Kings gangbanger who allied with Micro and effectively Punisher. The character originates from the Punisher volume 2, issue #97.
 * David Vadim as Cristu Bulat: One of multiple villains originating from the Punisher story arc "The Slavers".
 * Aubert Pallascio as Tiberiu Bulat: Cristu's father. One of multiple villains originating from the Punisher story arc "The Slavers".

Development
In February 2004, two months prior to The Punisher's theatrical debut, Lions Gate Entertainment announced the studio's intent to produce a sequel. Avi Arad, chairman and CEO of Marvel Studios, expressed his interest in developing the franchise, saying that the second film would "become the fifth Marvel property to become a sequel." In March, the director of the first film, Jonathan Hensleigh, said that he was interested in working with Thomas Jane again for The Punisher 2. In April, Jane said that the villain for The Punisher 2 would be Jigsaw. In November, Jane said that the studio was interested in making a sequel based on successful DVD sales of The Punisher and was developing the preliminary budget for the follow-up.

In March 2005, Marvel Studios announced a 2006 theatrical release date for The Punisher 2. In April, Lions Gate Entertainment's CEO, Jon Feltheimer, confirmed at LGF's 2005 fiscal third quarter analyst call that the studio had completed its deal to develop The Punisher 2. Prior to July, Arad revealed that the script was being rewritten and that the sequel would start filming within the year. By July, Jane had put on an additional 12 pounds of muscle, and was hoping for filming to start in late 2006.

In March 2006, The Punisher 2 was announced to be produced in Louisiana, being listed in the domestic charter under Louisiana's Secretary of State. In August, Marvel Entertainment revealed a new film slate that included The Punisher 2 on its partial list with production still to be determined. Thomas Jane said that the writer was halfway through a draft and that he believed filming would begin by February 2007. Jane confirmed that the villain Jigsaw, first announced in April 2004, would be in the film. Jane also said that director Jonathan Hensleigh would not be returning to direct the sequel. In addition, Lions Gate Entertainment, amidst the studios returning to New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina, announced that The Punisher 2 would begin filming within the year. In October, Jane said the script was due in a couple of weeks, and that it would be "darker, bloodier and more unfriendly than the first one." In December, the screenplay was being rewritten by screenwriter Stuart Beattie.

It was announced that Kurt Sutter, a writer for The Shield, was involved with the script for The Punisher 2. Sutter said that he had an enjoyable time writing the script for the sequel and that it was going to be very true to the character. In a separate interview, Thomas Jane revealed that a new script had been turned in and everyone was hoping it would work out, as the lack of a good script had been holding up production. He further stated that if everything goes as planned then filming should begin in June or July, but shortly afterward, in a letter to Ain't It Cool News, Jane wrote that he had pulled out of the movie, stating:

"What I won't do is spend months of my life sweating over a movie that I just don't believe in. I've always loved the Marvel guys, and wish them well. Meanwhile, I'll continue to search for a film that one day might stand with all those films that the fans have asked me to watch."On February 14, 2008, Sutter officially removed his name from credit arbitration, stating: "I took my name off the movie for a few reasons. The obvious reason is because I didn't deserve credit. There was very little of my draft that stayed in the shooting script. The one big one they kept, was the set piece where we see how Russo becomes Jigsaw. It's pretty brutal. Glad they kept that."

Directing
In May 2007, director John Dahl was in talks to direct, but declined, citing a bad script and lack of budget as reasons for passing. In June, it was announced that Lexi Alexander would then take over the role as director as a result. In a December 2008 interview, Alexander revealed that when she first got the Punisher 2 script she passed on the project, but later changed her mind after reading the MAX adult Punisher comics, and getting assurances from Lionsgate that she could give the project a new look and feel – and cast a new actor in the central role of the Punisher. Director Alexander pitched her vision of the film as a throwback to '80s era action films, stating, "I said can we do it like this, and they all said that's exactly what we want to do."

Casting
On July 21, it was announced that actor Ray Stevenson would play the Punisher in the sequel to the 2004 film. Filming was slated to begin in October 2007 in Montreal. Prior to filming, Stevenson read every available issue of The Punisher MAX, underwent endurance, martial arts, and weapons training with former Force Recon Marines and film fight choreographer Pat E. Johnson. In August, a working title for the film, The Punisher: Welcome Back Frank, was announced. On August 28, Lionsgate announced that the new working name for The Punisher 2 would be Punisher: War Zone. In mid-September, the director announced cast members joining Stevenson with Dash Mihok as Detective Martin Soap, Colin Salmon as Agent Paul Budiansky, and Doug Hutchison as Loony Bin Jim. It was announced on September 25 via The Hollywood Reporter that Dominic West will star as the main antagonist, Jigsaw, and Wayne Knight will play the Punisher's armorer, Microchip. Paddy Considine was considered for the role of Jigsaw in the film, but the offer was retracted and given to West who had previously turned it down. According to Lexi Alexander, Freddie Prinze Jr. also auditioned for the role, but despite being impressed by his audition, was refused by Lionsgate Studios from accepting the part.

Filming
Filming occurred from October 22 until December 14 in Montreal, Quebec, and in the nearby municipalities of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Brossard, Terrebonne, and Île Bizard. Principal photography for Punisher: War Zone was completed on December 27.

Filming locations included Lionel-Groulx station, the Five Roses Flour Plant, the Old Port, John Abbott College, the Palais des congrès de Montréal, Chinatown, and the Champlain Bridge. Additional photography took place in Vancouver, British Columbia. A second unit filmed landmark shots in New York City.

In order to evoke the look of the Punisher comics, Lexi Alexander and cinematographer Steve Gainer utilized highly-saturated colored lighting, with only three primary colors on screen at any given time. It was only after production wrapped that Alexander learned that the comics she had been sent had been accidentally printed in the wrong colors. She called the resulting look a "happy accident." Alexander also framed actors on the left or right-hand side of the frame, rather than the center, to evoke the appearance of comic panels.

Creative conflicts
The film was set for a September 12, 2008, release, but was pushed back three months to December 5, 2008. A teaser trailer was released on June 12, 2008. On July 25, Harry Knowles of Ain't It Cool News wrote an article claiming that Lexi Alexander had been removed as the film's director. A second trailer was revealed to the public at the San Diego ComicCon on the same day. Alexander did not make an appearance at the convention, which caused speculation from the fans who attended the film's panel to question whether her name had been taken off the film. On August 15, website Latino Review reported that Lionsgate would be editing the film to receive a PG-13 rating. The director of photography, Steve Gainer, later claimed that the film will be "R" and that Alexander is still on board the project. On October 3, IGN confirmed that Alexander was not fired from the movie, based on an official statement they received from Lionsgate. In a December 2008 interview, Alexander confirmed that she had had serious battles with Lionsgate, but denied that she was ever officially off the film. "My name was never off, nor would I want it taken off, nor did I ever get a pink slip. The truth is that we had probably the same discussions that any other film has." Despite the much publicized discourse, Alexander says she is "extremely happy" with the final film:

"It came at a price, I would say, but I made the film I wanted on the screen. I think personally, in my opinion, it would have been very dangerous to put a compromise on the screen for my own career and for the promises I made to these actors who I talked into joining the film. I don't really care that it was an uphill battle; I'm glad with what's on the screen."

In 2015, Alexander regretted that Lionsgate's control over the film resulted in the finished film's quality, stating,

"Marvel was an equal partner, but unfortunately when there were creative decision conflicts, Marvel would let Lionsgate be the tie breaker. I always regretted that I made a Marvel movie this way, because 99% of their notes were much better than the studios and I was more in tune with them."

Alexander also noted that she did not have final cut privilege of the film.

Music
While the film itself was a box office bomb, the soundtrack achieved considerable commercial success, reaching #23 on Billboard's 'Top Independent Albums' chart.

An original score to the film was composed by Michael Wandmacher, whose primary focus in making the score was to "create a definitive musical identity for the Punisher. I knew I needed something dark, relentless and muscular, but I also couldn't forget Frank's humanity, his personal torment and deep sadness. So, I approached the job equally as a fan and as a composer." In order to make the character of Frank Castle seem less one dimensional, Wandmacher decided to include snare cadences and powerful, dynamic ostinatos and slowly rising string repetitions to mimic a relentless entity, like an approaching battalion.

Box office
On its opening weekend, Punisher: War Zone grossed $4,271,451 in 2,508 theaters in the United States averaging $1,703 and ranking #8 at the box office. The film grossed $8,050,977 domestically, making Punisher: War Zone the lowest-grossing film based on a Marvel Comics property, below Elektra and Howard the Duck. It also grossed $2,049,059 internationally, bringing it to $10,100,036 worldwide, making it a box office bomb against its $35 million budget.

Critical response
Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 30 out of 100 based on 24 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 2 out of 4 stars, writing, "You used to be able to depend on a terrible film being poorly made. No longer. The Punisher: War Zone is one of the best-made bad movies I've seen." He added that the film's only flaw is "that it's disgusting." Clark Collis of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Ray Stevenson's "character could be called the Not-Much-of-a-Learning Curveinator."

Edward Porter of the UK's Sunday Times gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, writing, "Earning an 18 certificate with its violence, the film is kids' stuff in all other respects: over-the-top shootouts, monstrous and barking-mad villains, a bumbling sidekick and so on. Highly enjoyable tosh." Movie reporter Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that it is the "best Punisher movie by far. The action is satisfying and the dark story is close to the tone of its Marvel Comics source material."

Comedian Patton Oswalt was a vocal supporter of the film since its release, calling it "THE BEST time I've had at the movies this year." In October 2011, Oswalt hosted a screening of the film in Los Angeles with director Lexi Alexander, and the two discussed the film with Paul Scheer in episode 20 of his podcast How Did This Get Made?

Home media
Punisher: War Zone was released on Region 1 DVD and Blu-ray on March 17, 2009. It was released on two different versions, a 2-disc special edition with a digital copy, and a standard version featuring both widescreen and fullscreen versions of the film. DVD sales for the film in North America (as of March 2010) was $14,001,953 in revenue from 576,151 units sold.

The film was released on 4K UHD on September 25, 2018.

Video game
A tie-in PS3 video game, which shares fonts and models from the film, was released on July 2, 2009, via the PlayStation Network.

title: Punisher: War Zone


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Catworth

Catworth is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England. Catworth lies approximately 9 mi west of Huntingdon. The civil parish covers an area of 3094 acre. Catworth village has two parts, Catworth, at the top of the hill, and Little Catworth, at the bottom. Catworth is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England.

History
In 1085, William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.

Catworth was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Navisford in Northamptonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Cateworde in the Domesday Book. In 1086, there were five manors at Catworth; the annual rent paid to the lords of the manors in 1066 had been £7.5 and the rent had fallen to £6.75 in 1086.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there were 34 households at Catworth. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Catworth in 1086 is that it was within the range of 119 and 170 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acre; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were 10.62 ploughlands at Catworth in 1086 and that there was the capacity for a further 5.38 ploughlands. In addition to the arable land, there were 10 acre of meadows, 6 acre of woodland and a water mill at Catworth.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound (10%) the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound (30%). For the manors at Catworth the total tax assessed was 11.5 geld.

Little Catworth was also listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Leightonstone in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as alia Cateworde and parva Cateworde in the Domesday Book. There were two manors at Little Catworth and the annual rent paid to the lords of the manors was £1.5 in 1086. There were eight households at Little Catworth. The estimate of the population of Little Catworth in 1086 is that it was within the range of 28 and 40 people. The survey records that there were three ploughlands at Little Catworth in 1086 and that there was the capacity for a further two ploughlands. In addition to the arable land, there were 12 acre of meadows at Little Catworth. For the manors at Little Catworth the total tax assessed was 5 geld.

In 1086, there was no church recorded at Catworth or Little Catworth.

Between 1645 and 1646, a number of women in Catworth were accused of being witches in a witch-hunt conducted by the so-called Witchfinder General, Matthew Hopkins.

The enclosure of open fields took place in 1801. In 1885, the village of Great Catworth and the hamlet of Little Catworth were merged into a single civil parish called Catworth.

Governance
As a civil parish, Catworth has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. The parish council at Catworth has seven members.

Catworth was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Catworth became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Catworth is a part of the district ward of Ellington and is represented on the district council by one councillor. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Catworth the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Catworth is part of the electoral division of Sawtry and Ellington and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

At Westminster Catworth is in the parliamentary constituency of North West Cambridgeshire, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Catworth is represented in the House of Commons by Shailesh Vara (Conservative). Shailesh Vara has represented the constituency since 2005. The previous member of parliament was Brian Mawhinney (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1997 and 2005.

Geography
The village and parish lie on a bedrock of Oxford clay from the Jurassic period. The land in the north of the parish is characterised as Oadby Member Diamicton, from the Quaternary period, with rocks formed during Ice Age conditions by glaciers scouring the land.

Catworth is situated on the B660 between Kimbolton and Thrapston. The village lies between 100 ft and 250 ft above sea level. Catworth is surrounded by farms.

Demography
The population of the village was recorded at 366 living in 137 households in the 2001 census. The population had decreased slightly to 347 in 146 households in the 2011 census. In the census of 2011, 98.2% of people described themselves as white, 1.2% as having mixed or multiple ethnic groups, and 0.6% as being Asian or British Asian In that same census, 66.9% described themselves as Christian, 23.3% described themselves as having no religion, 9.2% did not specify a religion, and 0.6% described themselves as having another religion.

Historical population
The population of Catworth between 1801 and 1901 ranged from 386 to 637.

Census: Catworth 1801–1931, 1961 Census: Catworth 1951, 1971, 1991 Census: Catworth 2001, 2011

Culture and community
There was public house with B&B in Catworth called The Racehorse which closed in 2017. The Wagon and Horses public house was open by the mid 19th century and closed in the 20th century. The Catworth Post Office closed in 2008, but a mobile Post Office van visits Catworth on four days a week. There are a number of businesses in the village including a service station.

The Catworth Football Club, which was founded in 1937, play on the village playing field where there is also a tennis court. The Catworth Bowls Club plays at the Village Hall. There are a number of other active community groups including Art, Amateur Dramatics, Cinema and Family History societies in Catworth.

Transport
Catworth is about 0.5 mi to the south of Junction 16 of the A14 road that runs from the Port of Felixstowe to the M1 and M6 motorways at Catthorpe Interchange, Leicestershire.

Religious sites
The Anglican church at Catworth is dedicated to St Leonard and is a Grade I listed building. The church is in the deanery of Huntingdon in the diocese of Ely. There was no mention of a church in Catworth in the Domesday Book, but by the middle of the 13th Century a stone church had been built on the present site. The church was extended in the 14th century and in the 15th century. The church was restored in 1876. On 1 July 1914 the spire was struck by lightning, and the roof was restored in 1925. The church tower has four bells and has had a clock since 1709. In the 19th Century, there was a Methodist Chapel and a Baptist Chapel in Catworth.

Notable people
Wolstan Dixie, Lord Mayor of London in 1585, was born to Thomas Dixie and Anne Jepson who lived in Catworth. Sir Felix Booth, distiller of gin and promoter of arctic exploration, had a house at Brook End, about a quarter of a mile from Catworth.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Catworth


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Horse training

Horse training refers to a variety of practices that teach horses to perform certain behaviors when commanded to do so by humans. Horses are trained to be manageable by humans for everyday care as well as for equestrian activities, ranging anywhere from equine sports such as horse racing, dressage, or jumping, to therapeutic horseback riding for people with disabilities.

Historically, horses were trained for warfare, farm work, sport and transport purposes. Today, most horse training is geared toward making horses useful for a variety of recreational and sporting equestrian pursuits. Horses are also trained for specialized jobs from movie stunt work to police and crowd control activities, circus entertainment, and equine-assisted psychotherapy.

There is tremendous controversy over various methods of horse training and even some of the words used to describe these methods. Some techniques are considered cruel; other methods are considered gentler and more humane. However, it is beyond the scope of this article to go into the details of various training methodology, so general, basic principles are described below. The see also section of this article provides links to more specific information about various schools and techniques of horse training.

Goals
The range of training techniques and training goals is large, but basic animal training concepts apply to all forms of horse training. The initial goal of most types of training is to create a horse that is safe for humans to handle (under most circumstances) and able to perform a useful task for the benefit of humans.

A few specific considerations and some basic knowledge of horse behavior help a horse trainer be effective no matter what school or discipline is chosen:

 * Safety is paramount: Horses are much larger and stronger than humans, so they must be taught behavior that will not injure people.
 * Horses, like other animals, differ in brain structure from humans and thus do not have the same type of thinking and reasoning ability as human beings. Thus, the human has the responsibility to think about how to use the psychology of the horse to lead the animal into an understanding of the goals of the human trainer.
 * Horses are social herd animals and, when properly handled, can learn to follow and respect a human leader.
 * Horses, as prey animals, have an inborn fight or flight instinct that can be adapted to human needs. Horses need to be taught to rely upon humans to determine when fear or flight is an appropriate response to new stimuli and not to react by instinct alone.
 * Like most animals, a young horse will more easily adapt to human expectations than an older one, so human handling of the horse from a very early age is generally advised. That being said, only trainers or those with several years of experience should handle a foal's entire regime alone.

Stages
Regardless of the desired goal of training, most horses are exposed to a general series of steps that will ultimately prepare them for a designated discipline.

Training of foals and younger horses
Most young domesticated horses are handled at birth or within the first few days of life, though some are only handled for the first time when they are weaned from their mothers, or dams. Advocates of handling foals from birth sometimes use the concept of imprinting to introduce a foal within its first few days and weeks of life to many of the activities they will see throughout their lives. Within a few hours of birth, a foal being imprinted will have a human touch it all over, pick up its feet, and introduce it to human touch and voice.

Others may leave a foal alone for its first few hours or days, arguing that it is more important to allow the foal to bond with its dam. However, even people who do not advocate imprinting often still place value on handling a foal a great deal while it is still nursing and too small to easily overpower a human. By doing so, the foal should learn that no harm will be done to it at a human's hands (hopefully) and that humans should be respected.

While a foal is far too young to be ridden, it is still able to learn skills it will need later in life. By the end of a foal's first year, it should be halter-broke, meaning that it allows a halter placed upon its head and has been taught to be led by a human at a walk and trot, to stop on command and to stand tied.

The young horse needs to be calm for basic grooming, as well as veterinary care such as vaccinations and de-worming. A foal needs regular hoof care and can be taught to stand while having its feet picked up and trimmed by a farrier. Ideally a young horse should learn all the basic skills it will need throughout its life, including: being caught from a field, loaded into a horse trailer, and not to fear flapping or noisy objects. It also can be exposed to the noise and commotion of ordinary human activity, including seeing motor vehicles, hearing radios, and so on. More advanced skills sometimes taught in the first year include learning to accept blankets placed on it, to be trimmed with electric clippers, and to be given a bath with water from a hose. The foal may learn basic voice commands for starting and stopping, and sometimes will learn to square its feet up for showing in in-hand or conformation classes. If these tasks are completed, the young horse will have no fear of things placed on its back, around its belly or in its mouth.

Some people, whether through philosophy or simply due to being pressed for time, do not handle foals significantly while they are still nursing, but wait until the foal is weaned from its dam to begin halter breaking and the other tasks of training a horse in its first year. The argument for gentling and halter-breaking at weaning is that the young horse, in crisis from being separated from its dam, will more readily bond with a human at weaning than at a later point in its life. Sometimes the tasks of basic gentling are not completed within the first year but continue when the horse is a yearling. Yearlings are larger and more unpredictable than weanlings, plus often are easily distracted, in part due to the first signs of sexual maturity. However, they also are still highly impressionable, and though very quick and agile, are not at their full adult strength.

Rarer, but not uncommon even in the modern world, is the practice of leaving young horses completely unhandled until they are old enough to be ridden, usually between the age of two and four, and completing all ground training as well as training for riding at the same time. However, waiting until a horse is full grown to begin training is often far riskier for humans and requires considerably more skill to avoid injury.

Ground training
After a young horse is taught to lead and other basic skills, various tasks can be introduced to the horse as it matures while it is still too young to be ridden. Some schools of training do a great deal of work with young horses during their yearling and two-year-old years to prepare them for riding, others merely reinforce the basic lessons taught to the horse as a foal and simply keep the horse accustomed to the presence of humans. Occasionally, a young horse does not possess the necessary basic skills described above which would have been taught to it as a foal. Therefore, its adolescent years are spent learning or re-learning basic lessons.

Several ground training techniques are commonly introduced to a young horse some time after it is a year old, but prior to being ridden. All horses usually have some or all of this ground work done prior to being ridden, though the time spent can range from hours to months. While a foal or yearling can be introduced to a small amount of ground work, a young horse's bones and joints are quite soft and fragile. So, to prevent joint and cartilage injury, intense work, particularly intense work in a confined circle (such as advanced roundpenning or longeing), should wait until the horse is at least two years old. Common ground training techniques include:
 * Liberty work, sometimes called free longeing, round pen work or roundpenning, but regardless of terminology, is the process of working a loose horse in a small area (usually a round pen 40–60 feet/15–20 meters in diameter) with the handler holding only a long whip or a rope lariat, teaching the horse to respond to the voice and body language of the handler as he or she asks the horse to move faster or slower, to change direction, and to stop.
 * Longeing (Lungeing- UK), pronounced "lungeing", the training of a young horse to move in circles at the end of a long rope or line, usually about 25 to 30 feet long.
 * Desensitization, sometimes called sacking out, the process of introducing a horse to flapping objects such as blankets, teaching the horse to allow itself to be touched by an object and not to fear things that people move about a horse.
 * Introduction to a saddle and bridle or harness, without actually getting on the horse or hooking up a cart.
 * Ground driving, also called long-lining, teaching a young horse to move forward with a person walking behind it, a precursor to both harness driving and having reins used by a mounted rider.
 * Bitting, the process of accustoming a horse to a bit and bridle, sometimes with the addition of side reins that attach to a saddle, harness, or surcingle (a wide leather or nylon band that goes around the horse's barrel) and accustom the horse to the feel of pressure on the bit.

A horse is not ready to be ridden until it is accustomed to all the equipment that it needs to wear and is responsive to basic voice, and usually rein, commands to start, stop, turn and change gaits.

For some disciplines, ground work is also used to develop specific types of muscling as well as to instill certain behaviors. When ground work incorporates both mental and muscular development, it may take considerably longer for the horse to be ready to be ridden, but advocates of these methods maintain that the additional time on the ground allows the horse to advance more quickly or with better manners once under saddle.

"Backing" or riding the young horse
The age that horses are first ridden, or "backed" (UK) varies considerably by breed and discipline. Many Thoroughbred race horses have small, light riders on their backs as early as the fall of their yearling year. Most stock horse breeds, such as the American Quarter Horse, are ridden at the age of two. Most horses used in harness have a cart first put behind them at age two, and even some horses not ridden until age three will be trained to pull a light cart at two, in order to learn better discipline and to help develop stronger muscles with less stress. The vast majority of horses across disciplines and throughout the world are first put under saddle at the age of three. However, some slower-maturing breeds, such as the Lipizzan, are not ridden until the age of four.

The act of getting on a horse for the first time goes by many names, including backing, breaking, mounting, and simply riding. There are many techniques for introducing the young horse to a rider or to a harness and cart for driving, but the end goal of all methods is to have the horse calmly and quietly allow a rider on its back or behind it in a cart and to respond to basic commands to go forward, change gaits and speed, stop, turn and back up.

Ideally, a young horse will have no fear of humans and view being ridden as simply one more new lesson. A properly handled young horse that had adequate ground work will seldom buck, rear, or run away when it is ridden, even for the very first time.

Horses that have never been taught to be ridden can learn at any age, though it may take somewhat longer to teach an older horse. An older horse that is used to humans but has no prior bad habits is easier to put under saddle than is a completely feral horse caught "wild" off the open range as an adult. However, an adult feral horse may be easier to train than a domesticated animal that has previously learned to treat humans with disrespect.

Training for a specific discipline
There are many horse training philosophies and techniques and details are far too extensive to describe in a single article. Also, horses have different conformation, athletic potential, temperaments and personalities, all of which may influence what techniques should be used to reap the best results. For further information on horse training and specific disciplines, see the Bibliography and the articles below, which cover many of the concepts and different schools of thought on training and handling horses. The websites of The Horse Trust and the Equine Behaviour and Training Association also provide uptodate information on evidence-based approaches. US Equestrian also offers more information concerning international and national disciplines.

title: Horse training


text:
Red Lion Hundred

Red Lion Hundred is an unincorporated subdivision of New Castle County, Delaware. Hundreds were once used as a basis for representation in the Delaware General Assembly, and while their names still appear on all real estate transactions, they presently have no meaningful use or purpose except as a geographical point of reference.

Boundaries and Formation
Red Lion Hundred is that portion of New Castle County that lies south of Red Lion Creek, north of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and the small remaining portion of St. George's Creek, and generally east of the Red Lion Road (DE Route 71). It was one of the original hundreds in Delaware created in 1682 and was named for Red Lion Creek that runs along its northern boundary. When created it included some of the area now in Pencader Hundred, which was split off in 1710. The city of Delaware City and the community of St. George's are in Red Lion Hundred.

Development
Red Lion Hundred is rural and agricultural in places, but there is considerable suburban development and an industrial area along the Delaware River

Geography
Important geographical features, in addition to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, St. Georges's Creek and Red Lion Creek, include the Delaware River, which forms its eastern boundary, Dragon Creek, and Pea Patch Island in the Delaware River. It is entirely in the coastal plain region on the Delmarva Peninsula.

Transportation
Important roads include portions of the Korean War Veterans Memorial Highway (Delaware Route 1), the DuPont Highway (U.S. Route 13), River Road (Delaware Route 9), and Wrangle Hill Road (Delaware Route 72). A portion of the old Delaware Railroad, subsequently the Delmarva branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, now the Delmarva Central Railroad's Delmarva Subdivision, runs north–south through the western corner of the hundred.

title: Red Lion Hundred


text:
Covington, Cambridgeshire

Covington is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England. Covington lies approximately 10 mi west of Huntingdon near to Catworth and close to the county borders with both Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire. Covington is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. Covington (OE:Copp-ing-tun – The High Pasture Enclosures). The civil parish covers an area of 1,294 acre. At the 2011 Census the population of the village was found to be less than 100 and was included in the civil parish of Tilbrook.

History
In 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.

Covington was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Leightonstone in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Covintune in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at Covington; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £8 and the rent had increased to £10 in 1086.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there were 18 households at Covington. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Covington in 1086 is that it was within the range of 63 and 90 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acre; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were 13 ploughlands at Covington in 1086. In addition to the arable land, there was 48 acre of meadows at Covington.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manor at Covington the total tax assessed was 8.5 geld.

In 1086 there was no church at Covington.

The inclosure of open fields took place in 1801.

Governance
Covington does not have a parish council but holds an annual parish meeting.

Covington was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Covington became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Covington is a part of the district ward of Kimbolton and Staughton and is represented on the district council by one councillor. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Covington the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Covington is part of the electoral division of Brampton and Kimbolton and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

At Westminster Covington is in the parliamentary constituency of Huntingdon, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Covington is represented in the House of Commons by Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative). Jonathan Djanogly has represented the constituency since 2001. The previous member of parliament was John Major (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1983 and 2001.

Geography
The village and parish lies on a bedrock of Oxford clay from the Jurassic period The land in the north of the parish is characterised as Oadby Member Diamicton, from the Quaternary period, with rocks formed during Ice Age conditions by glaciers scouring the land.

The village lies between 140 ft and 260 ft above sea level. Most of the village is on the south side of a ridge, overlooking the valley of the river Kym. Covington is about 2 mi to the south of Junction 16 of the A14 road that runs from the Port of Felixstowe to the Catthorpe Interchange, Leicestershire.

Demography
The population of Covington between 1801 and 1901 ranged from 104 to 162.

Census: Covington 1801–1961 Census: Covington 1951, 1971, 1991 Population Estimates: Covington 2001–2011

Culture and Community
The former Victorian school house which was built in 1876 closed in 1920; it is now used as the Village Hall. The thatched 17th Century Red Cow ale house closed as a public house in 1989; it is now a private residence.

Boring Field
The highest point of the historic county of Huntingdonshire, known as Boring Field, is within the Parish, although the ground continues to rise as it goes into Northamptonshire. The high point some 80 m above sea level is located at, and is the lowest county top of the historic counties of England. Visiting this lowest historic county top, near Three Shires farm, is of interest to participants in the sport of Hill bagging and Highpointing.

Transport
Just to the north of the village, a railway line from Kettering to Huntingdon was built in 1866 and rail services were run between Kettering and Cambridge from 1882 until 1959, after which the railway was dismantled. The Three Shires Way, a long-distance path from Grafham Water to Salcey Forest, passes through Covington.

Religious Sites
The Anglican church at Covington is dedicated to All Saints and is a Grade II listed building. The church is in the deanery of Huntingdon in the diocese of Ely. There was no mention of a church in Covington in the Domesday Book, but by the end of the 12th Century a stone church had been built on the present site. The chancel was built c.1300 and the tower was added in the 14th century and altered c.1500. The church was restored in 1882–3. It is possible that the church was originally dedicated to St Margaret and subsequently dedicated to All Saints. In 2014 the original three bells in the church tower were restored and re-hung; a fourth bell was added.

title: Covington, Cambridgeshire


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/BigDaddy777/Proposed decision

all proposed

After considering /Evidence and discussing proposals with other arbitrators, parties and others at /Workshop place proposals which are ready for voting here.

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority "support" vote will be passed.
 * Items that receive a majority "oppose" vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority "support" or "oppose" vote will be open to possible amendment by any Arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.

Conditional votes for or against and abstentions should be explained by the Arbitrator before or after his/her time-stamped signature. For example, an Arbitrator can state that she/he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were passed.

On this case, no Arbitrators are recused and 5 are inactive, so 5 votes are a majority.

Proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on. Non-Arbitrators may comment on the talk page.
 * For all items:

Motions and requests by the parties
Place those on the discussion page.

Proposed temporary injunctions
Four net "support" votes needed to pass (each "oppose" vote subtracts a "support") 24 hours from the first vote is normally the fastest an injunction will be imposed.

Template
1)

{text of proposed orders}

 * Support:

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

=Proposed final decision=

No Personal Attacks
No Personal Attacks

 * Support:
 * →Raul654 22:52, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 00:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 03:16, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 17:24, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 22:33, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 16:58, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 00:04, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

NPOV
Neutral Point of View

 * Support:
 * →Raul654 22:52, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 00:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 03:16, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 17:24, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 22:33, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 16:58, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 00:04, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Remove personal attacks
(CC'd from: Requests for arbitration/AI)

3) The remove personal attacks guideline (and the application thereof) is controversial. It has often been abused by malefactors, and may not have community consensus. . It should, at most, be interpreted strictly and used sparingly.
 * Support:
 * →Raul654 22:52, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 00:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 03:16, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 17:24, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 22:33, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 16:58, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 00:04, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Badgering
1) has a distinct badgering style of dialogue which is readily recognizable and edits with a focus on articles regarding conservative commentators which share this confrontational style Bill O'Reilly (commentator) and Ann Coulter.

 * Support:
 * →Raul654 22:52, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 00:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 03:16, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 17:24, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 22:33, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 16:58, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 00:04, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Common mistakes
2) has, especially since this arbitration process began, violated Wikipedia guidelines repeatedly by altering or removing comments he considers to be critical. Now, he has even created a "banned" list of people that he instantly removes all comments from. This behavior has been exhibited on a daily basis.

 * Support:
 * →Raul654 22:52, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 00:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 03:16, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 17:24, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 22:33, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 16:58, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 00:04, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Banned indefinitely for disruption
3) has been banned indefinitely due to disruptive tactics.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 18:41, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 18:36, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 05:35, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 06:04, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:55, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:55, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Alteration of talk page comments
4) BigDaddy777 has altered talk page comments, removing other people's words and replacing them with other content, but leaving the signatures behind. See, e.g.  ; see also.

 * Support:
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 14:37, 30 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 18:36, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 18:58, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 05:35, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 15:12, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:55, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Proposed remedies
Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.

Banned for modifying other users' comments
1) BigDaddy777 is banned for 2 months for modifying other user's comments (an abuse of the remove-personal-attacks guideline, whether or not it is in force).

 * Support:
 * →Raul654 22:52, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 00:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 03:16, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 17:24, 20 October 2005 (UTC) Slight wording tweak to avoid double-bracketting.
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 22:34, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 16:58, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 00:04, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Banned for one year for incivility and engaging in personal attacks
1.1) BigDaddy777 is banned for one year for badgering other users, see Requests_for_arbitration/BigDaddy777/Workshop

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 18:29, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 18:49, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 00:04, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 18:36, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 04:49, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 15:13, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Banned from articles related to American politics
2) BigDaddy777 is banned indefinitely from editing on topics related to American politics

 * Support:
 * →Raul654 22:52, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 00:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 03:16, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 17:24, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 22:34, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 16:58, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 00:04, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Effect of release from indefinite block
3) Should be released by any administrator from the indefinite block imposed on him the other remedies imposed in this decision shall take effect at that point.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 18:51, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yup. James F. (talk) 18:36, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 04:49, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * This seems reasonable. Kelly Martin (talk) 06:06, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 15:13, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:56, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Violation of terms
1) If BigDaddy777 should make a personal attack, or edit an article related to American politics, an admin may ban him for a short time, up to 3 days.

 * Support:
 * →Raul654 22:52, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 00:57, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 03:16, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 17:24, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 22:35, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Kelly Martin (talk) 16:58, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 00:04, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

=Discussion by Arbitrators=

Motion to close
Four net "support" votes needed to close case (each "oppose" vote subtracts a "support") 24 hours from the first motion is normally the fastest a case will close.

 * Everything has passed. →Raul654 19:04, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 22:56, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 18:25, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:53, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 16:01, 9 November 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:United States congressional delegations from Michigan

Merge
For discussion of merge, see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. Congress#List of United States Senators from X. -- 00:20, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * There has been no further discussion on this merge for several weeks and no conclusive outcome. I'm removing the merge tags from the articles. older ≠ wiser 20:15, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. I've proposed this on a few other states' pages, and the consensus seems to be to split into two pages: Senate, House.  Just FYI.  —Mark Adler (markles)  20:23, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I was one of those suggesting that a split would be preferable to a merge. older ≠ wiser 20:41, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

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text:
Kuwait Liberation Medal

Kuwait Liberation Medal may refer to:

 * Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)
 * Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia)
 * Medal for the Liberation of Kuwait (Bahrain), see Gulf War military awards
 * Kuwait Liberation Medal (Egypt), see Gulf War military awards
 * Medal for the Liberation of Kuwait (United Arab Emirates), see Gulf War military awards

title: Kuwait Liberation Medal


text:
Spaldwick

Spaldwick is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England. Spaldwick lies approximately 6 mi west of Huntingdon, near Catworth. Spaldwick is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. In the village there is a school, preschool, service area (including shop and several food outlets), a church and a public house called The George. The former BT phone box on Royston Avenue has been converted into a Book Exchange.

History
In 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.

Spaldwick was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Leightonstone in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Spalduic and Spalduice in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at Spaldwick; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £16 and the rent had increased to £22 in 1086.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there were 60 households at Spaldwick. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3. 5 to 5. 0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Spaldwick in 1086 is that it was within the range of 210 and 300 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acre; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were 29 ploughlands at Spaldwick in 1086. In addition to the arable land, there was 160 acre of meadows, 60 acre of woodland and a water mill at Spaldwick.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manor at Spaldwick the total tax assessed was 15 geld.

A church was not recorded at Spaldwick in the Domesday Book. The later medieval parish church is dedicated to St James. The church is a Grade I listed building. Its octagonal broach spire has three tiers of lucarne window openings.

Government
As a civil parish, Spaldwick has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. For the financial year ending 31 March 2015, the annual precept for Spaldwick was £10, 000. The parish council comprises seven parish councillors and a parish clerk.

Spaldwick was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Spaldwick became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Spaldwick is a part of the district ward of Ellington and is represented on the district council by one councillor. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Spaldwick the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Spaldwick is part of the electoral division of Sawtry and Ellington and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

At Westminster Spaldwick is in the parliamentary constituency of North West Cambridgeshire, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Spaldwick is represented in the House of Commons by Shailesh Vara (Conservative). Shailesh Vara has represented the constituency since 2005. The previous member of parliament was Brian Mawhinney (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1997 and 2005.

Population
In the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Spaldwick was recorded every ten years by the UK census. During this time the population was in the range of 249 (the lowest was in 1901) and 470 (the highest was in 1861).

From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 (due to the Second World War).

All population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight.

In 2011, the parish covered an area of 1829 acre and the population density of Spaldwick in 2011 was 220. 8 persons per square mile (85. 3 per square kilometre).

Culture and community
Across from the school is a children's playground, and behind the houses are trees and walking paths. It is home to a number of active clubs and groups. These include the Escape Group (a youth group focused on securing better facilities for young people in the village), Spaldwick Social Group (which organises various social events), Spaldwick Welcome Club (for the over-55s), Spaldwick Carpet Bowls Club, Spaldwick Community Room Users Association and Spaldwick Bell Ringers. The village also has its own monthly newsletter, Spaldwick News, which is delivered to nearly 260 homes by a team of volunteers. More information on these can be found on the Spaldwick website.

Spaldwick also has one of the largest service area forecourt sites in the UK, which re-opened following a rebuild in 2017, after a fire occurred following an armed robbery in 2015. It is operated by Applegreen which has a shop, Greggs, Costa and Subway.

Education
Spaldwick School is a small primary school for children aged 4 to 11, with about 168 pupils. It is located in Royston Avenue, Spaldwick.

title: Spaldwick


text:
Talk:Rulers of Hanover

I would propose to merge this article into Hanover (state) (for the rulers) and into House of Hanover (for the heads of the House after 1866). It turns out that Hanover (state) has been duplicating some of the information for some time, so one would have to be careful when merging so that nothing gets lost. Comments? --Chl 14:51, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rulers of Hanover


text:
Nikujaga

Nikujaga (肉じゃが) is a Japanese dish of meat, potatoes, and onions stewed in dashi, soy sauce, mirin, and sugar, sometimes with ito konnyaku and vegetables like carrots. Nikujaga is a kind of nimono. It is usually boiled until most of the liquid has been reduced. Thinly sliced beef is the most common meat used, although minced or ground beef is also popular. Pork is often used instead of beef in eastern Japan.

Nikujaga is a common home-cooked winter dish, served with a bowl of white rice and miso soup. It is also sometimes seen in izakayas.

History

Nikujaga was invented by chefs of the Imperial Japanese Navy in the late 19th century.

One story is that in 1895, Tōgō Heihachirō ordered naval cooks to create a version of the beef stews as served in the British Royal Navy. Tōgō was stationed in Maizuru, Kyoto, which established this Imperial Japanese Navy base as the birthplace of nikujaga.

The municipal government of Kure, Hiroshima, responded in 1898 with a competing claim that Tōgō commissioned the dish while serving as chief of staff of the Kure naval base.

title: Nikujaga