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Choushinsei Flashman

Choushinsei Flashman (超新星フラッシュマン) is a Japanese television show and the tenth installment in the Super Sentai metaseries produced by Toei Company. It was broadcast on TV Asahi from March 1, 1986, to February 21, 1987, replacing Dengeki Sentai Changeman, and ran for 50 episodes before it was replaced by Hikari Sentai Maskman. It was the first Sentai series that introduced a second giant robot, Titan Boy.

Yutaka Izubuchi designed all the characters in the series. He would return to design characters for Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters.

Storyline
In 1966, five infant children were kidnapped by an alien group known as the Alien Hunters for the Reconstructive Experiment Empire Mess, who wanted samples of humans from Earth to experiment on. The children were rescued by Mess' arch enemy, the Flash alien race, which took each one to a different planet of the Flash solar system for training. Each child was trained separately in a range of superpowers that will allow them to fight Mess, their bodies also adapted to the atmosphere of the Flash Solar System making them gain special abilities. When they finally return to Earth in 1986 to combat Mess, who is now trying to invade it, they use the opportunity to search for their birth parents.

Flashman
Raised in the harsh conditions of Planet Flash and its four moons, gaining powers in the Flash Star System, the eponymous Flashman team was brought up for the purpose of defeating Mess. The team can perform team attacks like the Combination Super Spear, a large energy spear created from the combined powers of the Flashmen.

 * Jin (ジン)/Red Flash (レッドフラッシュ): He learned science on the desert planet Flash Star, gaining scientific mental powers and scientific knowledge including a wealth of knowledge dealing with machinery. Kidnapped from Earth at age 3, given a scar by an Alien Hunter in the process. Since he was the oldest of the five kidnapped, his memories about the kidnapping are the strongest, although still fuzzy. He is the strongest of the team and as the eldest, takes an older brother-like role, making him a strong leader. Red Flash would reappear again 15 years after the series ending in Gaoranger VS Super Sentai along with his 23 fellow Red Warriors led by Red Falcon, in which all 24 Red leaders performed their respective role calls.
 * Weapons: Prism Holy Sword (プリズム聖剣), Red Vul (レッドバル)
 * Attacks: Fire Thunder (ファイヤーサンダー), Super Cutter (スーパーカッター)
 * Dai (ダイ)/Green Flash (グリーンフラッシュ): He gained great strength training on the rocky Green Star, enduring the most physical pain compared to his teammates. He made friends with boxer Ryuu Wakakusa, who further trained him in his boxing abilities. He arms himself with brass knuckles. Although he has a cold exterior, he is actually a very warm and charming person. He has a weak spot for women and loves nature and ramen. He befriended the teenage Sumire, who had actually died some years back and had been contacting Dai through telepathy.
 * Weapons: Prism Kaiser (プリズムカイザー), Green Vul (グリーンバル)
 * Attacks: Rolling Knuckles (ローリングナックル), Upside Down Kick, Super Piston (スーパーピストン), Knuckle Guards (ナックルガード)
 * Bun (ブン)/Blue Flash (ブルーフラッシュ): He gained speed and agility on the deserts of the Blue Star planet. He learned survival skills on the harsh planet of Blue Star, such as surviving 30 days on one cup of water and how to climb walls. He is sarcastic. As the youngest team member, he yearns most to find his parents.
 * Weapons: Prism Ball (プリズムボール), Star Darts (スターダーツ), Blue Vul (ブルーバル)
 * Attacks: Hurricane Volt (ハリケーンボルト), Super Cyclone (スーパーサイクロン)
 * Sara (サラ)/Yellow Flash (イエローフラッシュ): She developed a sharp mind on the ice planet Yellow Star, often seen as cold and serious herself by most people. However, she is actually a caring person. She is able to analyze the attacks and strategies of the villains. In the series finale, Sara learns that she is the biological daughter of Doctor Tokimura.
 * Weapons: Prism Batons (プリズムバトン), Yellow Vul (イエローバル), Shocking Beads (ショッキングビーズ)
 * Attacks: Snow Freeze (スノーフリーズ), Baton Spark (バトンスパーク), Super Blizzard (スーパーブリザード), Mach Blizzard (マッハブリザード), Super Version (スーパーバージョン)
 * Lou (ルー)/Pink Flash (ピンクフラッシュ): She developed incredible jumping abilities on high gravity planet Pink Star. She possesses immense physical strength, which causes her to easily exhaust herself. She once mothered a Beast Warrior.
 * Weapons: Prism Boots (プリズムブーツ), Pink Vul (ピンクバル), Shocking Hearts (ショッキングハート)
 * Attacks: Jet Kick (ジェットキック), Bomber Kick (ボンバーキック), Super Tap (スーパータップ), Zero-Gravity Beam (無重力ビーム),

Arsenal

 * Prism Flash (プリズムフラッシュ): The transformation device of the Flashmen. They transform by simply announcing the name of this Changer. When the suit has been formed, a transforming Flashman announces "Shut Goggle!" (シャットゴーグル) to close the visors.
 * Prism Shooter (プリズムシューター): The sidearms of the team that can either be used as handguns or separate into swords and shields to be used in their Combination Cross Boomerang attack.
 * Rolling Vulcan (ローリングバルカン): The finishing cannon of the team, assembled from the five Vul weapons. When used, Yellow Flash first targets the enemy, then the Vulcans begin to rapidly rotate and the shot is fire. In episode 32 it received a power up when the prisms of the Flashmen were upgraded.

Vehicles

 * Flash Hawks (フラッシュホーク): The motorcycles of the team.
 * Round Base (ラウンドベース): A box-like base capable of space travel. It brought the Flashmen to Earth.
 * Star Condor (スターコンドル): A plane-like flying fortress that carries the components of the Flash King.

Mecha

 * Flash King (フラッシュキング): Flashman's giant robot that is formed when the command "Combination - Flash Cross!" (合体! フラッシュクロス) is given. Its main weapon is the Cosmo Sword (コズモソード) and it destroys monsters with its finishing attack, the Super Cosmo Flash (スーパーコズモフラッシュ). Its other weapons are the King Shield (キングシールド), King Missiles (キングミサイル), King Knuckles (キングナックル) and the King Beam (キングビーム). It was temporarily destroyed in episode 15 when the monster The Zukonda caught it in a suicidal attack. It returned in episode 20 after the Titan Boy was defeated by the monster The Bluezass.
 * Tank Command (タンクコマンド): Red Flash's mecha. It is usually on the ground but flies for the formation of the Flash King to form its main body. It is stored in the front of the Star Condor. It is known as Tank Command 1 in the toy. It appeared again in Gaoranger Vs Super Sentai in the fight against Rakushaasa.
 * Jet Delta (ジェットデルタ): The fighter jet of Green Flash and Yellow Flash. It forms the right limbs of the Flash King. It is stored in the rear of the Star Condor, to the right of the Jet Seeker. It is known as Jet Delta 2 in the toy.
 * Jet Seeker (ジェットシーカー): The AWACS jet of Blue Flash and Pink Flash with a radar that allows it to track down any alien signals. It forms the left limbs of the Flash King. It is stored in the rear of the Star Condor, to the left of the Jet Delta. It is known as Jet Seeker 3 in the toy.
 * Flash Titan (フラッシュタイタン): A tractor-trailer secondary mecha for the Flashmen, able to convert into an airship mode.
 * Titan Boy (タイタンボーイ): The humanoid robot-shaped transformation of the Flash Titan's tractor section when the command "Flash Turn! Titan Boy!" is given. Its main weapons are the Radial Cutters (ラジアルカッター) and the Boy Cannons (ボーイキャノン).
 * Great Titan (グレートタイタン): The combination of the Titan Boy with the Flash Titan's trailer unit when the command "Flash Turn! Great Titan!" is announced. It destroys monsters with the Titan Nova (タイタンノバ) finishing attack.

Allies

 * Mag (マグ): A robot programmed by the aliens of the Flash Star to guard the Round Base from intruders. After being subdued by the Flashmen, Mag is reprogramed to assist them. He upgrades the prisms in their helmets to give them stronger prism weapons when the Mess officers power up, Mag can also pilot the Star Condor as seen in an episode where Jin Needs parts for his Flash Hawk.
 * Doctor Tokimura (時村博士): A scientist and family man who lost one of his children 20 years to the Alien Hunters. Because the Alien Hunters blurred his memories of the event, he has created a time machine in order to return to that time to find out more information regarding the events. He helps the Flashmen with his inventions. In the series finale, he discovers that Sara is his daughter.
 * Setsuko Tokimura (時村節子): The wife of Doctor Tokimura, who is also Sara's mother.
 * Hero Titan (英雄・タイタン): A legendary warrior of the Flash Stars. He is the one who the Flash aliens based their Flashman technology and mecha after. He was an honorable soldier who tracked down Mess from planet to planet in order to stop them. As a result of his travels away from the Flash system, he developed the Anti-Flash Phenomenon and died while in battle with Baraki.
 * Leh Baraki (レー・バラキ): The first creation of Lie Köpflen. He fought with Hero Titan and was saved by him; in awe of the legendary warrior's courage and honor, decided to defect from Mess and promised the dying Titan that he would deliver the Flash Titan when it was needed. Therefore, he fell into a slumber aboard the Flash Titan, who followed the Star Condor when it arrived to Earth, lying dormant until it was needed. He was killed by Kaura and the monster The Drake. In his dying breath, he tries to warn the Flashmen about a weak point of theirs that shall be their downfall, but expires before succeeding.

Reconstructive Experiment Empire Mess
The Reconstructive Experiment Empire Mess (改造実験帝国メス) takes over planets, using their lifeforms as raw materials in its experiments. Their goal is to transform its leader Ra Deus into the strongest being in the universe through repeated bio-augmentation. Their base of operations is the UFO-like spaceship called Labo.
 * Great Emperor Ra Deus (大帝ラー・デウス) (1-49): The leader of the Reconstructive Experiment Empire Mess who sought to become the ultimate life form. To fulfill that end, he recruited several Great Doctor's over the Eons, some he abducted like Doctor Köpflen. As a result, he has undergone several reconstructive operations in those years. He could fire energy shots from his fingers to punish his officers. Before the finale, after Kaura and Gardan dismantled Ra Deus, Ra Deus was transformed by Köpflen into the monster The Deusula. After being destroyed by the Flashmen, his broken mask was taken by Köpflen in order to extract its DNA and fuse it with Kragen for his final creation, The Demoss, which is put down by Great Titan. A big, immobile character, he is actually portrayed by a tall puppet-like mannequin.
 * Great Doctor Lie Köpflen (大博士リー・ケフレン): The right-hand man of Deus and creator of the empire's Beast Warriors by using a keyboard-like device called DNA Synthesizer. The centuries gave Köpflen a god complex as he turned his back on Lah Deus to become the ruler of Mess. Köpflen does not know that he is actually an Earthling just like the Flashmen and was abducted 300 years ago as a baby by Deus, who later trained him in genetics. In the final episode, he offers the Flashmen a chance to operate on them to repair their Anti-Flash Phenomenon in exchange for his life in the finale. After their refusal and the destruction of DNA, Synthesizer Köpflen dies in Labo's explosion.
 * Leh Wanda (レー・ワンダ) (1-47): A winged, zebra-like swordsman full of pride and overconfidence. He believes himself to be superior but is disgusted once he learns from Köpflen that he was a composite being created from five grotesque and ordinary creatures. Later powered up as the monster Wandarla, in which he possessed the power to stop time for exactly 3 seconds. By combining his powers with a Beast Warrior he could stop time in an area for an indefinite amount of time. He challenged Red Flash to a final duel to prove his strength after losing his power and was eventually destroyed.
 * Leh Näfel (レー・ネフェル): A cunning and cruel leopard-like loyal soldier, Näfel was among the first creations of Köpflen and in the final episode calls him "father". She had a talent for disguise and often caught members of Flashman off guard this way in order to attack them. She was later powered up to be able to transform into the monster Näfelura. She was stabbed to death by Red Flash while protecting Köpflen in the finale.
 * Leh Gals (レー・ガルス) (1-28): A big and strong commander made up of genes of wild beasts. This monster does not talk but roars a lot while fighting the Flashmen. He receives a power-up in Episode 28 but is destroyed by the Flash King.
 * Wolk and Kilt (ウルク＆キルト) (1-45): The assistants of Näfel which are derived from a wolf and a cat. In Episode 45 Kilt was transformed by Keflen into Deus Beast Warrior The Kiltos and was nearly killed by the Flashmen. To save her, Wolk decided to let herself be absorbed by her partner, however, their unified form was ultimately destroyed by the Great Titan.
 * Alien Hunters (エイリアンハンター): They are a gang of bounty hunters who worked most for Mess in rounding up lifeforms for them to experiment on.
 * Sir Kaura (サー・カウラー) (15-49): The leader of the Alien Hunters, He was the one who kidnapped the five infants who grew up into the Flashmen. He rebels once Mess keeps considering him an outsider, despite the success he has brought them. Red Flash severely wounded him in a fatal exchange of blows in Episode 48. After letting Sara discover the truth about her parents, Kaura decides to perform a kamikaze attack on Labo to kill Köpflen, but fails and ultimately dies in his UFO's explosion.
 * Bo Gardan (ボー・ガルダン) (43-48): The assistant leader of the Alien Hunters. He is armed with a pair of steel sticks. He was involuntarily mutated by Köpflen into the monster The Gardess.
 * Kerao (ケラオ) (15-43): An Alien Hunter armed with a laser gun, was eaten alive by the monster The Gitan.
 * Baura (バウラ) (15-44): An Alien Hunter armed with a huge scythe.
 * Hag (ハグ) (15-44): Armed with a bow and arrow, she was the sole female Alien Hunter. She was able to emit damaging beams from her eyes.
 * Hou (ホウ) (15-44): An Alien Hunter armed with a pair of boomerangs. He was also able to grapple opponents and electrocute them.
 * Zolors (ゾロー): The mass-produced foot soldiers of Mess, green-eyed, red-carapaced insectoid battle-troopers. They sprayed acidic strings from their mouths, which caused victims to disappear. (Since the word "Zolo" is Nihongo, the plural form is the same as the singular).
 * Kragen (クラーゲン): A giant monster created from jellyfish DNA that enlarges the Beast Warriors by energy transfer, shrinking itself in the process. Its name comes from the Japanese word for jellyfish - kurage (海月).

Episodes

 * 1) "Hurry! Save the Earth" (急げ! 地球を救え)
 * 2) "Behold! The Giant Robo" (見たか! 巨大ロボ)
 * 3) "An Old Enemy? Hunter!" (宿敵? ハンター!)
 * 4) "Mag is a Genius Robo?!" (マグは天才ロボ?!)
 * 5) "In the Care of the Female Warriors!" (女戦士に御用心!)
 * 6) "Roar! Machine" (ほえろ! マシーン)
 * 7) "Balloon! Become a Weapon" (風船よ武器になれ)
 * 8) "Father!! Mother!! Little Sister!" (父よ! 母よ! 妹よ)
 * 9) "The Doctor Who Travels Through Time" (時をかける博士)
 * 10) "Attack! The Flower Girl's Trap" (撃て! 花少女の罠)
 * 11) "Lou Is the Beast Warrior's Mother" (ルーは獣戦士の母)
 * 12) "Super Power! Wanda" (超パワー! ワンダ)
 * 13) "Intense Battle! Watch out, Jin" (激闘! 危うしジン)
 * 14) "Love!? Bun and the Female Gangster" (恋!? ブンとスケ番)
 * 15) "The Giant Robo Is Worn Out" (巨大ロボ破れたり)
 * 16) "The Human Minimini Plan" (人間ミニミニ作戦)
 * 17) "The Mysterious Giant Reckless Car!" (謎の巨大暴走車!)
 * 18) "Big Reversal! The Transforming Robo" (大逆転! 変身ロボ)
 * 19) "Baraki's Dying Warning" (バラキ決死の伝言)
 * 20) "Revival! Giant Robo!" (復活! 巨大ロボ!)
 * 21) "Sorrowful Sara" (悲しみのサラ)
 * 22) "SOS! Phoenix!" (SOS! 不死鳥!)
 * 23) "Heart-Pounding Wishes!" (お願いドキドキ!)
 * 24) "The Occult Summer Vacation" (オカルト夏休み)
 * 25) "Hurry, Jin, Combination is Impossible" (急げジン合体不能)
 * 26) "Space Pumpkin Cooking" (宇宙カボチャ料理)
 * 27) "Dai's Punch of Friendship" (ダイ友情のパンチ)
 * 28) "Sublime! Fiery Gals" (壮絶! 炎のガルス)
 * 29) "Monstrous Warrior Wandarla" (妖獣士ワンダーラ)
 * 30) "Bizarre Nefelura" (怪奇ネフェルーラ)
 * 31) "It Vanished! The Power of the 5" (消えた! 5人の)
 * 32) "We Like You, We Like You, Mag, We Like You" (すきすきマグすき)
 * 33) "Papa Won't Lose!" (パパは負けない!)
 * 34) "Bun Disappeared in the Rapids" (激流に消えたブン)
 * 35) "The Starry Sky's Duet" (星空のデュエット)
 * 36) "The Shocking Wonder Bug" (ドッキリ不思議虫)
 * 37) "A Ghost's First Love" (幽霊の初恋)
 * 38) "The Day Jin Dies?!" (ジンが死ぬ日?!)
 * 39) "Burn, Furious Sara" (燃えろ怒りのサラ)
 * 40) "Execution City, Operation XX" (処刑都市XX作戦)
 * 41) "Dai Becomes a Child" (子供にされたダイ)
 * 42) "Don't Cry! Female Warriors" (泣くな!女戦士)
 * 43) "Kaura's Treachery!" (カウラーの反逆!)
 * 44) "Deus Beast Warriors Appear" (デウス獣戦士出現)
 * 45) "Warrior! Leave the Earth" (戦士よ地球を去れ)
 * 46) "Only 20 Days to Live!!" (たった20日の命!!)
 * 47) "Wanda! Death Cry" (ワンダ! 死の絶叫)
 * 48) "The End of Kaura!!" (カウラーの最期!!)
 * 49) "Counterattack, Ra Deus" (逆襲ラー・デウス)
 * 50) "Farewell! Our Home Planet" (さらば! 故郷の星)

Movies

 * Choushinsei Flashman (theatrical short released the same day as episode 3)
 * Flashman: Big Rally! Titan Boy! (theatrical edit of episodes 15-18)

International broadcast and home video

 * In its home country of Japan, the full series was released by Toei Video for the first time on DVD from April 21, 2010 to August 6, 2010 with five volumes released, each containing 10 episodes in 2-disc sets within these individual releases. Seven episodes got included in the "Super Sentai Ichimi Blu-Ray 1982-1986" Blu-Ray release on April 14, 2021. The two movie releases were released on VHS, DVD (under the "Super Sentai THE MOVIE BOX" released on July 21, 2003) and also had a Blu-Ray release on June 21, 2011 for Volume 3 as part of the "Super Sentai THE MOVIE Blu-Ray BOX 1976-1995" although only the first movie was released on it.
 * The series was broadcast in France on TF1 as simply just Flashman debuting on September 5, 1988. This was actually the third Super Sentai series to air with a French dub on TV in the country, produced and licensed by AB Groupe and dubbing work by Studio SOFRECI. Fierce competition took place between this series and Hikari Sentai Maskman (Being aired as Bioman 2 : Maskman) as they aired the latter three months earlier and were both airing on the same channel around the same time, despite Maskman originally being produced and aired after this series in Japan. Only the first 21 episodes were aired, but they actually did dub all 50 episodes of this series in full, even though this series didn't air on TV for long. This was also the first Super Sentai series to air in the country without bearing the Bioman name.
 * In Latin America, both Brazilian Portuguese and Latin Spanish dubs were made and aired. Both were recorded and produced by Brazilian studio Álamo in 1986 and licensed by Everest Video. Both dubs used the same title under Comando Estelar Flashman (both meaning Star Commando Flashman), and uses the same voice cast, with the exception of the narrator whose lines were recorded via Film and Dubbing Productions in Puerto Rico for the Latin Spanish dub, done by Luis Antonio Rivera. The narration for the Brazilian Portuguese dub was done by Francisco Borges for the first ten episodes and Carlos Alberto Amaral for the remainder.
 * In Brazil, the Brazilian Portuguese dub aired on Rede Manchete debuting on March 6, 1989. This was the second series to air in the region following the success of Dengeki Sentai Changeman (titled Esquadrão Relâmpago Changeman in the region).
 * For the Latin American speaking countries, it was actually the first Super Sentai to be ordered towards producing a Spanish dub. It was broadcast in Ecuador on Ecuavisa, in Peru in 1994 on Panamericana Televisión and it was broadcast several times over many years in Bolivia on RTP. It also aired on TV Azteca in Mexico in 1998.
 * It was also broadcast in South Korea as Earth Protector Flashman (지구방위대 후뢰시맨, Jigu Bangwidae Hureoshimaen) debuting on July 10, 1989 until 1990 and it was the very first Super Sentai series to air in the country with a Korean dub and it was a huge hit. The full series was also later released on a DVD boxset and have both the original Japanese audio and Korean dub audio after Daiei Panda was revived and made negotiations with Toei in 2017.
 * The series was also broadcast in Thailand on Channel 7 as K̄hbwnkārsūpexr̒nowā Fælchmæn. (ขบวนการซูเปอร์โนวา แฟลชแมน). A separate Thai dub was released by Video Square for home video.
 * It was aired in Malaysia as also just Flashman on TV3 in 1989 with an English dub and later aired with a Malay dub on TV2 Malaysia Channel in 1994. Speedy Video released the English dub on VCD later on.
 * In Taiwan, the series aired with a Mandarin Chinese dub as Chāoxīnxīng Shǎnguāngrén (超新星閃光人, meaning Supernova Flashman) and aired in 1996 through 1997 on the Shouhua Cartoon Station, with all episodes dubbed.
 * In Indonesia, the series aired on RCTI in 1996 and dubbed in Indonesia. Unfortunately, the series is not finish to succeed all episodes.

Appearances in Power Rangers
The Flashmen appeared in Power Rangers Megaforce as the Prism Rangers.

Cast

 * Jin: Touta Tarumi
 * Dai: Kihachirō Uemura
 * Bun: Yasuhiro Ishiwata
 * Sara: Youko Nakamura
 * Lou: Mayumi Yoshida
 * Doctor Tokimura: Akira Ishihama
 * Setsuko Tokimura: Tamie Kubota
 * Great Doctor Lie Köphlen: Koji Shimizu
 * Leh Wanda: Yutaka Hirose (credited as Kazuhisa Harose)
 * Leh Näfel: Sayoko Hagiwara
 * Leh Gals: Hiroyuki Uchida
 * Wolk: Miyuki Nagato
 * Kilt: Yuko Kojima
 * Sir Kaura: Jouji Nakata
 * Hero Titan: Yoshinori Okamoto
 * Bo Gardan: Yoshinori Okamoto (Episode 43-48)
 * Narrator: Eiichi Onoda

Voice actors

 * Great Emperor Ra Deus: Unshō Ishizuka
 * Mag: Hiroko Maruyama

Guest Stars

 * Miran: Kazuoki Takahashi (credited as Kenji Kawai) (Episode 21)
 * Ryuu Wakakusa: Ryousuke Kaizu (Episode 27)
 * Sibelle: Mina Asami (Episode 40)

Songs

 * Opening Theme
 * "Choushinsei Flashman" (超新星フラッシュマン)
 * Lyrics: Reo Rinozuka (里乃塚 玲央)
 * Composition: Yukihide Takekawa (タケカワ ユキヒデ)
 * Arrangement: Keiichi Oku (奥 慶一)
 * Artist: Taku Kitahara (北原 拓)

 * Ending theme
 * "Fighting Pose, Flashman!" (ファイティングポーズ、フラッシュマン!)
 * Lyrics: Kōhei Oikawa (及川 恒平)
 * Composition: Yukihide Takekawa
 * Arrangement: Keiichi Oku
 * Artist: Taku Kitahara
 * Episode 50 has a special ending where credits roll like the end credits with a last scene special BGM, followed by a special preview of Maskman.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Choushinsei Flashman


text:
Bythorn

Bythorn is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Bythorn and Keyston, in Cambridgeshire, England. Bythorn lies approximately 11 mi west of Huntingdon near Molesworth. Bythorn is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. In 1931 the parish had a population of 129.

The parish church of St Lawrence is not mentioned in the Domesday Book. Evidence that a stone church stood on the site in the 12th century, however,is provided by elements of stone work from this original structure having been incorporated into the walls of the current church.

History
In 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.

Bythorn was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Leightonstone in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Bierne in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at Bythorn; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £5 and the rent had increased to £5 and 5 shillings in 1086.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there was 19 households at Bythorn. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Bythorn in 1086 is that it was within the range of 66 and 95 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acre; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there was 10 ploughlands at Bythorn in 1086. In addition to the arable land, there was 30 acre of meadows at Bythorn.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manor at Bythorn the total tax assessed was four geld.

In 1086 there was no church at Bythorn.

Government
Bythorn is part of the civil parish of Bythorn and Keyston, which has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. On 1 April 1935 the parish of Bythorn was abolished to form "Bythorn and Keyston".

Bythorn was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Bythorn became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Bythorn is a part of the district ward of Ellington and is represented on the district council by one councillor. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Bythorn the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Bythorn is a part of the electoral division of Sawtry and Ellington and is represented on the county council by one councillor. County councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Cambridgeshire County Council.

At Westminster, Bythorn is in the parliamentary constituency of North West Cambridgeshire and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Bythorn is represented in the House of Commons by Shailesh Vara (Conservative). Shailesh Vara has represented the constituency since 2005. The previous member of parliament was Brian Mawhinney (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1997 and 2005.

title: Bythorn


text:
All or Nothing

All or Nothing may refer to:

Film and television

 * All or Nothing (film), a 2002 film by Mike Leigh
 * All or Nothing (game show), a 2004–2005 Russian game show based on Deal or No Deal
 * All or Nothing (sports docuseries), an Amazon Prime series since 2016
 * "All or Nothing" (Glee), a 2013 television episode
 * "All or Nothing" (Wiseguy), a 1989 television episode
 * "All or Nothing", a 2014 episode of The Amazing Race 25

Games and gaming

 * All or Nothing (lottery), a game format offered by multiple lotteries in the United States
 * All or Nothing (video game), a computer game for the ZX Spectrum

Albums

 * All or Nothin' (54th Platoon album), 2002
 * All or Nothin' (Nikki Lane album), 2014
 * All or Nothing (Calyx and Teebee album), 2012
 * All or Nothing (Fat Joe album), 2005
 * All or Nothing (Jamala album) or the title song, 2013
 * All or Nothing (Jay Sean album) or the title song (see below), 2009
 * All or Nothing (Luba album), 1989
 * All or Nothing (Mikeschair album) or the title song, 2014
 * All or Nothing (Milli Vanilli album), a Europe-only release, or the title song (see below), 1988
 * All or Nothing (Milli Vanilli remix album), the European version of the U.S. release Girl You Know It's True, 1989
 * All or Nothing (Pennywise album) or the title song, 2012
 * All or Nothing (Prime Circle album), 2008
 * All or Nothing (Shopping album) or the title song, 2020
 * All or Nothing (The Subways album) or the title song, 2008
 * All or Nothing, by Aynsley Lister, 2002
 * All or Nothing, by Christopher Lawrence, 2004
 * Trill Entertainment Presents: All or Nothing, a compilation album, 2010

Songs

 * "All or Nothing" (Cher song), 1999
 * "All or Nothing" (Fiction Factory song), 1984
 * "All or Nothing" (Joe song), 1994
 * "All or Nothing" (KT Tunstall song), 2016
 * "All or Nothing" (Milli Vanilli song), 1990
 * "All or Nothing" (O-Town song), 2001; covered by Westlife (2006)
 * "All or Nothing" (Small Faces song), 1966
 * "All or Nothing" (Theory of a Deadman song), 2008
 * "All Er Nuthin', a song from the musical Oklahoma!
 * "All or Nothin, by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers from Into the Great Wide Open
 * "All or Nothing", by Au Revoir Simone from Still Night, Still Light
 * "All or Nothing", by Europe from Prisoners in Paradise
 * "All or Nothing", by Jay Sean from My Own Way
 * "All or Nothing", by Lost Frequencies from Less Is More
 * "All or Nothing", by Natalia from Wise Girl
 * "All or Nothing", by Naughty Boy
 * "All or Nothing", by Ratt from Detonator
 * "All or Nothing" 2023 single by DJ Topic and HRVY
 * "All or Nothing", by WEi

Other uses

 * All or nothing (armor), a method of armouring battleships
 * All or nothing option or binary option, a financial exotic option
 * All-or-nothing thinking or splitting, a psychological disorder or defense mechanism
 * All-or-nothing transform, in cryptography, an encryption mode
 * All-or-nothing mechanism, in horology, a part of a repeater

title: All or Nothing


text:
Terry Higgins

Terrence Lionel Seymour Higgins (10 June 1945 – 4 July 1982) was among the first people known to die of an AIDS-related illness in the United Kingdom.

Life
Born in Pembrokeshire, Wales, Higgins left Haverfordwest as a teenager due to feeling alienated because of his sexuality. He lived in London and worked as a Hansard reporter in the House of Commons during the day and as a nightclub barman and disc jockey in the evenings. He travelled to New York and Amsterdam as a DJ in the 1970s. Higgins collapsed at the nightclub Heaven while at work and was admitted to St Thomas' Hospital, London where he died of Pneumocystis pneumonia and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy on 4 July 1982.

Legacy
Martyn Butler, Rupert Whitaker and Tony Calvert initiated the formation of the Terry Higgins Trust. in 1982 with a group of concerned community-members and Terry's friends, including Len Robinson and Chris Peel; it is dedicated to preventing the spread of HIV, promoting awareness of AIDS, and providing supportive services to people with the disease.

title: Terry Higgins


text:
Communist Party of Germany (disambiguation)

Communist Party of Germany (in German: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD) is a name that has been and is being used by several Communist organizations in Germany.

 * The original Communist Party of Germany, founded in 1919. It was banned in West Germany in 1956, and became part of the Socialist Unity Party in East Germany
 * Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists (KPD/ML), a West German Maoist group existing from 1968 to 1986
 * Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen) ("Communist Party of Germany [Red Dawn]"), a communist party named after its party newspaper founded in 1985 as a remnant of the KPD/ML
 * Communist Party of Germany (1990), founded in 1990, also known as Communist Party of Germany (Red Flag) after its newspaper
 * Communist Party of Germany (Opposition), an opposition organisation from 1928 until 1939 or 1940, illegal from 1933


text:
Talk:Gefitinib

External link to Wall Street Journal article
I recently added the section on the Genzyme Test to the Gefitinib article.

User:Jfdwolff is a Dutch physician who repeatedly removes a reference that I added.

I included a reference to an article from the Wall Street Journal, because it was a good analysis that would be understood by patients. I also included the press release from the drug company. Jfdwolff continues to remove the Wall Street Journal link, he feels that the press release from the drug company is enough.

In the edit summary we began a dialogue of sorts. I asked him if he had read the article and he said he does not have a subscription to the Wall Street Journal.

I don't think this was a good reason on his part and also I think that Wikipedia articles should be helpful to the lay person, as well as the professional. A patient with cancer would go to the library or spend the money to read this article -- it is a good article which mentions other similar tests for current targeted therapies.

User:209.178.169.94 September 29, 2005

 * I need no introduction on Wikipedia. It is my impression that the link serves no purpose. If you could summarise what the article adds, then please do it here. The article is presently helpful to lay and professional people alike. JFW | T@lk  19:24, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Your response, I need no introduction on Wikipedia speaks volumes.

 * Before I answer your inquiry, I'd like to know why are you so rude to newcomers? I have seen other users' comments about your rude behavior. If you'd like, I'd be happy to start listing them here. You are in the habit of using multiple reverts to protect what you have written. You scare new people away.

 * As for the WSJ article, it uses plain English, it is geared toward the lay person, it has a chart that lists several targeted therapies, the cancers they are used on, the tests (like Genzyme's) that look for the target. The chart tells if the test is available or not. It is a very useful article for the patient, maybe not of value for an esteemed physician like yourself.

 * Now, what is your justification for a. using multiple reverts to wipe out this WSJ reference?

 * Joaquin Murietta 20:03, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * My rudeness is directly proportional to the amount of force used by an anon to maintain a particular version. Instead of explaining the merits of the article (for the removal of which I gave reasons), the anon simply put it back. As for "I need no introduction on Wikipedia" I actually meant that it is pointless to refer to me as a "Dutch physician", because I'm here as a Wikipedian and not as a product of my profession or nationality. JFW | T@lk  21:49, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

I've been asked to comment. My thought is that we shouldn't link to a paid use only site. If you can find a mirror of the article in question, or another site w similar facts, that would be better. Thanks, Sam Spade 20:09, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. Linked articles that require subscriptions (paid or not) should be deprecated.  However, it should be good practice to substitute the removed link with another of equal worth, if available.  This may be hard if you haven't got a subscription, and so don't know what to look for: it that instance, it would be reasonable to ask for a substitute on the talk page.  Noisy | Talk 20:47, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

I agree, the link serves little value to the article in question.  Sasquatch  t|c 21:14, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * What the article needs (and I would appreciate help in finding this) is support for the assertion that Astra and Genentech will have it easier marketing their -tinibs now that an EGFR assay has become available. Is this assertion supported by the WSJ link, or is this original research? JFW | T@lk  21:49, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, and I am curious what molecular biological method the Genzyme assay actually employs to assess EGFR positivity - is this with immunostaining/ELISA/something else? This would markedly improve the quality of Joaquin's fine contribution. JFW | T@lk  22:00, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Here's a good link: Findlaw.com. The test was discovered at Massachusetts General Hospital and Dana-Farber. It is performed in Genzyme's own lab. Tumour cells are microdissected, DNA is extracted and amplified by PCR before bidirectional sequencing of exons 18-21 of the EGFR is undertaken. The presence of mutations predicts response to gefitinib. JFW | T@lk  22:08, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I appreciate the chance to discuss this with reasonable people as opposed to a Pompous-Newbie-Basher.

As for the merits, is it correct that Wikipedia never cites to the Wall Street Journal because it is a for-pay service? Even if the WSJ has the best article?

Hmm....

Joaquin Murietta 23:32, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you should be able to cite it if you use information on it directly in the article (i.e. quote it or paraphrase what it has to say in a relavent fashion that fits in). But it's value as a stand alone external link is questionable at the best.  Sasquatch  t|c 01:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

More Rude Comments
For the record:

Regarding Gefitinib
No matter how trivial the change, you should always watch WP:3RR. Please don't violate it on something as trivial as a link, rather wait for consensus and then make changes. Thank you!  Sasquatch  t|c 21:32, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Consensus? With a pushy anon who wants to push his AstraZeneca stocks? JFW | T@lk  21:43, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * This is from my talkpage. I will discuss the issue on Joaquin's talkpage, as this is not pertaining to the article but to user conduct. JFW | T@lk  16:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

About Me

 * I don't own the stock. I don't own Astra Zeneca
 * Jfdwolff opined that the Press Release from Asrtra Zeneca was a good substitute for the WSJ article. I did not accuse him of pushing the stock.
 * I am not a physician, I am a patient.
 * Patients need access to the WSJ article.
 * Does the three reverts rule apply to everyone?
 * We have spent more bandwith discussing this than the link, so what is the harm in including it? Joaquin Murietta 00:26, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Noted. See you talk. JFW | T@lk  16:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Lancet
This article from this week's Lancet makes it unlikely gefitinib has much of a feature. JFW | T@lk  23:23, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Some Issues
I've been researching this and found some points in the article that don't ring true: e.g. The Wikiepedia article says "In 2004, AstraZeneca informed the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that a large randomized study [1] failed to demonstrate a survival advantage for gefitinib in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)." [1] is Pao "EGF receptor gene mutations are common in lung cancers from "never smokers" and are associated with sensitivity of tumors to gefitinib and erlotinib." This paper says absolutely nothing about the FDA. It *doesn't* say gefitinib has no survival advantage either. It says something quite different from the above editor. Heck guys; we have to get our facts straight here. I read the above two weeks ago and didn't realize how out of whack this Wikipedia entry was until I went through the papers. We are talking about Cancer here. We owe it to the people reading this article to get our facts straight before we start blithely editing!

What reference [1] does do is refer to a study that says "In two phase II trials, radiographic regressions of tumors were observed in 28% of patients treated in Japan and 10% of those studied in Europe and the U.S." Here is the AstraZeneca announcement: http://www.astrazeneca.com/pressrelease/4245.aspx "There was a statistically significant improvement in tumour shrinkage (objective response rate), which did not translate into a statistically significant survival benefit. Prospective subgroup analyses suggested survival benefits in patients of Oriental origin and in patients who never smoked. " There are other papers which tie in certain TGFR mutations with responsiveness to gefitinib treatment, which is why it only works in some patients. I'll get these straight then edit. - 24 August 2006 User:203.219.25.172

New Comments
Some comments to consider from someone who unfortunately does not have the time to participate in Wiki as much as I'd like. There are several genetic biomarkers being researched to help identify those patients that will or will not respond to geftinib and erlotinib. These are EGFR amplification, EGFR mutations and KRAS mutations. If these are ready or not for clinical use is a matter of opinion and debate. There are a number of companies offering genetic testing for all of these genetic biomarkers. To focus on one company (Genzyme) when there are others, e.g. Quest Diagnostics, LabCorp, CARISDx, ResponseDx, PhenoPath and ARUP Laboratories, is a bias that ought to be corrected. --Leapy99 (talk) 04:24, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

I agree, the focus on a single company and test in an article about a drug is a bit...odd...to say the least.ChillyMD (talk) 20:49, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

various problems
I believe "The target protein (EGFR) is a family of receptors" should be "The target protein (EGFR) is a member of a family of receptors"; I think erbB1 is EGFR while erbB2 & erbB3 are different receptors (but check this before making any changes). Minor wording problems - Clinical uses - "As at August 2012" should be "As of August 2012". "In 2014 in the TRANSCOG study (Petty et al.), demonstrated..." is ungrammatical. I suggest deleting the word "in" & the comma. Studies - "longer for Gefitinib than chemotherapy" - gefitinib is chemotherapy; I suggest "standard chemotherapy". 69.72.92.34 (talk) 05:55, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gefitinib


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Freak Power Network

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 08:31, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

The Freak Power Network
Vanity page. Only one google hit. All external links are to "coming soon" sites. Most "Rocky the Dog" google hits are from Microsoft's PR dog, and it's not clear how many google hits for "Chris Ramsay" refer to the one mentioned in this article. Interiot 14:49, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Not a vanity page actually. I was unaware that the web presenses for these items were not currently active. These are valid entities on the Eastern Canadian underground literature scene. Legions-of-Pluto 10:34, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 01:08, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Wikipedia is for independent, verifiable information about notable topics, it is not free web space for advertising groups who want to some day become notable. -- Corvus 18:09, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Grégory Pujol

Grégory Pujol (born 25 January 1980) is a French professional footballer who plays as a striker for French amateur club Saint-Amand FC.

Career
Pujol's previous clubs are FC Nantes, R.S.C. Anderlecht and CS Sedan. With the Belgian side, after spending the entire season on the bench, he profited from starter Nicolás Frutos's injury to leave his mark (11 games, 4 goals) on a team that won that season's Jupiler League title. After suffering relegation to Ligue 2 with Valenciennes in the 2013–14 season, Pujol left the club and signed a two-year contract with the promoted team Gazélec Ajaccio.

Pujol came out of retirement after three years in June 2019, and joined French amateur club Saint-Amand Football Club.

title: Grégory Pujol