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5 Aquilae

5 Aquilae (abbreviated 5 Aql) is a quadruple star system in the constellation of Aquila. 5 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation. The combined apparent visual magnitude of the system is 5.9, which means it is faintly visible to the naked eye. With an annual parallax shift of 8.94 mas, the distance to this system is estimated as approximately 360 ly, albeit with a 13% margin of error.

Two of the components of this system, 5 Aquilae Aa and Ab, are Am stars. That is, they are chemically peculiar stars that show unusual abundances of elements other than hydrogen and helium. The two orbit each other with a period lasting 33.65 years at an eccentricity of 0.33. One of these stars is itself a close spectroscopic binary, with a 4.765 day period and a nearly circular orbit that has an eccentricity of just 0.02. The fourth component, 5 Aquilae B, is a magnitude 7.65 F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of F3 Vm. It is at an angular separation of 12.71 arcseconds from the other members of the system.

title: 5 Aquilae


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10 Aquilae

10 Aquilae (abbreviated 10 Aql) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 10 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.9 and thus is a faint star that is just visible to the naked eye in dark skies. The brightness of this star is diminished by 0.17 in visual magnitude from extinction caused by interstellar gas and dust. Based on an annual parallax shift of 13.45 mas, the distance to this star is around 240 ly.

The outer envelope of this star has an effective temperature of 7,550 K, giving it the yellow-white hued glow of an F-type star. It is a type of chemically peculiar star known as an Ap star, as indicated by the 'p' in the stellar classification.

10 Aql was described as a variable star in 1973 and a period of six days was suggested. Its small amplitude, period, chemical peculiarity, and position in the H–R diagram indicated that it may be an α2 CVn variable and it was given this classification in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars, along with the variable star designation V1286 Aquilae. Later studies showed that the period was spurious and several very short pulsation periods were found: 11.6, 12.0, and 13.4 minutes. This indicated that 10 Aql was a member of the new rapidly oscillating Ap star class.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 10 Aquilae


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64 Aquilae

64 Aquilae, abbreviated 64 Aql, is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 64 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation. It is a faint star that requires good viewing conditions to see, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.97. The distance to 64 Aql, as determined from its annual parallax shift of 2$1.023$, is 152.2 light years. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction of 0.029 due to interstellar dust. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −3.6 km/s.

This is an evolved giant star currently on the red giant branch with a stellar classification of K1 III/IV. The luminosity class of 'III/IV' indicates the spectrum shows a blend of features matching a subgiant and giant star. It is around 6.2 billion years old with 1.17 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 4.5 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 11 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,786 K.

title: 64 Aquilae


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8 Aquilae

8 Aquilae is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila, located 271 light years away from the Sun. 8 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation. It can be viewed with the naked eye in good seeing conditions, appearing as a dim, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.08. The star is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +12 km/s.

Abt and Morrell (1995) found a stellar classification of F0 IV for this star, suggesting it is an F-type subgiant. In their 2010 study, Fox Machado et al. assigned a class of F2 III, which matches an evolved giant star. Despite the spectral classifications, evolutionary models place the star towards the end of its main sequence life, with an age of about a billion years.

8 Aquilae is a Delta Scuti variable with at least three overlapping pulsation frequencies, although the total amplitude of its brightness variations is only about 0.02 magnitudes. It has a relatively high rotation rate, showing a projected rotational velocity of 105 km/s. It has 1.6 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 19 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 7,395 K.

title: 8 Aquilae


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68 Aquilae

68 Aquilae (abbreviated 68 Aql) is a double star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 68 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation. Its apparent magnitude is 6.12.

title: 68 Aquilae


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24 Aquilae

24 Aquilae (abbreviated 24 Aql) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 24 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation. It is located at a distance of around 434 ly from Earth and has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.4. According to the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, this star is just visible to the naked eye in dark rural skies. It is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −26 km/s.

This is a so-called mild barium star, as identified by the presence of a weak absorption line of singly-ionized barium atoms at a wavelength of 455.4 nm. Such stars display an atmospheric overabundance of carbon and the heavy elements produced by the s-process, which was most likely transferred into the atmosphere by a wide binary stellar companion. However, in the case of 24 Aquilae, the abundances of heavy elements are near normal.

At an estimated age of a half billion years, 24 Aquilae is a evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K0 IIIa. It has more than double the mass of the Sun, 11 times the Sun's radius, and shines with 56 times the Sun's luminosity. It is radiating this energy into space from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,733 K. This heat is what gives it the cool orange hue characteristic of a K-type star.

title: 24 Aquilae


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User talk:Aqhaha

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. – ABCD✉ 04:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aqhaha


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Talk:56 Aquilae

Notability
What is at all notable about THIS star? There are, to quote Carl Sagan, BILLIONS AND BILLIONS of stars. That's more than even people on the planet, yet every person does not warrant an encyclopedia article.--Daniel Lotspeich 04:01, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * on second thought...stars will be there in 100 yrs, even if we and wikipedia will not be. that's notable enough for me.--Daniel Lotspeich 04:23, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:56 Aquilae


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/56 Aquilae

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Physchim62 15:09, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

56 Aquilae
Nom&vote delete. What is at all notable about THIS star? There are, to quote Carl Sagan, BILLIONS AND BILLIONS of stars. That's more than even people on the planet, yet every person does not warrant an encyclopedia article. Daniel Lotspeich 04:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps deletion not the right course, but what really is it about this star that warrants its place here. I can easily peak out my window now and there are stars.  So what?--Daniel Lotspeich 04:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Change my vote to keep. I'll do some research on details of the star.  --Daniel Lotspeich 04:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * By the way, I'm a newbie and just changed my username from Daniel Lotspeich to Gaff. I want to be upfront about that to avoid any confusion or accusations of sockpuppetry.--Gaff talk 23:21, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep all stars that can be seen by peeking out of the window. (apparent magnitude <=6). Kappa 04:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article is linked to from a table entitled "Notable and named stars". In addition, 56 Aquilae is brighter than two planet-bearing stars within Aquila, which both have articles. --Merovingian (t) (c) ( e ) 04:16, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What if it was a smaller star, like any number of the smaller stars that you posted last night Merovingian? I think that all of those ought to remain here, but if others disagree, perhaps we need to establish guidelines for star notability.  Simply, I think that all known stars are notable.  As new stars are discovered (even if only knowable by sophisticated instrumentation, they too should be logged.--Gaff talk 21:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete unless you can find something really good, there's about 1.0x10^21 stars, which would together take up quite a bit of server space. --CastAStone 04:17, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * From what I have read, server space is really not an issue with wikipedia. And I doubt seriously that all 1.0x10^21 stars will ever get logged, but good luck.  When they do, my vote for ALL will be KEEP.  Way more notable that all the Final Fantasy and WarCraft 3 garbaaaage that winds up on wikipedia.--Daniel Lotspeich 04:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep as notable astronomical object. Capitalistroadster 05:30, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep useful entry--but wikipedia should have only visible or 'historical' stars ie. apparent magnitude <=6 Eric A. Warbuton 07:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree with that Eric. I think that wikipedia should have every single star ever named or noted!--Gaff 07:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Whenever an article is deleted from Wikipedia, a star goes out in the sky... Mind you, 57 Aquilae is a much more interesting object. Grutness...  wha?  10:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, random star. Pilatus 11:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not give any information that makes the star different from thousands of others. If it is indeed "notable" and "interesting", then write the reason for that down in the article, and I'll withdraw my vote. - Andre Engels 13:22, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As of now, it looks like Pilatus and AndreEngels are only holdouts voting to delete. Hopefully they will come around so we can have a consensus.  I really cannot see how this article will be deleted without creating a lot of controversy.  As Marskell describes below, a better method of categorizing stars, e.g. by constellation will make for  project in the future.  For now, keep the article as it contains useful information.--Gaff talk 22:21, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Gaff, when I said take a deep breath I didn't mean it to belittle you but to underscore that you need not get overly anxious about a vote that is going in the direction you desire. This article will be kept. Twelve to fifteen keep with two deletes is consensus. If twenty odd deletes appeared in the next minute it would still be kept (and note again I have not voted delete here). So don't worry! And don't badger the one or two people voting delete—they don't have to "come around." Start User:Gaff/Star chart. I will help you. Yes, these one liner entries could be placed in a more useful spot. Marskell 22:59, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. DS 14:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — there are only a few thousand stars visible to the naked eye, and even fewer that have Flamsteed designations. That makes it notable enough to keep, at least in my book. :) — RJH 16:08, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Even if a star is not visible to the naked eye, it is still notable. Stars are significant enough by the mere fact of their existence.  As will be every planet known and yet to be discovered.  Asteroids may be questionable.  Moons of planets are notable.  All stars are notable.  BTW I will sign this 'Gaff' but to avoid any accusations of sock puppetry, note that I am Daniel Lotspeich (nominator of this article for AfD in the first place).--Gaff 17:22, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, neutral, factual, verifiable. Trollderella 16:17, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment "Stars are significant enough by the mere fact of their existence." No: a mass of "hydrogen and helium" is non-notable in the same way the "bricks and mortar" of my corner store is non-notable—in some ways even more so, because at least I can provide incidental details of a corner store. Stars with planets, luminous and visible stars, stars in notable constellations etc., OK. I'll wait for a second sentence here to prove something of this sort. Marskell 21:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Stars that are visible from where? Stars are not even in the same league as bricks and mortar on the corner store.  I'm not arguing that every quark in every nucleus of every atom of helium in every star warrants an article.  But I thought that wikipedia would contain the sum of all human knowledge or something along those lines.  Lets start by agreeing that really, really big things like stars are notable and go from there.  What about galaxies known to exist that are not visible to the naked eye?  Should they be left out as well??  --Gaff talk 21:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Visible from here. "Systemic bias surely!" "Indeed, I'm systemically biased toward the Earth!" Yes, from a certain perspective stars are of course in a different league than corner stores but their representation here isn't. If I can't say anything about it beyond the fact of its existence (or non-notable incidentals—"red brick store," "m class star") I don't think it belongs. Wiki is not a (star or any other type of) directory. Note, however, I'm not delete. Just again, prove its more than your average mass of a quintillion pounds of hydrogen :). Marskell 22:07, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Its an issue of scale. Every known star is notable as far as I am concerned.  Even if not visible to the naked eye.  (As an aside, I wear contacts.  If some evening I do not have on my contacts and cannot see a certain star, can I vote to have it deleted?)  I'm not suggesting we catalog every brick just because each is unique in its own way, but every star?  Stars are just so darned big that how can one argue they are non-notable.  I'm also not suggesting that wikipedia be merely a directory of dry facts either.  That's why the article need still be labeled stub.  But in the case of extraordinarily gigantic things like stars, I think they are notable by the mere fact of their existence...--Gaff talk 23:18, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed they are darned big, but to repeat if you can't say more about them than the fact that they exist they don't belong. Do you know how many M class stars astronomers figure are in the galaxy? Yes we could have a quarter trillion pages (not a joke) with the following "8978735812cxh is an M-class red dwarf" or "3846751191olm is an M-class red dwarf" or, say, "5770192281jqa is an M-class red dwarf" but, hey, I don't think that's why wiki is here. Or this wiki at least. Start wikistars! Marskell 23:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Seriously? A quarter million M-class red dwarfs?  That would take a long time to catalog.  How long do you think that this encyclopedia will be around?  Is money to finance the storage of an encyclopedia as all encomassing as this one hopes to be a limiting factor, to keep it from ever containing the sum of human knowledge?  Even to limit it from containing known verifiable objects of the magnitude of an M-class red dwarf?  If 100 yrs from now wikipedia is still around and people are wanting something to put in the encyclopedia, only to find that guys like Merovingian have already cataloged all 'visible' stars, then will it be worthy of entry?  What is the harm in having lesser stars here alongside the pieces of magic armor from Warcraft 3 or an obsolete operating system?  --Gaff talk 23:39, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No, a quarter trillion (six orders of magnitude difference). And no, we don't and never will have server space for a quarter trillion anything. Marskell 23:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, lets cross that bridge when we get there. For now, I vote every star stays.  Out of curiosity, how much server space would that require?--Gaff talk 05:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Seriously folks, write articles on all the stars in the sky. There will be no problem finding server space.  There are in fact doctors around here that have an interest in WP projects and will help finance the endeavor.--Gaff talk 11:01, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * keep agree with Kappa. Jeez guys!  There are only 2,000 naked eye visible stars!  Wiki is not paper, for crying out loud.  There is no downside to keeping this star.  --  Geo Swan 22:16, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: We have more articles for little villages in the middle of nowhere than stars. The stars are going to be around a lot longer than the villages.  --Merovingian (t) (c) ( e ) 02:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Astronomy, light pollution notwithstanding, is actually a very interesting subject for us insomniacs without a social life. --Fire Star 02:50, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Notable or not, there is no point in dedicating an entire article to: Phi2 Cancri (abbr.: 23/φ2 Cnc) is a star in the constellation Cancer. Its apparent magnitude is 6.30. (As an example) The existence of something does not make it notable until we know something about it. If something revolutionary is discovered about any of the 15 other one-line star articles, then I would emphatically vote to keep them, but as is, there is nothing notable enough about most of these stars to have them in anything but List of stars in the constellation Cancer. -  Pure  blade  | ☼ 03:53, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The only problem with that is that there is already a list of sorts in the Cancer (constellation) article. --Merovingian (t) (c) ( e ) 03:59, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * And these are stubs that are being created here. Not ready for Featured Article to be sure, but as stubs go, they are valid.  Sorry to keep repeating myself, but stars are significant and notable.--Gaff talk 04:08, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep  [[Image:Smilie.gif|20px]] Molotov [[Image:Caranimationforvmolotov.gif|25px]]   (talk)    04:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but expand There's gotta be more info one can add to this star. Masterhatch 10:56, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. They are all stubs.  Ready to be expanded.--Gaff talk 10:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * First Gaff, take a deep breath. It's going to be kept OK? Yes, you're repeating all "stars are significant and notable" but there is no argument as to why beyond darned big and that strikes me as insufficient. "Keep but expand"? In a large number of cases expansion isn't really going to be possible. There is very very little that actually differentiates one star from another and that which does—metallicity say—isn't a notability claim. As, I think, Martin Rees once said "an insect is more complicated than a star." A series of single sentence entries doesn't strike me as useful; indeed, creating constellation lists and having the star name redirect there might be more user-friendly. Marskell 13:27, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your expressed concern regarding the volume of my respirations. Rest assured my breathing is just fine.  Its a good thing that the article will be kept as it along with any article on a star is notable (as per all of my arguments above).--Gaff talk 16:18, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * But I do appreciate your comments about keeping things user friendly. A centralized list of stars might prevent sprawl.  It will be a very long list, but might be a better way to go tha trillions of separate articles.  Although, there is something cool about hitting the random article link in the sidebar and finding a star.--Gaff talk 16:35, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not a centralized list for all: arrange by constellation and have each individual star name re-direct to it. If not in a constellation then yes, a generic list. Save individual star pages for stars that have planets, are super-massive etc. And create a template chart: apparent magnitude, spectral class, planets (yes/no), metallicity, variable (yes/no) etc. Searching "56 Aquilae" and coming up with a list like this rather than the page as it stands would be more useful. Marskell 22:12, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The article already links back to its home constellation. I see no harm in having a separate article for each star.  I do like your proposal for organazing stars on the constellation page, although the way they are already is nice as well.  Kudos to Merovingian btw for tirelessly plugging in star article after star article the way that he has been recently.  My vote remains keep.--Gaff  talk  08:22, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep per RJH. Xoloz 15:28, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Is there a database somewhere we could import info on stars from, a la Rambot? the wub  "?!"  23:29, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - All these uninteresting stars don't need an article of their own. They should be listed on one page. Any star that is notable can get a page to itself. Seriously, it's bad enough clicking "Random Article" and getting a US county every second time without hundreds of stubs about unremarkable stars compounding the problem. Reyk 04:13, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I should add: just because a certain bit of information is worth having in Wikipedia, it doesn't automatically make it worthy of an article to itself. In fact, by having a seperate article for information that could just as easily be listed in a table, the reader loses out by not being able to compare the thing in question with other similar things. Reyk 05:48, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Preferably merge to Aquila. Failing that, delete. All the information presented is factual and encyclopedic, but as its own article it's a permanent stub. Some stars are notable, but this star is not. N (t/c) 14:38, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If you look at the page Aquila, you will find an entry for Aquila (constellation). On that page, near the bottom is a table of notable and named stars.  The question here is more about how to handle all stars, not just this particular star.—Gaff  talk  15:33, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, then, merge to that list. As to the issue of "all stars", that must be decided on a case-by-case basis, but I say that stars get articles if and only if there is something more to say about them than the standard luminosity, spectral class, size, date of discovery, etc. N (t/c) 19:09, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That may in fact be the most reasonable course, then maybe have redirects from the names of lesser stars back to their specific constellation. The "all stars" issue is a current issue, that maybe needs to be addressed on more than a case by case basis.  Merovingian and other users have been working hard to create many, many articles on individual stars that they feel are notable enough to warrant individual articles.  Perhaps a project or taskforce 'stars' could be created to reach a consensus on how to handle this question.  I was the one to first nom this for deletion.  However, I see that it is not a clear cut issue, as evidenced by the fact that the contributor is Merovingian, who has made extensive contributions to WP and is running for the arbitration committee.  There are many, many star articles on WP now, and perhaps a more formal policy needs to be created to manage such an enormous topic.—Gaff  talk  20:47, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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16 Aurigae

16 Aurigae is a triple star system located 232 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.547, and is located about 2/3 of the way from Capella toward Beta Tauri. It also lies in the midst of the Melotte 31 cluster, but is merely a line-of-sight interloper. The system has a relatively high proper motion, advancing across the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.166 arc seconds per annum, and is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −28 km/s.

The primary component is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 434.16 days and an eccentricity of 0.1189. The visible member is an aging K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K2.5 IIIb CN-0.5; sometimes just given as K3 III. The notation of the former class indicates weak lines of CN in the spectrum. This star is an estimated five billion years old with 1.30 times the mass of the Sun. As a consequence of exhausting the hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to 18.8 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 112 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,264 K.

A third component is an magnitude 10.6 star at an angular separation of $31.63$. It shows a common proper motion with the primary and thus is a likely third member of the system.

title: 16 Aurigae


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2 Aurigae

2 Aurigae is a possible binary star system in the northern constellation of Auriga. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.79. It forms an attractive four-star asterism when viewed in a low power eyepiece, together with the nearby HIP 22647 and another very loose visual pair, HIP 22776 and HIP 22744, all above magnitude 8. 2 Aurigae is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −17 km/s.

The visible component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K3- III Ba0.4. The suffix notation indicates this is a mild barium star, which means the stellar atmosphere is enriched with s-process elements. It is either a member of a close binary system and has previously acquired these elements from a (now) white dwarf companion or else it is on the asymptotic giant branch and is generating the elements itself. 2 Aurigae is 1.80 billion years old with 2.86 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 48 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 599 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,115 K.

title: 2 Aurigae


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Mu Aurigae

Mu Aurigae, Latinized as μ Aurigae, is the Bayer designation for an unconfirmed binary star in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.88. Based upon an annual parallax shift of $26$ as seen from Earth, is located 157 light-years from the Sun.

This is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A4 Vm; the 'm' suffix indicating that abnormal abundances of heavier elements appear in the star's spectrum, making this an Am star. It is 560 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of $-0.3$. It has double the mass of the Sun and is radiating 23 times the Sun's luminosity at an effective temperature of $20.722 mas$.

A very close companion has been reported using speckle interferometry, but this remains unconfirmed. The separation at discovery in 1986 was $80 km/s$ and it was measured at $7,500 K$ in 1999. It was catalogued by Hipparcos as a problem binary, indicating that the measurements of its position were not consistent with the motion of a single star, but no satisfactory orbit could be found to match the motion

Name
This star, along with λ Aur and σ Aur, were Kazwini's Al Ḣibāʽ (ألحباع), the Tent. According to the catalogue of stars in the Technical Memorandum 33-507 - A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars, Al Ḣibāʽ were the title for three stars: λ Aur as Al Ḣibāʽ I, μ Aur as Al Ḣibāʽ II and σ Aur as Al Ḣibāʽ III.

In Chinese, 天潢 (Tiān Guāng), meaning Celestial Pier, refers to an asterism consisting of μ Aurigae, 19 Aurigae, φ Aurigae, 14 Aurigae and σ Aurigae. Consequently, μ Aurigae itself is known as 天潢五 (Tiān Guāng wu, the First Star of Celestial Pier).

title: Mu Aurigae


text:
Betty Leslie-Melville

Betty Leslie-Melville (née McDonnell; March 7, 1927 – September 23, 2005) was an American born author and conservationist.

Early life
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, on March 7, 1927, the daughter of a chiropractor, Leslie-Melville attended Johns Hopkins University.

Family life
Betty married Jock Leslie-Melville in 1964.

She was instrumental in creating sanctuaries to preserve the subspecies of the Rothschild's giraffe in Kenya. Often called the "Giraffe Lady," she spent much of her life living and working in Kenya protecting and caring for the Rothschild's giraffe population there, primarily through a breeding programme established at her residence, Giraffe Manor. During her time working there, the Rothschild's giraffe population grew from about one hundred twenty to over four hundred.

Along with her husband Jock Leslie-Melville and their adopted giraffe Daisy, they were the subject of the film The Last Giraffe (1979) with Susan Anspach playing Betty.

As part of their fund-raising efforts, Betty and Jock Leslie-Melville collaborated on a series of books about animals, most of them characterized by Betty's rather entertaining style. Raising Daisy Rothschild (1977) "the story of two delightful young people and how they raised and grew to love a young giraffe... or two" became a best-seller. Other animal stories and fiction publications include: Elephant Have Right of Way (1973), There's a Rhino in the Rose Bed, Mother (1973), That Nairobi Affair (1975), Bagamoyo: Here I Leave My Heart (1983), A Falling Star: A True Story of Romance (1986), The Giraffe Lady (1997), Daisy Rothschild: The Giraffe That Lives with Me (children's book, 1987), and Walter Warthog (1989), a children's story about the tame warthog they named after their friend Walter Cronkite, the CBS News anchorman. The books helped to raise more funds for the Giraffe Centre that they set up at Lang'ata, Kenya in 1983. She died on September 23, 2005, in Baltimore.

title: Betty Leslie-Melville


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1 Aurigae

1 Aurigae is the original name for a star now in the constellation Perseus. It was the first entry in John Flamsteed's catalogue of stars in Auriga. When Eugène Joseph Delporte drew up simplified boundaries for the constellations on behalf of the International Astronomical Union in 1930, 1 Aurigae ended up over the border in Perseus. To avoid confusion, the star may instead be referred to by its Harvard Revised catalogue number, HR 1533.

Based upon its parallax measurement of $44$, this star is located approximately 520 light years from Earth. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.89. 1 Aurigae is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −25 km/s.

This is a possible binary star system, based upon the status of the visible component as a mild barium star. The primary is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K3.5 III Ba0.2:. It is 3.9 billion years old with 1.49 times the mass of the Sun and around 44 times the Sun's radius. This star is radiating 561 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,102 K. The suspected companion star should be a white dwarf that previously transferred s-process elements to the visible member.

title: 1 Aurigae


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63 Aurigae

63 Aurigae is a single star located around 395 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent magnitude of 4.91. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −28 km/s.

This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K4 III. After exhausting the hydrogen at its core, the star has expanded to 37 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 335 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,068 K.

It was also known to be part of a much bigger constellation named Telescopium Herschelii before it was unrecognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

title: 63 Aurigae


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John S. Herron

John S. Herron (November 7, 1872 – September 13, 1947), served as the 48th Mayor of Pittsburgh from 1933 to 1934.

Early life
Born in Oswego, New York, Herron came to Pittsburgh as a blue-collar worker and quickly entered leadership as President of the Bricklayers Union. Using his labor connections Herron ran for City Council successfully in 1913 and served on council until he ascended to mayorship as city council president in 1933 due to Charles Kline's resignation. He was defeated in his bid for a full term later in the year.

Pittsburgh politics
Herron served only one term as Pittsburgh Mayor and had an uneventful administration. During his term, the city adopted the repeal of the commonwealth's "Sunday Blue Laws" prohibiting business and sports for 24 hours. The repeal of the Blue Laws made it possible for the future Pittsburgh Steelers to join the National Football League. Upon leaving the mayor's office he served as County Commissioner until his death in 1947.

To date, Herron holds the distinction of having been the last Republican mayor of the City of Pittsburgh.

title: John S. Herron


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Xi Aurigae

Xi Aurigae, Latinized from ξ Aurigae, is the Bayer designation for a single, white-hued star in the northern constellation of Auriga. This star was once considered part of the constellation of Camelopardalis and held the Flamsteed designation 32 Camelopardalis. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.0. The measured annual parallax shift of this star is 13.37 ± 0.17 mas, which corresponds to a physical distance of 244 ly with a 3 light-year margin of error. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction of 0.108 due to interstellar dust.

This is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A2 Va. Although it was one of the first stars to be cataloged as a Lambda Boötis star, Murphy et al. (2015) don't consider it to be a member of this population. The star has nearly twice the mass of the Sun and about 1.1 times the Sun's radius. It is an estimated 174 million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 62 km/s. Xi Aurigae is radiating 49.5 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 9,152 K.

title: Xi Aurigae


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William N. McNair

William N. McNair (November 7, 1880 – September 13, 1948), served as the 49th Mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1934 to 1936.

Early life
Originally from Middletown, Pennsylvania, McNair graduated from Gettysburg College in 1900, earned a law degree from the University of Michigan in 1903, and became an attorney in Pittsburgh in 1904. He tried his hand at politics several times, losing successive elections before finally winning office.

Pittsburgh politics
At the city's highest office in 1934, it was soon apparent though why McNair had never won a public office before. McNair almost from the beginning had a confrontational relationship with City Council. At first much of his antics were viewed as the actions of a man that cared about the "little guy"; soon though much of his actions just ground the city's ability to govern to a halt in heated, endless and dramatic debate over the most nuanced issues. During his fractious leadership McNair even set up his office in the ornate lobby of the City-County Building to display his "independence" from council and the city bureaucracy.

He continued to be a lightning rod during his administration, being arrested at one point for refusing to return what a judge found to be an unlawful fine he had assessed a citizen. On November 27, 1935 Governor George Earle cut off funds to the city after continued difficulty dealing with McNair. Later when he received word that the governor was considering impeachment proceedings against him he installed a bed in the mayor's office and conducted press conferences from it. In 1936, he traveled to Washington, D.C., and took part in congressional hearings on taxes. His position of repealing all federal taxes at the time was voiced so zealously that a New York Times report recounts a Capitol Police Officer was called before McNair voluntarily left the hearing.

The most fateful event for his political career took the city by force on Saint Patrick's Day 1936 when it suffered from the worst flooding in its history. The event and the chaotic nature that McNair had plunged the city into sealed his fate. Political opponents accused him of impropriety in various dealings, and he was jailed for three days in April on charges of operating a numbers game.

He resigned on a whim on October 6, 1936, promptly rescinded his resignation then demanded to once again be sworn in as mayor, but by that time the city council and the rest of the city had grown tired of his controversial leadership, choosing instead to validate his earlier resignation and let Cornelius Scully assume the mayor's office.

Later life
McNair became a sort of political sideshow after he left office, continuing to run for offices unsuccessfully and giving political speeches and rallies for various causes. He died in St. Louis, Missouri in 1948 during a political rally and is buried in Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh.

title: William N. McNair


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9 Aurigae

9 Aurigae (9 Aur) is a star system in Auriga (constellation). It has an apparent magnitude of about 5, making it visible to the naked eye in many suburban skies. Parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at about 86 light-years (26 parsecs) from the solar system, although individual Gaia Data Release 3 parallaxes place all three components at 88 light years.

It is a well-studied Gamma Doradus variable, and was one of the first stars to be so-classified. This star type varies in luminosity due to non-radial pulsations. Its apparent magnitude varies from 4.93 to 5.03 over a period of 1.25804 days. For that reason it has been given the variable star designation V398 Aurigae.

9 Aurigae is a multiple star system. The naked-eye component A is a single-lined spectroscopic binary. Only the signature of an F-type main sequence star can be seen in the spectrum, but the periodic doppler shift of the absorption lines demonstrates that there is a hidden companion in a 391.7-day orbit. The gravitational interaction of the two bodies produces variations in their respective motions, which is what creates the doppler shift.

Four other companions to 9 Aurigae are listed in multiple star catalogs. The closest companion is a 12th-magnitude red dwarf $-0.47$ away. $-1.88$ away is component C, a 9th-magnitude star with a spectral class of K5Ve, which may also be a spectroscopic binary. Further-separated still is a 14th-magnitude star, component D, proposed to be a more distant red giant, although Gaia astrometry places it at a similar distance and with a similar proper motion. The most widely-separated companion is component E, a distant unrelated star.

title: 9 Aurigae


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14 Aurigae

14 Aurigae is a quadruple star system located 269 light years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Auriga. It has the variable star designation KW Aurigae, whereas 14 Aurigae is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.01. The system is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of −9 km/s.

The magnitude 5.08 primary member, designated component A, is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system in a circular orbit with a period of 3.7887 days. The visible member has a stellar classification of A9 IV or A V, depending on the source, and is a Delta Scuti variable with an amplitude of 0.08 magnitude and a period of 2.11 hours. It is 609 million years old with 1.64 times the mass of the Sun.

Component B lies about $0.222$ to the north of the primary and is merely a visual companion. However, component C, an F-type main sequence star of magnitude 7.86, shares a common proper motion with component A and thus they form a system. This member is also a single-lined spectroscopic binary, having a period of 2.9934 days. The final member of the system, now designated component Cb, is a white dwarf star that is separated from the C, or rather Ca pair by $−9.3$. If it is indeed bound to Ca, its orbital period is around 1,300 years.

title: 14 Aurigae


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Cornelius D. Scully

Cornelius Decatur Scully (November 30, 1878 – September 22, 1952), served as Mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, from 1936 to 1946.

Early life
Scully was born in Pittsburgh in 1878, ascending into public service by becoming City Solicitor before running for City Council. It was his tenure and leadership of council that in 1936 catapulted him to the mayor's office during the contentious administration of his predecessor William McNair, with whom Scully had often feuded.

Pittsburgh Mayor's Office
Scully led Pittsburgh during major transformations in its history. By the mid-1930s Pittsburgh was in the process of making progress on pollution and smoke controls, this in the era of the area being referred to as the "Smoky City". During his administration many steps were taken to clean the city up including the opening of new public parks (Mellon, Moore and Pioneer parks). He also concentrated on projects to supply the city with pure mountain water. The oncoming Allied powers industrial needs of World War II (already gearing up in Europe and Asia by the time Scully took the oath of office), put many of his environmental reforms on hold until his successor Lawrence took office after the war. Pittsburgh's mills were said to run 24 hours a day 7 days a week, even on Christmas Day, to supply the forces of freedom during the war. The massive workload of the area's factories, mills and shipyards, while a point of immense pride among Pennsylvanians, only reinforced negative stereotypes of the city as a polluted and dirty environment.

Scully put some of his dreams of Pittsburgh's beauty and clean air on hold for the needs of his wartime country; on other issues he made much progress for the city. Some of his successes included forwarding the Home Rule Charter to serious consideration in Harrisburg, allowing the city more autonomy from the Commonwealth. He also improved infrastructure, implementing the use of parking meters downtown and rebuilding the expressway-like downtown thruway Bigelow Blvd.

Controversies
Mayor Scully owned a 210-acre apple and peach farm outside Shepherdstown, West Virginia and would leave the city on most weekends to spend time out of state. In three straight years he was waylayed at the farm because of a 1941 car accident resulting in a broken jaw, a 1942 whooping cough bout that had him out of the city and, most infamously, him being caught still making the 350-mile round trip with the wrong car and an expired wartime gas rationing sticker, which got him sentenced to 3 months without use of his personal car and restricted use of the city's $5,000 limo. The mayor also kept three ration books, giving him more gas than the average citizen could get over a three-year period. Just weeks prior the mayor conducted a gas rationing crackdown on city residents which netted 700 violations of small amounts, adding to the public outcry of a mayor that was keeping three books and expired ration stickers while using cars to drive out of state on a weekly basis.

Mayor Scully attempted to defend himself by stating that he had to make the trip so he could keep up his victory garden, however it was then revealed that only three of his 113-acre farm in suburban Baldwin was being cultivated. One citizen lampooned the mayor by declaring that he would have his "victory garden" in Canada.

The resulting feeding frenzy in the press had the city's public works director tell reporters to "go jump in a creek" when they requested to audit the city's ration books (2 of which the mayor had used).

Later life
As late as 1949 Scully served on the Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Sanitary Authority. Mayor Scully died in 1952 in retirement at Winchester, Virginia. The city named a fireboat in his honor.

title: Cornelius D. Scully


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Sigma Aurigae

Sigma Aurigae, Latinized from σ Aurigae, is a giant star in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.99. With an annual parallax shift of 6.21 mas, it is approximately 530 ly distant from the Earth. This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K4 III.

Sigma Aurigae has a 12th magnitude companion at an angular separation of 8 arcseconds, as well as two fainter companions at 28 and 35" respectively. All are background objects, stars much further away than Sigma itself.

Sigma Aurigae, along with λ Aur and μ Aur, were Kazwini's Al Ḣibāʽ (ألحباع), the Tent. According to the catalogue of stars in the Technical Memorandum 33-507 – A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars, Al Ḣibāʽ were the title for three stars: λ Aur as Al Ḣibāʽ I, μ Aur as Al Ḣibāʽ II and σ Aur as Al Ḣibāʽ III.

title: Sigma Aurigae


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19 Aurigae

19 Aurigae is a single star located approximately 3,800 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.05. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 4.3 km/s.

This is an evolved A-type bright giant star with a stellar classification of A5 II+. It is a variable star of unknown type that ranges in magnitude from 5.03 down to 5.09. This star is an estimated 36 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 8 km/s. It has 8 times the mass of the Sun and about 15 times the Sun's radius. 19 Aurigae is radiating 7,057 times the total luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,300 K.

title: 19 Aurigae


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Phi Aurigae

Phi Aurigae, Latinized from φ Aurigae, is a giant star in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.089. It lies $10 '$ from another faint naked-eye star HD 35520, between the three open clusters M36 and M38, and NGC 1893.

The distance to this star, as determined from parallax measurements, is approximately 480 ly with a 10 light-year margin of error. This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K3 IIIp and an estimated radius equal to 16 times the radius of the Sun. The outer envelope has an effective temperature of 4,367 K, giving it the cool orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

title: Phi Aurigae


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65 Aurigae

65 Aurigae is a binary star system located 252 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.12. The primary, designated component A, is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. It is 3.31 billion years old and has expanded to 13 times the Sun's radius after exhausting the hydrogen at its core. Its companion, component B, is a magnitude 11.7 star located at an angular separation of $1.082$ from the primary, as of 2008. The pair are moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 22 km/s.

It was also known to be part of a much bigger constellation named Telescopium Herschelii before it was unrecognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

title: 65 Aurigae


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Entrepreneurial network

In business, entrepreneurial networks are social organizations offering different types of resources to start or improve entrepreneurial projects. Having adequate human resources is a key factor for entrepreneurial achievements. Combined with leadership, the entrepreneurial network is a social network not only necessary to properly run the business or project, but also to differentiate the business from similar projects.

Purpose
The goal of most entrepreneurial networks is to bring together a broad selection of professionals and resources that complement each other's endeavors. Initially, a priority is to aid successful business launches. Subsequently, to provide motivation, direction and increase access to opportunities and other skill sets. Promotion of each member's talents and services both within the network and out in the broader market increases opportunities for all participants.

One of the key needs of any startup is capital, and often entrepreneurial networks focus on providing such financial resources, particularly tailored to their membership demographic.

Entrepreneurial networks may also become community involved, endorsing reforms, legislation or other municipal drives that accommodate their organization's goals.

Membership composition

 * lawyers, various specialties
 * scientists
 * engineers
 * architects
 * contractors/construction managers
 * real estate professionals
 * suppliers
 * government people or institutions
 * partners
 * high skilled employees
 * clients or any other kind of social contacts that can make the entrepreneurial business (or project) successful
 * mentors
 * investors

title: Entrepreneurial network


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Rho Aurigae

Rho Aurigae (ρ Aur, ρ Aurigae) is the Bayer designation for a binary star system in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.22. Judging by parallax measurements, this system is approximately 530 ly distant from the Earth, give or take a 30-light-year margin of error.

System
ρ Aurigae is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system; the presence of a companion object is revealed by shifts in the stellar spectrum. The pair orbit each other with a period of 34.49 days and an orbital eccentricity of 0.10.

The primary component of this system is a B-type main-sequence star defined as a standard star for the stellar classification of B5 V. The deduced mass of the secondary and the lack of evidence for it in the spectrum suggest it may be a B- or A-type star somewhat less luminous than the primary.

Name
In Chinese, 咸池 (Xián Chí), meaning Pool of Harmony, refers to an asterism consisting of ρ Aurigae, λ Aurigae and HD 36041. Consequently, the Chinese name for ρ Aurigae itself is 咸池一 (Xián Chí yī, the First Star of Pool of Harmony).

title: Rho Aurigae


text:
Wikipedia talk:Template syntax

Can I have more than one variable? Say, three variables or more. If so, how? Jaberwocky6669 | ☎ 04:07, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Template syntax


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66 Aurigae

66 Aurigae is a single star located approximately 880 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange hued star with an apparent magnitude of 5.23. This object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +22.6 km/s.

At the age of 107 million years, 66 Aurigae is an evolved giant star, most likely (98% chance) on the horizontal branch, with a stellar classification of K0.5 IIIa. Keenan and Yorka (1987) identified it as a strong–CN star, showing an excess strength of the blue CN bands in the spectrum. Having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, the star has expanded to 48 times the Sun's radius. 66 Aurigae has five times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 834 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,475 K.

It was also known to be part of a much bigger constellation named Telescopium Herschelii before it was unrecognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

title: 66 Aurigae


text: User talk:128.54.204.87

title: User talk:128.54.204.87


text: File:Mothman Prophecies.jpg

title: File:Mothman Prophecies.jpg


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49 Aurigae

49 Aurigae is a single star located 680 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.26. The star is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +17 km/s, having come to within 45.55 pc some 5.5 million years ago. It is positioned near the ecliptic and thus is subject to lunar occultations.

This object is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A0 Vnn, where the 'n' notation indicates "nebulous" lines due to rapid rotation. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 149 km/s. This star has around 2.3 times the radius of the Sun and is radiating over three times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,794 K.

title: 49 Aurigae


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45 Aurigae

45 Aurigae or PLX 1468.2 is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Auriga. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.34, making it visible to the naked eye under suitable viewing conditions. An annual parallax shift of 16.89 mas as seen from Earth's orbit indicates the system is located about 193 light years from the Sun.

This is a close, single-lined spectroscopic binary with a circularized orbit with a short period of 6.5 days. They have a mean angular separation of 0.963 mas. The visible component has a stellar classification of F5 V, matching an F-type main-sequence star that is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at it core. It is about 1.6 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 14 K. It has 1.2 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 22 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 6,489 K. The secondary has a minimum mass of 42% of the Sun's mass.

title: 45 Aurigae


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40 Aurigae

40 Aurigae is a binary star in the constellation Auriga. Its apparent magnitude is 5.345, meaning it can just barely be seen with the naked eye. Based on parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, the system is located some 340 light-years (104 parsecs) away.

40 Aurigae is a spectroscopic binary, meaning the two stars are too close to be individually resolved, but periodic Doppler shifts in their spectra indicate there must be orbital motion. In this case, light from both stars can be detected and it is a double-lined spectroscopic binary. The two have an orbital period of 28.28 days and a fairly high eccentricity of 0.56. The primary star is an A-type main-sequence star and shows unusual absorption lines in its spectrum, so it is an Am star with an effective temperature of 7,838 K.

title: 40 Aurigae


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Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights

The Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights (CDLR; Arabic: لجنة الدفاع عن الحقوق الشرعية) was a Saudi dissident group created in 1993 which opposed the Saudi government as un-Islamic.

The CDLR was the first opposition organization in the Kingdom openly challenging the monarchy, accusing the government and senior ulama of not doing enough to protect the legitimate Islamic rights of the Muslims.

History
Founded in Riyadh on May 3, 1993, by six prominent Islamist scholars and academics, the Committee served to "pass on the views of the Islamist opposition that was rapidly developing in the universities and mosques" of Saudi Arabia. In its Arabic language pronouncements the CDLR maintained a strict "Islamist line," claiming to defend "the rules laid out in the sharia," while its English language statements denounced violations of human rights in Saudi.

Using the new media such as faxes and Internet efficiently, the CDLR members from the Kingdom and later from the exile in London, challenged the foundation of the Saudi regime, that is, the contract between Saudi rulers and the religious establishment, and criticized the behavior and decisions of the Saudi authorities, and King Fahd in particular.

Following an interview by the BBC of Mohammad al-Massari, its official spokesman, the CDLR's "signatories and their sympathizers promptly lost their jobs and were thrown into jail." The organization was banned, and its members either left Saudi Arabia or went underground. The CDLR was described as "banned and defunct" by the Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association when the latter was created in October 2009.

Following a campaign by Amnesty International, al-Masari was released from prison, and along with Sa'ad Al-Faqih reestablished the CDLR in London, United Kingdom in April 1994. The group made "feverish use" of fax machines and later an Internet website to criticize the ruling family and deliver its message to Saudi Arabia. Their campaign was effective enough that the Saudi royal family threatened the British government with an end to "lucrative defence contracts and other commercial deals" if "Mr Masari was not silenced," and a court battle ensued over Whitehall's attempt to do just that. "In the end, Mr Masari won a legal battle ... but soon after that he faded from public prominence."

In 1996, Faqih broke with al-Masari who was then a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir, "arguing that the Saudi opposition should operate only within the strict boundaries of UK law," and created the rival Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia (MIRA).

Response from the Kingdom
The Saudi government strongly responded to the activities of the CDLR. In September 1994, two leaders of the CDLR, Salman al-Ouda and Safar al-Hawali were arrested together with a large number of their followers in the city of Burayda, Qasim region. Moreover, Sheikh Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz issued a fatwa, stating that unless these two leading figures repented their former conduct, they would be banned from lecturing, meetings and cassette-recording.

Criticism
Scholar Gilles Kepel has described CDLR and Al-Masari as "failing to raise any groundswell of support" within Saudi Arabia and "sadly lacking" in Islamic "doctrinal ... ballast", as became evident after "he was confronted by a barrage of fatwas issued by the regime's ulema supporters." Al-Masari is also criticised for being two-faced, presenting himself as a fighter of human rights abuses and corruption to English language audiences, while regaling Arabic speakers with attacks on Saudi for its lack of shari'a law enforcement and even pronouncing "takfir against all Muslims who obeyed the laws of Riyadh". In particular, his takfir "destroyed much of his support among [Saudi] dissidents." In 2004, the CDLR was criticised by the U.S. government for expressing its "understanding" of the "bombings of U.S. military facilities in 1995 and 1996 and sympathy for the perpetrators." Its splinter group, the Islamic Reform Movement, has also been denounced as having "implicitly condoned the two terrorist attacks as well, arguing that they were a natural outgrowth of a political system that does not tolerate peaceful dissent."

In the US State Department's 2005 report, the CDLR is described as an extremist organization which seeks the overthrow of the Saudi monarchy by force.


text:
Profession (novella)

"Profession" is a science fiction novella by American writer Isaac Asimov. The story first appeared in the July 1957 issue of Astounding Science Fiction and was the lead story in the 1959 collection Nine Tomorrows.

Plot summary
The author presents a centralized Earth society of the sixty-sixth century, in which children are educated by almost instantaneous direct computer/brain interface, a process known as taping. This system is similar to the BrainCap, a concept later explored by Arthur C. Clarke. Besides educating its own people this way, Earth also supplies educated professionals to other planets, the Outworlds.

People in this future society are taught to read at the age of eight and then Educated at the age of eighteen. Each person's professional speciality is dictated by an analysis of their brain, with no choices allowed on the subject. The best of the Educated people compete in professional "Olympics" in the hope of being "bought" by an advanced Outworld. To stay on Earth is almost an admission of failure.

George Platen is determined to be a Computer Programmer, a profession in demand, and he hopes to qualify for "export" to a top-flight Outworld. On Reading Day, however, concerns are raised about George's ability to be Educated. On George's Education Day, he is told that his brain is unfit for any form of Education. He is drugged and sent to a House for the Feeble Minded.

Although not under physical guard, George stays in the House for a year, where the staff tolerates and even encourages his philosophical and intellectual ruminations as a way to pass the time. He is befriended by Omani, who seems to take a personal interest in George's plight. George then determines to escape, to leave and seek out Dr. Antonelli who told him he was feeble-minded, and confront him.

George visits the Olympics, which are happening in San Francisco at that time. He meets his friend Armand Trevelyan, who has been Taped as a 'Metallurgist, Nonferrous'. Trev is excited about his opportunities but performs poorly on the Beeman spectrograph — his Taping was inadequate regarding the new device—and he is forced to take employment on a fourth-rate Outworld. George, watching Trev bitterly depart, wishes him well. Trev turns and sarcastically asks, "Well, what have you done?" He then shakes George. A passing policeman breaks up the scuffle and asks George for his identity card. His ruse is up, he will be exposed as an Uneducated escapee.

Suddenly a stranger appears. He gives the policeman his business card and takes possession of George. The stranger introduces himself as Ladislas Ingenescu, Registered Historian. George and Ingenescu enter into a long conversation about history, society, and progress. George impatiently demands, and Ingenescu obtains for him, an interview with a Novian, an Outworlder on Earth to purchase talent. The Outworlder knows Ingenescu personally. He expresses anger at the Registered Historian (why to a Registered Historian, George wonders?) over Earth continually introducing very minor changes to the Tapes — such as the recent addition of the Beeman spectrograph for Metallurgists — necessitating the Outworlds to keep spending money to stay up to date. The Registered Historian introduces George as someone who may have a better solution. George contends that people can learn in ways other than being Taped, such as by reading books and in discussion with those who already hold the desired knowledge. This baffles the Outworlder, who sees it only as a source of additional expense. He breaks off their conversation. George is dismayed; the Registered Historian offers condolences.

George is returned to the House and discovers the reality: the House is an Institute of Higher Studies. Those people who have the urge and persistence to create, even though they have been told otherwise about their abilities, are sent there to support the advancement of science and civilization. George has always been under constant observation, and it was subtly but deliberately suggested that he escape and seek out the doctor who sent him there. Reflecting on his experiences "outside," George realizes that a man named Beeman would have to have been the inventor of the Beeman spectrograph. Beeman could not have been Tape-educated and still have created the new device. Someone has to program the Tapes that program the Educated, "men and women with capacity for original thought." George's "keepers" in the Institute are revealed as sociologists, psychologists, historians, scientists, and other professionals who also demonstrated an innate capacity for original thought but not the stamina to keep fighting to express it. Their job is to help other determined, innovators like George–a small fraction–to avoid the same fate. The future of society is at stake.

George himself has one final question. He asks, "Why do they call them Olympics?".

title: Profession (novella)


text:
Dingbat (disambiguation)

A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a "printer's ornament".

Dingbat or dingbats might also refer to:
 * Dingbat, slang term referring to someone silly, notably applied to the TV character Edith Bunker by her husband
 * Dingbats (board game), a board game requiring players to solve rebuses, known in America as Whatzit?
 * dingbat, another word for rebus derived from the game
 * Dingbat (building), a type of cheap urban apartment building built between the 1950s and 1960s
 * Dingbat, a paddle ball in South Africa
 * Dingbat, a character created by Paul Terry
 * The characters in The Dingbat Family, a comic strip drawn by George Herriman from 1910 to 1916
 * Dingbat, a cartoon character who co-starred in Heathcliff and Dingbat
 * Dingbat, slang term, used as an alternate name for the Dignity Battalions
 * Dingbat, a placeholder name for a random or unknown object
 * Dingbats (Unicode block), a Unicode block
 * Ornamental Dingbats, a Unicode block

title: Dingbat (disambiguation)


text:
Sylvain Lefebvre

Sylvain Jean Lefebvre (born October 14, 1967) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former player who currently serves as an assistant coach for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). Originally undrafted by teams in the NHL, he played for five franchises between 1989—2003, and won the Stanley Cup with the Colorado Avalanche in 1996.

Playing career
Originally an undrafted free agent, Lefebvre signed with the Montreal Canadiens in 1986 and made the team's roster thereafter beginning in 1989–90. He played a total of three seasons with Montreal before being traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a 1994 third round draft pick prior to the start of the 1992–93 season.

After two seasons with the Leafs, Lefebvre was traded to the Quebec Nordiques as part of the Wendel Clark-Mats Sundin deal on June 28, 1994. He would play the next five seasons with the Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche, including a Stanley Cup victory in 1996, before signing a four-year, $10-million US contract with the New York Rangers (that secured a club option for him to play a fifth season at $3-million) during the 1999 offseason.

Seeing a decrease in productivity after several injuries, including a shattered index finger which occurred while blocking a shot, Lefebvre's career-low in points came in the 2002–03 season where he managed just two points over 35 games played. After four years with the Rangers, Lefebvre left the NHL and decided to join old friend Sebastien Bordeleau for one season with Swiss-based SC Bern of the Nationalliga A where he and his team won the league championship prior to his retirement from active play.

Coaching career
On June 4, 2009, the Colorado Avalanche announced that Lefebvre would serve as an assistant coach of the team's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Lake Erie Monsters.

In June 2012, Lefebvre became the head coach of the Hamilton Bulldogs, the AHL affiliate of the Montreal Canadiens. Following the Canadiens' purchase and subsequent relocation of the Bulldogs franchise to become the second iteration of the St. John's IceCaps in 2015, Lefebvre was kept on as head coach. In 2017, the Canadiens' AHL franchise was again relocated, becoming the Laval Rocket, whereas Lefebvre remained with the team. After finishing with the worst record in the AHL during the team's inaugural 2017–18 season, Lefebvre was relieved of his head coaching duties in April 2018.

Lefebvre then spent three seasons with the AHL's San Diego Gulls as an assistant coach before, in June 2021, it was announced that he accepted a promotion to the NHL as assistant coach with the Columbus Blue Jackets. However, this ultimately fell through with Lefebvre being replaced on September 13, 2021 due to his decision not to get a COVID-19 vaccine.

Prior to the beginning of the 2022–23 NHL season, Lefebvre was named as an assistant coach for the Florida Panthers. In 2024, Lefebvre won a second career Stanley Cup, the first within his coaching capacity.

Personal life
After winning the Stanley Cup with the Colorado Avalanche in 1996, Lefebvre was involved in an incident that attracted media attention. As part of tradition, each player on the winning team can take personal possession of the trophy for a day during the summer following the championship series, a practice that has led to several misadventures. When it was his turn, Lefebvre decided to have his daughter baptized in it.

title: Sylvain Lefebvre


text:
WBTJ

WBTJ (106.5 FM) – branded as 106.5 The Beat – is a commercial urban contemporary radio station licensed to serve Richmond, Virginia. Owned by Audacy, Inc., the station services the Greater Richmond Region and the Petersburg area. The WBTJ studios are located just north of Richmond proper in unincorporated Henrico County, while the station transmitter resides in the Richmond suburb of Bon Air. Besides a standard analog transmission, WBTJ broadcasts using HD Radio technology, and is available online via Audacy.

WRFK-FM
In December 1956, the Union Theological Seminary in Virginia applied for a new noncommercial station; five months later, WRFK-FM 91.1 signed on, presenting classical music programming as well as religious and educational programs during its four-hour broadcast day. The call letters were the initials of the force behind the seminary's efforts to start a radio station, Robert Fitzgerald Kirkpatrick. He ran the UTS audiovisual center, operating a tape duplication service and sending tapes recorded at the seminary all over the country.

Two years later, WRNL donated a tower to the station, and the seminary applied and was approved to carry out a move of WRFK-FM to 102.9 MHz at a much higher effective radiated power of 16,000 watts, and to convert the station from a noncommercial to a commercial license. The 102.9 frequency had first been used in Richmond by WLEE-FM, a simulcast of WLEE, which operated from 1948 to 1957. In 1962, the station relocated to 106.5 MHz.

In 1969, EZ Communications, the new owners of WFMV, Richmond's commercial classical music station, decided to switch to a more profitable format. Amid protests from WFMV's listener base, EZ Communications ultimately agreed to donate WFMV's library to WRFK. This enabled WRFK to significantly increase its operating hours and upgrade its schedule. Later in 1971, WRFK became Richmond's NPR member station.

The seminary discovered in the mid-1980s that their charter did not allow them to operate a radio station and decided to sell it. A deal was made with the local Federated Arts Council to buy the station and preserve the format, but a larger offer for the increasingly valuable commercial frequency came from a commercial radio operator shortly thereafter and the seminary decided to go with the larger offer. This caused controversy which resulted in several stories appearing in the local papers about the possible loss of the fine arts/NPR format. Though the efforts of the public support groups and some interested businessmen and congressmen who wanted the format preserved, Commonwealth Public Broadcasting, owners of local public TV stations WCVE-TV and WCVW, won a noncommercial license, WCVE-FM, originally at 101.1.

On May 6, 1988, WRFK signed off and WCVE-FM temporarily signed on at 101.1, bringing most of the old WRFK staff, music library and most of their programming to the station.

WVMX
The protracted sale, delayed by protests, led to a second buyer: in the final deal, Pegasus Broadcasting bought WRFK-FM from the seminary and immediately flipped it to Daytona Group, which paid $6.5 million. Daytona moved the station's transmitter from a 300 ft tower to a much taller 1200 ft tower near Powhatan County that had once been used by defunct TV station WVRN-TV. On July 28, 1988, 106.5 signed back on as a standard commercial station under the call letters WVMX, "Mix 106.5", with a Rock 40 format. By 1989, seeing competition from WRVQ, WMXB, and WRXL the station flipped formats to Heavy metal and became "MX106.5". This lasted a month, and on July 19, the station flipped to oldies as WVGO.

WVGO
In 1991, Daytona sold the station to Benchmark Communications, with local partners John Crowley and Guy Spiller. On August 1, WVGO flipped to a AAA format, staffed mostly by former employees of crosstown Heritage rocker WRXL, which was looked upon by the former staffers as too commercial and restrictive. During its short life, the WVGO staff included Nick Perry, Jim Hatcher, Tara Hunter, Dal Hunter, Steve Forrest, Paul Shugrue, Dave Weaver, Mike Hsu, Meg Brulatour, Blake Smith, Kevin Matthews, Mad Dog and others. At first, the format was a freeform-type format more akin to a college station with jocks being allowed freedom on the air and to bring in their own records, and aired many specialty programs.

In August 1995, a new competitor arrived when WBZU (104.7 FM; also known as "The Buzz") signed on. In response, Benchmark brought in a new Program Director who dumped all specialty programming, and the format unofficially evolved into a more alternative format.

Howard Stern
Another move was to bring in the syndicated Howard Stern morning show in October 1995. The Stern show did not garner the expected high ratings, only reaching 10th place overall. The Stern show also generated local controversy (primarily from local grocer Ukrop's), causing WVGO to lose advertising. A complaint to the FCC about a Stern bit eventually brought Benchmark an FCC fine. In the spring of 1996, Benchmark sold WVGO and sister Classic rock WLEE-FM to the owners of WBZU. ABS Communications, owned by local music and radio entrepreneur Kenny Brown, dropped Stern due to poor ratings, and on July 24, 1996, shut down WVGO and moved WBZU to 106.5 (and moved the WVGO calls to the now vacated 104.7 frequency and flipped it to oldies).

WRCL
In 1998, ABS was merged with SFX Broadcasting. On September 2, 1998, new management decided to dump the alternative format, citing low revenues. They stunted with 24 hours of construction sound effects and later stunted with soft rock music and TV theme songs. Two days later, they switched to oldies as Cool 106.5, and changed its call letters to WRCL the following month. WRCL's owners SFX went through a series of mergers, first as Capstar, then AMFM. In the fall of 2000, AMFM merged with Clear Channel, which would be renamed iHeartMedia in 2014.

WBTJ
On June 11, 2001, at 5 p.m., the station flipped to Urban as "106.5 the Beat" and changed call letters to WBTJ. (This was the second time that the "Beat" moniker had been used in the market, the first being WBBT from 1999 to 2000.)

On November 1, 2017, iHeartMedia announced that WBTJ, along with all of their sister stations in Richmond and Chattanooga, would be sold to Entercom due to that company's merger with CBS Radio. The sale was completed on December 19, 2017.

HD Radio
WBTJ use to broadcast one HD subchannel:
 * WBTJ-HD2 broadcast continuous smooth jazz music, with no commercials or DJs.

Translator
WBTJ-HD2 was relayed by an FM translator, W241AP, to widen its broadcast area. The translator was repurposed as a relay of WRVQ-FM/HD2 as "96.1 the Planet" in 2013.

title: WBTJ


text: User talk:71.36.181.109

title: User talk:71.36.181.109


text:
Formula game

A formula game is an artificial game represented by a fully quantified Boolean formula such as $$\exists x_1 \forall x_2 \exists x_3 \ldots \psi$$.

One player (E) has the goal of choosing values so as to make the formula $$\psi$$ true, and selects values for the variables that are existentially quantified with $$\exists$$. The opposing player (A) has the goal of making the formula $$\psi$$ false, and selects values for the variables that are universally quantified with $$\forall$$. The players take turns according to the order of the quantifiers, each assigning a value to the next bound variable in the original formula. Once all variables have been assigned values, Player E wins if the resulting expression is true.

In computational complexity theory, the language FORMULA-GAME is defined as all formulas $$\Phi$$ such that Player E has a winning strategy in the game represented by $$\Phi$$. FORMULA-GAME is PSPACE-complete because it is exactly the same decision problem as True quantified Boolean formula. Player E has a winning strategy exactly when every choice they must make in a game has a truth assignment that makes $$\psi$$ true, no matter what choice Player A makes.

title: Formula game


text:
Talk:Fort Mackinac

Archaeology work near Fort Mackinac
In May, 2002 a survey and excavation was conducted by the Heidelberg College Center for Military History, assisited by volunteers from the Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Society (TAARS), on a golf course that is on the site of a battle between the British and Americans. Some of the artifacts recovered were buttons, a rusted pocket knife, eating utensils, an 1807 U.S. penny, and many musket balls of various calibres. Professional advisor was G. Michael Pratt, Ph.D. Musicwriter 04:14, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Just doing some editing
Editing some excess links. We don't need the blue link every other word methinks. Whispering 19:38, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 19:29, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Fort Mackinac


text:
Mike Ploog

Michael G. Ploog (born July 13, 1940 or 1942) is an American storyboard and comic book artist, and a visual designer for films.

In comics, Ploog is best known for his work on Marvel Comics' 1970s Man-Thing and The Monster of Frankenstein series, and as the initial artist on the features Ghost Rider and Werewolf by Night. His style at the time was heavily influenced by the art of Will Eisner, under whom he apprenticed.

Early life and career
Born in Mankato, Minnesota, Mike Ploog was one of a family of three brothers and a sister raised, initially, on a Minnesota farm. He began drawing while a young child whose imagination was fired by such old-time radio dramas as Sergeant Preston of the Yukon and Gunsmoke, and such thriller anthologies as Inner Sanctum Mysteries and Tales of Horror. After his parents divorced and sold the farm when Ploog was about 10 or 11 years old, his mother took the children to live with her in Burbank, California. Ploog entered the U.S. Marine Corps, leaving in 1968, after 10 years. Toward the end of his hitch, he began working on the Corps' Leatherneck Magazine, doing bits of writing, photography and art.

Around 1969 he began working on Batman and Superman animated TV-series at the Los Angeles studio Filmation, doing what he called "cleanup work for other artists." The following season he was promoted to layout work on those' characters' series. "Layout," Ploog recalled in a 1998 interview, "is what happens between storyboarding and actual animation; you're literally composing the scenes. You're more or less designing the background, putting the characters into it so they'll look like they're actually walking on the surface". Moving to the Hanna-Barbera studio the following season, he worked on layouts for the animated series Motormouse and Autocat and Wacky Races, as well as "the first Scooby-Doo pilot; nothing spectacular, though. It was okay; it was a salary, y'know? ... I had very few aspirations, because I didn't know where anything I was doing was going to take me".

A Hanna-Barbera colleague passed along a flyer he had gotten from writer-artist Will Eisner seeking an assistant on the military instructional publication PS, The Preventive Maintenance Monthly. Ploog was familiar with it from his Marine Corps days, and knew well the art, though not the artist's name. "I'd been copying his work for years," Ploog said, "because I was doing visual aids and training aids for the military for a long time".

Eisner in 1978 recalled: "Mike came in working for me in 1967 [sic; Ploog was still in the Marines that year]. I was looking for someone who could work on the PS magazine ... and Mike sent me his material, or somebody sent it to me, I don't remember which, and I found myself in California, talking Mike into coming to work for us.... We had a very happy relationship for maybe two or three years, four years."

Ploog moved to New York City and remained with Eisner for just over two years. As Ploog recalled: "Will had worked PS Magazine since about 1952, and [the owners] decided, 'We've got to put it out to somebody else.' You know, it's like he's got this dynasty going. So they said, 'Well, Will, you've got to do something. You've got to either back out of it altogether or find some way of doing this.' So Will came up with the idea: I picked up the contract, and Will became the shadow partner, and I moved across the street from Will's office into another office that he had. I don't know whether he had been leasing it, but we subleased it from Will, and we took over the book. Then it just got to be too much, because it's not that profitable without a partner, but if you've got a partner, then it becomes totally non-profitable."

Marvel Comics and Ghost Rider
Eventually, at the suggestion of Eisner letterer Ben Oda, Ploog broke into comics at Warren Publishing, doing stories for the company's black-and-white horror-comics magazines. A Western sample he showed Marvel got him a callback to draw Werewolf by Night, which premiered in Marvel Spotlight #2 (Feb. 1972). As Ploog recalled, "Somebody told me I should go to Marvel, so I got up a Western strip, oddly enough, called Tin Star. ... I went over there and they said the work was too cartoony and it wasn't Marvel-style. So I kind of gave up on it, and went back home, and less than a week later they gave me a call. Wanted me to come back in again. That's when I went in and talked to them about doing 'Werewolf by Night.'"

After three stories in Marvel Spotlight, the feature spun off onto its own book. Ploog then helped launched the initial Johnny Blaze version of the supernatural motorcyclist Ghost Rider, in Marvel Spotlight #5 (Aug. 1972), and drew the next three adventures.

The specifics of the character's creation are disputed. Roy Thomas, a Marvel writer and the editor-in-chief at the time, recalls, "I had made up a character as a villain in Daredevil — a very lackluster character — called Stunt-Master ... a motorcyclist. Anyway, when Gary Friedrich started writing Daredevil, he said, 'Instead of Stunt-Master, I'd like to make the villain a really weird motorcycle-riding character called Ghost Rider'. He didn't describe him. I said, 'Yeah, Gary, there's only one thing wrong with it', and he kind of looked at me weird, because we were old friends from Missouri, and I said, 'That's too good an idea to be just a villain in Daredevil. He should start out right away in his own book'. When Gary wasn't there the day we were going to design it, Mike Ploog, who was going to be the artist, and I designed the character. I had this idea for the skull-head, something like Elvis' 1968 Special jumpsuit, and so forth, and Ploog put the fire on the head, just because he thought it looked nice. Gary liked it, so they went off and did it."

Friedrich has responded that, "Well, there's some disagreement between Roy, Mike and I over that. I threatened on more than one occasion that if Marvel gets in a position where they are gonna make a movie or make a lot of money off of it, I'm gonna sue them, and I probably will. ... It was my idea. It was always my idea from the first time we talked about it, it turned out to be a guy with a flaming skull and rode a motorcycle. Ploog seems to think the flaming skull was his idea. But, to tell you the truth, it was my idea."

Ploog recalled, in a 2008 interview: "Now, there's been all kinds of dialog about who was the creator of Ghost Rider. Gary Friedrich was the writer on it. ... The flaming skull: That was the big area of dispute. Who thought of the flaming skull? To be honest with you I can't remember. What else were you going to do with him? You couldn't put a helmet on him, so it had to be a flaming skull. As far as his costume went, it was part of the old [Western] Ghost Rider's costume, with the Western panel front. The stripes down the arms and the legs were there merely so I could make the character['s costume] as black as I possibly could and still keep track of his body. It was the easiest way to design him." Ploog and writer Gary Friedrich collaborated on the first six issues of Marvel's The Monster of Frankenstein (Jan.-Oct. 1973), the initial four of which contained a more faithful adaptation of Mary Shelley's novel than has mostly appeared elsewhere; comics historian Don Markstein said, "It was faithful to the story even to the point of leaving the monster trapped in the ice at the end — so of course, the fifth issue began with him being rescued." In a 1989 interview, Ploog said, "I really enjoyed doing Frankenstein because I related to that naive monster wandering around a world he had no knowledge of — an outsider seeing everything through the eyes of a child." The following year, Ploog teamed with writer Steve Gerber on Man-Thing #5-11 (May-Nov. 1974), penciling a critically acclaimed series of stories involving a dead clown, psychic paralysis in the face of modern society, and other topics far removed from the usual fare of comics of the time, with Ploog's cute-but-creepy art style setting off Gerber's trademark intellectual surrealism.

Ploog's other regular titles at Marvel were Planet of the Apes, Kull the Destroyer and the series Werewolf by Night. Ploog also drew the Don McGregor story "The Reality Manipulators" in the black-and-white comics magazine Marvel Preview #8 (Fall 1976), and the Doug Moench feature "Weirdworld" in the color comic Marvel Premiere #38 (Oct. 1977), among other items.

He left Marvel following what he describes as "a disagreement with Jim Shooter. I had moved to a farm in Minnesota, and agreed to do a hand-colored 'Weirdworld' story. Marvel backed out of the deal after I had started. I can't remember the details, but it doesn't matter. I think I was ready to move on." Marvel and I were both changing. I finished off a black-and-white Kull book that was my last comic for many years." Richard Marschall, editor of what was to be a 60-page "Weirdworld" by Ploog and writer Moench for one of the Marvel Super Special series of one-shots, said at the time that Ploog had been given four months to complete the art, and when it became evident the deadline would not be met, arranged to publish the story in two 30-page installments, giving Ploog two more months. Ploog sent Marvel photocopies of the first 31 pages, and was paid for them. During this time, Marvel had given work-for-hire contracts to its freelancers, many of whom, including Ploog, Frank Brunner, Jack Kirby, Don McGregor, Roger Slifer, and Roger Stern, refused to sign, resulting in cessation of work for Marvel. Ploog "took himself off the project," said Marschall, and retained his original artwork. Moench's script was eventually published as a 106-page story illustrated by penciler John Buscema, inker Rudy Nebres, and airbrush colorist Peter Ledger as the three-part "Warriors of the Shadow Realm" in Marvel Super Special #11-13 (Spring - Fall 1979).

Marginalia includes some work for Heavy Metal magazine in 1981, and three "Luke Malone, Manhunter" backup features in the Atlas/Seaboard title Police Action #1-3 (Feb., April, June 1975), the first of which he also scripted.

Later career
Ploog returned to the movie industry. By his account, he has worked in post-production on the movie Ghostbusters ("All that stuff you saw on cereal boxes are my paintings") and with film director Ralph Bakshi on the animated features Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, and Hey Good Lookin'. He was production designer on Michael Jackson: Moonwalker (1988), and has storyboarded or done other design work on films including John Carpenter's The Thing, Superman II, Little Shop of Horrors and The Unbearable Lightness of Being, and, he says, several Jim Henson Company projects, such as the films The Dark Crystal and Labyrinth and the TV series The Storyteller.

Between movies, Ploog illustrated L. Frank Baum's the Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1992; ISBN 0-7567-6682-6), a graphic novel adapting The Wonderful Wizard of Oz creator's 1902 novella.

With old colleague Steve Gerber, Ploog drew the Malibu Comics Ultraverse one-shot Sludge: Red X-Mas (Dec. 1994), but otherwise remained away from comics for another decade before teaming with veteran writer J.M. DeMatteis on the CrossGen fantasy Abadazad (May 2004).

Ploog has illustrated cards for the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game.

Warren Publishing

 * Creepy #44 ("Sleep") (1972)
 * Eerie #35 ("The Tower of the Demon Dooms"); #40 ("The Brain of Frankenstein") (1971–72)
 * Vampirella #14 ("The Wedding Gift") (1971)

Marvel Comics

 * Amazing Adventures #12 (inker) (The Beast) (1972)
 * Conan The Barbarian #57 (1975)
 * Crazy Magazine #1 ("Kung Fooey"); 4 ("Shafted"); #7 ("The Tattletale Heart") (1973–74)
 * Dracula Lives #4 ("Fear Stalker") (1974)
 * Frankenstein #1-6 (1973)
 * Kull The Destroyer #11-15 (1973–74)
 * Man-Thing #5-11; Giant-Size Man-Thing #1 (1974)
 * Marvel Fanfare #24 (Weirdworld) (1984)
 * Marvel Premiere #38 (Weirdworld) (1977)
 * Marvel Preview #8 ("The Reality Manipulators") (1976)
 * Marvel Spotlight #2–4 (Werewolf by Night); #5-8 (Ghost Rider) (1972–73)
 * Marvel Super Action #1 ("An Ugly Mirror on Weirdworld") (1976)
 * Planet of the Apes #1-4, #6-8, #11, #13-14, #19 (1974–76)
 * Savage Sword of Conan #34 ("Mirrors of Tuzun Thune") (Kull) (1978)
 * Werewolf by Night #1-7, #13-16 (1972–74)

Big Apple Productions

 * Big Apple Comix ("The Silent Minority") (1975)

Pacific Comics

 * Twisted Tales #2 ("Over His Head") (1983)

First Comics

 * Classics Illustrated #9 - The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1990)

Tundra Publishing

 * L. Frank Baum's The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1992)

Malibu Comics

 * Sludge Red X-Mas #1 (1994)

CrossGen Comics

 * Abadazad (2004)

Image Comics

 * The Stardust Kid #1-3 (2005)

Boom! Studios

 * The Stardust Kid #4-5 (2006–07)

Dark Horse Comics

 * The Goon Noir #1 ("When Franky Fell from Favor") (2006)

Full Circle Publications

 * Thicker Than Blood #1-3 (with Simon Bisley) (2007–08)

DC Comics

 * The Spirit (2007 series) #14, #31-32 (2008-09)
 * The Spirit (2010 series) #9 ("The Christmas Spirit") (2011)

Interviews

 * J.M. DeMatteis: Fantasy Life, Comics Bulletin, January 14, 2004
 * Dematteis & Ploog Together Again by Benjamin Ong Pang Kean, Newsarama, December 3, 2004
 * Mike Ploog interview, page 1 and page 2, Alter Ego #62 (Oct. 2006), reprinted at Newsarama. October 7, 2006

title: Mike Ploog


text:
EuroBasket 1946

The 1946 FIBA European Championship, commonly called FIBA EuroBasket 1946, was the fourth FIBA EuroBasket regional basketball championship, held by FIBA and the first since 1939 due to World War II. Ten national teams affiliated with the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) took part in the competition. Switzerland hosted the tournament for a second time, as the championship returned to Geneva.

EuroBasket 1946 saw the beginning of the use of the jump shot, pioneered by Italy's Giuseppe Stefanini.

Results
The 1946 competition consisted of a preliminary round, with one group of four teams and two groups of three teams each. Each team played the other teams in its group once. The top team in each of the groups of three and the top two teams in the group of four played in the semifinals for the top four rankings; the middle teams in the two groups of three moved directly on to the final round for a 5th/6th place playoff; the bottom team in each group of three and the two bottom teams in the group of four played in semifinals for the 7th–10th ranks.

Final round
The middle team of each of the groups of three did not compete in the final round, as they advanced directly to the 5th/6th place playoff. The top team of each of those groups played one of the top two teams of the group of four, with rankings 1st–4th at stake. Similarly, the bottom team in each group of three played one of the two lower teams in the group of four in a semifinal for 7th–10th places.

Team rosters
1. Czechoslovakia: Ivan Mrázek, Miloš Bobocký, Jiří Drvota, Josef Ezr, Gustav Hermann, Jan Hluchy, Josef Křepela, Pavel Nerad, Ladislav Simácek, František Stibitz, Josef Toms, Ladislav Trpkoš, Emil Velenský, Miroslav Vondráček (Coach: Frantisek Hajek)

2. Italy: Cesare Rubini, Giuseppe Stefanini, Sergio Stefanini, Albino Bocciai, Mario Cattarini, Marcello de Nardus, Armando Fagarazzi, Giancarlo Marinelli, Valentino Pellarini, Tullio Pitacco, Venzo Vannini

3. Hungary: François Németh, Geza Bajari, Antal Bankuti, Geza Kardos, Laszlo Kiralyhidi, Tibor Mezőfi, György Nagy, Geza Racz, Ede Vadaszi, Ferenc Velkei (Coach: Istvan Kiraly)

4. France: Robert Busnel, André Buffière, Etienne Roland, Paul Chaumont, René Chocat, Jean Duperray, Emile Frezot, Maurice Girardot, Andre Goeuriot, Henri Lesmayoux, Jacques Perrier, Lucien Rebuffic, Justy Specker, Andre Tartary (Coach: Paul Geist)

title: EuroBasket 1946


text:
Envane

Envane is the fifth EP by British electronic music duo Autechre, released by Warp Records on 27 January 1997. The EP consists of four tracks. Like Autechre's previous EP Anvil Vapre, Envane was originally released both in a CD version containing all four tracks, and in a vinyl version of two 12" records sold separately, which each contained two tracks apiece.

The cover art was created by Sheffield-based design agency The Designers Republic, with similar but distinct geometric images appearing on the CD copy, and the two vinyl records. In all three cases, the cover art is an abstraction of a photograph of Fallingwater, a modern house designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

The opening track "Goz Quarter" contains Autechre's rare use of scratching as well a vocal sample taken from "No Awareness" on Dr. Octagonecologyst.

title: Envane


text:
Brennabor

Brennabor-Werke AG (previously Brennabor-Werke Gebr. Reichstein) was a German manufacturer of infant buggies, bicycles, motorcycles and, for two decades, of powered motor vehicles. It was based in Brandenburg an der Havel and operated between 1871 and 1945.

History
The company was set up in 1871 by three brothers named Adolf, Carl and Hermann Reichstein. The brothers had already been producing basket-work child buggies and children's two-wheelers in 1870, and in 1881 had moved into the booming mainstream bicycle business. From 1892 the bicycles were branded with the Brennabor name.

By the 1930s the company had grown to become Europe's largest produced of infant buggies and was also a leading bicycle producer. Volume production of motor bikes began in 1901, and from 1903 the company was producing, at this stage only to special order, three- and four-wheeled powered vehicles. 1908 saw the beginning of series production of cars, and this was also the year that the company's own racing team began to enjoy worldwide success in motor sport. However, car production was suspended in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War, while motor bike production was ended in 1916.

After the war, in 1919, the company presented the Brennabor Typ P, a car targeted at the upper middle classes, and volume production began in 1921. In 1924 Brennabor was employing approximately 6,000 people. During the mid-1920s Brennabor became Germany's largest car producer, and it was still in second place, behind Opel, in 1927/28.

In 1919 the company formed an alliance with two other manufacturers, NAG and Hansa-Lloyd, the resulting tripartite grouping being known as GDA (Gemeinschaft Deutscher Automobilfabriken /Association of German Carmakers). The association lasted until 1928 but never progressed to the point of becoming a formal merger between the member companies. In 1923/24 Brennabor led the way, as one of the first German auto-makers (along with Opel) to adopt US-style production line techniques. However, Brennabor had no small car model to compete with Opel's Laubfrosch. The German economy was particularly badly hit by the world economic crisis of the 1920s, and the company saw demand and production volumes cut back at the end of the decade.

The company attempted a comeback in 1931, applying developments in front-wheel drive technology, using the Voran company's patent, but this led only to a prototype based on the company's six-cylinder Juwel 6 model. There was insufficient funding for any progression to volume production of any front-wheel-drive model. 1932 saw an eight-month hiatus in automobile production: production resumed at the end of the autumn, but came to a permanent end in 1933. The company continued as a producer of components and motor bikes until 1945, and also produced armaments during the Second World War, but its history came to an abrupt halt in 1945 when it found itself in the Soviet Occupation Zone and the plant was disassembled.

In the later 1940s the site would later be taken over and used for the creation of a Heavy tractor factory, in which form it continued till the 1960s. Since 1991 the former factory has housed a training centre owned by a subsidiary of the auto-engineering company, ZF Group.

title: Brennabor


text: User talk:128.250.99.140

title: User talk:128.250.99.140