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Titus Manlius Torquatus (consul 235 BC)

Titus Manlius Torquatus (born before 279 BC – died 202 BC) was a politician of the Roman Republic. He had a long and distinguished career, being consul in 235 BC and 224 BC, censor in 231 BC, and dictator in 208 BC. He was an ally of Fabius Maximus "Cunctator".

Family background
Titus belonged to the patrician gens Manlia, one of the most important gentes of the Republic. It already counted 13 consulships, and 14 consular tribuneships before him. Titus' ancestry is a bit uncertain as the Fasti Consulares list him with the same filiation ("son of Titus, grandson of Titus") as Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus, who was consul two times in 244 BC and 241 BC, as well as censor in 247 BC, and possibly princeps senatus. Münzer tentatively supposed that Aulus was Titus' uncle. Titus' father and grandfather are not known, but his great-grandfather—also named Titus—was consul in 299 BC.

The cognomen Torquatus was first received by Titus' ancestor Titus Manlius Imperiosus in 361 BC after he had defeated a Gaul in single combat, and took his torque as a trophy. The torque then became the emblem of the family, whose members proudly put it on the coins they minted. Imperiosus Torquatus was famous for his severity; he famously killed his own son after he had disobeyed him during a battle.

Consul (235 BC)
Titus' early career is not known because Livy's books on years 292 BC – 220 BC are lost. However, Broughton guessed that he entered the college of pontiffs in his youth, since he tried to be pontifex maximus in 212 BC and was therefore one of its senior members.

His first recorded mention was his election as consul in 235 BC, alongside Gaius Atilius Bulbus, a plebeian who had already been consul in 245 BC. Eutropius and Cassiodorus—who relied on Livy—described Titus as the consul prior, which means the Centuriate Assembly elected him before Atilius. Titus was sent to Sardinia, which had just come under Roman control in the aftermath of the First Punic War (264 BC – 241 BC). The war indemnity demanded by Rome was so high that Carthage could not pay its mercenaries, who rebelled. While Carthage was fighting the mercenaries in Africa, its mercenaries stationed in Sardinia decided to rebel as well. Rome initially refused to support the Sardinian rebels, but in 237 BC Rome prevented Carthage from reclaiming the island on the pretext that its army had actually turned against Rome. Titus' mission was therefore to pacify the island, which he did successfully. He received a triumph for his victory over the rebels as a result. Several ancient authors tell that after his victory, Titus closed the doors of the Temple of Janus, symbolically meaning that Rome and its neighbours were at peace. It was only the first time that the temple was closed since the reign of Numa Pompilius—the legendary second king of Rome—and remained so for eight years; its gates then stayed open until Augustus closed them again after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. However, Livy says that this event took place "after the First Punic War", so some modern scholars place it in 241 BC, when Aulus Manlius Torquatus—Titus' uncle—was consul in order to celebrate the end of the First Punic War. This view has however been contested.

Titus' consulship marks a return to normal after the aggressive foreign policy of his predecessors, Lucius and Publius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus, proponents of an expansionist strategy against Carthage and the Celts in Northern Italy. This policy lasted until 232 BC and the first consulship of Fabius Maximus, the most important Roman statesman of the second half of the third century, and the leader of the "peace faction" at Rome. The very powerful gens Fabia was also allied with the Manlii since at least the fourth century.

Censor and consul for the second time (231–224 BC)
In 231 BC, Titus was elected censor prior with Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, who had already been consul in 237 BC. Because of a flaw in their election, they had to resign and could not complete the lustrum (the ritual purification of the Roman people). They were replaced the next year by Fabius Cunctator and Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus.

In 224 BC, Titus was elected consul for a second time, with his former short-term colleague Fulvius Flaccus, and was once again described as consul prior. Titus and Fulvius were sent north against the Boii, a Celtic tribe at war with Rome since 225. The consuls led the first Roman army to cross the Po river, then defeated the Boii there. The Celts lost 23,000 men and 5,000 of them were captured, but the consuls had to retreat because of poor weather and deaths among their troops.

De Sanctis thought this victory as well as the crossing of the Po were later inventions, since the Fasti Triumphales do not record this victory, which should normally have won a triumph for the consuls. He adds that Polybius tells little about it, just that the consuls headed a strong army and terrified the Boii, who submitted as a result.

Role during the Second Punic War (218–202 BC)
In 216 BC, as a senior senator, Titus successfully opposed the ransoming of the Romans taken prisoner at the Battle of Cannae, on the grounds that they had made no effort to break out of the Carthaginian lines.

In 215 BC as Praetor Titus was sent to Sardinia, after the illness of Quintus Mucius Scaevola and defeated a Carthaginian attempt under Hasdrubal the Bald to regain possession of the island.

However, he also suffered a number of reverses. In 212 BC, he and Flaccus contested for the position of Pontifex Maximus (chief priest of Rome), and both lost to a younger and less distinguished man, Publius Licinius Crassus. It is unclear from Livy's account if Licinius Crassus benefited from the inevitable division of votes between the two ex-censors, or whether he was always favoured for the role.

In 210 BC, he was the oldest living patrician senator, but he was not chosen Princeps Senatus. The censor Publius Sempronius Tuditanus preferred that the honour go to the most distinguished senior senator, who was, in his view, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, a man who had been first consul in 233 BC and censor in 230 BC. The other censor, Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, preferred to go by the mos maiorum, but the choice was Tuditanus' to make.

Francis Ryan suggested that because of the closure of the Temple of Janus, Titus was associated with peace, and it played against him in this time of total war against Hannibal.

Two years later (208 BC) he was appointed dictator in order to hold the elections and preside over the games that had been promised by the Praetor M. Aemilius.

Death and posterity
Titus died in 202 BC. As his son had died before him, he was survived by his two grandsons, Titus and Aulus, who became consul in 165 BC and 164 BC, respectively. The elder grandson, Titus, was especially known for his severity, as he organised a private trial of his son for bribery, who committed suicide after he had banished him from his sight. The consul of 165 BC therefore emulated the severity of his ancestors, including that of his grandfather, whose deeds were reported by the annalists as examples of the imperia Manliana, the "Manlian orders".

The Torquati were also known for the death masks of their ancestors displayed in the atrium of the familial house. It is likely that Titus' mask was placed there, alongside those of Marcus Manlius Capitolinus and Imperiosus Torquatus.

Stemma of the Manlii Torquati
Stemma taken from Münzer until "A. Manlius Torquatus, d. 208", and then Mitchell, with corrections. All dates are BC.

Ancient works

 * Cassiodorus, Chronica.
 * Eutropius, Brevarium.
 * Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome, Periochae.
 * Orosius, Historiae Adversus Paganos (Histories against the Pagans).
 * Plutarch, Parallel lives.
 * Polybius, Historiae (The Histories).
 * Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Deeds and Sayings).

Modern works

 * Michael C. Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 to 50 BC, University of Toronto Press, 1990.
 * T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association, 1952–1986.
 * Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974–2001).
 * J. A. Crook, F. W. Walbank, M. W. Frederiksen, R. M. Ogilvie (editors), The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VIII, Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C., Cambridge University Press, 1989.
 * Harriet I Flower, The Art of Forgetting: Disgrace & Oblivion in Roman Political Culture, University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
 * Dexter Hoyos, Unplanned Wars: The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars, Berlin & New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1998.
 * Christina S. Kraus, John Marincola, Christopher Pelling (editors), Ancient Historiography and Its Contexts, Studies in Honour of A. J. Woodman, Oxford University Press, 2010.
 * Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham, C. H. V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. I, from 31 BC to AD 69, London, Spink & Son, 1923–1984.
 * Jane F. Mitchell, "The Torquati", in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, vol. 15, part 1, (January 1966), pp. 23–31.
 * Friedrich Münzer, Roman Aristocratic Parties and Families, translated by Thérèse Ridley, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 (originally published in 1920).
 * August Pauly, Georg Wissowa, et alii, Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart (1894–1980).
 * Francis X. Ryan, Rank and Participation in the Republican Senate, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998.
 * Lily Ross Taylor and T. Robert S. Broughton, "The Order of the Two Consuls' Names in the Yearly Lists", Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 19 (1949), pp. 3–14.
 * F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, M. W. Frederiksen, R. M. Ogilvie (editors), The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part 2, The Rise of Rome to 220 B.C., Cambridge University Press, 1989.
 * Stephen P. Oakley, A Commentary on Livy, Books VI–X, Volume IV: Book X, Oxford University Press, 2005.

title: Titus Manlius Torquatus (consul 235 BC)


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Diglipur

Diglipur (sometimes spelled Diglipore) is the largest town of North Andaman Island, in the Andaman Archipelago, India. It is located on the southern side of Aerial Bay, at 43 m above sea level, 298 km north of Port Blair. It is crossed by the Kalpong River, the only river of the Andaman islands. Saddle Peak, the highest point in the archipelago, lies about 10 km to the south. Diglipur is also a county (tehsil) of the North and Middle Andaman District of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory. Its area is 884 km2, and its population was 42,877 people as of 2001.

Resources
Demographic Features

As per the population census in 2011, the total number of households listed under Diglipur tehsil was 10,702.

Land Utilization of revenue surveyed area under Diglipur Sub-Division

Infrastructure

 * Roads : Out of 34 Revenue villages, 27 villages are connected by tarmac road except for three villages i.e. Sagardweep, Nischintapur, and Jagannathdera due to cut off areas from ATR. The newly notified 04 revenue villages i.e. Paschimsagar, Gandhinagar, Shantinagar & Ganeshnagar are also not connected with the tarmac road.
 * Drinking Water Source: Throughout Diglipur Tehsil drinking water is supplied through the pipeline by the APWD department from the source of Kalpong River. In some cut-off villages i.e. Nischintapur, Jagannathdera, Paschimsagar, Gandhinagar, Shantinagar & Ganeshnagar ring wells are the source of water.
 * Transports: Diglipur Tehsil can be accessed through all the three modes of transport road, sea, and air transport as necessary infrastructures are readily available over here to facilitate these services.

 * 1) Road Transport: Road transport plays a vital role in the development of the Tehsil at large. Most of the businessmen are depend on road transport for running their commercial activities throughout the Tehsil because road transport is largely considered as easy and time-saving. Diglipur Tehsil is connected by road with the District HQ at Mayabunder. A good number of private and Govt. buses are plying throughout the Tehsil and providing routine services from Baratang to Diglipur via Rangat and vice versa. Apart from this, private and Govt. buses are also rendering daily express service from Port Blair to Diglipur and vice versa.
 * 2) Sea Transport: Diglipur is connected by sea transport as well. A jetty at Aerial Bay plays a vital role in the routine boat services from Port Blair to Diglipur and vice versa with three to four trips in a week.
 * 3) Air-Transport: Helipad at Vidyasagar Pally is the only infrastructure for air transport. But, from 2011, Diglipur was linked with Port Blair by Seaplane services, which has been discontinued. Presently,  Pawan Hans Helicopters are plying Diglipur-Port Blair and vice versa 4 days in a week.

Health Service
Diglipur Tehsil is having a Community Health Center at Diglipur and Primary Health Centers at Radhanagar, Kalighat, and Kishorinagar. With in the boundary of this Tehsil altogether 18 Sub-centers are in operation.

Almost all the healthcare delivery is done by Government centers : Community Health Centre : 1 (at Diglipur) Primary Health Centres (PHC) : 3 (Kalighat, KishoriNagar and Radhanagar | One PHC is proposed in Kalipur) Health Sub Centre : 14 Dispensary 1

Education
The education services of Diglipur Tehsil is generally considered to be good. Under the Tehsil about 06 Govt. Senior Secondary Schools are in operation of which one each at Diglipur, Sitanagar, Kishorinagar, Subhashgram, Swarajgram, and Kalighat.

Data on the distribution of Schools within the Tehsil boundary is figured in the table given below.

Government School

Private Management Schools All these schools are running under Diglipur Sub-Division. Out of these 10 Primary schools and 01 Secondary schools are looked after by the assistant director, Mayabunbder. The enrollment of students except the school look after by the assistant director, Mayabunder is as under :

Enrollment in Govt. Schools            –        8996

Enrollment in Private Schools          –        1014

Social Welfare
Altogether 113 Anganwadi, 4 Day Care Centers, and 02 Mini-Anganwadi are in operation within the Tehsil by the ICDS Project, North Andaman. Besides this other welfare schemes like Widow Pension, Old Age Pension, Pension to Handicapped are being provided by the Social Welfare Board through ICDS.

Tele Communication
Services of GSM, 3G, 4G, Broadband, WLL, Land Line, Leased Line are provided in Diglipur area.

Connectivity through Satellite and OFC (Port Blair to Diglipur).

Mobile coverage Ramakrishnagram, Sitanagar, Nabagram, Kalighat, Ramnagar, Kishorinagar, Madhupur, Laxmipur, Radhanagar, Diglipur, Aerial Bay & Shibpur.

Fixed-line services in remote area like, Kishorinagar, Kalighat, Madhyamgram, Radhanagar, and Shibpur.

Broadband services in remote area like Shibpur, Kishorinagar, and Kalighat.

Postal services
Altogether, 01 Sub-Post Office and 11 ED Branch Post Offices are in operation under Diglipur Tehsil. Besides, private courier services like Andaman Express and AIR Express have their respective branches at Diglipur for facilitating courier services in and out of the Islands.

Banking Services
As in other parts of the Islands State Bank of India is providing Banking Service under Diglipur Tehsil. Whereas, A & N State Co-operative Bank is also providing services at Diglipur, Aerial Bay and Kalighat. Axis Bank and Syndicate Bank are also open in Diglipur.

Law and Order
Within the limit of Diglipur Tehsil, two police stations are there one each at Diglipur and Kalighat. These Police Stations are largely responsible for the maintenance of law and order within the Tehsil.

Fishing Sector
Diglipur Tehsil is endowed with vast and varied fisheries resources in terms of species diversity of fish, ornamental fish, shellfish, and mollusk. A large proportion of the population is involved in fishing and allied activities for their income. There are 514 registered fishing boats in operation which provide a livelihood for 1200 active fisherman families. Besides marine fishery, people of Diglipur are also involved in culturing freshwater fish with more than 700 available ponds. The majority of people are non-vegetarian eater and relish fish and shellfish cuisine as a preferred dish. Department of fisheries works for the welfare and development of fishermen and fish farmers and sustainable fisheries & aquaculture as a whole.

There is one fish landing center at Durgapur.

There is one fish drying platform at Durgapur for benefit of fishermen.

There is one Ice Plant and Cold Storage for the preservation of fishes at Durgapur village. Fishermen are availing of the facilities.

Forest
Diglipur Tehsil partly comes under the jurisdiction of North Andaman Forest Division. Total Geographic area of this division is 1238 km2 in which reserved forest area is 83.08 km2, Protected forest area is 963.04 km2 and non-forest area is 191.88 km2.

Panchayati Raj Institution
Panchayati Raj Institutions: Diglipur Tehsil is having 34 revenue villages and these villages are locally governed by 15 Gram Panchayats. The list of limitations of each Panchayat and its Pradhan is furnished as under:

Power
Power Generation at Kalpong HE Project:- There are 3 turbines of 1750 KW Capacity each working at Kalpong Hydro Electric Project.

There are 3 generator sets of 1000 KV & 03 generator sets of 320 KV Capacity at Sitanagar Power House.

Defence
There are four Defence Establishment as given below:

Disaster Management
Disaster Management: As a measure to cope up with disasters, following government building/structures have been identified as an immediate temporary relief shelter in each revenue village.

Details of the village wise identified relief shelter is as under:-

Agriculture
, Diglipur's chief agricultural products were rice (about 6500 ha), coconuts (3600 ha), rabi pulses (2900 ha), areca nuts (1300 ha) and bananas (650 ha).

Tourism
The city also profits from tourism to nearby attractions in North Andaman, which include the Ross and Smith islands, the Saddle Peak National Park, the beaches at Ram Nagar, Kalipur, and Lamiya bay, and mud volcanoes. Ram Nagar beach (15 km away from Kalighat) is famous for sea turtle nesting from December to February.

The first hydroelectric power station of the islands (5.25 MW) is set up in the Kalpong River.

The Chalis Ek Caves (about 20 km due south of Diglipur, near the village of Pathi Level) and the Alfred Caves are a major nesting ground for the edible-nest swiftlet, whose nests are exported to China for bird's nest soup.

Mud Volcano at Diglipur
The mud volcanoes at North Andaman are described by locals as better than those found in Baratang Islands. The mud volcanoes at North Andaman are located at a place locally known as Jal Tikry near Hathi level around 25 km from Diglipur Bazaar (direction towards Laxmipur). Till now local administration has made no efforts of accessibility of tourists to this place.

Ross Island
The small Ross Island, a 20-minute boat ride from Aerial Bay jetty, is an ideal spot for beach tourism, adventure (trekking through tropical forest), research / education (like scuba diving, snorkeling, turtle nesting). The sand bar joining this island with the larger Smith Island is an added attraction. This Ross Island is not to be confused with the Ross Island, South Andaman district, near Port Blair.

Smith Island
Smith Island offers a similar experience to the small adjoining Ross Island. Smith Island has a village of about 60 families. Eco rest houses are available for overnight stay. The beach is notified for turtle nesting during seasons.

Kalipur Beach
At a distance of 18 km from Diglipur, there is a combination of sand and rock shores with fishing village nearby. Lamiya Bay is quite near the Kalipur beach. Kalipur Adventure Sports Complex, near Kalipur Beach offers water adventure sports such as speed boats, water scooters etc. The complex however suffers administrative apathy and requires facelift. Lamiya Bay Beach (or locally Lemiyar Bay) borders the Saddle Peak National Park | National Parks |. This beautiful beach has a stretch of shore covered with shells. At the end of this walk is a refreshing fresh water stream 'Thambu Nali' in the foothills of National Park.

Saddle Peak National Park
Is a dense tropical forest housing a rich bank of exquisite trees, (including sandal), rare flora and wild fruits and offering trekking opportunities including climbing up natural steps formed by the roofs of old trees. Tourists need to take permission from Forest Department to trek through this Park. A 740 feet climb leads to Saddle Peak, the highest point in A&N islands which offers an aerial view of A&N, the second peak "ice degree peak" is the coldest point while the third peak provides a fantastic view spanning Diglipur to Mayabunder.

Tourists
The tourist season in North Andaman [Diglipur] is between the months of November and March in a year. The present tourist inflow in a season is an estimated 1000 only of which ~90% are domestic tourists and the rest foreign nationals. This translates to a low average of 6 tourists per day in season. The average stay period of a foreign tourist is put at 10 days to a fortnight and the same drops to 1–3 days in case of a domestic tourist.

Local travel in North Andaman
For local travel STS buses (Govt.) and private buses are available. The public transport services run between 04:30 and 19:30 hours. There are also about 45 autos and few jeeps/Omni Vans as an alternative to public transport on the island. Fishermen doongis (locally called donghy, dinghy/machine donghy) are available for inter-island travel. Charges for these doongis have to be negotiated. Doongis may not be to everyone's liking as they are uncomfortable and makes a loud monotonous noise. They are usually open-top and without any life rafts or jackets and therefore unsafe for sea travel as well.

The inter-island boat visit to Aerial Bay jetty thrice in a week, Monday, Wednesday & Saturday, departs from Port Blair 07.00 Hrs & arrives 15.15 Hrs, and returns Tuesday 07.00 Hrs, Wed & Sat 21.00 Hrs.

Power supply
Power supply to this island is from the 5.5 MW hydro electric project of NHPC. The present power supply situation is satisfactory with occasional power cuts due to stabilization problems in the plant. The present capacity is said to be sufficient to meet the power requirements of Diglipur, Mayabunder and Rangat islands. The Kalpong River project has a 34- meter high concrete dam on the left fork of the river Kalpong, a 25 m  rock-fill dam on the right fork, 257 m in-take approach channel, and a 133-metre long in-take tunnel. The Kalpong river traverses in the northward direction for a length of about 35 km before it joins the Aerial Bay Creek on the east coast near Diglipur

Water supply
Water supply is from the perennial Kalpong river, the only river in the whole of A&N islands. The water supply situation is satisfactory till date. However, construction of dam for hydro electric project has raised concerns on sustainability of maintaining the present water supply levels.

Villages
In 2001, the townships (gram panchayats) and subordinated villages in Diglipur county were:

 * Diglipur: Khudirampur
 * Gandhi Nagar: Ganesh Nagar, Shanti Nagar
 * Kalighat: Jagannath Dera
 * Keralapuram: Vidyasagar Pally, Aerial Bay, Sagardweep, Gandhi Nagar
 * Kishorinagar: Parangara, Mohanpur
 * Laxmipur: Milangram
 * Madhupur: Rabindra Pally, Deshbandugram
 * Nabagram: Nischintapur, Madhyamgram
 * Paschimsaga
 * Radha Nagar: Shyam Nagar, Swarajgram
 * Ramakrishnagram
 * Ramnagar
 * Shibpur: Kalipur, Durgapur
 * Sitanagar: Krishnapuri
 * Subashgram: Diglipur

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title: Diglipur


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Hypertensive emergency

A hypertensive emergency is very high blood pressure with potentially life-threatening symptoms and signs of acute damage to one or more organ systems (especially brain, eyes, heart, aorta, or kidneys). It is different from a hypertensive urgency by this additional evidence for impending irreversible hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD). Blood pressure is often above 200/120 mmHg, however there are no universally accepted cutoff values.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms may include headache, nausea, or vomiting. Chest pain may occur due to increased workload on the heart resulting in inadequate delivery of oxygen to meet the heart muscle's metabolic needs. The kidneys may be affected, resulting in blood or protein in the urine, and acute kidney failure. People can have decreased urine production, fluid retention, and confusion.

Other signs and symptoms can include:
 * Chest pain
 * Abnormal heart rhythms
 * Headache
 * Nosebleeds that are difficult to stop
 * Dyspnea
 * Fainting or the sensation of the world spinning around them (vertigo)
 * Severe anxiety
 * Agitation
 * Altered mental status
 * Abnormal sensations

The most common presentations of hypertensive emergencies are cerebral infarction (24.5%), pulmonary edema (22.5%), hypertensive encephalopathy (16.3%), and congestive heart failure (12%). Less common presentations include intracranial bleeding, aortic dissection, and pre-eclampsia or eclampsia.

Massive, rapid elevations in blood pressure can trigger any of these symptoms, and warrant further work-up by physicians. Physical exam would include measurement of blood pressure in both arms. Laboratory tests to be conducted include urine toxicology, blood glucose, a basic metabolic panel evaluating kidney function, or a complete metabolic panel evaluating liver function, EKG, chest x-rays, and pregnancy screening.

The eyes may show bleeding in the retina, an exudate, cotton-wool spots, scattered splinter hemorrhages, or swelling of the optic disc called papilledema.

Causes
Many factors and causes are contributory in hypertensive crises. The most common cause is patients with diagnosed, chronic hypertension who have discontinued anti hypertensive medications.

Other common causes of hypertensive crises are autonomic hyperactivity such as pheochromocytoma, collagen-vascular diseases, drug use particularly stimulants, cocaine and amphetamines and their substituted analogues, monoamine oxidase inhibitors or food-drug interactions, spinal cord disorders, glomerulonephritis, head trauma, neoplasias, preeclampsia and eclampsia, hyperthyroidism and renovascular hypertension. People withdrawing from medications such as clonidine or beta-blockers have been frequently found to develop hypertensive crises. It is important to note that these conditions exist outside of hypertensive emergency, in that patients diagnosed with these conditions are at increased risk of hypertensive emergencies or end organ failure.

Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of hypertensive emergency is not well understood. Failure of normal autoregulation and an abrupt rise in systemic vascular resistance are typical initial components of the disease process.

Hypertensive emergency pathophysiology includes:
 * Abrupt increase in systemic vascular resistance, likely related to humoral vasoconstrictors
 * Endothelial injury and dysfunction
 * Fibrinoid necrosis of the arterioles
 * Deposition of platelets and fibrin
 * Breakdown of normal autoregulatory function

The resulting ischemia prompts further release of vasoactive substances including prostaglandins, free radicals, and thrombotic/mitotic growth factors, completing a vicious cycle of inflammatory changes. If the process is not stopped, homeostatic failure begins, leading to loss of cerebral and local autoregulation, organ system ischemia and dysfunction, and myocardial infarction. Single-organ involvement is found in approximately 83% of hypertensive emergency patients, two-organ involvement in about 14% of patients, and multi-organ failure (failure of at least 3 organ systems) in about 3% of patients.

In the brain, hypertensive encephalopathy - characterized by hypertension, altered mental status, and swelling of the optic disc - is a manifestation of the dysfunction of cerebral autoregulation. Cerebral autoregulation is the ability of the blood vessels in the brain to maintain a constant blood flow. People with chronic hypertension can tolerate higher arterial pressure before their autoregulation system is disrupted. Hypertensives also have an increased cerebrovascular resistance which puts them at greater risk of developing cerebral ischemia if the blood flow decreases into a normotensive range. On the other hand, sudden or rapid rises in blood pressure may cause hyperperfusion and increased cerebral blood flow, causing increased intracranial pressure and cerebral edema, with increased risk of intracranial bleeding.

In the heart, increased arterial stiffness, increased systolic blood pressure, and widened pulse pressures, all resulting from chronic hypertension, can cause significant damage. Coronary perfusion pressures are decreased by these factors, which also increase myocardial oxygen consumption, possibly leading to left ventricular hypertrophy. As the left ventricle becomes unable to compensate for an acute rise in systemic vascular resistance, left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema or myocardial ischemia may occur.

In the kidneys, chronic hypertension has a great impact on the kidney vasculature, leading to pathologic changes in the small arteries of the kidney. Affected arteries develop endothelial dysfunction and impairment of normal vasodilation, which alter kidney autoregulation. When the kidneys' autoregulatory system is disrupted, the intraglomerular pressure starts to vary directly with the systemic arterial pressure, thus offering no protection to the kidney during blood pressure fluctuations. The renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system can be activated, leading to further vasoconstriction and damage. During a hypertensive crisis, this can lead to acute kidney ischemia, with hypoperfusion, involvement of other organs, and subsequent dysfunction. After an acute event, this endothelial dysfunction has persisted for years.

Diagnosis
The term hypertensive emergency is primarily used as a specific term for a hypertensive crisis with a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 120 mmHg or systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 180 mmHg. Hypertensive emergency differs from hypertensive urgency in that, in the former, there is evidence of acute organ damage. Both of these definitions had collectively been known as malignant hypertension, although this medical term is replaced.

In the pregnant patient, the definition of hypertensive emergency (likely secondary to pre-eclampsia or eclampsia) is only a blood pressure exceeding 160 mmHg systolic blood pressure or 110 mmHg diastolic blood pressure.

Treatment
In a hypertensive emergency, treatment should first be to stabilize the patient's airway, breathing, and circulation per ACLS guidelines. Patients should have their blood pressure slowly lowered over a period of minutes to hours with an antihypertensive agent. Documented goals for blood pressure include a reduction in the mean arterial pressure by less than or equal to 25% within the first 8 hours of emergency. If blood pressure is lowered aggressively, patients are at increased risk of complications including stroke, blindness, or kidney failure. Several classes of anti hypertensive agents are recommended, with the choice depending on the cause of the hypertensive crisis, the severity of the elevation in blood pressure, and the patient's baseline blood pressure prior to a hypertensive emergency. Physicians will attempt to identify a cause of the patient's hypertension, including chest radiograph, serum laboratory studies evaluating kidney function, urinalysis, as that will alter the treatment approach for a more patient-directed regimen.

Hypertensive emergencies differ from hypertensive urgency in that they are treated parenterally, whereas in urgency it is recommended to use oral anti hypertensives to reduce the risk of hypotensive complications or ischemia. Parenteral agents are classified into beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, systemic vasodilators, or other (fenoldopam, phentolamine, clonidine). Medications include labetalol, nicardipine, hydralazine, sodium nitroprusside, esmolol, nifedipine, minoxidil, isradipine, clonidine, and chlorpromazine. These medications work through a variety of mechanisms. Labetalol is a beta-blocker with mild alpha antagonism, decreasing the ability of catecholamine activity to increase systemic vascular resistance, while also decreasing heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand. Nicardipine, Nifedipine, and Isradipine are calcium channel blockers that work to decrease systemic vascular resistance and subsequently lower blood pressure. Hydralazine and Sodium nitroprusside are systemic vasodilators, thereby reducing afterload, however can be found to have reflex tachycardia, making them likely second or third line choices. Sodium nitroprusside was previously the first-line choice due to its rapid onset, although now it is less commonly used due to side effects, drastic drops in blood pressure, and cyanide toxicity. Sodium nitroprusside is also contraindicated in patients with myocardial infarction, due to coronary steal. It is again important that the blood pressure is lowered slowly. The initial goal in hypertensive emergencies is to reduce the pressure by no more than 25% the mean arterial pressure. Excessive reduction in blood pressure can precipitate coronary, cerebral, or kidney ischemia and, possibly, infarction.

A hypertensive emergency is not based solely on an absolute level of blood pressure, but also on a patient's baseline blood pressure before the hypertensive crisis occurs. Individuals with a history of chronic hypertension may not tolerate a "normal" blood pressure, and can therefore present symptomatically with hypotension, including fatigue, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, or syncope.

Prognosis
Severe hypertension is a serious and potentially life-threatening medical condition. It is estimated that people who do not receive appropriate treatment only live an average of about three years after the event.

The morbidity and mortality of hypertensive emergencies depend on the extent of end-organ dysfunction at the time of presentation and the degree to which blood pressure is controlled afterward. With good blood pressure control and medication compliance, the 5-year survival rate of patients with hypertensive crises approaches 55%.

The risks of developing a life-threatening disease affecting the heart or brain increase as the blood flow increases. Commonly, ischemic heart attack and stroke are the causes that lead to death in patients with severe hypertension. It is estimated that for every 20 mm Hg systolic or 10 mm Hg diastolic increase in blood pressures above 115/75 mm Hg, the mortality rate for both ischemic heart disease, cancer and stroke doubles.

Consequences of hypertensive emergency result after prolonged elevations in blood pressure and associated end-organ dysfunction. Acute end-organ damage may occur, affecting the neurological, cardiovascular, kidney, or other organ systems. Some examples of neurological damage include hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral vascular accident/cerebral infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracranial bleeding. Cardiovascular system damage can include myocardial ischemia/infarction, acute left ventricular dysfunction, acute pulmonary edema, and aortic dissection. Other end-organ damage can include acute kidney failure or insufficiency, retinopathy, eclampsia, lung cancer, brain cancer, leukemia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.

Epidemiology
In 2000, it was estimated that 1 billion people worldwide have hypertension, making it the most prevalent condition in the world. Approximately 60 million Americans have chronic hypertension, with 1% of these individuals having an episode of hypertensive urgency. In emergency departments and clinics around the U.S., the prevalence of hypertensive urgency is suspected to be between 3-5%. 25% of hypertensive crises have been found to be hypertensive emergency versus urgency when presenting to the ER.

Risk factors for hypertensive emergency include age, obesity, noncompliance to anti hypertensive medications, female sex, Caucasian race, preexisting diabetes or coronary artery disease, mental illness, and sedentary lifestyle. Several studies have concluded that African Americans have a greater incidence of hypertension and a greater morbidity and mortality from hypertensive disease than non-Hispanic whites, however hypertensive crises have a greater incidence in Caucasians. Although severe hypertension is more common in the elderly, it may occur in children (though very rarely), likely due to metabolic or hormonal dysfunction. In 2014, a systematic review identified women as having slightly higher increased risks of developing hypertensive crises than do men.

With the usage of anti hypertensives, the rates of hypertensive emergencies has declined from 7% to 1% of patients with hypertensive urgency.

16% of patients presenting with hypertensive emergency can have no known history of hypertension.

title: Hypertensive emergency


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User:Leki

I've been a user of Wikipedia for years and finally became a registered editor in September 2005.

title: User:Leki


text:
Hypertensive crisis

Severely elevated blood pressure (equal to or greater than 180 mmHg systolic or 120 mmHg diastolic) is referred to as a hypertensive crisis (sometimes termed malignant or accelerated hypertension), due to the high risk of complications. People with blood pressures in this range may have no symptoms, but are more likely to report headaches (22% of cases) and dizziness than the general population. Other symptoms accompanying a hypertensive crisis may include visual deterioration due to retinopathy, breathlessness due to heart failure, or a general feeling of malaise due to kidney failure.

Most people with a hypertensive crisis are known to have elevated blood pressure, but additional triggers may have led to a sudden rise.

Symptoms & treatment
A "hypertensive emergency" is diagnosed when there is evidence of direct damage to one or more organs as a result of severely elevated blood pressure greater than 180 mmHg systolic or 120 mmHg diastolic. This may include hypertensive encephalopathy, caused by brain swelling and dysfunction, and characterized by headaches and an altered level of consciousness (confusion or drowsiness). Retinal papilledema and/or fundal bleeds and exudates are another sign of target organ damage. Chest pain may indicate heart muscle damage (which may progress to myocardial infarction) or sometimes aortic dissection, the tearing of the inner wall of the aorta. Breathlessness, cough, and the coughing up of blood-stained sputum are characteristic signs of pulmonary edema, the swelling of lung tissue due to left ventricular failure, an inability of the left ventricle of the heart to adequately pump blood from the lungs into the arterial system. Rapid deterioration of kidney function (acute kidney injury) and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (destruction of blood cells) may also occur.

In these situations of hypertensive emergency, rapid reduction of the blood pressure is mandated to stop ongoing organ damage. In contrast there is no evidence that blood pressure needs to be lowered rapidly in hypertensive urgencies, where there is no evidence of target organ damage; over-aggressive reduction of blood pressure is not without risks. Use of oral medications to lower the BP gradually over 24 to 48h is advocated in hypertensive urgencies.

Etiologies
There are several etiologies of a hypertensive crisis, including a tumor. A rare, neuroendocrine tumor called a pheochromocytoma can cause a hypertensive crisis due to elevated levels of catecholamines.

title: Hypertensive crisis


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Oshkosh Northwestern

The Oshkosh Northwestern is a daily newspaper based in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The Northwestern is primarily distributed in Winnebago, Waushara, and Green Lake counties.

History
For the forty years preceding establishment of the newspaper's name as Oshkosh Northwestern in 1979, the newspaper was known as the Oshkosh Daily Northwestern.

The Northwestern was owned by the Schwalm and Heaney families until 1998, when it was sold to Ogden Newspapers; Ogden traded the paper to Thomson Newspapers two months later for four papers in Ohio and Pennsylvania. It has been part of the Gannett chain of newspapers since 2000, when it was purchased from Thomson Corporation.

Building
The building for the newspaper was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 13, 1982. It is a significant example of 1930 Renaissance architecture.

In 2017 the building was purchased by Oshkosh Business Center III LLC.

title: Oshkosh Northwestern


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Mayabunder

Mayabunder is a town and a tehsil in the northern part of Middle Andaman Island, Andaman Archipelago, India. The name is also spelled Maya Bunder or Maya Bandar. As of 2001, the county had 23,912 inhabitants, of which 3182 were in the town. It was settled in the British colonial period by immigrants from Myanmar and ex-convicts from Mainland India.

Administratively, Mayabunder is the headquarters of the North and Middle Andaman district, which is part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory.

Geography
Mayabunder is linked with Port Blair by the Andaman Trunk Road (242 km) and by ferry (136 km).

Economy and facilities
Mayabunder is a waystation for several tourist attractions, such as mangrove lined tidal creeks, the beach at Aves Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) (30 minutes by boat), and Karamatang Beach (13 km), a sea turtle nesting ground. Port Blair and Mayabunder are the only ports that can harbour passenger ships from mainland India.

Mayabunder has a public college named Mahatma Gandhi Government College.

On 24 December 2012, Indian Coast Guard Station Mayabunder, the first CG Station in the North Andaman Islands was commissioned by the Defence Secretary, Shri Shashi Kant Sharma.

Villages
According to the 2001 census, Mayabunder county includes the following villages:
 * Asha Nagar (83 inhabitants)
 * Bajato (74)
 * Bamboo Nallaha (67)
 * Basantipur (370)
 * Birsa Nagar (180)
 * Buddha Nallaha (179)
 * Chainpur (452)
 * Chappa Nali (29)
 * Chuglum Gum (140)
 * Danpur (592)
 * Devpur (450)
 * Dukennagar (691)
 * Ganeshpur (56)
 * Govindpur (664)
 * Hanspuri (280)
 * Harinagar (1809)
 * Jaipur (461)
 * Kamalapur (241)
 * Kanchi Nallaha & Bamboo Nallaha (77)
 * Karanch Khari (68)
 * Karmatang (1637)
 * Khukari Tabla (70)
 * Lataw (179)
 * Lauki Nallaha (847)
 * Lucknow (686)
 * Luis-in-Let-Bay (6)
 * Mayabunder (3182)
 * Pahalgaon (1326)
 * Paiket Bay (226)
 * Paresh Nagar (516)
 * Pinakinagar (829)
 * Pokadera (1840)
 * Profullya Nagar (377)
 * Pudumadurai (391)
 * Rampur (765)
 * Santipur (882)
 * Shippi Tikry (118)
 * Sundari Khari (79)
 * Swadesh Nagar (766)
 * Tugapur (1733)
 * Webi (476)

title: Mayabunder


text:
Ontarioville, Illinois

Ontarioville is a small neighborhood within the village of Hanover Park, Illinois.

It lies just south of U.S. Route 20 (Lake Street), at the intersection of County Farm Road and Ontarioville Road. The Hanover Park Metra station is located along the Milwaukee District/West Line tracks that immediately parallel Ontarioville Road.

History
In the early 1870s, brothers Edwin and Luther Bartlett each established stations named "Bartlett" along the Chicago and Pacific Railroad line. Luther's station kept the name Bartlett, but to avoid confusion, Edwin renamed his station "Ontario" in 1873, after a legend that the site was built on an old Indian trail between Lake Ontario and Green Bay, Wisconsin.

A post office was established in Ontarioville in 1873.

Ontarioville was eventually incorporated into the surrounding village of Hanover Park in 1982.

title: Ontarioville, Illinois


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Rangat

Rangat is a town on the Middle Andaman Island, Andaman Archipelago. It is also one of the three counties (tehsils) administrative divisions of the North and Middle Andaman district, in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory of India. Its population, according to the 2001 Census of India, was 38,824 people, mainly of Bengalis and Tamils.

Rangat is 210 km from Port Blair and 70 km south of Mayabunder. The town is well connected by road and sea routes.

Tourism
The town has been described as a "ramshackle sprawl around two rows of chai shops and general stores divided by the ATR Andaman Trunk Road." Some nearby tourist attractions are Amkunj Beach (8 km away) Dhani Nallah located at out skirts of Rangat and Cutbert Bay Beach (18 km away). The latter is an important turtle nesting ground, especially from December to February.

Villages
As of July 2012, Rangat county included the following villages (panchayats):
 * Rangat proper
 * Bakultala
 * Dashratpur
 * Kadamtala
 * Kausalyanagar
 * Long Island
 * Nilambur
 * Nimbutala
 * Parnasala
 * Sabri
 * Shivapuram
 * Sunderghar
 * Urmilapur
 * Uttara

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya
Centrally funded Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Middle Andaman for North and Middle Andaman district is located in Rangat taluk. Navodaya vidyalaya is well connected via National Highway 4 which lies just 1.5 km away.

title: Rangat


text:
User:Izumi5

I had created templates (most of them are now obsolete) around 2007, and mainly contributed on Japanese railway articles.

I must apologize that I dismiss all the notes that were on my note page for long absense, but if anybody still has a question on me, please update the note page. Izumi5 (talk) 21:47, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

ja:利用者:Izumi5

title: User:Izumi5


text:
Ferrargunj

Ferrargunj is one of five local administrative divisions of the Indian district of Andaman, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The name is after Michael Lloyd Ferrar, a commissioner and butterfly collector.

It is a division known locally as a tehsil, roughly equivalent to a county in its range of administrative powers. It is located in the Andaman Islands.

Ferrargunj's population according to 2001 Census of India figures was 48,626.

title: Ferrargunj


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HaloGen (Mod)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 22:27, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

HaloGen (Mod)
Crystalballery about a unreleased Command and Conquer mod of no particular newsworthiness that I could uncover. Seems like it's been mentioned on quite a few forums and once on Kotaku (a gaming blog), but that's it. (Applying the Google test turned out to be futile, because of the mod's name.) - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 09:01, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Crufty, vain and far from encyclopedic.  (Gosh, I sound like I'm in a bad mood today.)  Anville 11:23, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's not encyclopedic if it's unreleased. — J I P | Talk 12:47, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a legitimate article. Just because you don't know about it doesn't mean you should delete it. There are plenty of articles about mods (e.g. The Specialists) and this is one of the best-written ones. Swinger222 12:46, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. At least until it's released. Carbonite | Talk 16:46, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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E-pek@k

e-pek@k is a project that facilitates the usage of information and communication technologies to provide the services for the hearing impaired community (fully and partially) in Malaysia.

Kuala Lumpur Society of the Deaf (KLSD)
Kuala Lumpur Society of the Deaf (officially abbreviated as KLSD, and known as Persatuan Orang Pekak Kuala Lumpur in Malay) is known officially since 1994. It was initially known as Society of Hearing Impaired Federal Territory and Selangor (SHIMA) when it was established on June 23, 1987. In 1992, Selangor split from SHIMA and changed its name to Society of Hearing Impaired Federal Territory. KLSD is the third deaf organizations to be formed in Malaysia. The first two deaf organizations are the National Society for the Deaf (NSD) and YMCA Deaf Club Kuala Lumpur. These organizations are all organized by the hearing impaired community themselves.
 * Perlis Deaf Association (PERDA)

 * PERDA was previously known as Persatuan Orang Pekak Negeri Perlis (POPNPs) before registration. At that time, they only met with the deaf community for activities or events. Upon consultation with other associations including MFD, they registered with Pendaftar Penubuhan on 27 August 2001 with the name PERDA, a name that was suggested by the president of MFD. PERDA was then recognised as a registered association on 11 March 2002.

 * Selangor Association of the Hearing Impaired (POCPS)

 * POCPS was established on 1 December 1993. They were a non-registered association. They were known as Kelab Pekak Kelang (Klang Deaf Club) since 1973. This association is a self-help organisation which is fully managed by the deaf. The objectives of POCPS are to cultivate the deaf community and to help each person to become an independent in individual and always work hard to improve themselves.

 * Persatuan Kebajikan Pekak Terengganu (PKPT)

 * PKPT was registered on 20 June 1974 and have been organising activities at the Sekolah Rendah Sultan Sulaiman 1, Kuala Terengganu. Deaf students in this school receive services and moral support from PKPT. The role of this organisation of this school for deaf students is to liaise with the Persatuan Ibu Bapa dan Guru (Parents and Teachers Association, PIBG). The members of this organisation themselves are mainly parents and the deaf community. PKPT helped build a mini hostel for the outstation students. This mini hostel can fit in 20 female and 20 male and the foods and drinks are provided by a volunteer family whom as well have a hearing-impaired child.

 * By the year 1984, all the management of the mini hostel was taken over by Jabatan Pendidikan Terengganu (Terengganu Education Department). Thus, PKPT has stopped all the activities in the school. During that time, many of the members/committee have been moving on. The organisation went dormant for 10 years. In the meantime, the deaf in Kuala Terengganu were assisted by the teachers of special classes in Sekolah Rendah Sultan Sulaiman 1, Kuala Terengganu.

 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Pendidikan Khas Kuala Terengganu was established on 1 May 1998. In the meanwhile, the PIBG of the school and the deaf people including Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat Negeri Terengganu has prepared a proposal and PKPT then become active again.

 * Persatuan Orang Cacat Pendengaran Kelantan (POCPK)

 * POCPK is an NGO that was established on 24 September 1996 and is wholly managed by the deaf community. When it first started out, there were only 96 registered members from Kelantan. The number of the members has since increased. There were 338 registered members by March 2003. Hoping to help more of the deaf people from all around Kelantan, POCPK have launched various programmes to attract more members while providing information and news for the deaf community.

Background of e-pek@k
There were not many communication facilities available for the deaf in Malaysia, making long distance communication difficult. They couldn't use normal telephones and there were no text phones or fax machines in facilities for the deaf. The deaf would have to pay for regular phone lines and bear the additional expense of a fax machine. Although television is a visual application, it was almost useless to deaf viewers, as subtitles were non-existent.

Computers, integrated with the Internet, have the potential to be an effective medium for the hearing-impaired person to access information, news, services, job opportunities, and peer support. The internet can also be used as a medium for deaf users to communicate, using means other than the sign language, with anyone around the world, including those who are not hearing-impaired. The Malaysian Federation for the Deaf has noticed this potential and developed the e-pek@k project.

Partners of e-pek@k

 * Special Education Department
 * Social Welfare Department
 * Three local deaf NGOs
 * Kuala Lumpur Society of the Deaf (KLSD)
 * Selangor Association of the Hearing Impaired (POCPS)
 * Kuala Lumpur Society of Parents and Guardians of Deaf Children (PESIBA)
 * Six special schools for the deaf in Klang Valley
 * Sekolah untuk Kanak-Kanak Pekak, Selangor
 * Sekolah Rendah Pendidikan Khas, Kuala Lumpur
 * Sekolah Rendah Pendidikan Khas, Kampung Baru
 * Sekolah Rendah Pendidikan Khas, Selangor
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Alam Shah, Petaling Jaya
 * Sekolah Menengah Vokasional Khas, Shah Alam
 * MIMOS Berhad
 * Ministry of Health

Description
e-pek@k project started out in November 2000 in Malaysia. All of the staff in MFD themselves are hearing-impaired persons. MFD also has strong links with different deaf NGOs and societies. Therefore, they can understand the needs of the deaf community and it will be very easy for them in doing needs analysis, program design, project implementation, training activities, etc.

Objectives

 * 1) To connect and support hearing-impaired person in Malaysia
 * 2) To advocate for the rights and needs of hearing-impaired persons with the relevant departments of the Malaysian government.
 * 3) To raise awareness among the general public of hearing disabilities and the needs of hearing-impaired persons.
 * 4) To improve and extend the current services provided by MFD

Components of e-pek@k
There are 2 components in e-pek@k: ‘D-administration’ and ‘D-schools’. ‘D-administration’ is a website that provides information, news from deaf community, services, job opportunities and facility for learning BIM for the deaf community. ‘D-schools’ are deaf schools preinstalled with ICT facilities, along with the provision of IT training and education by e-pek@k.

D-administration (D-Tadbir)
In the e-pek@k website, it provides the access to information and services as shown below:
 * MySL – BIM: A place to learn sign language with pictorial presentations as well as video presentations
 * MyDeaf: a link to MFD
 * Sazali’s Posting Board (Bicara Sazali): A web space where Mr Sazali, the president of MFD, post and shares his opinions or experiences.
 * Announcement (Pengumuman)
 * e-Services (e-Khidmat)
 * e-Register (Ahli Online): allows clients to register with local deaf NGOs
 * e-Interpreter (Jurubahasa Isyarat): allows clients to request the services of sign language interpreters to assist the communication between the deaf and the society
 * e-Counseling (Kaunseling): allows clients to make appointments for confidential, face-to-face, peer counseling services
 * e-Job (e-Kerja): a job network that seeks to place hearing-impaired persons in mainstream positions
 * SMS Bulletin (SMS Buletin): new bulletin source for the deaf community
 * Hall of Success (Dewan Kejayaan)
 * A list of the successor from the deaf community and are categorized to: Local Graduates, Overseas Graduates, Leaders, Entrepreneurs, Students, Athlete, and Adventurer
 * e-Interview (e-Temuduga): The interviews of the deaf persons which was conducted online and posted here by Leon Lim, one of the successor listed in Hall of Success
 * e-Info: Local news or information related with the deaf
 * e-Buy (e-Beli): clients can buy the books and CDs of BIM online
 * News and events: Advertisement of upcoming events that are particularly relevant to hearing-impaired persons

During the implementation of e-pek@k project, MFD staff had provided training to the representatives of the deaf NGOs. The deaf NGO representatives in turn, are able to provide training to their own members as required.

D-schools (D-Sekolah)
The establishment of D-schools is to ensure the deaf students are IT-educated and prepare them for the computer age in their future. Thus they are able to participate in Malaysia’s envisioned knowledge society. In this project, e-pek@k installed the ICT hardware in schools for the deaf. Besides that, e-pek@k staff also provided training and education for the deaf teachers and students as well. However, in the first stages of e-pek@k project, six schools for the deaf were installed with ICT centres.

The first step of e-pek@k project is to sell the idea to the school administrators, teachers, students and parents. e-pek@k staff does this by presenting awareness-raising sessions and offering hands-on experience.

Then, e-pek@k staff installs and supply the hardware mostly assisted by the most motivated school staff and students. Training of using different types of popular software applications are given to staff and students by the e-pek@k staff themselves and NGOs representatives. The e-pek@k staff also teaches and assists students to develop and maintain their own school website. For now, all six of the schools which are under the e-pek@k project already have their own websites, with contents full of helpful tutorials, public forums, news and events, etc.

The continuity and maintaining of IT centres later will be the schools' own responsibility.

Achievement
As a result of e-pek@k project, many deaf students are now able to build and maintain their own website. With the assistance of ICT, the deaf are no longer invisible and limited by their handicap. Their voices are now able to be heard by the society. They now get access to all online services and receive moral support as much as they wanted.

The beneficiaries of e-pek@k are now more confident and have more chances to show off their abilities. They can now prove that they can be as good as everyone else. The teachers also have more faith in their abilities. Their overall results in school have improved. The traditional stigma of deaf students, of them being problematic students, always lagging in their studies even though they actually spend 8 years in primary school, can now be dispelled.

Award
On 24 October 2001, e-pek@k has received a special award from the Malaysian chapter of the United Nations (PBB Malaysia) in recognition of their ground-breaking work in helping this special needs group to bridge the digital divide. – from DAGS

Expandability
e-pek@k project is now confined to the in Klang Valley. It will soon be able to expand nationally within the framework of the MFD. In order to expand globally, it will have to depend on the availability of a similar network of NGOs and services for the deaf in the international arena.

Sustainability
e-pek@k is a non-profit organization; their sole financial support is from public donations to MFD. Hence, more funding is required to develop the project further. Similarly, there are no financial support for the maintenance and upgrade of hardware items that have been installed in D-schools. It will be dependent on the school community themselves and alone, if they agree to commit to this.

Glossary

 * Pekak :is a Malay word which means deaf
 * NGO :stands for non-governmental organisation
 * BIM :stands for Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia which translates into Malaysian Sign Language. Sign language is a language for the deaf to communicate with each other by using hands, body, and facial movement. Thus, the recipient can receive the message visually. Sign language has different characteristics in different languages, cultures, religions, and geography. Hence the sign languages are different in every country and BIM is the sign language for the deaf in Malaysia.
 * BIM is a natural sign language that is created by the deaf according to the factors like their daily communication and their own cultures. Since its conception, The Pulau Pinang Federation School for the Deaf, BIM has been widely used as the medium of communication within the deaf community in this country.

title: E-pek@k


text:
Talk:Proton Savvy

Untitled
What is KL-SG: 30 mins????? --Haniff 09:03, 30 September 2005 (UTC) (please reply or it will be deleted)

I would suppose he meant from Kuala Lumpur ( capital city of Malaysia ) to Singapore in 30 minutes travelling time ? By the way, dear ArmadillioFromHell ... why did you delete my postings on Proton Savvy AMT ? They are as real as ABC as I drive and own one such model Gee whiz, in just a maiden outing of some postings, ArmadilloFromHell seems so gung-ho to shoot down all my posts ? From cellfood, Dr Everett Lafayette Storey to Proton Savvy AMT car ... you are so trigger-happy to fire aways !?@#$%

I thought this is wikipedia ... the world's greatest free encyclopedia for the whole wide web to participate and join in ... to make it even bigger and better ... in terms of information freely flowing across the virtual air-space ? I must say you really have dampened my flying sorties and this comes as very much a shock and great dis-appointment to me indeed ...

Hello ... hello ... we are from the same universe or at least the same planet Earth I come in peace ... can we smoke the peace-pipe for once ceasefire for a lull moment before the bloody stains of all my thus far volunteer attempts at being an "author" get butchered, tortured and slaughtered by dear AmardilloFromHell have you not had enough of ants to eat for breakfast, lunch and dinner of late eh ? Make Love Not War ... Cheers and have a nice day then Have you had your hot cuppa as yet ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vince Lim (talk • contribs)
 * You do not know how to sign talk page comments and you do not know how to read an edit history. But those are small beer compared to the fact that you clearly have not worked out that this is an encyclopedia not a forum. It was I who removed you comments from this article - get real man - we do not put "YUMMY vroom vroom" in Wikipedia articles. -- RHaworth 17:41, 12

September 2006 (UTC)

WHY WAS THE TITLE CAR BUILD, SAFETY AND SECURITY DELETED ?
This topic on the Proton Savvy's build quality, security and safety was added in recently but was deleted by someone who was perhaps unhappy with the fact the ratings were below average. The person who deleted this has very shallow thinking in my opinion. Wikipedia articles are created to enrich knowledge of information seekers. It is only fair that all parties include all relevant information they know about a subject. If anyone can dispute the factuality of anything written within the mentioned topic, please bring it up here. Do note that all information has been provided with relevant sources of reference.

Any party with a appropriate reason to delete this article may bring up his/her reasoning here. RHaworth

"Some foreign automotive magazines also criticized hard plastic walling on the back of front seats as it could pose a hazard during frontal accidents if the rear passengers were thrown towards it."

This is factual incorrect. There are no hard plastics on the back of front seats. Hard plastic dash is the defacto standard for similar cars in its class ie myvi, aveo, picanto etc so why singled out this car for incorporating the similar material which are environmentally compliant. Why highlight only 2 negative reviews when they are other above par reviews from others - ie. the aussie reviews

The British car mags are bias as they consistently give poor reviews for french and non-jap cars.

Proof the antifans were here where the design of the bonnet was described like "toilet bowl" which was a blatant attempt to unfairly critise the car.

-autofreak

Attn : Autofreak If you feel there are some positive reviews you need to add in please do by all means. Do not delete this article. Though I'm not the author of the title "safety, build reviews', I fully support it and feel IT SHOULD NOT be deleted. Just because you don't agree with somethings do not delete it. We are not talking about other cars e.g. Myvi, Aveo here as the article is not combined. If you feel somethings on those topics should be added, add it there with relevant sources. Should you be able to cite any sources backing your claim, please put it up here. The author of this article had included relevant sources from reliable origins, please take note. Do realise that what you are doing can be counted as vandalism and I can report you to the wikifoundation having your IP Address blocked. Please be more rational in your actions for the good of this free encyclopedia. It also isn't appropriate and childish to brand the British car magazines as you did. Their reviews are widely accepted with your views not accounted for. I suggest you start your own Automag rather than mess this site up with all your views. We are not here to view other peoples reviews about a topic, we're looking for sourced facts -Thats Wikipedia.

AND WIKIPEDIA ISN"T SUPPOSED TO BE A CAR REVIEW SITE, it should be neutral and shouldn't be too judgemental, the review gives too much false impression, the added safety features was long awaited..there are many brands in the local market which doesn't even have single airbag for any of their baseline model lineup...if you have problem with that. I can complain to wikifoundation too, there was no attempt of defacing the site.

-autofreak

To be fair to all, the postive reviews should be added together with the original reviews which apparently was the work of antifans - the fans of Perodua myvi. It should be taken down in the meantime.

-autofreak

There's no harm in adding both pros and cons of a car as long it's sourced from a legitimate source. I don't own a savvy or myvi what so ever. Well you can see most other Proton pages and notice they have a write up on pros and cons, for example see the article for Proton Wira.

Agreed, article about cars should not be biased
I agree with you. An article about a car model should not be biased as it will spark fights among Wikipedians. We don't want this to happen. Yeah, I never own any of those cars, but I want to say this in order to be neutral.

Maybe there are defects on certain car models, but it doesn't mean that we are always free co give negative, destructive comments about them or the manufacturers may sue you in the court if they know your identity. That's just the same reason as why computer game producers don't include damage effects on cars in their racing games. 219.93.36.93 13:42, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Proton Savvy


text:
Talk:Alappuzha Beach

Untitled
As the page suggests, this beach is one of the most beautiful beaches in India. Is'nt that enough to expain it's importance ? So where's the problem ? Now, if you have an issue that it's not encyclopediac enough, that's a problem. I plan to expand it anyway. Look at pages of beaches in Brazil, they're not very exhaustive either, they're just 3 or 4 sentences long. Let me know what you think.

I looked up What wikipedia is not and I could not find anything one would have against this article.

Manik Raina 09:04, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alappuzha Beach


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To?) (Diana Ross song)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash talk 22:28, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To?) (Diana Ross song)
The article duplicates material in Mahogany (1975 film), and should be a redirect. User:FuriousFreddy has been trying to do this, but User:OmegaWikipedia insists on reverting. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:04, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect (may need protecting).. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:04, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and protect. -- Kjkolb 09:17, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * (Not sure if my vote counts for anything), but redirect and protect. --FuriousFreddy 11:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Mahogany and "Do You Know Where You're Going To" need to be seperate articles. One is about a movie, another one is about a #1 single. Surely, the articles for Titanic and My Heart Will Go On do not get merged as one article. OmegaWikipedia 12:36, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The single is the theme song to a movie. Are we going to have seperate articles on every Disney song from every Disney movie? --FuriousFreddy 21:26, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Why not? Wiki is not paper. I personally think that merging would create bloat and that redirecting would be a nonsense reply to the problem that doesn't really solve anything. Keep. --Jacquelyn Marie 22:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per OmegaWikipedia. Theme from Mahogany is an independently notable song as witnessed by the huge number of cover versions over the years (including at least one that was made its own article, albeit AFD'd), and Diana Ross' version is the preeminent recording of this song. If the material in the article is too much a carbon copy of the movie article, then be bold and rewrite it. 23skidoo 14:04, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * When it gets rewritten, it can be kept. I don't have any information o nteh record beyond basics, nor do I have the time to go out of my way to research it. And I've never heard of a single cover of the song notable enough for its own article. If someone can write an article with information that is not redundant with an article on the movie, then do so. However, as it stands now, the article should be redirected. --FuriousFreddy 21:26, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Isn't the whole point of wikipedia to let the article stay and have people who do have the information make it better?
 * Keep Ultimate Star Wars Freak 15:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Movies are not songs, and vice versa. Kappa 23:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * But who said that they were? When a song title redirects to the singer, that's not because we think that singers are songs or vice versa. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:06, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - The song is enough of a distinct entity from the movie to have its own article. I was a teenager in the 70's and listened to a lot of pop radio. I have clear memories of this song as being representative of that era in music, whereas I've never watched the movie in its entirety.  LiniShu 03:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Popular song by notable artist. Capitalistroadster 09:13, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, don't merge. Everyking 07:40, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Konark Beach

As the page suggests, this beach is one of the most beautiful beaches in India. Is'nt that enough to expain it's importance ? So where's the problem ? Now, if you have an issue that it's not encyclopediac enough, that's a problem. I plan to expand it anyway. Look at pages of beaches in Brazil, they're not very exhaustive either, they're just 3 or 4 sentences long. Let me know what you think.

I looked up What wikipedia is not and I could not find anything one would have against this article.

Manik Raina 09:04, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Orissa Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Orissa workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Orissa or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article -- Amartyabag   TALK2ME  07:26, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Konark Beach


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User:Jm1234567890

Note to self: add stuff here.

title: User:Jm1234567890


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Talk:Observability

Actuators
I deleted actuators from the formulation "actuators (outputs)", because in my understanding this is an error. Actuators are the inputs of a system. Apart from that i think the article could be improved. It is using non-standard mathematical notation (";"). The formulation with formally and less formally should be replaced by one proper definition (and an example if necessary).

Variables not defined
The variables C, A and O are not defined in the article. I assume the definition should the same as in the state space controls article (Maybe it should just be merged?). 76.68.248.33 (talk) 20:22, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Question
The definition of observability in the article is about linear systems. Can anyone write something concerning observability of nonlinear systems??? مبتدئ (talk) 00:04, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Duality
While this is not my focus area, I am curious how observability and controllability can be mathematical duals. The two terms DO relate to dual operations, observation and control, whereby an output is mapped to an operator or vice versa. However, from the page text it appears observability and controllability are measures of the two operations and therefore would be ambiguously defined as mathematical duals. Are the indices scalars? For an LTI system, it may be the case that the observability and controllability indices are equal by reciprocity. Expert review, please? Ryan Westafer (talk) 17:14, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Typically, observability and controllability are called duals because a system is observable if the tranposed system is controllable (and vice versa). That is, to say an (A, B) system is controllable is identical to saying the (AT, BT) system is observable. Likewise, an (A, C) system is observable if the (AT, CT) system is controllable. That is, they are dual problems. Observability in the primal space is controllability in the dual space. Is this explanation satisfactory? If so, does something similar to it need to be added to the article? Or is an explanation of its significance good enough? (i.e., that being able to find an input to bring any input state to any other is identical to being able to determine an initial state knowing an output trajectory) —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 15:26, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

Thanks. Yes, you explain the meaning as mathematical dual. Your explanation and a visit to the variable definitions on the state space page cleared things up. The canonical matrix 'C' was not defined in this article. With a link to State space (controls), this could be easily resolved. Ryan Westafer (talk) 00:19, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

continuous systems?
This article seems to be about discrete systems (although it's not explicitly stated, I could be wrong here), where you take n output samples, and can then predict the state of the system (if it's observable). I'm just curious, as you can also represent continuous systems in state space. Perhaps someone could add something about observability of those systems.Drugbird (talk) 08:32, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

readability
This mathematical gobblygook. Save it for the end. Not exactly laymans terms. Observability in the context of highly complex systems (like integrated circuits) is the ability to observe a change of internal state (controllability is a different, but related subject). Testability is determined (in part) by both controllability and observability .--71.245.164.83 (talk) 00:40, 12 September 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.245.164.83 (talk)

Estimating the unobservable??
A recent edit made Oct 10, 2012 is puzzling. It says that for an unobservable states, they might be "estimated through various means". At best, it's not clear what that means. Observability is a property of the system model, which includes the dynamic model and the measurement equations. For that model, what are the other "various means" for estimating unobservable states, other than just projecting forward an initial state estimate using the dynamic model (which you might do, for instance in a Kalman filter)? Taking the Kalman filter example: while you can get that estimate, it's usually not going to be that useful, especially in the (usual) case where the process noise is nonzero -- the variance of the unobservable states will just increase towards infinity over time. If the editor just meant that there might be other measurements not represented in a particular system, that's true but not helpful as an encyclopedia entry. That's talking about a different system model. Once a model has been picked, the measurement choices are made and only then can one talk about the observability of that system model. Gmstanley (talk) 17:25, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Reevaluation of the statement for the row rank
Probably the statemant, that the observability of a system is being evaluated by the row rank, since actually the column rank has to be evaluated.

"if the row rank of the following observability matrix"

Greetings!Back0ut (talk) 04:26, 23 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Row rank and column rank are always equal (see Rank (linear algebra)), so I don't think this should matter. That being said if the mathematics are demonstrating column rank (I haven't checked) it would be better explanation to write that you are evaluating column rank. Zfeinst (talk) 13:32, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

Observability matrix reasoning for SISO systems
The section on the definition of the observability states: "Consider a SISO system with n state variables", and introduces the observability matrix as a test to see if the LTI SISO system is observable or not. The reasoning is given as: "The rationale for this test is that if n rows are linearly independent, then each of the n state variables is viewable through linear combinations of the output variables y(k).".

However, isn't the topic of discussion in that sentence a single input *single output* system? How can there be "output variables y(k)"? Wouldn't there just be one output variable y? This seems confusing and needs clarification.

Answer: While there is only one output variable, in the discrete time case (implied by the use of the "k"), measurements are taken at multiple time steps. (Hence the plural). Gmstanley (talk) 21:17, 7 April 2019 (UTC)

Suggestion to move the section "Observability in software systems" to its own article or another page
In my opinion, this does not belong here. The only linking between observability in dynamical systems and software systems is the name "observability". Saung Tadashi (talk) 16:31, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

Agreed! The core of observability is based on the behavior of mathematical models of systems, deriving conditions for it and then knowing the implications for the behavior of estimators, controls, and perhaps diagnostics based on measurements. But despite years of effort in things like provably correct programs, there doesn't appear to be much useful theory on building a mathematical model of a program so that you could then actually determine observability of the system given a set of instrumentation. One exception might be in directed graph sort of models to trace cause/effect for diagnostic purposes. That seems possible for networks and high-level module interactions if the modules are really proven to execute to some model, but probably breaks down when analyzing the software problems inside the modules, except in the case of implementation with a graphical language. But it's hard to reliably parse text languages to trace cause/effect. Do any of the commercial tools for observability in software claim they can calculate observability as a system property? If not, it's not really analytical enough to belong here.

For software, it seems like observability is really just a loosely defined conceptual term, useful mainly for marketing purposes to justify additional software tools for performance monitoring and fault detection and debugging & resolution with improved visualization and maybe some pattern matching for fault detection. But, the key is that people still have to decide what to measure based on experience and heuristics rather than selecting measurements and then being able to determine observability from a model of working software. This might not belong here any more than, say, a concept of observability for camouflage clothing. Camouflage observability could also be a useful concept, including defining metrics for observability and then advertising based on those metrics. (Although like the software case, this focuses on some numerical measure of observability rather a hard binary choice of observable vs. unobservable). In fact, it seems more likely to me that you could come up with something like camouflage observability than reliably proving observability mathematically for software. Either of those cases belong on some other page. Gmstanley (talk) 00:55, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Observability


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Charles de Foucauld

Charles Eugène, vicomte de Foucauld de Pontbriand,   (15 September 1858 – 1 December 1916), commonly known as Charles de Foucauld, was a French soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnographer, Catholic priest and hermit who lived among the Tuareg people in the Sahara in Algeria. He was assassinated in 1916. His inspiration and writings led to the founding of a number of religious communities inspired by his example, such as the Little Brothers of Jesus.

Orphaned at the age of six, de Foucauld was brought up by his maternal grandfather, Colonel Beaudet de Morlet. He undertook officer training at the Saint-Cyr Military Academy. Upon graduating from the academy he opted to join the cavalry. Ordained in Viviers in 1901, he decided to settle in the Algerian Sahara at Béni Abbès. His ambition was to form a new congregation, but nobody joined him. Taking the religious name Charles of Jesus, he lived with the Berbers, adopting a new apostolic approach, preaching not through sermons, but through his example.

On 1 December 1916, de Foucauld was assassinated at his hermitage. He was quickly considered to be a martyr of faith and was the object of veneration following the success of the biography written by René Bazin. New religious congregations, spiritual families, and a renewal of eremitic life are inspired by Charles de Foucauld's life and writings. His beatification process started in 1927 eleven years after his death. He was declared Venerable on 24 April 2001 by Pope John Paul II, then Blessed on 13 November 2005 by Pope Benedict XVI. On 27 May 2020, the Vatican announced that a miracle had been attributed to de Foucauld's intercession. De Foucauld was canonized as a saint by Pope Francis on 15 May 2022 in Rome.

Childhood
De Foucauld's family was originally from the Périgord region of France and part of the old French nobility; their motto being Jamais arrière ("Never behind"). Several of his ancestors took part in the crusades, a source of prestige within the French nobility. His great-great-uncle, Armand de Foucauld de Pontbriand, a vicar general and first cousin of the archbishop of Arles, Monseigneur Jean Marie du Lau d'Allemans, as well as the archbishop himself, were victims of the September massacres that took place during the French Revolution. His mother, Élisabeth de Morlet, was from the Lorraine aristocracy whilst his grandfather had made a fortune during the revolution as a republican. Élisabeth de Morlet married the viscount Édouard de Foucauld de Pontbriand, a forest inspector, in 1855.

On 17 July 1857, their first child Charles was born, and died one month later. Their second son, whom they named Charles Eugène, was born in Strasbourg on 15 September 1858 in the family house on Place Broglie at what was previously mayor Dietrich's mansion, where La Marseillaise was sung for the first time, in 1792.

A few months after his birth, his father was transferred to Wissembourg. In 1861, Charles was three and a half years old when his sister, Marie-Inès-Rodolphine, was born. His profoundly religious mother educated him in the Catholic faith, steeped in acts of devotion and piety. She died following miscarriage on 13 March 1864, followed by her husband who suffered from neurasthenia, on 9 August. The now orphaned Charles (age 6) and his sister Marie (age 3) were put in the care of their paternal grandmother, Viscountess Clothilde de Foucauld, who died of a heart attack shortly afterwards.

The children were then taken in by their maternal grandparents, Colonel Beaudet de Morlet and his wife, who lived in Strasbourg. De Morlet, an alumnus of the École Polytechnique and engineering officer, provided his grandchildren with an affectionate upbringing. Charles wrote of him: "My grandfather whose beautiful intelligence I admired, whose infinite tenderness surrounded my childhood and youth with an atmosphere of love, the warmth of which I still feel emotionally."

Charles pursued his studies at the Saint-Arbogast episcopal school, and went to Strasbourg high school in 1868. At the time an introvert and short-tempered, he was often ill and pursued his education thanks to private tuition.

He spent the summer of 1868 with his aunt, Inès Moitessier, who felt responsible for her nephew. Her daughter, Marie Moitessier (later Marie de Bondy), eight years older than Charles, became fast friends with him. She was a fervent churchgoer who was very close to Charles, sometimes acting as a maternal figure for him.

In 1870 the de Morlet family fled the Franco-Prussian War and found refuge in Bern. Following the French defeat, the family moved to Nancy in October 1871. Charles had four years of secular highschool left. Jules Duvaux was a teacher of his, and he bonded with fellow student Gabriel Tourdes. Both students had a passion for classical literature, and Gabriel remained, according to Charles, one of the "two incomparable friends" of his life. His education in a secular school developed nurtured patriotic sentiment, alongside a mistrust for the German Empire. His First Communion took place on 28 April 1872, and his confirmation at the hands of Monseigneur Joseph-Alfred Foulon in Nancy followed shortly thereafter.

In October 1873, when he was 15, whilst in a Rhetoric class, he began to distance himself from the faith before becoming agnostic. He later affirmed, "The philosophers are all in discord. I spent twelve years not denying and believing nothing, despairing of the truth, not even believing in God. No proof to me seemed evident." This loss of the faith was accompanied by uneasiness; Charles found himself to be "all selfishness, all impiousness, all evil desire, I was as though distraught".''

On 11 April 1874, his cousin Marie married Olivier de Bondy. A few months later, on 12 August 1874, Charles obtained his baccalauréat with the distinction "mention bien" (equivalent to magna cum laude).

A dissipated youth
Charles was sent to the Sainte-Geneviève school (now located in Versailles), run by the Jesuits, at that time located in the Latin Quarter of Paris, in order to prepare the admission test for the Saint-Cyr Military Academy. Charles was opposed to the strictness of the boarding school and decided to abandon all religious practice. He obtained his second baccalauréat in August 1875. He led a dissipated lifestyle at that point in time and was expelled from the school for being "lazy and undisciplined" in March 1876.

He then returned to Nancy, where he studied tutoring whilst secretly perusing light readings. During his readings with Gabriel Tourdes, he wanted to "completely enjoy that which is pleasant to the mind and body". This reading introduced the two students to the works of Aristotle, Voltaire, Erasmus, Rabelais and Laurence Sterne.

In June 1876, he applied for entrance to the Saint-Cyr Military Academy, and was accepted eighty-second out of four hundred and twelve. He was one of the youngest in his class. His record at Saint-Cyr was a mixed one and he graduated 333rd out of a class of 386.

The death of Foucauld's grandfather and the receipt of a substantial inheritance, was followed by his entry into the French cavalry school at Saumur. Continuing to lead an extravagant life style, Foucauld was posted to the 4th Regiment of Chasseurs d'Afrique in Algeria. Bored with garrison service he travelled in Morocco (1883–84), the Sahara (1885), and Palestine (1888–89). While reverting to being a wealthy young socialite when in Paris, Foucauld became an increasingly serious student of the geography and culture of Algeria and Morocco. In 1885 the Societe de Geographie de Paris awarded him its gold medal in recognition of his exploration and research.

Religious life
On 14 January 1890, de Foucauld entered the Trappist monastery of Notre-Dame des Neiges, where he received, as a novice, the religious name Marie-Albéric on the feast of St. Alberic, 26 January. According to a plea which he sent to the abbot prior to his entrance in Notre-Dame des Neiges, after some months of novitiate Br. Marie-Albéric was sent to the abbey of La Trappe at Akbès on the Syrian-Turkish border. But despite the strict life of the Trappists according to their vow of poverty, de Foucauld considered the life of the residents in the surrounding villages to be more miserable.

In 1897, after seven years, he therefore left the order began to lead a life of prayer near a convent of Poor Clares in Nazareth where he worked as a porter and servant. After some time, it was suggested to him that he be ordained, so he returned to Akbès for some time in order to prepare for the ordination to the priesthood. On 9 June 1901, at the age of 43, he received the ordination in Viviers, France.

After that, he went to the Sahara in French Algeria and continued to live an eremitical lifestyle. At that time he adopted the religious name Charles of Jesus. He first settled in Béni Abbès, near the Moroccan border, building a small hermitage for "adoration and hospitality", which he soon referred to as the "fraternity" and both himself and the future members as "little brothers" of Jesus.

De Foucauld moved to be with the Tuareg people, in Tamanghasset in southern Algeria. This region is the central part of the Sahara with the Ahaggar Mountains (the Hoggar) immediately to the west. Foucauld used the highest point in the region, the Assekrem, as a place of retreat. Living close to the Tuareg and sharing their life and hardships, he made a ten-year study of their language and cultural traditions. He learned the Tuareg language and worked on a dictionary and grammar. His dictionary manuscript was published posthumously in four volumes and has become known among Berberologists for its rich and apt descriptions.

Death
On 1 December 1916, de Foucauld was dragged from his hermitage by a group of tribal raiders led by El Madani ag Soba, who was connected with the Senussi Bedouin. They intended to kidnap de Foucauld. However they were interrupted by two Méharistes of the French Camel Corps. One startled bandit (15-year-old Sermi ag Thora) shot de Foucauld through the head, killing him instantly. The Méharistes were also shot dead. The murder was witnessed by sacristan and servant Paul Embarek, an African Arab former slave liberated and instructed by de Foucauld. The Islamic Tuareg people burying him the morning after his death is evidence of de Foucauld's friendship with them.

The French authorities continued for years searching for the bandits involved. In 1943 El Madani fled French forces in Libya to the remote South Fezzan. Sermi ag Thora was apprehended and executed at Djanet in 1944.

In April 1929, the mortal remains of Charles de Foucauld were transferred to the oasis of El Meniaa to a tomb in the cemetery near the local parish of St. Joseph.

Veneration
De Foucauld was beatified by Cardinal José Saraiva Martins on 13 November 2005, on behalf of Pope Benedict XVI.

On 27 May 2020, Pope Francis issued a decree which approved a second miracle, clearing the way for de Foucauld to be canonized. On 4 March 2022, a papal consistory opened the way for the canonization and set the date for the canonization ceremony to 15 May 2022, together with a number of others including Titus Brandsma. His feast is on 1 December; the liturgical colour is white.

Religious communities inspired by de Foucauld
De Foucauld inspired and helped to organize a confraternity within France in support of his ideas. This organization, the Association of the Brothers and Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, consisted of 48 lay and ordained members at the time of his death. Members of this group, notably Louis Massignon, a scholar of Islam, and René Bazin, author of a biography, La Vie de Charles de Foucauld Explorateur en Maroc, Ermite du Sahara (1923), kept his memory alive and inspired the family of lay and religious fraternities. Though French in origin, these groups have expanded to include many cultures and their languages on every populated continent. The Charles de Foucauld Spiritual Family Association brings together the Little Brothers of Jesus, the Little Sisters of Jesus and 18 other religious orders and associations for priests, religious and laypeople which were inspired by him.

Legacy
The 1936 French film The Call of Silence depicted his life.

The 1941-42 class (128th) of the Saint-Cyr military academy in France was named after him.

In 1950, the colonial Algerian government issued a postage stamp with his image. The French government did the same in 1959.

Antonello Padovano wrote and directed the film "The Four Doors of the Desert" based on Charles de Foucauld's life and his friendship with the Tuareg Amenokal Moussa Ag Amastan.

Charles de Foucauld is honored in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 1 December.

Works

 * Reconnaissance au Maroc, 1883–1884. 4 vols. Paris: Challamel, 1888.
 * Dictionnaire Touareg–Français, Dialecte de l'Ahaggar. 4 vols. Paris: Imprimerie nationale de France, 1951–1952.
 * Poésies Touarègues. Dialecte de l'Ahaggar. 2 vols. Paris: Leroux, 1925–1930.

title: Charles de Foucauld


text:
Nancowry tehsil

Nancowry Taluk (or Tehsil) is one of 7 local administrative divisions of the Indian district of Nicobar, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Administration
A tehsil is an administrative division in India, roughly equivalent to a county in western nations in its range of administrative powers. Nancowry Taluk, headquartered at Malacca village on Nancowry Island, is located in the Nicobar Islands group. It is overseen by Assistant Commissioners stationed at Malacca village. It is one of several tehsils in Nicobar district.

Geography
This tehsil incorporates entire Nancowry Island. Other nearby Islands, which are outside this tehsil, are Chowra Island, Teressa Island, Kamorta Island, Bompuka Island & other smaller islets.

Demography
Nancowry tehsil's population according to 2011 Census of India figures was 1019, all on Nancowry Island.

title: Nancowry tehsil


text:
Cinemex

Cinemex is a Mexican chain of cinemas. It operates multiplexes in cities such as Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Toluca, Cd. Juarez, Leon, Tijuana, Mexicali, Puebla and other Mexican cities.

In 2015, Cinemex began to expand into the United States under the banner CMX. It initially focused on cinemas with premium amenities; in 2017, this division expanded via its acquisition of Cobb Theatres, making it the eighth-largest U.S. cinema chain.

History
Cinemex started with a college business plan. Adolfo Fastlicht, Miguel Angel Dávila Guzmán and Matthew Heyman speculated that Mexico was ready for larger movie theaters. When the regulations were lifted with the new Cinematography Law passed in Mexico in 1992, Adolfo Fastlicht and Miguel Angel Dávila decided that Mexico City offered a market for a high-end chain of theaters.

In 1994, they secured $21.5m in equity financing from JPMorgan Partners and a partnership of the Bluhm family of Chicago, CMex Investors.and some Mexican former politicians The deal is generally acknowledged to be the largest venture capital start-up in Mexican history.

Cinemex's first theater was Cinemex Altavista and it opened on August 2, 1995; the second was Unicornio Land opened on September 23, 1996, soon followed by Cinemex Santa Fe, the company's flagship, in October and Cinemex Manacar on January, 1997. That same year saw the opening of Cinemex Los Reyes and Cinemex Loreto.

In June 2002, Oaktree Capital Management acquired Cinemex for $250 million. Two years later, it was sold to a partnership of The Carlyle Group, Bain Capital and Spectrum.

Cinemex was acquired by MMCinemas, the second-largest movie theater operator in the country, from AMC Entertainment for $315 million in 2008.

In 2013, Cinemex began to offer MX4D screens at selected locations.

In February 2013, Cinemex announced its intent to acquire the Mexican operations of U.S. cinema chain Cinemark. The sale was approved by regulators in November.

In August 2013, Cinemex reached a 10-year agreement to exclusively use RealD equipment at all of its cinemas.

In 2015, Cinemex and competitor Cinépolis were both fined by the Instituto Nacional Electoral for defying an order to cease screening political advertising from the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico. The party was also fined.

U.S. operations
In 2015, Cinemex announced plans to expand into the United States with premium dine-in cinemas, including a location at American Dream in New Jersey. In 2016, it opened its first U.S. location under the banner CMX: The VIP Cinema Experience, at Brickell City Centre in Miami. In October 2017, Cinemex announced its intent to acquire Cobb Theatres via the CMX Cinemas subsidiary, which made it the eighth-largest U.S. cinema chain with 30 locations.

On March 16, 2020, CMX agreed to acquire 10 theatres and one under development from Star Cinema Grill. However, its Star Cinema Grill owner Omar Khan filed a lawsuit in April alleging that CMX breached its contract by refusing to close the deal by March 26 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. CMX filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on April 25 due to the pandemic; CMX shuttered 10 underperforming theatres and was initially unable to renegotiate contracts with creditors such as landlords and movie studios. Following a six-month negotiation with creditors, CMX emerged from bankruptcy in December; landlords agreed to modified revenue-share leases where they will receive part of the theatres' profits.

title: Cinemex