text:
Interactive Systems Corporation

Interactive Systems Corporation (styled INTERACTIVE Systems Corporation, abbreviated ISC) was a US-based software company and the first vendor of the Unix operating system outside AT&T, operating from Santa Monica, California. It was founded in 1977 by Peter G. Weiner, a RAND Corporation researcher who had previously founded the Yale University computer science department and had been the Ph.D. advisor to Brian Kernighan, one of Unix's developers at AT&T. Weiner was joined by Heinz Lycklama, also a veteran of AT&T and previously the author of a Version 6 Unix port to the LSI-11 computer.

ISC was acquired by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1988, which sold its ISC Unix operating system assets to Sun Microsystems on September 26, 1991. Kodak sold the remaining parts of ISC to SHL Systemhouse Inc in 1993.

Several former ISC staff founded Segue Software which partnered with Lotus Development to develop the Unix version of Lotus 1-2-3 and with Peter Norton Computing to develop the Unix version of the Norton Utilities.

Products
ISC's 1977 offering, IS/1, was a Version 6 Unix variant enhanced for office automation running on the PDP-11. IS/3 and IS/5 were enhanced versions of Unix System III and System V for PDP-11 and VAX. ISC Unix ports to the IBM PC included a variant of System III, developed under contract to IBM, known as PC/IX (Personal Computer Interactive eXecutive, also abbreviated PC-IX), with later versions branded 386/ix and finally INTERACTIVE UNIX System V/386 (based on System V Release 3.2). ISC was AT&T's "Principal Publisher" for System V.4 on the Intel platform. ISC was also involved in the development of VM/IX (Unix as a guest OS in VM/370) and enhancements to IX/370 (a TSS/370-based Unix system that IBM originally developed jointly with AT&T ca. 1980). They also developed the AIX 1.0 (Advanced Interactive eXecutive) for the IBM RT PC, again under contract to IBM, although IBM awarded the development contract for AIX version 2 of AIX/386 and AIX/370 to the competing Locus Computing Corporation.

PC/IX

Although observers in the early 1980s expected that IBM would choose Microsoft Xenix or a version from AT&T Corporation as the Unix for its microcomputer, PC/IX was the first Unix implementation for the IBM PC XT available directly from IBM. According to Bob Blake, the PC/IX product manager for IBM, their "primary objective was to make a credible Unix system - [...] not try to 'IBM-ize' the product. PC-IX is System III Unix." PC/IX was not, however, the first Unix port to the XT: Venix/86 preceded PC/IX by about a year, although it was based on the older Version 7 Unix.

The main addition to PC/IX was the INed screen editor from ISC. INed offered multiple windows and context-sensitive help, paragraph justification and margin changes, although it was not a fully fledged word processor. PC/IX omitted the System III FORTRAN compiler and the tar file archiver, and did not add BSD tools like vi or the C shell. One reason for not porting these was that in PC/IX, individual applications were limited to a single segment of 64 kB of RAM.

To achieve good filesystem performance, PC/IX addressed the XT hard drive directly, rather than doing this through the BIOS, which gave it a significant speed advantage compared to MS-DOS. Because of the lack of true memory protection in the 8088 chips, IBM only sold single-user licenses for PC/IX.

The PC/IX distribution came on 19 floppy disks and was accompanied by a 1,800-page manual. Installed, PC/IX took approximately 4.5 MB of disk space. An editorial by Bill Machrone in PC Magazine at the time of PC/IX's launch flagged the $900 price as a show stopper given its lack of compatibility with MS-DOS applications. PC/IX was not a commercial success although BYTE in August 1984 described it as "a complete, usable single-user implementation that does what can be done with the 8088", noting that PC/IX on the PC outperformed Venix on the PDP-11/23.

INTERACTIVE UNIX System

PC/IX was succeeded by 386/ix in 1985, a System VR3 derivative. Later versions were termed INTERACTIVE UNIX System V/386 and based on System V 3.2, though with elements of BSD added.

After its acquisition of Interactive, Sun Microsystems continued to maintain INTERACTIVE UNIX System, offering it as a low-end alternative to its System V.4-based Solaris, even when the latter had been ported to x86-based desktop machines. This version of the INTERACTIVE UNIX System was praised by a PC Magazine reviewer for its stability. The last version was "System V/386 Release 3.2 Version 4.1.1", released in July 1998. Official support ended on July 23, 2006, five years after Sun withdrew the product from sale.

Until version ISA 3.0.1, INTERACTIVE UNIX System supported only 16 MB of RAM. In the next versions, it supported 256 MB RAM and the PCI bus. EISA versions always supported 256 MB RAM.

title: Interactive Systems Corporation


text:
Watanabe Productions

Watanabe Productions Co., Ltd. (株式会社渡辺プロダクション) is a multimedia management company in Japan dealing in recordings, films, television, music publishing and artist management as well as the main subsidiary of the Watanabe Production Group.

Formed by bandleader Shin Watanabe and his wife Misa Watanabe in 1955, the company has become one of the most influential of its kind in Japan. It is referred to informally in Japanese as Nabe-pro (ナベプロ, nabepuro).

Current

 * Sayaka Aoki
 * Mickey Curtis
 * D-Boys
 * Hirofumi Araki
 * Takahisa Maeyama
 * Masashi Mikami
 * Shuto Miyazaki
 * Masaki Nakao
 * Jun Shison
 * Hiroki Suzuki
 * Masahiro Usui
 * Masato Wada
 * Yuki Yamada

 * Ryo Fukawa
 * Taizo Harada
 * Nora Hirano
 * Ayako Imoto
 * Yuki Kashiwagi
 * Masaki Kaji
 * Yoshiko Kuga
 * Tamiyo Kusakari
 * Little Glee Monster
 * Sei Matobu
 * Akiko Matsumoto
 * Toshiaki Megumi
 * Shoko Nakagawa
 * Mie Nakao
 * Nokko
 * Rag Fair
 * Saori Seto
 * Yuichi Tsuchiya
 * Hitoshi Ueki

Former

 * Osamu Adachi
 * Candies
 * Yuya Endo
 * Shunji Igarashi
 * Yukiko Iwai
 * Sonoko Kawai
 * The Lillies
 * Takahisa Maeyama
 * Tetsuya Makita
 * Alan Merrill
 * Shingo Nakagawa
 * Masaya Nakamura
 * Yūichi Nakamura
 * The Peanuts
 * Kenji Sawada
 * Kōji Seto
 * Atsushi Shiramata
 * Yu Shirota
 * Ryuki Takahashi
 * Kei Tani
 * Kotaro Yanagi
 * Tomo Yanagishita
 * Reiko Ohara

Foreign publishing and licensing rights

 * David Bowie
 * Deep Purple
 * Golden Half
 * Led Zeppelin
 * Queen

Group subsidiaries

 * Watanabe Entertainment Co., Ltd.
 * Watanabe Music Publishing Co., Ltd.
 * Watanabe Kikaku Co., Ltd.
 * Izawa Office Co., Ltd.
 * Iwappara Ski Resort
 * The Works Co., Ltd.
 * Sound City Co., Ltd.
 * Watanabe Enterprise Co., Ltd.
 * Mates Co., Ltd.
 * Mania Mania Inc.
 * Top Coat Co., Ltd.
 * Watanabe Music Culture Forum Foundation

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Watanabe Productions


text:
Belarusian alphabet

The Belarusian alphabet is based on the Cyrillic script and is derived from the alphabet of Old Church Slavonic. It has existed in its modern form since 1918 and has 32 letters. See also Belarusian Latin alphabet and Belarusian Arabic alphabet.

Details
Officially, the $⟨г⟩$ represents both and, but the latter occurs only in borrowings and mimesis. The $⟨ґ⟩$ is used by some for the latter sound but, with the exception of Taraškievica, has not been standard.

A $⟨д⟩$ followed by $⟨ж⟩$ or $⟨з⟩$ may denote either two distinct respective sounds (in some prefix-root combinations: пад-земны, ад-жыць) or the Belarusian affricates $⟨дж⟩$ and $⟨дз⟩$ (for example, падзея, джала). In some representations of the alphabet, the affricates are included in parentheses after the letter $⟨д⟩$ to emphasize their special status: $⟨… Дд (ДЖдж ДЗдз) Ее …⟩$.

$⟨Ў⟩$ is not a distinct phoneme but the neutralization of /v/ and /l/ when there is no following vowel, like before a consonant or at the end of a word.

Palatalization of consonants is usually indicated through choice of vowel letter, as illustrated here with and, both written with the letter $⟨п⟩$:

 * {| class=wikitable

 * palatalization || ||
 * final || п || пь
 * before || па || пя
 * before || пэ || пе
 * before || пы || пі
 * before || по || пё
 * before || пу || пю
 * }
 * before || пы || пі
 * before || по || пё
 * before || пу || пю
 * }
 * before || пу || пю
 * }

When a consonant is not palatalized and precedes, the apostrophe $⟨'⟩$ is used to separate the iotated vowel: $⟨п'я п'е п'і п'ё п'ю⟩$. ($⟨і⟩$ is the palatalizing version of $⟨ы⟩$, and arguably, they represent a single phoneme). The apostrophe is not considered a letter and so is not taken into account for alphabetical order. In pre-Second World War printing, the form $⟨‘⟩$ was used. When computers are used, the form is frequently substituted by $⟨'⟩$.

History
The medieval Cyrillic alphabet had 43 letters. Later, 15 letters were dropped, the last 4 after the introduction of the first official Belarusian grammar in 1918. Since four new letters were added, there are now 32 letters.

The new letters were:
 * The $⟨э⟩$ ( (CYRILLIC) EH ) appeared in Belarusian texts in about the late-15th century.
 * The $⟨й⟩$ ( (CYRILLIC) SHORT I ) evolved from $⟨и⟩$ ( (CYRILLIC) I ), combined with a diacritical sign by the end of the 16th century.
 * The $⟨ё⟩$ ( (CYRILLIC) IO ) came from the Russian alphabet and introduced by Nikolay Karamzin in 1797.
 * The $⟨ў⟩$ ( (CYRILLIC) SHORT U ) was proposed by Russian linguist Pyotr Bezsonov in 1870.

The Belarusian alphabet, in its modern form, has formally existed since the adoption of Branislaw Tarashkyevich's Belarusian grammar, for use in Soviet schools, in 1918 Several slightly different versions had been used informally.

In the 1920s and notably at the Belarusian Academical Conference (1926), miscellaneous changes of the Belarusian alphabet were proposed. Notable were replacing $⟨й⟩$ with $⟨ј⟩$ ( (CYRILLIC) JE ), and/or replacing $⟨е⟩$, $⟨ё⟩$, $⟨ю⟩$, $⟨я⟩$ with $⟨је⟩$ (or else with $⟨јє⟩$), $⟨јо⟩$, $⟨ју⟩$, $⟨ја⟩$, respectively (as in the Serbian alphabet), replacing $⟨ы⟩$ with $⟨и⟩$, introducing $⟨ґ⟩$ (see also Ge with upturn; both proposed changes would match the Ukrainian alphabet) and/or introducing special graphemes/ligatures for affricates: $⟨дж⟩$, $⟨дз⟩$ etc. Even the introduction of the Latin script was contemplated at one moment (as proposed by Zhylunovich at the Belarusian Academical Conference (1926)). Nothing came of it.

Noted Belarusian linguist Yan Stankyevich in his later works suggested a completely different form of the alphabet:

Note that proper names and place names are rendered in BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian.

Keyboard layout
The standard Belarusian keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows:

 * KB Belarusan.svg

title: Belarusian alphabet


text:
Norbert de Boynes

Norbert de Boynes (August 24, 1870 in La Trinité-des-Laitiers, Dep. Orne – October 6, 1954 in Rome), was Vicar General of the Society Of Jesus from the death of Vicar General Alessio Magni (12 April 1944) until the election of Jean-Baptiste Janssens at General Congregation XXIX in September 1946.

De Boynes joined the Jesuit order in 1888; he was the assistant to the Father General from 1923–44 and then became vicar general of the Society and led the order until 1946 when Fr. Janssens was elected general.

Early career
In 1924 de Boynes carried out an investigation into a paper which interpreted the doctrine of original sin in the light of modern science; he completed the investigation and concluded that it had been written by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, but Teilhard regretted the publishing of the paper.

De Boynes was assigned Visitor of the Province of Maryland-New York and stayed for two years in 1920-22.

During WWII, Boynes was against the idea of French resistance.

Leadership of the Society of Jesus
Father General Wlodimir Ledóchowski had followed the tradition of leaving a letter naming a vicar general to govern the Society until a general congregation could be convoked. On the night after the general's death it was read to the staff of the Curia assembled in the chapel. To their consternation they learned that he had not chosen Father Schurmans whom he had made vicar general four years previously but Alessio Magni, the Italian Assistant. Father Magni was almost as old as Father Ledóchowski himself and he was to govern the Society for only 16 months. It is to him, however, that Jesuits owe the decree creating the present New York Province on the Feast of the Sacred Heart in 1943. Father Magni died on April 12, 1944, two months before the liberation of Rome.

As per Jesuit rules in such circumstances, the seniormost professed fathers present in Rome had to gather and elect a new Vicar General. They chose Norbert de Boynes, the French Assistant. Although Father de Boynes during the previous thirty years had held many responsible offices (e.g. Visitor of the North American provinces as well as the missions in Nanking and the Near East and substitute for the ailing General during General Congregation XXVII), he had recently come close to provoking a schism in the French Provinces. In August 1941 he had as Assistant instructed the French Jesuits that Marshal Pétain's government was the only legitimate government of France. Father de Boynes made this assertion a mere eight months after Vichy had issued its own Jewish statutes. Whatever Father de Boynes' other claims on consideration for the office, his election is viewed by some as an uncomfortable revelation of the conservative bias still existing in the Roman houses.

title: Norbert de Boynes


text:
Conch (people)

Conch was originally a slang term for Bahamians of European descent.

Theories of the name
After the American Revolution, many loyalists migrated to the Bahamas. Some of the loyalists looked down on the original white Bahamians and called them Conchs, possibly because shellfish was a prominent part of their diet.

Some other theories that have been proposed for the origin of the term are:
 * The Bahamians told the British authorities that they would "eat conch" before paying taxes levied by the Crown.
 * The adventurers from St. Augustine, Florida (then part of British East Florida) who recaptured Nassau from the Spanish in 1782 hoisted a flag with a shell rampant on a field of canvas.
 * The first regiment of militia in Nassau adopted a regimental flag with a gold conch shell on a blue field.

Florida Keys
By extension, the term Conch has also been applied to the descendants of Bahamian immigrants in Florida. Bahamians began visiting the Florida Keys in the 18thcentury to catch turtles, cut timber, and salvage wrecks. During the 19thcentury and the first half of the 20thcentury, most of the permanent residents in the Florida Keys outside of Key West, and many in Key West, were Bahamian in origin. Conch was reported to be a term of distinction for Bahamians in Key West in the 1880s.

The white Bahamians in the keys continued to be known as Conchs. The 1939 WPA Guide to Florida produced by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) noted that both Conchs and black Bahamians in Key West spoke with a "Cockney accent". Other residents of the Florida Keys, especially in Key West, began calling themselves Conchs, and the term is now applied generally to all residents of Key West such as in Conch Republic. To distinguish between natives and non-natives, the terms "Salt Water Conch" (native) and "Fresh Water Conch" (non-native) have been used. Newcomers become "Fresh Water Conchs" after seven years.

Elsewhere in Florida
Riviera Beach, Florida, was known as "Conchtown" in the first half of the 20thcentury because of the number of Bahamian immigrants who settled there. Unlike the situation in Key West and the rest of the Florida Keys, where being Conch became a matter of pride and community identification, Conch was used by outsiders (in particular the residents of West Palm Beach) in a pejorative manner to describe the Bahamian community in Riviera Beach. The usage there also carried the connotation that at least some of the Conchs were of mixed racial heritage. As a result, some of the Bahamians in Riviera Beach denied being Conchs when interviewed by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) Florida Writers Project in the late 1930s. WPA worker Veronica Huss (with assistance from Stetson Kennedy) and photographer Charles Foster wrote a book on the Conchs and their culture entitled Conch Town, but the WPA chose not to publish it (Foster eventually published an edited version in 1991). Many Bahamians also settled in Miami, particularly in the Coconut Grove neighborhood, and in Tarpon Springs.

Other uses
The term Conchy Joe or Conky Joe can be a pejorative or affectionate term used to refer to a native Bahamian of primarily European descent.

title: Conch (people)


text: User:Geo Swan/gitmo/backups

title: User:Geo Swan/gitmo/backups


text:
Monte Kiffin

Monte George Kiffin (February 29, 1940 – July 11, 2024) was an American football coach. He is widely considered to have been one of the preeminent defensive coordinators in modern football, as well as one of the greatest defensive coordinators in NFL history. Father of the widely imitated "Tampa 2" defense, Kiffin's concepts are among the most influential in modern college and pro football.

He spent nearly 30 years as an NFL assistant coach, including 13 years as defensive coordinator for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, with whom he won Super Bowl XXXVII. His defensive units finished ranked in the top 10 in points allowed and yards allowed 10 times during that period, an NFL record. Later in his career, he worked with his son Lane, who has served as the head coach of several major college programs.

Kiffin earned a reported $2 million annual salary during his time with Buccaneers and turned down several NFL head coaching jobs during his career. His only head coaching job was at North Carolina State University from 1980 to 1982.

Career
A native of Lexington, Nebraska, Kiffin was an offensive and defensive tackle at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln from 1959 to 1963. In 1966, he played 8 games with the Toronto Rifles of the Continental Football League and also was a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers of the same league. After a brief stint as a defensive end for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Kiffin returned to Nebraska as a defensive coach. Kiffin was the defensive coordinator at Nebraska under legendary coach, Bob Devaney. He coached the defenses of Nebraska's 1970 and 1971 back-to-back undefeated national champion teams. After then offensive coordinator Tom Osborne was selected as the head coach in 1973, Kiffin remained as the defensive coordinator. In 1977, he moved to the University of Arkansas, and then in 1980, he got his one and only head coaching job at North Carolina State University.

After his time at NC State, Kiffin began a series of short stints in the NFL for the Green Bay Packers, Buffalo Bills, Minnesota Vikings (twice), New York Jets, and New Orleans Saints. In 1996, he became the defensive coordinator for the Buccaneers.

After Tony Dungy was dismissed by the Buccaneer front office following the 2001 season, Kiffin was persuaded by incoming head coach Jon Gruden to remain in Tampa and continue to run his defense. Kiffin had been interviewed for a head coaching position with the San Francisco 49ers. With the seamless transition on defense allowing the new coaching staff to focus intently on a more potent offensive philosophy, the result was an immediate balance between offense and defense that carried the Buccaneers to the organization's first championship in Super Bowl XXXVII on January 26, 2003 in San Diego, California.

Controversy surrounded Kiffin's departure from Tampa Bay. After Lane Kiffin signed with Tennessee, Tampa's typically stout defense underperformed. The Bucs lost their final four games of the 2008 season, ending up 9–7, and missed the playoffs. Reports stated that Gruden refused to allow Kiffin to announce his departure to Tennessee mid-season. Allegations were made that Kiffin refused to participate in normal coaching meetings. Neither Kiffin nor Jon Gruden openly discussed these events.

Monte joined the University of Southern California coaching staff as defensive coordinator, after his son Lane Kiffin became the head coach.

On January 11, 2013, following the 2012 NFL season, Kiffin was hired as defensive coordinator for the Dallas Cowboys. Kiffin was demoted on January 28, 2014 in favor of defensive line coach Rod Marinelli. At the end of the 2014 season Kiffin's contract was allowed to lapse, and it was not renewed by the Cowboys.

Kiffin joined the Jacksonville Jaguars as a defensive assistant in March 2016.

Defensive philosophy
Monte Kiffin is the mastermind behind the Tampa 2 scheme, which is a slight modification of the Cover 2 scheme.

Personal life
Kiffin's sons are both football coaches. His older son, Lane, played football at Fresno State before entering coaching. He was the head coach of the Oakland Raiders, Tennessee Volunteers, USC Trojans, and Florida Atlantic Owls, the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Alabama Crimson Tide and currently is the head coach of the Ole Miss Rebels. His younger son, Chris, played football at Colorado State and was most recently the linebackers coach for the Houston Texans.

Kiffin died in Oxford, Mississippi on July 11, 2024, at the age of 84.

title: Monte Kiffin


text:
Alvan Adams

Alvan Leigh Adams (born July 19, 1954) is an American former professional basketball player. He spent his entire 13-year career with the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Adams was named as the NBA Rookie of the Year in 1975 and selected as an NBA All-Star in 1976. He retired in 1988 and holds Suns records for games played (988), minutes played (27,203), rebounds (6,937) and steals (1,289). Raised in Oklahoma City, Adams was nicknamed the "Oklahoma Kid".

Early life
Adams was born in Lawrence, Kansas, and raised in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. His mother, Ilse, was from Austria and met his father, Richard Paul, when they were students at the University of Kansas. Adams was named after the biblical figure Alvan. His father worked as a petroleum geologist.

Adams attended Putnam City High School in Oklahoma City where he led the basketball team to a 67–11 record as a three-year starter. The team was undefeated during his senior year and won a state championship. He was named as the Oklahoma High School Player of the Year and a Parade All-American in 1972.

College career
During 26 games of the 1973–74 season Adams tied an Oklahoma school record with 21 double-doubles for a season by a Sooner (Garfield Heard, 1969–70 also had 21 in 27 games). That record stood until it was broken by Blake Griffin on February 14, 2009.

Adams is one of only three players in the history of the University of Oklahoma men's basketball program to score at least 40 points and get 20 rebounds in a game along with Wayman Tisdale (61 points, 22 rebounds against Texas–San Antonio in 1983) and Blake Griffin (40 points, 23 rebounds against Texas Tech on February 14, 2009). After his junior season, Adams declared for hardship status in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and made himself eligible for the 1975 NBA draft.

Adams is one of only four Sooners to have his college jersey (#33) retired by the OU program (Wayman Tisdale (#23), Mookie Blaylock (#10) and Stacey King (#33) are the other three).

Professional career
Adams was selected by the Phoenix Suns with the fourth pick of the 1975 NBA draft. Adams was a rookie on a Suns team whose season included an improbable playoff run that took them all the way to the 1976 NBA Finals. In the same year, he was selected to play in the All-Star Game and won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award as well as being named to the All-NBA Rookie Team.

On February 22, 1977, Adams recorded a triple-double with 47 points, 18 rebounds and 12 assists against the Buffalo Braves. He is one of five players in NBA history (along with Elgin Baylor, Wilt Chamberlain, Russell Westbrook and Vince Carter) to have as many as 46 points and 16 rebounds in a triple-double performance. Furthermore, until the 7'4" Victor Wembanyama entered the NBA for the 2023–24 season, the 6'9" Adams was the only rookie to have recorded multiple games of at least 30 points, 15 rebounds, 5 assists, and 3 blocks in the NBA during their rookie season.

Adams's jersey number (33) was retired by the Suns, but on the signing of free agent Grant Hill, Adams granted him permission to wear his familiar No. 33 with the Suns.

Adams is the franchise leader in games played (988), minutes played (27,203), rebounds (6,937), and steals (1,289); second in field goals made and attempted; third in assists; and fourth in blocks.

In 2000, Adams served as the vice president for facility management for the Footprint Center in Phoenix, Arizona.

Personal life
Adams is married and has two children.

title: Alvan Adams


text: User talk:81.97.46.169

title: User talk:81.97.46.169


text:
Steve Albini

Steven Frank Albini (July 22, 1962 – May 7, 2024) was an American musician and audio engineer. He founded and fronted the influential post-hardcore and noise rock bands Big Black (1981–1987), Rapeman (1987–1989) and Shellac (1992–2024), and engineered acclaimed albums like the Pixies' Surfer Rosa (1988), PJ Harvey's Rid of Me and Nirvana's In Utero (both 1993).

Albini was born in Pasadena, California, and raised in Missoula, Montana. After discovering the Ramones as a teenager, he immersed himself in punk rock and underground culture. He earned a degree in journalism at Northwestern University, Illinois, and wrote for local zines before moving to Chicago. He formed Big Black in 1981 and recruited Santiago Durango and Dave Riley. Big Black attracted a considerable following, releasing two albums and four EPs. In 1987 he formed the controversially named band Rapeman with David Wm. Sims and Rey Washam, releasing one album and one EP in 1988. He formed Shellac with Bob Weston and Todd Trainer in 1992, with whom he released several albums, including At Action Park (1994) and 1000 Hurts (2000); To All Trains was released ten days after his death.

After Big Black's dissolution, Albini became a highly sought after recording engineer, rejecting the term "record producer". He recorded several thousand records during his career, collaborating with notable acts such as the Breeders, the Jesus Lizard, Page and Plant, Godspeed You! Black Emperor, Joanna Newsom, Cheap Trick and Slint. He refused to take royalties on albums he worked on, operating on a fee-only basis. He founded the Chicago recording studio Electrical Audio in 1997, dedicated to recording a sharp live sound at a cheap price.

Noted for his outspoken and blunt opinions, Albini was critical of local punk scenes and the music industry, which he viewed as exploitative of artists. He was an adherent to analog recording, and praised the increasing independence in music resulted by the internet. He was also infamous for authoring transgressive art as a reaction to people taking artistic compromises; Albini expressed regret for this past mindset in his final years. He died of a heart attack in 2024.

Early life

Steven Frank Albini was born in Pasadena, California, to Gina (née Martinelli) and Frank Addison Albini. His father was a wildfire researcher. He had two siblings. In his youth, Albini's family moved often as a result of their father's profession, before settling in the college town of Missoula, Montana, in 1974. Albini was Italian American, and some of his family are from the Piedmont region of Northern Italy.

Albini began playing bass guitar while in high school, and was introduced to the Ramones by a schoolmate when he was 14 or 15. He bought every Ramones recording available to him and credits his career to their first album. He said, "I was baffled and thrilled by music like the Ramones, the Sex Pistols, Pere Ubu, Devo, and all those contemporaneous, inspirational punk bands without wanting to try to mimic them."

During his teenage years, Albini played in bands including the Montana punk band Just Ducky, the Chicago band Small Irregular Pieces of Aluminum, and another band that record label Touch and Go Records explained "he is paying us not to mention".

After graduating from Hellgate High School, Albini moved to Evanston, Illinois, to attend college at the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University where he earned a degree in journalism. He said that he studied painting in college with Ed Paschke, someone he calls a brilliant educator and "one of the only people in college who actually taught me anything".

In the Chicago area, Albini was active as a writer in local zines including Matter, and later Boston's Forced Exposure, covering the then-nascent punk rock scene, and gained a reputation for the iconoclastic nature of his articles. About the same time, he began recording musicians and engineered his first album in 1981. He co-managed Ruthless Records (Chicago) with John Kezdy of the Effigies and Jon Babbin (Criminal IQ Records). According to Albini, he maintained a "straight job" for five years until 1987, working in a photography studio as a photograph retouch artist.

1981–1987: Big Black
Albini formed Big Black in 1981 while he was a student at Northwestern, and recorded their debut EP Lungs on Ruthless Records. He played all of the instruments on Lungs except the saxophone, played by his friend John Bohnen. The Bulldozer (1983) EP followed on Ruthless and Fever Records.

Jeff Pezzati and Santiago Durango, of Chicago band Naked Raygun, and live drummer Pat Byrne joined shortly after, and the band—along with a Roland TR-606 drum machine — released the 1984 EP Racer-X after touring and signing a contract with the Homestead Records business. Pezzati was replaced on bass by Dave Riley, with whom the group recorded their debut full-length album Atomizer (1986). The band also released The Hammer Party while signed to Homestead, which was a compilation of the Lungs and Bulldozer EPs.

Big Black signed to Touch and Go in late 1985/early 1986, and released the EP Headache and the 7-inch single Heartbeat. Later that year they released the live album Sound of Impact on the British label Not/Blast First, a former imprint of Mute Records. In 1987, Big Black released their second and final full-length album Songs About Fucking and the single "He's a Whore / The Model", both on Touch and Go. They disbanded that year after a period of extensive touring.

1987–1989: Rapeman
Albini formed Rapeman in 1987, with the name taken from a manga series. The band consisted of Albini on vocals and guitar, Rey Washam on drums and David Wm. Sims on bass. Both Washam and Sims were previously members of Scratch Acid. They broke up after the release of two 7-inch singles, the EP Budd and the album Two Nuns and a Pack Mule (both 1988). In 2023, Albini said he had become embarrassed by the name.

1992–2024: Shellac
Albini formed Shellac in 1992 with Bob Weston (formerly of Volcano Suns) and Todd Trainer (of Rifle Sport, Breaking Circus and Brick Layer Cake). They released six studio albums in his lifetime: At Action Park (1994), The Futurist (1997), Terraform (1998), 1000 Hurts (2000), Excellent Italian Greyhound (2007) and Dude Incredible (2014). Albini died ten days before the release of their seventh studio album To All Trains (2024).

Production career
Albini became widely known as a producer after recording the 1988 Pixies album Surfer Rosa. According to the Rolling Stone journalist Rob Sheffield, Albini gave the album a "raw room-tone live crunch, especially the heavy drums and slashing guitars". The journalist Michael Azerrad wrote: "The recordings were both very basic and very exacting: Albini used few special effects; got an aggressive, often violent guitar sound; and made sure the rhythm section slammed as one."

Albini did not see himself as a record producer, which he defined as someone completely responsible for a recording session. Instead, he described himself as an audio engineer. He left creative decisions to the artist and saw it as his job to satisfy them. Albini felt that putting producers in charge often destroyed records, and that the role of the recording engineer was to solve technical problems, not to threaten the artist's creative control.

Albini did not request credit, and said that when he had been credited as a producer it had not been at his request. When credited, Albini preferred the term "recording engineer". He felt that his involvement in recording was unimportant and sometimes created public relations problems for acts, or could distract from the record. He refused to accept royalties, preferring to charge a fixed fee. At the time of his death, Albini charged $900 a day, less than a quarter of the rate a producer of his experience would typically charge. He would occasionally work unpaid if an act ran out of money, preferring not to leave work unfinished.

Though Albini was a vocal critic of major labels and artists, he would work with anyone who requested his service, regardless of their style or ability. He required no audition, only an expectation that the act would take their work seriously. He said he was willing to work with "anyone who calls on the phone ... If someone rings because he wants to make a record, I say yes." In The Vinyl District, Joseph Neff wrote: "When enlisted by the big leagues, Albini took his job just as seriously as when he was assisting on the debut recording from a bunch of aspiring unknowns."

In 2004, Albini estimated that he had engineered 1,500 records. By 2018, his estimate had increased to several thousand. Artists that Albini worked with include Nirvana, the Breeders, Godspeed You! Black Emperor, Mogwai, the Jesus Lizard, Don Caballero, PJ Harvey, the Wedding Present, Joanna Newsom, Superchunk, Low, Dirty Three, Jawbreaker, Neurosis, Cloud Nothings, Bush, Chevelle, Page and Plant, Helmet, Fred Schneider, the Stooges, Nina Nastasia, Cheap Trick, Motorpsycho, Slint, mclusky, Labradford, Veruca Salt, and the Auteurs.

Methodology
Albini was influenced by the English producer and engineer John Loder, who recorded numerous early punk records quickly and cheaply. Loder engineered a session with Big Black, and impressed Albini with his efficiency, knowledge of the equipment and "sensitivity to the band".

Albini was an advocate for analog recording. He said it would be irresponsible to give clients digital files as masters, as he feared digital formats might become unusable in the future. In 2005, Albini said he disliked recording with computers, finding that software unreliable and overcomplex. By comparison, "In the analogue domain you know what you're supposed to do, you plug something in, and it's done." He said he had never felt limited by his equipment and had never had to tell an artist that something was impossible without computers. He was skeptical of digital manipulation, saying: "I don't understand where the impulse comes from to make a record that doesn't have any relationship to the sound of the real band. That seems crazy to me."

Albini preferred to record bands together in live takes where possible, rather than overdubbing, believing this created the most natural result. He aimed to create a faithful document of the performance, and said "I would be very happy if my fingerprints weren't possible". However, he conceded that it was impossible to have an "objective perspective in the visible". He used few effects and little compression, preferring to preserve dynamics and "hear the band rather than the machine". In his 1993 essay "The Problem with Music", he said compression made "everything sound like a beer commercial" and said words such as "punchy" and "warm" were meaningless. He wrote that producers and engineers who raise the vocals in the mix to make the music "sound more like the Beatles" were pandering to commercial interests.

According to The Guardian, Albini was "especially good at capturing the raw sound of a band, as though they were playing right in front of you". Pitchfork wrote that Albini "captured the quiet and the loud all at once". Bands would hire Albini in an attempt to "sound realer". Stereogum described his recording sound as "open, dry, claustrophobic, brutally honest". Steve Von Till of Neurosis, who recorded several albums with Albini, said in 2013: "He is the best damn engineer in the world, I believe. He's very traditional, there's no tricks, there's no fix it later. There's only an extremely high-fidelity approach towards capturing a natural performance in a room." Albini would spend about a week on average recording an album, including mixing.

Albini disputed his reputation for working with "hard-hitting grunge bands" and for imposing an "uncompromising sound", saying he had recorded hundreds of acoustic albums and that he did not impose his taste on his clients. He said most artists wanted him to create an "organic" sound. Albini said his opinion on the quality of a song or an arrangement was irrelevant, and that it would be inappropriate to tell a musician they were wrong about their music: "It's like saying, 'Here, let me show you how to fuck your wife. You're doing it all wrong.'" He felt his musical preferences were obscure and that imposing them would "make a lot of freakish records that wouldn't flatter the band in any way, and no one would like them".

Electrical Audio
Albini bought Electrical Audio, a recording studio, in 1995. Due to a lack of privacy for Albini and his wife he moved to the studio. Albini's former studio was in their house, eventually taking over almost all the rooms, with the exception of the bedroom. Before Electrical Audio, Albini had a studio in the basement of another personal residence. Musician Robbie Fulks recalls the hassle of "running up two flights of stairs all the time from the tracking room" to communicate with Albini.

During his first several years at Electrical Audio, Albini's unpopularity with the major labels in the wake of engineering Nirvana's In Utero (1993) made it difficult to secure consistent work. Although he produced Bush's chart-topping 1996 album Razorblade Suitcase, Albini's refusal to take royalties meant that he saw little passive income from producing music. To pay bills and keep the studio open, he was forced to sell off studio equipment, guitars, and vinyl records. Albini's fortunes later changed when he engineered Page and Plant's 1998 album Walking into Clarksdale, winning his clients a Grammy Award and returning him to the labels' good graces.

Azerrad referred to Albini's rates in 2001 as among the most affordable for a world-class recording studio. After the completion of the studio's construction, Albini initially charged only for his time, allowing his friends or musicians he respected—who were willing to engineer their own recording sessions and purchase their own magnetic tape—to use his studio for free. In a 2004 lecture, Albini said that he answered the phone himself and dealt with bands directly at Electrical Audio.

Influences
Albini has said that "anybody can play notes. There's no trick. What is a trick and a good one is to make a guitar do things that don't sound like a guitar at all. The point here is stretching the boundaries."

He praised guitarists including Andy Gill of Gang of Four, Rowland S. Howard of the Birthday Party, John McKay of Siouxsie and the Banshees, Keith Levene of Public Image Ltd, Steve Diggle and Pete Shelley of Buzzcocks, Ron Asheton of the Stooges, Paul Fox of the Ruts, Greg Ginn of Black Flag, Lyle Preslar of Minor Threat, John McGeoch of Magazine and the Banshees, and Tom Verlaine of Television.

Music industry
In 2018, Albini said the reduction in the power of record labels over the preceding 25 years had reduced the prevalence of producers who are there only to exert artistic control over the recording. In contrast, he felt that digital recording created more freedom for people to do productive work as engineers. Albini saw the increasing affordability of high-quality recording gear as a positive development, as it allowed bands greater freedom to record without studios.

In 1993, Albini published a widely shared essay, "The Problem with Music", in The Baffler. Albini argued that record companies exploit artists and illustrated how bands can remain in debt even after selling hundreds of thousands of albums. He reaffirmed his stance in a 2004 presentation at Middle Tennessee State University.

In November 2014, Albini delivered the keynote speech at the Face the Music conference in Melbourne, Australia, in which he discussed the evolution of the music industry over his career. He described the pre-internet corporate industry as "a system that ensured waste by rewarding the most profligate spendthrifts in a system specifically engineered to waste the band's money", which aimed to perpetuate its structures and business arrangements while preventing almost all but the biggest acts from earning a living. He contrasted it with the independent scene, which encouraged resourcefulness and established an alternative network of clubs, promoters, fanzines, DJs and labels, and whose greater efficiency allowed musicians to make a reasonable income.

Asked about filesharing in June 2014, Albini said that while he did not believe it was the "best thing" for the music industry, he did not identify with the music industry. He considered "the community, the band, the musician" his peers, and was pleased that musicians can "get their music out to the world at no cost instantly".

As part of the Face the Music speech, Albini noted that both the corporate and independent industry models had been damaged by filesharing. However, he praised the spread of free music as a "fantastic development", which allowed previously ignored music and bands to find an audience; the use of the internet as a distribution channel for music to be heard worldwide; and the increasing affordability of recording equipment, all of which allow bands to circumvent the traditional recording industry. Albini also argued that the increased availability of recorded music stimulates demand for live music, boosting artists' income.

Journalism
From 1983 to 1986, Albini wrote for the newly launched Chicago music magazine Matter. He wrote in each issue a chronicle called "Tired of Ugly Fat?", and contributed articles such as "Husker Du? Only Their Hairdresser Knows For Sure".

While in Australia in November 2014, Albini spoke with national radio station Double J and stated that, while the state of the music industry is healthy in his view, the industry of music journalism is in crisis. Albini used the example of the media spotlight that he received after criticizing Amanda Palmer for not paying her musicians after receiving over $1 million on Kickstarter to release her 2012 album Theatre Is Evil, saying, "I don't think I was wrong but I also don't think that it was that big of a deal." He described the music media as "superficial" and composed of "copy-paste bullshit".

Albini frequently expressed a general dislike for pop music, which he said was "for children and idiots". He disliked electronic dance music (EDM) and the club scene.

Transgressive character
Earlier in his career, Albini was noted for his abrasive and sometimes offensive music and writing. The Guardian writer Jeremy Gordon wrote that Albini had "stood out for acting like the biggest jerk in a milieu that was not exactly inhospitable to jerks." In the 1980s, Albini's bluntness was regarded in the alternative rock scene as a sign of authenticity. Music critic Robert Christgau gave Atomizer a positive review but described them as "hateful little twerps". During performances of the Atomizer track "Jordan, Minnesota", about a child sex ring scandal, Albini would sometimes pretend to be a child being raped. After Big Black's disbandment, Albini played in the shortlived band Run Nigger Run, the name taken from the tagline of a 1970s blaxploitation film, whose song titles included "Pray I Don't Kill You Faggot".

Writing for local zines in the 1980s, Albini wrote fiercely critical reviews of other local bands and feuded with local acts and venues. In 1994, after albums by Urge Overkill, the Smashing Pumpkins and Liz Phair brought new attention to the Chicago music scene, Albini wrote a letter to the Chicago Reader music critic Bill Wyman titled "Three Pandering Sluts and Their Music-Press Stooge". In the letter, Albini described Phair as "a fucking chore to listen to", the Smashing Pumpkins as "ultimately insignificant" and Urge Overkill as "weiners in suits playing frat party rock". In the independent music magazine Forced Exposure, Albini criticized bands he had worked with; he called the Pixies "blandly entertaining college rock", adding, "never have I seen four cows more anxious to be led around by their nose rings." Of Poster Children he wrote "they had a really fruity drummer for a while, but I think he died of the syph". He described the songwriter Courtney Love in print as a "psycho hose-beast". Wyman wrote that Albini's fanzine contributions "display a remarkably clear expository style and a vituperative flair that I wish more mainstream writers possessed". Albini's friend Kim Deal, who worked with Albini when recording with the Pixies and the Breeders, said she was shocked by Albini's past statements. In his final years, Albini expressed regret about his behavior. In 2021, he wrote in a widely shared thread on Twitter that he was "overdue for a conversation about my role in inspiring 'edgelord' shit", saying "a lot of things I said and did from an ignorant position of comfort and privilege are clearly awful and I regret them". Albini said he made transgressive art in response to an urge in his peers to soften their art to make it palatable. He would deliberately do the opposite of bands he perceived were attempting to find commercial success, including the naming of Rapeman. Instead, he wanted to create art "for its own sake" that was "unconcerned with conventions or acceptance". He cited the writing of his friend Peter Sotos, who wrote about subjects such as murder and child sexual abuse, as an influence and an example of art that was "shocking to your core in the way that the horrors of the reality of those things should be", rather than using shocking themes as a vehicle for profit. Albini said he later became less interested in trying to create "extreme" art, and was embarrassed by his earlier position.

Albini added he had falsely assumed that many social problems, such as misogyny and homophobia, were already solved, especially as the underground musical communities he moved in were "broadly inclusive". He did not take the threat of fascism and authoritarianism seriously in his younger years, treating them as a joke, and regretted that he did not foresee their coming resurgence. He described discovering alternative rock musicians using abusive language with sincerity as "one of many wake-up moments", along with experiences with a more diverse collective of friends and influence from his wife Heather Whinna. Albini said that many straight white men assumed that they were not contributing to social problems as long as they were not actively oppressing others, realizing "It was all coming from a privileged position of someone who would never have to suffer any of the hatred that's embodied in any of that language." He considered himself "responsible for accepting my role in the patriarchy, and in white supremacy, and in the subjugation and abuse of minorities of all kinds". He said that Shellac deliberately enlisted musicians of different backgrounds on their tours. He tweeted in regards to transgender people, "Life is hard on everybody and there's no excuse for making it harder. I've got the easiest job on earth, I'm a straight white dude, fuck me if I can't make space for everybody else."

Personal life
Albini was married to the film director Heather Whinna. They lived in Chicago. He avoided drugs and alcohol; his father was an alcoholic, which made him aware of his "own vulnerability to addiction". Albini maintained a food blog, documenting meals he had cooked for his wife. The Los Angeles Times described him as a "good food writer" with a "laconic, dry wit". Albini appeared on the food show Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown. From 1996, Albini and Whinna committed charity drives during the Christmas season, responding to letters in the Chicago post office. They experienced conflict in deliveries after a "policy change" by the Postal Service in 2009 over including personal details.

Albini was an avid poker player, particularly in mixed games. He won two World Series of Poker bracelets: in 2018, Albini finished first in a $1,500 Stud event for $105,629; and won a $1,500 H.O.R.S.E. event in 2022 for $196,089. He described his relationship to the game in a 2022 PokerNews article: "Poker is one part of my life. So when I'm playing poker, I try to commit to it. I try to take it seriously. I try to make sure I devote the attention to it that it deserves as an occupation. But it's only part of my year. I only play tournaments at the World Series of Poker. I play cash games informally in Chicago. It's a part of my livelihood, but it's not my profession."

Death
Albini died from a heart attack at his home in Chicago, on May 7, 2024, at the age of 61. Dave Grohl dedicated a performance of the Foo Fighters song "My Hero" in his memory, and Joanna Newsom did likewise with a performance of her song "Cosmia".

Selected publications

 * "Husker Du? Only Their Hairdresser Knows for Sure" Article for Matter on Hüsker Dü, published September 1983.
 * "I would like to be paid like a plumber" Letter written by Steve Albini to Nirvana in 1992, outlining his working philosophy
 * "The Problem with Music" Essay written by Steve Albini for The Baffler in 1993.
 * "Ask a music scene micro celebrity" Steve Albini answers questions about bands and music on a poker forum, The 2+2 Forums, July 7, 2007. Archived from the original on April 17, 2010.
 * "I am Steve Albini, ask me anything" reddit IAmA, May 8, 2012; accessed June 21, 2015.
 * "Steve Albini talks to LISTEN: "I try to be an ally in feminism"" Interview in LISTEN, May 2, 2016; accessed August 16, 2016.

title: Steve Albini


text:
Talk:The Forbidden Love EP

Title
The official site seems to list the title as The Death Cab for Cutie Forbidden Love EP. 68.121.164.244 05:52, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have had disambig links placed at the appropriate article or disambiguation page.--Hraefen Talk 22:18, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Forbidden Love E.P. Cover.jpg
Image:The Forbidden Love E.P. Cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:The Forbidden Love E.P. Cover.jpg
Image:The Forbidden Love E.P. Cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:26, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Forbidden Love EP


text:
Talk:GE U23C

Roster
U23C roster is wrongly shown on the Wiki U25C page. See http://users.inna.net/~jaydeet/u23c.htm for roster. --207.69.137.12 20:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Moved U23C roster to this page from U25C page. Could not move photo of AT&SF U23C #7513 to this page. --SSW9389 13:03, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:GE U23C


text:
User talk:Rpd

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Rpd


text:
Talk:All Wound Up...

Fair use rationale for Image:AllWoundUp.jpg
Image:AllWoundUp.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:48, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

'Whatever' was not a hidden track on this disc; instead, it was produced later as a single CD. Folks purchasing All Wound Up from Newbury Comics received it as well as a single disc containing only 'Whatever'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.104.243.2 (talk) 16:05, 26 February 2008 (UTC) - actually it was a hidden track it was stated in an interview with sully erna i'll try to find the interview again —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.182.236.12 (talk) 23:20, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

The track listing here is for the re-mixed and retitled version of the album, rather than the tracks from the actual disc. In fact, it seems that the entire page was just copied from an older version of the succeeding article. --Crimson Bleeding Souls (talk) 04:56, 4 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I'll find the All Wound Up track listing right away and fix this. Bramblestar (ShadowClan Leader) (talk) 01:31, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:All Wound Up...


text:
HC Dynamo Pardubice

HC Dynamo Pardubice is a professional ice hockey club that plays in the Czech Extraliga. Its home venue is Enteria arena located in Pardubice. The club was originally named LTC Pardubice, acquiring its current name at the start of the 2015–16 season.

History
Ice hockey has been played in Pardubice since the beginning of the 20th century. Hockey's beginnings in Pardubice can be traced to the Matiční jezero where bandy, a hockey-like game, was played. This style of hockey was adopted from football – there were 11 players, opposing goals, a ball, and a football-like field. The first match of ice hockey was played in 1913 on the very same lake. Players such as Vilém Weiss, Potůček, Reiberg, Přibík, Komeštík and Kubeška played in this match.

Organised hockey was founded in Pardubice by Vilém Weiss in 1923, the same year that the club LTC Pardubice was established. Regular competitions first took place during the 1930-1931 season.

After the end of the Second World War, a new ice rink was installed in Pardubice, and by Christmas of 1947 a new winter sports stadium was opened with an artificial ice rink. In the 1949-1950 season Pardubice won its division and was promoted to the Extra League. The 1950-1951 season saw the team compete with a new name, Slavia Pardubice. Since that time the club has never been relegated from the top level of competition.

At the end of the 1952-1953 the club changed its name once again to Dynamo Pardubice. Players such as Bronislav Danda and goaltender Vladimír Nadrchal began their careers with Pardubice during the 1950s.

The club's first major success came in 1960. Dynamo Pardubice reached the medals for the first time, reaching 3rd place. In the same season a new winter sports stadium, including a roof, was completed. The following season the club changed its name again to Tesla Pardubice. This name remained until July 1991.

In the 1960s, Jiří Dolana and Stanislav Prýl went on to represent Czechoslovakia in Olympic competition. In 1965, Zdeněk Špaček led the league in scoring with 33 goals. This era was also marked by the arrival of junior players, who helped the club to a championship in 1967. The offensive trio consisting of Bohuslav Šťastný, Jiří Novák and Vladimír Martinec rose to stardom in the Extra League.

Pardubice reached further success in 1973, winning their first title in the champions league. Vladimír Martinec led the league with 23 assists, winning his first Golden Hockey Stick. The 1975-1976 season started with the final match between Tesla Pardubice and CSKA Moscow. The match, played in Czechoslovakia, was an unbelievable performance by the home team, defeating a professional army team by a score of 3-2. However, the following match played in Moscow was won by CSKA, 6-1.

Pardubice stayed among the top three teams in the Extra League for the following 3 seasons. Goaltender Jiří Crha was a backup goaltender in several top competitions at the time, but didn’t win any gold medals. Crha consequently decided to emigrate, becoming the first Czech player to play in the NHL. While team success diminished in the coming years, there were some highlights from individual players. The offensive trio of Vladimír Martinec, Jiří Novák and Bohuslav Šťastný won another world championship title. Vladimír Martinec led the Extra League with 28 assists in 1976, 42 goals in 1979, and won the Golden Hockey Stick three times.

After 1982, Pardubice's senior team experienced a resurgence. New team members included goaltender Dominik Hašek, defender František Musil, and forwards Otakar Janecký and Jiří Šejba. Musil and Šejba won the world championship in Prague in 1985, while playing for the army team Dukla Jihlava. After that František Musil went to the NHL, and Jiří Šejba returned to Tesla Pardubice, where he helped the team win championships in 1986-1987 and 1988-1989. Dominik Hašek won the Golden Hockey Stick both these seasons, as well as in 1990. Otakar Janecký led the league with 41 assists in 1988-1989, while Vladimír Martinec won honors for best coach. Ladislav Lubina won the award for the league's best offensive player in 1991.

Modern history
At the beginning of the 1991-1992 season the club changed its name to HC Pardubice. HC Pardubice entered the 1993-1994 season with a strong mixture of experienced and young players, including goaltender Radovan Biegl, who quickly became one of the best in the league. The team also boasted offensive star Richard Král who led the league with 43 goals. Also impressing was 18-year-old Milan Hejduk who was named top rookie in the Czech League. Pardubice's second-place finish helped coach Marek Sýkora earn coach of the year honors.

The solid finish wasn't to be repeated, as the team slipped to the bottom of the standings and had to defend its place in the Extra League in 1996. HC Pardubice gradually lost Král, Biegl and other experienced players who were replaced by junior players, among them forward Petr Sýkora. Hejduk won the gold medal at Nagano in 1998, leaving afterwards for the NHL.

In the following season the team received a new young coach, Miloš Říha, and Pardubice started to improve their performance. In the 1996-1997 season Pardubice reached 4th place. Though team success was elusive, various individual players had significant achievements, such as Petr Sýkora who led the league with 26 goals in 2001. In 2001 the winter sports stadium, re-named Duhová Aréna, underwent significant construction improvements. In the following two seasons, Pardubice's juniors managed to win two championship titles. Pardubice's senior team, though, couldn’t get past the first round of the playoffs. However, in 2004, Pardubice nearly won the title.

Nine years later the team reached the final again, this time against HC Slavia Praha. Slavia defeated Pardubice to claim its first Extra League Title. As a result, Pardubice had to wait for its fourth championship title until 2005, when they won thanks to the leadership of captain Jiří Dopita, and the performance of Slovakian goaltender Ján Lašák. Pardubice's season was also aided by the cancelled 2004-2005 season in the NHL, which allowed Jan Bulis, Michal Mikeska and Milan Hejduk to come to Pardubice. Aleš Hemský was named the most valuable player in the play-offs. This was Pardubice's first title in 16 years.

During the club's history, many of its players have been honored in the Hall of Fame in Pardubice. Most notable are Josef Paleček, Vladimír Martinec, Bohuslav Šťastný, Otakar Janecký, Jiří Šejba, František Musil, Michal Sýkora, Ladislav Lubina, Aleš Hemský, Milan Hejduk and Dominik Hašek.

Domestic
Czech Extraliga
 * Winners (3): 2004–05, 2009–10, 2011–12
 * Runners-up (4): 1993–94, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2023–24
 * 3rd place (2): 2010–11, 2022–23

Czechoslovak Extraliga
 * Winners (3): 1972–73, 1986–87, 1988–89
 * Runners-up (2): 1974–75, 1975–76
 * 3rd place (5): 1959–60, 1973–74, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86

International
IIHF European Cup
 * Runners-up (2): 1973–74, 1987–88

History of the team name

 * 1923 – LTC Pardubice
 * 1949 – Sokol Pardubice (consolidation of LTC and Rapid)
 * 1950 – Slavia Pardubice
 * 1953 – Dynamo Pardubice
 * 1960 – Tesla Pardubice
 * 1991 – HC (Hockey club) Pardubice
 * 1995 – HC IB (Investiční banka) Pardubice
 * 1997 – HC IPB (Investiční a poštovní banka) Pardubice
 * 2002 – HC ČSOB (Československá obchodní banka) Pojišťovna Pardubice
 * 2003 – HC Moeller Pardubice
 * 2009 – HC Eaton Pardubice
 * 2011 – HC ČSOB (Československá obchodní banka) Pojišťovna Pardubice
 * 2015 – HC Dynamo Pardubice

Retired numbers

 * 3 – Martin Čech
 * 5 – Jiří Dolana
 * 6 – Stanislav Prýl
 * 10 – Jiří Šejba
 * 13 – Vladimír Martinec
 * 16 – Karel Mach
 * 17 – Bohuslav Šťastný
 * 20 – Vladimír Dvořáček
 * 20 – Jiří Novák
 * 21 – Milan Koďousek
 * 91 – Otakar Janecký
 * 37 – Petr Sýkora
 * 39 - Dominik Hašek

title: HC Dynamo Pardubice


text:
Talk:Roundarm bowling

Description
This article appears to be missing a description of what roundarm bowling actually is. I had to read the article on overarm bowling to find out. 04:15, 17 December 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.44.11.68 (talk)

Pictures
I think the article would benefit from some pictures illustrative of round-arm bowling in action. Anyone got any? DuncanHill (talk) 11:58, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Roundarm bowling


text:
Claro (company)

Claro Company, known as Claro Mexico or simply Claro, is a Mexican company part of América Móvil, a Mexican telecom group. Claro serves clients in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico and Uruguay. The company's name means "bright," "clear," and also "of course," in both Portuguese and Spanish.

Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay
Headquartered in Córdoba, Argentina, Claro was launched in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay on March 25, 2008 in a rebranding of CTI Móvil. the former served more than 12.8 million subscribers on CDMA/1XRTT and GSM/GPRS/EDGE wireless.

CTI Móvil purchased Hutchison Telecom operation in Paraguay (which operated as "PortHable") in July 2005 to begin serving customers in that country. As of 2006, Claro competed with international operators such as Tigo (Millicom), Personal (Telecom Argentina-Telecom Italia) and VOX (formerly KDDI. VOX was acquired in 2011 by the state landline company, COPACO). In these countries, the company used slogans such as "Es simple. Es Claro." ("It's simple. It's clear") and "Claro es Internet móvil de alta velocidad." ("Claro is high-speed mobile Internet.")

Brazil
In Brazil, Claro was launched in 2003 with the merger of América Móvil-owned operators ATL (serving the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo), BCP (with service in São Paulo metropolitan area, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte), Americel (operating in Acre, Tocantins, Rondônia, the Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul), Tess Celular (other areas of São Paulo state) and Claro Digital (serving Rio Grande do Sul).

Claro later expanded its service to the states of Bahia, Sergipe, Santa Catarina, Paraná and Minas Gerais. As of 2012, the provider has over 260 million active mobile telephony connections and a mobile penetration of over 130%. With competitor Vivo, Claro was one of two operators to introduce the iPhone 3G in Brazil, with TIM participating later. Claro Brazil also runs a pay-tv service, Claro TV. Slogans used by the Brazilian branch include "Nós escutamos" ("We listen") and "Escolha" ("Choose").

Chile
Claro Chile was originally known as Chilesat PCS, which later renamed to Smartcom PCS. Claro was launched in Chile on August 6, 2006, after its acquisition of Smartcom PCS. Slogans such as "Yo soy Claro, y me gusta." ("I am Claro, and I like it.") have appeared in advertisements.

In the mobile operator segment, Claro is third in market share behind Movistar and Entel.

Colombia
While Claro has developed a large market share in Colombia, data for prepaid customers indicates that Claro has lost market share to competing providers Tigo and Movistar; this may be due to Claro's position as the most-expensive per-minute provider in the country's prepaid market. Tigo and Movistar offer prepaid customers flat-rate per-minute plans for calls placed to all mobile service providers and landlines within Colombia (229 and 199 pesos per minute, respectively). The cheapest per-minute rate for Claro prepaid customers is 249 pesos per minute, a rate valid for only nine "preferred Claro numbers". Per-minute rates increase for calls to Claro numbers not on a customer's "preferred" list and all calls to other cellphone providers or landline numbers.

Costa Rica
After the opening of telecommunications in Costa Rica when the monopoly of the ICE Group was dissolved, the government opened a tender for telecommunications companies wishing to enter Costa Rica. Superintendencia de Tele-Comunicaciones (SUTEL) of Costa Rica secured a license, and the company began offering lines on November 5, 2011 to users who had registered on their website or through social networks. Service began on November 11.

Dominican Republic
Claro was launched in the Dominican Republic on January 31, 2007 after its acquisition of Verizon Dominicana on April 3, 2006. Its Dominican Republic slogans have included "Claro que tienes más" ("Of Course you have more"), "La Red donde todo es posible" ("The network where everything is possible"), and recently, "Estamos para ti" ("We are for you").

Ecuador
Claro Ecuador is owned by America Móvil Latin America. Alfredo Escobar San Lucas is the CEO, Marco Antonio Campos Garcia is the CFO.

Claro Ecuador is based in Ecuador and provides M2M services on HSPA+,HSDPA,UMTS,EDGE,GPRS,GSM technologies. Claro brand is operated by America Móvil. Claro's M2M services is powered by Jasper Wireless.

In Ecuador, América Móvil was present with Conecel (commercially known as Porta) until February 2011. The name "Porta" was switched to "Claro" as part of América Móvil's business strategy. It is the country's leading operator, with nearly nine million subscribers.

Claro, Ecuador’s leading MNO by subscribers, has planned to invest around US$ 500 million over the next three years in order to expand 4G network coverage and acquire new spectrum being sold later this year. Ecuador has planned to auction spectrum in the 700MHz and 2.5GHz bands in November while an auction of frequencies in the 3.5GHz band is scheduled for August 2020. In addition to enhancing its 4G network footprint, the telco is also planning to begin 5G trials in Quito and Guayaquil.

El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua
Claro was introduced in El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua in September 2006.

in 2008, Claro introduced its satellite TV in El Salvador, also in Guatemala, replacing DirecTV El Salvador & Guatemala.

Claro (formerly CTE Telecom) is a mobile and fixed phone, broadband and television service provider in El Salvador. Formerly controlled by parent company CTE Telecom in El Salvador (owned by América Móvil of Mexico), the company started its wireless service as "Personal" around 1999, and later added "ALÓ" with the motto "Facil y Rapido" (Spanish for "Easy and Fast"). In 2009, America Movil unified the brand in Latin America under the name Claro.

On January 24, 2019, América Móvil announce that the company will acquire Movistar's operations in El Salvador. However, the proposed acquisition was scrapped due to strict requirements to approve the acquisition.

Guatemala
On November 16, 1996, the Guatemalan Congress passed the "Ley General de Telecomunicaciones" (General Telecommunications Law) that stipulated the privatization of Guatel, the former, state-owned, telecommunications company. It was purchased by LUCA S.A. and Ricardo Bueso became Telgua's first President and CEO until 2000. In 2000, it joined América Móvil and some time after it renamed the brands ALO and PCS Digital to Claro on Guatemala.

Claro was introduced in Guatemala on September 7, 2006 as a rebranding of Telgua-owned PCS Digital and Alo de PCS. As of March 31, 2007, Claro in Guatemala had more than 5.2 million subscribers, with CDMA/1XRTT, GSM/GPRS/EDGE and UMTS/HSDPA (some cities with HSPA) wireless technology.

On January 24, 2019, América Móvil acquired Movistar's operations in Guatemala, in addition to acquiring the Movistar's operations in El Salvador. Eventually, Movistar's network in Guatemala would become integrated and merged with Claro in Guatemala.

Jamaica
Claro was introduced in Jamaica as a replacement for the MiPhone company. Oceanic Digital Jamaica Limited (ODJ) was a wholly owned subsidiary of América Móvil, providing service under the Claro name. The company built a GSM/UMTS/HSDPA network with the CDMA network, and plans included fixed wireless and broadband service on the CDMA network (competing with Digicel and LIME). The Jamaican company was acquired by Digicel in late 2011, and the network was closed (with permission from the outgoing Jamaica Labour Party government) in March 2012.

Panama
Claro was introduced in Panama in 2008, As of 2022 the company is going through a merger with +Movil Panama (Cable and Wireless Panama.)

Peru
Claro began operation on October 11, 2005 after its acquisition of TIM Peru. The country has more than seventeen million customers.

Puerto Rico
Claro was introduced in Puerto Rico on May 18, 2007 as a replacement for Verizon Wireless. It is the wireless arm of Puerto Rico Telephone, which offers landline telephone and data services, while Coqui.Net (bought by Puerto Rico Telephone) manages Claro's ISP and IPTV services on the island. One problem with the transition has been the non-portability of telephones to the contiguous United States (Puerto Rico is part of the United States), resulting in a preference for Liberty Puerto Rico (formerly AT&T).

Other activity
In 2012 Claro Americas was a partner in the (RED) Campaign with Adidas, American Express, Converse, China UnionPay, Legea and Servientrega. The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015, with a slogan "Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation".

Claro has sponsored the Sauber F1 Team from 2011 to 2014 and in 2018 to 2019.

title: Claro (company)


text:
ClearTalk

ClearTalk is a controlled natural language—a kind of a formal language for expressing information that is designed to be both human-readable (being based on English) and easily processed by a computer.

Anyone who can read English can immediately read ClearTalk, and the people who write ClearTalk learn to write it while using it. The ClearTalk system itself does most of the training through use: the restrictions are shown by menus and templates and are enforced by immediate syntactic checks. By consistently using ClearTalk for its output, a system reinforces the acceptable syntactic forms.

It is used by CODE4, the experimental knowledge management software Ikarus, and by a knowledge base management system Fact Guru.

ClearTalk is easily readable by most people who can read English, and requires very little training to write. Databases of information have been written using ClearTalk by a 9-year old human.

More than 25,000 facts have been encoded in ClearTalk.

ClearTalk allows varying degrees of formality or specificity, allowing the author to choose to leave or remove ambiguity.

ClearTalk was created in 1988 and fell out of use about 2006. It is the oldest controlled natural language with a formal representation.

title: ClearTalk


text: Talk:HC Dynamo Pardubice

title: Talk:HC Dynamo Pardubice


text:
User:Weebs

Hey. My name is Matthew Weber, I'm a second year student at [Curtin University] studying a double degree course in environmental biology and applied geology. I occasionally try to post up stuff to do with those disciplines, but to be honest, I'm much more likely to just go around doing semi random articles as the fancy takes me.

= Contributions =

Started
 * Undulose Extinction
 * Gracilaria
 * Agarophyte
 * GTF Loki
 * GTI(Freespace)
 * Bird's eye Maple
 * Hockeyroos
 * Kookaburras(Hockey)

Significant Edits Some of these were as an IP Address

 * Curtin University
 * Dunny More or less created this'n - used to be a redirect to D'Ni
 * Baleen

= Planned Future Projects =

- I want to take a crack at making the article on Curtin a bit more comprehensive and neat. It's a tad spotty at the moment - we have every lunch special in the main cafe, and yet only two social clubs are listed.

- I'm going to try to put up basic articles for a lot of the individual ships in the game [Freespace 2] and, if possible, pictures of the ships and any higher poly SCP models that have been done, along the lines of what's been done for [Wing Commander]

- I want to keep making articles for some of the more obscure biological and geological terms/ideas I come across. I've found it's sometimes difficult to understand all the concepts involved in uni level biology especially, so being able to help others by having a decent, semi technical set of articles made up that go a little beyond the stubs you end to find once you get into the more complex stuff (once I understand them myself that is).

title: User:Weebs


text: User talk:80.78.18.59

title: User talk:80.78.18.59


text:
Talk:Twelve (Street Fighter)

Relevant info merged with Street Fighter III
I wonder what warranted deleting this entire article? Are you going to do this to all the Street Fighter characters? Nawara Ven 13:40, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Cameo sighting?
[Possible spoiler] Just wanted to point out, for those who didn't know, Twelve has, in fact, made a cameo appearance in another game, despite what it says near the top of this article. The appearance in question is in Urien's ending from Capcom Fighting Evolution. What I want to know is, can this be counted? Sprinter h 07:34, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

---

Twelve is one of the best characters I've found in SFIII, the trivia is just some random dude's opinion.

There were a few spelling mistake that I fixed. But overall, it's still badly written and has incorrect grammar usage.

I'm confused with one of his win quotes "EMAO" Can someone explain? Maybe it's a mistranslation of LMAO?

I dunno about "EMAO", but he still has less cameos than the average Street Fighter character. Most characters in Street Fighter appear in merchandising or promo artwork. The only times I've seen Twelve in such is in Epic Battles, Urien's ending (which actually is more like a bunch of Twelve-like warriors, I'm not sure if it could be considered the Twelve from SFIII), and in a certain promo artwork of every Street Fighter character created. Other than that, he has little to nothing in the way of cameos. I think the trivia works as a little bit of info for the diehard Street Fighter knowledge geeks (like me, haha) Akumakendan 19:13, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

XCOPY
Twelve is a really crappy character, but he's inexplicably fun. I know as well as anybody what he can do, and believe you me he's not a 'good' character. SA1 is the best because you get two bars, it lets you do a semi-decent amount of damage rather than just throwing all of the time, and it does JUST AS MUCH damage as SA2. XCOPY is effin' clown shoes, you should only use it in money matches against people who really need to learn a lesson. --Thongboy Bebop (8/30)
 * XCOPY is not a good super for a lot of reasons. The major reason is that while in XCOPY mode, you can't do EX moves.  This is especially significant against characters like Alex and Elena, who rely on having meter to do EX moves.  And of course, not being able to do a super really makes XCOPY irrelevant against Yun and Chun-Li.  The other reason is that when XCOPY runs out, you spend the rest of the match at a major stamina disadvantage.  I'm writing these things into the article and taking out the POV stuff about "major fighting force".  Not only is it POV, it's simply not true. Danny Lilithborne 21:56, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Good point. I was mostly just trying to find a way to show that Twelve isn't a "weak" character, he's just much more difficult to use than others (which still makes him undesirable for tournament play). I think the full techniques list you added displays Twelve's unusual abilities well. Nawara Ven 00:14, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, my brother plays Twelve (and can win with him) so I know his abilities a little better than most. He almost always uses XNDL ;) Danny Lilithborne 00:17, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Twelve (Street Fighter)


text: User talk:81.154.235.215

title: User talk:81.154.235.215


text:
Wikipedia talk:Dealing with fringe science

I didn't write this; I was quoting DESiegel's remarks. Uncle Ed 20:20, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Proposed Merge
It has been propsoed that Dealing with fringe science be merged with WP:NPOV. While my comments, and indeed the whole issue of dealing with fring since, do derive from the NPOV policy 9and to soem extent the verifiability policy, I feel that this is an imporetant special case. I therefore oppsoe the merge. I wrote the text no present in connection with the debate on Jack Sarfatti, but it applies in a wider context. i intend to expand the current text a bit, making it into a useful essay or perhaps a proposed guideline, a fleshign oput of WP:NPOV, WP:NOR, and WP:V as they apply in this specific and often controversial area. DES (talk) 21:50, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think that this should be merged. I think that this area has caused so many problems that a specific set of guides, working within the standard framework of Wikipedia, would help a lot. --Apyule 03:01, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it should be merged because it will be more accessible for the newuser if it is a section to NPOV. It is very hard to find all these related articles, policies and guidelines. Further, dealing with fringe science is, at its core, no different than dealing with agitprop articles. If the goal is NPOV, then those standards should apply across the board whether the article is about chaos theory or detainees. Joaquin Murietta 08:26, 20 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:KINGRYANW

Welcome!
Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! Hello, and welcome to the loony yet quite pleasing ranks of Wikipedians! My name is BorgHunter, one of very many zany Wikipedians around here, and let me be the first to welcome you here. Before getting too in-depth, you may want to read about the simplified ruleset. If you need help on how to title new articles check out the naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and the FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check the Village Pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my user talk page. And don't worry -- you may well have a bunch of questions after that avalanche of info I just threw at you. Yeah, Wikipedia has a bit of a culture and etiquette of its own, but you get used to it! ---

Additional tips
Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia!
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes (~). If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * You may want to add yourself to the new user log.
 * You should also consider (if you have not already) creating a user page for yourself, to tell us a bit about you. Don't worry if it's small at first -- most people tend to grow their user pages over a period of time, much like Wikipedia articles. Don't expect everything to happen all at once!
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.
 * If you're still entirely confused, or would like to get a better grasp of your wikipedia skills, and you have an IRC client (or don't mind getting one), check out the Bootcamp. It's not what it sounds like, but it is fun and can help you with your editing skills.
 * If you're bored and want to find something to do, try the Random page button in the sidebar, or check out the Open Task message in the Community Portal.

Happy Wiki-ing.
--BorgHunter (talk) 20:20, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Ryan King
While I'm on your talk page, I may as well let you know -- I put Ryan King up for speedy deletion. It's nothing against you, but that stuff is better put on your user page. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. Thanks! --BorgHunter (talk) 20:20, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:KINGRYANW


text:
G. Vernon Bennett

Guy Vernon Bennett (February 17, 1880 – July 31, 1968) was superintendent of schools in Pomona, a professor of education at the University of Southern California, and a Los Angeles city councilman from the 10th District from 1935 to 1951. He was defeated for reelection after seventeen years in office in the wake of his arrest on a morals charge. He was a Democrat.

Biography
Bennett was born in Waverly, Iowa, on February 17, 1880. He had five siblings, Edward Allen Bennett of Los Angeles, Richard Bennett of Tacoma, Washington, Belle Campbell of Guelph, Ontario, Zellia Campbell of Los Angeles and William M. Bennett. Bennett was married and had at least one son. He was a Kiwanian.

While a city councilman, Bennett, then 65, was taken into custody in Lincoln Park on October 2, 1950, by two police officers who "took a statement from him at the Highland Park Police Station." A complaint was later issued by the city attorney's office "charging two morals counts." Bennett pleaded guilty to disturbing the peace," and a charge of lewd vagrancy was dismissed "in the interests of justice." He paid a fine of $100.

Bennett, who was then living in Pasadena, died July 31, 1968, at the age of 88.

Educational career
Bennett was working in Gridley, California, before taking up his position as superintendent of schools in Pomona in July 1914, replacing the retiring schools chief, W.P. Murphy. Near the end of his first school year, he responded to a statement by the University of California President Benjamin Ide Wheeler, who had declared vocational training to be "an attempt at aristocracy to keep children of the laborer in the working class so they couldn't better themselves." Bennett said:

"That sort of talk is bosh. ... If teaching boys how to do interior decorating, plumbing, lathe work and cabinet-making and teaching girls how to make hats and dresses and custard pies is an aristocratic attempt to tie a millstone around the neck of genius, then let us become more aristocratic. If we can keep the boys and girls off the street and reduce the number of street-corner loafers by teaching some useful trades in our schools I think it is our duty to do so."

Bennett ordained an anti-slang week in April 1915 and ordered that anybody who used slang in Pomona schools be penalized. "I'd like to eliminate such phrases as 'hand somebody a lemon,' 'cut it out,' 'the once-over,' and a lot of similar expressions," he said.

In 1919 he was appointed head of the local office of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, an agency that retrained returning U.S. servicemen. In October 1920, Bennett and Nicholas Ricciardi, director of the vocational office in San Francisco, were attacked by the James B. Gresham Post No. 3, Veterans of Foreign Wars, for, among other things, "repressive measures." A statement charged Bennett with being "out of harmony with every man engaged in Federal board work in this city."

Bennett, who held a doctorate of philosophy, was hired to be an associate professor of education at the University of Southern California, effective in the fall semester, 1926.

Political career
1934–35

Bennett attempted a run for the State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1934 but lost. In February 1935, still a college professor and living at 3017-1/2 Hoover, he took out a nomination petition for the City Council seat in the 10th District, campaigning against the incumbent, E. Snapper Ingram. Bennett was supported by the End Poverty in California movement (EPIC) and opposed by the Los Angeles Times. Other candidates in the 10th District primaries were Lenna G. Walradt, a lecturer; Allan M. Rose, employed by the Civilian Conservation Corps, Karl Euper, "in the insurance and real estate business," and Austin L. Tournoux, "in the publishing business"; he had been a member of the California State Assembly in 1933. Bennett received 5,974 votes to Ingram's 5,810, and they faced each other in the finals. In that race, Bennett won by a vote of 8,794 to 8,064.

1937

In 1937 Bennett ran as an incumbent against George McLain but without the support of EPIC. He won in the primary, 8,065 to 5,306.

1938–39

He lost in another bid for state superintendent of public instruction in 1938. Bennett was known for supporting "liberal" measures in the city council and had the support of Mayor Fletcher Bowron and activist Clifford Clinton; he was concentrating on issues of slum clearance and supported the thirty dollars every Thursday movement. He was the only council member to vote against an April 1939 resolution urging the Dies Committee on Un-American Activities to investigate Communist influence in Los Angeles "as soon as possible." That month he won in the primary election, 9,526 votes to 2,192 for Willard E. Badham, 1,620 for Solly F. Smith and 804 for Allan M. Rose.

1941

In 1941, Bennett faced S. Frederic Smith (the Times choice) and Mary A. Van Dame. Bennett won, 9,287 votes against 3,806 for Smith and 1,071 for Van Dame. By that time, Bennett had joined the "anti-Bowron bloc," and when the city council was reorganized in July, he was elected president of the council by a vote of 9 to 6, replacing Robert L. Burns. As council president, he became acting mayor when Bowron was out of town.

1942–43

Bennett was elected chairman of the Los Angeles County Democratic Central Committee in September 1942, unseating Claude L. Welch.

In late 1941, political reformer Clifford E. Clinton had accused Bennett, with other councilmen, of having misused city automobiles, asking for a grand jury investigation. The issue resurfaced in 1943, an election year, when Council Member Parley P. Christensen accused Bennett of having used a city automobile for an "unauthorized and illegal" trip to Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1937 and on his return, "presenting the city with a bill for gasoline and oil." Bennett denied the charge. In the 1943 election, Bennett was endorsed by the Times, which said that "Although inclined when first elected toward ultra-liberal views, years of practical experience have tempered Bennett's convictions." Bennett won the election in the primary, 5,510 votes to 3,718 for Vernon Kilpatrick and 1,573 for George W. Barnard.

1944–1945

Bennett made news in January 1944 when he urged that a woman be appointed to a vacancy on the Water and Power Commission, though "he had no particular person in mind."

He was re-elected at the primary in April 1945 by 12,207 votes to 2,327 for William L. Biber, a "well-to-do used-car lot owner taking his first fling at politics." Bennett was endorsed by the Times.

1947–1949

The 1947 election was highlighted by a Los Angeles Times attack on Bennett's championing of a police union, but despite that and an accusation that he had appeared "as the supporter of radical movements or legislation." the Times endorsed him over his opponents — Bertrand R. Bratton, a certified public accountant, and Charles Downs, a builder who had been a City Council member in 1925 but was removed from office that year upon conviction of receiving a bribe from a developer. Bennett won in the April primary with 12,173 votes to 2,834 for Downs and 1,843 for Bratton (four precincts not reported). Two years later, in 1949, Bennett was reelected without opposition.

1951

In 1951, running in the shadow of a morals charge (above) and deprived of a Los Angeles Times endorsement, Bennett was defeated for reelection after seventeen years in office. In the primary, he came in third with 3,835 votes, compared to 5,301 for State Assemblyman Vernon Kilpatrick and 5,077 for musician Charles Navarro. Cafe operator George R. Hubbard had 2,250 votes and Charles Downs, running for the last time for his old seat, had 1,423. Bennett sued Navarro on the grounds that the latter "did not give his full name as Charles Navarro Guarino," but the case was dismissed by Superior Judge Joseph W. Vickers. Bennett's last major vote in the council was on June 26, 1951, in favor of federally subsidized housing projects.

Publications
Books

Sources: Library of Congress Online Catalog and Amazon.com

 * Junior High School, 1919, 1926
 * Debate Questions on U.S. History, 1918
 * A Primer of School Finance, before 1923
 * Problems of the Elementary School Principal, 1928
 * Social Civics, 1928
 * Vocational Education of Junior College Grade, 1928
 * Occupational Exploratory Courses for Junior High School (Grades 7, 8, 9), co-editor, 1929
 * Legalistic Pursuits, 1931
 * Occupational Orientation, co-editor, 1931
 * Exploring the World of Work; a Guidebook to Occupations, co-author, 1937
 * Grant to Eisenhower; Political Giveaways Unlimited, 1956

Newspaper article
 * Gadsden Won His Purchase, But His Railroad Waited," Los Angeles Times, January 15, 1953, page A-5

title: G. Vernon Bennett


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Produce Hurler

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE.  Rob e  rt  00:04, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Produce Hurler

 * Delete No google web or news hits. StephenJMuir 20:22, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Nonsense --JJay 21:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. jni 08:15, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Talk:Directorate of Operations (CIA)

title: Talk:Directorate of Operations (CIA)