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Shaam (actor)

Shamshuddin Ibrahim (born 4 April 1977), known professionally as Shaam, is an Indian actor and model who mainly appears Tamil and Telugu-language films. Starting his career as a professional model, he soon made his acting debut in the film 12B (2001). He further appeared in lead roles in films such as Lesa Lesa (2003), Iyarkai (2003), and Ullam Ketkumae (2005). He garnered acclaim for his role in the Telugu film Kick (2009), which earned him the name Kick Shaam. Kick enabled Shaam to star in other prominent Telugu films such as Race Gurram (2014). After a hiatus, he returned to Tamil cinema with 6 (2013), Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai (2015) and Varisu (2023).

Early life
Shamshuddin Ibrahim was born on 4 April 1977 in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, into a Tamil Muslim Rowther family. His father hails from Madurai, while his mother is from Tiruppathur. He grew up in Bengaluru, where he pursued his studies. After completing his B Com, he did modelling through which he hoped to become an actor.

2000-2005: Debut and success
Shaam began his career as a model in Bengaluru, modelling for various ads. Keen on pursuing an acting career, he was vainly searching for acting offers for four years. He auditioned for the lead role in Kadhalar Dhinam (1999), but did not receive the role. He then, following the recommendation of his model coordinator Biju Jayadevan, got to meet cinematographer Jeeva, who was planning to make his directorial debut and was on the lookout for a new face for the film's lead role. He was given the role for the film 12B. He recollects that during his first meeting with Jeeva, he handed over his portfolio and introduced himself in English, when Jeeva heard him out, and then said, "Repeat what you just said, in Tamil" and Shaam did, and was subsequently signed on the next day after a meeting with producer Vikram Singh. The promos of the film were critically praised with Shaam signing on to appear on several projects before 12B even released.

His second feature film, however, the S J Suryah-directed Kushi, in which he appeared in a cameo role, released first, since 12B got stuck in production and released in 2001 only. The film which was a blatant rip-off of Sliding Doors, which itself had numerous comparisons with director Krzysztof Kieślowski's 1982 Polish film Blind Chance, fetched rave reviews and was seen as a "dream entry" for Shaam, whose performance was praised as "apt". Shaam was set to work with K. Balachander after Paarthale Paravasam (2001), but the project never materialised. His subsequent releases including Vasanth's Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukey! (2002), Anbe Anbe (2003) and Priyadarshan's Lesa Lesa (2003), garnered only average or poor box office returns. He took a break from his romantic hero films with Bala (2002) but the failure of the film caused him to stick to romantic films. He was approached to play the third male lead role in Aaytha Ezhuthu, but was unable to sign the film because of date issues with Iyarkai. Iyarkai by debutant S P Jananathan was his final release of 2003 and also failed at the box office due to a delayed release, but opened to high critical acclaim, even winning the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil.

Ullam Ketkumae, directed by Jeeva, finally was a commercial success. It is Shaam's first successful film and a critic noted that "he is able to bring out the sensibilities of the character". ABCD, a romance film released in August 2005.

2006–2008: Downfalls
In 2006, he acted in love story, Manathodu Mazhaikalam, which released to negative reviews. He made his Kannada debut in the film Tananam Tananam playing the role of a blind man.

In 2007, post the death of Jeeva, Shaam struggled to succeed in the Tamil film industry.

In 2008, he appeared in the film, Thoondil directed by K. S. Adhiyaman. The next is Inba alongside Sneha in which he played a macho man. These films had no impact at the box office.

2009–2018: Action and comedy genres
Following several more unsuccessful films, he got a major break in Surender Reddy's Telugu action film Kick (2009) as a police officer. He was cast in the film after Surender Reddy saw his stills from Agam Puram (2010). The success of Kick caused his previous films to release in Telugu: Inba was released in Telugu as Neelo Naalo (2009) with a comedy track featuring Sunil and Agam Puram was dubbed in Telugu as Gang War in 2011. He reprised his role from Kick in the Tamil remake, titled Thillalangadi (2010). He went on to play similar roles in Veera (2011) and Race Gurram (2014). Shaam signed his second Telugu film, a biopic Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. However, due to the crisis in Andhra Pradesh at the time, the film failed to materialize. Then he tried his luck in Hindi with director Faisal Saif in the Hindi-Tamil bilingual titled Mujhe Maaf Karo. The film, however, got stuck in production. Regarding his role in Veera, a critic noted that "Shaam fits into his character perfectly, but he has hardly any screen time to shine". Post the release of Kick, Shaam further collaborated with Reddy in Oosaravelli (2011), Race Gurram (2014), and Kick 2 (2015). He was cast in negative roles in several other Telugu-language films including Kalyanram Kathi (2011) and Oxygen (2017). He also signed several Tamil and Telugu bilingual venture including Sariya Thavara, but the film did not enter production.

In late 2011, he appeared in the film 6, which released to positive reviews. For his role in the film, he spent more than a dozen sleepless nights, which resulted in a big swelling below his eyes and for another look, hereduced his weight and grew his hair long and a beard. Although the film released to positive reviews, the film failed to do well at the box office. After the positive response of the film, Kannada actor, Sudeep, announced that he was going to do a multilingual film with Shaam.

In mid 2014, Shaam appear as Allu Arjun's brother in the film Race Gurram (2014). In a review of the film, a critic stated that "Shaam as the arrogant elder brother Ram delivers a good performance". He was signed to portray one of the lead roles in Kaala Koothu in 2015 and grew his beard for the role. However, he left the role due to differences with the director. In 2015, he won critical acclaim for his portrayal of an honest police officer in Jananathan's political drama Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai (2015), which had an ensemble cast featuring Arya and Vijay Sethupathi. In an IBT review of the film, the reviewer stated that "Shaam as a police officer stands out among all the leading characters, with the intensity he portrays in his role". Shaam's next release was the Kannada suspense thriller Game, which was also shot in Tamil as Oru Melliya Kodu alongside Arjun and Manisha Koirala. The Kannada version released in February 2016 to positive reviews and the Tamil version released in July 2016 to mixed reviews. That same year, he played a negative role in the Kannada-language film Santhu Straight Forward. He made his Malayalam debut with The Great Father (2017). In August 2017, he was cast in Venkat Prabhu's multi-starrer Party in a negative role; however, the film remains unreleased since 2018.

2019–present
After a brief sabbatical in Tamil films, Shaam returned with the long delayed Tamil film Kaaviyyan in 2019. The film released to negative reviews. A critic from The Times of India wrote that "The film, however, is sure to disappoint those who even go without any expectation". He played a negative role in Naanga Romba Busy (2020) starring Prasanna and Ashwin Kakumanu. Shaam has played the role of Vijay’s brother in Varisu (2023).

Personal life
Shamsuddin has three brothers and two sisters.

He is married to a Punjabi, Kashish, who was his college mate.

Filmography

 * Television
 * Dance vs Dance Season 2

title: Shaam (actor)


text: Template:Football in Argentina

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Football in Argentina


text:
Bedia, Spain

Bedia is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Bedia, Spain


text:
Talk:Jewish National Homeland

Jewish National Homeland?
Why is there a page :  that redirects Jewish National Homeland to  this  article? The Balfour Declaration never mentions the word "homeland", it says: a "national home" -for the Jewish people. In my mind there is quite a difference between home and homeland -just check that wonderful source: Wikipedia! Shouldn´t this redirect just be deleted? Huldra 23:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why would one want to delete it? Of what benefit would that be? Jayjg (talk) 03:53, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It is a commonly used concept. Perhaps redir to Land of Israel would be more appropriate?  ←Humus sapiens←ну? 06:24, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * My interest here comes from doing a major edit on White Paper of 1939. There you had statements like: "Even though the White Paper stated that it was committed to the Balfour Declaration, [...] it was a significant defeat for the Jewish side who viewed this as a great betrayal of British promises for a Jewish National Homeland in Palestine." . Most confusing, IMO, when both linked to the same. And really; how many people think of the Balfour Declaration when they hear the expression "Jewish National  Homeland"??
 * That it is a commonly used concept and that it should have an entry in Wikipedia: that is fine with me. If you guys think that a redir to Land of Israel covers the concept; well, that´s also fine with me. An alternative is, of course, to write something on the Jewish National Homeland  page (i.e. no redir at all) about the consept (possibly with a: See also Land of Israel + any other relevant link) Huldra 08:03, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I just did a quick check: there are several articles that use the Jewish National Homeland -link, and in all (as far as a could see) the redir to the 1917 Balfour Declaration is  absurd (quite funny at times, but absurd :-) ), see:
 * Bilu: "..was a group of Jewish idealists aspiring to settle in the Land of Israel with the political purpose to establish Jewish National Homeland there."
 * Jewish Legion: "..When Britain waged war against the Ottoman Turks, during World War I, Zionists around the world saw it as an opportunity to promote the idea of a Jewish National Homeland." (this one actually isn´t completely crazy)
 * Leon Pinsker: "...His analysis of the roots of this ancient hatred led him to call for the establishment of a Jewish National Homeland, either in Palestine or elsewhere." (???)
 * Zionist terrorism: "...In the 1930s and 1940s, during their campaign for a Jewish national homeland," (..a bit late, weren´t they?) (just noticed: this last one linked direct to the Balf. Decl.: totally absurd..)
 * Actually: I think the conclusion here must be that a simple redir to Land of Israel probably will not do: you can then get (e.g. under Bilu) sentences which in effect say: "...aspiring to settle in the Land of Israel with the political purpose to establish the Land of Israel there."  So: hopefully somebody will write something sensible on Jewish National  Homeland´ page. Hey, just saw that Humus sapiens wrote the redir in the first place...Ahem..... Huldra 12:17, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I was clearing out short pages, and these sorts of pages are routinely made by those uncertain how to make redirects. I would suggest not leaving it as see Land of Israel, rather I would suggest writing a stub or listing the redirect on RfD. - SimonP 15:57, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I just have to copy the rest from Talk:Balfour Declaration, 1917: "Ok: I have rm the redir on the above page, and I´ve copied this discussion into Talk:Jewish National Homeland. Any discussion about JNH should continue there. The JNH article is at the moment quite slim: a headline and a "see also: Land of Israel". I´m not going to work on that article: I´ll leave that to those who made it in the first place! Regards, Huldra 08:31, 11 October 2005 (UTC)"
 * In other words: I have no idea about what to put in a stub. (And I do think that those who created it should clear it up.) If the page is just deleted then there will be quite a few "red" links (see above), but perhaps that is better? Then people will at least know that work needs to be done? Please tell me what you think is best. Regards, Huldra 16:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jewish National Homeland


text:
Berango

Berango is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the region known as "Greater Bilbao" in the autonomous community of Basque Country, Spain with 8,9 km² of extension and a population of 7,195 inhabitants according to the census of the 2019. Its density reaches 174,81 inhabitants per square kilometre.

Geographical Location
Berango is confined by Sopelana in the north, with Urduliz in the northeast, with Erandio in southeast, and with Guetxo to the western. In this region there are some cholines that stand out such as Munarrikolanda, Saiherri and Agirremendi mountains. The Gobela river passes through the municipality and disgorges in the Bahía de El Abra. Moreover, Berango receives Larrañazubi's streams and several natural fountains.

title: Berango


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gaia Online

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Unanimous keep. Tito xd (?!?) 03:35, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Gaia Online
(Since the original nominating editor didn't make a page here, I will, so this can be resolved and dealt with.) Trisk 08:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please Keep - This is my fav Wikipedia article, this is how i found wikipedia. If this is removed pages for all online communities and games should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.25.150.178 (talk • contribs) --JiFish(Talk/Contrib)
 * Keep - Gaia Online is the largest internet forum of any genre, with over 2 million registered accounts. It's significant, popular, and it very much a part of the internet community these days.  The article is significant, informative, and worth keeping.  - Trisk 08:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep - Gaia Online supports a HUGE user base, and has tens of thousands of posts daily. It has boards for almost any topic imaginable, and a thriving community on only a slightly less order than Neopets. I suspect the initial nomination was done in bad faith, hence why the original nominating editor didn't make a page. Nezu Chiza 09:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Bigger than NeoPets. Good God Man! All your children are belong to us Qaz  ( talk ) 10:00, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep - bad faith nomination by User:69.193.44.60 (also see Articles for deletion/Final Fantasy.) --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 12:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep we do usually delete forums, but this one is huge and seems notable. Alexa rank 1,551.  Although not quite perfect, this article is a pretty good example of how a forum article should be done.  Note the absense of typical cruft/trivial material: no lists of admins, no details of personal conflicts, etc.  It's all fairly tight and encyclopedic in tone.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  12:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: it seems to be notable enough, although the article does need an overhaul - it's little more than a collection of dot-points.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 13:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: the deletion suggestion does not even give a reason (there probably is none). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sindri (talk • contribs)
 * Speedy keep for reasons already listed. --Idont Havaname 02:03, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Gaia Online is a site with notable features that has drawn a significantly gigantic community. The user who put it up for deletion nomination seems to be doing it out of malice. The same user (as pointed out by JiFish) also seems to have made an article attempting to promote his/her own website, so my guess his/her reason being (or part of his/her reason) is basically out of "competitive" bias. Shadowolf 08:23, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * More likely to prove a point. --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 13:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep - I don't see how any sane person could seriously consider deleting an article such as this.--Atlantima 02:16, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - It's very much notable, as much as I hate it. Musteval 03:35, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I just went there and their General Discussion forum alone had more than the first 25 pages with threads posted in today or yesterday. It's the most mind boggling forum I've seen on the net, and should be listed here for the reason it may be the largest community on the Internet alone. I dislike some parts of it, such as the totally uninformative list of NPC names which seemed very much insignificant. -- Jugalator 08:25, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - A site of this size is noteworthy. —Hobart 08:30, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - What a bad nomination. And I fail to see any "delete" votes as of yet. Deleting this page would call for the deletion of all forum-based wikipedia pages. Calicore 19:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please Keep - This page is a helpful informant to the 2,702,092(as of 10/16/05) registered users of Gaia online. Having this article on Wikipedia also helps explain one of the most popular online games to non-users. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.32.165.171 (talk • contribs) --JiFish(Talk/Contrib)
 * Keep - Until GameFAQs or NeoPets gets deleted, this has every right to be here. --Neonecron 01:30, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bermeo

Bermeo is a town and municipality in the comarca of Busturialdea. It is in the province of Biscay, which is part of the autonomous region of the Basque Country in northern Spain.

With a population of 16,765, it is the most important fishing port in the Basque Country. The town was founded in 1236, and is the largest in Busturialdea. Bermeo was the provincial capital of Biscay from 1476 to 1602.

Tourist attractions include the island of Gaztelugatxe, the Ercilla Tower (a fishing museum), San Juan Gate and the port. Bermeo is connected by Euskotren Trena and BizkaiBus to Bilbao. It has a number of neighbourhoods: Arana, Artike, Agirre, San Andres, Almike, Arronategi, San Migel, Demiku, Mañu and San Pelaio.

History
Bermeo's history dates back to the monastery of San Juan of Gaztelugatxe in 1051. In 1082, it is mentioned by Don Lope lñiguez as "Sancti Michaelis Arcangeli in Portu of Vermelio". Ferdinand II of Aragon named the town the capital of Biscay on 31 July 1476, a position it held until 1602. Many documents have been destroyed by fire; notable fires occurred in 1297, 1347, 1360, 1422 and 1504. The founding of Bilbao in 1300 also coincided with decline in Bermeo.

Climate
The town has an oceanic climate, with heavy rains in spring and late fall. The average annual minimum temperature is about 9 °C (48 °F), and the maximum is about 19 °C (66 °F). The record maximum temperature is 45 °C (113 °F), and the record minimum is -9 °C (16 °F).

Population
As a result of increased immigration due to industrialisation during the 1960s, the population grew rapidly. Although it began to decline during the 1990s, the population has increased again since 2000.

Economy
Bermeo's economy is based on fishing, and its port is the town's chief source of revenue. It has a fleet of deep-sea vessels, and Bermeo's coastal fisheries are among the region's most important. In addition to fishing, diesel engines and generators are manufactured and the commercial port receives raw materials. Bermeo also has connections with the timber and undersea-gas industries.

Transportation
Bermeo is connected by road to Mungia (18 km away) by the BI-631 road and to Gernika-Lumo (14 km away) by the BI-2235. The BI-3101 connects the town with Bakio, 12 km away. The capital, Bilbao (33 km away), is reached by the BI-631 and the BI-2235.

BizkaiBus connects Bermeo with Guernica, Amorebieta-Etxano, Bilbao, Derio and Bakio. Euskotren Trena connects the town directly with Bilbao, Guernica, Amorebieta-Etxano, Biscay and Gipuzkoa. Bermeo also has taxi and Bermibusa (urban bus) service.

== Attractions == On the road to Bakio is the lighthouse of Matxitxako, on the cape of the same name. Further along is Akatz Island, next to Gaztelugatxe (an island with the San Juan de Gaztelugatxe monastery). During the 14th century a castle topped the island, which was replaced by the monastery. On 29 August a mass celebrates the feast of San Juan. The island is a protected area.

Akatz Island, a small island next to Gaztelugatxe, has little vegetation but a significant nesting-bird population. On its cape is the Matxitxako lighthouse, which has good views of the coast and from which cetaceans may be seen. Izaro Island is part of the Urdaibai Reserve.

Bermeo's old town has many houses painted in different colours and narrow streets with squares. Aritzatxu is a small beach.

Ercilla Tower is the only remaining tower of 30 towers which defended Bermeo during the Middle Ages. In the old port, it was built at the end of the 15th century and housed the Ercilla family (including Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, author of The Araucana). In addition to its military use, it housed fishermen and warehoused fish. It was renovated in 1948 with Gothic arches as the Fisherman's Museum; additional renovation was done in 1984 and 1985.

Bermeo's town hall, in Sabino Arana Goiri Square, was built in 1732. With two clocks on its facade, it is one of the town's Artistic Historical Monuments.

The Kikunbera house, in Basque Rationalist style, was designed to resemble a ship and has been an Artistic Historical Monument since 1995. Batzoki is a modernist building by Pedro Ispizua.

title: Bermeo


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-10-10/Article quality criticisms

Comment
There are other major problems also worth addressing. The common one of these is that articles are pitched at too high a level. See, for example, Chromosome. I can't see why we shouldn't have an article a layman can understand on this, perhaps with still having technical details right at the end under a heading "technical details" that a layman can safely ignore. At present, it has no value to me. Nor can I help simplify or refactor it, because I have so little idea of what is going on. We are lucky to have many experts around on Wikipedia, but unfortunate in that too often they write articles that only other experts will understand. jguk 06:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, we should make it clear that while technical articles are great, and we really want the important verifiable details, that can be done and still have an accessible overview for the layman. Maybe we should even strengthen policy recommendations to say that all articles should be focused on the average educated person with details only an expert could understand in their own subsection or according to Summary style, in a sub article. As to quality issues, I've said it before, the radically open process is great as a start, but it can only get most articles to a certain level. To get to a significantly higher level of quality, it will require some type of stable branch where only qualified writers and editors can edit. Some system would have to be found to identify those editors, perhaps in a RFA like manner. - Taxman Talk 12:17, 11 October

2005 (UTC)
 * We don't have to compromise the openness of editing. We can integrate the products of the future Wikipedia DVD with our openly edited articles.  The most important articles will go through a careful editing process for the DVD version, which will also be published on the website.  The checked articles will be displayed in a top box with a clear "verfied version" label, while a bottom box contains the "live version".  This way those seeking to just learn info can read the top box, and others drawn into editing their area can hop to the bottom and improve the article even more.  lots of issues  | leave me a message 04:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Hass

Hass may refer to:

 * Hass (Ottoman)
 * Hass (surname)
 * Hass (town), a town in Syria
 * Hass avocado, a type of avocado named after its cultivator, Rudolph Hass
 * Hass Petroleum, an investment company
 * Humanities, arts, and social sciences
 * Home Assistant, the home automation software

title: Hass


text:
Berriatua

Berriatua is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, in the north of Spain. Its neighbors are Ondarroa and the Bay of Biscay to the north, Markina-Xemein to the south, Mutriku to the east, Amoroto and Mendexa to the west. Historically Berriatua was a town of farmers with little industry. Recently the town has seen significant industrial growth as well as a great deal of construction.

Notable people

 * Xabi Garalde (born 1988), Spanish footballer
 * Jagoba Arrasate (born 1978), Basque football coach and former player

title: Berriatua


text:
User talk:EWC-Beowulf

I wonder if the online community is as easily swayed to do things. If so many can take offense to napster and move on to other programs, perhaps the same is evident on other levels and mediums.

title: User talk:EWC-Beowulf


text:
Berriz

Berriz (in Basque and officially, in Spanish: Bérriz) is an elizate, town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Berriz is part of the comarca of Durangaldea and has a population of 4.623 inhabitants as of 2019 and according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.

Toponymy
Berriz belongs to a series of Basque toponyms with an -iz ending. Julio Caro Baroja defended that most of these toponyms came from an original Basque toponym plus the Latin suffix -icus. Caro Baroja considered that on toponymy, the suffixes -oz, -ez and -iz used to be combined with the name of the owner of the lands, with its origin being in some place between the Middle Ages and the Roman Empire.

In the case of Berriz, Caro Baroja suggested that the name might come from Verrius, the documented Latin name. Then, to the name Verrius it was added the suffix -icus (indicating that the lands were owned by Verrius) and became Verricus. From then, the name evolved to Verrici and from there to Verriz. The name of the town in Spanish used to be Vérriz.

Another theory about is origin negates the Latin origin and proposes a Basque origin. Berriz might come from Be(h)e ("under") and Oiz in reference to the Oiz mountain, and then "under Oiz" as of "in the or at the bottom of Oiz".

Notable people

 * Miren Amuriza (born 1990), bertsolari and Biscayan writer

title: Berriz


text:
Talk:London Borough of Harrow

Perceptions
A great many perceptions here! Why should an encyclopaedia peddle all this "common-man" talk? And who are the people who hold these perceptions? Surely we should be giving facts as they stand, and not try to argue against what the author of the article believes us to think? This kind of article is all too common... Peter Shearan 08:28, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The London Borough pages now widely vary in quality. Perhaps there should be some focus to bring them up to the standard of say, London Borough of Croydon? Some have been expanded and have pictures etc. while others say little more than what they replaced. MRSC 10:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

What is all this twoddle about 'demographics' and who actually wrote this
This is the worst entry into the wikipedia library. After all, which person is to imply quite implicitly that the demographic is quite so horrific. I believe that this needs serious revamping as the tone of it is highly xenophobic and quite offensive (NB do not think i am a Politically correct loser, because i am not). I have been to Harrow and although there are some pretty run down areas, to insinuate that the 'ethnic minorities' and notably the Gurjurati population are responsible for diluting this ideal of 'white, elderly, middle class' person picking up litter as he passes with his walking stick is totally dumb-founded and absurd. I suggest that someone who knows one or two things about Harrow should write down the entry for demographic because from what is written it is clear that it was written by a bitter nostalgic former resident who had fallen out of love with it and is only writing about it anonomously for the purpose of getting his/her back.

 * The tone of this article does need copyediting. MRSC 10:34, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

EDUCATION
Where is the citation(s) to support the claims made in the first paragraph of the Education section, for example: 1. "The borough is often perceived as having a good educational record" 2. "for a long time the secondary schools of Harrow did not feature integrated sixth-form education" 3. "There have been critics of the tertiary colleges, with many arguing the standard of education does not continue the standard set by the Borough's secondary schools." 4. "Harrow suffers a significant number of pupils leaving the Borough for their tertiary education." This section of the article may well be true - but without any citations/evidence how can one trust its claims? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tobyzappa (talk • contribs) 13:40, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Crime Figures
The articles states "Crime figures are low; the borough had 2,618 notifiable offences in April 2009, compared with an average of 2,204 across London's boroughs", how is it logical that being 18% higher than the cross city average is low? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.244.98.183 (talk) 14:59, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Name?
So it was known as the "London Borough of Harrow" since the 1930s? Seems unlikely to me. If it was the "Municipal Borough of Harrow", then this should be made clear. 91.85.37.229 (talk) 10:10, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on London Borough of Harrow. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150605145559/http://www.met.police.uk/crimestatistics/index.htm to http://www.met.police.uk/crimestatistics/index.htm

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Tell them to redesign the coat of arms
Call the Borough of Harrow and tell them to vectorize the coat of arms with the help of a recognized great company, because ugliness is NOT acceptable!!! We need a flawless vector file! If they are lazy, we must create it! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:587:4104:7F00:404B:D56C:56DA:74D0 (talk) 21:10, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:London Borough of Harrow


text:
Hass avocado

The Hass avocado is a variety of avocado with dark green, bumpy skin. It was first grown and sold by Southern California mail carrier and amateur horticulturist Rudolph Hass, who also gave it his name.

The Hass avocado is a large-sized fruit weighing 200 to 300 grams (8 to 10 oz). When ripe, the skin becomes a dark purplish-black and yields to gentle pressure. When ready to serve, it becomes white-green in the middle part of the inner fruit.

Owing to its taste, size, shelf-life, high growing yield and in some areas, year-round harvesting, the Hass cultivar is the most commercially popular avocado worldwide. In the United States it accounts for more than 80% of the avocado crop and 95% of the California crop, and it is the most widely grown avocado in New Zealand.

History
All commercial, fruit-bearing Hass avocado trees have been grown from grafted seedlings propagated from a single tree that was grown from a seed bought by Rudolph Hass in 1926 from A. R. Rideout of Whittier, California. At the time, Rideout was getting seeds from any source he could find, even restaurant food scraps. The cultivar this seed came from is not known. In 2019, the National Academy of Sciences published a genetic study concluding that the Hass avocado is a cross between Mexican (61%) and Guatemalan (39%) avocado varieties.

In 1926, at his 1.5-acre grove at 430 West Road, La Habra Heights, California, Hass planted three seeds he had bought from Rideout, which yielded one strong seedling. After trying and failing at least twice to graft the seedling with branches from Fuerte avocado trees (the leading commercial cultivar at the time), Hass thought of cutting it down but a professional grafter named Caulkins told him the young tree was sound and strong, so he let it be. When the tree began bearing odd, bumpy fruit, his children liked the taste. As the tree's yields grew bigger, Hass easily sold what his family didn't eat to co-workers at the post office. The Hass avocado had one of its first commercial successes at the Model Grocery Store on Colorado Street in Pasadena, California, where chefs working for some of the town's wealthy residents bought the new cultivar's big, nutty-tasting fruit for $1 each, a very high price at the time.

Hass patented the tree in 1935 and made a contract with Whittier nurseryman Harold Brokaw to grow and sell grafted seedlings propagated from its cuttings, with Brokaw getting 75% of the proceeds. Brokaw then specialized in the Hass and often sold out of grafted seedlings since, unlike the Fuerte, Hass yields are year-round and also more plentiful, with bigger fruit, a longer shelf life and richer flavor owing to higher oil content.

By the early 21st century the US avocado industry took in over $1 billion a year from the heavy-bearing, high quality Hass cultivar, which accounted for around 80% of all avocados grown worldwide.

The mother tree
Owing to later suburban sprawl in Southern California, the mother tree stood for many years in front of a residence in La Habra Heights. The tree died when it was 76 years old and was cut down on 11 September 2002 after a ten-year fight with phytophthora (root rot), which often kills avocado trees. Two plaques by the private residence at 426 West Road mark the spot where it grew. The wood was stored in a tree nursery and from this stock, a nephew of Rudolph Hass, Dick Stewart, made keepsakes, jewelry and other gifts. From 2010 to 2013, in mid-May, and starting again in September 2018, the city of La Habra Heights celebrated the Hass avocado at its Annual La Habra Heights Avocado Festival.

Bearing pattern
Hass avocado trees, like some other cultivars, may only bear well every other year. After a year with low yield, often because of cold, for which the tree does not have much tolerance, yields may be very high the next year. However, the heavy crop can deplete stored carbohydrates, lowering the following season's yield and this can set the tree into a lifelong alternate bearing pattern. Southern California Hass Avocado groves have good soil and drainage, plentiful sunlight and cool gentle winds from the oceans which help the fruit grow. These conditions hold throughout the year, so there are always fresh harvests of Hass avocados in Southern California.

Nutritional value
Raw avocado is 73% water, 15% fat, 9% carbohydrates, and 2% protein (table). As reliable sources are not available for the micronutrient content specifically of Hass avocados, US Department of Agriculture data for a "commercial variety" is used. A 100-gram reference amount supplies 670 kJ of food energy and is rich (20% or higher of the Daily Value, DV) in several B vitamins and vitamin K, with moderate content (10-19% DV) of vitamin C, vitamin E, and potassium (right table, USDA nutrient data). Hass avocados contain phytosterols and carotenoids, including lutein and zeaxanthin.

Avocados have diverse fats. For a typical avocado:
 * About 75% of an avocado's energy comes from fat, most of which (67% of total fat) is monounsaturated fat as oleic acid.
 * Other predominant fats include palmitic acid and linoleic acid.
 * The saturated fat content amounts to 14% of the total fat.
 * Typical total fat composition is roughly: 1% ω-3, 14% ω-6, 71% ω-9 (65% oleic and 6% palmitoleic), and 14% saturated fat (palmitic acid).

title: Hass avocado


text:
User:Vijaykumar~enwiki

Vijay Kumar's Home

My Wikipedia Todo List

 * Memory Technology Device
 * Fix citations required in Flash memory
 * Improve 1-Wire
 * Improve Das U-Boot
 * Fix citations in Trivial File Transfer Protocol
 * Add Infobox for Parallel Port
 * Improve HD44780 Character LCD
 * Improve Images in Non-return-to-zero

title: User:Vijaykumar~enwiki


text:
Julie; or, The New Heloise

Julie or the New Heloise (Julie ou la nouvelle Héloïse), originally entitled Lettres de Deux Amans, Habitans d'une petite Ville au pied des Alpes ("Letters from two lovers, living in a small town at the foot of the Alps"), is an epistolary novel by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, published in 1761 by Marc-Michel Rey in Amsterdam. The novel's subtitle points to the history of Héloïse d'Argenteuil and Peter Abélard, a medieval story of passion and Christian renunciation.

Overview
The plot, entirely related through letters, turns on the spontaneous love between Julie d'Étanges, an aristocratic Swiss maiden living in Vevey on Lac Léman, and her tutor, a commoner who has no name but is given the pseudo-saint's name of St. Preux by Julie and her principal confidante, her cousin Claire. Although Rousseau wrote the work as a novel, a philosophical theory about virtue and authenticity permeates it. A common interpretation is that Rousseau valued the ethics of authenticity over rational moral principles, as he illustrates the principle that one should do what is imposed upon oneself by society only insofar as it would seem congruent with one's inner principles and feelings, being constituent of one's core identity. As this stood in conflict with the Church's authority, the book was listed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, prohibiting its distribution to Catholics.

Julie's eventual husband, the virtuous atheist Baron de Wolmar, is assumed to be based largely on Baron d'Holbach, given his friendship and generous sponsorship of Rousseau.

Reception
Arthur Schopenhauer called Julie one of the four greatest novels ever written, along with Tristram Shandy, Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and Don Quixote. Julie was perhaps the best-selling novel of the 18th century. Some readers were so overcome that they wrote to Rousseau in droves, creating the first celebrity author. One reader claimed that the novel nearly drove him mad from excess of feeling while another claimed that the violent sobbing he underwent cured his cold. Reader after reader describes their "tears", "sighs", "torments" and "ecstasies" to Rousseau. Diane de Polignac wrote to Marie Madeleine de Brémond d’Ars after finishing the novel: I dare not tell you the effect it had on me; no, I was past weeping; an intense pain took possession of me, my heart seized up; the dying Julie was no longer someone unknown to me, I became her sister, her friend, her Claire; I was so convulsed that had I not put the book down I would have been as overcome as all those who attended that virtuous woman in her last moments. Some readers simply could not accept that the book was fiction. Madame Duverger wrote to Rousseau asking: Many persons who have read your book, to whom I have spoken, have assured me that you thought it all up. This I cannot believe. Could a false reading n sensation comparable to what I felt in reading it? Once more, Monsieur, did Julie exist? Is St Preux still alive? In what part of this earth does he live? Did Claire, that tender Claire, follow her other half? Are M. de Wolmar, Mylord Edward, all those persons, only imaginary, as some try to persuade me? What is then the world where we live, where virtue is but an idea? Happy mortal, you alone perhaps know and practice it. Others identified less with the individual characters and more with the nature of their struggles, seeing in Julie a story of temptation, sin and redemption that resembled their own lives.

Rousseau liked to tell of how one lady ordered her carriage to take her to the Opera, and then picked up Julie only to continue reading it until the next morning. So many women wrote to him offering their love that he speculated there was not a single high society woman with whom he could not have bedded if he wanted to.

Translations

 * William Kenrick (see links below)
 * Julie, or the New Heloise, trans. Philip Stewart and Jean Vaché, Hanover NH: University Press of New England (The Collected Writings of Rousseau, vol. 6), 1997.

Books

 * Santo L. Aricò, Rousseau's Art of persuasion in La nouvelle Héloïse, University Press of America, Lanham, 1994 ISBN 978-0-8191-9618-7
 * Nouchine Behbahani, Paysages rêvés, paysages vécus dans La Nouvelle Héloïse de J.-J. Rousseau, Voltaire Foundation at the Taylor Institution, Oxford, 1989 ISBN 978-0-7294-0393-1
 * L'Amour dans la nouvelle Héloïse : texte et intertexte : actes du colloque de Genève, 10-11-12 juin 1999, Éd. Jacques Berchtold, François Rosset, Droz, Genève, 2002 ISBN 978-2-600-00808-2
 * Jean-Marie Carzou, La Conception de la nature humaine dans la Nouvelle Héloïse, Sauret, Paris, 1966
 * Charles Dédéyan, Jean-Jacques Rousseau : la Nouvelle Héloïse, ou, l'éternel retour, Nizet, Saint-Genouph, 2002 ISBN 978-2-207-81269-3
 * Charles Dédéyan, La Nouvelle Héloïse de Jean-Jacques Rousseau : étude d'ensemble, SEDES-CDU, Paris, 1990 ISBN 978-2-7181-2781-1
 * Maurice R Funke, From saint to psychotic: the crisis of human identity in the late 18th century : a comparative study of Clarissa, La Nouvelle Héloise, Die Leiden des jungen Werthers, P. Lang, New York, 1983 ISBN 978-0-8204-0001-3
 * James Fleming Jones, La Nouvelle Héloïse, Rousseau and utopia, Droz, Genève, 1977
 * Peggy Kamuf, Fictions of Feminine Desire: Disclosures of Héloïse, U of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1982 ISBN 978-0-8032-2705-7
 * François van Laere, Une Lecture du temps dans la Nouvelle Héloïse, La Baconnière, Neuchâtel, 1968
 * Laurence Mall, Origines et retraites dans La Nouvelle Héloïse, P. Lang, New York, 1997 ISBN 978-0-8204-3349-3
 * William Mead, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ou le Romancier enchaîné ; étude de la Nouvelle Héloïse, Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1966
 * Daniel Mornet, La Nouvelle Héloïse de J.-J. Rousseau : étude et analyse, Mellottée Paris, 1929
 * Perry Reisewitz, L'Illusion salutaire : Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Nouvelle Héloïse als ästhetische Fortschreibung der philosophischen Anthropologie der Discours, Romanistischer Verlag, Bonn, 2000 ISBN 978-3-86143-103-9
 * Yannick Séité, Du Livre au lire : La Nouvelle Héloïse, roman des lumières, Champion, Paris, 2002 ISBN 978-2-7453-0517-6
 * Étienne Servais, Le Genre romanesque en France depuis l'apparition de la Nouvelle Héloïse jusqu'aux approches de la Révolution, M. Lamertin, Bruxelles, 1922
 * Anne Tilleul, La Vertu du beau : essai sur La Nouvelle Héloïse, Humanitas nouvelle optique, Montréal, 1989 ISBN 978-2-89396-007-4

Articles

 * Nouchine Behbahani, Paysages rêvés, paysages vécus dans La Nouvelle Héloïse de J. J. Rousseau, Voltaire Foundation at the Taylor Institution, Oxford, 1989, ISBN 978-0-7294-0393-1
 * Jacques Berchtold, "L'Impossible Virginité du jardin verbal : les Leçons de la nature selon la Lettre IV, 11 de La Nouvelle Héloïse", Éd. et préf. Jürgen Söring, Peter Gasser, Rousseauismus: Naturevangelium und Literatur, Frankfurt, Peter Lang, 1999, pp. 53–83 ISBN 978-3-631-34916-8
 * Nadine Bérenguier, "Le 'Dangereux Dépôt': Virginité et contrat dans Julie ou La Nouvelle Héloïse ", Eighteenth-Century Fiction, July 1997, n° 9 (4), pp. 447–63
 * André Blanc, "Le Jardin de Julie", Dix-huitième Siècle, 1982, n° 14, pp. 357–76
 * Luciano Bulber, "Jean-Jacques Rousseau, peintre de la nature-état d'âme dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny, 1988, n° 35 (4), pp. 415–29
 * Henri Coulet, "Couples dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Littératures, Fall 1989, n° 21, pp. 69–81
 * Catherine Cusset, "Cythère et Elysée: Jardin et plaisir de Watteau à Rousseau", Dalhousie French Studies, Winter 1994, n° 29, pp. 65–84
 * Claude Labrosse, Éd. K. Kupisz, G.-A. Pérouse, J.-Y. Debreuille, "La Figure de Julie dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Le Portrait littéraire, Lyon, PU de Lyon, 1988, pp. 153–58
 * Michel Delon, "La Nouvelle Héloïse et le goût du rêve", Magazine Littéraire, Sept 1997, n° 357, pp. 36–38
 * Arbi Dhifaoui, "L'Épistolaire et/ou la violence dans La Nouvelle Héloïse de Rousseau", Éd. et intro. Martine Debaisieux, Gabrielle Verdier, Violence et fiction jusqu'à la Révolution, Tübingen, Narr, 1998, pp. 357–66
 * Jean Ehrard, "Le Corps de Julie", Éd. Raymond Trousson, Michèle Biblio. Mat-Hasquin, Jacques Lemaire, Ralph Heyndels, Thèmes et figures du siècle des Lumières : mélanges offerts à Roland Mortier, Genève, Droz, 1980, pp. 95–106
 * Anne Srabian de Fabry, "L'Architecture secrète de La Nouvelle Héloïse", Australian Journal of French Studies, 1982 Jan.–Apr., n° 19 (1), pp. 3–10
 * Anne Srabian de Fabry, "Quelques observations sur le dénouement de La Nouvelle Héloïse", French Review, Oct 1972, n° 46 (1), pp. 2–8
 * R. J. Howells, "Désir et distance dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 1985, n° 230, pp. 223–32
 * R. J. Howells, "Deux histoires, un discours : La Nouvelle Héloïse et le récit des amours d'Émile et Sophie dans l'Émile", Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 1987, n° 249, pp. 267–94
 * François Jost, "La Nouvelle Héloïse, Roman Suisse", Revue de Littérature Comparée, 1962, n° 35, pp. 538–65
 * Tanguy L'Aminot, "L'Amour courtois dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Piau-Gillot, Colette Éd. Desné, Roland Éd. L'Aminot, Tanguy Éd. Modernité et pérennité de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Champion, Paris, 2002, pp. 241–57
 * Claude Labrosse, "Nouveauté de La Nouvelle Héloïse," Eighteenth-Century Fiction, Jan–Apr 2001, n° 13 (2–3), pp. 235–46
 * J.-L. Lecercle, "L'Inconscient et création littéraire : sur La Nouvelle Héloïse", Études Littéraires, 1969, n° 1, pp. 197–204
 * Annie Leclerc, "Jean-Jacques Rousseau : l'Amour au pays des chimères", Magazine Littéraire, Par 1995, n° 331, pp. 31–34
 * Pierre Rétat, Litteratures, "L'Économie rustique de Clarens", 1989 Fall; 21: 59–68
 * Laurence Mall, "Les Aberrations de l'errance : le Voyage dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Australian Journal of French Studies, 1994, n° 31 (2), pp. 175–87
 * Francine Markovits, "Rousseau et l'éthique de Clarens : une économie des relations humaines", Stanford French Review, 1991, n° 15 (3), pp. 323–48
 * Ourida Mostefai, Lectures de La Nouvelle Héloïse, N. Amer. Assn. for the Study of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Ottawa, 1993 ISBN 978-0-9693132-3-6
 * Philip Knee, "Wolmar comme médiateur politique", pp. 117–27
 * Guy Lafrance, "L'Éthique de La Nouvelle Héloïse et du Vicaire Savoyard", pp. 141–50
 * Jim MacAdam, "Reading Julie Amour-propre-ly", pp. 107–16
 * Laurence Mall, pp. 163–73", "L'Intérieur et l'extérieur : Étude des lettres parisiennes dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", pp. 163–73
 * Jean Roussel, pp. 61–72", "La Nouvelle Héloïse et la politique : de l'écart à l'emblème", pp. 61–72
 * Teresa Sousa de Almeida, "La Circulation des lettres dans le roman ou le Partage des pouvoirs", pp. 175–84
 * Jean Terrasse, pp. 129–39", "Jean-Jacques, Saint-Preux et Wolmar : aspects de la relation pédagogique", pp. 129–39
 * Loïc Thommeret, "De La Nouvelle Héloïse aux Confessions, une triade infernale", pp. 213–21
 * María José Villaverde, "L'Égalité dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", pp. 73–84
 * Ruth Ohayon, "Rousseau's Julie; Or, the Maternal Odyssey", College Language Association Journal, Sept. 1986, n° 30 (1), pp. 69–82
 * Robert Osmont, "Expérience vécue et création romanesque : le sentiment de l'éphémère dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Dix-huitième Siècle, 1975, n° 7, pp. 225–42
 * Paul Pelckmans, "Le Rêve du voile dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Revue Romane, 1982, n° 17 (1), pp. 86–97
 * René Pomeau, "Le Paysage de La Nouvelle Héloïse : l'Asile, l'espace", The Feeling for Nature and the Landscape of Man, Éd. Paul Hallberg, Gothenburg, Kungl. Vetenskaps & Vitterhets-Samhället, 1980, pp. 132–42
 * Jean Roussel, "La Douleur de Saint-Preux", Éd. Carminella Biondi, Carmelina Imbroscio, Marie-Josée Latil, Nadia Minerva, Carla Pellandra, Adriana Sfragaro, Brigitte Soubeyran, Paola Vecchi, La Quête du bonheur et l'expression de la douleur dans la littérature et la pensée françaises. Genève, Droz, 1995, pp. 371–79
 * Jean Roussel, "La Faute, le rachat et le romanesque dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Travaux de Littérature, 1995; 8: 209–20
 * Timothy Scanlan, "Perspectives on the Nuits d'amour in Rousseau's La Nouvelle Héloïse", AUMLA, Nov 1993, n° 80, pp. 93–79
 * Norbert Sclippa, "L'Idéal politique et l'idée de Nation dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Jean-Jacques Rousseau, politique et nation, Intro. Robert Thiéry, Paris, Champion, 2001, XXIV, pp. 101–08
 * Norbert Sclippa, "La Nouvelle Héloïse et l'aristocratie", Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 1991, n° 284, pp. 1–71
 * Norbert Sclippa, "La Nouvelle Héloïse, la noblesse et la bourgeoisie", Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 1989, n° 265, pp. 1617–19
 * Jean-Paul Sermain, "La Nouvelle Héloïse ou l'invention du roman-poème"", Éd. Colette Piau-Gillot, Roland Desné, Tanguy L'Aminot, Modernité et pérennité de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Paris, Champion, 2002, pp. 227–40
 * Jean Sgard, "De Cunégonde à Julie", Recherches et Travaux, 1996, n° 51, pp. 121–30
 * Lieve Spaas, "D'un Clarens à l'autre : structures du désir sexuel dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 1991, n° 284, pp. 73–82
 * Jean Starobinski, "Jean-Jacques Rousseau : Jours uniques, plaisirs redoublés", Thèmes et figures du siècle des Lumières : mélanges offerts à Roland Mortier, Éd. Raymond Trousson Michèle Mat-Hasquin, Jacques Lemaire, Ralph Heyndels, Genève, Droz, 1980, pp. 285–97
 * Raymond Trousson, "De Jacques à Jean-Jacques ou du bon usage de La Nouvelle Héloïse", Éd. Elio Mosele, Intro. Pierre Brunel, George Sand et son temps, I–III. Slatkine, Genève, 1994, pp. 749–66
 * Raymond Trousson, "Le Rôle de Wolmar dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Éd. Raymond Trousson, Michèle Mat-Hasquin, Jacques Lemaire, Ralph Heyndels, Thèmes et figures du siècle des Lumières : mélanges offerts à Roland Mortier, Genève, Droz, 1980, pp. 299–306
 * Philip Stewart, "Half-title or Julie beheaded." Romanic Review 86:1 (1995), pp. 30–44.
 * Jacques Lemaire, Ralph Heyndels, Thèmes et figures du siècle des Lumières : mélanges offerts à Roland Mortier, Genève, Droz, 1980, pp. 299–306
 * Joseph Waldauer, "La Solitude et la communauté dans La Nouvelle Héloïse", Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 1989, n° 265, pp. 1271–74
 * Hans Wolpe, "Psychological Ambiguity in La Nouvelle Héloise", University of Toronto Quarterly, 1959, n° 28, pp. 279–90

title: Julie; or, The New Heloise


text:
Jewish Federations of North America

The Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA), formerly the United Jewish Communities (UJC), is an American Jewish umbrella organization for the Jewish Federations system, representing over 350 independent Jewish communities across North America that raise and distribute over $2 billion annually, including through planned giving and endowment programs, to support social welfare, social services and educational needs. Jewish Federations also provides fundraising, organization assistance, training, and overall leadership to the Jewish Federations and communities throughout the United States and Canada. The Federation movement protects and enhances the well-being of Jews worldwide through the values of tikkun olam, tzedakah and Torah.

JFNA was formed from the merger of the United Jewish Appeal (UJA), Council of Jewish Federations, and the United Israel Appeal. The organization hosts an annual General Assembly event for the broad North American Jewish community.

Council of Jewish Federations
The original umbrella organization for the federations was the National Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds formed in 1932. "National" was dropped from the name in 1935 and "Welfare Funds" was removed in 1979. In 1986, CJF established the North American Jewish Data Bank in conjunction with City University of New York's Center for Jewish Studies. Renamed the Berman Jewish DataBank, the purpose of the organization was to conduct sociological studies of North American Jewish communities.

Jewish Federations of North America
In 1999, the CJF merged with the United Jewish Appeal to become the United Jewish Communities. In October 2009, the UJC was renamed the Jewish Federations of North America.

After the 2009 launch of the new logo for The Jewish Federations of North America, increasing numbers of local Federations are switching to some variant of that logo. An example is the Jewish Federation of Greater Washington.

After a couple of years of lower staff layoffs in February 2010, new CEO Jerry Silverman laid off three senior vice presidents that made an estimated $750,000 to $1 million combined. JFNA declined to run the decennial National Jewish Population Survey in 2010 due to re-prioritizing.

In 2021, it announced the $54 million LiveSecure campaign, which it described as the largest campaign to secure North America's Jewish communities in history.

The aftermath of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting in 2018 included arguably the most ambitious and comprehensive effort, led by JFNA, ever taken to protect Jewish life in the United States, according to the New York Times. In addition to bringing in $100 million in federal grants through the Nonprofit Security Grant Program (NGSP), JFNA raised $62 million to secure every Jewish community in North America, overseen by the JFNA's Secure Community Network. By 2023, 93 Jewish federations had full-time security directors, a more than four-fold increase over the previous 5 years.

National Jewish Population Survey
JFNA administered the National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS), a decennial census of the Jewish community in the United States. The NJPS has elicited controversy. The 1990 survey indicated that the intermarriage rate was 52 percent, but this claim was questioned by demographers. The 2000-2001 edition of the NJPS 2000-01 used a different survey method, cost $6 million, and the data was lost. JFNA would not fund the 2010 survey due to re-prioritizing given decreased revenue given its limited direct benefits with some Jewish federations like the New York federation. JFNA was then open to partnering with other agencies on the national survey.

Politics
In 2022, the JFNA pressured the Jewish Council for Public Affairs to fold their organization into a larger organization and mute its progressive politics or to break away and lose funding from dozens of Jewish federations across the United States. The organization refused to mute or repudiate their progressive politics, choosing independence and losing their ability to speak for 16 Jewish national organizations and 125 Jewish "community relations councils", almost all of which are part of local federations.

title: Jewish Federations of North America


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daniel C. Robbins

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy Deleted, vanity. After an hour or two of Wikibooks spring-cleaning I'm in a no-bullshit mood, and a 1:1-scale photo staring me in the face is clear proof of vanity. I doubt we have that hi-res a photo of Jimbo or the Queen, and they're demoted to thumbnail status. EDIT: oh, I almost forgot my trademark afd-closure line...: disagree with my boldness? Bite me. GarrettTalk 11:47, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Daniel C. Robbins
Vanity, contributed by Danrobbins. Probably a speedy, but has had eyeballs before, judging from the history at Daniel Robbins, so might as well get a second opinion here. See also Articles for deletion/Vanadu. —Cryptic (talk) 08:31, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Merely working for a major company does not make one notable. Putting a very large picture of oneself on a Wikipedia article does suggest a certain amount of vanity is involved. Average Earthman 09:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete but be easy on him. You can't expect the cathedral guys to know how to behave in the bazaar. :) Qaz  ( talk ) 09:56, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, possibly a speedy delete as there's no credible assertion of notability. -- Kjkolb 11:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Thomas Charles Edwards

Penbryn hall
Is it at all worth mentioning in the article that there is a Thomas Charles Edwards hall in Penbryn? (I assume it's still there...) Telsa 08:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Charles Edwards


text:
Talk:AutoCAD

AutoCAD Architecture
This article appears to be missing any mention of AutoCAD Architecture which include numerous drawing tools specific to architecture. I believe it is sufficiently different from their primary offering that it deserves mentions in the variants section. It's also expensive as hell at over $5K. ;-) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Seanr (talk • contribs) 20:58, 15 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi Seanr, that's not quite true, see the [extensions] section of the article. But maybe adding a section is a good idea. Try it and see! --duncan.lithgow (talk) 15:10, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

3d modeling
It's a popular misconception that AutoCAD LT is just 2d. In fact it can draw lines and simple entities in 3d, but what it lacks is 3d solid modeling. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.64.57.174 (talk) 16:02, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

Version History
Why isn't there a version history for AutoCAD?Rixn99 (talk) 17:46, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Hello Rixn99. According to the page history User:The Grid deleted it because of WP:IINFO. Although such information, as change of DWG-Format is kind of relevant (there is no backwards compatibility), but who needs it, right?--95.91.26.149 (talk) 08:31, 8 January 2020 (UTC)
 * looking at the article before my removal here - the removal was due to the wikitable violating WP:IINFO. If AutoCAD's history can be described in prose form (instead of list form) with reliable sources, that would be perfectly fine. There's no disagreement with the importance of the DWG file type but the statement needs to have citations or else it's original research. – The Grid  ( talk )  13:35, 8 January 2020 (UTC)
 * So, if I understand you correctly, the whole version history is taken away just because there are some issues about DWG importance? Why can't the release version and respective release date be in a list, as those two parameters should carry enough importance to be presented? Other software have such a list, so what makes AutoCAD different?Rixn99 (talk) 18:55, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

To whoever continues to rid this article of the version history. Please proceed to delete it from the following articles as well: WinRAR, VirtualBox, VMWare Workstation and others. There are not just DWG versions but 1) OS compatibility (very important to a lot of people) 2) Major new features (again important) 3) Release dates (also important). Also, I would love to see super moderators to be involved and a poll as well. It's not your article, you're not even following it - you've just come to make an edit and disappear. Why? Who asked you to do that? Artem S. Tashkinov (talk) 01:01, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

I see someone has quoted "Wikipedia is not an exhaustive log of software updates". Well, let me read it for you: "Wikipedia articles should not be: Exhaustive logs of software updates. Use reliable third-party (not self-published or official) sources in articles dealing with software updates to describe the versions listed or discussed in the article. Common sense must be applied with regard to the level of detail to be included." Now,
 * This article is not just a version history.
 * Common sense is applied with regard to the level of detail to be included - the version history is also collapsed by default.
 * This list adds value to the article by providing the user with the information which is not easy to find on the internet. Artem S. Tashkinov (talk) 01:11, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

 * First, just because other articles have it does not mean it's valid. If you were bold on the edits, you will understand there's not a black and white thinking to it. The reverts are a simple portion to discuss per the bold, revert, discuss process. Second, just because I am reverting your edits does not mean I'm doing it for my benefit. I know I don't own these pages (and never did). I did a good summary on my thoughts above: If AutoCAD's history can be described in prose form (instead of list form) with reliable sources, that would be perfectly fine. – The Grid  ( talk )  01:20, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Version history has been removed. You had not left a single message on the talk page prior to engaging in the edit war. I've moved the version history to a separate page. It's not feasible to convert this history to prose as 1) it will make it harder to read 2) it will make it harder to edit 3) it achieves nothing. Artem S. Tashkinov (talk) 01:26, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

Edit war
I am about to decline a request for full protection at WP:RFPP because it looks like the edit war is at an end. I know it's frustrating but please use the normal dispute resolution procedures. I guess an WP:RFC is needed with the question "Should this article list the version history as shown at permalink?". I will fully protect if someone notifies me if edit warring resumes because blocks should not be required. Johnuniq (talk) 02:37, 29 March 2020 (UTC)
 * (WP:NPR reviewer) The table is now at AutoCAD version history (if kept, the title should probably be List of AutoCAD releases...). I don't hate it as a potential standalone list, but sourcing is currently purely primary. ~Hydronium~Hydroxide~(Talk)~ 03:03, 29 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The separate page is fine. I'm surprised the asked for a full page protection when that's not how this issue is solved at all. Please be more familiar with Wikipedia's guidelines. –  The Grid  ( talk )  19:34, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:AutoCAD


text:
Busturia

Busturia is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Busturia


text:
Liaocheng

Liaocheng, is a prefecture-level city in western Shandong province, China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the southeast, Dezhou to the northeast, Tai'an to the south, and the provinces of Hebei and Henan to the west. The Grand Canal flows through the city center. Its population was 5,789,863 at the 2010 census whom 1,229,768 lived in the built-up area made up of Donchangfu district, even though large parts remain rural.

During the Song dynasty, the area of present-day Liaocheng included the prefectures of Bo and Ji. In 2007, the city is named China's top ten livable cities by Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Liaocheng administers eight county-level divisions, including two districts, one county-level city, and five counties.
 * Dongchangfu District (东昌府区)
 * Chiping District (茌平区)
 * Linqing City (临清市)
 * Yanggu County (阳谷县)
 * Dong'e County (东阿县)
 * Gaotang County (高唐县)
 * Guan County (冠县)
 * Shen County (莘县)

These are further divided into 134 township-level divisions.

Education

 * Liaocheng University (聊城大学)
 * Liaocheng NO.1 high school (聊城一中)

People's Republic of China
In August 1949, Liaocheng was detached from Shandong and attached to Pingyuan. In November 1952, Pingyuan was dissolved and Liaocheng returned to Shandong.

Notable people

 * Fu Sinian (傅斯年; 1896–1950)
 * Ji Xianlin (季羡林; 1911–2009)
 * Kong Fansen (孔繁森; 1944–1994)
 * Wei Fenghe (魏凤和; b.1954)
 * Chen Xu (陳旭; b. 1962)

Attractions

 * Shanxi-Shaanxi Assembly Hall (short Shanshan Hall, )
 * Guangyue Tower
 * Iron Tower
 * Lion Building (site where - according to legend - Wu Song fought and killed Ximen Qing)
 * Linqing Mosque
 * Liaocheng Sports Park Stadium

Transportation
The town is served by Liaocheng railway station. A station on the high-speed network, Liaocheng West railway station, is under construction.

Sister cities
Liaocheng is a sister city of the following cities: Furthermore, there is a partnership with the district Offenbach in Germany.
 * Uiryeong County, South Gyeongsang, South Korea (since June 7, 2001)
 * Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia (October 14, 2003)
 * Gwangmyeong, Gyeonggi, South Korea (May 3, 2005)
 * Naberezhnye Chelny, Tatarstan, Russia (since 2009)

title: Liaocheng


text:
12:51 (The Strokes song)

"12:51" is a song by American rock band the Strokes. It was released on October 6, 2003, as the first single from their second studio album, Room on Fire (2003). The track was written by Julian Casablancas and produced by Gordon Raphael. It peaked at number 7 on the UK Singles Chart.

Critical reception
"12:51" received positive reviews from critics. Billboard's Wes Orshoski wrote of the song: "Julian Casablancas' sleepy vocals arrive in synch with a nerdy, very '80s keyboard [Nick Valensi's guitar] that sounds so much cooler than it probably should against guitarists Nick Valensi and Albert Hammond Jr.'s raw, fast strumming, the throbbing bass of Nikolai Fraiture and drummer Fabrizio Moretti's cool swing beat." AllMusic's Heather Phares wrote that "its whistling, synth-like guitars and handclaps are undeniably catchy, but at first, the song seems to be searching for a structure. Eventually, though, it becomes sneakily addictive -- it's a stealth pop song."

The song peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart.

Music video
The music video for "12:51" was directed by Roman Coppola and was inspired by the 1982 film Tron.

Personnel

 * Julian Casablancas – vocals
 * Nick Valensi – lead guitar
 * Albert Hammond Jr. – rhythm guitar
 * Nikolai Fraiture – bass
 * Fabrizio Moretti – drums

title: 12:51 (The Strokes song)


text: File:Agnetha Fältskog - My Colouring Book.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/About-Picard law/archive1

About-Picard law
Is it clear? What is missing? David.Monniaux 08:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Clear? It's a beautiful piece of legal writing and will make a fine feature article. I don't really see anything to change. This is the sort of thing that motivates me to work more on my own legal articles . . . here and else-where. Good job.--Mike 00:52, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

I noticed there were many bulleted lists. Do you think it's a problem? David.Monniaux 08:33, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * No. These lists do not bother me. Again, I think it's very nicely done. My only concern is that the topic is broad enough in appeal to merit being a feature article. Will non-lawyers want to read about this?--Mike 06:42, 17 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
An Sgùrr (Eigg)

An Sgùrr is the highest hill on the Inner Hebridean island of Eigg, Lochaber, Highland, Scotland. It was formed 58.72 ± 0.07 million years ago; the result of one of the last eruptions of a volcano, the core of which now forms the Isle of Rùm. Thick viscous pitchstone lava of rhyodacitic composition flowed out, filling a river valley. The lava cooled and formed column-like structures, similar to those at Giant's Causeway.

The surrounding basalt was softer than the pitchstone, and hence the valley became inverted, with the pitchstone withstanding the erosion far better than the surrounding rock. An Sgùrr is thus an inselberg. The mountain appears most strikingly in the view of the eastern end, known as the Nose of Sgùrr.

The peak is most frequently climbed from the ferry terminal at Galmisdale on the southeast corner of Eigg. A rough track heads west, passing between the northern side of An Sgùrr and the shoreline. About three-quarters of the way along the side of the ridge there is a gully; a fairly easy scramble allows access to the summit ridge. The route now almost doubles back on itself, heading east to reach the summit, which is crowned by a trig point. The climb, from ferry terminal to the Nose of An Sgùrr and back, takes at least 4 hours.

An Sgùrr is also known as the Sgurr of Eigg.

title: An Sgùrr (Eigg)


text:
Talk:Tōhoku Main Line

New Stations Being Added
Hello users at 60.47.205.220 and 222.150.51.153 (maybe, the same person?)

I noticed you are adding some station links to this page. Great work!

Besides adding the links to just this page, you can also add them to the Template:Tohoku_Main_Line template and, put the template in the adjacent stations section of each new station page.

Or, if you just want to list the new stations on my talk page, I can add them myself.

Thanks! Neier 08:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tōhoku Main Line


text: User talk:195.215.9.140

title: User talk:195.215.9.140


text:
Lee Hall, Virginia

Lee Hall is a community located in the extreme northern portion of the independent city of Newport News in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.

History
Lee Hall, located in the former Warwick County, was named for nearby Lee Hall Mansion which was built in 1859 as the home of Richard Decatur Lee, a prominent local farmer who was not directly related to the famous Confederate General Robert E. Lee. The mansion was used as headquarters for Confederate generals Joseph E. Johnston and John B. Magruder during the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War in 1862. Nearby is Endview Plantation, a 238-year-old house. Endview was used as a hospital during the Civil War and as a campground during the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the Civil War.

Lee Hall Depot was a railroad station on the Peninsula Extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O), which was built through the area of Warwick County in 1881 to reach the new coal export facilities at Newport News on the port of Hampton Roads. On October 19, 1881, the first passenger train from Newport News took local residents and national officials to the Cornwallis Surrender Centennial Celebration at Yorktown on temporary tracks which were laid from Lee Hall Depot. The Boxwood Inn was built in 1897.

Lee Hall Depot became a very busy railroad station after the establishment nearby of Fort Eustis (originally named Camp Abraham Eustis) in 1918, with freight and heavy troop movements. the busy activity resumed during World War II. It was expanded to accommodate this role. East of Lee Hall, a rail spur leads to the base, where the Fort Eustis Military Railroad operated.

With the coming of the automobile as a common form of travel in the early 20th century, attention was directed to improving roads. As part of the Good Roads Movement, the new road which became U.S. Route 60 was routed from Williamsburg through Grove, bridging Skiffe's Creek as it entered Warwick County to reach Lee Hall. This routing was chosen rather than following a competing route via Halstead's Point in York County (now on the base of the US Naval Weapons Station Yorktown just northeast of the gate on VA-143).

Earlier, the east–west road which became U.S. 60 was State Route 9. SR 9 was renumbered as State Route 39 in 1923, and became U.S. 60 in the mid-1920s when it was routed through Grove. A large ceremony hosted by Warwick County treasurer and civic leader Simon Curtis was held at the Lee Hall Depot in 1924 to celebrate the completion of first hard-surfaced roadway (concrete) between Newport News and Williamsburg.

Two-laned U.S. 60 continues to form the main thoroughfare through the largely residential and neighborhood business section of Grove and Lee Hall, paralleling four-laned State Route 143 and Interstate 64. The village portion of Lee Hall is connected to I-64 via State Route 238 (Yorktown Road).

Although Warwick County became a city in 1952 and then was consolidated with Newport News in 1958, in the half century since, the Lee Hall area has retained a rural atmosphere, partially due to the proximity of the expansive Newport News Park and Newport News Reservoir along the former Warwick River and nearby Skiffe's Creek.

The 26th Balloon Company of the US Army Air Corps had a training school at Lee Hall at least during the summer of 1920 training soldiers for deployment to central and South America service.

Lee Hall preservation
In the 21st century, Lee Hall Depot (no longer in use) is the only surviving C&O structure of its type on the Lower Peninsula. It is the only survivor among five stations which were located in Warwick County, the others formerly located at Oriana, Oyster Point, Morrison, and Newport News. The historic 2-story depot was relocated 165 feet to the north of the busy CSX Transportation railroad tracks in 2009, and reopened as a museum in 2021. The adjacent historic area as has been restored and developed as Lee Hall Village. Across the street from the Depot, the Boxwood Inn, a bed and breakfast establishment in an 1896 house, is open and available for overnight visitors and some meals. The city's tourism agency operates several other attractions at Lee Hall Mansion and Endview Plantation, as well as nearby civil war historical sites.

Transportation
The Lee Hall community is served by exit 247 of Interstate 64. About 1 block from the historic railroad station, U.S. Route 60 and State Route 238 intersect.

Lee Hall is served by both Hampton Roads Transit (HRT) and Williamsburg Area Transit Authority (WATA).

 * HRT operates Route 108 and Route 116 between Patrick Henry Mall and Warwick Blvd (US 60) @ Elmhurst St about every 60 minutes
 * WATA operates the Grey Line into Lee Hall hourly, with 30 minute service during peak weekday hours.

title: Lee Hall, Virginia


text:
Jewish Federation

The Jewish Federation (JFED) is a secular Jewish non-profit organization found within many metropolitan areas across the United States with a significant Jewish community. They provide supportive and human services, philanthropy, financial grants to refugees around the world, humanitarian and disaster relief, host leadership conferences and fellowship opportunities for women and youth, charitable drives, help those in need navigate comprehensive resources, and provide outreach to at-risk Jewish populations in 70 countries worldwide, and more. While the Jewish Federation was created to primarily service Jewish communities, they also provide for other communities. All federations in North America operate an annual central campaign, then allocate the proceeds to affiliated local agencies. There are currently 146 Jewish Federations, the national umbrella organization for the federations is the Jewish Federations of North America, in the United States.

Background
Starting in 1654, when the first Jewish communal settlement in New Amsterdam (modern-day New York) began despite Governor Peter Stuyvesant's attempts to ban the first Jewish people in North America from the settlement (until he would be overruled), and for the next 250 years; the Jewish community promised local governments they would not become a burden, by taking care of their own community. Throughout this period, as the Jewish community continued to grow in what would become the United States, they "established synagogues, burial societies, credit unions, and Hebrew youth societies in dozens of cities before there was a single federation."

According to Historian, Donald Feldstein in The Jewish Federation: The First Hundred Years: "″There is no single source where one can find a comprehensive history of the Jewish Federation in North America...The first Jewish Federation in the United States was founded in Boston in 1895, another was organized in Cincinnati, Ohio, and within several years federations sprung up around the country wherever there were significant Jewish communities.'"

The founding philosophies of the first Jewish Federations in America were based in secularism, but deeply influenced by Jewish tradition, like Hesed (loving kindness); and organized like the Kehilla, a communal organization found in diverse regions throughout Eastern Europe at the time; created to meet the welfare needs of Jewish communities in an inclusive and comprehensive way. However, unlike the Kehilla, which were usually formed under the authority of local governments to collect taxes from the Jewish community in support of services, the Jewish Federation in the United States has always been fully autonomous. 61-62

History
The first Jewish federation was founded in Boston in 1895 as Associated Jewish Philanthropies. Cincinnati formed its federation, United Jewish Social Agencies, the next year. Chicago founded its federation in 1900 followed by St. Louis. Federations were soon formed in many other cities with large Jewish populations. Initially (1895-1945) the federation system was focused on welfare needs of individual Jews with the goal of integrating them into the US. The Jewish federations inspired the 1913 formation of the forerunner of the United Way, the community chest in Cleveland, Ohio.

In 1932, an umbrella organization for the federations was formed called the National Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds.

The United Jewish Appeal (UJA) national campaign and organization was started in 1939. With the foundation of the Israel state in 1948, the UJA increased in importance.

Until the 1960s with the start of Medicaid and Medicare, federations allocated large portions of the campaign funds to Jewish hospitals.

Structure
Each federation is autonomous from federations of other cities and they tend to focus on local concerns. The federations typically have elected boards or trustees that are accountable to the community, paid staff, and volunteer leadership. Originally, the federations operated on volunteer only basis, but quickly turned to professional staffs. They engage in centralized planning for the needs of the local community, and may provide centralized administrative services for their constituent agencies.

Depending on the size of the community, the federation may provide services directly or fund another agency to provide that function. For example, the federation may have a local as an arm or function, if not provided by a separate federation funded agency.

Community Relations Council
Most local federations are either affiliated with or host a local Jewish Community Relations Council, which deals with local antisemitism, Holocaust education support, and inter-religious or interracial community functions and organizations. 70-71 Depending on local preferences, the JCRC may be volunteer or professionally-staffed, and may have varying degrees of structural separateness from the federation itself.

Fundraising and spending
Federations raise money for central, local campaigns that support the organizations of the entire local Jewish community. Historically, with a number of Jewish institutions running their own fundraising campaigns, Jewish communities leadership felt it could be more efficient to instead have a single campaign that could centralize gift-making.

Between 30 and 50 percent of Jewish households in the United States typically contribute to their local federation. Jfeds also raise money for the national United Jewish Appeal campaign that sends funding overseas and may combine the Federation annual and United Jewish Appeal into one campaign. The federations or the federation system may hold special campaigns in addition to the annual campaign.

Federation spending and efforts have adapted as the need for particular social services has changed—for example, from Jewish orphanage work in the early twentieth century to retirement homes in the late twentieth century.

A significant feature of the annual federation campaign is "Super Sunday", a day designated for community-wide phone banking, seeking contributions from members of the community.

More than half of all funds raised by federations are earmarked for various local Jewish social service agencies, with the largest single allocation to Jewish education, typically constituting 25 percent. After education, Jewish community centers, the local Jewish family and child services, homes for the aged, and campus Hillels are the next largest recipients of financial support. In some communities were the federation does not provide the service, a Jewish vocational service agency is usually funded to provide job related services.

As an example, in 2008, the Overnight Camp Incentive Program provided grant money to 18 campers to attend Pinemere Camp. The program is a joint project of the Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia, the Foundation for Jewish Camp, and the Neubauer Family Foundation. The program provided grants of $750 to $1,250. The majority of the Pinemere campers who received grants chose to return the following summer.

Role in community
Jewish federations can wield a sizable degree of influence in the Jewish communities in which they are located. Many of the local federations hold annual fundraising drives that are expected to raise most of the next year's budgeting for many community programs. In return, in many communities the agencies which receive funding from the federation agree not to engage in major fundraising for themselves for a number of months often called the "primacy period" when the local federation's fundraising has primacy. Decisions made by the local federations can have a great impact on the community, including the opening or closing of programs, staff hirings and firings, and land purchases and sales.

Jewish family and child services
Jewish Family and Child Services (JFCS) is usually the general social service agency supported by the local federation. A JFCS may have other names like Jewish Family Services, Jewish Family & Children's Service, Jewish Family & Community Services, Jewish Community Services, or other derivatives. Similar to the federation, a JFCS may be a part of the federation, the only Jewish service agency in a community, or may be several separate agencies.

title: Jewish Federation


text:
File:ScottCain ImMovingOn.gif

Summary
Scott Cain "I'm Moving On" (2002)

title: File:ScottCain ImMovingOn.gif


text:
Us and Them (Shinedown album)

Us and Them is the second studio album by American rock band Shinedown, released on October 4, 2005. Recorded in Jacksonville, Florida and Sanford, Florida, the album had three singles, two of which, "Save Me" and "I Dare You," were used as themes for WWE pay-per-view events No Mercy 2005 and WrestleMania 22 respectively. On March 19, 2018 Us and Them was certified Platinum by the RIAA for selling 1 million units in the United States. Us and Them is the last album to feature guitarist Jasin Todd and bassist Brad Stewart.

Additional songs
This song was featured on a separate CD that was sold bundled with the album at Best Buy for a limited time following the album's release.

This song was an exclusive download that could only be accessed with a code found exclusively in versions of the CD sold at Wal-Mart.

These songs were exclusive to the 2LP vinyl release on Atlantic Records

Additionally, an unreleased duet version of "Shed Some Light" featuring Lzzy Hale of Halestorm has surfaced online but has never been officially released.

Personnel
Band
 * Brent Smith – lead vocals
 * Jasin Todd – guitar
 * Brad Stewart – bass
 * Barry Kerch – drums

Additional personnel
 * Paul Fleury – cello
 * Juan Perez – maracas
 * Olivia Battaglia – spoken word vocals on "The Dream"

Production
 * Tony Battaglia - producer
 * Tom Lord-Alge - mixing
 * Ted Jensen - mastering

title: Us and Them (Shinedown album)


text:
Talk:Duncan Idaho

Continuity Correction
I edited the paragraph headed "The first Duncan ghola" to remove a small error; Paul kills Scytale with a thrown knife, having been granted access to the vision of his infant son. The newly awakened Duncan ghola kills Bijaz at Paul's orders in a later scene. I checked Dune Messiah to be sure (it's on pages 123-125 of my copy, but it's a PDF, so the pagination will likely be different in another version). If anybody has any questions or corrections, please feel free to get in touch. TurnColors (talk) 05:38, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Pages 315-319 of my paperback edition :D 69.181.249.92 (talk) 06:07, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Final Appearance?
Duncan's final appearance was not Dune, but Sandworms of Dune. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.31.89.162 (talk) 07:00, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

Image
Can we update the image to the 2020 version? Since the original content is 30 years old? Triosdeity (talk) 10:30, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

 * It's not appropriate to automatically update character infobox images to the most current depiction, but in this case I think the Villeneuve film image File:Jason Momoa Duncan Idaho.png, which is already in the article, is a more distinctive and definitive image for the character.— TAnthonyTalk 15:02, 28 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, the Richard Jordan image is not very distinctive, and assuming we make this change it should therefore be replaced with the available free equivalent File:Richard Jordan 1981.JPG in the body of the article.— TAnthonyTalk 17:24, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duncan Idaho


text:
User:Kallgan/Images

Pictures uploaded to Commons Wikipedia

Summer Palace, Beijing
see also WIKI Commons:Summer Palace, Beijing

Forbidden City, not opened area
see also WIKI Commons:Forbidden City

Mukden Palace, Shenyang, China
WIKI Commons:Mukden Palace

Yuanmingyuan Palace, Beijing
WIKI Commons:Yuanmingyuan

North Korea
Pyongyang, Demilitarized Zone Korean Demilitarized Zone, Korean War

Beijing
Beijing, Beijing Zoo

Manchukuo
Manchukuo

Others
Images uploaded to zh.wikipedia, see

title: User:Kallgan/Images


text:
Category talk:Botanical gardens

Comment
Someone is under the mistaken impression that every ordered garden of any kind is a botanical garden with the result that the category is bloated. --Wetman 08:46, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source for the official definition of "botanical garden"? I've never heard that a herbarium is some kind of requirement, for instance. Stan 12:05, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Organizing related categories into logical hierarchy
Please see Category talk:Gardens for a discussion on organizing categories related to this subject. Thanks! FieldMarine (talk) 18:51, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Botanical gardens


text:
Talk:Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

Jumbled contents
The Contents of this page are jumbled. Maybe it should be retored to a previous version. Who is Robert Hunt? Why does it mention that Lewis had his hunting knife in his butt? Someone screwing around? July 12, 1805.....collapsibe iron boat?!?!?

 * The "butt" comment and Robert Hunt (apparently a contemporary author on the subject of Lewis & Clark) are likely vandalism, so I removed them. The collapsible iron boat, based on a cursory review of other materials, has a likelihood of correctness.  Stevie is the man!  Talk • Work 02:14, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Entries to timeline
My name is Pgass1. I am from Montana. I am new to this and hope I am following protocol. I made a huge list of entries on the timeline. I am a Lewis and Clark re-enactor here in Montana. I did most of the research in the middle 1990's preparing for the National Heritage Trail Foundation meeting held in Great Falls in 1998. All of my information came from Gary E. Moulton's editing of the Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. I will be entering an article on the iron frame boat later on as soon as I learn how. PGass1 18:47, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

What's Going on?
Someone has been changing some of the words from Lewis to newis. I am going to change this back to Lewis.

Grammar
This has lots of grammatical errors throughout the page. Like, for example, this was copied directly from the article:

 * September 25-29 – A band of Lakota Sioux demand one of the boats as a toll for moving further upriver. Met with Teton Sioux. Close order drill, air gun demo, gifts of medals, military coat, hats, tobacco. Hard to communicate language problems. Invited chiefs on board keelboat, gave each 1/2 glass whiskey, acted drunk wanted more. Two armed confrontations with Sioux. Some of the chiefs slept on boat, moved up river to another village, met in lodge held scalp dance

See? Bad grammar. 97.102.154.152 (talk) 15:09, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Maybe this is the account from the expedition's journal, which very likely had spelling and grammar errors judged by 21st century standards. Before corrections are made, this possibility needs to be investigated. --DThomsen8 (talk) 15:26, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Philadelphia connection? Preparations? Missing.

 * Lewis and Clark Expedition and Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition have Philadelphia templates and connections, but nothing about Philadelphia and only a little about Pennsylvania in the articles. Philadelphia was important in the preparations, and in the reports after the return of the party, so a lot of information is missing. This timeline article is especially misleading, as there were extensive preparations and training in Philadelphia and elsewhere, entirely missing from the article.--DThomsen8 (talk) 15:42, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Merge this list with main
Does this timeline, a list, really need it's own separate page? Seems to me this list could easily be placed in a collapsible box and placed in the main article.

Or how about making the whole thing into a template? -- Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

-- Gwillhickers (talk) 01:20, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

Complete overhaul needed
The "tone" and "citations needed" templates have hung over the timeline for two years with little result. To improve the article, I've started a new timeline and plan to replace most of the dates, a task I expect will take another month. So for now I'm looking for input on the following observations. Feedback on the above would be greatly appreciated. Allreet (talk) 17:00, 4 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The current timeline includes far too many "trivial" dates to be either useful or appealing. In my view, a timeline should be limited to "milestones," the most notable of events. IOW, it should be a condensation, not a listing of every date covered in the Journals.
 * The "complete" story is important, of course, but a good timeline allows the reader to skip from milestone to milestone and still have a sense of the fuller story.
 * Since this timeline primarily recounts a journey, the geographic locations reached are as important as events. So I'm either weaving them into the descriptions or including dates whose only significance is the location, for example, when the Corps encounters the confluence of major rivers or enters certain states. The aim is to paint a clear picture of the expedition's progress.
 * Earlier dates, those leading up to the expedition, should also be included, for example, Jefferson's appointment of Lewis as his secretary and then Lewis's selection as leader. Also, Jefferson's secret letter to Congress for funding and then the dates associated with the Purchase. These events are part of the "journey" as well.
 * As for "tone," the issue is actually style. The descriptions should be complete sentences that include the most important details and maintain a narrative flow. For example: "November 4, 1804 - Toussaint Charbonneau, a French fur trader living with the Mandans, is hired as an interpreter. One of Charbonneau's wives, a pregnant 16-year-old Lemhi Shoshone, is also hired to assist the expedition. Her name: Sacagawea." A shorter entry: "December 25, 1804 - The Corps celebrates Christmas with special food, rum and dancing." Note that in both instances, the location has been established by an earlier entry.
 * Regarding citations, I have at least two for each date. One cite usually references the journals, and the other either an existing timeline or a crucial source, such as Moulton's Day by Day or Ambrose's Undaunted Courage. This gives readers online sources they can access as well as definitive sources on which the other timelines are based.

Replaced original timeline
As noted above, the timeline was in dire need of an overhaul. I've done that, drawing on a number of sources, most notably the Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition and Stephen Ambrose's Undaunted Courage. I saw no point in trying to edit the existing timeline, because of errors and the somewhat random inclusion of dates - a kitchen sink approach, really. Accordingly, I found it more efficient to start from scratch. I plan to add more citations over the next month or so and will also add some dates as their notability becomes clear from additional research. Again, feedback would be appreciated. Allreet (talk) 23:36, 17 March 2020 (UTC)


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Talk:Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid, BWV 3

Two cantatas
There is also the cantata BWV 58 with the same title. --mst 08:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I know. I haven't had the time to do any work on this in months, but disambiguating the duplicate incipits is on my list. Hopefully, I'll be able to get back to work on it by mid-February. Micro tonal ... (Put your head on my shoulder) 01:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation and application of a uniform Bach Cantata format.
I have gone through the twenty-some pages currently existing on Wiki for the Church cantatas, after editing a Bach Cantata Pilgrimage section, and thought I'd make an effort to standardize their presentation inasmuch as possible.
 * Consequently, I've created a few sections: a general intro that contains the German title, alongside a literal translation to English, BWV number, and type of cantata (sacred vs. secular).
 * This section also contains the prescribed readings and the authorship of the texts, when known, as well as the authorship of the chorale theme.
 * The articles are completed with a scoring and structure section, followed by the complete German text, in three columns, a list of complete recordings (as I can find online, obviously. I'm sure there are many more recordings).

I plan on applying this template to all articles (existing or to be created) on the cantatas. Any advice/recommendation would be greatly appreciated and surely taken into account.

I've also created the page for BV 58 and disambiguated for the title. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Campelli (talk • contribs) 22:24, 7 January 2009 (UTC)


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Talk:Ecclesiocracy

Merge and Redirect?
Shouldn't this merged and redirected to "theocracy", or are they separate concepts?

title: Talk:Ecclesiocracy


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User:Nehavish~enwiki

Neha writes here

title: User:Nehavish~enwiki


text: User talk:203.39.81.14

title: User talk:203.39.81.14