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Clive Beddoe

Clive Beddoe (born 26 May 1946) is a founding shareholder and former chairman of the board of directors of WestJet, which is currently the second-largest airline in Canada behind Air Canada.

Beddoe was born in Dorking, England, grew up in Leatherhead, England, and immigrated to Canada in 1970.

Beddoe first started flying gliders at Epsom College in England during his teenage years. While talking to a friend one day, he decided to move to Canada on a whim to start a job at a real estate development company, further on creating his own commercial development company called Hanover Management, a named based on Hanover Square, London a location where he once worked. The company purchased Western Concord Manufacturing, a plastics manufacturer company based out of Delta, British Columbia, in 1994.

In 2000, WestJet's founders, Beddoe, Mark Hill, Tim Morgan and Donald Bell were honored as 'The Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year' for Canada and was honored at the international Entrepreneur of the year awards in Monaco.

He has been awarded honorary degrees from the University of Calgary and the Wilfrid Laurier University.

On Tuesday, 24 July 2007, Beddoe announced that effective 4 September 2007, he would relinquish his duties as chief executive officer, with then-president Sean Durfy taking the role.

He is currently on the board for AIMCO, and head of their compensation committee.

Awards and honours
Beddoe was inducted to the Order of the Canadian Business Hall of Fame in 2012. Beddoe was also inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame in 2014.

WestJet's first Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner, registered C-GUDH, has been named after him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clive Beddoe


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Emp3world

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – Rich Farmbrough 20:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Emp3world
Advertisement for Emp3world.com Dlyons493 16:06, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not a significant website. Doesn't establish why it is notable. It is just like any other audio search engines in thepast. Spam. Wikipedia is not a web guide. --J. Nguyen 01:54, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete. Alexa ranking is 4,822, which would be very good for a forum site, but is poor for a search engine. Can anyone shed some light on its popularity/notability? MCB 22:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Adolph Ochs

Untitled
This bio is really lacking in detail. No mention is made of Mr. Ochs having been mayor of both Chattanooga and New York or his pioneering efforts to preserve Civil War battlefields. About 1/2 of this article is about who became publisher and editor in later years.

I removed an external link to a Flash game at new grounds (*http://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view.php?id=148244 A Guy Named Ochs - Stephen Glass learns about the history of The New York Times and Adolph Ochs.) It didn't seem like it really had much to do with Adolph Ochs, and was a SPAM promo.
 * He was mayor of neither Chattanooga nor New York. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:CECE:830:69D0:51AC:91C1:2CA6 (talk) 02:49, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

Bogus edits
Revision as of 01:46, 3 December 2008 (edit) (undo) 75.46.28.10 (Talk)

...changes "German-Jewish" to "African-Jewish" and possibly other unverified edits. I'd rather not revert this (especially since there's a subsequent 'good' edit), as I can't prove all the changes, though it is an anonymous edit.

-An anonymous reader (71.167.160.168 (talk) 19:40, 27 December 2008 (UTC))

 * Thanks. I reverted those changes. --Orlady (talk) 21:11, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

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Chattanooga Times does not really equal Chattanooga Times Free Press
I know it's nitpicking. Or is it? The Chattanooga Times was beaten in its own city by the Chattanooga News-Free Press. The Times stopped Sunday edition. Later, an Arkansas newspaper person bought the two papers and combined them into one, named the Times Free Press. But I think saying the Times is now the Times Free Press is not accurate. If anything, the News-Free Press is now the Times Free Press. However, the new paper retains the old Times motto: To Print the News Without Fear or Favor."  The new paper also more resembles the Times than the News-Free Press. Just wanted to get that off my chest.BillVol (talk) 21:40, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adolph Ochs


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Ceffyl Dŵr

Ceffyl Dŵr (also ceffyl dwfr or ceffyl-dŵr) is a water horse in Welsh folklore. It is most commonly considered a counterpart to the Scottish kelpie, but has also been compared to the Irish púca, the Irish and Scottish each uisge, and the Manx glaistyn.

The ceffyl dŵr is said to inhabit mostly mountain pools and waterfalls, though it has been known to frequent rivers and seashores as well. It was believed to be a spirit assuming the shape of a horse, usually grey or black with a white mane, sometimes glowing or winged, to entice unwary travellers to ride him. Once mounted it would either carry its rider great distances very quickly, or fly into the sky, then evaporate into air or mist, dropping the unfortunate rider to their death.

The ceffyl dŵr could be caught and put to work, but would always escape eventually and drag its captor to their death.

Description and Attributes
The temperament of the ceffyl dŵr varied depending on region. In North Wales he was often seen as malevolent, described with fiery eyes and a dark, forbidding presence, whereas in South Wales he was generally more positively seen as, at worst, a pest to travellers, and at best a great aid to tired travellers and often luminescent. The water-horse of the River Honddu, specifically, had a "tormenting" reputation, as shown by a story in which it carried a weary man from an ancient Roman camp near the town of Brecon to the banks of the Towy, not far from Carmarthen. Three days later it carried him back, but "in a worse state than when he left, for the ceffyl dŵr had dragged him through mire and water, through brambles and briars, until he was scarcely knowable".

In some regions the ceffyl dŵr was supposedly able to shapeshift into other animals. Sometimes it took the form of a goat and charged at people with enough force to cause serious injury. In the Vale of Clwyd a ceffyl dŵr often transformed into a frog which hopped on people's backs and choked them.

Despite the general association with rivers and waterfalls, the ceffyl dŵr was often seen on seashores, where he was described to be either dapple-grey or sand-like in colour and could be recognised by his hooves being turned the wrong way. He was seen when thunderstorms were brewing, and would turn white or dark silver in very stormy seasons. In some parts of Wales he was more often described as a huge, clumsy, chestnut or piebald horse. Either way, when captured and put to work, after a while the ceffyl dŵr would break free and drag his captor into the sea.

Folktales
One story describes a man, tired from a long journey, stopping by a waterfall from which a water horse with a white mane emerged. He rode the horse, amazed to find that it travelled at the speed of lightning, and after being thrown off realised that he had travelled the distance from Glyn-Neath to the ancient village of Llanddewi Brefi, Cardiganshire in about an hour.

In the story of Arawn, a ceffyl dŵr aids the protagonist. It's described as a miniature horse with a black coat and a white mane which, despite its small stature, carries the protagonist through the air across a vast distance before vanishing and leaving him there.

In the early 19th century an old man was making his way home on a winter's night when he saw a small, solitary horse ridden by a long-legged rider. The horse seemed to glow, and no matter how hard the man tried to overtake it, he couldn't. When the Old Mill the man was travelling to was only an arm's length away, the horse and rider disappeared into the darkness. By midnight the valley was flooded, and the man credited his escape to the ceffyl dŵr who enticed him to walk faster.

It was believed that clergymen and ministers of all denominations could ride a ceffyl dŵr without danger until the desired destination was reached. There is a tale of a parson and parish clerk walking home from Cardiff one night in the 18th century when they found a horse and, believing it to be a stray, decided to ride it to quicken their journey. They rode for a while in silence, but the clerk, amazed by the speed of the horse, complimented it. The horse reared and the parson urged his companion to remain quiet. After a while the clerk spoke again, and the horse bucked him off and carried the parson the rest of the way home.

A similar story comes from Lydmoor, which tells of a travelling minister who, when pausing for rest beside a stream, was joined by a deacon of Trehill Calvinistic Methodist Chapel. Not far from Duffryn the men saw a horse and decided to ride it, as the deacon would be going back the same way the next day and would be able to return it. They rode until Tinkin Wood, where the deacon complained that the horse was getting lazy. The horse reared and he was thrown into the bushes, after which the horse galloped away with the minister still on it.

title: Ceffyl Dŵr


text:
British Classic Races

The British Classics are five long-standing Group 1 horse races run during the traditional flat racing season. They are restricted to three-year-old horses and traditionally represent the pinnacle of achievement for racehorses against their own age group. As such, victory in any classic marks a horse as amongst the very best of a generation. Victory in two or even three of the series (a rare feat known as the Triple Crown) marks a horse as truly exceptional.

Races
The five British Classics are:

It is common to think of them as taking place in three legs.

The first leg is made up of the Newmarket Classics – 1000 Guineas and 2000 Guineas. Given that the 1,000 Guineas is restricted to fillies, this is regarded as the fillies' classic and the 2,000, which is open to both sexes, as the colts' classic, although it is theoretically possible for a filly to compete in both.

The second leg is made up of The Derby and/or Oaks, both ridden over $1 1/2$ miles at Epsom in early June. The Oaks is regarded as the fillies' classic, the Derby as the colts', although, as with the Guineas, a filly could theoretically contest both.

The final leg is the St Leger, held over 1 mile $6 1/2$ furlongs at Doncaster and is open to both sexes.

The variety of distances and racecourses faced in the Classics make them particularly challenging as a series to even the best horses. It is rare for a horse to possess both the speed and stamina to compete across all these distances, making the Triple Crown a particularly notable achievement. In fact, in the modern era, it is rare for any attempt on the Triple Crown to be made.

Geldings are excluded from the 2000 Guineas, Derby and St Leger, in common with all European Group One races restricted to three-year-olds.

History
The oldest race in the series, the St Leger, was first run in 1776. The races were designated "classics" in 1815, shortly after the first 1,000 Guineas Stakes.

Multiple winners
(see also Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing) In 1902 Sceptre became the only racehorse to win four British Classic Races outright, winning both Guineas, the Oaks and the St Leger. Previously, in 1868, Formosa won the same four races but dead-heated in the 2,000 Guineas.

Fifteen horses have won the standard Triple Crown (2,000 Guineas – Derby – St Leger), the last being Nijinsky in 1970. Three of these achieved the feat during the World War I when all five Classic races were run at Newmarket.

In addition to Sceptre and Formosa above, eight horses have won the fillies' Triple Crown (1,000 Guineas – Oaks – St Leger), the last being Oh So Sharp in 1985.

Many horses have won two classics, some of whom have gone on to attempt the Triple Crown, losing in the last leg at Doncaster. The most recent example of this was the Aidan O'Brien trained Camelot, who finished second in the St Leger in 2012 after winning the 2,000 Guineas and Derby.

Four-time

 * Formosa 1868
 * Sceptre 1902

Three-time

 * Crucifix 1840
 * West Australian 1853
 * Gladiateur 1865
 * Lord Lyon 1866
 * Hannah 1871
 * Apology 1874
 * Ormonde 1886
 * Common 1891
 * La Fleche 1892
 * Isinglass 1893
 * Galtee More 1897
 * Flying Fox 1899
 * Diamond Jubilee 1900
 * Rock Sand 1903
 * Pretty Polly 1904
 * Pommern 1915
 * Gay Crusader 1917
 * Gainsborough 1918
 * Bahram 1935
 * Sun Chariot 1942
 * Meld 1955
 * Nijinsky 1970
 * Oh So Sharp 1985

Two-time

 * Champion (1800)
 * Eleanor (1801)
 * Smolensko (1813)
 * Neva (1817)
 * Corinne (1818)
 * Pastille (1822)
 * Zinc (1823)
 * Cobweb (1824)
 * Cadland (1828)
 * Galata (1832)
 * Queen of Trumps (1835)
 * Bay Middleton (1836)
 * Cotherstone (1843)
 * Mendicant (1846)
 * Sir Tatton Sykes (1846)
 * Surplice (1848)
 * The Flying Dutchman (1849)
 * Voltigeur (1850)
 * Stockwell (1852)
 * Blink Bonny (1857)
 * Imperieuse (1857)
 * Governess (1858)
 * The Marquis (1862)
 * Macaroni (1863)
 * Blair Athol (1864)
 * Achievement (1867)
 * Pretender (1869)
 * Reine (1872)
 * Marie Stuart (1873)
 * Spinaway (1875)
 * Camelia (1876)
 * Petrarch (1876)
 * Silvio (1877)
 * Jannette (1878)
 * Pilgrimage (1878)
 * Wheel of Fortune (1879)
 * Iroquois (1881)
 * Thebais (1881)
 * Shotover (1882)
 * Busybody (1884)
 * Melton (1885)
 * Miss Jummy (1886)
 * Reve d'Or (1887)
 * Ayrshire (1888)
 * Seabreeze (1888)
 * Donovan (1889)
 * Memoir (1890)
 * Mimi (1891)
 * Amiable (1894)
 * Ladas (1894)
 * Sir Visto (1895)
 * Persimmon (1896)
 * St Amant (1904)
 * Cherry Lass (1905)
 * Signorinetta (1908)
 * Minoru (1909)
 * Sunstar (1911)
 * Tagalie (1912)
 * Jest (1913)
 * Princess Dorrie (1914)
 * Fifinella (1916)
 * Tranquil (1923)
 * Manna (1925)
 * Saucy Sue (1925)
 * Coronach (1926)
 * Trigo (1929)
 * Cameronian (1931)
 * Hyperion (1933)
 * Windsor Lad (1934)
 * Exhibitionnist (1937)
 * Rockfel (1938)
 * Blue Peter (1939)
 * Galatea (1939)
 * Godiva (1940)
 * Herringbone (1943)
 * Sun Stream (1945)
 * Airborne (1946)
 * Imprudence (1947)
 * Musidora (1949)
 * Nimbus (1949)
 * Tulyar (1952)
 * Never Say Die (1954)
 * Crepello (1957)
 * Bella Paola (1958)
 * Petite Etoile (1959)
 * Never Too Late (1960)
 * St Paddy (1960)
 * Sweet Solera (1961)
 * Royal Palace (1967)
 * Sir Ivor (1968)
 * Altesse Royale (1971)
 * Mysterious (1973)
 * Dunfermline (1977)
 * Sun Princess (1983)
 * Midway Lady (1986)
 * Reference Point (1987)
 * Nashwan (1989)
 * Salsabil (1990)
 * User Friendly (1992)
 * Kazzia (2002)
 * Sea The Stars (2009)
 * Camelot (2012)
 * Minding (2016)
 * Love (2020)

Records
Most wins as a horse
 * Sceptre – 4 wins (1902)

Most wins as a jockey
 * Lester Piggott – 30 wins (1954–1992)

Most wins as a trainer
 * John Scott – 40 wins (1827-1863)
 * Aidan O'Brien – 41 wins (1998–present)

title: British Classic Races


text: Category:Canadian Football League seasons


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Cath Palug

Cath Palug (also Cath Paluc, Cath Balug, Cath Balwg, literally 'Palug's Cat') was a monstrous cat in Welsh mythology associated with Arthurian legend. Given birth to in Gwynedd by the pig Henwen of Cornwall, the cat was to haunt the Isle of Anglesey until Kay went to the island to hunt it down. Outside of Wales, the cat's opponent has been transposed to King Arthur himself or, occasionally, other legendary heroes such as Ogier the Dane. Cath Palug's name in French literature is Chapalu (Old French and variant modern forms: Capalu, Capalus).

Etymology
The Welsh name Cat Palug may mean "scratching cat", but this is just one of a range of possible meanings. The word palug (paluc) is theorized to have a common pal- stem, which may mean: 'hit, strike', 'cut, lop', 'scratch, claw', or even 'dig, pierce'.

Chapalu, the French form can be broken down into chat 'cat' + palu 'bog', hence 'the bog cat'. In an Anglo-Norman poem (see §Li Romanz des Franceis), Chapalu and palu are connected in the story (the words are end-rhymed in the couplet).

Aquatic nature
Cath Palug is always localised nearby water, such as the lakes of Lac du Bourget and Lake Geneva in France, the sea in Wales. One story describes it as some sort of fish-cat. The monstrous cat of Lausanne, which was the analogue in the Vulgate Merlin started out as a black kitten caught by a fisherman in his net.

Welsh sources
Cath Palug is mentioned in just two works among early Welsh sources, the triads and a fragmentary poem.

Triads
Cath Palug's birth origins are given in "The Powerful Swineherds" in the Welsh Triads (Trioedd Ynys Prydein, end of the 13th century). According to this source, it started life as a kitten (lit "whelp"), given birth by the great white sow Henwen at the black rock in. There the kitten was cast into the sea, but it crossed the Menai Strait and was found on Ynys Môn (Anglesey), where the sons of Palug raised it, not realizing the cat was to become one of the three great plagues of the island.

Pa Gur
Cath Palug was fought and slain by Cai (Kay), or so it is implied, in the incomplete Old Welsh poem Pa Gur yv y Porthaur found in the Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin (The Black Book of Carmarthen, written before 1250). Kay had gone to destroy lleown (possibly meaning 'lions') in Môn (Anglesey). In the encounter, nine scores (180) warriors have been killed by the cat.

The fragmentary poem states that Kay's shield is mynud against the cat, which has been construed in various ways, but plausibly interpreted as "polished against Palug's cat". This description coincides with the Middle English story in the Lambeth manuscript, in which Arthur raises a shield (presumably mirrored) causing the cats to attack their own shadows reflected in it.

Arthur stories
The Chapalu (Capalu) is the equivalent monster in Old French and Anglo-Norman sources. Several works relate a battle between Chapalu (or an anonymous monster cat) with King Arthur himself, rather than with his knight Kay. Sometimes the beast wins, sometimes Arthur wins.

Some of the works only speak of an anonymous cat or cats, but are considered examples of Chapalu encounters by commentators, due to the parallels. The cat of Lausanne (Losan) that Arthur fights in the Vulgate Cycle is a notable example of the cat not being named.

The king is the victor in the Vulgate Merlin and in a Middle-English romance in the Lambert ms. noted above. His defeat is noted in several romances that are essentially non-Arthurian, but can be viewed as a French joke against the English, although some researchers believed some genuine tradition of an alternative death of Arthur.

Li Romanz des Franceis
In the early 13th century, the Anglo-Norman poet André de Coutance rebuked the French for having written a vindictive poem (or poems ) describing King Arthur's death by a cat. André indignantly added that this was an utter lie.

This passage in André's work Li Romanz des Franceis (The Romance of the French) has been excerpted and commented in various studies. André's short résumé of the French work was that Chapalu kicked Arthur into a bog, afterwards killed Arthur, swam to England and became king in his place.

Manuel und Amande
A French original is thought to have existed to the fragmentary, Middle German poem Manuel und Amande written between 1170 and the beginning of the 13th century. It implies that slain by a sort of a "fish-cat", or strictly according to the text, it was a fish which at the same time "had the form of a cat (katze gestalt)".

This was considered to be a work in the same tradition as the French works that told of Arthur's dishonorable demise, such as polemicized against by André.

Vulgate Merlin
In the early 13th-century L'Estoire de Merlin (The Story of Merlin), a man fishing in the lake of Lausanne swears that he will dedicate to God the first creature that he catches, but fails to keep his oath. At the third cast of his line he catches a black kitten, which he takes home, only for it to grow to gigantic proportions. The giant cat then kills the fisherman and his entire family, and subsequently any traveller unwise enough to come near the lake. It is finally slain by Arthur.

Galeran de Bretagne
Galeran de Bretagne (Galeran of Brittany, written in the 13th century) is another work that refers to Arthur's combat with the cat. According to the summary given by (and by Gaston Paris), Galeran of Brittany beats his German opponent Guynant, and the latter tries to rile up the Breton by repeating the contrueve ('idle lie') that the great cat killed Arthur in a pitched battle.

There is some issue of dissent regarding this interpretation. The text can be read in the converse, so that the German knight says Arthur had killed the cat. Freymond noted that while this was grammatically possible, it was not an allowable interpretation in the context. Paris agreed on this point. However, John Beston (2008) translated the portion at issue as "the proverb about King Arthur killing the cat".

Spanish chivalric romance
The oldest chivalric romance in Spanish, The Book of the Knight Zifar speaks of a perilous situation figuratively, as tantamount to King Arthur facing the Gato Paul, which is considered a reference to Arthur fighting the monstrous cat.

Representation
The fight between Arthur and Cath Palug is figured on a mosaic in the Cathedral of Otranto. The creature believed to represent the Cath Palug is a spotted feline, seeming to attack King Arthur (labeled rex Arturus) mounted on some horned animal, wearing a crown, and holding a club (or sceptre). The crown on Arthur and the horns on the mounting beast appear to be artefacts of the restorer, based on preserved drawings of the mosaic from earlier.

Other heroes
Chapalu is encountered by heroes from the Charlemagne cycle, in either late interpolations or later prose sequels to the original chanson de geste.

Rainouart
Chapalu is fought by the knight Rainouart in a late version of  in the Guillaume d'Orange cycle (La Geste de Garin de Monglane). The epic originally written c. 1170 did not contain the episode, but a late-13th century interpolation to it introduced Arthurian elements. An extract containing the Chapalu portion was published by Antoine Le Roux de Lincy in 1836; Paulin Paris wrote summaries based on a different manuscript.

Chapalu here was the son born after the lutin Gringalet raped the fée (fairy) Brunehold while she bathed in the fountain of Oricon. Although Chapalu was beautiful, his mother could not bear her shame and turned him into a hideously shaped monster, and this curse could only be lifted when he has sucked a few drops of Rainouart's blood. The description of Chapalu after his metamorphosis was that he had a cat's head with red eyes, a horse's body, a griffon's talons (or dragon's feet), and a lion's tail. Rainouart is then brought to Avalon by three fairies, and Arthur the king of Avalon commands Chapalu to fight this newcomer. In the ensuing battle, Chapalu laps some blood from his opponent's heel, and his human form is restored.

Ogier
Ogier the Dane appears in Jean d'Outremeuse's Ly Myreur des Histors where he fights Chapalu that turns out to be the metamorphosis of his squire Benoit, or else the monster from which Benoit's soul must be liberated. The narrative is similar to Renoart's Avalon adventure in La Bataille Loquifer, and there is "no doubt" Jean knew the chanson in question.

According to the Myreur, Ogier was traveling in the year 896 to succor Guillaume d'Orange when he was shipwrecked with his horse Passevent on an isle (Ysle de Trist, nine days sailing from Cyprus), and combats with Chapalu (Capalu). A fight ensues between Ogier and beasts, including Chapalu, but this is actually Ogier's squire Benoit (or his soul) trapped in monster form due to enchantment, and Ogier is required to tap the creature between the eyes to lift the curse. Ogier subsequently fights Arthur and Gawain, until Arthur's sister Morgan is summoned by her son Auberon (Alberon) to stop the fight.

A similar narrative is incorporated into late reworked versions of the Ogier romance, except Gawain goes without mention. The reworkings (or rifacimenti) exist in decasyllabic form (Rifacimento A) and alexandrines (B). The decasyllabic Roman d'Ogier (c. 1310) summarized by Knut Togeby, and here too, the capalu was a knight transformed into a lutin by the fées, and he offers to become Ogier's squire.

Location
The legend's fight between Arthur and the devil cat of the Lake of Lausanne (in present-day Switzerland) is now considered to have been located in near the Savoie region of France near Lake Bourget, where could be found the Col du Chat. This conforms with the account in the Estoire de Merlin that Arthur, in order to commemorate his victory over the cat, renamed a place that was called Mont du Lac as Mont du Chat ('cat mountain').

The modern rediscovery of the Arthurian lore here is credited to, who initially searched for local tradition or onomastics around Lausanne, in vain, then crossing the border into France, and found this spot. The community still retained vestigial lore of encounters with the monstrous cat, though Arthur did not figure in them. There was also a piece of 13th-century writing by Etienne de Bourbon saying that King Arthur carried out a hunt at Mont du Chat.

The Welsh tradition gives as location the Isle of Anglesey, but has the cat born at Llanveir.

What Man is the Porter?

 * ; II pp. 50–53 Pa gur ẏv ẏ portarthur (Welsh), pp. 350–351 (notes)

Bataille Loquifer

 * "Appendix 5: extrait du roman de Guillaume au Court Nez, ms. du Roy, n° 23 Laval, tome II"

Middle English prose Merlin

 * (text)I (Introduction)

title: Cath Palug


text:
Bhadrabāhu

Ācārya Bhadrabāhu (c. 367 – c. 298 BC) was, according to both the Śvetāmbara and Digambara sects of Jainism, the last Shruta Kevalin (all knowing by hearsay, that is indirectly) in Jainism.

According to the Digambara tradition, he was the spiritual teacher of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire. According to the Digambara sect of Jainism, there were five Shruta Kevalins in Jainism – Govarddhana Mahamuni, Vishnu, Nandimitra, Aparajita and Bhadrabahu. The Digambaras consider him to have been naked.

According to the Śvetāmbara tradition, he was the author of the holy Kalpa Sūtra, which describes the life of Mahavira and other Tirthankaras. It also lists down a Sthaviravali (a succession list of the names of the head of the Jain monastic order according to Śvetāmbaras, starting with Mahavira's Ganadhara (disciple) Sudharmaswami). Śvetāmbaras consider Bhadrabahusuri to be a Sthavirkalpi monk (as described in the Ācārāṅga Sūtra, the Kalpa Sūtra, and the Sthananga Sutra), and thus, white-clad. Śvetāmbaras also consider him to have had been a Shruta Kevalin.

Early life
Bhadrabahu was born in Pundravardhana (roughly equivalent to modern North Bengal ) to a Brahmin family during which time the secondary capital of the Mauryas was Ujjain. When he was seven, Govarddhana Mahamuni predicted that he will be the last Shruta Kevali and took him along for his initial education. According to Śvētāmbara tradition, he lived from 433 BC to 357 BC. Digambara tradition dates him to have died in 365 BC. Natubhai Shah dated him from 322 to 243 BC.

Yasobhadra (351-235 BC), leader of the religious order reorganised by Mahavira, had two principle disciples, Sambhutavijaya (347-257 BC) and Bhadrabahu. After his death the religious order was led by Sambhutivijaya. After Sambhutivijaya's death, Bhadrabahu became the head of the monastic order.

Digambara biography and explanation of sixteen dreams of Chandragupta
The Digambara sect believes that on the night of full moon in the month of Kartik, Chandragupta Maurya (founder and ruler of Maurya Empire) saw sixteen dreams, which were then explained to him by Acharya Bhadrabahu.

Bhadrabahu was in Nepal for a 12-year penitential vow when the Pataliputra conference took place in 300 BC to put together the Jain canon anew. Bhadrabahu decided the famine would make it harder for monks to survive and migrated with a group of twelve thousand disciples to South India, bringing with him Chandragupta, turned Digambar monk.

According to the inscriptions at Shravanabelgola, Bhadrabahu died after taking the vow of sallekhana (Fast until death).

Digambaras believe that Bhadrabahu was the last acharya of the undivided Jain sangha. After him, the Sangha split into two separate teacher-student lineages of monks. Digambara monks belong to the lineage of Acharya Vishakha and Śvetāmbara monks follow the tradition of Acharya Sthulabhadra. However, the theory that the schism occurred at that time has not been historically proven.

Śvetāmbara biography
According to Śvetāmbaras, Bhadrabahusuri was the author of the Kalpa Sūtra, four Chedda sutras, commentaries on ten scriptures, Uvasaggaharam Stotra, and Vasudevcharita.

Śvetāmbaras believe Bhadrabahu's principle disciples were Sthavir Godas, Sthavir Agnidatt, Sthavir Yagnadatt, and Sthavir Somdatt. However, in the Pattavali of Kalpa Sūtra, he is said to have been succeeded by Acharya Sthulabhadrasuri.

He is believed to have been a Sthavirkalpi monk and white-clad as Śvetāmbaras believe that the only other way for monks (known as Jinakalpa) or the practice of being a Jinakalpi monk had become extinct after Jambuswami attained nirvana. Therefore, Śvetāmbaras hold that he was Sthavirkalpi and thus, white-clad.

Śvetāmbaras believe that Bhadrabāhu is the author of the following texts within the official Śvetāmbaras scriptural canon (typically consisting of 45 texts).
 * Vyavahāra (3rd Chedasūtra)
 * 8th chapter of Daśāśrutaskandha (4th Chedasūtra)
 * Kappa (5th Chedasūtra)
 * Piṇḍaniryukti (4th Mūlasūtra)
 * Oghaniryukti

Legacy
Regarding the inscriptions describing the relation of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya, Radha Kumud Mookerji writes,"The oldest inscription of about 600 AD associated 'the pair (yugma), Bhadrabahu along with Chandragupta Muni.' Two inscriptions of about 900 AD on the Kaveri near Seringapatam describe the summit of a hill called Chandragiri as marked by the footprints of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta munipati. A Shravanabelagola inscription of 1129 mentions Bhadrabahu 'Shrutakevali', and Chandragupta who acquired such merit that he was worshipped by the forest deities. Another inscription of 1163 similarly couples and describes them. A third inscription of the year 1432 speaks of Yatindra Bhadrabahu, and his disciple Chandragupta, the fame of whose penance spread into other words."

Bhadrabahu-charitra was written by Ratnanandi of about 1450 AD.

title: Bhadrabāhu