text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Web band

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete.

Web band
Not notable, advertising, not verifiable, or full of inherent POV. Delete. Natalinasmpf 07:38, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, just not encyclopedic. feydey 22:50, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nonnotable neologism yet. mikka (t) 23:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Comments by anonymous users
Please note that votes by anonymous users are not counted in the deletion process. And please, don't go out and make an account just to vote - those aren't counted as well. You need to be here for a while before your vote carries any weighting. --216.191.200.1 17:42, 13 October 2005 (UTC) Delete Why did no one take my proposal to delete DEEZ NUTZ seriously?- Russki
 * Delete, You know what else you should delete? (preceding unsigned comment by 23:23, 12 October 2005)
 * Delete, "Sex" Article. It lacks pictures. Legendary_Jarl [HG] (preceding unsigned comment by 01:35, 13 October 2005)
 * Delete, I need viagra (preceding unsigned comment by 05:31, 13 October 2005)
 * Keep I like it. -- Von (preceding unsigned comment by 05:31, 13 October 2005)
 * Keep Why not just call it a stub? Someone will be along to expand it sooner or later. Clarissimus (preceding unsigned comment by 06:15, 13 October 2005)
 * I don't know, JARL IS AN UBEREMO - KoE (preceding unsigned comment by 15:47, 13 October 2005)

who cares? :(

 * Keep We're going to keep it, right? Right?
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: Carleton College

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Jableh

Jableh (جَبْلَةٌ; , also spelt Jebleh, Jabala, Jablah, Gabala or Gibellum) is a Mediterranean coastal city in Syria, 25 km north of Baniyas and 25 km south of Latakia, with c. 80,000 inhabitants (2004 census). As Ancient Gabala it was a Byzantine (arch)bishopric and remains a Latin Catholic titular see. It contains the tomb and mosque of Ibrahim Bin Adham, a legendary Sufi mystic who renounced his throne of Balkh and devoted himself to prayers for the rest of his life.

History

Jableh has been inhabited since at least the second millennium BCE. The city was part of the Ugaritic kingdom and was mentioned as "Gbʿly" in the archives of the city c. 1200 BC. In antiquity Jableh (then called Gabala) was an important Hellenistic and then Roman city. One of the main remains of this period is a theatre, capable of housing c. 7,000 spectators. Near the seashores even older remains were found dating to the Iron Age or Phoenician Era.

The Jableh region was incorporated into the Islamic Empire with the conquest of Syria in 637–642. Between approximately 969 and 1081, however, much of the region returned under the control of the Byzantine Empire, until it was captured by Banu Ammar. The Alawites began spreading in the area in the early eleventh century.

In the medieval period, Jableh, then called Gibellum, was conquered by Tancred and the Genoese on 23 July 1109, to be part of the Principality of Antioch, one of the Crusader States, until it was captured by Saladin in 1189 during the Third Crusade. One famous resident was Hugh of Jabala, the city's bishop, who reported the fall of Edessa to Pope Eugene III, and was the first person to speak of Prester John. Less than 1 km from the city centre lies the ancient site of Gibala, today known as Tell Tweini. This city was inhabited from the third millennium BCE until the Persian period.

During the Mamluk period, there was still a "Kurdish" mosque in the city that had probably been founded by members of Saladin's entourage or army. In 1318, a millenarian revolt of Alawites from the surrounding highlands resulted in an attack on Jableh before a Mamluk column sent from Tripoli was able to retake control. The famous Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta visited Jableh in 1326.

In the Ottoman period (1516–1918), Jabala originally formed a sub-province (sancak) of the province of Tripoli before it was made its own sancak in 1547–1548. The district (nahiye) of Jabala comprised approximately 80 villages in addition to Jableh itself, the majority of which were inhabited by Alawites. In 1564, the province of Jableh was governed by the son of Janbulad ibn Qasim al-Kurdi, the sancak-beyi of Kilis. The city of Jableh gained special importance with the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus, which lies just 120 km directly offshore, in 1570. The governor and the qadi (judge) of Jableh received numerous orders from the Ottoman government to guard the area against Mediterranean pirates and rebel Alawites in the next decades. The city and the province of Jableh became less important as Latakia rose in importance in the eighteenth century. At the end of the nineteenth century, the province of Jableh was divided into twenty new nahiyes.

On May 23, 2016, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for four suicide bombings in Jableh, which had remained largely unaffected since the Syrian Civil War began in 2011. Purportedly targeting Alawite gatherings, the bombs killed over a hundred people. In Tartus, similarly insulated, another three bombers killed 48 people.

In February 2023, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Turkey and western Syria. It caused widespread destruction and fatalities. In Jableh, at least 283 people died, 173 were injured and 19 buildings collapsed.

Economy
The majority of people in Jableh depend on agriculture for their income, people grow orange and lemon trees, olives, a large number of green houses for vegetables can be found in the country side. In the center of the city people work in trade and there are small factories in the city for cottons and for making orange juice, whilst most residents solely depend on retirement allowance, although Jableh's economy suffers due to barely any electricity times between neighborhoods, which affects water availability in the city.

Sports
Jableh Sporting Club is a football club based in Jableh, playing in the Al-Baath Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 10,000.

People

 * Syrian pioneer of modern Arabic poetry Adunis.
 * Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, a famous Islamic figure who organized attacks on the French in Syria and on the British and Jews in Palestine and the namesake of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of Hamas.
 * The Boustani family.
 * Mohammad Zeitoun, a swimming champion whose story is featured in Zeitoun.
 * Ali Maia, footballer
 * Dr. Fayez Attaf, general surgeon who was known as 'The Poor People's Surgeon' in Jableh. He regularly paid the cost of operations of displaced and poor patients. He and his wife, neurologist Dr. Hala Saiid died in the February 2023 earthquake.

Climate
Jableh has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa).

title: Jableh


text:
Talk:Span (band)

This article has been kept following this AFD debate, Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Span (band)


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Calcareous

Calcareous is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.

In zoology
Calcareous is used as an adjectival term applied to anatomical structures which are made primarily of calcium carbonate, in animals such as gastropods, i.e., snails, specifically in relation to such structures as the operculum, the clausilium, and the love dart. The term also applies to the calcium carbonate tests of, often, more-or-less microscopic Foraminifera. Not all tests are calcareous; diatoms and radiolaria have siliceous tests.

The molluscs are calcareous organisms, as are the calcareous sponges (Calcarea), that have spicules which are made of calcium carbonate.

Additionally, reef-building corals, or Scleractinia, are calcareous organisms that form their rigid skeletal structure through the precipitation of aragonite (i.e., a polymorph of calcium carbonate).

In botany
Calcareous grassland is a form of grassland characteristic of soils containing much calcium carbonate from underlying chalk or limestone rock.

In medicine
The term is used in pathology, for example in calcareous conjunctivitis, and when referring to calcareous metastasis or calcareous deposits, which may both be removed surgically.

In geology

The term calcareous can be applied to a sediment, sedimentary rock, or soil type which is formed from, or contains a high proportion of, calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or aragonite.

Marine sediments
Calcareous sediments are typically deposited in shallow water closer to land, as marine organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate primarily reside within shallow water ecosystems due to an inability to precipitate calcium carbonate at depth (see carbonate compensation depth). Generally speaking, the farther from land sediments fall, the less calcareous they are, and deviations from this expectation arise if (a) the ocean floor is shallower than the CCD or (b) storms/ocean currents transport calcareous sediments away from their origin point, leading to the interbedding of calcareous sediments in alternative locations.

An additional form of calcareous marine sediment consists of calcareous ooze, which is a form of calcium carbonate sediment that consists of >30% biogenous material predominantly consisting of organisms such as coccolithophores and foraminifera. These oozes form slowly under low-energy environments, and necessitate higher seawater saturation states or a deeper CCD (see supersaturation and precipitation vs. undersaturation and dissolution). Therefore, in shallow CCD conditions (i.e., undersaturation of calcium carbonate at depth), stable, non-calcareous sediments such as siliceous ooze or pelagic red clay will prevail in marine sediment records.

Calcareous soils
Calcareous soils are relatively alkaline, in other words they have a high pH. This is because of the very weak acidity of carbonic acid. Note that this is not the only reason for a high soil pH. They are characterized by the presence of calcium carbonate in the parent material and may have a calcic horizon, a layer of secondary accumulation of carbonates (usually calcium or Mg) in excess of 15% calcium carbonate equivalent and at least 5% more carbonate than an underlying layer.

List of calcareous rivers

 * Ganga

Man made deposits
Calcareous deposits can form in water pipes. An example of this is Sunday stone.

In electrochemistry
Calcareous coatings, or calcareous deposits, are mixtures of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide that are deposited on cathodically protected surfaces because of the increased pH adjacent to the surface.

title: Calcareous


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Tynedale District Council elections

Tynedale District Council elections were generally held every four years between the council's creation in 1974 and its abolition in 2009. Tynedale was a non-metropolitan district in Northumberland, England. The council was abolished and its functions transferred to Northumberland County Council with effect from 1 April 2009.

Political control
The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority before coming into its powers on 1 April 1974. From 1973 until its abolition in 2009 political control of the council was held by the following parties:

Council elections

 * 1973 Tynedale District Council election
 * 1976 Tynedale District Council election (New ward boundaries)
 * 1979 Tynedale District Council election
 * 1983 Tynedale District Council election
 * 1987 Tynedale District Council election (District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
 * 1991 Tynedale District Council election (District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
 * 1995 Tynedale District Council election (District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
 * 1999 Tynedale District Council election (New ward boundaries)
 * 2003 Tynedale District Council election
 * 2007 Tynedale District Council election

title: Tynedale District Council elections


text:
Talk:African Plate

Untitled
is it correct that the northen boundary runs through the Mediterranean as suggested by the image? I was under the impression that the Alps constitute the boundary of African and Eurasian plates. 07:43, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A late answer - yes, the map is correct. Italy used to be a separate "platelet" that was more or less pushed ahead of Africa to collide with Eurasia, and became attached to it. Italy (and the Alps) would now be considered to be part of the Eurasia Plate. Geologyguy 21:13, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

This article should be moved to African Plate. Plate is formal and is capitalized. --129.173.105.28 18:26, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Earthquake but no fault
I found this very strange. It was an earthquake magnitude 7.5 in Mosambique. The weird thing is I cannot see any fault line in that particular area.

The USGS says the quake happened om a fault, the socalled East African Rift System And it is the boundary of the African plate in the west, and the Somalia plate in the east. It is a spreading zone, a rift/ridge.

When I look at the maps of the area on the USGS website http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2006/eq_060222_jlca/neic_jlca_l.html There are no fault lines, not any ridges either, as would be logical. Is it because it might be a subplate earthquake? I would be thankfull for answersJordskjelv 18:20, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * If you look at the map of the East African Rift system (lower of two images in this African Plate article) you will see dashed lines - they represent broad locations of the major faults, but they are fault ZONES, so there are indeed plenty of faults in Mozambique, although it is not a very seismically active area. Geologyguy 21:13, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

How deep was the earthquake? 7.5 suggests it may well have been relatively deep in the crust and may be on a fault that does not intersect the surface, but nevertheless is part of the E Af system. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.27.213.161 (talk) 23:29, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

North American boundary
I was always told that the African Plate extended all the way under the Atlantic, and bordered the North American plate somewhere under the eastern seaboard. This was a cause of concern, as we lived about an hour from Seabrook Nuclear Power plant, which was supposedly built along the African/North American fault line, which was over 100 years overdue for a major quake. (Apparently many nuclear plants are built along fault lines, as they are often a source of running water needed for cooling.) However, according to this map, the fault line is nowhere near North America, and instead seems to be way out in the middle of the Atlantic. I don't see any fault lines under the east coast of North America to speak of. Were the people who told me this just plain wrong? Or is it more complicated? --Lurlock 20:15, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The African Plate only extends as far as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. But before there was an Atlantic Ocean, what is now Africa was indeed very close to the eastern seabord of what is now North America.  The separation of the two began during the Triassic, more than 200 million years ago - that is when the faults were most active.  There are thousands of faults in the Appalachians, but most of them are inactive or rarely active. The only significant seismic activity on the eastern seaboard is around Charleston, SC, and upstate New York. That does not mean there may not be quakes in other areas, just that they are unlikely and any that do occur will probably be small. Geologyguy 21:13, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Azores
Not all of the Azores could be included in the African Plate (Corvo & Flores are part of the North American Plate) but could we say that the islands of São Miguel & Santa Maria are part of the African Plate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.197.178.2 (talk) 17:00, 21 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd say that the Azores are fundamentally on the indistinct border between the African plate and the southwesternmost part of the Eurasian plate. Cheers Geologyguy (talk) 17:04, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Milnerton Fault line
Why is the Milnerton fault line not mentioned anywhere in the African plate discussions? Or in maps, the other fault lines are "mapped out", but no reference ver made to the Milnerton fault line in the Western Cape, South Africa. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.208.40.67 (talk) 16:55, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Nubian Plate Redirect
Links to the Nubian plate redirect here, but links to the Somali Plate have their own article. Perhaps this should be reorganized? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.54.115.185 (talk) 21:41, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I've removed the circular links - a short Nubian Plate article is probably the answer. Mikenorton (talk) 22:15, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

Infobox problem - Movement (direction) and Speed
The tectonic plate infobox used in this article contains coding for its Movement (direction) and Speed fields that currently always displays a footnote stating that these values are relative to the African Plate. This is nonsensical for the African Plate itself. Does anyone know if it is possible to suppress the "Relative to the African Plate" footnote of this infobox template when used by this African Plate article? If yes, then how? GeoWriter (talk) 09:32, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Most infobox parameters don't show up if they're empty, so I removed "None" from the  and   parameters, and voilà! It worked. — Gorthian (talk) 19:50, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

 * That's a tip worth remembering, and thanks for making the change. GeoWriter (talk) 11:28, 20 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:African Plate


text: User talk:69.192.125.134

title: User talk:69.192.125.134


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Marcellus Hartley Dodge Jr.

Marcellus Hartley Dodge Jr. (July 29, 1908 – August 29, 1930) was the heir to the Remington-Rockefeller fortune. He lived at Giralda Farms in Madison, New Jersey. He died in a car accident in France.

Life
Dodge was born in Madison, New Jersey to Ethel Geraldine Rockefeller and Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr. He was a grandson of William A. Rockefeller Jr., co-founder of Standard Oil; great-grandson of Remington Arms Company founder Marcellus Hartley; and grandnephew of Standard Oil's other co-founder, John D. Rockefeller. Dodge was often referred to as "Hartley."

Dodge was instantly killed in an automobile accident on August 29, 1930, when his car struck a tree on the Bayonne-Bordeaux road in Mogesca, France. The accident occurred shortly after his graduation from Princeton University in June 1930, where he played football. Two passing motorists, Henri Dupin, and Paul Theau, pulled Dodge's body, and the still living Ralph Applegate, from the burning car. Dodge's carotid artery had been severed, and the car's engine was pushed against the back seat. Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr. went to the site of the accident, looked at the car, and talked to Dupin and Theau. Dodge's mother, Geraldine, had sent him there as a diversion from his hobby of aviation, which she felt was too dangerous. Dodge was buried at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.

Legacy
To honor Dodge's memory, his parents funded the Dodge Gateway on Princeton's campus in 1933, and contributed to the construction of the Marcellus Hartley Dodge Physical Fitness Center at Columbia University. Dodge's mother also gave Madison, New Jersey the Hartley Dodge Memorial Building that was dedicated on Memorial Day, Thursday, May 30, 1935 to house its police department. The building later housed Madison's Borough Hall. His mother also donated a memorial to him at the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, which was founded with extensive efforts by his father.

title: Marcellus Hartley Dodge Jr.


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Talk:Eastnor Castle

Untitled
The information on Eastnor Castle was started October 2005 and we plan to improve the content and references over the next 3 months.

The information was provided by the current owners of the castle and further data can be accessed on the castle websites Collieman

How about a link to Google Maps?

Edward Charles Cocks
Or Philip James Cocks, ?KJP1 (talk) 16:38, 26 October 2023 (UTC)
 *
 *

Definitely Edward. KJP1 (talk) 16:56, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

Somers Monument or Eastnor Obelisk?
Separate article?
 * Somers Family Obelisk
 * Eastnor Obelisk - errors
 * Repairs - error
 * Somers Cocks Monument - more repairs
 * OBELISK AT NATIONAL GRID REFERENCE SO 7523

KJP1 (talk) 05:41, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eastnor Castle


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Naomi Robson

Naomi Robson (born 4 December 1961) is an American-born Australian television presenter who is best known as the former presenter of the east coast edition of Today Tonight, an Australian current affairs program which was broadcast on weeknights on the Seven Network, from 1997 to 2006.

Early life
Robson was born in Los Angeles, California, in the United States, but as a child she travelled around the world due to her father's work, spending most of her time between Australia and Britain. She eventually settled in Australia and began a Bachelor of Arts degree at La Trobe University in Melbourne, planning on majoring in archaeology and modern art. After two years Robson dropped out of university to pursue her passion for photojournalism.

Over the next few years, Robson worked in numerous positions, including being an assistant to photojournalists and a copywriter for an advertising agency. She then took a working trip to London, during which she worked as a journalist and as an editorial assistant for a magazine publishing house. After three years in London she returned to Australia and, in 1989, became an assistant editor and feature writer for Personal Success magazine.

Television
In 1990 Robson joined Seven News, initially as a general news reporter but three weeks later she was promoted to presenting news on Tonight Live fronted by comedian Steve Vizard. She also presented Seven's Late News as well as Seven's weekend news bulletins and also reported for the current affairs program Real Life. She was also the summer presenter for the program until its cancellation in late 1994. She then hosted a short fill-in program called Summer Diary.

Robson went to the United States in 1995 but shortly returned to Australia to present Our Victoria, a travel show for the Victorian market. She also co-hosted Seven's News at Five with Peter Ford in Sydney. In 1997 she became the presenter of the Melbourne version of Today Tonight. The program was later extended to Sydney and Brisbane, with Robson as presenter. Figures from the ratings research firm OzTAM indicate that she had a nightly audience of more than one million people across the three capital cities.

Suggestions surfaced on 22 November 2006 that she would leave Today Tonight at the end of the year. She confirmed this on 27 November, saying she would pursue her career in other areas of television. She presented her last show on 1 December 2006. Her replacement, Anna Coren, was named six weeks later.

In January 2007, it was reported that Robson had persuaded Seven Network executives to extend her contract with the network so that she could compete in the sixth series of Dancing with the Stars. On 13 March 2007, she was part of the third couple voted off the program. Later in the year, Seven executives were reported in the press saying that Robson would be given her own "Oprah Winfrey" style program where she would have an "opportunity to show off the caring side of her personality". She returned to narrate Seven's factual series Surf Patrol in mid-2008.

In September 2009, Robson appeared as a presenter with Larry Emdur on Seven's The Morning Show, standing in for Kylie Gillies, who was taking a week off.

In December 2014, Naomi was a guest on Network Ten's Studio 10, this was the first time she had been seen on another Network other than Seven.

Controversy
Robson has been the subject of a number of unfavourable media reports and controversies.

A number of critical descriptions of Robson have been dismissed by her or her representatives as distortions or fabrications by rival journalists. In particular, when The Daily Telegraph alleged that other reporters called her a "princess" overly concerned with her appearance, Robson herself denied the allegations. When The Australian cited a source describing her as a "cold, waspish, punishment-oriented, dominatrix", Today Tonight producer Neil Mooney described the story as "attempted character assassination ... based on fiction". However, an off-air outburst that was recorded and later broadcast by the Triple J radio station, did provoke a public apology by Robson.

In September 2006, while reporting on the death of Steve Irwin, she appeared on air wearing khaki and with a lizard on her shoulder. Several months later Robson described the incident as a mistake, but that it was not her idea to wear the shirt or the reptile and she was not comfortable with it at the time.

In September 2006, Robson and her crew were detained in Indonesia after arriving in the country with tourist visas to film a story on a boy they believed was in danger of being killed by cannibals. They were later deported.

In early 2010, Robson's manager, Max Markson, made several attempts to remove comments about these controversies from Wikipedia, describing the article on Robson as "libellous". Wikipedia editors responded with concerns that Markson's edits were biased and in contravention of Wikipedia guidelines. The incident attracted media coverage, drawing further attention to the controversies (the so-called Streisand effect).

In August 2010, Robson appeared in a promotion for pay-TV screenings of The Chaser's War on Everything, her former critics, in the form of a mock interview.

Filmography

 * Trojan Warrior (2002)
 * Thunderstruck (2004)

title: Naomi Robson


text:
Federated States of Micronesia national football team

Federated States of Micronesia men's national football team represents the Federated States of Micronesia in international football, and is controlled by the Federated States of Micronesia Football Association. The team is not a member of FIFA, or a regional confederation, and therefore cannot compete in the World Cup.

Overview
The team has only played a handful of matches, the last in 2003. In 2015, the under-23 team suffered a series of heavy defeats at the Pacific Games, the presence of a side at the tournament was intended to be the first step towards having a more permanent national team with FIFA recognition.

1999 Micronesian Cup
In 1999, Yap hosted the Micronesian Cup. This was a three-team tournament consisting of the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia and an international team known as the Crusaders (or Crushers according to other sources). On 12 July 1999, Micronesia competed in their first competitive match as they defeated the Northern Mariana Islands, 7–0. The team won their second group match 4–1 against the Crusaders to qualify for the final. Again, they faced Crusaders and Peter Paul Igesumal scored seven times as Micronesia won 14–1 to win the tournament.

Results history
The Federated States of Micronesia's score is shown first in each case.

 * Notes

South Pacific Games record

 * 1963 to 1995 – Did not enter
 * 2003 – Group stage
 * 2007 to 2019 – Did not enter

Micronesian Cup

 * 1999 – Champions

Coaching history

 * 🇮🇱 Shimon Shenhar (2003)
 * 🇦🇺 Stan Foster (2014–2015)

Historical kits
Sources:


text:
José Guadalupe Posada Museum

The José Guadalupe Posada Museum is located in the Mexican city of Aguascalientes, capital of the State of Aguascalientes, and birthplace of the graphic artist José Guadalupe Posada. The museum displays the original signed printed plates with which he created his graphic images.

The museum
The museum opened in 1972 and is run jointly by the state and federal governments. It is housed in what was the priest's cloisters and residence, in front of the gardens and a colonial fountain, and immediately next to the beautiful 18th century baroque Church of "El Señor del Encino" (Our Lord of the Oak, for a Black Crist made of live oak, worshiped in the church), in the Triana historic colonial neighbourhood. The museum is not large and there is no bookstore or gift shop.

It is possible to see the artist's hand at work on the plates, which brings a sense of immediacy to the viewer, and reaches across the centuries, putting the viewer in touch with the artist. One is struck by the small size of some of the plates, especially if one is familiar with his images, which are often re-printed monumentally. The museum itself features a few life-size cut-outs of some of his famous personages. It is a mark of the true excellence of his work that these small images, originally intended for newspaper or broadside publication, do not suffer by being blown up in size.

The collection features original plates for printing the broadsides, from its permanent collection, as well as changing exhibits of Posada's work. Also included in the collection are a number of extant broadsides which Posada created, his covers for a series of storybooks and song collections as well as engravings by a Posada predecessor, Manuel Manilla. There are two other galleries devoted to changing exhibits as well as a display of antique engraving equipment.

title: José Guadalupe Posada Museum


text:
Talk:Banknote

History
Not a single word on french revolution "assignats"!?

Also not a single word on "mercantilism" and how it's relation to gold inflation due to the mercantilist economic policies at the time which led to the creation of paper money, in relation to gold inflation.

What central banks do
This is the brilliantest page on wikipedia This statement needs correction:

"Thus, by conducting this type of open market operation — selling bonds when there is excess currency and buying bonds when there is too little — the bank can maintain the value of the dollar at one ounce of silver without ever redeeming any paper dollars for silver. In fact, this is essentially what all modern central banks do, and the fact that their currencies might be physically inconvertible is made irrelevant by the maintenance of financial convertibility."

In fact, all modern currencies have lost the majority of their value relative to precious metals over the last 35 years precisely because the ending of the last link to such a metal (gold, in this case), allowed central banks to create paper money that never has to be redeemed in a precious metal. So it is clearly not true that "maintain[ing] the value of [their currency]" in terms of a precious metal is "essentially what all modern central banks do".

Stheller 16:04, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Request to provide proper credit for my images (or to remove the images from Wikipedia)
I do not appreciate that someone has removed a link to my free banknote gallery at http:// www.banknotes.com/images.htm. My website has been linking a lot to Wikipedia.org. Example: http:// www.banknotes.com/fr.htm => scroll down to "History of France" link. All of my gallery country pages are linking to Wikipedia's history articles and some other articles. I'm linking to all the history articles giving exposure to Wikipedia and you are not being fair. I've noticed many banknotes from Banknotes.com were (maybe still are) being used without any credit or link given. Here is an example of the many:

This is the banknote I scanned and posted in my free public gallery: http:/ /www.banknotes.com/DK57.JPG

This is the same image that's been stolen (no credit given, not even asked a permission) from my site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:200kroner.jpg

The source is here, many imagesthere are stolen from Banknotes.com: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_banknotes

I can display many more pages on Wikipedia where my banknotes are posted improperly. I wouldn't mind providing banknote images to Wikipedia, but not to pirates.

Therefore I request removal of ALL banknote images from Wikipedia that were taken from Banknotes.com or provide proper credit for each image or a group of images on each Wikipedia page.

I expect a response. You can email admin (at)banknotes (dot) com.

Regards, Audrius

(69.130.6.215 23:59, 29 November 2006 (UTC))

 * Please see WP:EL, in particular WP:EL. Since you are the owner/author of the webpage, you can not place the link anywhere on Wikipedia. If you want it added, then follow the guidelines there, which say: "If it is a relevant and informative link that should otherwise be included, please consider mentioning it on the talk page and let neutral and independent Wikipedia editors decide whether to add it. This is in line with the conflict of interests guidelines." -- moe.  RON   Let's talk  23:57, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Look, I'm not fighting to put my gallery's link back on Wikipedia, I'm requesting proper credits for ALL my banknote images, otherwise please remove all of the images if the proper credits will not be provided to www.banknotes.com

Any advice on this? Or should I go and start removing all my images myself? Or I will go and post proper credit links myself.

"Since you are the owner/author of the webpage, you can not place the link anywhere on Wikipedia." - this is more than funny. How can we be sure you were not hired or are a friend of the link owner? This is NOT a fair game. I had a good opinion of wikipedia but now I have not so good opinion of wkipedia.

I am not requesting my link to be put back, but my images without proper credit will NOT be posted on wikipedia.

Stolen images will be removed. Please do not post images without providing a proper credit for the website. If you did not scan the image(s) then ask permission from the site's owner first! I own the scans (scanning the images is labour intensive and cost me money!), not the copyright. It's like owning on trillionth layer of a banknote, but not the design and not the copyright. In fact many of the banknotes that I own the scans of I own the physical banknotes as well. I am entitled to my hours spent scanning these images. I own the scanned images and no one can steal them without my permission. Even if it is a public gallery. I will gladly donate money, scans etc. but only if permission is asked first. I reserve the right not to donate everything I own! I do not want my images to be posted here without my control or linking back (credit link) because then people will steal from wikipedia and post elsewhere and use the images commercially under different file names etc. and it will go on without control.

69.130.6.215 00:01, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * If you are having a problem with an image being a copyright violation, check out Copyright problems. For how to post images, see Copyright problems. Also, if you want help, place on your talk page. --  moe.  RON   Let's talk  03:18, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I will try to put references in the coming days. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 23:09, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

I protest THEFT of my scans. Here's proof:

The following image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:200kroner.jpg is stolen from: http: // www. bank notes. com / DK57.JPG but Wikipedia lists the source as the following:

Source : A scanning by PZFUN 2004-11-16 T16:17:38.

A "scanning" by PZFUN? This user is impudent enough to steal an image without my permission, that I scanned myself, and take the scanning credit to him/herself. Again, I wouldn't mind donating images to Wikipedia if it was done fairtly, without LIES and THEFT. Audriust (talk) 18:27, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I have checked the information you have given, and checked your site on the Internet Archive - your scan appears to have been on your site for at least 2 years earlier than the claimed date of the scan by PZFUN (earliest version I've seen is at http://web.archive.org/web/20021108120000/www.banknotes.com/DK57.JPG (8 Nov 2002) but I didn't look any earlier). I am therefore deleting the image from WP. -- Arwel (talk) 22:34, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

The banknote with the lowest (absolute) value and the coin with the highest (absolute) value
I think it would be interesting to mention in the article which banknote has currently the lowest and which has the highest value out of the currencies of the Earth (considering their absolute, mid-market values, compared to each other). Besides, I'd be happy to know which coin has the highest value out of the currencies (excluding commemorative coins). Adam78 20:45, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The highest non-commemorative banknote is 10,000 Singapore/Brunei dollars . However, the 10,000 Brunei dollar series came from earlier series. The next is 500 Latvian latu . And then 1000 Swiss franc . 500 euro.

 * The highest coin is 500 Japanese yen, then 2 pounds sterling (a very close second). But my expertise is more on banknotes than coins. I don't know how this list will go.

 * Lowest can be tricky. Often time, the lowest coins are in the process of being phased out, officially or unofficially. Do you know for sure that the 1 Somaliland shilling is really used in practice? --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 22:17, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Thank you so much for the answers! :-) You are amazing...

And another question: I wonder if you know which currency unit has presently the highest (absolute) value?

I think these facts could be inserted into the article somehow; maybe under a "Notes" section. Adam78 22:42, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Highest valued currency unit
 * Least valued currency unit
 * However, these two articles focus on the unit itself. The column highest banknote is just peripheral. Therefore, the trivia about 10,000 SGD is not mentioned anywhere. If it is the ranking of the physical form of currency, whether banknotes or coins, that you're interested in, I believe a separate article would be appropriate. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 23:26, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks again! I hope an article will be created about the above (highest- and lowest-value banknotes and highest-value coins). Adam78 18:58, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

I've seen otherwise
I've actually read sites that say that absolutely no paper and no wood is used in making money. Prove that paper is used in the PROCESS of making money. JustN5:12 19:16, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Most banknotes are made of cotton and other stuff. That's paper. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 01:01, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Userbox
Here is a userbox you might use.Bewareofdog 20:00, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Terminology
Paper money redirects here, although not all paper money are banknote (see: Hungarian korona) and not all banknotes are made of paper (see: Romanian leu). While banknotes are notes issued by a central bank, there are several other types of paper money which have similar appearance to banknotes: state notes, treasury notes, currency notes etc. which are issued by a government (usually through the treasury). The circulation of the latter type is enforced by law, while that of the former by promise.

I am not sure what the correct terminology in English is, i.e. what is the hypernym of banknote and treasury note. It should be something like paper money without referring to the material of the note. In German the correct word is Geldshein, literally meaning money note or currency note.

I am aware of the common use of bill and banknote in everyday converstaion, but the accurate meaning and use of the words should be clarified in the article - and it should be decided, if it is about banknotes only or all kinds of notes (paper and polymer money). Timur lenk 20:59, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * There is no standard terminology in English. This is reflected in the fact that the international collectors' organization is "The International Bank Note Society" while the standard catalog for note valuation is called the "Standard Catalog of World Paper Money".

 * Most collectors most of the time now speak of "paper money" and this is understood to include polymer notes (and notes on silk, etc.). The lack of standardized terminology is pervasive. Common terms such as "issue" and "withdraw" are used with several meanings and are usually ambiguous. Note collectors sadly lack the clear terminology found (in English) in philately.

 * I personally prefer "paper money". Why? The Wikipedia entry entitled "Paper money of the Austro-Hungarian gulden" is a good example. It includes both bank notes and currency (state) notes, and it is probably the rule rather than the exception for a note-issuing entity to emit both bank and currency notes, so "paper money" rather than "banknotes" would be more accurate as a standardized entry title for such Wikipedia articles.Sivasova (talk) 12:43, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Just a small note, not all Paper money is made of paper, some are made of plastic (or have some plastic parts in them). The first I saw was in Singapore in the 70-ties.Seniorsag (talk) 13:28, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

Lifespan of banknotes
I've added a new section about the destruction of banknotes. I think it would be useful to add info about the lifespan of banknotes, how they are removed from circulation etc. Mind  matrix  18:15, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Paper money is shredded to stop anyone still using it. T.Neo (talk) 06:10, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, yes, which is one of the facts I originally added when I introduced the Destruction section. I was specifically looking for information regarding how long they are left in circulation (and if this varies by country), which methods are used to collect such bills (usually through banks), and the like. Information regarding how they are shredded would also be useful; for example, how is the waste paper disposed, given that governments don't want it to be retrieved for counterfeiting purposes. Mind  matrix  14:06, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Hmmmm... That is some interesting stuff that unfortunantly I dont have the answer to. Good luck though. T.Neo (talk) 14:33, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Gibraltar
Some editors and I are having trouble getting our heads around the exact nature of the Gibraltar Pound vs the British Pound - can anyone help at Talk:Gibraltar? The Red Hat of Pat Ferrick t 02:59, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Advantages and drawbacks of coins vs banknotes
The following except from the main text

Opportunity cost of capital. Coins have economic value and are a form of non-financial capital, however they do not pay interest. Banknotes have economic value but are a form of financial capital, a loan to the issuing bank. The issuing bank invests its assets primarily in interest bearing loans and securities, but also needs to hold metallic reserves. Thus banknotes indirectly earn interest through the investments made by the issuing bank, but coins do not pay interest to anyone. This foregone interest is the most important economic advantage of banknotes over coins.

shows a profound misunderstanding of money.

In fact coins and banknotes are exactly equivalent signs of I.O.U. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.160.111.52 (talk) 03:47, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Yuan
Feel free to insert this image into the article  Per Honor et Gloria  ✍  06:56, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

england
werent the banks in england the first to issue paper money? youve got ancient versions from china, and even america for some reason? but banknotes as we would know them, didnt they develop in the england? i saw somthing like that a long time ago anyway, i think it deserves a mention anyway. maybe put in the history when and where it was first commonly used? it just seems like a big chunk of history is missing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.240.172.86 (talk) 02:58, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

Fair use candidate from Commons: File:AustraliaPNew-5Dollars-(20)05-donatedowl f-1-.jpg
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No serno barcode can be present on banknotes because NY-TV says so?
Most paper money carry individualized, alphanumeric serial numbers, yet they do not carry them in alternative barcode form, even though that would greatly ease the automated tracking of money laundering and the recognition of sudden appearance of counterfeits. (Barcode can be machine-read exactly and quickly, while OCR is slow and imprecise.)

Most merchandize today is sold by pinging their price off their wrapping with a barcode scanner and there is no reason not to also read barcodes off banknotes that patrons hand over in exchange for the goods. That data could be collected by national banks eventually, to spot cash-based crime patterns and rescue billions from the crooks, for the utmost public good. There must be some conspiracy that bans s/n value barcodes off banknotes, but this WP article does not dicuss this problem due to Trilateral and Bilderberg elder censorship! 87.97.110.241 (talk) 20:17, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

Merge from money circulation
I suggest merging money circulation into this article. The article money circulation has been much like an essay for practically its whole lifetime, and it would perhaps not be worth it to turn it into an encyclopedic article. The whole point of the article seems to be about the physical condition and handling of banknotes, which is why it is specific to banknotes and should be mentioned in this article. J I P | Talk 06:53, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

Yes I believe your correct Choo31 (talk) 13:58, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

Early history (banknotes in Ptolemaic Egypt, banknotes vs coins, etc)
I think that the evidence of early forms of banknotes and credit notes from Ptolemaic Egypt deserves at least a mention in the history section, especially as it seems to predate the earliest mentioned evidence from China of that sort.

What's more, I find the sentiment represented in the below quote somewhat problematic:

"Prior to the introduction of banknotes, precious or semi-precious metals minted into to coins to certify their substance were widely used as a medium of exchange."

We know from Ptolemaic Egypt (which is simply the best preserved evidence but also one of the most monetized regions in the ancient Mediterranean), that coins and metals were only used to a limited extent with banks acting as mediators to overcome impracticalities such as large-scale or long-distance trade. There's an inherent suggestion in the history section and the above quote that banknotes or promissory notes were a late development (and a great conceptual leap) of monetary societies, while I think there's a lot of commonsensical reasons to infer from the existing body of evidence that "lightweight substitutes" (to paraphrase one of the terms used in the article) for money are almost as old as trade itself. For obvious reasons though, unlike metals and clay seals, these things rarely survive unless carbonized by fire or buried deep in the Sahara desert.

Abvgd (talk) 21:05, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/Pages/about/history.aspx. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Dana boomer (talk) 00:05, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

Counterfeiting and security measures on paper banknotes
The section entitled, "Banknote", seems to be out of place. Also the content of that section talks mostly about hyperinflation and only the last two sentences have anything relevant to the section header. Rincewind42 (talk) 14:06, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

Security technology standalone
Is it possible to start a new article for that DICE security technology? I am working on a study that focuses on banknotes in the future. Or shall I expand the current section here? Noyellen (talk) 19:43, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Just read an article about it on the Keesing Journal and can work on a summary through a few soures. Amy research (talk) 14:46, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Material description
A section discussing what is typically printed on banknotes is missing. Yecril (talk) 13:00, 18 November 2015 (UTC)

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Canadian usage
... often known as a bill (in the US and Canada) ...

Actually, not really, at least not in Canada. You only hear "bill" as part of the set phrase "dollar bill" and it's common denominations: five-dollar bill, ten-dollar bill, etc.

We hardly ever use "bill" as a slang for a particular denomination, such as "that job pays five bills" (i.e. $500/week).

And when we discuss price, it's almost always in terms of bucks: "this tiny single-origin chocolate bar set me back fifteen bucks".

Outside of "dollar bill", 99 times out of 100, a "bill" (other than a playbill) is a enumerated statement of payment owing.

I speak for Victoria, Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Montreal, Halifax, the CBC and the Globe and Mail. I do not speak for Yellowknife, Winnipeg, St Johns, or Le Devoir. — MaxEnt 00:13, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:53, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * COP50000 frente rotated.jpg

Difference between a promissory note and a bank note
How do u differentiate between the two..Because Wilkipedia is not like Google but that's okay ..someone with the answer just say "Difference between a promissory note and a bank note..please maybe that can help and we shall grow as wilkpeople... 41.114.13.53 (talk) 13:24, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

Banknote conflated with paper money
A banknote originally was a note issued by a bank to a borrower when a loan was taken out. The bank issued a note because it had to keep gold on deposit for redemption. Issuing notes allowed the bank to leverage it's deposits. This article is full of examples of paper money that may or may not have been banknotes, for example, ancient Chinese paper money. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.210.75.72 (talk) 15:24, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Banknote


text:
Bald Hill (Australia)

Bald Hill is a hill on the Illawarra Range, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. With an elevation of approximately 180 m AMSL, Bald Hill is one of the best known and most popular lookouts in the Illawarra region providing panoramic vistas across the Illawarra escarpment and over the Illawarra plain and the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean.

The nature reserve on the hill is internationally renowned as a major hang gliding and paragliding site. It was on the beach below Bald Hill that Lawrence Hargrave, an Australian pioneer of flight, experimented with box kites in the early part of the 20th century. A memorial cairn dedicated to Hargrave is located at the peak of the hill near the car park.

Geography
The hill is actually a tall headland, forming the northern end of the Illawarra escarpment. Stony Batter, just north of Bald Hill, forms a sandstone outcrop peak to the coastal ridge and has equally good views, reached by a track from Bald Hill Lookout that enters the Royal National Park to a small way in. The coastal ridge continues north, forming the Otford and Bulgo hill formations; the escarpment itself turns into the white cliffs of the Royal National Park.

From Bald Hill Lookout there is a 360-degree view. Northwest is Stanwell Tops and Undola Ridge, which Bald Hill is the eastern tip of, and the Royal National Park. The hills of the Royal National Park make way in the northeast for Stony Batter, accessed via a short track. To the far north from Stony Batter and Bald Hill views of the Royal National Park's white cliffs are seen, and a sharp drop to the Tasman Sea lies to the east. To the south is Stanwell Park and Mount Mitchell, about 290 m above sea level, and the Illawarra escarpment south to Saddleback Mountain and beyond to Jervis Bay.

Aboriginal history
The traditional custodians of the land surrounding Bald Hill are the Australian Aboriginal Tharawal people.

European history
Bald Hill was granted to Matthew Gibbons in 1832 by Governor Bourke. Campbell Mitchell bought Bald Hill and Stanwell Park from Gibbons and in 1871; with Mitchell leasing the northern end of his land to Justice Hargrave, the father of Lawrence Hargrave. Justice Hargrave subsequently became entitled to 640 acre extending from Bald Hill down to Stanwell Creek. In 1872, Mitchell went bankrupt and was forced to sell his 1325 acre of land to Justice Hargrave for £2,650. Justice Hargrave had ownership of Otford, Stanwell Park and the Coal Cliffs as far as. When Justice Hargrave died in 1885, his land was distributed between his children. Lawrence Hargrave lived at the house known as 'Hillcrest' between 1893 and 1899, after inheriting the property from his brother. Lawrence Hargrave created many of his monoplanes and cellular kites while at 'Hillcrest'. The 13.5 acre estate remained in the Hargrave family until 1940, when it was purchased by Colin Campbell and his wife. In 1949, Mrs Campbell donated the house and property to the State Trustees of the Temple Society of Australia who were to use the home for the aged and the sick. Hargrave's most successful and recognised achievement occurred on 12 November 1894 in which Hargrave was lifted 16 ft into the air on Stanwell Park Beach by a series of four box kites that he had created. Hargrave's significant work on box kites had important consequences on wing design and the soon after creation of the airplane. Hargrave conducted his heavier-than-air flights on Stanwell Park Reserve Beach.

On 3 August 1940, the Lawrence Hargrave memorial was erected on Bald Hill. The monument was placed on Bald Hill to signify Hargrave's work in aeronautics and overlooks the scene of his experiments. The height of this location suggests altitude, as in flight; and the location was also considered appropriate due to the popularity of the site as a tourist destination. The sandstone memorial exhibits a bronze plaque, mounted beneath a bronze high relief portrait of Hargrave holding a box kite in a landscape background. The inscriptions on the memorial currently reads as follows: "'Lawrence Hargrave 1850-1915; Who's Pioneering Research in Aeronautics with engines, monoplanes and box kites, much of which was carried out at Stanwell Park, played a vital part in the development of the aeroplane. Erected by the Bulli Shire Council with the assistance of the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of New South Wales and unveiled by his Excellency the Governor of New South Wales the RT. Hon. Lord Wakehurst K.C.M.G. on August 3rd 1940.'"

Tourist attraction
Bald Hill is a major tourist destination commonly visited for sight seeing, hang gliding and paragliding. In September 2000 a hang glider pilot and paraglider pilot died after colliding over Bald Hill, which resulted in a coronial enquiry and the adoption of a management plan over Bald Hill in May 2003. Significant improvements to the management of hang gliding and paragliding activities have been undertaken since. Bald Hill is also one of the most popular motorcycle stops for motorcycle enthusiasts in New South Wales. Bald Hill (Lawrence Hargrave Memorial Park) is listed in the Wollongong Local Environment Plan as a heritage item of state significance. It is also listed in the Illawarra Regional Environmental Plan as a heritage item.

The name is becoming rather a misnomer, for growth of weeds and grasses has become quite prevalent on its mid slopes from its base. There are toilet and carpark facilities and several sculptures, notably one depicting a hang glider gliding above the escarpment. Motorbike tour groups use the reserve as a stop on their tours and nearby Otford has a similar lookout. Access to the lookout is by way of Lawrence Hargrave Drive from either Stanwell Tops, Otford or Stanwell Park. There is currently no major track to the lookout, although there is a small walking track from Chellow Dene Avenue in Stanwell Park to the top of the hill. In 2013, the Wollongong City Council announced plans to proceed with an A$5.3 million plan to redevelop Bald Hill.

In November each year, the Stanwell Park Festival of Flight is celebrated to commemorate the anniversary of Hargrave's achievements.

title: Bald Hill (Australia)


text:
Hugh of Jabala

Hugh was the bishop of Jabala, or, as it was then called, Gibellum, a town in Syria, during the 12th century. When the County of Edessa fell to Zengi in 1144, Raymond of Antioch sent Hugh to report the news to Pope Eugene III. In response, Eugene issued the papal bull Quantum praedecessores the following year calling for the Second Crusade. Hugh also told the historian Otto of Freising about Prester John, the mythical Nestorian Christian priest-king of India, who was intending to help the Crusader States against the Saracens. Otto included the story in his Chronicon of 1145; it is the first recorded mention of the Prester John legend.

title: Hugh of Jabala


text:
Talk:Kung-Fu Master (video game)

English
>clumsy phrase "Thomas and Sylvia were attacked by several unknown guys...."

Isn't this deliberate? Isn't it the type of language used by people in Hong Kong martial arts movies? And yes, I beat the game! DavidFarmbrough 07:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Could be, besides the "Engrish" is by now regarded as an "added value" (almost a must-have) for all asian arcade and console games :-P EpiVictor 10:17, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

It says "unknown guys" during the attract mode. There is NO mention of any "Mr. X" on the original arcade version so I removed it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.25.49.208 (talk) 13:43, 9 February 2014 (UTC)

Kung Fu Master or Kung-Fu Master
The correct title is Kung-Fu Master. Should it be changed or not? What about the links? If someone type Kung-Fu Master in the search, he find this article. But for how long? And should an encyclopedia not be correct with spelling? Or is it too difficult to change the links (also on future articles)? In german WP there is also a problem. See discussion there. Because there is a movie, which is also called Kung-Fu Master. But there is

Kung-Fu Master

Kung-Fu Master (Computergame)

Kung-Fu master (redirect to the german movie)

and the german title of the movie. 80.226.254.192 17:25, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Picture dimensions 256x256 is wrong
The picture size (256x256) is wrong, although MAME saves it like this. You have to consider the aspect-ratio (4:3). See letter-picture in fr.WP --80.226.239.1 21:05, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Sega SG-1000 port wrong?
The last user says, there is a Sega SG-1000 port of Kung-Fu Master. I searched the web and can't find it. Just Kung-Fu Kid which is totally different. Can you proof it? --80.226.159.161 10:45, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Kung-Fu Master 3D WIP
There is a W.I.P. of Kung-Fu Master 3D with pictures at: http://www.conitecserver.com/ubbthreads/showflat.php?Cat=&Number=499211&page=0&view=collapsed&sb=5&o=&fpart=1 --80.226.206.153 23:00, 28 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Site is often moving. Better on

Wrong in Artikel is 512-Color CGA. CGA has 4 colors and other resolution. --80.226.245.52 09:54, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup message (what specific?)
What do you mean with cleanup?
 * The wrong Title/Lemma without '-' (I can't /don't want to change (also related Articles))
 * The wrong (?) Sega Port? (Ask the user about sources)
 * The wrong picture dimensions? (can someone stretch it 4/3? I can't)
 * CGA Raster (you can simply remove CGA)
 * Else? --80.226.174.49 22:34, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * CGA removed. I'm not sure about the Sega Port. It might be, that I saw the game, 20 years before. The rest I can't/don't want to change. BTW: The cleanup message is not listed in Wikipedia:Cleanup, so it can not be found. Please explain why to cleanup or help fixing it. --80.226.149.79 20:04, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the article goes way up into detail about the game, cheats and rumors are not encyclopedic, anyway I've removed the cleanup tag --Melaen 21:10, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * also a part of rumors and secrecy is written in the first person, that should be corrected --Melaen 21:13, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for details. I corrected the 1st-person language. But what is so bad about details? The chapter rumours was not my idea. But I think, it's important. Someone may be interested in. Generally I think, the more informations about a classic game, the better. Or should all articles be short? Perhaps it could be shortend a bit, especially the chapter useful RAM locations. I assume, there are also cheats in other articles. And Wikipedia isn' t just an oridinary encyclopedia. --80.226.134.7 22:21, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Corrections and term "I think that"
OK. I see, that the RAM locations are too detailed. Some information in "Bugs /Interesting things" belongs directly to the game behavior (Enemy 1 can't hurt player if close, player falls more steep on Enemy 3). The term "I think that" : I don't wanted to delete the above statement movie origin. TRUE.. verified by.. BTW: The linkage of this source (game-cameo-listing) is wrong. It leads to an empty WWW.Example.com) If you watch both movies, you can see, that the game is very close to Game of Death, although the name is Spartan-X. Perhaps something has to be rewritten. (Also, I had removed the term already.) What about the picture-dimensions and title? --80.226.169.87 09:29, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Cites Level Details Level 1
The sources are the movie Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey (Game of Death documentary).--80.226.198.67 20:52, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Ports section
The ports section is a mess. It makes no distinction between an official port, unofficial port, system with an emulated version, and a remake.

Also, on an unrelated note someone should talk about how it was used as an example of inherent racism in the video game industry. - DNewhall 23:32, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It says Ports and other ports (mostly different) with explanations. I think it's OK. It may be interesting, what other games exist. Perhaps some informations could be added. --80.130.101.61 07:41, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

The first beat 'em up?
Just a small note: The first sentence in the Gameplay section is, "The game was the first beat 'em up." This sentence seems a little awkward and out of place to me, but I can't think of a better way to word it. I just wanted to point it out. --AceHarding 19:20, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It was the 1st beat 'em up. But why low priority for WP1.0? --80.130.115.233 09:00, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Is this game "beatable"?
Hi i just want to know if this game has an end, the article doesn't specify it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Starlingmaximilian (talk • contribs) 15:31, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Windows
When was the Windows version produced? 2fort5r (talk) 18:44, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Keiji Thomas
Where does the name "Keiji Thomas" come from? I've checked the English NES manual, Japanese arcade flyer, Japanese Wikipedia article on the game, English & Japanese Wikipedia and Chinese Baidu Baike articles on the movie, and all of those just give the character's name as "Thomas". 82.26.23.114 (talk) 20:30, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

Burkina Faso?
When referring to the follow-up Vigilante, it's described as taking place in "Burkina Faso." What is the basis of this? By all other accounts, Vigilante's setting is in New York City, and does obviously not take place in the African nation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.164.133.5 (talk) 03:24, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kung-Fu Master (video game)


text:
Front line (disambiguation)

Front line refers to the forward-most forces on a battlefield.

Front line, front lines or variants may also refer to:

Books and publications

 * Front Lines (novel), young adult historical novel by American author Michael Grant
 * Frontlines series, a novel series by Marko Kloos
 * Frontline (journal), journal produced in support of the Scottish Socialist Party
 * Frontline (magazine), English-language Indian news magazine
 * Frontline Combat, 1950s war comic anthology
 * Front Line, fictional Marvel Comics newspaper that eventually replaced the Daily Bugle
 * Civil War: Front Line, comic book series (2006–2007)

Film

 * Front Line (film), 1981 documentary
 * The Front Line (2006 film), Irish thriller
 * The Front Line (2009 film), Italian crime drama
 * The Front Line (2011 film), Korean war drama

Television

 * Frontline (Australian TV series), 1990s satirical series
 * Frontline (American TV program), PBS documentary program launched in 1983
 * The Front Line (British TV series), 1980s British sitcom
 * The Frontline (Irish TV programme), 2009 topical debate programme
 * BBC Scotland Investigates, current affairs program previously known as Frontline Scotland
 * Frontline (The Bill), storyline in the British television series The Bill
 * Frontline Pilipinas, Philippine television newscast broadcast by TV5

Games

 * Front Line (video game), 1982 arcade game by Taito
 * Frontlines: Fuel of War, 2008 console and computer game
 * Medal of Honor: Frontline, 2002 console video game
 * Frontlines (Roblox), 2022 Roblox video game

Music

 * Frontline Records, Christian music record label
 * Front Line (record label), reggae subsidiary of Virgin Records
 * Frontline (album), Redgum album (1984)

Bands

 * Frontline (band), New Zealand hip-hop group
 * The Frontline, California rap duo
 * The Front Line, New Jersey punk band that eventually became U.S. Chaos
 * The Front Line, 1960s band with a song on Love Is the Song We Sing: San Francisco Nuggets 1965–1970
 * Frontline, New York punk band formed in 1981, featuring future members of Cro Mags, Bad Brains, and the Icemen, and have had a song covered by Beastie Boys.

Songs

 * "Front Line" (song), by Stevie Wonder (1983)
 * "Frontlines" (song), by Nonpoint (2010)
 * "Frontlines", song by Soulfly in the Dark Ages (album)
 * "Frontline", song by DJ Shaun Baker (2010)
 * "Frontline", single by American singer Kelela, from the album Take Me Apart (2017)

Organizations

 * Frontline Ltd., shipping company
 * Frontline Systems Australia, IT company
 * Frontline Foundation, Los Angeles nonprofit organization
 * Frontline Club, British media correspondents' club
 * Frontline Television News, co-operative of news cameramen
 * Front Line (political party) in Greece
 * Front Line Defenders, Irish-based human rights organisation
 * Frontline States, organization of African nations
 * Prima Linea (Front Line), Italian terrorist group (active 1976-1983)
 * Primera Línea, 2019–21 loose association of Chilean protestors
 * Frontline (ministry), young adult ministry based in Washington, D.C.
 * The TNA Front Line, professional wrestling stable
 * Frontline, an imprint of American publisher Charisma Media

Other uses

 * Front Line (CRI), English-language Chinese news radio program
 * Operation Front Line, U.S. national security operation
 * Frontline (product) is used for the control of fleas and ticks in animals

title: Front line (disambiguation)


text:
Davida Allen

Davida Frances Allen (born 20 October 1951) is an Australian painter, filmmaker and writer.

Early life and education
Davida Allen was born on 20 October 1951 in Charleville, Queensland.

She studied under Betty Churcher at the Stuartholme School, Brisbane (1965–69) and later under Roy Churcher (Betty Churcher's husband) at Brisbane Central Technical College (1970–72).

Career
Allen has written and illustrated two books, and has created a 50-minute film, Feeling Sexy (1999), on the struggles of an artist attempting to reconcile the conflicting demands of bohemia and suburbia. The film was invited to the Venice Film Festival.

She frequently confronts the themes of family and sexuality; regarding the latter she has said: "if we are truly feminist in the fullest sense of the word, we shouldn't have felt we had to lock it away or be really careful about it. We should be chauvinist in our womanhood."

Allen is represented in all major public collections in Australia, and the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Awards and nominations

 * 1986: Archibald Prize, for her portrait of her father-in-law, John Shera (My father-in-law watering his garden)
 * 1999: Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards, nominated for "Best Direction", won "Best Original Screenplay" award
 * 2010: Tattersalls Club Landscape Art Prize

Solo exhibitions

 * College Gallery (Brisbane College of Advanced Education), 1984
 * Museum of Contemporary Art in South Brisbane, 1987, a major retrospective survey
 * Griffith University Art Museum, Brisbane, 2018

Group exhibitions

 * Ray Hughes Gallery at Pinacotheca, Pinacotheca Art Gallery (Richmond, Victoria), 1981
 * Nine Queensland artists, Perc Tucker Regional Gallery, Townsville, 1981
 * Contemporary Art in Australia – A Review, inaugural exhibition of the Museum of Contemporary Art in South Brisbane, 1987
 * Blue chip X : the collectors' exhibition, Niagara Galleries, Melbourne, 2008

Commercial galleries

 * Ray Hughes Gallery, Brisbane, in 1973, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1985 and 1986
 * Australian Galleries, Sydney, in 1993, 1996, 2001
 * Philip Bacon Galleries, Brisbane, in 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016.

International group exhibitions

 * D'un autre continent: l'Australie le rêve er le réel, curated by Suzanne Page/Leon Paroissien, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; shown internationally in Vienna, Texas and Venice (1983)
 * An international survey of recent painting and sculpture, curated by Kynaston McShine, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York City (1984)
 * Kunst mit Eigen-Sinn, curated by Silvia Eiblmayr, Valie Export, Monika Prischl-Maier, Museum des 20. Jahrhunderts (Museum of the 20th Century), Vienna (1985)
 * Davida Allen, curated by Anne Kirker, National Art Gallery of New Zealand; touring to four other New Zealand museums: Sarjeant Gallery, Wanganui; Fisher Gallery, Pakuranga, Auckland; Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, New Plymouth; Manawatu Art Gallery, Palmerston North (1986)
 * Painters and sculptors, curated by Michael Sourgnes, Queensland Art Gallery, Brisbane; travelling to Museum of Contemporary Art, Saitama, Japan (1987)
 * ROSC, an International Exhibition, Dublin, Ireland (1988)

title: Davida Allen


text: User talk:71.131.199.14

title: User talk:71.131.199.14


text:
The Red Tape Outtakes (Demos and Heartbreaks)

The Red Tape Outtakes (Demos And Heartbreaks), released August 2005, is a compilation album and the fifth release from the rock band Lucky Boys Confusion.

Track listing

 * 1) "Straight from the Top" - 2:41
 * 2) "Love You from the Top" - 3:17
 * 3) "Drugs (We're Alright)" - 1:42
 * 4) "Rolling Rock" - 3:23
 * 5) "Evidence" - 2:26
 * 6) "Hardest Part" - 2:55
 * 7) "City to City" - 3:28
 * 8) "One More Chance" - 1:38
 * 9) "Hey" - 2:25
 * 10) "Needle in My Arm" - 2:54
 * 11) "Le Chanson du Soldat" - 5:07
 * 12) "The Power (live)" - 4:37


text:
Rerun (disambiguation)

A rerun (or, sometimes, repeat) is a re-airing of an episode of a television program.

Rerun may also refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Rerun, a once-lived villain on the TV series Static Shock
 * Freddie "Rerun" Stubbs, a character in the American TV series What's Happening!!, portrayed by Fred Berry
 * Rerun van Pelt, a character in the Peanuts comic strip

Music

 * "Re Run", a song by Man Overboard from the 2013 album Heart Attack
 * "Rerun", a 2022 song by Mia Wray
 * "Rerun", a song by Quavo from his 2018 album Quavo Huncho

Other uses

 * Night of the Living Rerun, an original novel based on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television series
 * The Rerun Show, a short-lived sketch comedy that aired on NBC in 2002

title: Rerun (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Shlobosenkosi Zulu

The content of this article was merged with Goodwill Zwelethini kaBhekuzulu following this AFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:00, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shlobosenkosi Zulu


text:
The Bishop's School (disambiguation)

The Bishop's School may refer to:

 * The Bishop's School – an elite independent college preparatory Episcopal day school located in La Jolla, California
 * The Bishop's Education Society – a secondary school in Pune, India which operates schools in Camp, Kalyani Nagar, and Undri
 * Bishop's School – a school in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

title: The Bishop's School (disambiguation)


text: Talk:The Bishop's School (disambiguation)


text:
Jekuthiel Sofer

Jekuthiel Sofer was a prolific Jewish Sephardic scribe in Amsterdam in the 18th century.

Activities
Sofer appears to have been commissioned by the Sephardic community in Amsterdam to create liturgical manuscripts in a unique style; he often wrote in letters with tagin, ritual script which can be used in a Sefer Torah or Megillat Taanit. However, in the case of Sofer's Tiengebodenbord decalogue manuscript, Sofer's style of artistic letterforms in Hebrew for artistic enjoyment expanded his reputation.

Sofer's earliest known manuscript, a miniature manuscript in parchment surviving in original binding, slipcase, and decorated endpapers (blue on gold), is today in the University of Pennsylvania Libraries as CAJS Rare Ms. 533; this manuscript is dated 5426 (1765–66) and was commissioned by an Ashkenazic patron; it is the Omer Counting, daily Psalms, and the Blessing of the New Moon. It appeared for sale at the 2019 Marx sale at Sotheby's in New York

title: Jekuthiel Sofer


text:
Lostwithiel railway station

Lostwithiel railway station (Lostwydhyel) serves the town of Lostwithiel in Cornwall, England. It is 277 mi from the zero point at London Paddington measured via Box and Plymouth Millbay. Great Western Railway operates the station along with every other station in Cornwall.

The station is on the banks of the River Fowey in Cornwall. At the east end of the station is a level crossing while at the west end the line is carried over the river, beyond which is the junction for the Fowey branch which is now used by china clay trains only. Between the station and the river stand the remains of the Cornwall Railway workshops, converted and extended in 2004 as a housing development.

Lostwithiel's famous medieval bridge is just outside the station, with the town on the opposite bank of the river.

History
The station opened with the Cornwall Railway on 4 May 1859. A report at the time claimed that it

"'is generally admitted to be the handsomest station on the line, and looks as gay and bright as fresh paint can make it. It consists, first, of a departure station, a wooden building covered by rusticated boarding, having a projecting verandah, extending eight feet on each side of the carriage approaches, and extending over the railway platform. This contains a spacious first class waiting room, second class ditto, ticket, and other necessary offices, and conveniences. Immediately opposite to this, is the arrival station, which is also of wooden erection, having spacious waiting rooms, and porter and lamp rooms. The roof also projects over the platform in a similar way to that of the departure station. A short distance lower down the line is a convenient goods shed, 75 feet long by 42 feet span of roof. Near to the departure station is the train shed, 100 feet long, in which, in addition to the engines employed on the line, it is intended to contain first, second, and third class carriages, in order to meet any extra requirements that may at any time arise.'"

The workshops had been established during the construction of the railway to prepare the timber needed for the wooden viaducts, stations and track. It expanded to also maintain the carriages and wagons of the railway and was retained for some years by the Great Western Railway when the two companies amalgamated on 1 July 1889.

The Lostwithiel and Fowey Railway opened for goods traffic on 1 June 1869 from a junction at the west end of Lostwithiel station. A more direct route from Par to Fowey stole most of the traffic and the trains from Lostwithiel were suspended from 1 January 1880. The Cornwall Railway subsequently leased a part of the line to store rolling stock. The line was reopened by the Cornwall Minerals Railway on 16 September 1895 for both goods and passengers when a bay platform was provided at Lostwithiel. The passenger service was withdrawn on 4 January 1965 but the line remains open to carry china clay to the jetties at Fowey.

Sidings on the east side of the level crossing came into use on 30 April 1932 to handle milk train traffic from a new Nestle milk factory. It was later sold to Cow & Gate.

The Great Western Railway was nationalised into British Railways from 1 January 1948 which in turn was privatised in the 1990s. British Railways demolished the original station buildings in 1976 (down side) and 1981 (up side). The smaller down side building was moved to the Plym Valley Railway while the larger up side building was taken to St Agnes but was never rebuilt there. New functional buildings were built at Lostwithiel to replace them and opened on 18 November 1982.

Description
The main entrance is on the platform served by trains to Plymouth, this is the platform nearest the town. A second platform for trains to Penzance is reached from the level crossing. The opposite face of this platform used to be served by trains on the Fowey branch line.

Lostwithiel signal box is situated at the northern end of Platform 1. It is listed Grade II but it will closed and its semaphore signals be replaced during 2023-24 with new electric signals installed and controlled from Exeter.

Services
Trains are operated by Great Western Railway and call once or two times each hour towards both Plymouth and Penzance, many continuing beyond Plymouth to Cardiff Central or London Paddington.

title: Lostwithiel railway station


text:
User talk:Adrian Overell

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Help pages
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As you have been contributing to Australian articles you may be interested in the Australian Wikipedians Noticeboard which can be found at WP:AWNB.

Regards--User:AYArktos | Talk 08:02, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adrian Overell


text:
User:The Minister of War/Scribblings

Just a place for some scribblings and ideas...

Collaboration of the Fortnight
Template here: User:The Minister of War/eucotf

Scanian War
Go to User:The Minister of War/Scanian War

Comments on Wikipedia Continuity
I have downloaded the non-wiki version of 1-Click, and to be honest, it seems harmless enough. There seem to be no real ads attached anywhere, and it even seems quite useful. I hope the Wiki version will be nice. However, I am very concerned with the fact that Answers.com is seemingly hijacking the work of Wikipedian editors. Of course, they've been doing so for quite a while, and the license of Wikipedia allows this, so this in itself is not a problem. But if everybody is free to use our content (which I support wholeheartedly), we desperately need to give Wikipedia a continuing added value.

Already the prominence of Wikipedia is declining. No doubtThe risk is taht we might become the database for other sites using our

this arrangement will push Wikipedia in the defensive as to our own conten

But we should realise that, in the long run, Wikipedia will have to compete with Answers.com.

But it does mean that Wikipedia will have to fight hard to

enlisting the help of Wikipedia as a promotion for their version of Wikipedia.

The very existence of Wikipedia is, and probably increasingly, under severe strain.

Testing sig
The Minister of War Peace 17:06, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

The Minister of War Peace 08:00, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

The Minister of War 08:00, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:The Minister of War/Scribblings


text:
User talk:W.Ross

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Cyberjunkie | Talk 08:04, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
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WP:AFL
G'day mate, was wondering if you'd be interested in joining the project on footy - Wikiproject AFL. Also take a look at Portal:Australian rules football and Category:VFL/AFL players. Drop us a line with any questions. Cheers,  R o  gerthat  Talk  10:18, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Deinstitutionalisation
Hi Ross. I re-worked the article (I didn't write the original one) on Deinstitutionalisation to make it hopefully NPOV and gave scholarly references. Hence, I removed the NPOV warning you put up. If you feel it is still off-kilter, please modify it as needed, or drop me a line. Bests. --- (Bob) Wikiklrsc 19:20, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Melbourne meetup this Saturday
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a meetup at North Melbourne this Saturday (23 July). Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Melbourne 16 Hope to see you there! JVbot (talk) 04:51, 20 July 2011 (UTC) (this automated message was delivered to all users in Category:Wikipedians in Melbourne)

Melbourne meetup
Hey all, just a reminder that there's a meetup tomorrow at 11am in North Melbourne. There are more details at the meetup page. Hope to see you tomorrow! SteveBot (talk) 05:12, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Meetup invitation: Melbourne 26
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a meetup next Sunday (6 January). Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Melbourne 26. Hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 07:07, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

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title: User talk:W.Ross


text:
Windang, New South Wales

Windang is a suburb of Wollongong in New South Wales on the southern tip of the peninsula guarding the ocean entrance to Lake Illawarra. Windang is popular for its fishing, prawning, boating, windsurfing and yachting. Windang is about 98 km south of Sydney, approximately 20 minutes drive south of the Wollongong CBD and about seven minutes from Shellharbour.

History
Windang is an aboriginal word meaning "scene of a fight". William Turnbull purchased land in the area in 1920 and erected a two-story building called "Wyndang House".

In 1926 the Post Office attached to this house was officially named Windang Post Office following a submission from Turnbull to have the name changed from the unofficial Lake Illawarra Post Office. The request was granted on the proviso that "the correct spelling be adopted namely Windang, which is that of the Island and Trigonometrical Station thereon in the vicinity".

Tourism and recreational fishing have always been of major importance in the area. Guest houses sprang up in the 1930s to cater for the tourist trade, and the Windang Camping Reserves have never ceased to be popular.

The popular Australian garage rock band Hockey Dad reside in Windang, often referencing their love for the suburb during live concerts, in recorded music, and in their music videos.

Former UFC Featherweight Champion Alex Volkanovski fights out of Windang.

Windang is sometimes notorious for the number of drownings that occur in the area; in 2011, a 19-year-old man drowned whilst rock-fishing in the area.

title: Windang, New South Wales