text:
User talk:Edonovan

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Anetode 04:14, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
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Athanasius
I still haven't had time to look into the Athanasius claims. Recognize however that the Mennonite views on the nature of Christ, as much as the Reformed (which I am), Catholic, Orthodox, or anyone else, come from Athanasius. Evan Donovan 03:29, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I recognise the theological signficance of what Athanasius taught. However, I think that makes it all the more important to take a hard look at the tactics that he employed to support his views. Maybe it's a Mennonite thing, but I think what historical figures did is always at least as important as what they said. We know that history (and theology) are often written by the victor. While that doesn't invalidate the history (or theology) it does demand that we examine closely the battles were fought and how they were won.
 * I see we share a birthplace. I was born in Lancaster County and lived there till I was 12. I get back there to visit every once in a while, although less often now that I'm in London. It's a good place with good people, methinks.mennonot 10:19, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I hear you. Problem is, some of the Christians I admire most have deeply problematic parts of their theology and practice (Augustine's urging of force against the Donatists, Bernard of Clairvaux's support of the Second Crusade, Luther's support of the nobles in the Peasants' War, not to mention his antisemitism or violent opposition to your theological predecessors, Calvin's tacit support of executions for heresy). I try not to become a hero worshipper of anyone, recognizing that if I were to somehow become historically significant in the Church, people would be able to find similar inconsistencies and sins in my own life.

 * Lancaster County is a good place. I'm always glad to find others who were born there. I don't really feel in some ways like a native though. Evan Donovan 05:49, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. No Christian theologian or leader was perfect. Sometimes I think the more we expect them to be or think them to be, the more trouble we get into. One of Christianity's strengths is recognising the brokeness and weakness in everyone and the more we learn to do that, the better.
 * I see you're coming over to Oxford soon. If you've got some time in London at some point you should stop by the London Mennonite Centre where I work (building a new web site among other things). We have a quality theological library that you might find interesting. It has a fair amount of material on the Constantinian shift and early church history that you might find useful. mennonot 11:45, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Jesus
Check out the Jesus article and edit it to keep it focused on Jesus and a biographical account of Him. Watch the Jesus page to keep it focused on Him. Thank you. Scifiintel 21:50, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Poetry
Hi. I saw your post on Talk:Poetry and have made a note of it on Wikipedia:WikiProject Poetry, so maybe others might help in the much needed clean-up. Perhaps you'd like to join the poetry project? The project has been dormant for a while now and we are trying to stir it into action once again. We'd certainly welcome your involvement! — Stumps 10:05, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Pirate utopia
"Bit of a pro-anarchist slant here? Evan Donovan 03:58, 10 February 2006 (UTC)"

Where? Zanturaeon 00:42, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikiethics
deleted poll-spam from Resid Gulerdem 00:41, 23 March 2006 (UTC) (look in history if you wish to see the original proposal)

I would love your help.
Hi,

I know you are interested in christianity, and I recently started a new wiki over at wikicities which is on the subject of christianity. Christian Knowledge Base is the site.

The goal is to have a knowledgebase on christianity from a distinctly "C(hristian)POV" rather than the NPOV. It is not meant to be a mere Christian Encyclopedia, but to foster a real sense of community. I'd like to include things like current events, news, stories, and anything that would add to both an understanding of Christianity, but also its enjoyment. I'm looking for help to build a resource that could really enrich the lives of Christians.

I know you are busy but I am actively seeking new sysops/admins to help me build this site up, and I would be positively thrilled if you could contribute in any capacity whatsoever. nsandwich 05:51, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Gregory Dix
I have tried to fix it but without unduly prolixity and undue POV slant. There is fairly heavy but inconsistent criticism from Colin Buchanon; much more muted comment by such as Kenneth Stevenson and Michael Perham. If you still think it needs clarifying without the theological article I wil come back to it. Roger Arguile\Roger Arguile 17.15 5 March (UTC)

Reformed Presbyterian
Are you a member at Broomall? Lancaster seems a rather long drive for church :-) Nyttend 14:30, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I know Adam; I just met him this semester, since we had a history class (of which the final is complete! :-) together. So what kind of church is your home church, PCA?  RPCUS?  Something else? Nyttend 13:03, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

re:"Bizarre" claim on Eucharist page
The text I removed is: The fullest interpretation of the Book of Revelations[sic] can be explained in the Liturgy of the Eucharist. The stuff on the Book of Revelations page was added just today, and may or not meet notability requirements (but that is a completely different issue). The section this sentence was added to was "Eucharist in the Bible". Saying "The Fullest interpretation" is a bold, POV claim. How do we know it is the "fullest" or even the correct interpretation? And also what does it mean by "explained in the Liturgy of the Eucharist". In retrospect, I could have changed the sentence to say something like "Two Catholic theologians have wrote books stated that the Book of Revelation can be interpreted in light of the Eucharist, suggested that Revelation follows the basic form and theme of the last supper stories found in the gospels". But I'm not exactly sure that is what they are suggesting. And how notable is this? If you know more about this, and can explain it better and work up a new version with citations, I'd totally encourage that. However, I hope we can agree that the previous text was unacceptable. Hopefully, if this information is truly important, it will find its way back into the article. Thanks for contacting me, and I hope I have explained myself well. --Andrew c 20:40, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I actually didn't work on the esoteric section. It has been in the article for a while, and the person who added the Paschal view blanked that section for some reason, so I was restoring the blanking. New Agers are always willing to assimilate other cultures into their belief system. And because Revelation deals with visions and strange mythology, its much easier to incorporate than say the Epistle of James. The view given in the article is by noted Gnostic and occult scholar, Samael Aun Weor. However, searching the web you can find a number of websites that explain Revelation in light of some esoteric, mystical, or occult world view.   etc. Anyway, thanks for the info on the notability and background of the Paschal view. Another editor came along and said, regarding the addition to the Rev article " i'm glad this view was added, since its the right one ". so I'll ask if he wants to add something to the Eucharist page.-Andrew c 21:15, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Invitation to WikiProject Calvinism
-- TimNelson 11:12, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Wikimedia Pennsylvania
Hello there!

I'm writing to inform you that we are now forming the first local Wikimedia Chapter in the United States: Wikimedia Pennsylvania. Our goals are to perform outreach and fundraising activities on behalf of the various Wikimedia projects. If you're interested in being a part of the chapter, or just want to know more, you can:
 * Contact us on IRC at #wikimedia-pa
 * Join our mailing list
 * Visit our blog at http://wmfpa.blogspot.com

Thanks and I hope you join up!  Cbrown1023   talk   03:07, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

CovCollege SERPS
Hey, your sandbox? test page for Covenant College http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Edonovan/12-16_Covenant_College is messing up the google results for Covenant College, just so you know. Qmax 22:22, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:Evan folk-sm.jpg

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Proposed deletion of File:Evan folk.jpg

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Disambiguation link notification for June 19
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title: User talk:Edonovan


text:
Talk:Rei Ayanami

Unencyclopedic
Unfortunately, this article is written in large parts like a fan page, with frequent insider language. For someone trying to inform myself about the lemma, this is very frustrating. Maikel (talk) 10:25, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

Rewriting
I'm currently rewriting this whole article. Basically all sections are written in non-encyclopedic style, with no sources or with fansite-like prose. --TeenAngels1234 (talk) 22:19, 19 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the works that's been done is phenomenal! I came here to look for some citations, and found a great revamp. Though, I'd say that the reception section only makes me more confused. It's great showing how Rei's ranking in certain polls are, but if she ranks 5th or 2nd doesn't tell you much unless you have the context of that poll, who's #1 of that year, and so on. I think I'll look into providing some more sources and maybe picture references to help with this.FrittyFelix (talk) 21:34, 4 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Felix. Of course this is only a small incentive. You are free to edit as you wish, as the it.wiki and en.wiki guidelines change a lot. Anyway, I would honestly suggest to use an early Sadamoto design for "Conception", as for Asuka's article. Maybe the one on Yui Ichijo. You can find it on ru.wiki.--TeenAngels1234 (talk) 20:04, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I'll do that. I thought that design was copyright protected. Oh well... FelipeFritschF (talk) 20:12, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry, Felipe. Design is still copyright protected. It should be trasferred here on en.wiki with fair use licence, not Commons for copyviol.--TeenAngels1234 (talk) 23:07, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Yeah that's a good idea. Because of Eva's particular case of being perennially popular but not *the franchise of the season* things can fluctuate a lot. FelipeFritschF (talk) 22:02, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:37, 18 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Rei Ayanami Proposal Design.jpg
 * Yui Ichijo.jpg

About the unreliable sources tag
Dani Cavallaro's publications have been designated as generally unreliable sources in this discussion at the reliable sources noticeboard. Citations to her work can be replaced with more high-quality ones or removed, and the tag can be taken off once complete. — TechnoSquirrel69 ( sigh ) 20:40, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Rei Ayanami


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Kooralbyn International School

The Kooralbyn International School (TKIS) is an independent, co-educational, boarding and day school, located in Kooralbyn, about 64 km south of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. TKIS is the only school in Australia to have produced two Young Australian of the Year recipients (Cathy Freeman and Scott Hocknull).

History
The school was founded in 1985, at a site on the banks of Cannon Creek now known as the 'Lower campus'. However, in the mid-1990s, it was largely relocated to a nearby hillside after flooding incidents in 1990 and 1991 caused extensive damage to the school. A wooden pillar from one of the school's original buildings still stands on the grounds, as a monument to these events.

The original TKIS closed in 2002 due to funding issues. In 2004 TKIS was re-opened with a new Board, Principal (Geoff Mills), new staff and new financial backing.

Former school principal of the original school Bryan Andrew and other senior staff members are also responsible for the creation of the Spring Hill-based company 'International Education Services' (IES). This company has, since 1998 successfully run the University of Queensland's Foundation Year program in Spring Hill.

Notable alumni

 * Steven Bowditch, golfer, class of 2000
 * Andrew Buckle, golfer, class of 1999
 * Jason Day, golfer, class of 2002
 * Cathy Freeman OAM, athlete, class of 1990
 * Scott Hocknull, palaeontologist, class of 1994
 * Adam Scott, golfer, class of 1997
 * Lev Susany, powerlifter and Commonwealth record holder, class of 1996

title: Kooralbyn International School


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Daisuke Enomoto

Daisuke Enomoto (榎本 大輔) is a Japanese businessman and former livedoor executive who hoped to become the fourth space tourist. He had trained at Star City, Moscow in Russia to fly with two members of Expedition 14 on board Soyuz TMA-9, which was launched on September 18, 2006.

However, on August 21, 2006, a Russian Federal Space Agency spokesman announced that Enomoto was "deemed not ready to fly for exclusively medical reasons", although he hinted that Enomoto might recover and join a later mission. His replacement on this particular flight was Iranian-American businesswoman Anousheh Ansari.

Enomoto lodged a lawsuit against Virginia-based Space Adventures in which he hoped to reclaim the $21 million he paid the company over a two-year span. During the lawsuit, it was revealed that the "medical reason" was chronic kidney stones. Space Adventures claims it advised Enomoto to treat the kidney stones aggressively and when he did not, they had to disqualify him from spaceflight. Enomoto claims that he was misled about the kidney stones issue, and that the real reason for his disqualification was his refusal to provide additional funds to Space Adventures.

Enomoto would have been the first self-funded space tourist from Japan and Asia (journalist Toyohiro Akiyama flew on Soyuz TM-11 in 1990, and could be regarded as the first space business traveller). Enomoto's flight would have taken him to the International Space Station (ISS) after lifting off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, the world's oldest spaceport.

Enomoto made international news when it was revealed that he intended to go into space wearing a costume akin to that of Char Aznable, a character from the anime series Mobile Suit Gundam. His planned experiment was to put together one or more Gundam models in zero gravity.

title: Daisuke Enomoto


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Lombong

Lombong (the mine) is a place in Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia.

title: Lombong


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hachi

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Merge into List of Advance Wars COs. (6M/3K) DES (talk) 18:54, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Hachi
He's the shopkeeper in the Advance Wars series. He doesn't have a part in the nascent story of the three games in that series, he has perhaps two dozen total lines of dialogue, and, oh yeah, he's an unlockable character in the versus mode. This article currently has no content that could be merged into another article, and any potential content that would go in this article would better belong in List of Advance Wars COs or the respective games' articles. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 04:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. He's playable in all modes, including Campaign. He has a backstory. I can make it longer than any Pokémon article. If a Dunsparce is considered notable, than Hachi can too. Dunsparce is a species, not even an individual character. - A Link to the Past (talk) 04:36, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * While I'm not terribly enthusiastic about Dunsparce having its own article, it has appeared in at least nine games I can name, as well as two different anime series and a manga series. The same cannot be said for Hachi. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 04:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * At least he is a unique character that has something to say about him. - A Link to the Past (talk) 04:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into the game he appears in or into that list. -- Kjkolb 06:05, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It was already decided that the article would be too long to merge him there. - A Link to the Past (talk) 06:07, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's worth mentioning that two people weighed in on the "debate" to merge this there, and one of them is me and the other is LttP. (It's not as if "it was already decided" by some sort of lengthy debate or RFC or something.) - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 06:33, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's the same with the editors, editors have been complying with the shortening of the character lists. - A Link to the Past (talk) 07:03, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ...huh? What are you talking about? - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 07:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In the history, other editors have been going along with this, only providing a paragraph of character information. - A Link to the Past (talk) 07:40, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I assumed that an article about a minor videogame character could be trimmed down and merged. -- Kjkolb 07:48, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * He isn't that minor of character. He has a decent enough backstory. Really, he doesn't deserve his own section on the game articles if others don't. I say, if Umaro can get his own article, there's nothing wrong with Hachi getting his own. He is immediately known to everyone who has played any of the AW games, at least, if they visit the Battle Maps store, which is available from the very beginning of each game. - A Link to the Past (talk) 08:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * He's the shopkeeper, has no story, and has no place in the story of those games. He's less important to Advance Wars than Shadowfax (who has an entry on Horses of Middle-earth list, mind) is to Lord of the Rings, and Advance Wars is no Lord of the Rings. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 22:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with List of Advance Wars COs & trim. Notability of the character aside, the article reads like something from Gamefaqs and includes unencyclopedic minutiae (see Appearance section). --Anetode 11:19, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Huh? Since when did describing his appearance become unencyclopediatic? - A Link to the Past (talk) 22:05, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * A detailed description of each item and accessory of clothing is a bit excessive, in that instance a picture is worth a thousand words. This is a minor character in a videogame (which is fictional, but not really a literary work) and should be merged with the aforementioned list as suggested in WP:FICT.  Hachi's biographical details and purported motives would be better catalogued at Wikibooks, in a character faq. --Anetode 06:14, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep playable character from a major series from a legendarily notable company. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:56, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That seems to be a third-order claim to notability; Hachi is notable because he's connected to a thing that is connected to a thing with its own claim to notability. I don't necessarily disagree that Advance Wars is an encyclopedic subject, but not every single person and object in that series borrows on the series' notability. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 22:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per anetode. Jesse 17:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Too big to merge. Andrew pmk | Talk 00:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This article has been swelled with trivia. Half of this article is a detailed description, GameFAQs-style, of his in-game abilities and how to unlock him and a description of his appearance. This article could easily be synthesized into two paragraphs in a list, by leaving the game-guide stuff to GameFAQs or Wikibooks. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 00:25, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course, describing many of Mario's abilities and their appearances is not trivial. Their unique abilities ARE encyclopediatic. Is the fact that Kanbei has more powerful units unencyclopediatic? - A Link to the Past (talk) 00:54, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Describing them in detail, down to percentage differences and the specific method for unlocking him in each game, is not encyclopedic. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 01:35, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Truncate and merge. -Sean Curtin 05:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge (or delete). There is simply not enough information about these CO's to warrant their own articles. Also, the people who actually care enough about the game to read these articles will already know the information, because they've played the game, so it fulfills no useful purpose.--Tjstrf 20:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. As per Article size, size limit is less critical for list, which is what List of Advance Wars COs will become. If the article becomes too long, it is still possible to break into List of Orange Star/Blue Moon/Green Earth/Yellow Comet/Black Hole COs. -- ReyBrujo 21:45, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hachi


text:
Cellcom (United States)

Cellcom (officially called New-Cell Inc. dba Cellcom) is a regional wireless service provider based in De Pere, Wisconsin, with roots that date back to 1910. Cellcom began providing service from its office in Green Bay in 1987, when its parent company, Nsight, entered the wireless industry.

Cellcom offers a variety of wireless communication devices, including feature handsets, smartphones, home phones, tablets, residential and mobile broadband. Outside of its own regional network, the company partners with other regional and national carriers to provide nationwide voice and data service. Cellcom uses CDMA and 4G LTE technology. Cellcom's retail area includes northeast and central Wisconsin and Michigan's Upper Peninsula.

History
Cellcom's parent company, Nsight, was founded on March 10, 1910, when a group of Pulaski business people met at the local drug store to discuss providing telephone service to their growing community. From that meeting, the Pulaski Merchants and Farmers Telephone Company formed.

In 1968 the company's name changed to Northeast Telephone Company. Northeast Communications, Inc. was formed as a holding company in 1982, and Northeast Telephone Company became a subsidiary. In 1999, Northeast Communications of Wisconsin, Inc. began doing business as Nsight. Today, Nsight's subsidiaries include Cellcom, Nsight Telservices and Nsight Tower.

Nsight has been a family-run business since 1923.

Green cell sites
The first alternative energy cell site in the upper Midwest, built in Ackley, Wis. and activated on April 22, 2008, delivers wireless service to an area that previously had many dead zones.

Equipment for the green cell site underwent rigorous testing prior to installation and features multiple backups to ensure continuity of service. The primary source of energy for this site is sunlight collected using a 6.3 kilowatt solar panel array. The energy gathered from the sun is converted into electricity and stored in batteries. The cell site draws energy for operation from these batteries. On dark or cloudy days, energy generated by a windmill supplements the solar power to maintain operation. A hydrogen fuel cell serves as a backup for both of these energy producers. The final backup is a diesel generator that can be hooked up to maintain service if all other power sources fail.

In 2010, Cellcom converted the Ackley site to a grid-tie location, and it now feeds the extra energy produced from the solar panels and wind turbine back to the power company and, in turn, became even more efficient.

A second green cell site was activated in 2009 on Chambers Island in Door County. The cliffs lining Door County's rugged shoreline were blocking the signals from mainland towers, leaving many area residents with limited cellular service, as well as leaving emergency personnel with limited radio coverage. The green cell site runs on batteries charged by solar panels at the base of the tower and a wind turbine installed on tower. A propane generator is available as a back-up source of power if there is inadequate wind or sun to charge the batteries.

Femtocells
Cellcom was the first CDMA carrier in the U.S. to be a member of the non-profit organization founded in 2007 to promote worldwide femtocell deployment. Femto technology offers a low cost and highly effective solution to dead zones, particularly in small areas such as a home. In addition, a femtocell offers higher data rates, better voice quality and improved multi-media experiences.

In 2009, Cellcom received the first Femtocell Industry Award for significant progress or commercial launch by a small carrier at the Femtocells World Summit in London.

Network

 * 700 5*5 MHz LTE
 * 850 5*5 MHz CDMA
 * PCS 10*10 MHz LTE/CDMA
 * AWS 1 5*5 MHz- Certain markets include 10*10 MHz LTE
 * AWS 3 5*5 MHz

Cellcom is a Verizon LTE in Rural America (LRA) partner. Through this partnership, customers of both carriers will benefit from the high-speed, fourth-generation long-term evolution (LTE) services.

Cellcom has access to Verizon Wireless's extensive 700 MHz and AWS 1 spectrum holdings for use on their network.

Cellcom has made plans to extend its 4G LTE infrastructure into almost all of its existing 3G CDMA network during 2016.

Other awards
Cellcom and its parent company Nsight were recognized in 2009 as the business recipient of the Brown County Ethics in Business Awards.

Spokespeople
The company has generally utilized head coaches and executives of the NFL's Green Bay Packers as their spokespeople, although due to Verizon's official wireless provider sponsorship with the league (along with the Packers having a gate provider sponsorship at Lambeau Field with Verizon, and an additional sponsorship with U.S. Cellular for stadium wi-fi and a showplace store in the stadium atrium), the team's logos and names cannot be used nor mentioned, and generic green and gold clothing is worn in ads instead.

Mike Holmgren was the first Cellcom spokesman from 1996 to 1999, followed by team president Ron Wolf in 2000, and Mike Sherman from 2002 to 2005. Mike McCarthy was featured in team advertising until departing the Packers in 2018, where McCarthy would come into situations and throw a challenge flag in situations where Cellcom was then compared more favorably to the national providers. In the fall of 2019, current Packers coach Matt LaFleur began to endorse the company in advertising.

The company has had two departures from Packer figures as spokesmen; Eli Mattson, a third runner-up in season three of NBC's America's Got Talent, promoted the brand from 2009 until 2010. With McCarthy's departure, the company had a more general advertising campaign promoting its locally based customer support, with Cellcom call center agents in their ads using local landmarks and songs to remind customers that they're based in northeastern Wisconsin.

title: Cellcom (United States)


text:
Agathaumas

Agathaumas ("great wonder") is a dubious genus of a large ceratopsid dinosaur that lived in Wyoming during the Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian stage, 66 million years ago). The name comes from αγαν - 'much' and θαυμα - 'wonder'. It is estimated to have been 15 m long and weighed 17.5 t, and was seen as the largest land animal known at the time of its discovery.

It was the first ceratopsian known to science from more than teeth, though relatively little is known about it. The original specimen consisted only of the animal's hip bones, hip vertebrae and ribs, and because these bones vary little between ceratopsid species, it is usually considered a nomen dubium. It is provisionally considered a synonym of Triceratops, but is difficult to compare to that genus because it is only known from postcranial remains.

History
The holotype remains of Agathaumas were first found in 1872 in southwestern Wyoming. They were discovered by Fielding Bradford Meek and Henry Martyn Bannister while they were looking for fossil shells in the Lance Formation near the Black Butte and Bitter Creek. Meek and Bannister were employed by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden's Geological Survey of the Territories and notified paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope of the find. Cope himself searched the ridge near Black Butte and re-discovered Meek's site, finding huge bones protruding from the rocks near a coal vein. The bones were preserved in sand and clay sediments, packed with fossil sticks and leaves, indicating a heavily forested habitat. Cope later (in 1873) described the skeleton as "the wreck of one of the princes among giants." Cope and his team eventually recovered complete hip bones, sacral vertebrae, and several ribs from the animal. Later in 1872, Cope published a description and name for the animal, Agathaumas sylvestris, or "marvelous forest-dweller," in reference to its great size and the environment revealed in the same rocks as its bones. The name Agathaumas has been cited as an example of Cope's excitement with this discovery, which he considered, at the time, as the largest known land animal that had ever lived. Several years later, with the discovery of the giant sauropod dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation, it became clear to him that British forms such as Cetiosaurus and Pelorosaurus were land animals.

Classification history
Cope originally did not know to what group Agathaumas belonged, though he noted that some of the remains were similar to the British reptile Cetiosaurus and very different from the corresponding elements of Hadrosaurus and Dryptosaurus (Laelaps). In 1882, Othniel Charles Marsh, Cope's rival in the Bone Wars, suggested that Agathaumas, along with Cionodon, another Cope taxon, was a Hadrosaurid. In 1883, with his description of the skull of Edmontosaurus (Diclonius), Cope also suggested that his taxa Agathaumas, Monoclonius, and Dysganus could be Hadrosaurids. Cope did not assign Agathaumas into the group now recognized as Ceratopsia until later in 1889, when Cope recognized that his genera Monoclonius and Polyonax were related due to Marsh's description of Triceratops fossils. Marsh had already named a group for the horned dinosaurs, Ceratopsidae, but Cope did not recognize this family name as he believed Ceratops could not be distinguished from other taxa; Cope erected a new name, Agathaumidae. Cope later named 2 more "Agathaumids", Manospondylus gigas and Claorhynchus trihedrus, based on fragmentary fossils in 1892, expanding his group to 5 genera.

After reassessment by John Bell Hatcher, Richard Swann Lull, and Nelda Wright in the 1900s and 1930s, all of the members of Agathaumidae were found to be dubious, and the family name Ceratopsidae was preferred over Agathaumidae. Agathaumas itself was found to be a dubious Ceratopsid by Hatcher and Lull, as well as by John Ostrom and Peter Wellnhofer who placed it as Triceratops sp.

Species
Type: Species previously referred to Agathaumas:
 * Agathaumas sylvestris Cope, 1872; 16 vertebrae from the tail, sacrum and back, a partial pelvis and several ribs
 * A. flabellatus (Marsh, 1889) Burkhardt, 1892; alternative combination for Triceratops flabellatus; synonymous with Triceratops horridus.
 * A. milo Cope, 1874; included with Thespesius occidentalis by Cope, dubious at Hadrosauridae family level.
 * A. monoclonius Breithaupt, 1994; nomen dubium included with Monoclonius sphenocerus
 * A. mortuarius (Cope, 1874) Hay, 1901; nomen dubium, alternative combination for Polyonax mortuarius; possible synonym of Triceratops horridus
 * A. prorsus (Marsh, 1890) Lydekker, 1893; alternative combination of Triceratops prorsus, unused since
 * A. sphenocerus (Cope, 1889) Ballou, 1897; nomen dubium included with Monoclonius sphenocerus

Unfortunately, due to the fragmentary nature of Agathaumas sylvestris’ holotype specimen, Agathaumas is a dubious taxon and cannot be referred beyond Ceratopsidae. based on stratigraphy it is likely a member of Triceratopsini.

Knight's restoration
In 1897, paleoartist Charles R. Knight painted "Agathaumas sphenocerus" for an article in The Century Magazine under the supervision of Edward Drinker Cope. The nasal horn and brow horns were based on "Monoclonius" sphenocerus (possible synonym of Centrosaurus apertus) and "Monoclonius" recurvicornis (unnamed genus similar to Einiosaurus) respectively, which were found in the Judith River Formation in Montana and named by Cope in 1889. The rest of the skull and body were based on an 1891 skeletal reconstruction of Triceratops prorsus by Othniel Charles Marsh. The armor was based on isolated elements from the Lance Formation in Wyoming that Marsh erroneously referred to Triceratops in 1891: the spines on the frill were a Denversaurus schlessmani cervical spine, the scutes on the flank were indeterminate ankylosaurian osteoderms (either Denversaurus or Ankylosaurus magniventris), and the spikes on the back were a Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis squamosal horn. The name Agathaumas was arbitrarily used for Knight's depiction and no parts were based on A. sylvestris. His painting inspired a stop motion model created by Marcel Delgado that appeared in the 1925 film The Lost World.

title: Agathaumas


text:
Talk:Bene Israel

Life in Israel
This article does not mention life of Bene israelis in the state of Israel. Have they maintained the Marathi part of their culture such as language, food etc?

Ahmadabad
This edit changed "Ahmadabad" to "parts of Pakistan" without comment or citation. Can anyone explain what is going on here? -- Jmabel | Talk 04:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

"related groups" info removed from infobox
For dedicated editors of this page: The "Related Groups" info was removed from all Infobox Ethnic group infoboxes. Comments may be left on the Ethnic groups talk page. Ling.Nut 21:12, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Contemporary Bene Israel Society in the State of Israel
This article is devoted mostly to the history of the Bene Israel. It does not say anything about experiences of those living in Israel, their integration with other jewish groups from India, Europe or Africa, the use of Marathi language etc. Without that, it seems separate identity  for the community ended in early 1950s and I am sure that is not the case.Jonathansammy (talk) 20:35, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

"physician of Mohandas Gandhi"
We should have the full name of this individual if he is indeed this important. I have read on Jewish Virtual Library, a source cited elsewhere on Wikipedia that this doctor only "attended" on Gandhi while he fasted rather than acted as his personal physician. Other books, seem to corroborate part of the claim. Since this wikipedia entry is one of the top search results, I think we should be more definitive. Based on that second link, I think we can at least call Gandhi's associate 'Abraham Solomon Erulkar'. Thoughts? --Daedalus042 (talk) 21:11, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I have just removed this entry and some others. The names listed should only be those whom are of the Bene Israel community according to reliable sources, and they must self-identify if they are living, per WP:BLP. - Sitush (talk) 21:57, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * "they must self-identify if they are living" I don't see it at WP:BLP. It does not make sense. In any case, WP:BLP applies to biographies only, not mentions.Malaiya (talk) 23:12, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * This has been discussed time and again at WT:INB and elsewhere, because it applies to lots of other areas than merely Indian Jews. For a more specific example, see WP:BLPCAT. - Sitush (talk) 01:08, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Liel Kolet definitely Bene Israel
See Malaiya (talk) 23:07, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Tunes from the heart May 21, 2008  http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/21/stories/2008052150320800.htm
 * Liel Kolet delights Mumbai audiences http://www.jewishtimesasia.org/art-a-culture-topmenu-54/218-2008-06/1019-liel-kolet-delights-mumbai-audiences
 * Genealogy of the House of Koletkars of Koleti http://www.genealogy.com/genealogy/users/k/o/l/Solomon-Kolet-1/index.html
 * I see no self-identification in these sources. - Sitush (talk) 01:10, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Images
It would be good to have images of contemporary life in Israel of the Bene Israel. Jonathansammy (talk) 15:08, 7 August 2020 (UTC)Thanks.Jonathansammy (talk) 15:08, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bene Israel


text:
Despised Icon

Despised Icon is a Canadian deathcore band from Montreal, Quebec. Formed in 2002, the band is noted for the talent of its drummer, Alex Pelletier, who makes frequent use of the blasting technique, as well as for its dual lead vocalists; Alex Erian and Steve Marois.

In April 2010, the band disbanded, but officially re-formed six years later in April 2016 after playing reunion shows in 2014 and 2015. Collectively the group has released six full-length albums while succumbing to very few lineup changes throughout their run.

Consumed by Your Poison (2002–2004)
Despised Icon was founded in January 2002 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Shortly after their formation, the group signed with Galy Records, and released their debut album, Consumed by Your Poison in October of that year. The following year, Despised Icon had undergone several changes in their lineup. In early 2004, the group returned with a new formation, consisting of two vocalists Steve Marois and Alex Erian, guitarists Yannick St-Amand and Eric Jarrin, bassist Sebastien Piche, and drummer Alex Pelletier, and recorded a self-financed EP entitled Syndicated Murderers, followed by a split EP with Bodies in the Gears of the Apparatus, issued through Relapse Records.

The Healing Process (2005–2006)
Despised Icon signed a worldwide deal with Century Media in January 2005. Despised Icon released their second studio album, The Healing Process through the label on April 5, 2005. It was produced by the band's guitarist Yannick St-Amand, mixed by Jean-Francois Dagenais and mastered by Alan Douches.

Despised Icon toured in support of The Healing Process in 2005, alongside artists including Cryptopsy, Quo Vadis, Vader, Suffocation, Aborted, Immolation, Deicide and continued touring into 2006 with Through the Eyes of the Dead, Ed Gein, Morbid Angel, Behemoth, Hatebreed, Exodus, The Black Dahlia Murder and Napalm Death. During the same year, their debut album, Consumed by Your Poison was re-released through Century Media. In early 2007, they went on tour supporting Unearth, along with Job for a Cowboy and Dååth.

The Ills of Modern Man, Day of Mourning, and breakup (2007–2010)
The band's third studio album, The Ills of Modern Man was recorded and released in 2007 through Century Media Records and was produced by their former guitarist, Yannick St. Amand. That summer, they toured supporting Job for a Cowboy along with The Faceless and A Life Once Lost. Following that tour, they went on tour supporting Suicide Silence, along with Winds of Plague. In the winter of that year, they toured with The Acacia Strain, Full Blown Chaos, The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza, and Ligeia. They also toured supporting Misery Index, along with Beneath the Massacre and Man Must Die. On June 18, 2008, the original bassist Sebastien Piché has left the band due to him having a full-time job and being a new father. Piché was replaced by Max Lavelle from Goratory. They were then on the 2008 Summer Slaughter Tour alongside The Black Dahlia Murder, Vader, Cryptopsy, The Faceless, Aborted, Born of Osiris, Psycroptic, and Whitechapel.

In late October 2008, Despised Icon announced the details of their first DVD, entitled Montreal Assault, which was released January 27, 2009. The DVD features a multi-camera shoot from the band's sold-out hometown show, along with a documentary, in addition to all their music videos. It was originally intended to be released on January 17, but was delayed due to manufacturing problems. In December 2008, guitarist Al Glassman left Despised Icon to join Job for a Cowboy in replacement of their original guitarist Ravi Bhadriraju. During their 2009 Montreal Assault Tour, Despised Icon announced that they were recording a new studio album, entitled Day of Mourning, that was released on September 22, 2009 by Century Media Records. On July 17, 2009, Despised Icon released their song, "MVP" as the first song off of Day of Mourning onto the web. They played on the 2009 Thrash and Burn Tour alongside DevilDriver, Emmure, Veil of Maya, For the Fallen Dreams, Oceano, Periphery, MyChildren MyBride, and Thy Will Be Done. Their fourth album Day of Mourning was released as scheduled on September 22, 2009, and reached No. 162 on the Billboard 200 as of September 30, 2009. A music video was created and released for the title track of the album.

On April 7, 2010, Despised Icon made an announcement that they will be disbanding. They explained that this is due to the members of the band reaching "a new chapter in their lives, starting families, buying houses and pursuing other careers to make it all happen. Writing music, touring and leaving home for months at a time is slowly becoming impossible because of that. We all decided that it’d be best to pull the plug now and end things right." Their farewell European tour included an appearance at the Hevy Music Festival on August 7, 2010 near Folkestone, UK.

During the year of 2010, Despised Icon played their United States, Australia, Japan, European, and Canadian Tour. On December 2, 2010, Despised Icon performed their final four shows in Toronto (December 2 and 3) along with The Acacia Strain, Ion Dissonance and Oceano, Ontario and their hometown of Montreal, Quebec (December 4 and 5). These shows included their current line-up as well as the past line-ups from their first two records. Since the disbandment, Alexandre Erian went on to form the metalcore band, Obey the Brave, along with former Blind Witness bassist, Miguel Lepage, and guitarist, John Campbell as well as Darkness Rites guitarist, Greg Wood and drummer, Stevie Morotti. Max Lavelle now plays bass for The Black Dahlia Murder. Eric Jarrin rejoined his progressive band Heaven's Cry with whom he was performing when he founded Despised Icon. They released an album entitled Wheels of Impermanence through Prosthetic Records in September 2012.

Reunion shows, comeback and Beast (2014–2018)
On February 4, 2014, the band announced via their Facebook page that they would reunite to play several live shows in the upcoming spring. The band would consist of all members of The Healing Process era with the exception of Ben Landreville on guitar. Founding member Yannick St. Amand returned to handle the band's audio samples and live sound, thus making the group a septet for the first time.

In April 2014, they participated in the Impericon Festival Tour across Europe and also headlined a handful of shows with support from Brutality Will Prevail and Cerebral Bore. They also performed at Montebello's Amnesia Rockfest in Canada on June 20, 2014.

They closed the year 2014 with 4 North American concerts on the east coast, playing Montreal, Toronto, New York City and Worcester in December.

On April 6, 2015, the band announced via their Facebook page that to commemorate the 10 year anniversary of the release of their album The Healing Process, the band would be performing exclusive shows at U.K.'s Ghostfest and in Canada at Quebec City's Envol & Macadam Festival.

On April 12, 2016, the band announced via their Facebook page that after signing a deal with record label Nuclear Blast, they were officially back as a permanent band. They released a short video with a snippet of unreleased material. Their fifth studio album titled Beast was released on July 22, 2016.

Purgatory and Déterré EP (2019–present)
On September 20, The band embarked on a massive North American tour to promote their upcoming album "Purgatory".

Their sixth full-length album, Purgatory, was released on November 15, 2019.

On October 28, 2022, the band released an EP titled Déterré, which consists of five re-released early tracks.

Members
Current members
 * Steve Marois – vocals (2002–2010, 2014–present)
 * Alex Erian – vocals (2004–2010, 2014–present); drums (2002–2004)
 * Eric Jarrin – lead guitar (2002–2010, 2014–present)
 * Sebastien Piché – bass (2002–2008, 2014–present)
 * Alex Pelletier – drums (2004–2010, 2014–present)
 * Ben Landreville – rhythm guitar (2009–2010, 2014–present)

Former members
 * Yannick St-Amand – samples, media (2002–2006, 2014–2019); rhythm guitar (2002–2006)
 * Marie-Hélène Landry – vocals (2002–2003)
 * Al Glassman – rhythm guitar (2006–2008)
 * Max Lavelle – bass (2008–2010)

Timeline

title: Despised Icon


text:
Belarusian Republican Scout Association

The Republican Scout Association of Belarus (Белорусская республиканская скаутская ассоциация, Belorusskaya respublikanskaya skautskaya assotsiatsiya, Беларуская рэспубліканская скаўцкая асацыяцыя, BRSA) is one of several nationwide Scouting associations in Belarus. It is the body recognized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 1998 to 2004 and again from September 5, 2010.

On October 1, 2023, the association joined the European Scout Region, as the Eurasian region was dissolved.

Initially, the organization was called the National Scout Association of Belarus (Беларуская Нацыянальная Скаўцкая Асацыяцыя, BNSA) from 1998 to 1999.

Belarus Scouting history
The first Scout groups were established in Belarus in 1909 while it was part of the Russian Empire, and disbanded by the Soviets in 1922.

Belarusian Scouting was reborn and reorganized in 1989. The National Organization of Russian Scouts (NORS), based in Australia, is assisting the rebirth of Scouting in Belarus. Belarusian Scouts have regular contacts and exchanges with members of Scouts et Guides de France and the CIS Scout associations. Belaruskaya Natsianalnaya Skautskaya Asatsiyatsia joined the World Organization of the Scout Movement effective March 13, 1998 as the Scout association representing Belarus.

Belarusian Republican Scout Association
World Scouting News, March, 1998, reported "The Belarusian National Scout Association includes more than 7,500 members, both boys and girls, in three branches ranging from 8 to 17 years of age. They are spread all over the country but the majority of members come from the major cities."

 * "In December 1991, a national coordinating committee was set up under the aegis of WOSM in order to promote the unification of the various Scout Associations which appeared in different parts of the country. Scouting grew steadily with support from the Christian Orthodox Church... as well as the Youth Commission of the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus." In March 1997, as a result of a long process of reconciling divergent nationalistic trends in Scouting, a constituent assembly was held in Minsk. This assembly approved the creation of a united National Scout Association.

World Scouting News further reported "The Belaruskaya Natsianalnaya Skautskaya Asatsiyatsia regularly invites underprivileged children, some of them coming from the Chernobyl contaminated areas, to some of their national summer camps."

The Scouts et Guides de France are working with Scouting in Belarus. Guidisme et Scoutisme en Belgique/Gidsen- en Scoutsbeweging in België has provided support in the region of the city of Homyel.

The coeducational BRSA had 3,408 members as of 2004. WOSM membership was terminated on March 31, 2004 by the World Scout Committee. WOSM now lists the country as a potential member.

Controversies
The BRSA was provisionally suspended for "Non-adherence to the Constitution of the Organization and nonfunctioning as a democratic National Scout Movement" in 2002, after "Complaints (...) received from unrecognised groups within the country about the conduct of the recognised NSO", which led to a report by WOSM's Chairman of the Constitutions Committee, demanding a legitimate general assembly and an independent auditing of its accounts.

There was also an earlier provisional suspension for non-payment of membership fees.

The Scout Motto is Bud' Gotov, Be Prepared in Russian, as BRSA does not use the Belarusian language, Russian is the sole official language. The name of the organisation in Belarusian is Беларуская рэспубліканская скаўцкая асацыяцыя (Biełaruskaja respublikanskaja skaŭсkaja asaсyjaсyja). The Russian noun for a single Scout is Скаут, in Belarusian - Скаўт.

The membership badge of the BRSA incorporates the Patriarchal cross of Eastern European iconography.

title: Belarusian Republican Scout Association


text:
Libeaus Desconus

Libeaus Desconus is a 14th-century Middle English version of the popular "Fair Unknown" story, running to about around 2,200 lines, attributed to Thomas Chestre. It is a version or an adaptation of Renaut de Beaujeu's Le Bel Inconnu (6,266 lines) though comparatively much shorter.

The story matter displays strong parallels to that of ; both versions describe the adventures of Gingalain, the son of King Arthur's knight Gawain and a fay who raises him ignorant of his parentage and his name. As a young man, he visits Arthur's court to be knighted, and receives his nickname; in this case Sir Libeaus Desconus, before setting forth on a series of adventures which consolidate his new position in society. He eventually discovers who his father is, and marries a powerful lady.

Other versions of the story include the Middle High German romance Wigalois (c. 1204–1210) by Wirnt von Gravenberc and the 14th-century Italian epic Carduino. The "Fair Unknown" story has parallels in the tale of La Cote Male Taile, Chrétien de Troyes's Conte du Graal, and Sir Thomas Malory's Tale of Sir Gareth from Le Morte d'Arthur.

Manuscripts
Versions of Libeaus Desconus can be found in the following manuscripts:
 * C - British Library MS Cotton Caligula A. ii, mid-fifteenth century;
 * L - Lambeth Palace MS 306, mid-fifteenth century;
 * I - Lincoln's Inn MS Hale 150, late-fourteenth/early-fifteenth century;
 * A - Bodleian Library MS Ashmole 61, late-fifteenth century;
 * N - Biblioteca Nazionale, Naples, MS XIII B. 29, mid-fifteenth century;
 * P - British Library Additional MS 27879 (also known as MS Percy), seventeenth century.

Judged by the number of surviving manuscripts, the Libeaus Desconus was the most popular of the Arthurian romances in Middle English.

Characters

 * Libeaus desconus - Title hero. He only remembers his mother ever calling him "Beautiful Son" (Bewfiʒ/Bewfiz or Beaufis; var. Bewfys CN, Bewfiz L; beufise P; Benys A).

 * He earns the nickname Libeaus desconus from King Arthur (v. 89), transliterated from the French meaning "The Fair Unknown" ( "þe faire unknowe" C) as explained properly in the C text.

 * Elene - The emissary from Synadowne (Snowdon). Her name is variously spelled in the codices. Note also there are several "Elene"s or "Elaine"s in the Arthurian cycle.

 * Theodeley (Teodelain) the dwarf - an entertainer accompanying Elene.

 * Lady of Synadowne (Snowdon) - The imperiled lady-lord whom Elene serves; Libeaus desconus is sent as the knight to take up the adventure to rescue her. Synadowne refers to "Snowdon" in Wales (Roman Segontium).

 * Syr William Delaraunche (Salebraunche) - The knight who defends "Point Perilous" on the way to "Chapel Adventurous" in L text; variant reading gives William defending "Castle Adventurous" over "Vale Perilous" (C text).

 * Sir Otis de Lile - Formerly served Lady of Synadowne until he fled. While hunting his parti-coloured hound (brachet) goes astray and is given over to Elene. A fight ensues.

 * Sir Geffron - Lord of Cardiff, offering a gerfalcon as prize for beauty contest against his lady. Any challenger may enter his lady but if she loses must fight Geffron and expect to have his head exposed on a stake after losing.

 * Maugis - A 30 foot giant besieging the Lady of the Ile d'Or. The swarthy giant is clad in black shield armor (and uses black trappings are on his horse as well); his items are marked with an emblem of a triple Mammettes, or idolatry figures.

 * La Dame Amoure - Lady who rules the of the Ile d'Or. An enchantress. Ingratiated to Libeaus for saving her, and they become enamored.

 * Lambert (Lambard, Lanwarde) - The steward of Synadowne, running the town in his ladyship's absence. Challenges any visiting knight to fight before granting them lodging. Libeaus passes the test, and Lambert becomes his comrade in arms in the rescue of the Lady.

 * Mabon and Irayne - Two sibling necromancers who have enchanted the Lady of Synadowne and taken her hostage. They mean to usurp her birthright to the Synadowne kingdom

Plot
The summary is based on the Lambeth Palace text, TEAMS edition, though Kaluza's critical edition and Schofield's summary thereof will also be consulted, with variants indicated in explanatory notes. There are additional notes on comparison between this work (abbrev. LD) and the French version, Le Bel Inconnu (abbrev. BI).

Gyngelayne is raised in the forest by his mother, who keeps him away from arms for fear her 'wild' son might come to harm. Gyngelayne is never told his real name by his mother. Instead, she calls him ‘Bewfiz (Beautiful Son)’, since he is 'gentle of body' and has an attractive face. One day, Gyngelayne finds a dead knight in the forest. He dons the man's armour and goes to Glastonbury, where King Arthur is holding court. There he asks Arthur to dub him a knight although his upbringing is uncourtly. Arthur is so pleased by young Gyngelayne's sight that he gives him a name – Libeaus Desconus, ‘The Fair Unknown’ ("þe faire unknowe") – and knights him that same day. Libeaus at once asks King Arthur if he might be offered the first challenge for which the king is required to provide a champion. (Libeaus Desconus vv. 1–105 )

Soon a fair maiden, Elene (Ellene/Ellyne) with a dwarf, Theodeley, come riding in. They are on mission to save their Lady of Synadowne (Snowdon), who has been imprisoned, and asks Arthur to send out a knight to free her. When Arthur grants Libeaus the quest, the maiden is angered that a young novice has been chosen, yet the king refuses to budge. Libeaus is furnished with arms and horse by famed Knights of the Round; e.g., Gawain gives him a chevron (or griffin) crested shield. (vv. 106–263 ) Libeaus, Elene, and the dwarf set off on their journey, in acrimony.

William of Point Perilous
On the third day, they approach the "Chapel Adventurous", whose path is guarded at the "Point Perilous" by the knight Syr William Delaraunche, who will demand that Libeaus fight or else relinquishes his arms. Elene chides Libeaus that he will prove himself not valiant enough. But Libeaus unhorses his opponent in joust, then breaks his weapon in swordfight. Libeaus will spare William on condition he will report himself as vanquished prisoner to Arthur's court. Only now does Elene's ridicule of Lybeaus subside, and she begs his "Mercy" for her earlier verbal abuses.(vv. 265–452 )

Three Avengers
Next morning, Libeaus is attacked by William's three nephews (sister-sons), riding out of "Carboun" (recte Caerleon). He breaks the eldest's thigh, then faces the others attacking two against one, until breaking the second brother's arms, leaving the youngest without will to fight. He forces the three likewise to surrender themselves to Arthur in bondage. (vv. 453–567 )

Giants
In a wild forest, Libeaus saves a maiden from two giants (one red, other pitch-black) Libeaus learns the maiden is Violet, daughter of the earl Anctour. He escorts her to the earl, bearing the giants' heads as trophy, which are then sent to Arthur's court as presents. (The Earl offers his daughter's hand in marriage in an interpolation, and Libeaus declines because he has a mission to accomplish) ) The Earl then rewards Libeaus with beautiful armour and a fine steed. (vv. 568–723 )

Gerfalcon contest
Libeaus next defeats Geffron (Jeffron), Lord of Cardiff (Cordile ), winning a white-as-swan gerfalcon (≈gyrfalcon). This was not just a contest of combat skill, rather, Geffron held the boasting right that his lemman was of unsurpassed beauty, and any challenger must submit his lady to a beauty pageant held at the town's market, whose prize was the gerfalcon. Libeaus offers Elene as his candidate, and if she fails to win the pageant, he would be committed to fight Geffron in combat, possibly to meet the fate of past losers who had their struck-off heads stuck "upon a shafte" for display. Libeaus causes steed and knight to fall and Geffron's back cracks audibly. Libeaus has the prize falcon taken to Arthur, who is so satisfied with his knight that he decides to send him a hundred pounds in florins at Cardiff, and here Libeaus holds a forty-days feast. (vv. 724–1028 )

Dispute over dog
In a forest, Libeaus's group is alerted of hunting activity nearby, when they the horn blowing of. The dwarf recognizes from the sound of the horn, it must be led by Sir Otis de Lile who had served the Lady of Snowdon but had fled in the time of peril. Later, a many-coloured hunting dog (rache, a scent hound) come their way, and Libeaus fulfills Elene's wish to own it. There arrive a pair of greyhounds pursuing a hind, and afterwards Sir Otis, who courteously asks that his hound be returned, but Libeaus refuses to rescind a gift he had given. They exchange insult with threat and tempers mount. Sir Otis claims he would have fought Libeaus on the spot if he were armed, but in fact, returns with a whole band of comrades, only to be nearly annihilated single-handedly. Sir Otis, too, is sent to Arthur's court. (vv. 1029–1268 )

Isle of Gold
After many adventures in Ireland and Wales, Libeaus arrives at the beautiful Isle of Gold (Ile d'Or) a city of castles and palaces. Its lady is besieged by a Saracen giant called Maugys, described as "black as pitch" (his shield and armor black as well) and measuring 30 feet tall. Libeaus decides to succor her, and single combat ensues: after killing each other's horses and fighting on foot, they call a truce to refresh their thirst. Maugis breaks manner and shoves Libeaus into the water. Libeaus leaps up and claims the "baptism" only made him feel twice as light (eager) as before. Maugis cuts Libeaus's shield, but the latter retrieves the shield that the giant dropped earlier. In the end, Libeaus chops off the giant's arm, pursues, and decapitates him. La Dame Amoure, the lady lordship of the island and enchantress, offers the hero her love and lordship over the Isle of Gold. Libeaus gladly accepts, and for twelve months he lives a life of 'recreantise'. When one day Libeaus meets the maiden Elene, she points out to Libeaus that he has been disloyal to his lord in abandoning his quest. He feels deeply ashamed and leaves the Isle of Gold. With him he takes his horse, his armour and La Dame Amour's steward Gifflet (here "Jurflete"), whom he makes his squire. (vv. 1269–1520 )

Steward of Synadowne
Arriving at Snowdon (Synadowne) at last, Libeaus challenges Lambert (or Lanwarde/Lambard) the city's steward and "Constable of that castelle", who has the habit of fighting every knight who comes to the city seeking lodging ("ostell", 'hospitality'). The loser suffers the shame of having carnage and filth ("cor/goore and fen[ne]") cast at by the city-folk. Libeaus brings along Gifflet (his squire, here "Gyrflete") as fellow Knight of the Round. Libeaus engages Lambert in three rounds of jousting, and the shafts are shivered many times over upon shields, Libeaus breaks the other's helmet in the second bout, and unhorses him in the third. Lambert concedes defeat and guesses Libeaus must be Gawain's kin, and says he is more than welcome especially if he is willing to fight on behalf of his lady. Libeaus replies this is exactly what he has been tasked to do, but knew not of the reasons or perpetrators behind the lady's torment. Lambert informs Libeaus that the Lady of Synadowne is being held captive by two "clerks of necromancy" (or "clerics" who practice black magic) (‘nigermansye’):
 * "Quod Lambert, 'Be Seint John!
 * Knyght, sir, is ther none
 * That durste hir away lede.
 * Twoo clerkys ben hir foone,
 * Fekyll off bloode and bone,
 * That hauyth y-doo this dede."

Lambert informs Libeaus that these two clerks, brothers named Mabon and Irayne (Jrayne) have created a magical palace which no nobleman dares enter, and they say that they will kill the lady unless she transfers all of her right (birthright) to Mabon. Not only that, but the townsfolk fear that they intend to "do her sin" (i.e., rape her), presumably with the design of claim her as wife. Lambert rides with Libeaus to the gate of the perilous palace, but no other barons, burgesses, etc. are willing to accompany, save for Libeaus's swain Gifflet (here "Sir Jerflete"), but he is denied due to mortal danger. (vv. 1521–1832 )

Lady of Synadowne turned dragon
Next morning, Libeaus enters this palace and, leading his horse by the reins, finds nobody there but minstrels playing their music. Going deeper into the palace, searching for someone to fight with, he passes magnificent columns and stained glass windows and sits down on the raised platform at the far end of the space. The minstrels who had been playing now vanish, the earth shakes, and stones fall down. On the field outside appear the two necromantic clerks, Mabon and Irayne, armed and on horseback. They are intent on killing Libeaus, who does battle with them both. His horse is wounded on the neck by Irayne, but Libeaus in turn slices off Irayne's thigh, seemingly to immobilize him. Indeed, when Mabon breaks his sword, Libeaus runs up to Irayne and seize his weapon. Then decisively, Libeaus severs Mabon's shield arm. Mabon offers to surrender, fearing the wound from his own poisoned weapons cannot be left unattended. But Libeaus delivers the head-splitting stroke. Meanwhile, Irayne has disappeared.

Depressed, Libeaus sits down in the palace hall: Irayne might well cause him trouble in the future. While Libeaus contemplates his situation, a window appears in one of the walls, and a winged serpent (worm) with a woman's face crawls through. The dragon speaks, asserting that it is 'young', and then kisses a terrified Libeaus. Consequently, it changes into a beautiful young woman: the Lady of Synadowne. She thanks Libeaus for freeing her, and tells him that he has slain both of the evil clerks. She also tells him that the only way the curse which had changed her into a serpent could be lifted was by kissing Gawain or someone else of his kin. Then the lady offers herself and her many possessions to Libeaus, who gladly accepts. (vv. 1833–2168 )

After staying Lambert for seven days at Synadowne (Snowdon), Libeaus and the Lady of Synadowne go to King Arthur's court, where Arthur grants Libeaus the lady's hand. A forty-day feast follows, after which the newly-weds are escorted back to Synadowne by Arthur and his knights, where they live happily together for many years. (vv. 2169– 2204[end] )

Style
Libeaus Desconus is a late fourteenth-century Middle English poem of around 2,200 lines (the exact number of lines varies amongst the six manuscripts). Like many Middle English romances (e.g. The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle and Emaré) the poem is divided into stanzas of tail-rhyme verse, a rhyming couplet followed by a tail-rhyme, repeated four times in each stanza in a scheme like AABCCBDDBEEB.

Writing principally in a dialect of southern England, possibly the SE Midlands, Thomas Chestre has been described as a "hack writer" who had an acquaintance with a number of other Middle English romances and was able to borrow from them, often retaining the different dialects of the bits and pieces he incorporated into his own poetry. Libeaus Desconus was written for a more popular audience than the Old French romances on which it models itself.

Thomas Chestre's sources
Most of the themes and motifs in Libeaus Desconus are drawn from a common stock of medieval Arthurian material. It is difficult to assign a unique work from which this Middle English poem derives, although some have argued for a lost twelfth century romance from which both Libeaus Desconus and the much earlier, late twelfth or early thirteenth-century Old French Le Bel Inconnu have their source. Le Bel Inconnu may have been known to the author in a manuscript copy that was not identical to the only copy which now survives, and Thomas Chestre may have had access to this "as well as other, related, material".

Schofield, who was a proponent of the theory that Thomas Chestre had recourse to a French work that was older than Renaut's Libeaus Desconus finds corroboration in Chestre's testimony of his "French source", which occurs in three passages in the work. However, it has been pointed out that it was "a convention of romance.. to acknowledge a French source, whether or not it is the actual source", so Chestre's claim of a "French source" could well be just lip service and not a reliable testimony of its existence.

Cognate tales
There are Old French (Libeaus Desconus), Middle High German and Italian versions of this tale: Wirnt von Gravenberc's MHG Wigalois (c. 1204–1210) and the Italian Cantare di Carduino (c. 1375). There is also Claude Platin's L'Hystoire de Giglan (1530), a reworking in early modern French.

While this also goes to the question of Chestre's sources broached above, the links and differences between them are a complex issue, and one cannot simply assume a lost twelfth-century work from which they all originate.

Parallels
As well as the late-twelfth/early thirteenth century Old French romance Le Bel Inconnu, or its hypothesised precursor, there are a number of other works that are parallels which share motifs with Thomas Chestre's story Libeaus Desconus, possibly influencing, or influenced by it.

The "Fair Unknown" story has parallels in the tale of La Cote Male Taile and Sir Thomas Malory's Tale of Sir Gareth from Le Morte d'Arthur. as well as Chrétien de Troyes' Conte du Graal.

Perceval
Chrétien de Troyes's Perceval, le Conte du Graal (c. 1180–1190) and its Welsh version Peredur in the Mabinogion are named as parallels, moreover, Percival has been held to be the original template upon which the Fair Unknown stories were crafted, according to Schofield.  Schofield even went so far as to pronounce that Libeaus was "only Perceval with a new name".

However, this notion has been retorted by modern Germanist J. W. Thomas. While admitting there are traces of Perceval material in the "Fair Unknown" romances, an equal or even more viable scenario is that these embellishments were merely later added.

The Middle English verse romance, Sir Perceval of Galles (Sir Perceval of Wales), relates early events in the life of Perceval that are similarly situated to Libeaus desconus, only more vividly compared to LD ' s "summary".

Erec et Enide
The variant of Libeaus Desconus in which the maid rescued from giants is offered in marriage to the hero is of particular importance to R. S. Loomis in his comparative study to Erec et Enide, because this nuptial offer is followed by the gerfalcon adventure, just as Erec's amorous ties to Enide are followed by the sparrowhawk episode in Chrétien's romance. (The topic of the gerfalcon episode paralleled in Erec et Enide has already broached in the plot summary above, under ).

This story of Erec and Enide has itself been considered a successful reworking of material from which the tales of the Fair Unknown derive, in particular creating a heroine 'who is more complex and interesting than any of her counterparts in Le Bel Inconnu. There is evidence that Arthurian tales were often reworked, and that characters not originally associated with King Arthur in the eleventh and twelfth centuries were absorbed into his epic.

Hugh of Rhuddlan's Ipomedon
The twelfth-century romance Ipomedon, written in Norman French by Hugh of Rhuddlan, is found in a Middle English version, Ipomadon, in MS Chetham 8009, lying in Chetham's Library, Manchester, England and dating from "between the last decade of the fourteenth century and the middle of the fifteenth century". Following a number of adventures in which the eponymous hero demonstrates his martial prowess, Ipomadon puts on the garb of a fool and goes to the court of the uncle of the lady he loves, the King of Sicily, where he agrees to stay only if he is granted the "fyrste battayle". Shortly after he arrives, a maiden appears, "apon a palfreye white as mylke", seeking a champion to free her lady from oppression. The fool (Ipomadon) asks again that the quest be given to him. Since nobody else at court wants to undertake this task, the king concedes his request. The maiden is far from impressed. Only slowly does she moderate her acrimony as the fool travels along with her, defeating one hostile knight after another, until they reach the maiden's land and he frees the lady, who is, in fact, the lady he loves. The maiden's name is Imayne, she travels with a dwarf and, along the way, Ipomadon defeats a knight named Maugys.

Breton lays
The upbringing-in-the-wild motif is evident not only in tales of the Fair Unknown and in Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval, le Conte du Graal but in the Breton lay Tyolet. Known from only one Old French manuscript, dating to the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century, the lay itself was probably composed by the beginning of the thirteenth century. Like Perceval and Libeaus Desconus, Tyolet arrives at King Arthur's court as a young man who has spent all his childhood living alone in the forest with his mother. Like Perceval and Libeaus Desconus, what prompts Tyolet to go to King Arthur's court in the first place is the sight of armour. Unlike Chrétien's Perceval, but like Libeaus Desconus, an animal in this story is transformed into a human, in this case a stag which changes into an armed knight, a "knight-beast".

The Breton lays that we have from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, on the evidence of the opening passages in Tyolet and others, describing their transmission, are possibly derived from stories that are considerably older, although the desire of medieval authors to "seek to ensure a measure of authenticity for their tales" should be remembered. Similarities in Tyolet and the Second Continuation of Chrétien's Perceval, le Conte du Graal has led R.S. Loomis to observe that the two stories "must derive from a common remote source".

Instances of animals transforming into human beings occur also in the twelfth-century Breton lays of Marie de France, in particular "Bisclavret" and "Yonec".

Irish mythology
R. S. Loomis notes the similarities between the early life of Perceval and the enfances of Finn mac Cumhail, as found in the twelfth-century narrative The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn (Macgnímartha Finn), and makes a similar comparison with the boyhood of Sir Gawain's son Gingalais, who arrives at King Arthur's court to become the Fair Unknown. Finn mac Cumhail likewise was a son of noble blood, first named Demne, deliberately reared deep in the forest, away from the threat of arms, spent his childhood hunting in this forest and at last came upon the home of a great lord where he was given the name Fionn, or Fair.

Although the Irish and Scottish lays were only redacted in modern times, they often lay claim ancient authorship or old oral tradtiion. The episode of the many-coloured hunting dogs (common to LD and the French version) has a parallel in the Lay of the Great Fool (Amadán Mór), which is known widespread in Irish and Scottish versions, either as a standalone lay, or a prose tale containing the lay. Schofield uses the Irish lay ("Adventures of the Amadan Mor") recorded by O'Daly and a similarly worded lay recorded in Campbell's Popular Tales of the West Highlands as his counterpart examples.

title: Libeaus Desconus


text: Category:Theatre of India

title: Category:Theatre of India