text:
Talk:Flashcard

Open source?
I know this isn't the best place to discuss this, but I would love to help create an open source, non-commercial, Wikipedia-like resource for flashcard content. The file format would preferably be compatible with one of the open source programs. If anybody else is interested in helping to build it, or knows of something like this that already exists, let me know on my talk page. --Arcadian 15:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Pimsleur?
Are the references to the pimsleur language school really necessary in this and related entries? Seems like a marketing ploy, and since no other vendors are featured in the article (except for the commercial section), I'm not sure if it's appropriate.
 * You’re correct that Pimsleur is irrelevant – it uses spaced repetition, but is audio-only, not a flashcard program. I’ve accordingly removed Pimsleur references; it’s mentioned at spaced repetition.
 * —Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk) 06:34, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

ERO (Efficient Recitation with Overlearning)
I accidentally posted my section on ERO in Talk. I'm deleting it.R Waldo WCU (talk) 14:45, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Why are unpublished sources quoted? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.85.246.35 (talk) 00:18, 20 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I’ve moved ERO to a separate article, as it is an application of flashcards, rather than terribly relevant to flashcards themselves.
 * —Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk) 06:35, 4 December 2009 (UTC)
 * ERO appears to fail notability – for instance, the main Google ref is the WP page, and all references appear to be to the WP page (unsurprising, as the main reference is unpublished). It’s thus going to be deleted. The references, however, appear useful, and have been retained at Rote learning – thanks!
 * —Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk) 22:14, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Missing the point
Probably me. What is that little pic at the top supposed to tell you? It tells me absolutely nothing (and I have made and used flashcards in training situations). Peridon (talk) 13:52, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree with Peridon's point; I've supplied a more expansive image caption which I hope will help to clarify matters. — Objectivesea (talk) 07:44, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

Biology
Excretion in human 124.253.166.192 (talk) 11:57, 20 September 2022 (UTC)

Math for people entering class 4
Summer class 2601:152:4C81:5830:C197:C0F:EA2A:16C6 (talk) 02:06, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

Maths
For peopLe entering class 4 2601:152:4C81:5830:C197:C0F:EA2A:16C6 (talk) 02:09, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

Why was the section on Math removed?
Why was the section detailing flashcards being used in Math removed? Savagecrybaby (talk) 03:10, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flashcard


text:
Mutiloa

Mutiloa is a town and municipality located in the Goierri region of the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, northern Spain.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mutiloa


text:
Asset (intelligence)

In intelligence, assets are persons within organizations or countries being spied upon who provide information for an outside spy. They are sometimes referred to as agents, and in law enforcement parlance, as confidential informants, or "CIs" for short.

There are different categories of assets, including people who:

 * Willingly work for a foreign government for ideological reasons such as being against their own government, but live in a country that doesn't allow political opposition. They may elect to work with a foreign power to change their own country because there are few other ways available.
 * Work in intergovernmental relations for a different part of their government but relay information to their country's intelligence agency. They often obtain useful information in the course of their other work and are sometimes tasked with seeking it out.
 * Work for monetary gain. Intelligence services often pay good wages to people in important positions that are willing to betray secrets.
 * Have been blackmailed and are forced into their role.
 * Do not even know they are being used (so called "useful idiots"). Assets can be loyal to their country, but may still provide a foreign agent with information through failures in information safety, such as using insecure computers or not following proper OPSEC procedures during day-to-day chatting.

title: Asset (intelligence)


text:
Mutriku

Mutriku (Motrico) is a coastal town located in the province of Gipuzkoa in the Autonomous Community of Basque Country in northern Spain. It has a population of around 5000 and provides access to the Bay of Biscay. It is the site of the world's first multi-turbine breakwater wave power station, opened July 8, 2011. The Church of San Andrés can be found here, being one of the oldest churches in Gipuzkoa, dating to the year 1080.

Etymology
Two different spellings are used for the town. Mutriku is the historical name as used by its inhabitants, but Motrico is the official spelling from the 13th century until 1980 on writing. In standard Basque language, the term Mutriku is used nowadays, the Basque spelling becoming official in 1980 by council decision. Since 1989, Mutriku has been the only official name accepted by the BOE, and it is used in modern official documents and in the Spanish-language media across the Basque region.

The town name's etymology has attracted much heated discussion. It is uncertain whether it was created before or at the founding of the town in 1209, although it seems to predate royal foundation as the 13th-century town charter mentions Motriko.

Location and access
This small town lies on the coast of the Bay of Biscay, in the northwestern corner of Gipuzkoa. It is perched on rocky cliffs by the sea, and low tide reveals many bathing places and fishing spots. The town's beaches are located on the mouths of Deba and Artibai rivers. The name of the dark sand beach at the Deba's mouth is Ondarbeltz (hence the name, literally 'black sand' in Basque), while the beach at the mouth of the Artibai river is light gold in color. At the center of the village and halfway between the two river mouths lies a natural bay with the harbour. From the harbor there is a view of the whole town, dotted with medieval-style buildings.

Urban geography
Apart from the urban centre where the 85% of the population lives, the village contains 9 minor neighbourhoods as follows: Astigarribia, Artzain Erreka, Galdona, Ibiri, Laranga, Mijoa, Mizkia, Olabarrieta and Olatz.

Hydrography
The river Deba is the limit of the town to the east; some small rivulets flow from the village to it as the Olatzgoiko erreka, the Ainoerreka, Jarrolatza erreka and Txokorrekua. On the western boundary lies the Artibai, although in this case the river from city limit is the Mijoaerreka race that leads Saturraran beach in the bay at the mouth of Artibai. The Saturraran forms a small basin that collects water from Olatz and surrounding mountains with rivers: Errekabeltz, Armentxako erreka, Zinoaetxeberriko erreka, Artzainerreka, Aldaberreka, Bidekoaerreka, Ondaberroerreka and Kurpitako erreka. Between these two watersheds, Deba and the Saturraran, another small basin that forms a small river that runs down from Kalbario and the valley which sits the town center and surrounding areas, these are: Errekaundi, Idurreko erreka, Leizarreko erreka, Maldomin erreka, Xoxuarterreka and Lasaoko erreka.

Terrain
The topography of Mutriku is marked by Mt. Arno (608 m), which rises above the town. It is a mass of limestone covered with oak and native conifer Cantabrian forest. The terrain is very rugged, with steep slopes and narrow valleys extending down to the coastline, cliffs, and tidal region of Guipuzcoa.

Economy
Mutriku's economy is tied to the sea. Fishing has historically been the main economic driver, providing the raw material for canning factories. The fishing sector has been greatly affected by the economic crisis; only a few inshore fishing boats remain. Agriculture in the rural districts is for subsistence and local consumption; surplus crops are sold in regional markets. Little livestock is present. Logging in rural areas focuses on insignis pine and other conifers.

Supplements to the fishing sector are still developing. The canning industry, historically the main town industry, has given way to all kinds of metal processing workshops that export regionally. Flat land at the Saturraran river mouth has provided development space. The main business of the municipality is currently the canning factory Yurrita e Hijos SA,; Metec Motric SA, which manufactures medical instruments, and the Katealegaia workshop for those with disabilities are other major employers

The service sector is heavily dependent on tourism. Mutriku has several campgrounds and many restaurants which also cater to those visiting the neighboring town of Deba. It has also become a popular location for vacation homes for those in larger cities.

History
The Jentiletxea II and Iruroin Langatxo caves reveal prehistoric occupation in periods dating back to the Upper Paleolithic.

The town of Mutriku was founded in 1209 by the Castillian King Alfonso VIII, who granted the town charter and gave the right to build a wall to protect the city (there are still some visible remnants of the wall).

The medieval town developed rapidly. Important palaces and tower houses belonging to aristocratic families and the commercial and military classes were constructed. Unfortunately, in 1553 a fire destroyed much of the town. Only some stone houses were saved, while all wooden ones were lost.

At the end of the 19th century, Evaristo de Churruca designed new docks for the port. The passage of time revealed problems with the original designs, and in the middle of the 20th century the docks were modified by Ramon Iribarren Cavanilles to correct wave problems. However, in the late 20th century decline of the fishing sector gave rise to increased attention to another alternative, tourism. To solve port entry and stability problems with the dock and attract tourists interested in ocean access to the Bay of Biscay, a new seawall was designed and located outside the old harbor. The new wave-powered power plant is located in the newest seawall.

With the 21st century came another important works project, the building of a direct route to the harbor to ameliorate heavy traffic in the medieval old city center. The roads to Deba and Ondarroa were also improved.

Monuments

 * Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción, a Neoclasical church with great stairway for access, inside it has a Christ made by El Greco.
 * Palace Galdona, 'baroque façade with impressive coat of arms and a large overhang corner carving.
 * House Churruca, commissioned by the General Gaztañeta in 1731.
 * Zabiel Palace, 16th century. Impressive eave and coat of arms.
 * Home of Churruca, 18th-century building with Churruca family coat of arms, here was born Cosme Damián Churruca.
 * Lonja Zaharra, 18th-century building, former fish market. Today Navy's social home.
 * Berriatúa Tower, Prior to 1553 with yellow sandstone. Impressive wood carving at doors and windows.
 * Montalivet Palace, Build by the architect Ignacio Ibero in the 18th century.
 * House Olazarra-Mizquia, With stone façade from the 17th century, it has a great coat of arms
 * Church of San Andrés de Astigarribia, which has been considered one of the oldest in the province of Guipúzcoa for having pre romanic elements, like a horseshoe shape window arch. Subsequent studies have revealed that these elements are from the 11th century.

Festivals
At Mutriku the following festivals are held:

 * Berdel Eguna (day of mackerel), usually the first Saturday of April.
 * Malen Jaiak (Festival Mary Magdalene), 21–25 July.
 * Kalbaixoko Jaiak (Festival of Kalbario), 14–16 September.
 * Gaba Beltza (Black night), the closest Saturday to October 31, and sometimes, the same day. It is a local version of the Halloween.

Personalities

 * Juan Gamboa (15th century): General.
 * Juan Antón de Astigarribia (16th century): Trader.
 * Domingo de Irure (16th century): admiral who fought Francis Drake at the Estrecho de Magallanes.
 * Pascual de Iturriza (16th century): architect.
 * Hernando de Lizaola (16th century): General.
 * Pedro de Lizaola (16th century): Bishop Trípoli.
 * Domingo de Dornutegui (17th century): Admiral.
 * Rodrigo de Guilistegui (17th century): Admiral.
 * Juan de Iturriza (17th century): Admiral.
 * Miguel Vidazábal (17th century): Admiral.
 * José Antonio de Gaztañeta (1656-1728): Admiral and naval architect.
 * Cosme Damián de Churruca y Elorza (1761-1805): Scientist and brigadier of the Navy. Hero of Battle of Trafalgar.
 * Julián de Churruca: Lawyer, philologist and hero of the War of Spanish Independence.
 * Juan Bautista Acillona (1832-): Liberal politician.
 * José de Churruca (1791-1849): Judge and Politician.
 * Evaristo de Churruca (1841-1917): engineer. First count of Mutriku.
 * Juan Pesón, Juan de Landa (1894-1968): Actor.
 * Mateo de la Osa (1905-1995): Boxer.
 * José María Pagoaga (1952-1995): Handball player.
 * José Antonio Arcocha Martija (1911-1996): Basque writer.
 * Sabino Andonegui (1931): Football player and coach.
 * Francisco Churruca (1936): Pelotari.
 * Dionisio Urreisti (1942): Football player.
 * Guillermo Andonegi (1949): sculptor.
 * Xiri Andonegi (1955- 2011): sculptor.
 * Imanol Andonegi (1958): sculptor.
 * Juan Carlos Pérez Gómez (1958): musician and member of Itoiz.
 * Luciano Iturrino (1963): Football player.
 * Peio Arreitunandia (1974): Professional cyclist.
 * Estitxu Arozena (1975): Bertsolari.
 * Asier Illarramendi (1990): former Real Madrid footballer, currently playing for Real Sociedad.

title: Mutriku


text:
User talk:Pifpafpuf~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 15:28, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Pifpafpuf~enwiki


text:
Edward Lee Howard

Edward Lee Victor Howard (27 October 1951 – 12 July 2002) was a CIA case officer who defected to the Soviet Union.

Pre-CIA career
Howard served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Bucaramanga, Colombia. There he met Mary Cedarleaf in 1973, and they were married three years later in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 1976, Howard earned a master's degree in business administration from the American University in Washington, D.C., and joined USAID. In February 1977, the Howards left for two years to live in Lima, Peru, where he worked on loan projects. There is no evidence to suggest that Howard was anything but a USAID loan officer. After Peru, the Howards returned to the United States, and he went to work in Chicago for a company doing environmental work. On March 19, 1983, the Howards had a son named Lee Howard.

CIA career
Howard was hired by the CIA in 1980 and was later joined by his wife, Mary, where they were both trained in intelligence and counter-intelligence methods. Shortly after the end of their training and before going on their first assignment, a routine polygraph test indicated that he had lied about past drug use, and he was fired by the CIA in 1983 shortly before he was to report to the CIA's station at the American embassy in Moscow.

Disgruntled over the perceived unfairness of having been dismissed over accusations of drug use, petty theft and deception, he began to abuse alcohol. He then began making mysterious phone calls to some former colleagues, both in Washington and in Moscow. In February 1984 after a drunken brawl he was arrested and charged with assault with a deadly weapon. The charges were later reduced to aggravated assault.

At some point Howard apparently began providing classified information to the KGB, possibly contacting KGB officers in Austria in 1984 during a visit there. His information has been blamed for exposing Adolf Tolkachev, who was then executed by the KGB.

In 1985, the CIA was severely shaken by several security leaks that led to exposure of officers and assets. On August 1, 1985, after twenty-five years of service in the KGB, Vitaly Yurchenko walked into the US Embassy in Rome and defected to the United States. In the following interrogations by the CIA, he accused Howard and another officer, Ronald Pelton, of working for the KGB. In November of that year, Yurchenko himself re-defected back to the Soviet Union. It has been suggested that Yurchenko was acting as a re-doubled agent, seeking to fool the CIA with wrong leads to protect one of the Soviet Union's most important CIA double-agents, Aldrich Ames.

Surveillance and escape to Helsinki
The FBI began watching the Howards in Santa Fe, New Mexico. A search warrant was subsequently secured to tap the Howards’ phone. On September 20, 1985, Howard walked up to a member of a surveillance team and indicated that he was ready to talk but wanted first to get a lawyer; a meeting was scheduled for the following week.

The following night, however, Howard disappeared. As he and his wife Mary drove back from a dinner away from their home, Howard leapt from the car as Mary slowed to round a corner. He left a dummy made from stuffed clothes and an old wig stand in his seat to fool the pursuing agents, and fled to Albuquerque, where he took a plane to New York City. Once at home, Mary called a number she knew would reach an answering machine, and played a pre-recorded message from Edward to fool the wiretap and buy her husband more time. From New York, Howard flew to Helsinki, and from there, he walked into the Soviet embassy.

Howard maintained his innocence until his death. He only fled, he said, because he could see the agency had chosen him to fill Yurchenko's profile and wanted a scapegoat. Howard insisted he refused to divulge anything of real importance in exchange for his Soviet protection.

In 1995 Howard's memoirs, called Safe House, were published by National Press Books in which Howard indicated that he was prepared for a plea bargain with the U.S.

Death
Howard died on July 12, 2002, at his Russian dacha, reportedly from a broken neck after a fall in his home.

title: Edward Lee Howard


text:
Flyte

Flyte is a 2006 children's novel by Angie Sage and the second book in the Septimus Heap series. The book's cover was modelled after the in-story book: How to Survive Dragon Fostering: A Practykal Guide with the Flyte Charm lying on top. Flyte was released in March 2006 through HarperCollins and Bloomsbury Publishing.

Plot
The book begins with a "fair haired" boy rowing a canoe to the place where Necromancer DomDaniel drowned, along with his ship. His skeleton climbs into the canoe, while the fair haired boy thinks about exacting his revenge on all the people who underestimated him. He thinks that they'll be sorry, especially when he becomes the ExtraOrdinary Wizard. Septimus Heap has become the apprentice to Marcia Overstrand, the ExtraOrdinary Wizard, and a year has gone by. Septimus's older brother, Simon, had run away after an argument between him and Sarah and Silas Heap about Septimus, who Simon dislikes. He comes back and kidnaps Jenna on his horse, Thunder. Septimus goes to search for her and he is assisted in his search by his brother Nicko, who helps build boats at Jannit Maarten's boatyard. Along the way, Septimus meets his old friend Boy 409 from the young army, who went missing before the events of Book 1. He is now called Wolf Boy. Jenna runs away from Simon's observatory in The Badlands and makes her way towards The Port. Eventually Septimus is able to rescue Jenna with his elder brother Nicko's help from the Port but they are tracked by Sleuth, Simon's tracking ball.

They make their way to the Marram Marshes where they take the Dragon-Boat from Aunt Zelda's cottage and fly her to the Castle. However, they are pursued by Simon, who used a Flyte Charm to fly in the sky. Simon drops a huge Thunderflash on the Dragon-Boat's wing and it drops over Jannit Marten's Boatyard. Septimus, Jenna, and Aunt Zelda are able to revive her through the Transubstantiation Triple spell.

Septimus is also in search of the long lost Flyte charm. He finds the separated charm and unites it along with the small pair-of-wings Flyte charm that Marcia had given him as a token for his apprenticeship. Eventually he is able to fly and even warns Simon never to harm Jenna again. Also, the rock that Jenna gave him at Aunt Zelda's cottage turns out to be the egg of a dragon and eventually it hatches. Septimus absolutely adores the dragon and names him Spit Fyre. The dragon, based on the seeing-is-believing basis, identifies Marcia as his mother after yelling at him on the dragon launch pad.

Septimus rescues Marcia by identifying the shadow that has been trailing her. He also finds out that the ShadowSafe Marcia is developing contains, unbeknownst to her, the bones of the dead Necromancer, DomDaniel, which, once reassembled, tries to kill Marcia. With Septimus's help, Marcia is able to Identify him and he is once again destroyed.

Other characters

 * Marcia Overstrand: The current ExtraOrdinary Wizard. An extremely powerful wizard, Marcia is known for her short tempers and ambition. She has Septimus as her apprentice.
 * Alther Mella: The ex-ExtraOrdinary Wizard whose ghost now helps Septimus to look for Jenna and also gives advice to Marcia.
 * DomDaniel: Ex-ExtraOrdinary wizard and Necromancer. DomDaniel was destroyed by Marcia in Magyk, but his bones were placed in Marcia's ShadowSafe to make a Placement on her.
 * Billy Pot: The Palace gardener who is also the inventor of the Contraption- a machine used as a lawn mower.
 * Ellis Crackle: Once an apprentice to DomDaniel. DomDaniel Reduced him into a Shadow.
 * Hugh Fox: The Chief Hermetic Scribe at Manuscriptorium. He has had secret dealings with Simon Heap. He is the one who gave Simon the half of the Flyte with Simon Heap.
 * Merrin Meredith: He thought he was Septimus Heap. He was once an apprentice to and then later Consumed by Necromancer DomDaniel. But Aunt Zelda saved him from being gone forever. He was apprenticed to Simon Heap near the end of the book.
 * Morwenna Mould: Current Witch Mother of the Wendron Witch Forest Coven. Saved from a pack of wolverine by Silas.
 * Nurse Meredith: The landlady of the Doll House after Florrie Bundy, the old landlady, drowned in a drain after having a Shrink Spell done on her by Linda, one of the witches in the Port Witch Coven. She was the Matron Midwife who snatched Septimus Heap from Sarah for DomDaniel.
 * Lucy Gringe: She is in love with Simon Heap, and often fights with her parents about it, as they despise all Heaps.
 * Professor Weasal Van Klampff: The professor in charge of constructing the Shadow Safe.
 * Sleuth: The faithful servant to Simon Heap. He used to be a bald, old tennis ball in a dumpster, but then Simon dug him out and enchanted him, making him a tracker ball.
 * Stanley: Once a message rat, he is now employed in the Secret Rat Service. He is sent to find Jenna when she is kidnapped.
 * Una Brakket: Weasal Van Klampff's grumpy housekeeper.
 * Gringe: Gate keeper, Lucy's father
 * Rupert Gringe: Gringe's son who works Jannit Martin's Boatyard
 * Sally Mullin: Dock side cafe owner, and Sarah Heap's best friend
 * Wolf Boy: Also called Boy 409, Wolf Boy was Septimus' best friend in the Young Army.
 * Jenna Heap: The princess, future queen

Dragons

 * Spit Fyre: A young green dragon that hatches from a green rock that Jenna, the Queenling, had given Septimus. Spit Fyre is able to breathe Fyre and he has had his FirstFlyte with Septimus and Jenna, the Navigator. Spit Fyre seems to be a fun loving and very clumsy dragon. He loves to eat.
 * The Dragon Boat: A half-dragon, half-boat is stolen by all the bad guys in the kingdom. Many years ago, the dragon's master, Hotep-Ra, was fleeing from people who wanted to dispose of him. The dragon made the once-in-a-lifetime Transformation into a boat to save her master. She is permanently a boat. Jenna must visit her once a year on Mid-Summer's Day, the time when the dragon's magic is the strongest.

Reception
Critical reception for the book was positive, with the School Library Journal giving positive reviews for the print book and its audio version. The Toronto Star gave a positive review for Flyte, saying that it "soars past Magyk".

title: Flyte


text:
Talk:Thurmaston

has a Thurmaston UD, which was entirely annexed by Leicester in 1935. Which is a bit odd because the area now known as Thurmaston is outside the boundary. Probably the name only refers to the Thurmaston parish outside the city? Morwen - Talk 15:29, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

You refer to this page alot and it must be wrong. Thurmaston, the place I phsycally live, has big signs on the way in saying welcome to Thurmaston, there is a Thurmaston Shopping Centre, and Thurmaston Times. It's Parish Council and in the District of Charnwood. All this annex by Leicester stuff, yeah maybe there was some of Thurmaston swallowed up by the City but trust me it's the county and it very much exists, in fact I'm in it right now.

Jimmmmmmmmm Ferbrary 23 2006 23:03

 * I believe the Thurmaston UD refers to Rushey Mead, which is indeed part of the city. There's also a lot of areas (southern Humberstone Lane, Barkbythorpe Road/Warren Avenue, The Roundway/Hill Rise) which people generally count as part of Thurmaston, even though they're technically under city council jurisdiction (and so part of Rushey Mead?) Outrune (talk) 12:10, 29 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Just an opinion piece here, but the boundaries between Thurmaston and Rushey Mead are completely political in nature and make zero logical sense. They probably did back in 1976 but now, it's all one continous urbanized mass from the city centre, all the way up to the Asda roundabout. Next door neighbours on Hill Rise can be part of two completely different councils, i.e. a postcode lottery. The boundaries should be moved either south, to Troon Way (absorbing Rushey Mead into Charnwood, but with a clear divide from Leicester), or north to Asda roundabout (absorbing Thurmaston into the City)... Outrune (talk) 08:19, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

Can anyone confirm the story about Dion Dublin playing for Thurmaston? Dryouknow 09:25, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thurmaston


text:
Sam Carr

Sam Carr (July 7, 1906 – 1989) was an organizer for the Communist Party of Canada and its successor, the Labor-Progressive Party, in the 1930s and 1940s. He was born Schmil Kogan in Tomashpil, Ukraine, in 1906 and immigrated to Canada in 1924, living in Winnipeg and Regina before settling in Montreal in 1925. Carr became an organizer for the Young Communist League with Fred Rose.

Biography
In 1931, Carr was arrested with other Communist Party leaders and detained in Kingston Penitentiary for 30 months for being an officer in the party, which had been declared illegal that year. Following his release from prison he was an organizer of the 1935 On to Ottawa Trek.

He was the editor of the Communist Party's newspaper, The Clarion, before fleeing to the United States with other party leaders in 1940 when the party was again declared illegal. In 1942, following the German invasion of the USSR, those party leaders who had gone underground, including Carr and Tim Buck, turned themselves in to the authorities. They released after ten days on the promise that they would refrain from communist activities. As a result, the Labor-Progressive Party was formed in 1943 as a legal front for the party; Carr became its national organizer.

In 1946, after a cypher clerk in the Soviet embassy in Ottawa, Igor Gouzenko, defected to Canada, a warrant was issued for Carr's arrest and he again fled to the United States. A Royal Commission on Espionage was called to investigate his activities. In 1949 he was found guilty of conspiracy to obtain a false passport, and was imprisoned for seven years. Carr was one of the principal recruiters of spies for the USSR in Canada.

By the time of his release from prison, Carr was no longer a member of the Labor-Progressive Party, but became active in the left wing organization United Jewish Peoples' Order (UJPO) until his death in 1989. He wrote for the UJPO magazine under the pen name George Lewis.

His nephew was broadcaster Percy Saltzman.

title: Sam Carr


text:
Oiartzun

Oiartzun (Oiartzun, Oyarzun) is a town and municipality located in the Basque Country, in the province of Gipuzkoa lying at the foot of the massif Aiako Harria (Peñas de Aya in Spanish).

Etymology
The name traces back to Oiasso or Oiarso, a Roman town closely connected to the Arditurri mines in the massif of Aiako Harria, which contained large amounts of silver and copper. However, it has been pinpointed to the current border town of Irun, so the name may have referred to the whole area.

Geography
A river bearing the same name meanders through the meadows and neighbourhoods of this sparse municipality. That is one of its main features, it is scattered in different quarters across the valley. Elizalde lies on a prominence and it is the central nucleus of the town, with the main church San Esteban and town hall being located there. At the foot of Elizalde lies Altzibar by the Oiartzun River. Ugaldetxo developed into an urban built-up area surrounded by industrial estates near the AP-8 motorway, while the rest of the neighbourhoods have hung onto their rural and picturesque landscape to a large extent.

Alfonso VIII of Castile chartered it as town but it took some decades before its independence from Orereta was total.

Sports
The town's football club, Oiartzun KE, plays at Karla Lekuona. The women's side has competed in the highest division of Spanish football, making Oiartzun one of the smallest towns in the country home to a top-flight club.

Notable people born in Oiartzun

 * Sebastián Lartaún, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Cuzco from 1570 to 1583
 * Xabier Lete (1944–2010), writer, poet, singer and politician
 * Izaskun Zubizarreta Guerendiain, (born 1970), ski mountaineer
 * Juan María Lekuona (1927–2005), priest, poet and linguist
 * Rafael Picavea y Leguía (1867–1946), industrialist, politician and journalist
 * José Manuel Lasa (born 1940), cyclist
 * Txomin Perurena (born 1943), cyclist
 * Maixux Rekalde (1934–2022), pacifist, activist, journalist
 * Miguel María Lasa (born 1948), cyclist
 * Iker Leonet (born 1983), cyclist

Twin towns
Oiartzun is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Carhaix, Brittany in France

title: Oiartzun


text:
Compressor map

A compressor map is a chart which shows the performance of a turbomachinery compressor. This type of compressor is used in gas turbine engines, for supercharging reciprocating engines and for industrial processes, where it is known as a dynamic compressor. A map is created from compressor rig test results or predicted by a special computer program. Alternatively the map of a similar compressor can be suitably scaled. This article is an overview of compressor maps and their different applications and also has detailed explanations of maps for a fan and intermediate and high-pressure compressors from a three-shaft aero-engine as specific examples.

Compressor maps are an integral part of predicting the performance of gas turbine and turbocharged engines, both at design and off-design conditions. They also serve a critical purpose in selecting the correct compressors for industrial processes.

Fans and turbines also have operating maps, although the latter are significantly different in appearance to that of compressors.

Compressor design
A compressor map shows the operating range of a compressor and how well it works within its operating range. Two fundamental requirements for the gas flowing through a compressor explain why it works best at a design condition and not so well at other conditions, known as off-design. First, the exit area has to be smaller than the inlet area because the compressed gas has a higher density. The exit area is sized to pass the specific volume at the design condition. Second, all the rotor and stator blades in an axial compressor, and impeller inducer and diffuser vanes in a centrifugal compressor, are angled to meet approaching air head-on at the design condition to minimize incidence losses. Incidence losses reduce the efficiency of compression. Satisfactory operation of the compressor relies on controlling the angle at which the gas approaches rotating and stationary blades to within an acceptable range. Deviating from the optimum first results in increased losses/reduced efficiency then either stalling or sonic velocity/choking which occur in the blade passages at opposite ends of an axial compressor at the same time. They also occur in a centrifugal compressor at entry to the impeller and in the diffuser.

The compressor design point will be in an area of high efficiency whether the compressor is part of a gas turbine engine or whether it is used for pumping air into a blast furnace. However the compressor has to provide suitable performance at other operating conditions imposed on it which means a high efficiency is required over a wider range of operation. In the case of a gas turbine engine it must permit the engine to be started readily and accelerated rapidly to the design speed which means operating at lower speeds than the design speed. At speeds and flows away from the design point the compressor flow area reduction is not appropriate for the actual density rise. A NACA report illustrates pictorially the difference in contraction required at the design condition and at low speed. At lower speeds, for example, the gas hasn't been compressed enough to exit the compressor without adversely affecting the blade angles of attack through the compressor. Away from the design point the middle stages of an axial compressor continue to operate at about the optimum angle of attack but the front stages deviate one way, towards stall, and the rear stages in the opposite direction towards choke. The deviation was acceptable up to a design pressure ratio of about 5:1, producing only a loss in efficiency. At higher design pressure ratios prevention of rotating stall, which occurs at low corrected speeds, and choking was required with the introduction of inlet guide vanes which partially closed at low speeds, or by removing air part-way along the compressor at low speeds. Rows of variable stators or split compressors, which allowed the front stages to speed up and the rear to slow down relative to each other, would also be introduced for the same reason. When pressure ratios reached about 12:1 compressors would incorporate more than one of these features together.

Fixes for rotating stall
Early examples of different solutions to alleviate rotating stall in the front stages include the Rolls-Royce Avon with variable inlet guide vanes and interstage bleed, the General Electric J79 with variable inlet guide vanes and variable stators, the Bristol Olympus with split compressor and the Pratt & Whitney J57 with split compressor and intercompressor bleed. Compressor bleed up to this point had been only necessary for starting and accelerating beyond low corrected speeds where its loss to thrust production, from dumping overboard, was not important. A further development was permanent compressor bleed routed back into the engine where it contributed to thrust. The Rolls-Royce Conway had a split compressor with intercompressor bleed to the jetpipe. A split compressor with this bypass arrangement allowed the highest pressure ratio of any Rolls-Royce engine, at that time, without the need for variable inlet guide vanes or interstage bleed. It was better known as an arrangement for better propulsive efficiency, a bypass engine. The Pratt & Whitney J58 used interstage overboard bleed for starting and accelerating through low corrected speeds but since it returned to these speeds at high mach numbers the bleed was opened again but this time routed to the jetpipe where it cooled the afterburner and nozzle. This cooling contributed indirectly to thrust in allowing more fuel to be burned in the afterburner. A similar arrangement, but using a split compressor with intercompressor bleed to the jetpipe, was later known as a 'leaky' turbojet, a bypass engine with only enough bypass for cooling the afterburner and nozzle.

Compressor map
Compressors pump gas for a wide variety of applications each of which has its own flow resistance which the compressor has to meet to keep the gas flowing. A map shows the pumping characteristics for the complete range of flows and pressure requirements for its application. The map may be produced by driving the compressor with an electric motor with the flow resistance selected artificially using a variable area throttle valve. The compressor may also be mapped if it is part of a gas generator with a valve at the turbine exit. Campbell shows a General Electric J79 compressor mapped in this way.

Dimensional Analysis
Compressor performance changes, day to day, with changes in the ambient pressure and temperature. Woolenweber shows the change in performance of a turbocharger compressor when the inlet temperature varies between 70 and 100 deg F. In the case of aircraft compressors, inlet pressure and temperature also change with altitude and airspeed. The presentation of different performance for every combination of inlet temperature and pressure would be unmanageable but it is possible to collapse it all onto a single map, which is applicable to a wide range of inlet conditions, using dimensional analysis. In dimensional analysis individual quantities such as rotor speed, mass flow and delivery pressure are each grouped with other relevant quantities in such a way that the groups have no dimensions but still have a physical meaning. For example rotor speed $$N$$, inlet temperature $$T$$, compressor diameter $$D$$ and gas properties $$\gamma$$ and $$R$$ are grouped together as dimensionless $$ND/\sqrt{\gamma \ R \ T}$$ which is equivalent to the blade mach number.

Parameter groups which are used as the basis for gas turbine engine compressor maps are total-pressure ratio (Pexit/Pinlet), $$w \sqrt{\gamma \ R \ T}/{AP}$$, $$ND/\sqrt{\gamma \ R \ T}$$ and efficiency. $$ND/\sqrt{\gamma \ R \ T}$$, for example, is simplified below while still being representative of mach number. Maps for other applications use head or discharge pressure and volume flow.

For a particular compressor and gas the flow and speed groups are simplified, by deleting the terms which are constant for a particular compressor and application, namely compressor dimensions and gas properties $$D$$, $$A$$, $$R$$ and $γ$. They are named pseudo-non-dimensional parameters $$w\sqrt{T}/{P}$$ and $$N/\sqrt{T}$$.

A final step is to give the pseudo-non-dimensional parameters standard units for mass flow and speed and more recognizable numerical values by applying pressure and temperature ratio correction factors, also derived as part of the dimensional analysis.

The corrected parameters are $$w\sqrt{\theta}/{\delta}$$ and $$N/\sqrt{\theta}$$. They have the same units as the original observed values and are corrected to agreed standard conditions, the International Standard Atmosphere at sea level (ISA SL). Alternatively they may be shown relative to the design value where the design value is specified as either 100% or 1.0.

The fuel burned in a gas turbine engine sets the compressor running line and also has to be used in 'non-dimensional' form to show its effect on engine operation. It is used as a ratio with combustor pressure when shown on a compressor map. Corrected fuel flow is shown as $$w$$fuel $$=$$  $$w/\sqrt{\theta}{\delta}$$. Although both air and fuel are flows of fluid their non-dimensional parameters are different, $$w\sqrt{\theta}/{\delta}$$ and $$w/\sqrt{\theta}{\delta}$$, because non-dimensional airflow is a form of fluid Mach number while fuel is flow of an incompressible energy source. The dimensions of airflow are M/t and those of fuel-flow are ML2/t3, where M, L and t are mass, length and time.

Fuel flow is also shown on a compressor map, but in the form of its effect, ie turbine inlet temperature. This effect is shown, again non-dimensionally, as the ratio of turbine inlet temperature to compressor inlet temperature, and known as engine temperature ratio. Grandcoing shows the constant temperature lines crossed as a helicopter compressor goes from no-load to full-load with increasing fuel flow.

Correcting observed or measured values to standard day conditions
From the equality of the flow parameters on two different days $$(w\sqrt{T}/{P})$$day 1$$=$$ $$(w\sqrt{T}/{P})$$day 2, measured values on one day can be corrected to those that would be measured on a standard day so,

$$w$$corr $$=$$  $$ = w\sqrt{T/519}/(P/14.7)$$ where $$ w, T, P$$ are measured values and 519 degR and 14.7lb/sq in are the standard day temperature and pressure.

The temperature and pressure correction factors are $$\theta$$ and $$\delta$$, so $$w$$corr $$=$$  $$w\sqrt{\theta}/{\delta}$$

For speed the corrected value is $$N$$corr $$=$$  $$N/\sqrt{\theta}$$

Example: An engine is running at 100% speed and 107 lb of air is entering the compressor every second, and the day conditions are 14.5 psia and 30 deg F (490 deg R).

On a standard day the airflow would be $$ = 107\sqrt{490/519}/(14.5/14.7)$$ which is 105.2 lb/sec. The speed would be $$ = 100/\sqrt{490/519}$$ which is 103%. These corrected values are what would appear on the compressor map for this particular engine. This example shows that a compressor runs aerodynamically faster on a 'cold' day and would be slower on a 'hot' day. Since the 'day' conditions are those at entry to the compressor an extremely 'hot' day is produced artificially by the ram temperature rise at high Mach numbers. The aerodynamic speed is low enough, despite the engine running at its 100% rated mechanical speed, to get into the rotating stall region on the map so an engine operating at these Mach numbers needs the appropriate features. The General Electric J93 had variable inlet guide vanes and stators. The Pratt & Whitney J58 had inter-stage bleed from the compressor and 2-position inlet guide vanes. The Tumansky R-15 had pre-compressor cooling to reduce the air temperature and avoid low corrected speeds.

Kinematic Similarity
The basis for using corrected parameters on the map is mach number kinematic similarity. Corrected flow and speed define mach numbers through the compressor and flow angles onto the blades using velocity triangles. Velocity triangles allow flows to be transferred between different reference frames. In this case gas velocity and circumferential blade velocity in a stationary frame is converted to velocity in a rotating frame (rotor) passage. Losses in blade and vane rows depend primarily on incidence angles and mach number. A particular operating point on the map determines the mach numbers and flow angles everywhere in the compressor.

Flight at high Mach Numbers
An historical example, the Pratt & Whitney J58, illustrates the significance of using corrected values. Rotating stall occurs at low corrected speeds so occurs during starting and also above idle. It may be relieved by opening a bleed valve to increase airflow. At very high flight speeds the compressor will return to this low corrected speed area so the same operating point occurs at low rotational speed on the ground and maximum rotational speed at mach 3 at high altitude. The stalling, low efficiency, blade vibration and failure that plagued low corrected speeds on the ground has returned at 100% rotor rpm at mach 3. The same operating point on the map has the same axial and peripheral mach numbers, same velocity triangles, same efficiency despite the actual rotor speed and compressor inlet temperature being 4750 RPM/60degF on the ground and 7,000RPM/over 600 degF at Mach 3. The same corrected operating point required the same solution to prevent stalling and increase efficiency which was to bleed air from the 4th compressor stage.

Operating Boundaries
The compressor has operating boundaries at the flow extremes for a particular speed which are caused by different phenomena. The steepness of the high flow part of a constant speed line is due to the effects of compressibility. The position of the other end of the line is located by blade or passage flow separation. There is a well-defined, low-flow boundary marked on the map as a stall or surge line, at which blade stall occurs due to positive incidence separation. Not marked as such on maps for turbochargers and gas turbine engines is a more gradually approached, high-flow boundary at which passages choke when the gas velocity reaches the speed of sound. This boundary is identified for industrial compressors as overload, choke, sonic or stonewall. The approach to this flow limit is indicated by the speed lines becoming more vertical. Other areas of the map are regions where fluctuating vane stalling may interact with blade structural modes leading to failure, ie rotating stall causing metal fatigue.

Operating ranges for different applications
Different applications move over their particular map along different paths. An example map with no operating lines is shown as a pictorial reference with the stall/surge line on the left and the steepening speed lines towards choke and overload on the right.

Maps have similar features and general shape because they all apply to machines with spinning vanes which use similar principles for pumping a compressible fluid. Not all machines have stationary vanes (centrifugal compressors may have either vaned or vaneless diffusers). However a compressor operating as part of a gas turbine or turbocharged engine behaves differently to an industrial compressor because its flow and pressure characteristics have to match those of its driving turbine and other engine components, such as power turbine or jet nozzle for a gas turbine, and, for a turbocharger the engine airflow which depends on engine speed and charge pressure. A link between a gas turbine compressor and its engine can be shown with lines of constant engine temperature ratio, ie the effect of fuelling/increased turbine temperature which raises the running line as the temperature ratio increases.

One manifestation of different behaviour appears in the choke region on the right-hand side of a map. It is a no-load condition in a gas turbine, turbocharger or industrial axial compressor but overload in an industrial centrifugal compressor. Hiereth et al. shows a turbocharger compressor full-load, or maximum fuelling, curve runs up close to the surge line. A gas turbine compressor full-load line also runs close to the surge line. The industrial compressor overload is a capacity limit and requires high power levels to pass the high flow rates required. Excess power is available to inadvertently take the compressor beyond the overload limit to a hazardous condition on cold days if it is driven by a gas turbine.

The gas turbine compressor
The compressor has to run with the same speed (or fixed gear ratio) as its driving turbine and have equal power and pass the same flow as its driving turbine. This constitutes a gas generator which produces gas power. The compressor also has to pass the same flow as whatever uses the gas power, ie additional turbine stages for a single shaft engine or separate power turbines or a jet nozzle. This equal-flow requirement is alongside an equal pressure-ratio requirement, between overall compression and expansion ratios, and together they position the running line for steady state operation.

Single-shaft engines which drive an electric generator or helicopter rotor/aircraft propeller run with the compressor at no-load while accelerating to operating speed. No-load refers to a minimum fuelling as necessary to run the generator with no electrical load or rotor/propeller pitch at a minimum and occurs close to choke. Cohen et al. show electrical generators run up to required speed at no load. An increase in electrical load is obtained by increasing fuel flow. Barkey et al. give a detailed description of the sequence of events which bring the generator turbine to design speed, or grid frequency, with no load before increasing fuel as the load comes on. Grandcoing shows the Turbomeca Artouste helicopter engine constant speed operation from no-load idle to maximum power. No-load is minimum rotor pitch and idle fuel flow. The increase in fuel flow is shown on a compressor map as lines of constant engine temperature ratio, Turbine inlet temperature/Compressor inlet temperature. Grandcoing also shows the effect of a rapid load increase where the speed droops before regaining its required setting.

Jet engine with a fixed area nozzle
Aircraft engines with a fixed exhaust nozzle area have a single steady-state operating or running line which is fixed by fuel flow from idle to maximum speed. Variable vane angles and flow areas (bleed valves) in the compressor don't change the running line at a particular operating point because the angles and valve positions are unique for a corrected speed, that is they are controlled according to a schedule against corrected speed. Over or under-fuelling compared to the fuel flow required for constant-speed running moves the line up or down while the engine is changing speed to a new requirement.

Jet engine with adjustable area nozzle
Campbell shows the effect of different nozzle areas on the steady-state running line. Automatic control of the area was disabled for this investigation. In service the area is open at idle and progressively closes as the engine accelerates as shown by the area scheduling. An adjustable nozzle is not added for this particular purpose but if an afterburner is fitted then it can be used to reduce idle thrust and quicken acceleration times up to the thrust where the afterburner becomes operational. The ideal fan operating line on an augmented turbofan sets fan pressure ratio as high as possible to optimize fan performance and thrust while keeping adequate fan stall margin. The fan operating line is controlled by varying the nozzle area which acts like a throttling valve. The throttling is a combination of thermal from the burning fuel and geometric from the adjustable nozzle area.

Areas where unacceptable behaviour may occur
Low-speed rear-stage turbining occurs with excessive negative incidence leading to a pressure ratio less than one and the compressor stage absorbing power from the airflow. Two examples where crossing the surge line prevented accelerating to high speed occurred with the first designs of the Rolls-Royce Avon and the IAE V2500 and required major compressor redesigns. Rotating stall at low corrected speeds caused blade failures on early axial compressors.

Turbochargers for Diesel and gasoline engines
The compressor flow and pressure range is shown with a carpet plot of engine constant rpm and constant torque lines superimposed on the map. OpenCourseWare material shows a carpet plot of engine speed and load for the airflow requirements of 4-stroke truck engine. Shahed shows lines of constant engine speed and engine BMEP for a heavy-duty diesel engine. Woollenweber shows engine airflow requirements at different engine speeds and load/fuelling/torque. Hiereth et al. show operating lines for various applications such as a full-load operating line for a passenger car engine, the effect of an uncontrolled turbocharger on a truck diesel engine and wastegate control on passenger diesel and gasoline engines, and the effect of altitude on a compressor operating line.

Compressors in the oil and gas industry
Process requirements may change causing compressor conditions to vary. The compressor may be driven by a variable speed or constant speed machine. If driven by a constant speed electric motor it may be controlled with variable inlet guide vanes or suction and discharge throttling. Welch shows the effect of variable vane angle on the flow for a centrifugal compressor.

Flow axis
The x-axis is usually some function of compressor entry mass flow, usually corrected flow or non-dimensional flow, as opposed to real flow. This axis can be considered a rough measure of the axial Mach number of the flow through the device.

Pressure ratio axis
Normally the y-axis is pressure ratio (Pexit/Pinlet), where P is stagnation (or total head) pressure.

ΔT/T (or similar), where T is stagnation (or total head) temperature, is also used.

Surge line
The slightly kinked diagonal line on the main part of the map is known as the surge (or stall) line. Above this line is a region of unstable flow, which is an area best avoided.

A compressor surge or compressor stall causes an abrupt reversal of airflow in the compressor. Compressor blades create a pumping action by working as airfoils. In a surge or stall, blades experience an aerodynamic stall (similar to an aircraft wing stalling) and become unable to hold back the higher pressure downstream, with a resulting violent flow reversal. The flame which is normally confined in the combustion chamber may come out of the engine inlet as well as the exhaust nozzle.

Surge margin
As the name suggests, surge margin provides a measure of how close an operating point is to surge. Unfortunately, there are a number of different definitions of surge margin. A popular one in use is defined as follows:

$$ SM = 100\% \cdot \frac{\dot{m_w} - \dot{m_s}}{\dot{m_w}} $$

where:

$$ \dot{m_w} $$ is the mass flow at the operating point, be it steady state or transient

$$ \dot{m_s} $$ is the mass flow at surge, at same corrected speed as $$ \dot{m_w} $$

Speed lines
The slightly curved, near vertical, lines on the main part of the map are the (constant rotational) corrected speed lines. They are a measure of rotor blade tip Mach number.

Note on the illustration that the speed lines are not distributed linearly with flow. This is because this particular compressor is fitted with variable stators, which open progressively as speed increases, causing an exaggerated increase in flow in the medium to high speed region. At low speed, the variable stators are locked, causing a more linear relationship between speed and flow.

Also note that beyond 100% flow, the speed lines close up rapidly, due to choking. Beyond choke, any further increase in speed will generate no further increase in airflow.

Efficiency axis
A sub-plot shows the variation of isentropic (i.e. adiabatic) efficiency with flow, at constant speed. Some maps use polytropic efficiency. Alternatively, for illustrative purposes, efficiency contours are sometimes cross-plotted onto the main map.

Note that the locus of peak efficiency exhibits a slight kink in its upward trend. This is due to the choking-up of the compressor as speed increases, with the variable stators closed-off. The trend line resumes once the variables start to move open.

Working line
Also shown on the map is a typical steady state working (or operating/running) line. This is a locus of the operating points of the engine, as it is throttled.

Being a high pressure ratio device, the working line is relatively shallow. If the unit had no variable geometry, there would be handling problems, because the surge line would be very steep and cross the working line at part-flow.

During a slam-acceleration from a mid-throttle setting, the compressor working line will move rapidly towards surge and then slowly approach the steady state operating point, further up the map. The reverse effect occurs during a slam-deceleration. These effects are caused by the sluggish response of the spool (i.e. inertia effects) to rapid changes in engine fuel flow. Compressor surge is a particular problem during slam-accelerations and can be overcome by suitable adjustments to the fueling schedule and/or use of blow-off (bleeding air off the compressor, for handling purposes).

In the particular example shown, a slam-acceleration from ground idle would cause a high-pressure compressor surge. Opening the blow-off would help, but some changes to the variable stator schedule might also be required.

Because a high-pressure compressor 'sees' the choked flow capacity of the high-pressure turbine, the compressor working line is hardly affected by flight conditions. The slope of the working line approximates to a constant corrected outlet flow.

Map for a single-stage aero-engine fan
A low pressure ratio fan (such as that used on a high bypass ratio turbofan) has a range of working lines. At high flight speeds, the ram pressure ratio factors up the cold nozzle pressure ratio, causing the nozzle to choke. Above the choking condition, the working lines tend to coalesce into a unique steep straight line. When the nozzle unchokes, the working line starts to become more curved, reflecting the curvature of the nozzle characteristic. With falling flight Mach number, the cold nozzle pressure ratio decreases. Initially this has no effect upon the position of the working line, apart from the curved (unchoked) tail, which becomes longer. Eventually, the cold nozzle will become unchoked at lower flight Mach numbers, even at full throttle. The working lines will now become curved, gradually migrating towards surge as flight Mach number decreases. The lowest surge margin working line occurs at static conditions.

Owing to the nature of the constraints involved, the fan working lines of a mixed turbofan are somewhat steeper than those of the equivalent unmixed engine.

A fan may have two maps, one for the bypass (i.e. outer) section and one for the inner section which typically has longer, flatter, speed lines.

Military turbofans tend to have a much higher design fan pressure ratio than civil engines. Consequently, the final (mixed) nozzle is choked at all flight speeds, over most of the throttle range. However, at low throttle settings the nozzle will unchoke, causing the lower end of the working lines to have a short curved tail, particularly at low flight speeds.

However, ultra-high bypass ratio turbofans have a very low design fan pressure ratio (e.g. 1.2, on the bypass section). Consequently, even at cruise flight speeds, the cold (or mixed final) propelling nozzle may only be choked at high throttle settings. The fan working lines become more curved and migrate quickly towards surge as flight Mach number decreases. As a result, the static working line can be well into surge, particularly at low throttle settings.

One solution is to have a variable area cold (or mixed) nozzle. Increasing the nozzle area at low flight speeds brings the fan working line away from surge.

An alternative solution is to fit a variable pitch fan. Scheduling the pitch of the fan blades has no impact upon the position of the fan working lines, but can be used to move the surge line upwards, to improve fan surge margin.

Map for an aero-engine IP compressor
Some turbofans have an intermediate pressure (IP) compressor located between the fan and the high pressure (HP) compressor to increase overall pressure ratio. US civil engines tend to mount the IP compressor on the LP shaft, directly behind the fan, whereas Rolls-Royce normally mount the IP compressor on a separate (i.e. IP) shaft, which is driven by an IP turbine. Either way, matching problems can arise.

The IP compressor outlet corrected flow must match the entry corrected flow of the HP compressor, which is decreasing as the engine is throttled back. At a certain IP compressor working line slope, the IP compressor outlet corrected flow remains constant. However, by adopting a shallower working line, the extra IP compressor pressure ratio at a given IP compressor entry corrected flow enables the IP compressor outlet corrected flow to decrease and match up with the falling HP compressor entry corrected flow. Unfortunately this can lead to a poor IP compressor surge margin at part flow.

Surge margin can be improved by adding variable stators to the IP compressor and/or adding a blow-off valve between the IP and HP compressors. The former makes the IP compressor surge line shallower, swinging it away from the shallow working line, thus improving IP compressor surge margin.

At a given IP compressor pressure ratio, opening the blow-off valve forces the IP compressor entry corrected flow to increase, to a point where the IP compressor surge margin tends to be better. Effectively, opening the blow-off valve lowers the IP compressor working line. Any flow surplus to that demanded by the HP compressor passes through the blow-off valve into the bypass duct. The blow-off valve is normally only opened at throttled conditions, since it wastes energy.

title: Compressor map


text:
The Punisher (1989 film)

The Punisher is a 1989 American vigilante action-thriller film directed by Mark Goldblatt, written by Boaz Yakin, and starring Dolph Lundgren, based on the Punisher character from Marvel Comics. It was shot in Sydney, co-starring Louis Gossett Jr, Jeroen Krabbé, Kim Miyori, Nancy Everhard, and Barry Otto.

Former undercover police detective Frank Castle (Lundgren), presumed dead after his family's murder, becomes the elusive vigilante "The Punisher," targeting mobsters with his skull-etched throwing knives. As the mob groups weaken under his relentless attacks, the yakuza, led by Lady Tanaka (Miyori), seize the opportunity to invade their territories, threatening the Mafia by kidnapping their children. Punisher retaliates, freeing most captives, except the son of mobster Gianni Franco (Krabbé), and gets arrested. Freed by Franco, Punisher aids him in rescuing Franco's son from the yakuza.

The film had a troubled release as New World Pictures had financial issues. While it received a theatrical run internationally, it was released on Home Video in the United States, grossing $30 Million. Changes to the character's origin and the elimination of the signature skull logo troubled fans of the comic book upon its release and they were dismissive. Initial reviews found it to be a trashy comic book film. The film has developed a cult following in the years since its release and some consider it the comic's best adaptation. The film was re-evaluated with a much more positive outlook citing Lundgren's solid performance as a ghostly, soul depraved vigilante and the first rate supporting cast.

Plot
Frank Castle is a former undercover police detective and U.S. Marine whose wife Julie was killed 5 years ago, along with their two daughters, by a Mafia car bomb intended for Frank who is also presumed to be dead. Castle has since become the city's most wanted, and most mysterious, vigilante - known only as "The Punisher". He now lives in the city's labyrinthine sewer-system, having assassinated 125 mobsters (not counting henchmen) in the past 5 years. His work is known by the use of special throwing-knives engraved with a skull. Castle's sole ally in his one-man war against organized crime is Shake (taken from Shakespeare and "the shakes"), a stage-performer-turned derelict who typically speaks in rhyme.

The underworld families have become so weakened by the Punisher's guerrilla warfare that kingpin Gianni Franco is forced out of retirement. Franco plans to unify the decimated families. However, this attracts unwanted attention from the yakuza, Asia's most powerful crime syndicate. Led by Lady Tanaka, the yakuza decide to take over the Mafia families and all of their interests. In order to sway the mobsters to their cause, they kidnap their children and hold them for ransom.

Shake pleads with the Punisher to save the children, who are likely to be sold into the Arab slave trade regardless of whether the Mafia give into the demands. The Punisher attacks yakuza businesses, warning that for every day the children are held in captivity, he will inflict heavy costs on them in property damage. The yakuza later capture the Punisher and Shake and attempt to torture them into submission, but the Punisher breaks free and decides the only course of action is a direct rescue.

He is able to save most of the children and commandeers a bus to get the kidnapped children to safety. However, prior to this Tommy Franco, the son of Gianni Franco, had been taken away to yakuza headquarters. When driving the busload of kids, the Punisher runs into a police roadblock and is arrested. While in custody, Castle is reunited with one of his old partners, who warns his multiple killings will likely get him executed; however, at a later point Castle is broken out of jail by Franco's men. Franco admits he brought this on himself as the hit on Castle's family was an error and persuades the Punisher to help him save his son. Castle agrees to work with his old enemy for the sake of stopping the yakuza from taking root in America.

Franco and the Punisher raid the yakuza headquarters, to fight and kill all the yakuza, including Lady Tanaka and her daughter. Upon being reunited with his son, Franco betrays the Punisher, but the Punisher defends himself and kills Franco. Franco's son Tommy then threatens the Punisher for killing his father but cannot bring himself to take revenge. Castle warns Gianni Franco's son, Tommy Franco, to "stay a good boy, and grow up to be a good man", not following his father's misdeeds. He also warns he will return should the boy commit any crimes, then disappears. The police arrive, only to find no trace of the Punisher. Meanwhile, at his lair, Castle narrates that he'll be waiting "in the shadows".

Cast

 * Dolph Lundgren as Francis "Frank" Castle / The Punisher
 * Louis Gossett Jr. as Detective Jake Berkowitz
 * Jeroen Krabbé as Gianni Franco
 * Kim Miyori as Lady Tanaka
 * Bryan Marshall as Dino Moretti
 * Nancy Everhard as Detective Samantha "Sam" Leary
 * Barry Otto as "Shake"
 * Brian Rooney as Tommy Franco
 * Zoska Aleece as Tanaka's Daughter (Zoshka Mizak)
 * Larry McCormick as TV Newsreader
 * Kenji Yamaki as Sato, Tanaka's Bodyguard
 * Todd Boyce as Tarrone
 * Hirofumi Kanayama as Tomio, Tanaka's Bodyguard
 * Lani John Tupu as Laccone
 * Giancarlo Negroponte as Musso
 * May Lloyd as Julie Castle
 * Brooke Anderson as Annie Castle
 * Holly Rogers as Felice Castle
 * Char Fontane as Laurie Silver
 * Isao Hirata as Ito
 * Brett Williams as Tim
 * David Arnett as Joe
 * Donal Gibson as Bill
 * Lawrence Woodward as Mickey
 * Johnny Raaen as Joey
 * Robert Simper as Danny
 * Brian McDermott as O'Banion
 * Colin Leong as Cutter Captain
 * Christian Manon as French Leader
 * Fotis Pelekis as Mario
 * James Klein as Nicholas
 * Robert Fraser as Robert
 * Dominic Baudish as Dominic
 * Cathy Stirk as Caterina
 * Emily Nicol as Cathy
 * Courtney Keiler as Sophia
 * Noga Bernstein as Ginny
 * Emma Soloman as Ginny's Girlfriend

Production
Christopher Lambert was the original choice for the role of Frank Castle. But an ankle injury forced him to withdraw. Steven Seagal was interested in playing the role. Nicole Kidman was initially cast. Contrary to rumors, Michael Paré was not considered for the role of Frank Castle. In 1989, Dolph Lundgren revealed that he was trying something different, and he liked the Punisher.

Production took place in Sydney.

Music
A full orchestral score was composed and conducted by Dennis Dreith at the Warner Bros. soundstage in Burbank, California. A CD of the soundtrack was not released until July 19, 2005 (Perseverance Records, PRD006). The CD includes the complete multi-track stereo recording, and a 22-minute interview with the composer Dennis Dreith and the director Mark Goldblatt. Perseverance Records released a new 5.1 mix as a Super Audio CD, in collaboration with Tarantula Records. The American DVD release only contains a monaural soundtrack, though the film has Dolby Stereo. The 2013 German and UK Blu-ray/DVD editions were presented with 2.0 and 5.1 (Dolby Digital and DTS-HD MA) soundtracks. The UK disc was made from mono tracks.

Theatrical
The film was given a worldwide theatrical release, except in the United States, Sweden, and South Africa. It was originally slated for a US release in August 1989, and trailers were created by New World. It premiered in Germany and France in October 1989 and was shown months later at the Los Angeles Comic Book and Sci-fi Convention in July 1990. However, the film never received a wide theatrical release in the United States due to New World's financial difficulties and its new owners not having an interest in theatrical distribution.

Home media
It was sold to Live Entertainment (now Lionsgate) which released it direct-to-video on VHS and Laserdisc in April 1991. It finally premiered at the 2008 Escapism Film Festival in Durham, North Carolina where director Mark Goldblatt screened his own personal 35mm print. He showed that again in April 2009 at the Dolph Lundgren Film Fest hosted by the New Beverly theater.

Financial
Overall, the film earned US$30 million, on a budget of $9 million.

Critical response, cult following and re-evaluation
Tom Jolliffe of Flickering Myth explained that "in the years since release, The Punisher has increased its cult following. It was initially very popular on video, as most Lundgren releases were. Whilst critics and non-genre fans dismissed it as trash initially, it has often been re-appraised in the last decade particularly. It has now found more appreciation for its finer points. Whilst some of the source changes (Castle dwelling in a sewer) and lack of skull may have irked some, as a late 80’s action piece, it’s solid. Add to that fine performances from the two villains of the piece, Kim Miyori and Jeroen Krabbe, and a committed performance from Louis Gossett Jr as Frank Castle’s ex-partner. The supporting elements were all in place to prop up Lundgren, considered at the time as more athlete than actor. The end result is that, even if it doesn’t always feel like the Marvel view of Castle, Lundgren’s version of a ghostly, haunted shell of the man he was, is effective."

Christopher Null gave the film 1 out of 5, stating the film was "marred by cheeseball sets and special effects, lame fight sequences, and some of the worst acting ever to disgrace the screen".

Kim Newman of Empire, gave three out of five stars in 2000. He felt it was harder than the recent film outputs by Marvel. While he felt that the movie lacked subtlety and couldn't turn Lundgren into a real actor, he found it highly entertaining and praised the strong female villains who give the hero a hard time. His final thoughts were "at times a subversive, sub-Marvel thrill, it might be best to come back to this after the glut of goody-goody heroes due to bombard our screens have passed.

MTV.com cited it as an example of a failed comic book film, complaining that the film omitted aspects of the character that made him compelling, and would have served better following closer to the plot of the source material.

Criticizing the film's storyline and acting, Time Out magazine concluded the film was "destructive, reprehensible, and marvelous fun".

TV Guide's movie guide gave the film three out of four stars, praising Lundgren's performance and compared the characterization of the Punisher to that of Frank Miller's re-imagining of Batman in The Dark Knight Returns. They further praised the film's atmosphere, calling it "genuinely comic book-like, rather than cartoonish".

Comic writer Garth Ennis, who wrote The Punisher 2004 series, cited by many as the best Punisher comics, called it the most honest adaptation of the character on a podcast in 2022 praising its "no compromise" portrayal of the character.

Legacy
In 1990, New World promoted The Punisher II and an X-Men animated film, but the projects never materialized.

The advertisement of the 1990 tie-in video game The Punisher features images from the film. Similarities between the film and the 1993 video game The Punisher include the assault on a casino by breaking through the ceiling and the female assassin.

In June 1990, a 64-page comic adaption of the film, written by Carl Potts and drawn by Brent Anderson, was released by Marvel.

In 2004 a reboot starring Thomas Jane, titled The Punisher was released by Lions Gate Films and Columbia TriStar Pictures.

In 2008 another reboot was made starring Ray Stevenson and titled Punisher: War Zone. Released by Lions Gate Films and Sony Pictures.

In 2019, Lundgren reprised the role in a photo shoot.

title: The Punisher (1989 film)


text: User talk:209.91.172.148

title: User talk:209.91.172.148


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Ravenna FC

Ravenna Football Club is an Italian association football club, based in Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna. It currently plays in Serie D after relegation from Serie C in the 2020–21 season.

The club was founded in 1913.

Foundation
The club was founded in 1913 as football section of sports club Unione Sportiva Ravennate. In 1920, the club merged with Audace Football Club, which was founded only one year earlier, in 1919. The same year the club joined the Italian Football Federation, being part of the Promozione league. Another merger in 1921 with S.G. Forti per essere Liberi brought the club to change its denomination to Unione Sportiva Ravennate Forti per essere Liberi. The main sports club disbanded in 1928, with all its sports sections become separate entities; notably, the football one assuming the denomination of Associazione Calcio Ravenna.

U.S. Ravenna
In 1936 Ravenna made their first appearance in the Serie C, where they played until 1948. In 1949 the club, now playing in the amateur Interregionale league, became known as Unione Sportiva Ravenna, then switching this denomination to Sarom Unione Sportiva Ravenna for sponsorship reasons in 1954, maintaining it for ten years. Ravenna returned to Serie C in 1950 for a single season, and again in 1955, playing in this division until 1971, when they relegated to Serie D. Another Serie C spell from 1972 to 1976 was followed by two consecutive relegations. Two promotions in a row from 1980 to 1982 then brought the club back to the pro leagues, in the recently created Serie C2. Ravenna relegated to Serie D in 1984, but promptly returned to Serie C2.

In 1992, Ravenna were awarded Serie C2 champions, being promoted to Serie C1. Only one year later, in 1993, Ravenna won the Serie C1 league and gained promotion to Serie B for a historical first time. However, this lasted only one season, and Ravenna returned to Serie C1 in 1994. They returned to Serie B in 1996, playing in the Italian second division until 2001, when they were relegated to Serie C1 and successively cancelled by the Federation because of financial troubles.

Ravenna Calcio

A new club, Ravenna Calcio, was admitted to play Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna and obtained two consecutive promotions that brought them back to Serie C2 in 2003.

In 2005, Ravenna were promoted to Serie C1 after playoffs, and on 9 May 2007 Ravenna won the 2006–07 Serie C1/B in advance of one matchday, following a 0–0 away tie against Teramo, being thus promoted to Serie B, after six seasons from their last appearance in the second-highest division of Italy. They were relegated in 2008 after a poor Serie B campaign to Lega Pro Prima Divisione. In their first season back in Serie C1, now rebranded as Lega Pro Prima Divisione, Ravenna was coached by debutant manager Gianluca Atzori and missed immediate promotion by losing the playoff semifinals to Padova, who later went on to win the playoff finals as well.

For the 2009–10 season, Ravenna were forced to search for a new head coach after Atzori left for Serie A club Catania, and former Inter Primavera coach Vincenzo Esposito was appointed as a replacement. However, the season started with a huge off-the-field shock, as young Albanian midfielder Brian Filipi, a regular for the team despite his 20 years of age, was hit by a car and left dead on 19 September 2009.

On 18 July 2011 it was excluded by the Federal Council from Lega Pro Prima Divisione, but on 12 August 2011 it was admitted in Serie D/D. after conciliation with FIGC.

2012: bankruptcy after relegation
In the season 2011–12 it was relegated to Eccellenza.

On 29 June 2012 Ravenna Calcio in strong financial difficulty was declared bankrupt by the court of Ravenna.

From S.C. Ravenna Sport 2019 to Ravenna Football Club
A new club, Ravenna Sport 2019, was admitted to play Promozione Emilia-Romagna  and was promoted to Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna.

In summer 2013 the club was renamed with the current name.

Colors and badge
The team's colors are red and yellow.

Notable former managers

 * 🇮🇹 Luigi Delneri
 * 🇮🇹 Francesco Guidolin
 * 🇮🇹 Walter Novellino
 * 🇭🇺 Gyula Zsengellér
 * 🇨🇲 Albert Meyong

Achievements

 * Serie C1
 * Winners: 1992–93, 1995–96, 2006–07
 * Super Coppa di Lega Serie C1
 * Runners-up: 2006–07
 * Serie C2
 * Winners: 1991–92
 * Runners-up: 2004–05
 * Serie D
 * Winners: 1950–51, 1956–57, 1971–72, 1981–82, 1984–85, 2002–03
 * Runners-up: 1955–56
 * Scudetto Dilettanti
 * Winners: 1956–57
 * Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna
 * Winners: 2001–02
 * Promozione Emilia-Romagna
 * Winners: 1954–55, 1996–97, 1980–81, 2012–13
 * Runners-up: 1920–21, 1978–79, 1979–80
 * Serie C
 * Winners: 1939–40
 * Runners-up: 1937–38, 1938–39
 * Seconda Divisione
 * Winners: 1929–30
 * Terza Divisione Emilia-Romagna
 * Winners: 1927–28

title: Ravenna FC


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The Punisher (2004 film)

The Punisher is a 2004 American vigilante action film directed by Jonathan Hensleigh, who also wrote the film alongside Michael France. Based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, it stars Thomas Jane as the antihero Frank Castle and John Travolta as Howard Saint, a crime boss who orders the death of Castle's entire family.

The film's story and plot were mainly based on two Punisher comic book stories: the 1994 miniseries The Punisher: Year One by writers Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, and the 2000-01 miniseries Welcome Back, Frank by writer Garth Ennis, though some scenes were derived from other Punisher stories, such as Marvel Preview Presents: The Punisher #2, Marvel Super Action Featuring: The Punisher #1, The Punisher War Zone, and The Punisher War Journal. The Punisher was shot on location in Tampa, Florida and environs in mid to late 2003. It was distributed by Lions Gate Films in North America, although Artisan Entertainment, which released a 1989 film adaptation of the same name on DVD, financed and co-distributed the film with eventual Artisan owner Lionsgate. Artisan's sales agent Summit Entertainment handled international sales, with Columbia TriStar Film Distributors International acquiring the rights in all non-North American territories except for India and China. Screenwriter Jonathan Hensleigh agreed to helm the film during its development stage despite a dispute with Marvel Studios, marking his directorial debut.

The Punisher was released on April 16, 2004 by Lionsgate Films, grossing $13 million in the United States over its opening weekend, and reached a total gross of $54.7 million against a budget of $33 million, but the reviews were generally negative. Marvel Comics and Lionsgate began development on a sequel titled The Punisher 2, which instead became the 2008 reboot Punisher: War Zone after Jane and Hensleigh left the project due to creative differences. The film marks the final production by Artisan Entertainment for theatrical distribution.

Plot
An FBI bust of a smuggling operation in Tampa results in the deaths of Bobby Saint, the son of mafia boss Howard Saint, and Otto Krieg, an arms dealer. However, Krieg's death was faked and is later revealed to be undercover FBI agent Frank Castle, who is on his final mission before retirement. Enraged at the death of his son, Saint orders his men to learn everything they can about Krieg and acquires access by bribing corrupt federal law enforcement officers for his federal service history.

Saint orders Castle to be killed at a family reunion in Puerto Rico, though Saint's wife Livia insists that Castle's family be killed as well. At the reunion, Saint's men, including Saint's best friend Quentin Glass and Bobby's identical twin John kill Castle's entire family. Though Frank Castle Sr. takes down some of the attackers, John then shoots Castle, leaving him for dead. However, Castle survives and is nursed back to health by Candelaria, a local fisherman. With the police and FBI unwilling to pursue the killers due to Saint's power and influence, Castle moves into an abandoned apartment occupied by three outcasts—Joan, Bumpo and Spacker Dave—and begins his mission to bring the Saints down.

With the help of information provided by Saint's less malevolent henchman Mickey Duka, Castle studies the Saint family and learns their every move during which he discovers Glass to be a closeted homosexual. Castle openly attacks Saint's business and sabotages his partnership with his Cuban partners. Saint discovers that Castle is alive and sends assassins to kill him. The first assassin Harry Heck ambushes Castle on a bridge, but is killed when Castle fires a ballistic knife into his throat. The second assassin Russian behemoth nearly beats Castle to death in his own apartment, but Castle manages to kill him as well.

The tenants treat Castle's wounds and hide him in his hidden elevator as Saint's men arrive for him. When Dave and Bumpo refuse to reveal Castle's hideout, Glass tortures Dave by plucking each of his piercings with pliers. They leave one of their men to intercept Castle, but Castle kills him after they leave. With Mickey's help, Castle poses as an anonymous blackmailer and arranges for Glass to be at certain places while planting Livia's car in the same location and ultimately placing one of Livia's earrings in Glass's bed. When Saint finds the earrings, he stabs Glass to death. Despite her protest that Glass was gay, Saint accuses Livia of having an affair with his best friend and throws Livia off an overpass onto a railroad track, where she is run over by a train.

With Saint despondent, Castle assaults Saint's club and kills every member of his mob, including his remaining son John. Saint escapes the building despite being wounded. Castle pursues him and shoots him in a duel. As Saint lies dying, Castle reveals his schemes that led Saint to kill his friend and wife. Castle ties Saint to a car and sends it into the club's parking lot, which is rigged with explosives. Saint perishes in the ensuing explosion. Castle returns home and prepares to kill himself with his mission fulfilled, but decides to continue to fight crime after seeing a vision of his wife. Castle leaves some of Saint's money as a farewell gift to the tenants for protecting him and is then seen standing alone on the Sunshine Skyway Bridge at sunset.

In a voice-over, Castle assumes the new identity of Punisher and vows to kill anyone who harms innocent people in any way.

Cast
Hensleigh and Arad have said in many interviews that Jane was the first and only actor to be asked to play the title role. Arad had previously pursued Jane for other roles in Marvel Studios films. He turned down the Punisher twice, as he did not see himself as a superhero actor. Jane said, when asked the second time to play the Punisher, that he became interested when Arad sent Tim Bradstreet's artwork of the character. After learning more about the Punisher, he accepted. Jane went on to read as many Punisher comics he could find to understand the character, and became a fan of the Punisher in the process. Jane trained for six to seven months with the United States Navy SEALs and gained more than twenty pounds of muscle for the part.

Production
Marvel Studios began development for a new Punisher film as early as 1997. In 2000, Marvel made a long-term agreement with Artisan Entertainment to turn 15 of their characters into films and TV shows, among them The Punisher with Gale Anne Hurd to produce. The Punisher marked Marvel's first major independent release as an equity owner, whereby it contributes characters and creative support to lower-budget pics in exchange for a financial stake in the negative cost. Screenwriter Jonathan Hensleigh signed on in April 2002, and The Punisher also became his directing debut. The story and plot were mainly based on two Punisher comic book stories, Welcome Back, Frank and The Punisher: Year One. Hensleigh explained he had to excise much of the influence from Welcome Back, Frank as it would have likely been a four-hour-long film.

Before filming began, Hensleigh was not given the budget he wanted or needed from the studio, Hensleigh knew that most action pictures get a budget of around $64 million. He was only given $33 million, with only $15.5 million going towards the shooting budget and post-production for the film, with only 52 days to shoot, which is half the time allocated for most action pictures. Most of Hensleigh's original script had to be edited and re-written many times due to budget issues. According to the DVD commentary, the first scene in the film would have been a battle set in Kuwait during the Gulf War, but they were unable to film this scene as a result of the budget cuts.

Principal photography for The Punisher began in July 2003 on location in Tampa, Florida. Filming finished October 14, 2003 after 52 days of filming. The Florida location was first chosen at the insistence of screenwriter Michael France, who advised Marvel and Artisan that "it would be cheap to shoot [there]—that they'd get a lot more for their money than in New York or Chicago" as well as wanting to use "both sunny locations, and dark, industrial locations" in the screenplay. For inspiration, Hensleigh and cinematographer Conrad W. Hall looked at dozens of action films from the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Dirty Harry series, The Getaway, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, The Godfather and Bonnie and Clyde. In an interview, Hensleigh also stated the film pays homage to Mad Max and William Shakespeare's Othello, though while he was inspired by Othello, the characters were reversed for the film, making the Punisher the instigator of the jealousy which leads to Howard Saint murdering his best friend and wife.

After shooting, Lionsgate (then known as Lions Gate Films) purchased Artisan. In an interview, Hensleigh said that even though the film is distributed under the Lionsgate imprint, they had nothing to do with the film. Lionsgate never gave a green light for the film to be made. The film was still under Artisan Entertainment. During shooting of a fight scene, Jane legitimately stabbed Nash in the collarbone with a blunted butterfly knife after a stunt co-ordinator forgot to change the props. Nash did not break character and continued the scene and accepted cold beers from the crew as compensation.

The character of Microchip was originally included in an earlier Michael France draft (along with the character Jigsaw), but was excised from later drafts because of director Jonathan Hensleigh's distaste for him. Instead the character of Mickey Duka (who was heavily based upon the character Mickey Fondozzi) serves as an ally of Frank Castle. Regarding the exclusion of Microchip, Hensleigh had this to say:

"There are a couple of years where I didn't want to go; Microchip, the battle van, all that stuff where it got really high-tech; we're not going there at all. I deemed that too complicated, too lacking of the spirit of the sort of urban vigilante. The Punisher doesn't just go around blowing people away; he uses guile and cunning just as much as he does weaponry and physical combat."

Box office
The Punisher opened in 2,649 theaters on April 16, 2004, and grossed $13.8 million over its opening weekend, ranking at #2 at the box office, behind Kill Bill: Volume 2. The film has a US gross of $33.8 million and an international gross of $20.9 million, giving it a worldwide total of $54.7 million.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 29% based on reviews from 172 critics, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The website's critical consensus states: "A good cast fails to elevate this overly violent and by-the-numbers revenge flick." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 33 based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B+".

Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film two stars, stating, "The Punisher is so grim and cheerless, you wonder if even its hero gets any satisfaction from his accomplishments." Joe Leydon of Variety describes the film as "depressingly rote and sometimes laughably silly". Leydon praises Jane for his "appropriate physicality and brooding gravitas" but criticizes Travolta, saying he does "nothing to inject fresh life into bland archetype".

Some reviewers defended the film, stating that, compared to most comic book-based films, it is a well-done throwback to the old-school action films of the 1960s and 1970s. Critic A. O. Scott stated, "But lightness is not among Hensleigh's gifts. Making his directorial debut after a successful run as a screenwriter and producer (on projects like Die Hard with a Vengeance, Jumanji, and The Rock) he has clearly conceived The Punisher as a throwback to the leathery, angry urban revenge movies of the 1970s."

Drew McWeeny of Ain't It Cool News said of the style of the film that "The Punisher has more in common with the work of Don Siegel and John Frankenheimer than it does with the work of Michael Bay or Simon West. Which isn't to say that it's the equal of those classics, but at least Hensleigh's got the right idea. ... The Punisher is pulp, served up gritty and ugly and brutal. It's not jam-packed full of one-liners. What humor there is in the film is dark."

Home media
The film was released via DVD on September 7, 2004 and sold nearly 1.8 million copies in its first five days and netted $10.8 million in rentals its first week, making it number one in DVD sales that week.

An extended cut DVD was released on November 21, 2006 with 17 minutes of additional footage, most of which revolves around the character Jimmy Weeks (Russell Andrews), and Castle realizing that it was his friend who had sold him out to Howard Saint. In retaliation, Castle forces Weeks to commit suicide. Features also include a black-and-white stop-motion animated scene, set in Kuwait, based on and partially done by artist Tim Bradstreet, and a Punisher comic book gallery. An extended version of "In Time" by Mark Collie also appears in the closing credits of the extended-cut DVD. This version does not include the special features on the standard DVD release.

The Punisher was released via Blu-ray Disc on June 27, 2006 and 4K UHD on September 25, 2018, both only including the theatrical cut.

Accolades
Mark Chadwick won "Best Fire Stunt" at the Taurus World Stunt Awards. Several other crew members were nominated for work on the film: Donna Evans for Best Overall Stunt by a Stunt Woman, Gary Hymes for Best Stunt Coordinator or 2nd Unit Director, and Keii Johnston and Dane Farwell for Best Work with a Vehicle.

The Punisher was also nominated for a Prism Award in the Wide Release Feature Film category.

Music
The score to The Punisher was composed and conducted by Italian composer Carlo Siliotto. Director Jonathan Hensleigh wanted the music to be very emotional, and was aware of Siliotto's previous work which led to him being chosen. When scoring the film Siliotto saw Frank Castle as a tragic figure stating, "This man, Frank Castle, is somebody who has a slaughtered family. He comes through that slaughter, and becomes a punisher. But he's a sad man—he drinks, and has bad memories always coming to him. There's a lot in the film, and at times it is like a modern version of a classic tragedy—like Othello."

Merchandise
Prior to release, a novelization was written by D.A. Stern and released in March 2004. Jane reprised the role of Frank Castle in the 2005 video game The Punisher.

Cancelled sequel and reboot
Lions Gate Entertainment planned to produce a direct sequel titled The Punisher 2, with Avi Arad, chairman and CEO of Marvel Studios, stating that the second film would "become the fifth Marvel property to become a sequel." Jonathan Hensleigh said that he was interested in working with Thomas Jane again for The Punisher 2. Jane said that the villain for The Punisher 2 would be Jigsaw. The project lingered in development for over three years. Jonathan Hensleigh completed a first draft of the script before pulling out around 2006. John Dahl was in talks to direct the film but pulled out due to script quality issues and the studio not wanting to spend a lot of money on the project. Rob Zombie was also considered to direct the sequel. In a statement on May 15, 2007, and in two audio interviews Thomas Jane said that he pulled out of the project due to creative differences and the budget of the film being cut, in addition to director Walter Hill being turned down as director by Lionsgate. After reading the new script by Kurt Sutter, Jane stated:

"What I won't do is spend months of my life sweating over a movie that I just don't believe in. I've always loved the Marvel guys, and wish them well. Meanwhile, I'll continue to search for a film that one day might stand with all those films that the fans have asked me to watch."

In June 2007, it was reported announced that Lexi Alexander replaced Dahl as director, and that actor Ray Stevenson would replace Thomas Jane in the title role. The Punisher 2 then became Punisher: War Zone, a reboot of The Punisher film series with no connection to the 2004 film. The reboot was released on December 5, 2008. This is the second time the film series has been rebooted, after the 2004 production rebooted 1989's The Punisher. Later it was rebooted again for the third time as a television series released from 2017-2019.

Short film
In July 2012, Jane reprised his role as Frank Castle in the unofficial sequel short film The Punisher: Dirty Laundry, which premiered at the San Diego Comic-Con International. The 10-minute film also stars Ron Perlman.

title: The Punisher (2004 film)


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title: File:ChicagoTheBox.jpg


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Olaberria

Olaberria is a town and municipality located in the Goierri region of the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, northern Spain.

title: Olaberria


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Oñati

Oñati (Oñati, Oñate) is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, in the north of Spain. It has a population of approximately 10,500 and lies in a valley in the center of the Basque country. It lies about 40 km south of the Bay of Biscay and is about 236 m above sea level. The name is Basque and translates roughly as "place of many hills", reflecting the landscape of the area. The town is surrounded on three sides by green mountains on the southern side by the Aloña limestone formation.

Main sights
Dating back to the Medieval period, Oñati is home to numerous monuments. The University of Oñati, the ancient university of the Basque Country, which is in the town's centre, is one of the oldest university buildings on the Iberian peninsula. Today it houses the International Institute for the Sociology of Law. Other important sites include the monastery and hospice of Bidaurreta and the Church of Saint Michael.

Above the city lies the Sanctuary of Arantzazu, which is known for its Pilgrimage Church of Our Lady. A shepherd is said to have discovered a figure of the Virgin here in 1469. The original 16th century chapel was replaced in 1950.

Oñati is also known for having hosted the Boise State University Campus in the Basque Country program at ETEO. The time was very volatile politically since it saw the death of Franco and the transition to a non dictatorial political system. Currently, the main campus of the Faculty of Business Studies of Mondragon University is in the town.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Oñati is twinned with:
 * 🇲🇽 Guadalajara, Mexico

Notable people

 * Lope de Aguirre (1510–1561), conquistador

title: Oñati