text:
Michelle Federer

Michelle Lin Federer is an American actress.

Early life and education
Federer is the daughter of John and Claudia Federer. She grew up in Shaker Heights, Ohio, where she was a student of the Shaker Heights High School Theatre Arts Department under the direction of James Thornton, and she gained early experience working in the University School Theater Program, where she first worked and became friends with future Wicked castmate Michael Seelbach. Federer's father was a math teacher in the Shaker Heights Public School System teaching at Byron Junior High School (now Shaker Heights Middle School) and currently teaches at the Mandel Jewish Day School. As a teen, Federer attended Stagedoor Manor Performing Arts Camp, located in Loch Sheldrake, New York. She graduated from Ithaca College, located in Ithaca, New York, with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in musical theatre.

Theatre
She understudied the role of Adele Rice in the 2002 Off-Broadway production of A Man of No Importance at Lincoln Center.

In February 2003, she played the role of Thelma in the Hartford Stage (Hartford, Connecticut) production of The Trip to Bountiful.

She made her Broadway debut as Nessarose in Wicked, a character she originated. Following a San Francisco tryout, the show opened October 30, 2003, starring Kristin Chenoweth and Idina Menzel, with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz. Federer, the longest-running original principal cast member, left the production on January 8, 2006, and was succeeded by her understudy Cristy Candler. Federer can be heard on the Wicked cast recording.

She was the understudy for Julia Roberts in the roles of Nan and Lina in the play Three Days of Rain, which ran on Broadway from March 26, 2006 (previews) to June 18, 2006.

She appeared as Allison in the Atlantic Theatre Company's Off-Broadway production of Anon by Kate Robins in January to February 2007.

On October 27, 2008, Federer took part in The Yellow Brick Road Not Taken, a fifth anniversary concert featuring a selection of scenes and songs cut from early drafts of Wicked. The concert starred former co-stars Shoshana Bean and Jennifer Laura Thompson.

Federer returned to the role of Nessarose in Broadway's Wicked with performances beginning August 18, 2009, this time replacing Candler. She ended her return engagement on January 10, 2010, and was replaced by Jenny Fellner.

She appeared in The Cottage by Sandy Rustin at the Queens Theatre, Flushing Meadows Corona Park, Queens, New York in 2014.

Television and film
Federer has also appeared in various small film roles, including the biographical film Kinsey (2004) and independent romance film Flannel Pajamas (2006).

Federer appeared in a recurring role on NBC's Smash in which she plays Monica Swift, the wife of Michael (Will Chase) who has an affair with Debra Messing's character Julia. The series also stars Megan Hilty, who starred on Broadway alongside Federer in Wicked. Smash premiered in the United States on February 6, 2012.

Personal life
Federer married her former Wicked co-star, Norbert Leo Butz in 2007. Their daughter, Georgia Teresa, was born on January 2, 2011.

title: Michelle Federer


text:
Talk:Babel-17

traitor
How does the language turn the learner into a traitor?

 * From the very first sentence of the article on the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, which this articles in fact links to: "In linguistics, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis (SWH) states that there is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it." 66.46.152.30 20:15, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

clarification
come on you pikers. it is not that the language turns you into a traitor but that with no concept of self a person can have no conscience. 184.74.68.165 (talk) 19:43, 28 March 2011 (UTC)grumpy

Separate entry for language?
Why is there a completely separate entry for the Babel-17 language? Shouldn't this simply be a section of the main article itself? Kdring 16:56, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The same could be asked of any of the Fictional languages existing in this category. There may be a remaining question of relative notability. This seems at least as notable as Ascian language or Koalang given that the novel in question was a seminal and Nebula award winning work in linguistic SF. -- Rydra Wong 18:25, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmmm. Okay, good point. I guess it was just weird to see such an article when the main article itself is just a stub. Never mind. --Kdring 19:24, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Any relation to 1984?
I'm surprised to see a novel dealing with how language influences thought and yet no mention of George Orwell's 1984. Is this not considered an influence on this book somehow? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.34.16.242 (talk) 01:35, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Sapir-Whorf came before 1984, and the purposes of the languages are somewhat different -- Newspeak is designed to restrict and impoverish the range of thought, and remove much conscious deliberation from the act of speaking, while Babel-17 is designed to expand your perceptions (while shaping your worldview in the direction intended by the language designers). AnonMoos (talk) 13:57, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

Play version
Added mention of a play version of the book as it might be the first such adaption. With luck, it will see many more performances as it was done quite well. Hopefully, this is worth noting. Jsemmel (talk) 11:34, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

Arrival
The 2016 film Arrival also concerned protagonists changed by learning an alien language. Their perception of time changed as they learned how to interpret the strange symbols brought by the giant inky octopus people 2600:6C55:6D7F:BC1F:6C3C:947F:7302:A892 (talk) 00:48, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Babel-17


text:
User talk:Ezhilm

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Pamri • Talk 15:53, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ezhilm


text:
Talk:John Paul Getty III

Kidnap
does anyone know how old he was when he was kidnapped? Also, is this the same family behind the stock photo company Getty Images?
 * He was 16. I've added the birth year. I couldn't find the birth date, but I found other sources that said he was 16 at the time. Also, according to this website, Mark Getty is the getty behind Getty Images. --Arcadian 13:44, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

The tale of the kidnapping here - only $2m paid, gang never caught - does not match that in his grandfather's article - gang caught and $17m recovered. -- Beardo 12:19, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

We must remember that the reason for his Ear being cut was due to his G father didn't believe that this gang really had his G son and was asked by the G father to send him his G sons Ear having the mole if really being held for a ransom —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.83.44.174 (talk) 08:46, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

NPOV
Is it really neccessary to use the terms "renowned scrooge" and put "on principle" in quotes? It seems to be more of a judgement of character than an informative statement.

I am going to leave the article as-is for the next few days. If nobody objects or changes the article by next Monday, I will submit the changes myself.

In addition, the quoted sources should be cited at bottom. Again, I will leave the article as is; if no sources are included by Monday I will either research this myself and add the appropriate sources or delete the quote entirely if it cannot be attributed. JustinStroud 15:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

I have no objections. Article is excessively POV.

Drugs?
This article dosnt mention him becoming blind and paralysed from a drugs overdose (which his fathers article does mention). I do wonder if he has recovered from this - his having a son suggests he did, if conception was after the overdose.
 * His son was born in 1975, before the overdose, but after he was kidnapped by the Red Brigades.

Name
No explanation is given for the differences in the name. The aricle is titled John Paul Getty but throughout the article his name is given as Jean Paul Getty. Are both correct? Some explanation should be given, otherwise it looks like vandalism. Jons63 13:40, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Jean in French and John is English —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.83.44.174 (talk) 08:41, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Rubbish. His official name is either John or Jean. Only royalty have their names translated in this fashion. Geira (talk) 18:46, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

J. Paul Getty III was born Eugene Paul Getty, Jr. His father changed his name to Jean Paul Getty II, and thus Paul became the III.

When his father became an British citizen (and eventually KBE) he took the name (Sir) John Paul Getty II. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Avalacher4 (talk • contribs) 04:33, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Ear
Did it actually turn out to be his ear that was received in the post? The article doesnt make it clear. 86.13.11.217 (talk) 16:16, 9 June 2008 (UTC) His left lower Ear lobe that held a Mole on its skin! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.83.44.174 (talk) 08:38, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Brain damage?
Does he have a brain damage? / Fred-J 22:51, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * yes he has brain damage he was a additve crack head and over dosed and had a stroke if he cared anything about life he would cherrish it in stead of throwing it away. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.254.203.3 (talk) 13:24, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Oooookaaay then. You appear to have a unique and sympathetic understanding of "additve crack head"s and a firm grasp of written English. Why not combine your talents and write a book on addiction recovery? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.84.123.162 (talk) 22:17, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

 * The whole ruling class is diseased and a disease of human society, a cancer that will destroy the host if it isn't removed. The particular case shown in this article is an especially glaring example. 72.228.177.92 (talk) 17:05, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

 * 72.228.177.92 has either deliberately or as an over-sight not mentioned a conviction that Getty had. If mentioned, it would have strengthened his or her case. Getty III seems to have been expelled from several schools, not only the one mentioned. The
 * Telegraph says that he was expelled from seven schools.

Drug overdose
The word "prescripion" is used. Has this any proof? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.158.207.21 (talk) 11:28, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Inconsistent with J. P. Getty article
This entry has numerous points that are inconsistent with those listed ont he John Paul Getty (Sr) web page. Specifically, but not only, the quoted text from the kidnappers, and the final ransom amount ($2M vs $2.9M). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.87.172.114 (talk) 14:06, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

The whole thing
There is an obituary at the Daily Telegraph which has an air of authority. This young man lived a tragic life and his story should be told here.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8309645/John-Paul-Getty-III.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.216.32 (talk) 23:12, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

And when is the FX TV series "Trust" going to be included in this? A much more detailed account of the kidnapping - in fact, it's sole purpose. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C3:6265:F900:854E:C640:E7A5:8897 (talk) 10:25, 13 May 2018 (UTC)

Pneumonia
The article says "Paul's health began to decline rapidly as his wound became infected, combined with pneumonia caused by the cold winter temperatures which were descending." Pneumonia is not caused by cold temperatures, but by infection with bacteria or viruses. Sadiemonster (talk) 14:45, 2 August 2018 (UTC)

Russian roulette
Nobody would kidnap a person to ransom for tens of millions and then genuinely play Russian roulette with their captive as if they killed their captive then they wouldn't be able to get any money. There was no bullets in the gun, It wasn't genuine Russian roulette, it was mock executions; Russian roulette wording should be changed to subjected to mock executions. HardeeHar (talk) 11:33, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

Split kidnapping
The information is scattered and duplicated in multiple articles. fgnievinski (talk) 06:50, 11 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Could you elaborate, please? Which articles are you referring to? Because otherwise, this article doesn't seem long enough to warrant a split. — howcheng  {chat} 02:18, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

all the articles listed in the hatnote at section kidnapping. fgnievinski (talk) 02:53, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not overly long in the current article. Vaselineeeeeeee★★★ 19:08, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Support. Rovingrobert (talk) 13:29, 8 March 2021 (UTC)

Last child
Aerosmith referenced j Paul getty's ear in the song "last child". 2601:247:4200:B5C0:3107:C485:4A25:1D22 (talk) 00:46, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Paul Getty III


text:
User:Rspeer/voting system sources

 * Approval voting:
 * Schulze:
 * Tideman:

title: User:Rspeer/voting system sources


text:
Maximilian de Gaynesford

Robert Maximilian de Gaynesford (born 2 January 1968) is an English philosopher. He is a professor of philosophy at the University of Reading.

Education and career
De Gaynesford was educated at Ampleforth College and Balliol College, Oxford (1986–1989; First in Modern History), after which he spent several years studying theology before studying philosophy in 1993. Shortly before receiving his doctorate, he was elected fellow and tutor in philosophy at Lincoln College, Oxford (1997). He was subsequently Humboldt Research Fellow at the Freie Universität Berlin (2003) and a tenured professor at The College of William and Mary in Virginia (2002–2006) before becoming professor of philosophy (2008) and head of department (2016) at the University of Reading.

He is the author of four books: The Rift in the Lute: Attuning Poetry and Philosophy (Oxford, 2017), I: The Meaning of the First Person Term (Oxford, 2006), Hilary Putnam (Routledge, 2006; the book's goal was "to make Putnam’s contributions to modern philosophy accessible to those without expertise in such matters" ), and John McDowell (Polity, 2004). In 2011, he edited a collection of articles on the Philosophy of Action, Agents And Their Actions (Blackwell), including recent work by John McDowell and Joseph Raz. He spoke at the Harvard Conference in celebration of Hilary Putnam in 2011. He gives papers on attuning poetry and philosophy for general audiences; in 2015, he gave a public talk at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford on 'Why Philosophy and Poetry Matter.' In 2017, he took part in a short filmed conversation about Philosophy and Film with Lenny Abrahamson and Francine Stock. Their subsequent extended public discussion was recorded as a podcast. He is also interested in moral psychology and the interface with the philosophy of law, where he unearths a particular type of Defence that he calls 'justifexcuses.'

Books

 * The Rift in the Lute: Attuning Poetry and Philosophy
 * I: The Meaning of the First Person Term
 * Hilary Putnam
 * John McDowell

Chapters in books

 * The Sonnets and Attunement in The Routledge Companion to Shakespeare and Philosophy (Routledge, 2018) eds Craig Bourne and Emily Caddick Bourne.
 * Attuning philosophy and literary criticism: a response to In the Heart of the Country in Beyond the Ancient Quarrel: Literature, Philosophy, and J.M. Coetzee (Oxford, 2017) eds P. Hayes and J. Wilm.
 * Uptake In Action in Interpreting J.L. Austin: Critical Essays (Cambridge, 2017) ed. Savas Tsohatzidis.

title: Maximilian de Gaynesford


text:
Amcal

Allied Master Chemists of Australia Limited (Amcal) is an Australian pharmacy retailer, founded by Major General C. H. Simpson on 13 July 1937, in a move that greatly influenced the pharmacy industry in Australia. The founding group consisted of 11 pharmacists.

The launch of Amcal to consumers included personal letters to each household, window posters, the give-away of a tablet of soap, and a brochure entitled "Why this is an Amcal Pharmacy".

Australia
Originally, Amcal was a cooperative buying group, owned by its members, who all had shares in the Amcal group. Amcal demutualised when Sigma Pharmaceuticals bought out the members' shares in 2000, with the lure of more money and better centralised marketing. It is still a marketing group, but a franchise division of Amcal, called Amcal Max, is now marketing under a more competitive and compliant model. Between 2016 and 2017, some Amcal pharmacies were converted to Terry White Chemmarts. There are now 223 Amcal pharmacies in Australia.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, Amcal was a pharmacy franchise. Amcal's marketing was managed by the owner of Amcal New Zealand, Pharmacybrands, a division of Australian Pharmaceutical Industries. The chain was re-branded as Unichem in 2015.

title: Amcal


text:
User talk:Wookielover15

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.Ëvilphoenix Burn! 15:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wookielover15


text:
Secretariat of Tourism

The Mexican Secretary of Tourism (Secretaría de Turismo, SECTUR) is the government department in charge of the nation's tourism promotion and development. The Secretary is appointed by the President of the Republic and is a member of the federal executive cabinet.

The department conducts the development policy for national tourist activity and promotes tourist development zones in conjunction with the states.

List of secretaries

 * President Luis Echeverría
 * (1975–1976) : Julio Hirschfeld Almada
 * President José López Portillo
 * (1976–1980) : Guillermo Rossell de la Lama
 * (1980–1982) : Rosa Luz Alegría Escamilla
 * President Miguel de la Madrid
 * (1982–1988) : Antonio Enríquez Savignac
 * President Carlos Salinas de Gortari
 * (1988–1990) : Carlos Hank González
 * (1990–1993) : Pedro Joaquín Coldwell
 * (1993–1994) : Jesús Silva Herzog Flores
 * President Ernesto Zedillo
 * (1994–1997) : Silvia Hernández Enríquez
 * (1997–2000) : Óscar Espinosa Villarreal
 * President Vicente Fox
 * (2000–2003) : Leticia Navarro
 * (2003–2006) : Rodolfo Elizondo Torres
 * President Felipe Calderón
 * (2006–2010) : Rodolfo Elizondo Torres
 * (2010–2012) : Gloria Guevara Manzo
 * President Enrique Peña Nieto
 * (2012–2015) : Claudia Ruiz Massieu
 * (2015–2018) : Enrique de la Madrid Cordero
 * President Andrés Manuel López Obrador
 * (2018–present) : Miguel Torruco Marqués

title: Secretariat of Tourism


text:
Color of Her Eyes

Color of Her Eyes is a 1990 EP by the Gear Daddies. The song Color of Her Eyes is also on their full-length album Billy's Live Bait.

Track listing

 * 1) Color of Her Eyes
 * 2) Color of Her Eyes (Acoustic)
 * 3) The Tide Is High (Paragons cover)
 * 4) My Maria Color
 * 5) Party Stomp

title: Color of Her Eyes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lulu Cameron

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 21:33, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Lulu Cameron
Advertising/vanity article; non-notable, local artist. Article perhaps created by artist's agent/gallery (also listed above for deletion: see Au Courant Interior Design Consultants. Search on Google for "Lulu Cameron" reveals fewer than 10 relevant hits returned Humansdorpie 15:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. Humansdorpie 15:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nn advert/vanity. Reads like a verbatim copy of an "artist's statement". MCB 22:57, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Margaret Feldner

Sr. Margaret Feldner, O.S.F., Ph.D., served as Quincy University's 21st president. Feldner assumed the post January 1, 2004. She was the first woman president appointed to the role at Quincy. On December 19, 2006, the university announced that Feldner had been excused from her duties following a vote of no confidence by the school's faculty, a move precipitated by a 30% decrease in freshmen enrollment over two years. Sr. Margaret earned the nickname "Head Nun" while occupying the office of President at Quincy University.

In 2009, after working with the Excel program in Okolona, Feldner served at The Dwelling Place Retreat and Prayer Center in rural eastern Mississippi. The Dwelling Place Retreat and prayer center operated primarily from mobile home units and during her time there Feldner secured a $20,000.00 grant to refurbish the dining room. In 2011, Feldner resigned from her position.

Feldner previously served as Vice President for Academic Affairs and Academic Dean at Clarke College in Dubuque, Iowa, a post she held since 2000. A member of Franciscan Sisters of the Holy Family, Feldner has served in many administrative and instructional capacities in the field of education. At the collegiate level, Feldner has served as a department chair of education at both Briar Cliff College (1992-1997) and Clarke College (1997-2000). Feldner has served as project director for a number of grants and has extensive experience in the development and implementation of academic assessment strategies.

During her career, Feldner has taught at the graduate, undergraduate, secondary and elementary school levels. At the collegiate level, she has taught at Clarke College (1985-1990 and 1997-2000), University of Dayton (1990-1992) and Briar Cliff College (1992-1997). Feldner taught C.C.D. (Confraternity of Christian Doctrine) classes at the secondary level from 1965 to 1978. She served as assistant to the superintendent of schools for the Archdiocese of Dubuque (1984-1990), and as an educational consultant for the Archdiocese of Portland (1982-1984). Feldner taught at the elementary school level from 1958 to 1978 and served as a principal for an elementary school in Oregon from 1978 to 1982.

Feldner earned a Ph.D. in educational leadership from the University of Dayton (Ohio) in 1994, and a master's degree in guidance and counseling with an endorsement in administration and supervision from DePaul University (Chicago) in 1974. She earned a B.A. from Briar Cliff College (Sioux City, Iowa) in 1967.

title: Margaret Feldner


text:
Agathocles (son of Lysimachus)

Agathocles (Ἀγαθοκλῆς; between 320–310s – 284 BC) was a prince of Macedonian and Thessalian descent. He was the son of Lysimachus and his first wife, Nicaea a daughter of Antipater, the regent of Alexander the Great's Empire. His full blooded siblings were his younger sisters Eurydice and Arsinoe I.

Life
In 292 BC Agathocles was sent by his father against the Getae, but was defeated and taken prisoner. Dromichaetes, the king of the Getae, sent him back to his father as a goodwill gesture; despite this, Lysimachus marched against the Getae, but was himself taken prisoner. He was released by Dromichaetes after a promise of loyalty secured by several high-born hostages, and the hand of Lysimachus' daughter in marriage. There are conflicting versions of this sequence of events as some ancient historians recount that it was only Agathocles, and according to others only Lysimachus, who was taken prisoner.

In 287 Agathocles was sent by his father against Demetrius I Poliorcetes, who had marched into Anatolia to deprive Lysimachus of Lydia and Caria. In this expedition he was successful; he defeated Demetrius and drove him out of his father's provinces. Agathocles was originally intended to be the successor of Lysimachus, and was popular among his subjects; however, in 284 he was executed for treason. Conflicting sources point to his stepmother, Arsinoe II, as the main accuser in an attempt to position her own son, Ptolemy, as Lysimachus' successor, while other sources indicate that Lysimachus was independently acting on a belief that his son was conspiring against him. Agathocles' widow, Lysandra, fled with their children and Agathocles' paternal half-brother, Alexander, to Seleucus I Nicator in Syria, who subsequently declared war upon Lysimachus as consequence for his act of filicide.

Coinage
The historian Louis Robert has suggested that 300 era coins bearing the letters ΑΓΑΘ originate from Agathocleia, a city in Mysia founded by Agathocles.

title: Agathocles (son of Lysimachus)


text: Category:Stage lighting

title: Category:Stage lighting


text:
Kalmar Nation, Lund

Kalmar Nation is one of thirteen student nations of Lund University in Sweden. It has 1,696 members and is thus the sixth-largest student nation in Lund - ranking behind Västgöta but ahead of Östgöta Nation.

History
The nation was originally intended for students from the city of Kalmar. The first known date for its establishment was February 29, 1696 – some 30 years after the university had been founded – but it is not confirmed whether the nation was an independent nation up until around 1750. It is most likely that it often worked in cooperation with other nations, as Lund University did not have many students at the time.

In 1767 Kalmar Nation formally merged with the Östgöta Nation and Västgöta Nation to form the Götiska Nation. This remained the case until 1817, when the increase in students allowed Kalmar Nation to form its own society.

In 1897, Kalmar Nation held the Storaste Kroppkaka "Largest Kroppkaka" fest, celebrating this Swedish potato dish. It subsequently became one of the known attributes of the nation, and over the years at least 54 fests have been held. It is the oldest student order and ball in Lund.

The Nation bought Roseniusgården, the property adjacent to Kalmargården on May 30, 2023 - thus doubling its number of apartments in the city center.

Kalmargården
Kalmargården is a house in central Lund, behind Tomegapsgården, where most of the activities around the nation take place. The building was opened in 1952. Already on November 27, 1841, it was decided that Kalmar nation should acquire its own house. To get the money in order to build the house, a lottery was arranged where the highest prize was a car which was donated by a car dealer in Lund. A plot for 35,000 crowns (~538,000 crowns in 2021) was bought and on March 14, 1952, the foundation was laid for Kalmargården. The house was designed by Hans Westman. He gained inspiration from Domprostgarden in Kalmar. In 1991 the building was reconstructed. Today's Kalmargården stands at four floors consisting of 18 corridor rooms and 4 apartments.

Kalmar Västra
On Måsvägen in western Lund, the Nation's second housing complex, Kalmar Västra (Kalmar West) is located. The building consists of four corridors with 10 rooms each, along with 12 apartments in various sizes.

Roseniusgården
Adjacent to Kalmargården at Biskopsgatan 14, Roseniusgården is a student housing complex that was operated by a private company prior to the nation's purchase of the property in 2023. It consists of 22 dorm rooms.

Today
Due to its smaller premises, there is no club space, making it the only nation to hold weekly pubs but no clubs. It is also the only nation open on Tuesday nights (Pub Ölkällaren) in addition to its Friday pub (Pub Kaggen). The nation serves lunches (Lunch Neptuni) every Thursday.

Kuratel
Kalmar Nation's Kuratel (executive management) consists of five posts, the Kurator (Q), the Prokurator Ekonomi (PQE), the Prokurator Social (PQS), the Källarmästare (KM) and the PR-Master (PRM).

Notable members

 * Gustaf Aulén (1879–1977) - Bishop of Strängnäs and Lutheran theologian. Served as Inspektor from 1930 to 1932.

 * Per Stjernquist (1912–2005) - Law professor and one of the founding fathers of the field of sociology of law. Served as Inspektor from 1954 to 1996.

Additional reading
Detailed information and about the nation and its history is available in print from the nation office in Lund.

 * Kalmar nation i Lund 1892–1917 – Vid hundraårsjubileet den 30 april 1917
 * Kalmar nation i Lund – Porträttalbum 1917–1927
 * Birgit Arfwidsson: Kalmar nation i Lund 1927–1962
 * Forskare ser på framtiden - Rapport från en tvärvetenskaplig diskussionsserie (Kalmar nations småskrifter I, 1982)
 * Folket i trähusen - Om fattigdom i samhällets utkanter under mellankrigstiden (Kalmar nations småskrifter II, 1986)
 * Kalmar nation och studietidens problem 1950-1990 (Kalmar nations småskrifter III, 1990)
 * Hänryckningens tid: studentminnen från en småländsk hemvist i Lund - Kalmar nation 300 år (Kalmar nations småskrifter IV, 1996)
 * Storaste Kroppkakan 100 år (Kalmar nations småskrifter V, 1997)
 * Studentrevolten i Lund 1968/69 - Universitetsledningens policy (Kalmar nations småskrifter VI, 2000)
 * Studentrevolten i Lund 1968/69 - Universitetsledningens policy (Kalmar nations småskrifter VI, 2000)

title: Kalmar Nation, Lund


text:
User:0101LIUch

Dear colleagues, i also agree TONGck that the perception is too minor.I also think that it is not very appropriate to have a separate section. Add oil!!! 0101LIUch 16:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)LIUch

title: User:0101LIUch


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pixel advertising

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Wikibofh 00:07, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Pixel advertising
Page appears to be spam; the "phenomenon" described is very new, and not apparently widespread, popular, or particularly notable. Haeleth 16:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. Haeleth
 * Change vote to Merge with The Million Dollar Homepage - that survived its AfD, and that site at least has gained enough press coverage to be notable. This article, however, adds nothing to that, and as written is still not suitable for Wikipedia. Haeleth 11:54, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete spam - it's a version of The Million Dollar Homepage which is already on Afd.  Note anon comment below!!!  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   17:39, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, spam. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:11, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete adcruft.--Isotope23 19:28, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Please follow the URL and see how unpopular this is. Google Search The kid who started this has also sold in just under 2 months $400,000 in pixel advertising. Plus the multitude of other sites popping up all the time and making their own waves too. Alexa ranks for several of the pixel ad sites are under 10,000.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Mexican Secretaries of Tourism

title: Category:Mexican Secretaries of Tourism


text:
Swinburne, Smith and Company

Swinburne, Smith and Company was a railroad locomotive manufacturing company of the mid-19th century. The company was founded in 1845, in Paterson, New Jersey, by a partnership between William Swinburne and Samuel Smith. Swinburne had been a pattern maker for Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor of Paterson, who worked his way up to become shop foreman. Smith was foreman moulder at Rogers.

The company's first major client was the Erie Railway. Other customers included the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and the Chicago and Alton Railroad.

Swinburne remained in business for only a decade, failing with the Panic of 1857. Afterwards, the firm reorganized, with James Jackson joining the partnership, and became the	New Jersey Locomotive and Machine Company. John Brandt was the superintendent and principal design engineer. Among the engines produced by the successor firm is the William Crooks, the first locomotive to operate in Minnesota. It was delivered to a predecessor of the Great Northern Railway in 1861, and is the sole surviving engine built by the firm.

In 1863 the company experienced financial difficulties. Banker David B. Grant took control of the company and changed its name to Grant Locomotive Works.

title: Swinburne, Smith and Company


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sam Smith poet novelist editor

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep and mark for cleanup. Also, move to new title Sam Smith (writer). Rob Church Talk 03:04, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Sam Smith poet novelist editor
Bad vanity article by self-admitted "struggling novelist". If his books appear on amazon at all, they seem to rank well over 2 million, or be available only as downloads. The article is largely a list of ISBNs, many from a small press he runs. Highly promotional. R. fiend 16:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Smith has some notability in the English poetry world and is widely published: the collections mentioned are not necessarily "vanity press" publishers (e.g. University of Salzburg has also published poets of the stature of James Kirkup). However, the article is dreadful - desperately needs renaming and rewriting Humansdorpie 16:46, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity and non-notable. I assume vanity based on the username of the creator.  I will refrain from rude inferences based on the quality of the article.--Isotope23 17:15, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup Coolgamer 19:01, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment in any case, we can't keep it at that name. If kept, it should be moved to Sam Smith (novelist) or somesuch. --Jacquelyn Marie 03:51, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia

Bias
This page although practically a stub is full of POV that some serious cleanup needs to be done. the article on islam is full of generalisations but no evidence of links support its claims.--84.65.64.120 15:10, 5 June 2006 (UTC)


text:
Category:Hotels in California

Hotels in California, USA.

title: Category:Hotels in California


text:
Talk:Treforest

imo

2005
As of 2005 the correct spelling is Trefforest with two Fs. This has been the case for rather a long time.
 * On what basis is 'Trefforest' correct? Rhondda Cynon Taf council uses 'Treforest', as does the Ordnance Survey. However, at least some road signs use 'Trefforest'.. Verbcatcher (talk) 05:34, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

Untitled
I have moved it to the correct spelling and redirected Treforest to it Mark W Beech 23:15, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * No proof of the correct spelling being ff. The RCT site spells it with one f, the ward is officially one f, as is the office for national statistics. The Encyclopedia for Wales states one f (2008). Rail station and Primary school appear correct as ff, but town not so. Please cite before moving back. FruitMonkey (talk) 16:05, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Tom Jones
Where was Tom Jones born? Was it Trefforest, or Pontypridd? --Rebroad 23:18, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * He was born in Laura Street, Trefforest. Trefforest is a satellite town of Pontypridd and has long been included in "Pontypridd" for postal reasons.  I suppose its the same as someone from Richmond upon Thames saying they come from London as more people will be familiar with the larger town the smaller one is next to.  Dainamo 12:43, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Meic Stephens
This Meic Stephens that has been added. I agree that he is notable but should he not appear on his own home town page instead of Treforest? He is a Professor at the University in treforest! Ponty Pirate (talk) 15:27, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * If he just works in a town, it's not good enough, he should be removed. FruitMonkey (talk) 16:21, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree. I'll Just have a check to see if I can find out where he's from. Ponty Pirate (talk) 17:43, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Found this. Turns out he is from Tref all along. Sorry. |%20Wales. I still think his paragraph needs something doing to it though. I don't think he needs such a large write up so maybe lose the quote. Ponty Pirate (talk) 17:54, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I have altered the paragraph. What do you think? I actually think this guy is pretty interesting and should be notable enough for his own article. If I get chance I will have a go at it tomorrow. Ponty Pirate (talk) 20:34, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * If you think he is genuinely notable, then go for it. FruitMonkey (talk) 21:00, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151119162620/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=13696817&c=Treforest&d=14&e=62&g=6495168&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1447760580499&enc=1 to http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=13696817&c=Treforest&d=14&e=62&g=6495168&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1447760580499&enc=1

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title: Talk:Treforest


text:
Zamboni (song)

"Zamboni", also known as "I Wanna Drive the Zamboni", is a song written by Martin Zellar and recorded by his band Gear Daddies. The song tells the story of a man's desire to drive an ice resurfacer, popularly known by the brand name "Zamboni", and his request to drive the Zamboni for his local ice hockey team. Since its release, it has sometimes been played between periods at hockey games while the Zamboni cleans the ice.

It originally appeared as a hidden track on the band's 1990 CD, Billy's Live Bait.

The song also appeared on the soundtracks of three Disney movies:
 * D2: The Mighty Ducks (1994)
 * D3: The Mighty Ducks (1997)
 * Mystery, Alaska (1999)

title: Zamboni (song)


text:
User talk:Lithium412

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

--Sebastian Kessel Talk 16:06, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

--Sebastian Kessel Talk 16:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. — Laura Scudder | Talk 17:31, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

--Sebastian Kessel Talk 17:34, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:12345footballer.jpg and Image:YoungDavidSeaman.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:12345footballer.jpg and Image:YoungDavidSeaman.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. — Laura Scudder | Talk 18:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lithium412


text:
User:Rsamford

= Richard Samford Wiki Page =

Faculty Authors
ISBN 1888105550

Internal link to the Barsoom page.

Pittsburg State University

Family Names

 * Samford
 * Glasgow
 * Tooley/Tooly

 * St Clair

 * Wells
 * Estep

title: User:Rsamford


text:
User:Redsquirrell

Hello
Redsquirrell enters the wiki world.

Wallace & Gromit

Wallace and Gromit Official Site

 * Happy
 * happier
 * happiest

Redsquirrell's Home

ISBN 0972595899

title: User:Redsquirrell


text:
User:Britishkansan

Britishkansan
Britishkansan is the wikipedia pseudonym of Robert Smith, who is British and who currently lives in Kansas.

Bio
Born 6 August 1959, attended Schools in Rochester, Kent United Kingdom, graduate of the University of Brighton (BA Librarianship), member of the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals of the United Kingdom

title: User:Britishkansan


text:
User:Cmcguire

Charlene McGuire

Technology Consultant for the Southwest Kansas Library System SWKLS

Independent Mannatech Associate Glyconutrients

title: User:Cmcguire


text:
Fort Ranger

Fort Ranger was a historical fort located near Rutland, Vermont, USA which dates back to 1778. The first commander was Captain Gideon Brownson. (Ann Story Chapter DAR) During the American Revolutionary War Whitcomb's Rangers were stationed there.

title: Fort Ranger


text:
User:Clarson

Bio
I live in Pittsburg(not Pittsburgh) Kansas. There are 10 Pittsburgs and 1 Pittsburgh in the United States. Pittsburg is a town of about 20,000, with a state university, Pittsburg State University.

title: User:Clarson


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Our Friends in the North/archive1

Our Friends in the North
I've been thinking of putting this article on here in preparation for an eventual FAC nomination for a while, and today's good news about Daniel Craig seemed like as good an excuse as any to highlight this production, one of his major roles. I realise that the fact that this is almost entirely a one-person effort from me is currently something of a weakness, so any suggestions fresh eyes could bring would be extremely welcome. Angmering 16:07, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Looks good. Several short paragraphs, and a one-sentence at the end of "Production & broadcast" - other then that structure is good. (Oh yeah, isn't there an official website for this thing? External links looks bare). Ryan Norton T 21:51, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll go through and try and tidy up the short paragraphs. As for external links - nope, 1996 was too early for there to have been a BBC site for it, and there isn't even an entry on Screenonline for it. Frighteningly, this very article may be the biggest resource and reference point there is on the web for the show. Angmering 22:37, 21 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
The Football Combination

The Football Combination was a football competition for the reserve teams of English Football League clubs from Southern England, the Midlands and Wales; other clubs from the Midlands and those from the North playing in the Central League (it is not to be confused with the Combination, a league for teams from North West England which existed at the turn of the 20th century).

History
The Combination was inaugurated in 1915 with twelve founder members: Arsenal, Brentford, Chelsea, Clapton Orient, Croydon Common, Crystal Palace, Fulham, Millwall, Queens Park Rangers, Tottenham Hotspur, Watford and West Ham United. First team matches were played until 1919, from when Reserve teams took over. Croydon Common and Watford dropped out and were replaced with Charlton Athletic and Southend United.

Up to 1926 it was known as the London Combination, but from the 1926–27 season, ten clubs from outside the London area were admitted and the name became something of a misnomer. The new clubs were: Brighton & Hove Albion, Cardiff City, Coventry City, Leicester City, Luton Town, Portsmouth, Reading, Southampton, Swansea Town and Watford (re-admitted).

From the early 1930s to the outbreak of World War II, 24 clubs were in membership, with Aldershot, Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic, Bristol City, Northampton Town, Norwich City and Swindon Town joining at various times and others resigning. Following the resumption post-war in 1946, the number of clubs was increased to 32, the title changed to Football Combination and it was re-organised into two Sections A and B, with the winners playing-off for the Championship. A Combination Cup was also inaugurated to increase the number of fixtures played.

A number of changes to the constitution took place in the 1950s and 1960s. From 1952–53 promotion and relegation were introduced, as the Combination was split into two Divisions, 1 and 2, with the top eight from Sections A and B of the previous season forming Division 1, and the bottom eight in each forming Division 2. This was short-lived and in 1955–56 a new format of one Division of 32 clubs was introduced, with teams playing 42 matches on a geographical basis. The Combination Cup was discontinued.

Promotion and relegation returned for 1958–59 in two Divisions, based on the level of the first team of each club in the Football League, i.e. the top two Divisions of the Football League played in Division 1 of the Combination, and Division 3 and 4 teams were placed in Division 2. In 1961–62 things changed again and the Combination was re-organised into a Saturday Section and a Midweek Section, with a play-off for the title.

For 1963–64 the Combination reverted to Divisions 1 and 2, with the Saturday Section becoming Division 1 and the Midweek Section becoming Division 2, and promotion/relegation was reintroduced. The decline in numbers led to the reintroduction of the Combination Cup in 1966–67, and by 1968–69 the Combination was down to one Division of 26 teams.

For a time in the 1990s and early 2000s the league was sponsored by Avon Insurance, a subsidiary of NFU Mutual.

Demise
The Combination originally included reserve teams of top League clubs within the region, but in 1999 the FA Premier Reserve League was founded. The reserve teams of the FA Premier League clubs and some First Division clubs joined that competition, reducing the size of the Combination (however, in 2006, Premier League clubs voted that only the 20 top-tier teams would be able to play in this league, which meant several well-established reserve sides moving to the Combination).

The 2011–12 season was the last in the history of the Combination, with the introduction of the EPPP making the league surplus to requirements.

Other Divisions
Various other Divisions were utilised in the 1940s to 1960s to accommodate the number of member clubs.

Combination Cup
The Combination also operated a cup competition in various seasons to give the member clubs extra fixtures.

title: The Football Combination


text:
User:Janevictor57

bio
Jane Victor, Reference Librarian

Birth date: 3/3/48, Geneva, NY

Employed at: Axe Library, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS

Children: David, 2/15/68, Allison, 3/26/79, Clarissa, 2/2/85

Marital Status: Divorced

title: User:Janevictor57


text:
Transdisciplinarity

Transdisciplinarity connotes a research strategy that crosses disciplinary boundaries to create a holistic approach. It applies to research efforts focused on problems that cross the boundaries of two or more disciplines, such as research on effective information systems for biomedical research (see bioinformatics), and can refer to concepts or methods that were originally developed by one discipline, but are now used by several others, such as ethnography, a field research method originally developed in anthropology but now widely used by other disciplines. The Belmont Forum elaborated that a transdisciplinary approach is enabling inputs and scoping across scientific and non-scientific stakeholder communities and facilitating a systemic way of addressing a challenge. This includes initiatives that support the capacity building required for the successful transdisciplinary formulation and implementation of research actions.

Usage
Transdisciplinarity has two common meanings:

German usage
In German-speaking countries, Transdisziplinarität refers to the integration of diverse forms of research, and includes specific methods for relating knowledge in problem-solving. A 2003 conference held at the University of Göttingen showcased the diverse meanings of multi-, inter- and transdisciplinarity and made suggestions for converging them without eliminating present usages.

When the very nature of a problem is under dispute, transdisciplinarity can help determine the most relevant problems and research questions involved. A first type of question concerns the cause of the present problems and their future development (system knowledge). Another concerns which values and norms can be used to form goals of the problem-solving process (target knowledge). A third relates to how a problematic situation can be transformed and improved (transformation knowledge). Transdisciplinarity requires adequate addressing of the complexity of problems and the diversity of perceptions of them, that abstract and case-specific knowledge are linked, and that practices promote the common good.

Transdisciplinarity arises when participating experts interact in an open discussion and dialogue, giving equal weight to each perspective and relating them to each other. This is difficult because of the overwhelming amount of information involved, and because of incommensurability of specialized languages in each field of expertise. To excel under these conditions, researchers need not only in-depth knowledge and know-how of the disciplines involved, but skills in moderation, mediation, association and transfer.

Wider usage
Transdisciplinarity is also used to signify a unity of knowledge beyond disciplines.

Jean Piaget introduced this usage of the term in 1970, and in 1987, the International Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CIRET) adopted the Charter of Transdisciplinarity at the 1st World Congress of Transdisciplinarity, Convento da Arrabida, Portugal, November 1994.

In the CIRET approach, transdisciplinarity is radically distinct from interdisciplinarity. Interdisciplinarity, like pluridisciplinarity, concerns the transfer of methods from one discipline to another, allowing research to spill over disciplinary boundaries, but staying within the framework of disciplinary research.

As the prefix "trans" indicates, transdisciplinarity concerns that which is at once between the disciplines, across the different disciplines, and beyond each individual discipline. Its goal is the understanding of the present world, of which one of the imperatives is the overarching unity of knowledge.

Another critical defining characteristic of transdisciplinary research is the inclusion of stakeholders in defining research objectives and strategies in order to better incorporate the diffusion of learning produced by the research. Collaboration between stakeholders is deemed essential – not merely at an academic or disciplinary collaboration level, but through active collaboration with people affected by the research and community-based stakeholders. In such a way, transdisciplinary collaboration becomes uniquely capable of engaging with different ways of knowing the world, generating new knowledge, and helping stakeholders understand and incorporate the results or lessons learned by the research.

Transdisciplinarity is defined by Basarab Nicolescu through three methodological postulates: the existence of levels of Reality, the logic of the included middle, and complexity. In the presence of several levels of Reality the space between disciplines and beyond disciplines is full of information. Disciplinary research concerns, at most, one and the same level of Reality; moreover, in most cases, it only concerns fragments of one level of Reality. On the contrary, transdisciplinarity concerns the dynamics engendered by the action of several levels of Reality at once. The discovery of these dynamics necessarily passes through disciplinary knowledge. While not a new discipline or a new superdiscipline, transdisciplinarity is nourished by disciplinary research; in turn, disciplinary research is clarified by transdisciplinary knowledge in a new, fertile way. In this sense, disciplinary and transdisciplinary research are not antagonistic but complementary. As in the case of disciplinarity, transdisciplinary research is not antagonistic but complementary to multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity research.

According to Nicolescu, transdisciplinarity is nevertheless radically distinct from multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity because of its goal, the understanding of the present world, which cannot be accomplished in the framework of disciplinary research. The goal of multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity always remains within the framework of disciplinary research. If transdisciplinarity is often confused with interdisciplinarity or multidisciplinarity (and by the same token, we note that interdisciplinarity is often confused with multidisciplinarity) this is explained in large part by the fact that all three overflow disciplinary boundaries. Advocates maintain this confusion hides the huge potential of transdisciplinarity. One of the best known professionals of transdisciplinarity in Argentina is Pablo Tigani, and his concept about transdisciplinarity is:

"It is the art of combining several sciences in one person. A transdisciplinary is a scientist trained in various academic disciplines. This person merged all his knowledge into one thick wire. That united knowledge wire is used to solve problems that include many problems. The decision of a transdisciplinary executive is the only one that takes into account the total resolution of a problem without leaving any loose thread."

- Pablo Tigani

Currently, transdisciplinarity is a consolidated academic field that is giving rise to new applied researches, especially in Latin America and the Caribbean. In this sense, the transdisciplinary and biomimetics research of Javier Collado on Big History represents an ecology of knowledge between scientific knowledge and the ancestral wisdom of native peoples, such as Indigenous peoples in Ecuador. According to Collado, the transdisciplinary methodology applied in the field of Big History seeks to understand the interconnections of the human race with the different levels of reality that co-exist in nature and in the cosmos, and this includes mystical and spiritual experiences, very present in the rituals of shamanism with ayahuasca and other sacred plants. In abstract, the teaching of Big History in universities of Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, and Argentina implies a transdisciplinary vision that integrates and unifies diverse epistemes that are in, between, and beyond the scientific disciplines, that is, including ancestral wisdom, spirituality, art, emotions, mystical experiences and other dimensions forgotten in the history of science, specially by the positivist approach.

Transdisciplinary education
Transdisciplinary education is education that brings integration of different disciplines in a harmonious manner to construct new knowledge and uplift the learner to higher domains of cognitive abilities and sustained knowledge and skills. It involves better neural networking for lifelong learning.

Transdisciplinarity has been flagged internationally as an important aim of education. For example, Global Education Magazine, an international journal supported by UNESCO and UNHCR:

"transdisciplinarity represents the capable germ to promote an endogenous development of the evolutionary spirit of internal critical consciousness, where religion and science are complementary. Respect, solidarity and cooperation should be global standards for the entire human development with no boundaries. This requires a radical change in the ontological models of sustainable development, global education and world-society. We must rely on the recognition of a plurality of models, cultures and socio-economical diversification. As well as biodiversity is the way for the emergence of new species, cultural diversity represents the creative potential of world-society."

Arts and humanities
Transdisciplinarity can be found in the arts and humanities. For example, the Planetary Collegium seeks "the development of transdisciplinary discourse in the convergence of art, science, technology and consciousness research." The Plasticities Sciences Arts (PSA) research group also develops transdisciplinary approaches regarding humanities and fundamental sciences relationships as well as the Art & Science field. An example of transdisciplinary research in the arts and humanities can be seen in Lucy Jeffery's study on the work of Samuel Beckett, entitled Transdisciplinary Beckett: Visual Arts, Music, and the Creative Process.

Human sciences
The range of transdisciplinarity becomes clear when the four central questions of biological research ((1) causation, (2) ontogeny, (3) adaptation, (4) phylogeny [after Niko Tinbergen 1963, see also Tinbergen's four questions, cf. Aristotle: Causality / Four Major Causes]) are graphed against distinct levels of analysis (e.g. cell, organ, individual, group; [cf. "Laws about the Levels of Complexity" of Nicolai Hartmann 1940/1964, see also Rupert Riedl 1984]):

In this "scheme of transdisciplinarity", all anthropological disciplines (paragraph C in the table of the pdf-file below), their questions (paragraph A: see pdf-file) and results (paragraph B: see pdf-file) can be intertwined and allocated with each other for examples how these aspects go into those little boxes in the matrix. This chart includes all realms of anthropological research (no one is excluded). It is the starting point for a systematical order for all human sciences, and also a source for a consistent networking and structuring of their results. This "bio-psycho-social" orientation framework is the basis for the development of the "Fundamental Theory of Human Sciences" and for a transdisciplinary consensus. (In this tabulated orientation matrix the questions and reference levels in italics are also the subject of the humanities.). Niko Tinbergen was familiar with both conceptual categories (i.e. the four central questions of biological research and the levels of analysis), the tabulation was made by Gerhard Medicus. Certainly, a humanist perspective always involves a transdisciplinary focus. A good and classic example of mixing very different sciences was the work developed by Leibniz in seventeenth-eighteenth centuries in order to create a universal system of justice.

Health science
The term transdisciplinarity is increasingly prevalent in health care research and has been identified as important to improving the effectiveness and efficiency in health care. Transdisciplinary within public health emphasizes integrating diverse individuals, skills, perspectives, and expertise across disciplines to dissolve traditional boundaries and develop holistic approaches linking ecosystem and human health boundaries.

title: Transdisciplinarity


text:
Yuri Rytkheu

Yuri Sergeyevich Rytkheu (Ю́рий Серге́евич Рытхэ́у; Ю́рий Серге́евич Рытгэ́в; 8 March 1930 – 14 May 2008) was a Chukchi writer, who wrote in both his native Chukchi and in Russian. He is considered to be the father of Chukchi literature.

Early life
Yuri Rytkheu was born 18 March 1930 to a family of trappers and hunters. His birthplace, the village of Uelen, was then in the Chukotsky District, Far Eastern Krai; it is now part of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. His grandfather was a shaman.

At birth, he was given the name "Rytgėv", which means "forgotten" in the Chukchi language (from the Chukchi word "рытгэватъё" (rytgėvatʺjo) – "unremembered" or "forgotten" ). Since Soviet institutions did not recognize Chukchi names and the Chukchi do not commonly use surnames, in order to obtain his passport he used his first name as his surname and assumed the first name and patronymic of a Russian geologist he knew.

He graduated from the Soviet 7-year school in Uelen. He wanted to continue his education at the Institute of the Peoples of the North, but was not selected to study there, because of his young age. Consequently, he decided to go to Leningrad on his own, to continue his study. This travel was delayed for several years. In order to earn money for this journey, the future writer took odd jobs; for instance, he worked on the seas and on geological expeditions and trapped animals, stevedored at a hydrography base. He moved to Anadyr and enrolled in a vocational school. In 1947 he started writing articles for the Anadyr district-based magazine Soviet Chukotka (Советская Чукотка), which published his first stories and poems. In Anadyr, he met the Leningrad-based scholar Pyotr Skorik, who was leading a linguistic expedition in the area and who was responsible for helping the young writer move to Leningrad.

Soviet years
From 1949 until 1954 he studied literature at Leningrad State University. He was only slightly older than 20 when his works started appearing in Young Leningrad (Молодой Ленинград), and then later on in other periodicals such as Ogoniok, Young World (Молодой мир), The Far East (Дальний Восток) and Youth (newspaper) (Смена). In 1953, the publishing company Molodaya Gvardiya (Young Guard) published his first collection of stories The People of Our Coast (Люди нашего берега), in Russian. This book was later translated into Chukchi by A. Smolyana (А. Смоляна). While still a student, Rytkheu also translated the works of Pushkin, Tolstoy, Gorky and Tikhon Syomushkin into Chukchi. In 1954, he was accepted into the Union of Soviet Writers.

Upon graduating from Leningrad University, he spent a few years living in Magadan, working as a correspondent for the newspaper Magadanskaya Pravda. After two years in Magadan, a collection short stories Chukotkan Saga (Чукотская сага) was published, and brought the writer recognition from both Soviet and foreign readers.

After Magadan, he moved to Leningrad, where he spent the rest of his life. In 1967, he joined the Communist Party.

Post-Soviet career
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, his works were no longer published in the new post-Soviet states. Finding himself in a difficult position, he even said that he would emigrate to the United States. However, through Chinghiz Aitmatov, he met with Lucien Leitess, founder of the Swiss publishing company, Unionsverlag, who signed a contract to publish Rytkheu's works in German, and who would go on to become his literary agent. Rytkheu's works were introduced to readers in France, Finland, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Spain, Japan, and other countries. The German editions of his books have sold more than 250,000 copies. The situation in Russia, however, was quite the opposite since the time his book Путешествие в молодости (Youthful Travels) was published in 1991. Beginning in 2000, the Governor of Chukotka, Roman Abramovich, sponsored the distribution of a small run of Rytkeu's works in Russia, approximately one a year, all of which were issued only in Chukotka. The first of these books was a new work called In the Mirror of Oblivion (В зеркале забвения).

His works have been translated into numerous languages, including several national languages of the former USSR. In addition, the composer Eduard Artemyev set his poems to music in a 1985 vocal-instrumental suite The Warmth of the Earth (Тепло Земли). Only a few of his works have been translated into English, including A Dream in Polar Fog (Сон в начале тумана), originally published in 1970, which was published by Archipelago Books in 2005. It was also adapted as a film in 1994; directed by Baras Khalzanov.

Other activities and death
He travelled extensively around the world on creative trips and with cultural and goodwill visits. As he spoke fluent English, he was invited to give lectures at American universities. He also worked with UNESCO for a time.

He died in Saint Petersburg on 14 May 2008, after a long battle with myeloma. He is buried in Komorovskoe Cemetery near the grave of his wife.

Evolution and reception
Colin Thubron summarized his career as follows: For his earlier books, there are those who never forgave him. His slavish pursuit of the Party line and open repudiation of his people's traditions are embarrassingly manifest in works that celebrate the (nonexistent) transformation of his native Chukotka into a Soviet paradigm. ... But by the late 1970s, as the slow literary thaw continued, he started to write differently. Perhaps influenced by the derevenshchiki, the "village writers" who turned for their values to the unspoiled countryside, he began to extol precisely the Chukchi oral culture that he had once repudiated.

Works in translation
All of Rytkheu's works are related in some way to the lives of the Chukchi:

Catalan Transliteration of author's name into Catalan: Iuri S. Ritkheu.
 * El darrer xaman txuktxi, (Pagès editors, 2007). ISBN 978-84-9779-449-7

English
 * Reborn to a Full Life, (Moscow : Novosti Press Agency Pub. House, 1977).
 * From Nomad Tent to University, (Moscow : Novosti Press Agency, 1980).
 * Old Memyl Laughs Last: Short Stories, (Moscow: Foreign Languages Pub. House, no date).
 * A Dream in Polar Fog, trans. by Ilona Yazhbin Chavasse (New York: Archipelago Books, 2006). ISBN 978-0-9778576-1-6
 * The Chukchi Bible, trans. by Ilona Yazhbin Chavasse (New York: Archipelago Books, 2009). ISBN 978-0-9819873-1-6
 * When the Whales Leave, trans. by Ilona Yazhbin Chavasse (Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 2019). ISBN 978-1-5713113-1-3

French Transliteration of author's name into French: Youri Rytkhèou.
 * L'Étrangère aux yeux bleus, (Babel Series, Actes Sud, 2002). Original title in Russian: Anna Odintzowa (Zurich: Unionsverlag, 1998).

German In German, the author's name is transliterated as Juri Rytchëu.
 * Der Mondhund ISBN 3-293-00351-6
 * Unna ISBN 3-293-20341-8
 * Der letzte Schamane ISBN 3-293-20295-0 (The Chukchi Bible)
 * Die Reise der Anna Odinzova ISBN 3-293-20230-6
 * Traum im Polarnebel (1993) ISBN 3-293-20034-6 (A Dream in Polar Fog)
 * Die Suche nach der letzten Zahl ISBN 3-293-20095-8
 * Wenn die Wale fortziehen ISBN 3-293-20049-4 (When the Whales Leave)
 * Unter dem Sternbild der Trauer ISBN 3-293-20085-0
 * Im Spiegel des Vergessens ISBN 3-293-20215-2 (In the Mirror of Oblivion)

Russian
 * "В зеркале забвения" ISBN 5-94214-013-8 (In the Mirror of Oblivion)

Overview
When the Whales Leave was originally published in 1975. It is a short novel which takes as its starting point the Chukchi creation myth, and segues into a generational saga. It also has a similarity—in its reliance upon realism—to the oral storytelling tradition of the Chukchi. In her introduction to When the Whales Leave, Gretel Ehrlich writes of the importance of the whale to the peoples of the northeastern coast of Chukotka, where Yuri Rytkheu was born. The Chukotka ice was lined with whale skeletons, Rytkeu remembered.

Plot
The novel begins with the first woman, Nau. She lives in harmony with nature, amongst the birds and beasts of her coastal home. She is alone, until one day she spots the giant whale, Reu, swimming in the ocean. She feels an instinctual pull towards him, and begins to awaken to the world around her and, for the first time, feel herself to be separate from it. The whale Reu shape-shifts into the form of a man. Reu and Nan are attracted to one another, and they sleep together. After each time they see one another, Reu turns back into a whale. This continues as the days shorten and the seasons turn towards the winter. Reu tells Nau that he has to leave her each night, because he would have to remain on land forever if he did not return to the ocean before the sun set. On the day that the winter’s ice has almost reached the shore, Reu returns to the land—this time, for good. He picks life with Nau over life as a whale with his brothers and father. Reu and Nau set about building a shelter and gathering provisions for the winter. Nau is pregnant; soon after the ice breaks in the lagoon, she goes to the water and gives birth to whale calves.

Reu and Nau raise their children, and Nau hopes all the while that they will eventually become people, like their father did. Reu makes a boat out of walrus skins, and the couple take to the sea. Reu sees his whale brothers, and tells Nau of something his mother told him—that all the people who live by the sea are descended from whales who became human after falling in love with humans. Reu and Nau release their now-grown whale children to the care of Reu’s whale family. Soon after, Nau gives birth to twin boys. The couple continues to have children, and their village—the Shingled Spit—grows. Reu becomes an old man, and dies, happy with the human life he has led with Nau, and ready to go to the world beyond the clouds. Nau grieves as her sons send their father back through the winter ice, into the sea.

In the second part of the novel, Nau lives on as an incredibly old woman; she dispenses wisdom to the settlement’s inhabitants, who do not take seriously her claims about humanity being descended from whales. In particular, she tells Enu, a young wise man of the Shingled Spit, that there are no gods—that humans made them up purely out of fear of the unknown. She argues it is better to do as she and Reu did, and exercise reason to understand mystery. The great mystery which they had attempted to understand was the Great Love which sprang up between them and turned Reu into a man. Enu struggles to accept the literalness of Nau’s claims. Yet he tries out reason, and concludes that his people could follow the sun as the whales do, and live in perpetual warmth. While Enu is distracted by these thoughts, a bull walrus destroys the hunting ship he is captaining. A pod of whales comes to save the men from drowning. Enu creates the Sacred Dance of the Whale, which reaffirms the faith of his people in their whale ancestors. Kliau, who also survived the shipwreck, teaches Nau’s creation myth to his children. He and Enu set off on a voyage in search of the warm lands. They return after many years, telling tales of volcanoes and great forests, and encounters with other coastal peoples, who speak of Nau as their common ancestress.

Givu, Enu’s grandson, whose name means “All-Knowing,” is full of burning questions about the nature of the world. He begins even to have thoughts of killing Nau. He takes a wife, seeking happiness and the Great Love of which Nau speaks in the creation of new life. While walking on the tundra, an all-pervasive voice tells him he has been granted special insight and knowledge. A sickness spreads through the village, and the people turn to Givu for help. He goes out walking, following his instincts, and stumbles upon the rekken, a tiny people, each no bigger than the size of his pinkie. They are the involuntary carriers of the sickness; to save his people, Givu has to help them pass the village by loading them onto his sledge.

In the third part of the novel, Givu is an old man. He does not understand how Nau is seemingly immortal, and he dies wondering about it. His grandson Armagirgin grows up prideful and commanding. He continually challenges Nau’s insistence that their people are descended from whales. Hunting one day, he tortures a seal, skinning it alive. A freak storm rolls in; Nau tells Armagirgin it is because of his actions, and he must change his behavior. He does not, and the villagers begin to follow his example. They fall on hard times, and Armagirgin leads the humans in hunting and killing a young whale. Nau immediately dies. When the villagers return to butcher the whale in the morning, however, there is no sign of the carcass; in its place, a dead man lies on the shore. The narrator concludes that “the whales had gone.”

Major Characters
Nau: the first woman, who experiences “Great Love” with Reu, and becomes the ancestress of the people who populate the Shingled Spit and surrounding region; she later becomes the village’s old wise woman and is seemingly immortal.

Reu: a giant whale who transforms into a man and lives life on land after falling in love with Nau; he fathers the people of the Shingled Spit.

Enu: a young wise man of the Shingled Spit settlement who, after a conversation with Nau, is inspired to sail the world in search of the lands where summer is long.

Kliau: a young man who accompanies Enu on his voyage; they both return very aged.

Givu: the grandson of Enu, whose name means “All-Knowing”; he becomes a respected leader in the village.

Armagirgin: Givu’s arrogant grandson, whose influence on the villagers leads them to turn their backs on their origins, causing the death of Nau and the retreat of the whales.

the rekken: a miniature people who spread disease through human towns as they travel past on their sledges

Critical Response
Gretel Ehrlich writes that When the Whales Leave “is a tribute to the relevance of the old ways that have been trampled and disposed of” and is fundamentally “a cautionary tale.” Lisa Alexia describes When the Whales Leave as a “stunning, elegiacal creation story.” Marina Manoukian writes that Ilona Yazhbin Chavasse’s translation of When the Whales Leave “induces a type of hypnosis that compels the reader to read straight through to the end.” She notes that since the narrative is grounded in the Chukchi oral tradition of storytelling, “the very act of writing it down is a form of translation.” Chavasse notes that the Chukchi creation myth does not show much influence from other cultures, due to how isolated the Chukchi have historically been from the rest of the globe.

Publishers Weekly writes that When the Whales Leave is “lyrical” and “provocative,” and “though the plot and characters can feel underdeveloped, Rytkheu’s folkloric prose and Chavasse’s enchanting translation succeed in reimagining indigenous and biblical tales.” Bathsheba Demuth writes that the novel is “spare, evocative” and marks a change in Rytkheu’s work—a turn “toward Chukchi narrative forms, and away from championing industrialized progress.” She notes that in the original Russian, the section where Armagirgin turns to cruel hunting and breaks the equilibrium of nature is reminiscent of the section in The Brothers Karamazov where Dostoevsky “shows the moral consequences of men acting like gods.” Demuth argues that Rytkheu brings the novel to “a poignant and ethically forceful close.”

Style and Themes
The novel is divided into three parts and spans several generations. It begins in a primeval time when the boundaries between animals and humans were blurred, before humans had come to populate the world. Humans and animals could shape-shift into each other’s form, could marry one another, and generally were not distinct groups. Ehrlich argues that the novel chronicles a further and further distancing from the traditions which enabled Arctic people to live in harmony with nature. Over the generations, she adds, the Chukchi’s loss of contact with their roots produces and enables the murderer of Nau.

Audun Mørch categorizes the novel as part of Soviet Russian literature, given that it was written in Russian, not in the Chukchi language. Additionally, Mørch argues that while the Chukchi culture was the source of Rytkheu’s material, the Russian literary tradition was the necessary medium by which this source material became accessible to the West. Stylistically, the narrative’s Russian literary elements include a focus on the thoughts and personality traits of a distinct main character for each of its sections. Mørch writes that the characters of When the Whales Leave are too simple for the work to be properly described as a “modern novel,” and that “it is tempting to describe the work as an epic rather than a novel.” Overall, in terms of genre and influences, Mørch argues When the Whales Leave is “a rare amalgam of widely different genres: the European novel, biblical texts and the etiological myth of an indigenous people.”

Mørch highlights ecological concerns as a significant theme of the novel. He argues that the novel’s “ecological message is conveyed chronotopically; The way we think and understand time deeply affects the space we live in.” Mørch applies Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of chronotopes—a term for a work of literature’s “spatio-temporal framework” —to the novel. The chronotopes which Mørch argues are relevant to the novel include: the primordial—the beginning of time—and Armageddon—the end of time.

Overview
The Chukchi Bible is divided into two parts: the first is a mythological and historical account of the Chukchi people. It begins with the Chukchi creation myth. The second half of the novel details the life of Mletkin, Rytkheu’s shaman grandfather. The novel records such Chukchi practices as whale hunting, the ritual naming of children, and the ritual suicide of the old.

Critical Response
Colin Thubron writes that Yuri Rytkheu’s final book—in the English translation, The Chukchi Bible—is a return to his roots. Thubron argues that the novel’s “purposeful heart” is its second half, as Rytkheu chronicles the life of his grandfather and the survival of Chukchi culture through the late 19th- and early 20th-century. In covering these years, Thubron argues that the novel incorporates themes of an indigenous culture in conflict with the industrializing West. Thubron adds that “by idealizing the Chukchi, of course, Rytkheu may render them personally colorless”; in particular, “Mletkin himself verges on the Noble Savage.”

Alexander King writes that Rytkheu’s decision to tell the history of Uelen through generations of shamans is reminiscent of Livy’s history of Roman kings. He states that the novel’s translation into English, along with that of A Dream in Polar Fog, “will cement [Rytkheu’s] reputation as a world-class writer.” Emily Klenin writes that The Chukchi Bible “combines legend and historical reality,” as well as “the Russian narrative tradition” with “a less inhibited Chukchi oral tradition of humor.” She argues that The Chukchi Bible does not represent as stark a division between his Soviet work and his post-Soviet work as other critics have written. Klenin states that Rytkheu was concerned with “folkloric and ethnographic” themes for much of his career, including in his pre-Soviet work. She adds that Rytkheu “never showed ethnic chauvinism” and was willing to show the positive and the negative of the Chukchi way of life. Klenin writes in conclusion that The Chukchi Bible is “[Rytkheu’s] best book.”

Lisa Alexia argues that the novel “reflects [Rytkheu’s] later, more nuanced view, of both Soviet and American policy that he developed over a lifetime of travel throughout the world and through multiple eras in time.”

Overview
A Dream in Polar Fog was originally published in Russian in 1970, and translated into English by Ilona Yazhbin Chavasse in 2005.

Plot
The story opens in early September of 1910. The novel’s protagonist, John MacLennan, is a Canadian sailor who is left stranded in Enmyn, in northeastern Siberia, and taken in by the Chukchi. He tries to free his ship from the ice field trapping them by setting dynamite to it, and loses most of his fingers in the process. Orvo, and two other local Chukchi men, take him by sledge to Anadyr’, but they do not make it there. Instead, the men call for a shaman, Kelena, who has to cut off John’s hands to save him.

John’s ship leaves without him. He moves in with Toko, one of the Chukchi men who saved him. Wearing various attachments on his stumps, John learns to shoot and write again. Toko, Orvo, and the others grow fond of him—they call him “Sson,” which means “dream” in Chukchi. John, in turn, loses his hatred and fear of the Chukchi. John begins to think of remaining with his Chukchi friends in Enmyn permanently. He worries that they will be vulnerable to the white people who seek access to Chukchi territory. He is also increasingly attracted to Pyl’mau, Toko’s wife. Meanwhile, he learns how to write better and to hunt after the Chukchi fashion. While out on one of these trips, Toko falls through ice into the sea. While struggling to carry him back, John accidentally shoots and kills his friend.

Following Chukchi tradition, and his own desire and sense of obligation, John marries Pyl’mau and adopts Toko’s child with her, Yako. He comes to know another white man, Mr. Carpenter, who lives in the Aivanalin settlement. John starts to assimilate into the community. He finds a beached whale carcass, which is a boon for the village. Along with Orvo and Armor’, John decides to buy a whaleboat for the village by selling the whale’s bones. John and Pyl’mau have a daughter, to whom they give a Canadian name and a Chukchi name: Tynevirineu-Mary. When John goes on a trip to Nome to obtain the whaleboat and a motor, Armol’ propositions Pyl’mau, threatening that John might abandon her. But John returns, and brings a gramophone back from Nome, as well.

Increasingly, John is wary of the threat posed by white men to the Chukchi way of life. The whaleboats and hide boats are destroyed by a freak storm. Orvo is convinced it is a judgment from the gods that the village people have begun to live arrogantly. The villagers begin to starve  through the hard winter. Tynevirineu-Mary dies of a fever. Members of Stefansson’s Canadian Arctic Expedition visit Enmyn—Captain Bartlett and the Eskimo Kataktovik. This was a real expedition, some of whose members were stranded when the ship Karluk was destroyed by ice. It becomes clear that the Expedition’s goal is to survey the Arctic for the purpose of opening it up to the rest of the world. John and the other men get the motor for the whaleboat working, and Pyl’mau gives birth to a son, Bill-Toko.

John and the other Enmyn men encounter Captain Bartlett again, speak of taking Wrangel Island from Russian, for Canada. At this point, World War I has begun in Europe. The villagers are successful in a walrus hunt. Il’motch, a reindeer herder who has become a friend of John’s, brings his herds closer to the shore. Il’motch tells John that he has seen the bodies of dead Americans nearby on the tundra; John concludes that they are gold prospectors, and is frightened of this encroachment on Chukchi territory. He tells Il’motch not to tell anyone, and warns the people of Enmyn about how poorly the English and French conflicts over the New World have gone for the native people.

Carpenter has also caught wind of the potential for gold mining in the region; John tries to convince him that the Chukchi should be the ones to decide whether or not to pursue gold prospecting, and that they deserve to preserve their way of life. The narrative jumps to 1917; Pyl’mau has given birth to a baby girl, Sophie-Ankanau. John begins to teach spoken and written English to Tiarat, another of the Enmyn hunters, and to Yako, his son.

John and Orvo learn of the revolution taking place in Russia, and the deposition of the tsar. Some time later, Carpenter arrives to inform John that the Bolsheviks have taken control of Russia, and have already made their way to Kamchatka. John senses that Carpenter wants him gone from Chukotka. John’s mother, Mary MacLennan, arrives suddenly, having thought John dead for the past eight years. She is convinced that John is being kept in Enmyn against his will, and insults Pyl’mau and their children. It turns out that Mary showed up in search of her son because Carpenter sent her a letter revealing that John still lived. John is deeply torn; Orvo advises him to return to Canada with his mother, saying that his friends in Enmyn love him and will never forget him. Even when his mother suggests he bring his family along, John refuses to leave Enmyn. She returns to Canada on the White Carolina, and he stays.

Critical Response
Publishers Weekly writes that the novel is “lyrical, instructional” and “reads like an adventure story wrapped around an ethnography.” The review praises Rytkheu’s “clear, compassionate prose.” Kirkus Reviews agrees, writing that the novel is “matter-of-fact, sometimes almost ethnographic.” The review draws a comparison to James Houston’s The White Dawn and V.K. Arseniev’s Dersu the Trapper, and concludes that the novel “merits a place in the small but rich library devoted to the peoples of Siberia and the Arctic.”

Valentina G. Brougher writes that the novel is “an engaging story,” one of the first of Rytkheu’s about the Chukchi. While Brougher takes issue with some of the translated prose, she appreciates “how naturally Rytkheu integrates the customs, traditions, rituals, mythology, and religion beliefs of the Chukchi into the fabric of the story.” Paula Persoleo agrees that while the novel “is a work of fiction. . .it is presented as the ethnography of an ancient people.” She adds that “the story of a white man who sees the beauty of living a life close to nature is not a new one, but the desire John shows for the preservation of the Chukchi way of life is new and personal to Rytkheu,” since “he is a native Chukchi.”

Paul Richardson writes that A Dream in Polar Fog comes from a literary and cinematic tradition in which “an outsider encounters an aboriginal culture and learns what it means to be truly human, scorning the imperialistic culture from which he came.” Richardson argues further, however, that “Rytkheu does not fall into the trap of easy platitudes and sentimentality.” As for comparisons to other literary works, Richardson writes that the novel is at its core “an adventure tale” with much in common with the works of Jack London and Hemingway, and “told in a rich, at times mesmerizing prose.” Similarly, Alexander King argues that the novel is “an adventure story told as reverse anthropology."

King writes as well that Ilona Yazhbin Chavasse’s translation of A Dream in Polar Fog is “beautiful and engaging.” King finds “the plot at times predictable,” but also notes that “there were still some surprises and the characters are well developed, interesting people that you really want to get to know, such as Orvo and Toko.” King points out that Pyl’mau’s name means “Polar Fog,” and that while she is the only fully developed female character, Rytkheu makes her someone we want to know. While Rytkheu is not the first author to write about a white man integrating into a less developed society, King argues that the novel is more subtle than being “colonialist or orientalist”; all characters are presented as complex people.

Awards and honors

 * Order of the Badge of Honour (1967)
 * Order of Friendship of Peoples (1980)
 * Maxim Gorky RSFSR State Prize (1983), for the novel The End of the Permafrost (1977)
 * Grinzane Cavour Prize (1983)
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1984)

title: Yuri Rytkheu


text:
Battle of Oshikibata

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Following the battle of Miyajima, the Mōri clan gained all the Ōuchi lands, and replaced them as one of the most powerful families in the country.

title: Battle of Oshikibata


text:
User:Wgonzalezsan

Arnaut Daniel était un troubadour très connu du XIIIe siècle. Il est né en 1150 et est décedé en 1200. Sa famille était noble et il habitait dans le château du Reberac Dordogne. Sa poésie est une évocation lyrique de l’amour. Il était l’inventeur du sestina qui est un style très connu et populaire dans la poésie occitane. Ce style est composé de six vers de six stances, chacun avec des mots qui riment ensemble. Parmis ses oeuvres les plus populaires étaient: “Lo ferm voler qu’el un m’entra,” Canso do ill mot son plan e prim,” et “Ans que sin reston de brouchas.” Aussi, Il a écrit une poésie populaire qui s’appelle “Le Romance de Lancillotto”. Cette poésie était très admirée par Dante qui a été le premier à employer le terme “langue d’oc”.

title: User:Wgonzalezsan


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User:Donnelllouise

BIO
Donnell Ruthenberg Sutherland

 * Librarian, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

 * I am the Cataloger for Axe Library, Pittsburg State University

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Charles Ruthenberg

title: User:Donnelllouise


text: Category:Hotels in Hawaii

title: Category:Hotels in Hawaii


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The Fallen Ones is a Sci Fi Channel original movie from 2005.

Plot
Five thousand years ago, in Sumer, the fallen angels had intercourse with human females and their offspring were a race of giants called Nephilim, destroyed by the great flood. The evil angel Ammon (Navid Negahban) mummifies his son Aramis to save him and hides in hell. In the present day, the archaeologist Matt Fletcher (Casper Van Dien) finds Aramis tomb while excavating for building a resort for the entrepreneur Morton (Robert Wagner). The engineer Angela (Kristen Miller) joins the team, giving support in the diggings. When some workers mysteriously vanish, Morton hires the security force of Ammon to find the missing men. However, his real intention is to resurrect Aramis in the eclipse of the moon and dominate the human race with a new breed of giants. In the end, by creating a flood, they are able to drown both Aramis and Ammon, but not before Ammon reveals he has other children scattered at the four corners of the globe.

title: The Fallen Ones


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Talk:Soul Mate

by: A-Boogie

title: Talk:Soul Mate