text:
John Malcolm Forbes

John Malcolm Forbes (1845 – February 19, 1904) was an American businessman and sportsman. He was born in Milton, Massachusetts in 1847 into the wealthy Forbes family of Boston, with his father being John Murray Forbes. He was a prominent yachtsman and breeder of Standardbred horses.

Horses
In 1890, Forbes purchased Jack, 2:12, for a speedway horse. As his interest grew he established Forbes Farm by buying and consolidating the Hunt, Davenport and Farrington farms. The Farrington farmhouse once stood on the site of the current Prowse residence.

He purchased Nancy Hanks for $41,000 and Arion for $125,000. With Arion, Bingen, Nancy Hanks, Peter The Great, and others, Forbes Farm became the outstanding stud farm in the East. Forbes main objective is to improve the quality of the light driving horse, which, before the advent of the automobile, was in great demand throughout the country. Though Forbes never raced a stable, he was an expert on breeding fast horses, until his death in 1904.

Forbes made national headlines by paying Senator Leland Stanford of California the enormous sum, at the time, of $125,000 for the stallion Arion. At the time this was highest price ever paid for a horse anywhere in the world. Adding Bingen and Peter the Great, Forbes owned the three fastest trotting stallions. He added the legendary undefeated mare Nancy Hanks, model for the horse and sulky weathervanes one sees today. These horses were inducted into the Standardbred Hall of Fame.

Business
By 1890, Forbes was a well-known businessman and also an avid sportsman.

America's Cup
Forbes owned and skippered the yacht Puritan which successfully defended the America's Cup in 1885.

In 1885, Forbes led the first of three successful America's Cup defense efforts for the New York Yacht Club. Edward Burgess was the designer and the syndicate initially funded and campaigned Puritan to a successful defence in 1885 and became a template for America's Cup campaign management which was used throughout the 20th century.

Descendants
Forbes is the ancestor of American television producer Jonathan Meath.

His daughter Amelia Forbes also married into the Emerson family (his brother, William Hathaway Forbes married Edith Emerson, daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson):

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Malcolm Forbes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bo jeune-fille

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:33, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Bo jeune-fille
Spam for   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   19:49, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, crap ad. Sliggy 19:58, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic.--Alhutch 20:00, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree w/ above.. -- SCZenz 20:06, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Nu Draconis

Nu Draconis (also known as 𝜈 Dra, 𝜈 Draconis, where 𝜈 is the Greek letter nu, or traditionally as Kuma ) is a double star in the constellation Draco. The respective components are designated 𝜈1 Draconis and 𝜈2 Draconis. The second component is a spectroscopic binary star system.

This star, along with β Dra (Rastaban), γ Dra (Eltanin), μ Dra (Alrakis) and ξ Dra (Grumium) were Al ʽAwāïd, "the Mother Camels", which was later known as the Quinque Dromedarii.

In Chinese, 天棓 (Tiān Bàng), meaning Celestial Flail, refers to an asterism consisting of 𝜈 Draconis, ξ Draconis, β Draconis, γ Draconis and ι Herculis. Consequently, the Chinese name for 𝜈 Draconis itself is 天棓二 (Tiān Bàng èr, the Second Star of Celestial Flail.)

The two stars of the visual binary are considered to be a common proper motion pair on the basis of their very similar parallaxes, radial velocities, and proper motions, although no orbital motion can be observed.

𝜈1 Draconis is an Am star, a slowly rotating chemically peculiar star with abnormally strong metallic absorption lines in its spectrum. Its spectral type of kA3hF0mF0 means that it would have a spectral class of A3 if determined solely from its calcium K lines, F0 if determined from its hydrogen lines, and F0 if determined from other metallic spectral lines.

𝜈2 Draconis is a spectroscopic binary with a period of 38 days. The two stars are separated by 0.267 au on average, and they have an almost circular orbit with an eccentricity of 0.03. The primary is also an Am star, while the secondary has a low mass and luminosity and is only inferred from the orbital movement of the more massive star.

title: Nu Draconis


text:
Talk:Fuel injection

Archives of past discussion
Archive 1 Archive 2

"Air-blast" injection
Wdl1961, you made this edit, which consists in part of gainsaying the previous assertion, without any support. For now, I've removed the text saying the air-blast system was inefficient (previous text) or efficient (your text). Do you have reliable support for your assertion that the air-blast injection system was more efficient than some other (which other?) system? Also, we needn't go into detail here about how Hesselman engines work; that's what the Hesselman engine article is for. This is the article about fuel injection. Thanks! —Scheinwerfermann T·C 22:21, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Citation still needed
Wdl1961, this edit has been reverted, because the reference you provided did not support the tagged assertion and is of indeterminate reliability. Can you find a reliable source to support the tagged assertion? Thanks! —Scheinwerfermann T·C 20:04, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

refs
www.freepatentsonline.com/5085189.html - Similar www.normanchigier.com/Fuel_Injection_email.html - Cached - Similar www.freepatentsonline.com/5085189.html - Similar www.normanchigier.com/Fuel_Injection_email.html - Cached - Similar

Wdl1961 (talk) 03:12, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Would you like to please share with us — in complete sentences — what you find pertinent about these links? Just dropping in a couple of URLs, in a section of their own, nonresponsive to two pending requests for citation on this page, is not especially coöperative or productive. Neither is dumping in large quantities of text presumably from some of these links, as you did (and I undid) twice today. Please try to engage in discussion; that's what the talk page is for. Thanks! —Scheinwerfermann T·C 05:05, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

quit your corrupting this page

Wdl1961 (talk) 05:21, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Was this the reason for blocking the article? If so, isn't it time to unlock it?

ivaneduardo747 (talk) 00:45, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Other fuel injectors
uh, what about other fuel injectors like in jet engines, rockets, etc? This title should not be reserved for gasoline and diesel injectors. That would be the largest subsection, but not even close to the whole thing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.163.128.130 (talk) 01:11, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Could you provide some more context for what you are talking about. Are you complaining about a specific part of the article or something on the talk page or something in the talk page archives? Thanks.  Stepho   (talk) 02:32, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Toyota two-stroke
There's a big, complex and heavy conceptual automotive two-stroke designed by Toyota. The engine is one of the company’s dual-overhead cam, four-stroke engines converted to run a two-stroke cycle. The camshafts run at crankshaft speed then air is delivered to the intake valves through a supercharger. Fuel is then added through a high-pressure, direct-injection system. A straight six cylinder, 244 cubic-inch version of this engine is suppose to produce torque equal to GM’s 454 V8.--Timpicerilo (talk) 12:40, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Can you provide an online reference for this please. Also, Toyota have been using metric for over 70 years - why would they call it a 244 ci engine when they would normally call it a 3.9 or 4.0 litre engine ?  Stepho   (talk) 13:54, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

Whats the differnce between Gasoline direct injection and Fuel injection
Can someone please tell me that? - 83.108.194.198 (talk) 20:52, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Fuel injection is when fuel (gasoline/petrol, diesel, LPG, kerosene, etc) is injected into the engine under pressure via an externally controlled pump - as oppose to carburettors in which the fuel is sucked in via the venturi effect. Fuel injection is a very broad term, covers many fuel types, injector types and many different placements of the injectors. Gasoline injection is one particular variation of fuel injection. It involves a specific fuel (gasoline/petrol) that is injected directly into the cylinders - it requires a hole in the cylinder head into which the injector works. Older gasoline injection systems injected the fuel into the inlet manifold (ie wet manifold), so it was easy to have a cylinder head that could have either a carburettor or injection system bolted to it (common to have both systems offered in different markets in the transition period during the 1980's. GDI gives much better response, economy, emissions, etc but requires an injector that can handle high temperatures.  Stepho   (talk)

 * Thanks, that cleared it. I thought EFI and all brands talking about fuel injection were talking about GDI, so I guess HPDI is GDI? 83.108.194.198 (talk) 15:19, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I hadn't seen the term HPDI before, but a quick search on the web came up with only Yamaha outboard motors. My best guess is the same as yours - that it is just a variation of GDI using higher pressure than normal. http://www.yamaha-motor.com/outboard/benefits/hpdi_benefits/base.aspx has a nice picture of DI. The same page on the 'Six Individual Fuel Injectors' tab shows the higher pressure part (but doesn't mention the pressure of plain GDI)  Stepho   (talk) 22:36, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

 * When it comes to outboard, I myself have a 2005 Tohatsu 2-stroke with carburetors. But lately EU regulations and USEPA have forced the outboard makers to create two-strokes with DI or FI. Tohatsu now use what they call direct fuel injection (or TLDI for Two stroke Low pressure Direct Injection), I guess thats the same as the Yamaha but with lower pressure. Yamaha also use EFI (Electric Fuel Injection) on some of their four-strokes (like F70), but I'm not really sure if thats DI, I guess that goes under FI. 83.108.193.121 (talk) 07:06, 24 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Pre mandate models are exempt from low emission rules.--Timpicerilo (talk) 01:05, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Mechanical fuel injection
I redirected mechanical fuel injection here (electronic fuel injection already redirected here). The last version before changed to a redirection is at. I copied one sentence here from that article. RJFJR (talk) 13:59, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from 12.238.8.30, 13 August 2010
editsemiprotected

This request applies to the section "Direct Injection", paragraph 1, sentence 3.

Change text from: "In a common rail system, the fuel from the fuel tank is supplied to the common header (called the acculmulator)." Change text to: "In a common rail system, the fuel from the fuel tank is supplied to the common header (called the accumulator)."

This change changes the word, "acculmulator" to "accumulator" because the word is spelled incorrectly in the existing text.

12.238.8.30 (talk) 20:47, 13 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Anthony Appleyard has already taken care of this. Please consider creating an account; it carries many benefits including the ability to edit semi-protected pages, and is free, quick, and easy, requiring only a username and password. Intelligent  sium  22:15, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

Injectors used in 5.0L example are undersized for the engine

 * Substituting real variables for the 5.0 L engine at idle.

 * * $$0.55 \frac{lb}{min} \times \frac{1 min}{700 rev} \times \frac{1 revolution}{2 strokes} \times \frac{1}{14.64} \times 2.5\frac{min}{lb} = 6.7 \times 10^{-5} min = 4ms $$

 * Substituting real variables for the 5.0 L engine at maximum power.

 * * $$28 \frac{lb}{min} \times \frac{1 min}{5500 rev} \times \frac{1 revolution}{2 strokes} \times \frac{1}{11.00} \times 2.5\frac{min}{lb} = 57.9 \times 10^{-5} min = 35ms $$

 * "Injector pulsewidth typically ranges from 4 ms/engine-cycle at idle, to 35 ms per engine-cycle at wide-open throttle. The pulsewidth accuracy is approximately 0.01 ms."

In the example for maximum power at 5500 rpm, the 24 lb./hr. injectors used require a 35 ms. injection pulse per cycle to deliver the required fuel for the 11:1 air fuel ratio. The problem is that two engine revolutions (a complete engine cycle)at 5500 rpm are completed in 21.8181 milliseconds, far less than the 35 milliseconds for the requisite fuel pulsewidth. It would be better to redo the calculations with a 40 lb./hr. injector. The 5500 rpm example would then require a just obtainable 21 millisecond fuel pulse while the idle pulse would drop to a 1.8 millisecond pulsewidth, at or below the absolute linearity minimum for most fuel injectors.

If greater dynamic range is required, than pressure across the injector must be varied to meet both low pulsewidth linearity as well as maximum high power flow capacity. Unfortunately, manifold pressures are low at idle and high at wide open throttle operation requiring an even larger range of fuel rail pressures to achieve a higher rail to manifold delta pressure at high speed and load operation. To make the tradeoffs even worse, pump capacity decreases with pressure, and at lower flows fuel remains in the hot fuel rail longer requiring a minimum absolute pressure to keep from vaporizing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.2.1.101 (talk) 19:55, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

I disagree w/ the above conclusion the injector is too small.

One problem w/ the formula is it does not account for multiple injectors, typically port injection uses one injector per cylinder. A 5.0L V8 w/ 8 24lb/hr injectors would generally be considered more than adequate.

Another issue is it seems to assume fuel can only be injected during the intake stroke, when it can actually be throughout all 4 strokes, for port or TB injection.

Third, it doesn't seem to account for turn on and turn off delays due to injector inductance.

-phil —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.192.215.56 (talk) 05:34, 6 September 2010 (UTC) we can stop the fuel injection in other 3 strokes which are occuring exept than the intake stroke by taking a delay time in injection for three strokes

There should be a large criticism section in this article, especially versus injected diesels!
Modern diesel cars in Europe are usually sold by their first owner after 200-220k or even 150k kilometers, because they know there will soon be problems with injector tips and costs of replacement are scary / ridiculous. A single spare sprayer tip costs the price of a fine 21-speed mountain bike and usually we speak of inline 4/5 cyl engines, so costs can run to up to 4/5 tips and that would buy you a 125ccm scooter brand new!

Anyhow, these 1800-2000 bar high-pressure diesel injector systems are totally fragily and subpar or contaminated fuel will destroy them in as little time as 2 fuel tank fills. The sprinkler tip's holes are as small as 1/1000th of a millimeter in diameter (not a typo!) and as little as one grain of sand or dust makes them explode like a faulty cannon.

Modern european diesel engines haven't got the reliability of good old 1970s naturally aspirated "sucker" diesel blocs, which easily made it to 750k kilometers or more without overhaul. They were heavy, slow-revving, sluggish and underpowered, but low running costs, ample torque and indestructible reliability made them an icon, especially the old large "vertical headlamp housing style" Mercedes limos / station wagons with a diesel powerplant. Direct injected common-rail diesel engines are only there to make the car manufacturer affiliated repair shops blossom.

Furthermore it is very easy to illegally chip-tune commonrail diesels to excessive power level, most done to Audi and BMW cars, so that young wealthy sociopathic adults can play dragster racer at traffic lights. The result are really large puffs of black soot from unburned diesel fuel, that overwhelms the particulate filter assembly and spews carcinogenic micro-particulate pollution all over the street. Particulate pollution from the supposedly enviro-friendly diesel engines is a huge problem now all across Europe and aftermarket injected block-boosting is a big part of it.

In contrast, non-injected diesels were not suitable to excessive tuning, in fact alpha-male type avoided them due to sluggishness of 1970-80s diesel blocs. 87.97.106.110 (talk) 22:10, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

 * You need to find references (in books or respected magazines) showing that modern diesel engines don't last as long. You also need to show that it is because of the injection system rather than other pars of the engine.
 * What do you mean by "sucker" diesel blocks? Do you mean naturally aspirated as opposed to turbo? If so, then that is not relevant to an injection article.
 * What do you mean by non-injected diesels? Don't all diesel engines require injectors?
 * You need to find references showing that modern diesel injection systems allow more high power tuning when compared to older systems. Assuming modern diesels are more tunable for high power, it may be for other reasons than the type of injection they use.  Stepho  talk 23:05, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Also note a lot of Taxi operators are running their diesel powered modern cars for 450+k kilometers without needing to fix injectors.The biggest problem with a modern diesel is rather the particulate filter assembly, which often need to be replaced at a enormous cost after just 120k kilometers, although moste manufacturers are now starting with longer life filters which is supposed to last for the life of the car (but if they don't they are even more expensive) Sijambo (talk) 18:57, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

== Image inverted ==

The image at top right (2.5 liter Jeep engine) is inverted. Would someone please correct this!

OldJohn1928 (talk) 15:55, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

 * It's a view from above (ie bird's eye view). Inverting it would be just as bad.  Stepho  talk 23:04, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

Supercritical fluid injection
Should be mentioned in the article, no?

Serketan (talk) 20:32, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 7 August 2012
Please change This system used a normal gasoline fuel pump, to provide fuel to a mechanically driven injection pump, which had separate plungers per injector to deliver a very high injection pressure directly into the combustion chamber. to This system used a normal gasoline fuel pump, to provide fuel to a mechanically driven injection pump, which had separate plungers per injector to deliver a very high injection pressure directly into the combustion chamber. The cars showed very good performance and up to 30% less fuel consumption over the carburettor version. The vehicles had problems to start, however, when the engine was warm due to the vapor lock. because I read it in a German Wikipedia and this is a translation. I think the cars were made in Germany and they have better information.

86.49.45.25 (talk) 07:26, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. I'm afraid Wikipedia itself can't be used as a source. FloBo   A boat that can float!   (watch me float!)  08:34, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

Electronic injection
"The first commercial electronic fuel injection (EFI) system was Electrojector" This statement is nonsense since, as the text explains, the system was never made available to the public.

The next paragraph continues "Chrysler offered Electrojector on the 1958" but once again states that only experimental vehicles were equipped with the system.

This article is about commercial fuel injection and these two paragraphs about purely experimental systems that never progressed have no place here. DesmondW (talk) 14:40, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

 * The particular section is called "History and development" and, as explained in the text, the Electrojector system was to be the first on the market. This fact has historical significance, although the Bendix-developed EFI did not see mass-market distribution (as is explained in the text). Similarly, various technologies may appear on prototype and racing cars (such as Mercedes-Benz F1 cars using Bosch's mechanical injection derived from Nazi airplane engines). Factory-backed auto racing and pre-production test mules are not commercial application, but these attempts at using technologies frequently leads to broad consumer markets. Removing information about the development and the first attempts at commercialization (the 1957 Rambler Owner's has a whole section on the operation and driving instructions for the optional EFI) in the interest of describing only "pure" commercial applications, would significantly limit the value of encyclopedia articles. For example, understanding the development of EFI is assisted by knowing that Bendix patents for the Electrojector system were purchased by Bosch. These early attempts at commercialization enhanced the technology and the wide acceptance of the Bosch EFI systems. Later on, even Bendix had to turn to Bosch for its return to supply modern EFI systems. CZmarlin (talk) 12:56, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

 * @DesmondW-Actually, there were some production 1958 Chrysler products with the Electrojector system. It was used on the Chrysler 300D, Plymouth Fury, Dodge D500 and DeSoto Adventurer. I stumbled upon a website run by an owner of an "Electrojeted" DeSoto Adventurer. If I can find the site, I'll see if I can use it as a reference, although it seems a bit irrelevant.--Kevjgav (talk) 07:56, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

It says in Chrysler 300 letter series that "thirty-five cars were built with fuel injection" but it also says that the Electrojector system "proved troublesome" and "most cars had it replaced with the dual four barrel carburetor setup." I think this is a good indication that the "Electrojected" 1958 Chrysler products did, in fact, make it into production. There just aren't too many still on the road.--Kevjgav (talk) 08:24, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

The Chevrolet Corvette was available with fuel injection in the 1957-1965 model years, but the Rochester fuel injection was a mechanical system which also used a mechanical pump. Bosch made improved versions of both mechanical and electronic. The Bosch K-Jetronic "continuous injection" was a mechanical system with an electric pump (electro-mechanical fuel injection?) and provided a continuous flow of fuel into the engine. There was also the Bosch L-Jetronic "air-flow controlled injection" which was the first reliable electronic system (as far as I know) but this clearly isn't relevant. Nevertheless, with the first two comments, I did intend to have some relevance.--Kevjgav (talk) 08:47, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

I found the site, which the guy doesn't actually own. It says in http://www.allpar.com/cars/desoto/electrojector.html that this car is believed to be the only fuel injected DeSoto still on the road with the original fuel system. The Electrojector system was first used in the 1957 Rambler Rebel but the "Electrojected" Rebel never went beyond a pre-production car. This is a website dedicated to the Chrysler company itself.--Kevjgav (talk) 14:21, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The section on EFI simply states what model cars made use of this when. It never explains what EFI is! 50.48.88.225 (talk) 20:20, 26 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the suggestion. There is now a beginning paragraph to help explain what EFI is. I hope it is enough. CZmarlin (talk) 21:22, 26 August 2017 (UTC)

minor quibble
The use of the word "admitting" in the introductory sentence is unfortunate, I think. Admitted implies "allowed in;" apparently, some sort of gate is opened up and the fuel is allowed to wander in of its own accord. In actuality, the fuel is forced in by injection. A more forceful verb would be more accurate; "introducing," perhaps. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.47.18.94 (talk) 14:48, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

Edit request
Neither two mentions of 'fuel rail' in the article link to fuel rail, please fix this.

Artur Lira (talk) 01:40, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

Not done: please make your request in a "change X to Y" format. Thanks, Celestra (talk) 05:38, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Please feel free to edit it yourself. Don't worry about making mistakes, we will correct it for. Have fun!  Stepho  talk 09:31, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

Poor word choice, "from" needs to be changed to "because of" or possibly "by"
The following statement 'easily distinguishable from their prominent velocity stacks' needs to be changed to something like 'easily distinguishable because of their prominent velocity stacks'. The word 'from' in this context has two possible meanings that are complete opposites from each other. Changing 'from' to 'because of' confirms that the prominent velocity stacks are proof that mechanical injection exists and is present in this specific machine. The word 'by' would also be more appropriate, but 'because of' leaves no doubt what the authors means. The statement is in the fourth paragraph of the section 'Development in gasoline/petrol engines': 'Immediately following the war, hot rodder Stuart Hilborn started to offer mechanical injection for race cars, salt cars, and midgets,[9] well-known and easily distinguishable from their prominent velocity stacks projecting upwards from the engine they were used on.' Part of the pleasure of learning is from the reader not having to muddle through difficult-to-understand writing. Good articles absolutely must minimize how much time the reader wastes. Linstrum (talk) 13:33, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia encourages readers to improve articles. Please feel free to edit the article as your suggested. Don't worry about making a mistake - one of the more experienced editors can clean up afterwards.  Stepho  talk 01:51, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

Whats the difference between direct- and indirect injection?
Please, help me to understand the difference between direct- and indirect-injection. The Triumph TR5 has a mechanic indirect injection ? Thanks.

 * Direct injection squirts the fuel directly into the cylinder, which requires the injector to take the full heat and pressure of the ignition process - ie the injector needs to be tough and more expensive and also needs a hole in the head to insert the injector.
 * Indirect injection squirts fuel into the inlet manifold (same as a carburettor). The injector is cheaper to make and easier to install but the efficiency of the engine is a bit less (fuel doesn't stay fully vapourised in the air stream).  Stepho  talk 00:42, 28 June 2014 (UTC)

Spelling
The spelling of the "Carburettor" in the introduction is mis-spelled as "Carburetor" - signed

 * That's a US spelling vs British spelling issue. Wikipedia is international, so we don't favour either spelling. However, each article should consistently use only one variant within itself. This article happens to use the US spelling throughout.  Stepho  talk 02:54, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

Article LOCKED???
Why is this article locked? Is fuel injection even remotely controvertial?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.65.91.78 (talk) 02:31, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

Calling all Industrial Archaeologists
Time-line has gone wrong on Fuel_injection. The improvements that is attributed to Bosh was actually done by CAV in Acton because they had the advance tech skills to create a practical high pressure inline pump which delivered accurate fuelling throughout its speed and load range (and agree -it was in partnership with Bosh -Lucas_CAV). After the war, CAV licensed its technology to Bosh (which during the war, Bosh used without paying any royalties). This must be pretty evident to any industrial archaeologist as all Bosh inline pumps are identical to the original CAV pumps which  preceded them (and of course there are the patents). Also, Cummins was an engine manufacture. They were not involved in developing FI that they fitted to their products which they sourced from CAV as an OEM. We need some RS to support this. Oil compression ignition engines last a long time and in the military they expect 25 years of service but we're going back 80 odd years. Where does one begin to get this time-line right?--Aspro (talk) 21:02, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Swirl injection - removed "essay-like" tag Comment
I saw no reason for the tag so I removed it. If you think it was there for a reason, feel free to revert my edit.

However I find no reason for it, text seems fine and it is referenced. Moreover, that tag is there since 2012 and it was improper for the purpose - referring to a whole article, instead of a section. --Arny (talk) 18:32, 3 March 2018 (UTC)

Fuel Rail vs. Common Rail Comment Suggestion
"Fuel rail" redirects to Common rail, which I believe is incorrect; it also refers to the "common" fuel rail for previous, non-direct injection systems, yet this is not mentioned there at all.

I propose creating an adequate section here and pointing the redirect to it.

The other possibility would be to correct the Common rail article to also include older variants, because the only real difference between Common rail / Direct injection and older gasoline/petrol injection systems is in the system pressure and injection timings. --Arny (talk) 18:46, 3 March 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 February 2019
Please add the following technical description to the section, Single point injection. Throttle body injection is based heavily on the design of carburetors in the fact that the fuel is sprayed into bowls and air flow is controlled by butterfly valves. The General motors version, produced by Rochester Products, is comprised of two cast pieces, the main body and the injector mount. The main body is modeled after a two-barrel carburetor. This component also houses the idle air-control valve and the throttle position senor. Unlike a carburetor there is no bowl and float assembly. The fuel is fed into the unit via a 3/8in. fuel line and returned to the tank via a 1/4in. line. This continuous flow maintains pressure to the injectors. The fuel passes through a permeable diaphragm, called a pressure regulator, which feeds into the injector mount. The injector mount is a cast component that secures the injectors in place over the fuel bowls at the necessary height to allow the correct fuel/air ratio to enter the intake manifold. This piece has fuel lines and wiring built into it to accommodate two injectors. The whole unit allows for a round air cleaner to mounted on top similar to that of a carburetor. Tdh6561 (talk) 19:56, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Although you've supplied 4 sources, per: WP:INTEGRITY, you haven't identified which source goes with which claim statement.  Spintendo   12:32, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 February 2019
Please add the following to the section "single port injection." There has recently been a rise in aftermarket fuel injection. Aftermarket refers to the market of auto parts available from third-party manufacturers that can be used to modify original equipment. As previously stated single port injection is often modeled after the carburetor. Companies such as Holley and FiTech have begun to produce single port injection systems to replace carburetors on classic and antique automobiles. These systems are modeled around the same concept of a carburetor but include the electronics and efficiency of modern fuel injection. Typically, these systems are built on a single cast piece designed to bolt in place of either two- or four-barrel carburetors. They include four barrels and a butterfly valve but that is where the similarities end. These systems mount injectors perpendicular to the barrel where a bowl and float assembly would be located. These systems are often customizable and allow the user to set their own air/fuel ratio. However, these systems require modifications to the fuel system. These systems require the installation of electric fuel pumps and return fuel lines. These systems also use electronics to monitor performance. These electronics have to be wired into a provided ECM. Tdh6561 (talk) 22:46, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Although you've supplied 2 sources, per: WP:INTEGRITY, you haven't identified which source goes with which claim statement.  Spintendo   12:32, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

Help
I need help with timing for Isuzu 320 Kgolagano machete (talk) 09:30, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately WP is not a general forum for helping users with their cars. See WP:ISNOT. The talk page is only for making the article better.  Stepho  talk 09:52, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

J jetronic missing
Along with a few other historical points. More mention should be made of the evolution of various injection systems, notably TBI, ITB injection, the totally absent J jetronic, etc. This page is missing quite a bit of history. 74.81.12.160 (talk) 09:00, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I have never heard of a J-Jetronic. The concept of the throttle body injection has been known since the late 1950s, but has been been considered inferior to carburettors until cheap electronics became available that allowed car manufacturers to make a mixture formation system better than a carburettor, but without the necessity to redesign the intake manifold. So basically, TBI was only used in cheap economy cars throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. I might have books that describe this in detail. Best regards, --Johannes (Talk) (Contribs) (Articles) 09:27, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Likewise, I have never heard of J-jetronic and neither has Mr Google. But if you have information (and references) then we'd be happy to hear more about it.
 * TBI (throttle body injection) is covered at Fuel_injection but not by that name. We could easily add that name. As Johannes said, it was for cars that wanted reduced emissions without a costly redesign of the engine and was essentially a direct replacement of the carburettor.
 * ITB (individual throttle bodies) is not technically an injection issue because it can be implemented by carbs (eg 2x Webber 45DCOE on 4 cylinder engine or multiple SU carbs), by multi-point injection (eg as on the Toyota 4A-GE 20-valve engine and many of the sportier motorbike engines) or by direct injection (just butterfly valves in each cylinder's intake path). But it probably wouldn't hurt to mention it as an example in the multi-point section.  Stepho  talk 10:54, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

Special:Diff/1129618745
Hello Back in autumn of 2020, I tried making the fuel injection article as brief as possible because the term is – for good reason – not really used in scientific literature to describe certain systems; fuel injection is basically just a word that is used to express that an engine doesn't have a carburettor. I made a clade that describes mixture formation systems in "order" if you will (Special:Diff/1123869184). Your very recent rewriting of the lead section made the article read as if it was limited to single-point injection (which is just one out of many "fuel injection" systems). The reason why the term "fuel injection" works in the first place is because it generally applied to car engines running on petrol, and because only manifold injection systems existed in significant quantities (we may ignore the Goliath, Gutbrod, and W 196/W 198 altogether). Thus, fuel injection could be interchangeably used with manifold injection, and that is especially true for regions in which Diesel cars are not frequently seen. In fact, the various fuel injection systems are so different from one another that there are monographs that focus on certain system (e. g., direction injection in internal combustion engines operating on the Otto principle). Wikipedia should depict topics from exactly that point of view. Best regards, --Johannes (Talk) (Contribs) (Articles) 10:35, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Hello Johannes, thank you for the explanation.
 * My aim was to use a quote directly from a reference for the definition, however in hindsight that caused problems because the book covers petrol fuel injection systems, and was written before direct injection became commonplace. (I also checked the Bosch Automotive Handbook for a definition, but - perhaps for the reasons that you mention - it did not provide one) The introduction section should definitely be clear that fuel injection covers more than just manifold injection, and I apologise that my edit implied this.
 * All the best, MrsSnoozyTurtle 23:30, 26 December 2022 (UTC)
 * No problem mate – I just try to be clear why I make certain edits, and that's what talk pages are very useful for, considering that the edit summary is limited. Best regards, -- Johannes (Talk) (Contribs) (Articles) 23:44, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

Circular link
First sentence of the lede:

Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of an injector.

The injector link is (at best) circular and adds nothing to this article. (The injector article does not deal with squirty injectors).

2A00:23C7:D29D:4E01:D476:4BFF:BE1:D6DE (talk) 02:31, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fuel injection


text:
Andy Lane

Andrew Lane (born 17 April 1963), as Andy Lane, is a British author and journalist best known for the Young Sherlock Holmes series of Young Adult novels.

He has written novels in the Virgin New Adventures range and audio dramas for Big Finish based on the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who.

His Young Adult books are generally published under the name Andrew Lane, while media spin offs are Andy Lane.

Career
During 2009, Macmillan Books announced that Lane would be writing a series of books focusing on the early life of Sherlock Holmes. The series was developed in conjunction with the estate of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Lane had already shown an extensive knowledge of the Holmes character and continuity in his Virgin Books novel All-Consuming Fire in which he created The Library of St. John the Beheaded as a meeting place for the worlds of Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Who.

The first book in the 'Young Sherlock Holmes' series – Death Cloud – was published in the United Kingdom in June 2010 (February 2011 in the United States), with the second – Red Leech – published in the United Kingdom in November of that year (with a United States publication date under the title Rebel Fire of February 2012). The third book – Black Ice – was published in June 2011 in the UK while the fourth book – Fire Storm – was published originally in hardback in October 2011 with a paperback publication in March 2012. The fifth book, Snake Bite was published in hardback in October 2012 and the sixth book, Knife Edge was published in September 2013. Death Cloud was short-listed for both the 2010 North East Book Award. (coming second by three votes) and the 2011 Southampton's Favourite Book Award. Black Ice won the 2012 Centurion Book Award.

Early in 2012, Macmillan Children's Books announced that they would be publishing a new series by Lane, beginning in 2013. The Lost World books will follow disabled 15-year-old Calum Challenger, who is coordinating a search from his London bedroom to find creatures considered so rare that many do not believe they exist. Calum's intention is to use the creatures' DNA to help protect the species, but also to search for a cure for his own paralysis. His team comprises a computer hacker, a free runner, an ex-marine and a pathological liar.

Personal life
Lane studied physics at the University of Warwick, where he was a contemporary and friend of writers Justin Richards and Craig Hinton.

He worked for the Ministry of Defence at Farnborough during which time he lived in Ash in Surrey for 11 years; since 2012 he has lived with his wife and son in Poole in Dorset, England. He is represented by Robert Kirby at United Agents.

Agent Without Licence

 * Agent Without Licence (July 2018) ISBN 978-1848126633
 * Last Safe Moment (October 2018) ISBN 978-1848126657
 * Last Boy Standing (January 2019) ISBN 978-1848126671
 * Last Day on Earth (July 2019) ISBN 978-1848126695

The Six Directions Sequence

 * Netherspace (May 2017) (with Nigel Foster) ISBN 978-1785651847
 * Originators (November 2018) (with Nigel Foster) ISBN 978-1785651878
 * Revelations (May 2021) written by Nigel Foster alone ISBN 978-1785651908

Crusoe

 * Dawn of Spies (Mar 2016) ISBN 978-1945293252
 * Day of Ice (Mar 2017) ISBN 978-1945293153
 * Night of Terror (Mar 2018) ISBN 978-1945293597

Lost Worlds

 * Lost Worlds (2013) ISBN 978-1447227991
 * Shadow Creatures (2014) ISBN 978-1447228004

Young Sherlock Holmes

 * Death Cloud (2010) ISBN 978-1447265580
 * Red Leech (2010) ISBN 978-1447265597
 * Black Ice (2011) ISBN 978-1447265603
 * Fire Storm (2011) ISBN 978-1447265610
 * Snake Bite (2012) ISBN 978-1447265627
 * Knife Edge (2013) ISBN 978-1447200321
 * Stone Cold (2014) ISBN 978-1447228011
 * Night Break (2015) ISBN 978-1447294573

Virgin Books Doctor Who New Adventures

 * Lucifer Rising (1993) (with Jim Mortimore) ISBN 978-0426203889
 * All-Consuming Fire (1994) ISBN 978-0426204152
 * Original Sin (1995) ISBN 978-0426204442

Virgin Books Doctor Who Missing Adventures

 * The Empire of Glass (1995) ISBN 978-0426204572

BBC Books Eighth Doctor Who Adventures

 * The Banquo Legacy (2000) (with Justin Richards) ISBN 978-0563538080

Torchwood

 * Slow Decay (2007) ISBN 978-0563486558

Other television-related novels and novelisations

 * Bugs : A Sporting Chance (1996)
 * Randall and Hopkirk: Ghost in the Machine (2000)

Film- and television-related non-fiction

 * The Babylon File (1997) ISBN 978-0753502334
 * The Bond Files: The Unofficial Guide to Ian Fleming's James Bond (1998) (with Paul Simpson)
 * The Babylon File: Volume 2 (1999)
 * Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) – The Files (2001)
 * The World of Austin Powers (2002)
 * Creating Creature Comforts (2003)
 * The World of Wallace and Gromit (2004)
 * The World of The Magic Roundabout (2005) (with Paul Simpson)
 * The Art of Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005) (with Paul Simpson)

Short stories

 * 'Living in the Past' (in Doctor Who Magazine, Issue 162, July 1990)
 * 'Crawling From the Wreckage' (in The Ultimate Witch, Dell 1993)
 * 'The More Things Change' (in Doctor Who Yearbook, 1994)
 * 'Lovers, and Other Strangers' (in Interzone, issue 87, September 1994)
 * 'Fallen Angel'	(in Decalog, Virgin 1994)
 * 'It's Only a Game' (in Doctor Who Yearbook, 1995)
 * 'Faceless in Ghazar' (in Blake's Seven Poster Magazine, Issue 2, Jan 1995)
 * 'The Old, Old Story' (in The Ultimate Dragon, 1995)
 * 'Saving Face' (in Full Spectrum 5, 1995)
 * 'Where the Heart Is' (in Decalog 2, 1995)
 * 'Four Angry Mutants' (with Rebecca Levene) (in The Ultimate X-Men, 1996)
 * 'Dependence Day' (with Justin Richards) (in Decalog 4, 1997)
 * 'No Experience Necessary' (in Odyssey issue 2, 1997)
 * 'As Near to Flame as Lust to Smoke' (in Shakespearean Detectives, 1998)
 * 'The Gaze of the Falcon' (in The Mammoth Book of Royal Whodunnits, 1998)
 * 'Blood on the Tracks' (in Bernice Summerfield – Missing Adventures, 2007)
 * 'Only Connect' (in Short Trips: Transmissions, 2008)
 * 'The Beauty of Our Weapons' (in Torchwood Yearbook, 2008)
 * 'Who by Fire?' (in Torchwood Magazine, Issue 14; 2009)
 * 'Closing Time' (in Torchwood Magazine, Issues 16 & 17; 2009)
 * 'The Audience of the Dead' (in The Strand Magazine, Issue 34, June–Sept 2011)
 * 'Bedlam' (a Young Sherlock Holmes short story published exclusively for the Kindle ebook reader, Dec 2011)
 * 'The Preservation of Death' (in The Strand Magazine, Issue unknown, 2013)
 * 'The Curious Case of the Compromised Card Files' (in The Further Encounters of Sherlock Holmes, March 2014, expanded from a piece written for a Barclay's Bank internal document in 2011)
 * 'Blood Relations' (in Sharkpunk!, Snowbooks, planned for May 2015)
 * 'Shine A Light' (in The X-Files, Volume 2, IDW, planned for late 2015)
 * 'Flickering Flame' (in Cwej: Down the Middle, October 2020)

Space Island One

 * 'Awakenings' (story) (1998)
 * 'Mayfly' (script) (1998)
 * 'Money Makes the World Go Around' (story) (1998)

Doctor Who

 * The Companion Chronicles: ‘Here There Be Monsters' (June 2008)
 * The Companion Chronicles: ‘The Mahogany Murderers' (June 2009)
 * A Thousand Tiny Wings (April 2010)
 * Paradise 5 (with P.J. Hammond) (April 2010)
 * Jago & Litefoot 1.4: 'The Similarity Engine' (June 2010)
 * Jago & Litefoot 2.4: 'The Ruthven Inheritance' (January 2011)
 * Jago & Litefoot 3.4: 'Chronoclasm' (June 2011)
 * Jago & Litefoot 8.2: 'The Backwards Men' (October 2014)
 * The Havoc of Empires (early 2015)

Blake's Seven

 * Corners of the Mind (planned for some time in 2015)

Journalism
Lane has written articles, reviews and interviews for various magazines, including: DreamWatch, Radio Times, SFX, Starburst, Star Trek Magazine, Star Wars Magazine, Star Wars Fact Files and TV Guide (United States).

title: Andy Lane


text:
Tuco-tuco

A tuco-tuco is a neotropical rodent in the family Ctenomyidae. Tuco-tucos belong to the only living genus of the family Ctenomyidae, Ctenomys, but they include approximately 60 different species. The common name, "tuco-tuco", comes from the "tuc-tuc" sound they make while they dig their burrows.

The relationships among the species are debated by taxonomists. It has been described that they are in a state of "taxonomic chaos", but banded karyotypes have been used to help make progress on their taxonomic study. Their closest relatives are degus and other octodontids. All species of tuco-tucos are found in South America from Peru and central Brazil southward. The tuco-tucos of South America have an ecological role equivalent to that of the pocket gophers of North America.

They occupy an ecological niche previously taken by gondwanatheres such as Patagonia earlier in the Cenozoic.

Anatomy
Tuco-tucos have heavily built cylindrical bodies with short legs and their pelage ranges in color from black to light grey. Their skin is loosely applied, possibly to slide about the tunnels they create. They have long fore feet for burrowing, and bristled hind feet for grooming. They also have large heads, small ears, and hairy tails. Their bodies range in size from 15 - 25 cm in length, and they can weigh as little as 100 grams (C. pundti) to more than 1000 grams (C. conover).

Distribution
Members of the genus Ctenomys are widely distributed, but over 50 of the species are found in the southern half of South America. They can be seen in many areas from the southern portion of Peru and southern Brazil to the Tierra del Fuego at the southernmost tip of South America, through parts of Chile and a majority of Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. Their ranges occur from coastal grasslands to mountain slopes, including the Andean Puna at over 4000 meters, and depend on factors such as soil type, ambient temperature, and primary productivity. The only sympatric distribution of this genus occurs between C. australis and C. talarum in a coastal dune region.

Habitat
Tuco-tucos live in excavated burrows and spend a majority (up to 90%) of their lives underground. It is estimated that they represent about 45% of all the underground rodents of the world. Their burrows maintain a fairly constant temperature and humidity level that is independent of the geographic region. In order to excavate the soil, they have many morphological adaptations, including their body shape, reduced eyes, and strong limbs. Their olfaction is increased and is used to help orient themselves during digging and establishing a territory. The two techniques they use for digging are scratch-digging and skull-tooth digging. A combination of the two methods are often used. Their claws and forelimbs are used primarily for scratch-digging, and their skull and incisor teeth are used secondarily for skull-tooth digging.

Behavior
Tuco-tucos are diurnal and alternate periods of activity and periods of rest throughout the day.

Food
They primarily search for food by digging passageways. Due to the high energy cost of foraging for food, their diet is rather broad.

Courtship
Very little is known about the courtship of the tuco-tucos, as it takes place underground inside their burrows. It is known that the male takes an aggressive posture and exchanges chemical or acoustic signals with the female.

Diversity
Among their most notable features is that various members of the genus exhibit differing levels of genetic variability and sociality. Most of these species are solitary animals; however, some are semisocial or social, with a tendency for the most social species (e.g. C. sociabilis) to have the least genetic variation.

While the processes behind its diversification are unknown, it has been suggested that they are among the most diversely speciated genus of mammals, largely due to chromosomal rearrangements and rapid speciation since their appearance in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene era. Their chromosomal diversity is so impressive because their diploid numbers range from 10 to 70.

Human impact
The species in this genus are at risk of predation by humans because they are viewed as agricultural pests.

Indigenous people
Prior to the European settlement the tuco-tuco was an important food resource in Tierra del Fuego for the Fuegians in particular.

Species

 * Anderson's cujuchi (C. andersoni)
 * Argentine tuco-tuco (C. argentinus)
 * Southern tuco-tuco (C. australis)
 * Berg's tuco-tuco (C. bergi)
 * Bidau's tuco-tuco (C. bidaui)
 * Bolivian tuco-tuco (C. boliviensis)
 * Bonetto's tuco-tuco (C. bonettoi)
 * Brazilian tuco-tuco (C. brasiliensis)
 * Budin's tuco-tuco (C. budini)
 * Colburn's tuco-tuco (C. colburni)
 * Puntilla tuco-tuco (C. coludo)
 * Conover's tuco-tuco (C. conoveri)
 * Contreras' tuco-tuco (C. contrerasi)
 * Coyhaique tuco-tuco (C. coyhaiquensis)
 * D'Orbigny's tuco-tuco (C. dorbignyi)
 * Chacoan tuco-tuco (C. dorsalis)
 * Emily's tuco-tuco (C. emilianus)
 * Erika’s tuco-tuco (C. erikacuellarae)
 * Famatina tuco-tuco (C. famosus)
 * Flamarion's tuco-tuco (C. flamarioni)
 * Foch's tuco-tuco (C. fochi)
 * Lago Blanco tuco-tuco (C. fodax)
 * Reddish tuco-tuco (C. frater)
 * Tawny tuco-tuco (C. fulvus)
 * Goodfellow's tuco-tuco (C. goodfellowi)
 * Haig's tuco-tuco (C. haigi)
 * Ibicui tuco-tuco (C. ibicuiensis)
 * San Juan tuco-tuco (C. johannis)
 * Jujuy tuco-tuco (C. juris)
 * Catamarca tuco-tuco (C. knighti)
 * Lami tuco-tuco (C. lami)
 * Mottled tuco-tuco (C. latro)
 * Lessa's tuco-tuco (C. lessai)
 * White-toothed tuco-tuco (C. leucodon)
 * Lewis's tuco-tuco (C. lewisi)
 * Magellanic tuco-tuco (C. magellanicus)
 * Maule tuco-tuco (C. maulinus)
 * Mendoza tuco-tuco (C. mendocinus)
 * Tiny tuco-tuco (C. minutus)
 * Natterer's tuco-tuco (C. nattereri)
 * Furtive tuco-tuco (C. occultus)
 * Highland tuco-tuco (C. opimus)
 * Reig's tuco-tuco (C. osvaldoreigi)
 * Pearson's tuco-tuco (C. pearsoni)
 * Goya tuco-tuco (C. perrensi)
 * Peruvian tuco-tuco (C. peruanus)
 * Pilar tuco-tuco (C. pilarensis)
 * San Luis tuco-tuco (C. pontifex)
 * Pundt's tuco-tuco (C. pundti)
 * Rio Negro tuco-tuco (C. rionegrensis)
 * Roig's tuco-tuco (C. roigi)
 * Salta tuco-tuco (C. saltarius)
 * Scaglia's tuco-tuco (C. scagliai)
 * Silky tuco-tuco (C. sericeus)
 * Social tuco-tuco (C. sociabilis)
 * Steinbach's tuco-tuco (C. steinbachi)
 * Forest tuco-tuco (C. sylvanus)
 * Talas tuco-tuco (C. talarum)
 * Thales's tuco-tuco (C. thalesi)
 * Collared tuco-tuco (C. torquatus)
 * Robust tuco-tuco (C. tuconax)
 * Tucuman tuco-tuco (C. tucumanus)
 * Sierra Tontal tuco-tuco (C. tulduco)
 * Strong tuco-tuco (C. validus)
 * Vipos tuco-tuco (C. viperinus)
 * Yates' tuco-tuco (C. yatesi)
 * Yolanda's tuco-tuco (C. yolandae)

A fossil species Ctenomys viarapaensis is known from Holocene remains found in central Argentina.

title: Tuco-tuco


text:
Aldershot Observatory

Aldershot observatory is a circular red-brick building with a domed roof standing on Queens Avenue in Aldershot Military Town near Aldershot, England, home to the British Army since circa 1854. Inside is an 8 in refracting telescope on a German-type equatorial mount with a clockwork drive which will run for about 2 hours without rewinding, this has a facility to vary the drive rate. The telescope and observatory building were a gift from aviation pioneer Patrick Young Alexander to the British Army, a fact which is recorded by a plaque near the observatory door. It reads: ‘Presented to the Aldershot Army Corps by Patrick Y Alexander Esq 1906’.

History

In 1891, Patrick Alexander ordered the telescope from the well-known Victorian telescope makers Thomas and Howard Grubb of Dublin with all the usual fittings associated with a professional instrument of the time. It is not entirely clear where the telescope was first installed, accounts vary. It is probable that the telescope was first erected at one of Patrick Alexander's several private workshops in Bath: either 'DeMontalat Wood' or 'The Mount'. The telescope was a substantial instrument, which together with its mounting, must have weighed several tons. The telescope was fully equipped for astronomical observations and Patrick became a fellow member of the Royal Astronomical Society up until 1921. Although he enjoyed showing his telescope to friends and distinguished visitors, any interest he had in astronomy was overshadowed by his other aviation related passions — especially ballooning; the telescope was probably a scientific toy. Barry Bellinger suggests that the telescope was used to track pilot balloons released into the air, before releasing any main balloons; however, a telescope of this size and type seems ill-suited to such a task.

In 1902 Patrick Alexander offered the telescope to the city of Bath, with all expenses paid to build an observatory, but Bath refused because the cost of upkeep would have to be paid by local taxpayers. The telescope was later dismantled and stored, until a new location was found for it to be sited. In 1904 Alexander moved to 112 Mychett Road Mychett, Surrey. He installed the telescope in his back garden.

In 1905 Patrick Alexander offered his telescope to the War Office, again including an offer to pay for the construction of an observatory. The offer was accepted and a site was chosen. Building work commenced with pegging out in 1906 with the bulk of the work being carried out by local labour. Work proceeded apace until a long, accurate straight edge was required so that the dome could be correctly positioned. Finding such an edge proved difficult and attracted some publicity at the time. The problem was soon overcome. On 26 August 1906 the dome, which also had been designed by Grubb, was installed and over the next three months, the telescope was put in place and final construction work was completed.

In December 1906 the Aldershot Observatory was officially opened. The ceremony was attended by Patrick Alexander, guests from Aldershot civic council and several high-ranking army officers. Local Aldershot News reports of the opening ceremony on 22 December 1906 show that no civic guests were invited.

Design and construction
The building is of conventional design. It is principally of redbrick with some white stone masonry, surmounted by a cupola. There are three steps leading up to a heavy ornamental door. The dome was originally covered in a rubberoid material (modified bitumen) but in time this perished and the dome was rebuilt with copper cladding. The building today is generally in good condition.

In the best traditions of Victorian engineering, the dome rotation is controlled by a pulley and rope loop, as is the dome opening mechanism. The dome opening is triangular in shape, a design which limits the usefulness of the telescope because the area of sky visible reduces sharply as the telescope is pointed to the zenith.

Early photographs show the telescope to have been light green in colour. It is now painted a dark British army green. Major maintenance took place in 1987; this resulted in the copper dome and the instrument being repainted drab green. The original colour was a light blue/green used by the military on all instruments of the time (1940s). In November 2006 the electricity supply was disconnected as a savings measure.

Location
The location of the observatory can hardly be considered ideal for astronomical observations, even at the time of its construction. It is at a low elevation in an essentially urban setting of an army town with many nearby buildings that date from the time of its construction. It is very near a road that is lit by streetlights, although this was somewhat ameliorated by a clockwork switch inside the observatory that would turn off the nearest streetlights for about 20 minutes. This clockwork system was upgraded in 1987. As the electricity supply has been removed in 2006, this facility is no longer available.

Use

Just what use the British Army made of their new telescope is a bit of a mystery. It was, apparently, used in the training of officers in astronavigation. The telescope may also have been employed in monitoring experimental flights from HM Balloon Factory established at nearby Farnborough in 1908 (later to become the Royal Aircraft Establishment).

Over the last 100 years, many local amateur and professional astronomers have made use of the telescope.

Before the second World War, observations of variable and double stars were carried out, often by local members of the British Astronomical Association. Most of the users particularly remember the telescope's fine performance on lunar and planetary detail. In early August 1933, local amateur astronomer Mr John Pettley observed the famous Great White Spot on Saturn on the same night that it was discovered by Will Hay and later observations of the white spot by Pettley appeared in several issues of the "English Mechanic" during September 1933.

Since the end of the Second World War, use of the observatory has continued on an ad hoc basis. The army permitted the telescope to be used by interested amateurs provided only that they could demonstrate competence with the instrument; they were allowed to draw a key from a nearby guardroom and use the telescope as they wished. A story now often repeated, is the recollection of a user who remembers that military regulations imposed at one time gave some difficulty: the key would be issued only between the hours of 9am and 5pm — the observatory had to be securely locked by 5:30 and the key returned!

In 1979 the observatory was closed because of corrosion of the dome and defects in the dome traverse gear. Trees were allowed to grow up around the building and the observatory was neglected. At some point the observatory was broken into by thieves who stole the sighting telescope, a modern replacement has since been installed.

In 1998 the observatory was rediscovered by a local amateur astronomer. Work started on cleaning the interior which was by then covered in dust, dirt and leaves. The telescope itself was in working condition, in 1999 the Army gave permission for the removal of the lens cell for refurbishment. By April 2000, the lens cell was replaced and the telescope fully restored and the larger of the surrounding trees had been removed. On 6 May 2000, the Aldershot Observatory was opened to the public for the first time ever, the event stimulating considerable local public interest in its future.

The future
The future of the observatory is in some doubt. There are hopes that nearby streetlights might be lowered and shielded to reduce interference with observations, but in truth the instrument is little used and interest in the observatory is mainly historical.

The number of soldiers based at Aldershot is being greatly reduced. The Army is expected to withdraw entirely from the area that currently surrounds the observatory and the land will be redeveloped with private housing. In its current location, the observatory will be an island in a sea of houses and some people fear that it will be targeted by vandals or, perhaps, will have to be protected with high, unsightly fences.

Aldershot Observatory is a Grade II Listed building. This significantly restricts what can be done with the building. One possibility is to move the entire building a mile or so to the North where it can placed within the confines of Aldershot Military Museum.

General references

 * Ian Duff, Aldershot's military Observatory, Hampshire, the county magazine, March 1985.
 * Patrick Young Alexander, 1867-1943: Patron and Pioneer of Aeronautics, by Gordon Cullingham, Cross Manufacturing, Bath, England. ISBN 0-9509196-0-8.
 * Patrick Young Alexander, 1867-1943: Patron and Pioneer of Aeronautics, by Gordon Cullingham, Cross Manufacturing, Bath, England. ISBN 0-9509196-0-8.

title: Aldershot Observatory


text: User talk:86.8.216.120

title: User talk:86.8.216.120


text:
Talk:E-pek@k

External links modified
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title: Talk:E-pek@k


text:
KLLI (FM)

KLLI (93.9 MHz, "Cali 93.9") is an FM radio station in Los Angeles, California. Owned by the Meruelo Group, it broadcasts a bilingual Latin pop/rhythmic contemporary format. The station has studios located in Burbank, while its transmitter is based on Mount Wilson, and broadcasts in the HD Radio format.

Early years
93.9 FM signed on in 1958 as KPOL-FM, a simulcast of KPOL (1540 AM) with an easy listening format. In 1977, under the ownership of Capital Cities Communications, KPOL-FM broke away from the simulcast and adopted a soft rock format similar to crosstown KNX-FM using the on-air identity "94 FM". They changed call letters to KZLA in 1978 (one year later, KPOL rejoined the simulcast and also adopted the KZLA call letters).

Country era
Metromedia's KLAC (570 AM) had adopted a country format in 1970, initially competing with two stations with much weaker signals. In 1980, KHJ, owned by RKO General, changed formats to country. Around the same time, KZLA AM and FM dropped their soft rock format for country.

The three country music outlets struggled, including KZLA. In 1983, KHJ dropped country and returned to an adult contemporary format, while KLAC held its own. At this point, KZLA began to grow in the ratings as Los Angeles' only FM country station. On its website, it claimed to be the United States' most-listened-to country radio station by virtue of the market's size, though the station was never among the top fifteen stations in the Los Angeles Arbitron ratings during its 26-year run.

In 1984, Capital Cities sold KZLA (AM) to Spanish Broadcasting System (which rechristened it KSKQ) and KZLA-FM to Malrite Communications Group. Metromedia sold KLAC in 1987 to Malrite, which moved it to a classic country format. By 1994, Malrite had changed KLAC to an adult standards format from Westwood One, leaving KZLA as the established country music station in the market.

In 1994, Shamrock Broadcasting acquired KZLA and KLAC in a merger with Malrite; in 1996, Chancellor Media acquired all of Shamrock's stations, including KZLA and KLAC. The following year, Chancellor merged with Evergreen Media. Evergreen already had KKBT (then at 92.3 FM) and KOST; Chancellor subsequently acquired Viacom's KYSR and KXEZ, giving Chancellor six FM stations. In 1998, Bonneville Broadcasting made a corporate deal to swap several stations with Chancellor, giving the latter six stations, including KBIG, KYSR, KKBT, and KXEZ (which would change formats and call letters), as well as KLAC and KZLA. Bonneville, in return, would acquire KZLA.

Emmis ownership
KZLA modified the country format over the years, at times mixing in a few non-country pop songs and also playing more classic country. Bonneville exited Los Angeles in 2000 by selling KZLA to Emmis Communications. Under Emmis' ownership, most of the country songs they played during its tenure in the format were from 1987 to the present day, with some classic cuts mixed in.

In 2006, KZLA began to carry NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Series races as the local affiliate of the Motor Racing Network. The first broadcast was the Lenox Industrial Tools 300 at New Hampshire International Speedway.

MOViN 93.9
On August 17, 2006, at 10:20 a.m., after playing "Tonight I Wanna Cry" by Keith Urban, KZLA flipped to rhythmic adult contemporary, branded as "MOViN' 93.9." The first song on "MOViN" was "Let's Get It Started" by The Black Eyed Peas. The first DJ to be "let go" was the very popular Brian Douglas, who did evenings for four years. Soon after that, the station's demise was well under way with others losing their positions as well.

They were also the second station in the United States to adopt the "Movin'" concept, the first being KQMV Seattle. KQMV was not owned by Emmis; however, they did acquire the rights to use the moniker from consultant Alan Burns, who helped launch KQMV's format. Burns also teamed up with fellow consultant Guy Zapoleon (whose partnership with Burns dates back to the launch of KHMX Houston in 1990) on the new upstart.

Jimmy Steal, Emmis' vice president of programming, cited declining ratings of the country format as well as an opportunity to increase overall station and corporate revenue.

For a time, KZLA continued online, but the stream was later dropped. The FM station changed its callsign to KMVN on September 1, 2006. Host Peter Tilden moved to KABC, where he worked until being laid off in cost-cutting moves in 2008. Other personalities moved to KKGO. Garner's show, which was flagshipped at KZLA, moved to Clear Channel Communications but did not have a Los Angeles affiliate.

On the heels of launching KMVN, Emmis also signed legendary entertainment personality Rick Dees to host the morning show. Dees was host at another area station, KIIS-FM, from 1981 to 2004. Dees returned to the airwaves on September 25; in addition, KMVN picked up his "Rick Dees' Weekly Top 40" program on Sunday mornings, which started October 1. KMVN aired Weekly Top 40 with most of the non-Rhythmic hits (mostly Rock/Pop) edited from the show because of KMVN's format. The morning show, Rick Dees in the Morning, aired from 5-10am and featured Patti "Long Legs" Lopez and Mark Wong. Over the course of a few months, the station began adding more staffers to its lineup, with Tera Bonilla doing middays, Mario Fuentes hired for afternoons, and Nena handling nights and weekends. In addition, DJ Enrie and DJ Rawn (both from KPWR) and DJ Icy Ice (a veteran of KKBT and KDAY) became the station's mixers, as KMVN started adding mixshows to its lineup, which aired weekdays at noon and 5pm, and on Fridays ("Fiesta Mix") and Saturdays ("Movin' Party Mix", hosted by Clarence Barnes) from 7pm to midnight.

The station had failed to bring in more than half of the audience it did as a country music station according to Radio and Records. After being stuck below a 1.0% share in the first two rating periods, KMVN finally recovered in the Spring 2007 Arbitron ratings, when it started to show its first increase to a 1.2% share. With KBIG's decision to shift to a mainstream Adult Top 40 direction in September 2007, KMVN was hoping to inherit its rival's displaced listeners, who had grown accustomed to hearing the Rhythmic fare that KBIG used to play.

By October 2007, KMVN began to phase out most of its currents and '90s songs, along with the mix shows, in an effort to improve the ratings, which had not been spectacular. They also changed their slogan to "The '70s and '80s Mix That Makes You Move," to identify with its gold-based direction. The changes had yet to translate into ratings. In the May 2008 Arbitron ratings, KMVN was in 34th place with a 0.8% audience share. By Summer 2008, KMVN began adding Classic and Dance-friendly Modern/New Wave hits from the 1980s to its musical mix, but continued to stay within the Rhythmic Gold realm.

KMVN had been in competition with KHHT, "Hot 92.3", which began shifting from Urban AC to a Rhythmic AC approach in early 2008 in an effort to counter KMVN, whose format targeted the same Black/Hispanic audience as KHHT.

Exitos 93.9
On April 3, 2009, Emmis announced that they had entered into a seven-year local marketing agreement with Grupo Radio Centro of Mexico City. Beginning April 15, GRC started to provide Spanish-language programming and sell advertising time. GRC also entered into a seven-year call and put option agreement with Emmis which would allow them to purchase the assets of KMVN, although that portion of the deal was contingent on the FCC allowing a foreign broadcaster to own an American station, which is currently disallowed. At midnight on April 15, 2009, after airing a farewell message from Rick Dees (in which he explained the sale and impending flip before redirecting listeners of his show to his website, RICK.com, then playing "Last Dance" by Donna Summer as MOViN's final song,) the station flipped to Spanish AC as "Éxitos 93.9", with the first song of the format being "El Viajero" by Luis Miguel.

On June 4, 2009, KMVN changed its call letters to KXOS, to go with the "Éxitos" branding. As of 2012 the KMVN calls are now used by a rhythmic adult contemporary station in Anchorage, Alaska.

Effective August 23, 2012, 93.9 License, LLC exercised a call option to purchase KXOS from Emmis for $85.5 million. 93.9 License, LLC is owned by 93.9 Holdings, Inc., in which GRC indirectly holds a 25% ownership interest. GRC later used a similar facility to acquire the radio stations of Univision Radio in El Paso, Texas, in 2016.

On November 9, 2012, the entire KXOS airstaff was let go, and the station switched to a teen-oriented CHR/Rhythmic top 40 format, similar to that of sister stations XHTO-FM in El Paso and XHFAJ-FM in Mexico City. It also used some of XHFAJ's DJs to voicetrack in key dayparts on KXOS, but the station also was required to utilize local talent because of the FCC's ownership rules.

Radio Centro 93.9
On January 19, 2014, KXOS changed its format to Regional Mexican, branded as "Radio Centro 93.9" while keeping the same logo scheme. The move came after KXOS hired former KLAX morning host Ricardo ‘El Mandril’ Sánchez for the same duties. Sanchez had been the subject of controversy during his tenure at KLAX involving claims of ratings fraud and tampering which were never proven. His show at KLAX was taken off the air in November 2013 due to contract negotiations that were not successful.

In August 2015, former station general manager Sean O'Neill, office manager Rosa Ambriz, and 50 unnamed employees, sued Grupo Radio Centro, its L.A. subsidiary, as well as Sánchez. O'Neill and Ambriz alleged that they were fired after reporting ratings fraud and uncovering the station's hiring of undocumented immigrants.

Meruelo Group ownership
On May 22, 2019, Meruelo Group (owners of KPWR (which they acquired from Emmis in 2017), KLOS (which they acquired from Cumulus Media a month earlier), simulcasters KDAY/KDEY, and Spanish-language television stations KWHY and KBEH) announced that it would acquire KXOS for $35 million. On July 17, 2019, KXOS disc jockeys said their farewells in advance of a potential format change.

Cali 93.9
Upon the closure of the acquisition on July 17, the station's callsign was changed to KLLI. On July 18, Meruelo flipped the station to rhythmic contemporary, albeit with a Latin focused presentation, branded as Cali 93.9 at (appropriately) 9:39 a.m. that day. This also marked the return of a Latin rhythmic format in Los Angeles since SBS flipped direct competitor Latino 96.3 to Spanish AC as Mega 96.3 in May 2014, though Mega has since gone into a spanish CHR direction by November of that same year. Meruelo will also partner with Grupo Radio Centro to launch a Spanish All-News format on the HD2 subchannel of KXOS, while also developing content for KWHY. With the acquisition, the station was reunited with KPWR after seven years.

title: KLLI (FM)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quan

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete (Close one, there are 8 deletes here [I did count the nominator even though the user forgot to sign] vs. 2 keeps and 2 merges. There was a rather thurough check for socks performed too and everyone checks out) Ryan Norton T 22:34, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Quan
Don't think this guy meets the minimum criteria for Wikipedia listing.
 * No vote, I'm just fixing the formatting of this AfD. --Metropolitan90 01:37, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep Barely notable. But there are lots of articles about less notable people. --Rogerd 02:04, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

It's good. Leave it.
 * September 30th was an exceptionally busy AfD day. So this debate among several got almost no attention. Relisting in hope of some tender, loving debate this time around. -Splash talk 00:00, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

However, it shows one non-charting album from 2002 on the Quan label (indicating self-produced) and confirms the Nas link. However, he may qualify under WP:music in the future given his work with a notable rapper and the piece cited by user Anetode suggests he is attracting some attention. Capitalistroadster 03:07, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable, half of the article was copied from a puff-piece --Anetode 02:57, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Anetode. He doesn't seem to meet the WP:MUSIC guidelines, which are set rather low. -- Kjkolb 03:01, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Has an Allmusic.com page see
 * Delete. All notability for this bio is as a musician, therefore WP:MUSIC seems like a very fair test. If he doesn't meet the criteria, easy call. Bunchofgrapes (talk) 04:18, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Reduce to two sentences, and merge and redirect to Ill Will Records. If he ever comes out with his own material, make a new article. --FuriousFreddy 07:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, appeared on a single with a notable rapper. Kappa 09:41, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * At best Redirect into Nas. Preferrably Delete though, He doesn't currently meet WP:MUSIC. Karmafist 14:39, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The allmusic.com entry is incomplete, indicating a barely notable artist. Andrew pmk | Talk 16:47, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect as per FuriousFreddy. Jkelly 01:05, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Upcoming rapper" = non-notable vanity bio that fails WP:MUSIC. When he has arrived, he can get a wikipedia entry. Quale 03:42, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quan


text: User talk:68.236.90.38

title: User talk:68.236.90.38


text:
User:Elliskev

Hi.

title: User:Elliskev


text:
Rock Enon Springs, Virginia

Rock Enon Springs is an unincorporated community in Frederick County, Virginia. United States. Rock Enon Springs is located 18 miles west of Winchester on Rock Enon Springs Road (VA 683) off Back Creek Road (VA 704) south of Gore. The community was known for its Rock Enon Springs Resort, which was sold in 1945 and is now owned by the Boy Scouts as Camp Rock Enon. Rock Enon Springs had a station along the Winchester and Western Railroad until the 1930s, when the railroad was shortened to Gore.

Rock Enon Springs Resort
Rock Enon Springs Resort was built up around a mineral water spring and was originally called Capper Springs after an early settler, John Capper. In 1856, William Marker bought the property and built a hotel to accommodate guests at the springs. The resort contained six types of springs on the 942 acre of property. During the mid 19th century, it became very popular as a place for people to heal various ailments by soaking in the spring's "medicine" waters. The resort survived the American Civil War and continued to draw Virginia's elite. In 1917 the Winchester and Western Railroad connected Rock Enon Springs with Winchester, moving both vacationers and supplies with far greater speed. It changed owners several times until, in 1919, it was purchased by Fred Glaize, Sr. and Lee Herrellin who tore down several buildings and the original wing of the hotel. The resort continued to lose business until 1944 when the Glaize Family sold the resort to the Shenandoah Area Council, Boy Scouts of America who now use it as their year-round camp, Camp Rock Enon.

title: Rock Enon Springs, Virginia


text: User talk:68.46.0.224

title: User talk:68.46.0.224


text:
User:Papayoung/Tools

Templates I've built (or am working on)

 * Template:Infobox River (talk)
 * Template:Infobox River/Image (talk)
 * Template:Infobox protected area (talk)
 * Template:Infobox protected area/IUCN Ia (talk)
 * Template:Infobox protected area/IUCN Ib (talk)
 * Template:Infobox protected area/IUCN II (talk)
 * Template:Infobox protected area/IUCN III (talk)
 * Template:Infobox protected area/IUCN IV (talk)
 * Template:Infobox protected area/IUCN V (talk)
 * Template:Infobox protected area/IUCN VI (talk)
 * (talk)

Reference

 * Template Messages
 * Template:If equal
 * "Special Effect Templates" by CesarB
 * 2615
 * 364: optional parameters
 * Extended template syntax
 * Template_talk:Message_box

 * How to become a MediaWiki hacker
 * m:Image:Wikimedia-servers-2005-04-12.png
 * Wikimedia_servers
 * Squid_cache

 * Wikijunior

 * User_talk:Netoholic

Style and Policy

 * Manual_of_Style_%28dates_and_numbers%29
 * Manual_of_Style_%28links%29

Projects

 * WikiProject_Rivers (talk)
 * Why are there so many Chinese characters on English pages? I think it makes it really hard to read them and only serves a narrow group who can read both EN and ZH fluently. Or does it? I've posted the question on Talk:Grand Canal of China, may move it elsewhere if no one responds.
 * There's an open question about the origin of the St. Lawrence River.
 * 1421 hypothesis seems off-kilter in representing the controversy.
 * Clarify Rusted Root.

CSS and Layout Issues

 * Level-one headers have bad line-height (not enough).
 * Level-three headers seem too heavy in relation to level-two.
 * "Edit" links baselines should match the baseline of the associated title.
 * Why don't *, # and : indent to the same place? (probaly a lists issue w/cross-browser complications)

Bookmarks

 * User:Rick Block
 * User:Kmusser great maps

Maps

 * Image:USA_CountiesSVG.zip
 * Image:Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg
 * Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Maps
 * WikiProject_Maps/Locator
 * User:Al_guy/maps

title: User:Papayoung/Tools


text:
User:Ceridwen~enwiki

My french description there : Wikimedia's contributions :

editcount

ca:Usuari:Ceridwen cs:Wikipedista:Ceridwen da:Bruger:Ceridwen de:Benutzer:Ceridwenn es:Usuario:Ceridwen eo:Vikipediisto:Ceridwen fr:Utilisateur:Ceridwen ko:사용자:Ceridwen id:Pengguna:Ceridwen it:Utente:Ceridwen hu:User:Ceridwen nl:Gebruiker:Ceridwen ja:利用者:Ceridwen oc:Utilizaire:Ceridwen pl:Wikipedysta:Ceridwen pt:Usuário:Ceridwen ru:Участник:Ceridwen simple:User:Ceridwen fi:Käyttäjä:Ceridwen sv:Användare:Ceridwen th:ผู้ใช้:Ceridwen zh:User:Ceridwen

title: User:Ceridwen~enwiki


text:
Talk:List of institutions of higher education in India

Additions/deletions

 * added some colleges from mumbai Hswapnil 19:57, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * All most all Universities of West Bengal have been added and categorised as State, Central, national importance and Deemed. Reference to UGC and AICTE mentioned (also funding added)--Victor D PARLE 19:21, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Suggestion

 * I suggest the Colleges and Universities should not be numbered; seems to be ranked. Please set as bulleted list --Victor D PARLE 08:23, 14 February 2006 (UTC).
 * Done.--Victor D PARLE 21:34, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

there are no uniersitites in up or what?  Uttar Pradesh state is not mentioned

I am surprised to see that premier institutes like IIIT, Hyderabad and Andhra University are not mentioned, while private engineering colleges were listed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.35.46.13 (talk) 06:50, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Rename to List of colleges and institutes in India
Shouldn't the title of this article be List of colleges and institutes in India? After all, it is purely a list article. talk 12:29, 16 December 2009 (UTC) Yes, yes it really should. Etrigan (talk) 08:22, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Article Deletion/Overhaul
The objective of this article should be basically to list all the lists of institutions in India and not the institutions themselves. The article in its current form is absurd and pointless. Therefore, the article either stands for deletion, or a complete overhaul into a list of lists. I think the latter is preferable after moving the article to a suitable name, in order to ensure that such pointless articles do not arise in the future. That would also ensure that we have a start towards more organized lists, if we work from the top-down, instead of bottom-up.--Siddhartha Ghai (talk) 21:25, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ Let us move this article to List of Indian institutions of higher education and make it the comprehensive list of lists of all insitutions of higher education in India, as I have outlined at WikiProject Education in India. After the move we will set-up all the state lists and the special lists which will be linked to from our main list. –  ∃   Aditya   7   ¦  08:51, 4 July 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅. - abhi (talk) 09:31, 4 July 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ .. we need to backup this and work on the same article -- naveenpf (talk) 09:41, 4 July 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ Started work on article--Siddhartha Ghai (talk) 23:40, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Grouping of States & UTs
How can we group the states and union territories into North, South etc zones. One way of grouping is by the Cultural Zones of India as decided by the Government of India. But the problem is that these Cultural Zones are overlapping. So how should we group them? According to geographical latitude? Take a look at South India, North India, West India, Central India, East India, and North-East India and also List of American institutions of higher education. – ∃   Aditya   7   ¦  07:59, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

 * South India- Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry - Clearcut division in South India article. No overlap with other articles.
 * East India - West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa - Clearcut division in East India article.
 * Only overlap-Northern West Bengal(Northeast India) - I think it would be safe to assume these in the East
 * Northeast India- Seven sisters(Arunanchal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura) and Sikkim
 * West India - Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra
 * Central India - Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
 * North India - Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Chandigarh, Rajasthan(Put in North India since it isn't included in West India article)

Remaining --Siddhartha Ghai (talk) 16:32, 7 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Lakshadweep - Suggestion - Create article on List of educational institutions in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Add to Islands section in this article.

 * ✅--Siddhartha Ghai (talk) 16:17, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
 * More pages need to link to this article. This article is meant to be the index/main page for WP's coverage of the educational institutions in India, so this article doesn't deserve to get so low traffic. Siddhartha Ghai, can you find maps of India that highlight the respective parts/zones of India? –  ∃   Aditya   7   ¦  17:15, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

Click able Map

 * I was actually thinking of having a single clickable map with cities and states named, which, when clicked on the state/city or its name, leads to the corresponding list.--Siddhartha Ghai (talk) 18:11, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
 * On second thoughts, different clickable maps highlighting the different regions might serve the purpose better. Although I've found File:SouthIndia.png, File:West india locator.png, File:Central-India-locator.png and File:East-India-locator.png, I think we should have something specifically made based on File:India-locator-map-blank.svg for this article. And since I have no experience with images, someone else will have to do it.--Siddhartha Ghai (talk) 17:47, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Lead section
The current lead line is:Below are links to lists of Indian institutions of education in India.

Shouldn't it be: Below are links to lists of institutions of education in India.

I think the latter is grammatically correct, the former isn't.--Siddhartha Ghai (talk) 16:08, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

 * ✅--Siddhartha Ghai (talk) 19:50, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

List of schools in India
List of schools in India too, needs a similar overhaul. – ∃   Aditya   7   ¦  05:52, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Discussion started at Talk:List of schools in India--Siddhartha Ghai (talk) 10:24, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Page move proposal
Should this be moved to Lists of institutions of higher education in India? Anna Frodesiak (talk) 11:03, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 04:45, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

Invitation to Women in Red's Role Models editathon on Women's Colleges
''Please forward this invitation to all potentially interested contacts


text:
MWI

MWI is the country code for Malawi in several country code systems.

MWI may also refer to:

Science and technology

 * Many-worlds interpretation, in quantum mechanics
 * Message-waiting indicator, in telephony
 * Mobile Web Initiative, in Mobile Web
 * Maths Week Ireland, an all-island (Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland) mathematics outreach initiative

Other uses

 * Ministry of Water and Irrigation, in Water supply and sanitation in Jordan
 * Warsaw Modlin Airport (IATA: WMI)
 * Mountain Warfare Instructor, in Mountain Warfare Training Center

title: MWI


text:
Robert Denning

Robert Denning (March 13, 1927 – August 26, 2005) was an American interior designer whose lush interpretations of French Victorian decor became an emblem of corporate raider tastes in the 1980s.

Early life
Denning was born Robert Dennis Besser in New York City, New York, to Jean (née Rosen) and Jacob Besser. Denning, as he was often called, developed an early interest in his body and health, a characteristic instilled in him by his mother. He was just fifteen when he met Edgar de Evia who was the research assistant to Dr. Guy Beckley Stearns and would go on to become a noted photographer. He became a testing subject for this homeopathic medical research and when his parents and younger brother moved to Florida, he stayed in New York City living with de Evia and his mother Miirrha Alhambra. He would often say that he saw his first lampshade in this home, as he grew up with a bare bulb being adequate. His first effort with decorating was perhaps in imitation of Syrie Maugham when he and Edgar painted everything in Miirrha's room white and put her bed on a dais. Her only response was: "Did you have to paint even my Baccarat perfume bottles?" He never used white again.

He was one of several design leaders raised in the Jewish community in the Bronx, along with Calvin Klein and Ralph Lauren.

Denning & Fourcade
From 1960 the firm of Denning & Fourcade would become known for colorful extravagance and over the top opulence. Clients beginning with Michel David-Weill; the Ogden Phipps family, for whom they did fifteen houses; Henry Kravis, whose home, and their decorating, was parodied in the 1990 movie "The Bonfire of the Vanities" with Tom Hanks; Charles and Jayne Wrightsman; Henry Kissinger; Diana Ross; Oscar de la Renta both in Manhattan and Connecticut; Beatriz and Antenor Patiño, the Bolivian tin magnate and Jean Vanderbilt, to name only a few, began to roll in. Soon they were established and known for creating an established and 'old money' atmosphere anywhere. For thirty years they were courted on both sides of the Atlantic. Denning kept the fragrance Sous Le Vent in his automobiles to remind him of Lillian Bostwick Phipps who always wore the scent. Longtime clients such as Spencer Hays, the Richard Merillats for whom he has designed homes in Naples, Florida and Michigan, the Countess Rattazzi, for whom he did homes in Manhattan, South America and Italy (15 houses in all) looked forward to shopping sprees with him be it in the wholesale import markets in New York City or the Paris flea market. Denning's five story townhouse for Phyllis Cerf Wagner is described as: "... cozy and grand at the same time, but not elaborately fussy."

Eugenia Sheppard of the New York Herald Tribune dubbed their work "Le Style Rothschild." It reeked de l'argent. "Outrageous luxury is what our clients want," Denning & Fourcade said. This was the 1980s, the era of instant wealth. They visually defined it, giving crisp money the appearance of provenance and what Denning called "a casual English attitude about grandeur."

Often perceived as "...the Odd Couple. Boyish, down-to-earth Denning is the hardest worker, while Fourcade sniffs the client air to gauge if it's socially registered before he goes beyond the fringe." Jewelry designer Kenneth Jay Lane developed a passion for art pieces from the Middle East which the firm was in the vanguard of introducing and has also used some of their lighting treatments. Denning designed Jason Epstein's SoHo home from scratch in the shell of the building that housed the first consolidated New York police department. This was an entirely new effort for the designer who is known by many to specialize in a period "we'd call early-fringed-lampshade, but chic".

They would also amass a large collection of artwork and bronzes. They would commission original works of art and collect many of the same artists that they would recommend to their clients.

Fourcade and Denning shared a red brick mansion on East 73d Street in Manhattan and a house they built in Bridgehampton, Long Island; both houses were the subjects of articles in decorating magazines around the world.

After Fourcade
Denning 'reinvented' himself to use his own word, after Vincent Fourcade's death from AIDS in 1992. Taking a lighter approach with more emphasis on effect and comfort than signed pieces of furniture, he used to laugh at how he would coach his early clients with decorating their children and grandchildren's homes. He was listed in the AD100, top hundred decorators by Architectural Digest for a number of years and once said: "I'll accept commissions from anyone who isn't frightened by my proposals." Also listed in New York The Top 100 Architects & Decorators and The New York Times Magazine in an article "Who Made It" he was listed as one of 15 interior designers who had become "celebrities in their own right".:

 * Technology permitting, Robert Denning would happily return to the nineteenth century. Since he can't, he devotes himself to re-creating – with international mixes of opulent furniture – the sumptuous interiors of his favorite era, using damask, silks, and taffetas.

His jobs have appeared not only in AD's pages, but those of every major magazine with home interiors. He always participated in charity benefits such as the auction to benefit Friends In Deed, a counseling organization for people with AIDS and cancer to decorating the main foyer of the von Stade mansion to benefit Southampton's Rogers Memorial Library. He was one of the decorators that contributed to the restoration of the 1932, 50 room mansion, of William Goadby Loew for the Smithers Alcoholism Treatment and Training Center on Manhattan's upper East side. "A sense of humor overlaying a deep commitment to style and a consuming passion for detail characterize all of Denning's work."

During the last decade of his life he tired of Paris, giving up his home that he had shared with Vincent in the 17th arrondissement. He was content in the familiar surroundings of his home and offices in the Lombardy Hotel in New York City, where both the lobby and restaurant were of his design.

He died in his apartment in New York City in 2005. His personal estate was featured in an auction at Doyle New York on May 17, 2006.

title: Robert Denning


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Intresting Ayyavazhi Family
Hai Agriffian, there are intresting articles about Ayyavazhi, a new religion on both mythology and religiosity. Wikipedia is rich with this topic in English, but poor in other languages. Since french is a leading language in Wikipedia it is better to translate the contents on this AYYAVAZHI family to french. - Paul Raj

title: User talk:Agriffina


text: User talk:192.30.202.28

title: User talk:192.30.202.28