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User talk:Astara

Welcome,
I hope you are finding your way around the wikipedia well.

I reverted your edit to plum because, while it is true that there are plums native to Persia, the genus is very widespread, with native species through out the new and old world. Your edit could have been suggested plums are only native to Persia.

A couple of pointers. The Neutral point of view policy is a pillar of wikipedia. Avoid advocacy. Always Cite your sources. Unsourced edits are routinely reverted.

Take a look at Introduction and Thank you for your contribution

Zeimusu | Talk page 13:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Astara (rayon)
Your recent contribution(s) to are very much appreciated. However, you did not provide references or sources for your information. Keeping Wikipedia accurate and verifiable is very important, and as you might be aware there is currently a drive to improve the quality of Wikipedia by encouraging editors to cite the sources they used when adding content. If sources are left unreferenced, it may count as original research, which is not allowed. Can you provide in the article specific references to any books, articles, websites or other reliable sources that will allow people to verify the content in the article? You can use a citation method listed at How to cite sources. Thanks! Khoikhoi 18:22, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Dear friend Khoi
 * I guess you do have extra free time on your hand to edit selectively but with nearly 4300 employees I do not have the same luxury that you have.I am the walking history book of the Astara region with over $1000000.00 investment on the books and maps of this region from early 15th century to late 18 century. There would have been no Astara on the face of this world if it was not due to the work of my ancestors. Garakhan was my mother’s uncle. The three brothers who established the present day Astara are Fraj Allah, Shakoor Allah and Nor Allah the sons of Baalaa Khan from the Lisaar (reference: sketches on the shores of the Caspian by William Richard Holmes, 1845). Faraj Allah is my great grand father. It is a shame that a few people with political motivation would want to rewrite the history. One should never sell out the truth.

 * HANWAY, Jonas.

 * An historical account of the British trade over the Caspian Sea: with a journal of travels from London through Russia into Persia; and back again through Russia, Germany and Holland. To which are added, the revolutions of Persia during the present century, with the particular history of the great usurper Nadir Kouli.

 * Dodsley, London 1753. 4 volumes, 4to. 4 engraved allegorical frontispieces, these slightly offset onto titles, 9 engraved folding maps, 10 engraved headpieces, 15 engraved plates, modern half calf, an excellent set.

 * FIRST EDITION OF "One of the earliest accounts of the Caspian region by a European."- Ghani. Hanway accepted a partnership in the house of Dingley, a merchant at St. Petersburg and it was here that he became acquainted with the Caspian trade and offered his services to go into Persia with a caravan of woollen goods. While he was in Astrabad a rebellion broke out in the province and the city was taken by Mahommed Hassan Bey. He later arrived at the camp of Shah Nadir. On his return voyage along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea his ship was attacked by pirates. Finally leaving Astrachan he travelled by land on the western side of the Volga to Zaritzen, and passing through Moscow to St. Petersburg. In spite of the perils of the journey he ultimately obtained in goods and money some 85 per cent of the original value of his caravan. Kress 5268; Goldsmiths 8801; Cox I, 255; Ghani p.167.

 * Price: £ 2250

Dear Astara,

Thanks for providing sources. Perhaps you could add a citation for this? I am curious to know whether there was or wasn't a Turkish migration to the region in the late 19th century. Maybe you could leave a comment at User talk:Parishan as well. Cheers, Khoikhoi 21:38, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Astara


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eight (Enneagram)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy-deletion. Carried out at 09:41, 10 October 2005 by user:DragonflySixtyseven. Closing the discussion. Rossami (talk) 14:04, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Eight (Enneagram)
Where the fuck is the eight man? The current text of the article is nonsensical. --Mysidia (talk) 02:03, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, I'd say you were right with the first tag. Jkelly 02:38, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete.Just an unclear statement.
 * Speedy delete. Was this an I-ching or tarot card interpretation? in any case, without context, it is no more than nonsense. Speedy-tagged. DES (talk) 06:28, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete under criterion A1 (very short article without context). --Metropolitan90 06:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Louis Jurine

Louis Jurine (6 February 1751 – 20 October 1819) was a Swiss physician, surgeon and naturalist mainly interested in entomology. He lived in Geneva.

Surgeon
He studied surgery in Paris and quickly acquired a great reputation for his expertise in medicine and natural history beyond that which he had in Geneva. He taught courses in anatomy and surgery at the Société des Arts in Geneva and was made honorary professor of zoology at the Academy (today: University of Geneva). He also founded a maternity hospice in 1807 and was awarded prizes for his work on the gasses of the human body, artificial feeding of infants, and pectoral angina.

Naturalist
Upon learning of Spallanzani's experiments with bats, in which Spallanzani showed that bats do not rely on sight when navigating in darkness, Jurine conducted a series of experiments from which he concluded that bats use sound to navigate in darkness.

Collections
Jurine’s collections of Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hemiptera are in the Natural History Museum of Geneva.

Works

 * Nouvelle méthode de classer les Hyménoptères et les Diptères. Hyménoptères. Genève (J.J. Paschoud) 1807. (Only 250 copies of this work were issued.) PDF
 * Observations sur les ailes des hyménoptères. Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino 24 (1820): 177–214.
 * Histoire des monocles, qui se trouvent aux environs de Genève. I-XVI, 1-260, 22 plates, Genève (J.J. Paschoud) 1820. PDF

title: Louis Jurine


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G.I. Joe (comics)

G.I. Joe has been the title of comic strips and comic books in every decade since 1942. As a licensed property by Hasbro, G.I. Joe comics have been released from 1967 to present, with only two interruptions longer than a year (1977–1981, 1997–2000). As a team fighting Cobra since 1982, the comic book history of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero has been covered by three separate publishers and four main-title series, all of which have been based on the Hasbro toy line of the same name.

The first series was produced by Marvel Comics between 1982 and 1994, running for 155 issues, and spawning several spin-off titles throughout the course of its run; the second and third series, published by Devil's Due Productions from 2001 to 2008, totaled 80 issues and included several spin-off titles as well. The fourth series has been published by IDW Publishing since October 2008, and various spin-off titles have also been launched.

King Features Syndicate
In 1937, after receiving a $30 check from The Saturday Evening Post, Dave Breger arrived in New York and began freelancing to Collier's, Parade, This Week, Esquire, Click and The New Yorker. Early in 1941, he was drafted into the United States Army and sent to Camp Livingston in Louisiana, where he repaired trucks. He drew at night in the bakery or while sitting in a truck with netting overhead to keep the bugs away. The Saturday Evening Post, under the heading Private Breger, began publishing these cartoons as a series starting August 30, 1941.

The Army became aware of his talent and transferred him to the Special Services Division in New York, where he married Brooklyn-born art agent Dorathy Lewis on January 9, 1942. In the early spring of 1942, he was assigned to the New York staff of Yank, the Army Weekly.

Yank wanted Breger to do cartoons like those in The Saturday Evening Post, but the editors asked him to devise a new title. He came up with the title G.I. Joe from the military term "Government Issue", and the character's full name was Joe Trooper. His G.I. Joe cartoon series began in the first issue of Yank (June 17, 1942). That summer, Breger arrived in the UK in 1942 as one of the first two Yank correspondents, covering the American military in England as a photo-journalist, while also producing his weekly G.I. Joe cartoon for Yank.

King Features Syndicate took an interest and signed Breger on to do a Private Breger (aka Private Breger Abroad) daily panel for domestic distribution. It was launched October 19, 1942 and continued until October 13, 1945.

Ziff-Davis
Ziff-Davis's G.I. Joe was set during the Korean War. Ziff-Davis was in the habit of numbering their first issues "10". When the series became popular, they reset the numbering system, so there are two issues for each number from 10 to 14, and no issues numbered 1 through 5.

Volume 1 started in 1950 and lasted five issues, numbered 10 through 14. Volume 2 continuing from the previous volume was published from 1951, and lasted 46 issues numbered 6 through 51.

DC Comics
In 1964–65, DC Comics released two issues of Showcase (#53 and 54) titled G.I. Joe, which took place during World War II. Stories written by Robert Kanigher and Bob Haney, featuring the artwork of Joe Kubert, Russ Heath, Irv Novick, Ross Andru and Mike Esposito.

Custom Comics
In 1967, Hasbro released a single small comic book with its action figures titled America's Movable Fighting Man and produced by Custom Comics, Inc, an imprint of American Comics Group. Featuring illustrations by Kurt Schaffenberger.

In 1969, issues of a larger format comic with more elaborate stories were released with toys as The Adventures of G. I. Joe. From 1970 to 1976, Hasbro continued to reprint and publish new comics in-house as The G. I. Joe Adventure Team (see the Hasbro section).

Comic book advertisement (1975-1976)
Between 1975 and 1976, Hasbro published comic book advertisements starring the Adventure Team, featuring the original G.I. Joe, Atomic Man and Bulletman as members.

A Real American Hero (main series)
Hasbro relaunched their G.I. Joe franchise with G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero, which was supported by a Marvel Comics series of the same name. It was unique at the time in that it was a comic book series that was promoted on television commercials which also supported the toy line. This 155-issue series is considered to be one of the longest-running comic book tie-ins to a toy line. Much of its success is to be credited to Larry Hama, who wrote the entire series save for a few issues with guest writers. Rather than treating the stories as a mere promotion for the toys, Hama wrote the series with seriousness and infused it with doses of realism, humor, and drama. To keep the series up-to-date on military technology and terminology, Hama continuously read through technical manuals. Other than Transformers, no other series based on a toy line was able to duplicate its success. Other notable & recurring artists include Herb Trimpe, Ron Wagner, Rod Whigham, Mike Vosburg, Andrew Wildman, Phil Gosier, Chris Batista and Marshall Rogers.

A number of differences existed between the comic book and the animated TV series. Certain characters who were very prominent in the comic book, such as Stalker, were featured very little in the cartoon, while characters who were less prominent in the comic book, such as Shipwreck, were very prominent in the cartoon series. Another difference was that in the comic book featured a romance between Scarlett and Snake Eyes, whereas in the cartoon, she was paired with Duke. The most notable difference between the comic and the cartoon, however, is in its handling of combat. While the cartoon had the characters use semi-futuristic laser rifles and pistols (due to an edict for "no bullets" from the studio), the comic book did not shy away from using real-world pistols, rifles, SMGs and ammunition. The cartoon characters would almost comically wade through waves of enemy fire untouched, while the comic book would routinely have characters suffer injuries from bullets or shrapnel. The cartoon showed that nearly every soldier in every battle survived (for example, many shots of aircraft being shot down were shown to have its pilot escape in a parachute), while the comic did not shy away from character deaths; for example, issue #109 included the deaths of a large number of Joes, including fan-favorites like Doc, Breaker, and Quick-Kick, while other storylines included the deaths of Serpentor and Dr. Mindbender.

G.I. Joe: Order of Battle was a 4-issue mini series which ran from December 1986 - March 1987. Written by Larry Hama, with art by Herb Trimpe, the first issue spotlighted G.I. Joe characters with code names from A-K. Subsequent issues spotlighted G.I. Joe characters from M-Z, Cobra characters, and vehicles respectively. The second issue erroneously listed Sylvester Stallone's Rocky Balboa character as a member of G.I. Joe. While negotiations had taken place to license the character, the deal had fallen through. The third and fourth issues contained a retraction stating that Rocky Balboa was not and had never been a member of G.I. Joe. A trade-paperback including material from all four issues, was published in 1987, and removed mention of the Rocky character entirely.

G.I. Joe: Special Missions
The success of the main title lead Marvel Comics to produce a secondary title, G.I. Joe: Special Missions which lasted 28 issues. Herb Trimpe was the artist for nearly the entire run, with Dave Cockrum providing pencils on several issues. Spinning out of a story in issue #50 of the main title, the series featured more intense violence and more ambiguous morality than the main title, while the enemies were conventional terrorists as well as Cobra itself. The first four issues, as well as the backup story from issue #50 of the main title, were later republished as a trade paperback.

Reprints
The first 37 issues of the main series were released in thirteen digests titled G.I. Joe Comic Magazine.

Tales of G.I. Joe reprinted the first 15 issues of G.I. Joe on a higher quality paper stock than that used for the main comic.

Shortly after the final issue, a G.I. Joe Special #1 was released, with alternate art for issue #61 by Todd McFarlane. The cover features Snake Eyes in a crouched-down position, in a homage to the Spider-Man title that McFarlane illustrated during his tenure at Marvel.

In 2001, with the success of Devil's Due Comics run of G.I. Joe, Marvel Comics collected the first 50 issues in five trade paperbacks, with ten issues in each book. All covers for the trade paperbacks were drawn by J. Scott Campbell. The Marvel trades were heavily criticized due to printing errors, as the first three volume featured missing pages and pages published out of order. Production of the trade paperback series ultimately ended after the fifth volume, due to low sales and the fact that Marvel only had the original artwork and film negatives for the first 50 issues; further volumes would require tracking down and scanning the uncollected issues and remastering them for publication, which was deemed to be not cost effective given the poor sales of the books.

In 2009, IDW Publishing began to publish the series again. Called Classic G.I. Joe, the 15 volume trade paperback set collects all 155 issues (minus back-up features). The first five volumes use the same J. Scott Campbell covers as the Marvel trades (and correct printing errors found in the Marvel trades), volumes six through nine utilized Campbell's covers from the first 4 issues of the Devil Due series, and volumes ten through fifteen would ultimately feature new artwork commissioned for the trade paperbacks.

Foreign-language versions
G.I. Joe was published in a number of languages, sometimes by local publishers. Issues were translated into German, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, French, French (Canada), Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Danish, Japanese, Arabic, Indonesian, and other languages.

Additional series
A four-issue limited series titled G.I. Joe and the Transformers teamed-up the Joes with the other popular Hasbro property of the 1980s, Transformers. Written by Michael Higgins, and with art by Herb Trimpe, set inside the continuity of both series, this was not acknowledged until the Transformers showed up in the main G.I. Joe comic years later. The final issue introduced the Transformers character Goldbug, who later appeared in the main The Transformers comic book series. A trade paperback later collected all four issues.

Action Force was the British counterpart to the 3$3⁄4$-inch G.I. Joe toy line. The Action Force comic was launched by Marvel UK in 1987, tying into the previous Battle Action Force, and publishing original strips as well as modified reprints of the U.S. comic, with the team renamed "Action Force". The title lasted fifty issues before merging with Marvel UK's The Transformers in early 1988.

Later in 1988, a second series, Action Force Monthly, was launched due to Marvel UK's decision to produce comics in the American monthly format, and ran for fifteen issues before it was cancelled. The Action Force Monthly title was published in the U.S. as G.I. Joe: European Missions, which kept all of the dialogue from the UK version without attempting to incorporate the reprinted stories into the continuity of the U.S. G.I. Joe comic. The comic also included a tie-in story for the UK release of G.I. Joe: The Movie.

After the cancellation of Action Force Monthly, the U.S. G.I. Joe comic continued to be reprinted in Marvel UK's The Transformers comic as a back-up feature, with the dialogue kept intact, until it was dropped in 1991.

Blackthorne Publishing
Blackthorne Publishing released six issues of G.I. Joe in 3-D and one annual. These issues were meant to be read with 3-D glasses. The stories didn't contradict the ongoing Marvel Comics series, but weren't considered canon.

Blackthorne also published three issues of How to Draw G.I. Joe, as part of their Official "How to Draw" series.

Dark Horse Comics
In 1996, the G.I. Joe toy line was relaunched with the G.I. Joe Extreme series. Dark Horse Comics acquired the rights to publish comics based on the G.I. Joe Extreme property. The first series was a four-issue limited series written by Mike W. Barr and drawn by Tatsuya Ishida, which introduced the main characters. The ongoing G.I. Joe Extreme series that was launched afterward dropped the word "Extreme" from the title. The ongoing series lasted four issues before being canceled, although Dark Horse referred to the title as being on hiatus.

Benchpress Comics
In the spring of 1999, Benchpress Comics announced the acquisition of the rights to produce new G.I. Joe and Transformers comics. The G.I. Joe project was to have included Larry Hama as writer. Benchpress's initial plan was to release two G.I. Joe titles; one would feature a core cast of characters (similar to the Marvel Comics series), while the other would have featured a rotating cast (similar in style to the Special Missions title). For unknown reasons, negotiations over hiring Larry Hama stalled, and Benchpress went bankrupt, losing the license in the process. Larry Hama's series proposal and the three sample pages of the comic that were produced are available online.

G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (G.I. Joe Reinstated)
In July 2001, Devil's Due acquired the rights to G.I. Joe and released a four-issue limited series through Image Comics, written by Josh Blaylock with John Larter and Steve Kurth as the artists. The title quickly became known to the fans as A Real American Hero (vol. 2) (following from Marvel's original series), or G.I. Joe Reinstated (the title of the first four-issue arc). A comics convention special was released before the first issue. Strong sales on the limited series led to it being upgraded to an ongoing series, with the publication of a fifth issue and a monthly schedule.

The new series picked up seven years after the end of the Marvel Comics series, and also used elements from the animated TV series. Several older characters were featured in the title alongside several new recruits. Devil's Due later broke with Image Comics and took over the publishing of the book. The series ended with issue #43, and the introduction of a new enemy. Most G.I. Joe titles published by Devil's Due Publishing are available in both comic and trade paperback formats.

G.I. Joe: Battle Files gave profiles of the G.I. Joe and Cobra teams, as well as information on their vehicles. Battle Files was published between April and September 2002. A Sourcebook trade paperback was published in February 2003, which collected issues one through three with additional profiles added.

G.I. Joe: Frontline lasted eighteen issues, and featured a rotating creative team for every story. The stories explored what happened to G.I. Joe and Cobra concurrently with the main title's continuity, with the exception of the first arc. Larry Hama wrote Frontline's initial offering, "The Mission That Never Was", a four-part series set one month after the events of the Marvel series' issue #155.

There were two four-issue limited series titled G.I. Joe: Master and Apprentice, written by Brandon Jerwa. The first series was about how Snake Eyes met and trained his apprentice Kamakura, while the second series focused on Storm Shadow and his apprentice/lover Junko Akita.

A single digest titled Arashikage Showdown featured Snake Eyes, Storm Shadow, Jinx, Scarlett, Kamakura, T'Jbang, Nunchuk and Budo. The martial arts experts try to recover the secret scrolls of the Arashikage Ninja Clan, to which several of them belong. This book has been considered to be non-canon by fans, as it incorporates magical and fantasy elements not present in the main series.

G.I. Joe: America's Elite
G.I. Joe: America's Elite (officially entitled G.I. Joe Volume 2 on the inside cover), started with a "zero" issue, and picked up the story one year after the events of the last issue of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2). The series featured a darker tone and a smaller group of Joes than in Reinstated. The series started off with the president asking General Joseph Colton, the original G.I. Joe, to be the team's C.O., replacing General Hawk, who was paralyzed in the previous series. Character profiles were provided in the Data Desk Handbook, as well as in individual issues. Joe Casey wrote the first eighteen issues before editor Mike O'Sullivan wrote issues #19 and 20. Mark Powers and Mike Bear became the current writer and penciller on the book with #21. The twelve issue "World War III" story arc ran from issue #25 to #36. The series concluded in July 2008 with issue #36, after Devil's Due lost the G.I. Joe license.

An original one-shot titled Data Desk Handbook published files for G.I. Joe: America's Elite main characters at the launch of the series. The files are presented as computer entries written by General Joseph Colton. Several other files were later published in individual issues of America's Elite, Special Missions and several trade paperback volumes. An updated version in two issues (A-M and N-Z) was released in October and November 2007.

The one-shot issue The Hunt for Cobra Commander was set in the year between the Devil's Due A Real American Hero series and America's Elite series, and featured G.I. Joe team member Spirit.

Storm Shadow
Storm Shadow, written by Larry Hama, lasted seven issues and focused on former Cobra and G.I. Joe team member Storm Shadow. The series began in May 2007, and, while not bearing the "America's Elite" subtitle, the events occurred in the same time frame as the main series.

Special Missions
Special Missions was a series of one-shots featuring reservist Joes, and set in different parts of the world. The series bore the subtitle America's Elite.
 * Manhattan - This one-shot featured G.I. Joe reservists Beach Head, Cover Girl, Mercer, Low-Light and Tunnel Rat, on a special mission involving a bio-weapon threat in New York City.
 * Tokyo - This one-shot features the ninja Jinx and samurai Budo, with reservists Wild Bill, Gung Ho, Clutch and Rock N' Roll, who try to prevent a coup in Japan.
 * Antarctica - This one-shot features Snake Eyes, Stalker, Duke and Scarlett, as well as reservists Snow Job, Frostbite and Iceberg.
 * Brazil - This one-shot features characters that came with the 1986 G.I. Joe Special Missions Brazil Toys R Us exclusive boxed set, who go up against the Headman and his drug-dealing organization.
 * The Enemy - This one-shot contrasts the motivations of original G.I. Joe infantryman Grunt with those of an unnamed Cobra "Blueshirt" trooper, with a backup tale about the mission where Cobra forces abduct the Baroness' child.

Declassified
The various Declassified series and one-shots explore the origins of the characters, and are set before #1 of Marvel's G.I. Joe series.
 * Snake Eyes: Declassified - A six-issue limited series written by Brandon Jerwa and set before Marvel Comics' G.I. Joe #1, retelling and expanding the story of Snake Eyes.
 * Scarlett: Declassified - A double-sized one-shot issue telling the history of the character code-named Scarlett (Shana O'Hara), set between Snake Eyes Declassified and G.I. Joe Declassified.
 * G.I. Joe: Declassified - This series of three double-sized issues, written by Larry Hama, was released bi-monthly beginning in the Summer of 2006. The story is set between Scarlett Declassified and issue #1 of the original Marvel Comics series, telling the first missions of the original thirteen members of the team.
 * Dreadnoks: Declassified - A limited series of three double-sized issues written by Josh Blaylock, telling the complete origin story of Zartan, including how he gained his abilities.

Alternate universes
DDP also published comics in three alternate continuities.

G.I. Joe vs. the Transformers
G.I. Joe vs. the Transformers was a series of cross-productions with Dreamwave Productions, who, at the time of publication, held the license to create Transformers comics. Each studio released their own six-issue mini-series, which featured their own take on a crossover between the two franchises. Unlike previous efforts to bring the two properties together, the Devil's Due story takes place in an alternate present day, where Cobra, just rising to prominence, has uncovered the Ark. Cobra steals the Transformers found inside, such as Optimus Prime, Ironhide, and Ratchet, and adapt them into Cobra assault vehicles such as Cobra H.I.S.S. tanks. G.I. Joe is formed to stop Cobra, and receive unexpected help from Wheeljack and Bumblebee, who managed to avoid being taken by Cobra. A trade paperback collected all six issues in March 2004.

The second mini-series was a sequel to the first story. Cybertronian technology has augmented both G.I. Joe and Cobra's forces, who are still fighting each other. During a battle, an accident causes several Joes and members of Cobra to be accidentally transported to Cybertron. The backlash of the accident also pulls several Transformers to Earth, as well as scattering them through time. The Joes and Cobra must travel into the past and future, to retrieve the missing Autobots and Decepticons before the Earth is destroyed. This is complicated by the fact that most of Cybertron is under the control of the Decepticon Shockwave. A trade paperback collected all four issues in April 2005.

The third mini-series, entitled The Art of War, followed on from the second mini-series, using elements of the first. The new story focused on a re-imagined version of Serpentor, in this continuity a cyborg created from the DNA of great war leaders, and the mechanical components of Megatron. Inadvertently freed by a Cobra raid, Serpentor journeyed to Cybertron. Now Hawk, Grimlock and the other Autobots and Joes must stop him before he takes the Autobot Matrix of Leadership for himself. A trade paperback collected all five issues in August 2006.

A fourth mini-series consisting of two double-sized issues, entitled Black Horizon, was released in early 2007. After Hawk resigned from G.I. Joe in the wake of the events of "The Art of War", he formed a loose alliance with the Autobots to stop the spread of Cybertronian technology. However, a much bigger threat looms: the serpent cult Cobra-La and the dark god of the Transformers Unicron. Hawk, Flint, and Optimus Prime go the Himalayas to confront Cobra-La, and find a long lost hero: Joe Colton, the original G.I. Joe.

G.I. Joe: Reloaded
G.I. Joe: Reloaded was a fourteen-issue ongoing series published by Devil's Due which was set in an alternate universe, and featured a more realistic take on the G.I. Joe franchise. The ongoing series was preceded by the Cobra Reborn and G.I. Joe Reborn one-shots, which introduced the main characters and showed the formation of G.I. Joe and the Cobra Organization.

In this universe, Snake Eyes is Storm Shadow's half-brother and a former Cobra agent. Carla "Doc" Greer (an alternative version of the character Carl "Doc" Greer from the main continuity), is G.I. Joe's field medic, and Duke is an undercover Cobra agent who betrays the group. The series had no connection to the main comic series and was canceled after fourteen issues due to low sales. A trade paperback titled G.I. Joe: Reloaded - In The Name of Patriotism collected the first six issues in November 2004.

G.I. Joe: Sigma 6
G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 was a six-issue mini-series written for a younger audience, based on the toyline and animated TV series of the same name. While the series was out of continuity with the main comic universe, the characters are largely the same: Hawk is the commanding officer, Duke is the field leader, and there is a connection between the ninjas Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow. A trade paperback collected all six issues in October 2006.

IDW Publishing
After Devil's Due lost the G.I. Joe comics license in January 2008, the license was given to IDW Publishing, which was officially announced on May 29. IDW's G.I. Joe series is a complete reboot of the property, ignoring the continuity from the Marvel and Devil's Due incarnations of the comic. They will lose the right to publish G.I Joe comics by the end of 2022.

G.I. Joe
Issue #0 was released in October 2008, containing three stand-alone stories which acted as previews for the main G.I. Joe series, the G.I. Joe: Origins and G.I. Joe: Cobra spin-off mini-series. The #0 issue is followed by an ongoing monthly G.I. Joe series, written by Chuck Dixon, and drawn by Robert Atkins, which started in January 2009. After issue #27, the series was rebooted in April 2011 with a new #0.

G.I. Joe: Origins was an ongoing series that started in February 2009, and ended with issue #23 in January 2011. The first five issues, written by Larry Hama with art by Tom Feister and Mike Hawthorne, focus on the formation of the G.I. Joe team several years before the events of the main series. After this story arc, rotating creative teams - featuring creators such as JT Krul, Joe Benitez, Marc Andreyko and Ben Templesmith - took over the title to focus on origin and background tales of individual Joe and Cobra operatives.

G.I. Joe: Cobra, co-written by Christos Gage and Mike Costa and drawn by Antonio Fuso, was a four-issue mini-series that started in March 2009 and focused on the inner working of the Cobra Organization as viewed through the eyes of undercover G.I. Joe agent Chuckles. By the end of the series, Chuckles is forced to kill his handler, Jinx, and loses contact with his Joe superiors. A G.I. Joe Cobra II mini-series began in January 2010, picking up with General Hawk recruiting a new—also female and Japanese—soldier to recover Chuckles. It was later upgraded to an ongoing series that ended in February 2011 with issue #13. A new #1 was scheduled for May 2011.

G.I. Joe: Special is a series of one-shot issues focusing on different characters. So far, only a Helix Special was published in August 2009.

G.I. Joe: Cobra: Special is a series of one-shot issues focusing on different Cobra characters. So far, two issues were published: #1 was published in September 2009 focusing on the Crimson Twins and #2 focused on Chameleon.

G.I. Joe: Hearts & Minds is a five-issue limited series written by Max Brooks. Each issue includes two short stories, one on a member of G.I. Joe, one on a member of Cobra.

G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra

 * G.I. Joe Movie Prequel – A four-part limited series written by Chuck Dixon, acting as a prequel to the 2009 movie G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra. Published from March 2009 to June 2009, each issue featured a different character from the movie (Duke, Destro, The Baroness and Snake Eyes respectively).
 * G.I. Joe Movie Adaptation – A four-part limited series published in July 2009 and written by Chuck Dixon, adapting the 2009 movie.
 * G.I. Joe: Snake Eyes – A Snake Eyes solo limited series co-written by Ray Park (October 2009 - January 2010).
 * EA/Game Stop comic – A comic distributed through Game Stop retail stores that bridges the gap between the movie and the EA video game that followed.
 * G.I. Joe: Operation HISS – A five-issue limited series, serving as a sequel of sorts to the 2009 movie, that was published from February 2010 to June 2010. The first issue is a reprint of the EA/Game Stop comic.

G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero
The G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero series originally published by Marvel Comics in the 1980s and 1990s, was revived as an ongoing series in May 2010 with a special #155$1/2$ issue, released on Free Comic Book Day, and followed by #156 onward in July. Hasbro said it had no opinion on whether this made Devil's Due comics noncanonical: "We have no official stance on the Devil's Due material. It can be viewed as a continuation of the 80's continuity, or as an alternate universe that was inspired by the 80's continuity. Fans can read it according to their personal preference, but we are currently taking the brand in a direction that does not take the Devil's Due story into account."

Original writer Larry Hama resumed his role as writer, joined by artist Agustin Padilla for the first story arc and then S.L. Gallant, who was the regular artist until 2017. Veteran Joe artists Herb Trimpe, Rod Whigham and Ron Wagner have contributed cover art since the book's relaunch (with Wagner also providing interior art), as well as artists Ron Frenz and Sal Buscema (who also illustrated interiors of the 2012 annual), Antonio Fuso, Tommy Lee Edwards and John Royle. Other notable & recurring artists during this IDW revival series include Netho Diaz, Brian Shearer, Ron Joseph and Robert Atkins.

IDW reprints
IDW began printing trade paperback collections of the original Marvel Comics series starting in January 2009. The reprints, begun by Marvel Comics years earlier but abandoned with Volume 5, contain ten issues each retaining the originals in full color. The 5 Marvel volumes were also reprinted by IDW.

IDW also reprinted the entirety of the Devil's Due G.I. Joe run, under a "Disavowed" banner (acknowledging the non-canonical status of the DDP comics): 7 trade paperback collections of the original DDP series, as well as 6 collections of the America's Elite series.

Crossovers
In 2016, IDW published a crossover between Capcom's Street Fighter and G.I. Joe titled Street Fighter x G.I. Joe. It was written by Aubrey Sitterson with art by Emilio Laiso, and ran for six issues.

Hasbro Comics

 * Also see the Custom Comics section above

Minicomics
Sgt. Savage vs. Gen. Blitz - a two-part mini-comic released in 1994 as a tie-in to the Sgt. Savage and his Screaming Eagles illustrated by veteran Joe Kubert.

Marvel/Devil's Due Universe

 * Action Stars' Starduster mini-comics - Three out-of-continuity mini-comics packed in Action Stars cereals (1985) featuring original character Starduster.
 * Super Trooper - A two-page comic strip relating an adventure with character Super Trooper was available with action figures sold in 1988. This character was never used in the Marvel incarnation, but the story didn't contradict the Marvel continuity.
 * Battle Corps mini-comics - Four Larry Hama-written mini-comics sold with Battle Corps figures in 1992. While the stories don't contradict the Marvel continuity, they were never referenced in the Marvel incarnation.
 * Full size comic 2-packs - Twelve Larry Hama-written comics have been released in 2008. They loosely fit into the original Marvel-published continuity. These comics are sold packed with two figures each.

Reprints of Marvel and DDP stories
Hasbro has reprinted 24 Marvel-published comics, and one of Devil's Due's issues (vol 1., #16), was packaged with either three-packs of figures (featuring the original comic covers) or, later, two-packs (featuring homage cover artwork). Marvel issues #1, #14, #21, #24, #25, #30, #64, #86, and #115 were reprinted with homage cover, while issues #1-9, #21, #24, #26, #44, #49, #74-76, & #101, and Devil's Due #16, were reprinted with their original covers. Issue one was also reprinted with a convention-special cover in a repackaging of the issue #1 three-pack.

Resolute universe
Two issues have been released in 2009, based on the G.I. Joe Resolute cartoon and action figures. The first comic 2-packs contained Shockblast paired with Destro, and Tunnel Rat paired with Storm Shadow. Issue 3 Cold Comfort was never released. Issue 4 Who Owns the Night was available through Walmart.com upon order. Issue 5 Final Test was available as a download on Amazon.com upon order of the Resolute DVD. Issue 6 Splash-Bang was available as a mail-in on Amazon.com upon order. Note that issues 4 and 6 did not bare the Resolute subtitle on their covers. The entire series was written by Larry Hama.

Other universes
The Spy Troops, Valor vs. Venom, Ninja Battles and Sigma 6 storylines are considered part of the same universe, though some contradictions exist between the first three and Sigma 6.
 * Spy-Troops and Valor vs Venom - Ten mini-comics written by Larry Hama, one mini-comic written by Devil's Due. Hama's issues #7 and 8 were reprinted as a full size comic entitled "Dawn of the V-troops".
 * Ninja Battles - One full-size issue written by Devil's Due.
 * Sigma 6 mini-comic - An abbreviated version of Devils' Due Sigma 6 issue #1 was sold along with the Ninja paratrooper Snake Eyes toy.
 * Kung Fu Grip - Two issues written by Andrew Dabb ("Heavy Metal" and "A Ghost Story"), are available online on Hasbro's G.I. Joe website. The stories fall under the Sigma 6 line.

Tokyopop
In 2003, Tokyopop adapted the Spy Troops direct-to-DVD movie with G.I. Joe: Spy Troops Cine-Manga, by using screen captures from the animation and adding word balloons.

FP Comics
The G.I. Joe Collector's Club Comics released under the FP label are not set in any specific Joe universe:
 * Convention exclusives (main series) - In 2008, a G.I. Joe convention exclusive comic book was released. Written by Larry Hama, based on a story by David S. Lane, it featured the Joes' SWAT team against Gristle and the Headhunters. A second issue by Lane was released in 2009.
 * Direct-to-Cobra - A series consisting of two issues.

Panini Comics
Panini Comics released a six-issue series in the UK to tie in with the 2009 theatrical release of G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra. The title featured original 14-page comic strips.

Power Comics, Inc.
In March 2023, Power Comics, Inc. announces its partnership with Super Joe Unlimited to publish a Super Joe comic book (1977).

title: G.I. Joe (comics)


text:
Talk:Hong Kong Commercial Daily

Untitled
I have phoned the Hong Kong Commercial Daily, and the person in charge told me that Ma Lik is no longer connected to the Daily because he is now the Chairman of DAB. Also, he told me that the Head of Commercial Daily is called Wong Yeung Leuk. Apart from that, the person in charge said that they just publish newspaper but no monthly magazines, we have to check carefully.

Please save our page!
My dear colleagues,

I know there's loads about HK Commercial Daily you can mention, but please make sure you write them in a precise (with references) and concise (avoid any clumsiness and repetition in sentences) way. Please cite the sources you have used under section "notes and references" and try to make our page more academic and profeesional. And if there is something not very related to the newspaper we're researching, please don't mention it in the wikipedia. Then I think we can save our page from being cleaned up by the wikipedia's editor.

TONGck

Bingo! That's why I previously removed the name of the monthly magazine. And I think we should double check the link posted to see if they really link to what it is supposed to be.

Leeyy

The "Critics" repeats much of the information that is mentioned in "Perception". It is just too clumsy. I think "Critics" and "Perception" can somehow be combined into one. And one more thing, I really appreciation combining "Intellectual serials" and "Books" into "Publication". It is a better way of arranging the ideas!

WORK HARD, COLLEAGUES~^^

Leeyy

State the right editor!
My dear colleagues,

please also note that if any one of you have made a phone call to the newspaper concerning the editor of the paper, please verify your source. So does it mean both Ma Lik and Mr Cheng are no longer the editors? We have to work on this to make sure our information is reliable and 'true'.

Hope we can rescue our page.

TONGck

I have phoned the HK Commercial Daily, just Ma Lik is no longer the editor of the daily!

WAIys

Problems in "perception" section.
The diagram in the 'perception' section is far too big and the first few sentences sounds irrelevant to our topic on HK commercial daily. Please kindly cite and attribute the diagram obtained in 'notes and references'. And the "preception" section should not be set as a seperate section, as it's far too minor and doesn't help us to understand the newspaper better. I suggest we should put it in "Reflection", which will be a section on how people think about the paper.

Please try our best to save our page!

TONGck

I also agree with TONGck that the perception section is too minor. I think that it is a bit inappropriate to have a separate section for the content. How people think about the paper is not neutral enough to be mentioned here. We should keep our page a neutral point of view.

LIUch

Hong Kong Commercial Daily

 * The diagram in the perception section is too small to see.
 * “It is being reviewed and considered as pro-Chinese by the public as seen from the graph.” – remember the wiki is being read from people from around the world. “Pro-Chinese” makes no sense to people outside of HK, you must explain your terms, but also take into account that the entry needs to be NPOV – thus you should balance this point of view with others.
 * See more comments at WebCT discussion section0101TA 17:01, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

POV & introduction

 * the introduction is way too long, methinks. most other pages' intro are much shorter. 2nd, the POV is hardly neutral (e.g. the use of the word "favourite"); you can say it's in the top ten best-selling papers, but you shouldn't say it's the HK people's favourite because that's opinion and not fact.--little Alex 10:16, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Introduction
The introduction part is being cut short. Wordings are changed to maintain NVOP

0101WAIys

Relieve but work hard still.
My dear colleagues,

Have you realised our page has been removed from the cleaned-up list, which is the best news for all of us who have been trying our best to work on this page, so well done all of us!

So at this stage, we are eventually on the right track to keep our sections and sentences as precise, concise and clear as possible. And as some other have commented, we have to watch out for wordings to retain NPOV.

Keep up our hard work!!

TONGck

Translation of chinese titles
Dear colleagues, I think we need to translate some terms into English since this is an English webpage!

Cheers, WAIys

still clean-up???
Dear colleagues,

I really don't see the point why the wiki's editor would clean-up our page, when I have gone through and edited our page really carefully. Our page is more or less in average when compared to other classmates' work.

Could those who want to clean-up our page to state his/her reasons? Please show up and comment.

0101TONGck

Work Hard together!

 * Dear colleagues,

Maybe the editor wants us to create a perfect page, so what we can do now is to try our best to work on our site.

Regards, WAIys

 * there's no such thing as a perfect page, but whenever I do read this page, it feels more like the newspaper's website, with their press releases, etc. (it feels all "see, we've done this! look, we've done that!") so unless you're working for the newspaper, please present the material in a more...neutral, perhaps even critical perspective (i.e. start off as if you're critiquing the newspaper and then edit out the too negative parts instead of starting off thinking to "praise" the newspaper and then add in the neutral/critical parts). also, please use only its logo as the heading picture (please refer to the other newspapers). of course, this is only imho. --little Alex 14:45, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Perception section
You should do an external link to the "survey and questionaire" so readers can go directly to see the original sources. You also need to indicate the study is done only in Chinese and this is your English summary of it. It also means you need to explain your terms, including translating the graph (remember this is an English speaking audience) they can't read Chinese, and they don't know what is the difference between Pro-Chinese and Pro-Hong Kong. To be fair, you should also talk about the limitations of the study. 0101TA 11:23, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Chairman of the Board of Directors
Dear colleagues,

I am sorry that I have deleted the Chairman part as I stated last week, I phoned the Hong Kong Commercial Daily, the person told me the Chairman and CEO is another person.

So, in order to confirm the accuracy of this piece of information, I phoned the Hong Kong Commercial Daily today again! The Public Relations Department of the daily even asked me for the link of this wikipedia page, and told me what kind of information is incorrect. The person-in-charge of the PR department is Ms Tsoi and she confirms that Mr Li Jo Jat no longer has connection with the Daily.

Let's work hard together to make our page a perfect page. The deletion is just a reason to achieve our goal and our contributions and efforts are shown in the history.

Cheers, WAIys

Introduction
Dear colleagues,

The content titles mentioned in the intro were re-located to content part by me because I think we should keep the intro part brief. But, by the way, is  an additional title publicated in the newspaper every Wed or just a supplementary brochure enclosed? I just want to know where it should be put.

Regards, LEEyy

minor changes
i know its late dear groupmates but i have discovered some discrepancies. 1. the links in the content part are not working properly. 2. the ranking of 4.9 should be explained....4.9 out of what? 3. how come that after horserace reports were forbidden, they are in the paper again 4. i dont think we should divide the history section, since the parts only contain of 1 sentence. if we want to divide it, then it should just he "history" and "hkcd today". thanks,

0101WALTHERa

Current problems
I consider these to be the main current problems with the page:

 * It reads like it was written by the marketing department and IMO is verging on advertising. As such, it's less encyclopaedic than is desirable
 * It badly needs copyediting to fix some grammatical errors
 * I think it has far too many sections. We don't need to know about every section of the paper in minute detail
 * I don't think we need to drop the address. I've never seen another article with an address in it. If people want to contact the paper then they can visit the web site and obtain the address from there

I think that's it for now.

chowells 16:09, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Another thing. The image showing "readership research". I don't understand what on earth it's meant to mean. I think it needs an explanation or to be got rid of. chowells 16:13, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Are you too subjective?
Dear Sir/Madam,

Do you think that you are too subjective? First of all, why is it like written by Advertising department? This is a page containing the information of Hong Kong Commercial Daily, of course, it will include History part, its CEO, Editor. Also, the features of the newspaper should be of interest to readers. For the readership part, readers finding information of the Daily may also want to know the target reader groups and the perception by readers toward the Daily. Are there any problems?

Apart from that, I suggest you browse through more websites, the contact details always contain the address. What is the problem of including the address part in the contact section? Without placing an address, how do readers contact the Daily?

As for the different sub-sections, it will be easier for readers to read. There's no problem with that.

Angelachan

 * yes, most company website do have the company address, etc.; however, this *isn't* the HKCD's website. if people want to contact the HKCD, they should go to the HKCD website. the wikipedia's job, technically speaking, isn't to provide the wikipedia users a way to contact the HKCD (and if you must, most wikipedia pages usually just give the official website; we *are* a web project, after all). Its job is to briefly explain what in the world the HKCD is. I keep feeling like you're working for the HKCD; are you? there's a certain way people try to present info on the wikipedia; have you tried reading the other wikipedia pages to see how the info is generally presented? why don't you try reading the wikipedia page on the New York Times, see what info is presented there and try to do a comparison? --little Alex 17:28, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hong Kong Commercial Daily


text:
Christmas Evans

Christmas Evans (25 December 1766 – 19 July 1838) was a Welsh nonconformist minister, who, according to D. M. Lloyd-Jones, was "the greatest preacher that the Baptists have ever had in Great Britain."

Life
Evans was born near the village of Llandysul, Cardiganshire. His father, a shoemaker, died early, and the boy grew up as an illiterate farm labourer. At the age of seventeen, he became the servant of a Presbyterian minister, David Davies. Under the influence of a contemporary religious revival, he learned to read and write in English and Welsh. The itinerant Calvinistic Methodist preachers and the members of the Baptist church at Llandyssul further influenced him, and he soon joined the latter denomination.

In 1789 he went into North Wales as a preacher and settled for two years on the remote Llŷn Peninsula, Caernarfonshire, from where he moved to Llangefni in Anglesey. Here, on a stipend of £17 a year, supplemented by the selling of tracts, he built up a strong Baptist community, modelling his organization to some extent on that of the Calvinistic Methodists. Many new chapels were built, the money being collected on preaching tours which Evans undertook in South Wales. In 1826 Evans accepted an invitation from a congregation at Caerphilly, where he remained for two years, moving on from there in 1828 to Cardiff. In 1832, in response to urgent calls from the north, he settled in Caernarfon and again undertook the old work of building and collecting. He was also noted to have sermons in the village of Llantwit Major. He was taken ill on a tour in South Wales, in 1838, and died at Swansea.

In spite of his early disadvantages and personal disfigurement (he had lost an eye in a youthful brawl), Evans was a remarkably powerful preacher that was said to have been 7 feet tall. To a natural aptitude for this calling he united a nimble mind and an inquiring spirit; his character was simple, his piety humble and his faith fervently evangelical. For a time he came under Sandemanian influence, and when the Wesleyans entered Wales he took the Calvinist side in the bitter controversies that were frequent between 1800 and 1810. His chief characteristic was a vivid and affluent imagination, which absorbed and controlled his other abilities, and earned for him the name "The Bunyan of Wales". His sermons are entirely free from sectarianism, being intended merely to enlighten the understanding and warm the heart, and therefore well adapted to Christians in general.

In 1909 a seven volume work compiled by Grenville Kleiser entitled 'The World's Great Sermons' included Evans' famous graveyard sermon 'The World As A Graveyard' and was the only sermon in the collection by a Welsh preacher and one of the few by a Baptist.

Death and legacy
He died in 1838, at the house of Daniel Davies (1797-1876) at Swansea, while on a preaching tour in South Wales, and was buried in the grounds of Swansea's Bethesda Chapel. His funeral was one of the largest ever attended in the country. It is believed to bring good luck if you kiss the headstone of Christmas Evans, making it the Swansea version of the Blarney Stone.

Evans was described by D. M. Lloyd-Jones as "the greatest preacher that the Baptists have ever had in Great Britain".

Works
His works were edited by Owen Davies, in three volumes, and were published in Caernarvon between 1895 and 1897.

title: Christmas Evans


text:
User talk:Kevin Maloney

Pages I'm Involved With

 * Bloodstain pattern analysis
 * International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts
 * International Association for Identification
 * Scientific Working Group
 * Scientific Working Group - Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

BPA
I happened to notice the bloody articles you have written. Would you please take a good look at blood pattern analysis at crime scenes (with my comments in the talk page and User talk:Louis L. Akin, LPI). Or did you do this edit? It is something of a vanity / self-promotion article by Louis Akin (though in fact it was I who added the external link). At present it is what I call an insult to Wikipedia. It is more or less the same article that he posts wherever he can on the web, with very little customisation for Wikipedia. In particluar it includes references to Figs that he has not uploaded. (He may have been going to upload them but was frightened off when I pointed out the ownership of articles policy. He cannot really complain if we take the pictures from this PDF and upload them here!) -- RHaworth 13:43, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Material appears to be original author's work. There doesn't appear to be a copy vio. Kevin Maloney 00:31, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:BPA_Ellipse_4.jpg
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If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion.

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have any concerns, contact the bot's owner: Carnildo. 06:27, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Done.  Kevin Maloney 16:24, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of File:BPA Origin.gif

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title: User talk:Kevin Maloney


text:
Bōkun Habanero

Bōkun Habanero is the brand name of a Japanese snack food. The name means "Tyrant Habanero", a reference to the habanero pepper, which is one of the world's hottest chili peppers. Its name derives from a play on words linking "habanero" with "Tyrant Nero".

The snack consists of potato rings, and is moderately spicy by Japanese standards.

The package features the brand mascot, Tyrant Habanero, a chili pepper with an evil or maniacal grin. The bebiita version features his younger sister, and the bebinero version features a younger version of the regular character.

Each 55g packet contains 297.3 calories.

Cultural references
Bōkun Habanero is the focus of a popular Japanese internet meme that started on the popular Japanese internet Bulletin board system Futaba Channel. The meme revolves around an anthropomorphic caricature based on Bōkun Habanero and its mascot. The caricature, Habanero-tan, is a young, naive girl in a red dress who resembles the personification of an habanero pepper.

title: Bōkun Habanero


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Syncretist Movement

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 10:59, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Syncretist Movement
Entirely non-notable and possibly non-existent literary movement which I suspect of being vanity advertising for the writers involved. Google hits for Syncretist Movement as a literary, as opposed to religious, movement seem to all derive from this article. No references are provided to enable verification. One of the authors added large claims for this movement to Poetry earlier today, which is how I ended up here. Filiocht | The kettle's on 13:46, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep Google for Syncretism rather than Syncretist Movement. Try adding some authors such as Derrida.  There's thousands of hits in French alone e.g     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  14:23, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * None of which has anything to do with G. Michael Palmer, Ian Meares, Jimmy Nil Fishhawk and Stephen Dare who are, apparently, the movement's leaders and whose vanity project I suspect this and related pages to be. Try Googling for any of these names + Syncretism. Maybe they should all be listed here. Filiocht | The kettle's on
 * OK I was reading Syncretist Movement as just a potential redirect to Syncretism rather than an attempt to set it up as a distinct movement in its own right with the above as leaders.  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  14:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not a major movement, and any number of inappropriate edits have been made on behalf of the four people mentioned in that article.  I just reverted Michael Palmer, an article on a major poet which had been rewritten to be about the G. Michael Palmer mentioned in the Synretic Movement article.  Wikipedia is not a space for advertising.  Chick Bowen 19:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as unverifiable, unless references are provided. Paul August ☎ 20:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn as a movement in its own right. Maybe just redirect it to Syncretism which is what anyone searching on this probably really wants? Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  22:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think a redirect is necessary, Dlyons. No one would call Syncretism a "movement," and the adjective is syncretic anyway.  Chick Bowen 04:18, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't feel strongly about this either way - one could read Syncretist as a noun in apposition which is what I mentally did when reading the article first.   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   10:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity article. Andrew pmk | Talk 00:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: does anyone else feel that the four "leaders" should have their articles listed too? Filiocht | The kettle's on 07:15, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thought about that: G. Michael Palmer has an anon doing inappropriate things with the Michael Palmer page but it is an anon user. Jimmy Nil Fishhawk seemed pretty nn to me but hardly seemed worth trying to get through an Afd.  No evidence of a conspiracy by them.  So on balance I think just get rid of this.     Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   10:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The anon you mention might be a sock of Ninodeluz. Possible.  Chick Bowen 19:43, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Vai language

The Vai language, also called Vy or Gallinas, is a Mande language spoken by the Vai people, roughly 104,000 in Liberia, and by smaller populations, some 15,500, in Sierra Leone.

Writing system
Vai is noteworthy for being one of the few African languages to have a writing system that is not based on the Latin or Arabic script. This Vai script is a syllabary invented by Momolu Duwalu Bukele around 1833, although dates as early as 1815 have been alleged. The existence of Vai was reported in 1834 by American missionaries in the Missionary Herald of the ABCFM and independently by Rev. Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle, a Sierra Leone agent of the Church Missionary Society of London.

The Vai script was used to print the New Testament in the Vai language, dedicated in 2003.

Phonology
Vai is a tonal language and has 11 vowels and 31 consonants, which are tabulated below.

Consonants
and occur only in recent loanwords.

Sample text
The following is a sample text in Vai of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Vai: "ꕉꕜꕮ ꔔꘋ ꖸ ꔰ ꗋꘋ ꕮꕨ ꔔꘋ ꖸ ꕎ ꕉꖸꕊ ꕴꖃ ꕃꔤꘂ ꗱ, ꕉꖷ ꗪꗡ ꔻꔤ ꗏꗒꗡ ꕎ ꗪ ꕉꖸꕊ ꖏꕎ. ꕉꕡ ꖏ ꗳꕮꕊ ꗏ ꕪ ꗓ ꕉꖷ ꕉꖸ ꕘꕞ ꗪ. ꖏꖷ ꕉꖸꔧ ꖏ ꖸ ꕚꕌꘂ ꗷꔤ ꕞ ꘃꖷ ꘉꔧ ꗠꖻ ꕞ ꖴꘋ ꔳꕩ ꕉꖸ ꗳ."

IPA:

English original: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

title: Vai language


text:
Nera (Danube)

The Nera (Nera; Нера; Néra) is a 124 km river running through Romania and Serbia. It is a left tributary of the Danube, which it joins near Banatska Palanka. Its length is 143 km and its basin size is 1380 km2 (Black Sea drainage basin). The Nera is not navigable.

Romania
The Nera rises in the Semenic mountains, the easternmost part of the Banat region, south of the city of Reșița, in the Caraș-Severin County of Romania. Its source is near the mountain resort Semenic, from where it flows south. Its uppermost part, upstream from the confluence with the Nerganița, is also called Nergana. Reaching the village of Borlovenii Vechi, the Nera turns southwest, flowing between the Semenic and Banat Mountains. In this section, the Nera receives its left tributary, the Rudăria, and passes next to many villages (Prilipeț, Dalboșeț, Moceriș), until it reaches Șopotu-Nou, where it sharply turns to the northwest, still curving around the Semenic mountains. In the following section of about 26 km, Nera is cutting its way between the Aninei Mountains and Locvei Mountains, creating one of the most spectacular and longest gorges in Romania. The 36.758 ha Nera Gorge-Beușnița National Park natural reserve it's nested in this wild section of the river.

Coming out of the mountains, it passes next to the villages of Sasca Română, Sasca Montana, Slatina Nera, Bogodinti and Naidăș, at which point it becomes the border between Romania and Serbia for the remaining 27 km.

Border River
In the border section, the Nera flows through the depression of Bela Crkva (Belocrkvanska kotlina; Cyrillic: Белоцркванска котлина), and settlements on the Romanian side include Lescovița, Zlatița and Socol, while on the Serbian side there is only one village on the river itself, Kusić, with several settlements in the vicinity of the river: Kaluđerovo, the town of Bela Crkva, Vračev Gaj and Banatska Palanka. At Vračev Gaj the river turns south and empties into the Danube near the village of Stara Palanka.

In the final section, the Nera is 20 to 40 m wide with varying depths, and as the riverbed is made mostly of gravel, it spills over in series of limans, filled with murky waters. The mouth itself is a popular fishing spot.

Lake Đerdap
After the filling of the artificial Lake Đerdap, as a result of the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station which was finished in 1972, the mouth of the river into the Danube was flooded. In order to allow the optimal electricity production, the water level of the Nera at the mouth should not go below 68 m, while it must not exceed it if the flooding of the banks is to be avoided. Since the mid-1990s, there are significant problems in fixing the river's level, as the process is costly and complicated. In 2018, representatives of Romania and Serbia signed an agreement to solve the problem.

Settlements located near the river
In Romania: Prigor, Bozovici, Dalboșeț, Șopotu Nou, Sasca Montană, Naidăș, Socol

In Serbia: Kusić, Bela Crkva, Vračev Gaj, Banatska Palanka, Stara Palanka

Tributaries
The following are tributaries of the Nera (from source to mouth):

Left: Nerganița, Prigor, Rudăria, Bănia, Gârbovăț, Șopot, Bârz, Boinița, Răchita, Ogașu Mare, Haimeliug, Ogașu Porcului, Ulmu Mare, Ogașu Porcariului, Șușara, Fântâna Seacă, Micoș, Pârloagele

Right: Beg, Coșava, Hielișag, Pătășel, Miniș, Agriș, Lăpușnic, Oreștica, Moceriș, Ducin, Bresnic, Ogașu Alunilor, Radovanu, Valea Rea, Padina Seacă, Lindina, Beu, Năidășel

title: Nera (Danube)


text:
User:Templar2

....

title: User:Templar2


text:
User talk:Templar2

.

title: User talk:Templar2


text:
XCal

xCal is an XML representation of the iCalendar standard. xCal is not an alternative nor next generation of iCalendar. xCal represents iCalendar components, properties and parameters as defined in iCalendar.

This format was selected to ease its translation back to the iCalendar format using an XSLT transform.

Compatible software
The XML format of xCal lends itself to XML tools like Apache Cocoon, and allows for a server to deliver xCal, which is then transformed by a browser or other client using XSLT.

title: XCal


text:
Talk:Interrupt vector table

Regarding this article's relevance, and merging other articles' content
The entire text for an existing article at this location had been removed and replaced with a redirect to the "Interrupt Descriptor Table" article, which is descriptive specifically of the x86 implementation of this concept. This is a concept that applies to multiple processor architectures, and therefore, should have a generalized article. Information regarding specific implementations of this concept should be placed into sub-sections of the generalized article 75.84.15.136 (talk) 01:50, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

They're called interrupt vector tables on Intel. Leave well enough alone and don't apply the typical Wikipedia skew.

Interrupt vector vs interrupt vector table
The lead says "An entry in the interrupt vector is the address of the interrupt handler." Shouldn't this read interrupt vector table? MaigoAkisame (talk) 13:16, 2 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Interrupt vector table


text:
Rodovia José Magalhães Teixeira

The Rodovia José Magalhães Teixeira (official designation SP-083) is the Campinas Beltway (in Portuguese: Anel Viário de Campinas), a ring of high-speed highways surrounding the city of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The Campinas Beltway is the Northern vertex of the Macrometropolitan Highway System of Greater São Paulo and one of the few complete metropolitan beltways in the country. It is an extensive structure, which directly interconnects 6 large double-lane highways to all quadrants of the state. Furthermore, it is superdimensioned, i.e., it has enough capacity to accommodate huge traffic loads without getting congested, even in peak hours.

It is also known as Rodovia do Contorno and it is maintained by Rota das Bandeiras.

The beltway itself is formed by a short (12 km) connection between the highways Rodovia Anhanguera and Rodovia Dom Pedro I (East Segment), and those highways (West and North Segments, respectively). They encircle the urban core of Campinas, with a total length of 42 km.

As of 2015, it is anticipated there will be an expansion of the beltway, thus forming the South Segment. It has 6 km of extension and will connect directly with Rodovia dos Bandeirantes, Rodovia Santos Dumont, Rodovia Miguel Melhado Campos and also with the Viracopos International Airport. This expansion will be completed in 2017, but the first section (between Rodovia Anhanguera and Rodovia dos Bandeirantes) was inaugurated in 2015. The West Segment will be formed by Rodovia dos Bandeirantes and Rodovia Adalberto Panzan. This way, the beltway will have 18 km of length.

The highways directly connected to the Campinas hub are:

 * SP-340: Rodovia Adhemar de Barros to Mogi Guaçu, Moji-Mirim, Aguaí, Casa Branca and Mococa.
 * SP-330: Rodovia Anhanguera, from São Paulo City, Jundiaí, Louveira, Vinhedo and Valinhos to Sumaré, Americana, Limeira, Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, Porto Ferreira, Cravinhos, Ribeirão Preto, Orlândia, São Joaquim da Barra and Ituverava.
 * SP-348: Rodovia dos Bandeirantes, from São Paulo City to Campinas and there to Hortolândia, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and Cordeirópolis, connecting to Rodovia Washington Luís.
 * SP-065: Rodovia Dom Pedro I to Valinhos, Itatiba, Atibaia, Nazaré Paulista and Jacareí, connecting to Rodovia Presidente Dutra.
 * SP-075: Rodovia Santos Dumont to Indaiatuba, Salto, Itu and Sorocaba, connecting to Rodovia Castelo Branco and Rodovia Raposo Tavares.
 * SP-332: Rodovia General Milton Tavares de Souza to Paulínia.
 * SP-101: Rodovia Francisco Aguirre Proença to Hortolândia and Monte Mor and thence to Capivari and Rafard

Less than 60 km from the hub, other important highways can be reached via high speed double-lane accesses from Campinas:
 * SP-306: Rodovia Luiz de Queiroz, to Piracicaba.
 * SP-310: Rodovia Washington Luís, to Rio Claro, São Carlos, Araraquara, Catanduva, São José do Rio Preto and Mirassol, connecting to the Rodovia Transbrasiliana.
 * BR-381: Rodovia Fernão Dias, to the state of Minas Gerais and Belo Horizonte.

Through São Paulo City, the Campinas Beltway connects to the Southern vertex of the Macrometropolitan Ring of Sâo Paulo, to highways Rodovia dos Imigrantes, Rodovia Anchieta and Rodovia Régis Bittencourt.

The greatest part of the Campinas Beltway runs inside the urban zone (i.e., there are several highly populated sections of the cities of Campinas and Valinhos on the outside of the ring), thus its traffic is quite high. The highways which are part of it are now for all practical purposes used like urban avenues, with dozens of points of entrance, bridgeworks, viaducts, vicinal roads and streets, etc. The segments which comprise the ring are not tolled, due to a prohibition by the municipality of Campinas.

The region surrounding the beltway has one of the highest rates of urban growth and development in the city. Many high-technology companies have established their factories and offices alongside the Ring's highways, such as Lucent and Samsung. The majority of the city's shopping malls are also located along the Ring, such as the Dom Pedro, Campinas Outlet, Galleria and Iguatemi malls. In addition, the Ring's Northern and Eastern sections have witnessed a large and fast growth of luxury horizontal condominia, such as Alphaville and Gramado.

The structure is so named in honour of deceased, twice mayor of Campinas, Dr. José Roberto Magalhães Teixeira.

title: Rodovia José Magalhães Teixeira


text:
Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare

The Mexican Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare (Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social, STPS) is a Federal Government Department in charge of all social health services in the Mexican Republic. The Secretary is a member of the federal executive cabinet. In addition to the legal Executive Cabinet there are other Cabinet-level administration offices that report directly to the President of the Republic, and the Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare is appointed by the President of Mexico.
 * Supervises the implementation of the regulations in Article 123 concerning labor.
 * Attempts to achieve a balance between production factors, in keeping with the appropriate legal regulations.

title: Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare


text:
José Mari (footballer, born 1978)

José María Romero Poyón (born 10 December 1978), known as José Mari, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a forward.

He amassed La Liga totals of 270 matches and 49 goals over eleven seasons, mainly with Atlético Madrid – for which he signed at the age of 18 from Sevilla, going on to score 34 times in 144 appearances – and Villarreal (four years apiece). He also played professionally in Italy for AC Milan.

José Mari was a Spanish international in the 2000s.

Club career
José Mari was born in Seville, Andalusia. After growing through the ranks of local Sevilla (first appearing with the main squad aged just 18, in a 2–0 defeat at Rayo Vallecano on 5 March 1997, and making 21 La Liga appearances with seven goals during that season, as his team was finally relegated), he signed with Atlético Madrid.

At Atlético, José Mari totalled 18 league goals in his first two seasons. Highlights included scoring at both home and away wins over Real Madrid in 1999 (separate seasons, both by 3–1); these happened to be Atlético's only competitive victories in the Madrid derby in a span covering almost 20 years.

José Mari failed to settle in Italy after a €19 million move to AC Milan in January 2000 – Atlético were relegated at the end of the campaign – and was subsequently loaned to the Colchoneros for 2002–03, their first back in the top flight after a two-year absence. His second spell there was less successful, with the high point being a hat-trick in a 3–3 home draw against Athletic Bilbao on 10 November 2002.

José Mari agreed to a deal at Villarreal in the summer of 2003, for an undisclosed fee. He went on to play a key role in that year's UEFA Intertoto Cup triumph, and the side's best-ever league finish (third in 2004–05, with four goals in 30 matches).

In 2007, after falling out of favour at Villarreal with the arrival of Giuseppe Rossi and the recovery of longtime injury absentee Nihat Kahveci, José Mari returned to Seville, joining Real Betis on a one-year deal. He scored his first goal for his new club more than a year after his arrival, on 24 September 2008, in a 3–2 away loss to Barcelona; despite still having a contract running until June 2010, he was released in late December and, the following month, moved to Segunda División with Gimnàstic de Tarragona.

In June 2010, after one and a half seasons of regular playing time, with six league goals in his last year, José Mari became a free agent and was released. The following month, the 31-year-old signed for Xerez, recently relegated to the second tier. He netted a career-best 17 times in his first season – 33 games, all starts – helping his team to the eighth position.

International career
José Mari represented Spain on four occasions, in a two-year span. His debut came on 25 April 2001 as he played the second half of a 1–0 friendly win over Japan, in Córdoba.

Previously, José Mari was a member of the national squad which won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He scored three goals during the competition.

Post-retirement
After retiring, José Mari began practicing bodybuilding.

Career statistics

 * Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each José Mari goal.

Honours
Villarreal
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2003, 2004

Spain U23
 * Summer Olympic silver medal: 2000

title: José Mari (footballer, born 1978)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FOSE

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 23:52, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

FOSE
Delete. Non-notable wikispam. — Fingers-of-Pyrex 13:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: we appear to have launched this thing on the Internet. Filiocht | The kettle's on 14:02, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --Apyule 07:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FOSE


text:
Tohato

Tohato Inc. (株式会社東ハト) is a Japanese food company that specializes in snack food. They are known for their variety of the caramel corn snack, manufactured since 1971.

Company history
In March 2003, Tohato applied for court protection from creditors after the failed operation of a golf course started during the asset-inflated bubble period. Following that, Unison Capital and Bandai acquired Tohato's confectionary business and set up a new company under the name of Tohato to turn its operations around.

Advertisement campaign
Tohato launched two new snacks brands, "Tyrant Habanero Burning Hell Hot" and "Satan Jorquia Bazooka Deadly Hot" in 2007 in an engagement marketing campaign, by combining multiplayer online gaming with advertising on a mobile phone. Customers were encouraged to join nightly battles at 4AM in a virtual game, on behalf of either snack brand, to determine the winner of the "World's Worst War". The campaign was designed by Japanese ad agency Hakuhodo and won the Yellow Pencil award at the annual D&AD advertising awards ceremony where mobile ads were recognized for the first time in May 2008.

Products

 * All Raisin
 * Beano
 * Bōkun Habanero
 * Caramel corn
 * ふわ丸 (Fuwamaru) Ninja snack
 * Harvest
 * Poteco
 * Chokobi (チョコビ)

title: Tohato


text:
Potassium metabisulfite

Potassium metabisulfite, K2S2O5, also known as potassium pyrosulfite, is a white crystalline powder with a pungent odour. It is mainly used as an antioxidant or chemical sterilant. As a disulfite, it is chemically very similar to sodium metabisulfite, with which it is sometimes used interchangeably. Potassium metabisulfite has a monoclinic crystal structure.

Preparation and reactions
Potassium metabisulfite can be prepared by treating a solution of potassium hydroxide with sulfur dioxide.
 * 2 SO2 +  2 KOH  →  K2S2O5  +  H2O

It decomposes at 190 °C, yielding potassium sulfite and sulfur dioxide:
 * K2S2O5 → K2SO3 + SO2

Uses
It is used as a food additive, also known as E224. It is restricted in use and may cause allergic reactions in some sensitive persons.

Wine
Potassium metabisulfite is a common wine or must additive, in which it forms sulfur dioxide (SO2). Sulfur dioxide is a disinfectant. It also acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting both the color and delicate flavors of wine.

A high dose would be 3 grams of potassium metabisulfite per six-gallon bucket of must or around 132 milligrams per liter (yielding roughly 75 ppm of SO2) prior to fermentation; then 6 grams per six-gallon bucket (150 ppm of SO2) at bottling. Some countries regulate the SO2 content of wines.

Winemaking equipment is sanitized by spraying with a 1% SO2 (2 tsp potassium metabisulfite per L) solution.

Beer
Potassium metabisulfite is sometimes used in the brewing industry to inhibit the growth of wild bacteria and fungi. This step is called 'stabilizing'. It is also used to neutralize monochloramine from tap water. It is used both by homebrewers and commercial brewers alike. It is not used as much for brewing beer, because the wort is almost always boiled, which kills most microorganisms.

Other uses

 * Potassium metabisulfite is sometimes added to lemon juice as a preservative.
 * Potassium metabisulfite is used in the textile industry for dyeing and cotton printing.
 * Potassium metabisulfite is sometimes used to precipitate gold from solution in aqua regia (as an alternative to sodium sulfite).
 * It is a component of certain photographic developers and solutions used in photographic processing, keeping active developing species from contact with oxygen.
 * It is used as a bleaching agent in the production of coconut cream.
 * It is used in some pickles as a preservative.
 * It is used in tint etching iron-based metal samples for microstructural analysis.
 * It is used in aam papad as a preservative.

title: Potassium metabisulfite


text:
Thomas Gee

Thomas Gee (24 January 1815 – 28 September 1898), was a Welsh Nonconformist preacher, journalist and publisher.

Gee was born in Denbigh, Wales. At the age of fourteen he went into his father's printing office, Gwasg Gee, but continued to attend the grammar school in the afternoons.

In 1837 he went to London to improve his knowledge of printing, and on his return to Wales in the following year, he threw himself into literary, educational and religious work. Among his publications were the well-known quarterly magazine Y Traethodydd ("The Essayist"), Y Gwyddoniadur Cymreig ("Encyclopaedia Cambrensis"), and Dr. Silvan Evans; English-Welsh Dictionary (1868), but his greatest achievement in this field was the newspaper Baner Cymru ("The Banner of Wales"), founded in 1857 and amalgamated with Yr Amserau ("The Times") two years later as Baner ac Amserau Cymru.

This paper soon became regarded as an oracle in Wales, and played a great part in promoting the nationalist and home rule movement in the country. In educational matters he waged a long and successful struggle on behalf of undenominational schools and for the establishment of the intermediate school system. He was an enthusiastic advocate of church disestablishment, and had a historic newspaper duel with John Owen (afterwards Bishop of St David's) on this question. The Eisteddfod found in him a thorough friend and a wise counsellor. His commanding presence, mastery of diction, and resonant voice made him an effective platform speaker. He was ordained to the Calvinistic Methodist ministry, at Bala in 1847, and gave his time and talents ungrudgingly to Sunday school and temperance work. Throughout his life he believed in the itinerant unpaid ministry rather than in the settled pastorate.

In 1886 he founded the Welsh Land League to campaign for the rights of tenants.

Gee attended the founding meeting of the Welsh National Liberal Council in August 1898, and was elected as the organisation's president. He died in September, and his funeral was at the time the most imposing ever seen in northern Wales.

title: Thomas Gee


text:
User:EdwardMass

My primary interests are all the varied bits of Aerospace Engineering. Yes, I am a rocket scientist.

title: User:EdwardMass


text:
Liberal Religious Youth

Liberal Religious Youth (LRY) was an autonomous, North American youth organization affiliated with the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA). LRY was unique as a church youth group in that it was governed solely by its members, who were generally between the ages of fourteen and nineteen years old, with adults serving only in an advisory capacity. Though partial funding and office space were provided by the UUA, primary funding was through an independent endowment, the investment of which was controlled by the LRY board of directors.

Continental LRY was run by an executive committee, usually consisting of four or five full-time officers, elected to one-year positions by the board of directors. Executive committee members shared an apartment and office in Boston and, like the board of directors, were all under the age of twenty. Throughout the 1960s and most of the 1970s, the LRY office was in the UU headquarters at 25 Beacon Street, Boston. In the late 1970s it was moved by the UUA to the basement of a smaller building behind the headquarters. The LRY Executive Committee wrote program materials for youth groups and kept in touch with their international membership via their newspaper, People Soup, which was also completely written, edited and published by the youth staff.

History

LRY was founded in 1954, before the official consolidation of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America in 1961, and has roots going back both to the Unitarian Young People's Religious Union, organized in 1896, and the Universalist Young People's Christian Union, founded in 1898.

In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, LRYers were seriously involved in the counterculture, civil rights and anti-war movements. At times these radical activities were sanctioned by their elders in the church, but at other times they were condemned. In the 1980s, these activities continued but, along with the rest of the country, the leadership of the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA) was becoming more conservative, and relations between the leaders of LRY and the UUA became progressively more strained.

Because of ongoing conflict with Unitarian Universalist adult leadership, and amid a great deal of controversy, LRY was disbanded in 1982. Within the Unitarian Universalist Association it was replaced in 1982 by a new youth program, Young Religious Unitarian Universalists(YRUU).

Conferences and summer camps
Many Unitarian Universalist congregations had a local LRY chapter, which typically had at least one meeting per month, with some groups meeting weekly. The "locals" were organized into regional federations, such as BSF (Bay Shore [MA] Federation), LAF (Long Island [NY] Area Federation), CMF (Central Midwest Federation), the Iroquois Federation (upstate New York), LSD (Lower South District), and Toak-TM (Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas, Tennessee, Missouri), the members of which elected officers to represent them on the continental board of directors. Many federations were also organized into intermediate "regional committees" such as MiCon (Mid-Continent Regional Committee), NERC (New England Regional Committee), MARC (Middle Atlantic Regional Council), etc. Regional committees, federations and local groups hosted weekend conferences at UU churches or campgrounds, at which the members of locals got to know their fellow LRYers from other locals, or from other regions entirely. Many LRYers would travel great distances for particular conferences, and hitchhiking was a popular mode of transportation. As many as 120 kids would gather at regional conferences, which were planned and entiredly carried off by people under 20. Near the end of LRY, there was also a growing population of LRYers who had no local group, and only attended conferences. This was largely because some UU churches refused to allow LRYers to have a local at their church anymore.

Unitarian Universalist summer camps existed throughout the US and Canada, where campers often formed lifelong friendships, and many counselors were drawn from active LRY groups. These camps included Rowe in Massachusetts; Ferry Beach in Maine; Homestead, originally at a site near Carmel, New York and later in Harriman State Park, New York; Star Island, in the Isles of Shoals off the coast of New Hampshire and Maine; Unirondack, in the Adirondack Mountains; Unicamp, near Shelburne, Ontario; DeBenneville Pines, in the San Bernardino Mountains in California; The Mountain, in Highlands, North Carolina; and many others. Week-long summer conferences were held at many of these camps, and non-UU camps were sometimes rented for events such as OPIK in Tar Hollow State Forest, Ohio, the LRY Continental Conference (a.k.a. Con Con), the location of which rotated throughout the US, and Summer's End, which took place every Labor Day weekend in New England. Summer's End is now an autonomous conference that occurs annually in mid-August

Notable LRYers

 * Carolyn Garcia (a.k.a. Mountain Girl, a.k.a. Carolyn Adams) – Merry Prankster and the wife of Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead.
 * David Helvarg – noted environmentalist.
 * Ray Kurzweil – author.
 * Joyce Maynard – author.
 * Joshua Prager – A physician leader in the field of neuromodulation.
 * Michael Ventura – author, screenwriter, critic, and founder of the LA Weekly.
 * Jennifer Meta Robinson – food scholar and LRY national secretary 1980.

title: Liberal Religious Youth