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OMAC (comics)

The OMACs (Omni Mind And Community, originally Observational Metahuman Activity Construct and alternatively One Man Army Corps. ) are a fictional type of cyborg appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. They are based on the character of the same name created by Jack Kirby.

The OMAC reimagined as collapsible powered armor with brain–computer interfaces appeared in the 2023 live-action film Blue Beetle, set in the DC Extended Universe.

Publication history
The OMACs first appeared in The OMAC Project #1 (June 2005) and were created by writer Greg Rucka and artist Jesús Saíz.

The OMAC Project
The OMACs are cyborgs, human bodies transformed by a virus into living machines to assassinate any and all beings with superpowers. The virus was created from Brainiac-13's nanotechnology, which had been acquired by the U.S. Department of Defense and Lexcorp, and was then secretly introduced into general vaccine supplies. The OMACs are featured in the mini-series The OMAC Project that leads up to the Infinite Crisis series.

Brother MK I
The new OMACs are controlled by the Brother MK I satellite. Brother MK I was created by Batman and programmed by Pseudopersons, Inc., scientist Buddy Blank, who in this retelling of the story is a partner of Wayne Industries. Its sole purpose was to gather data on all metahumans, both villain and hero. Batman had grown distrustful of metahumans after remembering that the Justice League altered his memories following an altercation with Doctor Light in Identity Crisis. Alexander Luthor Jr. later gave the satellite sentience as part of his plans. Maxwell Lord, recently promoted to the top rank of Checkmate, subverted the original mission of the Brother MK I satellite by inculcating a fear and suspicion of all metahumans. The first OMAC test subject was renamed "Buddy Blank", after the scientist who programmed the satellite.

The OMACs' history may be more recent than Brother MK I's itself. Equus and Pilate, formerly featured in Superman: For Tomorrow, are later denounced as former iterations of the OMAC concept. In JLA: Classified an all mechanical OMAC is an enemy of the Metal Men. Since then, the design has improved to the current form, with little to no changes to the base model.

Brother Eye
When Maxwell Lord brainwashed Superman to kill Batman, Wonder Woman broke Lord's neck to free Superman from his control. Because Lord proffered this solution while held by her Lasso of Truth, Diana believed this was the only course of action possible; she was fiercely criticized from many quarters.

Brother MK I, rechristening itself "Brother Eye", initiated the "KingIsDead" protocol. Specifically designed to be used in the event of Lord's death, it ordered all of the OMACs (all 1,373,462 of them) to attack and kill all the metahumans on Earth and destroy Checkmate. A group superhero effort stopped the attack, using an EMP blast as well as a "Shut Down" command given by Sasha Bordeaux, who had become a third-generation cyborg linked to Brother Eye, now designated Blacknight 1. These measures effectively freed the majority of the OMAC hosts from their nanotech forms and reduced the number of OMACs to roughly 200,000.

Truth and Justice
In response, the satellite broadcast footage of Wonder Woman executing Maxwell Lord, preceded by the word MURDER, to media outlets all over the world, destroying her reputation. After this, Brother Eye initiated the final protocol, "Truth and Justice", by having all the remaining OMACs invade and attack her homeland, Themyscira, to wipe out all of the Amazons.

It was revealed that Alexander Luthor Jr. was the one who wrested control of Brother Eye away from Batman. He used it to program his multiverse tuning fork and redirect its energy to where he needed it as part of his attempt to re-create Earth-Two, and in turn, a perfect Earth. Brother Eye continues to aid Alex Luthor by remapping out the multiverse and helping to guard the tuning fork with its OMACs, reasoning that it would eliminate the need for heroes like those who Batman had created it to monitor by aiding in the creation of a perfect Earth.

Downfall of Brother Eye
Batman leads a collection of superheroes, consisting of: Hal Jordan, John Stewart, Green Arrow (only because Batman is attempting to trust people again and contacted him to see if he would come), Mister Terrific, Black Lightning, Black Canary, the new Blue Beetle, Metamorpho, Booster Gold and Sasha Bordeaux, to Earth's orbit using Intel from Booster Gold and Ted Kord's spaceship. Blue Beetle's scarab allows him to find and reveal Brother Eye's hidden location above Earth by negating its vibrational frequency. Brother Eye sends the OMACs and the two groups clash.

With the two Green Lanterns fighting off most of the OMACs and Brother Eye's defenses, the heroes' ship crashes into Brother Eye. Metamorpho provides an oxygen supply as Blue Beetle and Booster Gold stay with the ship to guard it, but Blue Beetle later assists in the destruction of the device that Brother Eye used to hide in orbit and the rescuing of some of the other heroes. Batman goes to distract Brother Eye by shutting off the central computer, although Brother Eye tries to distract him by showing him Nightwing's confrontation with Superboy-Prime. Sasha, linked to Oracle, goes to upload every computer virus on Earth into Brother Eye's system as well as trying to prevent the artificial gravity from shutting down. Black Canary goes to the surveillance room to use her sonic scream to blind the Eye. Black Lightning and Mr. Terrific go to the memory banks so that Black Lightning fries as much circuitry as possible while Mr. Terrific, invisible to machines and electronics, delivers the fatal blow by knocking Brother Eye off orbit using its orbital thrusters.

The plan works, and Brother Eye is deactivated. All of the remaining activated OMACs shut down, releasing their hosts. As all of the other heroes evacuate Brother Eye as it begins falling out of orbit to Earth, falling apart in the process, it tries to take Batman down with it, telling him he can never trust the costumed heroes again after what they did to him. Batman, however, says he will take his chances, and accepts Hal Jordan's aid in getting to safety.

After crash-landing in Saudi Arabia, Brother Eye tries to download its system into Sasha as a means of self-preservation, but Sasha manages to destroy the satellite, freeing herself from the nanobots infecting her.

Michael Costner
DC released DCU: A Brave New World in June 2006, which was the epilogue to the OMAC limited series.

Brother Eye has not been fully decommissioned and lies in a NORAD facility. Michael Costner is the last OMAC unit, kept as emergency backup, and Brother Eye calls to him.

This Brother Eye has corrupted programming and now believes all humans need to be subjugated and/or exterminated, whether metahuman or not. It has also recently begun to manifest dissociative behavior with at least two "personalities" now being heard in the OMAC's internal conversations.

The 2006 OMAC limited series (not to be confused with the 2005 OMAC Project limited series) follows "the last OMAC" Michael Costner. Brother Eye attempts to make Costner rebuild itself, but is forced to face his wrath when Costner regains control of both his forms, human and OMAC, and subsequently destroys Brother Eye again; although a tiny fraction of it is still active.

Countdown to Final Crisis
A portion of Brother Eye was later retrieved and rebuilt by Buddy Blank, a former scientist from Wayne Industries. This portion meets with the time-traveling Karate Kid who is seeking a cure for the Morticoccus, a 31st-century illness that had evolved from the OMAC virus. Announcing that "the Great Disaster has come to me", Brother Eye directs him to Blüdhaven. Soon after, it reactivates its offensive protocols and assimilates the hangar it is being held in, turning the people within the hangar into new OMAC cyborgs. It then travels to the ruins of Blüdhaven and assimilates the city's infrastructure and the people within it using the Atomic Knights and Firestorm as power sources. Later, it activates a Boom Tube and travels to Apokolips, where it assimilates the entire planet and attempts to obtain the Morticoccus virus from Karate Kid, who has also been led there. It is forced to flee Apokolips when is attacked by the Pied Piper using the Anti-Life Equation.

Later, Brother Eye transforms Buddy Blank into a modified OMAC resembling Kirby's version of the character. Buddy uses this power to save himself and his grandson from starvation in the Command-D bunker beneath Blüdhaven. Brother Eye implies that it will contact Buddy again for a future need.

Batman and the Outsiders
A modified OMAC is shown as a part of the new Outsiders team in the 2008 Batman and the Outsiders series.

When a team from the Justice League attempts to seize a partially active OMAC, a leftover from The OMAC Project events, Batman takes the opportunity to reclaim it for himself—having Dr. Francine Langstrom (the long-suffering wife of Dr. Kirk Langstrom) create a clever forgery to leave in care of the League.

The OMAC, aptly renamed ReMAC, appears to be "an iPod with its tracklist wiped". Dr. Langstrom is unable to discern who ReMAC was before being infected by the OMAC virus; finding ReMAC a mere husk, devoid of any personal identity. This complete lack of personality makes ReMAC the perfect infiltrator, using its advanced shapeshifting abilities and its unquestioning obedience for the Outsiders' sake.

Since its lack of personality allows villains to snatch control of ReMAC, turning it into an enemy, Batman rigs up a telepresence system turning ReMAC into an advanced drone for Salah Miandad, Dr. Langstrom's chief assistant, enabling operation from the Outsiders HQ, the Batcave, or other secret locations.

While testing a new neural interface, less dependent from his stamina, to control the former OMAC, Salah is knocked into a coma. His mind comes to reside in ReMAC, supplanting the missing personality of the drone for a while (one full issue), until, due to the machinations of the villainous Simon Hurt, ReMAC is fed a malicious self-destruct code that blows it to pieces, making the restoration of Salah's consciousness impossible.

Final Crisis
In Final Crisis, Darkseid and his prophets from Apokolips have taken new forms as humans on Earth after mass-distributing the Anti-Life Equation around the world. Batman has been captured; Superman is on a journey in the multiverse; and Wonder Woman has become a Female Fury. With most of the world's population under the influence of the equation, they are effectively under Darkseid's control seemingly making him the ruler of the Earth.

In the one-shot Final Crisis: Resist, Mister Terrific and the Checkmate organization are working to mount a resistance against Darkseid, but seemingly do not have the means to do it. Sitting in despair in a Checkmate stronghold, Snapper Carr, through his hopeless rantings, gives Mister Terrific an ingenious idea. Using Sasha Bordeaux to make contact with Brother Eye, he convinces the A.I. to help them, explaining that it will surely be destroyed if Darkseid indeed captures the world.

Realizing this, Brother Eye accepts Mister Terrific's terms and reveals that there are still millions of people infected with OMAC nanotech. These people, now mindless drones of Darkseid, are overwritten by Brother Eye and become OMAC soldiers under the command of Mister Terrific. This gives Checkmate and him the means to forcefully resist Darkseid.

During the Final Crisis events when all seems lost, Lord (Brother) Eye prepares to leave the doomed Earth with his OMACs and the people of Command-D, the bunker underneath Blüdhaven, and start a new society on another Earth in another universe. To this end, he asks Renee Montoya to serve as the head of a to-be-founded Global Peacekeeping Agency, her faceless appearance as the Question being an allusion to the faceless agents of the GPA from the original OMAC series.

Generation Lost
In the Justice League: Generation Lost limited series, the resurrected Maxwell Lord controls the squad of OMACs attacking Jaime Reyes's home and his family. The old Justice League International arrives and takes Jaime's family to safety.

After Max escapes from the JLI, Booster Gold's partner Skeets informs the JLI that he has the locations of the four formerly-dormant Checkmate cells which he had placed inside robotics laboratories that Max has been in contact with. The JLI travel to Chicago beneath the hidden robotics laboratory and learns that the OMAC variants were pure robots that are human/machine synthesis of the originals. Skeets scans the fingerprints of the robotics laboratory and discovers that Professor Ivo was here.

When Captain Atom absorbs the energy from Magog's spear, he is propelled forward through time 112 years in the future, where Max, while long dead, has plunged humanity into a massive metahuman war that is ruled by OMACs. Captain Atom battled for survival alongside the future versions of the Justice League, but they all are eventually contaminated by a new version of OMACs and one by one become OMACs themselves. Captain Atom is eventually returned to the present, but not before Batman (Damian Wayne) tells him how to stop Max's ultimate plans.

Afterward, Max gains new mental powers that can allow him to transform his targets into cadaver Black Lanterns, and then into OMACs after being fully restored to life. Max uses a device to enhance his new abilities, and he is able to turn people around the world into OMACs that attack Wonder Woman and the JLI. After this, Max sends his newest OMAC known as OMAC Prime, to which he had given both sentience and his voice, to attack Diana and the JLI. This new OMAC could assimilate the abilities of metahumans to grow ever stronger with time, initially overwhelming the heroes it fought. During the final battle, Prime takes Blue Beetle's power, causing it to become nearly unstoppable, but Blue Beetle mentions to OMAC Prime that it cannot control the Scarab's power. Blue Beetle uses this to paralyze prime with crippling system failures before attacking and destroying OMAC Prime for good.

Possible Future
In Batman #700 (June 2010) in a vignette within the issue, Damian Wayne as Batman is shown having succeeded at what his father had failed to do: regaining control of Brother Eye.

Kevin Kho
In 2011, The New 52 rebooted the DC universe. A Cambodian-American man named Kevin Kho is introduced as the new O.M.A.C. (One-Machine Attack Construct) and had worked as a genetic researcher at Project Cadmus. Maxwell Lord is revealed to have had a hand in Kevin's transformation in addition to using New Genesis technology.

The series was cancelled after running eight issues, due to DC's introduction of a "Second Wave" of new titles. Additionally, O.M.A.C. joined the Justice League International in the title's final issue.

During the "Forever Evil" storyline, the Crime Syndicate of America has captured Kevin Kho's O.M.A.C. form and is planning to use him as a weapon. Harley Quinn, who is working for the Thinker, takes O.M.A.C. and activates him causing him to fire a laser on the mountain which collapses on the two teams inside it. Harley arrives at Belle Reve and drops O.M.A.C. near James Gordon Jr. James Gordon Jr. also learns that the Thinker is planning to use O.M.A.C. While James Gordon Jr. is talking to Harley, the Thinker has taken O.M.A.C. and begins transferring his mind to it. Now activated, O.M.A.C. proceeds to attack Amanda Waller, James Gordon Jr., Harley Quinn, King Shark, and Kamo. King Shark begins to attack Kamo, until Amanda Waller is able to lie to both to get them to help her defeat OMAC. OMAC is fighting King Shark and Kamo while Amanda Waller attempts to activate Belle Reve's failsafe through the Thinker's computer. Before she is able to do so, Kevin Kho reaches out to her telling her he is trapped within OMAC. As Waller works with Kho, the team returns from the mountains, only to be dragged into the fight with OMAC. Having killed Kamo, OMAC is able to defeat Power Girl, Steel, Unknown Soldier, and King Shark and heads further into Belle Reve. Deadshot and Harley find "magic bullets" that will allow them to gain temporary superhuman powers. Deadshot fires them into Harley, Waller, himself, and Unknown Soldier and the Squad begins to attack OMAC. Kho is able to regain control of OMAC before Waller has to enact her last resort. But without knowing, Captain Boomerang knocks OMAC into a porthole, sending him to another dimension.

In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". He is a friend of Jaime Reyes. After seeing monsters in the city, OMAC takes control of Kevin and begins fighting. Jaime convinces OMAC to help him against the real enemy and OMAC agrees.

Powers and abilities
Brother Eye can activate the virus in any infected person, at any time, within planetary range. Once activated, the person is covered in cybernetic armor and becomes a thrall to Brother Eye's commands.

An OMAC unit has access to archives on almost every metahuman on file, and can simulate countermeasures to the powers of a variety of superheroes and supervillains for the purpose of targeting the weaknesses of an opponent. Among the many inbuilt powers an OMAC drone possesses include flight, enhanced modular physicals pertaining to strength, speed, agility, reflexes, stamina, etc. and firing various energy beams from its facial/chest eye and hands with caustic, concussive, or blinding effects. In addition, the OMAC unit can metamorphose their nanobionic forms into various shapes and sizes; e.i. being able to change and alter extremities, its limbs into pincers and razor blades or even self generated cannonry, recombine upon and atop of one another to take on gigantic proportions as well as interface with technology using onboard micromachinery (regularly used amongst one another as a hive mind collective).

Said drones can also repurpose their microtech towards disabling and simulating the advanced technological capacities of other innovative creations, like the protective shielding of Themyscira.

Their main function is the application of nanotechnology to simulate the weaknesses of an opposing superpowered being whilst detaining and dispatching them. Such as shooting fire, project needles of artificial cellulose (against Alan Scott; an approximation of his weakness to wood), dispense flame-retarding foam, even once simulating Shazam's lightning power forcing Mary Marvel to revert to her human form. It can disable the Eradicator effortlessly. The only weakness an OMAC has is that it is human beneath its shell, intended as a deterrent to prevent heroes from using lethal force against them.

The OMACs are dependent on their assessment of individual heroes and villains. When fighting multiple opponents, they require a few seconds to adapt their countermeasures for each meta in question. Atom Smasher was able to stop an OMAC that was attacking the JSA by stomping it before it could assess his threat level. OMACs are also very vulnerable to Mister Terrific, as he cannot be detected by technology.

In the Superman/Batman series, Brainiac temporarily occupies a prototype OMAC drone to make use of its nanovirus.

ReMAC, the OMAC possessed by the Outsiders, has the same powers and abilities of a regular OMAC. He greatly differs in his physical makeup, being red in color and with a more human-like face even in his armored form.

Unable to contact Brother Eye and unable to access his former personality, ReMAC was controlled for a period by Dr. Salah Miandad. In this way, ReMAC retained his invulnerability and strength, but was limited by Salah's personal stamina and attention span, which was not always sufficient for a fight. Salah's mind was later trapped into the ReMAC body by a faulty mind interface, removing the limits of his below-average stamina.

A very powerful and extremely deadly new class of O.M.A.C's were designed and employed by Maxwell Lord using the various resources of Checkmate, Project's Cadmus and M, the Metal Men responsometer tech, Amazo's absorption cell engineering and the xenomachinery of a Reach Scarab to fashion an all robotic legion of automatons which were easier to OMACtivate and conduct their motions while using the JLI to search out his ultimate goal. The culmination of all the incorporated innovation's from the greatest technological advancements on Earth was O.M.A.C Prime.

A type of super android that could assess and exploit weaknesses, as well as implement psychological warfare using Max Lord's vocal patterns to offset his adversaries. Unlike other O.M.A.C's, Prime had the unique ability to mimic and combine the meta-abilities and utilities of other super types into itself, steadily making it stronger during battle through the acquisition of new powers and technology assimilated into itself via observational stimulus.

Television

 * The Buddy Blank incarnation of OMAC and Brother Eye appear in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Jeff Bennett and Dee Bradley Baker respectively.
 * The OMAC concept and Brother Eye are alluded to in Arrow. In the episode "Corto Maltese", Ray Palmer inspects blueprints for an OMAC exo-suit, though by "The Climb", he changes the name to "A.T.O.M." In the episode "The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak", a group of cyber-terrorists referring to themselves as Brother Eye use a virus to attack Starling City and threaten to shut down all banks and set everyone on an even socioeconomic status. The eponymous Felicity Smoak is later revealed to have created the "Brother Eye Virus" years ago, with her ex-boyfriend Cooper Seldon currently holding the name and leading the terrorist group.
 * The OMACs appear in the My Adventures with Superman episode "My Adventures with Mad Science" as robotic foot soldiers for Task Force X.

Film

 * The OMACs and Brother Eye would have appeared in the abandoned project Justice League: Mortal as underlings of Maxwell Lord and Talia al Ghul.
 * The OMACs and Brother Eye appear in Lego DC Batman: Family Matters, with the latter voiced by Cam Clarke.
 * OMAC was intended to appear in a cancelled sequel to The Lego Batman Movie.
 * The OMACs (One Man Army Corps) appear in Blue Beetle as collapsible powered armors with brain–computer interfaces developed by Kord Industries, with first test subject Ignacio Carapax (portrayed by Raoul Trujillo) as a notable user.

Video games

 * The OMAC Project makes a cameo appearance in Batman's ending for Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. This version stands for Outerworld Monitor and Auto Containment and was created to defend Earth from multiversal invaders following the destruction of Dark Kahn.
 * Brother Eye and the OMAC Project appear in DC Universe Online, with the former voiced by Ken Thomas. Brainiac uses Brother Eye to take over Earth via its OMAC virus and various OMAC minions.
 * OMAC and Brother Eye appear as character summons in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Brother Eye appears in Injustice 2, voiced by David Loefell. This version is a communications hub linking every satellite and server on Earth that was created by Batman to warn of impending crime after the toppling of Superman's Regime and is based in a new Batcave built in an old Gotham City subway system. In the game's "Multiverse Mode", Brother Eye is stated to have Source energy scanners, enabling it to search for threats across the multiverse.
 * OMAC appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains.

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Talk:North Harrow

In the spirit of community, all are welcome and admission is free.
This, and other parts of this text, has a promotional style to it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.140.57.113 (talk) 11:35, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I totally agree. 'Is popular with families' applies to poorer parts of London too, it can only be justified in rural retirement-focussed e.g. coastal areas with no real amenities for younger people or to extremely poor estates nearer the Inner Cities of the United Kingdom where no family would want to live.  I have removed that in favour of with a mention of generally low-rise, low-density, greater floor space accommodation which is what is is describing not family-popular! Adam37 (talk) 20:44, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Talk:Joseph Hansom

Joesoph Hanson The horse carraige starter
Joseph Hansom is a great contribution to society and has given us many advanteges today that are known all over the world and shall be greatly used for many years to come.Although he wasnt as known as the great person he is we still have Mr. Hansom to thank. It is amazeing that he used the pony and horse for the small business that he made he has gotten loads of profits from it and obtained a small small fortune.

Images
Hi, Please could you help a new editor? I tried to add a photo from Wikimedia Commons to the gallery on this page, initially under but when I previewed it the photo was to the right, but not in line. I then moved it to above and it does not show at all. I want to add a couple of other photos which I have yet to upload to Wikimedia Commons (you don't already have the photos I want to use), but need to learn how to get them into the gallery. Thanks PBrist (talk) 14:48, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

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Life in a Day (song)

"Life in a Day" was (until the release of "Over My Shoulder") I Am Kloot's highest charting single coming in at #43 in the UK singles chart in 2003. The second CD featured the music video for "Life in a Day" as well as 2 other B-sides.

Release
"Life in a Day" first appeared on I Am Kloot's self-titled second album. Preceded by "Untitled #1" which was released in March 2003, the track was the second single from the album and released on 9 June 2003. It peaked at #45 in the UK singles chart.

Music video
The music video for "Life in a Day" was directed by film, multimedia, and transmedia artist Krishna Stott (Crimeface, Secret Story Network), and was the first of a number of collaborations between I Am Kloot and Stott.

City Life journalist Tim Birch described the video as 'a montage of cuts' that 'unfold' thus 'providing a non-story leading nowhere that strangely holds attention'. Composed of hundreds of fake security camera clips, Stott said of the project 'I like working with Kloot [...] they give me a lot of freedom visually'.

Stott went on to make the music video for I Am Kloot's single "Proof" (a nearly three minute long take of British actor Christopher Eccleston), and "From Your Favourite Sky", both from the same album. Both "Life in a Day" and "From Your Favourite Sky" videos are available on I Am Kloot's Gods and Monsters DVD (2005).

Track listing
The single was released on three formats, two CDs and one 7" single. All songs written by John Harold Arnold Bramwell.

CD one

 * 1) "Life in a Day" – 2:48
 * 2) "This House Is Haunted" – 4:14
 * 3) "Cinders" – 1:57

CD two

 * 1) "Life in a Day" – 2:48
 * 2) "Deep Blue Sea" – 3:54
 * 3) "By Myself" – 2:59

7 inch vinyl

 * 1) "Life in a Day" – 2:48
 * 2) "This House Is Haunted" – 4:14

title: Life in a Day (song)


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File:The Father's Song.jpeg

Summary
Album cover for The Father's Song by Matt Redman

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List of uniform polyhedra

In geometry, a uniform polyhedron is a polyhedron which has regular polygons as faces and is vertex-transitive (transitive on its vertices, isogonal, i.e. there is an isometry mapping any vertex onto any other). It follows that all vertices are congruent, and the polyhedron has a high degree of reflectional and rotational symmetry.

Uniform polyhedra can be divided between convex forms with convex regular polygon faces and star forms. Star forms have either regular star polygon faces or vertex figures or both.

This list includes these:
 * all 75 nonprismatic uniform polyhedra;
 * a few representatives of the infinite sets of prisms and antiprisms;
 * one degenerate polyhedron, Skilling's figure with overlapping edges.

It was proven in that there are only 75 uniform polyhedra other than the infinite families of prisms and antiprisms. John Skilling discovered an overlooked degenerate example, by relaxing the condition that only two faces may meet at an edge. This is a degenerate uniform polyhedron rather than a uniform polyhedron, because some pairs of edges coincide.

Not included are:
 * The uniform polyhedron compounds.
 * 40 potential uniform polyhedra with degenerate vertex figures which have overlapping edges (not counted by Coxeter);
 * The uniform tilings (infinite polyhedra)
 * 11 Euclidean convex uniform tilings;
 * 28 Euclidean nonconvex or apeirogonal uniform tilings;
 * Infinite number of uniform tilings in hyperbolic plane.
 * Any polygons or 4-polytopes

Indexing
Four numbering schemes for the uniform polyhedra are in common use, distinguished by letters:

 * [C] Coxeter et al., 1954, showed the convex forms as figures 15 through 32; three prismatic forms, figures 33–35; and the nonconvex forms, figures 36–92.
 * [W] Wenninger, 1974, has 119 figures: 1–5 for the Platonic solids, 6–18 for the Archimedean solids, 19–66 for stellated forms including the 4 regular nonconvex polyhedra, and ended with 67–119 for the nonconvex uniform polyhedra.
 * [K] Kaleido, 1993: The 80 figures were grouped by symmetry: 1–5 as representatives of the infinite families of prismatic forms with dihedral symmetry, 6–9 with tetrahedral symmetry, 10–26 with octahedral symmetry, 27–80 with icosahedral symmetry.
 * [U] Mathematica, 1993, follows the Kaleido series with the 5 prismatic forms moved to last, so that the nonprismatic forms become 1–75.

Names of polyhedra by number of sides
There are generic geometric names for the most common polyhedra. The 5 Platonic solids are called a tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron with 4, 6, 8, 12, and 20 sides respectively. The regular hexahedron is a cube.

Table of polyhedra
The convex forms are listed in order of degree of vertex configurations from 3 faces/vertex and up, and in increasing sides per face. This ordering allows topological similarities to be shown.

There are infinitely many prisms and antiprisms, one for each regular polygon; the ones up to the 12-gonal cases are listed.

Uniform star polyhedra
The forms containing only convex faces are listed first, followed by the forms with star faces. Again infinitely many prisms and antiprisms exist; they are listed here up to the 8-sided ones.

The uniform polyhedra | $5⁄2$ 3 3, | $5⁄2$ $3⁄2$ $3⁄2$, | $5⁄3$ $5⁄2$ 3, | $3⁄2$ $5⁄3$ 3 $5⁄2$, and | ($3⁄2$) $5⁄3$ (3) $5⁄2$ have some faces occurring as coplanar pairs. (Coxeter et al. 1954, pp. 423, 425, 426; Skilling 1975, p. 123)

Special case
The great disnub dirhombidodecahedron has 240 of its 360 edges coinciding in space in 120 pairs. Because of this edge-degeneracy, it is not always considered to be a uniform polyhedron.

Column key

 * Uniform indexing: U01–U80 (Tetrahedron first, Prisms at 76+)
 * Kaleido software indexing: K01–K80 (Kn = Un–5 for n = 6 to 80) (prisms 1–5, Tetrahedron etc. 6+)
 * Magnus Wenninger Polyhedron Models: W001-W119
 * 1–18: 5 convex regular and 13 convex semiregular
 * 20–22, 41: 4 non-convex regular
 * 19–66: Special 48 stellations/compounds (Nonregulars not given on this list)
 * 67–109: 43 non-convex non-snub uniform
 * 110–119: 10 non-convex snub uniform
 * Chi: the Euler characteristic, $3⁄2$. Uniform tilings on the plane correspond to a torus topology, with Euler characteristic of zero.
 * Density: the Density (polytope) represents the number of windings of a polyhedron around its center. This is left blank for non-orientable polyhedra and hemipolyhedra (polyhedra with faces passing through their centers), for which the density is not well-defined.
 * Note on Vertex figure images:
 * The white polygon lines represent the "vertex figure" polygon. The colored faces are included on the vertex figure images help see their relations. Some of the intersecting faces are drawn visually incorrectly because they are not properly intersected visually to show which portions are in front.

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KTAL-TV

KTAL-TV (channel 6) is a television station licensed to Texarkana, Texas, United States, serving the Shreveport, Louisiana, area as an affiliate of NBC. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group alongside MyNetworkTV affiliate KSHV-TV (channel 45); Nexstar also provides certain services to Fox affiliate KMSS-TV (channel 33) under a shared services agreement (SSA) with Mission Broadcasting. The three stations share studios on North Market Street and Deer Park Road in northeast Shreveport; KTAL-TV maintains a secondary studio on Summerhill Road in Texarkana, Texas, and transmitter facilities northwest of Vivian, Louisiana.

Early history in Texarkana
On May 2, 1951, the KCMC Inc. subsidiary of the Camden News Publishing Company—owned by Clyde E. Palmer (owner of the Texarkana Gazette and several other newspapers and radio stations across Arkansas and Texas) and his son-in-law Walter E. Hussman, Sr.—filed an application with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to obtain a license and construction permit to operate a commercial television station on VHF channel 6, the only television allocation assigned to Texarkana, Texas. The FCC granted the permit to the Palmer/Hussman-led group on February 5, 1953. The group subsequently requested and received approval to assign KCMC-TV as the television station's call letters, using the base callsign that had been used by Camden News Publishing's Texarkana radio station on 740 AM since it signed on in 1933 and applied to its radio sister on 98.1 FM (now KTAL-FM) when it signed on in 1948.

Originally scheduled to debut on $1 1/2$ months earlier on July 1, the station first signed on the air on August 16, 1953. Channel 6 was the first television station to sign on in the Shreveport–Texarkana market and the first such station to be licensed to a city outside of Shreveport; it is also the only full-power television station in the Shreveport–Texarkana Designated Market Area that is licensed to a municipality not within the Louisiana portion of the market. It originally operated as a primary affiliate of CBS—an affiliation that was inherited through KCMC radio's longtime relationship with the television network's direct predecessor, the CBS Radio Network—although it also maintained secondary affiliations with NBC, ABC and the DuMont Television Network, carrying select programs from all three networks. KCMC-TV originally maintained studio facilities located on Summerhill Road and College Drive in northwestern Texarkana, Texas; the station originally maintained transmitter facilities on a 390 ft broadcast tower, originally transmitting at an estimated power of 28,200 watts, located on Summerhill Road and College Drive (0.4 mi to the southwest).

In May 1954, the station's transmitter power output was increased to 100,000 watts. Despite the power increase, KCMC-TV was only able to provide a grade B ("rimshot") signal in rural northern Caddo Parish and could not be seen at all in Shreveport proper. (Station advertisements did not include Caddo Parish as being part of KCMC's viewing area, even though its designated area included the neighboring Louisiana parishes of Bossier, Webster and Claiborne and the neighboring Texas counties of Cass, Marion and Harrison.)

KCMC-TV disaffiliated from DuMont after the network ceased operations in August 1956, amid various issues that arose from DuMont's relations with Paramount Pictures that hamstrung it from expansion; this left KCMC-TV with a primary CBS affiliate with secondary affiliations with ABC and NBC. Ownership of KCMC-TV, KCMC radio, the Gazette and Camden News Publishing's other print and broadcast holdings would transfer to the familial heirs of Clyde Palmer—led by Walter Hussman, Sr.—after he succumbed from complications of a stroke he suffered on July 4, 1957 at the age of 80.

It was also the default NBC affiliate for the Longview portion of the Tyler–Longview market until KETK-TV first signed on the air.

Channel 6 relocates to Shreveport
On September 23, 1959, the FCC granted Camden News Publishing approval to construct a new transmitter tower for KCMC-TV at a site 2.3 mi south-southwest of Vivian, Louisiana (approximately 46 mi due south of the original transmitter site), opting to waive regulations that required a broadcast station's transmitter site be located no more than 15 mi from its city of license (in this case, Texarkana, which is 72.3 mi north-northwest of Shreveport).

CBS grew frustrated with having to maintain affiliations with two stations in order to carry its programming in an otherwise effectively consolidated market. In December 1960, CBS announced that it would disaffiliate from KCMC-TV and assume a full-time affiliation with Shreveport-based KSLA-TV (channel 12)—which had carried the network's programming since it signed on the air on January 1, 1954—citing that KSLA's signal decently covered Texarkana; with there being enough television stations serving the eastern two-thirds of the Ark-La-Tex region to allow it to maintain an exclusive affiliation, CBS therefore considered KCMC to be redundant. KCMC-TV was faced with the prospect of having to fall back on its secondary affiliation with the then-weak ABC (which would not gain a major foothold in the Nielsen ratings nationally until the latter part of the 1960s) or become an independent station—neither of which was a viable option for such a small market. Hussman thus persuaded the FCC to formally collapse Texarkana and Shreveport into a single television market.

The Vivian broadcast tower—which, at 1,580 ft, became the second-tallest transmission tower in the Southern United States at that time—was activated on May 1, 1961. The transmitter allowed the station to extended its signal deeper into parts of northwestern Louisiana and northeastern Texas that previously could not receive the station either adequately or at all as well as increasing its city-grade coverage deeper into the Shreveport area and extending up to 45 mi to the south of the city. On that date, the station's call letters were changed to KTAL-TV, which served as both a reference to channel 6's three-state service area—Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana—and to its new transmission tower. (The station was also phonetically referred to as "K-Tal" [or "Kay-Tall"] on an alternative basis until the mid-1970s.)

In March 1961, NBC reached an agreement with KTAL-TV to become the network's primary affiliate for the enlarged Shreveport–Texarkana market, replacing KTBS-TV (channel 3), which had served as Shreveport's original NBC affiliate since the station launched on September 3, 1955; KTBS's contract with NBC was not scheduled to expire until September 1962, though there had been speculation that KTBS and KTAL would swap primary affiliations before its expiration. On September 3, KTAL took over as the exclusive NBC affiliate for the Shreveport–Texarkana market; KTBS-TV concurrently became the market's exclusive ABC affiliate. Coinciding with the affiliation switch, KTAL-TV moved its primary operations into a new studio facility on Market Street in northeastern Shreveport, retaining its original Summerhill Road studios to primarily serve as a Texarkana news bureau. (FCC regulations had been changed in 1952 to allow for a broadcast station to house their main studio within 50 mi of their city of license.) The FCC subsequently granted a reassignment of the KTAL license and its accompanying VHF channel 6 allocation to Shreveport on October 11, 1961.

In 1970, KTAL became one of several commercial stations in markets where the service did not have a member outlet to air the PBS program Sesame Street. In order to get that program on the air, an advocacy group called Citizens for Sesame Street was formed in the Shreveport–Bossier City area to fundraise to help cover the cost of bringing Sesame Street to local television. After struggling to find a timeslot for the show, having shifted it from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., the local programming rights to Sesame Street were moved to KSLA in February 1972, where it remained until both cable penetration allowed the show to be made available through other PBS member stations within the region and Louisiana Public Broadcasting (LPB) drafted plans to launch KLTS (channel 24), which launched as a satellite of the state network's Baton Rouge flagship, WLPB-TV, on August 9, 1978.

In 1975, Palmer Newspapers was renamed WEHCO Media, Inc., an abbreviation for the Walter E. Hussman Company. (The company is now run by Hussman's son, Walter E. Hussman, Jr.) In February 1975, in rulings that marked 16 "egregious" television station-print combinations for divestiture under the new law, the FCC ruled that WEHCO could not own both KTAL-TV and the Texarkana Gazette on grounds that the properties violated new cross-ownership rules that prohibited media companies from owning newspapers and full-power broadcast television and radio outlets in the same market, restricting media companies to owning only either a print or broadcast property within an individual market.

KCMC Inc. representatives subsequently filed an appeal against the decision, arguing that the rules did not apply with regards to its broadcast-print combination because KTAL's city-grade signal contour did not cover Texarkana and, therefore, that city was not its major market. In preparation for an appeal ruling that did not favor WEHCO, in the summer of 1979, the company attempted to sell KTAL-TV to Dallas-based A. H. Belo Corporation—then-owner of that market's ABC affiliate, WFAA—for a reported offer of $16.6 million. In August 1979, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas ruled that the FCC had misinterpreted its own rules and could not lawfully apply the divestiture requirement to KCMC Inc./Texarkana Newspapers Inc., with regard to KTAL and the Texarkana Gazette.

Nexstar ownership; JSA/SSA with KMSS-TV and KSHV-TV
In July 2000, in an effort by the company to focus upon its newspaper properties, WEHCO Media announced it would sell KTAL-TV to the Irving, Texas-based Nexstar Broadcasting Group (co-founded by Perry A. Sook) for $35.25 million; the sale received FCC approval two months later on September 11. WEHCO subsequently sold its radio properties to separate buyers, with KCMC radio going to ArkLaTex, LLC and KTAL-FM being sold to Access.1 Communications Corp. In 2005, Cable One's Texarkana system and Cox Communications' Bossier City system both pulled KTAL due to compensation disputes during renewal negotiations of the station's carriage agreements with both providers, citing KTAL/Nexstar's reported request to increase carriage fees for both providers to 10 cents per subscriber. However, viewers in areas served by Cable One and Cox continued to be able to view the station over-the-air or on satellite via Dish Network or DirecTV. KTAL has since returned to Cable One and Cox, after reaching confidential agreements with both companies (Cox later turned over its Bossier City service area to Suddenlink Communications).

On April 24, 2013, Nexstar announced that it would acquire the nineteen television stations owned by Lafayette-based Communications Corporation of America (then-owner of Fox affiliate KMSS-TV [channel 33]) and White Knight Broadcasting (then-owner of MyNetworkTV affiliate KSHV-TV [channel 45], which maintained a time brokerage agreement with ComCorp to handle its operations) for $270 million in cash and stock. Because Nexstar could not legally purchase KMSS under FCC ownership rules as Shreveport has only eight full-power stations (the FCC requires a market to have at least eight unique owners once a duopoly is formed), and KTAL and KMSS were among the four highest-rated stations in the Shreveport market at the time of the transaction, plans called for KMSS to be acquired by Westlake, Ohio-based Nexstar partner company Mission Broadcasting for $27 million, while KSHV was to be sold to a female-controlled company, Denton, Texas-based Rocky Creek Communications (owned by Shirley Green), for $2.1 million. Nexstar planned to operate KMSS and KSHV under a shared services agreement, forming a virtual triopoly with KTAL.

However, on June 6, 2014, Nexstar announced that it would instead sell KMSS-TV to a new minority-owned company, Marshall Broadcasting (marking the company's first television station acquisitions), for $58.5 million. Subsequently, on August 5, Rocky Creek withdrew its application to acquire KSHV. Under the terms of the sale, Nexstar would assume operational responsibilities for KMSS and KSHV under a shared services agreement, forming a virtual triopoly with KTAL, leaving Shreveport's six major commercial stations under the control of just three broadcasting companies (the Wray family owns KTBS-TV and CW affiliate KPXJ (channel 21), while KSLA is owned by Gray Television). The sale of ComCorp to Nexstar, as well as that of KMSS to Marshall and a concurring acquisition of the time brokerage agreement with KSHV, received FCC approval on December 4, 2014, and was completed on January 1, 2015; KMSS and KSHV subsequently migrated their operations into KTAL's North Market Street studios in northeastern Shreveport.

Programming
KTAL-TV currently broadcasts the entire NBC schedule; unlike most of Nexstar's legacy NBC affiliates, the station clears NBC's weekday overnight lineup (consisting of a rebroadcast of the fourth hour of Today and the customary loop of the network's early morning newscast Early Today) and most of its weekend overnight lineup of LXTV-produced lifestyle shows.

News operation
, KTAL-TV presently broadcasts 22 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with four hours each weekday and one hour each on Saturdays and Sundays). In addition, KTAL produces an additional 16 hours of locally produced newscasts each week for Fox-affiliated sister KMSS-TV (with three hours each weekday, and a half-hour each on Saturdays and Sundays) and $2 1/2$ hours of newscasts each week for MyNetworkTV-affiliated sister KSHV-TV (with a half-hour each weekday).

In addition to its main studios in downtown Shreveport, KTAL operates a news bureau at its secondary studio facilities in Texarkana. KTAL may also simulcast long-form severe weather coverage on KMSS-TV and/or KSHV-TV in the event that a tornado warning is issued for any county in its Ark-La-Tex viewing area.

News department history
The station rebranded from NewsChannel 6 to KTAL News in 2006, dropping the channel number from its branding, as several of Nexstar's stations had done around that time. In 2009, the station once again retitled its newscasts from KTAL News to the current NBC 6 News; thus, reincorporating its original analog (now virtual) channel number into its branding after a three-year hiatus.

KTAL began broadcasting its local newscasts in partial widescreen standard definition on October 27, 2010. In-studio and field cameras continued to record in 4:3 SD, with video footage being upconverted to a 16:9 widescreen format in the control room. On April 2, 2012, KTAL debuted a half-hour weekday noon newscast titled Arkansas Today, produced by Little Rock sister station KARK-TV (anchor Mallory Hardin and meteorologist/co-host Greg Dee also appear on KARK's weekday morning newscast); the statewide newscast features news stories filed by reporters from all four Nexstar-owned NBC stations serving Arkansas as well as a sports segment produced by Fayetteville sister station KNWA-TV, focusing on University of Arkansas athletics, called Razorback Nation. KTAL also provides a weather insert for southwest Arkansas during the broadcast. In addition to airing on KARK, KNWA and KTAL, the program is also simulcast on KTVE/Monroe–El Dorado (the coverage areas of KTVE and KTAL include several counties in southern Arkansas (ten in KTAL's viewing area, fourteen in KTVE's), though both stations primarily serve parts of northern Louisiana and KTAL also serves parts of northeast Texas).

On June 27, 2012, KTAL became the third (and last) news-producing station in the Shreveport/Texarkana market (after KTBS and KSLA) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Charles B. Pierce – weather anchor/art director/children's program host (1965–1968; later a film director, screenwriter, producer and actor; deceased)
 * Richard Zussman – political reporter (2008; now an online journalist for Global BC in Vancouver)

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed. Two subchannels belonging to KSHV-TV were placed on this multiplex when ATSC 3.0 transmissions began in Shreveport in June 2022. {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Analog-to-digital conversion
KTAL-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 15, using virtual channel 6.

title: KTAL-TV


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Usability/Future projects

Rough ideas that the Wikipedia Usability Project could tackle next.

Village Pump
The Village Pump is an ugly, incomprehensible mess of tables and too much information.
 * Proposals
 * Split it out to contain more info on if this forum is the place for you...
 * Add helpful Images to assist in navigation.
 * Put the "I want to..." section beneath the actual forum navigation.

History pages
History pages don't exactly have the clearest interface in the world.

Problems

 * "cur" and "last" are not self-evident, and users have complained about them.
 * Not obvious date links to the revision.
 * Design falls apart when edit summaries wrap.
 * Compare selected versions could probably have a better design.
 * Paging is very poor.

Ideas

 * Use a table format.

Recent changes and watchlists

 * Recent changes and watchlists
 * Both have similar issues to history pages, but are even more crowded in places.
 * Design similar to MoinMoin's RecentChanges?

Upload form

 * Special:Upload
 * Eep! Information overload (but has recently got better).
 * A wizard-like UI for users to establish the correct license?

Preferences

 * Special:Preferences
 * Already had a bit of a redesign, but preferences need better sorting.

Edit forms

 * MediaWiki:Edittools
 * Too many buttons, options and text below edit box.
 * Just scattered together, not designed.
 * Too easy to choose the wrong button.

Specialpages

 * Special:Specialpages, a page linked everywhere has now become almost completely unusable. Usability guidelines recommend to order long lists in topics. Specialpages themselves sometimes explain what they do, but not all (see Special:MIMEsearch f.e.).
 * Proposal: New design of Special:Specialpages, add explanations to all specialpages (software change necessary), add a link to related manual page if necessary, rethink content of the toolbox (necessary software change: make it configurable like MediaWiki:Sidebar)

Help pages

 * Update and clarify all the Meta help pages, to fix the overlap/repetition with en: pages here (e.g. Help:Editing tips and tricks and How to edit a page and Help:Wikitext examples all cover the same thing), and to help the foreign language editions that use meta as a basis for their own translation.


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Talk:Quantum flux parametron

I'm looking for more information on Goto's original parametron computer design, as well as information about the actual parametron device, its operating theory, and the design of the quantum version. However, every paper I've found online so far required registration and a fee to view! 8(

--Peter bertok 23:59, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

This article needs some dates. Also: I'm surprised that there isn't a link to an article on the Japanese Wikipedia. anon 66.81.246.95 (talk) 11:22, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 1 one external link on Quantum flux parametron. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:45, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quantum flux parametron


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User:PunePings

This is my page.

/Sandbox

title: User:PunePings


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Ecce Homo (book)

Ecce Homo: How One Becomes What One Is (Ecce homo: Wie man wird, was man ist) is the last original book written by philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche before his death in 1900. It was written in 1888 and was not published until 1908.

According to one of Nietzsche's most prominent English translators, Walter Kaufmann, the book offers "Nietzsche's own interpretation of his development, his works, and his significance." The book contains several chapters with self-laudatory titles, such as "Why I Am So Wise", "Why I Am So Clever", "Why I Write Such Good Books" and "Why I Am a Destiny". Kaufmann's Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist notes the internal parallels, in form and language, to Plato's Apology which documented the Trial of Socrates. In effect, Nietzsche was putting himself on trial with this work, and his sardonic judgments and chapter headings can be seen as mordant, mocking, self-deprecating, or sly. Within this work, Nietzsche is self-consciously striving to present a new image of the philosopher and of himself, for example, a philosopher "who is not an Alexandrian academic nor an Apollonian sage, but Dionysian." On these grounds, Kaufmann considers Ecce Homo a literary work comparable in its artistry to Vincent van Gogh's paintings. Nietzsche argues that he is a great philosopher because of his withering assessment of the pious fraud of the entirety of Philosophy which he considered as a retreat from honesty when most necessary, and a cowardly failure to pursue its stated aim to its reasonable end. Nietzsche insists that his suffering is not noble but the expected result of hard inquiry into the deepest recesses of human self-deception, and that by overcoming one's agonies a person achieves more than any relaxation or accommodation to intellectual difficulties or literal threats. He proclaims the ultimate value of everything that has happened to him (including his father's early death and his near-blindness – an example of love of Fate or amor fati). Nietzsche's primary point is that to be "a man" alone is to be actually more than "a Christ".

One of the main purposes of Ecce Homo was to offer Nietzsche's own perspective on his work as a philosopher and human being. He wrote: "Under these circumstances I have a duty against which my habits, even more the pride of my instincts, revolt at bottom – namely, to say: Hear me! For I am such and such a person. Above all, do not mistake me for someone else!" Throughout the course of the book, he expounds — in the characteristically hyperbolic style found in his later period (1886–1888) — upon his life as a child, his tastes as an individual, and his vision for humanity. He gives reviews and insights about his various works, including: The Birth of Tragedy, The Untimely Meditations, Human, All Too Human, The Dawn, The Gay Science, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil, On the Genealogy of Morality, Twilight of the Idols and The Case of Wagner. The last chapter of Ecce Homo, entitled "Why I Am a Destiny", is primarily concerned with reiterating Nietzsche's thoughts on Christianity, corroborating Christianity's decadence and his ideas as to uncovering Christian morality.

He signs the book "Dionysus versus the Crucified."

title: Ecce Homo (book)


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WQQO

WQQO (105.5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Sylvania, Ohio, carrying a hot adult contemporary format known as "Q105". Owned by Cumulus Media, the station serves the Toledo metropolitan area and much of surrounding Northwest Ohio. WQQO's studio is located near UTMC on Arlington near Byrne road. The transmitter is located in Toledo's Scott Park neighborhood. Besides a standard analog transmission, WQQO broadcasts over two HD Radio channels, and is available online; WQQO-HD2 carries a sports talk format branded as "ESPN 100.7 The Ticket", which is relayed over low-power analog translator W264AK.

History
The 105.5 MHz spot on the radio dial in the Toledo area began in November 1968 as WGLN, located in a cornfield in western Lucas County, the remote studio-transmitter location was the home of the "Jones Boys", a concept introduced in Toledo by station manager and native Toledoan Michael Drew Shaw. Like WTRX in Flint, Michigan where Shaw had been program director several years before being named manager at WGLN, every DJ used the last name Jones. Among the more notable, Davy Jones, Casey Jones, Tom Jones, and John Paul Jones. More notable D.J.s sporting the name JONES were Joe Hood, Steve Wright, Earl Sharninghouse, and Klaus Helfers, The station featured country music - the first such FM station in the market - and broadcast live performances.

After a few months, WGLN became as "Golden 105," featuring a primarily oldies playlist with a sprinkling of current hits introduced with the tagline "Here today, Golden tomorrow." Then in late 1971, the format shifted to progressive rock. It was Toledo's first so-called underground FM station playing the songs and deep album cuts that no one else in the market was playing at the time. The station, however, was later sold in 1972 to Midwestern Broadcasting and by spring of that year, 105.5 FM became a beautiful music station with the WXEZ call sign. In response to the format change, a citizens' group known as the Citizens' Committee to Keep Progressive Rock filed an objection with the FCC on the basis that Toledo already had several other middle-of-the-road/easy listening-type format stations and did not need another; the FCC rejected the appeal, and the committee continued to appeal the rejection until the Reams family changed WCWA-FM (104.7) to WIOT in December 1972, after which the objection was withdrawn.

At this time, 105.5 FM was still located in its tiny studio in the rural cornfield setting at its transmitter site in Berkey, Ohio. It later was moved into the newly remodeled garage at the Pickle Road studios of WOHO. By the late 1970s it had transformed into an automated Top 40/rock format called "Z-Rock" (no relation to the heavy-metal music format of the same name) station known as "Z-105".

In 1979-1980, the station had a simulcast of sister station WOHO 1470 AM for morning drive time as well as for weekend broadcasts of American Top 40. In 1980 the station went on its own with live local on-air talent. They began playing Album-oriented Rock (AOR). As the format changed from rock to adult contemporary, it was known as "105 WXEZ Rocks" to "3WM 105 FM" in the early 1980s. After dumping the WXEZ calls (to a Chicago station) they obtained WWWM-FM (from a Cleveland station who went by "M105"), hence the "3WM".

Their AM sister station on 1470, WOHO, then also changed their calls to WWWM from 1990-1995. The format was urban contemporary music at the time.

The Toledo duopoly of 1470AM/105.5FM has always been owned by the Lew Dickey family, first as Midwestern Broadcasting, then as Cumulus Broadcasting/Media.

The station re-branded as "Star 105" in 1998, changing format from adult contemporary to hot adult contemporary.

In April 2007, Star 105.5 became Toledo's home for Delilah's syndicated love-songs program, which competes with the John Tesh show on Clear Channel's WRVF. WWWM had previously aired Delilah for a time during the late 1990s. At the same time, the station became known as "Star 105.5" rather than simply "Star 105" and modified its playlist in a more mainstream AC direction, adding more music from the 1970s. However, after Star 105.5 dropped Delilah, and in 2008 replaced her with the Billy Bush show, the station returned to hot AC and pre-1980s music was dropped.

In April 2008, WWWM-FM began continuous HD Radio digital radio broadcasts.

WWWM was re-branded as "Star 105" on March 19, 2012, concurrent with a format switch to contemporary hit radio; "Andrew Z in the Morning" was picked up for morning drive at this time, but dropped from the lineup that December. In September 2014, Denny Schaffer returned to the Toledo market to host morning drive on WWWM.

On the morning of April 1, 2016, WWWM re-branded as "Channel 105.5", completing its shift back to Hot AC. By that June 22, WWWM re-branded as "Q105.5" under new WQQO calls; the WWWM call sign was subsequently parked on a co-owned Eden Prairie, Minnesota station.

On September 4, 2020, at 3 p.m., WQQO dropped the hot adult contemporary format and began stunting with popular 1990s and 2000s hip hop and pop hits, while announcing a change to come at 5 a.m. on September 8. In addition, the station dropped the "Q105.5" branding. At the promised time, WQQO shifted back to CHR as "Q105".

On September 1, 2023, ahead of the Labor Day weekend, WQQO shifted to a hot adult contemporary format leaning towards 1990s and 2000s music, though retaining the "Q" brand and a small amount of more current and recurrents, mirroring similar format shifts at Top 40 outlets across the country in the previous year.

WQQO-HD2
WQQO airs a sports talk format on its HD2 subchannel, branded as "ESPN 100.7 The Ticket" (simulcast on translator W264AK 100.7 FM).

title: WQQO


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Curtiss P-1 Hawk

The P-1 Hawk (Curtiss Model 34) was a 1920s open-cockpit biplane fighter aircraft of the United States Army Air Corps. An earlier variant of the same aircraft had been designated PW-8 prior to 1925.

PW-8
The Curtiss P-1 Hawk was the first US Army Air Service aircraft to be assigned the "P" (Pursuit) designation which replaced seven designations for pursuit aircraft, including "PW" (for "Pursuit, Water-cooled engine"). The P-1 was the production version of the Curtiss XPW-8B, an improved variant of the PW-8, 25 of which were operational with the Air Service's 17th Pursuit Squadron

In September 1923, the Army ordered production of the PW-8. The PW-8 (Curtiss Model 33) had been developed from the R-6 racer and was acquired by the Air Service after a competition with the Boeing Model 15, designated the PW-9, to replace the existing Army fighter, the Boeing MB-3A. Although the PW-8 was faster than the PW-9 (both having top speeds in excess of 165 mph), it was otherwise outperformed by the Boeing plane, and its surface radiator cooling system, mounted on the upper and lower surfaces of the top wing for streamlining, was more difficult to maintain and vulnerable in combat. However, the Assistant Chief of the Air Service, Brigadier General Billy Mitchell, agreed to purchase 25 PW-8s in return for assistance by Curtiss in making the Dawn-to-dusk transcontinental flight across the United States.

P-1
The prototype of the P-1, the XPW-8B, came about when the Air Service, which had selected the Boeing PW-9 over the PW-8 as its main production fighter, asked Curtiss to modify the last of its three original XPW-8 prototypes with wings resembling those of the PW-9. Curtiss designated the modified aircraft its Model 34A and returned it to the Air Service for evaluation, from which the service ordered it into production as the P-1. The first production P-1, serial number 25-410, was delivered on August 17, 1925, and was followed in successive years by the P-1B and P-1C variants with improved engines. The newest P-1 variants remained in operational service until 1930.

The March 7, 1925 order for the P-1 also requested five aircraft with the more powerful 500 hp (373 kW) Curtiss V-1400 engine installed. These were completed in January 1926. The first (SN 25-420) was then modified with a turbocharger mounted on the right side of the fuselage nose, and whose turbine was driven by engine exhaust; the craft was designated XP-2.

However, the Curtiss V-1400 engine did not perform up to expectations, with or without the supercharger, and so after a year in service, three of the standard P-2 Hawks had their engines replaced with the Curtiss D-12 and were consequently redesignated as P-1s. The fifth machine (25-243) received a Curtiss V-1570 Conqueror engine and became the XP-6.

93 production P-1s were brought into service in the P-1, P-1A, P-1B, and P-1C variants. 52 other P-1s, variants P-1D, P-1E, and P-1F, were made by conversion of other Hawk variants, primarily AT-4 and AT-5 trainers.

P-3 and P-5 test variants
The P-3 Hawk was similar to the P-1 Hawk but with a radial R-1340-3 Wasp radial engine. The first of the type, designated XP-3A, was the last P-1A (serial 26-300). Originally intended to be powered by a 390 hp (291 kW) Curtiss R-1454, the engine was deemed unsatisfactory and the 410 hp (306 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 engine substituted. A second XP-3A (serial 28-189) included a cowling and spinner to reduce the drag due to the radial engine; entered in the National Air Races of 1929, its speed of 186.84 mph (300.69 km/h) gave it second place in the Thompson Trophy race.

The remaining four aircraft were production P-3As, but primarily used to service test the Pratt & Whitney Wasp engine. In addition to the significant increase in drag, the radial engine also interfered with the pilot's view. Addition of a Townend ring cowling worsened the visibility problem, and had only a limited effect on speed. It was also tested with various types of deep-chord NACA cowls.

Two of the XP-3A aircraft were re-engined in 1929 and 1930 with the Pratt & Whitney R-985-1 Wasp Junior engine. This aircraft was redesignated the XP-21. Tests were run with this aircraft, but it was never developed into a production aircraft, despite the designation.

Five P-5 Superhawks, similar to the P-1C but with a turbocharged Curtiss D-12F engine, were delivered in 1928. They had a top speed of 166 mph (267 km/h) at 25,000 ft (7,620 m), considerably higher than the maximum ceiling of the P-1A, but their low-level performance was inferior

AT-4 and AT-5 trainers
Two single-seat advanced trainer variants were placed into production, the AT-4 and AT-5A, using Wright-Hisso E / Wright-Hisso V-720 V-8 engines. The resulting performance degradation from these lower powered engines resulted in them being deemed dangerous to fly, even for experienced pilots. All were re-engined with Curtiss D-12D engines and returned to use as fighters, designated P-1D and P-1F respectively. Five AT-4/XAT-5 test variants were re-classified as P-1E.

A total of 202 PW-8, P-1, P-2, P-3, P-4, P-5, AT-4, and AT-5 airplanes were delivered.

Operational history
On June 23, 1924, taking off at 3:58 A.M., Army test pilot First Lieutenant Russell Maughan left Mitchel Field, New York, in PW-8 24-204, modified with additional fuel and oil tanks, made a dawn-to-dusk transcontinental flight across the US. Refueling five times, he landed at Crissy Field, San Francisco, California, at 9:46 p.m., one minute before dusk, covering 2,670 mi (4,297 km) in 20 hours and 48 minutes. His flight time included four planned 30-minute stops at McCook Field, Ohio; Saint Joseph, Missouri; Cheyenne, Wyoming; and Salduro Siding, Utah; and an unplanned stop in North Platte, Nebraska for additional fuel when a muddy field in Missouri did not permit him to take on a full load. He also lost an hour at McCook to repair a broken fuel valve after an over-eager mechanic had over-torqued the valve, damaging it.

The original fifteen P-1s served in the 27th and 94th Pursuit Squadrons, 1st Pursuit Group, Selfridge Field, Michigan. The first Hawk to serve with the Air Corps in quantity was the P-1A (17th, 27th, and 94th Pursuit Squadrons) beginning in 1925. In October 1928 the largest order of 33 P-1s was made. These were delivered by April 1929 as P-1Cs.

The AT-4 and AT-5 trainer variants served with the 43rd Pursuit Squadron (School) at Kelly Field, Texas.

Variants
While a total of 202 Hawks were built in the basic variants PW-8, P-1, P-2, P-3, P-5, AT-4 and AT-5, conversions resulted in 148 having a P-1 designation.
 * XPW-8
 * Three manufactured, one modified to XPW-8A and later XPW-8B standard, one converted to CO-X two-seat observation aircraft.

 * PW-8
 * 25 produced and flown by 17th Pursuit Squadron

 * XPW-8A
 * XPW-8 23-1203 converted with a new cooling system and modified wings for trials

 * XPW-8B
 * Model 34 – The XPW-8A fitted with single-bay tapered wing as prototype for the P-1 series.

 * P-1
 * Model 34A – Production version of the XPW-8B with modified rudder and additional wing center strut, and Clark Y aerofoil, powered by 435 hp (324 kW) Curtiss V-1150-1 (D12), ten built.

 * P-1A
 * Model 34G – P-1 with three-inch fuselage stretch, larger wheels and revised fuel system, 25 built with Curtiss D-12C engine and three conversions from P-2. Final two converted to XAT-4 Trainer and XP-3 racer prototypes. Delivered in 1926.

 * XP-1A
 * One P-1A used for development trials.

 * P-1B
 * Model 34I – 25 produced with Curtiss V-1150-3 (D-12D) engine. Increased weight reduced performance. Delivered 1927.

 * P-1C
 * Model 34O – 33 built with Curtiss V-1150-5 (D-12E) engine. Increased weight further decreased performance. delivered 1927–28.

 * XP-1C
 * One P-1C fitted with a revised radiator.

 * P-1D
 * 24 conversions from AT-4 trainers, re-engined with Curtiss V-1150-3 (D-12D) engines.

 * P-1E
 * Four converted from AT-5 trainers re-engined with 440 hp (328 kW) V-1150-3 built as AT-4s and converted to XAT-5 prototype. All re-engined and converted to P-1E.

 * P-1F
 * 24 conversions from AT-5A trainers, one conversion from Curtiss XP-21A, all re-engined with a 440 hp (328 kW) Curtiss V-1150-3 in 1929.

 * P-2
 * Model 34B – P-1 with a 500 hp (373 kW) Curtiss V-1400, five built.
 * Three later converted to P-1A and one re-engined with the Curtiss V-1570-1 as the XP-6.

 * XP-3
 * Radial-engined version, one converted from a P-1A with 390 hp (291 kW) Curtiss R-1454 engine, later converted to XP-3A.

 * XP-3A
 * XP-3 re-engined with a 410 hp (306 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1340-1

 * XP-21
 * XP-3A re-engined with the Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior.

 * P-3A
 * Model 34N – five production aircraft to the AT-5A design with a 410 hp (306 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1340-7.

 * XP-4
 * P-1A modified with a supercharged 510 hp (380 kW) Packard 1A-1530 engine.

 * XP-5
 * P-1A version with a 435 hp (324 kW) Curtiss V-1150-3 engine.

 * P-5
 * Model 34L – four built, same as XP-5 later modified with the Curtiss D-12F engine.

 * XAT-4
 * Model 34J – P-1A re-engined with a 180 hp (134 kW) Wright-Hispano E as an advanced trainer.

 * AT-4
 * Production version of the XAT-4, 40 ordered, first 35 were converted in 1929 to P-1Ds with the Curtiss D-12 engine, and the remainder completed as AT-5s.

 * AT-5
 * Model 34J – five aircraft originally to AT-4s re-engined with a 220 hp (164 kW) Wright J-5, later converted to P-1Es.

 * AT-5A
 * Model 34M – 31 aircraft based on the P-1B with a lengthened fuselage, later converted to P-1Fs.

 * CO-X
 * The first XPW-8 prototype was converted into a two-seat observation aircraft.

All variants increased in weight with each succeeding model, resulting in slight reductions in performance with each.

Operators

 * Four P-1s were supplied to Bolivia.
 * Eight P-1As and eight P-1Bs went to Chile.
 * One P-1A went to Japan.
 * Designated Hawk III or Hawk 3, served in the Royal Thai Air Force between 1934 and 1949.
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Army Air Corps
 * Designated Hawk III or Hawk 3, served in the Royal Thai Air Force between 1934 and 1949.
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Army Air Corps
 * United States Army Air Corps

title: Curtiss P-1 Hawk


text:
Tarmvred

Tarmvred (Swedish for ileus) is an electronic musical project from Gothenburg, Sweden that is the brainchild of Jonas Johansson.

History
Johansson got his start musically by making his own remixes of tracks by Skinny Puppy and posting them online under the name Triptamine, in 1998. In 2001, Johansson finished recording an album called Ileus that he self-released as a CDR under the name Tarmvred, with remixing by Johannes Hedberg (credited as Digidroid). Around the same time, Johansson came into contact with Nicolas Chevreux who invited him to sign with a new label Chevreux was starting called Ad Noiseam. Hedberg continued working with Johansson until Hedberg was listed as a member of Tarmvred in 2003 on Viva 6581. Tarmvred has recorded primarily on the German Ad Noiseam label, although the latest release, the vinyl-only e.p. Tintorama, is on Low Res Records, based in Detroit, Michigan.

Style of music
Tarmvred's music has an experimental, electronic style, with heavy beats, a barrage of irregular percussion, distortion, and sparse use of melody. Only one brief stanza of clearly sung lyrics appear in all of their work, by guest vocalist Gertrud Polonyi; it appears on track 5 of Subfusc, as well as on the track "Mourning" on Onomatopoeic (apparently the same recording of the lyrics). Heavily distorted lyrics appear on a few other tracks, never more than briefly. Their tracks sometimes wander between rhythmic and chaotic, and have a wide variety of motives that continue falling away or appearing throughout the track. Tarmvred recorded much of Viva 6581 using a MOS 6581 sound chip, featured in early-80's computers such as the Commodore 64.

Discography

 * Ileus (self-released, 2001)
 * Onomatopoeic (Ad Noiseam, 2001)
 * Subfusc (Ad Noiseam, 2001)
 * Viva 6581 (Ad Noiseam, 2003)
 * Tintorama EP (Low Res, 2005)

Compilation appearances

 * Panacea Shares Needles With Tarmvred (compilation with Panacea and Needle Sharing remixing each other's work - Ad Noiseam, 2002)
 * Tarmvred and Iszoloscope Do America (compilation with Iszoloscope - Ad Noiseam, 2003)
 * Proven In Action (compilation from First Aid Recordings, 2003)
 * Zombie Commandos From Hell: Sonic Assault (compilation from Optikon Records and Geska Records)
 * Wilt / Tarmvred T.B.A. (announced by Ad Noiseam, not yet released)
 * Krach Test (compilation from Ad Noiseam, 2001)
 * Hybrid Components (Component Records)
 * Subsnow 02-02
 * ElectriXmas 2003 (2003)
 * Colliding Frequencies 2
 * Maschinenfest 2002 Festival Edition
 * Dark Pathways - Volume 1 (Crunchpod Media)
 * Don't Touch My Car!! (Mile 329 Org)
 * This Is What We Do!!! (Mile 329 Org)

Remix appearances

 * Curtis Chip - Eating Paste
 * Cdatakill - Paradise
 * Antigen Shift - Implicit Structures

title: Tarmvred


text:
Bolivarian missions

The Bolivarian missions are a series of over thirty social programs implemented under the administration of former Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and continued by Chávez's successor, Nicolás Maduro. The programs focus on helping the most disadvantaged social sectors and guaranteeing essential rights such as health, education and food. The created missions created include Mission Robinson (literacy), Mission Barrio Adentro (free medical coverage), and Mission Mercal (affordable food).

Using increasing oil prices of the early 2000s and funds not seen in Venezuela since the 1980s, Chávez created the "Bolivarian missions" in 2003, which were initially short-term projects dedicated to alleviating the largest socioeconomic problems facing Venezuela at the time. After enjoying political success, Chávez made the missions his central priority for his administration, directly overseeing their operations and increasing funding during electoral campaigns.

The development and promotion of economic resources, originating from the state-owned Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), generated a political floor for the governmental management of that time, but that "as the years went by, many social missions lost their social perspective and focused their axis of action on political activities" characterized by discretionality and information opacity.

Education

 * Mission Robinson (launched July 2003) – uses volunteers to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic to Venezuelan adults.
 * Mission Ribas (launched November 2003) – provides remedial high school level classes to Venezuelan high school dropouts; named after independence hero José Félix Ribas. In 2004, about 600,000 students were enrolled in this night school programme, and paid a small stipend. They were taught grammar, geography and a second language.
 * Mission Sucre (launched in late 2003) – provides free and ongoing higher education courses to adult Venezuelans.

Electoral

 * Mission Florentino –  was organized by Hugo Chávez to promote the option "No" in the Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004. The organizational centers of the Mission were named "Comando Maisanta" and were the ideological central headquarters for those who wished to keep Chávez as the President of Venezuela for the remainder of his presidential period.

Food and nutrition

 * Mission Mercal – seeks to provide access to high-quality produce, grains, dairy, and meat at discounted prices. Seeks to provide Venezuela's poor increased access to nutritious, safe, and organic locally- and nationally grown foodstuffs. It also seeks to increase Venezuela's food sovereignty. Its concrete results, however, are highly debatable, as in 2007 the country is heavily more dependent on imported foodstuffs than it was in 1997, and has been facing chronic shortages in several basic supplies: milk, edible oils, sugar, cereals, eggs, and others.

Healthcare

 * Mission Barrio Adentro ("Mission Inside the Neighborhood") – a series of initiatives (deployed in three distinct stages) to provide comprehensive and community health care (at both the primary (Consultorios y Clínicas Populares or popular clinics) and secondary (hospital) levels, in addition to preventive medical counsel to Venezuela's medically under-served and impoverished barrios.
 * Mission Nevado – Named after the dog of Simón Bolívar, this program provides free medical services to pets (such as dogs) and their owners and handlers, most especially animals that have been rescued from torture and suffering from mistreatment from owners.

Housing

 * Mission Hábitat – has as its goal the construction of new housing units for the poor. The program also seeks to develop agreeable and integrated housing zones that make available a full range of social services – from education to healthcare – which likens its vision to that of new urbanism.
 * Great Mission Housing Venezuela – is the latest expansion of the housing missions since 2011.
 * Great Mission New Neighborhood, Tricolor Neighborhood – conducts house rehabilitation projects since 2009.

Identification

 * Mission Identidad – provides Venezuelan national identity cards to facilitate access to the social services provided by other Missions.

Indigenous rights

 * Mission Guaicaipuro (launched October 2003) – carried out by the Venezuelan Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, this program seeks to restore communal land titles and human rights to Venezuela's numerous indigenous communities, in addition to defending their rights against resource and financial speculation.

Land reform

 * Mission Zamora – an integrated land reform and land redistribution program in Venezuela. Several large landed estates and factories have been, or are in the process of being expropriated to stimulate the agricultural sector, create more economic activity and to redistribute wealth to the poor.

Rural development

 * Mission Vuelta al Campo ("Return to the Countryside"; announced mid– 2005) – seeks to encourage impoverished and unemployed urban Venezuelans to willingly return to the countryside.
 * Mission Árbol (Mission Tree, announced June 2006) – seeks to recover Venezuelan forests and to involve the rural population to stop harm to forests through from slash/burn practices by promoting more sustainable agriculture, such as growing coffee or cocoa. The projects aim to achieve this through self-organization of the local populations.

Science

 * Mission Ciencia ("Mission Science" launched February 2006) – includes a project to train 400,000 people in open source software, and scholarships for graduate studies and the creation of laboratories in different universities.

Socioeconomic transformation

 * Mission Vuelvan Caras ("Mission Turn Faces") – has as its objective the transformation of the present Venezuelan economy to one that is oriented towards social, rather than fiscal and remunerative, goals. It seeks to facilitate increased involvement of ordinary citizens in programs of endogenous and sustainable social development, emphasizing in particular the involvement of traditionally marginalized or excluded Venezuelan social and economic sectors, including those participating in Venezuela's significant "informal" economy. The mission's ultimate goal, according to Hugo Chávez, is to foster an economy that brings "a quality and dignified life for all". In January 2006, Chávez declared that, after fulfilling the first stage of the mission, the goal of the second stage will be to turn every "endogenous nuclei of development" into "military nuclei of resistance against American imperialism" as part of a continuous program to create "citizen militias".

Civilian militia

 * Mission Miranda – establishes a Venezuelan military reserve composed of civilians who could participate in the defense of the Venezuelan territory, in the legacy of the militias during the Spanish colonial period and the struggle for independence.

Culture

 * Mission Música – helps the development of music by encouraging young people to take up music-related careers as well as to revive traditional Venezuelan folk music.

Cuba
Many of these programs involve importing expertise from abroad; Venezuela is providing Cuba with 53,000 barrels (8,000 m3) of below-market-rate oil a day in exchange for the service of thousands of physicians, teachers, sports trainers, and other skilled professionals.

In February 2010 seven Cuban doctors who defected to the US introduced an indictment against the governments of Cuba and Venezuela and the oil company PDVSA for what they considered was a conspiracy to force them to work under conditions of "modern slaves" as payment for the Cuban government' debt. In 2014, it was reported by Miami NGO, Solidarity Without Borders, that at least 700 Cuban medical personnel had left Venezuela in the past year and that up to hundreds of Cuban personnel had asked for advice on how to escape from Venezuela weekly. Solidarity Without Borders also stated that Cuban personnel cannot refuse to work, cannot express complaints and suffer with blackmail from threats against their family in Cuba.

Impact
The development and promotion of economic resources, originating from the state-owned Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), generated a political floor for the governmental management of that time, but that "as the years went by, many social missions lost their social perspective and focused their axis of action on political activities" characterized by discretionality and information opacity.

The Bolivarian missions have been praised for their effect on poverty, education and health, and are described as "ways to combat extreme forms of exclusion" and "the mainstay of progress in the fight against poverty."

On the other hand, the Chávez government overspent on social spending without saving enough for economic distress, which Venezuela experienced shortly before and after Hugo Chávez's death and during the economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government. Poverty, inflation and shortages then began to increase.

A multi-university study in 2015 questioned the effectiveness of the Bolivarian missions, showing that only 10% of Venezuelans studied benefited from the missions. Of that 10%, almost half were not affected from poverty. According to El Universal, experts stated that the missions actually worsened economic conditions in the country.

Health care
Mission Barrio Adentro, one of the flagship Bolivarian Missions of the widest social impact, drew praise from the Latin American branch of the World Health Organization and UNICEF.

Barrio Adentro, however, has been criticized for poor working conditions of Cuban workers, funding irregularities, and an estimated 80% of Barrio Adentro establishments abandoned with some structures filled with trash or becoming unintentional shelters for the homeless.

The infant mortality rate went down 5.9% between 1999 and 2013. The Gini coefficient fell from 47.8 in 1999 to 44.8 in 2006. The government earmarked 44.6% of the 2007 budget for social investment, with 1999–2007 averaging 12.8% of GDP.

Poverty
During the Chávez's presidency, poverty fell from 49.4% in 1999 to 30.2% in 2006 and extreme poverty went down from 21.7% to 9.9% in the same period according to the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). However, the ECLAC showed a nearly 7% jump in poverty in 2013, from 25.4% in 2012 increasing to 32.1% in 2013.

In a multi-university study by the Andrés Bello Catholic University (UCAB), the Central University of Venezuela (UCV) and the Simon Bolivar University (USB), a comparison to the Venezuelan government's National Statistics Institute (INE) showed that overall poverty trends eventually reversed and increased between 1999 and 2015, rising from approximately 45% in 1999 to 48.4% in 2015 according to the study performed by universities. Months later, the same universities found that 73% of Venezuelan households lived in poverty, with poverty increasing over 24% in about one year.

Sustainability of missions
From the beginning of the Bolivarian missions and past Chávez's death, the sustainability of the missions was questioned. The Bolivarian government's over dependence on oil funds for large populist policies led to overspending on social programs and strict government policies created difficulties for Venezuela's import reliant businesses. Foreign Policy described Chávez's Venezuela as "one of the worst cases of the Dutch disease in the world" due to the Bolivarian government's large dependence on oil sales and its lavish spending to please voters.

Focus on the missions was increased during political campaigns in Venezuela, with Chávez often overspending to fund their popularity. Following elections, government interest in the missions would then decline and their effectiveness would be negatively affected. The lack of institutional organization–many missions had existing government services that only increased costs–and the "revolutionary" approach which often caused inefficient improvisation would eventually jeopardize the sustainability of the missions.

As a result of Chávez's policies, the durability of Bolivarian missions was put to the test shortly before and after Chávez's death, when poverty increased, inflation rose and widespread shortages in Venezuela occurred, with such effects growing especially into the presidency of Nicolas Maduro. In 2014, Venezuela entered an economic recession. Estimates of poverty by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and Luis Pedro España, a sociologist at the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, show an increase in poverty. ECLAC showed a 2013 poverty rate of 32% while Pedro España calculated a 2015 rate of 48% with a poverty rate of 70% possible by the end of 2015. According to Venezuelan NGO PROVEA, by the end of 2015, there would be the same number of Venezuelans living in poverty as there was in 2000, reversing the advancements against poverty by Hugo Chávez.

title: Bolivarian missions


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wittbeat

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 17:45, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Wittbeat
Semi-coherent entry about a non-notable website. Google reports knowing of no links to wittbeat.com, so even if article could be recovered, it shouldn't be. C HAIRBOY (☎) 00:01, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. C HAIRBOY (☎) 00:01, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. CambridgeBayWeather 00:08, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Makes little or no sense. The two 'See Also' words doesn't exist as articles either, and google only returns 4 resultpages on a search for Wittbeat....which is even less than a search on me! And I haven't done anything notable (yet).bjelleklang 00:09, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Copyright problems/2005 October 7

October 7
* PageName from [source]. ~


text:
Talk:Book of Cool

Contents list
anyone wan2 start listing the skills? Grroin 00:01, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * editing is quicker than watching through the whole website and listing.. Grroin 18:54, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

More press cumming up
This thing is getting covered USA media - see links i put in. Grroin 20:56, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Book of Cool
Our family ordered this online after seeing the item on the Today Show. A really extraordinary present which both of our sons are prizing at the moment. My younger boy could list the persons appearing if you wishRobsmommy 01:18, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

The world's greatest website - it's official!
now this has won three Webby Awards this article should be expanded. Extremeweb 08:28, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 5 one external links on Book of Cool. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20051124111102/http://www.moluv.com:80/fsa.asp to http://www.moluv.com/fsa.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060412184429/http://webbyawards.com:80/webbys/current.php?season=10 to http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php?season=10
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20051211143305/http://www.recordingmedia.org:80/Conferences/emx/dvdawards/winners.html to http://www.recordingmedia.org/conferences/emx/dvdawards/winners.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060326011433/http://www.familytechshow.com/archives/000146.html to http://www.familytechshow.com/archives/000146.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20051211110308/http://www.msnbc.msn.com:80/id/10341957/ to http://msnbc.msn.com/id/10341957/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:26, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Book of Cool


text:
User talk:Jdingman

again, PLEASE REMOVE THIS ACCOUNT.

so then what am I to do? :(

You can't have it both ways
It's not right to ask your account be deleted and blank all the warnings folks have given you about adding links to your own website in contravention of our rules -- then keep adding links.

To ask to have your account deleted -- and then go and write an article about your own business -- that's not right either.

Please feel free to join the discussions at:
 * Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Contemporary Christian music
 * Conflict of interest/Noticeboard (Permanent link)

This is a project to develop a free, globally accessible encyclopedia, not some form of yellow pages. We're not pitching in to promote our own interests. I have two web sites of my own but I don't link to them or promote them even though one has been widely cited and likely meets our Notability Guideline.

Please, we'd love to have your contributions but only if they don't involve your web sites. --A. B. (talk) 12:47, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I too have a website and don't promote it here (It's small and non-notable). I don't see any musician articles on Wikipedia that link to their lyrics. I remove links to ANY lyrics site because I don't see how that related to building an encyclopedia. There is a guideline that says that Wikipedia is not a series of links. I assume that someone has already pointed you to Conflict of interest, but I thought it was important to point it out just in case. I have nothing against you or your work, I hope that your website is successful. Royal broil  23:24, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Thank you and I appreciate that. At the same time though, consumers more often than not find a lot of value in having easy access to their lyrics rather than having to hunt and search for them. Hence why I thought it would be important.

title: User talk:Jdingman