text:
Talk:Shane Williams

Untitled
Moving this to the talk page for now:

He started his career as a scrum-half at Amman United RFC but his speed and mobility meant that he was soon placed on the wing at Neath RFC and after the formation of regional squads in Wales with the Ospreys. Shane Williams’s speciality is his outstanding broken play running. His lack of height has led to comments about a potential weakness in defence and for this reason he has not had as many Welsh caps as he might have. However this is to fail to recognise that his abilities lie in attack. For example his trademark move means that any opposing back that hoofs the ball down field in his vicinity is likely to see it run back at him with pace. This combined with his pace and sidestep have made him one of Wales best try scorers, with a rate of almost one try per match.

This paragraph is pretty much a repeat of the first paragraph. I tried to insert the relevant facts into the first paragraph. I left out "His lack of height... for this reasons... not as many caps as he might have" because we need a source for that, and for the response to it. The try rate is interesting, but for what period of time is that? Lions tour? Time at the Ospreys? Career? I'd like to put it in, but in a year's time we will be wondering "where did that come from"?

Telsa 18:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

-- on a similar not to try rate, the page also lists his appearances/points for Neath as 12/20. I'm not sure where these figures come from, but he played many more times, and scored many more points than that. He was even Neath's kicker for a season. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.61.220.3 (talk) 16:41, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 04:22, 28 August 2007 (UTC) i've just read through this page and noticed some errors, firstly his fathers name was mark not mike as printed in some tabloid papers, secondly shane played mainly on the wing for the amman 1st team as the current player coach neil bundock was also a scrum half. after sevral outstanding dissplay's (notably the local derby against cwmgors in wich he scored a brace of tries) the other amman united coach alan edmunds passed his name on to his previous employers neath, i'm also not sure gail has a brother playing in the super 14's i'm pretty sure it's not true i tried editing this section myself but couldn't gain access to do it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.160.80.54 (talk) 00:02, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Ridiculous 'lbs' argument
Look, can you actually find somewhere that says that UK standard abbreviations for 'pounds' is 'lbs'? Because I can't - in fact, everywhere I look it's 'lb'.

This isn't a UK/US matter. It's simply that 'lbs' is not a recognised abbreviation - anywhere.

Ewen (talk) 20:57, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * ridiculous is the word. As a resident in the UK, it is lbs when a person is weighed at 13 st 4 lbs, back in Aus it is 95 kg. Alexsanderson83 (talk) 21:31, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Where do you think I live? Never lived outside the British Isles either... Ewen (talk) 21:44, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh Alexsanderson83, you silly old thing. I, too, am a Briton, though I lived in Singapore for a spell, and in neither the UK nor Singapore have I ever come across "lbs" as a recognised abbreviation for "pounds", except when people use it mistakenly, as you have. – PeeJay 01:20, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Shane Williams. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070522181914/http://ospreys.sportstatdata.com/ST_OSP_1005.aspx?pr=114637 to http://ospreys.sportstatdata.com/ST_OSP_1005.aspx?pr=114637
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090130063909/http://wru.co.uk/2634_1765.php to http://www.wru.co.uk/2634_1765.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051124011902/http://uk.sports.yahoo.com/ru/si/profiles/s_williams.html to http://uk.sports.yahoo.com/ru/si/profiles/s_williams.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:31, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Shane Williams


text: User talk:68.7.228.157

title: User talk:68.7.228.157


text: Category:Towns in Kenya

title: Category:Towns in Kenya


text:
Caleb Gattegno

Caleb Gattegno (1911–1988) was an educator, psychologist, and mathematician. He is considered one of the most influential and prolific mathematics educators of the twentieth century. He is best known for introducing new approaches to teaching and learning mathematics (Visible & Tangible Math), foreign languages (The Silent Way) and reading (Words in Color). Gattegno also developed pedagogical materials for each of these approaches, and was the author of more than 120 books and hundreds of articles largely on the topics of education and human development.

Background
Gattegno was Jewish and was born November 11, 1911, in Alexandria, Egypt. His parents, Menachem Gattegno, a Spanish merchant, and his wife, Bchora, had nine children. Because of poverty, Gattegno and his siblings had to work starting from a young age. The future mathematician had no formal education until he started to learn on his own at the age of 14. He took external examinations when he was 20 years old and obtained a teaching license in physics and chemistry from the University of Marseille in Cairo.

He moved to England, where he became involved in teacher education and helped establish the Association of Teachers of Mathematics and the International Commission for the Study and Improvement of Mathematics Teaching. He taught at several universities including the University of Liverpool and the University of London.

Pedagogical approach
Gattegno's pedagogical approach is characterised by propositions based on the observation of human learning in many and varied situations. This is a description of three of these propositions. He was also influenced by the works of Jean Piaget and worked on introducing the implications of the latter's cognitive theory on education.

Learning and effort
Gattegno noticed that there is an "energy budget" for learning. Human beings have a highly developed sense of the economics of their own energy and are very sensitive to the cost involved in using it. It is therefore essential to teach in ways that are efficient in terms of the amount of energy spent by learners. To be able to quantitively determine whether one method was more efficient than another, he created a unit of measurement for the effort used to learn. He called that unit an ogden, and one can only say an ogden has been spent if the learning was done outside of ordinary functionings, and was retained. For example, learning one word in a foreign language costs one ogden, but if the word cannot be recalled, the ogden has not truly been spent. Gattegno's teaching materials and techniques were designed to be economical with ogdens, so that the greatest amount of information can be recalled with the least sense of effort. In 1970s, he collaborated with the film maker Joeseph Koenig. They produced one-minute television films that featured animation contents that presented: 1) raw data on how the English language works; 2) the language's spatial ordering; 3) the effects of transformations; and, 4) the concepts of insertion, reversal, substitution, and addition.

For Gattegno, certain kinds of learning are very expensive in terms of energy, i.e., ogdens, while others are practically free. Memorization is a very expensive way to learn. The energy cost can be especially high when the content is of no particular interest to the learner. Memorizing dates in history or major exports of foreign countries is like that, for most people. School is not the only place where that kind of learning is found. Learning somebody's name or telephone number is equally arbitrary. We have to use our own energy to make such arbitrary items stick in our memories. The "mental glue" necessary is expensive, since that type of learning uses up a lot of energy.

Not only is that type of learning expensive, it tends also to be fragile. It is typically difficult to remember those kinds of items. Even when we make a great effort, we do not always succeed. We often recognise a face without being able to remember the name of the person ... not to mention all that almost all of us have forgotten much of what we "learned" at school. It is not unusual for us to forget much of what we memorize.

However, there is another way of functioning, which Gattegno called natural retention. An example of retention is the reception of sensory images. When we look at something – a street, a film, a person, a fine view – photons move from what we are contemplating and enter our eyes to strike the retina. When we listen to something, we create auditory images in a similar way, that is, through energy that enters our system, rather than energy we allocate from inside, to memorize an arbitrary item. To retain an auditory or visual image, we have to use perhaps only an insignificant amount of our own to retain it; the amount is so small we are not aware of any effort. Such images are easily acquired and generally remain for long periods. We all have experiences similar to the following examples Gattegno offered:

First experience: "I recently visited a village in the south of France where I had not been for over 10 years and I was able to say, 'Oh, yes, I know. The pharmacy is over there beyond the baker's.' I went to see and there it was. I had made no effort to memorise this village square. It had entered my mind during my previous visits and it had remained there."

Second experience: "I visit a supermarket and go down the aisles. I see an unexceptional woman with a trolley. Three aisles further on, I see her again. I have not tried to remember her, but I have seen her and I can recognise her again a little later."

Our system of retention is extremely efficient. We keep in our minds a huge quantity of information simply because we have seen, heard, tasted, smelled or felt it. That ability is part of human nature. It enables us to walk about our town without getting lost, to ski or to read a book.

Gattegno proposed that we should base education, not on memorization, which has a high energetic cost and is often unreliable, but on retention. The learning tools and techniques Gattegno proposed rely systematically on retention.

The subordination of teaching to learning
Gattegno argued that for pedagogical actions to be effective, teaching should be subordinated to learning, which requires that as an absolute prerequisite teachers must understand how people learn. Rather than present facts for memorization, teachers construct challenges for students to conquer. If the student cannot conquer the challenge easily, the teacher does not tell the answer, but observes and asks questions to determine where the confusion lies, and what awareness needs to be triggered in the student. His methodology is based on the idea that education is built around the acquisition of awareness obtained from the elements of learning.

The role of teachers is not to try to transmit knowledge, but to engender acts of awareness in their students, for only awareness is educable. Gattegno created pedagogical materials designed to provoke awarenesses. The materials are intended to be used along with techniques aimed at leading students through a succession of awarenesses. As the students progress, teachers who observe their students can see when and how they can induce a new act of awareness.

For example, he created Words in Colour for learning to read. Briefly, it consists of a series of word charts using a colour code in which each colour represents a phoneme of the language. The charts are used to provoke the phonological awareness in students of the sounds they are making and the order in which they are making them thus engendering all the awarenesses of how the graphemes relate to the phonemes and of how the spatial order of writing reflects the chronological order of speech. Other charts, called Fidels, list the graphemes used to spell each phoneme.

He also used this colour code in The Silent Way materials for learning foreign languages to enable students to identify and produce the sounds of the new language. The Words in Color method was one of his earliest works that generated interest. Here, Cuisenaire rods are used, particularly with beginners, to create visible and tangible situations from which the students can induce the structures of the language. The silence of the teacher both gives the students room to explore the language and frees the teacher to observe the students. The teacher is thus able to propose a sequence of pedagogical challenges adapted precisely to the evolution of the students' learning. "If I would be remembered for anything", he said in one of his last seminars, "it would be that I painted the sounds with colours."

In his approach to teaching mathematics, manipulatives, such as Geoboards which he invented and Cuisenaire Rods which he popularised, are part of a way of systematically developing students' mathematical thinking through the exploration of clear and tangible problems.

All the materials created by Gattegno were designed to allow teachers using them to place the accent systematically on the students' learning rather than on what they, the teachers, do. Teachers watch their students deal with the challenges they are given, and provide them with feedback on their trials and errors. Teachers thus actively base their work on the awareness and awarenesses of the students, in the here and now. It is therefore very difficult for a teacher to closely follow a detailed lesson-plan, since the students are actively exploring the domain and have the freedom to take the lesson wherever they need it to go. The class becomes a kind of guided improvisation in which the teacher launches a challenge at a suitable level for the students, and if necessary nudges them into the awarenesses they need to have in order to learn. This is the case whatever the subject being dealt with, and is what is meant by Gattegno's expression, "the subordination of teaching to learning".

Only awareness is educable
Gattegno found that only awareness is educable in human beings. On the path to learning, several awarenesses must be reached. The first is the awareness that there is something to be learned, some unknown to become known. The next awarenesses are triggered by experience with the subject matter. For example, rather than ask a student to write "2+2=4," Gattegno might ask them to create the number 4 in as many ways as possible with colored rods. The student can then clearly see, feel, and describe the characteristics of the number 4. Instead of memorizing "2+2=4," the student has had a mathematical experience, and become aware that "4" can be broken into parts, and that the process of breaking apart and putting together can be described in several ways.

We are constantly becoming aware of new things. When it is something significant, the awareness is often audible in the form of the "Ah!" so typical of an important realisation. However, most realisations are made much more discretely. Indeed, as we live our everyday lives, we become aware of all sorts of things at great speed throughout the day: the price of bananas, that these bananas are not ripe enough, that the price of the yoghurts has been reduced because they are close to their sell-by date .... All our life is a succession of tiny awarenesses. Until we become aware of something, that thing remains totally unknown to us. As soon as we become aware of it and integrate it into our lives, we often no longer pay attention to it. But the moment of realisation, the act of learning, is an act of awareness.

The role of the teacher in acts of learning is not to inform students of this or that piece of information, but to help them to discover it, to perform a conscious act to become aware of it.

Gattegno suggests that learning takes place in four stages which can be described in terms of awareness.

The first stage consists in a single act of awareness: the realisation that there is something new to be explored. As long as I am unaware that there is something to be known, I cannot start to learn.

The second stage: As soon as I start to learn, I have to explore the situation in order to understand it. As I am not yet an expert in the field, I make many mistakes. These mistakes enable me to progress because by observing what happens and becoming aware of it I can adapt my attempts in relation to the feedback given by the environment. This stage ends when I know what I have to do, but I only succeed when I am wholly present in what I am doing.

The third stage is a transitional stage. At the beginning, I am able to do what I want if I pay attention at each instant. At the end of this stage I no longer need to pay attention: the new skill has become completely automatic and because it is automatic, I am free to give my attention to learning other things.

The fourth stage is that of transfer. For the rest of my life, what I have learnt can be used for all the new skills I may wish to acquire. When I learnt to run, I used the know-how I had acquired from learning to walk. Both of these, walking and running, were useful to me when I decided to learn cross-country skiing. Each skill remains available, except in the rare cases of accident or injury, for a lifetime.

Timeline

 * 1911 – Caleb Gattegno was born in Alexandria, Egypt, on November 11.
 * 1932 – Mathematics teacher at the Lycée Français in Alexandria until 1936.
 * 1937 – Earned a Doctorate in mathematics at the University of Basel: Les cas essentiellement géodésiques des équations de Hamilton-Jacobi intégrables par séparation des variables.
 * 1944 – Began publishing books and articles in scientific and other journals. By 1988, he had written about 120 books and 500 articles.
 * 1947 – Began running seminars for international groups, mainly in Europe, in North and South America and in Japan. He continued these seminars until his death.
 * 1948 – Earned a Master of Arts in education at The University of London.
 * 1951 – Founded the International Commission for the Study and Improvement of Mathematics Education (CIEAEM).
 * 1952 – Earned a Docteur ès lettres (Philosophy) at the University of Lille.
 * 1952 – Founded The Association for Teaching Aids in Mathematics (ATAM), which became The Association of Teachers of Mathematics (ATM) (currently about 4000 members), and its journal Mathematics Teaching which is published 4 times a year. In 2011 the ATM Conference - Celebrating Gattegno took place from Monday 18 to Thursday 21 April at Wolverhampton University, Telford, England.
 * 1952 – Participated in the founding of the Société Belge des Professeurs de Mathématique d'expression française and its journal Mathematica et Paedagogia.
 * 1952 – Worked with Jean Piaget translating two of Piaget's works into English.
 * 1954 – Founded The Cuisenaire Company in England, and was director until 1986.
 * 1957 – Member of a United Nations (Technical Assistance) mission to Ethiopia with the object of finding a solution to the problem of illiteracy.
 * 1961 – The release of the film Mathematics at Your Fingertips.
 * 1962 – First English edition of Words in Color released.
 * 1968 – Founded Educational Solutions in New York where he lived until his death in 1988.
 * 1971 – Began publishing the Educational Solutions Newsletter five times a year until 1988.
 * 1988 – Died in Paris two weeks after having run the seminar Le mystère de la communication near Grenoble.

title: Caleb Gattegno


text:
Keenan

Keenan is an Irish surname meaning 'ancient, distant' in the Irish language. It is derived from Ó Cianáin 'descendant of Cianán' (a diminutive of Cian). The Ó Cianáin clan were hereditary historians to the Mac Uidhir.

Origins
Recorded as O'Keenan and more usually Keenan, this is an Irish surname. Found mainly in Ulster counties Fermanagh and Monaghan, it originates from the ancient pre-10th-century Gaelic name Ó Cianáin meaning "The descendant of the faithful one" or similar. It may not have been entirely coincidence that the clan was famous throughout the Medieval Period for producing both high-ranking members of the church, and early historians, in several cases the same thing. The first recorded scribe was Adam O' Caianain, who was also the canon of Lisgool in Fermanagh. He is mentioned in the annals known as the "Four Masters" as being the historian to the famous Maguires of County Fermanagh. It is said that in 1659 in Petty's Census of Ireland that the spelling was found as MacKeenan, but if so this spelling is now completely extinct and research suggests that the original recording may have been a clerical mistake.

First name

 * Keenan Garvey, Entrepreneur
 * Keenan Allen, American football wide receiver
 * Keenan Cornelius, American jiu-jitsu practitioner
 * Keenan Clayton, American football linebacker
 * Keenan Evans (born 1996), American basketball player
 * Keenan Hollahan, pseudonym for advice columnist
 * Keenan McCardell, former American football wide receiver
 * Keenan Robinson, American football linebacker
 * Kenan Thompson, American actor and comedian
 * Keenen Ivory Wayans, American comedian, director and writer
 * Keenan Wynn, American character actor

Last name

 * Brian Keenan (Irish republican), Provisional IRA member
 * Brian Keenan (musician born 1943), American musician
 * Brian Keenan (writer), Irish journalist and hostage
 * Brigid Keenan, British/Irish writer of best-selling memoirs "Diplomatic Baggage"
 * Cathy Keenan, Canadian television actor
 * Celia Keenan-Bolger, American stage actor and singer
 * David Keenan, Scottish writer and musician
 * Deborah Keenan, American poet and educator
 * Don Keenan, Canadian ice hockey goaltender
 * Donal Keenan, Irish Gaelic games administrator
 * Edward L. Keenan, American historian of medieval Russia
 * Frank Keenan, American stage and screen actor and director
 * Frank Keenan (hurler) Irish hurling player
 * Harold Keenan, English footballer
 * Harry Keenan, American screen actor
 * Helen Grace Scott Keenan, American journalist, OSS employee and Soviet spy
 * Henry Francis Keenan, American journalist and author
 * Jack Keenan (boxer) (1929-2009), Canadian boxer
 * Joe Keenan (footballer), British footballer
 * Joe Keenan (writer), American writer and playwright
 * John Keenan (Medal of Honor), U.S. Army soldier
 * John F. Keenan, American attorney and federal judge
 * John R. Keennan (1940–2015), American baseball scout
 * Joseph B. Keenan, chief prosecutor in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
 * Joseph Henry Keenan, American thermodynamicist
 * Lillie Keenan (born 1996), American show jumping rider
 * Luke A. Keenan (1872–1924), New York politician
 * Maynard James Keenan, American singer of bands Tool, A Perfect Circle and Puscifer
 * Mike Keenan, Canadian ice hockey manager
 * Nancy Keenan, American politician and pro-choice campaigner
 * Norbert Keenan, Australian politician
 * Paddy Keenan, Irish uilleann piper

 * Pepper Keenan, American musician with Corrosion of Conformity
 * Peter Keenan ("Crackers" Keenan), former Australian rules footballer
 * Peter Keenan (boxer), Scottish boxer of the 1940s, and 1950s
 * Philip Childs Keenan (1908-2000), American astronomer
 * Phuwaryne Keenan (born 1988), Thai singer
 * Roy Keenan (1930-2003), Canadian boxer
 * Sinead Keenan, Irish actress
 * Shy Keenan, British author, child sexual abuse survivor, and founder of Phoenix Survivors
 * Sterling James Keenan, American pro wrestler
 * Tamra Keenan, British singer
 * Terry Keenan, American broadcast television business correspondent
 * Trish Keenan, English singer and composer
 * Vernon Keenan, American law enforcement officer
 * Fictional
 * Gareth Keenan, character from UK television series The Office

title: Keenan


text:
Picket fence

Picket fences are a type of fence often used decoratively for domestic boundaries, distinguished by their evenly spaced vertical boards, the pickets, attached to horizontal rails. Picket fences are particularly popular in the United States, with the white picket fence coming to symbolize the ideal middle-class suburban life.

History
Picket fences are particularly popular in the United States, where the style has been used since America's earliest colonial era and remains popular today. Pickets were historically sharpened logs used to defend positions and used as such by early colonists. Now they are a decorative way to contain pets and children without blocking views, and are used around both front and back yards. Traditionally picket fences were made out of wood and painted white (or whitewashed), but now picket fences are also widely available in low-maintenance polyvinyl chloride (PVC or Vinyl).

Until the introduction of advertising on fences in the 1980s, cricket fields were usually surrounded by picket fences, giving rise to the expression "rattling the pickets" for a ball hit firmly into the fence.

Design
A picket fence is generally 36 to 48 in tall. A horizontal top rail and bottom rail are attached to fence posts, which are installed upright into the ground. Evenly spaced boards are affixed vertically to the rails. These boards with pointed tops are called "pickets" for their resemblance to the pointed stakes historically used by infantry to repel cavalry.

Picket fences can be made of several types of materials. Historically, wood has been the most popular material used for picket fences. This wood can be untreated, treated, or naturally insect and rot resistant. Available non-wood options include vinyl (PVC) and aluminum.

Installation
The first step in installing a picket fence is to insert the posts into the ground. Traditionally this is done by digging deep holes (usually 36 in x 12 in) either manually or with a power auger. The posts are then placed upright into the ground and concrete is poured to cement them into place. Once they are set, the horizontal rails are affixed to the posts using fasteners, and finally the pickets can be attached to the horizontal rails. By far the most time-consuming part of installing a picket fence is setting the posts. There are some vinyl picket fence systems on the market that are installed without digging holes or pouring concrete. These are installed by driving pipe deep into the ground, which is how chain link fence has been installed for years. This is the most popular way to install vinyl fence in Western Canada, where the deep frost can heave concrete footings out of the ground.

Symbolism
The picket fence, particularly when white, has iconic status as Americana, symbolizing the ideal middle-class suburban life, with a family and children, large house, and peaceful living. This stems from the fact that houses in quiet, middle-class neighborhoods often have yards enclosed by picket fences. This symbolism is also common to works critical of the middle-class lifestyle. For example, the director David Lynch uses ironic images of the picket fence in his 1986 film Blue Velvet.

In popular culture

 * Botticelli shows a picket fence in his painting Agony in the Garden, painted c. 1500.
 * The phrase "picket fence" also describes text without spaces between words. Such texts are very common in Old Latin, with documents often lacking both spaces and punctuation.

title: Picket fence


text: User talk:69.253.12.52

title: User talk:69.253.12.52


text: User talk:205.124.53.254

title: User talk:205.124.53.254


text:
Belfast Harbour Police

The Belfast Harbour Police is a small, specialised ports police force, with responsibility for the Port of Belfast, Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1847, making it the oldest continuously-operating law enforcement agency on the island of Ireland.

Powers
Officers of this force are sworn in as 'special constables' under section 79 of the Harbours, Docks, and Piers Clauses Act 1847. As a result, officers have the full powers of a constable on any land owned by the Belfast Harbour Authority and at any place within one mile (1.6 km) of any owned land. The extent of Belfast Harbour includes the George Best Belfast City Airport, though policing of the airport by the Harbour Police was discontinued in February 2009. The force comprised 28 constables, six sergeants and one chief officer in 2009. Whilst on duty, BHP officers are armed, which is believed to be a unique situation amongst the small number of privately owned ports police services across the United Kingdom. The service may also enforce the Belfast Harbour Commissioners' by-laws, giving them more powers specific to the harbour.

Officers
Belfast Harbour Police consists of uniformed police officers and a CID section who provide 24-hour cover throughout the 2,000-acre Harbour Estate, including almost 17 miles of roads. Their vehicles are equipped with Tracker stolen vehicle detection devices. Officers are armed with the Glock 17 9mm pistol.

Uniforms
Unlike the green uniforms worn by the Police Service of Northern Ireland, BHP officers wear a black and white uniform, similar to those worn by police officers in Great Britain. Also unlike the PSNI, BHP also uses the standard black and white police sillitoe tartan insignia on their forage caps and the rank insignia for the rank of sergeant incorporates the downturned chevrons, again similar to police agencies in Britain.

Any major or serious crime and incidents such as murder, acts of terrorism or armed robbery are the responsibility of the local territorial police force, the Police Service of Northern Ireland.

Equipment
Like most Northern Ireland police or public security services, BHP officers are regularly armed and are equipped with the Glock 17, previously being equipped with six-shot revolvers. Officers also carry typical UK police equipment, including a radio, baton, and incapacitant spray.

Vehicles
BHP use cars including Volkswagens, Landrover Discovery, Freelanders and Kia Sportage and a motorbike to patrol the harbour. Vehicles are equipped in typical UK police blue and yellow style "Battenberg" colour scheme, with blue lights and 'Harbour Police' wording.

There is also a police launch. This was manufactured by Redbay Boats in Cushendall, and also supports Belfast Harbour Police’s joint operations with Lagan Search and Rescue, PSNI and Border Force.

The ‘Bowstead’, is named after John Bowstead, the first Constable appointed to police the quays in Belfast in 1824.

title: Belfast Harbour Police


text: User talk:84.173.52.148

title: User talk:84.173.52.148


text:
Talk:Lhasa Apso

Too many puppies
Is it just me, or do we have too many pictures of lhasa apso puppies, in comparison to the adults. Personally, I love the pictures of puppies, but the fact is that dogs are adults for far longer than they are puppies. I suggest removing some of the puppy pictures or trading them for some images of adult lhasa apso. (talk) 6:54, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Popular culture/mythology/spirituality question
I wonder if the Lhasa Aspo is the dog which chases the moon-ball with the Jade Rabbit in it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.176.92.159 (talk) 05:24, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: https://web.archive.org/web/20101203192642/http://lhasaapso.org/nsc/resources/PreservingFutureALAC_8_2010.pdf, https://web.archive.org/web/20160215120236/https://lhasaapso.org/nsc/. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 17:55, 16 August 2021 (UTC)

What happened to this page?
Years ago this page used to have so much more information on mythology, history, current breeding efforts, and pop culture connections. For being one of the oldest breeds of dogs, this page has minimal information compared to other dog breed pages. I'm concerned this breed's page is being vandalized/minimalized due to the controversy surrounding Tibet. Can't anyone do anything about this? 2601:646:C700:3A40:C063:B01D:58D4:853D (talk) 09:32, 7 April 2022 (UTC)
 * It appears some material has been removed as a copyright infringement, maybe that's what happened. General Vicinity (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 15:21, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

Temperament
The temperament of the breed should be added along with the pros and cons owning a Lhasa Apso. If given permission I could do the research and add it myself. 107.19.24.136 (talk) 19:44, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lhasa Apso


text:
Tulip Period

The Tulip Period, or Tulip Era (Ottoman Turkish: لاله دورى, Lâle Devri), is a period in Ottoman history from the Treaty of Passarowitz on 21 July 1718 to the Patrona Halil Revolt on 28 September 1730. This was a relatively peaceful period, during which the Ottoman Empire began to orient itself outwards.

The name of the period derives from the tulip craze among the Ottoman court society. Cultivating this culturally ambiguous emblem had become a celebrated practice. The Tulip Period illustrated the conflicts brought by early modern consumer culture. During this period the elite and high-class society of the Ottoman period had established an immense fondness for the tulip, which were utilized in various occasions. Tulips defined nobility and privilege, both in terms of goods and leisure time.

The Tulip Period, an era of relative peace and prosperity, saw a rebirth of Ottoman art and architecture (see Tulip Period architecture). During this period, Ottoman public buildings incorporated, for the first time, elements of western European designs, leading to the foundation of Ottoman Baroque architecture in the following decade.

Rise and growth
Under the guidance of Sultan Ahmed III's son-in-law, Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha, the Ottoman Empire embarked on new policies and programs during this period, which established the first Ottoman-language printing press during the 1720s, and promoted commerce and industry.

The Grand Vizier was concerned with improving trade relations and enhancing commercial revenues, which would help to explain the return to gardens and the more public style of the Ottoman court during this period. The Grand Vizier was himself very fond of tulip bulbs, setting an example for Istanbul’s elite who started to cherish the tulip’s endless variety in paint and celebrate its seasonality as well.

The Ottoman standard of dress and its commodity culture incorporated their passion for the tulip. Within Istanbul, one could find tulips from the flower markets to the plastic arts to silks and textiles. Tulip bulbs could be found everywhere; the demand grew within the elite community where they could be found in homes and gardens.

Therefore, the tulip is a symbol with mythical appeal, which can be found from Ottoman palaces to their clothing, which sustains a memory of the Ottoman Empire’s social past. The tulip can be seen as a romantic monument representing the wealthy and elite, and the fragility of despotic rule.

Culture
The Tulip Period saw a flowering of arts, culture and architecture. Compared with the earlier classical style of Ottoman architecture, architecture and decoration in this period became more ornate and favoured floral motifs, being influenced by the Baroque style in Europe. An iconic example is the Fountain of Ahmed III built in 1728 in front of Topkapı Palace in Istanbul, one of many fountains and sebils built in this period. In addition to European influences, the architecture of the Tulip Period was also influenced by Safavid art and architecture to the east. The return of the sultan's court to Istanbul – after a period of residence in Edirne in the late 17th century – resulted in renewed building activity in the capital. Significant efforts were also made to repair or restore many of the city’s older buildings. Ahmed III’s grand vizier, Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha, was in large part responsible for stimulating this construction and restoration activity. According to scholar Ünver Rüstem, the patronage of Ahmet III’s court in the realm of architecture and culture in this period was part of an effort to reengage the public with its rulers after the latter had become secluded during the royal court’s time in Edirne.

One of the most important creations of the Tulip Period was the Sadâbâd Palace, a new summer palace designed and built by Damat Ibrahim Pasha in 1722–1723 for Ahmed III. It was located at Kâğıthane, a rural area on the outskirts of the city with small rivers that flow into the Golden Horn inlet. The palace grounds included a long marble-lined canal, the Cedval-i Sim, around which were gardens, pavilions, and palace apartments in a landscaped setting. This overall design probably emulated French pleasure palaces, following the descriptions of Paris and Versailles brought to the sultan's court by Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmed Efendi in 1721. In addition to his own palace, the sultan encouraged members of his court to build their own pavilions along the canal, while the regular inhabitants of Istanbul also used the surrounding area as a recreational ground for excursions and picnics. This was a novel practice in Ottoman culture that brought the public within close proximity of the ruler for the first time. It was often described or illustrated by contemporary art and literature, such as in the poems of Nedîm and in the Zenanname (Book of Women") by Enderûnlu Fâzıl. The tulip was also praised in poetry and motifs used in paintings. To this day in modern Turkey the tulip is still considered the embodiment of perfection and beauty. Turkish Airlines decorates its planes with a painting of a tulip on its fuselage.

Important figures during the period

 * Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha (1718–1730) was the Grand Vizier of the Empire and the husband of Fatma Sultan, the favorite and most influential Sultan's daughter; therefore the period is delineated over his vizierate rather than Sultan Ahmed III
 * Grand Admiral Mustafa Pasa – was the son-in-law of the Grand Vizier and is remembered for establishing forty-four new tulip breeds
 * Ibrahim Muteferrika – a Hungarian who had established the first Ottoman printing press which was seen as a landmark of the period
 * Nedim – a poet who broke new ground by challenging the traditional canon while writing in a classical Ottoman format.
 * Abdulcelil Levni – an outstanding miniature painter who began to work in Edirne to Istanbul where he studied painting and became the court painter where the Ottoman tradition of miniature albums was revived. These albums that Levni painted were called Tulip albums which mirrored the structure of the state itself, ranking distinguished members of the regime according to horticultural achievements.

Decline and end
Tulip prices began to rise in the last decades of the 17th century and peaked in 1726–1727 before state intervention. This reflected the demand for the inflated value of the rare bulbs and escalating demands for flowers in the elite’s palaces and gardens.

Tulip mania demonstrated the state's power to regulate the economy by increasing the prices for bulbs. Courtiers at the time forwarded a petition to denounce the practice of flower sellers, whom they perceived to be taking advantage of the elite by raising the prices of the bulbs. This led to the process of issuing inventories of flowers and price lists to the judge of Istanbul for enforcement.

title: Tulip Period


text:
WKRR

WKRR (92.3 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to serve Asheboro, North Carolina in the Piedmont Triad radio market. It broadcasts a classic rock radio format, branded as Rock 92, and is the Triad's affiliate for the Carolina Panthers Radio Network. WKRR is owned by Dick Broadcasting, along with WKZL 107.5 KZL in Winston-Salem. Both stations broadcast from studios and offices on East Lewis Street in Greensboro. The transmitter is off Island Ford Road in Randleman, North Carolina (35.83333°N, -79.83361°W).

History
In November 1948, WGWR-FM signed on as the sister station to WGWR (1260 AM). At first, WGWR-FM simulcast WGWR. From the late 1960s until 1984, the station played country music with the WCSE call sign. On April 4, 1984, the call sign was changed to WRLT. It played a "light" soft adult contemporary format.

The station's call sign was changed to WKRR on October 11, 1985. FM pioneer James Dick bought the station and made his son, Allen, station manager. Under Allen's watch, it became one of the highest-rated stations in the Triad. Allen took over the company after his father retired in 1992. Though WSEZ was already playing album oriented rock (AOR) when Rock 92 started, that station did not last. WKRR evolved to classic rock in the early 1990s, changing its name to Classic Rock 92 when other rock stations began competing.

Dick Broadcasting sold off almost all of its stations to Cumulus Media in 2000, but retained WKRR and WKZL. However, years later, the licensee name still reads "Dick Broadcasting Company of Tennessee".

Personalities
WKRR aired the syndicated John Boy and Billy morning show for three years, ending January 1, 1999. John Boy and Billy are syndicated from WRFX in Charlotte, North Carolina.

The station is home to the 2 Guys Named Chris Show, which airs every morning and evening on weekdays. The show is currently hosted by Chris Kelly, Chris Demm, "Biggie", and Dave Aiken. 2 Guys Named Chris is one of the most popular radio programs in central North Carolina.

WKRR is the Triad's affiliate for the Carolina Panthers Radio Network.

Broadcast Signal
WKRR is short-spaced to WXLK K92 (licensed to serve Roanoke, Virginia) as they operate on the same channel and the distance between the stations' transmitters is 96 miles as determined by FCC rules. The minimum distance between a Class C0 FM radio station (WKRR) and a Class C FM radio station (WXLK) operating on the same frequency according to current FCC rules is 175 miles. Both stations use directional antennas to reduce their signals toward each other. Even with this restriction, WKRR provides at least grade B coverage as far west as Charlotte, as far east as Raleigh and Fort Bragg, as far south as Rockingham and as far north as the Virginia border.

title: WKRR


text: User talk:165.230.110.178

title: User talk:165.230.110.178


text:
Copley, Ohio

Copley is an unincorporated community in Summit County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

History
Variant names were Greenfield and Copley Center. The first settlement at Copley Center was made around 1819. The community was named for its location near the geographical center of Copley Township. A post office called Copley Centre was established in 1835, the name was changed to Copley in 1841, and the post office closed in 1957.

Notable People

 * Delia L. Weatherby (1843—1916) social reformer and author

title: Copley, Ohio


text:
Andrew station

Andrew station is a rapid transit station in Boston, Massachusetts. Located at Andrew Square in South Boston, it serves the MBTA Red Line and the MBTA bus system. Named for John Albion Andrew, the square is at the intersection of several major thoroughfares: Dorchester Avenue, Dorchester Street, Southampton Street, and Boston Street. Andrew is the primary transfer point between the Red Line subway and the MBTA surface bus routes into South Boston. Opened in 1918 and renovated in 1990–1994, it is fully accessible.

History
The station opened in June 1918 as the southern terminus of the Cambridge–Dorchester line, and quickly replaced Broadway as the primary streetcar transfer point for South Boston. A multiple track streetcar station was built on the surface, with direct connections from the rapid transit platforms. Andrew was the terminus of the line until November 1927, when Columbia, Savin Hill, and Fields Corner stations opened on the Ashmont branch.

The fare mezzanines and staircases were reconfigured over the years as streetcars were replaced by trackless trolleys and later buses. Streetcars and trackless trolleys entered the surface station from Dorchester Avenue, but after bustitution in 1962 the traffic direction was reversed.

From its opening of the South Shore line on September 1, 1971, until the second platform at JFK/UMass opened on December 14, 1988, Andrew was the southernmost transfer point between the Ashmont and South Shore (Braintree) branches of the Red Line. The platforms were extended in the mid-1980s to allow six-car trains, but the station itself was deteriorating.

After political requests and lobbying efforts by the local community, the station underwent extensive renovation from 1990 to 1993 with a new bus shed and underground connections, including a crossover mezzanine between the Red Line platforms. Work began in September 1990; the station was closed nights and some weekends until March 1991 during the heaviest work. Construction on the busway finished in January 1994. The rebuilt station incorporates elevators to the platforms to provide full handicapped accessibility.

The station includes the Andrew Station Time Capsule, a public art installation by Ross Miller, consisting of 14 stainless steel boxes suspended over the tracks, which contain items collected from riders during station renovation in 1993. The boxes are to be opened in 2068, 75 years after their installation. The restored original wood frame toll taker's booth from the 1920s is installed as a permanent display in the inbound-outbound crossover lobby.

Replacement of the three elevators was completed on October 18, 2019.

title: Andrew station


text: User talk:212.159.109.118

title: User talk:212.159.109.118


text:
Jacob S. Rogers

Jacob S. Rogers (c. 1824 – 2 July 1901) was an American businessman.

Biography
He was the son of Thomas Rogers, the founder of Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor.

When Thomas Rogers died in 1856, Jacob took over the business and reorganized it as Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works and served as the company's president. The company eventually became the second most popular steam locomotive manufacturer in North America. Jacob Rogers was involved in an accident where he was struck by a cable car on Broadway in New York on February 9, 1899; his injuries were not life-threatening and he was treated at the Astor House.

Upon Rogers' death in 1901, he bequeathed the majority of his fortune, amounting to $8 million, to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The Museum continues to acquire art works in his name through the "Jacob S. Rogers Fund."

Rogers is buried in the family plot at Cedar Lawn Cemetery in Paterson, New Jersey.

title: Jacob S. Rogers


text:
Bernardino Spada

Bernardino Spada (21 April 1594 – 10 November 1661) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a patron of the arts whose collection is housed in the Palazzo Spada in Rome.

Early life
Spada was born in Brisighella, current province of Ravenna (Romagna). His father was the rich merchant Paolo Spada (unrelated to the Spada family of ancient nobility) who had directed him early on to a career in the church, though the generations before his had been colliers. Bernardino studied law in Bologna, Perugia and Rome and received a doctorate. He served in the Papal Curia from 1617.

Ecclesiastic career
On 8 December 1623, he was consecrated bishop in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome by Cardinal Guido Bentivoglio d'Aragona, assisted by Guillaume du Nozet, Titular Archbishop of Seleucia, and by François Boyvin de Péricard, Bishop of Evreux. In December 1623 he was appointed papal nuncio to the court of France, in preparation for which he was ordained titular archbishop of Tamiathis. He served as nuncio until 1627, when he became papal legate in Bologna. He was made a cardinal 19 January 1626 by Pope Urban VIII. When the plague epidemic hit Bologna in 1630/1631, he helped organize the health care system there.

From 1631 he served again in Rome, filling several influential positions in the Curia. In 1632 he purchased what is now called the Palazzo Spada in the rione Regola, facing Piazza Capo di Ferro with a garden looking over the Tiber, and commissioned Francesco Borromini to modify it for him in a more Baroque style, to house his growing collections.

War of Castro
During the First War of Castro he served as plenipotentiary of Pope Urban VIII; sent to negotiate a truce with the Duchy of Parma, together with his brother Virgilio. Spada successfully negotiated a truce but when the pope's military leaders became aware that the dukes were massing troops to counter their troops (in case discussions with Spada came to nought), Urban VIII declared the articles of peace null and void and claimed Spada had negotiated them without his consent. Spada was furious and later published a manifesto detailing his version of events which, according to contemporary John Bargrave, many accepted to be the truth.

Andrea Casale
In his profile of Spada, from his own observations and those of others, Bargrave also recounts Spada's dealings with Bologna nobleman Andrea Casale. Casale had been sent to Germany to fight in the armies of the Holy Roman Empire during the 30 Years' War where he was captured. While a prisoner, Casale inherited a large estate which Spada then came to manage on behalf of Casale's relatives (who expected Casale to never return). Casale was eventually released and returned to Bologna where he had great difficulty proving he was, in fact, Andrea Casale. But a nurse who had treated Casale as a young man came forward and identified him from specific marks on his body. Nonetheless, Spada had the man imprisoned where he was beaten to death. Bargrave recounted that the story had been told to him in Rome, "much to the Cardinal's disadvantage".

Later ecclesiastic career
Spada was successively Bishop of Albano, Frascati, Sabina and Palestrina. Bernardino supported the church careers of several of his family members. His nephew Giovanni Battista Spada became cardinal in 1654 and his great-nephew Fabrizio Spada became cardinal in 1675 and Cardinal Secretary of State in 1691. He died in Rome in 1661 and was interred in the family grave in the church of San Girolamo della Carità.

Literary influence and patronage
Spada was the patron of Martha Marchina, an Italian soapmaker who wrote poetry in Latin, for ten years. Spada recognized her literary talents after exchanging epigrams about the plague that was ravaging Italy at that time. Spada was largely responsible for the publication of Musa Posthuma, a collection of Marchina's poetry, though it was first published after his death in 1662. Spada included some of his own poetry, including a dedicatory poem written in Latin, addressed to the former queen of Sweden, Christine. Several of Spada's letters to Marchina and to his brother Vergilius Spada are also included in Musa Posthuma, which are written in Italian and Latin. Several of Marchina's poems written about Spada are also included in the book.

Books

 * Arne Karsten: Kardinal Bernardino Spada; Eine Karriere im barocken Rom, Goettingen 2001 (German) ISBN 3525362498

title: Bernardino Spada


text:
Danny Abramowicz

Daniel Stanley "Danny" Abramowicz (born July 13, 1945) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Xavier Musketeers. He played in the NFL for the New Orleans Saints and San Francisco 49ers. He was named a first-team All-Pro with the Saints in 1969, when he led the league in receptions. He became a coach after his playing career.

Early life
Born in Steubenville, Ohio, Abramowicz is of Polish/Irish descent. He attended Steubenville Catholic Central High School. When he was a 5–10, 155-pound senior at Catholic Central, Abramowicz didn't attract much attention from college coaches. The only school that offered him a football scholarship was Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio.

He went to Xavier and, as a sophomore, caught 18 passes for 257 yards in his first varsity season.

His junior year, he finished with 50 catches for 738 yards and eight touchdowns, helping Xavier to an 8–2 season. That year Xavier knocked off Miami University, 29–28, Cincinnati, 14–3, and Dayton, 10–0. The Musketeers were all but bowl-bound until they dropped a 57–33 decision to Texas Western on the final day of the season despite a 53-yard touchdown reception by Abramowicz. At the conclusion of his junior year, he was named to the All-Catholic All-America team (The Brooklyn Tablet).

During his senior season, he continued as the favorite receiver of quarterback Carroll Williams, catching 34 passes for 585 yards and three touchdowns despite facing constant double coverage.

Abramowicz holds the XU records for passes caught in a season (50 in 1965) and in a career (102), receiving yards in a career (1,470), as well as touchdown passes caught in a season (eight in 1965) and in a career (13)

He graduated with a bachelor of science degree in Economics and Education in 1967.

NFL career
By his senior year, he had grown to 6–0, 190 pounds, but he still didn't attract much attention from pro scouts due to his lack of speed. Abramowicz was drafted by the Saints in the 17th round of the 1967 NFL Draft.

His career lasted from 1967 through 1974. Abramowicz broke into the starting lineup in the seventh game of the Saints’ first season with 12 catches for 156 yards in a 14–10 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers.

Abramowicz had his most productive years while with the Saints. In 1968, 1969, and 1970, he ranked in the Top 10 in the NFL in two categories: receptions and receiving yards.

Additionally, in 1968 and 1972 he was Top 10 in receiving touchdowns. His best season is generally considered to be 1969 when he caught 73 passes for 1,015 yards to go along with seven touchdowns. For his efforts, he was voted as an All-Pro by the Sporting News and Associated Press. The 1972 season would turn out to be Abramowicz's last full season with the Saints.

Two games into the 1973 season, he was traded to the 49ers, playing two sub-par seasons. Abramowicz attempted to catch on in 1975, reporting to camp with George Allen's "Over the Hill Gang", the Washington Redskins. However, he did not make the final roster.

Over his career, he played 111 games, caught 369 passes for 5,686 yards, and 39 touchdowns.

Upon his retirement, he held the NFL record for catching at least one pass in consecutive games: 105. The previous record was 96 by Hall-of-Famer Lance Alworth.

After retirement
After his playing career, Abramowicz worked in private business in New Orleans. He also spent five years as an analyst for Saints games broadcast on radio. In 1992, he was hired by Chicago Bears head coach Mike Ditka to serve as special teams coach. He served in this capacity from 1992 to 1996. In 1997, when Ditka was hired as head coach for the Saints, Abramowicz came back to the Saints as offensive coordinator. He has been out of the NFL since Ditka was fired in 1999.

Abramowicz is a devout Roman Catholic, and is active with various organizations and foundations dedicated to philanthropic causes. He is also a writer, author of "Spiritual Workout of a Former Saint."

Since September 2008, Abramowicz has been hosting his own television show "Crossing the Goal" on the Catholic television network EWTN. Promotional materials from the network indicate the program uses "a sports show format to encourage men to get into spiritual shape." He also serves on the Board of Directors of EWTN. He serves in an advisory capacity to the board of directors of National Fellowship of Catholic Men. He travels throughout the United States speaking at Catholic men's conferences.

He and his wife, Claudia, married in 1970 and had three children and four grandsons. Claudia died August 2, 2022.

Xavier University has presented him with the two most prestigious awards bestowed on a student athlete—Legion of Honor and Athletic Hall of Fame (1981).

Abramowicz was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in 1992. Also in 1992, he was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame.

title: Danny Abramowicz


text:
Talk:Lift force

Why Bernoulli should not be merged with Lift Force
Bernoulli's Principle is not the only cause of lift force, and is not even a particularly good explanation for the lift from airfoils. Any shape that displaces streamlines sideways relative to its direction of motion through a medium will generate a lift force, by simple reaction from the displacement of fluid along the bent streamlines. For example, while the magnus force generates lift that usually agrees in direction with the Bernoulli lift force using a whirlpool explanation (that is the explanation in the current article), in some parts of the speed/spin-rate trade space there is a reverse magnus force that acts in the opposite direction. (note the red -- one of these days I'll have to pen something. Meanwhile, check out the  now-ancient sci.physics faq pennned by a much earlier me.)

So, er, while some expansion and cross-referencing is needed, I think that the solution to the current similarity is to expand lift force rather than to tie it to bernoulli principle. zowie 18:30, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Fluid Mechanics
If anything, this article should be merged with Fluid mechanics or Fluid dynamics. Bernoulli's equation is one of a basic equation of fluid dynamics, NOT lift force. Lift force itself is simply an application of fluid dynamics. Also, Bernoulli is used for so much more than lift force calculations. Bernoulli is also used in pump calculations, for example.

title: Talk:Lift force