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Zia people (New Mexico)

The Zia or Tsʾíiyʾamʾé are an indigenous nation centered at Zia Pueblo (Tsi'ya), a Native American reservation in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The Zia are known for their pottery and use of the sun symbol. They are one of the Keres Pueblo peoples and speak the Eastern Keres language.

History
Archaeologists believe that the Keresan-speaking residents of Zia are descendants of the Ancestral Puebloan people of the Four Corners region, who migrated to the Jemez River Valley sometime in the 13th century. The Spanish explorer Antonio de Espejo first encountered the Zia in 1583, when he noted that the largest pueblo was the one the natives called Tsiya, which the Spanish later renamed to Zia.

Spanish settlers and their religious orders slowly took control of the region and outlawed traditional Zia religious ceremonies. The first missionary was assigned to the Zia in 1598 by Don Juan De Oñate, and by 1613, a church and convent had been built by tribal members. Tensions between the Spanish and Zia continued to build until 1680, when a regional uprising led by Popé, a Tewa religious leader, overthrew the Spanish regime. The uprising was successful and the Spanish were forced to flee south. The Pueblo Indians acquired horses from the Spanish, thus allowing the further spread of horses to the Plains tribes.

The Spanish did not return for another 9 years, laying siege to Zia Pueblo in 1689. Soldiers led by Governor Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate sacked the pueblo, killing 600 people and taking 70 Zia Indians captive. Three years later, the Spanish had crushed any Pueblo resistance and convinced the Zia people and their leader, Antonio Malacate, to return to their homes, but fighting and disease had taken their toll, with only about 120 people left living in Zia in 1892.

Farming techniques
Because of the arid climate of the land where they live, the Zia had to adapt to the way of life in a way best suited for the desert. Since they were home dwellers instead of nomads, farming was essential to their supply of food.

In New Mexico, rain was scarce during certain parts of the year, so new techniques of farming were developed (such as dry farming and crop rotation) The Zia would plant seeds in a fertile piece of land close to a river or stream. They would then dig paths to the fields from the stream, and thus the water flowed from the stream to water the crops. By strategically placing rocks in the paths, they controlled the flow of water to their crops.

In the more elevated regions, men planted seeds in a patch on a sunny slope. When it rained, the rainwater ran down the slope to water the crops. Another method was digging trenches, used as cisterns, to collect the rain. Women would go to these trenches with clay pottery to collect water for watering the fields.

Crops
Zia farming produced a wide array of crops, but the most important of these were corn, beans, and squash, nicknamed the "three sisters". These crops were planted in shared or common ground, to which everyone contributed. They were the staple of Zia and Pueblo diets. Corn was the most important of all. While some was eaten fresh, most was stored away in pots and cellars for the winter and droughts. When some of the corn dried, it was turned into flour and bread by the women. They sat outside at grinding stones, singing religious songs while rubbing stones against the corn, producing flour. They sang, because they considered the corn to be sacred.

Once the flour was done, it was mixed with water to make dough. The dough was widened to round, flat sheets and placed on hot rocks over a fire. When done baking, a tortilla was produced; it was the most important staple available to them.

Other minor crops were grown in personal, individual gardens, such as peppers, onions, chiles, and tobacco. New Mexico is well known for its spicy chiles that originated among tribes like this.

Meat sources
The Zia were primarily vegetarians, but they ate meat when it was available. Small hunting parties of men and teenaged boys were sent to hunt for small game such as rabbits, gophers, and squirrels. They also hunted large game such as deer, antelope, and mountain lions. When the spring season came, special groups would go close to the Great Plains to hunt for bison.

Housing
The natives of the southwestern United States, including the Zia, were known for their "pueblo homes" made of adobe. These were built like an apartment complex with a huge box base, smaller box on top, and an even smaller one on top of that. This architecture created different floors for storing different items and for families. Until recently, no doors were located on the bottom floor, so the only way to access the building was by ladders made from logs. One ladder would reach from the ground to the patio (second floor) and another led through an opening through a roof and down onto the first floor. Other ladders led to higher floors. At night, ladders would be taken inside for protection, so no outsider could come in without permission.

Adobe houses are made from the natural resources of the nearby desert. Adobe, the building-block, is made by mixing clay, sand, water and organic materials such as sticks, straw, and dung. The mixture is formed into blocks and left to dry. Meanwhile, a hole is dug where the new building is to be constructed and supporting poles are planted firmly in the ground to make a frame. When the blocks of adobe are dry and hard, they are laid around the building and bonded by wet clay, used as a cement. Every year, a new coat of adobe mixture/clay is added to the walls for maintenance.

Kachinas
The Zia, like the other Pueblos, believe in different spirits called kachinas. These are thought to be ancestral spirits that live among their people. The spirits got offended when people did not pay them attention, so they fled to live in the sky. They were said to come occasionally and bring rain and clouds. Over 300 kachinas are present in the worship, and the Zia held religious festivals and ceremonies in which they ask them to bring rain and make their crops grow. They used drums and rattles in the dances during the ceremonies. Religious men dressed as the kachinas come down from the mountains and dance among the people during the festival. After three days, they go back up.

Art
Pottery is a widely recognized art form and an important part of daily life in Zia Pueblo. Due to the fine quality of the craftsmanship and the poor agricultural land where the pueblo is located, pottery has been historically important for trade. At the end of the 19th century, an estimated 25 or fewer women were making the entirety of the pottery for the village.

Zia pottery is unique in that it is tempered with basalt, a hard volcanic rock. Pots are made by mixing clay and ground basalt with water and then coiling ropes of this mixture into specific shapes. Once they dry out, the pots are painted with nature and religious symbols. They then sit for about a week before they are fired in the kiln, in which cattle dung is usually used for fuel. Common motifs include geometric designs, plants, and animals, and are often on a white or red background.

Most pottery is made by women. One of the most well-known Zia potters is Elizabeth Toya Medina (originally of Jemez).

Sun symbol

The Zia regard the Sun as sacred. Their solar symbol, a red circle with groups of rays pointing in four directions, is painted on ceremonial vases, drawn on the ground around campfires, and used to introduce newborns to the Sun. Four is the sacred number of the Zia and can be found repeated in the four points radiating from the circle. The number four is embodied in:

 * the four points of the compass (north, south, east, and west)
 * the four seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)
 * the four periods of each day (morning, noon, evening, and night)
 * the four seasons of life (childhood, youth, middle years, and old age)
 * the four sacred obligations one must develop (a strong body, a clear mind, a pure spirit, and a devotion to the welfare of others), according to Zia belief

The symbol is representative of the much broader Puebloan, affiliated Hispano communities, and New Mexican culture, for example it is featured on the flag of New Mexico, in the design of the New Mexico State Capitol, on New Mexico's State Quarter entry, numerous city flags including Albuquerque and Roswell, and the state highway marker. The Zia tribe does not hold a trademark to the symbol because, under U.S. federal law, it has ubiquitous regional representation. The state government of New Mexico guides people to educational resources on the appropriate use of the sun symbol at Zia Pueblo and at the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center in Albuquerque, including information on receiving permission for commercial use and asking for the symbol be used respectfully in civil use. The symbol was featured on the flag of Madison, Wisconsin from 1962 through 2018, when concerns about cultural appropriation of the Zia, Puebloan, and New Mexican symbol led the city to remove it. A resolution was passed in 2014, by the National Congress of American Indians to recognize the Zia pueblo’s right to the symbol.

Notable Zia people

 * Marcelina Herrera, painter
 * Elizabeth Toya Medina, potter (originally of Jemez)

title: Zia people (New Mexico)


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House of Alba

The House of Alba de Tormes (Casa de Alba de Tormes), commonly known as the House of Alba, is a prominent Spanish noble family that descended from 12th-century nobility of post-conquest Toledo. The family's claim to Alba de Tormes dates from 1429, when Gutierre Álvarez de Toledo (of the House of Álvarez de Toledo) became Lord of Alba de Tormes while serving as Bishop of Palencia.

History
In 1472, García Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Count of Alba de Tormes, was elevated to the title of Duke of Alba de Tormes by King Henry IV of Castile. In 1492, the 2nd Duke of Alba de Tormes signed the capitulation of the city of Granada.

During the 16th century, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, was given the title of governor general of the Spanish Netherlands. The third duke's first cousin was Eleanor of Toledo, who married Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Through her granddaughter Marie de' Medici, Queen of France, she became the ancestor of many crowned heads and heirs apparent of Europe.

In 1802, María Cayetana de Silva, 13th Duchess of Alba, died without any issue and her titles were inherited by a relative, Carlos Miguel Fitz-James Stuart, 14th Duke of Alba. Thus, the dukedom of Alba passed to the senior branch of the House of Fitz-James Stuart, which took over the patrimony of the House of Alba.

From 1953 until 2014, the head of the House of Alba was Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba. She held the Guinness Book of Records title for the largest number of noble titles, with 57 titles.

The current head of the House of Alba is Carlos Fitz-James Stuart y Martínez de Irujo, 19th Duke of Alba, who succeeded his mother after her death in 2014. His father was Luis Martínez de Irujo, a younger son of the 9th Duke of Sotomayor. The family owns a significant collection of art, furniture and historic documents, mainly at the Liria Palace in Madrid.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: House of Alba


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Metandienone

Metandienone, also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone and sold under the brand name Dianabol (D-Bol) among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is still quite often used because of its affordability and effectiveness for bulking cycles. It is also used non-medically for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes. It is often taken by mouth.

Side effects of metandienone include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire, estrogenic effects like fluid retention and breast enlargement, and liver damage. The drug is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and has strong anabolic effects and moderate androgenic effects. It also has moderate estrogenic effects.

Metandienone was originally developed in 1955 by CIBA and marketed in Germany and the United States. As the CIBA product Dianabol, metandienone quickly became the first widely used AAS among professional and amateur athletes, and remains the most common orally active AAS for non-medical use. It is currently a controlled substance in the United States and United Kingdom and remains popular among bodybuilders. Metandienone is readily available without a prescription in certain countries such as Mexico, and is also manufactured in some Asian countries.

Medical uses
Metandienone was formerly approved and marketed as a form of androgen replacement therapy for the treatment of hypogonadism in men, but has since been discontinued and withdrawn in most countries, including in the United States.

It was given at a dosage of 5 to 10 mg/day in men and 2.5 mg/day in women.

Available forms
Metandienone was provided in the form of 2.5, 5 mg and 10mg oral tablets.

Non-medical uses
Metandienone is used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters. It is said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes both today and historically.

Side effects
Androgenic side effects such as oily skin, acne, seborrhea, increased facial/body hair growth, scalp hair loss, and virilization may occur. Estrogenic side effects such as gynecomastia and fluid retention can also occur. Case reports of gynecomastia exist. As with other 17α-alkylated steroids, methandienone poses a risk of hepatotoxicity and use over extended periods of time can result in liver damage without appropriate precautions.

Pharmacodynamics
Methandienone binds to and activates the androgen receptor (AR) in order to exert its effects. These include dramatic increases in protein synthesis, glycogenolysis, and muscle strength over a short space of time. While it can be metabolized by 5α-reductase into methyl-1-testosterone (17α-methyl-δ1-DHT), a more potent AAS, the drug has extremely low affinity for this enzyme and methyl-1-testosterone is thus produced in only trace amounts. As such, 5α-reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride do not reduce the androgenic effects of metandienone. Nonetheless, while the ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity of metandienone is improved relative to that of testosterone, the drug does still possess moderate androgenic activity and is capable of producing severe virilization in women and children. As such, it is only really commonly used in men.

Metandienone is a substrate for aromatase and can be metabolized into the estrogen methylestradiol (17α-methylestradiol). While the rate of aromatization is reduced relative to that for testosterone or methyltestosterone, the estrogen produced is metabolism-resistant and hence metandienone retains moderate estrogenic activity. As such, it can cause side effects such as gynecomastia and fluid retention. The co-administration of an antiestrogen such as an aromatase inhibitor like anastrozole or a selective estrogen receptor modulator like tamoxifen can reduce or prevent such estrogenic side effects. Metandienone has no progestogenic activity.

As with other 17α-alkylated AAS, metandienone may be hepatotoxic, especially with prolonged use of high doses.

Pharmacokinetics
Metandienone has high oral bioavailability. It has very low affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 10% of that of testosterone and 2% of that of DHT. The drug is metabolized in the liver by 6β-hydroxylation, 3α- and 3β-oxidation, 5β-reduction, 17-epimerization, and conjugation among other reactions. Unlike methyltestosterone, owing to the presence of its C1(2) double bond, metandienone does not produce 5α-reduced metabolites. The elimination half-life of metandienone is about 3 to 6 hours. It is eliminated in the urine.

Chemistry
Metandienone, also known as 17α-methyl-δ1-testosterone or as 17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a 17α-alkylated derivative of testosterone. It is a modification of testosterone with a methyl group at the C17α position and an additional double bond between the C1 and C2 positions. The drug is also the 17α-methylated derivative of boldenone (δ1-testosterone) and the δ1 analogue of methyltestosterone (17α-methyltestosterone).

Detection in body fluids
Metandienone is subject to extensive hepatic biotransformation by a variety of enzymatic pathways. The primary urinary metabolites are detectable for up to 3 days, and a recently discovered hydroxymethyl metabolite is found in urine for up to 19 days after a single 5 mg oral dose. Several of the metabolites are unique to metandienone. Methods for detection in urine specimens usually involve gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

History
Metandienone was first described in 1955. It was synthesized by researchers at the CIBA laboratories in Basel, Switzerland. CIBA filed for a U.S. patent in 1957, and began marketing the drug as Dianabol in 1958 in the U.S. It was initially prescribed to burn victims and the elderly. It was also prescribed off-label as a pharmaceutical performance enhancement to weight lifters and other athletes. Early adopters included players for Oklahoma University and San Diego Chargers head coach Sid Gillman, who administered Dianabol to his team starting in 1963.

After the Kefauver Harris Amendment was passed in 1962, the U.S. FDA began the DESI review process to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs approved under the more lenient pre-1962 standards, including Dianabol. In 1965, the FDA pressured CIBA to further document its legitimate medical uses, and re-approved the drug for treating post-menopausal osteoporosis and pituitary-deficient dwarfism. After CIBA's patent exclusivity period lapsed, other manufacturers began to market generic metandienone in the U.S.

Following further FDA pressure, CIBA withdrew Dianabol from the U.S. market in 1983. Generic production shut down two years later, when the FDA revoked metandienone's approval entirely in 1985. Non-medical use was outlawed in the U.S. under the Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990. While metandienone is controlled and no longer medically available in the U.S., it continues to be produced and used medically in some other countries.

Generic names
Metandienone is the generic name of the drug and its INN, while methandienone is its BAN and métandiénone is its DCF. It is also referred to as methandrostenolone and as dehydromethyltestosterone. The former synonym should not be confused with methylandrostenolone, which is another name for a different AAS known as metenolone.

Brand names
Metandienone was introduced and formerly sold primarily under the brand name Dianabol. It has also been marketed under a variety of other brand names including Anabol, Averbol, Chinlipan, Danabol, Dronabol, Metanabol, Methandon, Naposim, Reforvit-B, and Vetanabol among others.

Legal status
Metandienone, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act.

Doping in sports
There are many known cases of doping in sports with metandienone by professional athletes.

title: Metandienone


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Talk:Charlie's Angels

HOT OFF THE PRESS, Charlie and his Angels coming to the “I network”
I have a friend who works for ION who has assured me that over the next few days the TV Network will be announcing that it is going to start airing Charlie’s Angels. They will be having an Angels kickoff Marathon on Friday September 22 to mark the 30th anniversary. I just went to www.ionline.tv and sure enough there is information posted regarding Charlie’s Angels.

Inspiring Delta Force operators ?
I read the Delta Force operators called themselves (in the early 80s) "Charlie's Angels", in reference to the creator of the unit, colonel Charles A. "Chargin' Charlie" Beckwith. So, (because the serie begun in 1976, before the creation of the Delta Force), I supposed that the nickname was coming from the serie. Rob1bureau 17:38, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand was a huge fan of Charlie's Angels. I think this should be mentioned. - Stormwatch 15:34, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't. Then again, I'm not a huge fan of Ayn Rand. Trekphiler 15:59, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Spelling Check
So, is it Angels's, Angels, Angel's, or Angels'? Somebody call Buffy. David Boreanaz 15:59, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In this case "Charlie" is possessive -> Charlie's and "Angel" is plural -> Angels = Charlie's Angels Pisceandreams 17:03, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Who's on first?
Anybody know who was the first Angel Charlie hired? (I seem to recall, from the title sequence, it was Sabrina, but...) Trekphiler 07:03, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Sureley, it'd be Bosley -Logotu (talk) 22:28, 8 February 2008 (UTC)
 * who are you calling Shirley? Sockpuppy (talk) 22:45, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Bollywood Movie Ashanti
"Ashanti" a 1981 bollywood movie directed by an Indian director Prakash Mehra had its theme based on the original story of Charlie's Angels. It starred 3 leading actresses of hindi cinema at that time namely Parveen Babi, Zeenat Aman and Shabana Azmi in it. Its a worth watching movie.

Fair use rationale for Image:Charlies angels 1st season dvdcover.jpg
Image:Charlies angels 1st season dvdcover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:05, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

List of Angels
I cleaned up this section as it was far too long (and very unorganized). I listed all angels in one list and relabeled it 'Chronology of Angels'

Note: Did you update the descriptions for the Angels? I noticed that Julie Rogers is described as an ex-prostitute and ex-drug dealer, and she was neither of those things. She made a drug buy while working undercover with her probation officer. She was a runaway as a teen, but never a hooker. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.77.137.163 (talk) 03:40, 13 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I replaced the incorrect info.

Cbradshaw (talk) 05:14, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

The information on the different versions of the show was moved to the 'Pop Culture' section, since these reinterpretations of the show qualify as being part of that section. --Pisceandreams 13:01, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Outline Overhaul, Angel Appearances, Episode List
I rearranged many sections of this article into a more logical, flowing order. I moved 'Video Games,' 'Films,' 'Comics,' etc. into the 'Pop culture Impact' section because all of these are a result of that.

I also inserted a link to the list of Charlie's Angels episodes.

Last, I added a new section titled 'Angel Appearances' where one can list their appearances together in support of the show. The original angels' appearance on the 2006 Emmys was slapped onto the bottom of the 'Films' section, hence my creating a section specifically for those types of appearances. --Pisceandreams 13:47, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Video Games
As these were based on the movies, rather than the TV series, should these be mentioned here? Rojomoke 15:55, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Cast and crew
The main cast of the show was listed several times throughout the article, so I created a chart to list all of them together, indicating the seasons they starred in the show. I also condensed the info on guest stars. While it was well written, some of it was not sourced, and it was too long for a section on guest stars. There's more information on the show that could be included here that, sadly, is not. I've yet to add crew info. Anyone please feel free to do so. --Pisceandreams (talk) 03:38, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Farrah was already known for full-feature roles on the 6 million dollar man (two episodes i recall) before her 5 minute role on Logans Run. These episodes were before they created girlfriend Jamie Somers, and the episodes drew attention for Farrah. 98.144.71.174 (talk) 00:47, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

It seems unlikely Aaron Spelling cast Farrah Fawcett-Majors after seeing her in Logan's Run, given the original pilot episode aired in March 1976, while Logan's Run didn't premiere until three months after. Calliaume (talk) 20:32, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

UK version?
Recently, the anonymous user User:193.130.82.253 added a section to this page claiming that in 2007, a pilot for a planned UK version of the series was made, called 'Surj's Angels', and supposedly focusing on a bank clerk named Surjya Sandel. I'm from the UK, and I never heard of this; and I can't find any information about it anywhere. I have reverted the addition as a probable hoax. Terraxos (talk) 04:30, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

DVDs
Good to read that Season 4 is expected this year... what hope is there that when Season 5 is released the 2-hour specials will be includede as bonuses? That would bump up the episode count to match the other releases, and allow the set to be sold legitimately at the same price (good for the studio) and allow the original presentation of those episodes (potentially good for the fans). ntnon (talk) 18:40, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Voice
Is that John Forsythe's voice in the introduction of the fifth season with Jacyln Smith, Cheryl Ladd, and Tanya Roberts? It does not sound like him at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.251.112.134 (talk) 03:26, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

Rise & Fall and Jiggle TV
These sections seem to be rather critical of the series, and hence conflict Wikipedia's NPOV. Maybe someone could merge the two into a more informative and less biased "Reception" section? 120.59.41.167 (talk) 15:55, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Merge season articles here
I think that the season articles should be merged here. They do not contain much information, so building a seasons section in this article wouldn't take much. They also use the wrong infobox (infobox film), so infoboxes aren't really necessary. 70.24.245.141 (talk) 06:41, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

 * PS, can someone add the merge banner to the page? It's protected. 70.24.245.141 (talk) 06:42, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

 * mabdul 11:54, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

Merge is NOT a good idea. keep the separate articles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Caringtype1 (talk • contribs) 22:24, 4 May 2012

Misleading and untrue
Since I wasn't born during the show's original run I wasn't sure who the stars were. I've recently finished watching Season 3 and Season 4 and Farrah Fawcett is NOT a part of the featured cast. Infact she's not even listed in the opening credits. The cast for Season 3 are: Cheryl Ladd, Jaclyn Smith and Kate Jackson. The cast for Season 4 are: Cheryl Ladd, Jaclyn Smith and Shelley Hack. The info box is misleading and untrue. Fawcett made some guest star appearances but is NOT a part of the cast and to mislead readers by saying she's in these seasons as a regular is just unacceptable. I'm removing her name from those seasons because it's absolutely incorrect, misleading, untrue and plain wrong.  Caden  cool  11:26, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Charlie's Angels (disambiguation) - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 03:01, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

Merger proposals
I feel articles like Sabrina Duncan should be merged here as there is little reliable third person sources. Dwanyewest (talk) 03:17, 11 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose - there is no reason for each carachter to not have their own stand alone article, series ran for long enough that each carachter developped and is noteworthy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Notwillywanka (talk • contribs) 03:37, 28 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Please offer some Wikipedia policy reasoning to your objection, or add additional reliable sources to the targeted articles yourself, as that seems to be the main reason for the nominations. GenQuest  "Talk to Me" 19:00, 31 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Some Wikipedia "Policies"? Okay: WP:NOTBUREAUCRACY, WP:IAR?, WP:CREEP, WP:MERGE.
 * We are not talking about minor characters in the show, but main characters. All but one of the proposed articles already has references, more could be added, sure, but "little reliable third person sources" is not a good enough justification to merge articles. The articles are not "too small" to warrant their own articles, these articles do not overlap in subject matter, nor are they duplicates. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Notwillywanka (talk • contribs) 21:02, 31 January 2014 (UTC)

This is the thing that annoys me about inclusionists they complain articles should be kept but do nothing to improve them like find sources. Dwanyewest (talk) 09:55, 3 February 2014 (UTC)
 * If they are to be merged anywhere, it should be into a separate List of Charlie's Angels characters, so the merger can be done without bloating this page, and without culling too much material. bd2412  T 18:37, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

Maybe it should be redirected to List of Charlie's Angels characters Dwanyewest (talk) 05:23, 7 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Anytime a merge is done, a redirect is left. Looks like "someone" went ahead and created the "list" page by simply copy/pasting the separate individual pages current content, ahead of a consensus to merge or not. WP:MERGETEXT and MOS:SAL were not followed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Notwillywanka (talk • contribs) 05:37, 7 February 2014 (UTC)

More information perhaps...
Charlie's Angels was one of the more-popular of the late seventies and its legacy has surely grown over the years, especially with the film franchise and ill-fated 2011 reboot. Nonetheless, I find this article to be lacking what should be present. For example, the Angels have quite often been the question of debate by who's sexier or more beautiful. With this, I believe references more to each Angel's popularity with viewers should be discussed. It is mentioned that Farrah Fawcett-Majors was "hugely popular and was branded a phenomenon". However, on other websites, he popularity has often been questioned. Some debate that Fawcett-Majors was indeed the most-popular Angel of them all; but others have said this is untrue, and that it was Jaclyn Smith who was the most-popular. I have read that Fawcett-Majors received more than ten million fan letters a week, with Smith in a close second. Most sites agree that Kate Jackson was the least popular of the original Angels. I have also read that second-season-starter Cheryl Ladd eventually became more popular than Jackson and became a fan favorite. It is perhaps common knowledge that the later replacements—Shelley Hack and Tanya Roberts—were the least popular of the batch, perhaps due to dropping ratings and waning public popularity during its later seasons.

To sum it up, this is what I would like to see:
 * Fan clubs, or the popularity polls, taken on the Angels;
 * Pictures of all the Angels;
 * More specific reviews about the series;
 * More detailed information about its origins;
 * And its legacy.

At one time there were separate pages dedicated to each character (Sabrina Duncan, Jill Munroe, Kelly Garrett, Kris Munroe, Tiffany Welles, and Julie Rogers), but I gather that these pages have been deleted and seemingly merged into one page known as List of Charlie's Angels characters. In my opinion, the separate pages were much better, and certainly more descriptive. Charlie's Angels definitely needs some work, and somebody needs to get busy! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.101.233.136 (talk) 20:38, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

Sentence removed
Per WP:BLP I've removed the following unsourced statement:

A cameraman for the show said Hack's "Q", or likableness to the audience, was very thin.

That's weasel wording of the worst order, and with Hack still alive, including it in the story without a cited source I feel violates WP:BLP policy. Plus having an unnamed cameraman "quoted" in such a way makes the point very weak. I happen to recall a news story about the so-called "Q-rating" and how Hack's was very low. If the news story can be located, or if it's referenced in one of the books on the series, then the information can be put back in. But as it stands it just crosses the dubious line as presented. 68.146.52.234 (talk) 14:00, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Fawcett as a recurring role? Big ass lie.
For crying out loud could the Farrah fans stop with the misleading information in this article? I thought I made myself clear in an earlier thread about this sort of nonsense. Fawcett was NOT, I repeat was NOT a recurring character in seasons 3, 4, or 5. She guest starred in a couple of episodes in seasons 3 and 4. That's it. So please stop with the misleading bullshit. It is unfair to the readers and it's just plain wrong to add information that is NOT true.  Caden  cool  15:37, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

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Unofficial Angels
Not going to do it myself, but needs to be added to the list. Shaw Brothers 1977 movie Deadly Angels 86.45.47.235 (talk) 20:24, 5 September 2018 (UTC)

S1E3: Angels In Chains
Any idea why this episode wasn't aired until 1992? Problems with FFMs nipples in the cathouse? No hint at imdb.com found.--Mideal (talk) 16:29, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

Ratings drop for Charlie's Angels during season 3?
Ratings dropped during the third season.

It should be noted that the average rating for Charlie's Angels during 1978-79 (24.4) was the same as 1977-78. It was actually its rank that dropped (from fourth place to twelfth), and it's because ABC Network had more programs ranked higher than CA in 1978-79 than 1977-78. First, it was just three Tuesday night sitcoms (Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley, and Three's Company). Next, it was those same three sitcoms, plus four freshman sitcoms (Mork & Mindy, Angie, The Ropers, and Taxi) and a dramedy (Eight is Enough).

I'd have to think it was the viewership for CA that fell during season three, but its's hard to tell because people meters weren't introduced until the late 1980s.Jim856796 (talk) 03:30, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charlie's Angels


text:
Akosombo

Akosombo is a small town in the south of the Asuogyaman District, Eastern Region, Ghana with notable street names of some African countries in the sub-region like Ghana, Congo, Namibia, Lagos-town, and Freetown. It is occupied by people of diverse ethnic backgrounds, like the Akans, Ewe, Krobo and other ethnic groups. Akosombo is north of the Adomi Bridge at Atimpoku, which is a 3 to 5 minute drive away.

Akosombo Dam
The Ghanaian town of Akosombo is the site of the Akosombo Dam. The capital of Asuogyaman District, Atimpoku, is very close by.

Akosombo Railway Station
An Akosombo Railway Station (Akosombo Rail transport) is being prepared for construction.

title: Akosombo


text:
City of Joondalup

The City of Joondalup is a local government area in Perth, Western Australia. Its central business district is located in the suburb Joondalup, and it includes the town centres of Hillarys and Warwick.

History
Prior to the 1970s, the region now known as the City of Joondalup was sparsely populated. During the 1980s and 1990s, massive growth occurred, partly due to State Government policies which made Joondalup a regional centre, including the extension of the Mitchell Freeway and the construction of the Joondalup railway line.

Until 1998, the area had been controlled by the City of Wanneroo and its predecessors. An independent commission suggested the creation of Joondalup out of the coastal areas of Wanneroo, and the City of Joondalup came into existence on 1 July 1998.

Early history
The city is named after Lake Joondalup. The name Joondalup is a Noongar word, first recorded in 1837 and possibly meaning either "place of whiteness or glistening", or "place of a creature that can only move backwards".

Early planning
During the latter part of the 1960s, the Metropolitan Regional Planning Authority developed the Corridor Plan for Perth which was published and adopted in 1970. The plan called for the creation of five "sub-regional" retail centres (Fremantle, Joondalup, Midland, Armadale and Rockingham) which would form the commercial and economic focus of each "node", and take the retail burden away from the CBD. The Corridor Plan was not endorsed by Parliament until 1973.

In order to grow both the five "sub-regional" retail centres and these off-corridor regional shopping centres, a Retail Shopping Policy was developed by MRPA in 1976, and a Perth Metropolitan Region Retail Structure Plan was put in place to regulate the industry. This Plan was amended as new centres were required.

Most of the land in the area remained largely undeveloped until the 1960s, and Joondalup started to become the "city of the north" towards the late 1980s to the early 1990s when houses and businesses were established in the area.

Development of a new city in the north
Release of land blocks in the future City of Joondalup proceeded slowly in 1991, with lots created in the newer suburbs of Clarkson (224), Ocean Reef (202), Kinross (185), Joondalup (168) and Woodvale (147).

The Joondalup Country Club was sold to private investors for $21 million in 1992, with the new owners being Cremorne Investments, Whale Beach Investments, Edge Cliff Investments and Grovestyle Australia from March 1992. The new owners would work with the City of Wanneroo and Joondalup Development Corporation on a new clubhouse and condominiums to the value of $80 million.

In February 1992, Services Minister Jim McGinty proposed establishing another technology park in Perth's north in the Joondalup City Centre to meet demand and diversify the city's economic base. A technology working group was formed by the Joondalup Development Corporation and representatives from Edith Cowan University and the State Development Department.

In March 1992, Planning Minister David Smith announced the government's North West Corridor Structure Plan. Joondalup was confirmed to be a future city in the north-west, not as a dormitory suburb, but the new city and its surrounding areas would have its own employment, education, health, entertainment, cultural opportunities and administration. The plan would be implemented by the City of Wanneroo.

Also in March 1992 was the announcement of the appointment of architects Philip Cox, Etherington, Coulter and Jones to design a new $25 million regional sports complex at Joondalup. The proposal called for a sports building with a sports hall, gymnasium, aerobics centre, squash courts and function, social and administrative rooms, a fenced football oval and grandstand, all-weather surface sports arena, including two floodlit hockey pitches and an athletics and soccer area with a grass track.

To boost the North West Corridor Structure Plan, Premier Carmen Lawrence announced in May 1992, the transfer of 1.5 ha of land worth $6 million to the Wanneroo City Council for civic, cultural and commercial development and $20 million, to be matched by the council, for new civic and cultural facilities. Joondalup Development Corporation would be involved in the planning and development.

June 1992 saw the Ocean Reef Road bridge at the end of the Mitchell freeway open and the tender for the completion of the new Edgewater Station just north of the bridge, was awarded after the completion of the platform walls and pedestrian footbridge. Other work completed was a main access road, roundabout and junction with Joondalup Drive.

Work on the layout and construction of Central Park in the Joondalup CBD began in August 1992 with the work completed in March 1993.

The first stage of Joondalup TAFE opened in August 1992 costing $10 million.

In September 1992, the Joondalup Development Corporation was merged into LandCorp and they would manage the future development in Joondalup.

In late December 1992, Premier Carmen Lawrence opened the Perth-Joondalup rail link with a full service running from March 1993 integrated with the bus network linking the new CBD to Perth.

Lands Minister George Cash announced in April 1993 that the contract for stage one of the Joondalup Shopping Centre had been awarded to Consolidated Constructions at $44 million and the centre would be jointly owned by LandCorp and Armstrong Jones Property Income Fund.

In May 1993, Lands Minister George Cash, at a ceremony at the beginning of the building phase of the new LandCorp and the City of Wanneroo sports complex, announced the name as the Joondalup Area. The ovals had been grassed and fenced, and the athletics track, hockey fields and tennis courts had been laid out.

Joondalup Magistrate Court was officially opened by Premier Richard Court in June 1993.

Transport Minister Eric Charlton announced in July 1993 that the $2.9 million Currambine railway station would be officially opened on 8 August which was the final phase of the railway link at that time. Initial parking for 400 cars would be provided but could be increased to 800 car parking bays eventually.

North-West Corridor was financed in the September 1993 State budget with $48.9 million allocated to LandCorp for projects in Joondalup. $12.5 million to complete Stage 1 of the Joondalup Arena, $14 million for the construction of Stage 2 of the shopping centre, $13.8 million for further releases and servicing of land, and $8.6 million for inner-city infrastructure like roads, and civic and cultural facilities. Other amounts in the Budget allocated to the Joondalup region include $4.8 million to complete Stage 1 and the construction of Stage 2 of the Joondalup TAFE, $1.2 million to complete the new Joondalup Courthouse, $950,000 for a new fire, $208,000 for the new Joondalup Primary School, $82,000 for community health needs analysis and $300,000 to begin planning and designing of new health facilities in the Wanneroo-Joondalup area. $60,000 to spent providing fuel containment bunds at Joondalup.

In November 1993, developed for $2.7 million, Lands Minister George Cash opened Central Park linking the city with Yellagonga Regional Park on Lake Joondalup.

Premier Richard Court opened the $80 million stage one of Lakeside Joondalup Shopping in November 1994. Stage one consisted of 26,500 sqm of the planned 80,000 sqm centre which was a joint venture by LandCorp and the Armstrong Jones Retail Fund. Stage two was scheduled to open in 1997 and stage three in 2000. Panels of Teflon-coated fibreglass were stretched over prefabricated steel over the centre's roof to create the illusion of huge sails.

The second stage of Joondalup TAFE opened in July 1995 costing $6 million.

In September 1995, LandCorp announced a $2million project, part of Joondalup City North, which saw Plaistow Street designed as a residential street where thirteen display houses were built.

February 1996 saw the official opening of a new fire station to service the Joondalup region by Emergency Services Minister Bob Wiese.

Lands Minister Doug Shave announced in April 1997 that LandCorp would commit nearly $15 million on further infrastructure development in Joondalup that included the new cinemas, extending Lakeside Drive southwards, and land release around the city's CBD.

On 24 April 1996, then Health Minister Kevin Prince announced an expansion of the old Wanneroo hospital into a health campus.

In May 1996, the State Budget saw funding in the areas covering the city of Joondalup. This included a performing arts complex at Belridge High School, the expansion of the Joondalup shopping complex with 3,500 sqm extra shopping space, two new restaurants and the six cinema complex by 1998 and, the expansion of the Beenyup wastewater treatment plant on Ocean Reef Road.

The budget of 1996 saw further expansion of the Joondalup TAFE campus saw the construction of a library resource centre, student cafeteria as well as a conference and communication facilities.

In November 1996, Premier Richard Court has announced that the Mitchell Freeway will be extended 2.6 km to Hodges Drive which would give the city's CBD more direct access to the freeway.

Sport and Recreation Minister Norman Moore and Lands Minister Graham Kierath announced in November 1996 that the Western Australian Sports Centre Trust will take over ownership and management of the Arena Joondalup from LandCorp on 1 January 1997.

November 1996 also saw the announcement that the old WA Police training facility at Maylands, built-in 1961, would be moved to Joondalup with the planning of a new police academy.

Arts Minister Peter Foss opened the Joondalup Public Library in July 1997 at the Joondalup Civic Centre, at the time, the largest public library in Western Australia.

In June 2003 Planning and Infrastructure Minister Alannah MacTiernan announced that after 25 years, the Joondalup development project had been completed and that planning control by LandCorp would be handed over to the City of Joondalup. The vision began with a statutory plan by Professor Gordon Stephenson in 1977. Over those years, investments of $270 million by LandCorp and the Joondalup Development Corporation, $500 million by the State Government, $2 million by the cities of Wanneroo and Joondalup and more than $1 billion by the private sector had been spent developing the new city.

New local government
June 1997 saw Local Government Minister Paul Omodei make a formal proposal to the Local Government Advisory Board that it split the City of Wanneroo into two local governments. The proposal was for the new City of Joondalup to have a northern boundary close to Tamala Park while its eastern boundary would be set by Wanneroo Road and Lake Joondalup.

By March 1998 a decision had been made and Local Government Minister Paul Omodei announced that the City of Wanneroo is to be split into two local governments, the City of Joondalup and the Shire of Wanneroo and that would occur on 1 July 1998 and would be both run by commissioner’s until future elections were held. The boundary of the City of Joondalup at its northern end, would start from the ocean through Balirgowie Heights to the northern alignment of the freeway, follow the eastern side of Lake Joondalup to Ocean Reef Road, then east to Wanneroo Road to Beach Road in the south then west to Marmion Avenue and back into Beach Road to the sea at Marmion.

All existing employees of the City of Wanneroo were transferred to the new City of Joondalup but would manage both local governments and all existing local laws, town planning schemes and contracts would continue to operate and apply to both, but each would have different budgets. The commissioners would have to split the existing assets between the two local governments as well as decide on the usage of eighteen reserve accounts worth $26 million. The commissioner's for both local governments would be Chairman Campbell Ansell and deputy Harry Morgan with others including Robert Rowell, Marilyn Clark-Murphy and Wendy Buckley.

2003–2004 Council controversy
Joondalup City's elected Council (including the Mayor) was suspended by Tom Stephens, the Minister for Local Government, on 5 December 2003 after receiving complaints indicating that the Council had become dysfunctional. The Council was replaced by five Commissioners; Chairman John Paterson (former Mayor of Nedlands), Peter Clough, Michael Anderson, Anne Fox and Steve Smith. The Council's power was temporarily transferred to the Commissioners, for a period envisioned to last until the Local Government elections in May 2005 (as it turned out, the next elections were in fact held in May 2006, under Section 4.14 of the Local Government Act 1995 ).

A subsequent inquiry, referred to as the McIntyre Inquiry after its chairman Greg McIntyre, revealed in October 2005 that the Council had effectively split into two opposing groups over a controversy surrounding the qualifications of the city's chief executive officer (CEO). The CEO in question, Denis Smith, was accused of misrepresenting his educational qualifications by Deputy Mayor Don Carlos. Don Carlos demanded Denis Smith's immediate dismissal, but his motion was unsuccessful. The councillors opposed to Denis Smith's dismissal expressed the view that the CEO should not be dismissed as his performance was satisfactory. Instead, the council passed a motion forbidding Don Carlos from publicly criticising Denis Smith.

Don Carlos subsequently became Mayor of Joondalup at the next election.

Geography
The city is bounded by Beach Road to the south, Wanneroo Road and Lake Joondalup to the east, Tamala Park to the north and the Indian Ocean to the west.

Suburbs
The suburbs of the City of Joondalup with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:

Monuments and public art
There are many examples of public art in the City of Joondalup. Some examples include Interlace (2015) by Geoffrey Drake-Brockman an interactive artwork in the Central Walk in the CBD, A Kiss Before Parting Burns Beach by artist Coral Lowry, 30 untitled bronze plaques (1998) at the Joondalup Library and Civic Centre Underpass, Catch of the Day Burns Beach by artist Andrew Kay (2008) and, For The Boys (2002) in Kingsley, in memory to those who lost their lives in the Bali Bombings.

In Neil Hawkins Park, close to the CBD, stands the Bibulmun Woman statue and honours the original Nyoongar inhabitants of the area. The West Australian Police Academy has two memorials, the J Pitman and Walsh Memorial honouring two murdered dectivives and the Police Memorial commemorating members of the WA Police that have died during their duties.

Other public art and monuments include the Rotary Dolphin Community Wishing Well at Hillarys Boat Harbour, the Homicide Victims Memorial at Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park, Padbury, the Patrick Marmion monument at Geneff Park, Sorrento, honouring the early pioneer in the area and close to the site of an old whaling station from 1849 to 1852. There is also the Woodvale Memorial Grove in Yellagonga Regional Park and Bennyowlee plaque all in Woodvale.

The City has several war memorials. In the CBD at Central Park is the Joondalup War Memorial honouring those who served in First and Second World Wars and the Vietnam War. Its 10 metre high stone and bronze memorial, unveiled in April 1996 designed by sculptors Charles Smith and Joan Walsh-Smith. Another important war memorial is the Ocean Reef 100th ANZAC Memorial which was also designed by sculptors Charlie Smith and Joan Walsh-Smith with a 12 metre wide and 6 metre high arch facing the sea with words on the steel frame and images from where Australian's fought wars.

Demographics
The City covers an area of 98.9 km2 from Kinross in the north, to Warwick in the south, with a population of almost 155,000 at the 2016 Census. Of the population, 49.6% are males with 50.4% females. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander make up 0.7% of the population. In the city, 83.9% of the population are Australian citizens. At the 2016 census, 37.8% of the city's population were born overseas with 17.9% of the population were born in the United Kingdom, followed by South African at 3.6%, while the area was also home to significant New Zealand, Irish, Zimbabwean, Indian, Malaysian and Chinese minorities. 85.2% of the city's population speak English only.

In the 2016 census, there were 53,078 separate houses in the City, 6,002 medium density dwellings, and 955 high density dwellings accounting for 99.6% of dwelling types. 78% of households owned their home, 15.8% were renting, and 0.8% were in social housing.

In the 2016 census, the labour force in the City was said to be 84,791 persons with the number in employment at 93.1%.

In 2016, when comes to weekly household income 31.4% of households earned an income of $2,500 or more per week while 11.9% were considered low income households.

Religion
In the 2016 census, 59.4% of the city claimed to be religious with 86,516 people claiming to be Christians while another 5,226 indicated a religion other than Christianity. Of the religious portion of the population, 23.3% are Catholics and 18.4% are Anglicans. Islam accounts for 0.8% of the religious population with Hinduism at 0.7% while Judaism accounts for 0.1%.

Heritage listed places
, 41 places are heritage-listed in the City of Joondalup, of which one is on the State Register of Heritage Places, the Luisini Winery. The winery was added to the register on 16 March 2001, with the winery building having been constructed in 1929.

Government
The residents of the City of Joondalup are represented by a mayor, as of 2023 Albert Jacob, and twelve councillors representing six wards. The councillors as of 2023 were Adrian Hill (Deputy Mayor), Christine Hamilton-Prime, Christopher May, John Chester, John Raftis, Nige Jones, Daniel Kingston, Russ Fishwick, Rebecca Pizzey, Lewis Hutton, Rohan O'Neill and Phillip Vinciullo and serve four year terms.

Local government wards and suburbs
The six wards, each represented by two councillors:

* Part of Woodvale is located within the City of Wanneroo.

The council chambers for the City of Joondalup are located in the suburb of Joondalup in its central business district. The complex includes Joondalup Library, which serves as the central library and local history centre for both the City of Joondalup and the City of Wanneroo local authorities.

List of mayors
People who have served as mayor of the City include:

 * 1998–2003 John Bombak
 * 2003 Don Carlos
 * 2003–2006 (suspended)
 * 2006–2017 Troy Pickard
 * 2017–(term expires in 2025) Albert Jacob

Other representation
At state parliament level, the City of Joondalup's resident's are represented in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly's North Metropolitan Region in five electoral districts Burns Beach, Carine, Hillarys, Kingsley and Joondalup.

In the Australian federal parliament, the City is part of the Division of Moore and is currently represented by member, Ian Goodenough.

Law
The Western Australia Police Force has a police station based in Joondalup and covers their Joondalup District. There are two other police stations in the City, one at Hillarys and the other in Warwick.

The WA Magistrates Court has metropolitan court based in Joondalup that deals with both criminal offences and civil claims for debt or damages and non-offences.

Colleges and universities
The Joondalup suburb is a major location for tertiary education in the northern suburbs and is known as the Joondalup Learning Precinct. The North Metropolitan TAFE has a campus in Joondalup providing state government education to meet the demands of students wanting to enter the workforce with up-to-date, industry-specific, practical skills. It was previously called the West Coast Institute of Training.

Edith Cowan University has a major campus based in the suburb. It offers graduate and post graduate degrees on the campus that also includes, libraries, guilds, commercial shops, sporting facilities, and student housing.

Situated in the same Joondalup Learning Precinct as ECU and the TAFE campuses is the West Australian Police Academy. The Western Australia Police's training academy was moved from Maylands to Joondalup and was officially opened on 15 February 2002.

Roads
The suburbs of the City of Joondalup are served by three major north-south roads. To the west, the State Route 71 Marmion Avenue, in the centre by the Mitchell Freeway, and in the east, partially by State Route 60 Wanneroo Road. The other major route through the suburb is State Route 85, Joondalup Drive which leads to the Tonkin Highway and when completed, the Brand Highway and Great Northern Highway. The coast is served by the tourist route, West Coast Drive.

Bus services
Transperth provide public bus services for the Perth metro area and this includes the City of Joondalup. The routes terminate at trains stations throughout the City.

A free service called the CAT buses (routes 10 and 11) which travel a circular route around the city's Joondalup's central business district, ferrying passengers to Joondalup Health Campus, Edith Cowan University, North Metropolitan TAFE and Joondalup CBD among other destinations.

Passenger rail
Transperth provide public rail services for the Perth metro area and this includes the City of Joondalup. The city is served by six train stations on the Joondalup line which connects it to the Perth CBD in the south and Butler in the north. The stations are Warwick, Greenwood, Whitfords, Edgewater, Joondalup and Currambine. The main station is at Joondalup and all stations bar Greenwood and Edgewater have bus stations that connect them to the City's suburbs. All have free and paid carparks. The rail track follows the Mitchell Freeway, built on the central reservation.

Bicycle
There are bike parking areas at all six stations in the city. Some have secure bike shelters, but all have lockers and bike racks.

Airports
The City has no airport within its jurisdiction. The nearest airports are at Perth Airport with both domestic and international flights and Jandakot Airport which services private and other small commercial aircraft.

Harbours
The City has no port but is served by two boat harbours maintained by the Department of Transport. Hillarys Boat Harbour has boat launch facilities, boat and yacht pens and a ferry service to Rottnest Island. Ocean Reef Boat Harbour is the other harbour but only has launch sites. The latter is currently under approval to be converted into a marina with commercial and residential precincts.

Utilities
Electricity to households within the City of Joondalup is supplied by the retailer Synergy and the electricity price paid are government regulated. Solar Feed-in tariffs are paid for excess energy generated by solar power units.

Household gas supply is deregulated and customers in the City of Joondalup can choose their provider. Only five retailers currently supply gas to homes, these are Alinta Energy, AGL, Origin Energy, Kleenheat Gas and Simply Energy.

Water and sewerage services are supplied to the city by the Water Corporation.

Health systems
The WA Health Department has a hospital based in the suburb Joondalup and serves the northern suburbs. Called the Joondalup Health Campus, it has an emergency department and a public and private hospital all maintained as a private public partnership by Ramsay Health Care. The campus also caters for older adult mental health services, mental health services and an after hours GP Clinic.

Other private hospitals and clinics in the city include Glengarry Private Hospital in the suburb of Duncraig and Craigie Day Surgery in Craigie.

Sister cities

 * Jinan, Shandong, China (September 2004)

title: City of Joondalup


text:
User:Kurai-Tamashii

Real name: George Location: Illinois Web site: kurai-tamashii - Home

About: I'm an 18-year old college student that, as previously mentioned, currently lives in Illinois. I am a huge, huge video game fanatic; in fact, I own close to 400 games for over 10 platforms.

title: User:Kurai-Tamashii


text:
Warichū

Warichū (割注 or 割註, sometimes 割り注, literally "split annotation") is the Japanese word for the traditional East Asian typographic device of typesetting in small double lines editorial comments, notes, parenthetical comments, and other annotations that may or may not belong to the text proper. It is used for the same kind of text which in English would be placed between parentheses or brackets, or in footnotes. The word "warichū" itself is used in some computer programs that deal with "CJK" typesetting, and in discussions about CJK typography.

Visual appearance
The warichū is typeset by setting the annotation using small type that is about half size, cutting it into two equal parts, stacking them on top of each other, and then putting the resulting stacked lines into the space of a normal line of text.

Because Han characters are typically typeset with equal width and height, the two halves of a warichū annotation should contain exactly the same number of characters if the annotation itself contains an even number of characters. If the annotation contains an odd number of characters, the first half should have exactly one character more than the second half.

If the annotation is too long, line wrapping may occur. In that case, the warichū itself will behave like two or more tiny pages, wrapping the annotation inside several parts of the line-wrapped warichū.

Modern use
In Japanese typography, warichū is still sometimes used, in dictionaries for example. However, it has fallen into disuse in Chinese typography to such an extent that Chinese people will most likely either find it archaic, or will not know what it is when they see it. Warichū tend to be used only in vertical writing.
 * In Japanese dictionaries, warichū may be used as an alternative to ruby, sometimes providing several alternative pronunciations in the same warichū. When multiple pronunciation keys are given in the same annotation, the annotation can be cut into unequal halves.
 * In the Chinese Union Version of the Bible, warichū is used for editorial comments and other annotations which do not belong to the text proper. This is probably the only widely-encountered Chinese book commonly in use today that still uses warichū to typeset its annotations.

Warichū in computing
Some of the typesetting programs and word processors support typesetting warichū if support for "Asian" typography is turned on. In Adobe Illustrator and Adobe InDesign, it is called "warichu"; some other programs (for example, OpenOffice.org) avoid the word by calling it "writing in double lines", describing the visual appearance of warichū.

Some programs claim to support warichū but fail to do it correctly. For example, some programs cannot split the annotation into equal halves.

Adobe Illustrator allows one to create warichū which consists of more than two lines, though warichū is traditionally always split into only two lines.

There is also a macro for typesetting warichū in LaTeX, called Gezhu.

title: Warichū


text:
!K7 Music

!K7 Music is a music company based in Berlin, Germany that focuses mostly on electronic music. The name is an abbreviation of the company's original Berlin address, Kaiserdamm 7 (it has since relocated, first to Heidestrasse 52, and currently headquartered at Gerichtstrasse 35). !K7 has since opened branch offices in New York City and London. The company now operates an artist management division, managing a roster of artists including the British musician Tricky. !K7 Music also runs a successful Label Services and Synch and Licensing department.

It has five independent imprints as part of the K7 label group: !K7 Records, !7K, Strut, AUS and Soul Bank.

K7 had a licensing deal with the New York–based indie label Frenchkiss Records. It has distributed the labels AGOGO, District 6, Environ, Get Physical, Ghostly International, Lo Recordings, Moshi Moshi Records, Piranha, R2, Skint, Salt Records and Muthas of Invention. It also has a music publishing company. It currently distributes Turbo Recordings, Sonar Kollektiv, Luaka Bop, and Rushhour, among others.

History
Stud!o K7 has produced electronic music artists, especially for the DJ-Kicks compilations. It began in 1985 with the idea of releasing digital video clips. In 1991, the first of the 3LUX series (three volumes) was released, followed by the X-Mix series (from 1993 to 1998). In 1995, the DJ-Kicks series was released. At that time it was unconventional to play complete albums with DJ cuts on home stereos. Artists such as Kruder & Dorfmeister, Nightmares On Wax, Thievery Corporation and Stereo MC's Chromeo, Booka Shade contributed to its release. The compilation series has since included mixes from Jackmaster, Seth Troxler, Marcel Dettmann, Michael Mayer, DJ Koze, Nina Kraviz, Daniel Avery and John Talabot.

In 1996, !K7 started launching artist albums. As of 2014 the !K7 discography features albums from artists such as Kruder & Dorfmeister, Matthew Herbert, Dani Siciliano, Ursula Rucker, Swayzak, and Boozoo Bajou. In 2001, Rapster Records, a new subsidiary of !K7, started focusing on urban, soul and hip-hop music. Since then, Rapster has released records by DJ Jazzy Jeff, Pete Rock, and Roy Ayers, among others. Rapster also forged an alliance with UK-based soul aficionado Peter Adarkwah, head of BBE Records. !K7 founded another subsidiary, Ever Records, in 2006, for indie bands and singer-songwriters such as Cortney Tidwell, Cyann & Ben, and Howie Beck. In 2008 Strut Records & Gold Dust Media joined the !K7 label group. Between 1999 and 2003 Strut released Nigerian Afrobeats, Leftfield Discos, Rare Groove and Grandmaster Flash's latest album. Strut's founder, Quinton Scott, is responsible for A&R. In 2013 !K7 started a cooperation with Tricky for releases on his label, including his 2013 album False Idols.

In May 2017, !K7 created a subsidiary focused on Contemporary music, producing artists such as Niklas Paschburg, Hior Chronik, Echo Collective, Henrik Schwarz, Luca D’Alberto, Maike Zazie and Martyn Heyne.

In October 2017, !K7 acquired the catalogues of Patrice Rushen, Miriam Makeba and The Beginning of the End from Warner Music Group, as part of the major's divestments after acquiring Parlophone as a result of the sale and break-up of EMI.

Artists

 * John Acquaviva
 * The Beginning of the End
 * Mykki Blanco
 * Boozoo Bajou
 * Brandt Brauer Frick
 * James Alexander Bright
 * Circlesquare
 * da damn phreak noize phunk
 * Erol Alkan
 * Digitalism
 * Chris de Luca
 * Sean Deason
 * Benjamin Diamond
 * Vikter Duplaix
 * Michael Fakesch
 * Fehlfarben
 * Five Deez
 * Funkstörung
 * Ghost Cauldron
 * The Glimmers
 * A Guy Called Gerald
 * The Herbaliser
 * Herbert
 * Beth Hirsch
 * Nick Holder
 * Interstellar
 * K-Hand
 * Khao
 * Koop
 * Kruder & Dorfmeister
 * Mike Ladd
 * Ladytron
 * Life Force
 * Miriam Makeba
 * Milosh
 * Nicolette
 * Out Hud
 * Erlend Øye
 * Terrence Parker
 * Peace Orchestra
 * Playgroup
 * Princess Superstar
 * Stacey Pullen
 * Quiet Village
 * Rae & Christian
 * Ursula Rucker
 * Patrice Rushen
 * Henrik Schwarz
 * Ian Simmonds
 * James Sims
 * Shantel
 * Dani Siciliano
 * Smith & Mighty
 * Spacek
 * Stateless
 * Stereotyp
 * Swayzak
 * Terranova
 * Tosca
 * Tricky
 * Trüby Trio
 * Gez Varley
 * Goose
 * Voom:Voom
 * Wamdue Kids
 * When Saints Go Machine
 * Earl Zinger
 * Bjarki
 * Red Axes
 * Reto A Ichi
 * Tomat Petrella
 * Bochum Welt
 * Hundred Waters
 * Sandunes
 * Michael Mayer

title: !K7 Music


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User:BigBlueFish

BigBlueFish is Bigbluefish.

title: User:BigBlueFish


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Brown Mountain (North Carolina)

Brown Mountain is a low-lying ridge, approximately 1.5 mi long, in the Pisgah National Forest near Morganton, in western North Carolina, on the border of Burke and Caldwell Counties.

Since at least the early 20th century, mysterious illuminations known as the Brown Mountain lights have been seen there.

title: Brown Mountain (North Carolina)


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Usage
See WikiProject Mathematics/List of mathematics categories for how this table of contents is used.

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Malcolm Kirk

Malcolm Kirk (18 December 1935 – 23 August 1987) was an English professional wrestler who went by the ring name of "King Kong" Kirk as well as Kojak Kirk, Killer Kirk and "Mucky" Mal Kirk. He started as a professional rugby league player before becoming a professional wrestler. Kirk died of a heart attack on 23 August 1987 after collapsing in the ring during a tag team match at the Hippodrome in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England. The wrestling event was run by Joint Promotions with the main event being a tag team match between Kirk and King Kendo (Bill Clarke) against Big Daddy (Shirley Crabtree) and Greg Valentine (Steve Crabtree) in front of 1,500 people.

Biography
Prior to professional wrestling, Kirk was a coal miner, and professional rugby league player. He played 35 first team matches as a for Featherstone Rovers making his début on 23 April 1955, playing from the 1954–55 season to the 1957–58 season scoring one try. He played three matches for Wakefield Trinity, making his début during December 1957, playing during the 1957–58 season, played two matches for Castleford during the 1960–1961 season, and he also played for Doncaster, where he was a teammate of another future professional wrestler, Ted Heath.

Kirk started wrestling as "Mucky" Mal Kirk after his rugby league career. After a period of time spent wrestling in Germany, where he tagged with Baron von Raschke, Kirk returned to the United Kingdom, now heavier and bald, wrestling as Kojak Kirk then Killer Kirk before changing his ring name to "King Kong" Kirk. Kirk always wrestled as a "heel" (bad guy) and often tagged with the superheavyweight Giant Haystacks in tag-team matches against blue-eyes (good guys). Kirk's work rose to its prominence in the 1970s and 1980s due to the popularity of televised wrestling in the United Kingdom and he was recognised as a consistent heel. Unlike a number of wrestlers at the time, he didn't rely on a wrestling gimmick during his time in professional wrestling. Kirk instead used his physical size and bald head in a manner of appearance which was viewed as legitimately intimidating. However he was viewed by his peers as being a good worker. Canadian wrestler Bret Hart said about his first match with Kirk: "Kirk turned out to be a great worker and bump-taker, and when he collapsed on top of me, he was as light as if he'd covered me with a blanket." Despite being a heel, outside of the ring he was good with children and made himself approachable.

During this time, Kirk also worked as a bouncer simultaneously with being a professional wrestler. He predominantly wrestled in the United Kingdom however he also wrestled in Germany, where he wrestled the future WWE Hall of Famer André the Giant, and in Canada for Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling. He also wrestled future World Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Federation wrestlers such as Bret "Hitman" Hart, Fit Finlay and William Regal. His reputation in professional wrestling had also spread to the United States, where he was featured in the Wrestling Observer Newsletter in 1986 as a result.

In 1979 he featured in an Italian film, Io sto con gli ippopotami with Bud Spencer and Terence Hill. Kirk later came to dislike wrestling and wanted to retire and run a pub with his wife.

Death
On 23 August 1987, Kirk died following a tag team match between Kirk and King Kendo against Big Daddy and Greg Valentine at the Hippodrome in Great Yarmouth. The match took place as part of a storyline where Kirk was feuding with Big Daddy. He told his wife when he left his house the day he was due to wrestle the match: "I don't want to go; I hate this job". The match lasted for fifteen minutes. The finish of the match was Big Daddy performing his "Big Daddy Splashdown" finisher on Kirk, where he would jump up and land horizontally across his opponent's chest (which is commonly known as a splash), and hold Kirk down for the pinfall. After pinning Kirk to win the match, Big Daddy got up but Kirk remained on the canvas and started to turn purple. Big Daddy noticed there was something wrong and told his cornerman. The promoter Max Crabtree and others got into the ring and attempted CPR. However, because of Kirk's size, they and the St John's Ambulance personnel present were unable to work Kirk's chest. The ring had to be dismantled, with eight men required to get Kirk on a stretcher and into the ambulance but he was pronounced dead upon arrival at the hospital.

Big Daddy went to a nearby police station accompanied by the promoter Max Crabtree for questioning by police but was not charged with any offence. During this time and subsequent media interviews later, Big Daddy maintained kayfabe, and spoke of the match in terms of being a legitimate contest. Big Daddy later wrestled the next day claiming it was what Kirk would have wanted. However Big Daddy did say "as long as I live, I'll never forget seeing him laid down there on the canvas instead of on his feet raging and flying about and that will stay with me".

The Health and Safety Executive launched an investigation into Kirk's death. The subsequent postmortem and inquiry revealed that Kirk had a previous heart condition and could have had the heart attack at any time but was more likely to have triggered owing to the physical nature of professional wrestling and found for a verdict of death by natural causes. Pathologist Norman Ball testified that Kirk had six unnoticed minor heart attacks prior to the one that killed him and likely had the fatal attack while he was standing prior to receiving the splashdown, stating "It is likely he was already dead when he fell to the canvas", thus clearing Big Daddy of any responsibility for Kirk's death.

Aftermath
Kirk's death garnered worldwide media attention, with some newspapers initially breaking the news by claiming that Big Daddy's splash killed Kirk. The British Medical Association recommended a maximum age limit for professional wrestlers as Kirk was approaching 52 at the time and criticised Joint Promotions for not having a doctor at ringside. Kirk's widow claimed that Kirk only earned £25 for the match, with a bonus of £5 for wrestling Big Daddy while Joint Promotions' promoters were earning thousands while she was left widowed with two children. She criticised the sport for the way it treated Kirk and there has since been criticism of Big Daddy for continuing to treat the incident as a legitimate sporting accident. Later, Canadian wrestler Bret Hart, who wrestled Kirk for Joint Promotions, wrote in his book that few men could take Big Daddy's weight when he performed his other finishing move – the "double elbow" backdrop – and said "all it took was for Max to wave a few extra quid in a wrestler's face and he'd put his life on the line."

Several sources, including his own obituaries, incorrectly claimed that Big Daddy was so distraught by Kirk's death that he retired from professional wrestling. However he wrestled for six more years until 1993, still using the Big Daddy Splashdown despite calling for it to be banned and saying he would stop using it. Kirk had reportedly told some of his friends "If I have to go, I hope it is in the ring".

The death of Kirk is cited as having contributed to the decline of professional wrestling in the United Kingdom as people started to look at it more critically. It started to be compared to American professional wrestling, specifically the World Wrestling Federation, which was viewed as a higher quality product as the wrestlers were more muscular than the British wrestlers. Professional wrestling's television spot on ITV was cancelled in December 1988. Joint Promotions dwindled and eventually went out of business in February 1995 although its chief rival at the time All Star Wrestling (for which Kirk also sporadically worked) remains active as of.

Big Daddy died in 1997; King Kendo died in 2018.

title: Malcolm Kirk


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Ivy Lee (actress)

Ivy Lee (born 16 July 1973) is a Singaporean former actress and host, who was a full-time Mediacorp artiste from 1993 to 2007. She has won three Star Awards for Best Actress for her performances in the television series Angel's Dream (2000), Double Happiness (2004) and Family Matters (2006).

Early life and career
Lee graduated from Singapore Polytechnic with a Diploma in Biomedical in 1993. The same year, she joined TCS (predecessor of MediaCorp) after winning the biannual Star Search and clinching the "Miss Photogenic" title at the same contest.

At the Star Awards 2006, Lee was awarded the Best Actress award for her role as a lawyer in the drama serial Family Matters. Before that, she was also named the Best Actress another two times; the first in 2000, and then in 2004.

Later in her career, Lee was known for her on-screen partnership with actor Edmund Chen, most notably in Beyond the Axis of Truth and Double Happiness. At the Star Awards 2007 anniversary special celebrating 25 years of Chinese drama in Singapore, they were named one of the Top 5 Favourite On-screen Partners for their roles as husband and wife in Double Happiness.

Lee left the entertainment industry in November 2009 and moved to Hong Kong with her family two years later. She has been based in London, England since 2017.

Personal life
Lee is currently based in England with her four children and her Hong Kong-born television producer and director husband Raymond Choy, whom she married in 1997 and in the same year, gave birth to a girl. In 2005, Lee gave birth to twin boys. In 2009, she gave birth to another girl. In an interview, Lee stated that she relocated to Hong Kong with her children so as to be nearer to her husband who travels frequently within the Greater China Region.

title: Ivy Lee (actress)


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Hippophae rhamnoides

Hippophae rhamnoides, also known as sea-buckthorn, is a species of flowering plant in the family Elaeagnaceae, native to the cold-temperate regions of Europe and Asia. It is a spiny deciduous shrub. The plant is used in the food and cosmetics industries, in traditional medicine, as animal fodder, in horticulture, and for ecological purposes.

Description and biology

Hippophae rhamnoides is a hardy, deciduous shrub that can grow between 2 and 4 m high (between 7 and 13 ft). It has a rough, brown or black bark and a thick, grayish-green crown. The leaves are alternate, narrow and lanceolate, with silvery-green upper faces. It is dioecious, meaning that the male and female flowers grow on different shrubs. The sex of seedlings can only be determined at the first flowering, which mostly occurs after three years. The male inflorescence is built up of four to six apetalous flowers, while the female inflorescence normally consists of only one apetalous flower and contains one ovary and one ovule. Fertilization occurs solely via wind pollination, so male plants need to be close to female plants to allow for fertilization and fruit production.

The oval or lightly roundish fruits grow in compact grapes varying from pale yellow to dark orange. Individual fruits weigh between 270 and 480 mg and contain high amounts of vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, flavonoids and health-beneficial fatty acids, as well as higher amounts of vitamin B12 than other fruits.

The plants have a very developed and extensive root system, and the roots live in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing Frankia bacteria. The roots also transform insoluble organic and mineral matters from the soil into more soluble states. Vegetative reproduction of the plants occurs rapidly via root suckers.

Taxonomy
Hippophae rhamnoides is situated in the family Elaeagnaceae, in the order Rosales.

Hippophae rhamnoides is divided into eight subspecies: ssp. carpatica, caucasia, fluviatilis, mongolica, rhamnoides, sinensis, turkestanica and yunnanensis. These subspecies vary in size, shape, number of main lateral veins in the leaves and quantity and color of stellate hairs. They also have different areas of distribution and specific uses.

The genus name Hippophae originates from the Greek words hippo = "horse" and phaos = "to shine" and is due to the ancient Greek use of sea buckthorn leaves as horse fodder to make their coats shine more. The species name rhamnoides means "resembling the Rhamnus", referring to the buckthorn plant.

Distribution
Hippophae rhamnoides is native to the cold-temperate regions of Europe and Asia, between 27 and 69EN latitude and 7EW and 122EE longitude. These regions include the Baltic Coasts of Finland, Poland and Germany, the Gulf of Bothnia in Sweden, as well as coastal areas of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In Asia, H. rhamnoides can be found in the northern regions of China, throughout most of the Himalayan region, including India, Nepal and Bhutan, Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is found in a variety of locations: on hills and hillsides, valleys, riverbeds, along coastal regions, on islands, in small isolated or continuous pure stands, but also in mixed stands with other shrub and tree species. H. rhamnoides has also recently been planted in countries such as Canada, the United States, Bolivia, Chile, Japan and South Korea.

The current total acreage of H. rhamnoides is about 3.0 million ha worldwide. This number includes both wild and cultivated plants. Of these, approximately 2.5 million ha are situated in China (1.0 million ha of wild plants and 1.5 million ha in plantations), 20 000 ha in Mongolia, 12 000 ha in India and 3 000 ha in Pakistan. This makes China the largest agricultural producer of H. rhamnoides. Approximately 10 000 acres of the plant are planted in China each year for berry production as well as eco-environmental improvement. As of 2003, approximately 100 km of field shelterbelts were planted in Canada each year, and over 250 000 mature fruit-producing plants were grown on the Canadian prairies with an estimated annual fruit supply of 750 000 kg. Other countries that grow H. rhamnoides as an agricultural plant include for example Germany and France.

Fruit
Sea buckthorn fruit contains sugars, sugar alcohols, fruit acids, vitamins (C, E, and K), polyphenols, carotenoids, fiber, amino acids, minerals, and plant sterols. Species belonging to genus Hippophae accumulate oil both in soft parts and in seed of the fruit. Oil content in soft parts is 1.5–3.0%, while in seed this is 11% of the fresh weight. For the compositions of sea buckthorn oils, see article: sea buckthorn oil.

Major sugars in sea buckthorn fruits are fructose and glucose, with total sugar content of 2.7–5.3 g/100 ml of juice. Typical sourness of the fruits is due to high content of malic acid (0.8-3.2 g/100 ml of juice) while astringency is related to quinic acid (1.2-2.1 g/100 ml of juice). Major sugar alcohol in fruit is L-quebrachitol (0.15–0.24 g/100 ml of juice).

The fruit of the plant has a high vitamin C content – approximately 400 mg per 100 grams, placing sea buckthorn fruit among the richest plant sources of vitamin C. Additionally, fruits have high concentrations of carotenoids, vitamin E and vitamin K. The main carotenoids are beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lycopene while alpha-tocopherol is the major vitamin E compound.

The most prevalent dietary minerals in sea buckthorn fruits are potassium (300–380 mg/100 g), manganese (0.28–0.32 mg/100 g), and copper (0.1 mg/100 g).

The fruit is also rich in phytosterols (340–520 mg/kg), β-sitosterol being the major sterol compound as it constitutes 57–83% of total sterols.

Flavonols were found to be the predominating class of phenolic compounds, while phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols (catechins) represent minor components.

Uses
Hippophae rhamnoides is a very versatile plant and the fruits as well as the leaves can be used. The fruits are processed and then used in the food industry, in traditional medicine, as part of drugs or in the cosmetic industry. The leaves can be used as feed, particularly for ruminants. Because of its tolerance against strongly eroded, nutrient-poor and sometimes salty soils, the plant is also used for land reclamation or as shelterbelt.

Consumer products
In general, all parts of the H. rhamnoides contain diverse phytochemicals and nutrients. Particularly the fruit contains high vitamin C amounts, exceeding the levels seen in lemons and oranges. H. rhamnoides fruits are processed in the food industry to different products. Usually, the berries are first washed and then pressed, resulting in pomace and juice. The fruit pomace can be used to obtain oil, natural food color (yellow/orange) or jam, while the juice is further processed and packaged as a consumer product. H. rhamnoides oil may be used to produce cosmetics, such as hand cream, shampoo or massage oils. The leaves of the shrub can be air dried, eventually ground, and used for tea.

Traditional medicine
Hippophae rhamnoides is widely used in traditional medicine, particularly in Russia and Northeast Asia. The leaves are used as supposed herbal medicine for various disorders. H. rhamnoides fruits have also been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea, juice, or syrup for treatment of infections.

Livestock fodder
Hippophae rhamnoides is used for feeding livestock. The pomace from H. rhamnoides fruit processing can be used as animal feed, such as for poultry feeding.

Ecology
The H. rhamnoides plant is particularly drought- and salt-tolerant and can thus be successfully used for land reclamation, against further soil erosion, as shelterbelt or in agroforestry. These characteristics are mainly due to the deep root system that the plant develops. For example, in eastern China, new agroforestry systems have been developed to reclaim land with high salinity contents and H. rhamnoides is included in the system as shelterbelt, providing a habitat to different birds and small mammals.

Soil and climate requirements
In nature H. rhamnoides is found growing profusely on a wide range of soil types, but does better in soils with a light physical structure, rich in nutrient compounds and with a pH near neutral (pH 6.5–7.5). Best growth occurs in deep, well drained, sandy loam with ample organic matter. Very light, sandy soils have low water carrying capacity and are also low in nutrient mineral elements; so without the previous addition of organic matter, are not appropriate. Similarly inappropriate are clayey soils, with high density and water retention characteristics. H. rhamnoides is considered drought resistant but it is a moisture sensitive plant especially in the spring when plants are flowering and young fruits are beginning to develop. Planting in arid or semiarid areas is possible, if water is supplied for establishment. It can bear fruits at altitudes up to 2000 m above sea level. The plant can withstand temperatures from −43 °C to + 40 °C. Vegetation begins at average daily air temperatures of 5 to 7 °C. It flowers at temperatures 10 to 15 °C and requires total effective temperatures, spring to harvest time, of 14.5 °C to 17.5 °C, depending on latitude, elevation and species. Frost hardiness is the highest in deep dormancy in November and December. During this period, negative temperatures of −50 °C may be tolerated. Whereas in the post-dormant period in January to March, the critical temperature drops in air temperature for the male to −30 °C to −35 °C and for the female, −40 °C to −45 °C. H. rhamnoides can only be grown in well-lit, unshaded areas. Starting from its very earliest stage of development, it can not tolerate shade. As for fertilization, phosphorus is indispensable for the normal life process of the nodules on the roots. The plant requires little nitrogen, due to its ability to fix nitrogen.

Planting
Hippophae rhamnoides needs a period of 4 to 5 years from the appearance of the first shoots from the seeds to the beginning of fruit and peaks at the 7–8th year of plant life, remaining productive for 30 years with intermittent pruning. Spring is the best time for planting H. rhamnoides. An orchard planting can yield 10 tonnes of berries per hectare. A number of seeds per planting site is recommended at spacing of 1 m within the row and 4 m between the rows, south-east sloping terrain is recommended to facilitate the maximum sunlight exposure and rows should be oriented in a north– south direction to provide maximum light.

Pruning
The purpose of pruning H. rhamnoides is to train branches, promote growth and facilitate harvesting. Moderate pruning will increase the yield and fruiting life of the plants. The crown should be pruned to remove overlapping branches, and long branches should be cut to encourage development of lateral shoots. Mature fruiting plants should be pruned to allow more light penetration. Pruning is also recommended to eliminate thorns on the mature wood to facilitate harvesting. Pruning should be started the year trees have been planted, late winter pruning is best time.

Propagation
Seed propagation is not commonly used in orchards because the species is dioecious, therefore the sex cannot be determined in the seed, or prior to 3 to 4 years of growth. And male plants must be replaced. If seedlings of unknown sex are planted, it may result in an uneven distribution of male and female plants. To avoid this problem, excessive male plants are replaced with female plants, or vegetative propagation from mature plants of known sex is done. With vegetative propagation, the cuttings will bear fruit 1 to 2 years earlier than seed propagated trees and the genetics and sex are known from the mother plant. Sea buckthorn can be propagated using either hardwood or softwood cuttings, root cuttings, layering and suckers. Cross-pollination is by wind action only. The ratio and distance of male to female plants is important, as the number of female trees in each planting directly affects the total yield. Recommendations for male and female ratio vary from 6 to 12%, while the distance within which the female plant can be pollinated is about 100m. It has been shown that as the distance from the female plant to the male plant (polliniser) increases (64m), the yield of the female plant decreases.

Breeding
The large morphological diversity is a good indication for opportunities in selection of desired characteristics for a given region. Mass selection is still practiced in many areas, although it is gradually replaced by hybridization and polyploidy breeding. The most important characteristics that need improvement are: yield, fruit size, winter hardness, thornlessness, fruit and pollen quality and early maturity, long pedicel (to facilitate mechanical harvest) and nitrogen fixing ability.

Harvesting and challenges in mechanization
The fruits ripen in the fall and frequently cling on the shrub until the following March/April. Estimate of orchard planting with 2,500 trees per hectare. a 1:6–8 male and female ratio, and 4 m between rows with 1 m between plants should yield approximately 10 tonnes. Good plants will produce up to 7 kg annually. In Asia the fruits are harvested by hand; this process requires about 1500 person-hours/ha. Fruit harvest is the most time consuming operation in growing H. rhamnoides. The relatively small fruit size, short pedicel, force required to pull off each fruit, the density of fruit on the branch, and the thorniness of the plant, are the disadvantages during harvesting.

Difficulties in harvesting are the major barriers of orchard production and development of the plant's potential as a cash crop. Harvesting the fruit is problematic because the fruit does not easily release from the stem. Different mechanical harvest methods were developed in the late 20th century, such as shaking, vacuum and quick freezing, but with the disadvantages of fruit and bark damage and low efficiency, as of 1990. Except when frozen on the shrub, fresh fruit mechanical harvesting is still in the development stage during the early 21st century. This is mainly due to the difficulty in separating the stem (pedicel) from the berry (pericarp). Mechanical harvesting – with the sequence of cutting a branch from the tree, freezing it, then shaking the branch to release the berries – eliminates the necessity for maintenance pruning, leaving a hedge that has been uniformly cut back, with high-quality berries. A trunk clamp-on vibrator harvester may be used when the fruit is frozen on the shrub, but with this method leaf and wood contamination is high and an additional step of berry cleaning is necessary.

Cultivars
In the United Kingdom, the cultivars 'Leikora' and 'Pollmix' have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. 'Leikora' is a dense-fruit cultivar, while 'Pollmix' is used as a pollinator for female clones. Cultivar Sprite has dense, compact vines growing to 2 ft tall and wide, characteristics possibly making it useful as a low hedge near the sea.

Symbionts
Hippophae rhamnoides plants that are 1–2 years old develop root nodules containing actinobacteria of the genus Frankia, which are capable of fixing nitrogen. As a result of this relationship, the soils in stands of H. rhamnoides are enriched in nitrogen. The nitrogen-fixing activity of the symbiotic bacteria is not constant, but depends on external factors such as the climate or whether additional nitrogen fertilization occurred.

Diseases and insect pests
Both in Asia and in Europe, sea buckthorn losses occur notably due to environmental stress, wilt disease and insect pests. It is estimated that more than 60,000 ha of natural and planted sea buckthorn stands have died in China since the year 2000 due to these three factors, and approximately 5,000 ha perish each year.

Wilt disease
Wilt disease is a combination of fungal diseases that is sometimes also called "dried-shrink disease", "shrivelled disease", "dry rot" or "dry atrophy". In China, it causes fruit yield losses of 30–40% and annual losses of mature plantations of 4 000 ha. Several pathogens have been described as causing the sickness in sea buckthorn:
 * the genus Fusarium (Fusarium wilt): F. acuminatum, F. camptoceras and F. oxysporum, as well as F. rhizoctonia and F. solani and F. sporotrichioides
 * the genus Stigmina
 * the genus Verticillium (Verticillium wilt): V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae
 * the species Plowrightia hippophaes
 * the species Phellinus hippophaeicola
 * the species Phomopsis spp.

Methods to control the disease include removing and burning infected branches, not replanting H. rhamnoides at the same site for 3–5 years, and avoiding to make cuttings from infected plants. Antagonistic fungi like Trichoderma sp. or Penicillium sp. can be used to combat wilt disease in plants infected by Plowrightia hippophaes. Additionally, four strains of Cladothrix actinomyces were found to be usable as antagonistic fungi in H. rhamnoides plants infected by Fusarium sporotrichioides. Cultivars of H. rhamnoides that were relatively resistant to wilt disease have also been identified.

Pests
Hippophae rhamnoides is affected by several insect pests, of which green aphids (Capitophorus hippophaes) are one of the most damaging. They are usually found in the new growth on shoot tips where they stunt growth and cause yellowing of the leaves. This is then followed by shrinking of the leaves along their central vein, after which they drop prematurely. Another serious pest is the seabuckthorn fruit fly (Rhagoletis batava), whose larvae feed on the fruit flesh, rendering the fruits unsuitable for use. H. rhamnoides is also affected by the gall tick (Vasates spp.), which causes gall formation on the leaves and thereby leads to deformation of the leaf surface. Both the leaf roller (Archips rosana) and the spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) chew on H. rhamnoides leaves. The leaf roller occurs from May to July, while the spongy moth occurs later in the summer. Further insect pests include the commashaped scale (Chionaspis salicis), which sucks sap from the bark and can cause important damage by leading to the death of the plant, and the larvae of the sea buckthorn moth (Gelechia hippophaella), which penetrate into fresh buds and feed on them. Thrips, and occasionally earwigs have also been observed as affecting H. rhamnoides.

Insecticides such as gammaxene and dylox are used to control insect pests in the soil, and insecticide soap can be employed against green aphid infestations

Hippophae rhamnoides is also involved in interactions with various animals (birds, rodents, deer, livestock) that can lead to damage in plantations.

Weed control
Weed control is important, especially during the early growth stages of H. rhamnoides, since it grows slower than weeds due to its less vigorous root system. Weeds should be removed before planting by preparing the land adequately, and they should subsequently be controlled during the first four to five years, until the shrubs are high enough to shade out the weeds. Weed control is done both mechanically and manually. Weeding should however not be too deep so as not to damage the root system of H. rhamnoides.

As of 2003, no herbicides were registered for use in orchards of H. rhamnoides.

title: Hippophae rhamnoides


text: Category:Berliners

title: Category:Berliners


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User:AlfonzoPerez

Can you point me to any web pages about this child prodigy? Google doesn't seem to have heard of him. Until you produce some evidence somewhere that this kid opened for Coldplay etc. etc. the page gets deleted Malcolm Farmer 09:33, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:AlfonzoPerez