text:
Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel

Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel is a casino in Niagara Falls, New York, United States. It was built by the Seneca Nation to compete with Casino Niagara and Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. Formerly known as the Niagara Falls Convention and Civic Center, it was sold to the federally recognized Seneca Nation of New York.

The casino floor has an area of 147000 sqft with 99 gaming tables and 4,200 slot machines. It is the largest hotel in New York state outside of Manhattan.

History
The Seneca Niagara Casino opened on December 31, 2002, the result of an $80 million transformation of the Niagara Falls Convention and Civic Center into a full-service casino. It features 82,000 square feet of gaming space with 2,595 slot machines and 91 table games. In May 2004, construction began on the casino's 26-story hotel tower. The $240 million hotel tower opened in December 2005. Upon its opening, the New York Times described the tower as "the skyline on the American side of the Niagara River."

In late 2012, the casino opened a brand new buffet space called Thunder Falls Buffet. This space was later closed and reopened in 2022 as the Full Plate Eatery.

In 2013, the casino received $26 million worth of renovations and upgrades to the main casino gaming floor and the outside square. An additional $6 million was spent on improvements to the casino's HVAC system.

The Seneca Nation of Indians and Seneca Gaming Corporation announced a $40 million renovation and beautification plan for the casino in 2018. The plan included a new lobby and lobby bar. Additional registration and VIP check-in areas as well as a new entryway off were also announced.

The casino closed on March 16, 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic and resumed 24 hour operations in July 2020 as part of its reopening plan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Restaurants

 * Western Door (Steakhouse)
 * Koi (Asian Cuisine)
 * La Cascata (Italian Cuisine)
 * Full Plate Eatery (Buffet)
 * Blues Burger Bar
 * Three Sisters Café
 * Bear Claw Cafe
 * Slice-N-Dice (Pizza)
 * Lounge 101

Shopping

 * 8 Clans (Native American merchandise)
 * The Garden Nook
 * Lux Box
 * Odds & Ends

Entertainment
The Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel is home to the Seneca Niagara Events Center, a 2,400-seat theater that has hosted various performing artists, including Stevie Nicks, Tony Bennett, Aretha Franklin, Martina McBride, Trace Adkins, Lewis Black, Lisa Lampanelli, Steely Dan, Heart, Steve Miller Band, Huey Lewis and the News, Gretchen Wilson, Air Supply, Smokey Robinson, Diana Ross, Blondie, Jeff Foxworthy, Jay Leno, The Moody Blues, Grand Funk Railroad, Cheap Trick, Jim Gaffigan, New Kids on the Block, Seth Meyers, The Pointer Sisters, Chicago, The Go-Go's, Bobby Vinton, Tracy Morgan, Jackson Browne, Frank Caliendo, Michael Bolton, Alanis Morissette and more.

In addition, the Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel has the Bear's Den Showroom, a 440-seat theatre that presents more intimate shows, such as The Goo Goo Dolls, Eddie Money, The Grass Roots, Lou Gramm, Gary Lewis and the Playboys, Little River Band, Mary Wilson, Richard Marx, and more.

After a year of being closed during pandemic, Seneca Resort in Niagara Falls start hosting online events like broadcasting concerts, sports events and interactive tournaments.

Expansion
In February 2008, the Seneca Gaming Corp. announced the expansion of the Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel Property. It added more hotel rooms, and other amenities. It acquired Fallsville Splash Park, located next to the Seneca Niagara Casino, which was condemned by the State of New York and transferred to the Seneca Gaming Corporation. It was demolished for Phase 2 of expansion of the Niagara Falls casino.

Adjacent properties owned by Seneca Gaming Corp.
Adjacent properties owned by the Seneca Gaming Corporation are not located on Seneca territory owned by the Nation, therefore it is technically illegal to put slot machines or provide for gambling. The Splash Park Property where Phase 2 of expansion is to take place is also located on non-sovereign land.

The former Convention Center is located on sovereign land, and the casino is operated by Gaming Corporation.

Accolades
In 2023, the resort was ranked sixth on a list of the Ten Best Casinos Outside Las Vegas by USA Today in their 10 Best Readers Choice Awards.

title: Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Piss Drunx

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 23:14, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Piss Drunx
Article does not establish notability. A group of friends that include some professional skaters (most of whom are not notable enought to have their own articles)? If this was a competative skating crew, or a producer of skating videos I'd leave it be, but based on the info in the article and the few references I was able to scrounge up, I'm nominating this for a Delete--Isotope23 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I see nothing verifiable here.  Looks like vanity to me.  Friday (talk) 22:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with above.  After they publish the book of their exploits or get a pbs documentary (at least an NPR interview) lets talk...--Daniel Lotspeich 08:51, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not Delete. Piss Drunx are world famous, they have produced the baker videos and recieved coverage worldwide in the skateboarding scene. All the skateboarders involved dont release/discuss piss drunx to the public much.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
ICESI University

Icesi University (Universidad Icesi. Originally the initials of Instituto Colombiano de Estudios Superiores de Incolda, the Colombian Institute of Higher Studies of Incolda) is a private university located in Cali, Colombia. The campus is located in the area of Pance, south of the city. Founded in 1979 by a group of businessmen in the region. Icesi University with a campus of 141,334 square meters, offers undergraduate programs, specializations, masters and doctorates.

In 2010, the Icesi University of Cali, was the first private University in southwestern Colombia, in the High Quality Institutional Accreditation. In 2015, the Ministry of National Education granted the renewal of the High Quality Institutional Accreditation, until 2021.

Icesi University has 13 accredited programs: Telematics Engineering, Systems Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Industrial Design, Business Administration, Economics and International Business, Law, Public Accounting and Finance, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Economics and International Business, Media Design Interactive, International Marketing and Advertising, Psychology and Political Science.

The University had 14 research groups in Colciencias, seven of them are located (according to the new classification of research groups of Colciencias) classified in category A1, 2 in category A, 3 in category B, and 1 in category C .1

Faculties
Today Icesi has five faculties and the School of Education. The five faculties are: Administrative and Economic Sciences, Engineering, Law and Social Sciences, Natural Sciences and Health Sciences; together they offer 29 undergraduate programs, 1 Doctoral Program, 25 master's programs and 21 medical-surgical specializations; all academic offerings are approved by the Ministry of National Education.

Faculty of Administrative and Economic Sciences

Undergraduate Programs:

 * Business Administration with an emphasis in International Business
 * Public Accounting and International Finance
 * Economics
 * Economics and International Business
 * International Marketing and Advertising
 * Finance

Postgraduate Programs:

 * Icesi MBA
 * MBA Global - Icesi Tulane
 * Marketing
 * Finance
 * Management of Health Organizations
 * Accounting and Taxation
 * Doctorate: Business Economics

Faculty of Engineering, Design and Applied Science

Undergraduate Programs:

 * Systems Engineering
 * Telematics Engineering
 * Industrial Engineering
 * Industrial design
 * Interactive Media Design
 * Biochemical Engineering
 * Biology (with focus in Conservation and Molecular Biology / Biotechnology)
 * Chemistry (with an emphasis in Biochemistry)
 * Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Postgraduate Programs:

 * Informatics and Telecommunications Management
 * Master's Degree in Computing and Telecommunications (Research)
 * Industrial Engineering
 * Master's Degree in Innovation Management
 * Master's Degree in Project Management
 * Master's Data Science
 * Master's Degree in Formulation of Chemicals and Derivatives
 * Master's Degree in Biotechnology (Research)
 * Master's Degree in Sciences - Biotechnology (Research)

Faculty of Human Sciences

Undergraduate Programs:

 * Law
 * Anthropology
 * Psychology
 * Sociology
 * Political Science with emphasis in International Relations
 * Music
 * Degree in Basic Primary Education
 * Bachelor of Arts
 * Bachelor of Foreign Languages (with emphasis in English)
 * Degree in Natural Sciences
 * Degree in social sciences
 * Degree in Literature and Spanish Language

Postgraduate Programs:

 * Law
 * Government
 * Psychosocial intervention
 * Management for Social Innovation
 * Social and Political Studies (Research)
 * Master of Law (Research)
 * Education
 * Master's Program in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language
 * Teaching English as a Foreign Language
 * ICT-mediated Education (Virtual modality)

Faculty of Health Sciences

Undergraduate Programs:

 * Medicine

Postgraduate Programs:

 * Arthroscopy • Cardiology • Pediatric Cardiology • Dermatology • Gynecology and Obstetrics • Hematology and Oncology • Internal Medicine Nephrology • Pediatrics • Liaison Psychiatry • Radiology and diagnostic images • Rheumatology • Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery • Allergology • Head and neck surgery • Emergency Medicine • Psychiatry • Neurology • Neurosurgery • Pediatric Nephrology • Anesthesiology • Orthopedics and Traumatology • Infectious Disease

CDEE (Center for the Development of Entrepreneurship)

Postgraduate Programs:

 * Enterprise Creation

Accreditations
Today Icesi has five faculties and the School of Education. The five faculties are: Administrative and Economic Sciences, Engineering, Law and Social Sciences, Natural Sciences and Health Sciences; together they offer 27 undergraduate programs, 1 Doctoral Program, 25 master's programs and 23 medical-surgical specializations; all academic offerings are approved by the Ministry of National Education and are recognized to be of the highest quality due to being endorsed by the following national and international accreditations:

• High Quality Institutional Accreditation certified by the National Accreditation Council of the Ministry of National Education.

• International Accreditation AACSB (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business), an international institution that certifies the academic quality of business faculties around the world.

• Accreditation AMBA (Association of MBAs), an impartial authority established in London for the certification of the graduate programs in business faculties.

• ABET Accreditation (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology), one of the most important engineering program accreditation committees in the world, based in Baltimore, United States.

International experience
The Office of International Relations, together with the faculties of the Icesi University, identifies, promotes, coordinates and evaluates academic and cultural programs, with the purpose of developing in its students the competencies to understand and act, in an effective way, in a globalized world. For this reason, it has established bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements with universities, higher education institutions, research centers, international cooperation organizations and government entities to facilitate the process of internationalization of academic programs and the development of the global perspective of the students.

Reason why, it foments international experiences in the students through several modalities: realization of semesters of exchange in other universities, with which it has an agreement; internships and work practices abroad; as well as short programs of visits to other countries, either in missions, visits or summer programs, among others. Icesi currently has agreements in more than 870 international destinations (United States, Canada, Germany, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Korea, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark, United Arab Emirates, Ecuador, Spain, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mala, Morocco, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Peru, Poland, Portugal , Puerto Rico, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom, Uruguay)

title: ICESI University


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/500 greatest country songs

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Wikiacc (talk) 20:58, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

500 greatest country songs
Delete 100% PURE GRADE A POV Dudtz 10/4/05 3:03 PM EST
 * This survey probably does exist somewhere - a Google search bashes us to a Russian website, here, but on account of its non-encyclopedism, and its horrible inaccuracy, it should be deleted. That said, I have made an edit to this article myself, merely for cleanliness. Bobo192 06:04, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Bobo192. Kamezuki 07:32, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV. Maybe if it had a source and was uncopyrighted. tregoweth  04:07, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  Delete per Tregoweth. —Cryptic (talk) 10:17, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless a credible source is provided ie Country Music Association or a country music magazine. Capitalistroadster 11:05, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nice list, but not encyclopedic. -- Mrmooky 15:07, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless a source is found. TomStike 23:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete definately POVMasterhatch 10:54, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unencylopedic pov. Cool3 20:08, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Matthewross

Welcome
Hi Matthew, welcome to Wikipedia (actually you've been here a while, and it's disappointing no-one thought fit to say hi before now).

Although you seem fairly settled in already, you might find these links helpful in editing pages or creating new ones: How to edit a page, Tutorial, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should probably read our policies at some point too.

But don't feel you have to read every policy document before you do anything. Dive in, be bold in editing, and if you do anything wrong, someone will be quick to correct it and let you know (hopefully, politely!)

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

You may have already noticed that you can sign your name using three tildes, like this:. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too, as I've done below. This is mostly useful, and is considered good wikiquette, on talk pages. But be aware that the actual wikipedia articles should never be signed - they belong to the community, rather than the individual who created them.

You'll notice I added a photo to Wellington Church - if you find a Glasgow (or central belt) article that you think needs a photo, do drop me a note on my talk page (although the photo season is largely gone, so it might linger on my to-do list until Spring). For other places Requested pictures is a good place to leave a request.

Again, welcome! -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 19:04, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Wellington nominated
Thanks for making the (fascinating) anti-burgher article (question: should it be capitalised that way?). Armed with it, I've nominated Wellington Church on Template_talk:Did_you_know as promised. Unless there are objections, I imagine it'll be on the main page (meaning it'll get in the vicinity of a million pageviews) on Friday or Monday (they don't run DYK on weekends). At that point expect a flurry of edits to it - some helpful, some nitpicky (I've learned to mostly bite my tongue), and the odd childish (and quickly reverted) vandalism. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 00:36, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

parishes, presbyteries and synods
There's a discssion going on over at Talk:List of Church of Scotland presbyteries and parishes which may interest you. --Doc ask?  23:24, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Donald Caskie
Just wanted to say thanks for the article about Donald Caskie which I've just read with interest. Euchiasmus 22:46, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Anglicanism and the Anglican Communion
Hello! I noticed that you have been a contributor to articles on Anglicanism and the Anglican Communion. You may be interested in checking out a new WikiProject - WikiProject Anglicanism. Please consider signing up and participating in this collaborative effort to improve and expand Anglican-related articles! Cheers! Fishhead64 22:54, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Belgium
Hello,

I would like to inform you that WikiProject Belgium has been created. The goal is to provide a forum for people living in Belgium/connected to Belgium ) who would like to contribute to articles that are related to this country. It's completely up to you, but you are welcome to join us (you can add your name on the list of participants in that case).  The working language will be English. Greetings, Evilbu 17:11, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Finlay Macdonald (Moderator)
I added some changes to your page Finlay Macdonald (Moderator) and placed some requests on Macdonald's talk page. I also submitted a Did You Know request for the page.-- Jreferee 05:24, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Hello. I was looking over the list of past high commissioners and one entry struck me as odd: Ralph Kerr, later Earl of Dalkeith. The earldom wasn't created until the 17th century, and then it was associated with the Scotts, not the Kerrs. This has led me to wonder about the veracity of the list. What was your source? Best, Mackensen (talk) 13:13, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The source was the official Church of Scotland Yearbook for 1908, which includes a full list of Moderators and Lords High Commissioner. The list was compiled by the Rev Robert W. Weir. The entry for the Assembly of April 1582 states that the Commissioner was "Mr Ralph Kerr, afterwards Earl of Lothian".--Matthewross 20:27, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

University of Dundee - Chapel entry
Hi. I'd just like to address your recent edit on the University of Dundee page. I rather feel it is considerably too long within the article considering the rather specialised relevance - not to mention that there is something of a problem in allowing any great recognition to recognised bodies which cater to students (as there are countless). It certainly does not warrant its own Level 1 heading - which, you may care to note, is a privilege not even given to the Students' Association, IMO.

If you'd care to do a bit of editing to it, it would be helpful. I'd do it myself, but you'd probably be a better judge of what is significant and notable. --Breadandcheese 21:45, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Rail transport in Gibraltar
An article that you have been involved in editing, Rail transport in Gibraltar, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you. (PS. The nominator forgot to leave this courtesy, so I have instead.) --  Chris B •  talk  •  contribs  19:55, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

List of Moderators of the Church of Scotland
According to a (very old) Who's Who I picked up a few years ago, both Archibald Hamilton Charteris AND William Garden Blaikie were elected 1892 Moderator of the General Assembly. As far as I know (which possibly I don't) there's only one moderator at a time, and neither of these guys died in 1892 (which might have given rise to an unplanned vacancy). I guess there might have been some kind of a schism. Anyway, you look as though you just might have the educational background to know the answer to this seeming riddle without needing to dig. Thank you, in any case, for having thought about it. Regards Charles01 (talk) 15:05, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Stobswell Church, Dundee

The article Stobswell Church, Dundee has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Appears to be a run-of-the-mill church that fails WP:N. Searches turn up no relevant secondary sources other than passing mentions and directory listings.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Deor (talk) 15:26, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Matthewross! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:50, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Eric Milligan (politician) -
 * 2) John B. Cairns -

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Gaelic-speaking congregations in the Church of Scotland

The article Gaelic-speaking congregations in the Church of Scotland has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "As per WP:NOTDIR/ Does not meet WP:NLIST"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Rusf10 (talk) 03:23, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Matthewross


text: User talk:68.96.35.72

title: User talk:68.96.35.72


text:
Fred Willey

Frederick Thomas Willey (13 November 1910 – 13 December 1987) was a British Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) representing a Sunderland constituency for 38 years, from 1945 to 1983.

Early life
Willey was educated at Durham Johnston School and St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a first-class degree in law and won the Blackstone Prize and a Harmsworth studentship. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1936, and later worked as a barrister on the Northern Circuit.

His political career as an activist for social justice and other left-wing causes began in the 1930s, when he was the keynote speaker welcoming returning International Brigade volunteers to Sunderland.

Military career
During the Second World War Willey served with the Auxiliary Fire Service (AFS) and was an officer of the Fire Brigades Union.

Parliamentary career
Willey was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Sunderland in 1945, when the Borough still sent two MPs to Parliament. In 1950 two-member constituencies were abolished and Willey was returned for the new constituency of Sunderland North, where he served until he retired before the general election of 1983.

Willey served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food from 1950 to 1951, and as Minister of Land and Natural Resources from 1965 to 1967. He opened the UK's first long-distance footpath, the Pennine Way, in 1965.

He served as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party from 1979 to 1981.

title: Fred Willey


text:
Deep Jungle

Deep Jungle is a three-part miniseries that originally aired on PBS on consecutive Sundays from April 17 to May 1, 2005. The miniseries is a part of the twenty-third season of the natural history documentary series Nature. Deep Jungle follows scientists and filmmakers as they use the latest technology to explore the jungles of fourteen countries around the world.

Reception
The series was generally well received. Anita Gates at The New York Times said "the bird that moonwalks as part of its mating dance is pretty amazing," and "the story about Charles Darwin and the moth is just as satisfying." Overall, Gates described it as "a great-looking three-part "Nature" series". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution stated "The joy these scientists take in their work is infectious." Fred Kaufman, executive producer for Nature said that the miniseries "was a big success and we were looking to spin-off stories/people from it." As a result, the Nature episode "True Adventures of the Ultimate Spider-Hunter" was created with arachnologist Martin Nicholas who appeared in "Deep Jungle: Monsters of the Forest".

title: Deep Jungle


text:
XET-TDT

XET-TDT is a television station in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, owned and operated by Televisa. The station carries the Canal 5 network.

History
XET-TV analog channel 6 began broadcasting in 1960, as the first station of Televisión Independiente de México, founded by Bernardo Garza Sada. TIM, backed by Monterrey-area business interests, grew rapidly in the ensuing years, expanding to Mexico City in 1968 and merging with Telesistema Mexicano in 1972 to form Televisa. It remained with the Galavisión/XEQ network, formed from TIM's Mexico City station until the 2000s, when it switched to Canal 5.

Digital television
On September 24, 2015, XET shut off its analog signal; its digital signal on UHF channel 31 remained.

title: XET-TDT


text:
Wurzen

Wurzen is a town in the Leipzig district, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Mulde, here crossed by two bridges, 25 km east of Leipzig, by rail N.E. of Leipzig on the main line via Riesa to Dresden. It has a cathedral dating from the twelfth century, a castle, at one time a residence of the bishops of Meissen and later utilized as law courts, several schools, an agricultural college and as a police station including a prison.

History
Founded after 600 by Slavs, Wurzen is first mentioned in the act of donation from Otto I in 961 as a "Burgward" civitas vurcine. Situated in the "anderen Gau Neletici", it was a town early in the twelfth century when Herwig, bishop of Meissen, founded a Collegiate church here. In 1581 it passed to the elector of Saxony. During the Thirty Years' War (1637) it was sacked by the Swedish army and burned almost completely down.

In 1768 Goethe travelled from Leipzig to Dresden and back through Wurzen. The long wait for the ferry later inspired a passage in his first edition of Faust.

On 31 July 1838 Wurzen was connected through Wurzen railway station to the first German long-distance railway (Leipzig–Dresden, opened 7 April 1839). Therefore, the first German railway bridge was constructed to cross the Mulde.

From 1935 to 1945 the city housed a military district command and several anti-aircraft units during the Second World War. From October 1943 to April 1945 Wurzen experienced several US air raids, with over 40 fatalities. The most severe occurred on October 7, 1944, when 13 "Flying Fortresses" B-17 dropped around 85 high-explosive bombs on Wurzen, which were actually intended for the Brüx hydrogenation works in northern Bohemia.

From July 1939 to May 1945, Armin Graebert (1898–1947) was mayor of the city; On April 24, 1945, together with members of the SPD, KPD and the pastors of the Protestant and Catholic churches, he achieved the surrender of the city to Major Victor G. Conley of the 273rd US Infantry Regiment and thus saved it from destruction.

Like in comparable cities of the former GDR, the city saw right-wing influence and right-wing motivated violence in the 1990s. However, there has been an active network of antifascist groups, civil society groups for democracy and church-related groups working against this - also with the support of the city administration.

Via regia and Central German St. James Way
Wurzen is located on the central German route of the St. James pilgrims way to Santiago de Compostela, the so-called Camino de Santiago. It follows the route of the Via Regia, a designated Cultural Route of the Council of Europe.

International relations
Wurzen is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Barsinghausen, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Warstein, Germany
 * 🇭🇺 Tamási, Hungary

Economy
A main commercial focus is the production of pastries and candies. Furthermore, there are several high-performance medium-sized businesses in mechanical engineering and some specialty companies in town (conveying machinery, lighting design, production of felt).

Transport
Wurzen is connected to the Leipzig metropolitan area via national highway B6, the closest expressway (Autobahn) connector being situated about 15 km south of Wurzen. Wurzen railway station is linked to the central German commuter train network (S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland) and to the regional express train line between Leipzig and Dresden. There are two airports which can be reached within one hour's driving time, Halle-Leipzig airport and Dresden airport.

Main sights

 * Collegiate church St. Marien (Cathedral, consecrated in 1114). Romanesque up to late Gothic architecture (1508). Large ensemble of bronze sculptures by Georg Wrba (1932)
 * Lutheran Church St. Wenceslai (16th/17th century)
 * Catholic Church Herz-Jesu (consecrated in 1902), in Neo-Romanesque style.
 * Castle of Wurzen (from 1497 to 1581 occasionally residence of the Bishop of Dresden-Meissen), an example of late Gothic architecture
 * House Lossow (historic-cultural museum with an exhibition of Ringelnatz art). Mannerism/ Baroque (1668)
 * Birthplace of the fabulist Magnus Gottfried Lichtwer at Cathedral's Square (17th century)
 * Birthplace of Joachim Ringelnatz (17th/18th century).
 * Fountain at the marketplace in honour of Joachim Ringelnatz (1983) showing Ringelnatz on a Seahorse.
 * Former post-office of the Electorate of Saxony with emblem-adorned gate (1734).
 * Postal column (miles distance column) (1724) (re-erected in 1984).
 * Classicist City hall (after a fire 1803). Today library and gallery of the town.
 * Former (royal) Gymnasium (1883) with mural paintings by Max Seliger.
 * Memorial for the dead soldiers of World War I in the former old cemetery (bronze sculpture by Georg Wrba 1930).
 * Pesthäuschen, memorial for the victims of the Bubonic plague 1607 (17th century) in the former old cemetery.
 * Memorial for the victims of Fascism and the dead of the long march (1945) in the new cemetery.
 * Memorial place for the soldiers of the Red Army and Albert Kuntz in the municipal park (1974).
 * Commemorative plaque for the victims of Stalinism in the castle courtyard (2005).
 * Millennial stone (Badergraben) (2000).
 * Cityscape dominating buildings of the mill (Mühlgraben) (1917–1925).
 * Former North-station of the "Muldentalbahn" (1875), today Magistrates' Court.
 * Water tower of the former municipal waterworks (1893).
 * Imperial post office with telegraph station tower (1890/91).
 * Bismarck tower on the Wachtelberg hill (Dehnitz, 1911).

Notable residents

 * Max Baumbach (1859–1915), sculptor in Berlin
 * Johann Gottlob Böhme (1717–1780), historian of the Enlightenment, Goethe's teacher at the University of Leipzig
 * Ruth Bodenstein-Hoyme (1924–2006), composer
 * Kristina Dörfer (born 1984), singer and actress
 * Wilhelm Fischer (1796–1884), Saxon mining official
 * Fritz Geißler(1921–1984), composer, most famous symphony musician of the GDR
 * Herwig (died 1119), Bishop of Dresden-Meissen, founder of the Collegiate church in Wurzen
 * Hans-Ludwig Hirsch (born 1950), graduate chemist;
 * Hermann Ilgen (1856–1940), pharmacist, entrepreneur, sports and art patron, honorary citizen of Wurzen from 1929
 * Ekkehart Jesse (born 1948), historian and sociologist, researcher of Extremism
 * Detlev Kästner, boxer, bronze medallist Olympic Games Boxing at the 1980 Summer Olympics
 * Karl Ludwig Langbein (1811–1873), jurist and Member of Frankfurt Parliament
 * Magnus Gottfried Lichtwer (1719–1783), jurist and one of the most important German fabulists
 * Nadja Michael (* 1969), German opera song and oratorio singer
 * Julian Riedel, (born 1990), German TV host
 * Joachim Ringelnatz (1883–1934), author and painter (The city styles itself 'Ringelnatz City' in its official advertisements and website as a tribute to him.)
 * Paul Röber, (1587–1651), Lutheran theologian
 * Johann Christian Schöttgen (1687–1751), Hebraist, historian and educator, rector of the Kreuzschule in Dresden
 * Abraham Teller (1609–1658), theologian, songwriter of Hymns, rector of Thomasschule zu Leipzig
 * Otto Georg Thierack (1889–1946), 1936 to 1942 President of the People's Court (German) and last Minister of Justice in the Third Reich
 * Ralf Thomas (born 1932), evangelical theologian, historian and municipal politician
 * Theodor Uhlig, musician (1822–1853), songwriter, composer
 * Siegfried H. Horn, archaeologist (1908–1993)
 * Manfred Walter (born 1937), football player (national team GDR)
 * Philipp Wende (born 1985), rower, Gold medal winner at the Summer Olympic Games
 * Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt (born 1932), mail artist and visual poet

Persons with relation to Wurzen

 * John IX of Haugwitz (1524–1595); Last Catholic bishop of Meissen
 * Anna Katharina Schönkopf (1746–1810); Youth friend of Goethe in Leipzig
 * Wilhelm Hasenclever (1837–1889); Social Democratic publicist and politician; Lived in Wurzen
 * Georg Wrba (1872–1939); sculptor

title: Wurzen


text:
Uskoplje

Uskoplje may refer to:

 * Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje, a town in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Uskoplje, Ravno, a village near Trebinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Uskoplje, Croatia, a village in Konavle, Croatia

title: Uskoplje


text:
Talk:Virginia and Truckee Railroad

Letter
I wrote to the V&T, and on Oct. 4, 2005 received this reply:

"Lots of good things are happening, we have purchased a 1914 Baldwin locomotive, have filled the Overmand pit and laid the first rail since the 30's. We are now working on tunnel two. We hope to have the railway up and running by 2009-2010."

Simesa 19:09, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Todo
The Virginia and Truckee's locomotives and equipment appeared in numerous Westerns, since the V&T operated obsolete equipment into the cinema age. Need a good history of their appearances. Matthew Brown (Morven) (T:C) 21:40, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Why Truckee?
In my VERY SHORT search, I have come to the conclusion that V&T railroad went north as far as Reno but never came anywhere near Truckee. Was there an initial plan to bring the northern end farther west to Truckee? LPMeissner@msn.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.201.191.1 (talk) 23:31, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

It actually means the Truckee River, which it crossed right near the end of the line in Reno. GusterPosey (talk) 09:07, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Virginia and Truckee Railroad


text:
Yverdon District

Yverdon District was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland until 2006 when it was dissolved. It was divided into the Cercles of Molondin, Belmont-sur-Yverdon, Yverdon and Champvent.

The district consisted of 38 municipalities, is 156.68 km2 in area and was home to 34,929 inhabitants at the end of 2003.

Mergers and name changes

 * On 1 January 2005 the former municipality of Arrissoules merged into the municipality of Rovray.
 * On 1 September 2006 the municipalities of Belmont-sur-Yverdon, Bioley-Magnoux, Chamblon, Champvent, Chanéaz, Chavannes-le-Chêne, Chêne-Pâquier, Cheseaux-Noréaz, Cronay, Cuarny, Démoret, Donneloye, Épendes (VD), Essert-Pittet, Essert-sous-Champvent, Gossens, Gressy, Mathod, Mézery-près-Donneloye, Molondin, Montagny-près-Yverdon, Orges, Orzens, Pomy, Prahins, Rovray, Suchy, Suscévaz, Treycovagnes, Ursins, Valeyres-sous-Montagny, Valeyres-sous-Ursins, Villars-Epeney, Villars-sous-Champvent, Vugelles-La Mothe, Yverdon-les-Bains, and Yvonand came from the District d'Yverdon to join the Jura-Nord vaudois District
 * On 1 September 2006 the municipality of Oppens came from the District d'Yverdon to join the Gros-de-Vaud District.

title: Yverdon District


text:
Zarana

Zarana is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. She is affiliated with Cobra as a member of the Dreadnoks.

Profile
Zarana is the younger sister of Zartan and fraternal twin of Zandar. A professional assassin, she is an expert in small arms, explosives and edged weapons. Zarana is a master of disguise who can fool even the best military specialists. She relies on masks, wigs, makeup and costumes. She is also a world-class method actress, literally becoming the object of her impersonation, to the extent that she not only thinks but reacts as they would.

She has short naturally auburn hair, which has been dyed pink (or sometimes red), and is usually depicted with a tattered hot pink T-shirt and blue pants, colors that match her twin brother, Zandar. She is the firstborn of the twins, and often the unequivocal leader of the two. She supposedly also has the same ability to change skin color as her brothers, but this was never portrayed in either her comic book or cartoon incarnations. According to former G.I. Joe product manager Kirk Bozigian at the 2013 Official G.I. Joe Convention, Zarana's original filecard art was inspired by 80's punk rock singer Wendy O. Williams.

Toys
Along with her twin brother Zandar, Zarana was released in 1985 . She carries a weapon that looked like a shotgun with a circular saw blade attached at the end. This weapon was never seen in the cartoon or comic book. She had several features in the comic, primarily in issues that introduced Dreadnok vehicles produced by Hasbro. Zarana's pink shirt was designed, by Hasbro designer Ron Rudat, to resemble Zandar's torn pink kerchief.

Marvel Comics
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, she first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #50 (August 1986).

Zarana was featured in the Marvel G.I. Joe comics and in the beginning was depicted as being somewhat cheap when it came to money. After she leads a successful rescue of Zartan by impersonating Scarlett, she tells her brother that he owes her for a number of expenses related to the rescue operation including that of the red wig she used in her disguise. Pursued by a large team of G.I. Joes, she and the Dreadnoks escape. They are technically tracked down by Sgt. Slaughter but her disguise skills help fool the man into believing he had found a simple gas station.

She was featured in issues #69 through #71. In order to escape the fictional war-torn country of Sierra Gordo, she and fellow Dreadnoks Monkeywrench and Thrasher hijack a G.I. Joe transport plane. This is accomplished by Zarana threatening to kill some of the civilians who are pleading with the Joes for a ride out. The Joes Crazylegs, Wild-Bill and Maverick are forced to launch out with her, her allies and the refugee/hostages. The plane ends up shot down, though all survive. In an effort to escape the country, Zarana works with the Joe team, the Dreadnoks, and the refugees. In one instance, she punches Thrasher's broken arm in order to get him to be even more violent against a large group of adversaries.

Zarana and the Dreadnoks would work with the Joes again, like much of Cobra, in the aftermath of the Cobra Civil War. The stress gets to her, leading to a memorable, vicious fist-fight with Lady Jaye, that ends in a draw.

Zarana is a fearless fighter and risk taker. She took on a lot of responsibilities for Cobra after Destro, Zartan and the Baroness left, effectively becoming Cobra Commander's second in command. She was captured by Firefly, but was rescued by Slice and Dice who found her by accident. She is reunited with Cobra. As revealed in her complaints, she had spent months in a dungeon on Cobra Island, abandoned there with Road Pig and Cesspool. She was partly responsible for recruiting Scarlett (although Scarlett turned out to be a double agent). After Dr. Mindbender was revived by Cobra Commander, he "cut Zarana loose" and she returns to the Dreadnoks.

Devil's Due
Zarana and her siblings grew up in a Catholic orphanage. Her older brother, Zartan, accidentally killed a boy for bullying young Zandar. As teenagers, the twins grew up on the streets of London rather than be separated to different foster homes. She and Zandar searched out their brother, Zartan, and found themselves in the outback of Australia as members of the Dreadnok biker gang.

Zarana leads a Dreadnoks/Cobra squad against an out of control Battle Android Trooper. She loses several Alley Vipers. A grenade thrown by a G.I. Joe squad injures her, though she is still mobile. Zartan orders Zanya to leave with her; they try to escape in a Cobra Coil motorcycle, but circumstances change and they are arrested with most of the other Dreadnoks.

In the America's Elite series, Cobra Commander disguises himself as White House staff member Garret Freedlowe, and tricks General Rey into leading a new elite unit called Phoenix Guard. Zarana is one of the Cobra operatives who poses as a Guard member, and is given the new codename "Friday", real name Jennifer K. Larson, born in Hialeah, Florida. Friday's specialties were infantry, heavy weapons, tracking, unit supply specialist and mechanical technician. She received basic training at Fort Jackson, and advanced infantry training at Fort Lee. She also completed the Unit Armorer School at Fort Hood, the Marksman Instructor course and Airborne School at Fort Benning, and the Counter-Sniper course at Camp Robinson, Arkansas. She was the team's weapons specialist, and second-in-command to General Rey. Following the Guard's attack on The Rock, Zarana is taken into custody by the Joes and imprisoned in "The Coffin", a maximum security penitentiary located in Greenland. She later escapes imprisonment alongside several others, during a raid on the facility led by Tomax. At the conclusion of the World War III storyline, Zarana is revealed to have escaped the mass defeat and capture of Cobra's forces, and is back with the Dreadnoks (who are now sans Zartan).

The comic series Dreadnoks Declassified reveals that Zarana's given name is Zoe.

IDW
Zarana and Zandar were born in London, England, into dire poverty and were placed for adoption as toddlers. From an early age, the twins displayed anti-social behavior. As a result, they were moved from foster home to foster home, until they landed in an abusive orphanage. As teenagers, Zarana and Zandar were faced with the threat of separation, so they took to the streets to remain together, and from there, procured plane tickets to Australia, where they joined the Dreadnoks biker gang.

Zarana and Zandar supply weapons to the warring Heathens motorcycle gang. A G.I. Joe strike team interrupts the transaction, telling the two to surrender. Zandar and Zarana flee, but not before realizing neither of them claimed their fee beforehand. Realizing "The One" considers them expendable, the twins make eliminating "The One" their next major priority. Shipwreck pursues them, telling the twins that they are outgunned and not to fire back. Zandar and Zarana respond that they must go out of sight, and use holography to conceal their motorbike as they make their escape. The Dreadnok twins were apprehended shortly thereafter and taken into custody.

IDW post-Revolutionaries
The Dreadnok Twins, disguised as inner Mongolian locals, Ying and Yong, lead a strike team of G.I. Joes to Crystal Ball's cult stronghold, where they were ambushed by Crystal Ball and the Dreadnoks. Zandar and Zarana sneak away some time during the battle.

During the Dreadnoks' pursuit of the Joes, they were snatched away underground by Crystal Ball's summoned, large "Fatal Fluffies". Zarana and Zandar appear again with the Dreadnoks, ambushing Duke in the underground, with the intention of taking the Joes' prisoners, the Baroness and Crystal Ball.

Sunbow
Zarana first appears in the G.I. Joe second-season miniseries "Arise, Serpentor, Arise!", voiced by Lisa Raggio. She and Zandar join their brother Zartan when he is auditioning new members of the Dreadnoks. Zarana later steals the DNA of fictional Egyptian general Xanuth Amon-Toth, as part of Doctor Mindbender's plot to create Serpentor.

In the episode "Computer Complications", Zarana goes undercover at the G.I. Joe headquarters as "Carol Weidler" to program the robot submarines under Cobra control. Unexpectedly, she and Mainframe develop romantic feelings for each other, which hinders her progress. She eventually finishes her task, and also saves Mainframe's life when Zartan leaves an explosive on him. At the end of the episode, Zartan, sitting with the Dreadnoks at a campfire, mocks her as she stands off from the group, gazing at the Moon: "Hey, Zarana, I've been thinking! Maybe you ought to quit the Dreadnoks, go marry that wimp, get a house in the suburbs, have kids." She responds by shooting in the direction of the Dreadnoks' campfire, causing them to scatter. The episode ends showing both Mainframe and Zarana, miles away from each other looking at the Moon, perhaps pondering the same question. She briefly reunites with Mainframe in "Grey Hairs And Growing Pains", in which she secretly supplies him with the antidote that would restore him (and the other Joes) to their proper ages.

In "Raise the Flagg!", Cobra attempts to salvage an antimatter pod from a crashed helicarrier of theirs. Cobra soldiers under the command of Zartan, Zarana and Zandar use an oil platform for the operation. The three Dreadnoks flee during a battle with the Joes and are sent by Cobra Commander to recover the antimatter pod before the Joes. They are taken prisoner alongside Roadblock, Leatherneck and Wet-Suit by an insane Cobra chef named B.A. LaCarre and his B.A.T.s, who force them into labor. When arguments break out among the Joes and Dreadnoks, LaCarre tries to have his B.A.T.s execute Zarana. She is briefly saved by the efforts Roadblock and Zartan, but LaCarre decides to kill Roadblock along with her. The execution is stopped by an attack on the ship, after which Zarana is helped out of a pile of wreckage by Wet Suit and says she never thought a Joe would help her except into a jail cell. The Joes, Dreadnoks and LaCarre eventually put aside their differences and hook the antimatter pod to the helicarrier's rotors, rising them out of the water. Cobra Troopers take the Dreadnoks to a chamber to recover from decompression sickness.

In "Sins of Our Fathers", Zarana disguises herself as a woman named Chipper Dougan and hires Dial-Tone, who was apparently discharged from G.I. Joe, to design a communications system. The project is secretly intended to awaken a creature in a pit near the ruins of Destro's castle that Cobra Commander would then send to kill Serpentor. Zarana monitors Dial-Tone's activity and reports to the Joes using a voice modulator that changes her voice to that of Flint, who spied on Cobra's scheme and was captured. In a later scuffle with Dial-Tone for control of the machine, Zarana's cover is blown when Dial-Tone knocks her mask off.

G.I. Joe: The Movie
In G.I. Joe: The Movie, Zarana impersonates a blonde woman named Heather, who convinces Lt. Falcon to give her a "tour" of the place where Serpentor is being held. She uses mini-cameras in her earrings to take pictures of the prison. Duke catches them and has Jinx escort "Heather" out of the base. Heather comments on Falcon being attractive before driving away. She stops at a lake, where she changes out of her disguise and meets with the Dreadnoks. The information from Zarana and the device she plants in G.I. Joe's base helps the Dreadnoks and Cobra-La break Serpentor out. When a group of Joes sneak into Cobra-La, Zarana is knocked out by Jinx.

DiC
Zarana appears in the DIC-produced G.I. Joe cartoon, in which she is shown to be leading the Dreadnoks, as Zartan does not appear in the series. In this series, she is voiced by Lisa Corps. Destro has left Baroness for Zarana, and the two are dating during the "Operation: Dragonfire" miniseries. When Cobra Commander disposes of Serpentor, he tells Destro to get back together with Baroness, which ends with Destro sending Zarana down a trap door.

After the miniseries, Zarana appears in the following episodes:

 * "Nozone Conspiracy" - she appears along with Cobra Commander, Metal-Head and Gnawgahyde promoting a Cobra sunscreen.
 * "Injustice and the Cobra Way" - Zarana and Cobra Commander (disguised as a superhero) capture the female president to take over the White House.
 * "General Confusion" - Zarana disguises herself as "Dr. Deborah Carday", a member of the U.S. Senate. She then gives the G.I. Joe Team massive expenses, which come under review by the government, while she also tricks Big Ben into falling in love with her.
 * "The Mind Mangler" - Zarana disguises herself as the daughter of a Cobra operative named Mind Mangler (in reality a robot). Zarana tries to interrogate Duke, but the Sky Patrol comes to his rescue. Zarana accompanies them, but she is discovered and has to retreat.

Other works

 * Zarana's figure is briefly featured in the fiction novel 6 Sick Hipsters. In the story, the character Paul Achting spent four years collecting G.I. Joe figures to set up a battle scene between the Joes and Cobra. As he imagined the characters in his head, he described the Dreadnoks as "an elite team of maniacal mercenaries allied with Cobra for this battle", with the figures lying in the thick of the shag carpet, and to the left of Zandar and Monkeywrench was "the lovely Zarana, Zartan's sister, sharpening her knife and dreaming of warm flesh".
 * She is mentioned as a strong female character in the non-fiction novel 'Action chicks: new images of tough women in popular culture'.

title: Zarana


text: Category:Scottish cyclists

title: Category:Scottish cyclists


text:
User talk:Russhull

Image Tagging Image:Bradneely.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Bradneely.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Arnie587 19:12, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Image source/licensing for Image:Bradneely.jpg
This message notification has been automatically sent by NotificationBot managed and run by AllyUnion. Please leave comments regarding bot operations at AllyUnion's talk page. Please direct all comments regarding licensing information at Wikipedia talk:Images for deletion. --NotificationBot 13:12, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Russhull


text:
Rodovia dos Bandeirantes

The Rodovia Bandeirantes (official designation SP-348) is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Once the traffic capacity of the Anhangüera Highway was exceeded in the 1960s, the state government decided to build another highway, with a much higher capacity and modern design, directly connecting São Paulo City to Jundiaí, Campinas and merging into the Anhangüera just after Campinas. Among the first six-lane highways in Brazil, it opened to traffic in 1978.

It has always been a toll road, and since 1998, the highway is managed by a state contract with a private company, AutoBan.

Subsequently, in 2001 it was extended to Santa Bárbara d'Oeste merging with the Washington Luis Highway, to Rio Claro, São Carlos, Araraquara and São José do Rio Preto. In 2006, it was widened to 4 lanes each way between São Paulo and Jundiaí. It is today the major thoroughfare between several mighty industrial cities around São Paulo and Campinas, and the Viracopos Airport, the second busiest cargo airport in the country.

The highway is named after the bandeirantes, audacious explorers of the Brazilian hinterlands in the 16th and 17th centuries, whose treks through the rain forests become the templates for the major thoroughfares of the São Paulo highway system.

History
The Rodovia dos Bandeirantes was inaugurated on Saturday, 28 October 1978, by then President Ernesto Geisel and Governor Paulo Egídio Martins. Its name is a tribute to the bandeirantes who explored the interior of Brazil from the coast in the State of São Paulo, just in the same route that today is the route.

When the maximum traffic capacity of the Via Anhanguera was reached, around 1960, the state government decided to build another highway with much greater capacity. Built from a modern project (being one of the first highways in the country with three lanes in each direction, currently there are five from São Paulo to Jundiaí). The highway connects the municipality of São Paulo to the municipality of Cordeirópolis.

In May 1998, the then governor of the state of São Paulo, Mario Covas, in a series of privatizations, transferred the administration of the highway to the company AutoBAn, of CCR. In the management of this company, the highway was modernized and extended to the municipality of Cordeirópolis, in an additional 78 km stretch, with access at km 168 to Washington Luís Highway to São Carlos and São José do Rio Preto, and with access at km 173 the Via Anhanguera to Araras and Ribeirão Preto.

title: Rodovia dos Bandeirantes


text:
Talk:Endosperm

endosperm location function

There is something incorrect in the entry: aleurone is the outermost layer of the endosperm, and it is not of maternal origin. I think it has been confused with the pericarp —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.133.139.161 (talk) 22:30, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Merging
No strong feelings concerning merging, as such. It looks to me as if both "seed" and "endosperm" could do with additional work, and some additional pictures. I am assuming that adding information will be easier if these are two separate entries, so I would tend to favor not merging, but as a matter of strategy rather than principle. Brya 18:04, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I would discourage a merge. The seed article will grow too large. Endosperm also has room for growth. David D. (Talk) 19:42, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

This article refers about specific biological tissue do NOT merge it with article about plant organ (seed), not only that it is different topic, it is different point of view. Why do one would suppose it should be merged? Just only because the one is a part of the later? Then Texas as a part of the USA should be merged in it... No, it should'nt be, I do not mean it really and endosperm should'nt be merged in anything. It deserves it's own entry. Reo On |  +++ 02:33, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

"In more derived flowering plants..." Vague and ambiguous  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 8.225.200.133 (talk) 22:22, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

IMAGE
i took out the image after finding out that avocado have no endosperm -LadyofHats (talk) 12:20, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

??
"In more derived flowering plants the embryo occupies most of the seed and the endosperm is non developed or consumed before the seed matures."

Explain what is meant by "derived"!!!

title: Talk:Endosperm


text:
Santhal rebellion

The Santhal rebellion (also known as the Sonthal rebellion or the Santhal Hool), was a rebellion in present-day Jharkhand and West Bengal against the East India Company (EIC) and zamindari system by the Santhals. It started on June 30, 1855, and on November 10, 1855, martial law was proclaimed by the East India Company which lasted until January 3, 1856, when martial law was suspended and the rebellion was eventually suppressed by the presidency armies. The rebellion was led by the four sibling brothers - Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand, and Bhairav and their two sisters Phoolo and Jhano, who sacrificed their lives for the cause.

Background
The rebellion of the Santhals began as a reaction to end the revenue system of the East India Company (EIC), usury practices, and the zamindari system in India; in the tribal belt of what was then known as the Bengal Presidency. It was a revolt against the oppression of the colonial rule propagated through a distorted revenue system, enforced by the local zamindars, the police and the courts of the legal system set up by the British East India Company.

The Santhals lived in a territory that stretched from Hazaribagh to Medinipur, spanning the Subarnarekha River, along with other Munda ethnolinguistic tribals, and they engaged on agriculture. Those areas were greatly affected by the 1770 Bengal famine. In 1832, the EIC demarcated the Damin-i-koh region in present-day Jharkhand and encouraged the pre-existed Paharia tribe of the Rajmahal hills to clear forests and practice agriculture. However, the Paharia tribe declined the offer, leading the company to invite the Santhals to settle in the region. Due to promises of land and economic amenities a large numbers of Santhals came to settle from Dhalbhum, Manbhum, Hazaribagh, Midnapore, and other surrounding areas. Soon, their population increased significantly from 3,000 to 83,000 in between 1830 and 1850. This growth in the number of agriculturists resulted in a 22-fold increase in Company revenue from the area. Subsequently, Mahajans and Zamindars, acting as money lenders, tax collectors, and other intermediaries employed by the EIC, came to dominate the local economy, governance, and administration. Many Santals became victims of corrupt money lending practices. They were lent money at exorbitant rates. When they were unable to repay the loan, their lands were forcibly taken and they were forced into bonded labour. Numerous petitions were made by disgruntled Santal leaders to the administration against these activities, but these were largely ignored. This sparked the Santals to mobilise against the intermediaries, eventually leading to a rebellion against the EIC and the establishment of self-governance.

In the lead up to the rebellion, the EIC recorded numerous instances of dacoits who were especially targeting Bengali zamindars. One was Bir Singh Manjhi, a Santal who led a gang of robbers and who claimed to have received support from a god who had whispered a secret mantra into his ear. Many other leaders like him promoted a mix of anti-state activity mixed with millenarian fervour, making the Santals ripe for rebellion.

Simeltaneously, a chieftain called Margo Raja began cultivating a network of secret disciples throughout the Damin-i-koh, aiming to united all Santals into a single body. In addition, several calamitous portents arrived in the Damin-i-koh that frightened the Santals:

 * The appearance of Lag Lagin snakes
 * Women with equal numbers of children exchanging vows of friensdhip
 * Buffalo calves were resting in front of houses, during which time the occupants would die
 * A golden boat in the Ganga sank after a Dom touched it
 * A child born to an unmarried girl was a suba (short for Subedar, identifying an official leader)
 * People were coming to kill the dikkus (non-tribals) and to identify themselves Santals should hang a buffalo hide and pair of flutes at the end of the village street

The tales of these various calamities made the Santals more fearful, and the rumours of them spread from village to village and made them alert for anyone promising to save them.

Rebellion

On 30 June 1855, two Santal rebel leaders, Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, mobilised roughly 60,000 Santhals and declared a rebellion against the EIC. Sidhu Murmu had accumulated about ten thousand Santhals to run a parallel government during the rebellion. The basic purpose was to collect taxes by making and enforcing his own laws.

Soon after the declaration, the Santhals took to arms. In many villages, the Zamindars, money lenders, and their operatives were executed. The open rebellion caught the Company administration by surprise. On 9 July, a missive was sent to Kolkata from the District Magistrate of Bhagalpur based on information from Zamindars. According to their information 1,000 Santals were ready, with 4-5,000 others ready to mobilise when called. The district magistrate of Aurangabad, A. Eden, informed by zamindars and a traitor who had been a scribe at the court of Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, sent a message to Kolkata on 9 July 9,000 Santals were mobilised in the vilage of Murdapur, intending to attack the Pakur Raj, then Samserganj, and come back to Rajmahal and Bhagalpur after taking a dip in the Ganga. A missive sent on 10 July claimed 10-12,000 Santhals were mobilising near Jangipur, and later the Magistrate of Aurangabad sent a message that they had occupied the railway houses. Another missive from the magistrate said that 13,000 Santals were mobilising from Birbhum, threatening Pakur and burning railway bungalows in a large swathe of land. There were even rumours that Santals from further away, in Bankura and Singhbhum districts, were joining the rebellion. In some cases members of non-Santal tribes, namely the Mal Paharias, joined the rebellion. Sindhu and Kanhu even sent letters to zamindars, hoping to cajole or threaten them into supporting his cause.

The numbers gathered around Sidhu and Kanhu himself were less well-known. The most accurate information was obtained from a non-Santal interrogated under oath on 9 July, who claimed they had 7,000 men with them, while a report a few days later claimed they had 30,000 men, of which 12,000 would attack Rajmahal and the rest proceed down the railway line to Jangipur and thence to Murshidabad. A person recorded on 14th July recorded that all the traders from Suri, Rampurhat and Nalhati had fled.

To the west, in Bhagalpur town and the regions immediately around it, initially the Santals knew nothing of this rebellion. However eventually the news spread, so that by 11th of July a British farmer claimed that armed bands of Santals, not under 20,000, were proceeding to join the rebels and were threatening non-Santals that they would "return with an order from the Soobah for their extermination." The Santals began to move to attack regions west of the Damin-i-koh, usually leading attacks with 1,000 man bands, and by the 11th of July were 11 miles from Colgong (modern Kahalgaon). Many of these groups were not around to meet Sidhu and Kanhu and were likely acting independently. By the 17th they had moved further to the west and had cut off road and rail connections between Colgong and Bhagalpur, although eyewitnesses told the District Magistrate that the Santals were attacking villages saying that Company rule was over and the rule of their suba had begun. On July 15, the District Commissioner of Bhagalpur sent a proclamation asking the Santals to lay down their arms and promising to examine their grievances, but this proclamation was ignored and the Santals continued to fight. These Santals fought a company of Hill Rangers (Paharia soldiers), who fled. The Santals also defeated a contingent of regular EIC soldiers and officers, who had pursued them to a village called Narayanpur, making a stand, killing several Indian officers and 25 sepoys, the worst EIC defeat during the rebellion. During this battle, the EIC troops' guns would not go off when fired due to wet gun caps, making them essentially unarmed. To prevent their troops from fearing the Santhals had divine favour, as Sidhu and Kanhu had claimed the EIC's guns would turn to water when fired, the EIC invested much time in persuading them that their guns' impotency was due to natural causes.

The news of the Santhal victory at Narayanpur spread like wildfire, and motivated the Santals to fight and believe victory was still possible. On 21 July 1855, the Bhagalpur Commissioner wrote that the Santhals were in force all along the road from Rajmahal to Palassour, and were looting and burning villages along the plains to the west of Colgong. Many zamindars had taken shelter in the city but were not permitted to lead out their troops and attack the rebels.

To the east, Rajmahal was little defended except for some barricades that had been put up, and the only forces available were a small number of policemen, 12 armed Europeans and 160 sepoys with very little ammunition. The majority of their normal garrison had been sent to attack Barhait, the assumed centre of the rebels. 12,000 Santhals were marching to attack the city. On 21 July, the Bhagalpur Commissioner, who had kept most troops for the defence of Bhagalpur, was ordered to spread out his troops more evenly, and keep no more than 100 for the defence of the city. However troop transports were bringing more troops up the Ganga to Rajmahal, and around 200 troops were deputed to Colgong.

Meanwhile the Santhals, under Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, had moved south of the hills to the village of Mohulpahari, where they held a Chata festival. They then intended to march east to Pakur and kill the Rani, thence to Maheshpur to kill the Raja, and march to Samserganj, then to Banaigram to do Puja in the Ganga, and from Rajmahal towards Bhagalpur and Munger. Estimations of the rebel force varied widely, with some saying 10-12,000 on 8 July, and others 13,000 on 11 July. By 15 July, the numbers were estimated at around 20,000, although the real number was never known. By the 16th, it was reported that the Santhals had moved towads Rampurhat, and a day later, they had defeated any resistance and burned the town to the ground. Before 15 July, the Santhals destroyed the town of Pulsa. By 19 July, a group of Santhals were moving towards Maheshpur, numbering 15,000 and being joined by more men as they marched. Moreover another group of Santhals numbering around 10,000 was looting and burning villages to the south along the base of the hills, moving towards Suri.

Many Santals at this time were granted the title of suba thakur, a leadership position under the suba. Many of these titles were granted to various followers during Sidhu and Kanhu's brief period of administration, while others simply claimed the title for themselves. Some others were granted the title nazir, for a senior leader or administrator. During their expansion, Sidhu and Kanhu had desired to organise a more just settlement of the land, appointing Zamindaris and charged a much lower rent to the peasants (mainly Bhumij and Bengalis) than the EIC had.

East India Company initial response
Each district could call on military assistance on its own, but to coordinate all anti-rebellion activities the EIC created a "Special Commissioner for the Suppression of the Sonthal insurrection", a job given to A. C. Bidwell, who was a comissioner of a district to the east of the Ganga and was already in Kolkata. Letters sent to all relevant districts indicated that Bidwell would be responsible for civil affairs in the districts during the period of the rebellion. The governor's council authorized full military action to crush the rebels. They intended to send troops from Barrackpore to Raniganj, and redistribute troops already in the town to defend the railway station and the Grand Trunk Road. The eventual plan was to secure threatened positions near the Ganga, limit their movement to the north side of the road, and cut off the rebels' line of retreat to the hills. On 10 July, 160 men marched from Bhagalpur under a Major Burroughs and others were deputed to protect villages in Samserganj thana. A number of local Zamindars were sent letters asking them to place their elephants at the service of the EIC, including the Nawab of Murshidabad, who sent 30 elephants. Even the Commissioner of 24 Parganas, outside Kolkata, was asked to purchase or hire elephants for the campaign. However, despite recommendations for 1,500 troops sent by the Divisional Commissioner of Burdwan, the Lieutenant Governor refused to send more troops, deeming such a large force unnecessary for what he termed a 'local' insurrection.

The main attack which largely began the end of the rebellion came on 24 July. 50 EIC troops, led by a Commissioner Toogood along with 30 elephants and 200 soldiers sent by the Nawab of Murshidabad had marched from Pulsa towards Maheshpur, on the plain east of the Damin-i-koh, where they fought 5,000 Santals. It took the soldiers 10 minutes to kill 100 Santals, after which the rest scattered, leaving behind many of their possessions. It appears that Sidhu and Kanhu were encamped here, and later Sidhu told of how both he and his brother were wounded in this battle. However the EIC troops did not move further towards Bhagnadi because spies informed them 20 to 30,000 Santals remained in the area and there were numerous bands of Santals operating nearby. On 22 July, they were 14 miles from Bhagnadi and the next day they were 6 miles away. Most of the Santals had fled their villages ahead of the EIC troops. Those who remained often heorically resisted the EIC forces, while some gave up and collaborated. Many of these eventual collaborators had written desparate pleas to Sidhu and Kanhu asking for instructions or assistance after being surrounded by numerically superior forces.

Sidhu and Kanhu were not completely idle. Kanhu marched out to face the soldiers, and on 24 July the EIC marched towards Barhait, from which they would proceed to Bhagnadi. As they came into a large valley through a pass in the hills, around 200 Santals moved out of the villages towards the EIC troops. Although the EIC troops fired a few shots, they did not appear to hit the rebels, but later when they came to Bhagnadi they heard rumours that Kanhu had been shot and killed that day. After hearing tidings of Kanhu's death, Sidhu, Chand and Bhairab had retreated to the hills taking as much of the plundered property as they could. Later events would prove Kanhu was not killed. Toogood then posted troops at Barhait to secure the hills, and August 1855 was generally peaceful.

To the southeast in Birbhum, the fighting was back and forth. In open confrontations, the EIC soldiers won, but the Santals would simply retreat and return when the Company soldiers had left. On 17 July, a large group of Santals were moving towards Dumka and Birbhum. Due to the high water in the Mor river, they were unable to ford it, but once they did they planned to attack Suri. The EIC was using the Mor as a defence line, and often engaged the Santals. In one on 22 July, a Lieutenant Toulmain took only 106 men, and was attacked by a force of 8000 rebels. The rebels managed to kill Toulmain along with 13 others, with the loss of 300 of their own, before allowing the others to flee back towards Suri. In another, at a place called Nangolia, the Santhals forded the river Mor but were met by EIC troops, who fired continuously and slowly pushed the Santals back across the river.

Regrouping
During this lull in the fighting, both the British and Santals reorganised their forces. The ECI brought in Major General G. W. A. Lloyd from Dinajpur district, who took control of the troops from Bidwell, and gathered even more forces for the full suppression of the rebellion. At the time his command was established, he had 5 regiments of local infantry, Hill Rangers, some European troops, and cavalry, in addition to the various soldiers sent by the many Zamindars who were aiding the EIC.

Sidhu had regrouped with Ram Manjhi, a suboordinate near Birbhum, who became the new leader of the rebellion, along with other suba thakurs.

Resumption of attacks
Eventually the East India Company resumed its attacks. Captain Sherwill, who had passed through the hills several times, had come to offer his advice in Rajmahal. The EIC troops in Rajmahal began moving into the country, splitting up Santal forces and turning the villagers into refugees. The District Magistrate of Munger had armed some of the ghatwals and discharged sipahis, and sent them to block the passes into the plains in early August. Later some 4,000 Santals who had intended to move into Munger's plains had found the passes blocked and moved further south. On 10 August, a steamer carrying General Lloyd learned in Cologong that the Santhals had been driven out the northern part of the hills and most of Bhagalpur.

The East India Company announced an bounty of Rs. 10,000 to arrest Sidhu and his brother Kanhu Murmu. A number of skirmishes occurred after this which resulted in a large number of casualties for the Santhal forces. The primitive weapons of the Santhals proved to be unable to match the gunpowder weapons of the EIC army. Troop detachments from the 7th Native Infantry Regiment, 40th Native Infantry, and others were called into action.

The revolt was eventually suppressed after Sidhu and Kanhu were killed in action. War elephants, supplied by the Nawab of Murshidabad, were used to demolish Santhal huts during the rebellion. In this event, over 15,000 were killed, tens of villages were destroyed, and many were displaced during the rebellion. During the rebellion, the Santhal leader was able to mobilise roughly 60,000 Santhal forming groups, with 1500 to 2000 people forming a group. The rebellion is supported by poor tribals and non-tribals like Gowalas and Lohars (who were milkmen and blacksmiths) in the form of providing information and weapons. Ranabir Samaddar argues that apart from Santhals, other aboriginal inhabitants of the region like Kamars, Bagdis, Bagals and others also participated in the rebellion.

Legacy
English author Charles Dickens, in Household Words, wrote the following passage on the rebellion:

"There seems also to be a sentiment of honor among them; for it is said that they use poisoned arrows in hunting, but never against their foes. If this be the case and we hear nothing of the poisoned arrows in the recent conflicts, they are infinitely more respectable than our civilized enemy, the Russians, who would most likely consider such forbearance as foolish, and declare that is not war.'''"

Mrinal Sen's film Mrigayaa (1976) is set during the Santhal rebellion.

Karl Marx commented on this rebellion as India's first organised 'mass revolution' in his book Notes on Indian History.

title: Santhal rebellion


text:
Wikipedia talk:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 October 4

Institutions 2
Reverting someone's useful additions is disrespect and against the whole principle of wikipedia. . Not to say the "close" note is not a strict policy. What is more the current note is plain stupid: is suggests to continue discussion at a "relevant live page". The category is to be deleted, not moved. Where I am suppose to continue the discussions and how people will find it?

Please realise that rules and policies are for convenience of editors, not vice versa.

And finally once more, there are very definite rules about reverting: vandalism, rudeness, etc. Please reconsider your attitude. mikka (t) 19:15, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

A constructive advice: if you know a better place to continue discussion, you must copy there and what is most important provide a pointer there. Treating me as a random vandal is beyond my understanding of community work. mikka (t) 19:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * To begin, I tried to be as polite as possible, and was not treating you as a random vandal. I made the note of the closure on Cfd talk, before I closed the discussion, which you had participated in this discussion previous, assuming you had it on your talk page. Being an admin yourself, you should know better than the "random user", that continuously to add to a closed discussion does not help Wikipedia, as it just prompts other users to do so. I used rollback instead of reverting manually, only for time, as you did the same you had to edit again to leave a msg in the edit summary, so I didn't do so to be rude. I also explained my reasons both on your talk page and the reason for the closure on the cfd talk page. Which I also requested any objections be made there, this link was also provide on the closed Cfd, and this is how users would find the pertinent information you mentioned above. I am sorry if you fealt offended by my actions, it was not personal, but I personally feel your addition was more of a reply to Instanood, and neither contributed or detracted from the closed discussion, so it was reverted.  I am the only Cfd admin working at the time, and there is quite a backlog, the category would not even exist if it weren't for this.   ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  19:37, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have nothing personal to you as a person. Last two weeks I happen to confront quite a few hand-slapping admins here. I understand you are busy with cleanup (a necessary but really boring thing; I am doing my fair (IMO) share once in a while myself). But I see you still don't understand what was actually wrong with your (and some others') attitude: your respect to policy far overweights your respect to the contribution I added. By the way of example I have demonstrated (I hope) how these cases should be treated: to copy to the place you think is appropriate and to leave a pointer there. mikka (t) 20:37, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

BTW you may be interested to know how all this happened: it was really simple: you and I edited almost at the same time; I was minutes later and landed into an edit conflict. I mechanically copied my additions without reading yours and not noticing that you were closing. I would not have edited the discussion I saw closed; I am not that stubborn. mikka (t) 20:42, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's cool. I was really not trying to be a "dick" :) I always look who I am reverting b4 I revert. I should have messaged you first, before the first one, but as I said, I am just in a rush, Cfd is so backed up. I just think we should make an example as admins to other users, not that we accomplished that today. But that's ok. I hope there are not any ill feelings, and I look forward to working with you in the future. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  20:49, 4 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Gymnasium (Denmark)

The Danish Gymnasium has been reformed, some claims in this text are outright wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.243.207.210 (talk • contribs)

Why does STX redirect here? Wouldn't it make sense for it to be a disambiguation page? I ended up here looking for the STX group - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX_Group

Exeprime (talk) 08:28, 19 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I left you an answer on Talk:Stx. --Ysangkok (talk) 18:41, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

I removed the part that described the students of the Classic Line (Latin and Greek) as being geeks. It is not relevant to an informational article at Wikipedia to mention the author's biased views of people studying specific subjects. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.191.229.248 (talk) 16:24, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Gymnasium (Denmark)


text:
Len Cook

Leonard Warren Cook CBE CRSNZ (born 13 April 1949) is a professional statistician who was Government Statistician of New Zealand from 1992 to 2000, and National Statistician and Director of the United Kingdom Office for National Statistics, and Registrar General for England and Wales from 2000 to 2005. He served as Families Commissioner in New Zealand from 2015 to 2018.

Background
Cook was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1949 and was educated at Bayfield High School, Dunedin and the University of Otago where he did a BA (Hons) in Maths and Stats. He attended Henley Management Centre in 1989 and INSEAD in 1998.

Cook was elected a Chartered Statistician of the Royal Statistical Society in 1973 and a Companion of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 2005. He served as one of three vice-presidents of the International Statistical Institute from 2005 to 2007 and is a visiting fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford. He was made a CBE in June 2005.

Cook had a particular interest in social policy, demography, statistical methodology and the application of information technology in statistical systems. He was interested in the promotion of research methodology in public policy analysis and decision-making with past interests particularly in retirement provision and taxation policies.

He and his partner, Shirley Flora Vollweiler, have no children. His hobbies are languages, travel, hiking and fly fishing.

Department of Statistics, New Zealand
After joining the Department of Statistics, New Zealand, (now Statistics New Zealand) in 1971, he was appointed as Assistant Government Statistician in 1982, Deputy Government Statistician in 1986 and Government Statistician in 1992. He was a member of the secretariat of the Prime Minister's Task Force on Tax Reform in 1981/82 and a member of the Royal Commission on Social Policy in New Zealand in 1987/88.

Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom
Cook took up the post of National Statistician and Director of the Office for National Statistics at the end of May 2000. He was the second head of the ONS but the first to have the title of National Statistician. He returned to New Zealand and was succeeded by Karen Dunnell in September 2005.

He led the creation and publication of the National Statistics Code of Practice. Probably his most publicised act in his time in the United Kingdom came in February 2005, when as Registrar General he had to rule on the legality of the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles.

title: Len Cook