text:
Template talk:Non-free poster

Template-protected edit request on 16 May 2021
Please update this template from the sandbox (diff), all it does is move Non-free media into the imbox, this is because the license metadata is not being properly emitted due to the fact that the imbox is set to type license, which sets class  to the imbox, but the metadata in Non-free media is placed outside the imbox so the metatags are not emitted. This should largely reduce the 26,000 files in Category:Files with no machine-readable license. Dylsss(talk contribs) 16:29, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅, and thank you for the fix!  P.I. Ellsworth   ed.  put'r there 19:46, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry, can you update from the sandbox again, I put Non-free media inside the equality expression. Thanks. Dylsss(talk contribs) 20:03, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * 'S okay.  P.I. Ellsworth   ed.  put'r there 20:09, 16 May 2021 (UTC)

"Template:Non-free movie poster" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Template:Non-free movie poster and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 7 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. — DaxServer (t · m · c) 13:38, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 8 May 2022
Change the text to start as "This image is of a , and the copyright for it...". See sandbox diff and test case. This is useful as Non-free film poster is invoking this template, and linking to film poster would serve better in Non-free film poster, as it did earlier — DaxServer (t · m · c) 16:25, 8 May 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ * Pppery * it has begun... 17:55, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Non-free poster


text:
Himley Cricket Club

Himley Cricket Club is an amateur cricket club in Himley, South Staffordshire.

Founded in 1883, their 1st XI is currently in the Birmingham and District Premier League Premier Division, and their 2nd XI in the first division. They run 3 further sides on Saturdays, 2 in the Worcestershire County League and 1 in the Staffordshire Club Cricket Championship.

The club reached the National Village Championship Knock-out Final at Lord’s in 1988 playing against Goatacre Cricket Club from Wiltshire.

Ground
Himley Cricket Club play their home games at the Himley Cricket Club Ground in Himley, South Staffordshire.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Himley Cricket Club


text:
Pearly penile papules

Pearly penile papules (PPP; also known as hirsutoid papillomas or as , Latin for 'papillae of the corona of the glans') are benign, small bumps or spots on the human penis. They vary in size from 1–4 mm, are pearly or flesh-colored, smooth and dome-topped or filiform, and appear in one or, several rows around the corona, the ridge of the head of the penis and sometimes on the penile shaft. They are painless, non-cancerous and not harmful. The medical condition of having such papules is called hirsutoid papillomatosis or  (Latin for 'papillary hirsutism of the corona of the glans').

Cause and mechanism
PPPs are a type of angiofibroma. Their function is not well-understood. They are usually considered as vestigial remnants of penile spines, sensitive features found in the same location in other primates. PPPs secrete oil that moistens the glans of the penis. They do not spread and often spontaneously regress. Along with Fordyce glands PPPs secrete oils to keep the skin of the head of the penis in good condition. Smegma can accumulate if these oils are produced in excess or there is inadequate washing under the foreskin.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is by visualisation. On dermoscopy, the white-pink papules appear in a cobblestone-like pattern and contain a central dotted or comma-shaped blood vessels. There is no scale. PPPs are sometimes mistaken for genital warts due to a perceived similarity in appearance. They can also appear similar to molluscum contagiosum, sebaceous hyperplasia and lichen nitidus. Histopathology shows dense connective tissue, fibroblasts and many blood vessels.

Treatment
Generally, reassurance is given and no treatment is needed. Laser or cryotherapy may be considered for men who find PPPs distressing to look at or feel excessive embarrassment.

Carbon dioxide laser generally has good outcomes with skin healing within seven days. The procedure requires anaesthesia, may need to be performed more than once, and has a risk of bleeding, scarring and colour changes. Another procedure involves a hyfrecator.

Epidemiology
PPPs are common and occur in 14% to 48% of young males. They are less common in circumcised males, occurring about half as frequently in circumcised men.

Social and cultural
Some men find PPPs distressing to look at, owing to their resemblance to some sexually transmitted infections. Although it is not related to any disease, PPPs are occasionally mistaken for HPV warts. There are also home remedies for "curing" it, despite the fact that the papules are neither infectious nor detrimental to one's health and may have beneficial functions. Some of the "home remedies" found on the Internet and elsewhere use mild ointments or creams to soften the papules, but others are physically dangerous techniques for papule removal which can result in irreversible damage.

Since dermatologists have safe, effective ways to remove the papules if desired, home remedies involving corrosive substances or self-surgery should be avoided, as they can permanently damage sexual functioning. Removal should only be performed by a physician using proven medical techniques.

title: Pearly penile papules


text:
My Darling, My Darling

"My Darling, My Darling" is a popular song, written by Frank Loesser and published in 1948. It was originally introduced by Byron Palmer and Doretta Morrow in the Broadway musical Where's Charley? (1948).

Charted versions were by:

 * The most well-known recording, by Jo Stafford and Gordon MacRae, was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 15270. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on November 5, 1948 and lasted 16 weeks on the chart, peaking at #3. On some other charts, this version reached #1.

 * Another version, by Doris Day and Buddy Clark, was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38353. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on November 12, 1948 and lasted 13 weeks on the chart. This version (with the flip side "A Certain Party") reached #7 on the Billboard chart.
 * The recording by Peter Lind Hayes was released by Decca Records as catalog number 24519. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on December 24, 1948 and lasted 2 weeks on the chart, peaking at #20. This was Hayes' only charting hit.

Other versions were by:
 * Brook Benton - for his album That Old Feeling (1966).
 * Jaye P. Morgan - a single release in 1959.
 * Johnny Mathis - for his album Rapture (1962)
 * Joni James - for her album Joni Sings Songs by Victor Young and Songs by Frank Loesser (1956).
 * Julie London - a single release in 1961.
 * Norman Wisdom - for the album Where's Charley? (1958).
 * Sarah Vaughan - for her 1958 album Sarah Vaughan Sings Broadway: Great Songs from Hit Shows.

title: My Darling, My Darling


text:
Picture CD

Picture CD is a product by Kodak, following on from the earlier Photo CD product. It holds photos from a single roll of color film, stored at 1024×1536 resolution using JPEG compression. The product is aimed at consumers. Software to view and perform simple edits to images is included on the CD.

Most digital minilabs and many Kodak Picture Kiosks are capable of producing Kodak Picture CDs from either film or digital pictures. The Picture CD is a standard recordable CD with Kodak software prerecorded. Images are burned onto the CD using a standard CD-R drive. In addition, Picture CDs are also available with thumbnails printed onto the label.

title: Picture CD


text:
User talk:Kingjames~enwiki

king james is a fearless man and will do anything to save the earth from invasion.With his army he will be able to kill anyone.James has a long beard which is covered up by a mask and has brown eyes with brown hair.king james is a brilliant leader and is willing to save anything he comes across(exept bad guys)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kingjames. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kingjames~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:57, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:00, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kingjames~enwiki


text:
YEM

YEM may refer to:

 * Yemen, the country in Southwest Asia
 * Manitowaning/Manitoulin East Municipal Airport, the IATA airport code
 * "You Enjoy Myself", a song by the jam band Phish

Yem may refer to:

 * Yếm, an ancient Vietnamese bodice worn by women
 * Yem people, an ethnic group of southern Ethiopia
 * Yem language, the language of the Yem people
 * Yem Special Woreda, a region in southern Ethiopia named after the Yem people
 * Tavastians, Russian name for a historic people and a modern subgroup of the Finnish people

title: YEM


text: User talk:69.246.113.193

title: User talk:69.246.113.193


text:
File:Dropzonecss.JPG

Summary
Personal picture, Carolina Sky Sports Drop Zone

title: File:Dropzonecss.JPG


text: User talk:86.135.105.162

title: User talk:86.135.105.162


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Coventry and North Warwicks Cricket Club

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP and MOVE to Coventry and North Warwickshire Cricket Club. — J I P | Talk 19:18, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Coventry and North Warwicks Cricket Club
Non-notable amateur cricket club out of many. Delete. Andrew pmk | Talk 17:06, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Not the case. Coventry and North Warwicks Cricket Club is a long-established cricket club in the first ever cricket league in the world. It is also a club with a close association with arguably the most successful County side in modern times (Warwickshire County Cricket Club). Perhaps the relevance and importance of this imformation being on wikipedia is lost on a Canadian, but people's areas of interest are wide and varied and being so dismissive about information some people will useful and informative has no place on an Encyclopedia site. Keep. User:Chris W | 19:28 (GMT), 1 October 2005
 * Keep Significant club. Osomec 21:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per Osomec --Centauri 06:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --MacRusgail 13:10, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Seems notable enough for Wikipedia, jguk 20:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Let him write about it if he wants to.  [[Sam Korn ]] 20:24, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep; notable. (See? I'm not anti-cricket! :-)) MCB 22:33, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Coventry and North Warwickshire Cricket Club — the article title is wrong. But certainly notable if a player who had already played 28 international matches chose to go there. Stephen Turner 09:28, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Move per Stephen Turner, but otherwise keep - the Birmingham and District Premier League is an important league in both historical and quality terms, as can be seen by the fact of Obuya's playing for the club and the fact that Warwickshire CCC used to play there. Loganberry (Talk) 13:31, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Move as per Stephen and Keep. Also, notability is not a deletion criterion.  Guettarda 13:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems notable to me. Carioca 21:22, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:85.100.32.229

title: User talk:85.100.32.229


text:
Gian Giorgio Trissino

Gian Giorgio Trissino (8 July 1478 – 8 December 1550), also called Giovan Giorgio Trissino and self-styled as Giovan Giωrgio Trissino, was a Venetian Renaissance humanist, poet, dramatist, diplomat, grammarian, linguist, and philosopher. He first proposed adding letters to the Italian alphabet to distinguish J from I, and V from U.

Biography
Trissino was born of a patrician family in Vicenza. He sided with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian whose army entered Vicenza in June 1509, accompanied by members of Vicentine nobility including the Thiene, Chiericati, and Porto families. When Venice reconquered Vicenza on 12 November 1509, Trissino was punished for his betrayal and sent into exile. He then traveled to Germany and Lombardy and was pardoned by Venice in 1516. He eventually came under the protection of Pope Leo X, Pope Clement VII, and Pope Paul III.

He had the advantages of a good humanistic training, studying Greek under Demetrios Chalkokondyles at Milan and philosophy under Niccolò Leoniceno at Ferrara. His culture recommended him to the humanist Pope Leo X, who in 1515 sent him to Germany as his nuncio; later on Pope Clement VII showed him special favour, and employed him as ambassador.

In 1532, the Emperor Charles V made Trissino a count palatine. In spite of the banishment from Vicenza pronounced upon him in 1509 because his family had favoured the plans of Maximilian, he was held in high esteem throughout Italy. Wherever he made his home, it was a center for gatherings of scholars, littérateurs, and the most cultured men of the time. His family life was far from happy, apparently through little fault of his own.

From 1538 to 1540, Trissino returned to his studies at the University of Padua with an abiding interest in Plato and the question of free will.

In the history of modern European literature Trissino occupies a prominent place because of his tragedy Sophonisba (c. 1515; published 1524). Based on the life of the Carthaginian lady Sophonisba and inspired by ancient tragedies, it was perhaps the first tragedy in early modern times to show deference to the classic rules. It served as an example for European tragedies throughout the 16th century. It was translated into French by Mellin de Saint-Gelais, and was performed with great acclaim in 1556 at the Château de Blois.

A partisan of Aristotelean regularity, Trissino disapproved of the freedom of the chivalrous epic, as written by Ariosto. In his own composition, l'Italia liberata dai Goti (1547–1548), dealing with the campaigns of Belisarius in Italy, he sought to show that it was possible to write in the vernacular an epic in accordance with the classic precepts. The result is a cold and colorless composition. Moreover, as Nicholas Birns points out, the very choice of the Byzantine-Ostrogothic wars of the sixth century as a subject committed Trissino to dealing with barbarian subjects with which, as an extreme classicist, he felt little affinity.

In addition, Trissino played a prominent role in the early career of Andrea Palladio, which developed into a long and close friendship between the two men. Trissino first took Palladio under his wing after becoming acquainted with him while building his villa in Cricoli.

Trissino died in Rome in December 1550.

An edition of his collected works was published at Verona in 1729.

Linguistics
His endeavors in the field of linguistics received lively reactions in the literary world of the time. Following the lead of Dante, he advocated the enrichment of the Italian language, and espoused in his Castellano (1529) the theory that the language is a courtly one made up of contributions from the refined centers in Italy; instead of being fundamentally of Tuscan origin. His theory was supported by the publication, also in 1529, of his translation of Dante's De vulgari eloquentia, which Trissino had saved from oblivion.

Heated discussions followed his 1524 essay titled Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana, in which he proposed to reform Italian orthography by adding the following letters to distinguish sounds of the spoken language:

The idea was taken up for "j" and "v", which brought to the modern distinction U vs. V and I vs. J, which eventually caught up also for other European languages before being largely abandoned in contemporary Italian, which generally spells the sound with an I.

Later proposals reversed the ω/o assignations. Following Claudio Tolomei, he used $⟨ʃ⟩$ for the voiced $⟨s⟩$, $⟨ki⟩$ instead of $⟨chi⟩$ as in kiave, $⟨lj⟩$ instead of $⟨gli⟩$ as in volja and $⟨ʃc⟩$ for $⟨sc⟩$ as in laʃcia.

Because he applied his system to his publications of the Ɛpistola, the Sofonisba and Il Castellano, his research also serves as a valuable source for the differences between the Tuscan pronunciation and that of the courtly language, which he advocated as an enrichment of the Italian language.

Trissino's ideas about a synthetic Italian standard were opposed by two major factions. On the one side were those, like Machiavelli, who supported the spoken version of the Tuscan dialect. On the other, Pietro Bembo argued that the Italian standard should be based on the language of the Florentine classics of the 14th century, especially Petrarch and Boccaccio (Dante's language was considered too unpolished). By the end of the century, Bembo's position prevailed and Trissino's ideas were rejected.

Other literary works
I Simillimi (1548) which is a version of the Menæchmi of Plautus, I Ritratti (1524) which is a composite portrait of feminine beauty, and the Poetica, which contains his summing up of the Aristotelean principles of literary composition, comprise the rest of his important writings.

title: Gian Giorgio Trissino


text:
Orlando Thunder

The Orlando Thunder was a member of the World League of American Football from 1991 to 1992 (known as NFL Europe from 1995 onwards). The team played their games in the 70,000 seat Florida Citrus Bowl, and was coached by Don Matthews in 1991 and Galen Hall in 1992. The team's most visible point was their colors – the League wanted to develop new colors which hadn't been used for teams before, hence the vermilion and green that the Raleigh-Durham Skyhawks wore, and the fluorescent green jerseys that the Thunder sported.

The team's general managers were Lee Corso and Dick Beam. In 1991 the team played to a 5–5 record, and in 1992 the team had an outstanding 8–2 record, and made it to the World Bowl II championship game before losing to the Sacramento Surge 21–17. The Thunder's attendance figures fell from over 19,000 per game in its first year to just over 16,000 per game in 1992. The team folded after the 1992 season with the rest of the WLAF's North American operations. The league would later use the team's name (but not its colors or history) for the Berlin Thunder.

Notable players include Kerwin Bell and Scott Mitchell, a left-handed quarterback who went on to play in the NFL for the Miami Dolphins and Detroit Lions and Dan Sileo, who went on to become a famous sports talk radio host.

In 2006, readers of ESPN's Uni Watch column voted the team's jersey 2nd worst football jersey of all time.

title: Orlando Thunder


text:
Tempest Feud

Tempest Feud is an adventure written by Jeff Grubb and Owen K.C. Stephens for the d20 System version of the Star Wars Roleplaying Game. It was published by Wizards of the Coast in March 2002 for the original edition of the game, two months before the revised edition was released. The adventure revolves around various dealings with the Hutts and consists of three acts.

Tempest Feud is suitable for any era of the Star Wars Roleplaying Game and intended for 9th-level characters. Playing through the three acts of the adventure takes roughly twelve sessions according to the book, and more if the two intermissions are given focus as well. Tempest Feud is the first adventure published for the Star Wars Roleplaying Game. The adventure's storyline is adapted to fit in any era—except for the Yuuzhan Vong invasion in the New Jedi Order era—and doesn't conflict with any of the movies, making it very flexible. In addition, the book contains several sidebars providing contingency plans for dealing with unexpected storyline twists.

Plot summary
Note: The following summary is not a definite description of how the adventure may play out, but rather the path most supported in the Tempest Feud book.

Act One
Regardless of which era the adventure is set in, the heroes are hired by the Hutt Popara of the Anjiliac clan to locate and retrieve his son Mika, who has gone missing. They are either offered the highly sought-after coordinates through the Indrexu Spiral in the Tion Cluster if they work for an organization or a financial reward if they are freelancers. Mika went missing after the planet Endregaad was quarantined by the Corporate Sector Authority following the outbreak of a lethal plague, and has not been heard from since.

The heroes are granted a ship and travel to Endregaad with a shipment of medicinal spice to show Popara’s goodwill toward the Corporate Sector Authority. Upon reaching the Joxin system, where Endregaad is located, the heroes deliver the spice to Lieutenant Commander Angela Krin of the Corporate Sector Authority, but are not allowed to land on the planet. Despite this, they run the blockade and hide their ship on Endregaad. In the planet's capital, Tel Bollin, they learn that a new type of spice called tempest is being sold across the planet. Tempest makes its users fly into berserker rages and is highly addictive. They also meet Orgamon, one of Mika's Nikto bodyguards, who informs them that the Hutt can be found north of the city, in a place called Temple Valley.

The heroes travel to Temple Valley with a caravan of Humans and reach the small community to find that Mika is further to the north, examining a freighter that crashed a matter of weeks ago. Arriving at the scene, the heroes find the lost Hutt and are soon attacked by raiders searching for tempest spice. After defeating their attackers, the heroes run the blockade yet again, and return with Mika to his father, to Popara's great joy and gratitude.

Act Two
A couple of months after the events in Act One, the heroes are invited to a dinner in Popara’s home on Nar Shaddaa to discuss a few "loose ends" from their adventure on Endregaad. At the banquet, Popara the Hutt asks the heroes to investigate the rising number of tempest addicts in Hutt Space. Popara is later killed from food poisoning as the heroes are talking to him. They are accused of killing the Hutt and escape into the lower levels of Nar Shaddaa. Mika vanishes and Popara's other son, Zonnos, takes over the clan.

In a cantina on Nar Shaddaa, the heroes find Mika and join up with him, and he takes them to see a contact of his—Angela Krin of the Corporate Sector Authority, whom they met in Act One. She has provided them with a cargo skiff to help in their escape from Nar Shaddaa. They are also contacted by Vago the Hutt, Popara's assistant, who doesn’t believe that they killed Popara, and offers them a ship to leave the planet with. When they enter the docking bay, they are attacked by Zonnos's guards. Mika and a couple of the heroes are captured and brought to Zonnos. The remaining heroes manage to escape with the Evocii, a species living in the depths of Nar Shaddaa.

A while later, they find out via a holorecording that their companions are about to be executed, and hurry to Popara’s former home to rescue them. They find that Zonnos is addicted to tempest and fight him and his guards, resulting in the death of Zonnos and the freeing of their companions. Meanwhile, Mika has used his secret Force powers to escape his cell. With Zonnos dead, Mika takes over the clan and thanks the heroes for their help.

Act Three
Between acts two and three, tempest has spread to all corners of the galaxy and begun corrupting entire urban populations. Roughly two months after the death of Zonnos, the heroes are contacted by Angela Krin, who has found that the Endregaad Plague is very similar to a virus native to Varl, the Hutt homeworld. In addition, if exposed to common spice, the Varl virus turns into tempest spice. Krin suspects that the tempest spice is manufactured on Varl and wants the heroes to investigate the matter for her. She informs the heroes that a ship called Barabi Run is used for spice shipment to Varl. Krin wants the heroes to capture it and find the tempest's manufacturing plant so that they can destroy it.

The heroes capture Barabi Run and find out that the manufacturing plant is on Varl. They travel in secret to that planet and locate the plant, which is fact a starship named "Tempest". They manage to rescue Vago the Hutt, who has a neural scrambler attached to the back of his head by Mika. The neural scrambler forces him to obey the commands given to him by one of Popara's Twi'lek Force adepts, who now serves Mika. They proceed to the ship's bridge to find Mika, who explains that he was the mastermind behind the tempest spice all along. The heroes defeat Mika and his guards as Tempest takes off for a hyperspace jump. Assisted by a couple of their companions left behind to guard the heroes' ship, they manage to destroy the tempest manufacturing ship before it leaves the system, while the heroes on Tempest escape in escape pods.

Vago the Hutt, free from Mika's captivity, now takes over Popara's former clan himself and thanks the heroes for their help.

Trivia

 * Co-author Jeff Grubb said in the online interview "Hutts Are Fun!" that one of his nieces is an expert on Hutts, and particularly knowledgeable about Zorba the Hutt, the father of Jabba the Hutt.
 * Additionally, co-author Owen K.C. Stephens said in the online interview "An Interview That You Can't Refuse" that he researched real-world organized crime in order to flesh out the Hutt clans featured in Tempest Feud. The Mafia in particular was a source of inspiration on how to describe Hutt organizations.
 * One of the proposed titles for Tempest Feud was A Night on Nar Shaddaa, which ended up being slightly modified and used as the name of the adventure's second act, "Night on Nar Shaddaa."

Reviews

 * Pyramid

title: Tempest Feud


text:
Bill Nichols (film critic)

Bill Nichols (born 1942) is an American film critic and theoretician best known for his pioneering work as founder of the contemporary study of documentary film. His 1991 book, Representing Reality: Issues and Concepts in Documentary, applied modern film theory to the study of documentary film for the first time. It has been followed by scores of books by others and by additional books and essays by Nichols. The first volume of his two-volume anthology Movies and Methods (1976, 1985) helped to establish film studies as an academic discipline. Nichols is Professor Emeritus in the Cinema Department at San Francisco State University and Chair of the Documentary Film Institute advisory board.

Nichols has lectured in numerous countries, served on film festival juries on different continents, consults regularly on a variety of filmmaking projects, and has published over 100 articles.

He is former president of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies, a former advisor to the American Film Institute and has served as Department Chair in Canada and the United States. Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film describes his place within film studies as "the most significant documentary scholar in the world". His early work shared with other film scholars a degree of difficulty as it tried to apply elaborate theories to popular films but, as with the field generally, the intensity of theoretical investigation diminishes in his later work as the emotional impact of specific works takes on greater importance. Not a film historian in the traditional sense, Nichols has offered fresh views of historical assumptions but his main contribution has been to offer a conceptual framework for the study and production of documentary film.

Writings
Author

 * Newsreel: Documentary Filmmaking on the American Left, New York : Arno Press, 1980.
 * Ideology and the Image: Social Representation in the Cinema and Other Media, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-253-18287-6
 * Blurred Boundaries: Questions of Meaning in Contemporary Culture, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-253-20900-9
 * Representing Reality: Issues and Concepts in Documentary, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-253-20681-7
 * Introduction to Documentary, 3rd edition. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-253-02685-9
 * Engaging Cinema: An Introduction to Film Studies. W. W. Norton & Company, 2010. ISBN 978-0-393-93491-5
 * The Cinema’s Alchemist: The Films of Péter Forgács (co-editor Michael Renov). University of Minnesota Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-8166-4875-7
 * Speaking Truths with Film: Evidence, Ethics, Politics in Documentary, University Of California Press, 2016 ISBN 978-0520290402

Editor

 * Movies and Methods: An Anthology, University of California Press, 1985. Vol. 1 ISBN 978-0-520-03151-7, Vol 2 ISBN 978-0-520-05409-7
 * Maya Deren and the American Avant-Garde, University of California Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-520-22732-3

title: Bill Nichols (film critic)


text:
User:Swid/Sandbox

In human genetics, Haplogroup R1b is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe.

Distribution
Besides the ubiquitous R1b1b2-M269, other subclades descended from haplogroup R1b1 have been identified, including R1b1b1 (M73), R1b1a (M18), and R1b1c (M335). Haplogroup R1b1b1-M73, which represents the closest patrilineal relatives of haplogroup R1b1b2-M269, has been found at generally low frequencies throughout central Eurasia. Haplogroup R1b1a-M18 has been found only at low frequencies in samples from Sardinia and Lebanon. Haplogroup R1b1c-M335 has been identified in a sample from Turkey.

Its frequency is highest in Western Europe, especially in Atlantic Europe. It is also found in North Africa where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria.

An apparent R1b1* population has been found among the Ouldeme of Northern Cameroon in west central Africa.

Nomenclature
Haplogroup R1b is defined by the presence of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) M343, which was discovered in 2004. From 2002 to 2005, R1b was defined by the presence of SNP P25; prior to 2002, today's Haplogroup R1b had a number of names in differing nomenclature systems, such as Hg1 and Eu18.

Subgroups
R1b is a descendant of Haplogroup R1, which is defined by the presence of SNP marker M173. Subclades of R1b are listed below with their respective defining SNP markers in parentheses.

The tree below uses the 2008 ISOGG nomenclature.

 * R1b (M343)
 * R1b*
 * R1b1 (P25)
 * R1b1*
 * R1b1a (M18)
 * R1b1b (P297)
 * R1b1b*
 * R1b1b1 (M73)
 * R1b1b2 (M269, S3, S10, S13, S17)
 * R1b1b2*
 * R1b1b2a (S127, S128, S129)
 * R1b1b2a*
 * R1b1b2a1 (M405/S21/U106)
 * R1b1b2a1*
 * R1b1b2a1a (M467/S29/U198)
 * R1b1b2a1b (P107)
 * R1b1b2a1c (L1/S26)
 * R1b1b2a2 (S116)
 * R1b1b2a2*
 * R1b1b2a2a (M37)
 * R1b1b2a2b (M65)
 * R1b1b2a2c (M153)
 * R1b1b2a2d (SRY2627/M167)
 * R1b1b2a2e (M222/USP9Y+3636)
 * R1b1b2a2f (P66)
 * R1b1b2a2g (S28/U152)
 * R1b1b2a2g*
 * R1b1b2a2g1 (M126)
 * R1b1b2a2g2 (M160)
 * R1b1b2a2h (S68)
 * R1b1c (M335)

R1b1b2
Most of the present-day European males with the M343 marker also have the P25 and M269 markers. These markers define the R1b1b2 subclade.

This subgroup is believed by some to have existed before the last Ice Age and has been associated with the Aurignacian culture (32,000 - 21,000 BC). Although the precise route of the M269 marker is not known, it has been theorized to originate in Central Asia/South Central Siberia. Archeological evidence supports the view of the arrival of Aurignacian culture to Anatolia from Europe during the Upper Paleolithic rather than from the Iranian plateau. It could have entered prehistoric Europe from the area of Ukraine/Belarus or Central Asia (Kazakhstan) via the coasts of the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. It is considered widespread in Europe throughout the Paleolithic already before the last Ice Age.

Traditionally this culture is associated with the Cro-Magnon people, the first modern humans to enter Europe. However, this view has recently been challenged. The people of the Aurignacian culture were the first documented human artists, making sophisticated cave paintings. Famous sites include Lascaux in France, Cueva de las Monedas in Spain and Valley of Foz Côa in Portugal (the largest open-air site in Europe).

The glaciation of the ice age intensified, and the continent became increasingly uninhabitable. The genetic diversity narrowed through founder effects and population bottlenecks, as the population became limited to a few coastal refugia in Southern Europe. The present-day population of R1b in Western Europe are believed to be the descendants of a refugium in the Iberian peninsula (Portugal and Spain), where the R1b1c haplogroup may have achieved genetic homogeneity. As conditions eased with the Allerød Oscillation in about 12,000 BC, descendants of this group migrated and eventually recolonised all of Western Europe, leading to the dominant position of R1b in variant degrees from Iberia to Scandinavia, so evident in haplogroup maps.

A second R1b1b2 population, reflected in a somewhat different distribution of haplotypes of the more rapidly varying Y-STR markers, appear to have survived alongside other haplogroups in Eastern Europe. However, they do not have the same dominance that R1b has in Western Europe. Instead the most common haplogroup in Eastern Europe is haplogroup R1a1.

Note that haplogroup R1b and haplogroup R1a first existed at very different times. The mutations that characterize haplogroup R1b occurred ~30,000 years bp, whereas the mutations that characterize haplogroup R1a occurred ~10,000 years bp.

(Note that in earlier literature the M269 marker, rather than M343, was used to define the R1b haplogroup. Then, for a time [from 2003 to 2005] what is now R1b1b2 was designated R1b3.  From 2005 to 2008 it was R1b1c.  This shows how nomenclature can evolve as new markers are discovered and then investigated).

R1b1b2a1
The R1b1b2a1 (R1b1b2g in the 2008 Karafet nomenclature) haplogroup is defined by the mutation S21, which is also known as M405 and U106. subclade appears to be about in over 25% of R1b. It was discovered by Gareth Henson and was quickly set up as a test offered by Ethnoancestry. This group has a maximum in Frisia (the Netherlands) and, in general, is the predominant R1b haplogroup. It is also found in the UK and southern Sweden, Belgium and Switzerland, Italy. Only sporadically it appears in Spain (Spanish ancestry), Poland and Lithuania (Polish or Ashkenazi), Finland (Swedish) and Romania (Romanian). Family Tree DNA started to test the U152 (equivalent to S28) and U106 (equivalent to S21) on 21 February 2008. The S21 subclade may have originated towards the end of the last ice age, or perhaps more or less 7000 BC, possibly in the northern European mainland. The exact technical definition of the SNP was not initially released for commercial reasons, but the same marker was subsequently independently identified as U106.

The R1b1b2g1 subclade is defined by S29 and is downstream of S21. It was discovered by EthnoAncestry, and has to date been found primarily in southern England (although this may reflect a sampling bias). Recent findings show that it also occurs in Germany in the region previously inhabited by the Saxons. Further studies will serve to ascertain whether this is a native Briton marker, or Continental and having arrived in England with the Anglo - Saxons in the 5th Century.
 * R1b1b2a1a

The R1b1b2g3 subclade is defined by the L1/S26 SNP and is downsteam of S21. It occurs in less than a half a percent of R1b males, mainly with roots in the south and east of England and in Germany. L1, first discovered by Family Tree DNA, then confirmed and named S26 by EthnoAncestry, is located in the flanking region of DYS439, and when it occurs, it inhibits the FTDNA primers from binding, thus producing an apparent null allele or "null439". FTDNA displays null alleles at DYS439 with a  Blue 12  on public pages, and with a  Blue asterisk  beside 439 on personal results pages. Other testing companies do report detecting null 439s. For further information, see the null439 project at.
 * R1b1b2a1c

R1b1b2a2
The S116 (rs34276300) SNP is downstream of M269 and contains the S28, M222, M153 and SRY2627 (M167) SNPs, but not S21. It may divide R1b1b2 in half. Although unpublished it was included in chip-based commercial DNA tests towards the end of 2007 and analysis of the first available results in early 2008 by amateur geneticists indicated it has a signficant place in the Y-DNA tree. This led to rapid development of stand-alone tests by both EthnoAncestry and Family Tree DNA. The results from customers of these companies have confirmed the status of S116 relative to the above list of SNPs but representatives of the rarer (probably private) branches of R1b1b2 have not yet been tested.

R1b1b2c (M153): This haplogroup has been found so far in 39 individuals, most of them Basques; the rest were likely of Iberian ancestry or have not been classified ethnically. The first time it was located (Bosch 2001 ) it was described as H102 and included 7 Basques and one Andalusian.
 * R1b1b2a2c

R1b1b2d (SRY2627 or M167): The first author to test for this marker (long before modern haplogroup nomenclature existed) was Hurles in 1999. He found it relatively common among Basques (13/117: 11%) and Catalans (7/32: 22%). Other occurrences were found among other Spanish, Béarnais, other French, British and Germans.
 * R1b1b2a2d

In 2000, Rosser also tested for that same marker, naming the haplogroup Hg22, and again it was found mainly among Basques (19%), in lower frequencies among French (5%), Bavarians (3%), Spanish (2%), Southern Portuguese (2%), and in single occurrences among Romanians, Slovenians, Dutch, Belgians and English.

In 2001, Bosch described this marker as H103, in 5 Basques and 5 Catalans. Further regional studies have located it in significative amounts in Asturias, Cantabria and Galicia, as well as again among Basques. Cases in the Azores and Latin America have also been reported. A total of 85 individuals with this haplogroup have been found so far, almost all of them in academic studies, making it the best documented R1b1c subclade.

The subclade R1b1b2e (M222), on the other hand, is associated with the Irish and Scots; in this case, the relatively high frequency of this specific subclade among the population of certain counties in northwestern Ireland may be due to positive social selection, as R1b1b2e-M222 is believed to have been the Y-chromosome haplogroup of the kings of the Uí Néill clan of ancient Ireland.
 * R1b1b2a2e

The R1b1b2h (formerly R1b1c10)(S28 or U152) subclade's discovery was announced in 2005 by EthnoAncestry. Although sample sizes are relatively small, it appears to reach a maximum in Alpine Germany and Switzerland. Ethnoancestry's commercial and research branches have shown that S28 is found from Greece westward to the Bay of Biscay in France. It appears to follow the distribution of the La Tene Celtic peoples. The percentages here are much less than found in the Alps. It has yet to be found anywhere in Ireland or Spain. Northern Italy seems to be a meeting place for both S21 and S28. Like S21, S28's specifications were not initially officially published by EthnoAncestry against their previous assertions that data would be publicly published; but again the marker was subsequently identified independently (as their "U152") by Sims et al (2007).
 * R1b1b2a2g

Modal haplotypes
Recognizable instances of a modal haplotype have been noted within the R1b haplogroup.

One of the best-characterized of these haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies in the Iberian Peninsula and in the British Isles. In the Iberian Peninsula it reaches 33% in Portugal (in some areas of northern Portugal it is greater than 96%). This has additionally been referenced in literature as Haplotype 15.

Another haplotype of R1b, with DYS393=12, has been referenced in the literature as Haplotype 35, or ht35. They can be found in high numbers in Southeastern Europe and Western Asia. The members of this haplotype are thought to be descended from early R1b's who found shelter in Anatolia during the Last Glacial Maximum instead of in Iberia. Descendants can be found in high numbers in the Armenian Highland and Armenia with smaller numbers throughout the Middle East, in Jewish populations, in Southeastern Europe, and in the Caucasus Mountains. There is also a sizable pocket of ht35 in Uyghur populations in western China, which is theorized to be a remnant of the Tocharians, an Indo-European speaking people that inhabited the Tarim Basin in Central Asia until later being absorbed by various Turkic peoples. Ht35 is also present in Britain in areas that were found to have a high concentration of Haplogroup J, suggesting they arrived together, most likely with the arrival of Roman soldiers.

 * R1b Modal Haplotype. Ysearch 55GU9
 * R1b Modal Ysearch C7BED
 * R1b (NW Irish) Modal Ysearch M5UKQ
 * Comparison

Niall of the Nine Hostages
In 2006, a subgroup of R1b common among people of Irish patrilineal descent was identified as the probable haplotype of many within the septs associated with Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish king in the Dark Ages. SNP testing has shown that the cluster of haplotypes purported to be associated with the patrilineal descendants of the Uí Néill clan displays the M222 mutation that defines Haplogroup R1b1c7.

Technical specification of mutation
The technical details of M343 are:

 * Nucleotide change: C to A
 * Position (base pair): 402
 * Total size (base pairs): 424
 * Forward 5′→ 3′: tttaacctcctccagctctgca
 * Reverse 5′→ 3′: acccccacatatctccagg

This refers to a particular 424 base pair fragment of DNA that the polymerase chain reaction produces when one uses the two "primer" strands listed.

Popular culture
Bryan Sykes, in his book Blood of the Isles, gives the populations associated with R1b the name of Oisín for a clan patriarch, much as he did for mitochondrial haplogroups in The Seven Daughters of Eve. Stephen Oppenheimer also deals with this population group in his book Origins of the British.

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Kidderminster Cricket Club

Kidderminster Cricket Club is a cricket club in Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England. Their 1st and 2nd XIs currently play in the Birmingham and District Premier League Premier Division. Their 3rd, 4th and 5th XIs play in the Worcestershire County Cricket League. The club play their home games at Chester Road, a venue which has also hosted Worcestershire County Cricket Club matches. Kidderminster are one of the longest-serving members of the Birmingham and District League, having joined in 1895. They won the Division 1 title in 1899, 1901, 1924, 1929, 1946, 1950, 1962 and 1975. They also shared the Division 1 title in 1966 and 1973. The Club was Founded Prior to 1850 In 2003 Kidderminster Cricket Club, which had been a member of the Birmingham Cricket League for many years, amalgamated with Victoria & Blakeley Hall Cricket Club to become the Kidderminster Victoria Cricket Club it is known as today.

In 2016 the club reverted to its original name after the sponsorship deal with Victoria Carpets ended.

title: Kidderminster Cricket Club


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Debra Burlingame

Debra Burlingame (born 1954) is an American lawyer and political activist. She is the sister of Charles "Chic" Burlingame III, the pilot of the hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 that was flown into The Pentagon during the September 11 attacks by Al Qaeda terrorists in 2001. Burlingame has been criticized for making controversial and anti-Muslim statements.

Early life and career
Burlingame was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and moved frequently as a daughter of an active duty member of the United States Air Force. She spent parts of her childhood in California and England.

Burlingame is a graduate of New York University and Cardozo School of Law. Before moving to Los Angeles, she was an airline flight attendant for Trans World Airlines, a lawyer, a television producer at Court TV for 5 years (before it became truTV).

September 11 attacks
On the morning of the September 11 attacks in 2001, Burlingame was living in Los Angeles, where she planned to establish her own production company. Her brother, Charles Burlingame, was the pilot of American Airlines Flight 77, with First Officer David Charlebois, when it was hijacked and flown into the Pentagon.

On the second anniversary of the attack, Burlingame launched a nonprofit foundation to provide college scholarships for young men and women wishing to pursue careers as officers in the United States armed services. "We are targeting young people who have demonstrated a wish to be a part of something bigger than themselves," she said.

Activism
Burlingame inspired blogger Robert Shurbet to start Take Back The Memorial, a nonprofit group that opposed the International Freedom Center (IFC) being located at the World Trade Center site. Burlingame is a columnist, political activist, and board member of the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation. Due to the efforts of Burlingame and others, New York Governor George Pataki barred the IFC from being located at the World Trade Center site, causing it to be abandoned by its sponsors.

Relatives of 9-11 victims were invited to submit their names for a lottery for invitations to attend the hearings and trials of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and the four other most senior captors. Burlingame's name was one of six families chosen.

The Wall Street Journal has published numerous opinion columns by Burlingame. Her columns have also appeared in the New York Daily News.

In October 2009, Burlingame co-founded, with Liz Cheney, a non-profit 501(c)4 organization called Keep America Safe. It drew strong criticism from conservative lawyers, many of whom worked for the Bush administration, and information about the organization was removed from Internet shortly thereafter. Burlingame then founded 9/11 Families for a Safe & Strong America with Tim Sumner, an organization about 9/11 family members who consider national security the country’s top priority.

Political views
Burlingame considers herself to be a critic of radical Islam. In 2010, she issued a press release denouncing President Barack Obama’s support of the Park51 community center. She wrote: "Demolishing a building that was damaged by wreckage from one of the hijacked planes in order to build a mosque and Islamic Center will further energize those who regard it as a ratification of their violent and divinely ordered mission: the spread of shariah law and its subjugation of all free people, including secular Muslims who come to this country fleeing that medieval ideology, which destroys lives and crushes the human spirit."

Burlingame also wrote a letter attacking the Liam Neeson film Non-Stop (2014), which portrays a 9/11 family member and military combat veteran as a vengeful murderer—and, in Burlingame's words: “Worse, the flight’s quiet hero who comes to the aid of the protagonist, thereby saving the day, is a Muslim doctor.” She said that this was "ironic" given the fact that the leader of Al Qaeda, Ayman Al Zawahiri, was a doctor – a "complete [reversal] of the roles [of] victim and victimizer [in] 9/11". In a tweet, Burlingame wrote "Liam Neeson and Universal have produced a liberal wet dream. 9/11 family member = terrorist hijacker, Muslim = peace".

In 2014, Burlingame made several tweets attacking Islam and Barack Obama, calling the latter a "drug addict" in response to Obama's reaction to Trayvon Martin's death. She also tweeted that "If someone calls U 'Islamophobe' for speaking truth, chances are they are [a] member of [the] Muslim Brotherhood, or an Obama's [sic] national security team."

In 2017, Burlingame expressed support for Donald Trump's "Muslim travel ban" that prevented refugees from several Muslim-majority countries to enter the United States.

Views on Islam and Muslims
Burlingame has been criticized for making controversial and anti-Muslim views which includes stereotyping and generalizing Islam. In a 2014 Twitter post, Burlingame wrote "When are citizens going to rise up and demand the govt acknowledge that Islam is a transnational threat."

In a 2014 interview on Fox News, Burlingame was asked by the host whether she was a Islamophobe according to accusations from critics. Burlingame responded by saying "I am hard pressed to deny it. There's no such thing as an irrational fear of Islam or Muslims when we know that virtually 80% of terrorist attacks are committed by radical muslims who are motivated by what they deem to be an imperative from their sacred religious texts." This statement is contradicted by government collected data on terrorism statistics.

In a 2010 interview, Burlingame claimed that Islamic law allows violence to fester when practiced "in extremes". Burlingame also stated that the enemy of America is the "Muslim world" and has accused them as being a place where "the enlightenment hasn't even happened yet". She then stated that Americans are "light years ahead in terms of our consciousness."

In a 2014, Burlingame said that Islamism is a "supremacist ideology which is very much a threat to Western ideology."

title: Debra Burlingame


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title: User talk:84.153.162.72