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Talk:Oceanus Procellarum

Not an impact
New data from Grail indicates that this was feature not created by impact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.207.163.243 (talk) 14:00, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

Sea of Storms?
I'm curious about the Sea of Storms redirect; is this a common enough term that people use for the "Oceanus", or can it be migrated to the Category:Wheel of Time places category and fleshed out? Can make it a disambig page as well, of course... nae'blis (talk) 05:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There's three Moon-related articles currently using it to link here and one Wheel-of-time related article using it to link here, so I think a disambiguation page would probably be the best way to deal with it. I'll set one up, flesh out Sea of Storms (Wheel of Time) with however much the subject warrants. Bryan 07:29, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * (since I just bypassed all the disambiguation links, for the record these were the articles that linked to sea of Storms: Luna programme, Luna 7, Luna 8, Falme) Bryan 07:36, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Excellent, got the new page started up. Thanks! nae'blis (talk) 23:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Size
In this source the size of Oceanus Procellarum is said to be 1,692,000 km2 (yes, it do look crappy, but if you take a look about the author, I think you would agree that the source is likely to be correct). In this article it is said to be more than twice as big: 4,000,000 km2, but no source is presented. Normally I would just change it, but the author (whom is a administrator) also put it in another list, so I guess hes pretty sure about the numbers. Perhaps it is based on a different definition? Please present a source in a week or so, or I will change the numbers in both the list and in this article, according to the source presented above. Cheers Jopparn (talk) 10:15, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Etymology
What does the Etymology section (which only discusses renaming it from Procellarum to Gagarin) have to do with the etymology??? A proper etymology section (ie., the origin and meaning of the current name as given in the article) should be in its place instead of some comment about a 50 year old proposal for a rename. — al-Shimoni  (talk) 22:04, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * If that "fact" is anything, it's not-notable trivia. I just deleted it. 123.208.14.37 (talk) 04:04, 23 December 2019 (UTC)

Discuss boundaries
Just like Borders of the oceans. Jidanni (talk) 23:46, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oceanus Procellarum


text:
Garhajis

The Garhajis (Garxajis, غرحجس, Full Nasab: Ismā'īl ibn ash-Shaykh Isḥāq ibn Aḥmad ) is a major clan of the wider Isaaq clan family. They are the traditional holders of the Isaaq Sultanate and Habr Yunis Sultanate since the 18th century. As descendants of Ismail bin Sheikh Isaaq, its members form a part of the Habar Magaadle confederation, and they constitute the largest sub-clan of the Isaaq. The Garhajis are divided into two major sub-clans: the Habr Yunis (Sa'īd Ismail) and Eidagale (Da'ud Isma'īl). They are traditionally nomadic pastoralists, merchants and skilled poets.

Distribution
The Garhajis inhabit the western Togdheer, southern Maroodi Jeex, southern Sahil, northern Sool and central Sanaag regions of Somaliland. They also inhabit the Degehbur, Wardheer and Aware zones in the Haud region of Ethiopia. They also have a large settlement in Kenya where they are known as a constituent segment of the Isahakia community. A subclan of the Habr Yunis, the Damal Muse, also inhabit the Mudug region of Somalia.

Medieval period
Historically, the Garhajis took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the Adal Sultanate and are mentioned in the book Futuh Al-Habash (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the Habar Magaadle. The Habar Magaadle consist of the Habar Yunis, Eidagale, Habar Awal, Arap and Ayub clans. The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as Ahmad Gurey bin Husain who was the right-hand man of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.

I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:"The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray"

Some descendants of the Habr Yunis knights who participated in the conquest still inhabit regions west of Harar near Hirna. Ulrich Braukämper in A History of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia states :

"Amongst the troops recruited from the eastern pans of the Horn of Africa for the Jihad, warriors of Somali descent occasionally stayed in the conquered territories of the west and settled in the principalities of Hadiyya, Sarha and Bale. In present-day Arsi land there are still sporadic recollections of these Ogaadeen peoples. Occasionally they are still identifiable by their ethnic origin, like the Habr Yuunis and Garjeeda. Preserving bonds of interethnic clan relations with the Somali inhabited region...the Habr Yuunis from the vicinity of Hirna in Carcar joined the exodus to the west at the time of Amir Nur and occupied an area suitable for livestock-breeding east of Lake Zay."

Habr Yunis Sultanate

The sultanate was founded by the Rer Ainanshe sub branch of the Habr Yunis. The clan takes its name from their 18th century Patriarch Ainanshe Hersi who was a Chieftain of the Habar Yoonis clan. As was the norm of Somali chieftains, Ainanshe had multiple wives. His first wife belonged to the Jibrahil clan and was the mother of his eldest son Sugulle who would go on to found the Ba Jibrhil Rer Sugulle which is the section of the clan that all the Habr Yunis Sultan's descend. Ainanshe's other wives Mun, Basla and Egalo bore him 16 sons who are collectively known as the Baha Ainanshe. The etymology of the name Ainanshe originates from the word Ainan which in Somali means the horse's reins, when suffixed with she it takes on the meaning of one who is holding the reins, leading and guiding from disaster. Ainanshe's tomb is located to the south of Burao in the town of Jameecada Caynaanshe near the Oodweyne district border.

Enrico Baudi i Vesme who visited Burao in 1889 met the sons of Burao Chieftains Guled Ahmed Sugulle and Awad Gal, they relayed to him the following:

..They told me the story of their tribe. The chieftain of the Habr Yunis lineage, named Ainanshe, had 17 sons, one of whose name was Sugulle. First they stayed together, then they separated, forming one Rer Sugulle, who are the most numerous, the other 16 sons together, the Baha Ainanshe. When, a few years ago, there was war between Awad and Nur, the latter ended up settling in Toyo with part of the Habr Yunis.

volume 7 of Etiopia rassegna illustrata dell'Impero  describing the Rer Ainanshe states writes :

"Rer Ainanshe (Baha) and Rer Sugulle belonging to the Ismail Arreh are the center of the Habr Yunis group and also their backbone. Their prestige is probably the highest among the Somalis, and both in number, compactness, fighting ability and raids may perhaps be considered to occupy the first place together being equal to each other. The Rer Sugulle, in fact, belongs to the main branch of the Ainanshe but can be considered a separate group. The two are not at all interwined but in case of a Habr Yunis movement the tribe may gather around these two sub-tribes."

The Habr Yunis Sultanate finds its roots in the Isaaq Sultanate which was established by the Rer Guled branch of the Eidagale after the Isaaq successfully defeated the Absame clan at Lafaruug in the 17th century. With time the Habr Yunis and later the Habr Awal and Habr Je'lo would break from the Isaaq Sultanate with the Habr Yunis forming their own Sultanate led by Sugulle the son of the previous Habr Yunis Chieftain, Ainanshe Hersi. The Sultan Deria Sugulleh would establish his capital at Wadhan (Waram) near the Sheikh pass and tax and administer the affairs of the Habr Yunis from the town. Large caravans bound for Berbera would pass through Habr Yunis territory through Burao and then Wadhan and proved a lucrative source of income for Sultan Deria. Deria was succeeded by Hersi the son of Aman Deria who had died before his Sultan father, he was an important Habr Yunis chieftain. Vesme Baudi travelling through Habr Je'lo country east of Burao in 1889 gives an account of Aman's tomb.

"At nine o'clock we arrived at Baiadowal, on the Thug Dehr, a charming site, where the trees form a small forest, in which the most delightful coolness is enjoyed. A few hundred meters away there is a tomb surrounded by a palisade of tree trunks made with care. There rests a chieftain of the Habr Junis, by name Ohman-Dhirrin [Aman Deria]..his tribe had intermingled with the Habr Gialeh, and when that chief had died, they had made him that tomb with a palisade in memory of his great merits."

Hersi Aman is remembered for his successful conquests and expansion of Garhajis territory in the Haud. His reign was abruptly ended when he was killed in a battle against the kindred Baha Sugulleh. Ismail Mire in his famous poem Ragow Kibirka Waa Lagu Kufaa (Pride Comes Before a Fall) comments on Hersi's conquests, pride and desire to rule.

Dual Sultans Era After the death of Sultan Hersi Aman, the Baha Deria and Baha Makahil sections of the Sugulle dynasty vied for the Sultanship, which divided the Habr Yunis clan into two factions, the Baha Deria faction led by Guled Haji crowned Awad Deria a surviving son of the Sultan Deria Sugulleh. The Bah Makahil crowned Nur Ahmed Aman a young Mullah and nephew of Hersi Aman. Nur was initially uneasy and preferred his life as a Mullah rather than being the Sultan designate. The Habr Yunis were not interrupted by the British Somaliland protectorate which had been established in 1884 and was still largely relegated to the coast and its capital of Berbera. The two Sultans engaged in a lengthy war and divided the Sultanate's territory, where Awad ruled the Sultanate from his chosen capital of Burao and Nur from the Tuuyo plains and Oodweyne.

Frank Linsly James visited Sultan Awad at Burao in 1884 and witnessed the dissenting situation between the two Sultans. Describing the political situation in the region and frequent raids between the two rival Rer Sugulleh factions and their allied Habr Yunis subclans "It appeared the great Habr Gerhajis tribe was divided into two rival factions, the one owning allegiance to Sultan Owd, the other to his cousin, Sultan Noor. Between these two the country was about evenly divided, and the border-line was an everlasting scene of wars and rumours of wars, cattle raids, and attempted murders." "The Haber-Gerhajis tribe had formerly been under one Sultan and were very powerful, making frequent raids into Ogadayn, but on his death, two cousins, Awad and Nur, divided the country between them."

Linsley describing a Dibaltig for Sultan Awad at Togdheer river :

"During our stay at Burao, the Sultan collected a great many of his people together, and twice entertained us with some well-executed and characteristic evolutions on horseback. On the first occasion some forty mounted men were collected in the Tug before our zariba; but this did not satisfy the Sultan, and he arranged a second 'fantasia,' in which fully two hundred warriors were engaged. It was the best and most characteristic thing of the kind I had ever seen. A procession was first formed in the river's bed, and on a given signal all dashed off, brandishing their spears and shields. Dressed in tobes of many colours, and sitting loosely on their gaily-caparisoned horses, they engaged in mimic contest with spear and shield, reining their horses upon their haunches when at full gallop, and with wild shouts flinging their spears into the air. Each warrior carried a short-handled whip with a broad raw hide thong, and with it lashed his steed unmercifully. Some of the riders went through regular circus feats, leaping from their horses when at full gallop, picking up objects thrown on the ground, and then remounting. After this had continued for some time they would gallop close to our zariba, and reining up, shout 'Mort, mort' ('Welcome, welcome'), to which we replied, 'Kul liban' ('Thanks')."

Awad was killed fighting in Ogaden by the Reer Ali. This allowed Nur to establish himself at Burao and rule over the entirety of the Habr Yunis. The Baha Deria still did not concede defeat and would eventually choose Awad's nephew, Madar Hersi, as their successor following Nur's death. Sultan Nur convened a shir of the Habr Yunis and decided to draw lots to settle the dispute with his challenger Madar Hersi rather than continue the senseless infighting that had lasted since Hersi Aman's death. Sultan Nur won the draw and gave Madar Hersi 100 camels as compensation and was proclaimed the uncontested Sultan of the Habr Yunis. The reunified rule under one Sultan Nur would last until the formation of the Dervish Movement several years later in 1899.

Early Dervish period

Sultan Nur had been the architect of disturbances at Berbera and was the man who narrated the famous story of French Catholic missionaries in Berbera converting Somali children. According to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler this news was either spread or concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. Madar Hersi his former rival for the Sultan title had aided the Mullahs of Kob Fardod in recovering livestock that was previously looted by some of the Habr Yunis and this reignited after receiving aid from the Mullahs there notably Mohammed Abdullah Hassan. Upon his visit to Oodweyne in July 1899 Sultan Nur convened a great shir of the western Habr Yunis clans and called on them to join the new Dervish movement and upon their refusal he would leave to Burao and successfully rallied the eastern sections of the clan. The Dervish would declare war from Burao on September 1 of 1899. Madar was soon propagated as the legitimate Sultan by British authorities and managed the western sections of the clan throughout the period of the Dervish wars. The last intelligence report mention of Sultan Nur in the Italian archives was in 1907. After the death of Sultan Nur 1907/1908 in the Dervish camp at Taleh his son Dolal Nur ascended the sultanate in the dervish camp.

Sultan Nur was buried by his dervish in a large domed tomb in Taleh, his tomb predated the later dervish forts. His white tomb in the dervish capital is a testimony to his contribution to the movement. Few dervish founders are commemorated in Taleh, numbering only four.

William Archibald Macfadyen, a British geologist and the only scholar to study the structures of Taleh fort, mentioned the handful of tombs constructed by the dervish for their leaders and gave a detailed description of the tombs in 1931. In his article Macfayden only identified Sultan Nur's tomb by name out of the four dervish entombed in Taleh:

"'South of the main cave-well is the considerable tomb of Abdullah Hasan senior, well plastered inside and out; it is now said to be empty. Adjoining this on the west is a walled garden with massive gateway and guard-house; the rest of the wall is not more than 5 feet high and plastered. There are still odd bushes and signs of cultivation to be seen, but the comparatively deep well in the middle is dry. To the east lies a row of four tombs. The most northerly is that of oneSoldan Nur of the Habr Yunis tribe; the next two, neither being plastered.and the first with the top left unfinished, are those of Hawiya notables whosenames my Somalis did not know. The most southerly tomb is that of aman of the Habr Jaalo tribe. The isolated tomb still farther east is that of'AbdullahHasan's mother. All the tombs are provided with narrow but very massive wooden doors, swinging about vertical extensions from top and baseof one side.'"

After the Bombing campaign of the Taleh fort and the Dervish retreat into Ethiopia, Tribal Chief Haji Mohammad Bullaleh (Haji the Hyena), a cousin of Sultan Nur, commanded a 3000 strong army that consisted of Habr Yunis, Habr Je'lo and Dhulbahante warriors and pursued the fleeing Dervishes. They attacked Muhammad Abdallah Hassan and his army in the Ogaden region and swiftly defeated them, causing Muhammad to flee to the town of Imi. Haji and his army looted 60,000 livestock and 700 rifles from the dervishes, which dealt a severe blow to them economically, a blow from which they did not recover.

Territorial expansion

During this period the Garhajis gained much new territory in the Haud region. These battles are today known as the Rayyad or Guba Wars. It was a volatile era that gave birth to some of the best known Somali poetry.

Historian Siegbert Uhlig commenting on the Guba poem writes the following:

"From a historical point of view Ali dhuhs poem explicitly details the large gains in traditionally Ogaden territory and wells, and the looting of Ogaden camels by the Isaq. He details the scattering of the Ogaden clan, their forced migration southwards seeking refuge in the feverish river valleys, and even turning to hunting and farming- measures that were again considered very shameful usually only undertaken by slaves and low-caste Somalis and utterly demeaning for the once great pastoral Ogaden clan. The Ogaden, Ali recounts, have been forced to accept refuge with the clans that defeated them, especially the Habr Yunis, and cannot take revenge. The Isaq are portrayed as particularly callous and shameful in the way they parade looted Ogaden camels in front of their previous owners. Even in translation it is a very evocative poem'."

B. W. Andrzejewski author of A Somali Poetic Combat writes :

"During the period of administrative chaos which followed the war the Isaaq used their superior strength against both the Ogaadeen and the Dhulbahante. They looted many Ogaadeen herds, captured some of their wells and water-ponds, and dislodged them from a large part of their grazing areas in the Hawd. The Isaaq onslaught was so powerful that the Ogaadeen could put up little or no resistance, and did not even try to avenge their wrongs. Some of the clans, however, after being looted and pushed southward, developed a modus vivendi with the Isaaq and intermarried with them."

In his book The Galla in Northern Somaliland Ioan Lewis states :

"The southwards expansion of the Somali from the shores of the Gulf of Aden still continues despite the establishment of international frontiers and Administrative control. It is very evident in the Northern Province of Kenya, and in the British Protectorate the Isaaq now appear to be pushing outside the territory at the expense of the Darod into the Ogaden and Haud."

The Habr Yunis advance into Ogaden territory was eventually halted by the intervention of the British protectrate authorities with assistance from the Ethiopian Empire, who considered the Ogaden their subjects and whose safety was their priority. In one incident the Habar Yunis looted 1330 camels from the Ogaden, but were pressured by the British and the Ethiopians to return the camels to their previous owners. The Habr Yunis obliged and promised to desist in their raids, but despite their promise they continued to successfully raid the Ogadens unhindered up until the British ceded the Haud to Ethiopia.

Rulers

The Habr Yunis Sultanate had eight rulers throughout its duration and the institution of Sultan still lasts today with the Baha Deria leading I conflict still not being completely resolved. The Bah Makahil maintain a well respected pretender although the current Sultan Osman Ali Madar of the Baha Deria is considered as the Sultan of the Habr Yunis.

Haji Sharmarke Ali Saleh, governor of Berbera, Zeila and Tadjoura
The Habr Yunis exercised real power over Zeila and its adjacent regions and had established themselves as a coastal power, with Sharmarke Ali Saleh (Musa Arreh) solidifying and consolidating his power in governing Zeila, Berbera and Tadjoura. In 1841 Sharmarke with fifty Matchlock men, two cannons and an army of mounted spearmen managed to invade Zeila and depose its Arab Governor, Mohammed Al Barr. Sharmarke used the canons to fire at the city walls which frightened Al Barr's followers and caused them to flee. Sharmarke succeeded Al Barr as the ruler of Zeila and its dependencies. Sharmarke's governorship had an instant effect on the city, as he maneuvered to monopolize as much of the regional trade as possible, with his sights set as far as Harar and the Ogaden. Having secured Zeila, in 1845 Sharmarke moved on to Berbera which at the time was experiencing instability as a result of a war between the Habr Awal Reer Yunis Nur and Reer Ahmed Nur sub-clans over the control of Berbera's trade. Sharmarke took advantage of this rivalry and supported the Reer Ahmed Nuh who had since been expelled from Berbera. Sharmarke took over Berbera and built four Martello towers in the vicinity of the town and garrisoned them with 30 Matchlock men. A war ensued with in the city as Reer Yunis Nuh tried gain a foothold within Berbera, the Reer Yunis Nuh were no match for Sharmarke and his modern weapons and thus failed. The Reer Yunis Nuh were expelled and moved to Bulhar Sharmarke's influence was not limited to the coast as he had many allies in the interior of the Somali country and even further in Abyssinia. Among his allies were the Kings of Shewa. When there was tension between the Amir of Harar Abu Bakr II ibn `Abd al-Munan and Sharmarke, as a result of the Amir arresting one of his agents in Harar, Sharmarke persuaded the son of Sahle Selassie, the King of Shewa, to imprison on his behalf about 300 citizens of Harar then resident in Shewa, for a length of two years. In 1855, in an act seen as defiant of foreign powers, Sharmarke refused to sell to M. Richet, the French agent at Jeddah, a house in Zeila, citing "how easily an Agency becomes a fort", and preferring "a considerable loss to the presence of dangerous friends".

Burao Tax Revolt and RAF bombing

Sections of the Habr Yunis once again clashed with the British in 1922 after a heavy tax was imposed upon them at Burao, the Hersi Osman clan revolted in opposition to the tax and this caused them to clash with other sections of the Habr Yunis and the British colonial government. In the ensuing riot and shootout between the British and Hersi Osman, Captain Allan Gibb, a Dervish war veteran and district commissioner, was shot and killed. The British fearing they could not contain the revolt requested from Sir Winston Churchill, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, to send troops from Aden and Airplane bombers in order to bomb Burao and livestock of the revolting clans to quell any further rebellion. The RAF planes arrived at Burao within two days and proceeded to Bomb the town with incendiaries, effectively burning the entire settlement to the ground.

Telegram from Sir Geoffrey Archer, Governor of British Somaliland to Sir Winston Churchill the Secretary of State for the Colonies: I deeply regret to inform that during an affray at Burao yesterday between Rer Sugulleh and Akils of other tribes Captain Gibb was shot dead. Having called out Camel corps company to quell the disturbance, he went forward himself with his interperter, whereupon fire opened on him by some Rer segulleh riflemen and he was instantly killed..Miscreants then dissapered under the cover of darkness. In order to meet the situation created by the Murder of Gibb, we require two aeroplanes for about fourteen days. I have arranged with resident, Aden, for these. And made formal application, which please confirm. It is proposed they fly via Perim, confining sea crossing to 12 miles. We propose to inflict fine of 2,500 camels on implicated sections, who are practically isolated and demand surrender of man who killed Gibbs. He is known. Fine to be doubled in failure to comply with latter conditions and aeroplanes to be used to bomb stock on grazing grounds.

Sir Winston Churchill reporting on the Burao incident at the House of Commons:

On 25th February the Governor of Somaliland telegraphed that an affray between tribesmen had taken place at Burao on the previous day, in the course of which Captain Allan Gibb, D.S.O., D.C.M., the District Commissioner at Burao, had been shot dead. Captain Gibb had advanced with his interpreter to quell the disturbance, when 1954 fire was opened upon him by some riflemen, and he was instantly killed. The murderers escaped under cover of falling darkness. Captain Gibb was an officer of long and valued service in Somaliland, whose loss I deeply regret. From the information available, his murder does not appear to have been premeditated, but it inevitably had a disturbing effect upon the surrounding tribes, and immediate dispositions of troops became necessary in order to ensure the apprehension and punishment of those responsible for the murder. On 27th February the Governor telegraphed that, in order to meet the situation which had arisen, he required two aeroplanes for purposes of demonstration, and suggested that two aeroplanes from the Royal Air Force Detachment at Aden should fly over to Berber a from Aden. He also telegraphed that in certain circumstances it might become necessary to ask for reinforcements of troops to be sent to the Protectorate.

James Lawrence author of Imperial Rearguard: Wars of Empire writes

"[Gibb]..was murdered by rioters during a protest against taxation at Burao. Governor Archer immediately called for aircraft which were at Burao within two days. The inhabitants of the native township were turned out of their houses, and the entire area was razed by a combination of bombing, machine-gun fire and burning."

After the RAF aircraft bombed Burao to the ground, the Hersi Osman eventually acquiesced, agreeing to pay a fine for Gibbs death, but they refused to identify and apprehend the accused individuals. Most of the men responsible for Gibb's shooting evaded capture. In light of the failure to implement the taxation without provoking a violent response, the British abandoned the policy altogether.

Somali civil war and the Somali National Movement (SNM)
The Somali National Movement (SNM) was a 1980s–1990s rebel group. The SNM was organized in London, England, on April 6, 1981, by Hassan Adan Wadadid a former Somali diplomat and several other Isaaq intellectuals, he stated that the group's purpose was to overthrow the Siad Barre regime. The SNM gathered its main base of support from members of the Isaaq clan, who formed and supported the movement in response to years of systematic discrimination by the Siad Barre government.

Garhajis members served twice as chairman of the movement, with Colonel Abdiqadir Kosar Abdi and Abdirahman Tuur and once as Vice chairman with Hassan Adan Wadadid. Garhajis Commanders carried out many successful operations that led to the decisive victory of the group and to the downfall of the Siad Barre regime. Such operations included the Birjeex raid led by Colonel Ibrahim Koodbuur and Operation Mandheera led by Mohamed Hashi Lihle Lixle where they successfully freed hundreds of Isaaq political prisoners whose executions were imminent. Under the leadership of Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur the SNM carried out a successful invasion of Northern Somalia overthrowing the Communist regime and establishing the democratic state of Somaliland. Abdirahman was sworn in as Somaliland's first president.

List of Habar Yoonis SNM leaders:

 * Abdirahman Tuur
 * Abdiqadir Kosar
 * Mohamed Hashi Lihle
 * Mohamed Ali
 * Haragwaafi
 * Madah-diin
 * Ahmed Mire
 * General Hassan Kayd

Eidagale
The Eidagalle (Ciidagalle, Arabic: عيدَجلي,Full Name: Daoud ibn Ismā'īl ibn ash-Shaykh Isḥāq ibn Aḥmad)They are the traditional holders of the Isaaq Sultanate since the 18th century. The Isaaq Sultanate was established in the mid-18th century by Sultan Guled Abdi of the Eidagale clan. His coronation took place after the victorious battle of Lafaruug, in which Guled Abdi successfully led the Isaaq and was crowned by the Isaaq clan after defeating the Absame tribes. After witnessing his leadership skills, noble conduct and valiance, the Isaaq chiefs recognized him as their Grand Sultan but Abdi instead put forward his son Guled. Guled's Sultanate predates the Habr Yunis Sultanate, which broke off from Eidagale tutelage several decades after the start of his rule. Sultan Guled ruled the Isaaq from the 1750s up until his death in the early 19th century, where he was succeeded by his eldest son Farah. Sultan Farah further expanded the influence of the Sultanate by establishing ties with various Muslim polities across the Gulf, particularly the Al-Qasimi family whom he corresponded with in regard to military action against the British Navy who blockaded Berbera and temporarily cut off vital trade.

For centuries, the tomb of saint Aw Barkhadle, which is located between Berbera and Hargeisa, was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the Isaaq clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes.

"When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren." The Eidagale were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagale were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: "The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Jibril Abokor sub-tribe of the Habr Awal, the Mahamud Gerad Dolbahanta, and the Eidagalla, Habr Gerhajis." Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagale are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Abdi Gahayr, Xasan Tarabi, and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:

"Among the tribes, the Eidagalla are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalla may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. 'if you had a hundred Eidagalla men here,' Hersi Jama once told me, 'And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning.'"

For centuries, the Eidagale (along with their Habar Yunis kin) were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagale merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day Ethiopia, such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of Hargeisa, founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between Berbera and the Somali interior.

"Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house."

Clan Tree
A summarized clan family tree of the major Garhajis subclan of Habar Yunis is presented below.

 * Sheikh Ishaaq Bin Ahmed (Sheikh Ishaaq)
 * Habar Habuusho
 * Ahmed (Tol-Ja'lo)
 * Muuse
 * Ibrahiim (Sanbuur)
 * Mahammad ('Ibraan)
 * Habar Magaadle
 * Abdirahman(Habar Awal)
 * Ayub
 * Muhammud (Arap)
 * Ismail (Garhajis)
 * Said (Habar Yunis)
 * Ali Said
 * Logeh Ali
 * Baleh Ali
 * Haji Salah Ali
 * Farah Haji
 * Hasan Haji
 * Samatar Hasan
 * 'Uthman Hasan
 * Samakab Hasan
 * Abdi Hasan
 * Abdullah Hasan
 * Ziyad Hasan
 * Arreh Said
 * Ishaq Arreh
 * Abdalle Ishaq
 * Qaasim Ishaq
 * Kalil Ishaq
 * Musa Arreh
 * Hassan Musa
 * Ibrahim Musa
 * Damal Musa (Dir Roble)
 * Ismail Arreh
 * Sa'ad Yunis
 * Mahamoud Sa'ad
 * Hasan (Barkad) Sa'ad
 * Mohammed (Idrays) Sa'ad
 * Musa Ismail
 * Salah Musa (Turwa)
 * Mohammed Musa (Urursuge)
 * Yunis Musa
 * Abdallah Ismail
 * Idris (Idrays)
 * Musa Idris
 * Mahamad Idris
 * Sa'eed Idris
 * Musa Abdallah
 * Mohammed Musa
 * Farah Mohammed
 * Hasan Farah
 * Hussein Farah (Ba Gumaron)
 * Allamagan Farah
 * Jibril Farah
 * 'Ali Farah
 * Hasan 'Ali
 * Omar 'Ali
 * 'Amar 'Ali
 * 'Abdallah 'Ali
 * Logeh Musa
 * Abokor Logeh
 * Musa Abokor
 * 'Ali Abokor
 * Hasan 'Ali
 * Hagar 'Ali
 * Egal Abokor
 * Mohammed Egal
 * Hassan Egal (Rer Diriyeh)
 * Bayle Egal
 * Maax Egal (Rer Maah)
 * Omar Abdallah
 * Kalil Omar
 * Ugadh Omar
 * Adan Omar
 * Elmi Adan
 * Egal Adan
 * Mohamed Adan
 * Roble Mohamed (Arabala)
 * Hildid Mohamed
 * Hussein Hildid(Rer Hussein)
 * Hassan Hildid (Gumbur)
 * Abokor Hildid
 * Osman Hildid
 * Abdi Osman (Ba Dhulbahante)
 * Ali Osman (Ba Dhulbahante)
 * Mumin Osman (Rer Mumin)
 * Hersi Osman
 * Fahiya Hersi
 * Warsama Hersi
 * Ali Hersi
 * Yusuf Hersi
 * Hildid Hersi
 * Said Hersi
 * Warsama Said (Rer Waraba)
 * Weid said (Rer Waid)
 * Egal Said
 * Abdi Hersi
 * Ainanshe Hersi (the Sultanate is currently held by them.)
 * Sugulleh Ainashe (Sultan Sugulleh Ainashe)
 * Eise Ainanshe
 * Wa’ays Ainanshe
 * Suban Ainanshe
 * Abdi Ainanshe
 * Egal Ainanshe
 * Omar Ainanshe
 * Koshin Ainanshe
 * Maygag Ainanshe
 * Butiye Ainanshe
 * Ahmed Ainanshe
 * Farah Ainanshe
 * Samaale Ainanshe
 * Hersi Ainanshe
 * Guled Ainanshe
 * Gutale Ainanshe
 * Liibaan Ainanshe

A summarised clan family tree of the major Garhajis subclan of the Eidagale clan is presented below ;
 * Ismail (Garhajis)
 * Daoud (Eidagalle)
 * Mohammed Daoud (Guyobe)
 * Ali Mohammed
 * Urkurag Mohammed
 * Ali Urkurag
 * Ismail Cali (Gadhwayn)
 * Fiqi Sa'ad Aali
 * Mahamoud Ali
 * Ahmed Ali
 * Abokor Daoud
 * Issa Abokor
 * Bilaal Abokor
 * Muse Daoud
 * Abokor Muse
 * Abdirahman Muse
 * Yunis Abdirahman (Dan-Wadaago)
 * Abdulle Abdirahman
 * Mohamed Abdulle (Dan-Wadaago)
 * Ibrahim Abdulle
 * Kul Ibrahim
 * Abdi Ibrahim(Abdi Dheere)(Baho Deeqsi)
 * Abokor Ibrahim
 * Iidle Ibrahim (Rer Iidle)(Baho deeqsi)
 * Hussein Abokor (Gaashaanbuur)
 * Hamud Matan
 * Roble Matan
 * Adan Matan
 * Burale Adan
 * Abane Adan
 * Barre Adan
 * Abdille Adan
 * Damal Adan
 * Gobdon Damal
 * Deria Damal (Dhamal Yar Yar)
 * Fatah Damal (Dhamal Yar Yar)
 * Gabib Damal (Dhamal Yar Yar)
 * Hode Damal (Dhamal Yar Yar)
 * Esa Damal
 * Liban Esa
 * Hassan Esa
 * Abdi Esa
 * Abdi Barri
 * Adan Abdi
 * Guled Abdi (Rer Guled)
 * Yusuf Guled
 * Roble Guled
 * Jama Guled
 * Deria Guled
 * Egal Guled
 * Gatah Guled
 * Farah Guled
 * Dualeh Guled
 * Abdi Guled
 * Ali Guled
 * Warfaa Guled

Notable people

 * Abdillahi Deria – 5th Grand Sultan of the Isaaq clan and anti-colonial figurehead
 * Abdillahi Diiriye Guled - Literary scholar and discoverer of the Somali prosodic system
 * Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur – the first President of Somaliland and the last Somali National Movement(SNM) Chairman
 * Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi – former Speaker of the House of Representatives of Somaliland and the current chairman of Wadani political party
 * Abdisalam Yasin Mohamed – Prominent Somali intellectual and one of the founding fathers of the SNM
 * Abdullahi Qarshe – Somali musician, poet and playwright; known as the "father of Somali music"
 * Abdiqadir Kosar Abdi – Former chairman of the SNM and army colonel
 * Amina Moghe Hersi – prominent businesswoman and wealthiest Somali woman
 * Ali Ismail Yacqub - First Minister of Defence for the Somali Republic
 * Awad Deria – 5th Sultan of the Habr Yunis clan
 * Deria Hassan – 4th Grand Sultan of the Isaaq clan
 * Deria Sugulleh Ainashe – 2nd Sultan of the Habr Yunis clan
 * Guled – 1st Grand Sultan of the Isaaq clan
 * Guled Haji – wise sage and elder of the Habr Yunis
 * Elmi Boodhari – Somali poet and pioneer also known as the “King of Romance”
 * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland)
 * Farah Guled – 2nd Grand Sultan of the Isaaq clan
 * Fowsiyo Yusuf Haji Adan – former Foreign Minister of Somalia and MP in Federal Parliament
 * Hersi Aman – 3rd Sultan of the Habr Yunis clan
 * Hassan Adan Wadadid – Somali Republic ambassador to Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and one of the original founders and Vice Chairman of the Somali National Movement
 * Hassan Farah – 3rd Grand Sultan of the Isaaq clan
 * Hassan Ismail Yusuf – Somali politician and served as the Minister of Health of Somaliland
 * Hussein Arab Isse – formed Minister of Defence of Somalia and Deputy Prime Minister of Somalia from July 20, 2011, to November 4, 2012
 * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud(Hussein Hog) – is a Somali politician. He is the former Minister of Health of Somaliland, from July 2010 to June 2013.
 * Hussein Hasan – famous poet & warrior
 * Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) - foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA)
 * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – former Police Commissioner of the Somali Democratic Republic, Secretary of Interior, Minister of Labor and Social Affairs, Minister of Local Government and Rural Development, Minister of Transportation, and Minister of Interior
 * Mohamed Ainanshe Guled - Vice president of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 1971
 * Mohamed Bullaleh - Prominent 20th Century tribal chief and commander of the Hagoogane raid that destroyed Dervish movement
 * Mohamed Hashi Lihle - Colonel of the SNA and later the commander of the military wing of the Somali National Movement
 * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist and vocalist
 * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist and vocalist
 * Mohamed Ali - Somali military commander and revolutionary. He is known for his leadership within Western Somali Liberation Front, Afraad and later the Somali National Movement.
 * Mona Kosar Abdi – news anchor for ABC's Good Morning America
 * Nur Ahmed Aman – 4th sultan of the Habr Yunis and one of the founders of the Somali Dervish movement
 * Osman Jama Ali - Prime Minister of Somalia under the Transitional National Government and former Deputy Prime Minister of Somalia
 * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye – is a Somalilander politician and the current Minister of Education and Science of Somaliland.
 * Ridwan Hirsi Mohamed – Former Deputy Prime Minister of Somalia and Former Minister of Religious Affairs of Somalia.
 * Said Sulub Mohamed – Somali politician, who is currently serving as the Minister of Livestock and Fisheries of Somaliland.
 * Sharmarke Ali Saleh 1775-1861 – governor of Berbera, Zeila and Tadjoura
 * Adan Ahmed Elmi - 4th Agricultural Minister of Somaliland
 * Salah Ahmed Jama - Current Deputy Prime Minister of the Federal Government of Somalia
 * Yasin Handule Wais religious scholar and founder of Somaliland's first Islamic party in the mid 20th century

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Garhajis


text:
Talk:List of Canada national ice hockey team captains

==Seeking Captain info== I'm having trouble finding reliable sources on team Canada captains of the Canada Cup tournaments. Every Canada Cup site ,that I've checked, failed to mention the team captain for each tournament. Does anyone know of any sites that do (mention the captains). GoodDay 16:26, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Name
Shouldn't this be called List of Team Canada captains (men)? After all, there is a women's too. Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 23:48, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * This list alows either gender. Just put a section title (eg. Womens Olympic Hockey team captains), then add the names (remember to put a external link at bottom of page, for varifiable sources). GoodDay 23:34, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

I've added sections for the Canadian National Women's Hockey Teams. It still needs more 'team captain' names, however. GoodDay 17:51, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I filled in the table for years with an Olympic Tournament or World Championships. I'm not sure who captained Team Canada in the 1995 or 1996 Pacific Rim Championships, so I left those years blank. Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 20:09, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

1974 Summit Series Team Canada
Anyone know, who the captain of this team was? GoodDay 20:13, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, I've watched the '74 Summit seris DVD. There's no captain. GoodDay 22:19, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

On the contrary, there is a captain. It was Pat Stapleton (I've watched the DVD again & noticed). GoodDay (talk) 18:08, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

World Men's Tournament 2009
Shane Doan (not Chris Phillips) was the Team captain. GoodDay (talk) 14:48, 4 June 2009 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Plaek Phibunsongkhram

Needs Some Editing
Just a quick alert: this page needs some editing for grammar, starting on paragraph four. I'd do it, but I don't know Thai history well enough to know if I was changing the meaning of the text. Jberkus 05:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Use official spelling
I have replaced the "Phibun" name to "Pibulsonggram". The whole word is his last name. Some may have mistaken that "Phibun" was the first name and "Songkram" was the last name. Also googling "Pibulsonggram" found that several of descendants use this spelling for the last name. -- Lerdsuwa 12:33, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I once did a series of replacing which got reverted by Mark, who said "His usual name in English is Phibun. What he's called in Thai is irrelevant." (Not that I agree.) I intended to look a bit into this, but haven't had time yet. From what I've seen though, this misconception(?) might be mainly based on usage in Britannica. --Paul C 18:28, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Most books (in English) I have read uses the shortened name - as does a number of Thai academics that I know. The former case seems to have stemmed from the fact that wartime documents (Allied, Japanese) used too the shortened version.

 * That said, either way of spelling is fine by (while I prefer Mark's version, I'm just too lazy to change anything). I'll just simply advocate "Phibunsongkhram" and "Phibun" through my soon-to-be published books. --The King Maker 07:37, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * In the 1920s and 30s, the man in question was commonly called (by us Thais, that is) "Luang Phibun". While "Jomphon Por", Field Marshal P., became popular with the public following his self-promotion to that rank; his opponents and all foreigners continued the usage of "Phibun" (note that the honourary title had been rejected). --The King Maker 08:02, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Name

 * Plaek, meaning "strange" - because of his unusual appearance as a child - because he was jug-eared, though I don't have a reference for that.
 * ''honorary title of Luang from King Prajadhipok in 1928, becoming Luang Pibunsongkhram. Pibunsongkhram = พิบุล or พิบูล ว. กว้างขวาง, มาก broad, much + สงคราม น. การรบใหญ่ war. Definitions are from RID; award was due to his having excelled in his academic study of war. Don't have a ref. Anybody else? --Pawyilee (talk) 11:16, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Yes, doesn't "songkram" mean "war" in Thai? Perhaps it is "Pibun the Warrior". Also there is that strange Thai transliteration practice of using "l" at the end of words that are actually spoken as "n". Pibul is pronounced Pibun in Thai. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.237.161.221 (talk) 00:42, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The literal meaning of Pibun pronounced with even tones on both syllables, the first short and the second short or long as given above, is from a Pali/Sanskrit term meaning broad, expansive; suffixed with Thai for war, it implies broad[ly knowledgeable of] war[fare]; and was a one-off award by Rama VII to Lt. Plaek for excellence in his military studies in France. There is, however, a phonological connection to holy warrior (and to messiah prior to Christianity's having given it a different meaning.) Give the first syllable a long, rising tone for Thai ghost, spirit  (ผี) and make the second short and even for  merit (Buddhism); holy; virtuous; pure; sacred (บุญ), and you get Buddhist monks who incited or led popular revolts; one did so immediately following the fall of Ayutthya, and some others did in response to Rama VI's administrative reforms. It was in this context that Rama VII had dreamed up the secular title for the academic award of Pibulsonggram, as was the revolutionary Plaek's adoption of it as his surname. As this is OR, I can't incorporate it into this article. Nor do I know where to find good historical references to the revolts of the many messianic monks known as Revolts of the Pibun กบถผีบุญ.
 * PS Google search returned only Thai, for example:
 * กบถผีบุญ นายศิลา วงศ์สิน เมื่อปีพ.ศ.2502 [Pibun revolt of Mr.Sila Wongsin AD 1959]
 * ก่อนอื่นขอเล่าเรื่อง กบฏผีบาป ผีบุญ หรือ กบฏผู้มีบุญ ให้ฟังคล่าวๆก่อน เพื่อเชื่อมโยงเหตุการณ์ให้เห็นภาพ กบฏผีบาป ผีบุญ เกิดขึ้นประมาณปี 2444 – 2445 ....[Before anyone else asks, to give a picture of Pibun Revolt or Revolt of Phoo Mee Boon heard to have leaked out before, the Revolt of Evil Piboon broke out around AD 1901-1902....]

--Pawyilee (talk) 11:53, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 20:52, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

Plaek Pibunsongkhram → Plaek Phibunsongkhram – Phibunsongkhram is both the most common transcription in English-language publications (see NGram) and the correct transcription according to Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS). It is also the only common spelling used in combination with the first name "Plaek" (NGram) The spelling that is currently used in the title is completely unusual (0 hits in the NGram), probably a self-made transcription by a Wikipedia user. RJFF (talk) 13:44, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Go ahead, but "Pi-" instead of "Phi-" is historical, not some Wikipedia user's concoction. --Pawyilee (talk) 15:25, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. The current title is an original blending of various transcription systems. Britannica has "Luang Phibunsongkhram", so it seems that "Phibun" is the modern spelling. When the subject was prime minister, he was "Pibul Songgram," as you can see here. Kauffner (talk) 22:15, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Support either Plaek Pibulsonggram or Plaek Phibunsongkhram: The page was spelled Plaek Pibulsonggram until last December when it was moved by User:Aristitleism. Pibulsonggram appears to be the spelling preferred by most of his descendants (particularly Nitya Pibulsonggram, whose article I've modified as such). Contemporaneous Western news sources, as far as Google News shows, used various spellings: the New York Times, Chicago Tribune and The Age referred to "Field Marshal Pibul Songgram", Christian Science Monitor used "Field Marshal P. Pibulsonggram", the Sydney Morning Herald used "Plack Bipul Songgram". "Phibun Songkhram" was also used. Notably most uses modified his surname into a two-part name itself. These were from when even the King's name didn't have a consistent spelling, so perhaps they shouldn't carry much weight. Though I don't believe RTGS should generally be used to determine the spelling of person's names, since sources discussing him in a historical context mostly use Phibunsongkhram, that may be the best spelling to follow. (I also note that it's rather unsurprising that "Plaek" doesn't show up much in results, since he himself preferred not to use his given name in full.) --Paul_012 (talk) 07:41, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

New museum in his honour
Hi! I have no idea how to edit, so I just contribute to the Talk page. A new military museum has opened in Chiang Rai named after this person. I think it opened last year (2012). The museum has no English signage and is VERY sparsely appointed. Exhibits are few. It seems a most interesting development. Why now and why here? Numanonja (talk) 03:22, 18 February 2013 (UTC)

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 * Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram (coloured version).jpg

Denis Kearney
Any sources that Phibunsongkhram's ideology was inspired by Kearney in particular? It doesn't seem that are references to back up the claim in the article itself, and a quick glance at Google Scholar reveals nothing. Magnimik (talk) 22:53, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plaek Phibunsongkhram


text: Category:Trip hop albums

title: Category:Trip hop albums


text:
Talk:San Joaquins

Suggest Remove Rolling Stock Section
Since the Amtrak California page has added the rolling stocks information, I think it is appropriate to remove the same section from San Joaquins page. These rolling stocks are, after all, not San Joaquins exclusives. --Will74205 05:50, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * For the record, I've expanded this section to discuss earlier equipment usage. Mackensen (talk) 19:13, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Stockton
There are actually two Stockton stations used for the San Joaquins - trains from Sacramento use the Stockton (ACE station) (Cabral Station), and trains from Oakland go to the Stockton (Amtrak station). The route box shows both routes going through the Stockton Amtrak station. Does it make sense to edit this to show the two different stations, and if so, is there someone more knowledgeable than me who could make the edit?--NapoliRoma (talk) 13:05, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I just rechecked the timetable that's linked as the reference to verify this. I've updated the routebox appropriately. Slambo (Speak)  17:37, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Route map
The route map says "to Los Angeles" at the end, after the Oakland station. I think this belongs at the beginning, before Bakersfield.--agr (talk)
 * I think the author had the Coast Starlight in mind, but that's not even a bookable connection. It definitely shouldn't be before Bakersfield though, since it doesn't run there in scheduled service. Mackensen (talk) 00:56, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Right, but is there some way to indicate the bus connections to LA? They are a significant part of the service.--agr (talk) 21:48, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

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Logo
I don't believe that it's worth including a logo in this article, for several reasons. One, that logo does not appear to be in use any longer - I cannot find it in use anywhere but Wikipedia. Two, it doesn't add any encyclopediac value to the article. Per WP:LOGOS: The encyclopedic rationale for including a logo is similar to the rationale for including portraits of a famous actor: most users feel that portraits provide valuable information about the person that is difficult to describe solely with text. Logos should be regarded as portraits for a given entity. For trains, however, the primary identifier/portrait is a photograph of the train itself; the logo is of secondary importance and does not need to be at the very top of the infobox. The fact that Amtrak schedules, route website, and twitter all use different logos underscores the non-importance of the logo. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 04:35, 26 November 2019 (UTC)
 * It's a fair point that the primary identifier is a photograph of the train itself. I do feel like mentioning that if you feel this way about this article, this should be a greater discussion about logos on all of the Amtrak train pages (with the possible exception of the Acela). I also feel like pointing out that the San Joaquin logo (albeit various versions with/without the slogan) have been appearing in more places including the timetable, cafe car menu, twitter and station signage. In short, I don't feel strongly that we need to keep it, but I do feel strongly that there needs to be a consistent approach across all of the Amtrak train pages. --RickyCourtney (talk) 05:17, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 11 December 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. There is a consensus for this requested move. (non-admin closure) qedk (t 桜 c) 17:28, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

San Joaquin (train) → San Joaquins – On all official materials, the San Joaquin Joint Powers Authority and Amtrak refer to the name of this train service as the "San Joaquins" train. Examples can be seen on the offical San Joaquins website, timetable, cafe car menu, twitter handle, and new station signage. The other potential benefit of this page move is that the no "(train)" disambiguation will be needed at the end of the page name. -- RickyCourtney (talk) 19:21, 11 December 2019 (UTC) —Relisting. Steel1943  (talk) 00:36, 28 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment. What's relevant is not the WP:OFFICIAL name but the WP:COMMONNAME as determined by usage in reliable secondary sources, like newspapers. What do they use? --В²C ☎ 20:10, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
 * It's split, Fresno's ABC station and Sacramento's ABC station both use "San Joaquins" while the Fresno Bee uses "San Joaquin" in the first sentence and "San Joaquins" in the last sentance. I think there is some name confusion around the plurality (calling one train a San Joaquin, but the service the San Joaquins). -- RickyCourtney (talk) 20:59, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Support I think the combination of the official usage and reliable source usage noted above is enough to establish the proposed name is the most common name. --В²C ☎ 21:13, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. The official name appears to have changed when the second train was added in 1980; compare the October 1979 and February 1980 timetables. I think this is the only Amtrak route whose name takes the plural form and has a natural singular form (we don't run into this with the Cascades, for example). Both names are valid, but as Ricky says the plural form is official and unambiguous. Mackensen (talk) 23:10, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'm uncomfortable with this RM proposal, as per the COMMONAME question above – i.e. I don't think the plural name is really the publicly-used common name for this line. I'm think I'm leaning oppose based on that, and WP:TITLECHANGES... --IJBall (contribs • talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:37, 16 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Support: It appears that the official name uses the plural. Many links are created by Module:Adjacent stations/Amtrak and thus will be updated with a single edit to that data module. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 01:42, 29 December 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * Amtrak San Joaquin.svg

Brevity in infoboxes
Since @Endrias Kassa reverted my edits, I'd like to start the discussion over if it's okay to simply say that the San Joaquins travel to "Oakland" in the infobox instead of "Oakland–Jack London Square." Yes, there are two stations in Oakland, but I don't think there's a real danger of our readers confusing the two, especially since they can simply click or hover over the link for clarification. Furthermore, in infoboxes, brevity is important. They are meant to be quick, consise summaries, not complete and total explinations (that's what the aricle is for). Thoughts? -- RickyCourtney (talk) 01:59, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Okay, but you'd have to change it for all the stations that lead to Oakland-Jack London square in the boxes. Endrias Kassa (talk) 02:07, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure that's what I had done before you reverted my changes. -- RickyCourtney (talk) 02:09, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm fine with just saying "Oakland" as the destination since this is clearly the main Oakland station. (The Emeryville station infobox can use the full name since it's actually the adjacent station there.) Pi.1415926535 (talk) 07:07, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Done. -- RickyCourtney (talk) 17:44, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:San Joaquins


text:
Alester Maregwede

Alester Maregwede (born 5 August 1981) is a Zimbabwean cricketer. He is a wicket-keeper and middle-order batsman. He has represented the Zimbabwe A team as vice captain.

He made his first appearances on a West Indies tour in 2003-04 and, since the departure of many Zimbabwean team members, he has found himself playing on a regular basis. He has also represented the Midlands team in the Logan Cup.

Maregwede was born and raised in the Harare suburb of Highfield and first played cricket at Chipembere Primary School. When he was 11 he played his first "proper" match, for Highfield against a High Glen Select XI and he was given the wicketkeeper's gloves for no reason other than that there was no one else to do it. He batted seven, top scoring with 42. Later he was named as captain of Highfield in an inter-suburb tournament which Highfield won. He won a ZCU scholarship to attend Prince Edward School but he ended up at Churchill School because of his need to board.

Whilst he was still in first year he was named captain of a Zimbabwe Development XI for a tour to South Africa. He averaged 64 on the tour and he only lost one game. Because of this tour he started playing for Churchill's full team, as an opener and wicketkeeper. He made his first-class debut for Mashonaland "A" in the Logan Cup versus the full Mashonaland side when he was only 16, scoring 5 and 19.

Maregwede was admitted to the CFX Academy in 2000, missing his final year of school to go. He averaged 41 in the Logan Cup for the academy, with two fifties. Alester has since moved into the full Mashonaland side, with two hundreds and ten fifties.

Maregwede's cricket heroes are Steve Waugh, and like many Zimbabweans, Andy Flower. His proudest moment came in the U19 World Cup when he scored 64 against Australia. He also played first team rugby and hockey for Churchill and was a sprinter. Alester really enjoys travelling, and is glad that his cricket commitments give him the chance to visit many foreign countries. Alester was a vital member of the Mildura Settlers Cricket Clubs first premiership in 20 years. Alester has since parted ways with the club but is hopeful of remaining in the area.

title: Alester Maregwede


text:
Talk:Hellschreiber

The Hellschreiber is named after its inventor Rudolf Hell. "Light Pen" is completly wrong and has no meaning at all (also in German). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.210.4.228 (talk) 07:03, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

Hellschreiber is the correct spelling.

Amazing. I look a couple weeks ago, no Hellschreiber. Excellent work. Too bad it's still pretty rare on the ham bands... Jdos2 03:12, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Last operational?
I just stumbled across this article... I'm quite sure that there are lots of original WW2 Hellschreibers around. In working condition. Some time ago (a year?) I had a chance to play with a machine like in the picture. And it worked - of course. Not easy to type... But in every case: Bletchley's is not the last. Hachti (talk) 03:49, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Totally agree, saw one operating at a field day in upper Austria in 2014, definitely not from Bletchley park! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.138.189.146 (talk) 23:09, 10 August 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hellschreiber


text:
Talk:Nez Perce language

DYK blurb and a suggestion
...that a single verb in the Nez Percé language, which is currently spoken by less than 100 people, can contain as much information as a complete sentence in English?

Can some examples be given in support of the above? Even one should do. It appears to be a good, well-researched article in all other respects. --Gurubrahma 05:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It's a fairly simple thing. Polysynthetic languages incorporate roots of nouns into them.  To give an exaple from Inuktitut, the word 'aiviq' means 'walrus', I believe.  If you want to say 'I am eating walrus', you have two options.  You can translate it literally, using the verb 'to eat', and the noun walrus', or you can use a suffix, '-tuq', creating a verb with the meaning 'to eat walrus'.  So, if you wish to say 'I am eating walrus', you also add the suffix 'tunga'.  Hence 'aiviqtuqtunga' - this is technically one verb, but has the meaning of a whole sentence.  You can do other things, too.  To make such a thing negative, you add the suffix '-nngit' directly after the verb stem, creating the word 'aiviqturnngittunga' - 'I am not eating walrus'.  I can't give examples for Nez Perce, but that gives a fairly good description of the process.

If at all possible, can a link or suggestion be given as to the language it self? i mean like a book that has the language format, usage, or even how to learn to speak and write it? seems like a very interesting language, especially when only less then 100 people know it. perhaps i might learn it and be the 100th person to know it.. :)--Charle301 17:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I rather doubt that a language instruction book for Nez Percé has ever been published. I suspect you'll have to go and live among the remaining speakers to learn it. But then you could be the one to write the (presumably first) textbook for Nez Percé learners! --Angr/undefined 17:39, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

yes, but how do you tell the word boundaries? why could
 * hi-tiw̓ele-pá:y-e
 * 3rdSUBJ-in.rain-come-PAST

not just as well be given as
 * hi tiw̓ele pá:y-e
 * 3rdSUBJ in.rain come-PAST

i.e. as three words, a proclitic pronoun, a locative noun, and a finite verb or participle? Note that if the structure was different, such as rain-come-3sg-LOC-PAST or similar, I couldn't make this argument, but this case seems wholly analyzable as pronoun + locative noun + predicate. 19:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The point is, it isn't pronounced hi-tiw̓ele-pá:y-e, it's pronounced hitw̓alapáyna, which has only one stressed syllable and so is just one phonological word. It's sort of an extreme version of contraction in English: don't contains two morphemes but it's only one syllable so phonologically it's only one word. --Angr/undefined 20:12, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Nez Percé
How is this pronounced? I was told it was like Nee Paw. Can a phonetic spelling be given?
 * that's just French for "pierced nose", see the Nez Percé article -- they didn't even pierce their noses, apparently they were mistaken for another tribe of nose-pierces, and the name stuck. 19:58, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Phonology
If you list a consonant phonology table, you should list a vowel phonology table. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.138.177.168 (talk) 14:55, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

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CSL parameter
As an FYI: There was an error in the first two of three flexible word order scenarios in Case section (see this version}. The message (Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);) related to the CSL parameter. I removed the two instance of "CSL" in this diff and the error is gone now.–CaroleHenson (talk) 18:10, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

 * A fix to my edit was made here.–CaroleHenson (talk) 18:40, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nez Perce language


text:
Mary Shaw (actress)

Mary G. Shaw (January 25, 1854 – May 18, 1929) was an American actress, playwright, suffragist, and early feminist.

Shaw was involved in the women's movement since the early 1890s, and in 1892 she became a member of the Professional Women's League. She played many controversial roles in her career as an actress, and was involved in some of the most controversial plays of her time such as Henrik Ibsen's Ghosts and Hedda Gabler, George Bernard Shaw's (no relation) Mrs. Warren's Profession and many female suffrage plays.

Shaw, along with actress Jessie Bonstelle, designed the Woman's National Theatre in the early twentieth century.

Shaw suffered and would die from heart disease. The Cradle Song was her last appearance on stage as a result of the illness.

Professional Women's League
One of the major factors of Shaw's success as a speaker and suffragist was due to her association with clubs that were used to gain wider cultural and social acceptance of different professions. Actresses formed clubs to develop organizational and speaking skills, which later helped Shaw in her work for the women's suffrage movement. The most important actresses’ club was the Professional Women's League, which was founded by actresses and wives of theatrical managers. The charter designated women to join that "engaged in dramatic, musical, and literary pursuits with the purpose of rendering them helpful to each other." The League descended from a larger club, Sorosis, which did not support this new and growing club. There was much disagreement and blackballing of actresses as a result of this split. A main component of the League were the lessons given to young actresses that taught them how to create their own costumes in dressmaking classes.

Although Shaw was a member of the club and a suffragist herself, the League was not only for women's suffrage because there were also others who were against the movement. Shaw strongly believed that suffrage was the only logical opinion to have. She said "the woman who will not think for herself… does harm to her own nature."

Shaw decided, after the disapproval of the suffragist movement, to run for president of the League in 1913. She lost by three votes, and many women vowed to never set foot in the club again. In less than a month the Professional Women's League had split in half. Shaw and many of her supporters left to form the Gamut Club, which had a more relaxed atmosphere and welcomed women of all different kinds of professions.

On the stage
An early edition of The Theatre Magazine claimed that "to see Mary Shaw act...is inevitably to feel an interest in the woman behind the actress." Shaw was onstage consistently throughout her life. She was particularly drawn to the work of popular playwrights Henrik Ibsen and George Bernard Shaw, but she did not limit herself to their work. Though she starred in shows with varying production values, Shaw was picky when it came to the moral implications of her art. She often chose her roles with a feminist mindset as most plays at the time were created by men and did not portray women correctly. When offered a part in Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch, she turned it down claiming that "it teaches contentment with and resignation to poverty." Her dedication to acting was inspiring. Even when her mother suddenly passed away on the eve of an opening show, she insisted on performing. Unfortunately, the reviews for the show were less than glowing as she was appropriately distracted. Shaw was often criticized for acting in a very explicit way, namely for wearing excessive makeup as in her more risqué roles. Fortunately, other shows had more success. She originated the title character of G.B. Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession and revived the role several times in her life, each time to complimentary reviews. Shaw's role in Mrs. Warren's Profession was very controversial for the undesirable way she acted in a specific scene in the play. It was said by various critics that her character spoke in too much of a low-class tone than what was deemed socially acceptable in performance at that time.

The extremely controversial Ghosts was another career mark role for Shaw; its first English performance in the U.S. had occurred in 1894. The play, which Shaw played the lead in at the New York Independent Theatre in 1899, received mostly outrage and critical backlash. Despite this response, Shaw successfully produced various plays following the production.

Playwright
In her lifetime, Shaw wrote and directed several satirical pieces including The Parrot Cage. The play is set within a parrot cage where several archetypal female parrots live. There is the free-souled parrot who wants to be free of the cage and the Philistine, the idealist, the rationalist, the reasoning, and the theological parrots who oppose the desires of the free-souled parrot. A man's voice designates the master who occasionally comes in to tell the parrots how pretty they are and reminds them that "Polly's place is in the cage." By the end of the show, the free parrot escapes and instructs the other parrots to "Follow me!" Through this clever satire, Shaw urges women to be free of their domestic cages.

Suffragist
Shaw believed that each gender needed to understand the other and "she wished to see more women successfully entering the professional arena in direct competition with men" to create platonic relationships. Shaw advocated for nonsexual relationships between men and women, and in this, equality would be born. Before men could get on board with suffrage, Shaw needed women to see this "new sense of responsibility, for there were many women to whom the concept of political equality was, in itself, ‘an enlightenment’".

The Gamut Club
In 1917, Shaw revived Ghosts "in order to raise money for one of her non-theatrical projects, The Gamut Club". The Gamut Club was for women from every walk of life to get together and live and talk and experience the world with one another. Shaw created The Gamut Club with ambition "to provide professional women from diverse fields with the equivalent in comfortable surroundings to those which professional men had enjoyed for decades". She was inspired while on tour in 1908, when she was extended honorary membership to a men's club in Los Angeles called the Gamut Club. Shaw aimed to keep membership dues in her own club low enough to accommodate professional women of modest means. She was elected President of the club and continued to be re-elected annually until her death. Though originally housed in a temporary space, her dreamed of building a facility like the men's club: a residential clubhouse with a stage, reading rooms, and even a pool would come true.

The club made many efforts during the war such as offering services as a canteen and performing small acts for servicemen. It was the first of women's clubs to do so. There was a great deal of protesting done as a result of the oncoming World War I. One example is the thousands of activists whom Shaw assembled for a silent "Peace Parade" that took place in New York City protesting the war.

Personal life
Shaw married Henry Leach in 1879 and he died two and a half years later. With him she was the mother of Broadway actor Arthur Shaw (1881–1946). She secondly married French actor M. de Brissac in 1885.

title: Mary Shaw (actress)


text:
John M. Snowden

John Maugridge Snowden (January 13, 1776 – April 1, 1845) served as Mayor of Pittsburgh City from 1825 to 1828.

Early life
Snowden was born in Philadelphia, in the colonial-era Province of Pennsylvania, to a family of Revolutionary-era Patriots. His father, William Snowden, was a hero of the war, being imprisoned by the British forces and dying in their custody. His wife Elizabeth Moor, was a major advisor to General Washington during his Pennsylvania campaigns. In 1811 Snowden began a printing and book business in Pittsburgh. He eventually bought and edited his own newspaper, the Pittsburgh Mercury. Like his predecessor as mayor, John Darragh, he used his appointment as president of the Bank of Pittsburgh to launch his mayoral candidacy.

Pittsburgh politics
Snowden served terms as Allegheny County Recorder and Treasurer before being elected mayor of Pittsburgh in 1825. He served until 1828.

Later life
Snowden died suddenly of heart disease on April 1, 1845, at his residence in Allegheny City, now Pittsburgh's North Side. He was buried at Concord Presbyterian Church on Brownsville Road, near his home there.

Honors
Allegheny County's community Snowden (part of present-day South Park Township) was named for John Snowden.

title: John M. Snowden


text:
Talk:Apache JMeter

any body working on Jmeter testing tool for webapplication load testing. i need some help plz contact me at rohit_dav@rediffmail.com

What kind of help you require? --Ramaseshan 03:16, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

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text: User talk:130.13.105.138

title: User talk:130.13.105.138


text:
Jacqueline White

Jacqueline Jane White (born November 27, 1922) is an American former actress, who had a brief career in Hollywood as a leading lady in motion pictures during the early and post-WW2 years from 1942 until 1952, with starring and playing smaller roles in around 25 feature films.

White, at the age of 17, signed on a film contract at MGM and subsequently with RKO, where she found her greatest success and is perhaps best remembered for her roles in films Crossfire (1947), Banjo (1947), Mystery in Mexico (1948) and The Narrow Margin (1952). She is one of the last surviving actresses from the Golden Age of Hollywood.

Early years
According to most sources, White was born on November 27, 1922, in Beverly Hills, California (although she claimed in an interview her birth year was 1924) to Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Garrison White. Her cousin, Frank Knox, was a Secretary of the Navy and a newspaper owner and publisher. She was from Beverly Hills, California. She attended Beverly Hills High School and the University of California, Los Angeles.

White and actress Lynn Merrick were childhood friends until White moved. They were reunited when both were in the cast of Three Hearts for Julia (1943).

MGM films
White's film debut resulted from her work in a drama class at UCLA.

She appeared in a couple of small roles, but her first lead roles came in Air Raid Wardens in 1943 with comedy duo Laurel and Hardy (there debut at MGM as a duo).

A casting director saw her in a production of Ah, Wilderness! and arranged for a screen test for her. That led to her film appearance, in Song of Russia (1944).

White usually played either featured actresses in B-movies or supporting parts in A-movies. White was under contract to both Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where she was cast mostly in uncredited small roles.

RKO Pictures
White had starring roles in RKO'S Banjo and Mystery in Mexico and also appeared in Crossfire (1947).). Her first western film was at RKO and starred in Return of the Bad Men (1948), opposite Randolph Scott, her nemesis in the film was Anne Jeffreys, those sister played the film stand-in for White.

White married in 1948, then moved with her husband to Wyoming in 1950. When she returned to Los Angeles for the birth of her first child, she was spotted in the RKO commissary visiting friends by director Richard Fleischer and producer Stanley Rubin, who offered her a featured role in The Narrow Margin (1952), a B-picture film noir, which was her final picture.

Personal life
On November 12, 1948, White married Neal Bruce Anderson in Westwood Hills. She left the film industry in 1952 and relocated to Wyoming with her husband, who started an oil business.

White has four sons and one daughter. Her husband died in 2000. She currently resides in Houston, Texas, with family.

White occasionally appeared at film conventions. In 2013, she made an appearance at the annual TCM Classic Film Festival.

title: Jacqueline White


text:
Vanga (disambiguation)

Vangas are a group of birds found in Madagascar and Comoros, usually classified as the family Vangidae (including a list of birds in the family).

Vanga may also refer to:
 * Vanga, Kenya, a village in Msambweni Constituency on the coast near the Tanzanian border
 * Vanga, Kwilu, a village in the Democratic Republic of Congo
 * Baba Vanga (1911–1996), Bulgarian prophetess
 * Vanga Kingdom, an ancient kingdom in Bengal
 * Vaṅga, the Sanskrit name for East Bengal
 * Vanga Geetha, an Indian politician

title: Vanga (disambiguation)


text:
Russi Mody

Rustomji Homusji Mody, known to most as Russi Mody (17 January 1918 – 16 May 2014), was a chairman and managing director of Tata Steel and a leading member of the Tata Group.

Early years
Russi was born on 17 January 1918 in Bombay (now Mumbai) to a Parsi family. His father was Sir Homi Mody. His mother was Lady Jerbai Mody née Dubash. Russi had two brothers, Kali Homi Mody and Piloo Mody. After a few years of schooling in India, he was sent to England for further studies. He studied at St Cyprian's School, Harrow School and later at Christ Church, Oxford. On his return to India he joined Tata Steel as an office assistant.

Russi was married to Siloo Mugaseth, the daughter of his mother's sister, and lived in Kolkata until his death.

Career
Mody joined Tata Steel in 1939 and he was promoted to the position of Director of Personnel in 1953. He took up the position of the Director of Raw Materials in 1965. In 1970, he was appointed Director of Operations and became Joint Managing Director in 1972. He was the most generous Managing Director of Tata Steel Ltd. He started many rewards like giving of AC Maruti Suzuki 800 to all Divisional Managers of Tata Steel. He never faced a strike at the Tata Steel Plant.

After retiring from Tata Steel in March 1993, the then Prime Minister of India, Shri P V Narasimha Rao appointed Mody as Joint Chairman of Indian Airlines and Air India.

Russi Mody Centre for Excellence, built by noted architect Hafeez Contractor that contains archives of the Tata Group, was named after him.

Anecdotes
Hearsay has it that Russi Mody was pulled up by a policeman as he tried to park his car on the narrow road. Admonished with "Tumhara baap ka rasta hain kya?" ("Does this road belong to your father?") the young scion pointed in good humour to the road sign indeed printed with the distinguished paternal name.

He was also known to eat 16-egg omelette for breakfasts.

During his studies at Oxford, he happened to accompany Albert Einstein on the violin, while he played the piano.

Once, Sir Jehangir Ghandy was scheduled to come to Calcutta on a Wednesday afternoon when he would normally play tennis. In his diary lying on the table, he wrote, "TPT CSC meeting on Wednesday at 3 pm," and told his secretaries to take Sir Jehangir to his room, show him the diary and say that Russi had gone to the meeting. True enough, Sir Jehangir came and was shown the diary. He nodded knowledgeably and walked away. Little did he know that TPT CSC was an abbreviation of "To Play Tennis at Calcutta South Club".

Award

 * Padma Bhushan (1989)

Death
Mody died during the night of 16 May 2014 at a private hospital in Kolkata.

Books

 * Russi Modi: The Man who also made Steel
 * Russi Modi: The Man And His Vision

title: Russi Mody