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John Zaritsky

John Zaritsky (13 July 1943 – 30 March 2022) was a Canadian documentarian/filmmaker. His work has been broadcast in 35 countries and screened at more than 40 film festivals around the world; in 1983, his film Just Another Missing Kid won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

Early life and education
Zaritsky was born in St. Catharines, Ontario, the eldest of four children of Yvonne Joan (née White), a nurse, and Dr. Michael Zaritsky, a physician of Ukrainian heritage. He graduated from Denis Morris Catholic High School in 1961, then studied English and History at the University of Toronto's Trinity College, graduating in 1965.

Journalism
His first job was as a current affairs story editor at the CBC, but he left to take the job of police reporter at The Hamilton Spectator. He then moved to the Kitchener-Waterloo Record, where he was an education reporter, art critic and book reviewer. In 1968, he became a political reporter at the Toronto Star. In 1970, he received a Ford Foundation Fellowship to study at the Washington Journalism Center. In 1971, he went to work as a reporter at The Globe and Mail; in 1972, he won a National Newspaper Award for his investigative reporting, and a photography award from The Canadian Press. In 1973, he returned to the CBC as an investigative reporter; in 1975, the CBC created the documentary program the fifth estate and Zaritsky was one of five people tapped to create the show's films.

CBC - the fifth estate
Zaritsky worked at the fifth estate until 1985, producing and directing the documentaries The Loser's Game, Charity Begins at Home, Caring for Crisler, Just Another Missing Kid, Bjorn Borg, and I'll Get There Somehow. Also for the CBC, he created a documentary about the creation of the fundraising song Tears Are Not Enough. Just Another Missing Kid was screened internationally, was nominated for numerous awards, and won a 1982 ACTRA Award and the 1983 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

By 1982, Zaritsky had married producer Virginia Storring and the two formed their own production company, KA Productions. In 1985, Zaritsky left the CBC as an employee and, as contractors, he and Storring produced two films for the CBC--Tears Are Not Enough and The Real Stuff, a documentary about the Snowbirds which would later air on Frontline. Their third documentary, produced with Robert M. Cooper, was 1986's Rapists: Can They Be Stopped?, a film about possible treatments for sex offenders which won the 1987 CableACE Award for Best Informational Special.

Also in 1987, for the CBC, Zaritsky began work on his trilogy about birth defects caused by the anti-morning sickness drug Thalidomide. The first, Broken Promises was released in 1989. The second, Extraordinary People, was released in 1999; No Limits: The Thalidomide Saga, a damning indictment of the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal, was released at Vancouver's DOXA Documentary Film Festival in 2016.

Zaritsky produced one other documentary for the CBC's Documentary Channel—2014's, A Different Drummer: Celebrating Eccentrics.

PBS - Frontline
In 1986, Zaritsky and Storring were contracted by PBS to produce documentaries for Frontline. They would stay with Frontline for ten years, producing My Husband is Going to Kill Me, AIDS Quarterly: Born in Africa, My Doctor, My Lover, Choosing Death (aka An Appointment With Death), Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo, Murder on Abortion Row, and Little Criminals. In 2006, Zaritsky produced and directed Right to Die?; it premiered in 2007 and Frontline released it as The Suicide Tourist in 2010.

At the 6th Gemini Awards, Zaritsky won the award for Best Writing in an Information/Documentary Program or Series for My Doctor, My Lover. My Husband is Going to Kill Me won the American Bar Association's Golden Gavel Award, and Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo won the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award. At the 5th Gemini Awards, AIDS Quarterly: Born in Africa won the Best Direction in a Documentary and Best Writing in a Documentary awards; it also won the won a Robert F. Kennedy Foundation Award. Choosing Death, released in some markets as An Appointment With Death, won the Best Direction in an Information or Documentary Program or Series at the 8th Gemini Awards. The Suicide Tourist, released in some markets as Right to Die?, which documented the assisted suicide of Craig Ewert by the group Dignitas, won the Best Writing in a Documentary Program or Series award at the 23rd Gemini Awards and the Best Documentary Program award at the 2008 Leo Awards. It also attracted extraordinary publicity in Britain when it aired there in December 2008. According to the Associated Press, "The documentary ... has been shown on Canadian and Swiss TV and at numerous film festivals, where it provoked little controversy. But it struck a raw nerve in Britain, where the divisive debate over assisted suicide remains unresolved."

At this point, Zaritsky and Storring were living in Los Angeles. They divorced and, after spending the 1995–96 year as an Artist-in-Residence at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, Zaritsky moved to Vancouver.

Independent productions
Zaritsky formed Point Grey Pictures (not to be confused with the company of the same name formed in 2011 by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg). In addition to completing the Thalidomide trilogy and making Right to Die?, he produced two films for the National Film Board of Canada—Ski Bums and The Wild Horse Redemption. He also created Men Don't Cry: Prostate Cancer Stories, No Kidding: The Search for the World's Funniest Joke, College Days, College Nights and Leave Them Laughing.

To create College Days, College Nights, Zaritsky became Film Production Adjunct Professor in the Department of Theatre, Film and Creative Writing, at the University of British Columbia and, over the course of the 2003-04 academic year, had eight UBC film students follow the lives of 16 undergraduates. The 6-hour film aired in three parts on the CBC's Documentary Channel. At the 20th Gemini Awards, Zaritsky won for Best Direction in a Documentary Series.

2010's Leave Them Laughing: A Musical Comedy About Dying follows singer and comedian Carla Zilber-Smith after she is diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's Disease. At the 2010 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, the film won the Hot Docs Award for Best Canadian Feature Documentary Special Jury Prize. It also won the People's Choice Award for Best Canadian Documentary at the Vancouver International Film Festival, the Directors' Choice Award at the 2011 Sedona International Film Festival, the Audience Choice award for best Documentary at the Mill Valley Film Festival, Best of Festival at Calgary's Picture This...International Film Festival, and Best on the Edge in New Zealand's 2011 "Documentary Edge Film Festival."

In 2012 he directed Do You Really Want To Know? which recounts the stories of three families whose relatives died of Huntington's Disease. Members of each featured family underwent predictive testing to learn whether or not they have inherited the gene that causes the disease. Do You Really Want To Know? received two Golden Sheaf Awards at the Yorkton Film Festival: Best Documentary (Science/Medicine/Technology), and Best Director (Non-Fiction); a Chris Award at the Columbus International Film & Video Festival for Best Documentary in the Science + Technology division, and the Best Documentary award at the Okanagan Film Festival. Its broadcast premiere was on 13 November 2012 on the Knowledge Network.

In 2017, filmmaker Jennifer DiCresce and cinematographer Michael Savoie produced the documentary Mr. Zaritsky on TV, which reviews Zaritsky's career and offers a behind-the-scenes look at Zaritsky's process.

Personal life and death
In 2010, Zaritsky married Vancouver caterer Annie Clutton. He died of congestive heart failure at Vancouver General Hospital on 20 March 2022, at age 78. He was survived by his wife, one step-daughter and two grandchildren. At the time of his death, Zaritsky was working on his autobiography.

Filmography

 * The Loser's Game - the fifth estate, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1977
 * Charity Begins at Home - the fifth estate, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1978
 * Caring for Crisler - the fifth estate, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1979
 * Just Another Missing Kid - the fifth estate, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1981
 * Bjorn Borg - the fifth estate, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1983
 * I'll Get There Somehow - the fifth estate, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1985
 * Tears Are Not Enough - KA Productions, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1985
 * Rapists: Can They be Stopped? - KA Productions, HBO 1986
 * The Real Stuff - KA Productions, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1987
 * My Husband is Going to Kill Me - Frontline, PBS 1987
 * Broken Promises - KA Productions, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1989
 * AIDS Quarterly: Born in Africa - Frontline KA Productions, PBS 1990
 * My Doctor, My Lover - Frontline, PBS 1991
 * Choosing Death: A Health Quarterly Special aka An Appointment With Death- Frontline, PBS 1993
 * Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo - KA Productions, PBS, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Westdeutscher Rundfunk 1994
 * Murder on Abortion Row - Frontline, KA Productions, PBS 1996
 * Little Criminals - Frontline, KA Productions, PBS 1997
 * Extraordinary People - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1999
 * Ski Bums - National Film Board of Canada 2001
 * Men Don't Cry: Prostate Cancer Stories - Point Grey Pictures 2003
 * No Kidding: The Search for the World's Funniest Joke - Point Grey Pictures 2003
 * College Days, College Nights - Point Grey Pictures 2005
 * The Wild Horse Redemption - National Film Board of Canada 2007
 * Right to Die? aka The Suicide Tourist (2007) - Frontline PBS 2010
 * Leave Them Laughing: A Musical Comedy About Dying - Magical Flute Films 2010
 * Do You Really Want to Know? - Optic Nerve Films 2012
 * A Different Drummer: Celebrating Eccentrics - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2014
 * No Limits: The Thalidomide Saga - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2016

title: John Zaritsky


text:
Kooralbyn, Queensland

Kooralbyn is a rural locality in the Scenic Rim Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, Kooralbyn had a population of 1,697 people.

Geography
Kooralbyn is approximately 22 km south-west of Beaudesert, itself some 64 km south of Brisbane in South East Queensland, and 56 km west of Queensland's Gold Coast.

Kooralbyn is commonly referred to as the Valley by its residents due to the former name Kooralbyn Valley.

History
Kooralbyn is a Yugambeh word meaning the place of the copperhead snake.

First European settlement in the area can be traced back to the 1830s when southern timber millers sought the quality hardwoods of the lower valleys. It was not until Australia's first major land booms in the 1840s that free settler pastoralists migrated to the region. Kooralbyn subsequently became one of the region's most significant pastoral estates, the land used largely for cattle grazing.

Kooralbyn International School opened on 30 January 1985.

Demographics
Kooralbyn has a population of 1725 at the. The locality contained 820 households, in which 49.9% of the population were male and 50.1% of the population were female with a median age of 46, 8 years above the national average. The average weekly household income was $844, $594 below the national average. 5.2% of Kooralbyn's population were either of Aborigional or Torres Strait Islander descent. 60.1% of the population aged 15 or over were either registered or de facto married, while 39.9% of the population were not married. 27.7% of the population were attending some form of a compulsory education. The most common nominated ancestries were English (32.5%), Australian (28.2%) and Irish (9.0%), while the most common country of birth was Australia (71.7%), and the most commonly spoken language at home was English (89.4%). The most common nominated religions were No religion (32.2%), Anglican (22.8%) and Catholic (16.2%). The most common occupation was a technician/trades worker (18.1%) and the majority/plurality of residents worked 40 or more hours per week (43.0%).

In the, Kooralbyn had a population of 1,697 people.

Education
The Kooralbyn International School is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at Ogilvie Place (-28.0939°N, 152.8447°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 285 students with 24 teachers (21 full-time equivalent) and 24 non-teaching staff (16 full-time equivalent).

There are no government schools in Kooralbyn. The nearest government primary schools are in Tamrookum and Boonah. The nearest government secondary schools are in Boonah and Beaudesert.

Amenities
The locality has a shopping complex (with real estate, fuel, groceries and other conveniences), a hotel, an 18-hole golf course, polo fields, an airstrip, a light commercial area, mini golf, tennis, self-contained accommodation, the Kooralbyn International School, and other facilities.

The Scenic Rim Regional Council operates a mobile library service which visits Salisbury Avenue.

Resort
In 1979, work began on a resort that featured a diverse range of recreational facilities. 55 hillside holiday houses were completed in 1982 and designed by Harry Seidler. In 1991 a new hotel was added to the resort. In July 2008 the resort and golf course closed and went into liquidation. In June 2014 Peter Huang, founder of the Yong Real Estate group, settled on the purchase of the Kooralbyn Resort.

After a lengthy restoration costing over $7m, the newly-renamed Ramada Resort Kooralbyn Valley re-opened to visitors in June 2016.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kooralbyn, Queensland


text:
Gaokao

The Nationwide Unified Examination for Admissions to General Universities and Colleges, commonly abbreviated as Gaokao , is the annual national undergraduate admission exam of China, held in early June. The exam is held by provincial governments under directions from the Ministry of Education and is required for undergraduate admissions to all higher education institutions in the country. The Gaokao is taken by high school seniors at the end of their final year.

The Gaokao lasts approximately nine hours for a period of two or three days, depending on the provincial administrative regions where it is held. All students must take exams on Chinese and mathematics. Candidates can choose one subject from English, French, Japanese, Russian, German, or Spanish for the foreign language portion of the exam, with most students selecting English. Students must also choose between either the Arts track or the Science track. Students who choose the Arts track receive further testing in History, Political Science, and Geography, while those who choose the Science track are tested in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.

The overall score received by the student is a weighted sum of their subject marks. The maximum possible score varies from year to year and from province to province, although it is usually 750. Generally, the exam takes place from 7 to 8 June every year, though in some provinces it can last for an extra day. The Gaokao has been delayed on rare occasions, most notably due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background
The first Gaokao was held on 15-17 August 1952.

The unified national tertiary entrance examination marked the start of the reform of National Matriculation Tests Policies (NMTP) in the newly established People's Republic of China. With the implementation of the first Five Year Plan in 1953, the NMTP was further enhanced. After repeated discussions and experiments, the NMTP was eventually set as a fundamental policy system in 1959. From 1958, the tertiary entrance examination system was affected by the Great Leap Forward Movement. Unified recruitment was soon replaced by separate recruitment by individual or allied tertiary education institutions. Meanwhile, political censorship on candidate students was enhanced. From 1962, the NMTP system was criticized due to its negative impact on the working class; In July 1966, the NMTP was officially canceled and substituted with a new admission policy of recommending workers, farmers and soldiers to college. During the next ten years, the Down to the Countryside Movement, initiated by Mao Zedong, forced both senior and junior secondary school graduates, the so-called "intellectual youths", to work as farmers in countryside villages. Against the backdrop of world revolution, millions of such young people joined the ranks of farmers, working and living alongside them.

In the early 1970s, Mao Zedong resumed the operation of universities. However, new students were selected through evaluation by a revolutionary committee rather than through formal academic scores. This practice continued until the death of Mao in September 1976. In late 1977, Deng Xiaoping, then under Hua Guofeng, the heir apparent of Mao, officially resumed traditional examinations based on academics, the National Higher Education Entrance Examination, which has continued to the present day.

The first such examination after the Cultural Revolution took place in late 1977. There was no limit on the age or official educational background of examinees. Consequently, most of the hopefuls who had accumulated during the ten years of the Cultural Revolution and many others who simply wanted to try their luck took the examination. The youngest were in their early teens and the oldest were in their late thirties. The examinations took place in the winter of 1977, and the exam questions were designed by each province individually. A total number of 5.7 million candidates took the national college entrance exam. Initially, only 200,000 people were to be admitted to college. Although the Ministry of Education eventually expanded enrollment, with admissions being granted to a total number of 272,971 students, the admission rate of 4.8% was the lowest in the history of the PRC. These students are known as the Class of 1977.

Starting from 1978, the examination was uniformly designed by the Ministry of Education and all the students across the country took identical examinations.

However, reforms on the content and structure of the exam persisted, with one of the most salient issues being agency for individual provinces to customize their own exams. The Ministry of Education allowed the College Enrollment Office of Shanghai to employ an independent exam in 1985, which was the beginning of the provincial proposition. In the same year, Guangdong was permitted to adopt an independent proposition. Beginning from 2003, Beijing, Tianjin, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang were allowed to adopt independent propositions. Since then, 16 provinces and municipalities have adopted customized exams.

Although today's admission rate is much higher than in 1977, 1978 and before the 1990s, it is still fairly low compared to the availability of higher education in the Western world. Consequently, the examination is highly competitive, causing prospective examinees and their families to experience enormous pressure. For the majority of examinees, the exam is a watershed that divides two dramatically different lives.

In 1970, less than 1% of Chinese people had attended higher education, and less than 1/1000 of the population of China was admitted to universities. In the 1970s, 70% of students who were recommended to attend university had political backgrounds reflecting the political nature of university selection at the time. At the same time, the undergraduate course system reduced the time from 4 years to 3 years. According to incomplete statistics, from 1966 to 1977, institutions of higher learning recruited 940,000 people who belonged to the worker-peasant-soldier group.

For most provinces, the National Higher Education Entrance Examination is held once a year; however, some provinces hold examinations twice a year, with the additional exam referred to as the Spring Entrance Examination. Prior to 2003, the National Higher Education Entrance Examination took place in July every year. It now takes place every June. This move was made in consideration of the adverse effects of hot weather on students living in southern China and possible flooding during the rainy season in July. Partial Provincial administrative units determine the schedule of the exams on the 7th and 8th June.

Under the Xi Jinping administration, some provinces have instituted reforms to eliminate extra points for ethnic minorities and students who exhibited "ideological and political correctness." Extra point schemes have been retained for Taiwanese students in an effort to lure them to mainland universities.

2006 Gaokao
In 2006, a record high of 9.5 million people applied for tertiary education entry in China. Of these, 8.8 million (93%) took the national entrance exam and 27,600 (0.28%) were exempted if the students demonstrate exceptional merit in the quality of their work and understanding of the academic subject. Out of the 9.5 million applicants, 5,460,500 (57.48%) were admitted to universities or colleges. Everyone else (700,000 students) took other standardized entrance exams, such as those designed for adult education students.

2017 Gaokao
In 2017, 9.40 million students took the Gaokao, 7 million of whom were admitted into colleges and/or universities. The percentage of first-class admission (Yi Ben (一本), deemed as good universities in China) varied from 9.48% to 30.5%, with the lowest admission rates in Henan province and Shanxi province, at less than 10%.

Below are the changes of the exam scope in 2017 from 2016 (in most areas of China, where the students use the Nationwide Exam Papers in Gaokao):

Chinese

 * All the exam contents are set into compulsory examination scope.

Mathematics

 * Elective Course 4-1 (Selection of Geometric Proof) is removed from the elective examination scope.

Foreign Language

 * No changes.

Physics

 * Elective Course 3-5 is changed from the elective examination scope into the compulsory examination scope.

Chemistry

 * Elective Course 2 (Chemistry and Technology) is removed from the elective examination scope.

Biology

 * Topic 3 (Tissue Culture Technology of Plants) is removed from the elective examination scope of Elective Course 1 (Biotechnology Practice).

Politics

 * No changes.

History

 * Elective Course 2 (Democratic Thought and Practice in Modern Society) is removed from the elective examination scope.

Geography

 * Elective Course 5 (Natural Disasters and Prevention) is removed from the elective examination scope.

2018 Gaokao
9.75 million students attended Gaokao on 7-8 June with 7,909,900 or 81.13% being successful in being admitted to colleges or universities.

Acceptance rate for each year
Source:

The number of higher education institutes in the People's Republic of China has risen annually since 1977. From 1999 to 2020, the number of institutes increased dramatically from 1,071 to 2,740, which significantly contributed to the rapid growth in the number of NCEE examinees and accepted students.

Subjects before NCEE Reform
The subjects tested in the National Higher Education Entrance Examination have changed over time. Traditionally, students would undertake either a set of "liberal-art" subjects or a set of "science" subjects, with some shared compulsory subjects which were Chinese, mathematics and a foreign language. The subjects taken in the Examination affected the degree Examination, or implemented flexible systems for selecting the subjects to be tested, resulting in a number of different systems. A multi-phased reform was announced in 2014 and was slated to be completed by 2025.

"3+X" system
As a pilot examination system used in order to promote education system reform, this examination system was implemented in most parts of the country, including Beijing City, Tianjin City, Hebei Province, Liaoning Province, Jilin Province, Heilongjiang Province, Anhui Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province, Jiangxi Province, Henan Province, Shandong Province, Hubei Province, Shaanxi Province, Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, Yunnan Province, Shanxi Province, Chongqing City, Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Tibet. However, within the context of the reforms of the National College Entrance Examination, this program will be suspended in Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong and Hainan provinces from 2020, and will be suspended in most provinces and cities in China from 2021. It will cease across Mainland China by 2022.

 * "3" refers to compulsory subjects, including "Chinese, Mathematics and a foreign language", each of which accounts for 150/750 in total score.
 * "X" means that students can choose, according to their own capability, one subject from either Social Sciences (including Political Sciences, History and Geography), or Natural Sciences (including Physics, Chemistry and Biology), which accounts for 300/750 in total score.
 * If a student chooses Natural Sciences, then he or she will take a relatively harder mathematics test as well, including Curves and Equations, Space Vector and Solid Geometry, The Concept of Definite Integral, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Simple Application of Definite Integral, Mathematical Induction, Counting Principle, Random Variable and Its Distribution.
 * For candidates of minor ethnic groups in Tibet, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai and Jilin, their Literature score consists of an easier Chinese Literature test and an optional subject on Tibetan, Mongolian, Uyghur and Korean Literature, each counting for 75 points.

"3+X+Y" system
The system was used in Zhejiang Province, with the last exam offered in 2016 to "Class-of-2013" (Chinese: 2013级, meaning admitted to senior high school in 2013, i.e., being Grade 10 in 2013) while "Class-of-2014" students have been taking the reformed version of Gaokao since 2017.

The "3" and "X" are the same as the national "3+X" system, weighed at 750 points. The "Y" part consists of 18 questions, covering 9 subjects (Chinese, Maths, English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Politics, and Geography), from which students need to choose 6 questions to answer, weighed at 60 points. The total score is 810 points.

"3+2" system
This system used to be employed in Jiangsu Province, but was replaced by another system in 2020. The total score was 480 points.

 * "3" refers to three compulsory subjects "Chinese, mathematics and a foreign language", which are recorded in the total score.
 * "2" refers to selecting two subjects either from Politics, History or Geography for art students, or from Biology, Chemistry or Physics for science students, which are not recorded in total score but a class like A, B, etc. will be recorded.
 * Bonus Points: refers to 4 comprehensive science or liberal arts exams, one gets a bonus of 5 points if they get 4 "A"s in all 4 elective exams.

"4+X" system
This system was used after the New Curriculum Reform was employed in Guangdong province and now has been abandoned.
 * "X" means that according to their own interests, candidates can choose one or two subjects either from arts subjects, including Politics, History and Geography (Politics and Geography cannot be chosen simultaneously), or from science subjects, including Biology, Physics and Chemistry (Physics and Biology cannot be chosen simultaneously).
 * Chinese and a foreign language are compulsory. Two separate Mathematics tests are designed respectively for art students and science students.
 * In addition to three compulsory subjects and X subject, art students have to take comprehensive tests of arts, and science students have to take comprehensive tests of science.

"3+1+X" system
This system was implemented in Shanghai since the employment of comprehensive courses but now abandoned.
 * "3" refers to three compulsory subjects "Chinese, Mathematics and a foreign language", with 150 scores for each subject.
 * "1" refers to one subject that candidates choose according to their own interests and specialty from "Politics, History, Geography, Physics, Chemistry and Biology". This subject accounts 150 scores when admitted by universities and colleges at undergraduate level. The score is not included in the total score when admitted by vocational and technical colleges. Therefore, candidates can give up this subject when applying for colleges at vocational and technical level.
 * "X" refers to comprehensive ability test, which is categorized into arts tests and science tests. Arts students can either choose one subject from Politics, History and Geography, or take an arts comprehensive test when giving up "1' subject. Science students can either choose one subject from Physics, Chemistry and Biology, or take a science comprehensive test when giving up "1" subject. Regardless of arts and science categories, all the comprehensive ability tests cover knowledge of six subjects, including Politics, History, Geography, Physics, Chemistry and Biology. In the first volume of the arts test, number of questions related to arts subjects exceeds science questions, and vice versa; the second volume of the two tests are the same.

"3+2+X" system
This was a pilot college entrance examination system implemented by the Jiangsu Province in 2003 after examining other testing systems, but it was subsequently replaced by the "3+2" system in 2008. Subject tests will take turns into the embrace of National Standard. A new policy substituted the old one in 2021.

 * "3" refers to three compulsory subjects "Chinese, mathematics and a foreign language", which are recorded in the total score.
 * "2" refers to choosing two subjects from the following six areas "politics, history, geography, physics, chemistry, biology", which are not recorded in total score but a class like A+, A, etc. will be recorded.
 * "X" refers to a comprehensive science or liberal arts exam, which is not recorded in the total score, only for university admission reference.

"3+X+1" system
This is part of the curriculum reform in China.

 * "3" refers to Chinese, Mathematics and a foreign language, which are compulsory testing subjects for each candidate.
 * "X" means choosing one of the two comprehensive tests in either sciences or liberal arts, according to the student's interest. The "3" and "X" are the same as the national "3+X" system.
 * "1" refers to a basic proficiency test on skills (基本能力测试) that high school graduates needs and should have in order to adapt to social life. This college entrance examination system was implemented for the first time in Shandong in 2007 and ended in 2014.
 * The examination system in Shandong Province reverted to the "3+X" system as of the most recent testing in June 2014 and assumed the reformed plan in 2020.

"3+1+2" system
This system was first introduced in 2019, when Hebei Province, Liaoning Province, Jiangsu Province, Fujian Province, Hubei Province, Hunan Province, Guangdong Province, Chongqing City announced their examination reform plan, and performed on the 2018 students. This system gives students a wider choice on what subjects they are being tested on comparing to "3+X" system, but limits students' choice against the "3+3" system. By 2024, most regions of the country would implement the system as the successor of their "3+X" system.

 * "3" refers to compulsory subjects, including "Chinese, Mathematics and a foreign language", each of which accounts for 150/750 in total score.
 * "1" refers to a selection between Physics and History, which accounts 100/750 in total score.
 * "2" refers to two subjects that candidates choose according to their own interests and specialty from Chemistry, Biology, Politics and Geography. This test was renamed as Grading Exam of the Academic Proficiency Examination for Senior High School Students (普通高中学业水平等级性考试) as these exams are held per region, unlike the compulsory courses which are held nationally by the Ministry of Education.

To promise the legitimacy of the Grading Exam courses, the final scores of the four courses were transferred to band scores before they were counted into the total score. Example below is Guangdong's algorithm.

When weighing the score, the candidate's score of one course are sorted from high to low, and divided into five group according to rank distribution. A grade from A to E was given to these groups. The band score is then calculated after confirming the grade.

The band score has a range from 100 to 30, each grade has a typical range of 10pts to 17pts. According to each candidate's actual score, the score's belonging grade, and the grade's scoring range, the score was transferred in proportion by the following formula:

$$\frac{s_2-s_0}{s_0-s_1}=\frac{t_2-t_0}{t_0-t_1}$$

$s_1$, $s_2$ represents the lower and higher limit of the actual score of each grade; $t_1$ , $t_2$ represents the lower and higher limits of the band score of each grade. $s_0$ represents the candidate's actual score, $t_0$ represents the candidate's band score.

"3+3" system
This system has been implemented in Shanghai and Zhejiang since the employment of comprehensive courses since September 2014. Since 2017, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Hainan have begun to use this program.

 * The first "3" stands for three compulsory courses, including Chinese, mathematics, and a foreign language (a choice of one from English, Japanese, Russian, German, French, Spanish).
 * The second "3" stands for three selective courses which depend on students' choice from physics, chemistry, biology, technology (Zhejiang only), geography, politics and history. Like above, this test was renamed as Grading Exam of the Academic Proficiency Examination for Senior High School Students (普通高中学业水平等级性考试).
 * Originally, the initial intention of the reform was to let students develop their strengths and avoid their weaknesses; however, students taking the exam rushed to test into subjects that were perceived as higher-scoring. This has resulted in very few people entering into certain subjects, such as physics.
 * In the calculation of the scores of the other, 70 points (in Shanghai) or 100 points (in Zhejiang) for each of the subjects, according to the levels like A+, A, B+, ..., D, E, etc. (Divided into 21 grades in Zhejiang, 11 in Shanghai; 3 points between every two grades). According to the published news, Beijing and Tianjin indicated that their plan is similar to the Zhejiang plan, and Anhui's request for comment is similar to Zhejiang, too; Shandong is divided into eight grades of A, B+, B, C+, C, D+, D, and E. According to the original scores and equal conversion rules of the candidates, they are converted to 91–100, 81–90, 71–80, 61–70, 51–60, 41–50, 31–40, 21-30 eight score intervals, get the grades of candidates. '
 * Another concern is that candidates who want to take the college entrance examination must first take the Qualifying Exam of the Academic Proficiency Examination for Senior High School Students (普通高中学业水平合格性考试), which results are credited as "qualified" and "failed".

Procedure
The National Higher Education Entrance Examination is not uniform across the country, but administered uniformly within each province of China or each direct-controlled municipality. The National Higher Education Entrance Examination is graded variously across the country.

Before the examination
In the winter of the year before the examination year, students are required to register for the examination. The registration is usually completed on the official website of the provincial academy of educational recruitment and examination, and examinees are required to fill out an online form, which includes name, gender, date of birth, identification number, address, domicile, political status, school, phone number, and other information about the examination and admission. The form requires students to choose elective-mandatory subjects they elected. Three subjects are universally mandatory: Chinese, Mathematics, and a foreign language — usually English, but this may be substituted by Russian, Japanese, German, French or Spanish, less than 1% students substitute by other languages. The other six standard subjects are three natural-science subjects - physics, chemistry, biology, and three liberal-art subjects - history, geography, and political science; applicants can elect 3 subjects to take tests from them. Six subjects students take test in Gaokao consist of three universally mandatory subjects and three elective-mandatory subjects which were chosen by applicants.

However, there are general requirements examinees have to comply with:
 * 1) Abide by the Constitution and laws of the People's Republic of China.
 * 2) Have a high school diploma or equivalent.
 * 3) Be in good health.
 * 4) Have read carefully and are willing to abide by the rules of the Register and other regulations and policies of the Institutions of Higher Learning and the Office of Admissions Committee about the enrollment management.
 * 5) If foreign immigrants who settle down in China conform to the enlisted condition of the National Higher Education Entrance Examination, they can then apply for the National Higher Education Entrance Examination with the foreign immigrants' resident certificate, which are sent by the Provincial Public Security Department at the location that is assigned.
 * 6) If willing to apply for the Military Academy: students who are graduating this year and have studied in high school for the first time cannot be older than 20 years of age and unmarried; if willing to apply for the Police Academy: students who are graduating this year and have studied in high school for the first time cannot be older than 22 years of age and unmarried; if willing to apply for the foreign language major in Police Academy: students who are graduating this year and have studied in high school for the first time cannot be older than 20 years of age and unmarried.
 * 7) If students from Juvenile Classes want to take the National Higher Education Entrance Examination, their schools need to pre-select, send a certification of approval, inform the exact required courses, and clarify the offices of Admissions Committee where they will take the National Higher Education Entrance Examination. After doing so, the students can then file the application. After the Office of Admissions Committee reviews and approves, the students can apply for and attend the National Higher Education Entrance Examination at the correct location. Students who apply for Shao Nian Ban must be part of a small percentage of the population. They must have a very high IQ, their grades must be excellent, and they must study at a secondary or high school under the age of 15 (excluding those who are graduating this year and have studied in high school for the first time).

The following groups are prohibited from taking the exam:
 * 1) Students who are currently studying in higher education.
 * 2) Students whose files are incomplete, such as those with no school status.
 * 3) One who is serving a prison sentence or is being prosecuted for violating Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.

In the spring before Gaokao, examinees participate in school-organized medical examinations, in order to find diseases that affect future majors. For example, students with myopia are not allowed to apply for military schools, and colorblind students won't be admitted by medical professions. It is also noting that "have a high school diploma or equivalent" requires students to firstly take Qualifying Examination of the Academic Proficiency Examination for Senior High School Students (普通高中学业水平合格性考试), unofficially called "Huikao (会考)", including 12 subjects students learned in senior high school. The examination are always very simple to pass. Their results are credited as "qualified" and "failed", "qualified" accounts for 97% of the total number of examination and "failed" accounts 3% of the total, in the end hand in a Comprehensive Qualification Report based on the student's performance and social activity. The result of the Qualifying Examination and the Report would be given to the college as a reference when admitting. Failed students have three chances to take makeup examinations. Chemistry, biology, geography and history examinations are held in the summer of senior one; Chinese, mathematics, English, physics, politics examinations took places in the winter of senior two; and information technology and general technology examinations took up in the summer of senior two; physical education test is in the spring of senior three-months before Gaokao. Elective subjects they failed in Huikao are not available for applicants when signing up to Gaokao.

Examination
It is arranged at the end of the spring semester and secondary school graduates across the country take the examination simultaneously over a two to four-day period.

Admission
Applicants to some specialist programs are also screened by additional criteria: some art departments (e.g. audition), military and police schools (political screening and physical exam), and some sports programs (tryout).

Exam scores can be used to apply to universities outside mainland China. Across the globe, Hong Kong is on their top list. In 2007, 7 students with the overall highest score in their provinces entered Hong Kong's universities rather than the two major universities in mainland China. In 2010, over 1,200 students entered the 12 local institutions which provide tertiary education courses through this examination. In addition, City University of Hong Kong and Chinese University of Hong Kong directly participate in the application procedure like other mainland universities.

The examination is essentially the only criterion for tertiary education admissions. Poor test performance almost always means giving up on that goal. Students hoping to attend university will spend most of their waking moments studying prior to the exam. If they fail in their first attempt, some students repeat the last year of high school to retake the exam during the following year.

In different places and across different time periods in history, students were required to apply for their intended university or college prior to the exam, after the exam, or more recently, after they receive their scores, by filling a list of ranked preferences. The application list is classified into several tiers (including at least early admissions, key universities, regular universities, vocational colleges), each of which can contain around 4-6 choices for institutions and programs. Typically, an institution or program would only admit students who apply to it as their first choice in each tier. In some regions, students are allowed to apply for different tiers at different times. For example, in Shanghai, students apply for early admission, key universities and regular universities prior to the exam, but can apply for other colleges after they receive their scores.

Regional discrimination
A university usually sets a fixed admission quota for each province, with a higher number of students coming from its home province. As the advanced educational resources (number and quality of universities) are distributed unevenly across China, it is argued that people are being discriminated against during the admission process based on their geographic region. For example, compared to Beijing, Jiangxi province has fewer universities per capita. Therefore, Jiangxi usually receives fewer admission quotas compared with Beijing, which makes a significantly higher position among applicants necessary for a Jiangxi candidate to be admitted by the same university than their Beijing counterpart. The unequal admission schemes for different provinces and regions might intensify competition among examinees from provinces with fewer advanced education resources. For example, Peking University planned to admit 800 science students from Beijing (with 80,000 candidates in total), but only 38 from Shandong (with 660,000 candidates in total). This is not similar to the practice of regional universities in other countries which receive subsidies from regional governments in addition to or in place of those received from central governments, as universities in China largely depend on state budget rather than local budget. However, this regionally preferential policy does provide subsidies to minority students from under-developed regions that enjoy limited educational resources, such as Tibet and Xinjiang.

In recent years, varied admission standards have led some families to relocate for the sole purpose of advancing their children's chances of entering university.

In addition, regional discrimination is not only restricted to the ratio for admission. This is best illustrated with an example of the Hubei Province, where students' exam scores have been higher than other provinces for a long time. A score for a Hubei student to just reach the admission cut-off line for a key university may be enough for a student from another province to be admitted by a much better university, and even enough for a Beijing student to be admitted by top universities like Tsinghua University and Peking University.

Some local students in Hong Kong complained that it was unfair that the increasing intake of Mainland students who have performed at a high level in this examination increases the admission grades of universities, making it harder for local students to get admission. In 2010, more than 5,000 out of the 17,000 students who achieved the minimum university entry requirement were not offered places in any degree courses in the UGC-funded universities.

Migrant children
As a student is required to take exams in the region where their household registration (under the Hukou system) is located, the qualification of migrant children becomes controversial. Since 2012, some regions began to relax the requirements and allow some children of migrants to take their College Entrance Exam in regions outside of their household registration. As of 2016, Guangdong's policies are the most relaxed. A child of migrants can take their Entrance Exam in Guangdong if they have attended 3 years of highschool in the province, and if the parent(s) have legal jobs and have paid for 3 years of social insurance in the province.

Special concessions
There are special concessions for members of ethnic minorities, foreign nationals, persons with family origin in Taiwan, and children of military casualties. Students can also receive bonus marks by achieving high results in academic Olympiads, other science and technology competitions, sporting competitions, as well as "political or moral" distinction. In the 2018 National People's Congress, the government passed legislation abolishing all bonus scores from competitions.

Psychological pressure
Because Gaokao is one of the most influential examinations in China and students can only take the test once a year, both teachers and students undergo tremendous pressure in preparing for and taking the exam. For teachers, because the society heavily focuses on the rate of admission into universities, they have to work harder to prepare every student for the exam. Because of this, teachers give students more and more practice for exams. This teaching methodology, colloquially referred to as "cramming", involves students memorizing large volumes of information fed to them by teachers and undertaking many practice exercises in order to optimize exam writing ability. One of the disadvantages of this method is the lack of focus on teaching critical thinking and ignoring students' emotions, values and personalities. Many examinees suffer from severe anxiety during the test. In some cases, examinees may faint in the examination room.

Further and deeper stemming criticisms have been leveled that the testing system is the "most pressure packed examination in the world". Behaviors surrounding the testing period have been extreme under some reports, with doctors in Tianjin purportedly prescribing birth control pills to female students whose parents wanted to ensure the girls were not menstruating at the time of examination. Testing pressure, for some critics, has been linked to faintings, increased drop out rates, and even increasing rates of teenage clinical depression.

Pressure caused as a result of the Gaokao has been linked to a rise in student suicides. A school in Hebei province installed suicide barriers to prevent students from jumping to their deaths in response to two suicides in the facility related to the exam.

Impact
The Gaokao tends to impact the lives of most Chinese teenagers and their parents. In Zhengzhou, Henan, the local bus company parked a 985 number bus outside a Gaokao center for parents to wait in, the number reflects a popular enrollment program number for university entrances.

The impact and importance of the Gaokao exam has only increased as the number of students taking the exam has risen to nearly 13 million people in 2023, a 900,000 person increase from 2022 and around a 9,000,000 person increase from 2000. This combines with strict quotas from the top schools such as Peking and Tsinghua University who take less than 7,000 students a year to make enrolling in a Chinese university much more competitive. Students successful in taking the Gaokao can give themselves a boost heading into a youth employment market in China with 20.4% unemployment.

Due to the pressures surrounding the Gaokao exam, there have been reports of Chinese families and educators being 'jealous' of more western teaching styles. According to Lao Kaisheng, a professor in the education department of Beijing Normal University, "The education system here puts a heavy emphasis on rote memorization, which is great for students' test-taking ability but not for their problem-solving and leadership abilities or their interpersonal skills." The results of this exam affect family honor and the future of the Chinese youth, creating a ‘gaokao-above-all’ mentality and high pressure for students and parents alike. This may be why there has been an increase in 'sang' culture in China, which refers to the reduced work ethic, a lack of self-motivation, and an apathetic demeanor among Chinese youth. An increasing number of young people describe themselves as sang because they feel that it is futile to pursue traditional notions of success.

title: Gaokao


text:
DSP1

DSP1 or DSP-1 may refer to:

 * AT&T DSP1
 * DSP (Nintendo)
 * Yamaha DSP-1

title: DSP1


text:
George T. Miller

George Trumbull Miller (28 November 1943 – 17 February 2023) was a Scottish-born Australian film and television director and producer. He directed The Man from Snowy River, The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter, and Zeus and Roxanne.

He also directed the 1992 film Frozen Assets, widely considered by critics and audiences alike to be one of the worst films in the history of cinema.

Miller was born in Edinburgh on 28 November 1943. He started his career in 1966 working for Crawford Productions. "They trained you to do everything, they'd throw you in at the deep end to see if you sank or swam," he said. "I was one of the ones who swam – you wouldn't get that training anywhere now."

Miller said he was offered to direct Crocodile Dundee; but he had to turn it down, because he was going to make another film at the time, which ended up not being made.

Miller died from a heart attack in Melbourne on 17 February 2023, at the age of 79.

title: George T. Miller


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leeteracy

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete this article. Denelson83 07:01, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Leeteracy

 * Delete. dicdef plus epsilon. --Trovatore 04:05, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn neologism + OR. MCB 05:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. Andrew pmk | Talk 00:17, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Finast

Finast was a retail supermarket brand that started in the northeastern United States, with headquarters in Somerville, Massachusetts. Finast was a syllabic abbreviation for "First National Stores." Commonly referred to as "The First National", the stores operated under the First National name for decades, while the Finast acronym was reserved for its store-brand products. Several years later, most of its stores were renamed Finast during a modernization effort.

Finast was incorporated as a merger between three regional chains: M. O'Keeffe's, Inc., the John T. Connor Company, and the Ginter Company. The merger occurred on December 28, 1925 and First National Stores was incorporated. M. O'Keeffe's was the largest of the three companies with 330 outlets in 1922, in comparison with 307 Connor stores and 150 Ginter stores that same year. By the time of the 1925 merger, there were 650 M. O’Keeffe stores throughout New England. Initially concentrated in the Boston area, the chain expanded throughout New England and entered New York and New Jersey. It purchased the Safeway stores in New York City metropolitan area in 1961.

The co-founder and first president of First National Stores was Michael O'Keeffe, an immigrant from County Clare, Ireland. His son Arthur O'Keeffe would go onto succeed him as president in 1933, who would later be succeeded by Michael's nephew Adrian O'Keeffe.

The company was purchased by Pick-N-Pay Supermarkets of northeast Ohio in 1978, and the regional headquarters for New England and New York were moved to the distribution center in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, while corporate headquarters were moved to Maple Heights, Ohio. Pick-N-Pay began rebranding the Northeast stores under the Edwards Super Food Store brand. Pick-N-Pay changed its corporate name to First National Supermarkets, Inc. and began rebranding its Pick-N-Pay stores to Finast stores.

One of the largest Finast supermarkets was located in the Cross County Shopping Center in Yonkers, New York. One of the features, as with a few other Finast stores, was the conveyor belt system that allowed customers to drive up to the side of the store and get their grocery bags placed into their cars for convenience.

The Dutch retail food conglomerate Ahold, which had entered the U.S. through its purchase of Bi-Lo Supermarkets in the Southeastern U.S. in 1977, purchased Finast in 1988. Ahold completed the process of converting the last Pick-N-Pay stores to Finast in 1994.

After purchasing the Stop & Shop grocery chain in 1996, Ahold rebranded most of the Edwards stores to Stop & Shop, while divesting the rest because the FTC required the divestiture of approximately 20 stores as part of the acquisition. The remaining Midwest Finast stores were rebranded as Tops Friendly Markets, Ahold's Buffalo, New York–based unit at the time. Ahold continued to use the Finast brand on its private-label products in its grocery chains, including Giant-Carlisle. The company eventually phased out the Finast brand in favor of products matching each chain's name.

title: Finast


text:
Charles Nungesser

Charles Eugène Jules Marie Nungesser (15 March 1892 – presumably on or after 8 May 1927) was a French ace pilot and adventurer. Nungesser was a renowned ace in France, ranking third highest in the country with 43 air combat victories during World War I.

After the war, Nungesser mysteriously disappeared on an attempt to make the first non-stop transatlantic flight from Paris to New York, flying with wartime comrade François Coli in L'Oiseau Blanc (The White Bird). Their aircraft took off from Paris on 8 May 1927, was sighted once more over Ireland, and then was never seen again. The aircraft was either lost over the Atlantic or crashed in Newfoundland or Maine. Two weeks after Nungesser and Coli's attempt, Charles Lindbergh successfully made the journey, flying solo from New York to Paris in Spirit of St. Louis. Monuments and museums honoring Nungesser and Coli's attempt exist at Le Bourget airport in Paris and on the cliffs of Étretat, the location from which their plane was last sighted in France.

Early life
Charles Nungesser was born on 15 March 1892 in Paris and, as a child, was very interested in competitive sports. After attending the École des Arts et Métiers, where he was a mediocre student who nonetheless excelled in sports such as boxing, he went to South America – first to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to search for an uncle who could not be located and then to Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he worked as an auto mechanic before becoming a professional racer. His interest in racing soon led him to flying airplanes; Nungesser learned to fly by using a Blériot plane owned by a friend. After he eventually found his missing uncle, he worked on his sugar plantation in the Buenos Aires province.

Enlisting in the cavalry
When World War I broke out, Nungesser returned to France where he enlisted with the 2nd Régiment de Hussards. During one patrol, he and several soldiers commandeered a German Mors patrol car after killing its occupants. This impressed his superiors and he was subsequently awarded the Médaille militaire and granted his request to be transferred to the Service Aéronautique.

Serving in the Service Aéronautique
As a military pilot, he was transferred to Escadrille VB106. While there, in July 1915, he shot down his first plane, a German Albatros, and was awarded the Croix de guerre. This action was the beginning of the Nungesser legend. On 31 July 1915, Nungesser and his mechanic Roger Pochon were on standby duty. The two took off in a Voisin 3LAS despite Nungesser's assignment to non-flying duties. In an encounter with five Albatros two-seaters, the French duo shot one down near Nancy, France. Returning to their airfield, Nungesser was placed under house arrest for eight days for his insubordination. He was then decorated and forwarded to training in Nieuport fighters.

By the time Nungesser left VB106, he had flown 53 bombing missions. He had also emblazoned at least one of the Escadrille's planes with his elaborate gruesome personal insignia: the freebooter's skull and crossbones and a coffin with two candles.

In November 1915, after retraining, he was transferred to Escadrille N.65 (the 65th Squadron) and was later attached to the famous Lafayette Escadrille, composed of American volunteers. While visiting the Escadrille on one of his convalescent periods recuperating from his wounds, he borrowed a plane and shot down another German while he was there. By the end of 1916, he had claimed 21 victories.

Undisciplined at times
Despite being a decorated pilot, Nungesser was placed under house arrest on more than one occasion for flying without permission. He disliked strict military discipline and went to Paris to enjoy its many pleasures (such as alcohol and women) as often as possible. He was a leading fighter pilot whose combat exploits against the Germans were widely publicized in France. Nungesser's rugged good looks, flamboyant personality, and appetite for danger, beautiful women, wine, and fast cars made him the embodiment of the stereotypical fighter ace. He would sometimes arrive for morning patrol still dressed in the tuxedo he'd worn the night before and even occasionally with a female companion. In contrast to the unsociable but nonetheless top French ace René Fonck, Nungesser was well liked by his comrades. He suffered a very bad crash on 6 February 1916 that broke both his legs and he was to be injured again many times. He was often so hobbled by wounds and injuries that he had to be helped into his cockpit.

Victories as a fighter ace
Notwithstanding early setbacks, Nungesser became an ace in April 1916. He was wounded on 19 May 1916 but continued to score victories, a streak that ended once he was wounded again in June. Nevertheless, he finished the year with 21 aerial victories. It was during this time he downed two German aces, Hans Schilling, on 4 December, as well as Kurt Haber on the 20th.

His silver Nieuport 17 plane was decorated with a black heart-shaped field, within which was painted in white a macabre Jolly Roger, a coffin and two candles. He had adopted the title "The Knight of Death", paraphrasing the French word mort ("death"), a play on words for the German Mors vehicle like the one he captured as a cavalryman.

In early 1917, Nungesser had to return to hospital for treatment of injuries but managed to avoid being grounded. He had pushed his score to 30 by 17 August 1917, when he downed his second Gotha bomber. Injuries from a car crash in December got him a month's respite as an instructor before he returned to flying combat with Escadrille 65. He still flew a Nieuport (a Nieuport 25), even though the squadron had re-equipped with SPADs. By May 1918, he had 35 victories, including a shared victory each with Jacques Gérard and Eugène Camplan. Being eventually raised to Officer of the Légion d'honneur.

By August 1918, he finally received a Spad XIII aircraft and resumed his winning streak. On 14 August, he shot down four observation balloons for wins 39 through 42. The following day, he shared a win with Marcel Henriot and another pilot and finished the war with 43 official victories, the third highest number among French fliers behind René Fonck and Georges Guynemer.

In his flying career, Nungesser received dozens of military decorations from France, Belgium, Montenegro, United States of America, Portugal, Russia, and Serbia.

Wounds and injuries
By the end of the war, a succinct summary of Nungesser's wounds and injuries read: "Skull fracture, brain concussion, internal injuries (multiple), five fractures of the upper jaw, two fractures of lower jaw, piece of anti-aircraft shrapnel imbedded [sic] in right arm, dislocation of knees (left and right), re-dislocation of left knee, bullet wound in mouth, bullet wound in ear, atrophy of tendons in left leg, atrophy of muscles in calf, dislocated clavicle, dislocated wrist, dislocated right ankle, loss of teeth, contusions too numerous to mention."

Work in the film industry
After the conclusion of World War I in November 1918, Nungesser tried to organize a private flying school but failed to attract enough students. As the post-World War I economic recession had left many World War I aces without a job, he decided to take his chances with cinema in the United States, where the days of heroic flying was a very popular theme. It was when Nungesser was in the U.S. doing the film The Sky Raider that he became interested in the idea of making a transatlantic flight and told his friends his next trip to America would be by air.

In 1923, Nungesser became engaged to Consuelo Hatmaker. They married in 1923 and separated in 1926.

Attempt at aircraft sales
In late 1923, Nungesser headed up an ill-starred voyage to Havana. Having been invited by the secretary to the President, José Manuel Cortina, when the latter was vacationing in Paris, Nungesser seemed to have assumed he had received an official tender from the Cuban government. At any rate, Nungesser brought four World War I SPADs with him, as well as two fellow veterans. Nungesser based the SPADs with the Cuban Air Corps at Campo Colombia. He then proposed that the Cubans buy forty or more airplanes from him. When the Cuban Army pleaded lack of budget, Nungesser so aggressively importuned the Cuban Congress that the Cuban army Chief of Staff, General Alberto Herrera y Franchi, threatened to throw Nungesser's party out of the country. On 10 February 1924, the French ace ended his Cuban sojourn with a fundraising flying exhibition, proceeds going to charity.

Nungesser disappears
François Coli, a navigator already known for making historic flights across the Mediterranean, had been planning a transatlantic flight since 1923, with his wartime comrade Paul Tarascon, another World War I ace. When Tarascon had to drop out because of an injury from a crash, Nungesser came in as a replacement. Nungesser and Coli took off from Le Bourget airport near Paris on 8 May 1927, heading for New York in their L'Oiseau Blanc (The White Bird) aircraft, a Levasseur PL.8 biplane painted with Nungesser's old World War I insignia. Their plane was last sighted heading past Ireland and, when they never arrived, the assumption was that their plane had crashed in the North Atlantic Ocean. Two weeks later, American aviator Charles Lindbergh successfully crossed from New York to Paris and was given an immense hero's welcome by the French, even as they mourned for the losses of Nungesser and Coli.

Over the years, there have been various investigations to try to determine what happened to Nungesser and Coli. Most believe that the plane came down in the Atlantic due to a rain squall, but the aircraft has never been recovered. The leading alternative theory is that the aircraft may have crashed in Maine.

A report in a French newspaper that Nungesser and Coli arrived safely was followed by a detailed description of the festivities, etc., but all this was a hoax. The anti-American sentiment it generated led to Lindbergh being advised to delay his own flight a few weeks, until the furor and resentment had died down.

Commemoration
Many streets in France are named after Nungesser, usually jointly with Coli.

In 1928, the Ontario Surveyor General named a number of lakes in the northwest of the province to honour aviators who had perished during 1927, mainly in attempting oceanic flights. Amongst them are Nungesser Lake (51.49°N, -93.52°W) and Coli Lake (51.32°N, -93.59°W).

The town of Gander, NL, Canada has named a street after Charles Nungesser (48.953497, −54.612927). The modern town of Gander was started in late 1950s and most of its streets are named after famous aviators.

In film
The first American air fighting super production film, The Dawn Patrol (1930), featured Nungesser flying himself in his own plane with The Knight of Death emblem on it. The film was released in 1930, well after Nungesser's disappearance, but filmed four years earlier. The plane he flew was not a Nieuport 17, as he flew in the war, but a Hanriot HD.1 type. The film, directed by Howard Hawks, became a success due to the many scenes of spectacular dogfighting. A number of other aces of World War I, of various nationalities, have been used to fly planes in similar film productions or airshow demonstrations as well.

Contrary to rumor, Nungesser was not one of the stunt pilots killed during the filming of Hell's Angels (1930), the epic aviation movie by Howard Hughes.

In 1982, a French film L'as des as (Ace of Aces) starring Jean-Paul Belmondo extensively used many anecdotes from Nungesser's life, mostly for comedic effect. In addition to dogfighting, his night life in Paris had become a legend of sorts.

A 1999 Canadian made-for-TV children's special movie, Dead Aviators (airing on U.S. cable TV as "Restless Spirits"), uses the mystery of the disappearance of The White Bird as the key plot device. A young girl, who struggles with her pilot-father's death in a plane crash years before, visits her grandmother in Newfoundland. While there, she encounters the ghosts of Nungesser and Coli, whose restless spirits constantly relive their own unheralded 1927 crash in a nearby pond. The girl decides to help the pair move onto the afterlife by assisting them in rebuilding their airplane and completing their flight so they may be released and, by doing so, works through her own emotional distress over her father's test flight death. The depiction of The White Bird and Nungesser's crest and dialog references to Nungesser's wartime achievements are very consistent with some published accounts.

In the Young Indiana Jones Chronicles episode Attack of the Hawkmen, Indiana Jones meets Nungesser (played by Patrick Toomey) when Jones, as a Belgian officer, is temporarily attached to the Lafayette Escadrille. Nungesser is depicted as the squadron's reckless, flamboyant and charismatic hero, who parties in Paris and duels with the Red Baron. Nungesser flies Jones in and out of Germany in a German biplane to accomplish an undercover spy mission concerning Dutch aircraft manufacturer Anthony Fokker (played by Craig Kelly), who was building new planes like the Fokker Dr.I for Germany's war effort.

Citations of honors
Médaille militaire citation

"Brigadier of the 2nd Light Cavalry Regiment, on 3 September 1914, with his officer having been wounded during the course of a reconnaissance, he at first sheltered him, then with the assistance of several foot soldiers, after having replaced the disabled officer, he secured an auto and brought back the papers by crossing an area under fire by the enemy."

Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur citation, 4 December 1915

"Pilot[,] detached at his own request to an Escadrille in the rear, has never ceased since his arrival to seek any occasion to fly; flying up to four hours, thirty minutes each day in spite of the inclement weather. During the course of his last combat he gave proof of the highest moral qualities by approaching to within 10 meters the enemy machine he was pursuing firing in response up to the last moment. He succeeded in downing his adversary which caught fire and exploded in front of the French trenches."

Officier de la Légion d'honneur citation, 19 May 1918

"Incomparable pursuit pilot, with exceptional knowledge and magnificent bravery, which reflect the power and inflexible will of his ancestry. In the cavalry, where during his first engagements he earned the Médaille militaire, then in a groupe de bombardement where for his daily prowess he was cited several times in orders and was decorated with the Legion of Honor, and finally with an Escadrille de chasse, for thirty months his exploits were prodigious, and he always presented himself as a superb example of tenacity and audacity, displaying an arrogant contempt for death. Absent from the front several times because of crashes and wounds, his ferocious energy was not dampened, and he returned each time to the fray, with his spirit undaunted gaining victory after victory, finally becoming famous as the most feared adversary for German aviation. 31 enemy aircraft downed, three balloons flamed, two wounds, fifteen citations."

Other awards

 * Croix de guerre (France) with 28 palms
 * Order of Leopold (Belgium)
 * Croix de guerre (Belgium)
 * Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
 * Military Cross (United Kingdom)
 * War Cross (Portugal)
 * Victory Medal
 * 1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (France)
 * Insignia for the Military Wounded
 * Order of Karađorđe's Star (Serbia)
 * Order of Prince Danilo I (Montenegro)
 * Verdun Medal

title: Charles Nungesser


text:
Descartes (disambiguation)

René Descartes (1596–1650) was a French mathematician and philosopher.

Descartes or des Cartes may also refer to:

Places

 * Descartes (crater), on the Moon
 * Descartes, Indre-et-Loire, a commune of France
 * Descartes Highlands, lunar landing site of Apollo 16

People with the surname

 * Blanche Descartes, collaborative pseudonym for R. Leonard Brooks, Arthur Harold Stone, Cedric Smith, and W. T. Tutte
 * Francine Descartes (1635–1640), René Descartes' daughter

Transportation and vehicles

 * French frigate Descartes (1844–1867)
 * French cruiser Descartes (1896–1920)
 * René Descartes (ship), a cable-laying ship operated by France Télécom

Other uses

 * Descartes (plotting tool), computer software
 * Descartes Editeur, a French game publishing company
 * University of Paris V: René Descartes, a university in Paris

title: Descartes (disambiguation)


text: Category:Medievalists by nationality

title: Category:Medievalists by nationality


text:
Virginia State Route 147

State Route 147 (SR 147) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 13.13 mi from U.S. Route 60 (US 60) in Midlothian east to US 60 in Richmond. In various places, it is known as Huguenot Road, River Road, Cary Street Road and Main Street. SR 147 connects Midlothian with the West End of Richmond via the Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River. Within Richmond, the state highway follows Cary Street, a major thoroughfare that connects the city's two major universities, the University of Richmond and Virginia Commonwealth University, with Downtown Richmond.

Route description
SR 147 begins at an intersection with US 60 (Midlothian Turnpike) in Midlothian. The south leg of the intersection is SR 653 (Courthouse Road), which heads south toward Chesterfield Court House. SR 147 heads north as Huguenot Road, a four-lane divided highway that heads north through the expansive commercial area that surrounds the SR 147–US 60 intersection. The state highway veers northeast and intersects SR 711 (Robious Road) at the hamlet of Robious. The intersection also includes Norfolk Southern Railway's Richmond District rail line, which passes through the center of the junction at-grade. SR 147 parallels the railroad east, then veers northeast through the Bon Air sections of Chesterfield County. The state highway enters the independent city of Richmond just south of its partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 150 (Chippenham Parkway).

SR 147 passes through the Southampton neighborhood of Richmond's Southside before meeting Riverside Dr at a partial cloverleaf interchange at the south end of the Huguenot Memorial Bridge, where the highway reduces to a two-lane undivided road. The bridge crosses the James River, CSX's Rivanna Subdivision, and the defunct James River and Kanawha Canal east of the remnants of the Westham Bridge, SR 147's original crossing of the river. The state highway enters Henrico County at the south shore of the James River. At the north end of the bridge, SR 147 expands to a four-lane divided highway that curves east and intersects River Road just west of the Richmond city limit. River Road provides access to the University of Richmond, including the University of Richmond School of Law and the university's athletic complex, which includes Malcolm U. Pitt Field, the Robins Center, and E. Claiborne Robins Stadium.

SR 147 continues east as two-lane undivided River Road through Richmond's West End. The state highway becomes Cary Street at its intersection with Three Chopt Road in the center of the Rio Vista neighborhood, whose riverfront contains the Wilton House Museum. SR 147 continues southeast through the affluent Windsor Farms neighborhood, which contains the historic, imported homes Agecroft Hall and Virginia House. West of its junction with the western end of SR 197 (Malvern Avenue), the state highway expands to four lanes, which it maintains east to its freeway interchange and crossing of CSX's North End Subdivision just west of Thompson Street. The interchange includes ramps to and from southbound SR 76 (Powhite Parkway), eastbound SR 195 (Downtown Expressway), and via Thompson Street, northbound Interstate 195 (I-195) (Beltline Expressway).

At Thompson Street, SR 147 becomes a one-way pair, with eastbound following Cary Street and westbound following Ellwood Avenue through the Carytown neighborhood, which features the historic Byrd Theatre, the site of the annual VCU French Film Festival. The westbound street's name changes to Main Street east of the street's intersection with SR 161 (Boulevard). As SR 147 passes through the Fan district, Cary Street is paralleled one block to the south by SR 195. The state highway veers east to pass through the campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, then veers southeast into downtown Richmond at its intersections with US 1 and US 301 (Belvidere Street) on the south side of Monroe Park. SR 147 passes through the Commonwealth Club Historic District and by the historic Jefferson Hotel, the Ellen Glasgow House, and the Barret House before reaching its eastern terminus at US 60 two blocks west of the Virginia State Capitol. US 60 enters downtown from the Manchester Bridge on 8th and 9th Streets and turns southeast onto Cary Street and Main Street to pass through Shockoe Slip.

title: Virginia State Route 147


text:
Kalkatungu

The Kalkadoon (properly Kalkatungu) are descendants of an Indigenous Australian tribe living in the Mount Isa region of Queensland. Their ancestral tribe has been called "the elite of the Aboriginal warriors of Queensland". In 1884 they were massacred at "Battle Mountain" by settlers and police.

Language
Kalkatung belonged to the Kalkatungic branch of the Pama-Nyungan language family, the other being Yalarnnga which was spoken to its south in the area of Djarra, in Queensland. Kalkatungu was spoken around Mount Isa, Queensland. Nothing is known of a third language Wakabunga sometimes thought to have had a genetic relation to the other two.

Remnants of the language collected from the last native speakers by Barry Blake allowed the rudiments of the grammar and the language to be reconstructed. According to Robert M. W. Dixon there is a 43% overlap in vocabulary existed with Yalarnnga but with a different grammar and only 10% percent of verbs cognate. Both have bounded pronouns or traces of them unlike all other languages in the surrounding areas suggesting they represented, until their extinction, a larger block of distinctive languages.

Like many other Aboriginal societies, the Kalkatungu had a sign language. The idea of a large kangaroo, for example, was indicated by joining the tip of the forefinger to the thumb, with all other fingers remaining extended, while flicking the wrist forward (suggestive of the hopping motion). A land snake was indicated by pointing the forefinger, while rotating the wrist and extending one's arm outwards.

Ecology and material/artistic culture
The Kalkatungu's traditional lands began at the heads of the Cloncurry river across the heads of the Leichhardt and Gregory Rivers, including the Barkly Tableland, the Selwyn ranges and extending south to around Chatsworth, Mount Merlin and Buckingham Downs. To their east and north, were the Mayi-Thakurti (Mitakoodi) of the Cloncurry district, and next to the Maigudung tribe, according to Palmer.

Walter Roth documented in some detail the intensity of indigenous trading passing through the Selwyn Range and Kalkatungu lands from Boulia to Cloncurry, which formed a transit point for exchanges of everything from the native medical anaesthetic and narcotic stimulant, pituri, and ochre to stone knives and axes. Over 800,000 stone axe blanks remain strewn over the 2.4 sq.km metabasalt quarry at Lake Moondarra near Mt Isa, attesting to the intensity of Aboriginal manufacturing of trade goods in this Kalkatungu area, with some axes being traded as far distant as 1,000 kilometres.

The Kalkatungu were an early transmission group for the diffusion of the Mudlunga (Molonga) ritual dance from the Georgina River. A photo exists of their men in full ceremonial raiment, dated 1895, prepared to perform their version of the dance that, within a few decades, would reach across Australia.

Extensive rock art, with examples of anthropomorphic paintings, has been recorded in the Kalkatungu's Selwyn Range homeland.

Social structure
The nearby Mayi-Thakurti tribe occasionally reported that the Kalkatungu were split into two major divisions, the Muntaba (southern) and the Roongkari (western) peoples.

Mythology
Frederic Urquart, who as a trooper took part in a massacre of Kalkadoon warriors, recounted their myth regarding the origins of fire. It started with a thunderbolt that set the plains on fire, as the tribe were preparing to eat raw meat. The flames swept over the camp site, and the charred meat was found to be tastier. An old woman was sent to track the fire and fetch it back, and brought back a blazing stick. Charged with being the fire-keeper, she loyally watched over it for years, until a flood washed out the camp-fire. She was exiled until she could retrieve the secret of fire and, failing to do so, in rage rubbed two sticks together, a flame kindled, and she won back entry to the tribe.

History
The first Europeans to visit the area were explorers Burke and Wills, who crossed the Cloncurry River in 1861. Though their journals make no mention of the tribe, their passing through is said to have been recorded in Kalkatungu oral history, and in their language they coined the term walpala (from "white feller") to denote Europeans. Three parties sent out to search for Burke and Wills, led respectively by John McKinlay, William Landsborough, and Frederick Walker, passed through the general area, and Walker, former commander of the Dawson native police, shot 12 natives dead, while wounding several more, just to the north east of Kalkatungu territory.

Edward Palmer, described by George Phillips as "one of that brave band of pioneer squatters who in the early sixties swept across North Queensland with their flocks and herds, settling, as if by magic, great tracts of hitherto unoccupied country", settled on the edge of Kalkatungu country in 1864, at Conobie, on the western bank of the Cloncurry River. Decades later, he described them as a peculiar people of whom little was known. Palmer was critical of the use of native police, and interested in indigenous tribes. His station lands did not cover any Kalkatungu sacred sites, he did not object to their presence in the vicinity, and found no problem in his relations with the Kalkatungu. He tried to learn their language. Ernest Henry arrived in 1866, discovering, with the assistance of Kalkatungu guides, copper deposits the following year, and founded the Great Australia Mine. He successfully enlisted some Kalkatungu people to work one of these mines. A short attempt at settlement by W. and T. Brown at Bridgewater in 1874 experienced, like Palmer, no difficulties with the indigenous owners of the land.

The Scottish settler Alexander Kennedy then took up land in the area in 1877. He had managed, since his arrival in 1861, to accumulate land holdings of some 4800 sqmi, holding 60,000 cattle, and established himself in a residence he built, called Buckingham Downs. Kennedy is thought to have begun the troubles with the native peoples of the area by instigating murderous assaults on the Kalkatung. Iain Davidson describes him as "the man who led the destruction of the tribes of North West Central Queensland".

The traditional white heroic narrative version of what then occurred drew on the account provided by Wilmot Hudson Fysh in 1933. According to this version, the Kalkatungu were by nature a hostile and bellicose tribe, exceptionally brave with "primitive" military cunning and guerilla-like tactics of strategic withdrawals to the mountains to evade reprisals for their savagery, who were vanquished and broken after a last stand against men like Kennedy who triumphed heroically in pursuing the moral and economic progress of Queensland.

Massacre at Battle Hill
In December 1878, a settler called Molvo and three of his men were killed near Cloncurry, at the important Wonomo watering hole on Suleiman Creek near Cloncurry, as they camped with their herd. This was the starting point, in indigenous history, for Kennedy and other settlers in the district joining forces with native troops under Inspector Eglinton stationed at Boulia to war down the native tribes of the region. Subsequent to this incident, scores of Kalkatungu in the surrounding hills were shot down.

Over the following years, the Kalkatungu gained a reputation among graziers for tactical wiliness both in resisting police and settler forays against them, and in harvesting cattle found on their lands. Kennedy pulled strings in Brisbane to get reinforcements that might guarantee greater immunity for people and property in the area, and the first Queensland Commissioner of Police D. T. Seymour is said to have given Kennedy a blank cheque to war down the tribe and to have dispatched the aristocratic Marcus de la Poer Beresford, a nephew of the Marquess of Waterford, as new head of the Cloncurry native police unit to that end.

On 24 January 1883, Beresford camped with four of his troopers at Fullarton River in the McKinlay Range. After skirmishing with a group of Kalkatungu, they managed to corral a number, who appeared to give no resistance, into a gully nearby and post a guard over them for the night. Queensland historian Arthur Laurie suggests Beresford's error lay in "stupidly treat(ing) them like cattle". It is presumed that they had a stash of arms prepared for the occasion, and rose up, and killed Beresford and three of his men. One, though speared in his side, managed to escape and cover the distance, some 20 miles, to Farleigh station the following day. For a year, the Kalkatungu managed to hold sway over their tribal lands, as both settlers and the police felt intimidated by their unbeaten territorial ascendancy. According to an anonymous person writing for the Queensland Figaro, nonetheless, sometime towards the end of 1883, the native police "wilfully murdered eight blackfellows and several gins" in the area.

In March 1884, Sir Thomas McIlwraith sent Frederic Urquhart, a Sussex immigrant, employed in the Queensland Native Mounted Police Force to handle the crisis. The Kalkatungu are said to have directly challenged him to fight, via a messenger called Mahoni. Urquhart, though based in Cloncurry, set up a forward camp 25 miles outside of the town, on the Corella River.

Urquhart was galvanized into action in August on hearing from a native boy, Jackie, who came in and reported that his employer James White Powell of Calton Hills, some 60 miles west of Cloncurry, at Mistake Creek, had been speared to death. Powell was a partner of Kennedy's, and the latter, together with Urquhart and A.F. Mossman from White Hills station buried Powell, with Urquhart composing a poem vowing vengeance:

"Grimly the troopers stood around that newly made forest grave and to their eyes that fresh heap mound for vengeance seemed to crave.

And one spoke out in deep stern tones and raised his hand on high For every one of these poor bones a Kalkadoon shall die."

The group responsible was tracked down to a gorge, where they were feasting on the cattle, and most were mowed down. Over the next nine weeks, settlers and Urquhart's police tracked the Kalkadoons relentlessly in a war of retaliation, killing many. In September, a Chinese shepherd from H.Hopkins's Granada Station on the Dugald River was speared to death in the foothills of the Argylla Ranges, and it was rumoured he had been eaten by "cannibals". Soon afterwards, an estimated 600 Kalkatungu warriors gathered on a rocky outlook to fend off the parties of well-armed settlers, the local constabulary and native troopers. At one point the attackers under Urquhart tried a flanking movement, which caused the assembled Aborigines to charge straight down on them, only to fall in waves under the withering fire of the muskets, called makini by the Kalkatungu. 200 are said to have died in this battle. Urquhart himself was knocked out, and this broke the back of organised resistance at a tribal level, and it was often touted that the Kalkatungu had been wiped out. The estimated numbers they lost over six years, from 1878 to 1884, in counter-attacking incursions and the exercise of expropriation over their lands, runs to 900.

Memorial
In 1984 on the centenary of the massacre a plaque commemorating the Kalkatungu was unveiled by Charles Perkins and George Thorpe a Kalkatung elder, at the Kajabbi bush pub north of Cloncurry. It reads in part: "This obelisk is in memorial to the Kalkatungu tribes, who during September 1884 fought one of Australia's historic battles of resistance against a para-military force of European settlers and the Queensland native Mounted Police at a place known today as Battle Mountain - 20klms [sic] south west of Kajabbi."

The Kalkadoon have been commemorated in the name of the Kalkadoon grasswren, a bird with a small territorial range confined to the slopes of the Mt Isa region.

title: Kalkatungu


text:
Greek Picnic

The Greek Picnic is an annual week-long event during the month of July in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Originally designed as a reunion celebrating African American college fraternities and sororities, it later gained popularity among a large population that do not attend college due to its various popular social activities. "Sister" events also include the Greek Festival in Hampton, Virginia; The Atlanta Greek Picnic in Atlanta, Georgia; The Charlotte Greek Picnic in Charlotte, North Carolina; the Texas Greek Picnic in Houston, Texas, Nashville Greek Picnic in Nashville, Tennessee, the California Greek Picnic in Los Angeles, California and Bikers Week in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.

History
The Philadelphia Greek Picnic was established in July 1975 at the Belmont Grove in Fairmount Park. The Philadelphia Greek Picnic continues to be the nation's oldest reunion for members of the historic nine African-American fraternities and sororities and people who appreciate and understand college and African American Greek-lettered life.

The Philadelphia Greek Picnic is co-sponsored by the City of Philadelphia, the Office of the Managing Director, the Fairmount Park Commission, the Philadelphia Police Department and the National Pan-Hellenic Council Inc. of Philadelphia. It is managed and coordinated by volunteers of the nine organizations wishing to make the entire week-long experience unforgettable based upon the themes of Scholarship, Fellowship and Respect.

No picnic was planned in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. They resumed the next year.

Popularity
During the early to mid 1990s the picnic grew national notoriety, attracting college students and party-goers from all over the east coast of the United States. The primary festival held in Fairmount Park frequently registered an attendance of 100,000+ people, with another 100,000-200,000 people scattered across the city in support of the events. Also various hip-hop and R&B celebrities can be seen attending the events.

During the week the city receives a large economic boost due to tourism. Hotel and rental-car companies throughout Philadelphia, South Jersey, and Delaware are reserved weeks to months in advance and opportunities for price gouging as the event grows closer are prevalent.

In recent years, the event has grown smaller, quieter and less troublesome to the police as well as attendants due to restructuring by the event organizers.

Events
The usual events during the week of the Greek Picnic are as follows:

 * Day 0 Saturday- Books and Basketball Tournament, Acres of Diamonds
 * Day 1 Sunday- NPHC Worship Service, Cultural Arts Night
 * Day 3 Tuesday- Cultural Arts Night
 * Day 4 Wednesday- Stop the Violence Urban Dance Competition
 * Day 5 Thursday- Comedy Show
 * Day 6 Friday- President's Reception
 * Day 7 Saturday- Stompfest Online's National Stepshow, Fairmount Park Festival
 * Day 8 Sunday- Hair and Fashion Showcase

title: Greek Picnic


text:
User:Edonovan

I don't edit Wikipedia that often anymore, but I occasionally revise articles for proofing, clarity, and sometimes adding information.

title: User:Edonovan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clan AoME

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:48, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Clan AoME
Delete - Non-notable gaming clan. --ChrisRuvolo (t) 04:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - nn CLW 15:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clancruft. Al 19:46, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not Delete - I am willing to do whatever change is required to keep the article. M3taphysical 17:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. clancruft. feydey 22:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn gaming clan, free webhost. Andrew pmk | Talk 00:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Mack Wilberg

Mack J. Wilberg (born February 20, 1955) is an American composer, arranger, conductor, and choral clinician who has been the music director of the Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square (Choir) since 2008.

Early life and education
Wilberg was born in Price and raised in Castle Dale, Utah. Wilberg learned how to play the piano at the age of four. He served as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in South Korea where he was part of New Horizons, a vocal group made up of LDS missionaries.

Wilberg attended Brigham Young University (BYU) after finishing his missionary service, and earned a bachelor of music in piano performance and composition in 1979. He then completed graduate study in choral music at the USC Thornton School of Music, earning both master of music and doctor of musical arts degrees, with a doctoral dissertation researching works written for chorus and piano.

Career
Wilberg began his career at BYU as a professor of music. Wilberg was a professor of music at BYU from 1984 to 1999, where he directed the Men's Chorus and Concert Choir. At BYU, he was a member of the American Piano Quartet, which toured internationally and commissioned many original works, with Wilberg creating many of its arrangements himself.

He was the associate director of the Tabernacle Choir and music director of the Chorale at Temple Square from May 1999 until his appointment as the Choir's director on March 28, 2008. Wilberg is a noted composer and arranger, and his works are published by Oxford University Press, including his major work, Requiem. His arrangements have been performed at the funerals for United States presidents Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush.

Wilberg's numerous choral compositions and arrangements are performed and recorded by choral organizations throughout the world. For many of the works he has written/arranged for the Choir, public performances have involved guests artists invited by the Choir, including Renée Fleming, Frederica von Stade, Bryn Terfel, the King’s Singers, Audra McDonald, David Archuleta, Natalie Cole, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Kristin Chenoweth, Madeleine Albright, Walter Cronkite, and Claire Bloom. In 2006, he was awarded the Brock Commission from the American Choral Directors Association.

Wilberg plans and conducts a weekly performance of Music & the Spoken Word.

Family
Wilberg's father was part owner of the family's coal mine but was killed in a 1964 mining accident, well before the 1984 fire. Wilberg and his wife, Rebecca, are the parents of four children. Rebecca also works with Wilberg as a vocal coach and is a member of the choir school faculty of the Tabernacle Choir.

title: Mack Wilberg


text:
Talk:Peace of Basel

"Basle"
Isn't Basel the more common spelling? Is Basle even correct? -- Jmabel | Talk 04:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Reliable Sources
This commentary comes in reaction to a recent removal of a source: here. I agree with the removal because it was not citing a book or an article's page or a primary source as a matter of fact. The site contains primary sources, and these on themselves could become the necessary RS for whatever is needed in the text. The url, however, is still valid for the External Links section. Please, share your thoughts here. Historiador (talk) 08:16, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

 * The specific webpage linked just doesn't seem to add anything—it's basically an article, without sources, that's not better than ours. If there is an RS at the site, that could be linked. Srnec (talk) 04:13, 9 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peace of Basel


text:
Burning Sensations

Burning Sensations was a short-lived Los Angeles area rock band. The group is best known for its MTV hit "Belly of the Whale", the music for which blends a rather unusual fusion of rock and calypso styles, and for covering the Jonathan Richman song "Pablo Picasso", which was included in both the 1984 film and soundtrack of director Alex Cox's Repo Man.

History
Burning Sensations formed in 1982 and disbanded in 1987. The founder and leader of Burning Sensations, Tim McGovern, was previously a member of The Motels.

Members
Burning Sensations included:
 * Tim McGovern - lead vocals, guitar, synthesizers
 * Rob Rio Hasick - bass, guitar, synthesizer
 * Barry "The Hatchet" Wisdom - Drums
 * Morley Bartnoff - keyboards, backing vocals
 * Jeff Hollie - saxophones, backing vocals
 * Michael Temple - hand-drums-timbales, percussion

Discography

 * Belly of the Whale EP (1982)
 * Burning Sensations LP (1983) – Capitol/EMI Records, produced by Tim McGovern and Dave Jerden
 * "Not Cloudy All Day"
 * "Beat Temptation"
 * "Belly of the Whale"
 * "Maria (You Just Don't Know What You're Dealing With)"
 * "Sea Shanty"
 * "Is This What You Mean?"
 * "Down on the Corner" (Writer: John Fogerty)
 * "I Don't Live Today" (Writer: Jimi Hendrix)
 * "Afrobilly (Live It Up)"
 * "Envy"
 * Burning Sensations Mini LP (1983) – produced by Tim McGovern and Dave Jerden
 * "Belly Of The Whale"
 * "Check Your Mail"
 * "Carnival Of Souls"
 * "Jokenge"
 * Repo Man Soundtrack (1984)

title: Burning Sensations