text:
Ashur-dan I

Aššur-dān I, mAš-šur-dān(kal)an, was the 83rd king of Assyria, reigning for 46 (variant: 36 ) years, c. 1178 to 1133 BC (variant: c. 1168 to 1133 BC ), and the son of Ninurta-apal-Ekur, where one of the three variant copies of the Assyrian King List shows a difference. The Synchronistic King List and a fragmentary copy give his Babylonian contemporaries as Zababa-šum-iddina, c. 1158 BC, and Enlil-nādin-aḫe, c. 1157—1155 BC, the last of the kings of the Kassite dynasty, but it is probable he was contemporary with two more preceding and two following these monarchs, if the length of his reign is correct.

Biography
During the twilight years of the Kassite dynasty, the Synchronistic History records that he seized the cities of Zaban, Irriya, Ugar-sallu and a fourth town name not preserved, plundering them and “taking their vast booty to Assyria.” A fragmentary clay tablet usually assigned to this king lists his military conquests over “[…]yash and the land of Irriya, the land of the Suhu, the kings of the land Shadani, […y]aeni, king of the land Shelini.” Fresh from their conquest of the Babylonians, it seems the Elamite hordes overwhelmed the Assyrian city of Arraphe, which was not recovered until late in Aššur-dān’s reign.

Few inscriptions have been recovered for this king although he is mentioned in two of those of his descendant Tukultī-apil-Ešarra. One of these inscriptions mentions his demolition of the dilapidated temple of An and Adad, originally built by Išme-Dāgan II 641 years earlier. It was not to be reconstructed until 60 years later by Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, who also names him in his genealogy. A dedication for the king appears on a bronze statue votive offering to the Egašankalamma, temple of Ištar in Arbail, offered by Šamši-Bēl, a scribe.

A partial reconstruction of the sequence of limmus, the Assyrian Eponym dating system, has been proposed influenced by a letter which provides the initial sequence of Pišqiya, the official during whose reign his predecessor died, Aššur-dān (the king), Atamar-den-Aššur, Aššur-bel-lite, and Adad-mušabši. A harem edict or palace decree was issued giving the penalties for misdemeanors of maidservants, where the first offence is punishable with a beating thirty times with rods by her mistress. Two sons of Aššur-dān were to contest the throne after his death, Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur ruling for less than a year before being overthrown and forced to flee by his brother Mutakkil-Nusku.

title: Ashur-dan I


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boozeboken

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Note: There was also consensus to delete Doeba, Preben Horhaest and bosseism. Carbonite | Talk 14:21, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Boozeboken
plus Doeba, Preben Horhaest and bosseism (last not yet written but likely to appear!). -- RHaworth 00:19, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Problem: Doesn't at all appear notable. Molotov (talk)  21:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Only one google hit: Molotov (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]] 21:20, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * And that one looks like a false positive. Ilmari Karonen 00:25, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete all three/four. Hoax. -- RHaworth 00:19, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all, unverifiable original research / hoax. Ilmari Karonen 00:22, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all as per nomination. utcursch | talk 07:16, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Verdun Scott

Verdun John Scott (31 July 1916 – 2 August 1980) was a sportsman who represented New Zealand in both Test cricket and rugby league. As of 2022 he is the only player to have done so.

Rugby league career
Scott began playing rugby league in the mid 1930s, favouring league over soccer where he had previously represented "Auckland B". In league Scott quickly made the Auckland rugby league team and in 1939 was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team touring squad to England. He played in one Test match before the start of World War II cut short the tour. He was one of five players who did not play in the two club matches the Kiwis played before the tour was cancelled. On one occasion he played on Carlaw Park for North Shore and after the game was completed raced to Eden Park where he scored 22 runs in the last match of the cricket season.

Second World War
During the Second World War, Scott served in Egypt and Italy. After the war, Scott was part of the North Shore Albions side that won the Auckland Rugby League's Roope Rooster and Stormont Shield in 1945.

Cricket career
A burly and upright right-handed opening batsman with little or no backlift, Scott started his cricketing career by scoring a century on first-class debut for Auckland versus Canterbury in 1937–38. He made his Test debut against Australia in the match arranged after the Second World War in March 1946 and was top scorer in the first innings with 14 out of a total of just 42. New Zealand totalled just 96 runs in the two completed innings.

He was one of the more reliable batsmen on the New Zealand tour of England in 1949, and played in all four Tests. Though his top score in these games was only 60, he and left-handed opening partner Bert Sutcliffe gave the touring team a solid start in three matches, with partnerships of 122, 89 and 121. He later played in home Tests against England and the West Indies, reserving his best Test performance for his last game, when he made 84 out of New Zealand total of 160 in reply to the West Indies 546 for six wickets, a four-hour innings that took up enough time for bad light and rain to come to his side's rescue. In all, he played ten Tests for New Zealand.

Scott played for Auckland from 1937–38 to 1952–53. He was a prolific scorer in Plunket Shield cricket, and in all first-class cricket averaged only just under 50 runs per innings. His highest score was 204 against Otago in 1947–48.

Scott died at Devonport, New Zealand, on 2 August 1980.

title: Verdun Scott


text:
Highway system of São Paulo

The highway system of São Paulo is the largest statewide road transportation system in Brazil, with 34,650 km. It consists of a hugely interconnected network of municipal (11,600 km), state (22,000 km) and federal (1,050 km) roads. More than 90% of the population is within 5 km of a paved road.

It has also the largest number of two-, four- and six-lane highways in Latin America. According to the National Confederation of Transports, it is the best highway grid in the country, with 59.4% classified as excellent.

The term used in Portuguese language for highway is rodovia, and for road is estrada.

Management systems
The responsibility for building, maintaining, expanding, managing and exploiting the state roads fall into the following categories: By the law nº 9.361, of July 5, 1996, the state government implemented a comprehensive program of privatization and public concession of highway infrastructure management and economic exploitation (Programa Estadual de Desestatização - State Program of Desestatization), whereby most of the highways under the tutelage and built by the state began to be managed by private companies. In order to implement the Program, the highway grid was subdivided into 12 sections, with a total of 3,500 km, interconnecting 198 counties with a population of approximately 20 million inhabitants (54% of the state's population).
 * DERSA Desenvolvimento Rodoviário S.A. A state-owned company, responsible for some state-built roads and highways, such as Rodovias Dom Pedro I, Carvalho Pinto, Ayrton Senna, etc. (see below for the names and specific information about highways);
 * DER Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem. A state department belonging to the State Secretary of Transportation;
 * Ministry of Transportation, responsible for the federal highways and roads crossing the state, such as Rodovias Presidente Dutra, Régis Bittencourt, Fernão Dias, etc.;
 * Municipalities, responsible for vicinal roads and roads within counties.
 * State concessions to private companies.

The following 12 companies were contracted under a public bidding system:
 * AutoBAn, (owned by CCR S.A.)
 * Autovias, (EixoSP, owned by Obrascón Huarte Lain)
 * Centrovias, (EixoSP, owned by (Obrascón Huarte Lain)
 * Colinas
 * Ecovias
 * Intervias
 * Renovias
 * SPVias, (owned by CCR S.A.)
 * Tebe, (TEBE S.A.)
 * Triângulo do Sol
 * Viaoeste

Until August 2005, these companies had invested R$ 6 billion (approximately US$ 2,5 billion) and generated a revenue of R$ 2 billion for the state. The concessions led also to the duplication (double laning) of more than 480 km and the construction of 110 new roads. All conceded highways are equipped with fixed emergency phones every 1 km, horizontal and vertical signalling equipment, surveillance cameras, and round-the-clock, free-of-charge mechanical and emergency relief vehicles. which make São Paulo highways the most sophisticated and with the highest safety and service standards of Latin America.

All conceded roads, including those managed by DERSA, are toll roads, in order to pay for the services and investments. Roads managed by the state (DER) are generally not tolled. Toll collection is made in toll gates spaced along the road. Sometimes tolling occur only in one direction of the road, in other cases, in both directions. Toll pricing is set by the State Secretary of Transportation and vary from US$ 1 to US$ 4.

The entire São Paulo system of highways (16 in the total) use a unified non-stop electronic toll collection named "Sem Parar", based on RFID tags glued to the vehicle windshield, which comprises about 34% of the traffic through these roads. The system has 560,000 of these tags installed and generates 11 million of electronic transactions and revenues of ca. R$ 120 million (approximately US$ 52 million) per month.

Naming and numbering system
Within São Paulo, numbering of highways works as follows, starting with letters SP:
 * even numbers - indicates that the highway is radial, that is, connects the state capital to the interior. The number of the highway gives the clockwise angle that it makes with an imaginary line stemming from the state capital and extending northward. Thus SP-270 (Rodovia Raposo Tavares) starts in São Paulo and extends westward (thus a 270-degree clockwise angle with the imaginary north-extending line). Example: Rodovia Anhangüera, SP-330.
 * odd numbers - indicates that the highway connects two or more places away from the capital. The number gives the distance, in km, between the capital and the nearest point of the highway. Thus, SP-425 (Rodovia Assis Chateubriand) connects two cities away from the capital, and its nearest point is distant 425 km from the state capital.

It is customary in Brazil, and particularly in São Paulo, to give also official names to the highways and roads, usually to pay homage to some politician, significant personality, national hero, etc., or to some symbolic or collective concept.

Infrastructure

The main two-lane highways built and maintained by the state of São Paulo are:
 * SP-340.png SP-340: Rodovia Adhemar de Barros
 * SP-150.svg SP-150: Rodovia Anchieta
 * SP-330.svg SP-330: Rodovia Anhangüera
 * SP-322.png SP-322: Rodovia Attilio Balbo
 * SP-070.svg SP-070: Rodovia Ayrton Senna
 * SP-348.svg SP-348: Rodovia dos Bandeirantes
 * SP-326.png SP-326: Rodovia Brigadeiro Faria Lima
 * SP-070.svg SP-070: Rodovia Carvalho Pinto
 * SP-280.svg SP-280: Rodovia Castelo Branco
 * SP-320.png SP-320: Rodovia Euclides da Cunha
 * SP-065.svg SP-065: Rodovia Dom Pedro I
 * SP-160.svg SP-160: Rodovia dos Imigrantes
 * SP-332.png SP-332: Rodovia Professor Zeferino Vaz
 * SP-306.png SP-306: Rodovia Luiz de Queiroz
 * SP-300.png SP-300: Rodovia Marechal Cândido Rondon
 * SP-270.svg SP-270: Rodovia Raposo Tavares
 * SP-075.svg SP-075: Rodovia Santos Dumont
 * SP-310.svg SP-310: Rodovia Washington Luís

Other important double- or single-lane roads in the state are:

 * SP-099.svg SP-099: Rodovia dos Tamoios
 * SP-123.svg SP-123: Rodovia Floriano Rodrigues Pinheiro
 * SP-425.png SP-425: Rodovia Assis Chateaubriand
 * SP-101.svg SP-101: Rodovia Jornalista Francisco Aguirre Proença
 * SP-333.png SP-333 (Assis - State of Paraná): Rodovia Miguel Jubran

Three metropolitan beltways, or ring systems interconnect several highways, encircling the urban core of the cities of São Paulo, Campinas and Ribeirão Preto:
 * SP-021.svg Rodoanel Mário Covas (SP-21): around the city of São Paulo, currently interconnects the Anhangüera, Bandeirantes, Castelo Branco, Raposo Tavares, Régis Bittencourt, Imigrantes, Anchieta, Presidente Dutra and Ayrton Senna highways. Upon its completion, estimated for 2017, it will also interconnect the Fernão Dias highway.
 * SP-083.svg Anel Viário José Magalhães Teixeira (SP-83): around the city of Campinas, it interconnects the Bandeirantes and Dom Pedro I highways, also intersecting with Via Anhangüera.
 * Anel Viário de Ribeirão Preto, around the city of Ribeirão Preto

There are also five federal highways which partially cross the state territory, namely:
 * BR-116.svg Rodovia Presidente Dutra, to Rio de Janeiro
 * BR-381.svg Rodovia Fernão Dias, to Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais
 * BR-116.svg Rodovia Régis Bittencourt, to Curitiba, state of Paraná
 * BR-101 (escudo).svg Rodovia Rio-Santos, between the cities of Santos and Rio de Janeiro
 * BR-153.svg Rodovia Transbrasiliana (BR-153) crossing from the state of Minas Gerais to Paraná

title: Highway system of São Paulo


text:
Talk:Axiom schema of specification

Unrestricted comprehension and paradoxes
Concerning "unrestricted comprehension", PlanetMath's "comprehension axiom" says:

 * In theories which make no distinction between objects and sets (such as ZF), this formulation leads to Russel's paradox, however in stratified theories this is not a problem (for example second order arithmetic includes the axiom of comprehension).

This sounds correct to me (for a stratified theory, I'm thinking primarily of Russell and Whitehead's theory of types), but our article does not include this qualification, saying instead:

 * This axiom schema was tacitly used in the early days of naive set theory, before a strict axiomatisation was adopted. Unfortunately, it leads directly to Russell's paradox by taking P(C) to be (C is not in C). Therefore, no useful axiomatisation of set theory can use unrestricted comprehension, at least not with classical logic.

Can someone more knowledgeable than me reconcile the above, and edit the article appropriately. Paul August ☎ 21:20, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I don't see any contradiction here. NF's comprehension axiom is not unrestricted;it's limited to stratified formulas. It's true that it uses urestricted quantification, but not what I'd call unrestricted comprehension. --Trovatore 21:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, you weren't talking about NF. Hmm. Well, second-order arithmetic isn't a (general) set theory, exactly. I'm really not all that familiar with the system of Principia. --Trovatore 21:30, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Differences between this page and ZFC
The version on the ZFC page is different than the one on this page, and this page doesn't even list the version they have. I changed ZFC's to reflect this page's version, but it was quickly reverted. So I'm wondering if this page's version should instead be changed to the one ZFC has?

 * Nothing wrong with either version. All the ones on the ZFC page should probably pick one version consistently, but that doesn't mean this page should show only that version. Maybe, like axiom of choice, we could show many different versions.

Why are the w1, w2, ..., wn necessary
Let P be a predicate with free variables x, w1, ..., wn. Let's consider what happens for given values of the variables w1, ..., wn. There is a predicate Q(x) that is true exactly when P(x, w1, ..., wn) is true. For the first-order logic formula corresponding to the predicate Q, there is an axiom in the schema. So we don't need all these w1, ..., wn.

So I conclude that either:
 * there is something wrong with my logic
 * all the w* variables are not necessary in the definition of this axiom schema

If the first is true, then I think the article requires some clarification on that. Otherwise I really think we should remove all the w* variables from the definition for simplicity's sake. Martinkunev (talk) 23:30, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I prefer a kind of logic in which formulas with free variables are considered meaningless (ambiguous). Every variable should be quantified (as in what some people call "free logic").
 * In any case, without the w variables there would only be a countable number of definable functions. With them there are an unlimited number of definable functions (if one replaces those variables with constants for elements of the model). JRSpriggs (talk) 05:44, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I think I need to clarify what I mean.
 * $$\forall A \, \exists B \, \forall x \, ( x \in B \Leftrightarrow [ x \in A \land \varphi(x) ] )$$
 * What I'm trying to say is that this is an equivalent formula for an instance of the schema. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Martinkunev (talk • contribs) 23:58, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

 * If you are saying that limiting the schema to instances where the formula $$ \varphi \,$$ has only one free variable, namely x, is equivalent to the full power of the schema currently described in the article, then you are mistaken — it is much weaker. JRSpriggs (talk) 08:10, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Axiom schema of specification


text:
Patrick J. Gallagher

Patrick Joseph Gallagher (born February 23, 1949, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American sports businessman and author. He is the co-author of Big Game Bigger Impact: How the Bay Area Redefined the Super Bowl Experience and the Lessons Learned That Can Apply to Any Business with co-author Stephanie Martin, and was executive vice president of marketing, partnerships and communication for the San Francisco Bay Area Super Bowl 50 Host Committee.

Career
Gallagher attended San Diego State University and Humboldt State University and began his career in marketing with SeaWorld amusement parks. In 1976, while working at Marine World amusement park in Redwood City, California, Gallagher was hired by San Francisco Giants owner Bob Lurie as the team's marketing director. While with the Giants, Gallagher created several notable marketing campaigns such as the Croix De Candlestick (a button given to any fan who braved the elements and remained for an extra inning night game), Crazy Crab, and the Ball Dudes. Gallagher served as senior vice president, business operations and ultimately president, Giants Enterprises.

After leaving the Giants in 2009, Gallagher and partners founded the Alternative Golf Association (also known as "Flogton") with the goal of developing new approaches to the game of golf that are more fun and more accessible for recreational players but can be played on existing courses and within the existing framework of the industry. Gallagher also served as the president of Giants Enterprises, concentrating on bringing non-baseball events to AT&T Park. He is a founder of the Emerald Bowl now called the Kraft Bowl, an NCAA college bowl game played at AT&T Park annually. He is also chairman emeritus of the San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau and board member of the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame.

Gallagher and Martin's book Big Game Bigger Impact was published in May 2017 by Motivational Press. Big Game, Bigger Impact chronicles how the members of the San Francisco Bay Area Super Bowl 50 Host Committee came together with the region to work on what would be the biggest Super Bowl the NFL had ever staged – the milestone Super Bowl 50. The first Super Bowl in the Bay Area in more than 30 years, there was no municipal purse to tap for financial support, nor any roadmap to follow; this group had to develop its own playbook. After the final whistle was blown, Super Bowl 50 was the most giving, most shared and most participatory Big Game to date. In Big Game, Bigger Impact, former Super Bowl 50 Host Committee colleagues Gallagher and Martin provide an insider’s look into lessons learned during the Host Committee’s two-year run-up – lessons that could benefit any business – and how their culture helped to achieve a record-setting Super Bowl, both on and off the field.

title: Patrick J. Gallagher


text:
User talk:Dd007~enwiki

Greetings! I reverted your addition to the list of notable martial arts for two reasons. The first one is that the art you added isn't very well known. The second reason is that the things you said about it were positive assertions that violate Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. They may very well be true, but we can't assert them as such. Please also see what Wikipedia is not. The following links may also be helpful:

 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope this helps explain my reversion a bit. Regards, --Fire Star 21:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

RE:

Thanks for your initiation of discussion! Style may not be known to many people, but since, Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia, I believe, more the merrier. If I want to say biased, whom sould we call bias? it's very relative term sir. I can be called bised, and anyone posting any artical can be called biased as well. btw, I would like to know what assertions are you referring to here. I would really welcome edits and suggestions for my articles.

Thanks.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dd007. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dd007~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:23, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:00, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dd007~enwiki


text: Category:Religion in Uzbekistan

title: Category:Religion in Uzbekistan


text:
Francis Phoebus

Francis Phoebus (Frantzisko Febus, François Fébus, Francés Fèbus, Francisco Febo; 4 December 1467 – 7 January 1483) was King of Navarre (1479–1483), Viscount of Bearn, and Count of Foix (1472). He was the son of Gaston, Prince of Viana, and grandson of Queen Eleanor, whom he succeeded. She recommended him to ally with France.

His succession was approved by the Agramont party, while the Beaumont party fell behind Ferdinand the Catholic who started to build up political and military pressure on the Kingdom of Navarre in the run-up to the fully-fledged invasion of 1512.

During his brief reign, he was under the protection of his mother, the regent Magdalena of Valois. He died young while playing the pipe, arguably poisoned. He was buried in Lescar.

title: Francis Phoebus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Norbu

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Carbonite | Talk 14:22, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Norbu
Problem: Foreign dic def. Molotov (talk)  21:22, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Friday (talk) 23:46, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * gee even you agree. Molotov (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]] 04:43, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination. utcursch | talk 07:16, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Solution: delete as per nom. MCB 23:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Norbu


text: User talk:82.168.113.240

title: User talk:82.168.113.240


text:
Ninurta-apal-Ekur

Ninurta-apal-Ekur, inscribed mdMAŠ-A-é-kur, meaning “Ninurta is the heir of the Ekur,” was a king of Assyria in the early 12th century BC who usurped the throne and styled himself king of the universe and priest of the gods Enlil and Ninurta. His reign overlaps the reigns of his Babylonian contemporaries Adad-šuma-uṣur and Meli-Šipak.

Biography
There is some dispute as to how long he reigned, based on discrepancies among various copies of the Assyrian King List. The Nassouhi King List, sometimes considered to be older than the other versions of the King List we have, gives him 13 years of reign, but the other king lists give him only three. More recent scholarship has tended to support the longer reign, in which case he reigned from 1192 to 1180 BC (alternately, he reigned from 1182 to 1180 BC).

There are up to eleven possible limmu officials named for his regnal years and a recent publication proposes the following sequence:

 * Salmanu-zera-iqiša
 * Liptanu
 * Salmanu-šumu-lešir
 * Erib-Aššur
 * Marduk-aḫa-eriš
 * Pišqiya
 * Aššur-dan I
 * Atamar-den-Aššur
 * Aššur-bel-lite
 * Adad-mušabši

As the seventh in the sequence is Ninurta-apal-Ekur's son and successor, Aššur-dan I, and the king was thought to occupy the limmu position in the first year of his ascendancy, it is suggested that the succession took place here.

His provenance
His father was Ilī-padâ, who had followed his father, Aššur-iddin, and grandfather, Qibi-Aššur, as grand vizier, or sukkallu rabi’u, of Assyria and king of the dependant state of Ḫanigalbat. Qibi-Aššur may be one of three officials who are attested as limmu’s, the sons of Šamaš-aḫa-iddina, Ṣilli-Marduk, Ibašši-ili, respectively and it is this latter one, whose limmu year directly follows that of Tukulti-Ninurta I, that has led some to speculate that Ninurta-apal-Ekur was a descendant of Adad-nirari I, a genealogy that is unlikely as he claims descent only from Eriba-Adad I in his inscriptions. The earlier two have their limmu years during the reign of Shalmaneser I which better fits the chronology.

His ascendancy
The preceding Assyrian king, Enlil-kudurri-usur, a son of the earlier powerful king Tukulti-Ninurta I, was vanquished in battle against the Kassite monarch, Adad-šuma-uṣur, a defeat so ignoble that the Assyrian officers “seized [Enlil-kudu]r-usur their lord and gave (him) to Adad-šuma-uṣur.” Perhaps to secure their passage, the Assyrians also handed over renegade Babylonians who had fled to the Assyrian side.

While these events were unfolding, “Ninurta-apal-Ekur went home. He mustered his numerous troops and marched to conquer Libbi-ali (the city of Aššur).” The Kings List tells us that he “came up from Karduniaš, seized the throne,” although it can only be speculated what he was doing in Karduniaš (Babylonia). The Synchronistic Chronicle continues “But [...] arrived unexpectedly, so he turned and went home” which suggests that the succession was not smooth.

Ninurta-apil-Ekur is said to have "guarded all the people of Assyria, with wings like an eagle spread out over his country. He was the recipient of gifts from Meli-Šipak, who sent teams of horses and rugs, as a recently discovered text records, unearthed during excavations at Assur.

Palace decrees
He issued one of the nine palace decrees (riksu) relating to conduct of the court and the oppressive discipline of the royal harem (known as harem edicts or Middle Assyrian palace decrees), suggestive of insecurity in the succession, although he need not have worried as his descendants would continue to rule Assyria until at least the eighth century BC. The first relates to the conduct of a eunuch approaching the harem and that of the concubines. The second threatens the harem women with having their throats cut, if when quarreling they should blaspheme against a god. The third punished men guilty of lèse majesté and the remaining are too fragmentary to be certain of their contents, but regulate curses against, for example, the royal furniture, i.e. bed and stool. Minor infractions were dealt with severely, with the guilty woman having her nose pierced and being beaten with rods.

A text records his gift of jewellery to his daughter Muballita[ṭ-...], the great high priestess.

title: Ninurta-apal-Ekur


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dog Thesis Foundation

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  06:58, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Dog Thesis Foundation
Non-notable and not verifiable. Delete.--Isotope23 21:23, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Molotov (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]] 21:27, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is yet another vanity article related to Ostensible.  Friday (talk) 22:05, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom and Friday  Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   22:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Friday.--Sean Jelly Baby? 23:10, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination. utcursch | talk 07:16, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom and Friday. --Dvyost 17:44, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart

Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (MGG; "Music in the Past and Present") is a German music encyclopedia. It is among the world's most comprehensive encyclopedias of music history and musicology, on account of its scope, content, wealth of research areas, and reference to related subjects. It has appeared in two self-contained printed editions and a continuously updated and expanding digital edition, titled MGG Online.

Created by Karl Vötterle, the founder of Bärenreiter-Verlag, and Friedrich Blume, professor of musicology at Kiel University, the first edition was published by Bärenreiter-Verlag in Kassel from 1949 through 1986, comprising a total of 17 volumes (MGG1; numbered in columns) and reprinted in paperback in 1989. As early as 1989, its new editor Ludwig Finscher began planning a second, revised edition with 29 volumes, which were published from 1994 through 2008 in cooperation with the publisher J.B. Metzler (MGG2; with a topical part in 9 volumes and a persons part in 17 volumes, a supplement and two index volumes, all numbered in columns). As the result of a collaboration between the above publishers and Répertoire International de Littérature Musicale (RILM) in New York, MGG entered the digital world as MGG Online, with Laurenz Lütteken as its editor-in-chief.

Genesis and Scope
Karl Vötterle began planning MGG with the creation of "a comprehensive keyword index" in 1942, which was completed in the following year. He had intended Friedrich Blume to be the editor. This material, which was saved from a fire at Kiel University in July 1944, was further developed at the musicological institute of the University of Kiel. But it was not until 1948 that the project became more concrete: Taking into account the given economic circumstances, the initial plans involved the publication of 112-page booklets every few months, the first of which came out in 1949. However, this system was soon abandoned, as the initial booklets were consolidated into the first bound volume in 1951, followed by the second volume in 1952. Friedrich Blume's work was supported by an editorial board, which in the early days included acclaimed musicologists Anna Amalie Abert and Hans Albrecht. In 1957–58, Wilifried Brennecke (as head of the editorial board) and Hans Haase joined. Friedrich Blume's daughter Ruth took over in 1964, after Brennecke took a position at the Westdeutscher Rundfunk in Cologne.

The original goal of the encyclopedia was "to reassure oneself (also) of the musical culture in an environment that was increasingly shaped by war and destruction." In doing so, Blume argued, one should not shy away from accepting the "contradictions and problems [...]" as well as "ruptures [...] and continuities" as a consequence of postwar mentalities and thereby also dare to start anew. In the preface to MGG1, Blume emphasized the large number of "music researchers from all countries". The relatively long gestation and publication span can be explained by the extensive content of the encyclopedia and associated labor.

The model for MGG, clearly recognizable from the title, was the encyclopedia Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG, Religion past and present), even though Friedrich Blume did not mention it in the foreword to the first bound volume of 1951. The title Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Music past and present) reveals the claim and scope of the new encyclopedia. It avoided all combinations or derivations of the term "music" and thus emphasized its entire spectrum. The formulation "past and present" used by RGG became integrated into MGG's title, with the addition of "encyclopedia" as a subtitle to distinguish it from purely lexical undertakings." Paul Henry Lang later described the aim of MGG as the amalgamation of knowledge that itself produces knowledge, as "breaking the horizon".

First edition: MGG1
As Friedrich Blume writes in the preface to the first volume of MGG1, the large scope of MGG1 was anticipated, and the selection of subject headings deliberately generous: In addition to common topics and personal names, numerous new keywords were chosen that had not been included in previous reference works. These encompassed genres, cities, countries, theorists, areas of chant and medieval research, as well as lesser-known figures from the Middle Ages and the early modern period through to folk music. Keywords from related disciplines such as philosophy, acoustics, theology, and literature were also integrated. Information and the state of research in relation to well-known figures was brought up to date, in many cases pioneering work on sources. Given its long publication span, MGG decided to publish two supplemental volumes (the second of which appeared after Blume's death) and an index volume for which Elisabeth and Harald Heckmann were responsible.

Not only was the selection of article topics of particular importance, the hierarchy of the individual entries as reflected in the scope and layout of the articles was significant as well. The articles were supplemented by an unusually rich amount of illustrations, with the first 14 volumes alone containing 7100 images.

This risky project could only be undertaken because of the large number of subscribers it attracted right from the start. After the publication was completed, an unaltered paperback reprint was published in 1989, a collaboration between Bärenreiter-Verlag and dtv Verlagsgesellschaft, which was available for purchase without a subscription.

MGG1 was a product of the postwar period, with the first volume appearing before the re-establishment of regulated statehood. In addition to the factual and logistical achievement and challenges, the project was characterized by continuities from the prewar and Nazi eras (palpable in the embellished autobiographies of musicologists such as that of Wolfgang Boetticher from 1952), but also by emphatic and new global approaches (notable, for example, in the evident determination to include émigrés, spectacularly so in Hanoch Avenary's 1958 monumental 60-column article on Jewish music).

Given the initial circumstances, a certain focus on Europe was unavoidable. Nevertheless, from the very beginning Blume aimed for an international and even global outlook, evident from the third volume onward and aided by gradually stabilizing communication channels.

Second edition: MGG2
With the sixth edition of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians in 1980, the content of MGG1, which was completed in 1968, did not become obsolete, but rather clarified the "need for a new version". The decision to have MGG published as a new edition also meant leaving the war and post-war period behind. Furthermore, it had become obvious that "the extraordinary differentiation and specialization of the subject in the [previous] decades [...] had generated an urge for a renewed [...] overview". Accordingly, the decision was made to publish a second edition of MGG in the early 1980s, a collaboration between the publishers Bärenreiter and Metzler, who had merged to form their own civil-law partnership (Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts, GbR). Its editor-in-chief was Ludwig Finscher, with Andreas Jaschinski as the editorial director. In addition, Ruth Blume was initially involved in MGG2’s conceptualization. Ilka Sührig succeeded Andreas Jaschinski after his unexpected death in 2005. The editors and editorial staff were supported by subject- and geography-specific advisory boards, each of which concentrated on one or more areas.

The most important outward change in the second edition was the division into a topical and a persons part. In addition, MGG1's concept was completely reimagined: The proportion of comprehensive, encyclopedic articles increased significantly, and the diversification of subjects was reflected in the expansions in the fields of music anthropology, popular music, dance research—and especially music ethnology, for which completely new and extremely comprehensive topical articles were written. However, conceptual changes were also reflected in traditional subjects; articles on musical epochs were no longer merely dealt with as such, but transmuted into "representations that make the traditional handling of epoch concepts themselves the subject of reflection". In addition, historical changes of the past 30 years had to be taken into account in the revision of articles.

For the persons part, articles that had already been included in MGG1 were shortened, expanded, or even deleted, and new personal subject headings were added. The 20th century was of particular importance, not least because of the open address of political entanglements and even perpetration that was now being sought. The new second edition does not replace the first, but may be viewed as a further development and its extension—especially because many of the older and newly replaced articles (e.g., in the case of epochs) are of great historical relevance in relation to the development of the discipline.

Overall, the topical part of MGG2 contains over 1300 subject headings on countries, regions, cities, sources, institutions, genres, instruments, music iconography, and the interrelationships between music and other arts. The persons part includes over 18,000 keywords on composers, singers, performers, poets, music theorists, publishers, ensembles, instrument makers, librettists, philosophers, musicologists, and stage directors. The supplement primarily addresses new developments in music history and musicology, including articles on gender studies, new simplicity, sound art, and world music.

Over 3500 authors from over 55 countries have contributed to the articles.

While MGG1 featured a table of contents and a list of the authors involved, which were appended to each volume (including photo credits), the commitment of the publisher's extensive network of advisors remained veiled. In MGG2, on the other hand, the scholarly advisory board is listed at the beginning of each volume. By the publication of the last regular volume, the editor Ludwig Finscher and the publishing house Bärenreiter had gone separate ways, which is why the supplemental volume was published by the editorial board, with Ilka Sührig as editorial director. The completion of MGG2 was celebrated in 2007 during the 18th Congress of the International Musicological Society at the aula of Zurich University. It also attracted a great deal of attention outside the boundaries of music studies, as was evident from a series of extremely positive reviews.

MGG Online
As early as 2000, "first thoughts about an online version" arose. The publishers sought a partner experienced in digital musicology and eventually entered a partnership with RILM (Répertoire International de Littérature Musicale). As with MGG1 and MGG2, the editorial board of MGG Online is based at Bärenreiter-Verlag in Kassel, while software development, sales, and marketing are managed by RILM in New York City. In addition to the editor-in-chief Laurenz Lütteken, the editorial director Ilka Sührig, and the editorial staff, there is an editorial advisory board and a scholarly advisory board. Similar to MGG2, the scholarly advisory board covers centuries, countries, and various specialized fields such as gender research, jazz, performers, and dance.

Preparatory work for the new edition began in 2013, and MGG Online (www.mgg-online.com) was officially launched at the joint annual conference of the American Musicological Society and Society for Music Theory in Vancouver in November 2016. MGG Online is based on the keyword inventory of MGG2, and featured a large number of updated articles and data already at its launch.

MGG Online is not simply a digital version of the MGG2, but rather a new digital encyclopedia based on MGG2. Institutions and individuals can subscribe to MGG Online on an annual basis. The site offers a wealth of different research and archiving options, along with dynamic features such as selected articles of the month, articles of the day, and a timeline feature. News posts and an email newsletter for subscribers provide additional information. The user interface is not only available in German, but also in English. Moreover, the content can be translated into over 100 languages using the integrated Google translation program. Several versions of articles (MGG2 version, updated, and/or new version(s)) are accessible throughout the encyclopedia.

MGG Online is a living product that is constantly changing, renewing, and expanding. In annual update cycles, new articles are added (new entries), existing articles are rewritten (newly written), or fundamentally revised (major update). In addition, there are a large number of smaller changes (minor revisions), which are primarily visible in the continuous updating of life data on the site's landing page. New entries and newly written articles reflect the developments in the discipline, notable, for instance, in the considerable expansion of articles on popular music and contemporary performers, as well as in the complete reorientation of entries on cities and countries. The expansion of the repertoire of subject headings is the result of long-term planning in collaboration with the members of the advisory board.

MGG Online is characterized by adapting the strict editing principles of a scholarly encyclopedia to the digital medium. It is about ensuring "the controlled, comprehensible, and authorized generation of musical knowledge with clear responsibilities and clear demarcations". This includes:

 * “individual authorship with clearly assigned responsibilities”
 * “very clear and sophisticated mechanisms of control, testing, and regulation by a multitude of supervisory bodies (editorial staff, editors, advisory boards, publishers)”
 * “ordering hierarchies of knowledge and the knowable”
 * “clearly contoured contexts, combined with manageable, or at least comprehensible limits in quantity and standards in quality"

A wealth of mechanisms is intended to ensure compliance with these editing principles. There is also the possibility of direct error messages sent by users.

The collaboration with RILM was an important step in the creation of MGG Online. RILM specializes in converting textual data, building platforms, and managing databanks. In MGG Online, person-specific data is linked to RILM's authority data as well as that of various libraries. The collaboration with RILM also enables a synergy effect in relation to bibliographic research.

title: Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart


text:
Fraser Stoddart

Sir James Fraser Stoddart (born 24 May 1942 ) is a British-American chemist who is Chair Professor in Chemistry at the University of Hong Kong. He has also been Board of Trustees Professor of Chemistry and head of the Stoddart Mechanostereochemistry Group in the Department of Chemistry at Northwestern University in the United States. He works in the area of supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology. Stoddart has developed highly efficient syntheses of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures such as molecular Borromean rings, catenanes and rotaxanes utilising molecular recognition and molecular self-assembly processes. He has demonstrated that these topologies can be employed as molecular switches. His group has even applied these structures in the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). His efforts have been recognized by numerous awards, including the 2007 King Faisal International Prize in Science. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Ben Feringa and Jean-Pierre Sauvage in 2016 for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.

Education and early life
Fraser Stoddart was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 24 May 1942, the only child of Tom and Jean Stoddart. He was brought up as a tenant farmer on Edgelaw Farm, a small community consisting of three families. Sir Fraser professes a passion for jigsaw puzzles and construction toys in his formative years, which he believes was the basis for his interest in molecular construction. Fraser Stoddart was a shy and serene boy and young man.

He received early schooling at the local village school in Carrington, Midlothian, before going on to Melville College in Edinburgh. He started at the University of Edinburgh in 1960 where he initially studied chemistry, physics and mathematics He was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry in 1964 followed by a Doctor of Philosophy in 1966 for research on natural gums in Acacias supervised by Sir Edmund Langley Hirst and D M W Anderson from the University of Edinburgh.

Career
In 1967, he went to Queen's University (Canada) as a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow. In 1970 he moved to the University of Sheffield as an Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Research Fellow, before joining the academic staff as a lecturer in chemistry. In early 1978 he was a Science Research Council Senior Visiting Fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Later in 1978, he was transferred to the ICI Corporate Laboratory in Runcorn, England where he first started investigating the mechanically interlocked molecules that would eventually become molecular machines. At the end of the three year secondment he returned to Sheffield where he was promoted to a Readership in 1982.

He was awarded a Doctor of Science degree from the University of Edinburgh in 1980 for his research into stereochemistry beyond the molecule. In 1990, he moved to the Chair of Organic Chemistry at the University of Birmingham and was Head of the School of Chemistry there (1993–97) before moving to UCLA as the Saul Winstein Professor of Chemistry in 1997, succeeding Nobel laureate Donald Cram.

In July 2002, he became the Acting Co-Director of the California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI). In May 2003, he became the Fred Kavli Chair of NanoSystems Sciences and served from then through August 2007 as the Director of the CNSI.

In 2008, he established the Mechanostereochemistry Group and was named Board of Trustees Professor in Chemistry at Northwestern University. He went on to be the Director of the Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems (CCIS) at Northwestern University in 2010.

In 2017, Stoddart was appointed a part-time position at the University of New South Wales to establish his New Chemistry initiative at the UNSW School of Chemistry.

In 2019, Stoddart introduced a skincare brand called Noble Panacea.

In 2021, he co-founded a startup called H2MOF, dedicated to solving the challenges associated with hydrogen storage and transportation.

In 2023, he joined the University of Hong Kong as Chair Professor of Chemistry.

During 35 years, nearly 300 PhD students and postdoctoral researchers have been trained in his laboratories.

Research
Stoddart is one of only a few chemists of the past quarter century to pioneer a new field in organic chemistry. By establishing a new field where the main feature is mechanical bonds he has paved the way for molecular recognition, self-assembly processes for template-directed mechanically interlocked syntheses, molecular switches, and motor-molecules. These advances have formed the basis of the fields of nanoelectronic devices, nanoelectromechanical systems, and molecular machines.

One of his major contributions to the development of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures such as rotaxanes and catenanes has been the establishment of efficient synthetic protocols based on the binding of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) with electron-rich aromatic guests. His group reported the synthesis of an advanced mechanically interlocked molecular architecture called molecular Borromean rings through the use of dynamic covalent chemistry. The efficient procedures developed to synthesize these molecular architectures has been applied to the construction of molecular switches that operate based on the movement of the various components with respect to one another. These interlocked molecules have potential uses as molecular sensors, actuators, amplifiers, and molecular switches, and can be controlled chemically, electrically, and optically.

"His work bridges the gap between chemistry and the scientific and engineering challenges of nanoelectromechanical systems.'"

Stoddart has pioneered the use of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures to create nanomechanical systems. He has demonstrated that such devices can be fabricated using a combination of the bottom-up approach of molecular self-assembly and a top-down approach of lithography and microfabrication.

"The credit for making molecular machines attractive to chemists goes to Fraser Stoddart, ... He had the vision to realise that these architectures gave you the possibility of large amplitude-controlled motions, and that that could be the basis of molecular machines. David Leigh"

Presentation style
Stoddart's papers and other material are instantly recognizable due to a distinctive "cartoon"-style of representation he has developed since the late 1980s. A solid circle is often placed in the middle of the aromatic rings of the molecular structures he has reported, and different colours to highlight different parts of the molecules. The different colours usually correspond to the different parts of a cartoon representation of the molecule, but are also used to represent specific molecular properties (blue, for example, is used to represent electron-poor recognition units while red is used to represent the corresponding electron-rich recognition units). The distinctive colouring has led to coining the term 'little blue box' for cyclophane, an important π-acceptor used to synthesize mechanically bonded structures. Stoddart maintains this standardized colour scheme across all of his publications and presentations, and his style has been adopted by other researchers reporting mechanically interlocked molecules based on his syntheses.

ISI ratings
Stoddart has an h-index of 175. As of 2016 he had published more than 1000 publications and holds at least ten patents. For the period from January 1997 to 31 August 2007, he was ranked by the Institute for Scientific Information as the third most cited chemist with a total of 14,038 citations from 304 papers at a frequency of 46.2 citations per paper.

The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) predicted that Fraser Stoddart was a likely laureate of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with George M. Whitesides and Seiji Shinkai for their contributions to molecular self-assembly. However, the Prize eventually went to Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon.

Awards and honors
Stoddart was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the New Year's Honours December 2006, by Queen Elizabeth II for Services to Chemistry and Molecular Nanotechnology.

In 2007, he received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in recognition for his outstanding and pioneering work in molecular recognition and self-assembly, and the introduction of quick and efficient template-directed synthetic routes to mechanically interlocked molecular compounds, which have changed the way chemists think about molecular switches and machines.

In 2016, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Ben Feringa and Jean-Pierre Sauvage for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.

Memberships

 * 2014 Membership, National Academy of Sciences, US
 * 2012 Fellowship, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, US
 * 2011 Honorary Fellowship, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK
 * 2008 Honorary Fellowship, Royal Society of Edinburgh, UK
 * 2006 Appointed Knight Bachelor by HM Queen Elizabeth II, UK
 * 2006 Foreign membership, Science Division of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 2005 Fellowship, American Association for the Advancement of Science, US
 * 1999 Fellowship, Academy of Natural Sciences (Leopoldina), Germany
 * 1994 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, UK

Other awards and honours

 * 2018 Fray International Sustainability Award
 * 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * 2016 Haworth Memorial Lectureship, Royal Society of Chemistry
 * 2014 Centenary Prize Winner, Royal Society of Chemistry
 * 2012 Distinguished Citizen Award, Illinois Saint Andrew Society, Chicago, US
 * 2010 Royal Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh presented by Duke of Edinburgh
 * 2008 Davy Medal of the Royal Society of London
 * 2008 American Chemical Society Arthur C. Cope Award
 * 2007 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology (Experimental)
 * 2007 Albert Einstein World Award of Science
 * 2007 Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry
 * 2007 King Faisal International Prize in Science
 * 2007 Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber) Medal (Saudi Chemical Society)
 * 2005 University of Edinburgh Alumnus of the Year 2005 Award
 * 2004 Nagoya Gold Medal in Organic Chemistry
 * 1999 American Chemical Society Arthur C Cope Scholar Award
 * 1993 International Izatt-Christensen Award in Macrocyclic Chemistry

Personal life
Stoddart is an American and British citizen. Stoddart was married to Norma Agnes Scholan from 1968  until her death in 2004 from cancer. Norma Stoddart obtained a PhD in biochemistry and helped support the research efforts of her husband at the Universities of Sheffield, Birmingham, and California, Los Angeles. Stoddart has two daughters; Fiona and Alison.

Philanthropy
The Fraser and Norma Stoddart Prize for PhD students has been established at their alma mater, the University of Edinburgh. It was given for the first time in 2013.

title: Fraser Stoddart


text: Category:Forts in Puerto Rico

title: Category:Forts in Puerto Rico


text:
User:Jdwhite

Interests

 * Music
 * Modern Popular Music
 * Music of the 1960s and 1970s
 * Classical Music
 * Art
 * Impresionism
 * Expressionism
 * Photography
 * Digital Image Processing
 * Literature
 * Poetry
 * Children's Fiction
 * Scientific non-fiction
 * Comedy
 * British Television Comedy
 * Script-writing
 * Cookery
 * Web Design
 * Science
 * Magnetics
 * Astronomy
 * Engineering
 * Mechanical Systems
 * Electronic Engineering
 * Digital Circuits
 * Software Design

title: User:Jdwhite


text:
British Rail Class 318

The British Rail Class 318 is an electric multiple unit (EMU) passenger train which operates in west central Scotland. The units were introduced on 29 September 1986 as part of the electrification of the Ayrshire Coast Line between Glasgow Central and Ayr/Ardrossan with alternating current (AC) overhead lines. Their use was extended to Largs in January 1987. They were also used on the Inverclyde Line in small numbers. The trains currently operate Argyle Line (including services to Lanark from Glasgow Central High Level), Cathcart Circle Line, North Clyde Line, Whifflet Line, Paisley Canal Line and Inverclyde Line services. Following the withdrawal of the fleet in 2019, these units are the oldest working EMUs in Scotland, having been in revenue-earning service for more than 37 years.

Background and history
Effectively a 3-car version of the Class 317, 21 of these British Rail Mark 3-based units were built by BREL York works between 1985–1986 to replace the elderly Class 101, Class 107, Class 120 and Class 126 diesel multiple units (DMUs) which had worked the Glasgow South Western sector for nearly 30 years. The technical description of the units are DTSO+MSO+DTSO, consisting of a central motor car (with a roof mounted Stone Faiveley AMBR pantograph and four traction motors located under the floor within both bogies (two motors per bogie)) with a driving trailer at either end. The units run on the standard 25 kV AC overhead line system, and are standard-class throughout.

The units have a maximum speed of 90 mph and up to four sets can be worked in multiple to form a 12-car set, although platforms are capable only of handling 8-car trains. The 318 can also operate in multiple with the slightly newer Class 320 in a six-car formation, regularly used on the North Clyde and Argyle Lines. Upon the introduction of the Class 334s on Ayrshire/Inverclyde routes in 2001, both the 334 and 318 were found operating the North Clyde and Argyle Lines together.

There were two named units: 318259 Citizens' Network and 318266 Strathclyder. Both were denamed during the 2013-2017 refurbishment.

Accidents and incidents

 * In July 1995, units 318254 and 318262 were operating a Glasgow Central to Largs service when a braking system failure resulted in the train overshooting the end of the platform at Largs railway station. The train crashed through shops at the front of the station, and out into Main Street, Largs. As it was very early in the morning, there were no serious injuries. The cab of vehicle 77244 (from set 318254) needed to be completely rebuilt, but 318262 managed to move by rail back to Shields depot. The reconstruction of the station building took almost ten years to complete.
 * On 3 September 2007 The last carriage of unit 318254 was derailed at low speed as it passed over facing points between Exhibition Centre and Anderston stations, Glasgow. The carriage tilted over and came to rest at an angle of approximately 75 degrees against the tunnel wall.
 * On 16 January 2008, unit 318267 was involved in a minor collision at Glasgow Central station. Class 334 unit 334017 was working the 08:24 passenger service from Gourock when it collided with the empty, stationary 318 while preparing to terminate at Glasgow Central. The 334 was in the process of braking and was travelling at less than 4 mph when the collision occurred. Four passengers were slightly injured, of whom one required hospital attention.
 * On 7 May 2022, a Class 320 (320309) and a Class 318 (318262) derailed between Blairhill and Coatbridge Sunnyside. The train was an empty coaching stock running from Yoker C.S to Shields TMD and was going via the North Clyde due to the Argyle line being closed. Nobody was injured.

2005-2007
Between 2005 and 2007, all Class 318s underwent a refurbishment by Hunslet-Barclay which involved the removal of the corridor connection on the driving cars allowing the provision of a full-width driver's cab. The passenger accommodation was also improved, with new passenger door controls, a repainted interior, new seat moquette and flooring, and new grab handles. New lighting was also fitted, with similar shades to the Class 320 units along with LED lights for cab indicators and marker lights. New passenger information systems, similar to those seen on other trains, were installed.

In September 2008 the Scottish Government's agency Transport Scotland announced that all ScotRail trains (including from the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport) would eventually be repainted in a new blue livery with white Saltire markings on the carriage ends. Since the units had recently been refurbished and repainted, they would be the last in the EMU fleet to be repainted in Saltire livery. In the interim, all units had their "SPT Rail" naming removed, leaving them with an unbranded SPT livery.

2013-2017
The Class 318 units received a second refurbishment between October 2013 and October 2017.

The work included:
 * Repainting into ScotRail saltire livery.
 * An internal refurbishment that included an internal repaint, new floor vinyl and new blue 'saltire' seat coverings.
 * Fluorescent lights replaced with LED lighting.
 * New floor-level lighting in the door vestibules.
 * Small toilet replaced with a large accessible toilet, as recently fitted to the Class 320 fleet.
 * Corrosion repairs to bodywork (as the units generally operated on Ayrshire coast services initially, they were frequently exposed to sea water during inclement weather).

The refurbishment programme of the Class 318 fleet was completed in October 2017.

2021-2023
The Class 318 units received a third refurbishment between December 2021 and September 2023.

This work included:
 * Repaint
 * Overhaul of coupling equipment
 * Door system
 * Heating system
 * Other critical safety work

Vehicle numbering
Individual vehicles are numbered in the ranges as follows:

title: British Rail Class 318


text: User talk:83.26.126.149

title: User talk:83.26.126.149


text: Category:Politics of Uzbekistan

title: Category:Politics of Uzbekistan


text:
The Why Why Family

The Why Why Family (Les Kikekoi, also known as Saban's The Why Why Family) is an animated children's television series, which originally aired from late 1996 to 1997. It was produced by Saban International Paris and Saban Entertainment. The show was broadcast internationally on Fox Kids (starting with Fox Kids Netherlands and Fox Kids UK feeds later expanded airs on other feeds), while in the United States it aired in first-run syndication. Character designs and comedy elements emulate vintage cartoons.

Synopsis

 * Every episode begins with Victor (off-screen) summarizing what his family members will teach him in the episode.
 * Each episode is divided into 5 segments. In each segment, Victor asks a family member a popular scientific question, following an extensive answer by said family member/s with a particular expertise in the field of science involved in the question. Each of these segments has its short intro and The End sketches for the specific characters. Each sketch is titled <(character name/s) in (topic)>.
 * Before the end credits in each episode, Max asks Victor "Well Victor, what did you learn today?" to which he begins with "Tons of neat stuff", summarizing again what his family members taught him. Max answers, "Sounds like a real big day." and Victor concludes, "It was, but I still have plenty of questions left for next time."

Characters

 * Victor
 * A baby and the main protagonist of the series. All times he has questions (though these are smarter ones) to explain his family members like any other kid. He has blonde hair, and usually only wears a light blue diaper.
 * Max — Technology and electronics
 * The intelligent father of Victor and a stereotypical mechanic/handyman. He is Vanilla's husband, Eartha and Matik's son and Micro and Scopo's brother. He seems to be the closest to Victor compared to the others. Resembles his mother Eartha and is rarely seen without his cap.
 * Vanilla and birds Kwik and Kwak — Botany and zoology
 * Vanilla is Max's wife, Eartha and Matik's daughter-in-law, Micro and Scopo's sister-in-law, and Victor's mother who he resembles. Kwik and Kwak are running gags of their episodes and normally argue.
 * Eartha (as her name suggests) and Basalt the dinosaur — Geography, geology and meteorology
 * Matik's wife, Max, Micro and Scopo's mother, Vanilla's mother-in-law, and Victor's grandmother who also cooks for their family. Basalt is a green dinosaur with orange spots & can be greedy. He can transform into any mode of transport & time travel.
 * Micro and Scopo — Biology of the human body
 * Victor's uncles and Max's brothers who are running gags. Micro is stubby and wears a white cowboy hat (is sometimes seen without it), does most of the statements in their episodes. Scopo is the larger and dumber of the brothers, being the test subject yet expresses his own knowledge at times. They both have what look like masks and 'dog ears' like their father, Matik.
 * Matik and dog Zygo — Astronomy and the Universe
 * Victor's grandfather, Max, Micro and Scopo's father, and Eartha's husband who has 'dog ears' and is rarely seen without his pilot hat. Zygo sounds like Daffy Duck from Looney Tunes and has webbed limbs.

Broadcast history
The exact airdates of the 26 episodes are unknown; with some having a 1996 copyright date in the credits and others having a 1997 copyright date. In the United States, the series aired as part of a syndicated strand of Saban programmes called the "Saban Kids Network". The block included other, more action-oriented programmes such as Eagle Riders, Samurai Pizza Cats, season 1 of Dragon Ball Z and season 2 of Masked Rider. With the series airing on the block per the guidelines of the Federal Communications Commission, it marked Saban's first entry into the educational television market. The show was cancelled by Saban due to low ratings.

Ownership of the series passed to Disney in 2001 when Disney acquired Fox Kids Worldwide, which also includes Saban Entertainment. In the 2000s, it later ran as part of Disney's Jetix block.

Voice cast

 * Sammy Lane
 * Heidi Lenhart
 * Mendi Segal
 * Stanley Gurd Jr. as Max
 * Derek Patrick as Matic
 * Genghis Studebaker as Zygo
 * Kevin Schon as Micro (uncredited)
 * Julie Maddalena as Victor (uncredited)

Crew

 * Jamie Simone – Voice Director
 * Bruno Bianchi - Producer, Director

title: The Why Why Family


text:
File:Samurai7dvd.png

Summary
Image of DVD cover of GONZO-produced Japanese anime television series, Samurai 7. Copyrights belong to, (c) 2004 GONZO, GDH (Gonzo Digimation Holdings Inc), Akira Kurosawa.

Fair use in Samurai 7
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Samurai7dvd.png


text:
Enlil-kudurri-usur

Enlil-kudurrī-uṣur, mdEnlil(be)-ku-dúr-uṣur, (Enlil protect the eldest son), was the 81st king of Assyria according to the Assyrian King List.

Biography
Enlil-kudurri-usur was the son of Tukulti-Ninurta I. He succeeded his nephew, Ashur-nirari III’s brief reign and ruled for five years. Apart from king lists and chronicles, there are no other extant inscriptions of this king.

The Synchronistic King List identifies his Babylonian contemporary with Adad-šuma-uṣur, his eventual nemesis. In the Synchronistic History, the battle between him and Adad-šuma-uṣur is given as a pretext for his Assyrian rival, Ninurta-apal-Ekur, a son of Ilī-padâ and descendant of Eriba-Adad I, to “come up from Karduniaš,” i.e. Babylonia, and make a play for the Assyrian throne. Grayson and others have speculated that this was with the tacit assistance of Adad-šuma-uṣur, but there is currently no published evidence to support this theory. Ninurta-apal-Ekur’s purpose for being in Babylonia is also unknown, whether a political refugee or an administrator of the Assyrian held portion. The Walker Chronicle describes how following his abject defeat at Adad-šuma-uṣur’s hands, Enlil-kudurrī-uṣur was seized by his own officers and handed over to his opponent. Only after these events did Adad-šuma-uṣur go on to extend his territory to include the city of Babylon itself.

Meanwhile, the Synchronistic History continues, Ninurta-apal-Ekur had “mustered his numerous troops and marched to conquer Libbi-ali (the city of Aššur). But [...] arrived unexpectedly, so he turned and went home.” As Grayson points out, this passage is open to various interpretations, only one of which is that the missing name could have been that of Enlil-kudurrī-uṣur, released by his captor to sow confusion amongst his northern foes.

title: Enlil-kudurri-usur


text:
Banks Barbados Brewery

Banks (Barbados) Breweries Ltd. is a Caribbean brewery founded in 1961 in St. Michael, Barbados. It is part of the Banks Holdings Limited group.

History
Banks Beer was started as an idea formed by Peter D'Aguiar, a Guyanese entrepreneur. In the late 1950s the Barbados government offered tax concessions to encourage someone to start a local brewery. 30% of the required start-up funds were provided by Banks Diversified Industrial Holdings (DIH) of Guyana and the rest of the capital was collected by the sale of shares to local people in Barbados. A brewery was constructed at Wildey about 2 miles west of the centre of Bridgetown. On September 7, 1961, Banks (Barbados) Breweries opened for business.

In the beginning, the company only produced Banks Beer but by 1963 the company added two other products to its portfolio: Milk Stout and Tiger brand Malt, the latter of which can be found in the Caribbean, South America, Asia, Canada, Europe and the United States. The government soon realised that the granted concessions were losing them revenue, so withdrew them. Banks(DIH) were somewhat unhappy with this decision and sold their stake to Barbados Shipping & Trading, a local conglomerate. Unfortunately, Banks(DIH) retained the rights to the use of the name Banks except in certain islands of the Caribbean, which inhibited the local company from exporting the product. Banks first began exporting in 1968, with the first two export countries of Saint Vincent and Dominica located nearby. In 1973 the company acquired the right to use the name Banks in the whole of the anglophone Caribbean. For a while, the beer was brewed under licence in the UK by King & Barnes of Horsham, Sussex and marketed under the name "Bajan" but with a very similar style of bottle and bottle decoration. Banks Beer received its first International Award from the Lager Beer Competition in England in 1971. The company would continue to win awards through the years.

Subsequently, Banks Brewery took over the Barbados Bottling Company (BBC) a local company which packaged local soft drinks and under licence, Coca Cola. It also formed a distribution company (B&B Distribution) and this and BBC were located at Newton Terrace about 7 miles west of Bridgetown and to reflect this change, the company was renamed Banks Holdings Limited (BHL). In the late 1990s BHL bought around 95% of the shared in Pine Hill Dairy a local company producing milk and other dairy products and a range of fruit juice drinks. In 2005,the company joined forces with Banks(DIH) with the intention of exporting the brand as one company abroad, beginning with the United States.

Later, a new state of the art brewery was constructed adjacent to BBC at Newton Terrace

In 2015 after a bidding battle with Ansa McAl, a Trinidadian conglomerate and brewer of Carib beers, the company was purchased by AmBev, the South American subsidiary of InBev, the world's largest brewer.

Availability
The beers are available on the island of Barbados and in many other countries in the Caribbean. The brand is also sold in the United States, Canada and Sweden. According to its website, as of 2012, Banks beer is also currently sold in the United Kingdom.

title: Banks Barbados Brewery