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Talk:Anne of Cleves

Untitled
Anne of Cleves is cool

 * Why? Bastie 06:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

I find it very difficult to believe that Anne, who undoubtedly found her husband to be disgusting, would ever "purposely make him dislike" her, when most people feared him and he had already put to death one wife and was rumored to have had another murdered.

What you said makes sense, but I don't think that Henry would dare to execute a foreign princess. He was very careful when he divorced Catherine of Aragon because he didnt want to get into troubles with Spain and Holy Roman Empire, but Anne Boleyn was his subject. Anne of Cleves had many German duchies to protect her, which is why Henry treated her as a Princess of England. 87.250.116.18 (talk) 11:10, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

?
"William (Wilhelm ?) was a Catholic personally..." but what was Anne ? It later says she converted to Catholicism. -- Beardo 05:09, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * As I'm sure you already know, during the Protestant Reformation, Henry VIII had broken away from the Roman Catholic faith and formed the Church of England. This was a very tumultuous period throughout Europe. Anne's brother Duke William, though Catholic, arranged for her marriage to the King of England for political reasons -- as usually was the case for royal marriages. Their [Anne and William's] brother-in-law was also John Frederick, Elector of Saxony and head of the Protestant Confederation of Germany, which made for an advantageous marriage for Henry. Upon marriage, she left the Catholic faith of her birth and converted to the King's faith. When both Henry VIII and his son Edward VI died, Henry's daughter Mary I, a life-long practicing Catholic (through her mother Catherine of Aragon), became queen and tried to 'force' England back to Catholicism. Hence the nickname "Bloody Mary". By this time, and since Anne was on good terms with her one-time step-daughter, she had converted back to Catholicism. Makes complete sense. Darnold01 05:25, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Anne's brother William (Wilhelm) was not "a Catholic personally". He was a Lutheran, as was his father, as were most German rulers at the time. Anne's faith at her birth was not Catholic, it was Lutheran. England at the time was neither Catholic nor Protestant (in the Lutheran or Reformation sense). It was "Church of England" - which was more or less Catholic in ritual but which had the King rather than the Pope at its head. Anne herself seems not to have taken part in the theological disputes of her time; rather, she accommodated herself to the prevailing and/or official religion wherever she was. MelanieN (talk) 16:31, 17 June 2009 (UTC)MelanieN

I agree, there is no evidence that Anne was ever a practicing Catholic and I was surprised to see it here. Wikipedia has a duty to present those facts which have the best backing, and in this case all the evidence - the deliberate selection of a Protestant alliance, William's ardent Lutheranism (Weir says that even her conversion to Anglicanism upset her brother IIRC), and even the obsession with female modesty which lead her brother to present his sisters to Henry's representatives swathed from head to toe - indicates that she was a Lutheran, by circumstance if not by choice. Anne was easy-going enough with her religious beliefs in England that it would be odd of her to be a Catholic in opposition to her brother while she lived in Cleves, and had she been, we would have surely heard about it in contemporary records. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.171.6.47 (talk) 03:48, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

Divorce equals non-existant title
If the marriage between King Henry VIII and Queen Anne had not been consummated and subsequently annulled on that basis would it not be a plausible argument to suggest that she never legally held the style and title of Queen of Enlgand? An annulment in the laws of England suggests that a marriage, whether it had been solemnised or not, was null and void and of non effect and effectively supposes that the marriage never occurred. On that basis, should we now suppose that Queen Anne was always and only Princess Anne of Cleves (or Prinzessin Anna von Kleve) rather than the higher position of Queen Anne? I compare her with the late Diana, Princess of Wales in that Princess Diana was never legally styled and accorded the title of Princess Diana and although she was always referred to as such it had just the same effect as referring to Princess Anne of Cleves as Queen Anne of England?

 * No. For a few months Anne was considered Queen of England.  Even if the marriage was later annulled, she still counts as being Queen of England during that period - the fact that she was called Queen of England and so forth cannot be taken back by an annulment, and annulments are not generally considered to do that.  She is on every list of queens consort that I've ever seen.  Also worth noting that she was not merely Princess of Cleves.  She was, upon the divorce, given the style of the King's sister, and given the according precedence and so forth. john k 01:33, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

I appreciate that she was acknowledged as the Queen during the few months that they were married but under English and cannon law an annulment reverses the act of marriage that had happened before. Queen Anne upon her annulment reverted to be being Princess Anne but i'm confused. An annulment means that the marriage never really took place (as far as i'm aware) and so how can she possibly be considered King Henry VIII's wife whether she had been acknowledged as such or not. The King was married six times according to history but was he really? or was he married five times or even four times (considering the way he annulled his marriage to Queen Catherine). On her tomb at Westminster Abbey, is enscribed Anne of Cleves whereas on Anne Boleyn's tomb is enscribed Queen Anne Boleyn. I cannot see how she can ever seriously be regarded as having been the wife of Henry VIII and thus be Queen. However, if they had divorced rather than had an annulment that would be different. She would be posthumously entitled to be known as Queen Anne and her divorce settlement would be equally understandable. An annulment however changes the status of the individual to being seen as if they had never married. Therefore, Queen Anne can only ever have been Princess Anne as far as I can see.

Under canon law, no marriage of Henry VIII was annuled, so I'm not sure what you're getting at. john k 02:04, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Under cannon law, a marriage between Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves WAS annulled because annulment on the grounds of a non-consummated marriage is permitted under cannon law. As this was the case, Anne of Cleves seized to be the wife of Henry VIII as if she had never been his wife null and void and of none effect. Those words imply to me null and void = no longer valid and of none effect= as if it had never happened. If it was of none effect then she was never Queen. In fact, if the marriage was annulled on that basis then she remained Princess Anne of Cleves. If the marriage had been annulled on the ground of her precontract with the Marquess of Lorraine then effectively she was the common law wife of the Marquess of Lorraine and therefore an effective Marchioness of Lorraine (i'm not saying that she was). Take for example Catherine of Aragaon, after her annulment she reverted to being the Princess Dowager of Wales because the marriage had been annulled on the grounds that Catherine of Aragaon's marriage to Prince Arthur had been consummated. As a result, she reverted to her previous style of Princes Dowager of Wales because that was the only title that Catherine was entitled to under English and cannon law as if the marriage had been of none effect. Similarily, her daughter was stripped off her title and style of Princess and referred to as The Lady Mary because was granted as a courtesy title as the bastard daughter out of wedlock. She was deemed to be illegitimate because the marriage was invalid and of none effect. How then can we justify Anne of Cleves as being Queen of England? I think we can justify Catherine of Aragaon as being Queen of England for five main reasons (1) the marriage was never legally annulled. I think the King was guilty in this instance of granting himself an immediate divorce (considering his word was law) and used political figures to make it seem as if everything was done by the book and above board (2) Princess (or Lady) Mary became Queen of England following her succession and annulled the divorce by act of parliament (3) On Catherine of Aragon's tomb is Catherine, Queen of England (4) There was not one person (not a single solitary person) who could prove/disprove that the marriage between Prince Arthur and Princess Catherine had been consummated and (5) The Pope had granted Catherine of Aragon and Prince Henry two papal dispensations one on the grounds that the marriage had been consummated and one of the grounds that it had not and which gave Henry VIII the right to marry her. As a result, I believe posthumously we should review whether the King was legally married to six women or whether he had married six women and was only legally married to five. In my personal opinion, I don't think we should even include Princess Anne as having been a Queen Consort at all considering she later went on to be the King's sister. isn't that incestious? I realize that including her as a Queen Consort has historical precendence and that's why I don't mind her being among the list so much but shouldn't we debate in this article on whether or not she was legally the King's wife AT ALL!!

 * I can't directly explain why Anne of Cleves' tomb does not have her styled as 'Queen' or 'Queen of England'. But I think I can explain why the tombs of both Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn do. I think it may have a lot to do with both Mary I and Elizabeth I wanting to strengthen the legitimacy of their thrones -- not only through their father, Henry VIII, but through their mothers as well (especially in context of the recent War of the Roses, where legitimacy was a central issue). In this respect, of course both Mary I (daughter of Catherine) and Elizabeth I (daughter of Anne Boleyn) would have 'Queen' and/or 'Queen of England' on their mothers' tombs, further legitimizing their own reigns.

 * Anne of Cleves had no issue -- certainly no issue who became sovereign and saw to it that her tomb too identified her as 'Queen'. But both Anne and Mary I, her one-time step-daughter, were on good terms after Henry's death. Upon Anne's death, Mary could've styled her tomb as 'Queen', but didn't. Again, it makes sense, though, that Mary saw to it that her own mother's tomb was so styled. Elizabeth and her mother's tomb too. Still, puting the tombs aside, I think you made a good point about Anne of Cleves being styled Queen despite the annulment of her marriage to Henry.

 * About the comparison to Diana, though, only women born to the title can be styled 'Princess [Whatever]'. Upon marrying Charles, Diana was 'Princess of Wales', among other titles. Upon their divorce, she was no longer Princess of Wales or a princess, though people to this day still incorrectly call her 'Princess Diana'. Anne of Cleves was married to the King of England for several months and was addressed as 'Queen' throughout that period, though her marriage would come to be annulled. Again, I think you raised a good argument about whether or not she should be styled as 'Queen Anne of England'. But for a period she was. Technically, Diana was never 'Princess Diana', even when Princess of Wales. She was not born to that styled title. Darnold01 04:57, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Btw, please register and sign your comments. Darnold01 04:59, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * FYI all, please do sign your comments (by typing four tildes " ~ " after your post -- Wikipedia software will add your signature automatically).
 * However, it's not necessary to register and create an acount if you don't want to. If you don't have an account, "signing" will show your ISP number instead of an account name. -- Writtenonsand (talk) 15:14, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

From what I can tell, when you _die_ a queen (anne boleyn was still considered upon death, queen), but anne of cleves survived all other queens, and upon annulment, was no longer queen. Thus she was queen at one point, but the title did not remain permanently, and was not there in the time of her death. Her grave would not be marked with queen, where anne boleyn's grave was. cannon law or not. If someone were to get married and then divorced (nowadays), they strike the taken name and revert to the maiden name (under normal circumstances, for most emotionally-well women)....when they die, they don't get buried with the ex hubby's last name. Likewise, any titles that are honorary due to marriage are removed upon divorce. Thus this makes complete sense. Yes she was queen, but she did not die a queen. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.71.63.232 (talk) 09:22, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

 * The after title currently on the page insists that her title was Her Highness Duchess Anne of Cleves. To my knowledge she did not become a "Duchess" in her own right; she wasn't granted that title by Henry and most certainly did not retain Her Royal Highness. She simply became Lady Anne of Cleves, the King's beloved sister. So I'm confused as to why that's in there and am going to take it out unless it can be proven. This goes for her original title. Also, she was not born a Duchess, Countess, or Lady of Ravenstein. -- Lady Meg (talk) 05:51, 5 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Henry VIII called her queen, and that's good enough for me. If you have a problem with Anne being called a queen, take it up with him. 2600:1700:BC01:9B0:544F:E012:2320:EFE4 (talk) 02:00, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

Tidied up
I tidied thepage up as it had tags which made no sence all over the place, and you couldn't tell what was meant to be there and what was not as the tags displayed in the article

Marriage: Needs needs copy editing??
I'm finding this sequence confusing -

Motivated by the flattering painting he had received, Henry was quite impatient to see his future bride. He went to meet her at the water's edge when she arrived by boat. Their first night as husband and wife was not a happy one; within a few hours he came from the room and announced: "I like her not." Henry urged Cromwell to find a legal way to avoid the marriage but, by this point, evading the marriage was impossible without offending the Germans. A doomed marriage The two were married on 6 January 1540 at the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, despite Henry's very vocal misgivings. If his bride had objections, she kept them to herself. The phrase “God send me well to keep” was engraved around Anne’s wedding ring.

I don't know anything about the marriage customs of Tudor royalty. This implies that "their first night as husband and wife" preceded their marriage, which I suppose but am not certain is incorrect. Can this be clarified? Thanks. -- Writtenonsand (talk) 15:06, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Now sorted. qp10qp (talk) 01:18, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Converted to Catholicism?
"Shortly before the wedding, Anne converted to Catholicism in order to please Henry." Why would that please Henry? The source for this appears to be Alison Weir; does she actually say that? Adam Bishop (talk) 07:03, 18 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Weir says that Henry expected from Anne of Cleves to conform to the Catholic form of worship when she became Queen of England and that there is no evidence to show that she did otherwise. It surely wasn't so hard for her to switch to Catholicism, since she was raised by Catholic mother. I've changed the sentence to make it more clear. Surtsicna (talk) 12:02, 18 January 2009 (UTC)
 * But why? Did Henry still think he was Catholic? (Sorry, I guess everything I know about this comes from reading A Man For All Seasons in high school...reading some more articles suggests that's exactly what he thought...) Adam Bishop (talk)
 * Yes, Henry still considered himself Catholic, but not Roman Catholic. He was being prepared for clerical career before Arthur's death made him heir apparent, so it wasn't easy for him to abandon Catholic tradition. Katharine Parr almost ended up imprisoned because of her growing interest for Protestantism. However, I do not understand how Edward VI and Elizabeth I ended up being Protestant. I rember reading somewhere that he hired Protestants tutors for his children, but that doesn't sound convincing to me. Surtsicna (talk) 14:02, 18 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The present wording seems unobjectionable, though it may be superfluous. I certainly found the previous wording odd because "conversion" is not an appropriate term between Cleves and England, for their churches were both at a similar stage of evolution. Although Anne's sister had married into the Lutheran ducal family of Saxony, Cleves (Julich/Berg) was, like England, a reformist anti-Lutheran state. Technically, both states were catholic but not popish. As Scarisbrick puts it, the duke of Cleves "stood betwixt the new and the old, strongly under the influence of Erasmus, rather as Henry did himself".

 * I corrected a few inaccuracies in the article the other day, but it is a thin one that needs rewriting, in my opinion (it's on my list). The story of Anne of Cleves is particularly vulnerable to disinformation: historical traditions, plus the superficial treatments by popular historians such as Antonia Fraser and Alison Weir, have helped entrench a whole set of mistaken assumptions. One gets a radically different version of events from more scholarly historians such as G. W. Bernard and John Schofield. To whit: Cromwell did not engineer the marriage and did not fall because of it (his reluctance to organise the divorce was a factor but was not mentioned in the charges that led to his execution); Anne was moderately attractive and neither Holbein nor anyone else flattered her appearance. Henry's desire for a German alliance and his personal revulsion from Anne were the key to everything that happened. qp10qp (talk) 15:56, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

Ignored by historians

 * Unfortunately, Anne has been ignored by scholars, historians, and romance writers alike, so there is really scanty interest in her, as compared to Henry's other wives. It's a pity as Anne merits more scholarly notice, especially as she outlived all of his consorts. I believe her last public appearance was in 1553 at Queen Mary's procession and coronation. Correct me if I'm wrong.--jeanne (talk) 07:19, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with you - she was not significant in the politics of the era, but she doesn't deserve to be neglected. I am particulary interested in her life after the annulment. Most "biographies" of Anne of Cleves tell about the preparations for the wedding and about the marriage itself in details, but nothing is said about her life from the moment she ceases to be Queen of England until her death. I too have read somewhere that her last public appearance was at Queen Mary I's coronation. I'll try to find a source. Surtsicna (talk) 12:33, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Cause of Death

 * The article does't state what caused Anne's death. She died at the age of 42, so it wasn't old age that caused it.--jeanne (talk) 09:13, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Average life expectancy for the time: 40-50 years old. Just because it's not "old age" nowadays, doesn't mean it was a youthful age back then. -_-  she was actually, for all intents and purposes, "old!" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.71.63.232 (talk) 09:40, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Life expectancy was shorter back then (and well into the early 20th century, the average lifespan was 40-50 years) due to many factors, including lack of antibiotics or proper sanitation, a poor diet, contaminated food and water, the prevalence of plague and other fatal epidemics, the practise of physicians, who often had unwashed hands, to bleed an ill patient literally to death, I could go on. Anne died at 42 years; the human body in the 16th century did not age quicker than it does today. Something other than the sweeping term old age was responsible for the extinction of the life of Anne of Cleves.--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 10:04, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * In agreement, Anne's demise was likely a lack of medical know-now. I'm confident at 42, her hair wasn't snow white & natural causes was taking place. GoodDay (talk) 16:36, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * If a 42 year-old woman in the 16th-century was the equivalent of a modern day 80 year-old, then by that same reckoning Anne of Cleves would have reached puberty at the age of 6 or 7!--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 16:55, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Indeed, very few people reached 'senior age' back in those days. The enviroment was their enemy, not their own bodies. GoodDay (talk) 16:58, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * There is the rare case of Eleanor of Aquitaine who lived past 80. And she gave birth to her last child at 45! So this was obviously an example of a very healthy-and lucky woman. Back then, especially in the case of children and infants, it was survival of the fittest.--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 17:02, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Biographer Antonia Fraser states in The Wives of Henry VIII on page 412, that Anne probably died of cancer so I have put it in the article along with the ref to Fraser's book.--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 14:54, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * A person still had to have a cause of death. Dying at around 40 would still need a reason. Remember that these averages include the high infant mortality rate, high rate of death among children, and high rate of death among young women who'd just given birth. Because of all that young death, there HAD to be quite a few who DID die at what we would consider old age to "balance" that out to create an average life expectancy of 35ish. People, in any time period, don't just normally die at 35/40 years old without a reason. 2600:1700:BC01:9B0:544F:E012:2320:EFE4 (talk) 02:05, 13 July 2022 (UTC)
 * True, there's always a reason, but whether the reason was known is another issue entirely. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 14:44, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

Alliance theory?
Within the article an interesting point is raised near the end concerning why the Cleves marriage failed:

"“ Another theory suggests that shifts in a threatened Catholic French-Spanish alliance removed any diplomatic motivations for their union”"

However Francis I and Charles V were still engaged in an alliance when Henry moved on to wife number five (Katherine Howard). Arguably his rejection of Anne was politically dangerous because he was not sure of securing an alliance with either Charles or Francis and he risked offending the Duke of Cleves who could have made advances towards Henry’s enemies. Eric Ives in his entry on Henry VIII on the Oxford DNB notes that open hostilities between Francis and Charles commenced in 1542 – so around two years after Henry and Anne’s annulment.

So is the alliance theory flawed? I understand though that as a theory raised by some historians it is useful to discuss within this article. --Little miss sunnydale (talk) 15:44, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Is this entry copied from the New World Encyclopedia?
Many parts of this article match almost word-for-word with the article in the New World Encyclopedia.

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Anne_of_Cleves

Is that a problem from Wikipedia's standpoint? Who decides, and what should be done about it?

MelanieN (talk) 16:00, 17 June 2009 (UTC)MelanieN
 * I think you'll find the New World Encyclopedia version is a copy of English Wikipedia, not the other way round. It does credit Wikipedia as the source at the bottom of the page!  Skinsmoke (talk) 06:24, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Anne's Ancestors
The template list Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (with "page does not exist"), who, however, has a page following the Ascanian counting as Bernard II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg. I suggest to correct the link.

Best wishes, --Ulf Heinsohn (talk) 14:22, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Remarry?
The article claims that Henry was pressured briefly to remarry Anne but refused. I have never heard this before? When did this happen? Also Anne and Henry were close right up until he died and he was said to have grown fond of her but I never heard rumor of a second marriage occured? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.81.99.17 (talk) 20:16, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

 * you may be right 129.140.0.23 (talk) 09:22, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

After the annulment

There's a mistake here, isn't there? It's contended that one of the reasons that the former queen remained in England was that both of her parents were dead by the time her marriage was annulled, but it is apparent on the face of the article that her mother did not die until 1543, which was a year after Anne's successor as queen was decapitated. (Anne's father died before she was married.) --Cato the Younger (talk) 12:07, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Latin for "two wet dreams"

 * The article had "duas pollitiones nocturnas in somno (She is so smelly I can't sleep)." The Latin itself might be poorly transcribed -- I went ahead and changed it to 'insomno' instead of 'in somno' since if he was 'in somno' that would mean he had been asleep. I think the translation is not very precise though (it was probably done from Latin to Japanese then Japanese to English.) Can anyone with better Latin give it a try, or else someone else who has access to the quotation?--174.56.0.212 (talk) 03:41, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
 * "Not very precise" is an understatement. The meaning is as follows: 'Henry said he was not impotent since he experienced "duas pollutiones nocturnas in somno" (two nocturnal emissions in dreams; i.e., two wet dreams).' While talking to his doctor about his inability to consummate his marriage with Anne, Henry asserts that he is still virile, perhaps speaking in Latin to help cover his shame. Boppet (talk) 04:07, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

Flanders Mare?
This article really ought to confirm or correct the old anecdote that Henry said she looked like a Flanders Mare, in contrast to how Holbein had portrayed her. 86.179.199.83 (talk) 15:16, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

Anne's son by Henry
While I agree with Merlinme, I should note that the rumour was not made up (i.e. the rumour itself actually existed). Just a few days ago, I was looking for information about Eleanor Manners, Countess of Rutland, when I stumbled upon an original report to Henry VIII about his former wife's supposed childbirth. I recall the report dismissing it as "slander", but I had no idea that the info on the rumour was already in the article and that somebody would tag it as unsourced (which it is). I'll try to find it. Meanwhile, I hope the information will not be removed on the ground of being unsourced. Surtsicna (talk) 17:12, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

Henry's death?
Did Henry die somewhere in the "After the annulment" period? I think it should be mentioned if so. Barnswallownest (talk) 21:16, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

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Religion
I find the subject of religion surfaces all too frequently in dealing with royalty on Wikipedia. Nevertheless, two religions are notably applicable to Anne of Cleves, Anglicanism and Roman Catholicism, with her early life possibly spent in Germanic nondenominational limbo. Shall we not remove the citations and place Anglicanism under Roman Catholicism with the standard prev.? Ping and. – Conservatrix (talk) 08:42, 11 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Personally I agree. Jadd Haidar (talk) 11:44, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

I found this to be a little unclear: "Thus the betrothal was considered unofficial "

Why, specifically? There's no direct citation. Was it because of the age? (If so, wasn't this known before) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:EE90:4AD0:C937:F355:F0D:29A3 (talk) 02:33, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

Literature
I've cut a bunch of fluff about novels - there's no indication of the particular notability of any of the depictions, and no sourcing. It's simply a dumping ground for potted summaries of editors pet authors. Pipsally (talk) 11:54, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

Music
I tried twice to ad a contribution at ”Anne of Cleves” regarding hear presence as musical inspiration on Rick Wakeman, 1973 album, ”The Six Wives of Henry VIII”. My contribution was rejected by Celia Homeford, being considered ”Too trivial”. Then, why there ts still a page on Wikipedia dedicated to this album : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Wives_of_Henry_VIII_(album) It is not too trivial? 5.12.32.83 (talk) 17:00, 2 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Not for its own page, no. Notability is not the same as article content. Celia Homeford (talk) 17:02, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

Lack of information
Why is there seemingly little information on someone who was married to one of the most (in)famous kings in history? Chillfroi (talk) 21:43, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

"regarded him little"
This phrase appears in the Chapuys quote, but is then attributed to Wriothesley two sentences later. Did they both say it? Furius (talk) 21:16, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

Anne of Cleves Funeral and Will
https://archive.org/details/excerptahistoric00bentuoft/page/294/mode/2up?view=theater

It has her will and a description of her funeral. Oric22 (talk) 06:10, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Cleaning up citations
While there have also been minimal citations that lack basic bibliographic information, there also has been a number of shortened footnotes for a couple of years at least. I will continue to convert those few remaining book citations to fit in with this. When possible, I have been adding useful parameters for full bibliographic citations as well as parameters that help to find a book, including online sources were available. I thought that I would leave a note here to let folks know of my intention to finish this for books. I have no doubt that editors will continue to leave new book citations. I will also continue to improve them were possible & convert them to a consistent citation style as applicable. Peaceray (talk) 05:19, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

 * These three citations are part of the Family tree of the Wives of Henry VIII template & cannot be converted to sfn at this time:
 * Ironically, there is a full citation for the 2003 edition of the Fraser book at Anne of Cleves. Peaceray (talk) 16:07, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * With the exception of the citations within the Family tree of the Wives of Henry VIII template, all books have been converted to sfn & have full citations in the Sources section. Peaceray (talk) 16:33, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Ironically, there is a full citation for the 2003 edition of the Fraser book at Anne of Cleves. Peaceray (talk) 16:07, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * With the exception of the citations within the Family tree of the Wives of Henry VIII template, all books have been converted to sfn & have full citations in the Sources section. Peaceray (talk) 16:33, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * With the exception of the citations within the Family tree of the Wives of Henry VIII template, all books have been converted to sfn & have full citations in the Sources section. Peaceray (talk) 16:33, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anne of Cleves


text:
John Roberts (martyr)

John Roberts, OSB (1577 – 10 December 1610) was a Welsh Benedictine monk and priest, and was the first prior of St. Gregory's, Douai, France (now Downside Abbey). Returning to England as a missionary priest during the period of recusancy, he was martyred at Tyburn. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic church.

Early life and conversion to Catholicism
Roberts was born in 1577 in Trawsfynydd, a small village in Snowdonia, north Wales, the son of John and Anna Roberts of Rhiw Goch Farm. His father, a farmer, was a member of the Welsh nobility and was descended from the Welsh Princes. Roberts was baptised into the Anglican faith inside the local parish church of St Madryn but is said to have received his early education from an elderly man who had been a Cistercian monk at Cymer Abbey just outside Dolgellau until its dissolution by Henry VIII in 1537. He attended St. John's College, Oxford in February, 1595 before leaving after two years to study law at Furnival's Inn, London.

During his travels in Europe, he left behind both the law and his former faith as he converted to Catholicism on a visit to Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He moved on to Spain and joined St Benedict's Monastery, Valladolid, and became a member of this community in 1598, where he was known as Brother John of Merioneth in reference to his birthplace.

Benedictine missionary
From Valladolid he was sent to make his novitiate at San Martín Pinario, Santiago de Compostela, where he made his profession towards the end of 1600. Having completed his studies he was ordained, and set out for England on 26 December 1602. Although observed by a Government spy, Roberts and his companions succeeded in entering the country in April 1603, where he was appointed vicar of the English monks of the Spanish Congregation on the Mission. He was arrested and banished on 13 May.

He reached Douai, in northern France, on 24 May. Soon he managed to return to England; he worked among the plague victims in London. In 1604, while embarking for Spain with four postulants, including William Scott (later known as Maurus Scott) he was again arrested. Not recognized as a priest, he was released and again banished, but he returned to England at once.

On 5 November 1605, while Justice Grange was searching the house of Mrs. Percy, first wife of Thomas Percy, who was involved in the Gunpowder Plot, he found Roberts there and arrested him. Though acquitted of any complicity in the plot itself, Roberts was imprisoned in the Gatehouse Prison at Westminster for seven months and then exiled again in July, 1606.

Foundation of St. Gregory's monastery, Douai
This time he was absent for some fourteen months, nearly all of which he spent at Douai (now in northern France) where he founded and became the first prior of a house for the English Benedictine monks who had entered various Spanish monasteries. This was the beginning of the monastery of St. Gregory's at Douai. This community of monks was banished from France in 1795 at the French Revolution and travelled to England where they settled at Downside Abbey, Somerset in 1814.

Return to England and martyrdom
Roberts returned to England in October 1607 and in December he was again arrested and placed in the Gatehouse at Westminster, from which he escaped after some months. After his escape, he lived for about a year in London, but in May 1609 was taken to Newgate Prison. He might have been executed, but Antonie de la Broderie, the French ambassador, interceded on his behalf, and his sentence was reduced to banishment.

Roberts again visited Spain and Douai, but returned to England, for a fifth time, within a year. He was captured again on 2 December 1610; the arresting men arrived just as he was finishing saying Mass in a house, having been followed by former priest turned spy John Cecil, who had compiled a dossier on Roberts for James I. He was taken to Newgate in his vestments. On 5 December he was tried and found guilty under the Act forbidding priests to minister in England, and on 10 December was hanged, drawn, and quartered, at the age of thirty-three, along with Thomas Somers, at Tyburn, London.

It was usual for the prisoner to be disembowelled while still alive, but he was very popular among the poor of London because of the kindness he had shown them during the plague and the large crowd which gathered at his execution would not allow this. They insisted he be hanged to the death so as not to feel the pain. His heart was then held aloft by the executioner who proclaimed: "Behold the heart of the traitor!" But the angry crowd did not provide the standard response of "Long live the King!"; there was deathly silence.

Veneration
The introduction of the cause of beatification was approved by Pope Leo XIII in his Decree of 4 December 1886. On 25 October 1970, Roberts was canonised by Pope Paul VI as one of the representative Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.

Roman Catholic Bishop Edwin Regan said: "Although the name St John Roberts isn't as well known today, he is a major figure in our religious history." He was the first monk to return to Britain following the Protestant Reformation; the hostility between the Catholics and Protestants was at its height at this stage, when a Catholic priest could only expect to live for approximately two years in Britain during that period.

On 17 July 2010, Metropolitan Seraphim of Glastonbury of the British Orthodox Church, accompanied by Deacon Theodore de Quincey, attended an Ecumenical Service at Westminster Cathedral in celebration of the 400th anniversary of the Martyrdom of John Roberts. Abba Seraphim noted that as a Londoner he wanted to honour the humanitarian and pastoral ministry of Roberts to Londoners; and that all those who are conscious of the problems of exercising Christian ministry in times of persecution would immediately value Roberts's determination as well as realising the extraordinary sacrifice he made to fulfil his priestly vocation. Large contingents from Wales were in attendance and the service was bi-lingual. Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams addressed the congregation in both English and Welsh. It was the first time Welsh had been spoken in a ceremony at Westminster Cathedral.

The choral piece, "Beatus Juan de Mervinia" in both Latin and Welsh, was specially commissioned for the service from the Welsh composer Brian Hughes.

Roberts is commemorated by a tourist trail from St Madryn's church Trawsfynydd to Cymer Abbey near Dolgellau, and by an exhibition in the Llys Ednowain Heritage Centre in Trawsfynydd.

Relics
The body of Roberts was recovered by a group that included Maurus Scott and taken to St. Gregory's, Douai, but disappeared during the French Revolution. An arm was found in the possession of the Spanish royal family before being returned to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, where he had served as a novice. Fingers preserved as relics went to Downside Abbey, to Erdington Abbey, to the Sacred Cross Church in Gellilydan near Robert's birthplace, to Tyburn convent and to St Joseph's Convent, Taunton.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Roberts (martyr)


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Ramapo Valley County Reservation

The Ramapo Valley County Reservation, also known as the Ramapo Reservation, is a 4000 acre county park located in Mahwah, New Jersey in Bergen County, bordering Ringwood State Park to the north and the Ramapo Mountain State Forest to the south. The park lies on the border of the Piedmont and Highlands geologic provinces.

The park offers hiking along a mountain brook with a waterfall, fishing in the Ramapo River, Scarlet Oak Pond, MacMillan Reservoir, and tent camping. Trails connect to the network of trails in the adjoining state forest and state park. The park also affords carry-in access to the Ramapo River for canoe, kayak and raft owners.

The Reservation is popular among students from nearby Ramapo College, less than a mile away on Route 202, and acts as the school's Environmental Science laboratory.

The park is also a noted geocaching hotspot in conjunction with the aforementioned adjoining parks.

The former Bergen County Police substation near the parking lot serves as the headquarters for New Jersey Search and Rescue.

October 2015 closure
The Ramapo Mountain Reservation was closed indefinitely to visitors on October 15, 2015, while authorities investigated increased bear activity. The ban has since been lifted.

title: Ramapo Valley County Reservation


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Dave Ragone

David Patrick Ragone (born October 3, 1979) is an American football coach and former quarterback who currently serves as quarterbacks coach for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He was previously the offensive coordinator for the Atlanta Falcons and also served as an assistant coach for the Chicago Bears, Washington Redskins and Tennessee Titans.

Ragone played college football for the Louisville Cardinals and was selected in the third round of the 2003 NFL draft. He played as a quarterback in the NFL and NFL Europe.

Early life
Ragone attended St. Ignatius High School and was a letterman in football and basketball. In football, as a senior quarterback, he was an All-State first-team honoree and led his team to the State Semi-Final game, losing 20–19 against Canton McKinley. Also as a senior, he was a starter on the basketball team that went on to be the State Runner-Up.

In the fall of 2009, Ragone was inducted into the Saint Ignatius Athletic Hall of Fame.

College
During his college career at the University of Louisville, he went 27–11 as a starting quarterback, including an 11–1 mark in 2001. Ragone finished his college years as Louisville's second all-time leading passer. He was a three-time All-American honorable mention and three-time Conference USA Offensive Player of the Year.

National Football League
Ragone was selected in the third round of the 2003 NFL Draft by the Houston Texans and started in two games behind David Carr. In 2005, Ragone was named NFL Europe's Offensive MVP, leading the Berlin Thunder to World Bowl XIII. Ragone was waived by the Texans and claimed by the Cincinnati Bengals in May 2006. In June 2006, the Bengals traded Ragone to the St. Louis Rams.

Ragone was released by the Rams during training camp prior to the 2006 season. He then began a sports talk show on Louisville, Kentucky radio station WQKC.

Hartford Colonials
On March 19, 2010, Ragone was named the wide receiver/quarterback coach for the Hartford Colonials of the United Football League. Under his coaching, quarterback Josh McCown was named Offensive Player of the Week on September 20, 2010. He would also lead the league in passer rating & touchdown passes.

Tennessee Titans
On February 22, 2011, Ragone was hired by the Tennessee Titans as their wide receivers coach, following his head coach Chris Palmer who was named offensive coordinator on the 15th. During the 2011 season, the Titans went 9–7 and missed the playoffs for the third consecutive season. Under his coaching, wide receiver Nate Washington eclipsed 1,000 yards and recorded seven touchdowns.

During the 2012 NFL draft, the Titans selected wide receiver Kendall Wright with the 20th pick. Wright would go on to lead all NFL rookies with 64 receptions. The Titans went 6–10 in 2012, and missed the playoffs for the fourth straight year.

On January 18, 2013, Ragone was reassigned from wide receiver to quarterbacks coach, replacing Dowell Loggains who was promoted to offensive coordinator after the Titans fired Chris Palmer on November 26, 2012. The Titans went 7-9 and missed the playoffs for the fifth straight year. At the end of the season, head coach Mike Munchak was fired, leaving Ragone without a job.

Washington Redskins
On February 27, 2015, Ragone was hired as the offensive quality control coach for the Washington Redskins.

Chicago Bears
On January 22, 2016, Ragone was named quarterbacks coach of the Chicago Bears under head coach John Fox. The Bears went 3–13 and missed the playoffs, the worst record for the franchise since the NFL moved to 16-game seasons in 1978. Although Ragone was tasked with coaching quarterback Jay Cutler, Cutler and the team struggled with injuries, forcing backups Brian Hoyer and Matt Barkley into action. The Bears also went 0–8 on the road for the first time in franchise history.

During the 2017 NFL Draft, the Bears selected quarterback Mitchell Trubisky with the 2nd overall pick. They also signed former Tampa Bay Buccaneers starting quarterback Mike Glennon in free agency. The Bears went 5–11 and missed the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season.

When Fox was fired after the 2017 season, Ragone was retained by new coach Matt Nagy; he was the lone offensive assistant from the Fox regime to stay with the Bears. The Bears went 12–4 in 2018, earning a winning season for the first time since 2012, making the playoffs and winning the NFC North for the first time since 2010. They would go on to lose to the Philadelphia Eagles in the wild card round 16–15 with Trubisky setting numerous franchise passing records. Under his coaching, Trubisky would be selected to the Pro Bowl.

The Bears went 8–8 in 2019 and missed the playoffs. On January 16, 2020, Nagy hired John DeFilippo as quarterbacks coach and Ragone was promoted to passing game coordinator.

Atlanta Falcons
On January 21, 2021, Ragone was hired by the Atlanta Falcons as their offensive coordinator under head coach Arthur Smith. Following Smith's firing after the 2023 season, Ragone was not retained under new head coach Raheem Morris.

Los Angeles Rams
On February 19, 2024, Ragone was named quarterbacks coach of the Los Angeles Rams under head coach Sean McVay.

title: Dave Ragone


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West Virginia Route 310

West Virginia Route 310 is a north–south state highway located in northern West Virginia. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 50 in Grafton. The northern terminus is at U.S. Route 19 in Fairmont.

WV 310 is a two-lane road that traverses a mostly country setting, with sharp turns and occasional steep inclines. It runs through the unincorporated town of Quiet Dell (Marion County) and also provides access to Valley Falls State Park. The southern portion is located in Taylor County and the northern portion is located in Marion County. It crosses the county line near the entrance to Valley Falls State Park.

Virtually all of the residences in the immediate area are occupied by a single family. Homes generally have large amounts of acreage that commonly back up to wooded areas. WV 310 runs through an area that has seen moderate growth with the development of some upscale neighborhoods such as South Point, Bunners Ridge, Timber Ridge, and Rock Lake.

WV-310 is also a main thoroughfare for individuals traveling between East Fairmont and Grafton.

WV 310 was formerly County Route 31 in Marion County and County Route 5 in Taylor County. The route's northern terminus was originally at US 250 in Fairmont, but it was extended in 2017 over the new Third Street bridge over Coal Run to US 19.

title: West Virginia Route 310


text:
West Virginia Route 307

West Virginia Route 307 is an east–west state highway located entirely within Raleigh County, West Virginia. The route takes on the shape of a loop, stretching from U.S. Route 19 and West Virginia Route 3 in Beaver in the west and US 19 and WV 3 southeast of Daniels in the east.

The loop provides access to Little Beaver State Park and the Raleigh County Memorial Airport from US 19 and WV 3.

title: West Virginia Route 307


text:
Polish names

Polish names have two main elements: the given name, and the surname. The usage of personal names in Poland is generally governed by civil law, church law, personal taste and family custom.

The law requires a given name to indicate the person's gender. Almost all Polish female names end in the vowel -a, and most male names end in a consonant or a vowel other than a. There are, however, a few male names that end in a, which are very old and uncommon, such as Barnaba, Bonawentura, Boryna, Jarema, Kosma, Kuba (a diminutive of Jakub) and Saba. Maria is a female name that can be used also as a middle (second) name for males.

Since the High Middle Ages, Polish-sounding surnames ending with the masculine -ski suffix, including -cki and -dzki, and the corresponding feminine suffix -ska/-cka/-dzka were associated with the nobility (Polish szlachta), which alone, in the early years, had such suffix distinctions. They are widely popular today.

Minor regional spelling differences also exist depending on whether the surname originated in Polish, Czech or Slovak (-sky/-ský).

Given names
A child in Poland is usually given one or two names; Polish registry offices do not register more than two. Among Catholics, who form the vast majority of the population, it is customary to adopt the name of a saint as an informal, third given name at confirmation, however, this does not have any legal effect. (This is reminiscent of the pre-Christian rite of the "first haircut" (postrzyżyny), which also involved giving the child a new name.)

In the past, there was no restrictions on the number of the given names. In formal situations, multiple given names were presented in the following style: "Zygmunt, Józef,  Erazm  3-ga  imion  Kaczkowski,  urodził  sie dnia  2  maja  1825  roku..." (Zygmunt, Józef,  Erazm  of three names  Kaczkowski,  was born on the day of the 2nd of May, in the year of 1825...) In the case of two first names the  qualifier "of two names" (dwojga imion) was used; four names: "of 4 names" (4-ga imion), etc. Parents normally choose from a long list of traditional names, which includes:
 * Christian names, i.e., Biblical names and saint's names;
 * Slavic names of pre-Christian origin.

The names of Slavic saints, such as Wojciech (St Adalbert), Stanisław (St Stanislaus), or Kazimierz (St Casimir), belong to both of these groups. Slavic names used by historical Polish monarchs, e.g. Bolesław, Lech, Mieszko, Władysław, are common as well. Additionally, a few names of Lithuanian origin, such as Olgierd (Algirdas), Witold (Vytautas) or Danuta, are quite popular in Poland.

Traditionally, the names are given at a child's baptism. Non-Christian, but traditional, Slavic names are usually accepted, but the priest may encourage parents to pick at least one Christian name. In the past, two Christian names were given to a child so that they had two patron saints instead of just one. At confirmation, people usually adopt yet another (second or third) Christian name, however, it is never used outside church documents.

In Eastern Poland, as in many other Catholic countries, people celebrate name days (imieniny) on the day of their patron saint. On the other hand, in Western Poland, birthdays are more popular. Today, in Eastern Poland, birthdays remain relatively intimate celebrations, as often only relatives and close friends know a person's date of birth. Name days, on the other hand, are often celebrated together with co-workers and other less-intimate friends. Information about whose name is associated with a given day can be found in most Polish calendars and on the Internet.

The choice of a given name is largely influenced by fashion. Many parents name their child after a national hero or heroine, or a character from a book, film, or TV show. In spite of this, a great number of popular names have been in use since the Middle Ages.

Diminutives are popular in everyday usage and are by no means reserved for children. The Polish language allows for a great deal of creativity in this field. Most diminutives are formed by adding a suffix. For male names it may be -ek or the more affectionate -uś; for female names it may be -ka, or -nia / -dzia / -sia / cia respectively. For example, Maria (a name which was once reserved to refer to the Virgin Mary; now the archaic form "Maryja" is used for this), has diminutives Marysia, Maryśka, Marysieńka, Mania, Mańka, Maniusia, etc.

Alternatively, augmentative forms (Polish: zgrubienie) may be colloquially used, often with scornful or disdainful intention. For example, Maria may be called Marycha or Marychna.

As in many other cultures, a person may informally use a nickname (pseudonim, ksywa) or instead of a given name.

In 2009, the most popular female names in Poland were Anna, Maria and Katarzyna (Katherine). The most popular male names were Piotr (Peter), Krzysztof (Christopher) and Andrzej (Andrew).

Surnames
Surnames, like those in most of Europe, are hereditary and generally patrilineal, being passed from the father to his children.

A Polish marriage certificate lists three fields, the surnames for the husband, wife, and children. The partners may choose to retain their surnames, or both adopt the surname of either partner, or a combination of both; the children must receive either the joint surname or the surname of one of the partners. However, a married woman usually adopts her husband's name, and the children usually bear the surname of the father. The wife may keep her maiden name (nazwisko panieńskie) or add her husband's surname to hers, thus creating a double-barrelled name (nazwisko złożone). However, if she already has a double-barrelled name, she must leave one of the parts out—it is illegal to use a triple- or more-barrelled name. An exception is when one of the surnames is composed of a surname proper plus agnomen (przydomek), e.g., Maria Gąsienica Daniel-Szatkowska, where "Gąsienica Daniel is her husband's surname. It is also possible, though rare, for the husband to adopt his wife's surname or to add his wife's surname to his family name (an example is businessman Zygmunt Solorz-Żak, who did both, taking his wife's name on his first marriage, and later appending his second wife's name to it). Polish triple-barreled surnames are known to exist; an example is the one borne by Ludwik Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski, a university professor and writer, living in Canada.

The most widespread Polish surnames are Nowak, Kowalski, Wiśniewski and Wójcik.

Suffix -ski/-ska
–ski (also –sky in other regions) is an adjective-forming suffix, from the Proto-Slavic "ьskъ", which defined affiliation to something. It was also used with names of territories and settlements to denote possession or place of origin. The suffix, -ski (feminine: -ska), has been restricted to the nobility in eastern Europe and some parts of central Europe since the High Middle Ages. It was the equivalent to nobiliary particles appearing in the names of nobility, such as in the Germanic von or zu. Almost all surnames borne by the nobility with the -ski (or -sky) suffix are preceded by a place name (toponymic) or other territorial designation derived from their main court, holdings, castle, manor or estate. For example, the Polish nobleman Jan of Tarnów whose name in Polish is "Jan z Tarnowa" was equally known by the name "Jan Tarnowski"; this highlighted his nobility unlike the preposition of "z" alone which could be construed as a regular prepositional particle.

In the 19th century, a wave of seemingly noble sounding surnames began to appear among the common population, where a significant number of the bourgeoisie class, and even the peasantry, began to adopt or bear the noble -ski suffix. The -ski suffix was thus attached to surnames derived from a person's occupation, characteristics, patronymic surnames, or toponymic surnames (from a person's place of residence, birth or family origin). This caused a blur between the -ski bearing territorial toponymic surnames once a characteristic only borne by the nobility. As such, and contrary to a popular modern-day misconception, the fact of a person simply bearing the -ski suffix in their family surname or merely sharing the same toponymic surname as members of Poland's nobility, does not in itself denote that person too is a member of the nobility, of noble origin, or indeed connected to that particular family.

When referring to two or more members of the same family and surname, the suffix -ski is replaced with the plural -skich, -scy or -ccy (plural masculine or both masculine and feminine) as well as -skie or -ckie (plural feminine).

The -ski ending and similar adjectival endings (-cki, -dzki, -ny, -ty) are the only ones in Polish that have feminine forms, where women have the feminine version ending in -ska (-cka, -dzka, -na, -ta) instead. Historically, female versions of surnames were more complex, often formed by adding the suffix -owa for married women and -ówna or -wianka for unmarried women. In most cases, this practice is now considered archaic or rustic.

Other common surname suffixes are -czyk, -czek, -czak, -czuk, and -wicz.

History, heraldry, and clan names
Family names first appeared in Poland around the 13th century and were only used by the upper social classes of society. Over time the Polish nobility became grouped into heraldic clans (Polish ród herbowy) whose names survived in their shared coats of arms. Members of one clan could split into separate families with different surnames, usually derived from the name of their holdings or estates. Sometimes the family name and the clan name (associated with the arms) would be used together and form a double-barrelled name. The opposite process happened as well: different families may have joined a heraldic clans by the means of heraldic adoption.

To explain the formation of a particular Polish nobleman's name, e.g. Jakub Dąbrowski, Radwan coat of arms, the process might be the following. In Polish dąb means "oak", dąbrowa means "oak forest" and dąbrówka means "oak grove". Then, by analogy with German surnames associated with noble provenance using von, the equivalent Polish preposition is z, which means "from", followed by the name of the patrimony or estate. In Polish the expressions, z Dąbrówki and Dąbrowski mean the same thing: hailing "from Dąbrówka". More precisely, z Dąbrówki actually means owner of the estate, Dąbrówka, but not necessarily originating from there. Thus Jakub z Dąbrówki herbu Radwan translates as "Jacob from Dąbrówka, with the Radwan coat of arms". But with the later addition of his cognomen or nickname, Żądło, he would become known as, Jakub z Dąbrówki, Żądło, herbu Radwan - or he could be called just plain, Jakub Żądło.

The most striking concept of the Polish heraldic system is that a coat of arms may originate from a single family, but come to be carried by several non-related families of the Polish szlachta (nobility). Unrelated families who have joined the nobility by heraldic adoption can share the same coat of arms, even though that coat of arms bears the surname of the family who created it. Thus the total number of coats of arms in this system was relatively low — about 200 in the late Middle Ages. One side-effect of this unique arrangement was that it became customary to refer to noblemen by both their family name and their coat of arms/clan name. For example: Jan Zamoyski herbu Jelita means Jan Zamoyski of the clan Jelita.

From the 15th to the 17th century, the formula seems to copy the ancient Roman naming convention with the classic tria nomina used by the Patricians: praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or gens/Clan name) and cognomen (surname), following the Renaissance fashion. Thus, Jan Jelita Zamoyski, forming a double-barrelled name (nazwisko złożone). Later, the double-barrelled name would be joined with a hyphen: Jan Jelita-Zamoyski.

Example
Gradually the use of family names spread to other social groups: the townsfolk (burghers) by the end of the 17th century, then the peasantry, and finally the Jews. The process ended only in the mid-19th century.

After the First and Second World Wars some resistance fighters added their wartime noms de guerre to their original family names. This was yet another reason for creating double-barrelled names. Examples include Edward Rydz-Śmigły, Jan Nowak-Jeziorański, and Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski. Some artists, such as Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, also added their noms de plume to their surnames.

Change of name
A Polish citizen may apply to the registry office (Urząd Stanu Cywilnego) with a request for a change of name or surname alongside the payment of a small administrative fee. If the change of surname is not linked to marriage, the family surname is also changed in the successful applicant's documents. A note is added to the applicant's birth certificate in the system, informing of the subsequent change of name.

The request is not always successful. Certain types of request are certain to be refused: for example, the surname of a famous historical figure (where the applicant cannot demonstrate a close family connection to the surname), or where there is concern that the applicant is applying with the aim of evading criminal or civil responsibility. Every application must give a motivation for the change of name; for example, the existing name being offensive or funny, the desire to revert to a previous name, a close attachment to family members (e.g. parent, step-parent) bearing a different surname, or being commonly known in unofficial contexts by a different name.

In diasporas
When Polish individuals emigrate to countries with different languages and cultures, the often-difficult spelling and pronunciation of Polish names commonly cause them to be misspelled, changed, shortened, or calqued. For example, in English, w is often changed to v and sz to sh. Similar changes occur in French. Changes in Spanish can be even more extreme; a Spiczyński may become simply Spika, for example, where a more rigorous transcription would produce de Spichiñsqui.

Another typical change is the loss of the gender distinction in adjectival surnames, especially visible for those ending in -ski (fem.: -ska), -cki (fem.: -cka) and -dzki (fem.: -dzka). Western languages do not distinguish between male and female surnames, even if the language has gender-specific adjectives (like German, French or Spanish). As the surname is, in most cases, inherited from the father (or accepted from the husband), the Western registries of birth and marriage ascribe the masculine form (the one ending in -i) to the female members of the family. Slavic countries, in contrast, would use the feminine form of the surname (the one ending in -a). The form Anna Kowalski would never be met within Poland, whereas it is commonly found in the US, Germany and Argentina.

However, as an exception, feminine endings like -ska apply even to some women from non-Slavic countries, not just outside Poland or English-speaking ones, who have Polish parentage or are half-Polish, namely Britain's Ella Balinska, whose father has the masculine Balinski(-Jundzill), and Australians Mia Wasikowska and her sister, Jess, who have the same ending as their mother's.

Another modification is changing the final vowel -i of the endings -ski, -cki and -dzki into -y. Those endings are common in Czech, Slovak and Ukrainian, as well as in English, but they never occur in Polish.

When transliterated into languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet, such as Russian or Ukrainian, alterations are usually much less drastic, as the languages involved are Slavic and less difficult for the natives, and feminine forms are preserved although the -ski/-ska ending is altered slightly to the corresponding ending in Russian (-ский/-ская) or Ukrainian (-ський/-ська). Similar alterations occur to Polish names in Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia.

Classification
Based on grammatical features, Polish surnames may be divided into:
 * nominal, derived from and declined as a noun
 * adjectival, derived from and declined as an adjective.

Adjectival names very often end in the suffixes, -ski, -cki and -dzki (feminine -ska, -cka and -dzka), and are considered to be either typically Polish or typical for the Polish nobility. In the case of '-ski', it holds true if the surname contains the name of a city, town, village or other geographical location.

Based on origin, Polish family names may be generally divided into three groups: cognominal, toponymic and patronymic.

Cognominal
A Polish cognominal surname (nazwisko przezwiskowe) derives from a person's nickname, usually based on his profession, occupation, physical description, character trait, etc. The occupational surnames often would come from the Medieval Polish serf-villages, where a whole village serving the prince, township or lord, or a few streets in a town block would be inhabited by the same kind of specialized workers, often a guild of professionals. These areas would often be separate from the rest of the town due to the danger of fire (bell-makers and smiths), area ownership by the guild, or due to unpleasant pollution (tanners, wool-workers). Such serf areas would bear the plural form of the profession name, such as Piekary (bakers), Garbary (tanners), Winiary (winemakers). Furthermore, the suffix -czyk, -yk, -ek was used to describe a profession as a diminutive, often, but not always, indicating a trainee - the learning assistant before achieving a full job title or seniority.

Examples of cognominal surnames:
 * Kowal, Kowalski, Kowalczyk, Kowalczuk, Kowalewski, Kowalewicz – from kowal (blacksmith).
 * Młynarz, Młynarski, Młynarczyk – from młynarz (miller).
 * Nowak, Nowakowski, Nowicki – from nowy (the new one). (Nowak is the most popular Polish surname. )
 * Lis, Lisiewicz, Lisowski – from lis (fox).
 * Kołodziej, Kołodziejski, Kołodziejczak, Kołodziejczyk – from kołodziej (wheelwright).
 * Kuchar, Kucharski, Kucharczyk – from kucharz (cook)
 * Piekarski, Piekara, Piekarczyk – from piekarz (baker)
 * Bednarski, Bednarek – from bednarz (barrel maker), or Garcarek – from garncarz (potter)
 * Krawczyk – from krawiec (tailor), Szewczyk – from szewc (shoemaker), Tokarczyk – from tokarz (wood-turner)

Toponymic
Toponymic surnames (nazwisko odmiejscowe) usually derive from the name of a village or town, or the name of a topographic feature. These names are almost always of the adjectival form. Originally they referred to the village owner (lord). In the 19th century, however, surnames were often taken from the name of a person's town.

Examples of toponymic surnames:

 * Brodowski – of Brodowo
 * Tarnowski – of Tarnów
 * Wrzesiński – of Września
 * Krakowski – of Kraków
 * Mazur, Mazurski – of Masuria

Patronymic
A patronymic surname (nazwisko odimienne) derives from the given name of a person, and usually ends in a suffix suggesting a family relation.

Examples of patronymic surnames:
 * Adamczyk – derived from Adam
 * Łukaszewski – derived from Łukasz (Luke).

Other

 * There is a class of surnames derived from past tense participles. These names usually have the formally feminine (-ła) or neuter (-ło) ending of the (ancient, now obsolete) gender-neutral active past participle, meaning "the one who has ...[come, applied, accomplished, settled, searched, found, etc.]". Domagała, Przybyła, Napierała, Dopierała, Szukała or Podsiadło, Wcisło, Wlazło, and Przybyło are examples of these names. A smaller number of surnames use the masculine ending, for example, Musiał or Niechciał.
 * Another class of surnames uses the Latin disjunct vel ("or"). This arises when an ancestor was known by a given family name and under an alias. A case in point was when a soldier took part in an uprising and then pursued by the authorities, assumed another name. Subsequently, rather than lose one of his identities, he merged them using the disjunct, vel to indicate he was known under one or other name. For example, . The family then kept the form.

Feminine forms
Adjectival surnames, like all Polish adjectives, have masculine and feminine forms. If a masculine surname ends in -i or -y; its feminine equivalent ends in -a.

The feminine form is not just a common usage form, it is also the form of the surname that appears in all official records, such as birth, death and marriage certificates, identity cards, and passports. A female first name coupled with a male surname or vice versa sounds incongruous and wrong to the Polish ear.

Surnames ending with consonants usually have no additional feminine form. In the past, when the masculine form ended in a consonant, the feminine surname could have been derived by adding the suffix -owa (possessive form) for married women and the suffix -ówna (patronymic form) for maiden surname. For example, Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay, after her marriage to Janusz Jędrzejewicz, was named Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay Ehrenkreutz Jędrzejewiczowa. The unmarried daughter of Jędrzejewicz would have the official surname Jędrzejewiczówna. In modern times, Jędrzejewicz may be both a masculine and a feminine surname.

Another pair of archaic feminine forms are these derived from the masculine surname based on a nickname ending in vowel: "-ina" for married (Puchała –> Puchalina) and "-anka/-ianka" for unmarried (Przybyła –> Przybylanka).

Still another archaic feminine forms are for surnames ending in -g or syllables starting with '-g': in this case the unmarried feminine form would use the suffix -żanka: Fertig -> Fertiżanka, Szeliga -> Szeliżanka.

Neuter form
The neuter form ("rodzaj nijaki") may be used in reference to neuter nouns such as dziecko, "child." For example, when talking about a child of the neighbours one may say "To małe Kowalskie jest bardzo spokojnym dzieckiem" ("That Kowalski little one is a very quiet child"), or in plural: "Wasilewskie wyjechały do babci" ("The Wasilewskis children went away to see their grandma"). Unlike the feminine form, this form is never used in official documents; it is an informal form used mostly in spoken language.

Examples of feminine and neuter forms
Nominal surnames may or may not change with gender. Like other Slavic languages, Polish has special feminine suffixes which were added to a woman's surname. A woman who was never married used her father's surname with the suffix -ówna or -'anka. A married woman or a widow used her husband's surname with the suffix -owa or -'ina / -'yna (the apostrophe means that the last consonant in the base form of the surname is softened). Although these suffixes are still used by some people, mostly the elderly and in rural areas, they are now becoming outdated and there is a tendency to use the same form of a nominal surname for both a man and a woman. Furthermore, the forms "-anka" and "-ina/-yna" are going out of fashion and being replaced by "-ówna" and "-owa" respectively.

Examples of old feminine forms:

Plural forms
Plural forms of surnames follow the pattern of the masculine and feminine forms, respectively, if such exist. For a married couple or a family where there is a mix of males and females, the masculine plural is used. Plural forms of names rarely follow the patterns of regular declension, even if the name is identical with a common name.

Declension of adjectival surnames
The table below shows the full declension of adjectival surnames ending in -ki (-ski, -cki, -dzki), using the surname "Kowalski" as an example.

Formal and informal use
Poles pay great attention to the correct way of referring to, or addressing other people, depending on the level of social distance, familiarity and politeness. The differences between formal and informal language include:
 * using surnames or given names
 * using or not using honorific titles, such as Pan / Pani / Państwo;
 * using the third person singular (formal) or the second person singular (informal) forms.

Pan / Pani / Państwo
Pan and Pani are the basic honorific styles used in Polish to refer to a man or woman, respectively. In the past, these styles were reserved for hereditary nobles, and played more or less the same role as "Lord" or "Sir" and "Lady" or "Madame" in English. Since the 19th century, they have come to be used in all strata of society and may be considered equivalent to the English "Mr." and "Ms." or the Japanese "san" suffix, while nobles would be addressed "Jego/Jej Miłość Pan/Pani" (His/Her Grace Lord/Lady). There used to be a separate style, Panna ("Miss"), applied to unmarried women, but this is now outdated and mostly replaced by Pani.

"Państwo" is widely used when referring to a married couple (instead of using Pan and Pani) or even a whole family.

Examples:
 * Pan Kowalski + Pani Kowalska = Państwo Kowalscy
 * Pan Nowak + Pani Nowak = Państwo Nowakowie

Titles
When addressing people, scientific and other titles are always used together with "Pan" and "Pani" and the name itself is dropped. However, when a person is spoken of but not addressed directly, then both the title and the name are used and the words "Pan"/"Pani" are often omitted.

Examples:
 * "Panie profesorze" ("Professor"), "Pan profesor powiedział" ("Professor (X) said" or "you have said, professor")
 * "Pani doktor" ("Doctor"), "Pani doktor powiedziała" ("Doctor (X) said" or "you have said, doctor")

but:
 * "Pan profesor Jan Nowak" or "profesor Jan Nowak" or "profesor Nowak",
 * "Pani doktor Maria Kowalska" or "doktor Maria Kowalska" or "doktor Kowalska"

Given name / surname order
The given name(s) normally comes before the surname. However, in a list of people sorted alphabetically by surname, the surname usually comes first. Hence some people may also use this order in spoken language (e.g. introducing themselves as Kowalski Jan instead of Jan Kowalski), but this is generally considered incorrect or a throwback to the Communist era when this order was sometimes heard in official situations. In many formal situations, the given name is omitted altogether.

Examples:
 * Pan Włodzimierz Malinowski
 * Pani Jadwiga Kwiatkowska

On the other hand, it is not common to refer to public figures, while not addressing them, with "Pan" or "Pani". This is true for politicians, artists, and athletes.

 * "Jan Kowalski był dziś w Gdańsku." ("Jan Kowalski was in Gdansk today") and not "Pan Jan Kowalski był dziś w Gdańsku."
 * "Jan Kowalski uważa, że" or "Minister Kowalski uważa, że" ("Mr Kowalski maintains that") is better than "Pan Kowalski uważa, że".
 * "Film reżyserował Jan Kowalski." ("The film was directed by Jan Kowalski.") and not: "Film reżyserował pan Jan Kowalski."
 * "Złoty medal zdobyła Anna Kowalska." ("The gold medal was won by Anna Kowalska.") and never: "Złoty medal zdobyła pani Anna Kowalska."

In such circumstances, preceding a name with "Pan" or "Pani" would usually be seen as being ironical.

Semi-formal levels of address
In situations of frequent contact, like at work, people who do not change their status from formal to familiar levels may remain for years at a semi-formal level, using the formal "Pan"/"Pani" form followed by the given name. That way of calling people is used not only to address them but also to refer to them to a third person with whom one remains at the same level of semi-formal contact.

If two people do not have the same status, such as an employer and employee, a subordinate person is addressed by his or her given name by their superior, but the subordinate never uses the given name of the superior but instead uses the title.

 * the superior to a subordinate: "Panie Włodzimierzu!", "Pani Jadwigo!";
 * a subordinate to the superior: "Panie Dyrektorze!" (literally: "Mr Principal!"), "Pani Kierownik!" (literally: "Mrs Manager!").

This style is to a certain degree similar to the Vietnamese, Japanese or Icelandic usage.

If a superior wants to behave more politely or show a friendly attitude towards the subordinate, a diminutive form of the given name may be used: "Panie Włodku!", "Pani Jadziu!". That, however, is usually not practised when the subordinate is much older than the superior, as it may be felt by the subordinate as being overly patronised by the superior.

It is rude to call a person by a surname in the presence of unknown people. In a random crowd, for example, a person calling another person should use a form of "Proszę Pana/Pani" ("I'm asking you, Sir/Madam") or use the semi-formal form with first name, like "Panie Włodzimierzu" ("Mr. Włodzimierz"). That comes from a general rule that one has the right to be anonymous in a crowd of unknown people, and the rule is observed in most Western countries. To disclose one's given name does not fall under that rule, as many people are "Włodzimierz", for instance.

Semi-informal and informal forms of address
Informal forms of address are normally used only by relatives, close friends and co-workers. In such situations diminutives are generally preferred to the standard forms of given names. At an intermediate level of familiarity (for example, among co-workers) a diminutive given name may be preceded by formal the Pan or Pani (semi-informal form of address):
 * Pan Włodek (but also standard semi-formal form "Pan Włodzimierz") - in direct address "Panie Włodku" (standard: "Panie Włodzimierzu")
 * Pani Jadzia (but also "Pani Jadwiga") - in direct address "Pani Jadziu" (standard: "Pani Jadwigo")

Using the honorific style with a surname only, if used to refer to a given person directly, is generally perceived as rude. In such case, it is more polite to use just the form "Pan", without given or family name.

It is very rude to address someone whom one does not know well without using "Pan" or "Pani", and with the second person singular instead of the polite third person singular pronouns and verb forms. Traditionally, the act of moving from this form to a friendly "you" must be acknowledged by both parties and it is usually a mark of a close friendly relationship between the two people. The change can only be proposed by the older or more respected person; a similar suggestion initiated by the younger or less respected person will usually be perceived as presumptuous and arrogant.

Multiple surnames of married women
Although a remarried woman who takes the new husband's surname does not formally retain the surname(s) from the previous marriages, on biographical occasions all her surnames may be listed as follows: "Maria Piłsudska, de domo Koplewska, primo voto Juszkiewicz, secundo voto Piłsudska", where "de domo" literally meaning "of house" is basically the same as née, "primo voto" marks the surname by the first marriage, "secundo voto" marks  the surname by the second marriage, etc.

title: Polish names


text:
West Virginia Route 305

West Virginia Route 305 (WV 305) is a north–south state highway located entirely in Raleigh County, West Virginia. The southern terminus of the route is at West Virginia Route 54 / West Virginia Route 97 in Lester. The northern terminus is at West Virginia Route 3 near Surveyor.

WV 305 was formerly County Route 17, which continued east from Lester to Crab Orchard on modern and old WV 54.

title: West Virginia Route 305


text:
Talk:Armor Alley

Untitled
Armor Alley was ported to the IBM PC (MS-DOS) platform, as well. Now that I think about it, the game looks like a re-make of Sir-Tech Software's (1984) Rescue Raiders (Apple II)

= Armor Alley for iPhone =

 * Official home page:
 * http://www.ahbritto.holowww.com/armoralley Ahbritto (talk) 21:29, 17 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Mailing List:
 * http://groups.google.com/group/armoralley
 * Armor Alley at iBetaTest.com:
 * http://ibetatest.com/iphone/controllers/apps/?appId=139
 * Armor Alley at toucharcade.com:
 * http://forums.toucharcade.com/showthread.php?t=18001 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ahbritto (talk • contribs) 06:06, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Armor Alley


text:
Julien Boutter

Julien Boutter (born 5 April 1974) is a former professional male tennis player from France.

Career
At the 2002 Australian Open, Boutter defeated No. 2 seed and former World No. 1 Gustavo Kuerten, despite being down two sets, 3–6, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–3.

In his career, he won one singles title (2003 Casablanca) and reached the final in Milan (2001) but lost to Swiss Roger Federer. He reached two Master Series quarterfinals at Hamburg in 2002 and Monte Carlo in 2003. Boutter also reached the semi-finals of the 2002 Australian Open partnering fellow Frenchman Arnaud Clément, only to lose to Michaël Llodra and Fabrice Santoro 3–6, 6–3, 10–12. During the match, Boutter led an impromptu funeral ceremony for a bird inadvertently hit by Llodra as it was chasing a moth.

title: Julien Boutter


text:
Talk:Crannog

Crannóg
should we link to images that dont exist 63.172.168.157 21:07, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Etymology
Sirs,

I think that the morpheme -og is more likely a diminutive (or, to use Thurneysen's term, hypocoristic), not "young", although morphologically and semantically undoubtedly related.

See Thurneysen's Grammar of Old Irish, p. 173, para. 271:

"This suffix [ocán] is apparently a development of -ōc, which is in origin a Britannic hypocoristic [i.e. diminutive; term of endearment] suffix", etc. etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by YogahofYag (talk • contribs) 21:30, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I would find it very hard to believe that the -óg in crannóg is the adjective óg "young". That seems like simple folk-etymology.  I would think it would have to be the diminutive. According to eDIL crannóc means (a) wooden structure, wooden drinking-container, basket...rods, dome(?) & (b) wooden lake-dwelling.   I don't know if there is more detailed information about this words etymology, but I will remove the "young" bit.

Cmconraoi (talk) 20:47, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * You're right, it's not though I'm struggling to find an adequate ref. It's the diminutive suffix anyway. I've also re-organised the data a bit, the lead was way too big. Akerbeltz (talk) 11:37, 16 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The -óg suffix is apparently borrowed from Brythonic (Modern Welsh -og, Middle Welsh -awc). It comes from Proto-(Insular) Celtic *-āk- and is thus cognate with Goidelic's own suffix -ach. +Angr 19:55, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Construction
A source I've found indicates that in some cases the shallow island itself was constructed: ''This is a house built on an artificial island made by dumping huge quantities of stones and boulders into shallow water. When the platform thus created broke the surface of the water immense stakes and piles were incorporated into it, and a circular house was built on top, the whole being connected to the mainland by a causeway just below water-level. from Reed, M. Landscape of Britain : From the Beginnings to 1914''. London, UK: Routledge, 1997. p 92. Should the text of the article be changed to reflect this?L Hamm 15:57, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Spelling and Pronunciation
I have corrected the spelling of crannóg by adding the síneadh fada or acute accent to the o, which is the standard Irish spelling. The Scottish form is more likely to be crannag than crannóg, I think, and I would appreciate if Scottish Gaelic speakers could verify that for us. If that is the case, then we can add that to the text as an alternative form of the word.

I have also added the pronuciation of the word in Munster, Connacht and Ulster respectively, but again would appreciate if Scottish Gaelic speakers could verify the Scottish pronunciation of the word so that that too could be added to the text.

Is it just me or does the article deal a little bit too much with crannógs in Scotland? An Muimhneach Machnamhach 15:40, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Yes indeed there certainly seems to be a strong emphasis on the crannogs of Scotland which, by distribution, are fewer in number than those of Ireland.

The "Eilean Domhnuill" mentioned in the History section, is not pronounced 'Ellen Donall', but 'Eileen Dovneil', the 'mh' consonant being somewhat like a 'v' (or hard w) in English, as in the ancient Socts name Dovenaldus, as rendered in Latin, which was spelt Domhnall in Scots Gaeligh. (See MS 1427 for examples).

Move from Crannóg to Crannog?
I propose we move this article from Crannóg to Crannog. It seems like this is the more common form of the word outside of Ireland. Just look at the titles of the references and external links.--Brianann MacAmhlaidh (talk) 08:11, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Doing a quick Google search, I think there is sufficient usage of the -óg spelling to leave it in with the fada. Akerbeltz (talk) 11:28, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

incorrect dating of an Irish Crannog
Looking at the dates for an irish crannog at 4500BC I found this book states that late Mezolithic period shows lake side evidence, in Ban flakes and chert blades are credited to this date at Lough Derravarragh, lough Kinale, Lough Iron, Lough Garren. While the first crannog evidence is in the Balinderry crannog in the late Bronze age 1200-600BC. Therefore I have changed the date to the late Brone age 1200-600BC. If anyone has another date or article please add. Lake side activity does not constitute as a crannog. Lua na fíricí (talk) 19:20, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Purpose
I was reading this article and I could not find the historical purpose for Crannogs. I would hope some archeologist and/or anthropologists would know; perhaps for defense? 70.92.139.18 (talk) 04:00, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. Jafeluv (talk) 01:52, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Crannóg → Crannog – As repeatedly described in the article ("preferably crannog, the most commonly accepted form in both Ireland and Scotland", "The commonly accepted modern term crannog and the less-used Irish spelling crannóg"), extremely well cited in the article (five citations), and used throughout the article, "crannog" is the proper spelling. Furthermore, the only accepted English spelling is "crannog": American Heritage, Merriam–Webster, Webster's New World, Encarta, and Oxford. — the Man in Question (in question)  21:11, 7 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support Compare WP:IMOS; the Gaelic spelling should certainly be mentioned, but it is appropriate title in the Irish and the Scottish Gaelic Wikipedias. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 23:20, 8 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. I tried some searches on GoogleBooks, but Google has trouble with the accents and I don't think you can really compare the words - they're jumbled together. I'm pretty sure the Gaelic spellings are under-represented there because Google's book-scanner sometimes doesn't pick up the accents. Even so it seems to me that the English form is used more in books concerned with archaeology. It think that since the article deals with crannogs in general and not those just in Ireland, then English form has that going for it as well. I don't think that titles have to be in English, they are supposed to be the accepted form in English sources. So if someone can show that the bulk of sources use the Irish form, then that's the form that should be used for the article's title.--Brianann MacAmhlaidh (talk) 05:03, 9 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. Brianann MacAmhlaidh's logic is fine by me. (Don't think modern Scots Gaelic uses acute accents either). Ben   Mac  Dui  07:18, 9 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Neutral. Not worried either way really. Scots Gaelic would be crannag (Irish -óg > ag). The thing is though that (in my personal personal experience) the use of acutes is becoming more common when it comes to the English media, e.g. with words like Gardaí. But as I said I'm agreeable to either if people have a preference for Crannog. Akerbeltz (talk) 19:31, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Current name reflects the pronunciation of the word in English. Sarah777 (talk) 19:51, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Support. Crannog is easier to pronunce in English using accents Brianann MacAmhlaidh has some very cood points Uthican (talk) 13:33, 11 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

15 refs for one sentence?
"In contrast, relatively few crannogs have been excavated since the Second World War, although this number has steadily grown, especially since the early 1980s and may soon surpass pre-war totals" needs 15 refs? Why? Is it a very very controversial statement? AllenBender (talk) 20:08, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

removal of inacurate sentence on Bronze Age Scottish Crannogs
I removed the following partial sentence "-although in Scotland, Bronze Age and Norse Period use is not apparent in the archaeological record.-". Firstly it is inacurate as The archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles by Ian Armit, Historic Scotland p52 [] states Scottish crannog's were active up till the Bronze Age and into the Iron Age.Uthican (talk) 05:16, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Well spotted. Ben   Mac  Dui  09:40, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Problem with dating
"The earliest radiocarbon determinations obtained from key sites such as Oakbank in Loch Tay or Redcastle, Beauly Firth approach the Late Bronze Age - Early Iron Age transition at their widest interpretation at 2 sigma or 95.4% probability, falling after c.800BC and therefore could only be considered Late Bronze Age by the narrowest of margins."

This statement is very ambiguous. It's clearly a response to criticism of the dating by another editor, but isn't very useful to the casual reader. If statistical analysis is to be used, it should be made clear to the untutored reader A) that it is being used; B) that '2 sigma' implies 2 standard deviations from the mean; C) What exactly, the mean is in this case, the variance, and the range of possible data (within, say, 3 deviations). In its present form, it is completely opaque to the reader who does not have experience with statistical terminology. Furthermore, even for those of us who do have experience, we are unable to understand the argument in its completeness, without being given the mean date and the variance.

Please elaborate on this; if too much space is required, move it further into the body of the article.

Regards James — Preceding unsigned comment added by Babyinthebarn (talk • contribs) 15:06, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

Category:House types
Is a crannog a house type? Three of the current categories are for fortifications but the description of the primary buildings here are dwellings. It seems that the word fortification should be in the article is that is a primary purpose and this article should also be added to Category:House types. Jim Derby (talk) 22:18, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

What's a "crannog"?
It's more than silly and obscurantist to change this article name from the correct crannóg to the meaningless "crannog", when it is pronounced by all speakers of all languages who are familiar with it as "crannóg, just as Seán is not pronounced 'Sean' by people who are familiar with the correct spelling and pronunciation of that name. I can only wonder about the motivations of somebody who wanted to change this article name to an incorrect form. 89.101.41.216 (talk) 17:38, 17 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Well what is a crannóg as the Irish fada 'ó' does not exist in other forms of Gaelic its much better to have the non fada to avoid confusion.Uthican (talk) 14:34, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Crannog


text:
West Virginia Route 270

West Virginia Route 270 is an east–west state highway located entirely within Harrison County, West Virginia. The western terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 19 just outside the western edge of West Milford. The eastern terminus is at Interstate 79 exit 110 in Lost Creek.

WV 270 was formerly County Route 27.

title: West Virginia Route 270


text:
User talk:JOJO78

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Thanks for uploading Image:GeneRayburnMGPM.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging Image:BettyWhitesyn.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:BettyWhitesyn.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Images in Match Game 73 82 PICS
Please revisit the licensing and sourcing of the images in Match Game 73 82 PICS since at present they are of unclear status. If they are not appropritaely sourced and licensed in 7 days, they will have to be deleted. Thanks. -Splash talk 20:24, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Image source/licensing for Image:BrettSomers78.jpg
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The Match Game
Why did you delete the article? Are you trying to move it somewhere else? - RoyBoy 800 22:02, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Match Game Pm
Please stop reverting my redirect. Match Game PM does not deserve it's own article. It had basically the same game play as Match Game. --CFIF 21:31, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

YES IT DOES NEED ITS OWN ARTICLE BECUASE MATCH GAME IS NOT THE SAME AS MATCH GAME PM!

 * Please do not replace Wikipedia pages or sections with blank content. It is considered vandalism. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Allen3 talk 02:17, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

UNTIL YOU PUT MATCH GAME PM BACK AS IT WAS.

UNTIL THEN I AN NOT COMING BACK TO WIKIPEDIA AND I'M GETING RID OF MY ACCOUNT HERE!!!!! [ :( ]

Fair use rationale for File:MoreyAMG73.JPG
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title: User talk:JOJO78


text:
West Virginia Route 230

West Virginia Route 230 is a north–south state highway located entirely within Jefferson County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 340 west of Bolivar. The northern terminus of the route is at West Virginia Route 45 and West Virginia Route 480 in Shepherdstown.

South of CR 17, WV 230 was formerly part of County Route 23.

title: West Virginia Route 230