text:
Shen Zhou

Shen Zhou (, 1427–1509), courtesy names Qi'nan (启南) and Shitian (石田), was a Chinese painter in the Ming dynasty. He lived during the post-transition period of the Yuan conquest of the Ming. His family worked closely with the government and maintained its wealthy status. Shen later retired and lived a reclusive life, spending most of his time painting and taking care of his widowed mother.

He was a contributor to the more individualist Wu School of Chinese art. Besides painting, he was also accomplished in history and the classics.

Life
Shen Zhou was born into a wealthy family in Xiangcheng, near the thriving city of Suzhou, in the Jiangsu province, China. His genealogy traces his family's wealth to the late Yuan period, but only as far as Shen's paternal great-grandfather, Shen Liang-ch’en, who became a wealthy landowner following the dissolution of Mongol rule.

After the collapse of the Yuan and the emergence of the new Ming dynasty, the position of tax collector was assigned to the head of the Shen family, under the Hongwu emperor's new lijia system. This steadily and amply increased the family's wealth, while freeing Shen Liang-ch’en's male descendants from obligatory careers as Ming officials, and allowing them to live the majority of their lives as retired scholar-artists. Upon the death of his father, Shen Heng-chi, Shen Zhou decided to forgo official examinations and devote his life to the care of his widowed mother, Chang Su-wan.

It is probable that he never intended to become an official, but refrained from making this obvious until his father had died. He thus renounced the life of official service while still preserving his reputation in an enduring act of filial piety. In this way, he was able to live a reclusive life, free of responsibility (except that of caring for his mother), and devote his time to artwork, socializing, and monastic contemplation of the natural world around him. Shen was privileged that he could paint what he wanted, since he was rich and therefore did not require a wealthy patron and sponsor.

Cultural and historical context
Shen Zhou lived at a pivotal point in the history of Chinese painting, and contributed greatly to the artistic tradition of China, founding the new Wu School in Suzhou. Under the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368), painters had practiced with relative freedom, cultivating a more “individualist,” innovative approach to art that deviated noticeably from the more superficial style of the Song masters who preceded them. However, at the outset of the Ming, the Hongwu emperor (reg 1368–1398) decided to import the existing master painters to his court in Nanjing, where he had the ability to cultivate their styles to conform to the paintings of the Song masters. As Hongwu was notorious for his attempts to marginalize and persecute the scholar class, this was seen as an attempt to banish the gentry's influence from the arts.

The dominant style of the Ming court painters was called the Zhe School. However, following the ascension of the Yongle emperor (reg 1403–1424), the capital was moved from Nanjing to Beijing, putting a large distance between imperial influence and Shen's city of Suzhou, which was nearby Nanjing. These new conditions led to the rise of the Wu School of painting, a somewhat subversive style that revived the ideal of the inspired scholar-painter in Ming China.

Work
Shen Zhou's scholarly upbringing and artistic training had instilled in him a reverence for China's historical tradition that influenced both his life and his art from an early age. He was accomplished in history and the classics, and his paintings reveal a disciplined obedience to the styles of the Yuan dynasty, to China's history, and to the orthodox Confucianism that he embodied in his filial life. He is most famous for his landscapes and for his "boneless" renderings of flowers, which are meticulously created in the style of the Yuan masters. However, he did not always paint within strict boundaries. Shen possessed a large collection of paintings from the late Yuan and early Ming, which he and his scholar-painter colleagues used as models in forging the revivalist approach of the Wu style. He frequently combined experimental elements with the more rigid styles of the Yuan masters. Much of his work was done in collaboration with others, combining painting, poetry, and calligraphy at gatherings with his literati friends. It was upon these ideals that his Wu School was founded. For Wu painters, painting was a meditation, rather than an occupation. Shen Zhou never coveted his paintings, although they were frequently coveted and imitated by others. Through Shen Zhou's eyes, a painting was not a commodity, but the very extension of the painter himself.

His paintings depicts soaring mountains and towering trees, while human works are reduced to specks in this immensity. This was made to make nature feel all empowering while dwarfing the human element. His most famous work from 1487, Rainy Thoughts (now in the National Palace Museum, Taipei), shows the rain dominating the composition while an insignificant house blurs with the mountains that towers over it. He is usually contrasted with Wu Wei, a painter that places humankind as the center of attention in his paintings.

This artist should not be confused with another Chinese artist named Shen Zhou who lived in 1848–1903.

title: Shen Zhou


text:
Rosie Barnes

Rosemary Susan Barnes, OBE (née Allen; born 16 May 1946) is an English charity organiser and former politician. She became nationally known when she won a by-election in 1987 for the Social Democratic Party.

Early life
Rosemary Allen was born in Nottingham to Alan Allen and Kathleen Allen and was educated at Bilborough Grammar School Bilborough College since 1975), gaining seven O-levels, and three A-levels. She is a cousin of Labour MP Graham Allen.

At the University of Birmingham she graduated in Social Sciences and History in 1967. The same year she married Graham Barnes, an old school friend, from Bilborough Grammar School, who later became an accountant and investment company director. They have two sons and one daughter. After briefly becoming a teacher, she worked as a freelance market research consultant. In the late 1960s she lived in Balham and Streatham.

Political activity
Having been a Labour voter, although never a member, when the Social Democratic Party was formed in 1981 Barnes and her husband joined it as founder members because they were opposed to the Labour Party's leftward move. She served on the Council for Social Democracy from 1982 as the delegate from Greenwich, and was an SDP candidate in Woolwich in the Inner London Education Authority elections in May 1986.

Parliamentary candidature
Barnes was selected as SDP candidate for Greenwich in December 1986 after the previous candidate stood down, saying he did not want to be a "paper candidate" because the local SDP had decided to concentrate its efforts on keeping John Cartwright's seat in Woolwich. On Christmas Eve 1986, the Labour MP for the constituency (Guy Barnett) died, precipitating a by-election. The local Labour Party selected a left-wing candidate, and the Greenwich by-election held in February 1987 saw a deluge of canvassers, including many members of the Liberal Party, come from near and far to help her win the seat. Her husband, who in 1986 had become an SDP local councillor in Greenwich, acted as her agent at the subsequent 1987 general election four months later when she was returned.

National figure
Becoming a political star at the general election by virtue of her 'non-partisan' appeal, the SDP decided to use Barnes prominently in its campaign. She was shown in soft focus in a Party political broadcast teaching her son the way to stroke a rabbit, an appearance which was heavily ridiculed. She retained her seat with a lower majority. After the election, with the SDP split over whether to merge with the Liberal Party, Barnes strongly supported David Owen in his resistance to merger.

Role in SDP
Rosie Barnes became a member of Dr Owen's 'continuing' SDP, but when the party was disbanded in 1990 she continued to sit in Parliament as an 'Independent Social Democrat'. In the 1992 general election, despite being actively aided by the local Liberal Democrat party who did not put up a candidate against her and canvassed for her, she lost her seat to Nick Raynsford of the Labour Party.

After Parliament
After leaving politics Barnes became a charity director, first for the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists at Birthright (which she renamed WellBeing), and subsequently as Chief Executive of the Cystic Fibrosis Trust which she joined in October 1996 and from which she retired in August 2010. In 2011 she accepted an invitation to become Patron of Child Health International, a charity dedicated to helping families affected by cystic fibrosis in former Soviet bloc countries.

Honours
Barnes was awarded an OBE for services to health care in 2011.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rosie Barnes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quintalis

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 07:41, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Quintalis
Okay, this took some Googling around to figure out what the hell is being talked about. It's Puzzle Pirates cruft, is what it is. DS 00:46, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Speedy under A7. Player character in a not-particularly-notable online game. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  01:04, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Starblind/Andrew. I don't think it meets CSD though. Chick Bowen 01:13, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. For the record, Puzzle Pirates was enjoyable for about five minutes.  --Merovingian (t) (c) 01:44, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ugh. Speedy --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 08:44, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Maria Kalaniemi

Maria Kalaniemi (born 27 May 1964 in Espoo, Finland) is a Finnish accordionist. She was classically trained, gaining her MMus from the Sibelius Academy in 1992, but has become mostly known as a folk musician having played this music from childhood, besides her classical music studies, and also at the folk music department of the Sibelius Academy.

Groups
Ensembles she is or has been involved with are:
 * Niekku, formed during the years at the Sibelius Academy: before they disbanded, they recorded three albums.
 * Aldargaz, also formed at the Sibelius Academy including fiddler Arto Järvelä, pianist Timo Alakotila, mandolinist Petri Hakala, guitarist Olli Varis and Tapani Varis. The group made their last recording in 1999.
 * A duo consisting of her and Timo Alakotila, that recorded the album Ambra.
 * Maria Kalaniemi Trio, extending the duo with Olli Varis. Both the duo and the trio play traditional tunes, popular Finnish tunes from about the mid-20th century as well as new material by Kalaniemi and Alakotila. The trio released a live CD recorded in Tokyo, Tokyo concert, that partly contains the same tunes as Ambra.
 * Accordion Tribe, an international accordion group consisting of Kalaniemi, Guy Klucevsek from the United States, Bratko Bibic from Slovenia, Lars Hollmer from Sweden and Otto Lechner from Austria
 * Unto Tango Orchestra (Tango-Orkesteri Unto) with Pirjo Aittomäki (vocals), Timo Alakotila, Petri Hakala (guitar), Mauno Järvelä (violin) and Hannu Rantanen (double bass). The group was formed to perform at one particular occasion, and later released a CD that outside of Finland is sold as Finnish tango.
 * Helsinki Melodeon Ladies
 * Ramunder, a Swedish-speaking project with the singer Anna-Kaisa Liedes and the fiddler Marianne Maans

She has also worked and recorded with the Swedish fiddler Sven Ahlbäck, the popular Finnish singer Katri Helena, the singer/actor/flautist Vesa-Matti Loiri, the Finnish accordionist Kimmo Pohjonen and many others. In 2004, she was the special guest at a concert in London with the BBC Concert Orchestra and the Finnish fiddler group JPP playing duets with Timo Alakotila plus a piece by Alakotila for accordion, orchestra and JPP written for this occasion.

Discography

 * Planet Squeezebox, 1995 (Ellipsis Arts)
 * Ahma, 2001 (Rockadillo Records)
 * Bellow Poetry, 2006 (Alula Records)

Collaborations

 * Åkerö, 2011, with Timo Alakotila (Åkerö ÅKERÖCD011)

Also appears on

 * Beginner's Guide to Scandinavia, 2011 (Nascente/Demon Music Group)

Honours

 * 1997: 3 Years Composer Grant
 * 1996: Prize of Finland
 * 1983: Golden Accordion Competition

title: Maria Kalaniemi


text: Template:Campaignbox Texas Revolution

title: Template:Campaignbox Texas Revolution


text:
North Shore Scenic Railroad

The North Shore Scenic Railroad is a heritage railroad that operates between Duluth and Two Harbors, Minnesota, United States, along 28 mi of the Lakefront Line, once part of the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railroad.

Owned by the Lake Superior Railroad Museum, the NSSR operates out of the former Duluth Union Depot, now the St. Louis County Depot. Ridership hit 110,000 in 2018, the railroad's record.

History
The North Shore Scenic Railroad operates excursions along the historic Lakefront Line, a 26 mi section of rail between Duluth and Two Harbors. This rail corridor served a vital link in the transportation system for over 100 years. Known originally as the Lake Division, it connected the isolated Duluth and Iron Range Railway with America’s expanding rail network. In 1886, when the Lakefront Line was first built, it was joined by a 1 mi extension of the St. Paul and Duluth Railway at Fifth Avenue East in Duluth, providing the D&IR with access to downtown Duluth as well as to other railroad carriers at the Head of the Lakes.

The scenic railroad began operating in 1990, by Donald Shank, former General Manager and Vice President of the Duluth, Mesabi & Iron Range Railway, began the North Shore Scenic Railroad. He operated the railroad for one season, using both county and private funding. In 1991, the Goldfines, a local family, took over operation of the railroad. The operated as a for-profit entity, using equipment that they had purchased. The Goldfines operated the railroad for five seasons. By 1996, the Lake Superior Railroad Museum assumed operation of the North Shore Scenic Railroad. Operating with a strong corps of volunteers and a fleet of historic museum equipment, the North Shore Scenic Railroad has grown into an educational and historically significant operation.

The railroad operates several locomotives, notably Great Northern Railway EMD NW5 192, DM&IR EMD SD18 193, Budd Rail Diesel Car 9169, Soo Line EMD GP30 700, and Soo Line EMD FP7 2500. Many steam locomotives have seen excursion service in one form or another. The first to operate was Duluth & Northern Minnesota 14, followed by Soo Line 1003 and Milwaukee Road 261, and (most recently) Soo Line 2719. The Duluth & Northeastern 28, a newly restored 2-8-0 Consolidation built in 1906 is now being used by the NSSR following its restoration.

Milwaukee Road 261 makes occasional visits to Duluth, during which some cars from its excursion train are joined with some of the LSRM's equipment for a dinner special.

Operating schedules
From May until December, the NSSR operates several daily excursions; after Labor Day, the NSSR reduces service to weekends only.

The 75-minute Duluth Zephyr runs several times a day during the main operating season. Vintage train cars are pulled by a vintage diesel engine through Duluth to the Lester River at the north end of the city. Passengers watch the engine uncouple, move to the back of the train, and pull it back to the station.

The railroad also offers 2.5-hour Pizza and Elegant Dinner excursions from Duluth to Knife River.

From July through September, the NSSR runs the Two Harbors Turn (becoming the Fall Colors Train to Two Harbors from mid-September to early October), a six-hour excursion with a stop for passengers to explore the historic Two Harbors Depot and town.

Special event trains
NSSR operates trains for special events, including a murder mystery train, a summer BBQ train, and holiday trains in the fall and winter. Others have included:
 * "Day Out with Thomas" featuring a life-sized Thomas the Tank Engine, on certain July and August weekends.
 * The Great Pumpkin Train travels to a pumpkin patch set up for train passengers.
 * The Christmas City Express provides a storybook presentation based on the local book of the same name and service to Bentleyville.

The public may also charter trains or rent a caboose on the Duluth Zephyr for up to 10 passengers.

On occasion, the NSSR will run a special Streamliner, featuring Soo Line 2500 and Erie Mining Company 4211 pulling the finest passenger cars of the LSRM collection.

title: North Shore Scenic Railroad


text:
Talk:Sicilian cart

Untitled
It would be great if someone could find a color photo for use in this article - the colors really stand out. - AKeen 00:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)\

 * Your wish is my command! Steve Rapaport 16:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

History book?

 * "In Sicily, the carts also served as a sort of history book for those who were illiterate."

How so? I don't know if this statement makes sense as it is. --InformationalAnarchist 07:09, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * - Point has been clarified, thanks for the heads up - AKeen 21:17, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Nice cleanup...

--Caesar J. B. Squitti :  Son of Maryann Rosso and Arthur Natale Squitti 15:19, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sicilian cart


text:
Education in West Virginia

Formal public school Education in West Virginia falls under the auspices of the West Virginia Department of Education. Each county in West Virginia constitutes a school district.

West Virginia Board of Education
The West Virginia Board of Education is established in the West Virginia Constitution. The Board is vested with general supervision of West Virginia's 618 elementary and secondary schools. Its twelve members include nine citizens appointed by the governor and three non-voting ex-officio members: the State Superintendent of Schools, the Chancellor of the West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission, and the Chancellor of Community and Technical Education. The State Superintendent is a constitutional officer who serves at the will of the board. Board members serve overlapping terms of nine years, and no more than five citizen members may belong to the same political party.

The West Virginia Board of Education meets monthly to determine the educational policies of the elementary and secondary schools and to establish the rules that carry into effect state law regarding education. The State Board of Education also has general control, supervision, and management of the business and educational affairs of the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind in Romney.

County Boards of Education
For each K-12 school district there is a board of education with at least five members who are chosen by election in non-partisan races. Though no more than two members may reside in the same magisterial district, members are elected by residents of the entire county. Active teachers and service personnel are not eligible for election to the county Board of Education. Members are elected to four-year terms in which the election occurs during the regular primary election in even years.

In addition to the Boards of Education, each district also has an appointed Superintendent. He typically serves as the executive officer of the county school district and is responsible for enforcing policies of the West Virginia Board of Education. Assignments, transfers, suspensions, and promotions made by the County Superintendent are subject to approval by the county Board of Education. The Superintendent must be a resident of the county in which he serves or in a contiguous West Virginia county.

Each county school district falls within one of eight Regional Education Service Agencies (RESAs).

History
Article X of the 1863 state constitution provided for free and universal system of schools. The 1872 constitution clarified that "White and colored persons shall not be taught in the same school."

In 1990, teachers in 47 of the 55 counties went on strike for eleven days. On February 22, 2018, teachers and support staff in all the state's counties struck the schools over pay and other issues shutting down all the public schools in the state. After nine days, the Legislature granted pay raises.

Comparison
West Virginia ranks as one of the lowest scoring states for education in the United States. According to The National Assessment of Educational Progress, the state ranks significantly below the national average in mathematics, reading, writing, and science. This is compared to its surrounding states of Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio and Pennsylvania who on average score higher than or equal to the national average.

title: Education in West Virginia


text: User talk:129.98.199.239

title: User talk:129.98.199.239


text:
Sofrito

Sofrito (Spanish, ), sofregit (Catalan, ), soffritto (Italian, ), or refogado (Portuguese, ), is a basic preparation in Mediterranean, Latin American, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese cooking. It typically consists of aromatic ingredients cut into small pieces and sautéed or braised in cooking oil for a long period of time over a low heat.

In modern Spanish cuisine, sofrito consists of garlic, onion and peppers cooked in olive oil, and optionally tomatoes or carrots. This is known as refogado, sufrito, or sometimes as estrugido in Portuguese-speaking nations, where only garlic, onions, and olive oil are considered essential, tomato and bay laurel leaves being the other most common ingredients.

Mediterranean
The earliest mentioned recipe of sofrito, from around the middle of the 14th century, was made with only onion and oil.

In Italian cuisine, chopped onions, carrots and celery is battuto, and then, slowly cooked in olive oil, becomes soffritto. It may also contain garlic, shallot, or leek.

In Greek Cuisine, sofrito refers to a dish that is found almost exclusively in Corfu. It is served less commonly in other regions of Greece and is often referred to as 'Corfu Sofrito' outside of Corfu. It is made with veal or beef, slowly cooked with garlic, wine, herbs sugar and wine vinegar to produce an umami sauce with softened meat. It is usually served with rice and potatoes.

Latin America
In Venezuelan cuisine, the sofrito also called aliño has 4 main ingredients as aromatic base: garlic, onions, bell pepper and sweet chili (Aji Dulce) generally fried in corn oil. Being the aji dulce most characteristic component, this chili is presumed to be a  non-spicy variation of the crops originated in the andean mountains, created by the selective  cultivation of the indigenous populations of Margarita Island and the coastal regions of Venezuela from were it was  later adopted by the some of the Caribbean colonies. It is used as a base for most of Venezuelan dishes from Pabellon Criollo, Asado Negro, Pastel de Chucho, to Hallaca, sometimes other secondary components are added such as tomato, spring onions, parsley or coriander, depending on the dish.

In Cuban cuisine, sofrito is prepared in a similar fashion, but the main components are Spanish onions, garlic, and green or red bell peppers. Ají cachucha is also often used instead of or in addition to bell peppers. It is a base for beans, stews, rices, and other dishes, including ropa vieja and picadillo. Other secondary components include tomato sauce, dry white wine, cumin, bay leaf, and cilantro. Chorizo (a kind of spicy, cured sausage), tocino (salt pork) and ham are added for specific recipes, such as beans.

In Dominican cuisine, sofrito is also called sazón. A typical Dominican sofrito is made up of chopped cubanelle pepper or green bell pepper, red pepper, red onion, garlic, and lippia (Jamaica oregano).

In Puerto Rican cuisine, sofrito is used in a variety of dishes such as rice dishes, sauces, soups, among oher typically Puerto Rican dishes. The two main ingredients that give Puerto Rican sofrito its characteristic flavor are recao (culantro) and ají dulce, but red and green cubanelle peppers, red bell peppers, pimientos, yellow onions, garlic, and cilantro are also added. All red peppers are roasted, seeded, and then added to the sofrito. Sofrito is sautéed in lard, oil or annatto oil until most of liquid has evaporated. Tomatoe sauce, cured pork (ham, sausage, or salted pork), and a mix of stuffed olives and capers called alcaparrado is usually added with bay leaf, cumin, Cuban oregano, coriander seeds, and adobo.

Asia
In Filipino cuisine, ginisá is a culinary term that refers to a base of garlic, onions, and tomatoes sautéed together with cooking oil. It is essentially similar to the Spanish sofrito.

title: Sofrito


text:
Talk:Chu Bong-Foo

Untitled
Chu was born in Huang Gang, Hubei to father Chu Huai-bing. His family led a wandering life due to the political turmoil in mainland China, but they finally settled down in Taiwan. There he studied at a local high school. He was an imaginative teenager who also spent much time reading novels, but so much so that it negatively impacted his studies. After graduating from Taiwan Provincial Agriculture Institute he, he taught briefly at an elementary school. Finding it not to his taste, he went to Brazil instead to develop his career, only to find life more difficult. Over that period of time, he took up several jobs. It was also during these turbulent times that Chu flirted with the Hippie lifestyle and studied at a local conservatory.

However, his work on Cangjie did not begin until he worked at a publishing house in Brazil. From then on, he would dedicate his life to revamp Chinese publishing. He saw for himself how the Brazilians could, in just one day, translate and publish foreign literature, while the Chinese took at least a year. The technology then, coupled with the complexities of the Chinese script, required a painstakingly process of creating the printing types. This meant that the dissemination of any information got to the Chinese earliest a year late. The Chinese script has no alphabets, so words could not be formed by stringing up letters. Neither is it possible to compose a Chinese character just by looking at its radicals. Chu began to tackle this problem by first analyzing Chinese characters from dictionary cut-outs, hoping to discover a way of unambiguously describing each character with as few letters as possible, and he continued this study even after his return to Taiwan.

Soon, he became involved with the use of computer technology. The ROC Defence Minister Chiang Wei-kuo invited him to return to Taiwan to develop a Chinese input method, which Chiang would later name "Cangjie". Chu put the input method on public domain in a grand effort to promote Chinese computing and essentially gave up his rights to any royalty. His sacrifice meant many future Chinese systems will come bundled with a free copy of the Cangjie input method, removing the greatest barrier to effective Chinese input systems.

Later, when the advent of the Chinese Microsoft Windows 3.0 endangered the Taiwanese computer industry and their efforts with Chinese systems, Chu's Shenzhen system for Chinese integration, in pinyin called Juzhen, (hanzi: 聚珍) stood up against this strong force. This engine was the product of his working in Shenzhen with a group of developers. It was released under public domain, and distributed through the Rexun magazine. Between the Chu and the financially strong Microsoft, the odds were against the former. However, Chu's engine had the benefit of space: For a font containing 13095 characters, Chu's engine took up at most a megabyte each and fit snugly on a floppy disk as compared to the 3-5 megabytes required by her competitors' products. This strong advantage of Chu's technology led a sizeable number of technology companies to initiate discussions with Chu for a transfer of technology rights. Soon after, Jinmei, Zangzhu and other budget font makers swamped the market, forcing prices down and ensuring that every user can afford original copies of Chinese typefaces.

After that, Chu left Taiwan for Macau. From 1999, he was appointed chairman of Culturecom Corporation, where develops portable Chinese textbooks.

Names names names
Change these names:
 * Taiwan ... Institute
 * Rexun
 * Culturecom?

title: Talk:Chu Bong-Foo


text:
Gehu

The gehu (革胡; pinyin: géhú) is a Chinese instrument developed in the 20th century by the Chinese musician Yang Yusen (杨雨森, 1926–1980). It is a fusion of the Chinese huqin family and the cello, essentially an erhu cello or Chinese cello. Like standard cellos, its four strings are also tuned (from low to high) C-G-D-A; it also uses standard cello strings. Unlike most other musical instruments in the huqin family, the bridge does not contact the snakeskin drum head, which faces to the side. Instead the bridge is connected to a mechanism inside the body that touches the drum head. The bridge transmits the string vibrations to that mechanism, causing it to vibrate.

There also exists a contrabass gehu that functions as a Chinese double bass, known as the diyingehu, digehu, or beigehu (倍革胡).

By the late 20th century the gehu had become a rare instrument, even within China, as the tendency for the snakeskin to lose its tightness increases with humidity. Today, it is used mostly in Hong Kong and Taiwan, although even there, the cello is beginning to become a popular replacement for it. There are also other Chinese instruments that are able to take on the role of bowed bass range instrument, such as the laruan (which uses the structure and acoustics of the ruan), the lapa (also known as paqin, using the structure of the pipa), and the bass matouqin.

Video

 * Video of a piece for gehu and Chinese traditional instrument orchestra, entitled 草原风情 ("Grasslands Character and Style"), performed by Dong Jinchi (董金池), from CCTV
 * Rossini Duet for Cello and Double Bass, played by a gehu and diyingehu.

title: Gehu


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kaiser Wassili I

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was already deleted. — J I P | Talk 07:42, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Kaiser Wassili I
Too stupid. Should be speedy deleted, IMHO! -guety is talking english bad 00:51, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep . The translation tag gives two weeks to translate, and was placed on the article today. Chick Bowen 01:15, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per above. –ArmadniGeneral (talk • contribs) 01:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You have read it? It's nonsens about a self declared Kaiser. -guety is talking english bad 01:22, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I just muddled my way through it--I had voted based solely on the tag. Guety's right, it's nonsense.  Change vote to Delete. Chick Bowen 01:24, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't speak German, luckily the Google toolbar does. Having read it, I concur. Sounds like someone's fictional dream. Change vote to delete. –ArmadniGeneral (talk • contribs) 01:27, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete A quick browse suggests this could be speedied as patent nonsense, even. Choess 01:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 01:39, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as patent nonsense. --Merovingian (t) (c) 01:46, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just delete, it's not patent nonsense in the usual meaning of the phrase. It tells a coherent story, but it's a complete fabrication. "Delusional vanity" is not a speedy criterion. --Angr/undefined 05:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with you, but someone else didn't, since it's gone now. Maybe "delusional vanity" combined with "written in German" might count as CSD. . . Chick Bowen 02:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Rulers of Shewa

Shewa was a province or former kingdom of Ethiopia.

title: Category:Rulers of Shewa


text: File:Granite State College (logo).jpg

title: File:Granite State College (logo).jpg


text:
User talk:N3r0

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 00:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

thanks! i absolutely love this site.--N3r0 00:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

SICOFAA/SITFAA
Thanks for the MAP, I work for SICOFAA/SITFAA and I started that article awhile back, it's neat to see other users contribute to it! --N3r0 11:12, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem, I love making maps for wikipedia. The article has come a long way!  ekrub-ntyh    talk 04:19, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

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Siege of Béxar

The siege of Béxar (or Béjar) was an early campaign of the Texas Revolution in which a volunteer Texian army defeated Mexican forces at San Antonio de Béxar (now San Antonio, Texas). Texians had become disillusioned with the Mexican government as President and General Antonio López de Santa Anna's tenure became increasingly dictatorial. In early October 1835, Texas settlers gathered in Gonzales to stop Mexican troops from reclaiming a small cannon. The resulting skirmish, known as the Battle of Gonzales, launched the Texas Revolution. Men continued to assemble in Gonzales and soon established the Texian Army. Despite a lack of military training, well-respected local leader General Stephen F. Austin was elected commander.

Santa Anna had sent his brother-in-law, General Martín Perfecto de Cos, to Béxar with reinforcements. On October 13, Austin led his forces towards Béxar to confront the Mexican troops. The Texians initiated a siege of the city.

Background
In 1835, federalists in several interior Mexican states revolted against the increasingly centralist reign of Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna. The Texians were primarily immigrants from the United States who held about 5,000 slaves in a total non-native population estimated at 38,470. They staged a minor revolt against customs duties in June, and colonists and immigrants soon began forming militias, to protect themselves, the land they occupied, and the slaves they continued to hold contrary to Mexican law. As protests spread across Texas, Mexican officials increasingly blamed the settlers from the United States for the discontent. As historian Alwyn Barr notes, many of the new settlers had "lived entirely within growing Anglo colonies... and had made few adjustments to the Spanish traditions of Mexico.

Domingo Ugartechea, the military commander at San Antonio de Béxar sent a force of 100 soldiers under Francisco de Castañeda to reclaim a small cannon that had been given to the citizens of Gonzales. The request angered the Texians, who immediately sent couriers to other Anglo communities to ask for assistance. For several days the Texians stalled and reinforcements began to arrive. On October 2, the Texians attacked the Mexican force; under orders to avoid bloodshed, Castaneda and his men withdrew. This Battle of Gonzales is considered the official opening of the Texas Revolution. Encouraged, a small group of Texians then went to Goliad, where, at the Battle of Goliad, they succeeded in driving off the small Mexican force garrisoned at Presidio La Bahia.

Fearing that strong measures were needed to quell the unrest, Santa Anna ordered General Martín Perfecto de Cos to lead a large force into Texas. When Cos arrived in San Antonio on October 9 there were 647 soldiers ready for duty. When Goliad fell to the Texians, Cos lost his line of communication to the coast. Convinced that the Texians would soon attack San Antonio, he chose to take a defensive position rather than launch an attack against the Texian army. Two days after the Texian victory at Gonzales, respected Texian leader Stephen F. Austin reported to the San Felipe Committee of Public Safety that "War is declared—public opinion has proclaimed it against a Military despotism—The campaign has commenced". His letter concludes: "One spirit and one purpose animates the people of this party of the country, and that is to take Béxar, and drive the military out of Texas. ... A combined effort of all Texas would soon free our soil of Military despots." Colonists continued to assemble in Gonzales, and on October 11 they unanimously elected Austin, the first empresario granted permission to settle Anglos in the state, as their commander in chief. Although Austin had no official military training, he was widely respected in Texas for his sound judgement, and he had led several excursions against raiding Indian tribes.

Austin's first order was that the men should be prepared to march at 9 am the following morning. For the rest of the day, the men practiced firing and retreating in lines. Austin issued a string of orders, including barring men from indiscriminately firing their weapons and instructing them to keep their weapons in good repair at all times. He also felt it necessary to, in his words "remind each citizen soldier that patriotism and firmness will but little avail, without discipline and strict obedience. The first duty of a soldier is obedience." A later order instructed that "All riotous conduct and noisy clamorous talk is specially prohibited". Austin also organized elections for regimental officers. John H. Moore, who had led the Texians in the Battle of Gonzales, was elected colonel. Edward Burleson, a former militia officer in Missouri and Tennessee, was named lieutenant colonel, and Brazoria merchant Alexander Somervell was elected major.

On October 12, the Texian army numbered approximately 300 men, drawn primarily from Austin's colonies and the DeWitt Colony. About half of the men had entered Texas in the 1820s; the others were newer arrivals who had lived in the area less than 5 years. Several had official militia experience while they lived in the United States, and others had joined companies within Texas to counter Indian raids. Almost all of the men were proficient with firearms, as hunting was a primary source of food. The men crossed the Guadalupe River that morning and paused to await further reinforcements from Nacogdoches. On October 13, Austin led the Texian Army toward San Antonio de Béxar, location of the last large garrison of Mexican troops in Texas. Some of the Texians had no weapons; those that did had little gunpowder or shot. As the army marched, Ben Milam formed a makeshift mounted company to scout ahead. On October 15, one of the scouting parties briefly skirmished with a ten-man Mexican cavalry patrol; no injuries were reported and the Mexican soldiers soon retreated to Béxar.

The Texians arrived at Cibolo Creek, several miles east of Béxar, on October 16. Austin requested a meeting with Cos, but Cos declined to meet with a man he said was commanding an illegal force. A Texian council of war decided to remain in place and wait for reinforcements. The following day they reversed their decision, and Austin moved his army to Salado Creek, 5 mi from Béxar. Over the next several days, reinforcements and supplies arrived from various English-speaking colonies. One of the new companies, commanded by James C. Neill, brought 2 new six-pounder cannon with them. The reinforcements brought the Texian official strength to 453 men, although only about 384 of them were available for duty. On October 24, Austin wrote the Committee of Public Safety in San Felipe that he had "'commenced the investment of San Antonio", and that with additional reinforcements he believed the town could be taken in a matter of days.

Meanwhile, Cos worked to fortify the town squares in San Antonio and the walls of the Alamo, a mission-turned-fort near the town. By October 26, Cos's men had mounted 11 cannon—5 in the town squares and 6 on the walls of the Alamo. An eighteen-pounder cannon, with a much longer range than the other Mexican artillery, was positioned inside the Alamo chapel. Additional Mexican soldiers arrived in Béxar, and on October 24 the Mexican garrison stood at its highest number, 751 men. Although the Mexican soldiers attempted to restrict access to and from the city, James Bowie was able to leave his home and join the Texians. Bowie was well known throughout Texas for his fighting prowess; stories of his exploits in the Sandbar Fight and his search for the lost San Saba mine were widely reported. Juan Seguin, a government official in San Antonio, arrived with 37 Tejanos on the morning of October 22, and later that day an additional 76 men joined the Texian Army from Victoria, Goliad, and the ranches south of Béxar. According to Barr, the presence of the Tejanos helped to "blur the essence of ethnic conflict", providing evidence that the Texian response was not simply an overreaction by American immigrants.

Investment
Even with the additional men, Austin realized that his army was not large enough to prevail in a full assault on Béxar. The Texians thus prepared for a siege, looking for a position that was, in the words of historian Stephen L. Hardin, "near Béxar, yet defensible against a sortie; in a position to block enemy communications arriving daily". On October 22, Austin named Bowie and Captain James Fannin co-commanders of the 1st Battalion and sent them on a reconnaissance mission. By the end of the day the Texians had seized the Espada mission from Mexican pickets. On October 24, Austin informed the Committee of Public Safety that he had initiated a siege; in his opinion, the city could be taken in a few days if Texian reinforcements arrived quickly.

Austin sent Bowie and Fannin to find another good defensive spot on October 27. Rather than return immediately to Austin, as their orders specified, Bowie and Fannin instead sent a courier to take Austin directions to their chosen campsite, the former Mission Concepción. The scouting party camped along the San Antonio River near the mission, which was approximately 2 mi from San Antonio de Béxar and 6 mi from the Texian camp at Espada. An angry Austin, fearing that his army would be easily defeated now that it was split, issued a statement threatening officers who chose not to follow orders with court-martial. He ordered the army to be prepared to join Bowie and Fannin at first light.

Hoping to neutralize the Texian force at Concepción before the remainder of the Texian Army arrived, Cos ordered Colonel Domingo Ugartechea to lead an early-morning assault on the forces at Concepcion on October 29. The Texians had a good defensive position, surrounded by trees, which left the Mexican cavalry no room to maneuver. The Mexican infantry soon found themselves outgunned. The Texians were short of ammunition. The Battle of Concepción lasted only 30 minutes; at that point the Mexican soldiers retreated towards Béxar.

Less than 30 minutes after the battle ended, the rest of the Texian Army arrived. Austin felt that the Mexican morale must be low after their defeat and wanted to proceed immediately to Béxar. Bowie and other officers refused, as they believed Béxar was too heavily fortified. The Texians searched the area for any Mexican equipment which had been abandoned during the retreat. They found several boxes of cartridges. Complaining that the Mexican powder was "little better than pounded charcoal", the Texians emptied the cartridges but kept the bullets. One Texian, Richard Andrews, died and one was wounded, while estimates of the Mexican dead range from 14 to 76.

On November 1, Austin sent a note to Cos, suggesting that the Mexican army surrender. Cos returned the note unopened, with a message that he refused to correspond with rebels. Austin sent men to reconnoiter the town's perimeter and discovered that the fortifications within the city were stronger than the Texians had believed. On November 2, Austin called a council of war, which voted to continue the siege and wait for reinforcements and more artillery before attacking. Members of the Texian army were impatient to begin the fighting. Austin complained to the provisional government on November 4 that "This force, it is known to all, is but undisciplined militia and in some respects of very discordant materials." He followed this note with a strong plea that "In the name of Almighty God, send no more ardent spirits to this camp!"

Consultation
The siege continued, and soon additional reinforcements arrived under Thomas J. Rusk, bringing the Texian army to 600. Cos also gathered reinforcements, bringing the Mexican army to 1,200 and discouraging the Texians even further from making any direct assaults on the city.

Sam Houston arrived in San Felipe expecting to gather for a meeting of the Consultation government, but since many of the members were fighting in the siege of Béxar, Houston instead went to the Texian army outside San Antonio. When Houston arrived in the camp, Austin offered him command of the army, but Houston declined and went ahead gathering the members of the Consultation. The members were released from the army for the meeting (except for Austin and William B. Travis) and returned to San Felipe. There the delegates agreed to fight to uphold the Constitution of 1824 rather than Texas' independence. Houston was named general-in-chief of all Texas forces, except those fighting around San Antonio, and Stephen Austin was authorized to travel to the U.S. to gain support for their cause. Edward Burleson, who had been serving as Austin's second-in-command, was elected major general and commander-in-chief of the volunteer army to replace Austin.

Grass Fight
The Texian people had little or no experience as professional soldiers, and by early November many had begun to miss their homes. As the weather turned colder and rations grew smaller, many soldiers became sick, and groups of men began to leave, most without permission. On November 18, however, a group of volunteers from the United States, known as the New Orleans Greys, joined the Texian Army. Unlike the majority of the Texian volunteers, the Greys looked like soldiers, with uniforms, well-maintained rifles, adequate ammunition, and some semblance of discipline. The Greys, as well as several companies of Texians who had arrived recently, were eager to face the Mexican Army directly. Encouraged by their enthusiasm, on November 21, Austin ordered an assault on Béxar the following morning. Several of his officers polled the soldiers that evening and discovered that fewer than 100 men were willing to launch an attack on Béxar; Austin then cancelled his orders. Within days Austin resigned his command to become a commissioner to the United States; Texians elected Burleson as their new commander.

On the morning of November 26, Texian scout Erastus "Deaf" Smith rode into camp to report that a pack train of mules and horses, accompanied by 50–100 Mexican soldiers, was within 5 mi of Béxar. For several days, the Texians had heard rumors that the Mexican Army was expecting a shipment of silver and gold to pay the troops and purchase additional supplies. The Texians had been fighting without pay, and most wanted to charge from camp and loot the expected riches. Burleson ordered Bowie to investigate but warned him not to attack unless necessary. After Bowie recruited the army's 12 best marksmen for the expedition, there was little doubt that he intended to find a reason to attack. Burleson managed to stop the entire army from following by sending Colonel William Jack with 100 infantry to support Bowie's men.

About 1 mi from Béxar, Bowie and his men spotted the Mexican soldiers crossing a dry ravine. This was likely near the confluence of the Alazán, Apache, and San Pedro Creeks. After a short battle, the Mexican soldiers withdrew towards Béxar, leaving their pack animals behind. To the surprise of the Texians, the saddlebags contained not bullion, but freshly cut grass to feed the Mexican horses trapped in Béxar. Four Texians were wounded in the fighting, and one soldier deserted during the battle. Estimates of the number of Mexican casualties ranged from 3–60 killed and 7–14 wounded. Their victory allowed the Texians to believe that, although outnumbered, they could prevail over the Mexican garrison. The Texians believed that Cos must have been desperate to send troops outside of the safety of Béxar.

Attack
Texian morale began to drop severely, and with winter approaching and supplies running low, Burleson considered withdrawing into winter quarters. In a council of war, Burleson's officers overruled his decision to withdraw, and the army stayed. One of the officers who adamantly opposed the withdrawal was Colonel Ben Milam. Undaunted, Milam stalked into the Texian camp and called out "Who will go with old Ben Milam into San Antonio?" 300 soldiers cheered their support for Milam.

Reports from a captured Mexican soldier and escaped Texian prisoners alerted Burleson that Mexican morale was just as low. Burleson ordered a two-column attack. One attack was to be carried out by Milam's troops, and the other was to be carried out by those of Colonel Francis W. Johnson. On December 5, Milam and Johnson launched a surprise attack and seized two houses in the Military Plaza (one of the houses seized belonged to the in-laws of Jim Bowie). The Texians were unable to advance any further that day, but they fortified the houses and remained there during the night, digging trenches and destroying nearby buildings.

On December 7, the attack continued, and Milam's force captured another foothold in the city. However, Milam was killed while leading the attack. Colonel Johnson subsequently took command of both his and Milam's men and continued the street fighting, gradually driving the Mexicans back into the city. Cos withdrew into the Alamo, where he was joined by Colonel Ugartechea and 600 reinforcements, but it was too late. Cos entrenched his position, and Texian artillery pounded the fortified mission.

As the Texians advanced closer to the plazas, Cos realized that his best defensive position would be within the Alamo Mission just outside Béxar. In his official report to Santa Anna, Cos wrote that ""In such critical circumstances there was no other measure than to advance and occupy the Alamo which, due to its small size and military position, was easier to hold. In doing so, I took with me the artillery, packs and the rest of the utensils I was able to transport.” At 1 am on December 9, the cavalry began to pull back towards the Alamo. Colonel Nicolas Condell, his small force of 50 men from the Morelos and Tamaulipas units, and two cannon remained as the rear guard at the plaza. Years later, however, Sanchez Navarro maintained that Cos was not planning to abandon the town but wished to move the wounded to the relative safety of the Alamo.

Inside the Alamo, Cos presented a plan for a counterattack; cavalry officers believed that they would be surrounded by Texians and refused their orders. Possibly 175 soldiers from four of the cavalry companies left the mission and rode south. According to Barr, Cos ran after the horsemen to tell them to stop and was almost run down. For a brief period, those in the mission believed that Cos might have been killed. Sanchez Navarro said the troops were not deserting but misunderstood their orders and were withdrawing all the way to the Rio Grande.

Surrender
By daylight, only 120 experienced infantry remained in the Mexican garrison. Cos called Sanchez Navarro to the Alamo and gave him orders to "go save those brave men. ... Approach the enemy and obtain the best terms possible". Sanchez Navarro first returned to his post at the plaza to inform the soldiers of the imminent surrender. Several officers argued with him, explaining that "the Morelos Battalion has never surrendered", but Sanchez Navarro held firm to his orders. Bugle calls for a parley received no response from the Texians, and at 7 am Sanchez Navarro raised a flag of truce.

Father de la Garza and William Cooke came forward to escort Sanchez Navarro and two other officers to Johnson, who summoned Burleson. When Burleson arrived two hours later, he found that the Mexican soldiers did not have written authorization from Cos. One of the Mexican officers was sent to bring back formal permission for the surrender. Burleson agreed to an immediate cease-fire, and negotiations began. Johnson, Morris, and James Swisher represented the Texians, while José Miguel de Arciniega and John Cameron interpreted. The men haggled for much of the day before reaching terms at 2 am on December 10.

According to the terms of the agreement, Mexican troops could remain in the Alamo for six days to prepare for the trip to the Mexican interior. During that time frame, Mexican and Texian troops were not to carry arms if they interacted. Regular soldiers who had established ties to the area could remain in Béxar; all recently arrived troops were expected to return to Mexico. Each Mexican soldier would receive a musket and ten rounds of ammunition, and the Texians would allow one four-pound cannon and ten rounds of powder and shot to accompany the troops. All other weapons and all supplies would remain with the Texians, who agreed to sell some of the provisions to the Mexicans for their journey. As the final term of their parole, all of Cos's men were required to pledge that they would not fight against the Constitution of 1824.

At 10 am on December 11, the Texian army paraded. Johnson presented the terms of surrender and asked for the army's approval, stressing that the Texians had little ammunition left to continue the fight. Most of the Texians voted in favor of the surrender, although some termed it a "child's bargain", too weak to be useful.

Aftermath
The siege of Béxar was the longest Texian campaign of the Texas Revolution, and according to Barr, it was "the only major Texian success other than San Jacinto", the latter of which would lead to subsequent victory of the Texian conflict and independence. According to Barr, of the 780 Texians who had participated in some way in the battle, between 30 and 35 were wounded, with 5 or 6 killed. Historian Stephen Hardin places the Texian casualties slightly lower, with 4 killed and 14 wounded. The losses were spread evenly amongst Texas residents and newcomers from the United States. Although some Texians estimated that as many as 300 Mexican soldiers were killed, historians agree that it likely that a total of 150 Mexican soldiers were killed or wounded during the five-day battle. About two-thirds of the Mexican casualties came from the infantry units defending the plazas. To celebrate their victory, Texian troops threw a fandango on the evening of December 10. Governor Henry Smith and the governing council sent a letter to the army, calling the soldiers "invincible" and "the brave sons of Washington and freedom". After the war, those who could prove they had participated in this campaign were granted 320 acre of land. Eventually, 504 claims were certified. At least 79 of the Texians who participated later died at the Battle of the Alamo or the Goliad Massacre, and 90 participated in the final battle of the Texas Revolution, at San Jacinto. The Texians confiscated 400 small arms, 20 cannon, and supplies, uniforms, and equipment. During the siege, Cos's men had strengthened the Alamo mission, and the Texians chose to concentrate their forces within the Alamo rather than continue to fortify the plazas.

Cos left Béxar on December 14 with 800 men. The soldiers who were too weak to travel were left in the care of the Texian doctors. With his departure, there was no longer an organized garrison of Mexican troops in Texas, and many of the Texians believed that the war was over. Johnson described the battle as "the period put to our present war". Burleson resigned his leadership of the army on December 15 and returned to his home. Many of the men did likewise, and Johnson assumed command of the soldiers who remained. Soon after, a new contingent of Texians and volunteers from the United States arrived with more heavy artillery. According to Barr, the large number of American volunteers "contributed to the Mexican view that Texian opposition stemmed from outside influences. That belief may have contributed in turn to Santa Anna's order of no quarter in his 1836 campaign." Santa Anna was outraged that Cos had surrendered. Already in preparations to move a larger army to Texas, Santa Anna moved quickly on hearing of his brother-in-law's defeat, and by late December 1835 he had begun to move his Army of Operations northward. Although many of his officers disagreed with the decision to march towards the Texian interior rather than take a coastal approach, Santa Anna was determined to first take Béxar and avenge his family's honor.

title: Siege of Béxar


text:
User talk:Nena72

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Talk:Symphony X

Fan club CD
shouldn't there be a section on the fan club cd —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.64.223.203 (talk • contribs)

yes there should be —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.208.218.98 (talk • contribs)

new album
i got a myspace blog from insideout america that says that symphony x's new album will be out in late october and will be called paradise lost. Eirik Raude 04:28, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Symphony X comparation
i think i have heard about one million people stating that symphony x can be compared to Dream Theater, Fates Warning and Pain of Salvation. Well, i think that is the same thing than compare pink floyd to led zeppelin... it's completely wrong. Ok for dream theater, actually they show many influences. But for other similarities i think we should put on something different, e.g. Pantera, for it's stated by Romeo himself that is a big influence of the band.

 * influence is not the same as similar sounding. ...Patrick (talk, contributions) 02:57, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe it's not the same as similar sounding, but Romeo's (main/solo) riffing style is much closer to Pantera's then to Dream Theater's style. It's a lot heavier and way more inclined to power then to technique itself (although some of them are difficult technically speaking). ...Cancatis

I dont think SX is compared to these bands because of the sound(I myself can heardly hear any similiarties between PoS and SX for example. PoS has even been founded later and, sort of, change their sound every album) but more because of the significance these 4 bands have for the genre.
 * I can hear similarities on PoS and SX: syncopation, odd time signatures, etc. The fact is that those bands share a lot of musical construction elements, but they still sound different, which is a good thing, so we have many good technical and emotional bands to listen too without a repetitive sound. SX is more power metal oriented than the other prog metal bands, and it also has a lot of symphonic elements on many songs. I think that PoS and SX are more similar in yet another aspect: both bands have lead prog-metal to different and unique ways. No band sounds like PoS. No band sounds like SX. Uniqueness is a rare thing these days... Regards Loudenvier 15:20, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Not that syncopation and odd time signatures are enough to set two bands together... Stravinsky has a lot of syncopation, odd time signatures (and also influenced Romeo hugely), but it falls in a totally different category. Pink Floyd is rarely compared to Yes, for instance, and they (most of time) are set as ProgRock (ArtRock, etc). It doesn't mean that, if they share the same label, they should be cited as a reference to one another. I totally agree about taking PoS off the comparison. ...Cancatis

Progressive/Power Metal
Before anyone goes and removes the label "power metal" from this topic once more: I know they don't really sound like most power metal. I know you are possibly a huge fan of prog, and worship symphony X or something. But Symphony X is commonly labelled (I'll add a bunch of citations) as progressive power metal. Even in their band bio on their OWN site they describe iconoclast as a prog-power fusion. So please keep any opinion about them being exclusively prog out of the article, they undoubtedly have power metal features, they aren't exclusively power metal. Everyone who is removing the power metal label is saying "they aren't power metal, just because they have parts that sound like power metal doesn't make them power metal." As they have power metal features in their songs but their songs are quite progressive, the label they are given is very often, progressive power metal. So please, leave the label alone.

Just out of curiosity. Have there been any other bands that fused Power and Prog Metal like SX does? Or are SX the "founders" of that genre mix?
 * As a big metal fan, I can quite honestly say I've never heard any other bands that sound like Symphony X. There are indeed a lot of bands that mix power and prog, but not with the same style and sound as SX... Mustaine rocks 07:30, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * To some extent: Pagan's Mind and Adagio. Petergee1 11:49, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Angra is another prog-power metal band. It sounds different from Symphony X because it blends a lot of regional elements on their songs. But this is a good thing. The worst that could happen to a musical style is when all the bands start to look and sound the same! Loudenvier 15:12, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, well. I also know Kamelot for example. But SX have been the first? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.157.11.176 (talk) 18:59, 30 January 2007 (UTC).

 * On a similar note, I changed the order of genres in the box. The way the article reads makes it sound like they're progressive neo-classical, with power metal elements, so I changed it around to reflect that a bit. Now, on an exact note, I don't believe you'll find something like Symphony X. Perhaps Stratovarius, but they're much less progressive... more like majority power metal, and a bit of neo-classical guitar work I would say. They have some progressive songs I reckon. But as has been stated before, Symphony X actually have their own style, thank god, so they're unique. --Dane ~nya 04:46, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Symphony X is definitely NOT power metal. They are neoclassical progressive metal.

There's nothing power metal about these guys, their lyrics are occasionally fantasy themed but that's about as close as it gets, and lyrics at the end of the day make little difference to deciding a band's genre. SOnata Arctica for example are classed as Power Metal, but their lyrics are about things like relationships and emotions, rather than fantasy themed. In the Death genre, too, bands like Nile, Cynic and Death don't base their lyrics on gore (with exception of Death's first two) and they are classed in that genre. It's much more about the delivery than what it looks like on paper. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.41.101.178 (talk) 19:31, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, and Symphony X either is definitely not sympho-metal! Neo-Classical/Classical playing-style does'nt make the band sympho! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.112.23.199 (talk) 12:45, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Dude, Symphony X is DEFINITELY power metal. Only pure prog metal album of these guys is a first album. Why the hell they even have a singer who sings 'high and loud' if not being power metal?

 * Stop arguing about it. SX is not pure symphonic metal. They have a (perhaps symphonic) power, neo-classical and progrssive metal sound.  Not unlike Stratovarius.  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 18:53, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Eh but i DIDN'T mean they're symphonic in purest sense i did JUST mean they are most definitely POWER METAL band. So tell me since when did Symphonic metal =(automaticaly!) power metal ?!?

Umm they aren't power metal, just because they're melodic, it doesn't automatically lump the band in with the likes of Helloween and Sonata Arctica. Use some common sense. Their music is far too varied musically, complex and diverse. Not to mention that Russell sounds far closer to a classic metal singer like Dio than any Power Metal vocalist. V: The New Mythology Suite is by far the proggiest thing they've done by the way, if you're going to try and cite examples. 82.41.100.220 (talk) 15:19, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

This discussion is pointless. Let's ask the band how they classify themselves and leave it at that. Kouban (talk) 00:55, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Romeo stated in a recent interview that he simply classifies them as a Metal band, which is fair enough but doesn't exactly help when writing an informative article about them. 86.152.186.43 (talk) 12:56, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, quite often the band members are the last authority for classifying a band in a particular genre. They either give mystification-like/generic answers, or completely erroneous classifications. We can report that Romeo has said that, but it shouldn't be used definitively for the article without ascribing it to him.  Wisdom89  ( T |undefined  /  C ) 14:40, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

I say, leave the genres as they are now.  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 20:01, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

 * To complicate the matter further, "neo-classical" and "progressive" are apparently mutually exclusive, see Talk:Neo-classical metal. I say they're "progressive metal" (odd times, complex compositions), "symphonic metal" given their classical influence and heavy use of classical-influenced keyboarding (occasionally even orchestrations and choirs) and "speed metal" given their thrashy riffs. Florian Blaschke (talk) 02:22, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

I'm inclined to agree with Blizzard about leaving the genres the way they are, but, with one single request - that instead of just saying that symphony X belongs to/touches upon such and such genre, we should find reliable sources and report what they say in order to create a more encyclopedic entry. There must be dozens of good references from critics, fans and other musicians who have classified the music of Symphony X.  Wisdom89  ( T |undefined /  C ) 02:49, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

As it appears that people keep messing with this section I suggest we get an admin to lock this page. I suspect it's mostly getting changed to include Power Metal by Dream Theater fans who assume that if it doesn't sound like DT then it cannot be progressive metal. If someone asserts that Symphony X plays Power Metal they must at the very least point us to one song that fits in the Power Metal genre. The thing with Power Metal is that it's very specific in its arrangements and playing style:
 * Fast rhythm guitar strumming
 * Slow chord changes
 * Even meter (4/4 or 8/8, and less commonly 6/8)
 * Tempo only drops to half and then back to full, never uneven changes
 * Follows a clear Verse-Chorus-Verse-Chorus arrangement (occasionally it'll be 2 verses instead of one, and often the Chorus repeats while leading out in the end)

Symphony X's songs almost always plays multiple sections in odd meter that is changing frequently, they often change tempos in a much wider range, and the rhythm guitar is hardly ever constant or exclusively fast (mostly due to the meter changes). With this in mind, please challenge their non-Power Metal status with the appropriate details as to how they ARE playing Power Metal when they hardly ever adhere to the pattern that defines Power Metal. Goal2004 (talk) 02:07, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

Untitled
this article is hideously written. Read this sentence: "There is also a distinct element of groove to their music, particularly from their latest release The Odyssey, and this vein of groove seems to follow onto their upcoming album Paradise Lost, judging by the one song they have made available to fans, 'The Serpent's Kiss'."

"element of groove"? "vein of groove"? What the heck does that even mean? The grammar here is terrible-"distint element of groove TO their music," "seems to follow ONTO," not to mention all the commas-it's a giant run on sentence. I believe that this entire sentence would be best deleted, as well as the one comparing the band to other "progressive" bands. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.143.145.158 (talk • contribs)

 * This is an excellent opportunity to be bold, and fix it: good copy editing is always appreciated.  --Piet Delport 07:39, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

What I really wanted to know
Silly question, but... is it pronounced "Symphony X" like the letter or "Symphony Ten"? How about V--is it Vee or Five? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.190.223.125 (talk) 22:17, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Symphony X, as in the letter x. V = 5 cheers. Wisdom89 23:06, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

This should be in the article. I shouldn't of had to come to discussion page to read it ^.^ Rhynri 98.132.222.96 (talk) 13:41, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Paradise Lost, not a concept album
Should Paradise Lost be classed as a concept album? It doesn't have a narrative like other commonly known concept albums or anything to link the songs together other than having a similar subject matter. They simply took the work "Paradise Lost" and wrote songs about some depicted events and some of the themes found within. Should it simply be called a Thematic album? Or substitute "concept album" for something like my previous sentence for example? Any thoughts or feelings? 82.41.100.220 (talk) 20:56, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I would be in favor of something a little more neutral - thematic sounds fine to me.  Wisdom89  ( T |undefined /  C ) 22:45, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

It can be desribed as a concept album, as the definiation of what a concept album is has become a bit fuzzy. 68.63.157.181 (talk) 18:36, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It would best to attribute who has called it a concept album, then that can be added to the article.  Wisdom89  ( T |undefined /  C ) 21:45, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SymphonyXTheOdyssey.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:SymphonyXSymphonyX.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:VThenewmythologysuitealbumcover.jpg
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BetacommandBot 01:34, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Symphony X.jpg
Image:Symphony X.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 09:53, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SymphonyXTheOdyssey.jpg
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BetacommandBot 09:56, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SymphonyXV.jpg
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BetacommandBot 09:58, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SymphonyX.jpg
Image:SymphonyX.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:20, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Genre classification
i don't believe you should classify SymX as an "American heavy metal" band. (heavy metal band from america, not to be confused with a genre name of "american heavy metal) anybody here to back me up on this? i believe they are progressive metal, and should not be generalized into heavy metal, for progressive metal is their dominating genre. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gothicrocka (talk • contribs) 02:19, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

Well seeing as many other bands get called by their most popular sub-genres, like how Nightwish is described as "Finnish Symphonic Power Metal" in its article, I agree with you. They should probably be described as "American Progressive Metal Band" Iron-Mailer (talk) 00:13, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

I don't see exactly how they're power metal. The only power metal element they posses is cheesy lyrics... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dudesweethej (talk • contribs) 18:46, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

Touring Australia?
Since when are Symphony X touring Australia? Source, please! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.59.216.229 (talk) 03:21, 26 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Check their website? Kouban (talk) 01:30, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * My point exactly. There are no Australian tour dates on their website, nor their mailing list, nor their official Facebook group. The statement that they are touring Australia should be removed from the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.59.216.229 (talk) 05:07, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Symphony X
The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, APR t 04:28, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Please expand the lead to conform with guidelines at Lead. The article should have an appropriate number of paragraphs as is shown on WP:LEAD, and should adequately summarize the article.[?]
 * Per Manual of Style (headings), headings generally should not repeat the title of the article. For example, if the article was Ferdinand Magellan, instead of using the heading  ==Magellan's journey== , use  ==Journey== .[?]
 * Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a.[?]

Note: I've taken this from Peer_review/Automated/February_2009. Huntthetroll (talk) 00:51, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

Image
Is it just my browser or is the infobox image not working right? I tried cropping the pic at commons but it doesn't show as being cropped here? Anyone know what's wrong? FireCrystal (talk) 18:01, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * You can disregard this now as it is fixed. FireCrystal (talk) 16:46, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Merging of Symphony X Dungeon
The article on Symphony X Dungeon is a short unsourced stub. The section "Recording Studio : The Dungeon" is almost as long as the article, although unsourced as well. I don't see the need for a separated page, and other users have expressed similar opinions on that article's talk page. There's no reason to keep this page (as it is, at least) if the subject is solely related to the band. Victor Lopes (talk) 16:15, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, the article has just been redirected. I didn't really feel it would last for long, actually. Victão Lopes  I hear you... 01:37, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

New album titled "Infinite Knowledge"?
I did a search in Google and another one in bravewords.com. Nothing was found, other than a mention to this wiki article. Either the author of that sentence should source it properly, or someone else take it off until a proper statement from the band is made on the matter. 186.108.199.155 (talk) 00:31, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Removed. Can be re-added when reliable sources are presented. As you mentioned I also didn't find any info about the album in the sources presented. CantoV   |talk  15:10, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

Pronounciation Key
I'm just wondering what the usefulness of this is. I haven't elected to remove it or anything, but Symphony X is one of the simplest band names to pronounce, and it should be quite straightforward. Typically pronounciation keys are included in order to clarify ambiguous pronounciations. However, the name Symphony X is far from ambiguous unless you don't understand how to pronounce the fairly elementary word Symphony.

To that end, I think not having it would make more sense, but if there are objections or reasons for it, let me know. Otherwise I may soon remove this pronounciation key, as it doesn't seem like a useful portion of the article. If it is to help people who cannot speak english well enough to know elementary pronounciations, perhaps it should be moved to their article on Simple English Wikipedia instead. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_X Vortiene (talk) 22:47, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Symphony X. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090201135330/http://alloutguitar.com:80/interview/artists_and_bands/michael_romeo_interview_%E2%80%93_perfect_symphony_part_one_1970039s_2000 to http://www.alloutguitar.com/interview/artists_and_bands/michael_romeo_interview_%E2%80%93_perfect_symphony_part_one_1970039s_2000

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:04, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Symphony X


text:
Shawn Wooden (American football)

Shawn Wooden (born October 23, 1973) is a former American football safety who played in the National Football League (NFL) for nine seasons for the Miami Dolphins and the Chicago Bears. Wooden was drafted in the 6th round by Jimmy Johnson, the then coach of the Miami Dolphins. He played for the Dolphins for four seasons and then signed a free agent contract with the Chicago Bears in the 2000 football season. After one year with the Chicago Bears, he returned to the Miami Dolphins for the remainder of his career. He is currently a financial advisor with Wooden Wealth Strategies.

Football career
Wooden attended Abington Senior High School, where he played as running back in his senior season. He then accepted a full scholarship to the University of Notre Dame, where he started as a cornerback. One of the highlights of his college career came when he broke up Charlie Ward's final pass, resulting in Notre Dame's (ranked #2 at the time) defeat of the Florida State (ranked #1 at the time) in a nationally televised game in 1993 which was coined at that time the "Game of the Century". As a student-athlete he earned a bachelor's degree in Computer Science. Wooden was drafted in the 1996 NFL draft by the Miami Dolphins in the sixth round. He had a nine-year professional career, playing for the Miami Dolphins and Chicago Bears.

Post-football career
He is well known in the South Florida community for his volunteer work with various charities and organizations. He was forced to retire in 2004 due to a back injury.

title: Shawn Wooden (American football)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Railway Stations in Japan

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE main list and sublists.  Rob e  rt  23:55, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

List_of_Railway_Stations_in_Japan
Old, incomplete list sorted by non-English order. Not used anywhere, and category is better Neier 00:54, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Also, there are 21 related sub-pages listed in this Afd entry. Rather than clutter the main Afd page with more entries, I think it is ok to list them like that because there is no reason to delete only a portion of these pages. They all form a miniature ecosystem which nothing seems to be using or updating. If they need to be busted out and listed one at a time on the Afd page, then I can do that. Neier 01:24, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. Category:Railway_stations_of_Japan should be used instead - Neier 00:54, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I second this. --MacRusgail 13:21, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If you second User:Neier's opinion, please make a "delete" vote. -Nameneko 01:15, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and create category as mentioned. --MacRusgail 13:12, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. A new system similar to the ja.wikipedia's categories (sorted by regions and prefectures) should be created. -Nameneko 01:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This entire complex was apparently the personal project of ScottKuberski, who has been inactive since July 11, 2004 .  It seems unlikely that anyone else will take up the project in this form. Chick Bowen 01:47, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Category is better. Andrew pmk | Talk 01:58, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I thought it was established that lists and categories are both allowed for a given area. UK railway stations and Category:British railway stations both exist so these articles have a right to exist. -- RHaworth 08:12, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The reason this is being listed for deletion is because it's 1) in a non-English order and 2) is a personal project of an inactive Wikipedian. It isn't so much a matter of whether the category deserves a list or not, but a matter how poorly that list is written.  If/When this is deleted, I'm sure it will be fine to completely redo the lists in a format that makes sense, if anyone it up to it. -Nameneko 18:58, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Can we move this whole complex to the Wikipedia namespace somewhere to keep the structure, links etc.? Although some have few or no entries, some have lots. It would be useful to have a list of names of stations (red links) for expansion. But it does little good as an article as it is (with nobody working on it). Fg2 08:16, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There are two lists of the 21 which may be nearly complete: SA and A. I think those two lists of station names is a nice resource, so moving them to another place for safekeeping is a good idea.  But even then, I wouldn't want to consider them to be canonical (I haven't checked -- it seems pretty thorough, but that just means that the gaps will be harder to spot).  I've started an unofficial project to build a set of templates for each railway line, similar to the prefecture or state templates (the templates list each station on a specific line, similar to listing each city of a state, etc).  Category:Templates_for_Railway_Lines_of_Japan   As that moves forward, then that may be another place to collect red links, and in a localized manner at that.  It is still in its infancy, but help in filling in other lines is definitely welcome.Neier 02:57, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I took the Japanese lists from ja:日本の鉄道駅一覧 and played a bunch of perl games with them. The net result is that I have a list of romaji names for the ~9000 stations, along with (PREFECTURE) on most of the ones which need them.  Until this current mess is cleaned up, I've stuck them in my User:Neier/Sandbox/TrainList.  There is still some work to be done with the names on the list, such as bad romaji, and also several disambiguations that we need that the Japanese site didn't (like Izumi-Chuo Station) because the kanji is different, but the romaji is the same.  Once there is a clean slate, I'll move the sandbox into a List of xyz structure (after wikifying the romaji names, red-links and all).  Feel free to fix things in the sandbox until then. - Neier 12:53, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - ample precedent for lists that are redundant with categories. Snowspinner 21:07, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Nameneko's quite right--the reduncancy with the category is not the issue. The issue is that ScottKuberski only finished the list for A, and nobody's going to finish the rest because the people who care would prefer to organize such a list geographically rather than by Japanese spelling, as it is organized here. Chick Bowen 02:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Right. I suppose the "category is better" at the end of my afd entry is ill-placed.Neier 02:57, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Incomplete (actually barely started) list, abandoned and unmaintained. Quale 08:11, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but without prejudice for another list with a different structure. Lists of stations are valid if they present the information differently from what a category would. The problem as I see it is that this list tries to list the stations in alphabetical order, and without any descriptions on the page, it is very redundant with the category. A list which ordered the stations according to railway line or by geographical location (district/region/whatever) however, would be valid. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

sub pages

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Taylor Whitley

Taylor Ross Whitley (February 21, 1980 – August 1, 2018) was an American football guard in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected in the third round of the 2003 NFL draft. He played two years with the Miami Dolphins (2003-2004), one year with the Denver Broncos (2005), and another with the Washington Redskins.

title: Taylor Whitley