text:
Kelly Fisher

Kelly Teresa Fisher (born 25 August 1978) is an English professional pool, snooker and English billiards player.

Career
Fisher grew up in South Elmsall, near Pontefract, West Yorkshire. She learned to play pool in her parents' pub and took up snooker when she was 13. By the age of 21, she had been ranked No. 1 for two consecutive seasons.

Fisher won three successive Ladies World Snooker Championship between 1998 and 2000, and won the title again in 2002 and 2003.

In 2001, she won four successive tournaments in the ladies' divisions – the British Open, Belgian Open, LG Cup titles and the UK Championship, and extended her winning streak to ten successive tournaments when she won the LG Cup in October 2002.

She has reached the final of every European Ladies' Championship, losing just once to former West Yorkshire (Batley) champion Shakeel Kamal. In 2003 Fisher won the first IBSF World Ladies' Championship.

When the sport's governing body withdrew its support for the women's game in 2003, abandoning all major women tournaments, Fisher saw her choices as getting a full-time job or switching to nine-ball pool. She chose to switch to pool and moved to the United States to play on the Women's Professional Billiard Association (WPBA Tour), joining fellow former women's snooker players Allison Fisher and Karen Corr.

After being in the top 10 women players for two years, and winning the San Diego Classic for three years running (2005–2007), Fisher achieved the No. 1 ranking in world women's pool in August 2008, winning the US Open Championship. Since then, she has gone on to win the women's divisions in the 2009 International Tournament of Champions and U.S. Open 9-Ball Championship; the 2011 World Ten-ball Championship; 2012 WPA Nine-ball World Championship (and WPA Player of the Year), among other titles.

Kelly’s Official Instructional Certification: Kelly is a Certified BCA/PBIA Advanced Instructor. Kelly has coached all over the world. She was the nominated coach for the world's largest Amateur Pool league, the APA to teach and improve the players from the State of North Carolina. Her most prestigious coaching accomplishment is that she currently teaches & trains the Hong Kong National Team in Hong Kong at the Hong Kong Sports Institute.

Fisher was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2024 New Year Honours for services to sport.

Tournament wins
All are first-place wins, in women's divisions, unless otherwise noted.

Snooker

 * Home Internationals (with team England) 2002 and 2003

title: Kelly Fisher


text:
Talk:No. 100 Group RAF

Untitled
The page stated that No 100 group was raised on 3 December 1943. I changed it into 11 November 1943 as this date was mentioned on the RAF bomber Command website (see external link). WO2 09:47, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

RAF 100 Group Fortresses
There's a website with some rare pictures of RAF 'Special Duties' (ECM) Fortresses as used by No. 100 Group RAF here:

Picture of Lancaster
This picture should be removed, as it is captioned as being an aircraft of 101 Squadron, which was not part of 100 Group; which, according to the article, did not operate Lancasters.Catsmeat (talk) 12:50, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:No. 100 Group RAF


text:
Charles Blount (deist)

Charles Blount (27 April 1654 – August 1693) was an English deist and philosopher who published several anonymous essays critical of the existing English order.

Life
Blount was born in Upper Holloway, Islington, Middlesex, the fourth son of Sir Henry Blount. His father educated him at home and exposed him to freethinking philosophy. In 1672 Charles inherited lands in Islington and the estate of Blount's Hall in Staffordshire. He married Eleanor Tyrrell in Westminster Abbey at the end of 1672; they had three sons and a daughter. Throughout his life he remained at Blount's Hall as a leisured gentleman, although he also travelled to London to participate in courtly life.

Blount's publications were consistently anonymous or written under a pseudonym, and with a radical or Whig slant. In 1673 he wrote Mr Dreyden Vindicated, defending John Dryden's The Conquest of Granada from Richard Leigh's attacks. In 1673 he also penned the anonymous The Friendly Vindication.

In 1678 Blount became a member of the Green Ribbon Club, a group of radical Whig advocates and activists. In 1679 he published An Appeal from the Country to the City under the name of "Junius Brutus". It was a strongly Whig piece that suggested that the Popish Plot was entirely real. It painted a lurid picture of what life in London would be like under James II and Roman Catholicism. In this case, the printer was seized and fined, and the pamphlet was burned by the common hangman (i.e. a symbolic execution of the book for treason). The same year, he assumed the name of Philopatris ("lover of his country") to write A Just Vindication of Learning, which was an argument against the act licensing printers. He mimicked John Milton's previous Areopagitica. After the death of Thomas Hobbes Blount produced an anonymous broadsheet of "sayings" from Hobbes' book Leviathan.

In 1693 Blount used his ironic approach to argue for the validity of William and Mary. His King William and Queen Mary Conquerors argued that they were, in fact, conquerors of England, since they landed with force; therefore the people should support them as able protectors, as Hobbes had argued that the people should obey anyone who represented such force. This pamphlet was licensed by the Tory licensor Edmund Bohun. In 1695 Parliament debated the fate of the work and had it, too, burned by the common hangman; and Bohun lost his position. The Act for the licensing of the press was allowed to expire, as well.

In 1689 Blount's wife had died, and he wanted to marry her sister, but such marriages were illegal at that time in England. He wrote to the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1693 and requested permission, but was denied. In August 1693 he committed suicide. Alexander Pope wrote in a footnote to his 'Epilogue to the Satires: Dialogue I' that Blount, 'being in love with a near kinswoman of his, and rejected, gave himself a stab in the arm, as pretending to kill himself, of the consequence of which he really died'.

Works on religion and deism
In 1679 Blount published, anonymously, Anima Mundi, an essay that appeared to review pagan theories of the soul and afterlife. Throughout, Blount says that it is perfectly clear that the soul is immortal and that there is an afterlife, but his statements are made in a way that makes them absurd, and lengthy descriptions of other views are then juxtaposed with patently insincere claims that the Church must be correct. Henry Compton, then bishop of London, argued that the book should be suppressed, but while Compton was out of the city, enthusiastic opponents of the work had it publicly burned. The same year, Blount sent a copy of the work to Thomas Hobbes, whose philosophy Blount admired, with a letter in praise of Arianism, which was then published.

Blount's deist publications came in 1680, with Great Diana of the Ephesians and The Two First Books of Philostratus concerning the Life of Apollonius Tyaneus. The two works appear to be translations and history. However, the notes in the work attacked Christianity directly. First, Blount suggested that rational religion was destroyed by the Church. Second, his decrying of pagan sacrifices was a coded attack on eucharistic doctrine and Church practice. He attached extensive notes which mocked "priestcraft" and corrupt priests.

He followed this with a smaller work, Miracles, No Violations of the Laws of Nature (1683), which contained only quotations from Thomas Burnet, Hobbes, and Baruch Spinoza, combined to say that accounts of miracles are without any empirical basis.

He also wrote his own Religio laici (1683) to answer John Dryden's Religio Laici (1682) and its attacks on deism.

In 1693, Charles Gildon edited and published The Oracles of Reason. This book is a collection of Deist writings supplied by Blount. It comprises a "Preface" by Gildon, Blount's "Vindication of Dr. Burnet", an English translation by "H. B." of three sections of Thomas Burnet's Archaeologiae Philosophicae, Blount's "Summary Account of the Deists Religion", and several letters (tracts) prepared by Blount, Gildon, and others. These pieces express doubts about the Book of Genesis, deny the possibility of revelation, deny miracles, and suggest that there might be many worlds with life on them. In 1695, Gildon republished The Oracles of Reason in his collection of The Miscellaneous Works of Charles Blount. As well as The Oracles of Reason, this book contains Anima Mundi, Diana of the Ephesians, An Appeal from the Country to the City, for the Preservation of His Majesty's Person, Liberty, Property, and the Protestant Religion, A Just Vindication of Learning, and the Liberty of the Press, and "A Dialogue between K. W. and the late K. J. on the Banks of the Boyn, the Day before the Battel". Writing as "Lindamour", Gildon prefaced these works with an invented letter "To the Honorable and Divine Hermione. Giving an account of the Life and Death of the Author.", also known as Gildon's hagiographic "Life of Blount".

title: Charles Blount (deist)


text:
Lower Merion School District

Lower Merion School District, or LMSD, is a public school district located in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The school district includes residents of both Lower Merion Township and the Borough of Narberth. Established in 1836, LMSD is one of the oldest districts in Pennsylvania. It is the wealthiest school district in the state, and one of the wealthiest school districts in the country.

High schools

 * Lower Merion High School
 * Harriton High School

Middle schools

 * Bala Cynwyd Middle School
 * Welsh Valley Middle School
 * Black Rock Middle School

Elementary schools

 * Belmont Hills Elementary School (originally the Ashland Avenue School)
 * Gladwyne Elementary School
 * Merion Elementary School
 * Penn Wynne Elementary School.
 * Penn Valley Elementary School
 * Cynwyd Elementary School

Laptop webcams lawsuit
In February 2010, a class action lawsuit was filed against the school district, alleging that Harriton High School had been secretly using remotely activated webcams built into laptops issued to their students to spy on the students in their homes, thereby infringing on their privacy rights. The webcam picture-snapping function was part of an anti-theft mechanism to help locate laptops that were reported by students as stolen. This function was activated by the school district on numerous occasions without adherence to the established guidelines. The lawsuit was filed by the parents of a student who had been warned by Lindy Matsko, an assistant principal, that he had been engaging in "improper behavior" in his bedroom. The schools admitted to snapping over 66,000 pictures and screenshots, including webcam shots of students in their bedrooms. However, no individuals were found guilty of spying.

title: Lower Merion School District


text:
Harold Wagstaff

Harold Wagstaff (9 May 1891 – 19 July 1939), also known by the nickname of "Waggy", was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s, 1910s and 1920s. He played as a and was nicknamed the Prince of Centres. A captain of Great Britain, he also played representative rugby league for England, and Yorkshire. Wagstaff has been inducted into the Rugby Football League Hall of Fame, and the Huddersfield Giants Hall of Fame.

Background
Wagstaff was born in the village of Underbank within Holmfirth on 9 May 1891 and first played at local amateur side, Underbank Rangers, aged 14.

1900s
Wagstaff's first professional game, for Huddersfield in 1906, was at the age of 15 years and 175 days. For many years he was considered to be the youngest person to play professional rugby league. However it is Harold Edmondson who holds this accolade, making his first try for Bramley against Bradford Northern on 1 February 1919 aged 15 years 81 days. Edmondson later joined Wagstaff at Huddersfield.

Wagstaff became the youngest representative in rugby league football when he turned out for Yorkshire age 17 years and 141 days, and a few months later made his début for England against the first ever touring Australian side: the 'First Kangaroos' of 1908.

1910s
By 1912 Wagstaff was appointed captain of Huddersfield, aged 19. He captained Huddersfield at in their 2–8 loss against Wakefield Trinity in the 1910 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1910–11 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 3 December 1910, played at, and scored a try in the 22–10 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1911 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1911–12 season at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 25 November 1911,

In 1914 Wagstaff was made captain of Great Britain, a post held during that year's tour of Australia and New Zealand. He was captain in the famous 'Rorke's Drift' match on 4 July 1914. Wagstaff played at and scored two tries in the 31–0 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1914 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1914–15 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 28 November 1914. During his career as the captain of the Huddersfield team, known as The Team of all The Talents, he led them to victory in the Rugby League Challenge Cup, the Championship Trophy, the Yorkshire Cup, and the Yorkshire League in 1915. They thus became the second of only three teams ever to win All Four Cups, the others being Hunslet (1908) and Swinton (1928).

Wagstaff was also stationed in Egypt during World War I.

1920s
Wagstaff once again captained Great Britain on their 1920 tour of Australasia. In November that year, rugby league's first players' union, the 'Northern Rugby Union Players' Union was founded in Huddersfield under the chairmanship of Wagstaff, with his Huddersfield team-mate Gwyn Thomas as secretary. The enrolment fee was five shillings with a weekly contribution from each member; the declared aims of the union were (i) the promotion of the spirit of comradeship amongst the players, (ii) to redress grievances, (iii) to obtain modification of the transfer rules and (iv) to obtain benefits for players after fixed term of service.

Wagstaff played his last Test match in January 1922, when he helped Great Britain beat Australia and regain the Ashes. His career had lasted for 19 years until his retirement in 1925.

Post-playing
Wagstaff was the manager of the Royal Swan Hotel, Westgate, Huddersfield, and died in 1939. In 1988 he was inducted into the British Rugby League Hall of Fame. He was one of five famous players to feature on a set of British stamps issued in 1995 to commemorate the centenary of Rugby League. Wagstaff and his contribution to Anglo-Australian rugby league culture were the subject of 2003's annual Tom Brock Lecture, given by Tony Collins.

title: Harold Wagstaff


text:
Talk:Alexander of Constantinople

Untitled
The removed paras on three other saints called Alexander were copied from the Oxford Dictionary of Saints, copyright OUP, and have been reported as copyvio Staffelde 09:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Technical Editing
— Assignment last updated by ALCH3MIST1011 (talk) 18:38, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexander of Constantinople


text:
Talk:Descent (mathematics)

comments
I find the second part of the following sentence (starting with ": more") in the intro quite unclear: "The reason for abstraction here is, at a fundamental level, that passage to a quotient space is not very well-behaved in topology: more accurately, it is a tribute to the efforts to use category theory to get round the alleged 'brutality' of imposing equivalence relations within geometric categories."--MarSch 09:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have expanded the introduction, but I suppose you may not like it much better yet. Charles Matthews 10:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

In the section on history I find comment on "the representable functor question in algebraic geometry in general". I thought representable functors formed a language for describing many constructions (and associated problems of existence), not a single open question looming large. Have I been missing something? 128.135.60.45 03:54, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. —Darkwind (talk) 01:36, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Descent (category theory) → Descent (mathematics) – Obviously, the language of category theory is essential to the descent theory. But that doesn't make the topic a part of category theory. Thus, it's better to use a more neutral article title. Taku (talk) 12:39, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Agreed, WP:PRECISION makes this uncontroversial, with no currently competing article to consider. ᛭ LokiClock (talk) 15:49, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Disagree. Descent in category theory is still rather specific, although it is an attempt to generalise various arguments.  It is not the same as Proof by infinite descent, which is often simply called "descent" in the context of Diophantine equations, for example, in the proof of the Mordell–Weil_theorem (see for example Elliptic_curve).  Deltahedron (talk) 11:56, 7 April 2013 (UTC)

 * This is a shorthand. It would not be introduced without the full name in a textbook. A hatnote would suffice. e.g., In the elliptic curves article you cited, there is a source that refers simply to descent in the title. The first mention of descent in that thesis reads "infinite descent." ᛭ LokiClock (talk) 17:24, 7 April 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Introduction
The description given in the introduction sounds rather different from what I understand by descent in this context. Chapter 8 of Pedicchio & Tholen express it as follows. A problem on a base object B is solved for an extension E and then the solution is taken down to B by some kind of "projection" p:E→B. Examples would include a sheaf over a topological space, or a module over a ring.

The Grothendieck description is then presented as a fibration F:D→C so that the category of objects over B in C is given by the fibre F-1(B) and descent theory gives a description, hopefully effective, of that fibre in terms of the fibre over E. Deltahedron (talk) 12:02, 7 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes, especially the second para reads very weirdly. Why "equivalence relation"? for instance (related to cocycle conditions?). What I remember is similar to what you described. The very basic case would be like: we have a field extension $$L / K$$. One proves a theorem for objects (e.g., varieties) over L then tries to "descend" the theorem to K; whence, the term. More categorically, we have $$f: \operatorname{Spec}L \to \operatorname{Spec}K$$ (i.e., projection) and consider the pullback $$f^*$$ that is a functor between categories of sheaves. Usually this is not simple since one has to consider the flat topology instead of Zariski topology. In any case, this is what I remember. -- Taku (talk) 21:38, 7 April 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:59, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Descent (mathematics)


text:
Ajab Gul

Ajab Gul (Pashto: عجب گل) is a Pakistani actor, film director, producer and music director who predominantly works in Pashto-language cinema. He has also worked in Urdu-language cinema.

Career
Ajab Gul has starred in commercial films such as Yaar Baash, Sharabi, Kyun Tum Say Itna Pyar Hai as well as critical performance films such as Dukhtar. He has also starred in a string of successful television serials like Fareb, Girift, Pyas, Sooraj Kay Sath Sath, Musafatain, Pathar, Ghulam Gardish, Tawan, Chashman, Dastar, Sheharzaad. His theatrical play Janam Janam ki Maile Chadar has set a record in South East Asia for its non-stop 1680 shows. His directorial debut was the film Khoey Ho Tum Kahan (KHTK), which had a decent theatrical run upon its release in 2001. Among the high points of the film was its phenomenal soundtrack composed by Zain and some stunning cinematography. The success of this film was so huge that the Indian film industry released a similar movie Humraaz in 2002. Gul made his comeback with his blockbuster Kyun Tum Say Itna Pyar Hai, his follow up to KHTK. In 2012, he directed the play Rahman Baba.

title: Ajab Gul


text:
MyISAM

MyISAM was the default storage engine for the MySQL relational database management system versions prior to 5.5 released in December 2009. It is based on the older ISAM code, but it has many useful extensions.

Filesystem
Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three files (if it is not partitioned). The files have names that begin with the table name and have an extension to indicate the file type. MySQL uses a .frm file to store the definition of the table, but this file is not a part of the MyISAM engine; instead it is a part of the server. The data file has a .MYD (MYData) extension. The index file has a .MYI (MYIndex) extension. The index file, if lost, can always be recreated by recreating indexes.

Files format depends on the ROW_FORMAT table option. The following formats are available:
 * FIXED: Fixed is a format where all data (including variable-length types) have a fixed length. This format is faster to read, and improves corrupted tables repair. If a table contains big variable-length columns (BLOB or TEXT) it cannot use the FIXED format.
 * DYNAMIC: Variable-length columns do not have a fixed length size. This format is a bit slower to read but saves some space on disk.
 * COMPRESSED: Compressed tables can be created with a dedicated tool while MySQL is not running, and they are read-only. While this usually makes them a non-viable option, the compression rate is generally sensibly higher than alternatives.

MyISAM files do not depend on the system and, since MyISAM is not transactional, their content does not depend on current server workload. Therefore it is possible to copy them between different servers.

Features
MyISAM is optimized for environments with heavy read operations, and few writes, or none at all. A typical area in which one could prefer MyISAM is data warehouse because it involves queries on very big tables, and the update of such tables is done when the database is not in use (usually at night).

The reason MyISAM allows for fast reads is the structure of its indexes: each entry points to a record in the data file, and the pointer is offset from the beginning of the file. This way records can be quickly read, especially when the format is FIXED. Thus, the rows are of constant length. Inserts are easy too because new rows are appended to the end of the data file. However, delete and update operations are more problematic: deletes must leave an empty space, or the rows' offsets would change; the same goes for updates, as the length of the rows becomes shorter; if the update makes the row longer, the row is fragmented. To defragment rows and claim empty space, the OPTIMIZE TABLE command must be executed. Because of this simple mechanism, MyISAM index statistics are usually quite accurate.

However, the simplicity of MyISAM has several drawbacks. The major deficiency of MyISAM is the absence of transactions support. Also, foreign keys are not supported. In normal use cases, InnoDB seems to be faster than MyISAM.

Versions of MySQL 5.5 and greater have switched to the InnoDB engine to ensure referential integrity constraints, and higher concurrency.

MyISAM supports FULLTEXT indexing and OpenGIS data types.

Forks
MariaDB has a storage engine called Aria, which is described as a "crash-safe alternative to MyISAM". However, the MariaDB developers still work on MyISAM code. The major improvement is the "Segmented Key Cache". If it is enabled, MyISAM indices' cache is divided into segments. This improves the concurrency because threads rarely need to lock the entire cache.

In MariaDB, MyISAM also supports virtual columns.

Drizzle does not include MyISAM.

title: MyISAM


text:
Joseph O. Brown

Joseph Owen Brown (January 8, 1846 – March 15, 1903) served as Mayor of Pittsburgh from November 25, 1901 to March 15, 1903.

Biography
He was born on January 8, 1846, in what is today East Deer Township, Pennsylvania, just north of Pittsburgh. He served as prothonotary of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania from 1880 until 1887. His first political position in Pittsburgh was director of public safety, a job he obtained in 1887.

Mayor Joseph Brown's administration battled rampant vice within the city with differing degrees of success. The incompetence of the rank and file law enforcers in the city was displayed for everyone to see when the Biddle Brothers made a daring escape from the Pittsburgh jail. The Frick Building was constructed on Grant Street during the Joseph Brown term.

He died in office from heart failure on March 15, 1903. He was buried at Bull Creek Cemetery, not far away from his hometown, Tarentum, Pennsylvania.

title: Joseph O. Brown


text: User talk:68.58.107.202

title: User talk:68.58.107.202


text:
Talk:Marketing in schools

Untitled
Could all those with connections with schools involved in marketing please add to this page.

AfD
Please do not revert this article until the Article for Deletion discussion has run its course. Remy B 15:24, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marketing in schools


text:
Lewis Evans (collector)

Lewis Evans (1853–1930) was an English businessman and scientific instrument collector. His collection was the nucleus of the History of Science Museum, Oxford.

He was the son of Sir John Evans, an archaeologist, and younger brother of the more famous archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans (1851–1941) who excavated the archaeological site Knossos in the island of Crete, Greece. He studied chemistry at University College London and became a businessman. During his career, he rose to the chairman role in the family paper-making firm John Dickinson & Co. Ltd and lived at Russels, a country house near the company's paper mill, close to Watford.

Over the course of approximately fifty years, Evans also built up an important collection of scientific instruments. In 1924, he presented this collection of sundials, astrolabes, early mathematical instruments and associated library of early books to the University of Oxford. The Lewis Evans Collection was made accessible to the public in the same year and he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the university in 1925.

Through the efforts of his friend Robert Gunther, Evans donation helped in the founding of the History of Science Museum, Oxford in 1930 by providing what became known as the Lewis Evans Collection of Historic Scientific Instruments, the core of the museum's initial collection. The museum was originally called the Lewis Evans Collection but with the addition of material from other sources, the name was changed in 1935 to the Museum of the History of Science and in 2018, to the History of Science Museum. His library is also owned by the museum.

Lewis Evans became a major shareholder of Watford FC upon its incorporation as a limited company in 1909 and acted as chairman of the football club between 1909 and 1914; he had earlier played football for Hertfordshire Rangers F.C.

title: Lewis Evans (collector)


text:
Tetrahedral symmetry

A regular tetrahedron has 12 rotational (or orientation-preserving) symmetries, and a symmetry order of 24 including transformations that combine a reflection and a rotation.

The group of all (not necessarily orientation preserving) symmetries is isomorphic to the group S4, the symmetric group of permutations of four objects, since there is exactly one such symmetry for each permutation of the vertices of the tetrahedron. The set of orientation-preserving symmetries forms a group referred to as the alternating subgroup A4 of S4.

Details
Chiral and full (or achiral tetrahedral symmetry and pyritohedral symmetry) are discrete point symmetries (or equivalently, symmetries on the sphere). They are among the crystallographic point groups of the cubic crystal system.

Seen in stereographic projection the edges of the tetrakis hexahedron form 6 circles (or centrally radial lines) in the plane. Each of these 6 circles represent a mirror line in tetrahedral symmetry. The intersection of these circles meet at order 2 and 3 gyration points.

Chiral tetrahedral symmetry
T, 332, [3,3]+, or 23, of order 12 – chiral or rotational tetrahedral symmetry. There are three orthogonal 2-fold rotation axes, like chiral dihedral symmetry D2 or 222, with in addition four 3-fold axes, centered between the three orthogonal directions. This group is isomorphic to A4, the alternating group on 4 elements; in fact it is the group of even permutations of the four 3-fold axes: e, (123), (132), (124), (142), (134), (143), (234), (243), (12)(34), (13)(24), (14)(23).

The conjugacy classes of T are:
 * identity
 * 4 × rotation by 120° clockwise (seen from a vertex): (234), (143), (412), (321)
 * 4 × rotation by 120° counterclockwise (ditto)
 * 3 × rotation by 180°

The rotations by 180°, together with the identity, form a normal subgroup of type Dih2, with quotient group of type Z3. The three elements of the latter are the identity, "clockwise rotation", and "anti-clockwise rotation", corresponding to permutations of the three orthogonal 2-fold axes, preserving orientation.

A4 is the smallest group demonstrating that the converse of Lagrange's theorem is not true in general: given a finite group G and a divisor d of |G|, there does not necessarily exist a subgroup of G with order d: the group G = A4 has no subgroup of order 6. Although it is a property for the abstract group in general, it is clear from the isometry group of chiral tetrahedral symmetry: because of the chirality the subgroup would have to be C6 or D3, but neither applies.

Achiral tetrahedral symmetry
Td, *332, [3,3] or $\overline{4}$3m, of order 24 – achiral or full tetrahedral symmetry, also known as the (2,3,3) triangle group. This group has the same rotation axes as T, but with six mirror planes, each through two 3-fold axes. The 2-fold axes are now S4 ($\overline{4}$) axes. Td and O are isomorphic as abstract groups: they both correspond to S4, the symmetric group on 4 objects. Td is the union of T and the set obtained by combining each element of O \ T with inversion. See also the isometries of the regular tetrahedron.

The conjugacy classes of Td are:
 * identity
 * 8 × rotation by 120° (C3)
 * 3 × rotation by 180° (C2)
 * 6 × reflection in a plane through two rotation axes (Cs)
 * 6 × rotoreflection by 90° (S4)

Pyritohedral symmetry
Th, 3*2, [4,3+] or m$\overline{4}$, of order 24 – pyritohedral symmetry. This group has the same rotation axes as T, with mirror planes through two of the orthogonal directions. The 3-fold axes are now S6 ($\overline{2}$) axes, and there is a central inversion symmetry. Th is isomorphic to T × Z2: every element of Th is either an element of T, or one combined with inversion. Apart from these two normal subgroups, there is also a normal subgroup D2h (that of a cuboid), of type Dih2 × Z2 = Z2 × Z2 × Z2. It is the direct product of the normal subgroup of T (see above) with Ci. The quotient group is the same as above: of type Z3. The three elements of the latter are the identity, "clockwise rotation", and "anti-clockwise rotation", corresponding to permutations of the three orthogonal 2-fold axes, preserving orientation.

It is the symmetry of a cube with on each face a line segment dividing the face into two equal rectangles, such that the line segments of adjacent faces do not meet at the edge. The symmetries correspond to the even permutations of the body diagonals and the same combined with inversion. It is also the symmetry of a pyritohedron, which is extremely similar to the cube described, with each rectangle replaced by a pentagon with one symmetry axis and 4 equal sides and 1 different side (the one corresponding to the line segment dividing the cube's face); i.e., the cube's faces bulge out at the dividing line and become narrower there. It is a subgroup of the full icosahedral symmetry group (as isometry group, not just as abstract group), with 4 of the 10 3-fold axes.

The conjugacy classes of Th include those of T, with the two classes of 4 combined, and each with inversion:
 * identity
 * 8 × rotation by 120° (C3)
 * 3 × rotation by 180° (C2)
 * inversion (S2)
 * 8 × rotoreflection by 60° (S6)
 * 3 × reflection in a plane (Cs)

Solids with chiral tetrahedral symmetry
The Icosahedron colored as a snub tetrahedron has chiral symmetry.

title: Tetrahedral symmetry


text:
Talk:Francis Howgill

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title: Talk:Francis Howgill


text:
Edward Summer

Edward Summer (March 18, 1946 – November 13, 2014) was an American painter, motion picture director, screenwriter, internet publisher, magazine editor, journalist and science writer, comic book writer, novelist, book designer, actor, cinematographer, motion picture editor, documentary filmmaker, film festival founder, and educator. He died on November 13, 2014.

Among his better known works are the collection of Carl Barks stories Uncle Scrooge McDuck: His Life and Times, the Dinosaur Interplanetary Gazette (one of the pioneering online magazines), the first motion picture based upon Robert E. Howard's character Conan the Barbarian, the novel Teefr, and a prequel The Legend of Teddy Bear Bob.

Early work
Born in Buffalo, New York, Summer studied painting at the Albright Art Gallery (now called the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Albright Art School, and with the noted water-color painter Sandra Chessman. He was also acquainted from childhood with another noted water-colorist, Robert Blair.

Charles Summer, his father, was an amateur photographer who owned a then uncommon Exakta single lens reflex camera. The photographer Milton Rogovin was a family friend and early on exposed him to fine-art photographs.

At age 15, Summer had a special one-man exhibit of his drawings in a group show at the Buffalo Museum of Science.

Theater
At the Studio Theater (now called Studio Arena Theater), Buffalo, New York, Summer appeared in Many Moons, based on a James Thurber book, choreographed by Michael Bennett, and directed by Roberta Sharpe circa 1961.

He also worked with Fred Keller and Neal Du Brock as actor and stage manager, as well as Joe Krysiak founder of Project Artaud.

Motion pictures
Encouraged by experimental filmmaker Peter Adair, Summer ultimately attended the first year of the New York University School of the Arts (then under the NYU School of Education and called the School of Television, Motion Pictures and Radio). Haig Manoogian, instrumental in starting the career of Martin Scorsese by producing the film Who's That Knocking at My Door headed the school and was one of the main instructors.

At NYU, Summer continued painting and studied with, among others, acclaimed photo-realist Audrey Flack. Harry Hurwitz, director of The Projectionist was also an instructor and personal friend.

His student film Item 72-D, The Adventures of Spa and Fon not only won multiple awards, but was shown worldwide at many film festivals. It was the first film shown at the Film Forum movie theater in New York City when the Film Forum was only a tiny loft space on West 88th Street in Manhattan. Hervé Villechaize, then unknown, was one of the stars of Item 72-D, The Adventures of Spa and Fon. Villechaize went on to fame in The Man with the Golden Gun and as a recurring character on the television series Fantasy Island. A co-writer of the film, John Byrum went on to write and direct numerous other films. Both Manoogian and Scorsese were advisors to the project.

Other early films included:
 * Solstice (1968) - film editor
 * High on the Wind Rivers (1970) - cinematographer, film editor
 * Street Scenes (1970) - cinematographer, sound recording, film editor

As a fellow of the National Endowment for the Arts, Summer received a grant to produce a documentary about the history of American comic strip and comic book art. This unfinished film covered, among other people, Jack Kirby, Milton Caniff, Carl Barks, Chuck Jones, Ray Bradbury, Dick Huemer and Ralph Bakshi.

He worked with CBS's Camera Three on a two-part series covering the history of comic books and comic strips.

In 1975, Summer helped his friend Brian De Palma redo all of the promotional materials for Phantom of the Paradise. As a result, producer Edward R. Pressman approached Summer for other projects. The result was Conan the Barbarian which took nearly seven years to bring to the screen. The original treatment/screenplay was written by Summer with some collaboration by Roy Thomas who had written and edited the Marvel Comic Book series.

In 2003, he founded the Buffalo International Film Festival. Summer has been executive director since 2005.

Comic books
Gold Key Comics Several science fiction adaptations for Starstream. Born of the Sun. Shaka

Marvel Comics Plot Red Sonja Issue One. Red Sonya and the Unicorn. This story largely defined Red Sonja's personality and "inner nature".

Plot: The Invaders Involving the revival of the Golem to defeat the Axis.

Plot: Conan the Barbarian The Devourer of the Dead story about origin of Egyptian pyramids.

Editor: Superman the Movie Magazine, DC Comics

Summer was instrumental in beginning the process that resulted in Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster receiving lifetime financial benefits from their creation of Superman.

Magazines
Founding editor and co-publisher: The Dinosaur Times.

Contributing writer: Written By, Time, The New York Times, Circus, Films in Review, The Perfect Vision, The Absolute Sound, Home Theater Magazine, Skeptical Inquirer, Skeptical Briefs, The Monster Times.

Digital Nitrate Prize
In 2005, Edward Summer founded The Digital Nitrate Prize in order to encourage the research necessary to properly transfer and preserve the world's motion picture heritage using the developing digital media. Based upon the X Prize, the Digital Nitrate Prize will offer a cash prize for the first individual, group or corporation which is able to exactly duplicate the look of nitrate film stock using digital transfer and digital projection.

Constructive Living
Edward Summer was a certified instructor of Constructive Living. He studied with David K. Reynolds in Los Angeles, New York, West Virginia and Tennessee.

Trivia

 * Summer has taught animation history at School of Visual Arts New York City.
 * Summer's contributions to Star Wars and friendship with George Lucas was profiled extensively in 2013 through interviews with Jonathan Rinzler in issues 139, 140, 141 of the magazine Star Wars Insider.

Filmography

 * 1968 - Solstice - producer, editor
 * 1968 - DeFeet - producer, director, cinematographer
 * 1970 - Item 72-D: The Adventures of Spa and Fon - producer, director
 * 1970 - Street Scenes - director/cameraman, editor
 * 1970 - High in the Wind Rivers - director/cameraman
 * 1980 - Starship Under - director, screenwriter - (never finished)
 * 1982 - Conan the Barbarian - associate producer
 * 1983 - Star Wars - marketing consultant
 * 1989 - Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland - screenplay
 * 2005 - Silent Music - producer, director (in production)
 * 2005 - The Magic of Magic - producer, director (in production)
 * 2006 - Clicker Clatter - producer
 * 2007 - Sirens - producer
 * 2007 - Calvin of Oakknoll - executive producer, consulting director (in production)

title: Edward Summer


text:
Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856

The Imperial Reform Edict (اصلاحات خط همايونى, Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu; Modern Islâhat Fermânı) was a February 18, 1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms. The decree from Ottoman Sultan Abdulmejid I promised equality in education, government appointments, and administration of justice to all regardless of creed. The decree is often seen as a result of the influence of France and Britain, which assisted the Ottoman Empire against the Russians during the Crimean War (1853–1856) and the Treaty of Paris (1856) which ended the war.

Hatt-ı Hümayun was a promise by the Sultan to his citizens, subjects. Sultan promised to be held responsible for the constitution of the "Provincial Councils" and "Communal Councils" and the fairness of this process and the results. In matters concerning all the subjects of the State (related with Hatt-ı Hümayun), the spiritual leader of every congregation, along with its official appointed for one year by the government, will participate in the negotiations of 'Meclisi Valay-i Ahkām-i Adliyye', a law court established in 1837 to deal with cases of high officials. The sultan also promised freedom to vote in the councils.

These goals were promised by the sultan and emanated from his authority, indicating that the Hatt-ı Hümayun carried the authority of the Ottoman Sultanate itself, and was not a lower, bureaucratic reform.

Content
Hatt-ı Hümayun "unites all the previous reforms" (beginning with Edict of Gülhane) and applies previous reform to all the subjects of the Empire, without distinction of class or religion, for the security of their persons and property and the preservation of their honor.

Hatt-ı Hümayun did not release the government from its previous obligations; spiritual immunities (Christian millets or other non-Muslim protectorates). Regarding these responsibilities review process established under each millet such that they form a commission composed ad hoc of members of its own body to give formulate (discuss) and submit the reforms required by the progress of Ottoman civilization.

Religion and civic duties
Hatt-ı Hümayun granted that all forms of religion be freely worshiped, that no subject be hindered in the exercise of the religion, nor be in any way annoyed. It also granted that no one shall be compelled to change their religion.

Hatt-ı Hümayun brought accountability, such that the Patriarchs, Metropolitans, Archbishops, Bishops, and Rabbis began to take an oath on their entrance into office according to a form agreed upon (content of the oath is verified by the state), which they will be responsible for honoring their oath. In to build trust (prevent bribery); the income of these people (in public work) is replaced by fixed revenues of the Patriarchs and heads of communities, and by the allocation of allowances and salaries equitably proportioned to the importance, the rank, and the dignity of the different members of the clergy.

Hatt-ı Hümayun granted the full freedom of the repair, according to their original plan, of buildings set apart for religious worship, for schools, for hospitals, and for cemeteries; if these activities are performed at "non-mixed communities" under the towns, small boroughs and villages. To prevent the destruction of historical architectures, and keep track of public investments the plans of these different buildings, in case of their new erection, must, after having been approved by the Patriarchs or heads of communities, be submitted to Imperial order, or make known its observations upon them within a certain time.

Hatt-ı Hümayun granted that each community have equal power on the repair according to the original plan of the buildings for religious worship, schools, hospitals, and cemeteries; only if these activities are performed at "mixed communities" of the towns, small boroughs and villages. The authorities (decision making) in mixed populations use imperial system to pronounce a sovereign decision (imperial system visioned as a buffer).

Hatt-ı Hümayun granted the government the responsibility of the formation of roads and canals to increase the facilities of communication and the sources of the wealth.

Hatt-ı Hümayun granted the organization of new Code to determine how the works of public utility can be supported (raised from private and special taxes levied in the provinces). These funds could only be used to benefit of the establishment of ways of communication by land and sea.

Education
Hatt-ı Hümayun granted that all the subjects, without distinction, shall be received into the Civil and Military Schools. Every community is authorized to establish Public Schools of Science, Art, and Industry. However, in these public schools the methods of instruction and the choice of professors in schools of this class shall be under the control of a "Mixed Council of Public Instruction (Council of Public Instruction)" (Education ministry).

Justice
Hatt-ı Hümayun granted that all commercial, correctional, and criminal suits between Muslims and Christian or other non-Muslim subjects, or between Christians or other non-Muslims of different sects, shall be referred to "mixed tribunals". The proceedings were in public. The parties were confronted. Production of witnesses was granted which the testimonies were accepted upon an oath. Suits relating to civil affairs publicly tried. Civil affairs resolved before the Mixed Provincial Councils with the Governor and Judge.

Hatt-ı Hümayun granted that there will be formulation of the new Codes; penal, correctional, and commercial laws, and rules of procedure and they were translated and published in all the languages.

Hatt-ı Hümayun granted that the reform of the penitentiary (houses of detention, punishment, or correction) and other establishments. Activities had to reconcile the rights of humanity and with those of justice. Corporal punishment is abolished administered.

Public security
Hatt-ı Hümayun granted that police organization (policies and regulations) can not deny the guarantees for the safety of person and property. After the revision (defines a commission) officers are responsible. The police force was organized in capital, provincial towns and in the rural districts in separate organizations.

Effect
Although the goal of the Hatt-ı Hümayun was to bring equality among Ottoman citizens, the process was perceived more as one intended to please Europe. The biggest change was the Ottoman State's acceptance of the notion of "minorities". Previously, Muslim government organizations (civil and military schools) begin to accept non-Muslim citizens. The official state language principle (Ottoman Turkish for written communication) was broken, and the Empire became a multi-language system. Patriarchates began to administer justice on the state level, which could be said to weaken the judicial sovereignty of the State.

Some rules were cheered by non-Muslims:
 * Non-Muslims could become civil servants,
 * The possibility to transfer their inheritance cases to Patriarchates,
 * The publishing of murder and commerce laws in the languages of the minorities,
 * The establishment of higher court (judiciary) and the representation of all congregations with two representatives from each.
 * The extending of powers of Patriarchates in administering justice,
 * The extending of the right to property to foreigners.

Other rules were unpopular among non-Muslims:
 * The obligation to do one's military service,
 * The reexamination of religious privileges to make them equal (some millets lost privileges relative to others)
 * The abolition of arbitrary fees exacted by priests all along from their congregations
 * The establishment of salaries (fixed income) to spiritual leaders (priest, patriarch etc.)
 * The obligation of spiritual leaders to take the oath of devotion

Hatt-ı Hümayun, in bringing equality among millet, created discontent in the Armenian Patriarchate. Before the Hatt-ı Hümayun, the Armenian Patriarch was not only the spiritual leader of the community, but its secular leader as well. The Armenians ("Armenian nationals") wanted to abolish oppression by the nobility, and draw up a new 'National Regulation', which limited the powers of Patriarch whose jurisdiction was extended to 50 regions and could at will dismiss the Bishops. Finally the Council accepted the draft regulation on May 24, 1860, and presented it to the Babiali. The Babiali ratified it with some minor changes, with a firman on March 17, 1863, and made it effective. In 1863 the Armenian National Constitution (نظامنامهٔ ملّت ارمنیان) was Ottoman Empire approved form of the "Code of Regulations" composed of 150 articles drafted by the "Armenian intelligentsia", which defined the powers of Patriarch (position in Ottoman Millet) and newly formed "Armenian National Assembly". Armenian Patriarch with the sharing of his powers with the Armenian National Assembly and limitations brought by Armenian National Constitution perceived the changes as erosion of its community.

During the fall of the Ottoman Empire, foreign powers often influenced the government by means of foreign loans and aid as well as exploitation of the millet system and its groups of Jewish and Christian minorities.

Translations
A Greek version translated by Z. Ypandrevmenos was published in Samos. The Ottoman authorities also had an official French translation, published in Le Moniteur and in the 1866 book De la juridiction française dans les échelles du Levant et de la Barbarie, by Féraud-Giraud. Fuad Pasha argued in favor of having this text translated into minority languages in the Empire, not only Ottoman Turkish and French. Johann Strauss, author of "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages," wrote that "one can safely assume that" the original draft of the edict was in French rather than Ottoman Turkish.

French diplomat François Belin wrote his own French translation, with his own notes, which was published first in the Journal Asiatique and later in the 1862 published book Étude sur la propriété foncière en pays musulman et spécialement en Turquie. Belin's translation and notes were also published in another collection, Manuale di diritto publico e privato ottomano by Domenico Gatteschi. Belin's version was re-published in the French-language Ottoman law collection Législation ottomane, published by Gregory Aristarchis and edited by Demetrius Nicolaides.

A Greek translation of the edict made from the official Ottoman Empire French version, with several of Belin's notes included, appears in the Greek version of the Düstur (Оθωμανικοί Κώδηκες), compiled by Nicolaides, who included additional notes, including an 1860-issued berat in Greek, and removed some of Belin's notes; Johann Strauss argued that they were excised "probably because he considered them too critical".

title: Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856


text:
User:LordFrieza

/sandbox

title: User:LordFrieza


text:
User:LordFrieza/sandbox

WP:COPYARTICLE, 2005 revision of Capitol Punishment: The Megadeth Years

title: User:LordFrieza/sandbox


text:
Adam M. Brown

Adam M. Brown (1826 – August 17, 1910) was an American politician. He was Mayor of Pittsburgh in 1901.

Early life
Adam Mercer Brown was born in Butler County, Pennsylvania just north of Pittsburgh in 1826. He originally wanted to become a doctor but instead went west to find his fortune during the California Gold Rush, during his stay in the west he had a brief military career and earned the rank of Major. Upon his return to Pittsburgh, he was chosen as the first president of the Allegheny County Bar Association. Adam Brown also became a common pleas judge and founded a bank.

Pittsburgh politics
Brown was appointed mayor in May 1901 and due to a commonwealth reorganization had his office retitled "recorder". He was only to spend six brief months running the city, and stripped of his duties in November 1901.

Death and interment
Brown died in August 1910, and was buried in the Allegheny Cemetery.

title: Adam M. Brown


text:
Lauritz de Thurah

Laurids Lauridsen de Thurah, known as Lauritz de Thurah (4 March 1706 – 5 September 1759), was a Danish architect and architectural writer. He became the most important Danish architect of the late baroque period. As an architectural writer and historian he made a vital contribution to the understanding of both Denmark's architectural heritage and building construction in his day.

De Thurah was a self-taught architect who learned much of what he knew by studying the inspiring buildings he saw on his travels outside Denmark between 1729 and 1731. He brought home the baroque style, which was then popular, but was quickly losing way to rococo. Throughout his life he maintained a loyalty to the baroque, even as the world around him continued to change and he lost work assignments to others who mastered the newer, more popular styles.

Early life and education
Lauritz de Thurah was born Laurids Lauridsen Thura in Aarhus, the third son of parish priest Laurids Thura, later Bishop of Ribe, and wife Helene Cathrine de With. He was educated at home by the elder Thura, a scholarly and able teacher. By chance he came into contact with the royal house when King Frederik IV called on the Bishop, and chose the boy and his older brother Diderich for military service. In 1719 he went to Copenhagen as a military cadet, a landkadet in Danish, to receive an education for the Engineer Corps at the Military Cadet Academy (Landkadetakademiet).

He was employed in 1725 as Assistant Resident Engineer in the Holstein Engineering Corps, and he moved to Rendsburg where he served from 1725 to 1729.

With an interest in improving his lot in life by eventually coming into an architectural career, he enthusiastically studied the local building style, and petitioned the king for a royal grant to study civil architecture on a longer travel to foreign lands. In order to attain this he made carefully detailed drawings of Rendsburg's fortifications, churches and houses, and a preliminary construction drawing for a suspension bridge.

The king was impressed, and promised to give him funds, but instead he gave Thura and his friend Lieutenant Holger Rosenkrantz additional surveying and drawing assignments. Finally Thura, after having sent the king many reminders of his promised financial assistance, went to Copenhagen and was put to a final test, before receiving the economic grant so he and Rosenkrantz could travel.

Thura also made drawings and measurements of the newest castle in Denmark, Fredensborg, which were given as a gift to the Count of Hesse, before he traveled.

Thura and Rosenkrantz left in 1729, and visited a number of German cities, including Kassel, where they made careful studies and measurements of buildings. They traveled further to Italy, France, Holland and England before returning to Denmark in 1731.

Career
After his return home, Thura rose rapidly up the ranks. He became resident engineer in 1732. In 1733 he was named Royal Building Master with supervisory responsibility for royal buildings on Zealand and on Lolland-Falster. At the same time, he was promoted to captain in the Engineering Corps.

In 1732–1736, he designed and built the royal palace in Roskilde, also known as the Yellow Palace, on the site of the old bishop's palace east of Roskilde Cathedral. The four-wing baroque building became the headquarters of the Duke of Wellington during the English siege of Copenhagen in 1807, and now houses the Museum of Contemporary Art.

In 1733–1739, he worked on the first remodelling and expansion of Hirschholm Palace for King Christian VI and his consort, Queen Sophie Magdalene.

In 1734–36, de Thurah built the Eremitage Palace, a palatial hunting lodge overlooking Jægersborg Dyrehave north of Copenhagen, and facing east over the Øresund to Sweden. The grey-stone house with copper-clad mansard roof replaced another hunting lodge named "Hubertus", which had been built nearby in the 17th century. The original design featured an elevator-table, similar to a dumbwaiter, which could be raised from the cellar up to the dining room. In this way, servants stayed in the cellar kitchen, where they prepared and set the table, and then it could be hoisted up to the dining room through a hatch in the floor. Diners would then eat unattended by servants or "en eremit", that is "in the hermit style". The lodge is still in use to this day for special occasions.

But already after only a couple of years' service back in Denmark, Thura began to feel that his baroque style had gone out of fashion. He felt that baroque was losing ground to rococo, a style mastered by another force in contemporary Danish architectural circles, Nicolai Eigtved, who would be Thura's colleague and rival throughout most of his career. Eigtved, who returned to Denmark from his travels in 1735, became the king's preferred architect, and Thura felt himself being more and more set to the side.

In 1736 Thura was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He participated, along with German architect Elias David Hausser and Nicolai Eigtved, in the interior construction of (the first) Christiansbrog Palace. He designed some of the interiors in the Queen's apartments 1737–1740, but these were lost in the fire of 1794. He also created plans for the main staircase, the chapel, the marble bridge, the pavilions and the riding grounds, which were never realised.

On 19 October 1740, he married Anna Rosenørn, daughter of a General Major, and was conferred nobility under the name "de Thurah".

In 1741, de Thurah elevated the roof of the main building at Fredensborg Palace. In 1742 he was named to the Building Commission, and took on supervisory responsibility for royal buildings on Zealand and Funen.

In 1743–1744, he designed the final rebuilding of Hirschholm Palace, the most impressive building project of the period, known as "the Versailles of the North". The same year, work was completed on the tower and spire for the Church of Our Lady, in Copenhagen, partially after a drawing by Vincents Lerche. The building, however burned down during the bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807, and was rebuilt by Christian Frederik Hansen.

In 1744, de Thurah was promoted to colonel. His three-volume work Den danske Vitruvius was published in 1746–1749, containing almost 400 drawings and measurements of buildings in Copenhagen and royal castles and other interesting buildings in Denmark, with Danish, German and French text.

Frustrated by his losing assignments to Eigtved, he petitioned the king in 1747 for a new non-architectural position, but that was rejected.

In 1748, de Thurah was asked to assist on the building of a new spire on the Lambert van Haven designed Church of Our Saviour in the Christianshavn district of Copenhagen. He chose a design inspired by the Sant’ivo della Sapienza church he had seen in Rome many years before. The new design however was much more costly than the king's original plan, and this led to a fierce rivalry between de Thurah and Eigtved over the choice of building material. The king finally sided with de Thurah.

That same year, de Thurah's wife died. He married again, on 16 January 1750, to Christiane Marie de Kiærskiold, heiress to Børglum Kloster. He felt overlooked and pressured by colleague Eigtved, and so he pulled back on his career. He moved out of Copenhagen to the estate at Børglum Monastery in Jutland with his wife.

De Thurah's masterpiece, the ornate, spiral-staircased spire on Our Saviour's Church, topped with globe and figure, was completed in 1752, and can still be seen high-above Christianshavn to this day.

In 1753, after his retirement from the Engineering Corps, he was named General Major. That same year he gave up his responsibility for royal buildings on Zealand, that being taken over by Nicolai Eigtved. In 1754, he was named General Building Master, while Eigtved took over as Royal Building Master.

The six-years-older Eigtved died that same year, causing de Thurah to be called back into service as the leading architect of the day.

De Thurah was assigned the completion of work in Eigtved's Frederiksstad district centred on Amalienborg, including the last two palaces on the eastern side of the square, and in 1754–1758 he designed and built the four pavilions at Frederiks Hospital, now housing the Danish Museum of Art & Design, which Eigtved had begun in 1752. He also built a house for himself in the district at 25 Amaliegade from 1755 to 1757.

He also tried to get plans approved for Frederik's Church, the centerpiece of the Frederiksstad area. He wanted to build a stone dome in the style of Michelangelo. The work eventually went to French neoclassical architect Nicolas-Henri Jardin.

He died during the night of 5 September 1759 in Copenhagen, and is buried in Trinity Church (Trinitatiskirke).

Writings
Parallel to his work as a practicing architect, de Thurah wrote several important treatises on Danish architecture. In 1735 de Thurah received a royal grant to collect information and to write a comprehensive work on architecture in Denmark, detailing all the royal buildings in the country. This work, eventually called Den Danske Vitruvius (English: The Danish Vitruvius) (1746–48), would take up increasing amounts of his time as his architectural assignments diminished. Another central work of architectural importance by de Thurah is Hafnia Hodierna, published in 1748.

Additionally, he published illustrated books about Bornholm, Christiansø, Amager, Saltholm, and Samsø between 1756 and 1758).

Selected works

 * Roskilde Mansion (1732–1736)
 * Eremitage Palace (1734–36)
 * Four pavilions at Frederiks Hospital (1754–58)
 * Gammel Holtegård (1756–57)
 * Hirschholm Palace (1733–44, demolished)
 * Spire of the Church of Our Saviour (1749–52)

title: Lauritz de Thurah


text:
Talk:The Red Badge of Courage

March 2030
Really? He's a future man! He rides a pterodactyl...straight into my heart. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.119.206.217 (talk) 03:37, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Initial comments
This seems to be a book review (by the Wiki contributor?? - if not, then what about copyright?)Chingon86 10:07, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Added a publication history section. Hope more information is added about the book soon. This article really needs to be expanded. AppaAliApsa (talk) 06:15, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

questions and answers
I have to ask, is the film adaption accurate? I really don't want to trudge through the book, and the plot summary probably isn't detailed enough. --Guugolpl0x (talk) 18:01, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

why does henry enlist?what thoughts does he struggle with before the battle?do other soldiers share his thoughts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.13.186.154 (talk) 19:25, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

WHAT IS THE RED BADGE OF COURAGE? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.172.92.233 (talk) 04:22, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * When Henry meets a group of wounded soldiers, he wishes that he too had a "red badge of courage" (i.e. an injury)--92.228.244.101 (talk) 08:18, 28 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I think the idea is that being courageous only kills you. Red being blood from acting with courage, and all the reward you get is death. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.7.108 (talk) 01:17, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Its a wound
 * It's homework, that's what I think. :-)209.244.187.155 (talk) 13:56, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

What is this? This is pretty poorly made. Someone needs to redo this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.65.7.129 (talk) 01:06, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

By Jiminy/Be Jiminey
On page 19 the "tall private" says, "Be Jiminey!" This doesn't make much sense to me. First of all, it cant be Jiminy Cricket the Jesus Christ euphemism, as that saying was coined later in the 1930's. I type Jiminey in Google and it returns no results but a "Did you mean:" thing. Someone care to explain? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.7.108 (talk) 04:30, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are putting the cart before the horse.

 * The following came from a Google search of Jiminy:
 * "Jimminy/by Jiminy: a mild oath or exclamation. Originally from the

17th Century corruption of Gemini. The later variations Jimminy Christmas and Jiminy Cricket are variations of Jesu Domine, or Jesus Christ."
 * So, at best, Jiminy Circket came from the 17th century saying - at worse, it's totally unrelated.209.244.187.155 (talk) 13:56, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

Similarities to Conrad?.
Cranes vivid literary picture painting is as vivid as Josef Conrads Sea Story style. In answer to 'what is the Red Badge of Courage'. It is the red stain on a bandage used for Battle wounds.Johnwrd (talk) 03:41, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

Recent edits
I've been watching this article since doing the GA review - see above - and have restored to a previous version some of the recent changes to the lead. I've left my rationale in the edit summaries, but am starting this thread in case there are questions/issues. Thanks. Truthkeeper88 (talk) 21:53, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Truthkeeper, I agree that it mostly read better before. María ( habla  con migo ) 22:15, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I would have to disagree. You can actually start a sentence with an adverb saying " Thematically, the story explores" is the same as saying "The story thematically explores" and is much less wordy (and less passive) then "Several of the themes that the story explores are". However, I do not feel to emotionally attached to this content, and am going to step away from this article, good luck with FAC, Sadads (talk) 22:28, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

Infobox
Considering that this is a book, shouldn't we add one? | help dןǝɥ  | 19:19, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Infoboxes aren't required for book articles, so it's usually a style preference. Seeing as how this particular article became Featured without having an infobox, I don't think it's truly necessary.  It wouldn't add anything, just duplicate what is already in the lead.  María ( yllo  submarine ) 19:24, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Citation Needed...
"While some reviewers also found fault with Crane's narrative style, grammar mistakes, and apparent lack of traditional plot,[68] the novel's uniqueness in story and style was heralded by others."

...no citation after "heralded by others". Who? - The Bushranger One ping only 09:47, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:The Red Badge of Courage


text: Talk:WVJS

title: Talk:WVJS


text:
FlexRay

FlexRay is an automotive network communications protocol developed by the FlexRay Consortium to govern on-board automotive computing. It is designed to be faster and more reliable than CAN and TTP, but it is also more expensive. The FlexRay consortium disbanded in 2009, but the FlexRay standard is now a set of ISO standards, ISO 17458-1 to 17458-5.

FlexRay is a communication bus designed to ensure high data rates, fault tolerance, operating on a time cycle, split into static and dynamic segments for event-triggered and time-triggered communications. Used mainly in aeronautic and automotive sectors.

Features
FlexRay supports data rates up to 10 Mbit/s, explicitly supports both star and bus physical topologies, and can have two independent data channels for fault-tolerance (communication can continue with reduced bandwidth if one channel is inoperative). The bus operates on a time cycle, divided into two parts: the static segment and the dynamic segment. The static segment is preallocated into slices for individual communication types, providing stronger determinism than its predecessor CAN. The dynamic segment operates more like CAN, with nodes taking control of the bus as available, allowing event-triggered behavior.

Consortium
The FlexRay Consortium was made up of the following core members:
 * Freescale Semiconductor
 * Bosch
 * NXP Semiconductors
 * BMW
 * Volkswagen
 * Daimler
 * General Motors

There were also Premium Associate and Associate members of FlexRay consortium. By September 2009, there were 28 premium associate members and more than 60 associate members. At the end of 2009, the consortium disbanded.

Commercial deployment
The first series production vehicle with FlexRay was at the end of 2006 in the BMW X5 (E70), enabling a new and fast adaptive damping system. Full use of FlexRay was introduced in 2008 in the new BMW 7 Series (F01).

Vehicles

 * Audi A4 (B9) (2015–)
 * Audi A5 (F5) (2016–)
 * Audi A6 (C7) (2011–2018)
 * Audi A7
 * Audi A8 (D4) (2010–2017)
 * Audi Q7 (2015–)
 * Audi TT Mk3 (2014–2023)
 * Audi R8 (2015–2023)
 * Bentley Flying Spur (2013-2019)
 * Bentley Mulsanne (2010–2020)
 * BMW X5 (E70) (2006–2013)
 * BMW X6 (E71) (2008–2014)
 * BMW 1 Series
 * BMW 3 Series
 * BMW 5 Series (2009–2017)
 * BMW 6 Series (2011–2018)
 * BMW 7 Series (2008–2015)
 * Lamborghini Huracán
 * Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222) (2013–2020)
 * Mercedes-Benz S-Class (C217) (2014–2020)
 * Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W213) (2016–2023)
 * Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205) (2015-2023)
 * Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206) (2021–)
 * Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223) (2020–)
 * Rolls-Royce Ghost (2009–)
 * Land Rover
 * Volvo XC90 (2015–)

Clock
The FlexRay system consists of a bus and ECUs (Electronic control unit). Each ECU has an independent clock. The clock drift must be not more than 0.15% from the reference clock, so the difference between the slowest and the fastest clock in the system is no greater than 0.3%.

This means that, if ECU-s is a sender and ECU-r is a receiver, then for every 300 cycles of the sender there will be between 299 and 301 cycles of the receiver. The clocks are resynchronized frequently enough to assure that this causes no problems. The clock is sent in the static segment.

Bits on the bus
At each time, only one ECU writes to the bus. Each bit to be sent is held on the bus for 8 sample clock cycles. The receiver keeps a buffer of the last 5 samples, and uses the majority of the last 5 samples as the input signal.

Single-cycle transmission errors may affect results near the boundary of the bits, but will not affect cycles in the middle of the 8-cycle region.

Sampled bits
The value of the bit is sampled in the middle of the 8-bit region. The errors are moved to the extreme cycles, and the clock is synchronized frequently enough for the drift to be small. (Drift is smaller than 1 cycle per 300 cycles, and during transmission the clock is synchronized more than once every 300 cycles.)

Frame
All the communication is sent in the form of frames. The message consists of bytes $$\{x_0, x_1, \dots, x_{m-1}\}$$, packed in the following way:
 * Transmission Start Signal (TSS) – bit 0
 * Frame Start Signal (FSS) – bit 1
 * m times:
 * Byte Start Signal 0 (BSS0) – bit 1
 * Byte Start Signal 1 (BSS1) – bit 0
 * 0th bit of i-th byte
 * 1st bit of i-th byte
 * 2nd bit of i-th byte
 * 7th bit of i-th byte
 * Frame End Signal (FES) – bit 0
 * Transmission End Signal (TES) – bit 1
 * Transmission End Signal (TES) – bit 1

If nothing is being communicated, the bus is held in state 1 (high voltage), so every receiver knows that the communication started when the voltage drops to 0.

The receiver knows when the message is complete by checking whether BSS0 (1) or FES (0) was received.

Note that 8-cycle per bit has nothing to do with bytes. Each byte takes 80 cycles to transfer. 16 for BSS0 and BSS1 and 64 for its bits. Also note that BSS0 has value 1, and BSS1 has value 0.

Clock synchronization
Clocks are resynchronized when the voted signal changes from 1 to 0, if the receiver was in either idle state or expecting BSS1.

As synchronization is done on the voted signal, small transmission errors during synchronization that affect the boundary bits may skew the synchronization no more than 1 cycle. As there are at most 88 cycles between synchronization (BSS1, 8 bits of the last byte, FES and TES - 11 bits of 8 cycles each), and the clock drift is no larger than 1 per 300 cycles, the drift may skew the clock no more than 1 cycle. Small transmission errors during the receiving may affect only the boundary bits. So in the worst case the two middle bits are correct, and thus the sampled value is correct.

Here's an example of a particularly bad case - error during synchronization, a lost cycle due to clock drift and error in transmission.

Errors that happened in the example: Despite so many errors, the communication was received correctly.
 * Because of a single-bit error during synchronization, the synchronization was delayed by 1 cycle
 * Receiver clock was slower than sender clock, so receiver missed one cycle (marked X). This will not happen again before the next synchronization due to limits on maximum allowable clock drift.
 * Because of a single-bit error during transmission, a bit was voted wrongly near the result.

The green cells are sampling points. All except the first are synchronized by the 1->0 edge in the transmission fragment shown.

Development tools
When developing and/or troubleshooting the FlexRay bus, examination of hardware signals can be very important. Logic analyzers and bus analyzers are tools which collect, analyze, decode, store signals so people can view the high-speed waveforms at their leisure.

The future of FlexRay
Ethernet may replace FlexRay for bandwidth intensive, non-safety critical applications.

title: FlexRay


text:
Sims Supermarket

Sims Supermarket was a chain of independent supermarkets across the western suburbs of Melbourne, Australia.

Sims Supermarket stores were located in Footscray and Werribee. The Sims stores were owned and operated by the Sims family until going into administration and later being sold in 2017, and formerly were part of various buying groups. Over the years stores were branded as SSW, Payless, Tuckerbag, Foodworks and IGA, amongst others. Stores were previously located in Altona North, Deer Park, Glenroy, Lalor, Melton, North Melbourne, Pascoe Vale South, Sunshine, Hoppers Crossing, Thomastown, Yarraville and Geelong West. Sims IGA stores were located in Lilydale and Blackburn North but were turned into IGAs. The one in Lilydale suffered foot traffic problems and was turned into a FoodWorks then closed down, closing down almost the entire shopping strip which was afterwards sold to Bunnings.

Sims Supermarkets were the first location in Australia to use barcodes, starting in 1979.

After going into administration, the remaining West Footscray and Werribee stores were brought by Scroeder Family Supermarkets in 2017. However, the Werribee store was later sold to Reddrop Management Group, who own multiple Melbourne independent supermarkets, in 2019. The West Footscray store has also since been renovated and is no longer operating as a Sims.

title: Sims Supermarket


text:
Lodhi Road

Lodhi Road (Hindi: लोधी रोड, Urdu: لودھی مارگ) in New Delhi, India, is named after the Lodhi Gardens located on it. Two Mughal mausoleums, Humayun's Tomb and Safdarjung's Tomb, lie at the eastern and western ends of the road respectively. A number of cultural, educational, and international institutions line the road. The Jor Bagh metro station lies under Aurobindo Marg near its intersection with Lodhi Road. Also located near it are Lodhi colony and Lodhi Estate built during British Raj in 1940s, and Lodhi Road Institutional Area.

History
The road follows a 14th-century dirt track connecting Ghiyathpur (now Nizamuddin) village with the Bagh-i Jud (from which the present day Jor Bagh is derived), one of the earliest orchards mentioned in Sultanate records, before joining the larger road from Rewari and Gurgaon. It has been used by invading armies, most famously by Timur's troops in 1398.

The road has always marked a boundary between neighbouring settlements. During the 15th century it divided the Kotla Mubarakpur (of the Sayyids) from the necropolis of the Lodis. In the 16th and 17th centuries it marked the boundary between the Delhi and Mehrauli tehsils. The masonry bridge over the now dried-up rivulet of Jaitpur (the village occupying the site razed by the British in 1912) is a reminder of Mughal Emperor Akbar's interest in the region. By the late 18th century the road marked the edge of the then controversial Shia enclave of Alipur, which contained the remains, houses, and troops of some estranged Persian nobles of the later Mughal court.

Overview
The road marked the edge of the original New Delhi Plan, and still defines the Lutyens Bungalow Zone (Lutyens' Delhi). Almost all the trees lining New Delhi's avenues can be traced to the Lodhi Road nursery, created as New Delhi was being planned. The road was significantly widened in preparation for the Asian Games of 1982.

The post-independence spurt of institutions constructed along Lodhi Road began with Jawaharlal Nehru's gift of some minor bungalow plots to the India International Center (IIC). The Ford Foundation, the architectural input of Joseph Allen Stein, the "brown sahib" bureaucrat nexus, and the approval of the Indian government, allowed the gradual growth of institutions built in a sultanate-cum-prairie architectural style extending as far as the Lodhi tombs in Lodhi Gardens, which Stein re-landscaped in 1968.

The Meteorological Department was soon followed by the international development community active in Delhi during the 1960s. UNICEF, WHF, and others acquired plots in what was developing into an enclave for the diplomatic and government elite. Subsequently, the Chinmaya Mission, World Bank, INTACH and India Habitat Centre (IHC) constructed buildings in sympathetic materials and architectural styles. The area was referred to as Steinabad, and Stein remained involved with the construction until the early 1990s. In addition, the Research and Analysis Wing, India's external intelligence agency, is headquartered at Lodhi Road.

The area is largely an exclusive, elite preserve in the heart of the city, containing the offices of many large Indian companies.

Attractions

 * Lodhi Garden
 * Lodhi Art District
 * Aliganj Lodhi Road

Landmarks

 * Krishna Sweets
 * Bhoj Restaurant
 * Aman Hotel – featuring a 50-metre pool
 * Air Force Bal Bharati School
 * Dyal Singh College, Delhi
 * Institute of Company Secretaries of India, Headquarters

title: Lodhi Road


text:
Reactor pressure vessel

A reactor pressure vessel (RPV) in a nuclear power plant is the pressure vessel containing the nuclear reactor coolant, core shroud, and the reactor core.

Classification of nuclear power reactors
Russian Soviet era RBMK reactors have each fuel assembly enclosed in an individual 8 cm diameter pipe rather than having a pressure vessel. Whilst most power reactors do have a pressure vessel, they are generally classified by the type of coolant rather than by the configuration of the vessel used to contain the coolant. The classifications are:
 * Light-water reactor - Includes the pressurized water reactor and the boiling water reactor. Most nuclear power reactors are of this type.
 * Graphite-moderated reactor - Includes the Chernobyl reactor (RBMK), which has a highly unusual reactor configuration compared to the vast majority of civilian nuclear power plants in Russia and around the world.
 * Gas cooled thermal reactor - Includes the Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor, the gas cooled fast breeder reactor, and the high temperature gas cooled reactor. An example of a gas cooled reactor is the British Magnox.
 * Pressurized heavy-water reactor - utilizes heavy water, or water with a higher than normal proportion of the hydrogen isotope deuterium, in some manner. However, D2O (heavy water) is more expensive and may be used as a main component, but not necessarily as a coolant in this case. An example of a heavy water reactor is Canada's CANDU reactor.
 * Liquid metal cooled reactor - utilizes a liquid metal, such as sodium or a lead-bismuth alloy to cool the reactor core.
 * Molten salt reactor - salts, typically fluorides of the alkali metals and of the alkali earth metals, are used as the coolant. Operation is similar to metal-cooled reactors with high temperatures and low pressures, reducing pressure exerted on the reactor vessel versus water or steam-cooled designs.

Of the main classes of reactor with a pressure vessel, the pressurized water reactor is unique in that the pressure vessel suffers significant neutron irradiation (called fluence) during operation, and may become brittle over time as a result. In particular, the larger pressure vessel of the boiling water reactor is better shielded from the neutron flux, so although more expensive to manufacture in the first place because of this extra size, it has an advantage in not needing annealing to extend its life.

Annealing of pressurized water reactor vessels to extend their working life is a complex and high-value technology being actively developed by both nuclear service providers (AREVA) and operators of pressurized water reactors.

Components of a pressurized water reactor pressure vessel
All pressurized water reactor pressure vessels share some features regardless of the particular design.

Reactor vessel body
The reactor vessel body is the largest component and is designed to contain the fuel assembly, coolant, and fittings to support coolant flow and support structures. It is usually cylindrical in shape and is open at the top to allow the fuel to be loaded.

Reactor vessel head
This structure is attached to the top of the reactor vessel body. It contains penetrations to allow the control rod driving mechanism to attach to the control rods in the fuel assembly. The coolant level measurement probe also enters the vessel through the reactor vessel head.

Fuel assembly
The fuel assembly of nuclear fuel usually consisting of uranium or uranium–plutonium mixes. It is usually a rectangular block of gridded fuel rods.

Neutron reflector or absorber
Protecting the inside of the vessel from fast neutrons escaping from the fuel assembly is a cylindrical shield wrapped around the fuel assembly. Reflectors send the neutrons back into the fuel assembly to better utilize the fuel. The main purpose though is to protect the vessel from fast neutron induced damage that can make the vessel brittle and reduce its useful life.

Materials
The RPV provides a critical role in safety of the PWR reactor and the materials used must be able to contain the reactor core at elevated temperatures and pressures. The materials used in the cylindrical shell of the vessels have evolved over time, but in general they consist of low-alloy ferritic steels clad with 3–10 mm of austenitic stainless steel. The stainless steel cladding is primarily used in locations that come into contact with coolant in order to minimize corrosion. Through the mid-1960, SA-302, Grade B, a molybdenum-manganese plate steel, was used in the body of the vessel. As changing designs required larger pressure vessels, the addition of nickel to this alloy by roughly 0.4-0.7 wt% was required to increase the yield strength. Other common steel alloys include SA-533 Grade B Class 1 and SA-508 Class 2. Both materials have main alloying elements of nickel, manganese, molybdenum, and silicon, but the latter also includes 0.25-0.45 wt% chromium. All alloys listed in the reference also have >0.04 wt% sulfur. Low-alloyed NiMoMn ferritic steels are attractive for this purpose due to their high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion, properties that make them resistant to thermal shock. However, when considering the properties of these steels, one must take into account the response it will have to radiation damage. Due to harsh conditions, the RPV cylinder shell material is often the lifetime-limiting component for a nuclear reactor. Understanding the effects radiation has on the microstructure in addition to the physical and mechanical properties will allow scientists to design alloys more resistant to radiation damage.

In 2018 Rosatom announced it had developed a thermal annealing technique for RPVs which ameliorates radiation damage and extends service life by between 15 and 30 years. This had been demonstrated on unit 1 of the Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant.

Radiation damage in metals and alloys
Due to the nature of nuclear energy generation, the materials used in the RPV are constantly bombarded by high-energy particles. These particles can either be neutrons or fragments of an atom created by a fission event. When one of these particles collides with an atom in the material, it will transfer some of its kinetic energy and knock the atom out of its position in the lattice. When this happens, this primary "knock-on" atom (PKA) that was displaced and the energetic particle may rebound and collide with other atoms in the lattice. This creates a chain reaction that can cause many atoms to be displaced from their original positions. This atomic movement leads to the creation of many types of defects. The accumulation of various defects can cause microstructural changes that can lead to a degradation in macroscopic properties. As previously mentioned, the chain reaction caused by a PKA often leaves a trail of vacancies and clusters of defects at the edge. This is called a. The vacancy-rich core of a displacement cascade can also collapse into dislocation loops. Due to irradiation, materials tend to develop a higher concentration of defects than is present in typical steels, and the high temperatures of operation induce migration of the defects. This can cause things like recombination of interstitials and vacancies and clustering of like defects, which can either create or dissolve precipitates or voids. Examples of sinks, or thermodynamically favorable places for defects to migrate to, are grain boundaries, voids, incoherent precipitates, and dislocations.

Radiation-induced segregation
Interactions between defects and alloying elements can cause a redistribution of atoms at sinks such as grain boundaries. The physical effect that can occur is that certain elements will be enriched or depleted in these areas, which often leads to embrittlement of grain boundaries or other detrimental property changes. This is because there is a flux of vacancies towards a sink and a flux of atoms away or toward the sink that may have varying diffusion coefficients. The uneven rates of diffusion cause a concentration of atoms that will not necessarily be in the correct alloy proportions. It has been reported that nickel, copper and silicon tend to be enriched at sinks, whereas chromium tends to be depleted. The resulting physical effect is changing chemical composition at grain boundaries or around voids/incoherent precipitates, which also serve as sinks.

Formation of voids and bubbles
Voids form due to a clustering of vacancies and generally form more readily at higher temperatures. Bubbles are simply voids filled with gas; they will occur if transmutation reactions are present, meaning a gas is formed due to the breakdown of an atom caused by neutron bombardment. The biggest issue with voids and bubbles is dimensional instability. An example of where this would be very problematic is areas with tight dimensional tolerances, such as threads on a fastener.

Irradiation hardening
The creation of defects such as voids or bubbles, precipitates, dislocation loops or lines, and defect clusters can strengthen a material because they block dislocation motion. The movement of dislocations is what leads to plastic deformation. While this hardens the material, the downside is that there is a loss of ductility. Losing ductility, or increasing brittleness, is dangerous in RPVs because it can lead to catastrophic failure without warning. When ductile materials fail, there is substantial deformation before failure, which can be monitored. Brittle materials will crack and explode when under pressure without much prior deformation, so there is not much engineers can do to detect when the material is about to fail. A particularly damaging element in steels that can lead to hardening or embrittlement is copper. Cu-rich precipitates are very small (1-3 nm) so they are effective at pinning dislocations. It has been recognized that copper is the dominant detrimental element in steels used for RPVs, especially if the impurity level is greater than 0.1 wt%. Thus, the development of "clean" steels, or ones with very low impurity levels, is important in reducing radiation-induced hardening.

Creep
Creep occurs when a material is held under levels of stress below their yield stress that causes plastic deformation over time. This is especially prevalent when a material is exposed to high stresses at elevated temperatures, because diffusion and dislocation motion occur more rapidly. Irradiation can cause creep due to the interaction between stress and the development of the microstructure. In this case, the increase in diffusivities due to high temperatures is not a very strong factor for causing creep. The dimensions of the material are likely to increase in the direction of the applied stress due to the creation of dislocation loops around defects that formed due to radiation damage. Furthermore, applied stress can allow interstitials to be more readily absorbed in dislocation, which assists in dislocation climb. When dislocations are able to climb, excess vacancies are left, which can also lead to swelling.

Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking
Due to the embrittlement of grain boundaries or other defects that can serve as crack initiators, the addition of radiation attack at cracks can cause intergranular stress corrosion cracking. The main environmental stressor that forms due to radiation is hydrogen embrittlement at crack tips. Hydrogen ions are created when radiation splits water molecules, which is present because water is the coolant in PWRs, into OH− and H+. There are several suspected mechanisms that explain hydrogen embrittlement, three of which are the decohesion mechanism, the pressure theory, and the hydrogen attack method. In the decohesion mechanism, it is thought that the accumulation of hydrogen ions reduces the metal-to-metal bond strength, which makes it easier to cleave atoms apart. The pressure theory is the idea that hydrogen can precipitate as a gas at internal defects and create bubbles within the material. The stress caused by the expanding bubble in addition to the applied stress is what lowers the overall stress required to fracture the material. The hydrogen attack method is similar to the pressure theory, but in this case it is suspected that the hydrogen reacts with carbon in the steel to form methane, which then forms blisters and bubbles at the surface. In this case, the added stress by the bubbles is enhanced by the decarburization of the steel, which weakens the metal. In addition to hydrogen embrittlement, radiation induced creep can cause the grain boundaries to slide against each other. This destabilizes the grain boundaries even further, making it easier for a crack to propagate along its length.

Designing radiation-resistant materials for reactor pressure vessels
Very aggressive environments require novel materials approaches in order to combat declines in mechanical properties over time. One method researchers have sought to use is introducing features to stabilize displaced atoms. This can be done by adding grain boundaries, oversized solutes, or small oxide dispersants to minimize defect movement. By doing this, there would be less radiation-induced segregation of elements, which would in turn lead to more ductile grain boundaries and less intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Blocking dislocation and defect movement would also help to increase the resistance to radiation assisted creep. Attempts have been reported of instituting yttrium oxides to block dislocation motion, but it was found that technological implementation posed a greater challenge than expected. Further research is required to continue improving the radiation damage resistance of structural materials used in nuclear power plants.

Manufacturers
Because of the extreme requirements needed to build large state-of-the-art reactor pressure vessels and the limited market, there are only a handful of manufacturers in the world including:
 * China's First Heavy Industries, Erzhong Group, Harbin Electric and Shanghai Electric.
 * France's Framatome (former Areva)
 * Indian conglomerate Larsen & Toubro's subsidiary L&T Special Steels and Heavy Forgings Limited in partnership with Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and NPCIL
 * Japan's Japan Steel Works and IHI Corporation (in joint venture with Toshiba, former)
 * Russia's United Heavy Machinery (OMZ-Izhora), ZiO-Podolsk and AEM-Atommash Volgodonsk.
 * South Korea's Doosan Group.
 * United Kingdom: Rolls-Royce plc produces reactors for Royal Navy submarines.

title: Reactor pressure vessel


text:
De Hoef, Utrecht

De Hoef is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of De Ronde Venen, and lies about 13 km northeast of Alphen aan den Rijn.

Flowing through the village is a meandering river called "de Kromme Mijdrecht", the width of which varies between about 8 and 35 metres. On average, it is used by about two freight ships per day, but in summer the river is full of pleasure boats.

It was first mentioned in 1639 as De Hoeff, and means "parcel of land". In 1840, it was home to 266 people. In 1921, the Roman Catholic Antonius van Padua Church was built.

Notable residents

 * Nicolien Sauerbreij (born 1979), Olympic champion snowboard (born in De Hoef)

title: De Hoef, Utrecht


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dragon whiskers

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. DES (talk) 23:18, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Dragon whiskers
This is an unsourced article on an obscure fantasy topic. Pilatus 10:16, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Wave the magic wand and make it disappear. Dottore So 11:39, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom.   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  12:21, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per WP:V. The article does not even tell which fantasy work or setting the information is from. --Allen3 talk 21:16, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Dōmei Tsushin

Dōmei News Agency (同盟通信社) was the official news agency of the Empire of Japan.

History and development
Dōmei was the result of years of efforts by Japanese journalists and business leaders to create a national news agency in Japan that could compete with (and if necessary counter) Reuters and other internationally recognized news agencies on a global basis.

After the Manchurian Incident of 1931, president Yukichi Iwanaga (岩永 裕吉 Iwanaga Yūkichi) of the Nihon Shimbun Rengosha (日本新聞聯合社 Associated Press, or “Rengo”) proposed the merger of his news agency with the Nihon Dempo Tsushinsha (日本電報通信社 Japan Telegraphic News Agency, or “Dentsu”). Despite government backing for the move, the merger was resisted by Dentsu president Hoshio Mitsunaga (光永 星郎 Mitsunaga Hoshio), who was reluctant to give up control of his company’s lucrative advertising business, and by concerns that a merger would threaten his advertising customer base – the provincial newspapers who competed against Rengo. As a compromise, Mitsunaga agreed to split Dentsu, and separate the news agency from the advertising agency. The news agency was reorganized in a merger with Rengo on 28 December 1935 to form the Dōmei Tsūshinsha.

During World War II, Dōmei News Agency came under the control of the Ministry of Communications, a pre-war cabinet level ministry in the Japanese government. Domei maintained a network of offices outside Japan, dispatching reporters to all allied and neutral countries, and was also involved in film and radio work. It also collected news and information from various sources to pass on to the government and military, and produced various works of propaganda aimed at foreign countries.

Dōmei issued news to the public that was censored along government-approved lines, and broadcast news in Japanese and in major European languages through an extensive network of radio stations in east Asia, Manchukuo and in Japanese-occupied China. It was later authorized by the Japanese military to develop a news network and radio stations in Japanese-occupied Singapore and Malaya.

A number of documented incidents from the period around the outbreak of the Pacific War show that on a personal level Dōmei's staff had good relationships with foreign journalists.

Under the Allied occupation of Japan Dōmei was disbanded, and its functions divided split between Kyodo News (共同通信社) and Jiji Press (時事通信社) in 1945 following the end of World War II.

title: Dōmei Tsushin