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Old World flying squirrel

Commonly referred to as the Old World flying squirrels, the genus Pteromys is distributed across temperate Eurasia, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. Although there are a host of flying squirrel genera in Asia (particularly southern Asia), Pteromys is the only one present in Europe.

Characteristics
These large-eyed animals are nocturnal and use a membrane stretching from their wrists to ankles in order to glide from tree to tree. They can glide up to 443 ft and have a long flat tail. They feed on nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, bark, and insects.

Species
There are two species in this genus:
 * Pteromys momonga – Japanese dwarf flying squirrel – Found in Japan (Honshu and Kyushu).
 * Pteromys volans – Siberian flying squirrel – Found in northern Europe (mainly Russia and Finland, some isolated populations in the Baltics) and northern Asia from Siberia to Hokkaido

title: Old World flying squirrel


text:
Isle Phelipeaux

Isle Phelipeaux or Isle Philippeaux – also called Isle Minong – is a phantom island supposedly located in Lake Superior. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was believed to be real, and was shown on maps of the era. The island "Phelipeaux" is mentioned in the 1783 Treaty of Paris as a landmark defining the border between the United States and what would later become Canada.

It is thought to be either a fabrication or a mistaken duplication of Isle Royale. Other prominent islands appearing on contemporary maps of Lake Superior which may or may not correspond to real islands are Pontchartrain, Maurepas, and St. Anne's.

History
These four islands were described by priest and traveler Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, who named them in honor of his patron Louis Phélypeaux. Phélypeaux's titles included comte de Pontchartrain and comte de Maurepas, and his patron saint was Saint Anne.

The islands first appear on a 1742 proof of a map published in 1744 by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, who used Charlevoix's journal as a source. That map and those based on it show "I. Philippeaux" as an island about the same size as Isle Royale, located midway between that island and the Keweenaw Peninsula. "I. Philippeaux" is drawn with features resembling the actual Isle Royale, and may be an accidental duplication of it under the name given by Charlevoix. The alternate name given by Bellin – "I. Minong" – had been previously applied to Isle Royale, which today bears a prominent ridge by that name.

Across the lake due east of Isle Royale on this map lies "I. Pontchartrain", which is oriented and positioned relative to the southeast shoreline of the lake similarly to Michipicoten Island (which does not appear on the map) and may represent it. Northeast of Pontchartrain is "Isle Maurepas", which has been speculated to be either a duplication of Michipicoten (whose shape it resembles), or a misrepresentation of the Slate Islands in the north of the lake (an area poorly represented by Bellin). South of "I. Pontchartrain" is "I. Se. Anne", whose relative size and position resemble that of Caribou Island.

The islands appear essentially the same on the larger 1755 Mitchell Map of the colonies that would later comprise the United States of America, and surrounding territory. The Mitchell Map was widely used, and served as a reference in defining the border between the new United States and the remaining North American territories of the kingdom of George III, following the American Revolutionary War. The 1783 Treaty of Paris describes a portion of the boundary as running "through Lake Superior northward of the Isles Royal and Phelipeaux to the Long Lake. [sic]" During the 1820s, when surveyors were attempting to more precisely stake out the international boundary from Lake of the Woods to Lake Superior, it was determined that "Isle Phelipeaux" did not exist. Surveyors were also unable to determine what body of water was meant by the "Long Lake" referenced in the treaty, and instead followed the Pigeon River from Lake Superior into the Boundary Waters.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Isle Phelipeaux


text: Talk:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies

title: Talk:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies


text:
Talk:Open gaming/draft

This is a draft document. Because the Open gaming page is currently locked, editors may use this space to work out the kinks on a new version, so that eventually the article will be unlocked and the version from this page will replace it in toto. This is not the official Open gaming article: the content of this page may change at any time, but only after any such changes are discussed on the Talk:Open gaming page, and there is consensus on what should be placed here. Any change made to this document without a complete discussion and communty consensus should be summarily reverted (by whomever notices it first, presumably). Hopefully, this will allow us to make some real progress on this article. (At the moment, we don't have consensus on anything, which is why this page is blank.) -- BBlackmoor (talk) 05:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

The section currently under discussion is: Overview. Please contribute your suggestions and/or revisions to that discussion.

title: Talk:Open gaming/draft


text:
Talk:Queen Elizabeth II Bridge

Photo
We really need a nice photograph for this article. Bastie 05:25, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The article has a good photo now. --DThomsen8 (talk) 01:28, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Ranking
Article says, "the 34th largest cable-stayed bridge in the world," but the list ranks it 41st. Should this article be changed?--DThomsen8 (talk) 01:27, 27 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It's going to change all the time as this is now a common technique and new ones are being built all the time, but the 34th ranking was, per the article, "As of 2008". It is probably better just to remove it completely as unmaintainable. MickMacNee (talk) 21:57, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

M25
Maybe it should be mentioned that the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge connects the two ends of the M25 orbital. This might help some foreigners to get an idea of the location and importance of the bridge. --136.8.33.68 (talk) 15:07, 18 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Queen Elizabeth II Bridge


text:
User talk:Hey you

 * [[Image:Stop_hand.png|left|30px]]
 * Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopaedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits, such as those you made to Authoritarian right, are considered vandalism. If you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the hard work of others. Thanks. -- (drini's page| ☎ ) 05:35, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The hard work you speak of, was a double redirect to a non-existant article, the #redirect was totally defunct, non-functional, unusable, try it for yourself if you don't believe me..
 * that makes this tag, appropriate, better than clogging the servers with uneeded/unusable redirects--Hey you 05:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No, you should have just simply fixed the redirect. -- (drini's page| ☎ ) 05:40, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Why, there was no article there, there must be ten zillion different redirects leading to that one page as it is, does one more empty page with no content other than a redirect actually contribute anything or just clog up server space? I mean, there literally was no article, the first edit was that redirect, it was unneeded--Hey you 05:44, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Political compass did exist. So you should have just changed the redirect to Political Compass to Political compass
 * . -- (drini's page| ☎ ) 05:47, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not only does it exist but it, is in fact, being proposed for a merger with yet another article, which would have left behind what? You guessed it, a tripple redirect--Hey you 05:49, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No, when the articles be merged, it's task of the merge to fix the redirect. And in any case (since now it's a sINGLE redirect) would become a double redirect (which would be fixed). -- (drini's page| ☎ ) 05:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The point is that it's uneeded, there was no article there in the first place, does this mean I can go out and create the article Political Compass(figure of speech) just so I can go and add a redirect to Political Compass?? My point is this, what tiny fraction of these redirects ACTUALLY need to be there at all? Small I'd bet--Hey you 05:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * *sigh* Political compass existed already, it was Political Compass which didn't exist (entry titles are capital sensitive). There was a double redirect to the second (nonexisting9 which I fixed it turning it into a single redirect to the first. -- (drini's page| ☎ ) 05:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, that would seem to be the point, why should every single case sensitive permutation of a article title have it's own redirect, it's clear over kill, any intelligent person should be able to say to themselves, gee political compass doesn't exist, why don't I try Political compass instead, now you'll just encourage them to go out and add a whole bunch of uneeded redirects--Hey you 06:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

(V) Vandalism
You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. — Dan | Talk 06:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * When did that happen? I haven't done anything since my last warning--Hey you 06:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh well, at least Point (II) is satisfied, I can now go down in wiki-history as a 24-wiki-matyr, kind of so, so, but not much I can do about it--Hey you 06:38, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hey you


text:
User talk:Boualem

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Oh, and nice fish!--Pharos 05:25, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

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Your upload of File:Algerian seaweed.jpg or contribution to its description is noted, and thanks (even if belatedly) for your contribution. In order to help make better use of the media, an attempt has been made by an automated process to identify and add certain information to the media's description page.

This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 11:37, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Boualem


text:
District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority

The District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (DC Water) provides drinking water, sewage collection, and sewage treatment for Washington, D.C. The utility also provides wholesale wastewater treatment services to several adjoining municipalities in Maryland and Virginia, and maintains more than 9,000 public fire hydrants in Washington, D.C.

DC Water was founded in 1996 when the city government and the U.S. federal government established it as an independent authority of the city's government.

Service area
DC Water provides more than 600,000 residents, 16.6 million annual visitors, and 700,000 people employed in the District of Columbia with water, sewage collection, and treatment. The agency also provides wholesale wastewater treatment for 1.6 million people in Montgomery and Prince George's counties in Maryland, and Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Virginia.

Drinking water
In 1852, Congress commissioned the construction of an aqueduct system to provide a reliable supply of drinking water to the city from the Potomac River. The US Army Corps of Engineers designed and built the Washington Aqueduct, which began full operation in 1864. Filtration plants were added to the system in the 20th century.

Wastewater treatment
In 1938, the District of Columbia built a sewage treatment plant in the Blue Plains area, at the southernmost tip of DC. The cost was $4 million. The plant was built to stop raw sewage from entering the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers. At that time, the plant was built to treat sewage from a population of 650,000, with a capacity of 100 million gallons per day (mgd). By 1943, the population grew to 1.5 million people, contributing much more sewage, and upgrades to the plant were necessary. Secondary treatment units were added in 1959, with an expanded discharge capacity of 240 mgd. In the 1970s a major expansion commenced that led to construction of advanced wastewater treatment components, and by 1983 the capacity was 300 mgd. In addition to Washington, the plant serves several adjacent communities in Maryland and Virginia.

Agency reorganization and name change
Drinking water and sewage treatment services were initially provided by the District of Columbia government. DC Water was established as an independent agency in 1996 by the District Government and the U.S. federal government.

In 2010, under new leadership, the Authority underwent a rebranding effort. The rebranding included a new logo, a new color palette, and a new name. Since its inception, the Authority had been doing business as DC Water. The legal name of the agency remains the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority.

Statistics

 * Employees: 1,000 (FY 2009)
 * Service area: 725 square miles (1,880 km2)
 * Drinking water pumped: 108 e6USgal a day (FY 2009)
 * Drinking water distribution
 * Pipes: 1,300 miles (2,100 km)
 * Pumping Stations: 5
 * Reservoirs: 5
 * Elevated water storage tanks: 3
 * Valves: 36,000
 * Public Hydrants: 9,000+
 * Sewers
 * Sanitary, Stormwater, and combined sewers: over 1800 mi
 * Flow-metering stations: 22
 * Wastewater pumping stations: 9
 * including the Main Pumping Station
 * Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant
 * Largest advanced wastewater treatment plant in the world
 * 150 acre
 * Capacity: 370 e6USgal per day
 * Peak capacity: 1.076 e9USgal per day.

Governance
An eleven-member Board of Directors governs DC Water. Six Board Members represent the District. Prince George's County and Montgomery County each have two Board Members. Fairfax County has a single Board Member. Each participating jurisdiction is a signatory to the Blue Plains Intermunicipal Agreement, which spells out the roles and responsibilities for each party and addresses facilities management, capacity allocation, and financing.

The Authority develops its own budget, which is then included in the overall District of Columbia budget. Together these two budgets are presented annually to Congress for approval.

When DC Water was created as an independent authority in 1996, its finances were separate from those of the District of Columbia. The independence of DC Water with regard to finance, procurement and personnel matters was affirmed by Congress under the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority Independence Preservation Act of 2008.

Operations
A President and CEO is responsible for all daily operations and reports to the DC Water Board of Directors. The current President/CEO is David L. Gadis.

DC Water purchases drinking water from the Washington Aqueduct division of the Army Corps of Engineers. The Aqueduct sources the water from the Potomac River at Great Falls and Little Falls, north of the District. The Aqueduct treats the water, and DC Water distributes it through 1300 mi of water pipes throughout the District of Columbia.

DC Water also manages over 1800 mi of sewer lines and operates the Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant. The plant discharges to the Potomac River at the southernmost tip of the District.

Awards
The National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA) honored DC Water with its Research and Technology Award, given annually to member agencies who contribute to the field of biosolids usage and disposal or wastewater treatment. The research project must be completed in-house (or by a contractor working directly with the agency). It must relate to the collection process, treatment process, or reuse of wastewater. This innovation by the DC Water team has a global impact in protecting aquatic life in waterways that receive wastewater discharges. The year 2010 marks the second consecutive year that DC Water has been recognized with this award.

In 2010, DC Water received from NACWA the Platinum Peak Performance Award after receiving five consecutive Gold Awards for 100 percent compliance with permit limits. This award is presented to member agencies for exceptional compliance for their National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit limits.

Funding
Rates paid by ratepayers cover the cost of delivery of water and sewer service. A little more than half of the rates cover operations. Another quarter covers the cost of capital projects like replacement of aging water and sewer lines, valve replacements, and pump station improvements. Capital projects also include several projects designed to protect the environment and are required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Though the mandate comes from the federal government, the funding sources for these construction projects are not identified. While a small amount of funding has come through the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act and other grants, the majority of these capital costs are borne by the ratepayers.

Environmental stewardship
At Blue Plains, wastewater treatment goes beyond primary and secondary treatment levels to tertiary (or advanced) treatment. The effluent that leaves Blue Plains and is discharged to the Potomac is highly treated and meets some of the most stringent NPDES permit limits in the United States.

Historically, wastewater treatment plants have contributed nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen to the waterways in which they discharge. These nutrients have been found to deplete oxygen in the marine environment, a process that is detrimental to fish and other aquatic life.

Since the mid-1980s, Blue Plains has reduced phosphorus to the limit of technology, primarily in support of water quality goals of the Potomac River, but also for the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay. The Chesapeake Bay Agreement, reached in 1987, was a first step in reducing nitrogen discharge to waterways that are tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. Under the agreement, the Bay states and the District committed to voluntarily reduce nitrogen loads by 40 percent from their 1985 levels. Blue Plains was the first plant to achieve that goal. Furthermore, every year since the full-scale implementation of the Biological Nitrogen Removal (BNR) process was completed in 2000, Blue Plains has every year successfully achieved and exceeded that goal of a 40 percent reduction. In Fiscal Year 2009, the BNR process at Blue Plains reduced the nitrogen load by more than 58 percent.

DC Water and EPA agreed upon new nitrogen limits as part of the NPDES permit effective September 2010, reducing nitrogen levels to 4.7 million pounds per year. DC Water plans to achieve these levels by constructing new facilities at Blue Plains to perform enhanced nitrogen removal (ENR). The total cost of the project is nearly $1 billion.

In FY 09, the Authority rehabilitated pumping equipment and accessories in one of two stations that pump incoming wastewater into the plant and replaced aged infrastructure and equipment in the plant's final filters with a more effective system. All the upgrade projects were tied into the plant-wide process control system (PCS), which monitors and controls the plant's processes from a central location.

Progress was achieved by implementing the nitrification/denitrification facilities upgrade to convert nitrification reactors from coarse to fine bubble diffusion and modify structures equipment. The rehabilitated and new equipment will support other ongoing upgrades to the nitrification/denitrification process and aims to meet the nitrogen reduction goals of the Chesapeake Bay Program. It will also increase energy efficiency.

On the waterways, the Authority operates two skimmer boats that remove floatable debris from the Anacostia and Potomac rivers every Monday through Friday. These crews remove more than 400 tons of trash from our waterways each year.

Plastic bottles, plastic bags, inflatable toys, baseballs, and environmental debris like tree limbs, are all skimmed from the waterways and deposited into oversized dumpsters for removal. In decades past, there used to be more oversized items, such as sofas and refrigerators. However, over the years, the skimmer boats have removed most of those. Still, there is the occasional unlikely item, such as the live deer that was recently rescued to dry ground.

In addition to their full-time work assignments, these crews clean the way for special events like the Nation's Triathlon and high school crew competitions, as well as for conservation efforts.

As a result of the work DC Water contributes, "The District, as a city, is head and shoulders above any other municipality in the Bay watershed," said Tom Schueler of the nonprofit Chesapeake Stormwater Network. In 2009, The Stormwater Network developed a stormwater performance grading scale. The District received the highest grade of B+, and others scored as low as Cs and even Ds.

DC Water Clean Rivers Project
The District of Columbia is one of 772 older cities in the country with a combined sewer system. The system covers about a third of the city and was built in the late 19th century to carry sanitary sewage and stormwater in the same pipe. The system operates well in dry weather. However, during rainstorms, the flow can exceed the capacity of the pipe. To prevent sewer backups and flooded streets, these combined sewers may discharge into the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers and Rock Creek, a phenomenon known as combined sewer overflows (CSOs).

To date, DC Water has significantly reduced CSOs by eliminating approximately 40 percent of the overflows through a $140 million construction and mitigation program. This investment included inflatable dams to catch and store overflows during rainstorms, tide gates to keep river water from flowing into the sewer system, sewer separation to eliminate CSO outfalls, and pumping station construction and rehabilitation to increase flow capacity.

In 2013 the agency began construction of a deep tunnel system for its "Clean Rivers Project." The $2.4 billion, 20-year project will reduce CSOs by 96 percent overall and 98 percent in the Anacostia River. Once operational, the tunnel system will store the combined sewage during wet weather and release it gradually for treatment at Blue Plains.

Controversy
In 2001, water supplied by the Authority was found to contain lead levels of at least 1,250 parts per billion (ppb)—about 83 times higher than the accepted safe level of 15 ppb. The discovery was made by Marc Edwards, a civil engineering professor specializing in plumbing who DC Water had hired to investigate complaints of plumbing corrosion. DC Water threatened to cut off Edwards's funding unless he abandoned his investigation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a report dismissing the idea of health risks from the water.

The story was picked up by The Washington Post, which ran front-page stories about the problem in January 2004. This led to a Congressional investigation, which found that the CDC had made "scientifically indefensible" claims about the lack of health effects from the lead in DC's water supply.

The problem was traced to the Washington Aqueduct decision to replace the chlorine used to treat the water with monochloramine, a similar chemical. Chloramine picks up lead from pipes and solder, keeping it dissolved in the water throughout the system. The Aqueduct subsequently started adding orthophosphate, a corrosion inhibitor, to the water, which reduced the extent of lead leaching from the pipes.

In 2010, the CDC said that 15,000 homes in the DC area might still have water supplies with dangerous levels of lead.


text:
Lake Street

Lake Street may refer to:

 * Lake Street (Chicago)
 * Lake Street (Minneapolis)

title: Lake Street


text:
Nam Song River

The Nam Song River, also transliterated as Nam Xong, is a medium-sized river in Laos that flows through the town of Vang Vieng. It is a popular tourist destination as many people enjoy seeing the Laotian countryside while going down the river in the inner tube of a tractor tyre or in a kayak. The river is surrounded by striking karst rock formations. Upstream from Vang Vieng, numerous bars have been built on the river's banks to attract the tourists floating by.

Nam Song River is connected to Nam Ngum Reservoir by Nam Song Diversion Dam. The Nam Po River flows into the Nam Song just to the south of Ban Nampo village to the north of Vang Vieng.

title: Nam Song River


text:
User:Albertus Pictor

Albertus Pictor was an early artist who painted biblical scenes on the inside walls of country churches in various parts of Sweden.

title: User:Albertus Pictor


text:
Perognathinae

Perognathinae is a subfamily of rodents consisting of two genera of pocket mice. Most species live in complex burrows within the deserts and grasslands of western North America, They feed mostly on seeds and other plant parts, which they carry in their fur-lined cheek pouches to their burrows.

Description
There are about 26 members of the subfamily Perognathinae divided into two genera. They are all small rodents. Adaptations include partially fused vertebrae in the neck, short forelimbs, and much enlarged bullae (bubble-shaped bones in the skull). The dental formula is 1/1, 0/0, 1/1, 3/3 making twenty teeth in total. The molars have two-lobed cusps. The upper incisors are grooved and the enamel on the molars is quickly worn away by chewing leaving the dentine exposed. The check teeth have roots.

Fur-lined cheek pouches are a feature across the family Heteromyidae. They have openings near the mouth and extend backwards along the sides of the neck. The fur on the animal's body is in general short and fine and often matches in colour the soil of the region in which the animal lives, being some shade of buff, pale brown, reddish-brown or grey.

Distribution
Pocket mice are distributed from southwestern Canada through the western and Great Plains regions of the United States to central Mexico. They are creatures of open country, mostly specialising in prairies, arid lands and desert fringes.

Behaviour
Pocket mice are adapted for life in deserts and other arid environments where they largely feed on dry seeds. They carry most of the seeds they find back to their burrows in exterior cheek folds lined with fur rather than in cheek pouches inside the mouth as do hamsters. This is because carrying the food in the mouth would involve wetting it and moisture needs to be conserved as much as possible in dry environments. Most species store the seeds they gather in special chambers in the burrow where they absorb moisture from the humid air.

It has been found that there is little hoarding done in the winter but that food is most commonly stored in the autumn and spring. Heteromyds use sight and olfactory clues to locate possible food and then use their fore-feet to manipulate objects. Pocket mice hunt around under vegetation or debris for individual food items. It has been found that they forage more efficiently than kangaroo rats and this is thought to be due to the fact that they handle their finds more and are better able to distinguish between food and non-food items.

These animals excavate long burrow systems with passages, chambers and multiple entrances. They are largely nocturnal, feeding and moving about at night and resting deep in their burrows during the day. Here it is cooler and more humid which conserves moisture and the animals may temporarily block the entrances to augment this. They are able to concentrate their urine to a viscous consistency which further reduces water loss. Under extreme conditions, some are able to aestivate in chambers under ground.

Pocket mice normally run around on four limbs but can also move with leaps.

Ecology
Pocket mice are eaten by foxes, coyotes, snakes and birds. They have acute hearing and can detect the approaching swoop of an owl or the movements of a snake. Many can leap to avoid the predators as they seek the safety of their burrows.

In the Sonoran Desert there are many closely related species of heteromyid mice and rats. Each has its own niche in the environment which means that they do not unnecessarily compete with each other for the limited available resources. Bailey's pocket mouse climbs into plants and bushes in order to find seeds and berries still attached to the plant. It is the only species able to eat the wax found inside the seeds of the jojoba plant. The desert pocket mouse forages across the open desert floor and gathers seeds that have fallen to the ground.

Taxonomy
Perognathinae is the sister group of Heteromyinae; the two are estimated to have split about 22–23 million years (Ma) ago. The most recent common ancestor of extant Perognathinae species is thought to have lived 20–21 Ma ago, when the two genera split. The most recent common ancestors of extant members of Chaetodipus and Perognathus are thought to have lived 14–15 and 17–18 Ma ago, respectively.

 * Subfamily Perognathinae – pocket mice
 * Genus Chaetodipus
 * Little desert pocket mouse, Chaetodipus arenarius
 * Narrow-skulled pocket mouse, Chaetodipus artus
 * Bailey's pocket mouse, Chaetodipus baileyi
 * California pocket mouse, Chaetodipus californicus
 * Dalquest's pocket mouse, Chaetodipus dalquesti
 * Chihuahuan pocket mouse, Chaetodipus eremicus
 * San Diego pocket mouse, Chaetodipus fallax
 * Long-tailed pocket mouse, Chaetodipus formosus
 * Goldman's pocket mouse, Chaetodipus goldmani
 * Hispid pocket mouse, Chaetodipus hispidus
 * Rock pocket mouse, Chaetodipus intermedius
 * Lined pocket mouse, Chaetodipus lineatus
 * Nelson's pocket mouse, Chaetodipus nelsoni
 * Desert pocket mouse, Chaetodipus penicillatus
 * Sinaloan pocket mouse, Chaetodipus pernix
 * Baja pocket mouse, Chaetodipus rudinoris
 * Spiny pocket mouse, Chaetodipus spinatus
 * Genus Perognathus
 * White-eared pocket mouse, Perognathus alticola
 * Arizona pocket mouse, Perognathus amplus
 * Olive-backed pocket mouse, Perognathus fasciatus
 * Plains pocket mouse, Perognathus flavescens
 * Silky pocket mouse, Perognathus flavus
 * San Joaquin pocket mouse, Perognathus inornatus
 * Little pocket mouse, Perognathus longimembris
 * Merriam's pocket mouse, Perognathus merriami
 * Great Basin pocket mouse, Perognathus parvus

title: Perognathinae


text:
User:Edvaldo Sachett

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Also, please do not blank articles, especially while they're listed on WP:AFD. --Mairi 05:29, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Edvaldo Sachett


text:
The Day They Shot a Hole in the Jesus Egg

The Day They Shot a Hole in the Jesus Egg (subtitled The Priest Driven Ambulance Album, Demos, and Outtakes, 1989-1991) is a 2xCD compilation of material by the Flaming Lips released by Restless Records in late 2002. It is the second of two reissues compiling the band's work with the record label, and follows Finally the Punk Rockers Are Taking Acid.

The first disc contains the album In a Priest Driven Ambulance, followed by related B-sides from that era. The second disc contains a much-bootlegged series of demos called The Mushroom Tapes, featuring early versions and alternate mixes of Ambulance tracks.

The first disc of this set was released on vinyl as a limited-edition, pink-colored two-record set under the title of In a Priest Driven Ambulance.

The compilation is named after a line from the Flaming Lips song "Five Stop Mother Superior Rain". It also includes new liner notes from band frontman Wayne Coyne.


text:
Northern Black Forest Region

Northern Black Forest Region (Region Nordschwarzwald) is an administrative unit in the Karlsruhe region (Regierungsbezirk Karlsruhe) of the southwestern German state of Baden-Württemberg. Its area covers Pforzheim and the districts of Calw, Enzkreis, and Freudenstadt in the northeastern part of the Black Forest.

title: Northern Black Forest Region


text:
Talk:Doris Miller

Errors
I've not edited before because I haven't felt the need to. Apologies if there are any procedural errors. This error has been here since 2004: Doris Miller was never confirmed to have shot down any aircraft, and indeed did not claim to have done so, but is quoted as saying he might have. This is another case where a movie has re-written history (Perl Harbor Movie) to take either fiction or unsubstantiated events as fact (U571 springs to mind!). I've removed the piece where it stated "During the battle, he shot down at least one Japanese aircraft before...". Miller is quoted elsewhere as saying "I think I got one of those Jap planes". But thats not enough to make it a fact. Mononen

Added the rest of the Nimitz quote from the official Navy page in the reference list. I think it adds some additional context to the dicussion over the Navy's racial polices in the 1940s.

Elektrotek85 07:05, 25 June 2006 (UTC)elektrotek85

 * You might want to look through "What links here" and make the same correction where necessary -- for example, Attack on Pearl Harbor. Melchoir 08:53, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

copyvio
The following section was copied in total from http://www.usspennsylvania.com/DavidsCorner.htm#Doris%20Miller%20and%20his%20Navy%20Cross:%20a%20brief%20biography It is relevant, but needs to be rewritten. The rank of Petty Officer First Class is higher than Petty Officer Third Class.

Call for recognition
The 1941 Honor Roll of Race Relations named an "unknown Negro mess man" and on 12 March 1942 Dr. Lawrence D. Reddick announced, after corresponding with the Navy, that he found the name was "Doris Miller." The next day, US Senator James M. Mead introduced a Senate Bill to award Miller the Medal of Honor, without knowing what Miller’s deeds were for the basis of such award.

On 14 March 1942, The Pittsburgh Courier released a story that named the black mess man as "Dorie" Miller, using his nickname. On 17 March Representative John D. Dingell, Democrat from Michigan, introduced a matching bill as the one in the US Senate to award to Miller the Medal of Honor. On 21 March, The Pittsburgh Courier initiated a write-in campaign to send Miller to the Naval Academy.

Letters of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy were finally issued. Miller’s commendation of 1 April 1942 cited his "distinguished devotion to duty, extraordinary courage and disregard of his personal safety during the attack on the Fleet in Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. While at the side of his Captain on the bridge, Miller despite enemy strafing and bombing, and in the face of serious fire, assisted in moving his Captain, who had been mortally wounded, to a place of greater safety and later manned and operated a machine gun until ordered to leave the bridge."

The Secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox, sent a letter on 9 April to the US House of Representatives Chairman of Naval Affairs, outlining the requirements of the Medal of Honor versus the deeds of Miller, and recommending against an award of the Medal of Honor.

During the All-Southern Negro Youth Conference of 17 April, a signature campaign was launched to give proper recognition to Doris Miller. Miller’s parents were brought to the conference and awarded a $100 defense bond.

On 10 May, the National Negro Congress denounced Frank Knox’s recommendation to decline the Medal of Honor for Miller. But the next day, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved the Navy Cross, the Navy’s third highest medal at the time, for Miller.

Finally, on May 27 1942, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz personally awarded Miller the Navy Cross aboard USS Enterprise. In his address, Nimitz remarked that "This marks the first time in this conflict that such high tribute has been made in the Pacific Fleet to a member of his race and I'm sure the future will see others similarly honored for brave acts." -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 01:17, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

History or Hollywood?
I recall reading that Miller found the .50-cal unloaded, and that he used a fire-axe to break the lock from an ammo box. My memory stinks (and I've read some pretty crappy 'history' books...so...is this history or hollywood? Who cares....can't you imagine it....standing on the deck....pounding away with a .50-cal at those Zeros???  Hollywood can't come up with that kind of drama! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.67.104.4 (talk • contribs)

Unreferenced assertion
"However, President Roosevelt, Secretary of the Navy Knox and Chief of Naval Operations Stark for political reasons refused to honor Miller with the nations highest award because he was a "Negro." " - No source is provided for this assertion, and it should be deleted unless one is provided. Intelligent Mr Toad (talk) 14:05, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Unreferenced allegation removed, possible vandalism
It was stated that Doris was expelled from school for fighting with students about his race. This was added in 2010 without a reference which I believe was vandalism as this edit also changed "Raging Bull" to "Raging Duck". How can Doris have been expelled from school if he already had decided to quit going to school as the actual references state? One other thing, it states he was called Raging Bull because of his emotions. This has no citation, and old versions of the article stated it was because of his large body weight and size. Both have no citations, so who knows which one is correct, if either. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.114.111 (talk) 06:07, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

Good Student?
Why did he repeat the eighth grade and then drop out? More info needed.109.159.118.122 (talk) 10:28, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

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doris miller
awesome character traites — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.192.84.217 (talk) 16:49, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

Additional articles
WhisperToMe (talk) 09:39, 19 January 2020 (UTC)
 * https://www.staradvertiser.com/2020/01/17/breaking-news/navy-to-name-aircraft-carrier-for-pearl-harbor-hero-doris-miller/
 * https://www.kwtx.com/content/news/Navy-to-name-aircraft-carrier-after-Doris-Miller-567109771.html
 * https://www.wacotrib.com/news/government/crowd-welcomes-statue-of-pearl-harbor-hero-doris-miller/article_a914e0a6-1e77-543a-ba33-d65cb5157ab9.html

Medal of Honor isn't awarded by the Navy.
This article claims that the Navy Cross is the second highest honor awarded by the US Navy after the Medal of Honor. This isn't true because the Medal of Honor is awarded by the president of the United States, in the name of Congress. Not the Navy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lrsnsam (talk • contribs) 21:38, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

The Navy Cross is the highest medal awarded by the US Navy. The Congressional Medal of Honor is awarded by the US President in the name of the US Congress: Navy personnel must be recommended to the President/Congress to be considered for it. The highest medal a sailor can receive is the Medal of Honor awarded by the President in the name of Congress. The highest medal the Navy can award is the Navy Cross. -- Naaman Brown (talk) 20:33, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

Date of Rank error
The article says he was a Third Class during the attack on Pearl Harbor, Dec, 7, 1941, then it says "He advanced in rating to mess attendant second class on February 16, 1941". Second Class is a higher rank so unless he was busted, he wouldn't have been a Second Class in Feb 1941. 70.161.8.90 (talk) 23:49, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * He went from mess attendant first class to cook third class. There's more info here and here. - w o lf  00:10, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Still need to fix the rank. Says on May 15 was advanced to 1st class then says was advanced to 3rd class June 1.  1st class is a higher rank than 3rd class.  Let's get this corrected. 24.123.91.42 (talk) 20:10, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doris Miller


text:
Muping, Yantai

Muping District, formerly also known as Ninghai or Ninghaichow, is a district administered by the prefecture-level city of Yantai, Shandong province, People's Republic of China, and is the easternmost county-level division of Yantai.

Administrative divisions
As 2012, this district is divided to 3 subdistricts and 10 towns.
 * Subdistricts
 * Ninghai Subdistrict (宁海街道)
 * Wenhua Subdistrict (文化街道)
 * Yangmadao Subdistrict (养马岛街道)

 * Towns

title: Muping, Yantai


text:
Margraviate of Baden

The Margraviate of Baden (Markgrafschaft Baden) was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Spread along the right banks of the Upper Rhine in south-western Germany, it was named a margraviate in 1112 and existed until 1535, when it was split into the two margraviates of Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden. The two parts were reunited in 1771 under Margrave Charles Frederick, even if the three parts of the state maintained their distinct seats to the Reichstag. The restored Margraviate of Baden was elevated to the status of electorate in 1803. In 1806, the Electorate of Baden, receiving territorial additions, became the Grand Duchy of Baden. The rulers of Baden, known as the House of Baden, were a cadet line of the Swabian House of Zähringen.

History
During the 11th century, the Duchy of Swabia lacked a powerful central authority and was under the control of various comital dynasties, the strongest of them being the House of Hohenstaufen, the House of Welf, the Habsburgs and the House of Zähringen. Emperor Henry III had promised the ducal throne to the Zähringen scion Berthold, however, upon Henry's death in 1056 his widow Agnes of Poitou appointed Rudolf of Rheinfelden Duke of Swabia. Berthold renounced his rights and was compensated with the Duchy of Carinthia and the March of Verona in Italy. Not able to establish himself, he finally lost both territories, when he was deposed by King Henry IV of Germany during the Investiture Controversy in 1077. Berthold retired to his Swabian home territory, where he died the next year. The Veronese margravial title was nevertheless retained by his eldest son Herman I

Herman II, son of Herman I and grandson of Berthold II, had concluded an agreement with the rivalling Hohenstaufen dynasty, and about 1098 was enfeoffed with immediate territory by Emperor Henry IV. Like his father, Herman II insisted on his margravial title. He chose to establish his residence in Germany, as he had been born and raised there. His lordship of choice was Baden (present-day Baden-Baden), where his father had gained the right to rule by marrying the heiress, Judit von Backnang-Sulichgau, Countess of Eberstein-Calw. In Baden, Herman II had Hohenbaden Castle built. Construction began about 1100, and when completed in 1112, he marked the occasion by adopting the title of a Margrave of Baden.

Growth
Because Baden was the capital, the new margraviate was also known as Baden. Herman II would continue to be margrave until his death in 1130. His son and grandson, Hermann III (reigned 1130–1160) and Herman IV (reigned 1160–1190), added to their territories. Around 1200, these lands were divided for the first time. Two lines, Baden-Baden and Baden-Hochberg, were founded. The latter was divided about a hundred years later to create the third line – Baden-Sausenberg.

In the 12th and 13th centuries Baden was a loyal and steadfast supporter of the House of Hohenstaufen, even against its own relatives from Zähringen-Swabia. In return for its services, it was permitted to spread its rule throughout southwestern Germany, west across the Rhine river into Alsace, east to the edges of the Black Forest, north to the Murg river and south to the Breisgau. The fourth margrave of Baden-Baden, Herman V, Margrave of Baden-Baden (reigned 1190–1243), founded the cities of Backnang, Durlach, Stuttgart, Ettlingen, and Pforzheim and several monasteries, including the Lichtenthal Abbey, which became the burial place of his descendants. In 1219 he moved his seat of power to Pforzheim. He had to abandon his claims to Zähringen and Braunschweig, but he gained the title of Graf [Count] von Ortenau and Breisgau, named for the two valleys in southern Baden. His son and grandson, Herman VI, Margrave of Baden (reigned 1243–1250) and Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (reigned 1250–1268), claimed the ducal titles of Austria and Styria. The Austrians rejected them as they did not want to be ruled by outsiders.

Consolidation

Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (reigned 1391–1431) united all of the acquisitions in 1391. A soldier of some renown, Bernard continued the mission of his predecessors, and gained several more districts, including Baden-Pforzheim and Baden-Hochberg. Since 1291, Baden-Pforzheim had its own margraviate, but in 1361 it ran out of heirs, falling back to the House of Baden-Baden. Baden-Hochberg fared little better. Founded in 1190, it lasted until 1418, when it too died with no male heirs. Bernard, being the closest heir, claimed Baden-Hochberg. Baden-Sausenberg continued its own margraviate until 1503, when the lack of its own heirs sent it back to the House of Baden-Baden.

The consolidation of the margraviate came in 1442. In that year, one-half of the dominions of Lahr and Mahlberg was brought into the fold, creating the link between the two main areas, the Breisgau in the south and Baden-Baden in the north. Throughout the Late Middle Ages, Baden grew its administration, finances and armies until it became one of the biggest and strongest states of the Holy Roman Empire in southwestern Germany, especially after it gained the Habsburg possessions in the rest of the Ortenau and the Breisgau.

Tribulations
In 1462 the dispute over the election of the new Archbishop of Mainz sent Charles I (reigned 1453–1475) to fight the war against Frederick I, Elector Palatine. Known as the "Mainz Archbishops' Feud", it was brief, lasting only a few months, but the effects were ruinous for the loser – Charles. He had to surrender several of his territories to the Electoral Palatinate and its allies. These territories were recovered by his son and successor, Christoph I (reigned 1475–1515). He tried to keep them united under one of his sons, Philip, but his efforts were foiled by the king of France, Louis XII. In 1479, the seat of the Margraviate of Baden was moved from Hohenbaden Castle to New Castle (Neues Schloss) of Baden-Baden, built by Christoph I. In 1503, the Baden-Sausenberg died without male heirs and all the Badener lands were united by Christoph himself. Before his death, Christoph divided the margraviate between his three sons. Philip succeeded him in 1515 but died childless in 1533, and his share went to his brothers, Bernard and Ernest. In 1535, they made a fresh division of their inheritance. It would be the first of several partitions, establishing the two main lines of the House of Baden – Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach (Baden-Pforzheim until 1565) – which would last until 1771. However, the relations between the two lines were not peaceful and the constant partitioning did not help.

During the Reformation, several branches, led by Baden-Baden, remained on the side of the Catholics, the others joining with Baden-Durlach on the Protestant side. The Thirty Years' War made matters worse for all the branches. Many of them were exiled to other countries. Baden suffered severely during the war. The 1648 Treaty of Westphalia restored the branches and their churches to their own lands. Gradually the rivalry subsided. During the wars of Louis XIV, the "Sun King" of France, the two margraviates were ravaged by the French troops. The forces of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Margrave of Baden-Baden, "Turkish Louis" William (reigned 1677–1707) fought against France.

Reunification
In 1771, Augustus George became the last Margrave of Baden-Baden when he died without sons. All his territories passed to his 6th cousin twice removed and nearest heir – the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, Charles Frederick (reigned 1738–1811). For the third and last time, all the Badener lands became united under a single ruler.

Although Baden was finally united, its domains were fragmented and widespread on both sides of the Upper Rhine river, with the total area of 1,350 sqmi. When Charles Frederick became the margrave in 1738, he made it his personal mission to fill the gaps in his territories. His first opportunity came in 1792, when the War of the First Coalition broke out between France and Austria. The Badeners fought for Austria, leaving Baden devastated when they lost. Charles Frederick had to pay an indemnity and cede his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. He had his second chance a few years later, as an enemy of Napoleon, on the side of Alexander I of Russia. In 1803, because of the efforts of the tsar, the margrave gained the Prince-Bishopric of Constance, parts of the Rhenish Palatinate, and several other smaller districts, thereby gaining the dignity of a prince-elector.

title: Margraviate of Baden


text:
User:Vanished user msu46VwF2/to do

In need of creation

 * Pre-colonial Indonesia: A summary page, covering all civilizations/empires before the Dutch East Indies period, or as many as is feasible. Esp. since History of Indonesia is getting bloated.
 * Post-Independence Indonesia: Basically, a history of the Sukarno years (1945 - 1965).
 * Reformation (Indonesia): An article covering the recent history of Indonesia, from 1998 to present.

In need of additions

 * Dutch East Indies: Suffers from Eurocentrism. Needs a lot more on indigenous resistance to colonialism. No mention of Indonesian nationalist movement. No mention of Multatuli.
 * New Order (Indonesia): Needs references copied from Suharto.
 * Indonesian Revolution of 1998: Need more on underground student movement. Needs References section.
 * Indonesian Civil War: Truth and Reconciliation effort left uncovered.

In need of refinements

 * Suharto: Criticized as too narrowly focused on political career. Needs fleshing out of military career. Needs stuff on leadership style/personality.
 * History of Indonesia: If a page could be made of Pre-colonial Indonesia, then the corresponding section in History of Indonesia could be much more refined.

title: User:Vanished user msu46VwF2/to do


text:
User:Throup/Watchlist

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title: User:Throup/Watchlist


text: User talk:82.114.78.8

title: User talk:82.114.78.8


text:
User talk:AnandJayaraman

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 05:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:AnandJayaraman


text:
Sanguem

Sanguem is a city and a municipal council in South Goa district in the Indian state of Goa. Notable landmarks include the Sagameshwar Temple, Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park and the Salaulim Dam.

Geography
Sanguem is located at 15.23°N, 74.17°W. It has an average elevation of 22 metres (72 feet).

Demographics
India census, Sanguem had a population of 6,444 inhabitants, of which 3,162 were males and 3,282 females with female sex ratio of 1,038 against state average of 973. Sanguem has a literacy rate of 88.39%, compared to the state average of 88.70%: male literacy is 92.41%, and female literacy 84.49%. In Sanguem, 10.30% or 664 of the population is under 6 years of age. Konkani is the primary language spoken here.

Government and politics
Sanguem is part of Sanguem (Goa Assembly constituency) and South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency).

title: Sanguem


text:
User talk:Skryskalla

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 05:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Skryskalla


text:
Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections January 2006/Candidate statements/Ingoolemo

For me, the most important of the five pillars is the one that states that we are an encyclopaedia. More than any other idea or policy, this is the one that will serve as my guiding principle if I am elected to the committee. However, this maxim is hardly a simple litmus test that can be applied with ease in every case. For example, an abrasive editor, however excellent the articles they write, may cause a net negative effect on our quality by poisoning the atmosphere for other contributors; blindly enforcing the rulebook is a poor mode of operation, but at the same time, ignoring the rulebook too much erodes community support. All members of the Arbitration Committee must be aware of the ripple effect from any decision, or the committee will lose its effectiveness. To sort through all the possible ramifications of any ruling is a task that requires a thoughtful, reasonable, and humble ;) person such as myself.

Some questions being asked of all the candidates by Jguk

 * What age are you and what do you do? If student, please say what you're studying.

 * How many hours a month do you think you will need to be a good Arbitrator and are you really willing to put in the time? : I seriously believe that a rate of 1 hour a day (30 hours a month) is sufficient for me to formulate effective opinions. I'm quite willing to put in the time, because of my love for Wikipedia and because I already spend 100 hours a month here anyway.

 * If chosen, you will need to arbitrate on disputes arising from the creation or revision of articles. Experience of creating and revising articles yourself, particularly where it has involved collaboration, is very valuable in understanding the mindset of disputants who come to arbitration. With reference to your own edits in the main article namespace, please demonstrate why you think you have the right experience to be a good arbitrator. : My standards of neutrality are extremely high. When I embark on a heavy session of editorial review, I scrutinise every adjective and noun to ensure that it leaves judgement to the reader.  I can always criticise one party as well as I can another.  A few months ago, I helped rein in an edit war at 9/11 conspiracy theories between Yuber and Noitall.  Because of my willingness to suggest common ground, both warriors listened to me and eventually calmed down.  When I was nominated for adminship, Mel Etitis said that 'he stays cool, calm, but firm in his dealings with other editors, in overheated situations.'  My experience as an editor and my penchant for meticulous analysis of all human problems I face will make me an excellent—and humble ;)—Arbitrator.

 * Please list out what other Wikipedia usernames you have edited under. : I first created an account on Wikipedia so I could upload an image; this account was Maanandil. Another account I created, solely for doing a test, was Ingoolemo's sockpuppet.  As one can see, these two accounts have fewer than five edits between them; both were created in my first few months here.

Form question from Snowspinner (Phil Sandifer)

 * Being an arbitrator requires a finely tuned bullshit detector. What in your life has prepared you to detect bullshit with ease? : Among those of us who don't spout bullshit, most are able to discern it. There is no such thing as a finely tuned bullshit detector, because things are either bullshit or not.  Some people are better than others are at detecting bullshit, but only slightly.  I don't think I have much more to offer than the other candidates, but neither do they have much to offer over me.

Form question from karmafist

 * Many policies contradict and overlap with each other, and then WP:IAR makes things even more complicated while making them paradoxically more flexible. When two or more policies apply and conflict, what do you do? : Because this is quite possibly the best question that anyone has asked, I will not answer it yet. I will provide a detailed response when I have prepared one worthy of the question.

Form questions from -Ril-

 * Do you hold any strong political or religious opinions (e.g. concerning George Bush, Islam, or on which end you should break a boiled egg)? If so, would you recuse yourself from cases centred on these? : I do hold many strong opinions on a number of issues, but I like to think that I don't let my feelings cloud my reasoning. I will gladly recuse myself if I have reason to doubt my objectivity.  Even so, I have strong faith in my judgement.
 * So that we can be sure, will you tell us, roughly, what those issues are? : I'm afraid I must decline. This question is too closely akin to the political litmus tests that attempt to boil important civic decisions down single issues.
 * Yes, that's right. Its a litmus test to see if you are capable of being neutral or not, and whether any judgements you make, if elected, stand up to scruitiny for neutrality

 * How willing are you to contest the decisions of other arbitrators rather than just "go with the flow"? : I hate to dodge the question with such a simplistic answer, but a simple one is all that's needed in this case: If every other Arbitrator is wrong, than I will gladly oppose their decisions.

 * Do you view all requests to re-address cases, particularly requests made by those most penalised, as being automatically without merit? : Again, I'm sorry to give such a simplistic answer, but it really is all that's necessary: requests to re-address are such a broad category that it's impossible to judge their merit as a whole; rather, merit must be analysed on a case-by-case basis.
 * The question concerns them all. I.e. do you view all such requests as being automatically without merit? : I think my answer above explained this adequately, but I'm willing to make it simpler: No.

 * In the case against Yuber, it was decided by the arbitration committee that it is the duty of arbitrators to investigate, and rule on the behaviour of not only one party involved, but all of them. Do you support this decision? [if current arbitrator] Does your visible behaviour on recent cases reflect this decision? : I certainly support the decision. Though the Committee was certainly not set up to be a Holy Inquisition, it lacks an officially established prosecutorial branch, and thus must carry out some such activities itself—within the bounds of certain guidelines, of course.  The Committee should only broaden its investigations to users who were heavily involved in the particular dispute, and it should only do so if the dispute is causing major collateral damage.
 * What about a series of different, and unrelated, disputes involving the same editor and a different 2nd party for each dispute, but presented to the committee as if a single dispute. Here it would appear the one editor was more of an issue than the others, wheras this is infact an illusion caused by selective grouping. Would you still only consider the one editor, or consider both sides for each sub-dispute? : If the defendant has been the main aggressor or offending party in all of those disputes, and their actions in that dispute have caused major disruptions, the Committee should choose to take a prosecutorial role. The prosecution of plaintiffs should be held to an even higher standard.  Again, the Committee must take action when serious harm is being done, but it isn't a witch-hunt for nonconformists either.

Question from Marsden

 * Many people have noted that Wikipedia's original communitarian structure is no longer functioning very well. One editor has suggested that ArbCom is "about getting the trains to run on time," which is a reference to a fulfulled promise of Mussolini's fascist government. Do you agree that Wikipedia needs to become more orderly, and if so, do you think there are any options other than a move toward a more centrally controlled authoritarian system? Do you think that the spirit of cooperation in Wikipedia would survive such a change? : The original communitarian structure was meant to govern the dedicated and well-meaning corps of editors that helped create Wikipedia, not to keep malevolent elements at bay. The problem is not necessarily that Wikipedia has become less orderly, but that the factions of disorderly users has become more prominent.  We do not need a more centralised system to deal with this issue; maintaining order is a mean, not an end.  Our foremost goal is to ensure a working environment in which editors can write in peace. Seen from this perspective, it is clear that our cooperative ideals can be maintained even as we labour to keep the trains running.  We need only supplement the old system with a stronger police force, not supplant it with a more regimented authority structure.

Question from Ted Wilkes

 * Do you support the creation of a Arbitration Committee Code of Conduct as I have just now suggested at User talk:Jimbo Wales? : I will certainly support such a policy if it creates new rules that help uphold the integrity of the Committee. However, I do not consider this likely, because the Committee has so far had few issues with its conduct.  As the proposal is written now, it adds nothing further to the Committee's integrity.  In fact, it sounds suspicioulsy like a solution in search of a problem.  Its 'No Personal Attacks' clause is redundant with our No Personal Attacks policy, and its section on 'Recusals' and 'Favoritism' would only be necessary if Arbitrators were completely untrustworthy.  Worst of all, though, is the 'Transparency' section, which sounds like an attempt to provide wikilawyers an opportunity to overrule cases on procedural grounds.  Furthermore, with the exception of the 'No Personal Attacks' clause, all the proposed policies are procedural rules, not codes of conduct.  In short: the first three sections are unnecessary, and the last one is downright dangerous. Addendum: despite my opposition to formalising the proposed code of conduct as policy, I will make my pledge to follow the rules outlined in all sections except for the one dealing with 'Transparency'.  (Date of response: December 13.)
 * I have reviewed the current version of the policy, and I believe that many of its points are well-thought and worth merging with current Arbitration policy. (Date of response: January 4.)

Question from Xoloz

 * What is, in your opinion, the proper use of WP:IAR? When, if ever, should the rule be invoked to justify administrative action? : Karmafist's question above, when I answer it, will probably answer this adequately. I will explain further here if necessary.

Questions to many candidates by PurplePlatypus

 * How do you view the role (and relative importance) of WP:Civility in the process of building a factually accurate encyclopedia? : Rules about civility are designed to keep Wikipedia operating smoothly. Some will disagree, but I firmly maintain that incivility has never made a single positive contribution to Wikipedia's functionality.  The Civility policy is extremely important because it reinforces the fact that Discussion pages are meant for a reasonable exchange of ideas, not for flame wars.

 * How do you view editors who are normally correct in article namespace, but who may be perceived as rude – including to longtime, popular editors and admins – on Talk pages and the like? : If an editor chooses to be mildly rude, but submits excellent content, it is not worth wringing our hands over. However, when their incivility reaches the point where it poisons the atmosphere or interferes with the work of other editors, it becomes unacceptable. Personally, though, I expect all of Wikipedia's best editors, as well as its prominent and popular ones, to hold themselves to especially high standards of decency.  This is especially true of those who old office, because I expect them to behave in a manner almost completely beyond reproach.  They are the people who set the tone for how other users act, and they must not muck it up. Please note that this question, and the answer I submitted, reflect on my personal ideals about how editors should conduct themselves, and not on the policies I support.

 * Do you have an academic background of any kind, and if so, in what field? How do you handle critiques from your peers and professors (assuming those aren’t one and the same), which may be sharply worded or otherwise skirt the edges of WP:Civility even if they are correct? Considering those professors who have recently had you as a student, what would they tell me if I asked them the same question about you? : I have no academic background.

 * What are your views on the proposed policy Arbitration Committee Code of Conduct? Whether you think it should be a formal policy or not, do you believe you would generally act in accordance with it? What aspects of it do you think should not be there, or to put it another way, are there any proposals there which you can think of good reasons to ignore on a regular basis? (Please date any replies to this question as the proposal may well change over time.) : Please see my reply to Ted Wilke's question above (dated December 13).

SEWilco: Support User Bill of Rights?

 * Do you support User Bill of Rights? : Wikipedia may not be a micronation, but neither is it a sweatshop. Just as in conventional encyclopaedias, contractual guarantees should allow editors to expect us to uphold certain rights.  So in that sense I support the creation of a 'Bill of Rights', but not necesarily in the fashion you intended.  Rather, it should be viewed as a contract that ensures a positive relationship between encyclopaedia and encyclopaedist. However, I believe that the whole body of Wikipedia policy can serve as a contract as easily as an official 'Bill of Rights' can.  Consequently, I oppose ratifying the current 'User prerogatives' as official policy, because it would be redundant with other policies that are currently working satisfactorily.  However, it could eventually be a useful help page with some revision. Addendum: the first prerogative—prohibiting discrimination—is worth further investigation as a policy of its own.

 * How about the proposed Arbitration Committee Code of Conduct?  HK   : Please see my reply to Ted Wilke's question above (dated December 13).

Questions being asked by Titoxd to all candidates

 * How much of your Wikipedia time do you plan to spend on ArbCom business? : As noted above, I expect to spend up to an hour a day, or however long I need to keep up with the load. I cannot reasonably estimate the fraction of my time this will occupy, because my Wikipedia activity tends to be rather erratic.

 * If you were elected and had to spend most of your time in ArbCom delibations, which projects would you consider to be the most negatively affected by your absence? : I have done a fair amount of work to deal with unsources images and the Candidates for Speedy Deletion, so those will suffer slightly from my absence. However, the most impacted will be WikiProject Aircraft.

 * To what extent would those projects be affected? : In the case of the first two, my abscence will only mean a slight increase in the workload on other users. However, WikiProject Aircraft will receive a pretty big blow.  I'm one of its most active editors, working both to upgrade and to standardise content.  I also consider myself one of the Project's leaders.  I hope I won't be forced away from it, but I know that I can do even more for Wikipedia on the Arbitration Committee.

Neutrality question and Censuring questions from -Ril-

 * Do you believe that regardless of Jimbo Wales' own views on the matter, the community should be able to strip arbitrators of their position under certain circumstances, and if so, what circumstances? :

 * As a corollory:Do you believe, regardless of Jimbo Wales' view on the matter, that a large number of signatories (e.g. 150 requesting censure against 50 supporting the arbitrator) to an RFC against an arbitrator is enough that the arbitrator should be judged as having been rejected by the community in light of their actions, and consequently for them to be forcibly stripped of their post? :

 * wikipedia has a policy of NPOV. Excepting straw men, have you ever introduced a substantial opinion or fact that contradicts your own political or religious viewpoint into an article on a topic of which you have strong opinions, and if you have, how frequently do you do so compared to your other substatial edits to articles? : To be completely honest, I don't believe that I have ever made any substantial edits to any articles on which I have a strong viewpoint.

Recusal, Code of Conduct, Expansion from Nrcprm2026 (James S.)

 * Do you pledge to abide by the proposed recusal guidelines at Arbitration Committee Code of Conduct? :

 * Are there any parts of Arbitration Committee Code of Conduct that you do not agree with? If so, please describe in detail how you would improve them. :

 * Will you please pledge to support expanding the number of seats on the Arbitration Committee? If not, how would you propose alleviating the present arbitration backlog? :

 * Have you voted over at Arbitration Committee Elections January 2006/Proposed modifications to rules? If not, why not?  If so, please summarize your votes. :

Concerns over personal attack templates
User:Improv, who is also a candidate for the arbitration committee, has placed the following statement on Village pump (policy):

 * I am concerned about |recent templates surviving AfD that appear to contrast with established policy. In particular, I feel that these templates are Poisoning the well when it comes for how we treat our fellow wikipedians. There are circumstances where knowing too much about one's neighbours politicises how one deals with them. This is, to an extent, unavoidable in society, but wearing signs of hate as badges on our shoulders takes what is a small problem that we can usually deal with into the realm of being damaging to the community. Already, there have been signs of people refusing to help each other because they are on different ends of a political spectrum -- this seems likely to get worse if this trend continues. Some people cry that this is an attack on their first amendment rights (if they're American, anyhow), but that doesn't apply here because Wikipedia is not the U.S. government -- it is a community that has always self-regulated, and more importantly it is an encyclopedia with a goal of producing encyclopedic content. We have a tradition of respecting a certain amount of autonomy on userpages, but never absolute autonomy. We might imagine, for example, templates with little swastikas saying "this user hates jews". I am not saying that such a thing would be morally equivalent to this template against scientology, but rather that we should aim to minimise that aspect of ourselves, at least on Wikipedia, so we can make a better encyclopedia. The spirit of NPOV does not mean that we cannot have strong views and still be wikipedians, but rather that we should not wear signs of our views like badges, strive not to have our views be immediately obvious in what we edit and how we argue, and fully express ourselves in other places (Myspace? Personal webpage?) where it is more appropriate and less divisive.

I am inviting all candidates, including Improv, to expand on this theme on their questions pages. Do you agree that this is a cause for concern as we move into 2006? How do you see the role of the arbitration committee in interpreting the interpretation of Wikipedia policy in the light of this concern? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:39, 12 January 2006 (UTC)


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Jean Spangler

Jean Elizabeth Spangler (September 2, 1923 – disappeared October 7, 1949) was an American actress who appeared in bit parts in several Hollywood films in the late 1940s. She garnered public attention for her mysterious disappearance in late 1949.

Born in Seattle, Washington, Spangler attended high school in Los Angeles, California, before beginning a career in film in 1948, appearing as a dancer in several uncredited roles, including in Walter Lang's When My Baby Smiles at Me (1948), the comedy Chicken Every Sunday (1949), and the musical drama Young Man with a Horn (1950).

On the evening of October 7, 1949, Spangler left her home in Los Angeles, telling her sister-in-law that she was going to meet with her ex-husband before going to work as an extra on a film set. She was last seen alive at a grocery store several blocks from her home at approximately 6:00 p.m. Two days later, Spangler's tattered purse was discovered in a remote area of Griffith Park, approximately 5.5 mi from her home; inside was a letter addressed to a "Kirk", which mentioned seeing a doctor. Given Spangler's recent work on the film Young Man with a Horn starring Kirk Douglas, he called police to clear his name, telling them he was in Palm Springs at the time, which police accepted.

Spangler's disappearance generated various theories, which ranged from her alleged death in a botched abortion to her fleeing with Los Angeles gangsters with whom she was acquainted. To date, no additional evidence has been uncovered in Spangler's case, and her whereabouts remain unknown.

Early life
Jean Elizabeth Spangler was born on September 2, 1923, in Seattle, Washington, as the youngest daughter and child of the four children of Cecil Martin Spangler and Florence Matilda Morris. She had two brothers, Richard Martin and Edward Franklin Spangler, and an older sister, Betsy Anne Shreckengaust. She attended Franklin High School in Los Angeles, California, and graduated in 1941. As a teen, Spangler had danced with the Earl Carroll Theatre and Florentine Gardens.

In 1942, Spangler married manufacturer Dexter Benner. They had a daughter, Christine, and divorced in 1946. Spangler and Benner engaged in a long custody battle over their daughter, until Spangler was eventually awarded custody in 1948. At the time of her disappearance, she lived with her mother Florence, five-year-old daughter Christine, brother Edward, and sister-in-law Sophie, on Colgate Avenue in the Park La Brea residential complex near Wilshire Boulevard.

Disappearance
On Friday, October 7, 1949, Spangler left her home in Los Angeles around 5:00 p.m. She left her daughter with Sophie and said that she was meeting Benner to discuss a late child support payment; after that, she was going to work on a night shoot for a film. Two hours after leaving, Spangler called home and spoke with Sophie as well as her daughter; she told Sophie she would "have to work the full eight hours" and would probably not return home that evening. At the time, Spangler's mother Florence was out of town visiting family in Louisville, Kentucky. The following morning, October 8, Sophie went to the police and filed a missing person report after Spangler failed to return home.

Though Spangler had told her sister-in-law that she was going to work on a film set after she met with Benner, police checked with studios and the Screen Extras Guild and found no records indicating she had worked that night. A saleswoman at the Farmers Market, only a few blocks from Spangler's home, recalled seeing her browsing around 6 p.m., and noted that she "appeared to be waiting for someone." This was the last known sighting of Spangler. Police questioned Benner about her statement to Sophie that she was going to meet him about his child support payments. He claimed that he had not seen his former wife for several weeks. His new wife, Lynn Lasky Benner (1924-2019), to whom he had been married only one month, corroborated his story.

Handbag and note discovery

On October 9, 1949, Spangler's purse was found near the Fern Dell entrance of Griffith Park in Los Angeles, approximately 5.5 mi from her home. Both of the straps on one side of the purse were torn loose as if it had been ripped from her arm. Sixty police officers and over one hundred volunteers searched the 4107 acre natural terrain park, but no other clues were found. There was no money in the purse (Sophie said that Spangler had no money when she left the house the evening of her disappearance) so the police ruled out robbery as a motive. There was a note in the purse addressed to a "Kirk", which read: "Kirk: Can't wait any longer, Going to see Dr. Scott. It will work best this way while mother is away,". The note ended in a comma.

Neither "Kirk" nor "Dr. Scott" could be located, and neither Spangler's family nor her friends knew anyone by those names. When Spangler's mother, Florence, returned to Los Angeles, she told police that someone named "Kirk" had picked up Jean at her house twice but stayed in his car and did not come in. Police questioned every doctor with the last name Scott in Los Angeles, but none of them had a patient with the last name Spangler or Benner, her married name. Spangler had once been involved with an abusive man she called "Scotty," but her lawyer said she had not seen him since 1945. Griffith Park was searched over the following week by over 200 volunteers and law enforcement. During the search, one volunteer's dog dug up a denim Los Angeles County Jail uniform in a shallow hole, but no other belongings of Spangler were found.

Theories and alleged sightings
At the time she disappeared, Spangler had recently completed filming a bit part in the film Young Man with a Horn starring Kirk Douglas; this led to public speculation that he was the Kirk mentioned in the note found in her purse. Upon reading about the discovery of the note, Douglas himself called the police and denied that he knew Spangler. Later, when interviewed via telephone by the head of the investigating team, Douglas admitted that he had "talked and kidded with her a bit" on set, but that he had never spent time with her outside of the film production. On October 12, Douglas gave a formal press statement in which he said: "I told Detective Chief Thad Brown that I didn't remember the girl or the name until a friend recalled it was she who worked as an extra in a scene with me in my picture Young Man with a Horn ... then I recalled that she was a tall girl in a green dress. I talked and kidded with her a bit on the set ... But I never saw her before or after that and have never been out with her."

Spangler's girlfriends told police that she was three months pregnant when she disappeared and that she had talked about having an abortion, which at the time was illegal. Witnesses, who frequented the same nightclubs and bars as Spangler, told police they had heard of a former medical student known as "Doc", who performed abortions for money, but police could not locate him, nor prove that he existed. The theory that Spangler disappeared under circumstances related to a botched abortion attempt was investigated by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). Spangler had also told her friend, actor Robert Cummings, that she was having a casual affair at the time, but did not mention the identity of the man. When Cummings asked her if it was serious, she responded: "No. But I'm having the time of my life."

At the time, some newspapers reported that Spangler was feared to be one of several female victims in a series of killings in Los Angeles, potentially linked to the Black Dahlia murder in 1947, given her hair colouring and resemblance to the victim Elizabeth Short. Another theory investigated by police was that Spangler's disappearance was related to Los Angeles gangsters with whom she purportedly was associated. According to historian Jon Lewis in his book Hard-Boiled Hollywood: Crime and Punishment in Postwar Los Angeles, Spangler had worked for a time as a dancer at Florentine Gardens, a nightclub owned by Mark Hansen and Nils Thor Granlund. Lewis claims that her acquaintance with Hansen and Granlund "put her in the orbits" of various mob affiliates, including Anthony Cornero and Mickey Cohen. Spangler had allegedly been seen with Davy Ogul, an associate of Cohen's, in Palm Springs, as well as in Las Vegas, Nevada, with Ogul and Frank Niccoli, another associate of Cohen's. Ogul disappeared on October 9, 1949, two days after Spangler. This led police to investigate the possibility that Spangler and Ogul, who was under indictment for conspiracy, had fled to avoid prosecution. Police interrogated Thomas Ellery Evans, a gangster and acquaintance of Ogul, during their investigation. In April 1950, Spangler's sister Betsy testified that neither she nor her sister were ever acquainted with Ogul, Cohen, or any of his associates.

In 1950, a customs agent in El Paso, Texas, reported seeing Ogul and a woman who looked like Spangler in a local hotel. The hotel clerk identified Spangler from a photograph, but neither Ogul nor Spangler's names appeared on the hotel register.

Aftermath
Shortly after Spangler disappeared, custody of her and Benner's daughter, Christine, was temporarily awarded to Benner on October 27, 1949. The following year, a custody battle ensued between Benner and Florence, to whom he denied visitation with Christine. Benner defied a court order that he permit Spangler's mother to visit the child. When Benner was ordered to serve fifteen days in jail for being in contempt of court, he fled California with his daughter, and later settled in Florida. Benner died on May 7, 2007, in Jacksonville, Florida.

The LAPD continued the search and circulated Spangler's picture for several years, in an unsuccessful attempt to find her or any reliable leads. Columnist Louella Parsons offered a $1,000 reward for information concerning Spangler's disappearance or location. Despite a nationwide search, no further clues have surfaced. Possible sightings included northern and southern California, Phoenix, Arizona, and Mexico City over the next two years, but none of those sightings could be validated. She is still listed as a missing person, and the LAPD has not closed the case.

In popular culture
Spangler's disappearance was fictionalized by Megan Abbott in her novel The Song Is You (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), ISBN 978-0743291712.

title: Jean Spangler