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Mark Ronson

Mark Daniel Ronson (born 4 September 1975) is a British-American musician, DJ, and producer. He has won eight Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year for Amy Winehouse's album Back to Black (2006), as well as two for Record of the Year with her 2006 single "Rehab" and his own 2014 single "Uptown Funk" (featuring Bruno Mars). He has also won an Academy Award for Best Original Song, a Golden Globe and a Grammy Award for co-writing "Shallow" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper) for the film A Star Is Born (2018). Ronson served as lead and executive producer for the soundtrack to the 2023 fantasy comedy film Barbie, on which he also composed and co-wrote several of its songs with his production partner Andrew Wyatt. The soundtrack won three Grammy Awards—"What Was I Made For?" won Song of the Year and Best Song Written for Visual Media, while the parent album won Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media—from 11 nominations, as well as an Academy Award for Best Original Song from two nominations.

Ronson was born in London and raised in New York City. His stepfather is Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones, which contributed to his musical upbringing. While attending New York University, Ronson became a popular DJ in the regional area for his work in hip hop music. He signed with Elektra Records to release his debut studio album, Here Comes the Fuzz (2003), which contained guest performances from prominent American hip hop acts and was met with lukewarm commercial reception. Due to this, he parted ways with Elektra the following year and co-founded his own label, Allido Records, through which he released his following projects and signed other artists including Wale, Rhymefest, and Daniel Merriweather.

By 2006, he gained wider recognition for his production work on albums and singles for Lily Allen, Christina Aguilera, and Amy Winehouse. The following year, he signed with Columbia Records and released the Motown-funk cover singles "Stop Me" (featuring Daniel Merriweather) and "Valerie" (featuring Amy Winehouse), both of which peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and preceded the release of his second album, Version (2007). It reached number two on the UK Albums Chart earned him the Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist. His third album, Record Collection (2010), matched its chart position and moderately entered the U.S. Billboard 200.

His 2014 single "Uptown Funk" (featuring Bruno Mars) saw his furthest commercial success internationally, spending 14 consecutive weeks atop the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, seven non-consecutive weeks atop the UK Singles Chart, and remains one of the best-selling singles of all-time. "Uptown Funk" served as the lead single for his fourth studio album Uptown Special (2015), which was dedicated to Winehouse and peaked atop the UK Albums Chart, as well as number five on the Billboard 200. In 2018, he founded the record label Zelig Records, an imprint of Columbia Records, and formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo; their debut single, "Electricity" (featuring Dua Lipa) was released in September of that year and won a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording.

In 2015, he became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation, which helps disadvantaged youth through music. He has also worked with the End the Silence campaign to raise funds and awareness for the Hope and Homes for Children charity. He served as a mentor at Turnaround Arts, a national program of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which helped low-performing schools through arts education.

Early life
Mark Daniel Ronson was born in Notting Hill, London, England, to Laurence Ronson, a then music manager and publisher, now real estate developer, and Ann Dexter-Jones (née Dexter), a writer, jewelry designer, and socialite. His Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors emigrated from Austria, Lithuania, and Russia. He was brought up in a Conservative Jewish household and celebrated his Bar Mitzvah.

After his parents' divorce, his mother married Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones. Jones wrote Foreigner's hit song "I Want to Know What Love Is" about his burgeoning relationship with Dexter-Jones.

Ronson, along with his mother, stepfather, and sisters, moved to New York City when he was eight years old. Living on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, he counted Sean Lennon among his childhood friends. At twelve, being a self-described music nerd, he pestered Rolling Stone founder Jann Wenner into an internship at the magazine. He attended high school at the private Collegiate School in Manhattan before attending Vassar College and then New York University. In 2008, he obtained American citizenship so that he could vote in that year's election.

Family
He was born into the Ronson family, formerly one of Britain's wealthiest families and founders of Heron International; following success in the 1980s, they lost $1 billion of their wealth in the property crash of the early 1990s. He is the nephew of businessman Gerald Ronson.

Through his mother, he is distantly related to British Conservative politicians Sir Malcolm Rifkind and Leon Brittan, and Odeon Cinemas founder Oscar Deutsch.

Ronson has two younger sisters: twins Charlotte Ronson, a fashion designer, and Samantha Ronson, a singer and DJ. Through his mother's second marriage to Mick Jones, he has two elder step-siblings and two half-siblings, including actress Annabelle Dexter-Jones. Through his father's second marriage, he has three other half-siblings.

Career
While attending New York University, Ronson became a regular in the downtown hip hop night life. He became known as a DJ on the New York club scene by 1993, charging $50 per job. He was known for his diverse, genre-spanning selection. He attracted a wide audience by fusing funk, hip hop, and rock and roll into his setlists, and playing songs that were popular in both the United States and the United Kingdom. He was soon popular and sought-after DJ in New York City, frequently booked for high-profile events and private parties. In 1999, Ronson was featured in an ad wearing Tommy Hilfiger denim in the recording studio for an ad campaign for the company.

2001–05: Here Comes the Fuzz and initial producing
Mark made the leap from DJ to producer after Nikka Costa's manager, Dominique Trenier, heard one of his sets and introduced the musicians. Ronson produced Costa's song "Everybody Got Their Something," and Ronson soon signed a record contract with Elektra Records. He had already produced tracks for Hilfiger ads and, in 2001, used the connection to have Costa's single "Like a Feather" used in an advertisement.

Ronson's debut album, Here Comes the Fuzz, was released in 2003. Despite poor initial sales, it was generally well received by critics. As well as writing the songs on the album, Ronson created the beats, played guitar, keyboards, and bass. The album featured performances from artists from diverse genres, including Mos Def, Jack White, Sean Paul, Nappy Roots and Rivers Cuomo. The lead single and best known song from the album, "Ooh Wee," samples "Sunny" by Boney M and features the rappers Nate Dogg, Ghostface Killah, Trife Da God, and Saigon. The song charted at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart and was used in a number of films, including in Honey (2003) and on its soundtrack. Two weeks after releasing Here Comes the Fuzz, Elektra Records dropped him.

In 2004, Ronson formed his own record label, Allido Records, a subsidiary of Sony BMG's J Records, along with his longtime manager Rich Kleiman. The first artist he signed to Allido was rapper Saigon, who later left to sign with Just Blaze's Fort Knox Entertainment. He has signed Rhymefest, most well known for winning the Grammy for co-writing Kanye West's "Jesus Walks."

2006–09: Version
On 2 April 2007, Ronson released a cover of The Smiths' track "Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before" under the title "Stop Me", featuring singer Daniel Merriweather. It reached number 2 in the UK singles charts, giving Ronson his highest-peaking single until 2014's "Uptown Funk". Ronson remixed the Bob Dylan song "Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine" in promotion for the three-disc Bob Dylan set titled Dylan released October 2007. Ronson has also produced Candie Payne's "One More Chance (Ronson mix)" in 2007. The album Version was well received by critics particularly in the UK and US. In May 2007 it was awarded the title Album of the Month by the British dance music magazine, Mixmag. On 23 June, Ronson made the cover of The Guardian newspaper's Guide magazine, alongside singer Lily Allen.

In June 2007, Ronson signed DC hip hop artist Wale to Allido Records. In late 2007, he focused on production, working with Daniel Merriweather on his debut album, and recording again with Amy Winehouse and Robbie Williams. On 24 October 2007, Ronson performed a one-off set at The Roundhouse in Camden, London as part of the BBC Electric Proms 2007. The performance featured the BBC Concert Orchestra and included special guests Terry Hall, Sean Lennon, Tim Burgess, Alex Greenwald, Ricky Wilson, Charlie Waller, Adele and Kyle Falconer. In December 2007, Ronson received his first Grammy Award nomination, for 'Producer of the Year, Non-Classical'. Ronson's work with Amy Winehouse also received substantial accolades, gaining 6 nominations. Winehouse's "Back to Black" album, mostly produced by Ronson, was nominated for 'Album of the Year' and 'Best Pop Vocal Album'. Her song "Rehab" received nods for 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance', 'Song of the Year' and 'Record of the Year'. Ronson would go on to win three Grammys: 'Producer of the Year' as well as 'Best Pop Vocal Album' and 'Record of the Year' (the latter two of which he shared with Amy Winehouse) in early February 2008.

Ronson is credited as producer on a mixtape album called Man in the Mirror, released in January 2008 by the rapper Rhymefest which is a tribute to the pop star Michael Jackson. The album features Rhymefest appearing to speak to Michael Jackson using archive audio from interviews with the pop star. The same month Ronson received three nominations for the Brit Awards, including 'Best Male Solo Artist,' 'Best Album' (Version) and 'Song of the Year' ("Valerie"). Ronson won his first Brit for 'Best Male Solo Artist' in mid-February 2008 over favourite Mika. He also performed a medley of Coldplay's "God Put a Smile upon Your Face" with Adele, "Stop Me" with Daniel Merriweather, and "Valerie" with Amy Winehouse. The performance allowed for a large boost in sales in the iTunes UK Top 100. "Valerie" would jump almost 30 spots in the days after the event, while "Just", "Stop Me" and "Oh My God" all appeared in the chart as well. That same week, Ronson appeared twice in the UK Top 40, with "Valerie" rebounding to number 13 and "Just" at number 31, his fourth Top 40 entry from "Version". The Brits performance also allowed for "Version" to climb 18 spots to number 4.

Around this time, Ronson received his first number one on an international chart (Dutch Top 40) for "Valerie," which spent four consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. He collaborated with Kaiser Chiefs on their third album. Ronson toured the album "Version" extensively through both the UK and Europe during 2008. Notable sold-out performances at The Hammersmith Apollo and Brixton Academy. Ronson is known to champion new upcoming artists on the road with him, such as Sam Sparro and Julian Perretta. Ronson's string backing was provided by the all-female string quartet Demon Strings.

On 2 July 2008, in Paris, Mark Ronson performed live with Duran Duran for an invited audience. They played new arrangements by Ronson of some Duran Duran songs, along with tracks from the band's new album, Red Carpet Massacre. Ronson & the Version Players also performed songs from his album Version. Simon Le Bon sang. As of March 2009, Ronson was working with the group on their 13th album. The Album, titled All You Need Is Now, was released digitally exclusively via Apple's iTunes on 21 December 2010, while the physical CD was released in March 2011 with additional tracks. In 2013–14 Ronson was once again in the studio producing Duran Duran's 14th album, Paper Gods, making it the first time the band has worked with the same producer on consecutive albums since Colin Thurston produced their first two albums in the 1980s.

2010–12: Record Collection
In the spring of 2010, Ronson confirmed the name of his new album Record Collection, and said that he hoped to have it out by September 2010. Additionally, Ronson announced the name of his new band, "The Business Intl.'", which is the alias adopted by Ronson on the third studio album. The first single, "Bang Bang Bang," which featured rapper Q-Tip and singer MNDR, was released on 12 July 2010, where it peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart, giving Ronson his fourth Top 10 single. The single also entered the Irish Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 18. The second single from the album, "The Bike Song", was released on 19 September 2010, and features Kyle Falconer from The View and Spank Rock. The album was released on 27 September 2010. This is the first Ronson album on which he features as a singer.

Although Ronson had never met Michael Jackson, he was given the vocal track to a song titled "Lovely Way", sung by Michael Jackson, in 2010 to produce for Jackson's posthumous album Michael. He submitted the track, but it did not make the tracklisting for Michael. Ronson said about the rumours surrounding the vocals on the track (due to the controversy surrounding the Cascio tracks on that same album), "It was definitely him singing. I was given a vocal track to work with but I never actually met Michael. [...] It's in the vein of Elton John's 'Goodbye Yellow Brick Road' and John Lennon's 'Imagine'." He provided the score for the 2011 film Arthur. Ronson was one of the artists featured in the 2012 documentary Re:GENERATION Music Project. His song "A La Modeliste" features Mos Def, Erykah Badu, Trombone Shorty, members of The Dap-Kings, and Zigaboo Modeliste.

2013–2017: Uptown Special and Amy
On 30 October 2014, Ronson announced, via Twitter, a new single from his upcoming album, to be released on 10 November 2014. The single, "Uptown Funk," features Bruno Mars on vocals. On 22 November 2014, Ronson and Mars appeared as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live performing "Uptown Funk" and "Feel Right" (featuring Mystikal). "Uptown Funk" reached number one in the UK and US singles charts, and also became the all-time most streamed track in a single week in the UK, having been streamed a record 2.49 million times in a week. "Uptown Funk" reached the top 10 in nearly every country it charted; it spent fifteen weeks at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and seven weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. In February 2015 the song won Ronson the Brit Award for British Single of the Year. As of August 2022, the song's music video on YouTube has amassed over 4.6 billion views. In 2015, Ronson starred in the documentary film Amy about his late friend Amy Winehouse. His voice features in the film where he talks about his career and relationship with Winehouse and there is footage of Ronson from the recording session of the single "Back to Black" from March 2006 and also at Winehouse's funeral in London in July 2011. On 16 October 2015, Ronson became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation. In January 2016, Ronson was nominated for two Brit Awards; Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Producer of the Year, at the 2016 Brit Awards.

At the 2016 Grammy Awards Ronson won two awards for "Uptown Funk", including Record of the Year. Jason Iley, the head of Sony Music UK and Ronson's UK label Columbia Records, hailed Ronson as "a true gentleman" and "one of the most considerate, kind and humble artists in our industry." He added, "the monumental success of Uptown Funk is so thoroughly deserved and has established itself as, not only one of the Records of the Year but of our lifetime." At the Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show Ronson performed "Uptown Funk" with Mars. He went on to executive produce Lady Gaga's fifth album, Joanne. Ronson produced the Queens of the Stone Age's 2017 album Villains.

2018–present: Silk City, "Shallow" and Late Night Feelings
In 2018, Ronson founded his own label, Zelig Records, an imprint of Columbia Records and the first artist he signed was singer King Princess. He formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo. Their first single "Electricity" featuring Dua Lipa was released on 6 September and peaked at the US Dance Club Songs and received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.

In May 2018, it was revealed that Ronson was working with Miley Cyrus in the studio. Their first collaboration "Nothing Breaks Like a Heart" was released in November 2018. Ronson also co-wrote the song "Shallow" for the film A Star Is Born with his frequent collaborators Lady Gaga, Andrew Wyatt, and Anthony Rossomando. The song earned Ronson an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, as well as two Grammy nominations, winning the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media.

On 12 April 2019, it was announced that Mark Ronson would release his fifth album, Late Night Feelings, on 26 June 2019. The album features Miley Cyrus, Angel Olsen, Lykke Li and Camila Cabello. Ronson has described the album as a collection of "sad bangers," with the title track laying down a warm mid-tempo dance groove under Li's melancholy vocals. On 12 October 2019, BBC Two broadcast the documentary Mark Ronson: From the Heart, directed by Carl Hindmarch. In June 2021, Ronson, along with the Foo Fighters, shared a "re-version" of their single "Making a Fire".

In 2023, Ronson was announced as the executive producer of Barbie the Album, the soundtrack of the film Barbie by Greta Gerwig. In addition to executive producing the album, Ronson also served as co-producer and co-writer on several of the tracks, including "Dance the Night", "What Was I Made For?", "Man I Am", and "I'm Just Ken". He co-wrote the score of the film. In October 2023 Ronson released a remixed version of Mina's classic "Ancora, ancora, ancora". The song premiered at Gucci’s runway at Milan Fashion Week in September 2023.

Personal life
Ronson divides his time among London, Los Angeles, and New York. Since childhood, he has been a fan of English Premier League football club Chelsea F.C. and is also a fan of the New York Knicks basketball team.

In 2009, Ronson was voted the most stylish man in the UK by GQ magazine.

In 2011, a portrait of Ronson was painted by British artist Joe Simpson; the painting was exhibited around the UK, including a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall in London.

In 2015 he was named one of the magazine's 50 best dressed British men.

On 20 August 2019, Ronson, along with several other celebrities, invested in a funding round for Lowell Herb Co, a California cannabis brand. He is known to be "a dedicated cannabis consumer".

Relationships
In 2002, Ronson began dating the actress-singer Rashida Jones. They became engaged in March 2003, with Ronson proposing by creating a crossword puzzle with the message "Will you marry me." Their relationship ended approximately one year later.

On 3 September 2011, Ronson married French actress and singer Joséphine de La Baume, who had previously appeared in the music video for "The Bike Song". On 16 May 2017, it was reported that de La Baume had filed for divorce from Ronson, listing the separation date as 21 April 2017. The divorce was finalized in October 2018.

On 4 September 2021, Ronson announced his marriage to actress Grace Gummer, after a year of dating. On 13 October 2022, Gummer and Ronson announced they were expecting their first child. Their first child, a daughter, was born in December 2022.

Lawsuit
In 2017, Lastrada Entertainment claimed that "Uptown Funk" infringed the copyright of Zapp & Roger's 1980 hit song "More Bounce to the Ounce". A total of three lawsuits had been filed by different parties. Two lawsuits were settled on undisclosed terms.

Discography

 * Here Comes the Fuzz (2003)
 * Version (2007)
 * Record Collection (with The Business Intl.) (2010)
 * Uptown Special (2015)
 * Late Night Feelings (2019)

Filmography

 * Zoolander (2001) – Himself
 * Behind the Music: Remastered (2010) – Himself; Episode: "Duran Duran"
 * Amy (2015) – Himself
 * Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017) – Himself
 * Spies in Disguise (2019) – Agency Control Room Technician (cameo)
 * Freedom Uncut (2022) – Himself

Videos
Ronson created a video, along with directors Gary Breslin and Jordan Galland, called Circuit Breaker, which was an homage to the video game The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. In 2001, Ronson appeared in the Aaliyah music video "More Than a Woman" as a DJ. On 30 July 2021, the documentary series Watch the Sound with Mark Ronson was released on Apple TV+.

Production discography
Adapted from AllMusic. Bold denotes a commercial single.

Other singles

 * 1997: Posse-O – "It's Up to You..."*
 * 1998: Powerule – "Heatin' Up"*
 * 1998: Powerule – "Rhymes to Bust" / "It's Your Right"*
 * 2002: J-Live – "School's In"*
 * 2004: Daniel Merriweather – "City Rules"*
 * 2004: Daniel Merriweather – "She's Got Me"*
 * 2005: Rhymefest – "These Days"*
 * 2005: Rhymefest – "Brand New"*
 * 2007: Candie Payne – "One More Chance"*
 * 2007: Bob Dylan – "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) (Mark Ronson Re-version)"*
 * 2007: Maroon 5 featuring Mary J. Blige – "Wake Up Call (Mark Ronson Remix)"*
 * 2008: Leon Jean-Marie – "Bed of Nails"*
 * 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – "Never Miss a Beat"*
 * 2008: Wiley – "Cash in My Pocket"*
 * 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – "Good Days Bad Days"*
 * 2009: Daniel Merriweather – "Change"*
 * 2009: Daniel Merriweather – "Red"*
 * 2009: Daniel Merriweather – "Impossible"
 * 2012: Rufus Wainwright – "Out of the Game"*
 * 2012: Rufus Wainwright – "Jericho"*
 * 2013: Giggs – "(Is It Gangsta?) Yes Yes Yes"*
 * 2015: Duran Duran featuring Janelle Monáe and Nile Rodgers – "Pressure Off"*
 * 2016: Various Artists – "Hands"*
 * 2018: Michael Jackson - "Diamonds Are Invincible"* (Mash-Up)
 * 2018: Silk City - "Electricity"* featuring Dua Lipa, Diplo and Mark Ronson
 * 2018: Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper – "Shallow"*
 * 2020: Troye Sivan featuring Kacey Musgraves and Mark Ronson - "Easy"*
 * 2023: Dua Lipa - "Dance the Night"*

title: Mark Ronson


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Sulcus sign

The sulcus sign is an orthopedic evaluation test for glenohumeral instability of the shoulder. With the arm straight and relaxed to the side of the patient, the elbow is grasped and traction is applied in an inferior direction. With excessive inferior translation, a depression occurs just below the acromion. The appearance of this sulcus is a positive sign.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sulcus sign


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Talk:Plyometrics

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 October 2021 and 9 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Notkc01.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:47, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Etymology
This article is garbage I still don't know what Plyometrics means. Back to google. Samantha — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.168.26.210 (talk) 22:14, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

 * You could try reading the article: 'For details and illustrations of these exercises see “Explosive Running”[9] and “Explosive Plyometrics”.[3] These exercises involve the stretch-shorten concept that underlies the shock method.' Jarrod Walkabout (talk) 15:18, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Plio is not the Greek "word" but the combining form for "more". The "word" is m./f. πλείων, n. πλεῖον, "more". There is no such Greek verb as πλύθειν or πλυθεῖν (pluthein). Plio- derives from the Rus. плиометрический, in which the и /i/ is a transliteration of Anc. Gk. ει, pronounced in MGk. /i/. In Eng., Gk.-derived ei (as in Poseidon) is pronounced /aɪ/, like Eng. y, which seems to be influenced by ply, bend, which itself derives from L. plicāre, to bend or fold. See OED, plyometrics. Tomkyd1964 (talk) 18:18, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

University of Oregon
Don't know if this will help but the University of Oregon is known for using plyometrics. Their trainer Jim Radcliffe has been with them for 26 years. "Many of Radcliffe’s exercises stem from a type of training called plyometrics. Radcliffe wrote two books about the subject and is cited in various medical journals for his approach to developing the human body. Because he had Oregon using plyometric techniques before they became popular, Oregon is considered one of the most innovative schools for athletic training." http://journalism.uoregon.edu/~russial/cyberj/theartof/pages/may/may1.html Cfeedback (talk) 15:56, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Duplication
The intro and history sections are very similar. I think someone needs to do a bit of a cull. I'm not familiar with the subject matter so I don't feel qualified to do it. Head-it-behind (talk) 06:48, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

EMG
What is EMG? What is EMG value? It is nowhere explained in the article. Qualifies to garbage really. --Mloskot (talk) 00:44, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Is this a suitable external link?
www.verkhoshansky.com ?? I'm surprised that the Professor does not have a wikipedia page of his own as yet. Jarrod Walkabout (talk) 15:04, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Should 'depth-jump' have its' own page?
Seems to be the main plyometric excercise. Jarrod Walkabout (talk) 15:12, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Who is Chu (1998)?
"Chu (1998) recommends that a participant be able to perform 50 repetitions of the squat exercise at 60% of his bodyweight before doing plyometrics. Core body (trunk) strength is also important." Missing reference link. Jarrod Walkabout (talk) 15:26, 8 October 2013 (UTC)
 * He's listed in the references.
 * Chu, Donald (1998). Jumping into plyometrics (2nd ed. ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp. 1–4. ISBN 0880118466.
 * Somebody should cite it properly... (I haven't read it, so I don't know which page to refer.)
 * --Indopap (talk) 14:41, 27 December 2014 (UTC)

Exercises - (some bad examples?)
Under the Exercises section there are some bad examples of plyometric exercises.

I know that Box Jumps is commonly thought to be a plyometric exercise despite not actually being one.

This article from T-Nation (which isn't the most reputable site, but I'd say its a lot more reputable than The Art of Manliness which is used on this page) says:

''"A standing broad jump or jump onto a high box are power exercises; they are not plyometric exercises.

''A true plyometric exercise must contain a very fast loading phase and minimize the length of the amortization phase. The shorter the amortization phase, the greater the plyometric training effect.''

''So, the plyometric version of a box jump would be to either first jump off of a small box or take a small jump into the air and then, upon landing, minimize your ground contact time and immediately explode onto the high box.  The less ground contact time you have between jumps, the greater the stretch reflex you create, therefore the greater plyometric effect."

I think that someone with some good references should really look over the Exercise section because some of the ones listed are definitely not plyometric exercises.
 * Considering that fact that someone had the resources to write 11 paragraphs under Method, you'd think they'd be able to cite some exercise examples. Kortoso (talk) 18:45, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

Upper body exercises
The plyo moves listed here are so far primarily lower-body exercises. However, plyometrics also includes upper-body exercises such as ball tosses. Chu's book does describe these if I recall correctly.

Some resources:
 * http://www.performbetter.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/PBOnePieceView?storeId=10151&catalogId=10751&pagename=159
 * http://www.brianmac.co.uk/plymo.htm
 * http://www.performbetter.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/PBOnePieceView?storeId=10151&catalogId=10751&pagename=58
 * Kortoso (talk) 18:37, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

Safety Considerations
"Age - should be taken into account for both pre-pubescent and the elderly because of hormonal changes." this line needs expanded and referenced to be of any use. 141.228.106.147 (talk) 13:07, 28 June 2016 (UTC)

Too long?
This whole article seems too long. It is more like a guide, rather than a summary. Anyone agree? MCG 06:34, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plyometrics


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Michael Gallagher (journalist)

Michael Gallagher (born c. 1958) is an American newspaper editor. Gallagher was formerly an investigative journalist for Gannett News Service until he was convicted of voicemail hacking in an investigation into Chiquita's business practices. He began his career as a reporter at the Kalamazoo Gazette in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

Career
In the 1980s, Gallagher was a reporter for the Lansing State Journal. There, he wrote a series about alleged drug smuggling in Michigan's prison system, for which the Federal Bureau of Investigation accused him of fabricating an anonymous source. The State Journal stood by Gallagher.

In 1987, Lawrence Beaupre hired Gallagher to work as a special investigative reporter at Gannett Suburban Newspapers in White Plains, New York. He left for Newsday but returned to White Plains within a year. During his time at Gannett Surburban, Gallagher was regarded among the paper's staff as a poor writer but a driven investigator. His high-profile stories included corruption at Rye Playland and the murder trial of Carolyn Warmus.

Beaupre took Gallagher with him to The Cincinnati Enquirer in June 1995. He reported and wrote a series the next year about problems with Fluor Daniel's cleanup of the uranium processing plant at Fernald Feed Materials Production Center. The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency and Fluor Daniel attempted unsuccessfully to get the Enquirer to print their rebuttals to Gallagher's claims. The series won the 1997 Best of Gannett award. Gallagher was also part of an investigation alleging an FBI investigation into contractor kickbacks benefiting Governor George Voinovich; the Justice Department denied the report.

Chiquita controversy
In 1997, the Enquirer began an investigation into Cincinnati-based Chiquita Brands International, with Gallagher as the lead reporter and Cameron McWhirter, also formerly of Gannett Suburban, assisting in the investigation. Once Chiquita became aware of the Enquirer investigation, they retained Kirkland & Ellis, who warned of legal action if any information were to be obtained illegally. Enquirer lawyers and management became involved in the conduct of the investigation and wording of the eventual story. On May 1, 1998, Chiquita notified police that their voicemail system had been broken into up to 35 times a day, after the company's general counsel encountered a busy signal while checking his voicemail.

Two days later, on May 3, 1998, The Enquirer published an 18-page, 21-story special section, titled "Chiquita Secrets Revealed", that accused the fruit company of mistreating the workers on its Central American plantations, polluting the environment, allowing cocaine to be brought to America on its ships, bribing foreign officials, evading foreign nations' laws on land ownership, forcibly preventing its workers from unionizing, and a host of other misdeeds. According to an editor's note that accompanied the exposé, the yearlong investigation relied on visits to five countries, interviews with farmers and officials, internal Chiquita documents, and over 2,000 voicemail messages that were reportedly given to the paper by an authorized Chiquita executive.

Initially, national and local press reaction to the revelations was more muted than the investigative team had expected. Chiquita categorically denied the allegations but did not offer an explanation for the voicemails and internal documents. On May 14, Larry Birns of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs replayed some of the voicemail messages at a news conference. In response, Kirkland & Ellis sued Gallagher and threatened to sue the Enquirer as well. The Enquirer concluded that Gallagher had obtained the voicemail messages through voicemail hacking, rather than from an authorized Chiquita executive, as he had originally claimed. He had hacked into Chiquita's voicemail system despite being warned repeatedly by Enquirer editors and lawyers not to do so. According to McWhirter, he and his colleagues first got suspicious when Gallagher tried to push for "strange follow-up stories" about the investigation, and refused to give straight answers about his source to editors or outside lawyers. By mid-June, Gannett and the Enquirer began negotiating an out-of-court settlement with Chiquita.

Six weeks after the stories ran, Gannett reached a settlement with Chiquita, averting a lawsuit. Under the terms of the settlement, the Enquirer printed a front-page apology to Chiquita for three days beginning June 28, 1998, announcing Gallagher's termination and the retraction of the entire series. Gallagher had been fired for misconduct on June 26. Despite the retraction, publisher Harry M. Whipple said that he believed the voicemail messages to be real.

The Hamilton County sheriff's department appointed a special prosecutor to investigate Gallagher's alleged theft, because the elected district attorney had ties to Chiquita owner Carl Lindner Jr. (who previously owned the Enquirer). On September 24, 1998, Gallagher pleaded guilty to two felony counts of unlawfully tapping into Chiquita's voicemail. His two-and-a-half-year prison sentence was reduced to five years of probation and 200 hours of community service after he named George Ventura, a former Chiquita lawyer, as the Chiquita insider who gave Gallagher access to the voicemail system. In a 2008 article in the Columbia Journalism Review, McWhirter criticized Gallagher for waiving his reporter's privilege afforded under state shield law and divulging his sources in order to receive a more lenient sentence.

In 2001, Gannett confirmed that the 1998 settlement required the Enquirer to pay Chiquita $14 million, seal any materials used in preparing the special report, and bar McWhirter and editor Lawrence Beaupre from writing about Chiquita for five years. Beaupre, who had recruited Gallagher from White Plains, was transferred to Gannett headquarters for not following the paper's fact-checking procedures.

In an article examining the Chiquita series, Salon.com said the "Chiquita Secrets Revealed" series "presents a damning, carefully documented array of charges, most of them 'untainted' by those purloined executive voice mails." Salon.com also noted that while Chiquita never formally challenged Gallagher's allegations, it reportedly persuaded the Securities and Exchange Commission to stop an investigation into the company's practices sparked by the investigation.

Shortly after being fired, Gallagher moved to Saugatuck, Michigan, where he became the editor of Observer Newspapers, a chain of weekly local newspapers. On July 20, 2012, Gallagher's criminal record was sealed (effectively expunged) in Hamilton County Common Pleas Court. The controversy surrounding Gallagher has been compared to the News International phone hacking scandal.

In 2024, a Florida court ordered Chiquita Brands International to pay $38m to the families of several Colombian men murdered by a paramilitary death squad, according to The Guardian, after the company was shown to have financed the terrorist organization from 1997 to 2004.

title: Michael Gallagher (journalist)


text:
Admiral Hipper-class cruiser

The Admiral Hipper class was a group of five heavy cruisers built by Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine beginning in the mid-1930s. The class comprised GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Hipper, the lead ship, GERMAN CRUISER Blücher, GERMAN CRUISER Prinz Eugen, GERMAN CRUISER Seydlitz, and GERMAN CRUISER Lützow. Only the first three ships of the class saw action with the German Navy during World War II. Work on Seydlitz stopped when she was approximately 95 percent complete; it was decided to convert her into an aircraft carrier, but this was not completed either. Lützow was sold incomplete to the Soviet Union in 1940.

Admiral Hipper and Blücher took part in Operation Weserübung, the invasion of Norway in April 1940. Blücher was sunk by Norwegian coastal defenses outside Oslo while Admiral Hipper led the attack on Trondheim. She then conducted sorties into the Atlantic to attack Allied merchant shipping. In 1942, she was deployed to northern Norway to attack shipping to the Soviet Union, culminating in the Battle of the Barents Sea in December 1942, where she was damaged by British cruisers. Prinz Eugen saw her first action during Operation Rheinübung with the battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck. She eventually returned to Germany during the Channel Dash in 1942, after which she too went to Norway. After being torpedoed by a British submarine, she returned to Germany for repairs. Admiral Hipper, while decommissioned after returning to Germany in early 1943, was partially repaired and recommissioned in the fall of 1944 for a refugee transport mission in 1945. Only Prinz Eugen continued to serve in full commission and stayed in the Baltic until the end of the war.

Admiral Hipper was scuttled in Kiel in May 1945, leaving Prinz Eugen as the only member of the class to survive the war. She was ceded to the United States Navy, which ultimately expended the ship in the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in 1946. Seydlitz was towed to Königsberg and scuttled before the advancing Soviet Army could seize the ship. She was ultimately raised and broken up for scrap. Lützow, renamed Petropavlovsk, remained unfinished when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union. The ship provided artillery support against advancing German forces until she was sunk in September 1941. She was raised a year later and repaired enough to participate in the campaign to relieve the Siege of Leningrad in 1944. She served on in secondary roles until the 1950s, when she was broken up.

Development
Article 181 of the Treaty of Versailles limited the post-war German navy—the Reichsmarine—to six battleships of the "SMS Deutschland (1904) or SMS Lothringen types" and six old light cruisers. These obsolete ships could not be replaced until they were at least twenty years old, and their replacements could displace no more than 10000 LT and 6000 LT, respectively. In February 1922, the major naval powers signed the Washington Naval Treaty; Germany was not invited to attend, but she would be held to the same qualitative limitations as the signatories. By the early 1920s, the cruisers of the Reichsmarine were old enough to permit replacement; GERMAN CRUISER Emden, the three Königsberg-class cruisers, and the two Leipzig-class cruisers were built later in the decade to replace the older vessels.

The 1930 London Naval Treaty formally divided cruiser types into two categories: heavy cruisers, armed with 20.3 cm guns, and light cruisers, armed with 15.5 cm guns. The Treaty of Versailles still prohibited Germany from building heavy cruisers, but the rise of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party to power in 1933 led to the formal rejection of the Treaty of Versailles. After pulling out of the Geneva Conference in 1933, Hitler argued that if the other European powers did not disarm to parity with Germany, they should accept German rearmament. The German navy, renamed the Kriegsmarine on 21 May 1935, was now free to pursue rearmament. Germany concluded the Anglo-German Naval Agreement with Great Britain, which set German naval strength at 35% of the size of the Royal Navy. This permitted Germany to build 50000 LT of heavy cruisers, enough for five 10,000-ton ships.

The design for the first three of the five Admiral Hipper-class ships was prepared in 1934–1935. Seydlitz and Lützow were initially designed as light cruisers; their design was prepared in 1934–1936. These last two ships were to be armed with four triple turrets housing 15 cm guns, as opposed to the four twin 20.3 cm guns on the first three ships. The "light cruisers" were otherwise planned to follow the same particulars as their three "heavy" half-sisters. On 14 November 1936, the Navy decided to complete the final two ships identically to the other members of the class.

General characteristics

The ships of the Admiral Hipper class varied slightly in size. Admiral Hipper was 195.5 m long at the waterline and 202.8 m overall. After the installation of a clipper bow during fitting out, her overall length increased to 205 m. The ship had a beam of 21.3 m. Blücher was 195 m long at the waterline and 203.2 m overall; with the clipper bow, her overall length was 205.9 m. Her beam was 22 m. Both ships had a designed draft of 6.5 m and a full load draft of 7.2 m. Prinz Eugen was 199.5 m at the waterline and 207.7 m long overall; with the clipper bow, her overall length was 212.5 m. Her beam was 21.7 m and a draft of 6.6 m standard and 7.2 m at full load. Seydlitz and Lützow were 210 m long overall, with beams of 21.8 m and drafts of 6.9 m standard and 7.9 m at full load.

Although nominally within the 10,000-ton limit, the ships of the Admiral Hipper class significantly exceeded the figure. Admiral Hipper and Blücher had a designed displacement of 16170 MT and a full load displacement of 18200 LT. Prinz Eugen's displacement increased slightly, to 16970 MT designed and 18750 LT full load. Seydlitz and Lützow grew heavier still, at 17600 MT designed and 19800 LT full load.

The ships' hulls were constructed from longitudinal steel frames. The hulls were divided into fourteen watertight compartments and a double bottom that extended for 72 percent of the length of the keel. The vessels had a flush deck and a fairly substantial superstructure that included a large, armored conning tower forward, a tower foremast. Amidships, the cruisers had a hangar and catapult for their Arado Ar 196 reconnaissance floatplanes. Further aft, the ships had a pole mainmast and smaller, secondary conning tower. The Kriegsmarine regarded the ships as good sea boats, with gentle motion. At low speed, however, they were affected unpredictably by wind and currents. The ships heeled up to fourteen degrees and lost up to 50% speed with the rudder hard over at high speed. The ships had a standard complement of 42 officers and 1,340 enlisted men. Wartime modifications increased the crew to 51 officers and 1,548 sailors. The ships carried several smaller vessels, including two picket boats, two barges, one launch, one pinnace, and two dinghies.

Machinery

The Admiral Hipper-class ships were powered by three sets of geared steam turbines. Admiral Hipper's and Blücher's engines were built by Blohm & Voss, while Prinz Eugen's turbines were built by Germaniawerft. The turbines installed on Seydlitz's and Lützow's engines were manufactured by Deschimag. Steam was provided in the first three ships by twelve ultra-high-pressure boilers. Seydlitz and Lützow were equipped with nine double-ended high-pressure boilers. Admiral Hipper's and Prinz Eugen's boilers were manufactured by Wagner, while the boilers for the other three ships were built by La Mont. On all ships, the boilers were vented through a single large funnel located amidships.

Each turbine drove a three-bladed screw that was 4.1 m in diameter. The ships' engines were rated at 132000 shp for a top speed of 32 kn. They carried 1420 to 1460 MT of fuel oil as designed, though the ships could carry up to 3050 to 3250 MT. At a cruising speed of 20 kn, the ships had a maximum range of 6800 nmi.

Steering was controlled by a single rudder. Admiral Hipper and Blücher were equipped with three electricity plants with four diesel generators and six turbo-generators each; the diesel generators supplied 150 kW apiece, four of the six turbo-generators provided 460 kW, and the final pair provided 230 kW. Total electrical output was 2900 kW. Prinz Eugen, Seydlitz, and Lützow were equipped with three 150 kW diesel generators, four 460 kW turbo-generators, one 230 kW turbo-generator, and one 150 kW AC generator, for a total of 2870 kW. All five ships' electrical plants operated at 220 volts.

Armament
The three completed ships were armed with eight 20.3 cm SK C/34 guns in four twin turrets. The ships were supplied with between 960 and 1,280 rounds of ammunition, or 120 to 160 rounds per gun. The guns were mounted in Drh LC/34 turrets, which enabled depression to −10° and elevation to 37°. At maximum elevation, the gun could reach out to 33540 m. It fired a 122 kg projectile at a muzzle velocity of 925 m/s. The projectiles included armor-piercing shells, base-fuzed and nose-fuzed high-explosive (HE) warheads. Each ship was also supplied with 40 illumination rounds that weighed 103 kg and had a muzzle velocity of 700 m/s. The four gun turrets built for Seydlitz were emplaced as coastal artillery pieces in the Atlantic Wall. Only the two forward turrets had been installed on Lützow when she was delivered to the Soviet Union.

The ships' heavy anti-aircraft battery consisted of twelve 10.5 cm SK C/33 guns in twin mountings. These guns were supplied with a total of 4,800 rounds of ammunition. The mounts were the Dopp LC/31 type, originally designed for earlier 8.8 cm SK C/31 guns. The LC/31 mounting was triaxially stabilized and capable of elevating to 80°. This enabled the guns to engage targets up to a ceiling of 12500 m. Against surface targets, the guns had a maximum range of 17700 m. The guns fired fixed ammunition weighing 15.1 kg; the guns could fire HE and HE incendiary rounds, as well as illumination shells.

Close-range anti-aircraft weaponry initially consisted of twelve 3.7 cm SK C/30 guns and eight 2 cm Flak 38 guns. The 3.7 cm gun was a single-shot gun, with a rate of fire of around 30 rounds per minute. At its maximum elevation of 85°, the gun had a ceiling of 6800 m. The 2 cm gun was a magazine-fed automatic weapon, firing at up to 500 rounds per minute. Twenty and forty-round magazines were supplied for the guns; The guns were supplied with 16,000 rounds of ammunition. Later in the war, the light anti-aircraft batteries for Admiral Hipper and Prinz Eugen were modified. Four 3.7 cm guns were removed and the number of 2 cm guns had increased to twenty-eight. In 1944, Prinz Eugen's 3.7 cm guns were replaced by fifteen 4 cm Flak 28 guns. By 1945, the ship's light anti-aircraft battery comprised twenty 4 cm guns and eighteen 2 cm guns; Admiral Hipper mounted sixteen 4 cm guns and fourteen 2 cm guns.

The ships' armament was rounded out by twelve torpedo tubes; they were mounted in four triple launchers on the ships' main deck. The ships carried twenty-four G7a torpedoes, twelve loaded in the tubes and one reload for each. The G7a torpedo carried a 300 kg warhead. It had three-speed settings; in 1939, it could reach 12500 m at 30 kn, 7500 m at 40 kn, and 5000 m at 44 kn, its maximum speed setting. The 340 hp radial engine was improved during the war, which improved performance. The ranges increased to 14000 m, 8000 m, and 6000 m, respectively. Admiral Hipper also carried 96 EMC mines; these mines were contact mines and had a 300 kg explosive charge.

Armor
The five Admiral Hipper-class ships were protected by Krupp steel armor, of both Wotan Hart and Wotan Weich types. The ships had two armored decks to protect the ship from vertical attacks. The upper deck was 30 mm thick amidships to protect the ships' vitals. At either end, the deck was reduced to 12 mm thickness. The bow and stern was not protected by deck armor. The main armored deck was 20 to 50 mm thick. Both decks were Wotan Hart steel. The main armored belt was 80 mm thick amidships and reduced to 70 mm thick aft. An interior 20 mm thick torpedo bulkhead protected the ships' vitals from underwater attack.

The ships' main battery turrets were protected with 105 mm thick faces and 70 mm thick sides. Their roofs were also 70 mm thick. The 10.5 cm guns were equipped with 10 to 15 mm thick gun shields. The forward conning tower had 150 mm thick sides and a 50 mm thick roof. The rear conning tower was significantly less well armored, with only splinter protection. Their sides were 30 mm thick with a 20 mm thick roof. The anti-aircraft fire directors were also given splinter protection, with 17 mm thick shields.

Construction

Admiral Hipper ordered as "H", as a replacement for the light cruiser SMS Hamburg. She was laid down at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg under construction number 501, on 6 July 1935. She was launched on 6 February 1937 and fitting out work was completed two years later in April 1939; the ship was commissioned into the Kriegsmarine on 29 April 1939. Blücher, ordered as "G" to replace SMS Berlin, was built by the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel, under construction number 246. Her keel was laid on 15 August 1936 and launched 8 June 1937. Work on the ship was finished by 20 September 1939, the day she was commissioned into the Kriegsmarine. Prinz Eugen, the last ship of the class to be completed, was ordered from the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel as "J" under construction number 564. She was laid down on 23 April 1936 and launched on 22 August 1938. She was commissioned into the Kriegsmarine on 1 August 1940.

Seydlitz and Lützow were both built by the Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau shipyard in Bremen; Seydlitz was ordered as "K", under construction number 940, and Lützow was ordered as "L" under construction number 941. Seydlitz was laid down on 29 December 1936 and Lützow followed her on 2 August 1937. The ships were launched on 19 January 1939 and 1 July 1939, respectively. Work ceased on Seydlitz when she was approximately 95 percent complete. In October 1939, the Soviet Union approached Germany with a request to purchase the then unfinished Prinz Eugen, Seydlitz, and Lützow, along with plans for German capital ships, naval artillery, and other naval technology. The Kriegsmarine denied the request for Seydlitz and Prinz Eugen, but agreed to sell Lützow.

Admiral Hipper
Admiral Hipper led the assault on Trondheim during Operation Weserübung; while en route to her objective, she sank the British destroyer HMS Glowworm (H92). In December 1940, she broke out into the Atlantic Ocean to operate against Allied merchant shipping, though this operation ended without significant success. In February 1941, Admiral Hipper sortied again, sinking several merchant vessels before eventually returning to Germany via the Denmark Strait. The ship was then transferred to northern Norway to participate in operations against convoys to the Soviet Union, culminating in the Battle of the Barents Sea on 31 December 1942, where she was damaged and forced to withdraw by the light cruisers HMS Sheffield (C24) and HMS Jamaica (44).

Enraged by the defeat at the battle, Adolf Hitler ordered the majority of the surface warships scrapped, though Admiral Karl Dönitz was able to convince Hitler to retain the surface fleet. As a result, Admiral Hipper was returned to Germany and decommissioned for repairs. The ship was never restored to operational status, however, and on 3 May 1945, Royal Air Force bombers severely damaged Admiral Hipper while she was in Kiel. Her crew scuttled the ship at her moorings, and in July 1945, she was raised and towed to Heikendorfer Bay. She was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1948–1952; her bell resides in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich.

Blücher

Following her commissioning in November 1939, Blücher conducted a series of sea trials and training exercises in the Baltic, which lasted until March 1940. She was pronounced ready for service with the fleet on 5 April 1940. Assigned to Group 5 during the invasion of Norway in April 1940, the ship served as Konteradmiral Oskar Kummetz's flagship. The ship led the flotilla of warships into the Oslofjord on the night of 8 April, to seize Oslo, the capital of Norway. Two old 28 cm coastal guns in the Oscarsborg Fortress engaged the ship at very close range, scoring two damaging hits. Two torpedoes fired by land-based torpedo batteries struck the ship, causing serious damage. A major fire broke out aboard Blücher, which could not be contained. After a magazine explosion, the ship slowly capsized and sank, with major loss of life.

The wreck remains on the bottom of the Oslofjord; several salvage attempts were considered after 1963, but none were carried out. The ship's screws were removed in 1953 and divers removed over 1000 MT of fuel oil from the ship's bunkers in 1994, though oil from inaccessible fuel tanks is still leaking from the sunken ship. At the time the divers removed the oil, they also recovered one of her Ar 196 floatplanes, which is preserved in Stavanger.

Prinz Eugen

Prinz Eugen saw extensive action during Operation Rheinübung, an attempted breakout into the Atlantic Ocean with the battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck in May 1941. The two ships engaged the British battlecruiser HMS Hood (51) and battleship HMS Prince of Wales (53) in the Battle of Denmark Strait, during which Hood was destroyed and Prince of Wales was severely damaged. Prinz Eugen was detached from Bismarck during the operation to raid Allied merchant shipping, but this was cut short due to engine troubles. After putting into occupied France and undergoing repairs, the ship participated in Operation Cerberus, a daring daylight dash through the English Channel back to Germany. In February 1942, Prinz Eugen was deployed to Norway, although her time stationed there was cut short when she was torpedoed by the British submarine HMS Trident (N52) days after arriving in Norwegian waters. The torpedo severely damaged the ship's stern, which necessitated repairs in Germany.

Upon returning to active service, the ship spent several months training new officer cadets in the Baltic before serving as artillery support to the retreating German Army on the Eastern Front. After the German collapse in May 1945, the ship was surrendered to the British Royal Navy before being transferred to the US Navy as a war prize. After examining the ship in the United States, the US Navy assigned the cruiser to the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in the Bikini Atoll. After surviving both atomic blasts, Prinz Eugen was towed to Kwajalein Atoll where she ultimately capsized and sank in December 1946. The wreck remains partially visible above the water; one of her screws was salvaged and is on display at the Laboe Naval Memorial in Germany.

Seydlitz

At the time construction on Seydlitz was halted, she was approximately 95 percent complete. The unfinished ship remained inactive until March 1942, when the Kriegsmarine decided to pursue aircraft carriers over surface combatants. Seydlitz was among the vessels chosen for conversion into auxiliary aircraft carriers. Renamed Weser, conversion work began on the ship in May 1942. The majority of the superstructure was cut away, with the exception of the funnel, to prepare for the installation of a flight deck and an aircraft hangar. In total, approximately 2400 MT of material from the ship was removed.

As a carrier, the ship was to have had a complement of ten Bf 109 fighters and ten Ju 87 dive-bombers. She would have been armed with an anti-aircraft battery of ten 10.5 cm SK C/33 guns in dual mounts, ten 3.7 cm SK C/30 guns in dual mounts, and twenty-four 2 cm Flak 38 guns in quadruple mounts. Conversion work was halted in June 1943, however, and the incomplete vessel was towed to Königsberg where she was eventually scuttled on 29 January 1945. The ship was seized by the advancing Soviet Army and was briefly considered for cannibalization for spare parts to complete her sister ship Lützow, which had been purchased by the Soviet Navy before the war. This plan was also abandoned, and the ship was broken up for scrap.

Lützow
In October 1939, the Soviet Union requested the purchase of the incomplete Lützow. After a series of negotiations, the Kriegsmarine agreed to the sale in February 1940, at the price of 150 million Reichsmarks. The transfer was completed on 15 April. The vessel was still incomplete when sold to the Soviet Union, with only half of her main battery of eight 20.3 cm guns installed and much of the superstructure missing. Renamed Petropavlovsk in September 1940, work on the ship was effected by a German-advised Soviet shipyard in Leningrad. Still unfinished when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the ship briefly took part in the defense of Leningrad by providing artillery support to the Soviet defenders. She was sunk by German artillery in September 1941 and raised a year later in September 1942. After repairs were effected, the ship was renamed Tallinn and used in the Soviet counter-offensive that relieved Leningrad in 1944. After the end of the war, the ship was used as a stationary training platform and as a floating barracks before being broken up for scrap sometime between 1953 and 1960.

title: Admiral Hipper-class cruiser


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TCF Bank Stadium

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Tito xd (?!?) 03:51, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

TCF_Bank_Stadium
Smith03 19:33, 11 October 2005 (UTC)The stadium may be built sometime down the road, ( I hope it will be) but at this point it is just a proposal so if/when it is built page can be redone. Other stadium proposal pages have been delete so to be consistent it should be deleted.
 * Keep, big, verfiable project. Obviously various deals have been done to get it underway so this would be worth recording even if it never gets built. Kappa 01:00, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The project itself is notable, and touches several issues. --Vsion 02:04, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep Solid information on a major project. CalJW 09:36, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Kappa and Vision. Johntex\talk 21:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's emblematic of most (seemingly perennial) stadium proposals made in Minnesota. Should the proposal not make it, the article itself could be merged into the Metrodome article. Until we're sure it's dead, I say keep it for now. (I'm just glad I have the X.) :D — wheresmysocks 23:22, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Shasta McNasty

Shasta McNasty (later retitled Shasta) is an American sitcom that aired on UPN from October 5, 1999, to August 1, 2000. The show was created by Jeff Eastin and produced by Eastin and Neal H. Moritz. The show starred Carmine Giovinazzo, Jake Busey, Dale Godboldo, and Jolie Jenkins.

Although Shasta McNasty premiered with less-than-favorable reviews from critics, the program was nominated for a People's Choice Award for best new comedy, and nearly winning it in a live online vote before eventually losing to Stark Raving Mad. However, the series was cancelled after one season.

Plotline
Shasta McNasty focused on three friends—Scott, Dennis and Randy—who are part of the rap rock band Shasta McNasty. After signing to Da Funk Records, the three friends relocate from Chicago to LA where they find out that the label has become defunct. Keeping their advance money that they'd been given, they rent an apartment in Venice Beach where they share a kitchen with their next door neighbor Diana. The first half of the series focused on the band, their landlord, odd jobbing to make rent and generally getting up to mischief, while the second half of the season focused on them working at the local bar for their friend Vern, hoping to get signed by a label again and the developing relationship between Scott and Diana.

The series' concluding episode is set ten years later, and is presented as an episode of "Behind the Band 2010" (a parody of Behind the Music). It is revealed that Shasta McNasty did become a famous, highly successful band; nevertheless, ego, addiction, in-fighting, and creative differences took their toll.

The series was retooled mid-season, including a month-long break two months after the debut and being renamed Shasta: the characters abandon the hip hop premise and remove narrative devices like breaking the fourth wall.

Main

 * Jake Busey as Dennis
 * Carmine Giovinazzo as Scott
 * Dale Godboldo as Randy
 * Jolie Jenkins as Diana

Guest stars

 * Verne Troyer as Verne Valentine
 * Nicole Forester as Michelle/Karen
 * Erik Estrada as Eduado, Himself, Police Chief
 * Wajid as Farook
 * Gary Busey as Jack
 * April Mills as Ren
 * Kristen Winnicki as Trina
 * Peter Brost as Young Dennis
 * Scott Caudill as Bully

Reception
A sneak preview of the series after UPN's highly rated WWF SmackDown! drew 4.52 million viewers. However, when the series was moved to its scheduled 8 p.m. timeslot, ratings dropped. Halfway through the first season, UPN shortened the show's title to Shasta, and the series was canceled after its first season.

title: Shasta McNasty


text:
Karma Triyana Dharmachakra

Karma Triyana Dharmachakra is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Woodstock, New York, United States, which serves as the North American seat of the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa, head of the Karma Kagyu lineage. It was founded in 1976 by the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa with Khenpo Karthar Rinpoche as abbot. He held this position until his death in 2019. The Third Bardor Tulku Rinpoche stayed in the United States to help Khenpo Karthar Rinpoche and Mr. Tenzin Chonyi establish and develop Karma Triyana Dharmachakra.

title: Karma Triyana Dharmachakra


text:
Agricultural gang

Agricultural gangs were historically groups of women, girls and boys organized by an independent gang-master who did not own the land, under whose supervision they executed agricultural piece-work for farmers in certain parts of England for a payment negotiated between the gangmaster and farmer. They were sometimes called "public gangs" to distinguish them from "private gangs", consisting of workers engaged by the farmer himself, and undertaking work solely for him, under his own supervision or under that of one of his men.

The system was long prevalent in the counties of Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Norfolk and Suffolk, and in a much modified form in The Fens, which lies within some of those counties. The practice dates from the latter years of the reign of George III, when the low-lying, marshy lands surrounding the basin of the wash were being rapidly drained and converted into rich alluvial districts.

The unreformed condition of the Poor Law, under which the support of the poor fell upon each individual parish, instead of a union of parishes, made landlords reluctant to erect cottages on the reclaimed land for the benefit of their tenants. Labour had to be obtained for the cultivation of these new lands. Women, girls and boys, being cheaper than men to employ, consequently made up the majority. The suffering resulting from this nomadic life and the poor treatment by gangmasters, often involving long hours for poor pay, was so great that an inquiry into the condition of agricultural child labour was included in the reference to the commission on child-labour appointed in 1862, and the results were so startling that the "Agricultural Gangs Act" was passed in 1867, forbidding the employment of any child under eight years old, any child below ten years old without evidence of two hundred and fifty school attendances within the past year, any child above ten without evidence of one hundred and fifty school attendances in the past year, and of any female under a male gangmaster, unless a female licensed to act as gangmistress were also present.

Gang-masters were required to be licensed by two justices, and may not hold a liquor licence. The distance to be traversed on foot was fixed by the justices, and the licences were to be renewed every six months. Later legislation made more stringent the regulations under which children were employed in agricultural gangs. By the Elementary Education Act 1876 (39 & 40 Vict. c. 70), repealing and re-enacting the principal provisions of the Agricultural Children Act (36 & 37 Vict. c. 67), no child should be employed under the age of eleven years, and none between eleven years and thirteen years before the child has obtained a certificate of having reached the standard of education fixed by a by-law in force in the district.

title: Agricultural gang


text:
Physical training instructor

Physical training instructor (PTI) is a term used primarily in the British Armed Forces and British police, as well as some other Commonwealth countries, for an instructor in physical fitness.

United Kingdom
In the British Army, specialist Physical Training Instructors (PTIs) of the Royal Army Physical Training Corps are attached to individual units to oversee physical training and manage military gymnasiums. They are assisted by All Arm Physical Training Instructors (AAPTIs), previously known as Assistant Physical Training Instructors (APTIs), who have other jobs within their unit as well as being qualified, but not specialist, physical training instructors. The PTI badge consists of crossed swords.

Physical training instructors in the Royal Navy are officially titled Physical Trainers and are known as "club swingers" or "clubs" from the crossed clubs they wear as a rate badge. In the Royal Air Force, the PTI badge consists of crossed swords with an eagle in the centre.

New Zealand
The New Zealand Defence Force also employs Physical Training Instructors who bear the same symbols as their British counterparts. The New Zealand Army Physical Training Corps wear the crossed swords, Royal New Zealand Navy PTIs wear the crossed clubs, and Royal New Zealand Air Force PTIs wear the clubs and arms.

In March 2016, all Navy, Army and Air Force Physical Training Instructors were amalgamated into the new NZDF tri-service unit known as the Joint Operational Health Group.

NZDF PTIs use the motto Mens Sana In Corpore Sano, which roughly translates as "a healthy mind in a healthy body".

Argentina
The Argentine Army has a Physical Training Service, made up of PT teachers graduated from civilian schools, who join the Army as commissioned officers, following a short course at the Military Academy. Each combat unit is supposed to have an PT officer, who reports to the operations officer (S-3). In larger units, such as academies and schools, they are complemented by civilian teachers. The Argentine Navy and Air Force, instead, rely on hired civilian teachers for their physical training.

title: Physical training instructor


text:
User:Sugarimp

 * metalsmith
 * with a strong interest in anthropology.
 * and also a Bodo tribal.

title: User:Sugarimp


text:
Talk:Charles Crane

Untitled
An American plumbing tycoon and philanthropist. He invited Jack Philby to meet with King Ibn Saud about drilling for water and oil in Arabia.

This may or may not be the same Crane that was mayor of Honolulu.

Mrs. Charles Crane
We might be forgetting about a first marriage before 1922.--KAVEBEAR (talk) 06:49, 30 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Crane


text:
Kendo Nagasaki

Kendo Nagasaki is a professional wrestling stage name, used as a gimmick of that of a Japanese Samurai warrior with a mysterious past and even supernatural powers of hypnosis. The name derives from the modern martial art of Japanese fencing (Kendo), and Nagasaki is the name of a city on the south-western coast of Kyūshū, site of the second use of the atomic bomb, as well as an ancient family name in Japan.

Although the masked British version portrayed by Peter Thornley remains a household name in his home country, most American and Japanese wrestling fans primarily associate the name "Kendo Nagasaki" and related imagery with the face-painted version portrayed by Kazuo Sakurada. The success of both Thornley and Sakurada has spawned an assortment of other wrestlers with characters inspired by, or simply impersonating. the gimmick.

Peter Thornley
The original and best-known use of the gimmick is by the British wrestler who made his name in ITV's World of Sport. He started professional wrestling in November 1964, and became a household name in Britain after his television debut in 1971. He also toured Japan in 1968 (under the alternative ring name Mr Guillotine) and North America in 1972, wrestling for Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling where he held the promotion's North American title, as well as Don Owen's Pacific Northwest Wrestling and was being recruited by Verne Gagne's AWA before having to return home due to a family bereavement. Back home in Britain, he achieved even greater fame due to his 1975–1977 feud with the tag team of future mutual arch enemies Big Daddy and Giant Haystacks, as well as his December 1977 televised voluntary unmasking ceremony.

After retiring in 1978, he briefly came back in 1981 before returning more permanently in 1986 as lead heel of All Star Wrestling during their brief two years of ITV coverage. This triggered a second period of major success continuing even after the end of wrestling on ITV until Nagasaki retired again in 1993. Since that time, he has made further comebacks with All Star Wrestling in 2000-2001 and LDN Wrestling in 2008.

On July 22nd 2012, Thornley reprised the character in a special appearance for New Generation Wrestling at the Bonus Arena in Kingston upon Hull.

Kazuo Sakurada
A Japanese wrestler named Kazuo Sakurada also used a variation of the gimmick in the United States during the early 1980s. Before adopting the gimmick, Sakurada, like Thornley, had wrestled for Stampede and held the North American title there. This version of Nagasaki would wrestle in the American Wrestling Association, Florida Championship Wrestling (where he was managed by J. J. Dillon),. World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico and Continental Wrestling Federation and in Japan for New Japan Pro-Wrestling, where he formed the "Ninja Express" team alongside Mr. Pogo, before going on to wrestle on WCW television, changing his ring name to The Dragonmaster and joining the J-Tex Corporation stable.

Like Thornley, Sakurada wore a Kendo men to the ring. Unlike the British original, Sakurada wore face paint instead of a mask and carried a kendo stick rather than a sword. Sakurada also used Asian mist as part of his repertoire. Sakurada died in Chiba, Japan on 12 January 2020.

Kendo Nagasaki II
A year after Thornley's original retirement in 1978, a lighter wrestler named Kendo Nagasaki II (played by Nick Heywood) briefly wrestled for Joint Promotions.

King Kendo (Bill Clarke)
Also in the late 1970s, wrestler "Big" Bill Clarke (also one half of the Lincolnshire Poachers tag team with "brother" Ron) appeared on shows by UK independent promoter Sandor Kovaks as a version of Kendo Nagasaki modelled directly on Thornley's character. Following considerable legal action by Thornley, Clarke was later renamed as King Kendo, but retained the Kendo helmet, sword, cape and striped mask. In this guise, Clarke would later wrestle Thornley in a series of loser-lose-mask battles of the Kendos for Wrestling Enterprises of Birkenhead circa 1981 with Clarke unmasked, usually by Thornley personally, night after night.

Still as King Kendo, Clarke would later join Joint Promotions as a journeyman heel, teaming with Giant Haystacks in the main event at the Royal Albert Hall, making several appearances on television and frequently wrestling in tag matches against Big Daddy, including teaming with King Kong Kirk on the night Kirk died in the ring in 1987. Clarke and Thornley were scheduled to have a fresh feud in All Star Wrestling in 1993 with the authentic Nagasaki's manager Lloyd Ryan defecting to King Kendo's side, but this was abandoned when Thornley retired for the second time, with Clarke also retiring soon after. Clarke died on 10 October 2018.

King Kendo (Dale Preston)
Following Clarke's retirement, another wrestler Dale Preston (real name Dale Broughton) took over the role of King Kendo, wearing Clarke's original costume and still managed by Ryan. During the mid-1990s, this version of King Kendo was frequently in the main event of All Star shows pitted in reenactments of successful feuds in which Thornley's Kendo had been involved, such as against Giant Haystacks. Since 2012, Preston has revived the character for the Norwich-based World Association of Wrestling (WAW) in which he was for some time a major heel. Preston as King Kendo also won the RQW Tag Team Championship as half of the tag team 4K with Karl Kramer in December 2013. By the late 2010s, Preston's Kendo had evolved into a blue eye character due to his mentoring of young protegé "Kid Kendo". King Kendo also held the WAW World Heavyweight championship before curiously losing it to his own alter ego Dale Broughton in 2018 (possibly with a substitute under the mask).

Kendo the Samurai
In the early 1990s, Jim Cornette's Smokey Mountain Wrestling featured a masked samurai character named Kendo the Samurai managed by Daryl Van Horne. This was initially portrayed by Tim Horner but was later played by other wrestlers including Scott Antol and Brian Logan.

Kendo Kashin
In 1996, Japanese wrestler Tokimitsu Ishizawa became the masked Kendo Kashin while wrestling for the CWA in Germany and Austria. He would later take the gimmick back home to Japan where he has achieved considerable success, including various championships, as the character.

Kendo Nakazaki
In 2008, the original Tiger Mask, Satoru Sayama, introduced to his Real Japan Pro Wrestling promotion a wrestler named Kendo Nakazaki. Nakazaki's real name is unknown; he wears a mask and a Union Jack flag on his chest, but is most likely a Japanese student of Sayama's.

title: Kendo Nagasaki


text: User talk:165.139.208.1

title: User talk:165.139.208.1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/St. Colman's College

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep Jtkiefer  T - 18:48, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

St. Colman's College
The text contained within this article previous version is untrue. Contained in the article is picture of the College which does not have its consent given by the owners. St. Colman's College would like to have no association with this article due to its underminding content and wish for it to be removed as soon as possible — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.19.76.69 (talk • contribs) 15:36

 * Keep. Verifiable school with 100+ year history. This nomination is bizarre, an institution's wish to be included in WP or not should have no bearing whatsoever on an article. The image may need to be removed for copyvio.--Nicodemus75 20:56, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this school appears to be of sufficent status to be included.Gateman1997 21:25, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, all established schools are of sufficient status to be included. I'm sorry if the article has been vandalized, I'll try to keep an eye on it. If the vandalism gets bad enough, you can ask for it to be protected. (kappa) 21:30, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Your opinion on sufficency of status is noted and disagreed with.Gateman1997 21:33, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Your opinion on sufficency of status is noted and disagreed with.--Nicodemus75 22:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the old schools, which tend to have the greatest potential for making an interesting read --rob 21:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Nicodemus75 and expand. (note: I have moved the unsourced closure rumor which may have prompted the AfD to Talk:St. Colman's College, requesting a source.) --Kgf0 21:54, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this please the school is over 100 years old even Yuckfoo 22:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this historical school as per Schools/Arguments. Silensor 07:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Great college current data not correct and history pages are a disgrace.88.109.55.163 23:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote discounted by closing admin. Jtkiefer  T - 18:48, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

DeleteThis college is excellent,well managed and very successful. Please delete this page as it is not correct in detail and all the pages in the history file as they have been vandalized and contain very SERIOUS text.88.109.40.181 08:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote discounted by closing admin. Jtkiefer  T - 18:48, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

DeleteAdministrators please note this college is excellent and is important to all the pupils and everyone associated with it. Please respect this college's reputation by removing this page and all the pages in the history file back to Sept.7th 2005. Please protect the article from vandalism  in the future.88.110.194.47 12:26, 14 October 2005 (UTC).
 * Vote discounted by closing admin. Jtkiefer  T - 18:48, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

DeleteJust discovered this article and I ask you to delete it as soon as possible and I agree with previous request thast all should be deleted to Sept 7th.2005 article as some of the text is disgusting and very derogatory. Please protect the article in future from such wilful vandalism. thank you.88.110.32.149 14:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC).
 * Vote discounted by closing admin. Jtkiefer  T - 18:48, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

DeleteAdministrators please delete this article as soon as possible at least back to the Sept.7th 2005 entry. The articles from that date contain inaccurate, sad, evil, potentially libellous text.These enteries are just an attempt to use this source to discredit a pupil-focused, well managed college 88.110.193.191 09:23, 15 October 2005 (UTC).
 * Vote discounted by closing admin. Jtkiefer  T - 18:48, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

DeleteThe content of this article is sad and a terrible mis -representation of the truth. Please delete and ensure that such rubbish is never allowed to be put into print on your pages in future as it just discredits your publication. thank you in anticipation of you removing all articles at least back to Sept.7th.2005.88.110.19.228 18:06, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote discounted by closing admin. Jtkiefer  T - 18:48, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Aham, Germany

Aham is a municipality in the district of Landshut in Bavaria in Germany. It lies on the river Vils.

title: Aham, Germany


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/USOC (cabling)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECT to Registered jack. -Splash talk 23:59, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

USOC (cabling)
This is only a one-line definition of Universal Service Order Code, which is already covered at registered jack. –radiojon 19:36, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * So redirect it; no need to bother AfD. --Trovatore 19:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's superfluous and unnecessary, which is why I nominated it.  –radiojon 21:33, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect --Rogerd 04:06, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Joaquín Vara de Rey y Rubio

Joaquín Vara de Rey y Rubio (14 August 1841 – 1 July 1898) was a Spanish military officer. He is best known for leading the tenacious defense of El Caney against a massively superior American force during the Spanish–American War.

Military career
Vara de Rey was born on the Balearic island of Ibiza on 14 August 1841. He graduated as a second lieutenant from the Colegio General, rising to the rank of first lieutenant in 1862. During the 1870s he fought the cantonalist uprisings in Cartagena and Valencia and against the Carlists in the Third Carlist War. He requested a transfer to the Philippines in 1884 and remained there until 1890, serving as military political governor of the Mariana Islands and of Zamboanga. In 1891 he was promoted to colonel and returned to Spain, where he was assigned the command of the Ávila garrison.

In 1895, Vara de Rey volunteered for service in Cuba. He commanded the Spanish forces of Bayamo and led his regiment to victory at the Battle of Loma del Gato in which the Spaniards slew revolutionary general José Maceo Grajales, brother of Antonio Maceo Grajales. On 1 July 1898, during the Spanish-American War, Vara de Rey, by then a brigadier general, with only 550 men and two 80mm mountain guns under his command, heroically defended the village of El Caney for ten hours against the almost seven thousand-strong United States Army 2nd Division under brigadier general Henry Ware Lawton. His well-placed defenses centered around small, well-covered blockhouses arranged so that an enemy attack on an individual blockhouse would draw supporting fire from several others. Vara de Rey lost both a brother and a nephew in the battle and was himself mortally wounded in the fighting; only 84 Spanish soldiers survived and retreated to Santiago de Cuba.

Impressed by his generalship, U.S. troops buried Vara de Rey with full military honors. American accounts of the campaign praised the "magnificent courage" of Vara de Rey's soldiers and described the man as "an incomparable leader; a heroic soul." Vara de Rey's remains were repatriated to Spain in November 1898 with American cooperation. He was posthumously awarded the Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand, Spain's highest military decoration.

title: Joaquín Vara de Rey y Rubio


text:
Jorma Katrama

Jorma Kalevi Katrama (5 June 1936 – 2 January 2022) was a Finnish instrumentalist who specialized in violin and double bass. Katrama died on 2 January 2022, at the age of 85.

Solo albums

 * Contrabasso con amore FINLANDIA RECORDS (Warner) 4509-95605-2
 * Contrabasso con bravura 4509-97894-2
 * Contrabasso con sentimento 4509-97894-2
 * Contrabasso concertante 3984-21450-2
 * Contrabass! Warner Korea 3984-21355-2
 * Le charme de la contrebasse ERATO 39842-27082

title: Jorma Katrama


text:
Teterow

Teterow is a town of Germany, in the district of Rostock, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. It is the geographical center of this federal state. It had a population of 8,852 in 2011.

History
The Stadtkirche St. Peter und Paul (St. Peter and St. Paul's Church), was built in 1215 in Late Romanesque and Gothic style.

There are two remaining gates of the ancient city wall: the 14th-century Malchiner Tor (today the seat of the museum of local history), and the Rostocker Tor.

The Marktplatz (Market Square), with the Town Hall, was built in 1910 in Neo-Baroque style.

The "Hechtbrunen" with inscription in "Plattdütsch" (Northgerman dialect). Weck Lüd sünd klauk un weck sünd däsig, un weck dei sünd wat öwernäsig. Lat't ehr spijöken, kinnings lat't, dei Klock hett lürr't, dei Hekt is fat't.

Culture
Thusch - - Theater in der Uhrenschule (Theatre at the Clock factory). A Studio theatre and cinema, existing since 2002. Member of the Landesverbandes Filmkommunikation Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the umbrella organisation of art house cinema and film clubs.

Twin Towns
Teterow is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Bad Segeberg, Germany, since 1990
 * 🇩🇪 Scheeßel, Germany, since 1990
 * 🇵🇱 Białogard, Poland, since 1993
 * 🇭🇺 Kunszentmárton, Hungary, since 1993
 * 🇱🇹 Šiauliai, Lithuania, since 1999
 * 🇸🇪 Sjöbo, Sweden, since 2008

Notable people

 * Gottlieb Kirchhoff (1764–1833), a Russian chemist of German origin; converted starch into a sugar
 * Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783–1850), prominent economist, influential in the field of Economic geography, died locally.
 * Fredrick W. Muller (1848/9-1925), immigrated to the United States in 1872 to Arlington Heights, IL and ran a successful Soda Pop Company Arlington Club Soda with his two sons William and Henry.
 * Herta Bothe (1921-200), Nazi concentration camp guard, war criminal
 * Hans G. Helms (1932–2012), experimental writer, composer, social and economic analyst and critic
 * Horst Klinkmann (born 1935), professor of Internal medicine and nephrology
 * Ulrich Adam (born 1950), politician (CDU), member of the German Bundestag from 1990 to 2009, holder of the Federal Cross of Merit
 * Marcel Gleffe (born 1979), "Saviour of Utøya", saved the lives of 20 people during the 2011 Utøya massacre in Norway

Sport

 * Gerd Kische (born 1951), footballer, played 563 games for FC Hansa Rostock and 28 for East Germany
 * Jana Schmidt (born 1972), a Paralympian athlete, bronze medallist at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
 * René Lange (born 1988), footballer, played over 300 games

title: Teterow