text:
Talk:List of highways in Western Australia

earlier comments
This article should be merged into List of highways in Western Australia List of Perth major roads as it's probably a better title than this one. -- —Moondyne 15:48, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Disagree - Though I personally think the Perth Major Roads Article should be made into its own article, and the rural routes be separated into a separate article. Highways of WA in keeping with the rest of Australia should stick as a list of highway-named roads in Western Australia. Boochan 13:54, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above statement was worded incorrectly by me. List of Perth major roads currently has about 50% on rural roads which doesn't make any sense.  Are you sugegsting something like List of Western Australian rural roads?  But then where do you put things like Route 94: Victoria Park to Norseman? Perth or rural or both? You'd then have 3 articles, all with overlaps.  A better option might be to rename List of Perth major roads to List of major roads in Western Australia, and keep List of highways in Western Australia as is. -- —Moondyne 14:22, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for Clarifying that. That organisation sounds a lot better as long as are sections are set-up for Metro & Country Roads, which they should be. I will try and work a bit moreso on the page as it is a mess and the information on it is generally too sparse. I have already done an article on the Mitchell Freeway with more to come on as many major roads as I can cover =) Boochan 08:55, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Great - and apologies for butting in on an article that you've obviously been working on hard and I've done nothing! One other thing though - and I should have raised this before - is it really a "list of major roads" or is it a "list of routes".  But maybe that's being pedantic. :) -- —Moondyne 09:38, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems to have started as generally a list of routes. Unless I scour a few more sources, and these routes are generally major roads around the city. I will probably next add a note that its generally just routes because not many new areas (just look at the freeways) have assigned route numbers because main roads/city councils/govt don't care + us, the people of WA and Australia in general don't rely on route numbers like the americans do =) Boochan 11:50, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

List of Perth major roads originally started to be a list of roads in the Perth metro area, but of course now that I think about it, it is hard to decide where the metro area actually really ends since it keeps extending outwards; it would be hard to decide which roads to include or not include. I agree that it might be better (and less ambiguous) to keep List of Perth major roads as a list of routes as it was orignally intended to be and change the name as well to match the change. Agree with Ian that List of highways in Western Australia should be kept as it is. Sandstorm6299 15:55, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

I Personally think it ends past Yanchep & Such, depending on what you think on the Coast - Either that or Quinns/Butler. Muchea is probably more outskirts rural as is Bullsbrook, Chittering and such to include as the Perth Area. Boochan 09:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Freeways
I see freeways have been removed. Why? -- —Moondyne 12:42, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * huh? They're still on this as far as I can see. I also created a List of Perth Highways for some of the highways localized within the Perth Metro area and some of the major ones (Gt Eastern, Albany) that are used in the Perth Area. This is based on how Melbourne Wikipedians do there Road-Based Articles (Freeways in Melb, Highways in Melb, and copied for Victoria). I have detailed the Mitchell & Kwinana Freeway from there stubs or articles low on detail before and Trisreed has completed the Polly + others with minor details & pictures. The Freeway Articles are now complete as is a category ( Kwinana Freeway, Mitchell Freeway, Graham Farmer Freeway ) . I will try and do some Fuller Perth Highway articles now since the only one done is the Roe Highway, albeit very messy (I tagged it with stub & attention) and none of the other Perth Highways even have articles. As I said before, Pictures are appreciated (thanx to all who have provided already).

 * Are we talking about the same thing? Mitchell Freeway, Kwinana Freeway and Graham Farmer Freeway are not in this list, at least from what I can see. They were though and removed here .  Also, you say you created List of Perth Highways which is a red link in my browser. -- —Moondyne 14:26, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Whoops - List of Highways in Perth - I have not yet done all the redirects =) Boochan 07:08, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

State routes
Is there a page for numbered state routes in WA (as opposed to highways)? For example, SR 40 runs from Kelmscott to Ravensthorpe (including the Brookton Hwy), making it a different road from the highway. I rewrote the Brookton Highway page this arvo, and added a heap of stuff about SR 40 in general (Wave Rock etc), but it doesn't exactly fit in an article about the highway. Many of the state routes can't really be described as highways, because they're too narrow and under-maintained (for example SR 115, the Northam-Pithara Road), but they're still important roads in WA. What I think there should be is a list page of all state routes, from SR 2 (Mitchell / Kwinana Fwy) to SR 123 (Geraldton - Mt Magnet Rd). Does such a thing exist?

Bird of paradox 09:43, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Buntine Highway
The Buntine Hwy is listed as SR 96, however this is a NT State Route not a WA one, and according to maps ends at the border. Should this have the SR shield next to its listing? Tazkal (talk) 08:13, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Could someone create a National Route 96, as oppose to a SR 96 to be uploaded where SR 96 is stated. Thanks! --Rom rulz424 (talk) 12:25, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

Outback tracks pass through restricted areas
The Outback tracks section says:

We need to clarify what is meant by "restricted areas". Possibly they are Indigenous Protected Areas, some of which require a permit for non-Indigenous visitors. Mitch Ames (talk) 13:09, 4 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of highways in Western Australia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131125192535/http://www.environment.gov.au/indigenous/ipa/visiting.html to http://www.environment.gov.au/indigenous/ipa/visiting.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:17, 30 December 2017 (UTC)


text:
Chiavari

Chiavari (Ciävai ) is a seaside comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Genoa, in Italy. It has about 28,000 inhabitants. It has a beachside promenade and a marina and is situated near the river Entella.

Pre-Roman and Roman Era
A pre-Roman necropolis, which dates from the 8th to 7th century BC, has been uncovered in the area where Chiavari is located now. Chiavari grew up on the traces of a Roman camp on the Via Aurelia.

Medieval Era
A castle was constructed in 1147. The old town contains numerous arcades and buildings from the 13th century, including a castle, several mansions, and the nearby Church of San Salvatore di Lavagna, which was founded in 1224 by Innocent IV.

The cathedral was rebuilt in 1613. Famous as a center of humanism, Chiavari has a public library with a collection of manuscripts and incunabula. After the discovery of the conspiracy of the Fieschi, in 1542, and the capture of Chiavari by the Counts of Lavagna, the town suffered greatly, being associated with the conspirators. Among its illustrious citizens were Luca Cantiano di Moneglia, founder of an art academy, and Giuseppe Gregorio Solari, translator of many Latin poets.

19th century
From 1805 to 1814, Chiavari served as the capital of the short-lived Apennins Departments of France of the First French Empire. Chiavari is the home of the Chiavari chair designed in 1807 by a local, Giuseppe Gaetano Descalzi. The chair was a success and led to the opening of many factories in Chiavari and surrounding towns.

Chiavari railway station was opened in 1868; it provides an underground passageway between the town centre and the beachside promenades.

20th century
The Colonia Fara building was built in 1935 during the Fascist regime.

Sports
In 2014, the local football team Virtus Entella were promoted to the Italian Serie B for the first time in their history. They were relegated back to the third tier in 2018.

Notable people

 * Nelson le Follet

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chiavari


text:
Jack Brisco

Freddie Joe "Jack" Brisco (September 21, 1941 – February 1, 2010) was an American amateur wrestler and professional wrestler. As an amateur for Oklahoma State, Brisco was two-time All-American and won the NCAA Division I national championship. He turned pro shortly after and performed for various territories of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), becoming a two-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion, and multi-time NWA World Tag Team Champion with his brother Gerald Brisco.

Brisco is considered one of the greatest wrestlers of his era. Legendary champion Lou Thesz described him as "one of the toughest and most highly skilled wrestlers of the last 50 years". Don Leo Jonathan called him "probably the greatest champion of the 20th century." In the late 1970s, the Brisco brothers discovered Terry Bollea, the future wrestling legend best known as Hulk Hogan, whom they introduced to Hiro Matsuda for training.

Amateur wrestling career
Brisco was raised in Blackwell, Oklahoma, with five siblings. He grew up as a fan of professional wrestling, and particularly a fan of Lou Thesz, Danny Hodge and Dick Hutton. Brisco started wrestling in high school and was a three-time state champion at Blackwell, Oklahoma. He was also an all-state fullback on the high school football team. He was followed by his younger brother, Gerald Brisco, into sport wrestling and turned down a football scholarship at University of Oklahoma to go to Oklahoma State. During his junior year in 1964, he was NCAA runner-up in the 191 lbs weight class. In 1965, he improved on his finish, and by doing so became the first part Native American to win an NCAA Wrestling National Championship. During this senior campaign, he wasn't taken down once during the entire season.

Early years (1965–1969)
Brisco's first documented professional wrestling championship reign began on October 16, 1965, when he defeated Don Kent to win the NWA Missouri Junior Heavyweight Championship. He held the belt for less than a month, and regained it in November by defeating Kent again. Around this time, Brisco also wrestled for NWA Tri-State. While there, he won a couple of state titles (the Oklahoma Heavyweight Championship and the Arkansas Heavyweight Championship). He also won his first tag team title in this promotion, teaming with Haystacks Calhoun for his first reign as co-holder of the Tri-State version of the NWA United States Tag Team Championship. He later held the title again, as he teamed with Gorgeous George, Jr. to win the belts on May 9, 1967.

Championship Wrestling from Florida (1969–1972)
Brisco then moved to the Florida area, where he wrestled for Championship Wrestling from Florida for several years. His first title there was the NWA Florida Southern Heavyweight Championship, which he won on February 11, 1969, by defeating The Missouri Mauler. He dropped the title to the Mauler and regained it on July 8. Two weeks later, he won the first of an eventual ten NWA Florida Tag Team Championships, with Ciclon Negro. Although he and Negro dropped the tag team belts the following month, Brisco held the Southern Heavyweight Title until November 1969, when he left the area to wrestle in Japan and Australia.

When Brisco returned to Florida, he began teaming with his brother, who he had trained in professional wrestling. He also continued competing as a singles wrestler, winning the NWA Florida Television Championship on November 27, 1970. On February 16, 1971, the Briscos teamed up to win the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship. They dropped the belts the next month to Dory Funk, Jr. and Terry Funk and regained them from the Funks in April. That month, Brisco also beat Terry Funk in a singles match to win the NWA Florida Television Championship again. Brisco's next major success was regaining the Southern Heavyweight Championship from Dick Murdoch on June 8, 1971. The title was later held up after a controversial rematch with Murdoch.

Brisco then took a short break from Florida wrestling to work for Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling. While there, he won the NWA Eastern States Heavyweight Championship twice by defeating The Missouri Mauler and Rip Hawk.

Upon his return to Florida, he quickly won the NWA Florida Brass Knuckles Championship from Paul Jones on June 13, 1972, and vacated it the same day. He then won his third and final Television Championship on November 7, 1972. Nine days later, he won the Tag Team Championship, again with his brother.

NWA World Heavyweight Champion (1973–1975)
Brisco's first NWA World Heavyweight Championship win was scheduled to be over Dory Funk Jr., capping off a multi-year feud. However, Dory claimed to be injured in a truck accident and missed the scheduled date. Brisco and Terry Funk were sent out to make the bookings that were already scheduled for Brisco, and Dory later lost the title to Harley Race. Brisco and several others within the NWA power structure always questioned the legitimacy of the accident, claiming Dory Funk Sr. did not want his son to lose to a "pure" wrestler and harm his credibility Brisco won the title from Race after a brief reign, in Houston, Texas, on July 20, 1973. He defended the championship in NWA-affiliated promotions across the world facing top names like Johnny Valentine, Stan Stasiak, Abdullah The Butcher, Gene Kiniski, The Sheik and Bobby Shane until losing to Giant Baba on December 4, 1974. He regained it four days later. Brisco then defended the title until losing it to Terry Funk on December 10, 1975. His loss continued the extensive feud between the Briscos and Funks, which went on for several more years. During his initial reign as champion, Brisco toured Australia where he successfully defended his title against local favorite, Spiros Arion.

Various territories (1976–1977)
In 1976, Brisco wrestled in several promotions and continued to add to his list of titles. He won the Memphis version of the NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship on August 10, 1976, by defeating local favorite Jerry Lawler. He won the NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship from Bob Backlund on November 26. At this time, the Briscos were also awarded the ESA International Tag Team Championship, although they did not wrestle as a team in the area.

Return to CWF (1977–1978)
Wrestling in Florida again, Brisco teamed with his brother to win several more championships. In 1977, they defeated Bob Orton, Jr. and Bob Roop for the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Ox Baker and Superstar Billy Graham and soon regained it in a rematch. On January 25, 1978, they won the belts again by defeating Ivan Koloff and Mr. Saito. While holding these belts, they also won the NWA Florida United States Tag Team Championship on February 21, from Mike Graham and Steve Keirn. They dropped the United States tag belts back to Graham and Keirn but soon regained them. They were defeated for the United States title by Killer Karl Kox and Bobby Duncum, and were again successful in regaining it in a rematch. The same thing happened when the Briscos faced Mr. Saito and Mr. Sato that year: they lost the belts and quickly won them back. The Briscos also defeated Saito and Sato to regain the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship. The following year, another victory over Saito and Sato earned the Briscos their final United States Tag Team Championship reign.

Georgia Championship Wrestling (1978–1980)
The Briscos also had success in Georgia Championship Wrestling, where they won the NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship twice. They competed in a tournament for the tag team belts and finished in second place after a loss to the Funks. They defeated the Funks for the belts two months later. On November 25, 1979, the Briscos defeated Austin Idol and The Masked Superstar to win the belts a second time. Jack gave up his share of the title, however, to Ole Anderson. Later that year, Brisco became the first NWA National Heavyweight Champion by defeating Terry Funk in a tournament final.

Second return to CWF (1980–1982)
In 1980, Brisco resumed wrestling in Florida. He won the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship again, teaming with Jimmy Garvin this time. After losing the belts, Brisco teamed with his brother to win them for a final time.

In 1981, Brisco won his final Southern Heavyweight Championship by defeating Bobby Jaggers. He finished his time in Florida with two reigns as co-holder of Florida's version of the NWA North American Tag Team Championship. He and his brother won a tournament to win their first title, defeating Assassin #1 and Bobby Jaggers in the finals. They lost the belts to the Funks on January 9, 1982, and regained them in a rematch one week later.

Puerto Rico and Mid-Atlantic (1981–1984)
Brisco also wrestled in Puerto Rico in 1981, for the World Wrestling Council. He won the WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship on May 30, and held it for almost seven months. He teamed with his brother to win the WWC North American Tag Team Championship from Los Pastores (better known as The Bushwhackers) on August 8, holding it for six weeks before dropping it to The Fabulous Kangaroos. Brisco also returned to Missouri in 1981, defeating Ted DiBiase to win a second NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship. He held the belt for three weeks before losing it to Ken Patera.

In 1982, Brisco returned to Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling. He regained the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (formerly called the NWA Eastern States Heavyweight Championship) by defeating Roddy Piper on May 10, 1982. He dropped the title back to Piper on July 7 and regained it in August. After his matches with Piper, Brisco traded the title back and forth with Paul Jones several times. He lost the belt to Jones on September 1 and won it back on October 18. Jones won the belt again a week later, and dropped it back to Brisco in November.

Brisco teamed with his brother to win the Mid-Atlantic version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship three times. As heels, they beat Ricky Steamboat and Jay Youngblood for the belts on June 18, 1983. This set up a rivalry in which the belts switched hands several times. Steamboat and Youngblood regained the belts on October 3, but the Briscos won them back on October 21. They held the title for a little over a month before dropping it back to Steamboat and Youngblood. The Briscos again won the belts the following year, from Wahoo McDaniel and Mark Youngblood.

World Wrestling Federation (1984–1985)
The Briscos acquired minority interests in Georgia Championship Wrestling and, in 1984, convinced a majority (52%) of the shareholders to sell their shares to Vince McMahon, enabling him to increase his dominance of the professional wrestling world. The popular story that the Briscos were offered lifetime jobs with the WWF in exchange for selling their interests in Georgia Championship Wrestling was refuted by Jack Brisco in a 1996 interview for Wrestling Perspective.

On December 28, 1984, the Briscos challenged the North-South Connection (Adrian Adonis and Dick Murdoch) for the WWF Tag Team Championship in Madison Square Garden. The match ended in a double count-out, and was Jack Brisco's last high-profile bout.

Jack left the business entirely in February 1985, at the age of 43, after becoming disillusioned with the direction of the sport, citing a lack of amateur wrestlers in the professional ranks and the growing reliance on soap opera storylines.

Post retirement and death
Brisco was inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2005. Brisco lived in Florida where he ran the Brisco Brothers Body Shop with brothers Gerald and Bill for over 30 years. He has also made occasional wrestling appearances such as Florida's Wrestle Reunion in January 2005. Brisco is considered one of the great legendary wrestlers of the 1970s and has often been cited as such by Ric Flair during his emotional promos. Brisco and his brother Gerald were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2008.

Over the final few years of his life Jack suffered from bouts of pneumonia and back problems. He had been a heavy smoker. On February 1, 2010, Brisco died at the age of 68 from complications of open heart surgery. He was survived by his wife of over 30 years. At the time of his death, he was being treated under the caring of his friend, fellow retired wrestler-turned-nurse Bugsy McGraw.

Amateur wrestling

 * Collegiate/High School
 * Oklahoma State Wrestling Heavyweight Champion (3 times)
 * National Collegiate Athletic Association
 * NCAA Division I All-American (1964–1965)
 * NCAA Division I Champion 191 lb (1965)
 * Big Eight Conference Championships (2 times)

Professional wrestling

 * Cauliflower Alley Club
 * Lou Thesz Award (2005)
 * Other honoree (1996)
 * Championship Wrestling from Florida
 * NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (8 times)
 * NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Florida version) (1 time)
 * NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (10 times) – with Gerry Brisco (8), Ciclon Negro (1), and Jimmy Garvin (1)
 * NWA Florida Television Championship (3 times)
 * NWA North American Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (2 times) – with Gerry Brisco
 * NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) (4 times)
 * NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (5 times) – with Gerry Brisco
 * Eastern Sports Association
 * ESA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Gerry Brisco
 * George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2001
 * Georgia Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Gerry Brisco
 * NWA National Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Gulf Coast Louisiana Championship (1 time)
 * Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Eastern States Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (3 times) – with Gerry Brisco
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Champion Carnival Technique Prize (1981)
 * NWA Hall of Fame (class of 2010)
 * NWA Mid-America
 * NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Memphis version) (1 time)
 * NWA Tri-State
 * NWA Arkansas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Oklahoma Heavyweight Championship x1
 * NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Tri-State version) (2 times) – with Haystacks Calhoun (1) and Gorgeous George, Jr. (1)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI Match of the Year (1974) vs. Dory Funk, Jr. on January 27
 * PWI Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (1972) tied with Fred Curry
 * PWI Wrestler of the Year (1973)
 * PWI Stanley Wetson Award (2017)
 * PWI ranked him # 54 of the 100 best tag teams during the "PWI Years" with Gerry Brisco in 2003.
 * PWI ranked him #67 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
 * Class of 2005
 * St. Louis Wrestling Club
 * NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * NWA Missouri Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2008
 * World Wrestling Council
 * WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * WWC North American Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Gerry Brisco
 * World Wrestling Entertainment
 * WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2008)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (2023) - with Gerald Brisco

title: Jack Brisco


text:
Atmospheric icing

Atmospheric icing occurs in the atmosphere when water droplets suspended in air freeze on objects they come in contact with. It is not the same as freezing rain, which is caused directly by precipitation. Icing conditions can be particularly dangerous to aircraft, as the built-up ice changes the aerodynamics of the flight surfaces and airframe, which can increase the risk of a stall and potentially accidents. For this reason, on-board ice protection systems have been developed on aircraft intended to fly through these conditions.

Water does not always freeze at 0 °C. Water that persists in liquid state below this temperature is said to be supercooled, and supercooled water droplets cause icing on aircraft. Below −20 °C, icing is rare because clouds at these temperatures usually consist of ice particles rather than supercooled water droplets. Below −48 °C, supercooled water always freezes; therefore, icing is impossible.

Atmospheric icing also occurs on towers, wind turbines, boats, oil rigs, and trees. Unmanned aircraft are particularly sensitive to icing. In cold climates, particularly those at higher elevations, atmospheric icing is common in winter as elevated terrain interacts with supercooled clouds that can cause icing on contact. Ice loads are a major cause of catastrophic failures of overhead electrical power lines, as power lines can break under the sheer weight of accumulated ice. Therefore, estimation of maximum potential ice load is crucial in the structural design of power line systems to withstand ice loads, and this can be done with numerical icing models and examples that include meteorological data.

title: Atmospheric icing


text:
User talk:Joemill2

hi joey. you might want to move the recently created article about yourself to User:Joemill2. while there are some notable Wikipedians who warrant an article in the main namespace, most of prefer to have our personal bios listed in our personal user space. Nateji77 06:56, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi, I've moved it for you. Please don't create articles about yourself in the main article space. If you are notable enough to merit an article, someone will write one about you. Thanks --Doc (?) 07:58, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joemill2


text: Category:Individual oak trees

title: Category:Individual oak trees


text:
The Who, What, or Where Game

The Who, What, or Where Game is an American television game show that was broadcast weekdays on NBC from December 29, 1969, to January 4, 1974. The host was Art James, and the announcer was Mike Darow; Ron Greenberg packaged the show, which was recorded in NBC studios 6A and 8H in Rockefeller Plaza in New York City.

Rules
Three contestants, one usually a returning champion, competed.

Each player was spotted $125 at the start of the game and used that money to wager on their knowledge of the questions presented. Each category (which dealt in various subjects; one category per game usually "Pot Luck," with random questions) had three question choices: a who question (dealing with people), a what question (dealing with things), and a where question (dealing with places). Each question had odds attached to it depending on the difficulty of the question. Easy questions paid off at even (1:1) odds, noted by an E under the question, but more difficult questions offered higher odds, usually 2:1 or 3:1. Each question was read only once.

Originally players could wager up to $25 for first round questions and $50 for second round questions, but this was later changed to $50 for the entire game. Answering correctly won the amount of the wager multiplied by the odds while only the amount of the wager was taken away for a wrong answer. If a player's score dropped to zero during any point in the game, that player was eliminated from further play.

The contestant who made the highest wager for any given question was given the right to answer it. If two or more contestants picked the same category and wagered the same amount, James put the question up for auction with the tied contestants now being able to wager up to their entire score if they desired. Bidding continued until one player elected to let the opposing player answer. In the rare case that the auction failed to break the deadlock, both contestants would write their answers down.

Later in the show's run, a "lightning round" category was played (known as the "3 W's Quick Round"), in which players buzzed in on rapid-fire questions for 60 seconds. This was the only time when any buzz-in technique was used in the game.

After all rounds had been played, the three players played the "Pot Limit" round with one final category. Once again, the category and question odds would be displayed for the contestants. However, players could wager any or all of their scores. Whoever was ahead at the end of the game was declared champion and returned the next show, with each player leaving with the money he or she had earned. A champion could return for a maximum of five days.

Later in its run, The Who, What, or Where Game instituted a monthly car giveaway contest in which the champion with the highest winnings also received a new car.

Broadcast history
The show was part of a block of daytime games on NBC during the early 1970s, which began with Concentration at 10:30 a.m. Eastern Time and continued to Three on a Match at 1:30 p.m. Most of these games were known for emphasizing game play over prizes, which were intentionally small due to memories of the quiz show scandals of the 1950s. The Who, What, or Where Game ran at 12:30 p.m./11:30 a.m. Central, opposite Search for Tomorrow on CBS, and sitcom reruns, soap operas, and the games Password and Split Second on ABC. Because NBC ran a five-minute newscast anchored by either Floyd Kalber or Edwin Newman at 12:55 p.m. (before a 30-minute affiliate break), The Who, What, or Where Game only ran 25 minutes each day, instead of the customary 30. Similar to Jeopardy!, which preceded it at 12 Noon/11 a.m. Central, The Who, What, or Where Game proved to be an effective stablemate to its lead-in.

The Who, What, or Where Game succeeded a short-lived show called Name Droppers, hosted by Los Angeles-area disc jockeys Al Lohman and Roger Barkley; it was succeeded in turn by Jackpot. Coincidentally, The Who, What, or Where Game announcer Darow would later host a Canadian-produced revival of Jackpot that aired between 1985 and 1988 on the USA Network.

After an unsuccessful attempt to revive the series in 1988 with a failed pilot called The New Who, What or Where Game, Ron Greenberg later reformatted the show as The Challengers, hosted by Dick Clark. The Challengers incorporated elements from The Who, What, or Where Game alongside a mix of topical questions in categories dealing with current events.

Jonathan Lethem's 2013 novel Dissident Gardens has as part of its plot a character who appears on this show, which is mentioned by name, as is host Art James.

Music
The music for The Who, What, or Where Game was written by George David Weiss. According to an audio clip from a 1973 episode, at least the closing theme had been changed before the end of program's run, but no further information has materialized.

Home editions
Milton Bradley produced two home editions of The Who, What, or Where Game. The home game format was almost identical to that of the show, fairly unusual for board games of television shows of that era.

Other versions
From September 8 to December 15, 1973, a short-lived British version aired on BBC1, hosted by David Jacobs. This version had some differences from the American program; the most obvious being that it dealt with literature, instead of just general knowledge. The series winner competed on an episode of the NBC version.

title: The Who, What, or Where Game


text:
Sheila Johnson

Sheila Crump Johnson (born January 25, 1949) is an American billionaire businesswoman, co-founder of BET, and CEO of Salamander Hotels and Resorts.

Johnson is a vice chairman and partner of Monumental Sports & Entertainment, a professional sports holding company which manages the Washington Capitals (NHL), the Washington Wizards (NBA), and the Washington Mystics (WNBA). Johnson is CEO of Salamander Hospitality, a company she founded in 2005. Salamander's portfolio includes: Reunion Resort located in Reunion, Florida; The Innisbrook Resort and Golf Club, a 900 acre, 72 hole PGA tour golf course in Palm Harbor, FL; Hotel Bennett in Charleston, South Carolina; Half Moon in Montego Bay, Jamaica; Aurora Anguilla in British West Indies; and The Salamander Resort & Spa in the Blue Ridge Mountains in Middleburg, Virginia.

Early life
Sheila Johnson was born on January 25, 1949 in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, the daughter of a neurosurgeon father who worked for the Veterans Administration, and an accountant mother.

While attending Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois she was a cheerleader, serving as captain of the varsity squad in her senior year. She graduated from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

Philanthropy
Johnson is a Global Ambassador for CARE, a humanitarian organization fighting global poverty. Her initiative called Sheila's I Am Powerful Challenge was created to support the empowerment of women in fighting poverty and it raised over $8 million in 2007. She serves as chair of the Board of Governors of Parsons The New School for Design in New York and funded the opening of the Sheila C. Johnson Design Center, combining classrooms, public program spaces and galleries. She sits on the boards of VH1's Save the Music Foundation, Americans for the Arts, the School of Education and Human Development Foundation (formerly the Curry School of Education) at the University of Virginia, and the University of Illinois Foundation. Johnson is also the Ambassador for the Healthy Site Institute, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of Sigma Alpha Iota music fraternity.

Film
Johnson's first film, Kicking It, premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival in Park City, UT. She served as sole executive producer on her second film, A Powerful Noise, which premiered at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival in New York.

Personal life
For 33 years from 1969 to 2002, Sheila Johnson was married to Robert L. Johnson. Together they founded the entertainment network BET. They sold the company to Viacom in 1999. They have two children.

In an interview, Sheila Johnson said she herself is "ashamed" of what the BET has become. "I don't watch it. I suggest to my kids that they don't watch it," she said. "When we started BET, it was going to be the Ebony magazine on television. We had public affairs programming. We had news... I had a show called Teen Summit, we had a large variety of programming, but the problem is that then the video revolution started up... And then something started happening, and I didn't like it at all. And I remember during those days we would sit up and watch these videos and decide which ones were going on and which ones were not. We got a lot of backlash from recording artists... and we had to start showing them. I didn't like the way women were being portrayed in these videos."

After her divorce from Robert L. Johnson in 2002, she was estimated to be worth about $670 million. In 2009, Forbes magazine estimated her net worth to be $400 million. In May 2017, Johnson's net worth was placed at $750 million.

On September 24, 2005, she married Arlington County Circuit Court Chief Judge William T. Newman, who had presided over her 2002 divorce. The couple first met three decades earlier when they acted in a play together.

In 2007 Johnson was honored as one of the Library of Virginia's "Virginia Women in History" for her career and her contributions to society.

Johnson is a Democrat, although in 2009 she endorsed Republican Virginia gubernatorial candidate Bob McDonnell. In early October 2009, Johnson mocked the stutter of Democratic gubernatorial candidate Creigh Deeds at a rally for McDonnell's campaign. She later apologized.

In April 2010, Johnson condemned Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell for his proclamation honoring Confederate History Month because it omitted any reference to slavery.

In April 2021, Johnson along with Washington Commanders team president Jason Wright formed the Inclusive Growth Strategy Council within the Greater Washington Partnership.

Awards
Recognized as an Eleanor Roosevelt Val-Kill Medalist in 2012, Johnson was honored as an individual whose far-reaching influence has made our world a better place.

In 2018, she received the Lincoln Medal which is given by Ford's Theatre Society to those who, through their body of work, accomplishments or personal attributes, exemplify the lasting legacy and mettle of character embodied by Abraham Lincoln. In 2019, The Lincoln Academy of Illinois granted Johnson the Order of Lincoln award, the highest honor bestowed by the State of Illinois. That same year, the Women's Sports Foundation honored Johnson with the Billie Jean King Leadership Award.

title: Sheila Johnson


text:
Gojūon

In the Japanese language, the gojūon (五十音) is a traditional system ordering kana characters by their component phonemes, roughly analogous to alphabetical order. The "fifty" (gojū) in its name refers to the 5×10 grid in which the characters are displayed. Each kana, which may be a hiragana or katakana character, corresponds to one sound in Japanese. As depicted at the right using hiragana characters, the sequence begins with あ (a), い (i), う (u), え (e), お (o), then continues with か (ka), き (ki), く (ku), け (ke), こ (ko), and so on and so forth for a total of ten rows of five columns.

Although nominally containing 50 characters, the grid is not completely filled, and, further, there is an extra character added outside the grid at the end: with 5 gaps and 1 extra character, the current number of distinct kana in a moraic chart in modern Japanese is therefore 46. Some of these gaps have always existed as gaps in sound: there was no yi or wu even in Old Japanese, with the kana for i and u doubling up for those phantom values. Ye persisted long enough for kana to be developed for it, but disappeared in Early Middle Japanese, having merged with e. Much later, with the spelling reforms after World War II, the kana for wi and we were replaced with i and e, the sounds they had merged with. The kana for moraic n (hiragana ん) is not part of the grid, as it was introduced long after the gojūon ordering was devised. (Previously mu (hiragana む) was used for this sound.)

The gojūon contains all the basic kana, but it does not include:
 * versions of kana with a dakuten such as が (ga) or だ (da), or kana with handakuten such as ぱ (pa) or ぷ (pu),
 * smaller kana (sutegana), such as the sokuon (っ) or in the yōon (ゃ,ゅ,ょ).

The gojūon order is the prevalent system for collating Japanese in Japan. For example, dictionaries are ordered using this method. Other systems used are the iroha ordering, and, for kanji, the radical ordering.

History
The gojūon arrangement is thought to have been influenced by both the Siddham script used for writing Sanskrit and the Chinese fanqie system.

The monk Kūkai introduced the Siddhaṃ script to Japan in 806 on his return from China. Belonging to the Brahmic family of scripts, the Sanskrit ordering of letters was used for it. Buddhist monks who invented katakana chose to use the word order of Sanskrit and Siddham, since important Buddhist writings were written with those alphabets.

In an unusual set of events, although it uses Sanskrit organization (grid, with order of consonants and vowels), it also uses the Chinese order of writing (in columns, right-to-left).

The order of consonants and vowels, and the grid layout, originates in Sanskrit shiksha (śikṣā, Hindu phonetics and phonology), and Brāhmī script, as reflected throughout the Brahmic family of scripts. Specifically, the consonants are ordered from the back to the front of the mouth (velar to labial).

The Sanskrit was written left-to-right, with vowels changing in rows, not columns; writing the grid vertically follows Chinese writing convention.

Discrepancies
There are three ways in which the grid does not exactly accord with Sanskrit ordering of Modern Japanese; that is because the grid is based on Old Japanese, and some sounds have changed in the interim.

s/さ
What is now s/さ was previously pronounced either or, hence its location corresponding to Sanskrit ; in Sanskrit  appears towards the end of the list.

h/は
Kana starting with h (e.g. は), b (e.g. ば) and p (e.g. ぱ) are placed where p/b are in Sanskrit (in Sanskrit, h is at the end) and the diacritics do not follow the usual pattern: p/b (as in Sanskrit) is the usual unvoiced/voiced pattern, and has different articulation. This is because was previously, and pronouncing  as  is recent.

(More detail at Old Japanese: Consonants; in brief: prior to Old Japanese, modern was presumably, as in Ryukyuan languages. Proto-Japanese is believed to have split into Old Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages in the Yamato period (250–710). In Old Japanese (from 9th century) and on to the 17th century,  was pronounced . The earliest evidence was from 842, by the monk Ennin, writing in the Zaitōki that Sanskrit  is more labial than Japanese. The Portuguese later transcribed the は-row as fa/fi/fu/fe/fo.)

n/ん
Moraic n (ん) was not present in Old Japanese (it developed following Chinese borrowings), does not fit with other characters due to having no vowel, and thus is attached at the end of the grid, as in Sanskrit treatment of miscellaneous characters.

Examples

The earliest example of a gojūon-style layout dates from a manuscript known as Kujakukyō Ongi (孔雀経音義) dated c. 1004–1028. In contrast, the earliest example of the alternative iroha ordering is from the 1079 text Konkōmyō Saishōōkyō Ongi (金光明最勝王経音義).

Gojūon ordering was first used for a dictionary in the 1484 Onkochishinsho (温故知新書); following this use, gojūon and iroha were both used for a time, but today gojūon is more prevalent.

Today the gojūon system forms the basis of input methods for Japanese mobile phones – each key corresponds to a column in the gojūon, while the number of presses determines the row. For example, the '2' button corresponds to the ka-column (ka, ki, ku, ke, ko), and the button is pressed repeatedly to get the intended kana.

Table
In each entry, the top entry is the hiragana, the second entry is the corresponding katakana, the third entry is the Hepburn romanization of the kana, and the fourth entry is the pronunciation written in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Please see Japanese phonology for more details on the individual sounds.

 * 1) ^ These kana are no longer in common use. Wi and we kana were included in the 1900 standard for kana but removed by subsequent orthographic reforms. Kana for writing explicit yi, ye and wu sounds were given by some nineteenth century textbooks but were not included in the 1900 standard. Since e and ye existed as different phonemes in historic Japanese literature (having since merged), some specialised scholarly works use え/𛀀 (from the man'yōgana character 衣) to transcribe e and 𛀁/エ (from man'yōgana 江, where エ is the modern Katakana e) to transcribe ye. These five are normally replaced with the plain vowel kana いうえ (イウエ) in the charts that Japanese use, but that has not been done here to avoid confusion.

The rows are referred to as dan (段), and the columns as gyō (行). They are named for their first entry, thus the rows are (top to bottom) あ段、い段、う段、え段、お段 while the columns are (right to left) あ行、か行、さ行、た行、な行、は行、ま行、や行、ら行、わ行. These are sometimes written in katakana, such as ア行, and conspicuously used when referring to Japanese verb conjugation – for example, the verb "read" (読む) is of "ma-column 5-class conjugation" (マ行五段活用) type.

Ordering of variant kana
In the ordering based on the gojūon, smaller versions of kana are treated in the same way as full-size versions:
 * The sokuon, the small kana tsu, is ordered at the same position as the large tsu. When the words are otherwise identical, it goes after them. For example,
 * まつ,　まったく,　まつば,　まとう　(matsu, mattaku, matsuba, matou)
 * Yōon sounds are ordered in the same positions as the full-sized sounds. When the words are otherwise identical, they collate after them. For example,
 * きや,　きゃ,　きやく,　きゃく,　きゆ　(kiya, kya, kiyaku, kyaku, kiyu).

Voiced versions (those with a dakuten) are classified under their unvoiced versions; If the words are otherwise identical, the voiced version is placed after the unvoiced; handakuten are placed after dakuten. For example,
 * すす,　すず,　すすき,　すすぎ,　すずき,　すすむ,　すずむ　(susu, suzu, susuki, susugi, suzuki, susumu, suzumu).

and
 * は,　ば,　ぱ　(ha, ba, pa)

Mnemonics
To remember the gojūon, various mnemonics have been devised. For example,
 * Ah, Kana Signs: Take Note How Many You Read Well.

The first letters in such phrases give the ordering of the non-voiced initial sounds.

For vowel ordering, the vowel sounds in the following English phrase may be used as a mnemonic:
 * Ah, we soon get old.

The vowel sounds in the English words approximate the Japanese vowels: a, i, u, e, o.

title: Gojūon


text:
Renato Curcio

Renato Curcio (born 23 September 1941) is a former terrorist, and the former leader of the Italian far-left terrorist organization, the Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse, responsible among other facts of the kidnapping and murder of the former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro).

Early life
Born of an extramarital affair between Renato Zampa (brother of film director Luigi Zampa) and Jolanda Curcio, Curcio was born at Monterotondo, in the province of Rome. His early years were a difficult time for him and his mother, a housemaid, whose itinerant positions with families required long separations. In April 1945, Curcio's beloved uncle, Armando, a Fiat auto worker, was murdered in a fascist ambush. The death of Uncle Armando caused Curcio to develop a hatred towards the Nazis and fascists. Although, he is also alleged to have been a member of the Neofascist group Jeune Europe.

A poor student, Curcio failed several subjects in his first year of high school and had to repeat the year. He then resumed vocational training classes until moving to Milan to live with his mother. He enrolled in the Ferrini Institute in Albenga, where he became a model student. During this period he was active in youth organization "Giovane nazione".

On completing his degree in 1962, he won a scholarship to study at the new and innovative Institute of Sociology at the University of Trento, where he became absorbed in existential philosophy. During the mid-1960s, he gravitated toward radical politics and Marxism as a byproduct of his interest in existentialism and the self. By the late 1960s, he had become a committed revolutionary and Marxist theoretician. In addition to Marxism, Curcio also studied the philosophies of Lenin and Mao, further influencing his leftist ideology. In 1967, Curcio would create a "counter-university" at the University of Trento, which focused on teaching courses that were the polar opposite from what was actually being taught at the university, including anti-capitalism, revolution, and Maoist thought.

According to Alessandro Silj, three political events transformed him from a radical to an activist: two bloody demonstrations at Trento and a massacre by police of farm labourers in 1968. During the 1967-69 period, Curcio was also involved in two Marxist university groups: the Movement for a Negative University and the publication Lavoro Politico (Political Work).

Red Brigades and aftermath
Embittered by his expulsion from the radical Red Line faction of Lavoro Politico in August 1969, Curcio decided to drop out of Trento and forget his degree, even though he already had passed his final examinations. Prior to transferring his bases of activities to Milan, Curcio married, in a mixed (Catholic-Waldensian) ceremony, Margherita (Mara) Cagol, a Trentine sociology major, fellow radical, and daughter of a pent and worker group. Curcio and Cagol began publishing a revolutionary journal in 1967, entitled Political Work, which set up the ideological foundation for a number of groups, including the Metropolitan Political Collective (CPM). A more militant faction of the CPM, led by Curcio and Cagol, splintered off in 1967 and formed the Red Brigades, which was intended to participate politically while also conducting clandestine military operations.

However, after getting arrested in February 1971 for occupying a vacant house, the Curcios and the most militant members of the Proletarian Left went completely underground and organized the Red Brigades and spent the next three years, from 1972 to 1975, engaging in a series of bombings and kidnappings of prominent figures. One of these assassination victims was the Chief Inspector of Turin's anti-terrorism task force. In February 1975, Cagol and a small commando group from the Red Brigades broke Curcio out of a poorly secured prison without having to use any violence. Four months later, a shootout occurred at a safe house between the Red Brigades and the Carabinieri forces, resulting in Cagol being shot twice and eventually dying. The death of his wife forced Curcio into a deep depression, one that caused sloppiness in his work. Curcio was again captured by the authorities in January 1976, tried, convicted and imprisoned. The assassinations and kidnappings continued during his incarceration, however, creating suspicion about whether or not Curcio was the actual leader of the group.

After Curcio's incarceration, the Red Brigades began changing its identity, with its members becoming younger and increasingly more militant. This increased militarization of the group led to a sharp uptick in the number of attacks and assassinations between the years of 1976 and 1978, culminating in the assassination of former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978.

In 1990, while still incarcerated, Curcio started a publishing company, along with Steffano Petrella and Nicola Valentino, called Sensibili alle Foglie, or Sensitive to the Leaves.

In April 1993 he was allowed to spend the day outside the jail in order to work as a writer, then in 1998 he was freed.

To date, Curcio has not expressed remorse for the activity of the Red Brigades.

In August 2007, French actress Fanny Ardant expressed her "admiration" for the Red Brigades leader as a "hero", adding she "considered the Red Brigades phenomenon to be very moving and passionate". For her comments, the actress was sued in the Italian courts by Piero Mazzola, the son of an Italian policeman killed by the Red Brigades.

title: Renato Curcio


text:
Talk:Arithmetic spiral

How is this different from an Archimedean spiral? Melchoir 07:00, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Hmmm... I guess it's not. I hadn't even looked, because I thought an Archimedean spiral was actually a helix... But that is an archimedean screw, I suppose. I'm fixing this to be a redirect. Nice catch! zowie 17:24, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arithmetic spiral


text:
Gerry Abel

Gerald Scott Abel (December 25, 1944 – July 2, 2021) was an American professional ice hockey left winger. He is the son of Hockey Hall of Fame member Sid Abel and the uncle of former goaltender Brent Johnson. He played one game in the National Hockey League during the 1966–67 season, with the Detroit Red Wings on March 8, 1967 against the New York Rangers. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1965 to 1968, was spent in the minor leagues.

Playing career
Abel played junior hockey for the Hamilton Red Wings signing with the Detroit Red Wings. His father Sid was the head coach of the Red Wings at the time and upon signing, Gerry was quoted as saying "If I could be half as good as my dad, I'd be happy". In the end though, Abel played in only one National Hockey League game for the Red Wings during the 1966–67 NHL season, spending much of the season playing for the Memphis Wings as well as two games for the American Hockey League's Pittsburgh Hornets. After another season with Memphis, Abel retired from hockey.

title: Gerry Abel


text:
Trout Lake Aerodrome

Trout Lake Aeroodrome is located on the shore of Graham Lake, just north of the community of Trout Lake, Alberta, Canada.

title: Trout Lake Aerodrome


text:
Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire

Cleeve Hill (also known as Cleeve Cloud) is the highest point both of the Cotswolds hill range and of the county of Gloucestershire, at 330 m. It is located on Cleeve Common, which is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) looked after by a small charity called Cleeve Common Trust (formally Cleeve Common Board of Conservators). It commands a clear view to the west, over Cheltenham and the racecourse, over the River Severn and into Wales; and to the north over Winchcombe. It is a conspicuous outcrop on the edge of the limestone escarpment, (sometimes called the "Cotswold Edge"). It is crossed by the Cotswold Way footpath.

With the hill's south slopes draining to the River Coln, Cleeve Hill is the highest point in the drainage basin of the River Thames.

Summit and views
The summit, at 330 m, is a nondescript point marked by a trig point on the relatively flat common south of the Hill. Because of this, it does not offer particularly wide-ranging views. To the north by the northwest, another summit at 1033 ft high boasts a toposcope and a trig point, offering far wider views. On an exceptionally clear day (for example a sunny day following a day of rain in spring or early summer), the view extends an impressive 90 mi to Winsford Hill on Exmoor, Somerset.

Hill fort and rock faces
Close to the summit is the Neolithic long barrow, Belas Knap. On its western scarp is an Iron Age hill fort.

The Hill bears one of the few rock faces in the area, Castle Rock, which is sound enough for rock climbing. The routes are short, difficult for their grade, and highly polished.

Golf course and Cleeve Common
The Hill has been home to a golf course since 1891. The course was the location of the 2010 Wells Cup that took place in June of that year.

Cleeve Common, which is sited on Cleeve Hill, is a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest by Natural England and is recorded in the List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire.

Routes to the highest point
From the south, a road for car access ends very close to the summit trig point, which is a short walk from the parking area. This can be reached from Cheltenham via Ham Hill and Aggs Hill, or from the village of Whittington, Gloucestershire.

To the north and to reach the more favourable viewpoint, a minor road leads off the B4632 to the golf course where there is free parking in a disused quarry. From this point, the viewpoint is roughly a half-mile ascent on foot.

There are numerous other ways to reach the hill, and there is a well-maintained network of paths and tracks crossing it in many directions. Ordnance Survey maps show all routes, paths, and rights of way as well as the best viewpoints.

title: Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire


text:
Talk:CKGB-FM

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on CKGB-FM. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050815075705/http://www.billdulmage.com:80/skeds/north/ckgb-fm.html to http://www.billdulmage.com/skeds/north/ckgb-fm.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:32, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:CKGB-FM


text:
Spank Rock

Naeem Juwan Hanks, better known by his stage name Spank Rock, is an American rapper and songwriter from Baltimore. He rose to fame with his 2006 album YoYoYoYoYo, which was produced by former group member Alex Epton (XXXChange). A harbinger of post-millennial alternative rap, the duo became known for its mixing of disparate hip hop and club genres, including Baltimore club, Miami bass, electro music and rock.

In 2007, Epton left the group to pursue his own production while Juwan went on to release the Bangers & Cash EP (2007) with pop producer Benny Blanco. After a five-year contract struggle with his label Downtown Records, Juwan released his second album, Everything Is Boring and Everyone Is a Fucking Liar, with a range of producers including Boys Noize, Le1f, XXXChange, and Squeak E. Clean.

Biography
Juwan grew up in West Baltimore in a row home alongside five sisters and two brothers. As a teenager, Juwan frequented clubs such as Paradox, where DJs played Baltimore club music. In high school, his older sister introduced him to Brooklyn-based producer J. Period, known for producing records by underground rappers Mos Def and Artifacts. J. Period mentored Juwan and helped him improve his skills as a rapper for some time. After moving to Philadelphia and dropping out of college, Juwan met fellow Baltimore native Alex Epton, who had studied composition at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston and learned studio production as an intern at the DFA Records studio in New York.

Juwan and Epton started performing under the name Spank Rock together in Philadelphia and Phoenixville, where their reputation quickly increased. They later toured with Hollertronix and M.I.A. They also toured with Beck in 2006. Spank Rock's debut studio album, YoYoYoYoYo, was released in 2006 on the Big Dada record label. It was nominated for the 2006 Shortlist Music Prize.

In 2007, Alex Epton (XXXChange) left Spank Rock to pursue his own production while Naeem Juwan signed a deal with Downtown Records. Spank Rock's first Downtown Records release came in the form of fall 2007's Bangers & Cash EP, a 2 Live Crew-inspired collaborative EP with Benny Blanco.

In 2010, Spank Rock was featured, along with The View's Kyle Falconer, on "The Bike Song" by Mark Ronson, which appeared on Ronson's 2010 album Record Collection. Spank Rock toured with Ronson for the album's 2010 UK tour.

The following year, Spank Rock released his second studio album, Everything Is Boring and Everyone Is a Fucking Liar, on his own label, Bad Blood Records. Pitchfork premiered the first single from the album, titled "Energy," produced by Boys Noize, and later selected the single "Nasty" as a "Best New Track." "Energy" is on the soundtrack for FIFA 12. Rolling Stone premiered the album in September 2011 on their website. The album featured production from Boys Noize, XXXChange, Sam Spiegel, and Le1f, as well as appearances by Santigold and Big Freedia. After the release of his album, Spank Rock was selected to be one of the faces of Alexander Wang's 2011 T collection, along with Santigold.

In 2012, Spank Rock released a second EP, E. I. B. A. E. I. A. F. L. Remixes, a collection of various producers' remixes of tracks from Everything Is Boring and Everyone Is a Fucking Liar. He also co-wrote the Boys Noize-produced track "Look at These Hoes" from Santigold's album, Master of My Make-Believe.

Spank Rock released his third EP, The Upside, in 2014 on Bad Blood Records and Boysnoize Records, with production contributions from Kid Kamillion, Boys Noize, and Damian Taylor. Lead single "Gully" was remixed by Brodinski and Switch, and received extensive play on BBC Radio 1.

Spank Rock began appearing in concerts in 2016 as an MC with Australian electronic music group The Avalanches. He subsequently appeared in performances at Coachella and Vivid Sydney in 2017.

Under the Naeem moniker, Juwan released a solo studio album, Startisha, in 2020. It features contributions from Justin Vernon, Francis and the Lights, Ryan Olson, Swamp Dogg, Velvet Negroni, Amanda Blank, and Micah James.

Studio albums

 * YoYoYoYoYo (2006)
 * Everything Is Boring and Everyone Is a Fucking Liar (2011)
 * Startisha (2020) (as Naeem)

Mixtapes

 * Couche Tard (2006)
 * How Can We Lose When We're So Sincere (2022) (as Naeem)

DJ mixes

 * FabricLive.33 (2007)

EPs

 * Bangers & Cash (2007) (with Benny Blanco)
 * E. I. B. A. E. I. A. F. L. Remixes (2012)
 * The Upside (2014)

Singles

 * "Put That Pussy on Me" (2005)
 * "Rick Rubin" (2006)
 * "Sweet Talk" (2006)
 * "Bump" (2006)
 * "Energy" (2011)
 * "Car Song" (2011)
 * "I Know a Place" (2014)
 * "Gully" / "Vertigo" (2014)
 * "Gully (Brodinski Remix)" (2014)
 * "Assassin" / "Back Up" (2014)

Guest appearances

 * DJ Kentaro - "Free" from Enter (2007)
 * Justice - "D.A.N.C.E. (Remix)" (2007)
 * Shy Child - "Kick Drum" from Noise Won't Stop (2007)
 * Feadz - "Back It Up" from Ed Rec Vol. 3 (2008)
 * The Chemical Brothers - "Keep My Composure" from Brotherhood (2008)
 * Kylie Minogue - "Heart Beat Rock" (Benny Blanco Mix featuring Spank Rock) from X (2008)
 * Santogold - "Shove It" from Santogold (2008)
 * Neon Neon - "Trick or Treat" from Stainless Style (2008)
 * Japanther - "Radical Businessman" from Tut Tut, Now Shake Ya Butt (2008)
 * Deekline & Wizard - "Roll That Shit" from Booty Breaks Vol. 3 (2008)
 * Steve Aoki - "We Are Rockstars" from Pillowface and His Airplane Chronicles (2008)
 * Heartsrevolution - "Ultraviolence (Remix)" (2009)
 * N.A.S.A. - "Wachadoin" from The Spirit of Apollo (2009)
 * Ninjasonik - "My Eyes" from Darth Baño (2009)
 * Staygold - "Backseat" (2010)
 * Crookers - "Park the Truck" from Tons of Friends (2010)
 * Mark Ronson - "The Bike Song" from Record Collection (2010)
 * Rebecca & Fiona - "Church Is on Fire" from I Love You, Man! (2011)
 * The Death Set - "7PM Woke Up an Hour Ago" from Michel Poiccard (2011)
 * Addison Groove - "Bad Things" from Transistor Rhythm (2012)
 * Le1f - "Star Alliance" (2013)
 * Cakes da Killa - "I Run This Club (Remix)" (2014)
 * Trippy Turtle - "Trippy's Theme (TWRK Remix)" (2014)
 * Boys Noize - "Birthday" from Mayday (2016)
 * Nick Hook - "Another Way" from Relationships (2016)

Compilation appearances

 * "Hoodie (Spank Rock Remix)" on Chocolate Swim (2006)

title: Spank Rock


text: Talk:CHIM-FM

title: Talk:CHIM-FM


text:
Selenous acid

Selenous acid (or selenious acid) is the chemical compound with the formula H2SeO3. Structurally, it is more accurately described by O\dSe(OH)2. It is the principal oxoacid of selenium; the other being selenic acid.

Formation and properties
Selenous acid is analogous to sulfurous acid, but it is more readily isolated. Selenous acid is easily formed upon the addition of selenium dioxide to water. As a crystalline solid, the compound can be seen as pyramidal molecules that are interconnected with hydrogen bonds. In solution it is a diprotic acid:
 * H2SeO3 ⇌ H+ + HSeO3- (pKa = 2.62)
 * HSeO3- ⇌ H+ + SeO3(2-) (pKa = 8.32)

It is moderately oxidizing in nature, but kinetically slow. In 1 M H+:
 * H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ Se + 3 H2O (Eo = +0.74 V)

In 1 M OH-:
 * SeO3(2-) + 4 e− + 3 H2O ⇌ Se + 6 OH- (Eo = −0.37 V)

Selenous acid is hygroscopic.

Uses
The major use is in protecting and changing the color of steel, especially steel parts on firearms. The so-called cold-bluing process uses selenous acid, copper(II) nitrate, and nitric acid to change the color of the steel from silver-grey to blue-grey or black. Alternative procedures use copper sulfate and phosphoric acid instead. This process deposits a coating of copper selenide and is fundamentally different from other bluing processes which generate black iron oxide. Some older razor blades were also made of blued steel.

Another use for selenious acid is the chemical darkening and patination of copper, brass and bronze, producing a rich dark brown color that can be further enhanced with mechanical abrasion.

It is used in organic synthesis as an oxidizing agent for the synthesis of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, e.g. in laboratory preparation of glyoxal (ethane-1,2-dione) from acetaldehyde.

Selenious acid is a key component of the Mecke reagent used for drug checking.

Medical
Selenous acid can supply the trace element indicated in people as a source of selenium.

Health effects
Like many selenium compounds, selenous acid is highly toxic in excessive quantities, and ingestion of any significant quantity of selenous acid is usually fatal, however it is an approved dietary source in proper amounts. Symptoms of selenium poisoning can occur several hours after exposure, and may include stupor, nausea, severe hypotension and death.

title: Selenous acid


text:
Beverly Baker Fleitz

Beverly Joyce Fleitz ( Baker; March 13, 1930 – April 29, 2014) was an American tennis player from the United States who was active in the late 1940s and during the 1950s. According to John Olliff and Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail, Fleitz was ranked in the world top 10 in 1951, 1954, 1955, 1958, and 1959, reaching a career high of World No. 3 in those rankings in 1954, 1955, and 1958. Fleitz was included in the year-end top 10 rankings issued by the United States Lawn Tennis Association from 1948 through 1951 and in 1954, 1955, 1958, and 1959. She was the top-ranked U.S. player in 1959. She was ambidextrous and played with two forehands.

Career
Fleitz began playing tennis at age 11 and played mostly on public courts in Lincoln Park in Santa Monica, California. Her father, Frank Baker, was her only coach and was the assistant director of recreation for the city of Santa Monica.

During 11 of the 12 weeks following June 19, 1950, Fleitz competed in tournaments across the U.S. In singles, she won three titles, was the runner-up three times, and was a semifinalist at both the U.S. National Championships and the U.S. Women's Clay Court Championships. Her six losses during this period were to Doris Hart (twice), Margaret Osborne duPont (twice), Maureen Connolly, and Magda Berescu Rurac. She recorded wins over Louise Brough, Connolly, Berescu Rurac, Patricia Canning Todd, and Dorothy Bundy Cheney. In women's doubles, she was a quarterfinalist at the U.S. National Doubles Championships.

Grand Slam tournaments
At the U.S. National Championships, Fleitz reached the semifinals twice and the quarterfinals in four of her six other attempts. She played Grand Slam singles tournaments outside the U.S. only six times. At the 1951 Wimbledon Championships, she defeated Althea Gibson in the third round 6–1, 6–3 and Margaret Osborne duPont in the quarterfinals before falling to Doris Hart in the semifinals 6–3, 6–1. Fleitz was the top seed at the 1955 French International Championships, but she was upset by fourth-seeded Dorothy Head Knode in the semifinals 6–2, 6–3.

At the 1955 Wimbledon Championships, third-seeded Fleitz defeated top-seeded Hart in the semifinals 6–3, 6–0, which was the last Wimbledon singles match of Hart's career. Fleitz then played second-seeded Louise Brough in the final. Fleitz was the first mother to play in a Wimbledon singles final since Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers in 1920. Fleitz had won the last four matches with Brough since the beginning of 1954, but Brough prevailed on this day 7–5, 8–6 in 1 hour, 32 minutes. The veteran BBC tennis broadcaster Max Robertson observed "Louise was always prone to tighten up at important points, but [she] had a greater breadth of stroke and experience at her command, which just saw her through a keenly fought struggle. In the sixth game of the second set, for example, it was only after nine deuces and five [game points for] ... Fleitz that [on the game's 24th point] Louise wrong-footed her ... [nearly] exhausted opponent with a backhand slice down the line to lead 4-2. That was the turning point, and Louise went on to win her fourth [Wimbledon] singles [title]...."

Afterward, Fleitz said "I've no excuses for my defeat. Louise was just marvelous today. She played as well as I've ever seen her play and well deserved her victory."

At the 1956 Wimbledon Championships, Fleitz reached the quarterfinals, then she was forced to withdraw from the tournament because of a pregnancy-related illness. She last played Wimbledon in 1959 as the third-seeded player. Unseeded Edda Buding from West Germany defeated her in the fourth round 8–6, 2–6, 7–5.

Fleitz never played contemporaries Angela Mortimer, Ann Haydon, Christine Truman, Darlene Hard, Maureen Connolly, or Shirley Fry in a Grand Slam singles tournament. Her win–loss record against other top players at those tournaments was as follows: Althea Gibson 2–1, Doris Hart 1–2, Louise Brough 0–3, Margaret Osborne duPont 2–1, and Maria Bueno 1–0.

Her only Grand Slam title was in women's doubles at the 1955 French International Championships. In the final, she and partner Darlene Hard needed 50 games to defeat their opponents in the longest Grand Slam women's doubles final of all time.

Other tournaments
Outside of the U.S., Fleitz won singles tournaments in Bermuda, England, Ireland, Mexico, and West Germany. She was the runner-up at tournaments in Cuba and England.

In the U.S., she was the runner-up at the 1949 U.S. Clay Court Championships, losing to former Romanian national champion Magda Berescu Rurac. Fleitz won the U.S. Hardcourt Championships three times, in 1954, 1957, and 1958. She defeated future Wimbledon singles champion Karen Hantze in the 1958 final. In tournaments sponsored by sections (regions) of the United States Lawn Tennis Association, Fleitz was the singles champion of the Southern California section four times (1954, 1955, 1956, and 1958), the Pacific Northwest section once, and the Western section once.

In March 1954, Fleitz defeated Maureen Connolly 6–0, 6–4 at a tournament in La Jolla, California, which was the last time anyone defeated Connolly in a singles tournament and her only loss of 1954. Connolly had won the last seven Grand Slam singles tournaments she had played. Fleitz won four of their nine career singles matches.

Fleitz was a four-time singles champion at the Pacific Southwest Championships in Los Angeles (1947, 1955, 1958, and 1959) and was the runner-up three times. She defeated Hard in the 1958 final and Bueno in the 1959 final. At the Tri-State Championships in Cincinnati, Fleitz won the 1950 singles title and was the runner-up in 1949, with Berescu Rurac being her opponent in both finals.

Retirement years
Fleitz retired permanently from singles tennis in 1959 and was inducted into the Southern California Tennis Association Hall of Fame in 2005.

Personal life
She married actor Scotty Beckett on September 28, 1949 in Las Vegas, Nevada. Baker was granted a divorce in June 1950.

She married tennis player John Fleitz on October 6, 1951. They had five daughters together. John Fleitz died in Long Beach, California on November 14, 2011 at age 82.

She can be heard as a contestant on the 7th November 1951 edition of You Bet Your Life.

Singles
1In 1947, the French International Championships were held after the Wimbledon Championships.

title: Beverly Baker Fleitz


text:
Phenomenology

Phenomenology may refer to:

Art

 * Phenomenology (architecture), based on the experience of building materials and their sensory properties

Philosophy

 * Phenomenology (Peirce), a branch of philosophy according to Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914)
 * Phenomenology (philosophy), a branch of philosophy which studies subjective experiences and a methodology of study founded by Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) beginning in 1900

Science

 * Phenomenology (archaeology), the study of cultural landscapes from a sensory perspective
 * Phenomenology (physics), a branch of physics that deals with the application of theory to experiments
 * Phenomenology (psychology), the study within psychology of subjective experiences
 * Phenomenological quantum gravity, is the research field that deals with phenomenology of quantum gravity
 * Phenomenology (sociology), the study within sociology of subjective experiences of concrete social realities
 * Phenomenology of religion, the study of the experiential aspect of religion in terms consistent with the orientation of the worshippers
 * A phenomenological model

title: Phenomenology


text:
Talk:Basalt

Basalt
''Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock, sometimes porphyritic, and is often both fine-grained and dense. Basalt in the tops of subaerial lava flows and cinders will often be highly vesiculated, imparting a lightweight "frothy" texture to the rock. The term basalt is often casually applied to shallow intrusive rocks with a composition typical of basalt, but rocks of this composition with a phaneritic groundmass should generally be referred to as gabbro. The crustal portions of oceanic tectonic plates are predominantly made of basalt.'' This rock has bubbles in it for an interesting reason. The reason is that they were melted by lava. Frankly, I do not get a word of what it means. Thankfully I know what Basalt is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.34.73.178 (talk) 07:06, 30 September 2005

There you go. Hopefully even oompa loompas can read it and know what it is now.Rolinator 09:12, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

''Basalt (IPA: /ˈbæsɒlt, bəˈsɒlt/) is a common gray to black extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava on the Earth's surface.'' Basalt isn't extrusive. The word "Basalt" is based on the chemial composition and grainsize, not if it was formed on the surface or underground. It isn't usually fine-grained, by defintion it is fine-grained. If it was medium/coarse grained it would be a dolerite/gabbro. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.130.43.94 (talk) 04:47, 3 July 2007

Transitional alkalic basalts
Image:Volcanic system of Iceland-Map-en.svg Iceland: Lava from the Katla and the Hekla volcanic systems result in transitional alkalic basalts and the central volcanos ones result in tholeiitic basalts. Question: Is transitional alkalic basalts the same as high alumina basalt? Thx for an answer :) --Chris.urs-o (talk) 19:36, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Don't you just love scientific terminology. I had a look at this when the question was raised elsewhere (I can't remember either where that was or whether I got round to replying (apparently the answers are by you at Talk:Basalt and no)). From what I gathered, they were considered by some to be the same but not by everyone, which isn't very helpful. Transitional I take to mean transitional between tholeiitic and alkaline. High alumina basalt was a term introduced by Kuno, who interpreted them to be primary melts of mantle material at depths intermediate between those at which tholeiite and alk-basalt magmas were formed. Others have reckoned that they are more likely to be a result of differentiation of a primary magma at depth. Brody & Marsh reckon that they are primary melts, but of quartz-eclogite from the subducting slab - they also point out that it has been shown experimentally that the High-Al basalts can never have been in equilibrium with either an olivine-bearing magma or source rock. I think that this was where I gave up last time :-). This more recent note by Draper, does at least define High-Al basalts as aluminium rich tholeiites (which others would probably call transitional I'm guessing). I just found another ref that suggests that some HAB magmas originate by partial melting at the base of continental crust above a mantle upwelling in a rift setting (I have full text access for this one, unfortunately the abstract doesn't go into any detail). I'm not sure if any of this helps. Cheers, Mikenorton (talk) 11:43, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Recent changes
This page has improved a lot in the last week. Looks good now.Rolinator 07:47, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Small usage fix
Changed "comprised predominantly of basalt" to "composed predominantly of basalt." A thing is not comprised of its parts; a thing comprises its parts. 140.147.160.78 21:30, 28 March 2007 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza
 * Thanks for taking the time to justify your changes, it is appreciated by those of us who watchlist these articles. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary entry for "comprise" has a useful note on usage.  Based on the note, it would appear that "comprised" is commonly used in this sense, although likely to be criticized as wrong by many (like you).  I'm OK with using "comprise" that way, I see it all the time in scientific papers, but I'm happy to accept "composed" as more correct usage.
 * By the way, you've been making many small but useful conrtributions to Wikipedia over the past months, might I recommend signing up for an acount? See WP:ACCOUNT for info on the numerous benefits of having an account.  No pressure, it's up to you.  Thanks.  --Seattle Skier (talk) 23:01, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Just a point that this article states that Boninite is usually found in back-arc basins. It should be FORE-ARC basins and it forms when the arc is closer to the subduction zone —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.244.183.2 (talk) 11:16, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

Extremely confusing
I'm trying to do a project on basalt and I hardly know what's being said. Some of us are still in high school, you know. BlackSlivers 00:08, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

The following sentence seems awkard to me: Pliny used the word basalt and it is said to have had an Ethiopian origin, meaning a black stone. Even though Pliny has a link, the author uses the name as if anyone reading this article is sure to know who Pliny is and why he was important. I feel it should have had some kind of comment appended to it such as: Pliny, the world's oldest rock hound in the 1920's,................. I humbly submint this comment for peer review and suggest it only in the hope that it will make the article more easliy readabale. No malice was intended.69.1.59.67 04:53, 21 September 2007 (UTC)ID 2007-09-21

What about it's uses?
Don't get me wrong, I like to read about how the stone is formed. But I guess I feel like this article overlooks the practical uses of basalt as tile. I'd fix it myself, but I'm horrible at gathering information in an easy to read way. But it'd be nice to have a section about the various uses of basalt, as well as it's weaknesses/strengths as a material. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.228.228.6 (talk) 03:37, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Whats it used for? found on mars? who cares.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.81.64.64 (talk) 03:06, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * እኔም ግራ ነው የሆነብኝ 197.156.86.151 (talk) 21:19, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

Basalts' Uses
I also agree with the previous comment about the fact that the artical needs a section about the rocks' uses. I'm currently doing a project on Rocks for school & I've chosen Basalt as one of my subjects. I have been asked to find out about its formation, uses & where its found. However, I cant complete the 'uses' section because of this. I have tried looking for it over the internet & Im sure that it will take me ages to do! So please could you include a uses section in the future - thanks. - Mrsir2 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.105.71.77 (talk) 14:29, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Traprock
"Traprock" forwards to this article. Could someone add (in the article) why? Thanks, Ibn Battuta (talk) 21:37, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I've changed it to redirect to trap rock instead. -- Avenue (talk) 09:06, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

What is being said?
Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock -- this means that Basalt is one member of a class of objects. What distinguishes basalt from the other members of this class? Are no other rocks extrusive and igneous? I have no idea what is being said, and I am not in high school, I am merely a high school science teacher. Billt4 (talk) 01:33, 14 June 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Billt4 (talk • contribs) 21:29, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

More data needed
How about information on the rock, like (average) density (and comparison with that of granite, for example), and hardness. Average crystal sizes of various forms of basalt would be interesting.

I also would be highly interested in (human) uses of basalt. Again, comparison with stones with which most people are familiar (granite, marble) would be helpful.

JKeck (talk) 05:10, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

This page should also include the average chemical composition of basalt, similar to the page on granite.Cadwallader (talk) 18:25, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

ALSO -- I don't believe that the Columbia Basin Basalts extend to Yellowstone National Park as the picture indicates. The Columbia Basalts don't cross the Continental Divide. The pictures of columnar jointing are weak -- try using Google to find some nice shots from the Columbia Basin. Why not add photos of the Deccan Traps and Siberian Traps, too -- the three known places of fissure volcanism.

To answer questions -- average density? Denser than most rocks, including granite. Hardness -- comperable to Mohs? I'd guess an 8. Uses of Basalt? Try googling basalt waste isolation project. Or google "leverite" -- where you just "leave 'er right there." Many uses include aesthetics because of striking jointing. Just a run of the "mil" scientist here, so take very little for what it's worth.

--Moved an edit into Chronological order. --Ancheta Wis (talk) 18:37, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Commom uses
Common uses included per request. Making this part of the WikiProject Geology should help revamp this article and make it more practible. Eighthcreek (talk) 03:32, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Columnar Basalt and Trap Rock quite different
I, for one, would like to see an article for trap rock kept separate from basalt in general. For one, not all trap rock is basalt, let alone columnar basalt. Trap rock is manifest in three forms: basalt (which is usually extrusive), diabase (which is always intrusive), and hornfels (which can be formed at the surface or in an intrusive setting). Additionally, trap rock can exhibit any of the following qualities: stacked, jointed, or columnar.

In a nut shull, 'trap rock' is just another way of describing most blocky volcanic rocks. It has particular relevance to quarrying since trap rock in its varying forms is crushed to make road and railroad beds. lithium6ion (talk) 22:07, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Hexagonal Columns
What is this line supposed to mean: "These structures are often erroneously described as being predominantly hexagonal. In reality, the mean number of sides of all the columns in such a structure is indeed six (by geometrical definition), but polygons with three to twelve or more sides can be observed" - does someone have a different definition of "predominantly" than I do? They're described as being predominantly hexagonal because most of them are hexagonal. Also, what's this about "the mean number [...] is indeed six (by geometrical definition)." How does 'geometrical definition' dictate that it has to be six? It could easily be four, or three. It's six because of the physical process and the physical properties of the material. 64.56.252.71 (talk) 02:44, 29 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree - that's weird, so I fixed it. Jon (talk) 04:09, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

Hacked with Sex
Something somewhere has been hacked to add the emboldened text to this page's entry. Don't have sufficient Wiki-Fu to do more than bring it to your attention. -- 71.234.219.9 (talk) 04:32, 4 October 2012 (UTC) "Basalt which erupts under open air (that is, subaerially) forms three distinct types of lava or volcanic deposits: scoria; ash or cinder (breccia); and lava flows and then whenever people go in there they get have burned and then when they are having sex its weaker sex."
 * Odd as that was zapped within a minute of its addition by cluebot hours before your post. Vsmith (talk) 13:23, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Remember to assume good faith. Dentren  |  Ta lk  18:07, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

Higher Resolution Image Available
Hi all,

This image has come to my attention: http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/latex/ajou_2009_death_map/causeway2.png

If I can obtain permission from the photographer (which appears to be this Simon Ward) to use this image, should it be used here? (Asking as I am not sure whether this image is as appropriate as I think it is, and would like second opinions)

Ultimately I am seeking to see whether it would be suitable to replace the current image of Columnar Basalt, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giants_causeway_closeup.jpg.

Thanks all! HHP2K (talk) 15:21, 6 May 2013 (UTC)
 * In my personal opinion images shouldn't be watermarked on Wikipedia. The author of the image gets all the credit when his image is viewed full screen or on Commons. Otherwise we might as well wait until the next Wikipedian visits that outcrop. --Tobias1984 (talk) 18:50, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Its a good picture except for the watermark/signature in the corner. Agree with Tobias1984 that "images shouldn't be watermarked on Wikipedia" Dentren  |  Ta lk  00:55, 7 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, good replacement choice, if, as others suggest, you can get him to submit it without the water mark. -68.107.137.178 (talk) 03:33, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

Silica content
Could someone help me with this. At the beginning of the article it says that Basalt contains less than 20% Quartz.In the drop down menus at the foot of the page it says that Basalt is Mafic and has a 45 to 52% SiO2 content is this because the Si O2 in the Feldspar etc is included. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ruskin (talk • contribs) 09:58, 9 June 2013 (UTC)
 * One way of expressing the chemical composition of a rock is to list it as percentages of separate oxides. The difference that you noted is because the total SiO2 content of a basalt includes contributions from all the silicates, particularly feldspar, olivine, amphiboles and pyroxenes. Mikenorton (talk) 10:34, 9 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Also the 20 % Quartz are volume (this example 20 cm³ / 100 cm³) and the 45 to 52 % SiO2 are mass (45 to 52 g / 100 g) --Tobias1984 (talk) 14:50, 9 June 2013 (UTC)

Thanks for the info. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ruskin (talk • contribs) 19:45, 9 June 2013 (UTC)

Possible typo at the end of the "Petrology" section
At the end of the petrology section we have - "The origin of high-alumina basalt continues to be controversial, with interpretations that it is a primary melt and that instead it is derived from other basalt types (e.g., Ozerov, 2000)."

Should that read "it is not a primary melt" (or similar wording) ? In fact the whole sentence could probably do to be reworded if I'm interpreting it correctly ... — Preceding unsigned comment added by ManyMore (talk • contribs) 13:31, 1 November 2015
 * Thanks for pointing this out. It is clear from Ozerov 2000 that this needs to be rephrased. I have updated the para accordingly and link the reference to a callout. --Mirokado (talk) 14:30, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Thanks for the update. Good rewording by the way. ManyMore (talk) 23:57, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Basalt types
In the "Types" section MORB is separated from tholeiitic basalt. I find this confusing as MORB is a type of tholeiitic basalt, albeit one errupted in a very particular place.

A bit of reworking of this section would probably help to make things a lot clearer! Perhaps delete the MORB paragraph and add the following to the end of the tholeiitic paragraph -

Ocean floor basalts, errupted originally at mid-ocean ocean ridges, are known as MORB (Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt) and are characteristically low in incompatible elements.

The mention of EMORB and NMORB could be moved to the "Geochemistry" section, and perhaps expanded on?

And at the moment, MORB links to a mid-ocean ridge page, which doesn't seem right as MORB is mentioned there at all! We should certainly link mid-ocean ridge there, but MORB, I suggest, needs to link to somewhere else.

ManyMore (talk) 10:58, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Reorganized a bit and did some fixing. Demoted the jargony acronymisms a bit. Vsmith (talk) 14:25, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

OK, that reads a lot better, thanks. I've found that I'm now able to edit the Basalt page - couldn't yesterday! Did playing around on my own Sandbox page really get me enough "credit" to allow me to edit a semi-protected page??? I'll look at making more changes when I get a free moment - certainly the last line of the "Definition" section "so much so that there is an alternate (but less well known) name for this kind of basalt" needs tweaking! I assume the reference is to Komatiite? I might even add a new page on some (geological) subject some day! ManyMore (talk) 16:13, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I recomend you strongly to translate the article from the well-referenced Spanish es:basalto, which anyways uses almost only English language sources. Sietecolores (talk) 07:50, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

Rework of the Basalt article
Sietecolores has suggested using a translation of the Spanish Wikipedia version of Basalt (es:basalto). I'm not sure, Sietecolores, if you mean a complete replacement of the English version with the (translated) Spanish version, or whether you are thinking we could just use parts of the Spanish article?

I don't speak Spanish, but just having had a very quick look at the Spanish page I see that it describes Olivine and Plagioclase as "essential" minerals (in a basalt) and augite (a pyroxene) as an accessory mineral. I'm not sure I agree with that!

I haven't read the rest of the article, though I'll ask my other half to translate it for me when she gets time (she's doing a foreign languages degree, "majoring" in French and Spanish).

ManyMore (talk) 17:33, 4 November 2015 (UTC)
 * The Spanish version is shorter, but better sourced - and many of the sources are in English. I have imported their reading list. It wouldn't make sense to simply replace the English article, but its quality could be improved. RockMagnetist(talk) 19:03, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I have nowhere said anything on how much of the article could be expanded with material from the Spanish wikipedia. But clearly the current poorly sourced version is not trustwothy, and trusworthyness is one of the main problems of Wikipedia. This article have had these problems for years. I would be glad to see things going on here. Regarding essentials minerals clearly olivine and plagioclase are key to identify basalt in the field or under the microscope, and this has been known and used before and after the IUGS recomended the TAS digram approach. Of course as with most volcanic rock essential minerals might be absent if the rock aphyric, but this does not disqualify olivine and plagioclase from being essential minerals (in the identification of the rock). Sietecolores (talk) 20:19, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Isn't it plagioclase and pyroxene that are the essential minerals in a basalt, and olivine that's an accessory (though a common one, and sometime abundant as in an olivine basalt). Describing pyroxene as an accessory is just wrong, isn't it? ManyMore (talk) 11:20, 9 November 2015 (UTC)
 * The relative proportions of plagioclase and olivine is what is used to estimate if a dark volcanic rock is a basalt or an andesite (in the lack of TAS). If olivine is lacking the rock is most likely an andesite/basaltic andesite. So olivine is key to identify basalts in field or under the microscope. Then either clinopyroxene or plagioclase can follow in the Bowen series, usually plagioclase is the most abundant. Sietecolores (talk) 08:53, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

Pillow basalts
This section in the article is treated as if pillow basalts are limited only to submarine eruptions, which is false. Pillow basalts also form when basaltic lava erupts under glacial ice and are thus found at tuyas and subglacial mounds. I don't have time to make adjustments in the article I just wanted to point this out.  Volcano guy  09:12, 16 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for raising this point. I've added a sentence to this article, which at least ends its ommission. GeoWriter (talk) 17:23, 16 December 2015 (UTC)
 * And yet another possibility is lava flowing or erupting into a lake.  Volcano guy  13:26, 20 December 2015 (UTC)
 * They can also form when lava flows into a river. So pillow basalts can form during submarine, subglacial, subaqueous and subaerial eruptions.  Volcano guy  14:30, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Basalt. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071107063242/http://giantcrystals.strahlen.org/europe/basalt.htm to http://giantcrystals.strahlen.org/europe/basalt.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:27, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

"Sources remain unclear"
I'm going systematically through this article, adding cites where I have something immediately at hand to back up a statement and putting citation needed spans around everything else. Yes, I know vesicular basalt is a thing; this isn't about accuracy (most of the article appears to be correct) but proper sourcing. Yes, I know this will uglify the article, but it's meant as a temporary step towards getting this article properly cited and being able to remove that ugly warning header. And towards moving this article to GA status. Friends, feel free to supply cites. --Kent G. Budge (talk) 16:41, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Whew. Everything is footnoted now; not always as solidly as I would like, and a few dubious statements I simply pulled. Should have at least a foundation of solid sourcing. Also tweak up a lot of wording, repetition, and things oddly placed.--Kent G. Budge (talk) 19:11, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 November 2021
In the photo caption "Pillow basalts on the south Pacific seafloor", please delete the word "south". The location is off Hawaii, which is in the NORTH Pacific. PS First time using this template, hope I'm doing it right... 89.168.64.75 (talk) 23:29, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

✅ --Kent G. Budge (talk) 00:26, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Basalt