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Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride

Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, commonly abbreviated to TBAF and n-Bu4NF, is a quaternary ammonium salt with the chemical formula (CH3CH2CH2CH2)4N+F−. It is commercially available as the white solid trihydrate and as a solution in tetrahydrofuran. TBAF is used as a source of fluoride ion in organic solvents.

Preparation and properties
TBAF can be prepared by passing hydrofluoric acid through an ion-exchange resin, followed by tetrabutylammonium bromide. Upon evaporation of the water, TBAF can be collected as an oil in quantitative yield.

Preparing anhydrous samples is of interest as the basicity of fluoride increases by more than 20 pK units on passing from aqueous to aprotic solvent. However, heating samples of the hydrated material to 77 °C under vacuum causes decomposition to the hydrogen difluoride salt. Similarly, samples dried at 40 °C under high vacuum still contain 10-30 mol% of water and some 10% of difluoride. Instead, anhydrous TBAF has been prepared by the reaction of hexafluorobenzene and tetrabutylammonium cyanide. Solutions of the salt in acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide are stable.

Reactions and uses
Because the fluoride ion is such a strong hydrogen bond acceptor, its salts tend to be hydrated and of limited solubility in organic solvents. As a fluoride ion source, TBAF solves this problem, although the nature of the fluoride is uncertain because TBAF samples are almost always hydrated, resulting in the formation of bifluoride (HF2−) hydroxide (OH−) as well as fluoride. Many applications tolerate heterogeneous or ill-defined fluoride sources.

As a fluoride source in organic solvents, TBAF is used to remove silyl ether protecting groups. It is also used as a phase transfer catalyst and as a mild base. As a deprotecting agent, TBAF in DMSO will convert O-silylated enolates into carbonyls. With C-Si bonds, TBAF gives carbanions that can be trapped with electrophiles or undergo protonolysis.

title: Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride


text: Template:Municipalities of the canton of Geneva

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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MacMach

MacMach is a computer operating system from the early 1990s, developed by Carnegie Mellon University. Architecturally, it consists of Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) 4.3 code running on the Mach microkernel, with the Apple Macintosh System 7 running experimentally as a Mach task. The entire system runs on Macintoshes based on the Motorola 68000 series (68k) family of microprocessors. Its license requires the user to have an AT&T UNIX license, and includes Apple, Inc.'s restriction against further redistribution.

title: MacMach


text:
User:Xavid

Xavid = The perfect being.

title: User:Xavid


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Google Maps API

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 23:53, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Google Maps API
Complete duplication of a small portion of Google Maps. The only content on this article not present at Google Maps is a link to MapBuilder.net, a site run by the contributor, who has only contributed to these two articles, and who has been unsuccessfully trying to berate the contributors of Google Maps to force them to link to his site (which has not been decided). I am using AFD in order to place a procedural imprint against this action (a delete would be a stronger response than a redirect IMO). - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 21:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia isn't SW tutorial or handbook. Pavel Vozenilek 00:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Rogerd 03:52, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Maximum Priest E.P.

Maximum Priest E.P. is a 1999 EP by Squarepusher, released on Warp Records. It features remixes by Autechre and Luke Vibert.

Track listing

 * 1) "Song: Our Underwater Torch" – 6:23
 * 2) "Decathlon Oxide" – 4:05
 * 3) "You're Going Down" – 3:35
 * 4) "Cranium Oxide" – 0:32
 * 5) "Two Bass Hit" (ae Mix) – 4:01
 * 6) "Circular Flexing" (Yee-King Mix) – 5:36
 * 7) "Shin Triad" (Wagonchrist Mix) – 4:15

title: Maximum Priest E.P.


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Jack Butterworth, Baron Butterworth

John Blackstocke Butterworth, Baron Butterworth (13 March 1918 – 19 June 2003) was a British lawyer and the first Vice-Chancellor of the University of Warwick. He was the chair of the committee that published the Butterworth Report on social work in 1972.

Butterworth was graduated in jurisprudence from Oxford University. On the eve of the Second World War he enlisted in the Royal Artillery and spent much of the war in Scotland, protecting strategic targets from air attack.

Background and family
He qualified in 1946 as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn, and then became a law tutor at New College, Oxford. He had a reputation as an outstanding teacher and he was made an Honorary Bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1953. He was quick-witted and shrewd, which accounts for his appointment as bursar of New College for the last seven years of his time at Oxford.

Butterworth married his wife Doris in 1948 and they had one son and two daughters, including Anna Walker, who became a senior civil servant of some distinction.

University of Warwick
In 1963, he became the first Vice-Chancellor of the University of Warwick. Warwick was one of the handful of new universities created in the wake of the Robbins Report (1962). One of his colleagues at the time described him as "a noisy" vice-chancellor.

Butterworth believed strongly that his job was to select professors who would be leaders in their discipline and that he should stand aside and let them develop their subjects in their own way (though within a tight budget). Because he had worked only at Oxford, he wanted Oxford's standards of academic performance at the undergraduate level and in research. He had a belief that Warwick must maintain a balance between 'pure' and 'applied' disciplines: you could justify a strong commitment to the Humanities if you had a Business School, a very pure Maths Department if you had Engineering.

A large part of Warwick's success stems from Butterworth's cultivation of links with the rich industrial enterprises of the Midlands. One of his first creations was an industrial centre, intended as a stimulus of advanced engineering in the region. Similarly, he cultivated (and earned) municipal goodwill.

He also built the Warwick Arts Centre. His link with Miss Martin, the famous 'Anonymous Benefactor', represented the crucial launching pad for the project, but funds came from many sources including a contribution for the third and final phase from the about to be abolished West Midlands County Council whose gift was steered through by a Coventry Councillor. It was somehow typical that Butterworth, whose politics could not have been more different, could persuade a left wing politician that such a project deserved support. He traded on the sympathies of his friends on grantmaking committees for consideration of Warwick and held forth without giving quarter to ministers he happened to bump into in corridors.

Butterworth's period as vice-chancellor was not without controversy, particularly regarding his opposition to the establishment of a Students' union. Above the main bar of the Students Union building at Warwick University there is an inscription quoting him as saying "The Students' union shall never have its own building". His period of office included the student protests beginning in the late 1960s. During one event the vice-chancellor's office was occupied and files rummaged through. These protests were supported by the social historian, the late Professor Edward Thompson, one of Butterworth's own appointments.

Other activities
His other passions were the Association of Commonwealth Universities, a post-imperial organisation devoted to providing assistance to anglophone universities in developing countries, of which he was chairman for ten years; and the Foundation for Science and Technology, of which he became chairman in 1990, subsequently holding the position of president until his death.

Butterworth was also the chairman of Midland Community Radio, the consortium which successfully bid for the Independent Local Radio franchise for Coventry and Warwickshire. The radio station launched as Mercia Sound in 1980.

Peerage
He was appointed to the House of Lords as a life peer on retirement from the University in 1985. He was created Baron Butterworth, of Warwick in the County of Warwickshire on 15 May 1985, and he took the Conservative whip.

title: Jack Butterworth, Baron Butterworth


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cleanest River in America

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete (Even counting the stricked out comment [a joke?] its the usual threshold for consensus) Ryan Norton T 22:59, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Cleanest River in America
Vanity article about a non-notable comedy troupe. A Google search for ""Cleanest River in America" comedy" comes up nine total hits, all of which are just from schedules at places they have appeared. --Fastfission 21:54, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to list of American rivers by cleanness. Kappa 23:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 03:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Margarine Reference

Reference Re Validity of Section 5(a) of the Dairy Industry Act (1949), also known as the Margarine Reference or as Canadian Federation of Agriculture v Quebec (AG), is a leading ruling of the Supreme Court of Canada, upheld on appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, on determining if a law is within the authority of the Parliament of Canada's powers relating to criminal law. In this particular case, the Court found that a regulation made by Parliament was ultra vires. Though the regulation contained sufficient punitive sanctions, the subject matter contained within it was not the kind that served a public purpose.

The case was decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on appeal from the Supreme Court of Canada, as the cause for appeal arose before the abolition of such appeals in 1949. The decision by Rand J was upheld in 1951, and the case has been cited in federalism disputes many times since.

Background
Under Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867, Parliament receives exclusive powers to legislate in regard to the criminal law. The precise meaning of the criminal law power, however, had proved controversial. In the Board of Commerce case, the JCPC seemingly chose to define criminal law power as limited to prohibiting only what was criminal in 1867 (the year of Canadian Confederation). This was overturned in Proprietary Articles Trade Assn. v. A.-G. Can. (1931), in which it was found criminal law means Parliament could legitimately prohibit any act "with penal consequences." The problem with the latter decision was that it gave Parliament an excuse to legislate in regard to many matters.

The matter came before the courts again with the Margarine Reference, where the following reference question was posed to the Supreme Court of Canada:

In this case, Parliament had legislated against the production and trade of margarine, in order to give dairy businesses assurances that margarine would not threaten their existence. This legislation actually dated back to 1886, and it was claimed in the law that the real purpose was to target a product that was "injurious to health." If true, that would have made margarine a fair target for criminal law, but the federal government admitted before the courts that the assessment was simply false.

At the Supreme Court of Canada
The Court ruled:

 * the prohibition of importation of the goods mentioned in the section is intra vires of Parliament as legislation in relation to foreign trade (Locke J dissented, maintaining that the entire section was ultra vires while expressing no opinion as to the power of Parliament to ban importation by appropriate legislation).
 * the prohibition of manufacture, offer, sale, or possession for sale of the goods mentioned is ultra vires of Parliament, as it is legislation in relation to property (Rinfret CJ and Kerwin J dissenting).

Rand J, in his concurring opinion for the majority, struck down the prohibition on production of margarine on the grounds that it was not valid criminal law. The prohibition on importation of margarine, however, was upheld under the federal Trade and Commerce power. He outlined a test to determine if a law fell under the criminal law:

"A crime is an act which the law, with appropriate penal sanctions, forbids; but as prohibitions are not enacted in a vacuum, we can properly look for some evil or injurious or undesirable effect upon the public against which the law is directed. That effect may be in relation to social, economic or political interests; and the legislature has had in mind to suppress the evil or to safeguard the interest threatened."

Two requirements must be met for a law to be criminal in nature:

 * 1) the law must be a prohibition with a penal sanction.
 * 2) the law must be directed towards a public purpose.

Rand also listed a few objectives that would qualify as legitimate public purposes, namely "Public peace, order, security, health, morality."

The ruling was appealed to the Privy Council, on the grounds that the legislation was valid under the following:

 * 1) the federal power under s. 91(2).
 * 2) the federal power under s. 91(27).
 * 3) the residual power for peace, order and good government.
 * 4) the power relating to agriculture under s. 95.

At the Privy Council
The Supreme Court ruling was upheld by the Board, which responded to the points appealed thus:

 * as noted in R. v. Eastern Terminal Elevator Co., the trade and commerce power does not extend to individual forms of trade and commerce confined within a province
 * the criminal law power is not unlimited, in agreeing with Rand J's observation:

"The public interest in this regulation lies obviously in the trade effects: it is annexed to the legislative subject matter and follows the latter in its allocation to the one or other legislature. But to use it as a support for the legislation in the aspect of criminal law would mean that the Dominion under its authority in that field, by forbidding the manufacture or sale of particular products, could, in what it considered a sound trade policy, not only interdict a substantial part of the economic life of one section of Canada but do so for the benefit of that of another. Whatever the scope of the regulation of interprovincial trade, it is hard to conceive a more insidious form of encroachment on a complementary jurisdiction."

 * in citing the Labour Conventions Reference, the Board noted that the issue fell within the provincial power over property and civil rights
 * s. 95 did not apply, as the Act did not interfere with the agricultural operations of farmers

title: Margarine Reference


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Talk:Granita

Not Italian ice
Granita is not the same as Italian ice. Granita is not always a dessert; it can be herb-flavored and used as a palate cleanser. Also, granita can also be much grittier and less smooth than Italian ice. For example, many recipes on the food network website call for freezing flavored water in a 13x9 pan and scraping it with a fork multiple times. Putting the frozen mixture in a blender, like the Italian ice article suggests, would make for a much slushier consistency. --Jacquelyn Marie 21:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Granita
I move this part (the disambiguation) here for further use in a new article (maybe Granita (Restaurant) or Granita (London)).

Granita may refer to * Italian ice, a frozen dessert made by mixing flavorings (typically fruit juices) with ice. * The Granita Restaurant was a former London restaurant at 127 Upper Street where Tony Blair and Gordon Brown allegedly agreed the Blair-Brown deal.

I will replace the current article by a description of the Italian dessert.

Granita with Beer
I had written on this site a year or two ago that Sicilian teenagers mixed granita with beer, only to have another member delete it. I didn't revert because it was possible that I had been mistaken, but when I returned to Sicily this summer I was actually asked at a bar if I wanted lemon granita in my beer (I said yes, and it was a pretty good combo actually.) juppiter  talk   #c  06:08, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * See WP:NOR and WP:V -- we need sources! I've reverted your last edit for the same reason. —Bunchofgrapes (talk) 14:43, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * See: the whole of the article needs sources, should we deleat all but the first cited part? no. We should add a needs citation mark. Find more constructive ways to contribute to Wikipedia please. TrevorLSciAct (talk) 22:54, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Argh! I should have taken a picture!  When I go back to Sicily in 2008 I will take a picture of beer with granita in it....  and the 100% true edit I made way back in 2004 will finally be able to appear on Wikipedia!  juppiter  talk   #c  16:56, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Your picture wouldn't be a source. Please go read No Original Research, if you haven't. —Bunchofgrapes (talk) 16:58, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia policies are put in place over time, because they work, they are not meant to impede article progress, but to promote it, please follow them for more constructive measures. In fact it is stated that policies may be broken when it makes sense. If there is a picture of it it is obviously true, and obviously this is not vandalism or bias, which is why that policy was put in place.TrevorLSciAct (talk) 22:53, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Definitely have better things to do than read all that rules crap.... If I can't write it I can't write it no big whoop, it's not that important juppiter  talk   #c  17:28, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm Sicilian, I've lived in Catania all my life long (I'm 36) and I've been in all the major cities of my island, and this is the first time I hear of granita mixed with beer. Although it is common use putting some lemon granita in soft drinks (eg. Ice Tea), I reckon that, though some bars or some people can enjoy it, mixing granita with beer it is not so substantial or widespread to make it worth citing in the related encyclopedia entry. Out of curiosity, where and when did you actually see it? Drunkpiper (talk) 11:17, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Granita


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Ballet (disambiguation)

Ballet is a formalized kind of performance dance.

Ballet may also refer to:

 * Ballet company, a group of dancers who perform ballet
 * Ballet dancer, individual performer

Music

 * Ballet (music), a form of musical composition that corresponds to the dance form
 * "Le ballet" by Celine Dion, 1996
 * "Le ballet", song by Patrick Juvet, 1979

Film

 * Ballet (film), a 1995 documentary by Frederick Wiseman about the American Ballet Theatre

People with the surname

 * Bernard Ballet (1941–2022), French actor and director
 * Élisabeth Ballet (born 1956), French sculptor
 * Françoise Ballet-Blu (born 1964), French politician
 * Gilbert Ballet (1853–1916), French psychiatrist, neurologist and historian
 * Pascale Ballet (born 1953), French Egyptologist
 * René Ballet (1928– 2017), French journalist, novelist and essayist
 * William Ballet, 17th Century English composer

title: Ballet (disambiguation)


text:
Puppy face

A puppy face is a facial expression that humans make that is based on canine expressions. In dogs and other animals, the look is expressed when the head is tilted down and the eyes are looking up. Usually, the animal looks like it is about to cry. This gesture is sometimes performed by children in order to persuade their parents to do something special for them. Humans often open their eyes a little wide, pinch and/or raise the eyebrows, and stick the bottom lip out, while tilting their entire head slightly downward and looking upwards at the person to whom they have aimed the gesture. The head is often tilted sideways slightly.

It can be a lighthearted expression for begging or an attempt to persuade someone. Verbal approximations include: "Aw, come on!", "Please?", and "But why not?", among others.

title: Puppy face


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Hand warmer

Hand warmers are small, often disposable, packets that produce heat to warm cold hands. They are used throughout the world in a variety of ways, including outdoor recreation, manual labor, and homelessness.

History
The hand and foot warmer was first patented by Jonathan T. Ellis of New Jersey in 1891, though no evidence exists that it was ever produced.

The first commercially produced hand warmer was created by Japanese inventor Niichi Matoba. Matoba received a patent for applying the principle of an oxidation reaction that produces heat by means of platinum catalysis. He then devoted his time to researching how to make the product suitable for practical use. In 1923, he manufactured a prototype of his device naming it HAKUKIN-kairo (HAKKIN warmer). A version of these original portable hand warmers is still produced in Japan.

Iron oxidation
Air-activated hand warmers contain cellulose, iron powder, activated carbon, vermiculite (which holds water) and salt. They produce heat from the exothermic oxidation of iron when exposed to air. The oxygen molecules in the air react with iron, forming rust. Salt is often added to catalyze the process. The commercial product is an air-permeable fabric package containing the mixture, and supplied in a sealed plastic pouch. The reaction begins as soon as the package is removed from the pouch, thereby exposed to the air, typically in a glove or pocket of a jacket. It reaches its maximum temperature in about 20 minutes, and continues to generate a modest level of heat for many hours. The instructions warn against contact with the skin of babies or young children, as the package can reach 74C (165°F). When exhausted, it can be discarded with the household garbage.

Supersaturated solution (crystallisation-type)

This type of hand warmer can be recharged by immersing the hand-warmer in very hot water until the contents are uniform and then allowing it to cool. The release of heat is triggered by flexing a small metal disk in the hand warmer, which generates nucleation centers that initiate crystallisation. Heat is required to dissolve the salt in its own water of crystallisation and it is this heat that is released when crystallisation is initiated. The latent heat of fusion is about 264–289 kJ/kg.

This process can be scaled up to create a means of domestic heating storage and can produce instant heat.

Lighter fuel

Cigarette lighter fuel hand-warmers use lighter fluid (highly refined petroleum naphtha), in a catalyst combustion unit that runs at a lower temperature than an open flame with a greatly reduced fire risk. After lighting they operate inside a fabric bag typically with a drawstring. This controls the oxygen supply to the catalyst and protects against skin burns. Re-use is simply done by refuelling. Modern units may use a glass fiber substrate coated with platinum or another catalyst; some older units used asbestos substrates. The replaceable catalyst units can last for many years provided they have combusted vapour from their cotton wadding filled fuel reservoir, and have not had fuel directly applied to them. These hand warmers are for people who work or pursue leisure activities outdoors in very low temperatures, especially those that require manual dexterity that is not possible while wearing thick gloves or mittens. They date from the foundation of the Japanese Hakkin company by Niichi Matoba, who founded it to produce a hand warmer 'Hakkin Kairo' based on his Japanese patent of 1923. John W. Smith, President of Aladdin Laboratories, Inc. of Minneapolis was awarded a US patent for a product called the Jon-e (pronounced “Johnny”) catalytic hand warmer on December 25, 1951. Production peaked in the fifties and sixties, at 10,000 warmers a day. Aladdin went out of business in the 1970s. In 2010 the Zippo lighter company introduced an all-metal catalytic hand warmer, along with other outdoor products.

Battery
Battery operated hand warmers use electrically resistive heating devices to convert electrical energy in the battery into heat. Typically hand warmers can heat for up to six hours, with heat outputs from 40-48C. Rechargeable electronic hand warmers can be charged from a mains power supply or from a 5V USB power supply, with up to 500 recharge cycles possible.

Charcoal
Charcoal hand-warmers provide heat by burning charcoal in a special case. These can last up to 6 hours and become comfortably hot. Charcoal cases for these usually have felt on the outside and have items in it that do not produce heat, but spread the heat such as metal. A charcoal hand warmer can start heating when both ends of charcoal are struck and then extinguished to create a hot charcoal. The smouldering stick is then placed inside the case. The charcoal sticks are available from most outdoor activity shops and are fairly inexpensive.

title: Hand warmer


text:
Talk:Traditionalist Catholicism/Consensus

This is a consensus-built work in progress. Do not make any edit to this article without the agreement of the majority of contributing editors on the talk page. Spelling corrections and other minor edits can be made once the consensus article is moved to the main page.

Progress
 * 10 October 2005: Discussion stalls. Section-by-section editing is proposed and accepted.
 * Pathoschild 12 October 2005 (UTC): Blanked content, which has not been discussed (see proposal on userpage).
 * 14 October 2005: Consensus is reached on the overall structure.
 * Currently discussing the summary.

''Summary: The summary should contain a brief introductory or defining paragraph about Traditionalist Catholics that either summarises the entire article or leads the reader on to the first paragraph which does.

Traditionalist beliefs
This section has not yet been discussed.

Places of worship
This section has not yet been discussed.

Relations with other Catholic groups
This section has not yet been discussed.

Pro-traditionalist
This section may contain external links to resources with a point of view supportive of Traditionalist Catholicism.

Anti-traditionalist
This section may contain external links to resources with a point of view opposing Traditionalist Catholicism.


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Eadberht of Northumbria

Eadberht (died 19 or 20 August 768) was king of Northumbria from 737 or 738 to 758. He was the brother of Ecgbert, Archbishop of York. His reign is seen as a return to the imperial ambitions of seventh-century Northumbria and may represent a period of economic prosperity. He faced internal opposition from rival dynasties and at least two actual or potential rivals were killed during his reign. In 758 he abdicated in favour of his son Oswulf and became a monk at York.

Origins
Eadberht became ruler of Northumbria following the second abdication of his cousin Ceolwulf, who entered the monastery at Lindisfarne. Unlike Ceolwulf's first abdication, which clearly involved force, his second, in favour of Eadberht, may have been voluntary. Eadberht son of Eata was a descendant of Ida of Bernicia through either his son Ocga (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Anglian collection) or Eadric (Historia Brittonum). The genealogy gives Eadberht's father Eata the cognomen Glin Mawr.

Northumbria
Eadberht appears to have faced opposition from rival families throughout his reign. Eardwine, probably the son of King Eadwulf, and grandfather of the future king Eardwulf, was killed in 740. In 750 Offa, son of King Aldfrith was taken from the sanctuary of Lindisfarne and put to death after a siege, while Bishop Cynewulf of Lindisfarne, who had presumably supported Offa, was deposed and detained in York. The importance of religious foundations in Northumbrian political struggles and family feuds is apparent. Eardwine's family is associated with Ripon, Offa and Ceolwulf with Lindisfarne, and Hexham appears to have supported kings and noblemen opposed by the Lindisfarne community. Eadberht, however, as brother of the Archbishop of York, enjoyed the support of the greatest Northumbrian prelate.

Eadberht's reign saw major reforms to the Northumbrian coinage, and some coins name King Eadberht and Archbishop Ecgberht. Kirby concludes that "the indications are that Eadberht was bringing new prosperity to his kingdom." A letter sent by Pope Paul I to Eadberht and Ecgberht, ordering them to return lands taken from Abbot Fothred, and given to his brother Moll, presumed to be the same person as the later king Æthelwald Moll, suggests that Eadberht's reign saw attempts at reclaiming some of the vast lands which had been granted to the church in earlier reigns.

Neighbours
Kirby suggests that "a revival of seventh-century northern imperial ambitions had evidently occurred among the Northumbrians at the court of Eadberht".

The first record of Eadberht's efforts to recreate this dominion appear in 740, the year of Earnwine's death. A war between the Picts and the Northumbrians is reported, during which Æthelbald, King of Mercia, took advantage of the absence of Eadberht to ravage his lands. The reason for the war is unclear, but Woolf suggests that it was related to the killing of Earnwine. Earnwine's father had been an exile in the north after his defeat in the civil war of 705–706, and it may be that the Pictish king Óengus, or Æthelbald, or both, had tried to place him on the Northumbrian throne.

In 750, Eadberht conquered the plain of Kyle and in 756, he campaigned alongside King Óengus against the Britons of Alt Clut. The campaign is reported as follows:

 * In the year of the Lord's incarnation 756, king Eadberht in the eighteenth year of his reign, and Unust, king of Picts led armies to the town of Dumbarton. And hence the Britons accepted terms there, on the first day of the month of August. But on the tenth day of the same month perished almost the whole army which he led from Ouania to Niwanbirig.

That Ouania is Govan is now reasonably certain, but the location of Newanbirig is less so. Although there are many Newburghs, it is Newburgh-on-Tyne near Hexham that has been the preferred location. An alternative interpretation of the events of 756 has been advanced: it identifies Newanbirig with Newborough by Lichfield in the kingdom of Mercia. A defeat here for Eadberht and Óengus by Æthelbald's Mercians would correspond with the claim in the Saint Andrews foundation legends that a king named Óengus son of Fergus founded the church there as a thanksgiving to Saint Andrew for saving him after a defeat in Mercia.

Abdication
Eadberht abdicated in 758, entering the monastery attached to the cathedral of York. His death there in 768 is recorded in Symeon of Durham's chronicle. Symeon's History of the Church of Durham records that Eadberht was buried in the porch of the cathedral, alongside his brother Ecgberht, who had died in 766.

His son Oswulf succeeded him, but was murdered within the year. However, his daughter Osgifu's husband Alhred became king, and Eadberht's descendants, such as Oswulf's son Ælfwald and Osgifu's son Osred contested for the Northumbrian throne until the end of the century. Eadberht's last known descendant is Osgifu's son Saint Alhmund, murdered in 800 on the orders of King Eardwulf, and reputed a martyr.

title: Eadberht of Northumbria


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Peter Pan's Flight

Peter Pan's Flight is a rail-suspended dark ride at the Magic Kingdom, Disneyland, Disneyland Paris, Tokyo Disneyland, and Shanghai Disneyland theme parks. Located in the Fantasyland area of each park, its story, music, staging, and artwork are based on Walt Disney's Peter Pan, the 1953 animated film version of the classic Peter Pan story by J. M. Barrie. It is also one of the few remaining attractions that was operational on Disneyland's opening day in 1955, although the original version was entirely redesigned in 1983. Five of the six Disney resort destinations feature it, each with a unique exterior, walk-through queue and ride experience.

History
The original intent of the attraction was for guests to fly through the ride as if they themselves were Peter Pan. Most guests did not quite grasp this concept, however, and were left wondering why Peter was not in the attraction. The Walt Disney World version of the ride, which opened two days after the park's grand opening on October 3, 1971, added scenes with Peter and made use of Audio-Animatronic figures.

In 1983, Disneyland's Fantasyland underwent a major redesign. Some of its rides were relocated to make way for expanded versions of existing dark rides and the addition of a new one. The new Fantasyland resembled a rustic Alpine village rather than a medieval fair. Peter Pan's Flight continued to feature a colorful mural depicting the characters from the film, and Peter Pan was added to various scenes, including an Audio-Animatronic version of him. The original Pirate Ship Restaurant and Skull Rock were removed, and the riggings, lanterns, and other props from the restaurant were added to Peter Pan's Flight.

Original version (1955-1982)
The earliest version of Peter Pan's Flight debuted at Disneyland on the park's opening day in July 1955. This iteration of the attraction was the shortest in length and contained the fewest animated figures and simplest audio. The queue line was largely external, and its exterior façade resembled a colorful medieval tournament tent adorned with stripes and decorative shields. As with contemporary opening-day Fantasyland dark rides Snow White and her Adventures and Mr. Toad's Wild Ride, guests boarded ride vehicles in front of a massive, elaborate mural adorned with characters and settings from the film on which the ride was based. Peter Pan himself did not appear in the original ride at all (aside from his depiction on the mural), nor did the Darling children, the Lost Boys, the mermaids, or the Native Americans (save for a captive Tiger Lily in the final scene).

The 1955 Peter Pan attraction laid the foundation for the basic three-act structure that most subsequent versions of the ride have adhered to. Following the first brief scene inside the Darling children's nursery (only about three-fifths its current size), guests sailed over the moonlit London skyline (much the same as it is today), the fantastical realm of Neverland (seen entirely from an aerial perspective, with no close-up vignettes or characters), and finally into the cavernous Skull Rock, where a sword-wielding Captain Hook ordered the bumbling Mr. Smee to shoot down riders as they flew by. The final sight in the attraction was Tick Tock the crocodile, staring intently at guests, his mouth agape, just before they exited the scene through a set of doors disguised as a waterfall and returned to the loading area.

This simpler version of the attraction existed until 1982, when it was closed as part of the major redesign of the New Fantasyland, where nearly all of the area's architecture and attractions were updated with richer theming and new technology. A significantly enhanced version of Peter Pan's Flight debuted in May 1983, and is largely the same version that exists today.

Expanded version (since 1983)
Departing from the station, but before entering the actual ride building, guests fly over the rooftops of London. The new version of the ride includes Audio-Animatronic versions of the characters, like at the Magic Kingdom in Florida. As part of the new remodel, scenes from the Florida ride were added to Disneyland, including the pirate ship deck where Peter and Hook duel on the tip of the ship's bowsprit (at the Magic Kingdom Peter and Hook duel on the ship's mainsail). Few scenes are identical between the two versions, but they are very similar nonetheless.

The new Disneyland ride opened as part of New Fantasyland on May 25, 1983. After winding through the queue, guests board a three-passenger miniature galleon, which is suspended from a track on the ceiling above to enhance the sensation of flying through the air. The ship leaves the load area and winds through the Darlings' nursery, passing Nana the Saint Bernard dog nursemaid next to some toy blocks which spell "D1SN3Y" when read backwards. Wendy, John and Michael Darling are on the bed and Peter Pan's shadow is on the wall.

Guests hear Peter Pan saying, "Come on, everybody! Here we go!" At this point, the ship flies out of the nursery window and over moonlit London. Lights from Tinker Bell twinkle all around. Below guests are miniature versions of some of London's famous landmarks, including St Paul's Cathedral, Big Ben, the Tower Bridge and the River Thames.

Then, going past "the second star to the right and straight on 'til morning," the flying ships reach Neverland, where guests pass some of its landmarks, including the Indian village, a glowing volcano, a giant octopus, three colored fish, The Lost Boys' camp, Mermaid Lagoon, and Skull Rock. It is here that guests encounter some of Neverland's most famous residents, including Princess Tiger Lily, Mr. Smee, Tick-Tock the Crocodile and Peter's arch-rival, Captain Hook, in addition to Peter and the Darlings.

On February 2, 2015, the attraction closed for refurbishment. Its reopening date, which was originally scheduled for May 21, 2015, was pushed back to July 1, 2015. The refurbishment included new animatronics, including a scene of Wendy, John, and Michael flying above John's bed in the Nursery. It also added new special effects to the London and Neverland scenes.

Disneyland Paris
One of the most popular attractions at Disneyland Paris, Peter Pan's Flight is a dark ride that sees guests boarding “flying” pirate ships which are suspended from an overhead rail, plus soaring over miniature recreations of London and Neverland. This version is slightly longer than the original, with a complete circuit taking around 3 minutes, and beginning with a short flight over London at night.

Magic Kingdom
The load/unload area features Omnimover-style moving ramps, like those found at the Haunted Mansion, to allow for a smoother flow of traffic. The scenes in the ride are on a larger scale and feature Audio-Animatronic figures. It reuses audio and sound effects from the 1955 Disneyland version. Upon entering the very beginning of the nursery, a play tea party featuring two famous toys, Raggedy Ann and Andy, can be seen. The Lost Boys camp and Mermaid Lagoon are now a part of the Never Land scene. Also, Hook's 48-foot pirate ship is included, complete with deck, masts, sails and rigging. Guests see Hook and Peter engaged in hand-to-hand combat on the mainsail, while the boys are lashed to the mast and Wendy is about to walk the plank. Then, guests see Peter and the Darlings posed victoriously on the ship, poised to sail into the sky, back to London.

In 2014, this version was upgraded to include an updated indoor queue, wherein the old restrooms were removed, the new queue starts by entering into a corridor with interactive murals, it then leads guests into the Darling family residence, with a special emphasis on the nursery. This new queue has an extremely high attention to detail.

Tokyo Disneyland
Peter Pan's Flight at Tokyo Disneyland opened in 1983 and its features are very similar to those of the Magic Kingdom version.

In early 2016, the attraction was renovated to include new digital effects. A new Neverland scene was added, where guests now fly over the island of Neverland at nighttime, before flying past the Lost Boys' hideout, the Mermaid Lagoon, and the Native American camp.

Shanghai Disneyland
Peter Pan's Flight opened with the rest of Shanghai Disneyland in 2016. Unlike previous iterations, this version features 4-person vehicles instead of 2. These vehicles also have the ability to stop and change speed, unlike before. The ride also includes enhanced versions of scenes from previous iterations, as well as new scenes, such as a "splashdown" into Skull Rock.

title: Peter Pan's Flight


text:
Longana

Longana is a village located on the eastern part of Ambae island in Penama Province, Vanuatu.

It covers land area of approximately 50 km2.

Saratamata
Saratamata, the headquarters of Penama province, is on this part of the island. A plan has been proposed by the provincial Government to develop this area into a town.

Transportation
The village is served by Longana Airport, IATA code LOD.

title: Longana


text:
Talk:Mesonychia

Order or suborder
I have reverted a recent change on Andrewsarchus mongoliensis where Mesonychia was listed as a suborder of Artiodactyla. There are two competing hypothesis concerning the nearest relatives of Mesonychia. The traditional morphological view suggests that they are related to whales. Under this view either Mesonychia, Cetacea, and Artiodactyla are separate orders, the order Cetacea (or Cete as seen in McKenna and Bell, 1997) includes a suborder Mesonychia, or Mesonychia is a suborder of Cetartiodactyla, an order uniting whales and artiodactyls.

Alternatively, recent molecular and morphological work suggests that whales evolved from within the "artiodactyls" and Mesonychia represents a close relative but a distinct group. Under this view either Mesonychia and Cetartiodactyla are distinct orders, or Mesonychia is the most basal suborder within the Cetartiodactyla. To my knowledge no authorities argue that the mesonychids are more closely related to artiodactyls than to cetaceans.

I think recognizing Mesonychia as a distinct order is consistent with any of these hypotheses for relationships and would be the most appropriate position for us to take. Alternatively, it could be treated as a suborder of Cete (Cetacea) if we accept the old morphological hypothesis, but I don't think that's the mainstream approach since the publication of the molecular findings. --Aranae 21:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Largest predator
Southern Elephant Seal is said to be the largest land predator, not Kodiak Bear, and the difference is very significant (2045 kg vs 700 kg for average males). On the other hand, seals are not hunting while on land. Proski 21:26, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Although seals are capable of moving onto land, they are not considered to be terrestrial carnivores. However, I wonder if Andrewsarchus was as big/heavy as a Southern Elephant Seal...--Mr Fink 21:30, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Separation
Ultimately, I think we should make Mesonychidae its own article, rather than just a redirect to this page. Good idea, bad idea?--Mr Fink 12:21, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes. Good idea. - UtherSRG (talk) 12:49, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

cetaceans
See wp:lead. The lead should summarize the article, which necessitates some redundancy. The lead should also make the reader care and be accessible. That's why I added reference to cetaceans. Leadwind 01:43, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Considering that fossil hippos and their ancestors don't enter the fossil record until millions of years after the first whales do, making hippos whale ancestors is kind of bogus, don'tya think?Ericl (talk) 15:55, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Hippos aren't the ancestors of whales: they share the most recent common ancestor with whales.--Mr Fink (talk) 20:58, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Tiny hoofs
Can you really call it a hoof when it's just a tiny blunt nail at the end of the digit? Unless they walk on it, it really doesn't qualify as a hoof. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.70.113 (talk) 20:12, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Yes it qualifies, all hooves are modified nails. 05:26, 8 November 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by XtremeFanatic (talk • contribs)

Order or Suborder
Are there any papers explaining the demotion of Mesonychia from order to suborder?--Mr Fink (talk) 21:43, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

 * In Tabuce et al. (2011) [Naturwissenschaften 98 (2): 145–155] Mesonychia belongs to order Acreodi as an unranked clade. In Spaulding et al. (2009) [PLoS ONE 4(9): e7062] Mesonychia appears to be a paraphyletic assemblage outside Cetartiodactyla. In O'Leary & Gatesy (2008) [Cladistics 24, 397-442] Mesonychia forms a paraphyletic assemblage nested within Cetartiodactyla. In Geisler & McKenna (2007) [Acta Paleont. Pol. 52 (1): 189–212] Mesonychia is assigned to an order. In Thewissen et al. (2007) [Nature 450, 1190-1195] Mesonychia is outside Artiodactyla (Cetartiodactyla) and no ranked cited. Burmeister (talk) 15:12, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

 * The Mesonychia were assigned to an order historically when relatively little was known about them. The association with whales and their placement within the order Artiodactyla (or Cetartiodactyla) meant the rank had to be changed.
 * The Spaudling et al (2009) paper examines the position. They do their analysis with various non-artiodactylan outgroups in the analysis, which changes the position of Mesochychia. With a broad collection of Laurasiatherian taxa, they get the basal position. When analyzed without Carnivora and Creodonta, the Mesonychia pair with cetaceans because of homoplasy.
 * A more recent study using an even broader collection of placental taxa changes the position further. In Halliday et al (2017) the Mesochynia fall within Ferae. The Triisodontidae were basal to a clade showing a sister relationship between Carnivora and the unambiguous Mesonychid families (Hapalodectidae and Mesonychidae). This disagrees with the study of Spaulding et al (2009) and questions the placing of the Mesochynia in Euungulata and could restore the order rank (if Triisodontidae excluded). I would put more weight on the more recent broader study and the placement within Ferae, because of the sensitivity of the analysis to outgroups demonstrated by Spaulding et al (2015). However the abstract of another broad study (Shelley et al 2015) supports Spaulding et al (2009). Unfortunateley it doesn't seem to have been published yet. My suggestion is to change the taxonomy template for Mesonychia to unranked clade and change the parent to Laurasiatheria, while the higher level relationship remains unresolved. Jts1882 (talk) 10:17, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

Why can't mesonychids be classified are carnivorous artiodactyls
What's the difference. 05:24, 8 November 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by XtremeFanatic (talk • contribs)
 * Mesonychians can not be classified as "carnivorous artiodactyls" because they are not artiodactyls. Among other things, if you had bothered to read the article, artiodactyls and primitive whales have an astralagus bone shaped like a pulley, which mesonychians do not.--Mr Fink (talk) 06:04, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
How are "mesonychid" and "Mesonychia" pronounced? I would guess and ; note the different emphasis. On that note, what's the source language? I think it's Greek but I didn't see it mentioned on this page or Mesonychidae or Mesonyx. — W.andrea (talk) 16:31, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

 * It's Latin - literally "middle claw". A quick Google search reveals two different pronunciations in use (rightly or wrongly) but seems to be the most popular. But I don't have a reliable source for that, and so can't add it to the article. Anaxial (talk) 17:32, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

 * It's Latinized Greek. There is no single correct pronunciation of a scientific name. In classical Latin, "c" is always hard (and "v" in Latin has a different pronunciation than it does in English). In English and Spanish, "c" is soft when followed by a "e" or "i". Americans and Spanish speakers in Latin America tend to follow the rules for the language in pronouncing "c"s in scientific names. In some countries in continental Europe (e.g. Germany, (?)France), biologists may follow the rules for classical Latin even if that differs from the usual pronunciation in their language (in my experience, Vietnamese biologists go with hard "c", and I assume that was influenced by French biologists). When I was in grad school, another grad student from Turkey pronounced Pinus with proper classical Latin vowel sounds, which brought laughter from the undergrads (it sounds pretty close to "penis"). Scientific names often are formed from surnames of scientists from a variety of languages. Do you pronounce those as an ancient Roman would, as the surname is pronounced in it's native language, or as that combination of letters would usually be pronounced in your own language?

 * In short, the "correct" pronunciation depends on your audience. I'll pronounce "c" differently when I'm speaking to Latin Americans vs. Vietnamese. I'll go with the usual English vowel sounds in Pinus when talking to English speakers. I would pronounce the "ch" in Mesonychia as "k" (following Greek), but if it turned out that I was talking to somebody who was familiar with the word, but expected a different pronunciation, I would try to clarify. Plantdrew (talk) 19:34, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 11 October 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved (closed by non-admin page mover) BegbertBiggs (talk) 13:56, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

Mesonychid → Mesonychia – Taxonomic names for extinct taxa themselves should be prioritized over taxonomic term versions, consistent with taxonomic clades where WP:CommonName doesn't apply. In this case, Mesonychia should be prioritized over "mesonychid." PrimalMustelid (talk) 17:57, 11 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Palaeontology has been notified of this discussion. UtherSRG (talk) 18:05, 11 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Mammals has been notified of this discussion. UtherSRG (talk) 18:05, 11 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Cetaceans has been notified of this discussion. UtherSRG (talk) 18:05, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Conditional support - From the article: Technically speaking, the term "mesonychid" refers specifically only to the members of the family Mesonychidae, such as the species of the genus Mesonyx. However, as the order is also renamed for Mesonyx, the term "mesonychid" is now used to refer to members of the entire order Mesonychia and the species of other families within it. If this is moved, then the resulting redirect should be a disambiguation that states something similarly to this. - UtherSRG (talk) 18:07, 11 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Support, and redirect mesonychid to Mesonychidae (I will check incoming links to mesonychid; there aren't that many and most seem to be coming from taxoboxes). Mesonychid=Mesonychia seems to be a Wikipedia invention; the sources in this article are using "mesonychian" for the broader group and seem to be restricting "mesonychid" to the family. Other articles are using "mesonychid" for the family (e.g. Harpagolestes is described as a " mesonychid mesonychian ") This is yet another failure from misinterpretating WP:COMMONNAME to mean "prefer any title that isn't a scientific name without any concern for the precision of that title or whether that title is actually more commonly used than the scientific name". Plantdrew (talk) 18:36, 11 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Unambiguous. Hemiauchenia (talk) 22:16, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per above, esp. Plantdrew's note about Mesonychia vs Mesonychidae. Having this article as mesonychid is like having France at French. Happy editing, SilverTiger12 (talk) 17:47, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

"Proto-Artiodactyl" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Artiodactyl&redirect=no Proto-Artiodactyl] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Plantdrew (talk) 21:36, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

"Cete (clade)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cete_(clade)&redirect=no Cete (clade)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Plantdrew (talk) 21:52, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mesonychia


text: Acoustic punk

title: Acoustic punk


text:
User talk:Ericsim

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Ericsim


text:
James Haydon

James Richard Barnaby Haydon (born 2 November 1973 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire), is a British former motorcycle racer. He raced in 250cc and 500cc Grand Prix, MotoGP, British Superbike and the World Superbike Championship. He retired in 2008.

He now works in media, presenting shows and race commentating on ITV and British Eurosport for World Superbike Championship and British Superbike Championship coverage, and he covers some Moto GP races when the regular commentators are unavailable. He has worked for the BBC, Sky Sports, Motors TV, Al Jazeera and Radio 5 live and is seen as a rising talent within the media side of the sport. He is also the guest test rider for Britain's biggest motorcycle monthly – Bike Magazine.

Biography
James got his passion for speed through his father David, a Doctor who loved fast cars and motorcycles. He bought James his first motorcycle aged eight which he would ride in his parents garden. He quickly moved into Motorcross and worked his way up into the top 40 in Britain in Schoolboy Motorcross. But instead of pursuing a career in that sport he swapped to road racing at 16 in 1990. He finished 2nd in the British 125 Ministock Championship in his first year. Also starting in Ministocks that season was Neil Hodgson who immediately became (and still is) a great friend of James'). James then moved straight into The British 125cc Championship in 1991 (grabbing a pole position, some top 10 finishes and also winning the EMRA 125cc Championship). He was then spotted by Ron Haslam for a ride on Team Great Britain in 1992 after a disappointing finish in the 1991 Superteen championship. He raced a Yamaha TZ250 and won his first British Championship race at Silverstone that same year. The next season in 1993 he just missed out on winning the British 250cc Championship (which he had dominated) after the camera he was carrying for TV came loose and jammed his back wheel in the final race causing him to crash. The same season at 19 (having already won 4 British Championship 250cc races) he competed in the 1993 British 500cc Grand Prix, finishing 11th to become the youngest ever British points-scorer in a top-division World Championship race. He managed to finish well ahead of his mentor, the legendary Ron Haslam adding more prestige to his great performance. In 1994 he won his first British Superbike Championship race along with two more national 250cc victories that year.

For 1995 he then jumped straight into the top level 500cc world championship as a privateer (1995 for Harris and 1996 for WCM). He took some stunning top 10 results and impressed many with his speed on a privateer bike. He had offers to stay in G.P.'s but he decided to move to the WSBK in 1997. But this was with GIACO MOTO, a poorly run Team who struggled with finance and an old motorcycle. James quit after the bike broke down 14 times. His best result was a 9th-placed finish.

After three years in the World Championship for 1998 he returned home to the ultra competitive British Superbike championship. He surprised many with a podium in his first race before going on to have many years of success. He quickly became a crowd and sponsor favourite with his exciting all action style, never give up attitude and screen presence. He raced for Team Suzuki, Team Red Bull Ducati, Team Yamaha and Team Kawasaki. Never the luckiest rider many felt one of his best chances for the Championship came in 2000 for Ducati. Whilst leading the Championship a terrible mid season car accident (in which he was a passenger) damaged his neck and nerves badly. This caused him serious problems when racing and training and ruined his season. He twice finished 4th in the standings and was always one of the fastest riders, with multiple lap records and fastest laps throughout his BSB career. He won a total of 12 British Superbike Championship races and had over 30 podiums in the series.

In 2002 he joined Carl Fogarty's Foggy Petronas in the WSBK, developing the new bike for the first year. It proved unreliable with multiple blow ups, a lack of parts supply and other problems dogging it throughout the year. James had to leap from the motorcycle twice when it blew up and engulfed him in flames and fuel. One of the lowest points came when the gearbox locked up in Germany and caused a horrific accident (putting him out for the middle of the season). His high point was a best result of 7th in the world in Japan.

In 2004 he nearly retired after the mentally and physically draining previous season and started it without a ride. But his pedigree could not be ignored and he was soon called up to stand in at Virgin Mobile Yamaha in the British Superbike series. He immediately turned the Teams season around taking the bikes and Teams only win of the year and also putting it on the podium. Despite missing many rounds he beat all the other riders in the team and finished top Yamaha in Britain. It was also the only season in his career that he never crashed, not even in practice. At the end of the season he also raced in the last few MotoGP's ( World Championship) for Kenny Roberts Proton team. His best result an impressive 12th place in Qatar.

2004 had been such a good season that he signed a prestigious two-year deal for Airwaves Ducati (one of the top teams in Britain). He should have spent 2005 and 2006 on an Airwaves Ducati but an unlucky pre-season testing injury at Albacete saw Gregorio Lavilla take over his ride and then keeping it after a promising start (and eventually winning the championship on it). With no ride he became 'Super Sub' once again, filling in for various teams throughout 2005. Eventually ending up at Team Suzuki (after John Reynolds was injured). He immediately beat his new teammate (Scott Smart) and when the injured John Reynolds returned, the Team kept Haydon not Smart and he rewarded them with some strong results including a podium.

This was good enough for an offer to stay with the Team for 2006 alongside 2003 champion Shane Byrne. After a strong start at Oulton Park on identical bikes, James was made to run a different development bike to Byrne with a changed weight balance. He disliked the new bike immediately and blamed his sudden poor form and crashes on the change of machine. But with his ally the experienced Paul Denning (ex- Suzuki Team Manager) off in MotoGP and a new Team manager who had never worked in motorsport before, James struggled. After a heavy crash at Mallory he missed round 6 through injury then returned at Snetterton for Round 7. In race 2 a serious brake problem at the end of the Revvit straight caused him to run off the track at high speed. Unable to slow properly he shot across the track and collided with Dean Thomas. This caused an unfortunate crash which left Thomas and Haydon injured. Both riders soon recovered although only Haydon returned to race that season. Afterwards the incident was reviewed by an RAC panel and Haydon was cleared of all responsibility when the data logging proved the problem had been completely outside his control.

For 2007 he returned to Virgin Yamaha alongside Tommy Hill in a Team he had excelled with in the past. But he parted company with the team stating that he had "lost confidence in the development Pirelli tyres they were forced to run and that showed in (his) riding. Lacking extra funds the Team said that there was no possibility of a testing programme to help (him) rebuild that confidence so it seemed impossible to continue". N.B. Virgin Yamaha were the only team in Britain to run the then new Pirelli tyres that year against the established and mighty Michelin and Dunlop. Later that year he signed as 'Super Sub' for Hawk Kawasaki and in his first race with them he beat his teammate and finished top Kawasaki. He continued that form for most of the season.

For 2008 Hawk Kawasaki offered Haydon a season contract. However two weeks before the start of the race season they were forced to pull out when one of their main sponsors withdrew. So he was once again without a ride.

But he was quickly contacted by Eurosport and decided he would leave racing and go and work for them instead. He has never raced at the top level since.

Says James "After a long career my time had come to retire from racing bikes. It was a difficult choice for sure as there is never a 'right' time as such. You normally find riders only retire after really bad injuries and I've been very fortunate to avoid those. Amazing really and I'm thankful for that. Especially as I have been racing bikes most weekends for 25 years now. From a small kid on a dirt field all the way to the best circuits in the world in front of millions of people. I've had an amazing time too! I've travelled the world and spanned some really cool era's in bikes. From 165 Bhp 500cc V4 2 Strokes to 240 Bhp 1000cc 4 strokes. I've raced them all. From the likes of Schwantz, Doohan, Criville, Cadalora up to Bayliss, Biaggi and Rossi. Wish I had beaten a few more of them mind you! But seriously, I feel blessed to have done something I really loved and been paid well for it. Thank you everyone! Now however, it's time for the next chapter of my life. I can't wait for the challenge!"

James now presents for British Eurosport, mainly on the British Superbike Championship. He is also a regular studio guest on the live World Superbike Championship rounds. For the first time in 3 years James got back on a modern bike at the 2010 British Superbike Championship round at Brands Hatch, James joined the select few and rode some fast demo laps on the 2010 Rizla Suzuki Moto GP bike.

Personal life
James' parents David and Beverley are both retired and live close by. His Dad still owns and rides many motorcycles. James also has three sisters Annabelle, Susannah and Charlotte. James is married to Jo and they have three children, Zac, Maya and Lexi, and the couple lived in Andorra for many years but now reside back in England close to their families. In parallel with his sports commentary career, James has spent the last 10 years focusing on his passion for building and creating genuinely exceptional family homes. James is the nephew of designer Zandra Rhodes.

Former BSB and WSB Champion Neil Hodgson said of James "For sure he was one of the fastest riders I've ever seen who never managed to win a British or World Championship. But he has his head screwed on and a good view of life, so I am sure he will succeed in whatever he chooses to do now. Go get 'em James".

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: James Haydon


text:
Charlotte Bonaparte

Charlotte Napoléone Bonaparte (31 October 1802 – 2 March 1839) was the daughter of Joseph Bonaparte, the older brother of Emperor Napoleon I, and Julie Clary. She was active as an artist.

Life
After the fall of her uncle Emperor Napoleon in 1815, her father moved to America and lived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Charlotte and her sister, however, stayed with their mother in Europe. They lived in Frankfurt and Brussels in 1815-1821, and then in Florence.

She studied engraving and lithography in Paris with the artist Louis Léopold Robert, who is reputed to have fallen in love with her.

Charlotte, known as the Countess de Survilliers, lived with her father at his Point Breeze estate in Bordentown, New Jersey, from December 1821 to August 1824.

Charlotte married her first cousin Napoléon Louis, the second son of Louis Bonaparte and Hortense de Beauharnais, on 23 July 1826. She became a widow in 1831.

Artist
While in America, she sketched numerous landscapes including Passaic Falls, her father's estate at Point Breeze, the town of Lebanon, and others, some of which were engraved for the book "Picturesque American Scenes" by Joubert. Extant landscape drawings by her include Passaic Falls, a view near Tuckerton, and Schooley's Mountain. She also painted portraits (Cora Monges, 1822; Emilie Lacoste, 1823) and exhibited her work at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.

Death
Charlotte reportedly died in childbirth. The father of her child was reportedly Count Potocki.

Her tomb is in the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence, Italy, and it says (paraphrased): Born Oct. 31, 1802, died 1839.

Legacy
Charlotte, her sister Zénaide (1801–1854), and their mother were painted by the French artist François Gérard, while their mother was Queen of Spain. Another French artist, the well-known Jacques-Louis David, painted a portrait of the two sisters; it shows them reading a letter from Philadelphia sent by their father.

title: Charlotte Bonaparte


text:
Praise (band)

Praise were an English new-age music group formed in London in 1991, comprising Geoff MacCormack, Simon Goldenberg and Miriam Stockley. The group was considered to be foundational in the genre of ethnic electronica.

Praise released one self titled album in 1991, which was produced, engineered and mixed by Richard James Burgess. Praise combined European dance beats with a variety of traditional world samples and styles along with Miriam Stockley's vocals, in a manner that was continued by artists such as Enigma, Deep Forest and Adiemus (which also featured Stockley's vocals).

The tracks segue using soundscape elements, and the album was one of the few ever to be mixed using Qsound which provided virtual surround sound out of a pair of stereo speakers. MacCormack and Goldenberg arranged and performed many of the instrumental parts, the latter providing the necessary computer programming. Stockley arranged and performed the lead and many backing vocals.

All three have writing credits for Praise, and were supplemented by other specialised world performers. "Only You", the second track from Praise, was used for an advert for the Fiat Tempra. It was subsequently remixed by producers Andros Georgiou (second cousin of George Michael) and Pete Lorimer, and went on to become a hit single, peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart.

Stockley's vocals for this track were sampled extensively in the dance track of 2000, "Fiji" by Atlantis, which peaked at number 52 in the United Kingdom. In the same year, they released the single "Dream On". Praise disbanded some time after Praise was released; Stockley went on to perform lead vocals on Karl Jenkins's Adiemus albums.

title: Praise (band)


text:
User:Kan22

HI AND welcome to my page

title: User:Kan22


text:
Hate Week

In the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), by George Orwell, Hate Week is a psychological operation designed to increase as much as possible the population's hatred of the current enemy of the totalitarian Party, whichever of the two opposing super-states that may be.

Plot summary
During one particular Hate Week, Oceania switched allies while a public speaker is in the middle of a sentence, although the disruption was minimal: the posters against the previous enemy were deemed to be "sabotage" of Hate Week conducted by Emmanuel Goldstein and his supporters, summarily torn down by the crowd, and quickly replaced with propaganda against the new enemy, thus demonstrating the ease with which the Party directs the hatred of its members. This ease of direction could also be partially attributed to the similarity in the terms "Eastasia" and "Eurasia" because they are more easily confused. All citizens of Oceania are expected to show appropriate enthusiasm during Hate Week, as well as the daily Two Minutes Hate. While participation in this event is not legally required, avoiding or refusing to do so is said to make one appear suspicious to the Thought Police, generally resulting in the vaporisation (execution) of the perpetrator. This ensures that they are against the opposing party and still allied with Big Brother.

Hate Week is celebrated in late summer. The events during that time include waxwork displays, military parades, speeches and lectures. New slogans are also coined and new songs are written. The theme of the Hate Week is called the Hate Song. It is mentioned that a unit from the Fiction Department was assigned to make atrocity pamphlets (falsified reports of atrocities committed by Oceania's enemies against her) designed to stimulate Oceania's populace further into enraged frenzy against all enemies. The aggregate effect of Hate Week thus is to excite the populace to such a point that they "would unquestionably have torn [captured enemy soldiers] to pieces" if given the opportunity.

Hate Week is introduced to the reader for the first time in the second paragraph of the first page of Nineteen Eighty-Four; however, at this point in time, readers have no idea what Hate Week is. "It was part of the economy drive in preparation for Hate Week."

Cultural impact
"Hate week" has been adopted by theorists and pundits as a comparison to real life efforts to demonise an enemy of the state. Soviet Literary theorist John Rodden notes that "Hate Week" depicted by George Orwell's 1984 novel anticipates some of the anti-American events in the Soviet Union that followed. Scott Boulding argues similarities between the dystopian hate week and Stalinist efforts to supplant religion with devotional services to the state.

title: Hate Week


text:
Feder (fencing)

The Feder (plural Federn; also Fechtfeder, plural Fechtfedern), is a type of training sword used in Fechtschulen (fencing schools) of the German Renaissance. The type has existed since at least the 15th century, but it came to be widely used as a standard training weapon only in the 16th century (when longsword fencing had ceased to have a serious aspect of duelling, as duels were now fought with the rapier), shown extensively in the fighting manuals of the time, particularly those of Paulus Hector Mair and Joachim Meyer, and it remained in use in such Fechtschulen well into the 17th, and in some cases for much of the 18th century.

The origin of the term "Feder" for these swords is uncertain. The German word Feder means "feather" or "quill", but came to be used of metal springs in the 17th century (i.e. at about the same time as the name of the sparring weapon and possibly influenced by it). The term Fechtfeder itself seems to be connected to the name of the Federfechter, i.e. "feather fencers", a guild or brotherhood of fencers formed in 1570 in Prague. It is possible that the term Feder for the sparring sword arose in the late 16th century at first as a term of derision of the practice weapon used by the Federfechter (who were so called for unrelated reasons, because of a feather or quill used as their heraldic emblem) by their rivals, the Marx Brothers, who would tease the Federfechter as "fencing with quills" as opposed to with real weapons, or as scholars or academics supposedly better at "fighting with the quill" than at real fighting (reflecting the different professional backgrounds of the rival fencing guilds). Johann Fischart in his Gargantua (1575) already compares the fencing weapon to a "quill" writing in blood. The recharacterized term Federschwert is modern.

The sword consists of a very thin, rounded blade with a large ricasso and a heavy hilt and pommel. Because of this, it has the same weight and center of balance as a real sword, and handles identically. This odd construction also has the effect of moving the sword's center of percussion to a theoretical point beyond its tip. The tip of a Federschwert is spatulated and may have been covered with a leather sleeve to make thrusting safer, though no direct historical evidence exists of such use.

Production of Fechtfedern has been revived in the 21st century for use as sparring weapons and for competition in the context of the Historical European martial arts revival. Among some HEMA groups, it is believed that certain historical Federn had gradually thinning hilts, though this is not always applied to modern reconstructions of the weapons. Additionally, the Schilden, the blade-catchers, of the modern reconstructions vary from flat squares to double-troughed Parierhaken. Some also have hilts customized into the shape of a wayward "S", and others' are extended about two inches. Pommel shapes also vary, between classic spheres, various polyhedrons, arming sword-style disks, or most commonly teardrops or eggs.

title: Feder (fencing)


text:
Mutualista

Mutualistas were community-based mutual aid societies created by Mexican immigrants in the late 19th century United States. According to media analyst Charles M. Tatum, mutualistas "'provided most immigrants with a connection to their mother country and served to bring them together to meet their survival needs in a new and alien country. Cultural activities, education, health care, insurance coverage, legal protection and advocacy before police and immigration authorities, and anti-defamation activities were the main functions of these associations."

Sometimes mutualistas were part of larger organizations affiliated with the Mexican government or other national associations. One such association included Alianza Hispano-Americana, which, founded in 1894 in Tucson, Arizona Territory, had 88 chapters throughout the Southwestern United States by 1919. Usually mutualistas had separate women's auxiliaries, but some, including Club Femenino Orquidia in San Antonio, Texas and Sociedad Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez in Laredo, were founded and run by women.

While Tatum lauds mutualistas for "bringing together Mexican nationals from different social classes to form a common bond, a feat that no organization had been able to achieve in Mexico", there were indeed social divisions within mutualistas. Some, such as Club Mexicano Independencia in Santa Barbara, California, were only open to male citizens of Mexico. Others had elitist membership restrictions.

Many historians describe the "familiar" orientation of mutualista societies. They fostered sentiments of unity, mutual protection, and volunteerism. Historian Vicki L. Ruiz sees mutualistas as "institutionalized forms of compadrazgo and commadrazgo", the "concrete manifestations" of which were orphanages and nursing homes.

Some mutualistas became politically active in the American Civil Rights Movement. The Comité de Vecinos de Lemon Grove filed a successful desegregation suit against the Lemon Grove School District in 1931. Many of the people that were involved in mutualismo were active in the subsequent Chicano student political, and feminist movements. María Hernández, who formed Orden Caballeros de America with her husband Pedro in 1929, later worked on educational desegregation and supported the Raza Unida Party.

The term is still used in Uruguay to describe a form of health insurance.

title: Mutualista


text:
User talk:Kan22

di you wanna to talk to me great yay

title: User talk:Kan22


text:
Boys Night Out

Boys'  or Boy's Night Out may refer to:

Film and TV

 * Boys' Night Out (film), a 1962 comedy
 * Boys' Night Out (1996 film), starring Wil Wheaton

 * "Boy's Night Out", an episode of the TV series Murphy's Law
 * "Boy's Night Out", an episode of the TV series Benson

Music

 * Boys Night Out (radio), an evening radio program on Filipino station Magic 89.9
 * Boys Night Out (band), a Canadian emo/post-hardcore band
 * Boys Night Out (album), their self-titled album
 * "Boys' Night Out" (song), a song from the 1962 film, performed by Patti Page
 * "Boys Night Out" (song), a single by Timothy B. Schmit
 * "Boys' Night Out", a song from the Sammy Hagar's 1987 album, I Never Said Goodbye.

title: Boys Night Out


text: Category:Politics of Alberta

title: Category:Politics of Alberta


text:
DSG International

DSG International may mean:
 * DSG International plc is a British retail group, formerly known as Dixons Group plc
 * DSG International Ltd. is a manufacturing company based in Hong Kong

title: DSG International


text:
Primera Nacional

Primera Nacional (usually called simply Nacional B, in English "National B Division", and known as Primera B Nacional until the 2019–20 season) is the second division of the Argentine football league system. The competition is made up of 38 teams.

It is played by teams from all over the country. Clubs from Buenos Aires surroundings, as well as some from Santa Fe Province, are promoted from or relegated to the Primera B Metropolitana ("Metropolitan B Division") while for teams from the other provinces the Torneo Federal A ("Federal A Tournament") is the next level down. In Argentine football, Primera Nacional is the second-highest league, and from it, the three best teams are automatically promoted to Primera División.

Primera B Nacional games are often transmitted to Argentina and abroad on television by TyC Sports.

History
It was created in 1986 to integrate unaffiliated clubs into the Argentine football structure, which until then had only participated in Nacional championships of Argentina's First Division tournament. It brought together teams from the old Primera B (until then, the second division) and regional leagues from several Argentine provinces.

After the 1985–86 season, the Primera B Nacional became the second hierarchical league in Argentina's professional football, after the Primera División, and it is above the Torneo Federal A and the Primera B Metropolitana, the last one started to act as a third division for the teams directly affiliated to AFA.

Beginning in the 2019–20 season, the name was changed dropping the B to simply be known as Primera Nacional.

Format
Thirty-seven teams play each other once for a total of thirty-six rounds. The top-placed team will be the champion and will also earn promotion to the Primera División. The teams placed from 2nd to 13th place will compete in the "Torneo Reducido" for the second promotion berth after the regular season ends, with the team placed 2nd entering in the third round, the team placed 3rd entering in the second round and the teams placed 4th to 13th entering in the first round.

List of champions
Since the first season held in 1986–87, the following teams have crowned champions of the division: In case of championships defined by final, they are indicated.
 * Notes

title: Primera Nacional


text:
Hamilton Boys' High School

Hamilton Boys' High School is a boys' secondary school in Hamilton, New Zealand and is the largest secondary school in the Waikato region. The school was established as Hamilton High School in 1911 but was later split into separate boys' and girls' schools, with the current school opened in February 1955. Its sister school is Hamilton Girls' High School. The school crest features a lion, sash and star, and bears the motto "Sapiens Fortunam Fingit Sibi" which translates to "a wise man carves his own fortune". The school colours are black and red.

Most of the school's approximately 2100 students are day boys from Hamilton and surrounding townships such as Cambridge, Te Awamutu, and Morrinsville. Around 170 boys are housed in an onsite boarding hostel, Argyle House, which forms one of the six houses into which the school is divided. The boarding house is located on the school grounds, but is essentially a private institution, with students paying approximately $13,000 per year to attend.

In 1999, the school appointed Susan Hassall to head the school. In doing so the school became one of the first boys' schools in New Zealand to appoint a female headmaster.

Academic
The school offers both the state run NCEA and external Cambridge International Examinations for students to undertake.

Sport
In rugby, Hamilton Boys’ High School has the best record in New Zealand at the National 1st XV. It has also won the international Sanix World Rugby Youth Invitational Tournament more than any other school.

Hamilton Boys’ High School has won the Maadi Cup for rowing eights 11 times, and the Springbok Shield for fours 16 times.

Hamilton Boys' High School competes as part of the Super Eight group of boys' high schools from eight provincial cities in the central North Island of New Zealand. Their 1st XV Rugby team has won the Super Eight Rugby 1st XV competition twelve times, as of 2019.

Houses
Hamilton Boys' High School currently has six houses. All of the day boy houses (all houses except Argyle House) are named after former headmasters of the school.
 * Tait – Red
 * Taylor – Green
 * Wilson – Blue
 * Steel – Grey
 * Baigent – Yellow
 * Argyle – Black

After every House competition, the new scores will be added to the previous scores. The House with the highest number of points at the end of the year gets to have its House name on the yearly House win list. No House has won more than twice consecutively.

Enrolment
Like all previously selective state schools, Hamilton Boys' High School operates an enrolment scheme.

Enrolment was traditionally by academic examination followed by an interview. Alternatively a student might be enrolled if he had a family connection to the school. The school still examines new students but only for the purposes of streaming students.

Notable alumni
As well as a number of All Blacks and All Whites, the following people are Old Boys of Hamilton Boys' High School:

The Arts

 * Vincent Burke – film producer
 * Daniel Gillies – actor
 * Tony Martin – Australian-based comedian and writer
 * Frank Sargeson – author
 * Stan Walker – winner of Australian Idol
 * Muroki – singer, songwriter & musician

Public Service

 * Sir Colin Allan – former Governor of Seychelles
 * Air Vice-Marshal Graham Lintott – Chief of the Royal New Zealand Air Force
 * The Hon. John Luxton – Cabinet Minister 1990–1999
 * Dr Shane Reti MP – MP and deputy leader, NZ National Party

Sport

 * Craig Baird – multiple New Zealand and Australian motorsport champion
 * Aled de Malmanche – former Chiefs (rugby union), Waikato Rugby Union and NZ All Black, now playing for Stade Français in France.
 * Warren Gatland – former Waikato Rugby Union player and coach, coached the Wales national rugby union team from 2008 to 2019, former NZ All Black
 * Daryl Halligan – ARL football player and TV commentator
 * Ron Hemi – head boy at HBHS, former NZ All Black
 * Tawera Kerr-Barlow – former New Zealand national under-20 rugby union team, Waikato Rugby Union, Chiefs (rugby union) and All Black player
 * Josh Lord – current New Zealand All Black
 * Scott McLeod – former NZ All Black
 * Sean Maitland – former New Zealand national under-20 rugby union team, Canterbury Rugby Football Union, Crusaders (rugby union), Glasgow Warriors and current Saracens and Scottish Rugby Union player. Also played in the 2013 British & Irish Lions tour to Australia
 * David Nyika – boxer
 * Richard Petherick – current New Zealand Black Stick
 * Dick Quax – Olympic Games silver medallist, 1976 5,000 metres and later world record holder 5,000m, Auckland City councillor
 * Sam Rapira – Former New Zealand Warriors player and New Zealand national rugby league team representative
 * Sevu Reece – current New Zealand All Black
 * Trent Renata – Former Waikato Rugby Union and New Zealand national under-20 rugby union team, current Otago and Highlanders player
 * Jake Robertson – Commonwealth games 5,000m and 10,000m finalist, 2014
 * Zane Robertson – Olympic Games 10,000m finalist, 2016
 * Mitchell Santner – current all-rounder for the New Zealand national cricket team.
 * Aaron Scott – former All White NZ football player
 * Caleb Shepherd – Former Olympic cosxswain
 * Henry Speight – former Waikato and current ACT Brumbies player
 * Scott Styris – former New Zealand Black Caps cricket player
 * Dwayne Sweeney – Former Waikato, Chiefs Player, now plays rugby in Japan.
 * Quinn Tupaea – current New Zealand All Black
 * Chris van der Drift – former driver for New Zealand A1GP motor racing team
 * BJ Watling – current New Zealand Black Caps cricket player
 * Jackson Willison – Former New Zealand national under-20 rugby union team, Chiefs (rugby union) and Current Waikato Rugby Union, Blues (Super Rugby) and Māori All Blacks player
 * Bryn Gatland – Rugby Union Player

Other

 * Peter James Bethune – anti-whaling activist

title: Hamilton Boys' High School


text:
User talk:Marc barger

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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-- 22:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marc barger