text:
Wikipedia:N degrees of separation/Archive 2

N Degrees of Separation: Archive Page II

Highlight I

See Archive I for the previous puzzles.

WorLD programming language --> Barcelona (movie)

 * Start: WorLD programming language
 * Goal: Barcelona (movie)

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 01:44, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

The start originally had no links, so I edited it, adding a link in the process. Silverfish 21:11, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

WorLD programming language-->programming language --> communication --> propaganda --> medium--> film--> Academy Awards--> Best Supporting Actress--> Mira Sorvino -->Barcelona (movie)

Dan Patch --> Olduvai Gorge

 * Start: Dan Patch
 * Goal: Olduvai Gorge

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 01:44, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Dan Patch --> horse --> Mammalia --> Primates --> Hominid --> Paranthropus --> Olduvai Gorge

Yay. siafu 00:14, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Berry, New South Wales --> George French

 * Start: Berry, New South Wales
 * Goal: George Arthur French

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 01:44, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) Berry, New South Wales --> Australia --> Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom --> Canada --> Royal Canadian Mounted Police --> Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police --> George Arthur French
 * 2) Berry, New South Wales --> Australia --> Canada --> Calgary, Alberta --> James MacLeod --> George Arthur French, Gebruiker:Dedalus 08:25, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Considering that French was also involved in organizing the Australian military and reporting thereon to the NSW Parliament these links are too long. See also http://www.awm.gov.au/firstopac/bin/cgi-jsp.exe/searchresults.jsp?userId=&catTable=&author=French%2C+George+Arthur%2C+1841-1921.&author_match=FULL

List of Allied warships that served at Gallipoli --> Lancashire cheese

 * Start: List of Allied warships that served at Gallipoli
 * Goal: Lancashire cheese

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 01:44, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

List of Allied warships that served at Gallipoli --> HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913) --> Elizabeth I of England --> England --> Greater Manchester --> Leigh (Greater Manchester) --> Lancashire cheese Frangibility 16:13, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What about List of Allied warships that served at Gallipoli --> HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913) --> Elizabeth I of England --> Person --> Needs --> Food --> cheese? Wikk

Vitim event --> Come Blow Your Horn

 * Start:Vitim event
 * Goal:Come Blow Your Horn

Vitim event → US → Hollywood → Academy Award → Best Actor → Frank Sinatra → Come Blow Your Horn

Yes.... six... --Xiaoxiaofreak242 20:43, May 16, 2005 (UTC)--Xiaoxiaofreak242 20:41, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

Meson --> Gamma Ray Burst

 * Start: meson
 * Goal: Gamma ray burst

Contributed by: Natalinasmpf 05:48, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

meson → antiparticle → photon → gamma ray → gamma ray burst -- Alphax τεχ 17:34, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

meson → Physics → Black hole → gamma ray burst -- User:Lvm 18:00, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Bill Gates --> God
Top of page

 * Start: Bill Gates
 * Goal: God

By: Alphax τεχ 10:36, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Bill Gates → Common criticisms of Microsoft → Electronic mail → E-mail art → Mail → Abbey → God I win. →mathx314(talk)(email) 13:58, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * No you don't. The shortest route is Bill Gates → April 26 → God. Interestingly, Kate's 6 degrees tool can't find a route between the lowercase versions after 10 hops. Alphax τεχ 17:19, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Dates don't count. RSpeer 17:41, May 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * That I didn't know. Alphax τεχ 00:03, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

FInally, it's good to see someone still comes here!!! Jaberwocky6669 20:39, May 8, 2005 (UTC)

What about Bill Gates → Agnostic → God?? Xiaoxiaofreak242 16:18, May 16, 2005

Hoberman sphere -> Holburn Lake and Moss

 * Start: Hoberman sphere
 * End: Holburn Lake and Moss

Have fun! →mathx314(talk)(email) 01:23, 10 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Hoberman sphere → ... → Special Protection Area → List of special protection areas in the UK → Holburn Lake and Moss. Hrm. Alphax τεχ 07:18, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Hoberman sphere → Jersey City, New Jersey → Europe → United Kingdom → Geography of the United Kingdom → Geography of the United Kingdom → Conservation in the United Kingdom → Special Protection Area → List of special protection areas in the UK → Holburn Lake and Moss. That may not be the best. Thanks to Alphax for the ending there :-) Jonathan Christensen 20:35, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Karol July 1, 2005 23:44 (UTC)

 * Applause! Jaberwocky6669 July 2, 2005 04:50 (UTC)
 * No applause... I didn't really understand that it has to be linked in one direction! Karol July 2, 2005 12:08 (UTC)

News Probe --> 60

 * Start: News Probe
 * Goal: 60

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 18:01, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

News Probe --> China --> Chinese Mythology --> Yan Luo (Chinese mythology) --> Hell --> Gospel of Luke --> 60

Finished by: WPPWAH 20:46, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Spies Like Us --> Treaty Ports (Ireland)

 * Start: Spies Like Us
 * Goal: Treaty Ports (Ireland)

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 18:01, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

Spies Like Us --> film --> History of film --> 20th Century Fox --> 24 (television) --> Guantanamo Bay --> Foreign establishment --> Treaty Ports (Ireland)

Finished by: Debroglie 19:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

:) Karol July 1, 2005 23:49 (UTC) Don't work. Karol July 2, 2005 12:06 (UTC)

Charles Janeway --> Fukuoka Marathon

 * Start: Charles Janeway
 * Goal: Fukuoka Marathon

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 18:01, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

Charles Janeway --> HHMI --> United States --> Japan --> Fukuoka --> Fukuoka Marathon

Finished by: Sholtar 19:32, May 21, 2005 (UTC)

Another 5-step path: Charles Janeway --> Yale University --> University --> Japan --> Fukuoka --> Fukuoka Marathon - Karol July 2, 2005 00:05 (UTC)

VNV --> Prudential Financial

 * Start: VNV
 * Goal: Prudential Financial

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 18:01, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

VNV --> allies --> United States --> Boston, Massachusetts --> Prudential Tower --> Prudential Financial

Finished by: RoyBoy 800 16:48, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

VNV --> Netherlands --> insurance --> Prudential Financial - Karol July 2, 2005 00:08 (UTC)

Jennet --> List of Oklahoma school districts by county

 * Start: Jennet
 * Goal: List of Oklahoma school districts by county

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 23:17, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Jennet --> Horse --> Ranch (dab) --> Ranching --> Oklahoma --> List of Oklahoma school districts by county

Finished by: siafu 23:28, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Fort Assiniboine --> USS Sicily (CVE-118)

 * Start: Fort Assiniboine
 * Goal: USS Sicily (CVE-118)

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 23:17, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Fort Assiniboine --> United States Army --> United States Military Academy --> Fidel V. Ramos --> --> Lingayen (dab) --> Commencement Bay class escort carrier --> USS Sicily (CVE-118)

Finished by: siafu 00:04, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * What is (dab)? Jaberwocky6669 16:32, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Disambiguation page. siafu 1 July 2005 23:49 (UTC)

Shorter: Fort Assiniboine --> United States Army --> World War II --> USS Sicily (CVE-118) Karol July 2, 2005 00:14 (UTC) OK, I messed up here too. Karol July 2, 2005 12:01 (UTC)

Antanas Merkys --> Kane

 * Start: Antanas Merkys
 * Goal: Kane

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 23:17, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Antanas Merkys --> Lithuania --> Lithuanian mythology --> Mythology --> Polynesian mythology --> Kane

Finished by: StopTheFiling 21:21, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Appalachian English --> Even and odd numbers

 * Start: Appalachian English
 * Goal: Even and odd numbers

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 23:17, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Appalachian English --> Ulster-Scots --> List of linguists --> John C. Wells --> University College London --> professor --> teacher --> curriculum --> mathematics education --> arithmetic --> rational number --> number --> Even and odd numbers

Finished by: Jigglyman 22:18, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Appalachian English --> American English --> English Language --> Lists of English words of international origin --> List of English words of French origin --> Faux Pas --> Even and odd numbers

There's another solution. Strangely, Faux Pas has a link to Even and odd numbers. Check it out yourself. WPPWAH 22:25, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Veeeerrry  funnyy   lol   ;)   Jaberwocky6669 18:42, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Prepare to be beaten! Appalachian English-English-Subject-Maths-Even and odd numbers Wikk

 * Well, as long as you didn't use Kate's tool, which would make you a greasy cheater, then it's cool. Jaberwocky6669 21:12, September 8, 2005 (UTC)

Illinois State Route 40 --> Joachim Marquardt

 * Start: Illinois State Route 40
 * Goal: Joachim Marquardt

Contributed by: StopTheFiling 21:25, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Illinois State Route 40 --> Freeway --> Italy --> Roman Empire --> Raetia --> Joachim Marquardt

Finished by: 131.111.8.104 1 July 2005 13:51 (UTC)

THis one must be greased cau' it snuck passt me... Jaberwocky6669 July 1, 2005 15:23 (UTC)

United States Naval reactor --> Wako Department Store

 * Start: United States Naval reactor
 * Goal: Wako Department Store

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 20:52, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

easy.... United States Naval reactor --> China --> Japan --> Wako Department Store - Karol July 2, 2005 00:38 (UTC) OK, not so easy :D Karol July 2, 2005 11:58 (UTC)

Just slightly longer: United States Naval reactor --> China --> Japan --> Tokyo --> Ginza --> Wako Department Store.

-- 131.111.223.29 2 July 2005 18:06 (UTC)

Faneuil Hall --> Parliamentary Debate

 * Start: Faneuil Hall
 * Goal: Parliamentary Debate

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 20:52, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Not very neat, but here it is: Faneuil Hall --> Boston, Massachusetts --> People's Republic of China --> India --> South India --> Bangalore --> National Law School of India University --> Parliamentary Debate

Finished by: 131.111.223.29 2 July 2005 18:45 (UTC)

The Piano Player (album) --> Ad Infinitum (band)

 * Start: The Piano Player (album)
 * Goal: Ad Infinitum (band)

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 20:52, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

The Piano Player (album) --> Maksim Mrvica --> EMI --> United Kingdom --> Manchester --> Factory Records --> Ad Infinitum (band)

Finished by: Penwhale | Blast the Penwhale 2 July 2005 04:28 (UTC)

Alexander Francis Chamberlain --> Celestyn Czaplic

 * Start: Alexander Francis Chamberlain
 * Goal: Celestyn Czaplic

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 20:52, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Alexander Francis Chamberlain --> Canada --> Countries of the World (redirect to List of countries) --> Poland --> Coat of Arms of Polska (redirect to Coat of Arms of Poland) --> Order of the White Eagle --> Knights of the Order of the White Eagle --> Celestyn Czaplic

Finished by:

7 degrees. First time doing this. Eric119 30 June 2005 02:45 (UTC)

 * Welcome Eric! Hope you have fun. Listing redirects isn't really necessary I don't think. Jaberwocky6669 June 30, 2005 03:07 (UTC)

Jeremy Joseph --> South West Sound FM

 * Start: Jeremy Joseph
 * Goal: South West Sound FM

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 23:17, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Jeremy Joseph --> G-A-Y --> London --> Northern Ireland --> Culture of Ireland --> Media in Ireland --> Scottish Radio Holdings --> South West Sound FM

Finished by: 131.111.8.104 1 July 2005 15:30 (UTC). OK, that's enough for today.

BAM! Takin' it up a notch! Jaberwocky6669 July 1, 2005 16:02 (UTC)

To the Extreme --> Air Canada destinations

 * Start: To the Extreme
 * Goal: Air Canada destinations

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 23:17, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

To the Extreme --> Rapper --> Russia --> United States --> Great Depression --> Great Depression in Canada --> Air Canada --> Air Canada destinations

Finished by: 131.111.8.104 1 July 2005 14:16 (UTC)

 * Awesome dude! You are the MAN. May I add that you freakin' rock?!?!?! Jaberwocky6669 July 1, 2005 14:20 (UTC)

Shorter: To the Extreme --> Rapper --> Switzerland --> Air Canada destinations - Karol July 2, 2005 01:00 (UTC) I messed up, there is no Switzerlan->AirCanadaDestinations link, only the other way. Karol July 2, 2005 11:57 (UTC)

 * As long as you didn't use Kate's tool ;)  Jaberwocky6669 July 2, 2005 02:53 (UTC)
 * I can't get Kate's tool to work, I don't know why. Anyways, I was playing this game wrong before... Karol July 2, 2005 11:57 (UTC)

I see nothing wrong with your solution. It is much shorter than the other one. Jaberwocky6669 July 2, 2005 18:42 (UTC)

Renko --> NetKernel

 * Start: Renko
 * Goal: NetKernel

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 18:01, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

Renko --> Finland --> Linus Torvalds --> Open source --> NetKernel - Karol July 2, 2005 00:56 (UTC) This doesn't work either. Karol July 2, 2005 11:53 (UTC)

OK, got it now: Renko --> Finland --> List of Finns --> Linus Torvalds --> Open source --> List of open-source software packages --> NetKernel - Karol July 2, 2005 12:49 (UTC)

Finished by:

Texas State Highway 6 Business --> Stanislav of Kiev

 * Start: Texas State Highway 6 Business
 * Goal: Stanislav of Kiev

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 01:44, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

This one is missing its goal.--Bwmodular 09:16, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

OOPS! good eye! Jaberwocky6669 18:44, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Texas State Highway 6 Business --> Texas --> United States --> Russia --> Ukraine --> Dnieper --> Irpen' --> Battle on the Irpen' River --> Stanislav of Kiev. --131.111.8.104 1 July 2005 14:39 (UTC)

w00t w00t Give this man/woman/person some room! Stand back now... watch out... he/she is on a roll! When will they stop? no one knows... Jaberwocky6669 July 1, 2005 15:05 (UTC)

Why look so far? Texas State Highway 6 Business --> highway --> economy --> Kiev --> Stanislav of Kiev - Karol July 2, 2005 00:52 (UTC) This doesn't work, at least in this direction ;( Karol July 2, 2005 11:51 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, how are you so good at this?  ;) Jaberwocky6669 July 2, 2005 02:54 (UTC)
 * Well, I just look through the article... some are even interesting :) Karol July 2, 2005 11:39 (UTC)
 * I'm not so good after all :) Karol July 2, 2005 11:51 (UTC)

Maize, Kansas --> George Barker Jeffery

 * Start: Maize, Kansas
 * Goal: G.B. Jeffery

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 01:44, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Maize, Kansas --> Corn --> England --> George Barker Jeffery - Karol July 1, 2005 23:31 (UTC) This is not OK. I keep forgetting, the path has a direction! Karol July 2, 2005 11:49 (UTC)

But I got it right this time: Maize, Kansas --> corn --> German language --> Germany --> Einstein --> George Barker Jeffery - Karol July 2, 2005 12:39 (UTC)

Milan Papyrus --> Wikipedia:Votes for deletion

 * Start: Milan Papyrus
 * Goal: Votes for deletion

Okay, the goal isn't random.

Contributed by: Eric119 30 June 2005 03:04 (UTC)

Milan Papyrus --> University of Milan --> University --> Academia --> Isidore of Seville --> Encyclopedia --> Wikipedia --> WP:NOT --> WP:VfD

-- 131.111.8.104 1 July 2005 15:17 (UTC)

This user must be a robot cause they aint show no signs of stoppin'! Jaberwocky6669 July 1, 2005 15:22 (UTC)

Móstoles --> USS Stump (DD-978)

 * Start: Móstoles
 * Goal: USS Stump (DD-978)

Contributed by: Penwhale | Blast the Penwhale 2 July 2005 04:31 (UTC)

OK, I'm sure I got this one right :) Móstoles --> Spain --> World War II --> Attack on Pearl Harbor --> United States Navy --> List of destroyers of the United States Navy --> USS Stump (DD-978) - Karol July 2, 2005 12:24 (UTC)

Finished by:

Linnea Quigley --> Kya Sand

 * Start: Linnea Quigley
 * Goal: Kya Sand

Contributed by: Karol July 2, 2005 12:54 (UTC)

Linnea Quigley --> Davenport, Iowa --> U.S. state --> New York --> New York City --> Johannesburg --> Kya Sand

131.111.223.29 2 July 2005 18:16 (UTC)

Ezri Dax --> Skanderborg Festival

 * Start: Ezri Dax
 * Goal: Skanderborg Festival

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 July 2, 2005 18:54 (UTC)

Ezri Dax --> Television Series --> Musical score --> Music --> Music festivals --> Skanderborg Festival

Finished by: WPPWAH 17:35, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Music of Nunavut --> Brian Fitzpatrick (Scottish politician)

 * Start: Music of Nunavut
 * Goal: Brian Fitzpatrick (Scottish politician)

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 July 2, 2005 18:54 (UTC)

Music of Nunavut --> Fiddle --> Bagpipes --> Scotland --> Scottish Parliament --> Members of the Scottish Parliament --> Jean Turner --> Brian Fitzpatrick (Scottish politician)

Finished by: Spondoolicks 11:59, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Roland Wank --> CKVR

 * Start: Roland Wank
 * Goal: CKVR

Contributed by: Jaberwocky6669 July 2, 2005 18:54 (UTC)

Roland Wank --> United States --> Canada --> Toronto --> Barrie, Ontario, CKVR

Karol July 3, 2005 09:43 (UTC)

Today WP wanted to give me a bunch of biographies. Jaberwocky6669 July 2, 2005 18:54 (UTC)

Bee --> Dan Patrick (radio host)

 * Start: Bee
 * Goal: Dan Patrick (radio host)

Bee -> Acid -> Soft drink -> 1956 -> Dan Patrick -> Dan Patrick (radio host) Andrew pmk | Talk 22:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:Layzie Bone albums

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Layzie Bone albums


text: Category:Bizzy Bone albums

title: Category:Bizzy Bone albums


text: User talk:84.68.176.241

title: User talk:84.68.176.241


text:
Stelio Frati

Stelio Frati (born in Milan Italy in 1919, died 14 May 2010 ) was an Italian mechanical engineer and aeroplane designer. He graduated from the Politecnico di Milano as a mechanical engineer in 1943, participating in the design of the Aeronautica Lombarda AR (Assalto Radioguidato - RC attack)  radio-controlled wooden cantilever monoplane, powered by a single radial engine - a flying bomb/drone, flown for the first time the same year. After teaching aircraft design he became a freelance aircraft designer, being responsible for many well known aircraft designs. One of his best known designs is the Falco F8L.

Designs

 * F.M.1 Passero (1947) - One built by Ditta Movo
 * F.4 Rondone - One built by CVV, production batch of nine built by Aeronautica Lombardi and Ambrosini.
 * F.5 - One built by Caproni
 * F.6 Airone (1954) - One built by Pasotti
 * F.7 Rondone (1954) - Built by Pasotti
 * F.8 Falco (1955) - Built by Aviamilano, Aeromere, Laverda and an amateur build variant by Sequoia of Virginia
 * F.9 Sparviero (1956) - One built by Pasotti
 * F.14 Nibbio (1958) - Built by Aviamilano
 * F.15 Picchio (1959) - Built by Procaer and General Avia
 * F.20 Pegaso (1971) - Built by General Avia
 * F.20TP Condor (1983) - One built by General Avia
 * F.22 Pinguino (1989) - One built by General Avia
 * F.30 Golden Avio (2012) - Four built by Golden Avio
 * F.250 (1964) - Built by Aviamilano
 * F.260 - Built by Aviamilano, licence built by SIAI-Marchetti as the SF.260
 * F.400 Cobra (1960) - One built by Procaer
 * F.480 (Not Completed)
 * SF.600 Canguro (1978) One built by General Avia - licence built production by SIAI-Marchetti
 * F.1000
 * F.1300 Jet Squalus (1987) - Built by Promavaia
 * F.2500
 * F.3000 (Not Built)
 * F.3500 Sparviero

title: Stelio Frati


text:
Cairo Citadel

The Citadel of Cairo or Citadel of Saladin (قلعة صلاح الدين) is a medieval Islamic-era fortification in Cairo, Egypt, built by Salah ad-Din (Saladin) and further developed by subsequent Egyptian rulers. It was the seat of government in Egypt and the residence of its rulers for nearly 700 years from the 13th century until the construction of Abdeen Palace in the 19th century. Its location on a promontory of the Mokattam hills near the center of Cairo commands a strategic position overlooking the city and dominating its skyline. When it was constructed it was among the most impressive and ambitious military fortification projects of its time. It is now a preserved historic site, including mosques and museums.

In addition to the initial Ayyubid-era construction begun by Saladin in 1176, the Citadel underwent major development during the Mamluk Sultanate that followed, culminating with the construction projects of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad in the 14th century. In the first half of the 19th century Muhammad Ali Pasha demolished many of the older buildings and built new palaces and monuments all across the site, giving it much of its present form. In the 20th century it was used as a military garrison by the British occupation and then by the Egyptian Army until being opened to the public in 1983. In 1976, it was proclaimed by UNESCO as a part of the World Heritage Site Historic Cairo (Islamic Cairo) which was "the new centre of the Islamic world, reaching its golden age in the 14th century."

Overview
The Citadel was built on a promontory beneath the Muqattam Hills, a setting that made it difficult to attack. The efficacy of the Citadel's location is further demonstrated by the fact that it remained the heart of Egyptian government until the 19th century. During this long period, the layout and structure of the Citadel was repeatedly altered and adapted to suit the designs of new rulers and new regimes, which makes it difficult to reconstitute its original plan or even its plan in subsequent periods. There have been three major construction periods leading to the Citadel's current form: 12th-century Ayyubid (starting with Saladin), 14th-century Mamluk (under al-Nasir Muhammad), and in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali. The Citadel stopped being the seat of government when Egypt's ruler, Khedive Ismail, moved to his newly built Abdin Palace in the new downtown Cairo in 1874. Despite its elaborate defenses, the Citadel never ended up being subjected to a true siege, though it was implicated on various occasions in the political conflicts within Cairo or Egypt.

General layout
In general, the fortress complex is divided into two parts: the Northern Enclosure (where the National Military Museum is located today), and the Southern Enclosure (where the Mosque of Muhammad Ali is located today). The Northern Enclosure was historically reserved for military garrisons, while the Southern Enclosure was developed as the residence of the sultan. There is also a lower, western enclosure which was historically the site of the royal stables of the Mamluks. However, these functional distinctions were largely erased in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha, who overhauled the entire site and constructed buildings of various functions throughout the Citadel.

To the west and southwest of the Citadel was a long open field frequently referred to as the "hippodrome" by historians or as the Maydan ("plaza" or "square"). For centuries this was maintained as a training ground (especially for horsemanship) and as a military parade ground. Its outline is still visible in the layout of the roads (mainly Salah ad-Din Street) on this side of the Citadel.

At the northern end of this hippodrome was another square or plaza known as Rumayla Square (Maydan/Midan Rumayla), today known as Salah al-Din Square (Midan Salah ad-Din) or Citadel Square (Midan al-Qal'a). This was used as a horse market (due to its adjacency to the royal stables), but also as an official square for royal and religious ceremonies. It is occupied today by a large roundabout next to which are the massive mosques of Sultan Hassan and al-Rifa'i.

Saladin's original construction
The Citadel was begun by the Kurdish Ayyubid ruler Salah al-Din (Saladin) between 1176 and 1183 CE in order to protect Cairo from potential Crusader attacks and to provide a secure center of government for his new regime (only a few years after he had dismantled the Fatimid Caliphate). This also emulated a feature of many Syrian cities, such as Damascus and Aleppo, which had walled citadels that acted as the seat of power and which Saladin was familiar with. Saladin also set out to build a wall, around 20 kilometres long, that would surround both Cairo and Fustat (the nearby former capital), and is recorded as saying: "With a wall I will make the two [cities of Cairo and Fustat] into a unique whole, so that one army may defend them both; and I believe it is good to encircle them with a single wall from the bank of the Nile to the bank of the Nile." The Citadel would be the centerpiece of the wall. While the Citadel was initially completed in 1183–1184, the wall Saladin had envisioned was still under construction in 1238, long after his death. It does not appear to have ever been fully completed after this, though long segments were built.

Saladin charged his chief eunuch and close confidant, Baha al-Din Qaraqush, with overseeing the construction of the new fortifications. Most of the structure was built with limestone quarried from the surrounding Muqattam Hills; however, Qaraqush also quarried a number of minor pyramids at Giza and even as far away as Abusir in order to obtain further materials. He also made use of labour provided by Christian prisoners of war captured in Saladin's victories against the Crusaders. The initial fortress built in Saladin's time consisted essentially of what is today's Northern Enclosure, although not all elements of the Northern Enclosure's current walls are original. The southeast and northeast sections of these walls are likely the closest to their original forms. Also from Saladin's time is the so-called Yusuf's Well, a deep underground well accessed through a spiral staircase which provided water for the fortress. The original southwestern section of Saladin's enclosure has disappeared but is likely to have extended around this well and around the current site of al-Nasir Muhammad's mosque (making the original enclosure slightly bigger than the existing Northern Enclosure today). The carved image of a double-headed eagle, found near the top of one of the towers of the western walls (near the Police Museum), is a curious feature which is popularly attributed to Salah ad-Din's reign. It was probably located elsewhere originally and then moved here at some point when the walls were rebuilt in Muhammad Ali's time. The eagle's heads are missing today, but their original appearance was noted by chroniclers.

Only one original gate, Bab al-Mudarraj, has survived to the present day. It is located along the walls of the Northern Enclosure, nowadays between the Harem Palace (National Military Museum) and the newer Bab al-Jadid gate. It was originally the main gate of the Citadel, but today it is obscured by later constructions from Muhammad Ali's time, including the Bab al-Jadid ("New Gate"). Its name was derived from the carved stone steps (darraj) which led up to it from the path that connected the Citadel to the city below. Like other gateways in Ayyubid military architecture, it had a bent entrance. Today, the inside of the gate's dome-vault is covered in plaster with painted inscriptions belonging to Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad and dated to 1310. It was also on this gate that a foundation inscription was discovered which dates the completion of the Citadel to 1183–1184. Nonetheless, construction of one kind or another almost certainly continued under Saladin's Ayyubid successors.

Construction under Saladin's successors
Construction of the Ayyubid Citadel appears to have continued under Sultan al-'Adil ((r. undefined – undefined)1200–1218), Saladin's brother and later successor, and was probably finished under the reign of al-Kamil (1218–1238). Al-'Adil had already supervised some of the construction under Saladin, while al-Kamil in turn probably worked on the Citadel during al-'Adil's reign when the latter gave him the viceroyship of Egypt in 1200 (a prelude to becoming sultan later). The rounded towers in the outer walls of the Northern Enclosure date from Saladin's initial construction while the large rectangular towers date to al-Adil's reign. The two large round towers in the far northeastern corner of the enclosure, known as Burj al-Ramla ("Tower of Sand") and Burj al-Hadid ("Tower of Iron") are towers from Saladin's time which al-Kamil subsequently reinforced in 1207.

More significantly, al-Kamil built or completed the palaces in the southern section of the Citadel, and became the first ruler to actually move there in 1206. In addition to the palaces, a number of other structures were built, including a mosque, a royal library, and a "hall of justice". In 1213 al-Kamil also established a horse market on what became Rumayla Square (the square between the Citadel and Sultan Hasan's mosque today), as well as a maydan, a long open square or "hippodrome", to the west and south of the Citadel which was used for equestrian training and military parades. This was on the same site that Ahmad Ibn Tulun established a similar hippodrome in the 9th century. This work established the overall plan of the Citadel area for centuries to come: the northern part of the citadel was devoted to military functions, the southern part to the sultan's private residence and the state administration, and outside, at the southwestern foot of the Citadel, was the parade ground which remained for centuries. Al-Kamil was likely also responsible for building or completing the first water aqueduct which ran along the top of Saladin's city walls to the southwest and brought water from the Nile to the Citadel.

Sultan al-Salih (r. 1240–1249) subsequently moved away from the Citadel again and built himself a new fortified enclosure on Roda Island (which also became the barracks of the Bahri Mamluks who took power after him). Only under the Mamluks, who ruled from 1250 to 1517, did the Citadel finally become the permanent residence of the sultans.

Early Bahri Mamluk period
Under the early Bahri Mamluks, the Citadel was continuously developed and the Southern Enclosure in particular was expanded and became the site of important monumental structures. Al-Zahir Baybars, al-Mansur Qalawun, al-Ashraf Khalil and al-Nasir Muhammad each built or rebuilt the audience hall (throne hall), the main mosque, the palaces, or other structures. Unlike the earlier Ayyubid buildings, the Mamluk buildings were increasingly designed to be visible from afar and to dominate the city's skyline. Many of these structures have not survived, with few exceptions.

Baybars ((r. undefined – undefined)1260–1277) was the first one to split the Citadel into two areas by building the Bab al-Qulla, the gate and wall which today separates the Southern and Northern Enclosures of the Citadel. It was named after a keep tower which he built nearby and which was later torn down by Qalawun. The gate itself was rebuilt again by al-Nasir Muhammad in 1320. The gate was intended to control access to the newly delimited Southern Enclosure which Baybars then developed into a more elaborate and more exclusive royal complex. A part of the Southern Enclosure became reserved for the harem, the private and domestic area of the sultan and his family, while another part became the site of more monumental structures whose functions were more public, ceremonial, or administrative. Among the structures he built here was one called the Dar al-Dhahab ("the Hall of Gold"), which he seems to have used as his private reception hall and which may have been located in the area of the present Police Museum. Another important structure he built in the area is referred to as the Qubba al-Zahiriyya ("the Dome of al-Zahir"), a monumental and richly decorated hall with a central dome which acted as an audience hall or throne hall. It may have been a new structure or an addition to an existing Ayyubid structure, and it was probably the predecessor of al-Nasir Muhammad's "Great Iwan". Baybars also built the Tower of the Lions (Burj al Siba'), a round tower which featured a stone-carved frieze of lions (Baybars' emblem) along its upper parts. The tower was obscured by later construction but its remains, including the lion carvings, were rediscovered in the late 20th century and are now visible on the northwestern side of the Police Museum.

Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun ((r. undefined – undefined)1279–1290) either built or significantly renovated a structure known as the Dar al-Niyaba which served as the palace of the sultan's vice-regent. He also demolished Baybars' Qubba al-Zahiriyya and replaced it with his own domed structure, the Qubba al-Mansuriyya. More significantly in the long run, Qalawun was the first to create elite regiments of mamluks (soldiers of slave origin) who resided in the various towers of the Citadel, which earned them the name "Burji" Mamluks (Mamluks of the Tower). It was these cohorts of mamluks who would eventually dominate the sultanate during the Burji Mamluk period.

Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil built a qa'a (reception hall) in 1291–1292, referred to as the Qa'a al-Ashrafiyya. Its remains were excavated in the late 20th century and are still visible today, just west of the present-day gate called Bab al-'Alam (Gate of the Flag), across the terrace from the current Police Museum. The remains indicate that the walls of the hall were decorated with multi-coloured marble paneling along the lower walls (a dado), above which was a small frieze of marble mosaics with mother-of-pearl and other marble reliefs, and above all this were panels of glass mosaics with scenes of trees and palaces which are reminiscent of the mosaics of the Ummayyad Mosque and Mausoleum of Baybars in Damascus. (During excavations the mosaics were removed for study and restoration. ) The hall also had a central octagonal fountain of marble and the floor was paved with marble mosaics arranged in geometric patterns. It was one of the few structures in this area which al-Nasir Muhammad did not destroy but instead re-used for various purposes, and in the Burji Mamluk period it seems to have replaced the Dar al-Niyaba as the palace of the vice-regent. Al-Ashraf also, once again, demolished the qubba or domed throne hall of his father Qalawun and replaced it with his own structure, the Iwan al-Ashrafiyya (the word "iwan" seems to have been used from then on for this particular type of building). This new throne hall differed from previous incarnations in one notable respect: it was painted with pictures of al-Ashraf's amirs (commanders), each with their rank inscribed above his head.

The reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad
The greatest builder of the Citadel during the Mamluk period was al-Nasir Muhammad, another son of Qalawun, who was sultan three times over a period of nearly fifty years between 1293 and 1341. It was most likely under his reign that the borders of the Southern Enclosure expanded to their current outline, in order to accommodate the new palaces and structures he built. He is responsible for several major works in the Citadel, though unfortunately most of them fell into ruin during the Ottoman period and were finally demolished by Muhammad Ali in the 19th century. In addition to his official palaces and his semi-public monuments in the Southern Enclosure, al-Nasir reserved the southeastern corner of the enclosure (the location of the al-Gawhara Palace today) for the palaces, private courtyard, and garden devoted to his harem (wives and concubines), probably as Baybars had done, called al-Qusur al-Jawwaniyya. He also commissioned new palaces outside the Citadel but nearby for his favourite amirs, and his projects encouraged the development of areas near the Citadel, such as al-Darb al-Ahmar.

In 1312 al-Nasir also ordered the renovation of the water aqueduct which brought water from the Nile to the Citadel. His predecessor, al-Ashraf, is responsible for building an octagonal water intake tower on the shores of the Nile, from which water was raised and transferred along the aqueduct, but al-Nasir completed the project. This improvement of the infrastructure allowed him in turn to embark on more ambitious projects within the Citadel.

The Ablaq Palace (Qasr al-Ablaq)
Among the most important constructions was the Ablaq Palace (Qasr al-Ablaq; sometimes translated as the "Striped Palace"), built in 1313–1314. Its name derived from the red-and-black ablaq masonry that marked its exterior. It may have been partly inspired by the palace of the same name that Sultan Baybars had built in Damascus in 1264 and in which al-Nasir resided when he visited that city. The palace was used for regular receptions and private ceremonies. It was connected to the Great Iwan (see below) by a private passage or corridor which led to the sultan's entrance in the back wall of the Iwan. The walls of the palace itself formed a part of the new outer boundary of the Citadel's enclosure: it was located on an escarpment overlooking the city below, and the escarpment, along with the foundation walls of the palace, acted as the effective outer wall of the Citadel at its western corner. Because of this, al-Nasir was able to build a loggia on the side of the palace from which he could freely observe the activities in the stables and in the maydan (hippodrome) at the foot of the Citadel below, as well as a private door and staircase which gave him direct access between the palace and the hippodrome.

The interior layout of the palace consisted of a large qa'a (reception hall) courtyard with two unequal iwans (vaulted chambers open on one side) facing each other and a central dome in the middle. The larger iwan, on the northwestern side, gave access to the outside loggia with views of the city, while the southeastern one gave access to the private passage to the Great Iwan. This also served as the throne room of the palace complex. From here one could access three "inner palaces" with the same layout but located on different levels, with the last two reached by stairs. These palace sections were lined up in a row and all faced in the same direction, apparently so that every qa'a had a similar view of the city from its northwestern iwan. From these inner palaces the Sultan could also access the buildings of his harem (where his wives and concubines lived) in the southeastern part of the Citadel. According to historical chronicles, the palace complex was richly decorated with marble floors, marble and gold paneling (dadoes), windows of coloured glass from Cyprus, Arabic inscriptions, colorful mosaics with mother-of-pearl that featured floral patterns, and gilded ceilings painted in lapis lazuli blue.

The location where the palace once stood has not been identified beyond doubt. Creswell suggested that a set of massive stone corbels at the foot of the walls northwest of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali would have once supported the upper levels of the palace. More recently, Nasser Rabbat argued that a much more likely site is the partly ruined terrace just below the mosque's southwestern corner (inaccessible but partly visible to visitors today), which shelters a vast space of vaulted halls. These halls would likely have been the lower levels of the palace, acting as a substructure supporting the main palace above. If this is correct, then a part of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali today would likely overlap with the former location of the palace.

The Great Iwan (al-Iwan al-Kabir)
Al-Nasir demolished, yet again, the Iwan al-Ashrafiyya (throne hall) of his brother al-Ashraf in 1311, and replaced it with his own structure known as the Great Iwan (al-Iwan al-Kabir). This may have been out of a desire to make it appear even more prominent and monumental, as well as to perhaps accommodate larger ceremonies. In any case, he demolished it (either entirely or in part) and rebuilt it yet again in 1333, and it is this incarnation of the Great Iwan which survived up until the 19th century (when it was destroyed during Muhammad Ali's constructions). It was frequently cited by chroniclers as the most impressive structure in Cairo, more monumental than almost any of the Mamluk mosques. It served as the sultan's public and ceremonial throne room and continued to be used (albeit less consistently) by Mamluk sultans after him.

Al-Nasir Muhammad's Mosque
Lastly, al-Nasir's other most notable contribution, and the only major structure of his reign still preserved at the Citadel, was the Mosque of al-Nasir, also situated in the Southern Enclosure. This was built in 1318 on the site of an earlier Ayyubid main mosque which he demolished in order to serve as the new grand mosque of the Citadel. Al-Nasir renovated his mosque again in 1335. Some of its huge columns were also re-used from Pharaonic-era buildings, much like the columns of the Great Iwan. While its structure is well preserved, most of its rich marble paneling decoration was stripped away and shipped to Istanbul by the Ottoman sultan Selim I after his conquest of Egypt.

Later Mamluk period
Subsequent sultans continued to build or add to the palaces and administrative buildings inside the Citadel, though rarely with the same ambition as al-Nasir Muhammad. Sultan al-Salih Isma'il (a son of al-Nasir who reigned from 1342 to 1345) built a richly decorated palace or hall known as al-Duhaysha (the "little wonder") which was inaugurated in February 1344. Likewise, Sultan Hasan (another son of al-Nasir) built a lavish domed palace known as the Qa'a al-Baysariyya, which was completed in 1360. It was over 50 metres tall and, in addition to a main hall covered by a dome, it also had a tower with an apartment for the sultan which was decorated with ivory and ebony. Other private apartments also had domes, while paintings and portraits decorated the walls. Both Isma'il and Hasan were sons of al-Nasir Muhammad. Sultan Hasan also built his massive madrasa-mosque just northwest of the Citadel, off Rumayla Square, in the 1350s and early 1360s (and still standing today). It was so large and tall that in later years it was reportedly used by rebels as a platform from which to bombard the Citadel on more than one occasion.

The Burji Mamluk period saw little construction in the Citadel by comparison with the earlier Mamluk period. The private harem courtyard in the southeastern corner of the Southern Enclosure, known as the hosh, became increasingly used to build new reception halls and other structures with slightly more public functions. The late Burji sultans Qaytbay and al-Ghuri built palaces in this part of the Citadel, on the site of what is now the 19th-century al-Gawhara Palace. Al-Ghuri also restored many other structures in and around the Citadel, including a major restoration/reconstruction of the Citadel's Nile aqueduct. He also restored or reconfigured the Mamluk hippodrome at the southwestern foot of the Citadel, where he installed a vast pool which received water from the restored aqueduct.

Ottoman period: 16th–18th centuries
Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and remained under Ottoman rule for centuries. Sultan Selim I stripped the monumental Mamluk buildings of their precious materials, especially their marble panels and decoration, and shipped them to Istanbul for use in his own building projects.

During this period the Citadel was neglected and many Mamluk structures fell into ruin, although some of the Citadel walls were rebuilt or extended in the 16th–17th centuries. Due to rivalries between different military corps in the Ottoman forces, the Citadel was divided into three areas to house three different elements of the Ottoman garrison: the Northern Enclosure housed the barracks of the Janissaries, the Southern Enclosure was used by the Ottoman pasha (governor) and his own troops, and another lower western enclosure, which contained the stables, housed the 'Azaban (or Azap) corps. Each section had its own mosque and facilities. In between them was a virtual no-man's-land where some of the former grand Mamluk buildings stood abandoned or under-used. This included the Great Iwan of al-Nasir Muhammad, whose large dome collapsed in 1521 and was never rebuilt. The Ablaq Palace was used more productively as a manufacturing center for weaving the Kiswah, the rich cloth covering the Kaaba in Mecca, which continued to come from Cairo until the 20th century.

Some notable structures were still created during this period. The huge round tower near the visitor entrance today, standing at the corner of the Southern and Northern Enclosures, was built by Ibrahim Pasha (the later Grand Vizier under Suleiman the Magnificent) in 1525 and is known as the Burj al-Muqattam ("Tower of the Muqattam Hills"). The round tower at the other corner of the two enclosures (between Bab al-Qulla and Bab al-Wastani), known now as Burj al-Wastani ("Middle Tower"), may also date from this time. The first mosque built in the Citadel after the Mamluk period was the Mosque of Sulayman Pasha in the Northern Enclosure, built by the Ottoman governor in 1528 for use by the Janissaries. It is one of the few mosques in Cairo that represents something close to the classical Ottoman architectural style.

The lower, western enclosure which can be seen today below the Mosque of Muhammad Ali was historically the area which housed the stables of the Citadel. It's not clear when walls were first built around it, though they were likely already enclosed in Mamluk times. This enclosure was occupied by the 'Azaban soldiers, and contains the Mosque of al-'Azab which was built by Ahmad Katkhuda in 1697. (It is possible that Ahmad Katkhuda merely renovated an existing early Burji Mamluk mosque and added the present-day Ottoman-style minaret to it. ) The rest of the area is presently occupied by various 19th-century buildings, including storehouses and old factories. The lower enclosure was accessed from the west through the monumental gate called Bab al-'Azab, which was built by Radwan Katkhuda al-Julfi in 1754, probably on the site of an earlier Mamluk gate known as Bab al-Istabl (Gate of the Stables). The gate was modeled on the old Fatimid gate of Bab al-Futuh in the north of Cairo, but its interior facade was later remodeled into a neo-Gothic style during the Khedival period.

The present-dat visitor entrance goes through the small western gate called Bab al-Jabal ("Gate of the Mountain") which was built by the Ottoman governor Yakan Pasha in 1785 when he rearranged the area to build a new palace. Yakan also rebuilt a small stretch of the adjoining wall south of here.

Muhammad Ali: 19th-century
Muhammad Ali was a pasha of Albanian origin who was appointed by the Ottoman sultan in 1805 to restore order after the French occupation of Egypt (1798–1801). However, he subsequently established himself as de facto independent ruler of the country. He consolidated power through a famous and violent coup in 1811 which eliminated the remaining Mamluk class that still formed the country's elites. One of the most pivotal events of this coup took place in the Citadel. Muhammad Ali invited the Mamluk leaders to a celebration banquet in the Citadel, and as they were leaving and passing along the road leading from the upper Citadel to Bab al-Azab, regiments of his Albanian gunmen opened fire from above and massacred all of them.

The Citadel is sometimes referred to as the "Citadel of Muhammad Ali" (قلعة محمد علي ). It contains the Mosque of Muhammad Ali, which he built between 1828 and 1848, perched on the summit of the citadel. This Ottoman-style mosque was built in memory of Tusun Pasha, Muhammad Ali's second son who died in 1816. However, it also represents Muhammad Ali's efforts to erase symbols of the Mamluk legacy that he sought to replace. Many of the former Mamluk structures, including the Great Iwan and the Ablaq Palace of al-Nasir Muhammad, were demolished in 1825 to make way for his new mosque and its renovated surroundings. Muhammad Ali himself was eventually buried in the mosque. His mosque also replaced the nearby Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad as the Citadel's official main mosque. Muhammad Ali's mosque, with its large dome and tall pencil-like Ottoman minarets, is one of the most prominent monuments on Cairo's skyline to this day.

Another obvious change that Muhammad Ali enacted pertained to the uses of the Citadel's northern and southern enclosures: during the Mamluk period the Southern Enclosure was the royal residential area and the Northern Enclosure was mostly military, but Muhammad Ali built his Harem Palace (which now houses the National Military Museum) in the Northern Enclosure, erasing the old functional division between the two sections of the Citadel. He also built or rebuilt some of the walls. Notably, he rebuilt the Bab al-Qulla gate and the surrounding wall which separated the Northern and Southern enclosures from each other, giving it its current look. The gate's form today once again emulates the appearance of Bab al-Futuh but introduces some Turkish elements. In 1825 he also built the gate known as Bab al-Jadid (the "New Gate") at the point where a new carriage road entered the Citadel from the north. Around the same time he built the Bab al-Wastani (or Bab al-Wustani) ("Middle Gate") where the same road continues into the Southern Enclosure (just north of the Bab al-Qulla).

The Citadel eventually ceased to act as the residence of Egypt's ruler after Khedive Isma'il (Muhammad Ali's son and successor) moved the court to the new 'Abdin Palace, located in the newly created districts of downtown Cairo, in 1874.

20th century and present day
For many years up to the late 20th century, the Citadel was closed to the public and used as a military garrison and base; at first by the British Army during the British occupation and afterward up to 1946, and since then by the Egyptian military. In 1983, the Egyptian government opened a large part of the Citadel to the public and initiated refurbishment programs to convert some of its old buildings into museums, though the military retains a presence. It is now a major tourist site for both Egyptians and foreigners alike.

Yusuf's Well (Salah ad-Din's Well)
To supply water to the Citadel, Saladin built an 280 ft well known as the Well of Joseph (or Bir Yusuf), so-called because Saladin's birth name, Yūsif, is the Arabic equivalent of Joseph. His chief eunuch and confidant, Qaraqush, who oversaw construction of the Citadel, was also responsible for digging the well. The well is considered a masterpiece of medieval engineering and still exists today. Its shaft was divided into two sections, almost all of which is cut out of the rock itself. The upper part has a wider shaft which is surrounded by a long spiral staircase, separated from the main shaft only by a thin wall of rock. For this reason, the well is also known as the Spiral Well (Bir al-Halazon). The stairs could be covered with earth to make it into a ramp for oxen to travel down to its bottom. The lower part of the well was another shaft descending to the level of underground water seeping in from the Nile. At the bottom of the upper section, two oxen turned a waterwheel that brought the water up from the bottom of the well, while another waterwheel at the top of the well, also powered by oxen, brought the water up the rest of the way.

The Mamluk Aqueduct
During the reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, Saladin's well was insufficient to produce enough water for the Citadel's growing population and for al-Nasir's envisioned construction projects. To increase the volume of water, al-Nasir renovated an Ayyubid aqueduct system (probably originally completed by al-Kamil) and extended it with a new aqueduct system. This system consisted of a number of water wheels on the Nile which raised water to the top of an hexagonal tower (built by his predecessor al-Ashraf Khalil), from which the water was then transported along a series of raised aqueducts to the base of the Citadel. From the foot of the Citadel, the water was then carried up to the palaces via another system of waterwheels. However, since this water supply could not be guaranteed in the event of a siege, Saladin's well was still an essential water source.

The Cistern of Ya'qub Shah al-Mihmandar
This small domed building just outside the Citadel to the east was built in 1495–96 by an amir called Ya'qub Shah al-Mihmandar, a man originally from Erzincan (Turkey) who joined the Mamluk ranks under Sultan Qaytbay. Because of its dome, the building has the look of a mausoleum but it is actually a structure covering access to a cistern. It has an inscription that memorializes the victory of Sultan Qaytbay's army over Ottoman forces at Adana in a battle in 1486. Today it is cut off from the Citadel and stands stranded between two highways (Salah Salem road and Kobri al-Ebageah) which pass right next to the Citadel on its eastern side.

Mosques
There are four main mosques in the Citadel today, some of which are open to visitors:

Mosque of Muhammad Ali
The mosque was built between 1830 and 1848, although not completed until the reign of Said Pasha in 1857. It is located in the Southern Enclosure and is open to the public today. The architect was Yusuf Bushnak from Istanbul and its model was the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in that city. Muhammad Ali Pasha was buried in a tomb carved from Carrara marble, in the courtyard of the mosque. His body was transferred here from Hawsh al-Basha in 1857.

Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque
Built in 1318, during the early Bahri Mamluk period, as the royal mosque of the Citadel where the sultans of Cairo performed their Friday prayers, today this hypostyle mosque is still similar to how it looked in the 1300s though many repairs have been made and only some of its original decoration has been restored. The parts of the building relying on plastered walls have been reinforced. There have also been attempts to restore the light-blue color of the ceiling. It is located in the Southern Enclosure and is open to the public.

Mosque of Sulayman Pasha
Built in 1528, it was first of the Citadel's Ottoman-style mosques and is one of the few structures in Cairo closely resembling the "classical" Ottoman style of the 16th century. It is located in the Northern Enclosure, just northeast of the Harim Palace (Military Museum). It was built on the ruins of the earlier Mosque of Sidi Sariyya built by Abu-Mansur Qasta, an amir in the Fatimid era (predating the Citadel). Qasta's tomb, dated to 1140 CE, still exists in the mosque today.

Mosque of al-'Azab
This lesser-known mosque is situated right behind the main western gate, Bab al-'Azab. Both are named after the Ottoman military regiments known as 'Azaban (or Azaps) who were housed in this part of the Citadel during the Ottoman period. The mosque was built by the Mamluk amir Ahmad Katkhuda in 1697, but it has been argued that it incorporates, or was a renovation of, an earlier Mamluk mosque or religious structure. Although not publicly accessible, it can be spotted by its pointed Ottoman-style minaret.

Museums
The Citadel also contains several museums:

Egyptian Military museum
The official museum of the Egyptian Army. The museum was established in 1937 at the old building of the Egyptian Ministry of War in downtown Cairo. It was later moved to a temporary location in the Garden City district of Cairo. In November 1949 the museum was moved to the Harem Palace at the Cairo citadel. It has been renovated several times since, in 1982 and 1993.

Al-Gawhara Palace Museum
Also known as Bijou Palace, is a palace and museum commissioned by Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1814. The palace was designed and constructed by artisans contracted from a variety of countries, including Greeks, Turks, Bulgarians and Albanians. Muhammad Ali's official divan or audience hall, where the pasha received guests, contains a 1,000 kg chandelier sent to him by Louis Philippe I of France. The palace also contains the throne of Muhammad Ali Pasha that was a gift from the King of Italy.

Carriage Museum
Inaugurated in 1983, it houses a collection of unique Royal Carriages attributed to different historical periods, from the reign of Khedive Ismail until the reign of King Farouk, in addition to other collection of unique antiques related to the carriages.

Police Museum
The museum (also sometimes referred to as the Prison Museum) is just north of the gate known as Bab al-'Alam, on a terrace commanding sweeping views of the city below. It is housed in the Citadel's former prison and contains exhibits on topics such as famous political assassinations and displays of the murder weapon used.

title: Cairo Citadel


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Madhan (writer)

Madhan, real name Maadapoosi Krishnaswamy Govindan' (born 11 July 1947 in Srirangam), is a Tamil cartoonist, journalist, writer and film critic. He previously worked for the weekly magazine Ananda Vikatan and is currently hosting a film review show Madhan Movie Matinee in PudhuYugam TV. He was one of the juries for the TV program Naalaya Iyakunar, Season 1.

In 2016, he was the presenter of the Tamil supernatural investigation television series Manithanum Marmangalum.

Madhan resides in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

Works
The works are not listed in chronological order.

 * 1. Manithanum Marmangalum
 * 2. Vanthargal Vendrargal
 * 3. Manithanukulle Oru Mirugam
 * 4. KiMu KiPi
 * 5. Hai Madhan
 * 6. Kadhal Vazhga

title: Madhan (writer)


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Endō Kinsuke

Endō Kinsuke (遠藤 謹助) was a Japanese statesman in the early Meiji period.

Endō was born to a samurai family in Hagi, Chōshū Domain (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture. He was selected by the domain to be a member of the Chōshū Five who were smuggled out of Japan in defiance of the Tokugawa bakufu's policy of national seclusion to Great Britain in 1863. Chōshū was desperate to acquire better knowledge of the western nations in order to strengthen the domain in its struggle to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate. Endō returned from England in 1866, just before the start of the Boshin War.

When Sir Harry Parkes, the British minister in Japan between 1865 and 1883, visited Chōshū in 1866, Endō served as an interpreter, together with Inoue Kaoru, another member of the Chōshū Five.

After the Meiji Restoration and the establishment of the new Meiji government, Endō served as the head of the new National Mint (造幣局) in Osaka, from 1881 to 1883. He is remembered less for his efforts in establishing a unified national currency and more for his policy that the grounds of the Mint should be open for all the people of Osaka in spring, when the sakura trees planted there come into bloom.

Reference and further reading

 * Beasley, W. G. The Meiji Restoration. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972.
 * Cobbing, Andrew. The Japanese Discovery of Victorian Britain. RoutledgeCurzon, London, 1998. ISBN 1-873410-81-6
 * Craig, Albert M. Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961

title: Endō Kinsuke


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List of Japanese typographic symbols

This article lists Japanese typographic symbols that are not included in kana or kanji groupings.

title: List of Japanese typographic symbols


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Liang (surname)

Liang is an East Asian surname of Chinese origin. The surname is often transliterated as Leung (in Hong Kong) or Leong (in Macau, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines) according to its Cantonese and Hakka pronunciation, Neo / Lio / Niu (Hokkien, Teochew, Hainan), or Liong (Fuzhou). In Indonesia, it is known as Liong or Nio. It is also common in Korea, where it is written Yang (양) or Ryang (량). In Vietnam, it is pronounced as Lương.

It is listed 128th in the classic text Hundred Family Surnames. In 2019 it was the 22nd most common surname in Mainland China. In comparison, it is the 7th most common surname in Hong Kong, where it is usually written Leung or Leong.

History
During the reign of the Zhou dynasty King Xuan of Zhou (827–782 bc), Qin Zhong set out on an expedition to subdue the peoples to the west in Central Asia. After Qin Zhong died, the King divided the area of Shang among them, the second son of Qin Zhong received the area around Liangshan County, from which his descendants developed the surname Liang.

American

 * Awonder Liang

Canadian

 * Kerson Leong, Canadian violinist.

Chinese

 * Jack Neo (梁智強), film director.
 * Lily Neo, Singapore politician.
 * Neo Ao Tiew, businessman, philanthropist and sheriff.
 * Neo Beng Siang, professional basketball coach from Singapore.
 * Alan Leong (梁家傑), Senior Counsel and former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
 * Andrew Leung, President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
 * Antony Leung, banker and former Financial Secretary of Hong Kong
 * Neoh Bean Chye, Malaysian gunman executed in Singapore
 * Bryan Leung, Hong Kong martial arts actor and director
 * Liang Chen, professional tennis player
 * Liang Cheng, Qing dynasty ambassador to the United States
 * Christine Liang, Taiwanese-born president and founder of ASI Corp., Fremont, California
 * CY Leung The third Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
 * Edmond Leung (梁漢文), Hong Kong Singer, actor and a quarter of Big Four and a finalist of the 8th annual New Talent Singing Awards
 * Edwaard Liang, Taiwanese-born American choreographer, ballet dancer with Morphoses/The Wheeldon Company and former soloist with New York City Ballet
 * Edwin Leong, Hong Kong billionaire businessman
 * Elsie Leung, solicitor and former Secretary for Justice of Hong Kong
 * Elyn Leong, Malaysian social media influencer and member of multi-national girl group Gen1es
 * Leung Foon, Student of Wong Fei-Hung
 * Fish Leong, Malaysian-born Mandopop singer
 * Gigi Leung, Hong Kong Cantopop singer and actress
 * Liang Heng, Chinese ex-pat writer and scholar
 * Isabella Leong, Hong Kong-based Macanese actress and former singer
 * Jingjing Liang, forest ecologist and academic
 * Katie Leung, Scottish film, television and stage actress
 * Ken Leung, American film and television actor
 * Lawrence Leung, Australian comedian, writer and director
 * Lawrence Liang, Indian legal researcher and lawyer
 * Lei Liang, Chinese-born American composer
 * Martin Leung, American pianist
 * Matthew H. Liang, American physician scientist
 * Leung Jan, Wing Chun practitioner and Chinese herbal doctor from Foshan
 * Leung Kwok-hung, Hong Kong activist, politician and Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
 * Liang Guanglie, Minister of National Defense in the People's Republic of China and serves as a general in the People's Liberation Army of China
 * Liang May Seen, first woman of Chinese descent to live in Minnesota, community leader in Minneapolis
 * Liang Qichao, Chinese scholar, philosopher, journalist and reformist
 * Liang Shan Shan, Malaysian student murdered in Singapore in 1989
 * Liang Shih-Chiu, (1903–1987), Chinese educator, writer, translator, literary theorist and lexicographer
 * Leong Siew Chor, Singaporean convicted killer
 * Sandy Liang, American fashion designer
 * Stephen Wing Hong Leung, Chinese-Canadian bishop of the Anglican Network in Canada
 * Steve Leung Taiwanese interior designer
 * Liang Wenbo, snooker player
 * Liang Wengen, founder and main shareholder of Sany Group and one of the wealthiest men in China
 * Roseanne Liang, Chinese-New Zealand film director
 * Toby Leung, Hong Kong television actress
 * Tony Leung (Leung Chiu Wai), Hong Kong actor and singer
 * Tony Leung (Leung Ka Fai), Hong Kong actor
 * Liang Xiaosheng, Chinese novelist and screenwriter
 * Liang Xueming, footballer
 * Liang Xueqing, Chinese painter, magazine editor

Filipino

 * Ronnie Liang, Filipino singer
 * Francisco Tongio Liongson, Early Filipino politician
 * Pedro Tongio Liongson, Early Filipino politician
 * Francisco Alonso Liongson, Filipino playwright

Thai

 * Luang Wichitwathakan, born Kim Liang (金良), Thai politician, diplomat, historian, novelist, and playwright. Led committee to rename Siam to Thailand.

Vietnamese

 * Lương Thế Vinh, Vietnamese scholar and mathematician
 * Lương Kim Định, (15 June 1914 - 25 March 1997) was a Vietnamese catholic priest, scholar and philosopher
 * Lương Bích Hữu, Vietnamese singer

Indonesian

 * Nio Joe Lan, Indonesian historian

New Zealand

 * Jade Leung (engineer), researcher and engineer.

title: Liang (surname)


text:
Takashi Sorimachi

Takashi Sorimachi (反町 隆史) is a Japanese actor and singer. He is mostly famous for having portrayed Eikichi Onizuka in the 1998 live-action drama adaptation of the popular manga series Great Teacher Onizuka, and the assassin O in Hong Kong action thriller film Fulltime Killer.

Career
Sorimachi was a member of Johnny & Associates's trainee group Heike-ha when he was in the third year of junior high school, under his real name, Takashi Noguchi, as backdancer of group Hikaru Genji, together with members of the agency's current groups Tokio (Shigeru Jojima, Tatsuya Yamaguchi, and Taichi Kokubun) and 20th Century (Masayuki Sakamoto), among others, but decided to leave both the group and the agency within the year, to pursue a career as a model and actor. By 1994, Sorimachi was invited to participate at the Paris Fashion Week catwalk. He debuted as an actor that year with the drama "Maido Gomen Nasai", under his stage name.

With his acting in "Beach Boys", released in 1997, Sorimachi was calling the attention as a first-line actor. With that drama, he also debuted as a singer, releasing his first single "FOREVER", receiving the award of Newcomer of the Year at the 12th Japan Gold Disc Awards.

Another big attention grabber was 1998's Great Teacher Onizuka (GTO), which not only provided Sorimachi with the iconic role of rebel teacher Eikichi Onizuka, but also another chance to sing, releasing the theme song "Poison", a song that has a mysterious way to soothe crying babies up to age 2 all around the world. This was a sensation on the net after fans learned of the phenomenon from Sorimachi himself, when he was interviewed by his agency Ken-On's YouTube channel in 2021. "I'm happy to think that my work continues to help others. My friends tell me that they listened to this song with their babies and it stopped them from crying. I'm very happy.", he said, amused.

In 2005 he starred in the movie Otoko-tachi no Yamato as Sergeant Moriwaki, the leader of the soup kitchen on the battleship Yamato.

In November 2023, Takashi Sorimachi co-starred along with his wife Nanako Matsushima in a commercial for skincare and makeup label Shiseido. The new Shiseido commercial marked the couple's first screen shared in 25 years following their appearance in GTO, and the first time the couple co-starred together following their marriage in 2001. The couple also appeared together for the first time in over two decades in GTO Revival, a 2024 special episode revival of 1998's TV Series.

Personal life
On February 21, 2001, he married actress Nanako Matsushima, who he co-starred with in GTO.

On May 31, 2004, his wife gave birth to a baby girl. The couple had a second daughter on November 30, 2007.

TV Dramas

 * GTO Revival (Spring 2024, Fuji TV) as Eikichi Onizuka
 * Aibō (2015 TV Asahi) as Wataru Kaburagi
 * Yae no Sakura (2013 NHK) as Iwao Oyama
 * Saikō no Jinsei no Owarikata: Ending Planner (2012 TBS)
 * Good Life~Arigato, Papa. Sayonara~ (2011 Fuji TV)
 * Lotto 6 de San-oku Ni-senman En Ateta Otoko (2008 TV Asahi)
 * Dream Again (2007 NTV)
 * 14 Sai no Haha episodes 10–11 (2006 NTV)
 * Sengoku Jieitai: Sekigahara no Tatakai (2006 NTV) as Lt. Akiyoshi Iba
 * Rokusen Nin no Inochi no Visa (2005 YTV)
 * HOTMAN 2 (2004 TBS)
 * Sheeraza Do (2004 NHK)
 * Wonderful Life (2004 Fuji TV)
 * Hotman (2003 TBS)
 * Ryuuten no Ouhi - Saigo no Koutei (2003 TV Asahi)
 * Double Score (2002 Fuji TV)
 * Toshiie to Matsu (2002 NHK) as Oda Nobunaga
 * Number One (2001 TBS)
 * Love Complex (2000 Fuji TV)
 * Cheap Love (1999 TBS)
 * Over Time (1999 Fuji TV)
 * Great Teacher Onizuka (1998 Fuji TV) as Eikichi Onizuka
 * Beach Boys (1997 Fuji TV)
 * Virgin Road (1997 Fuji TV)
 * Tsubasa wo Kudasai (1996 Fuji TV)
 * Miseinen (1995 TBS)
 * Ryoma ni omakase (1995 NTV)
 * Maido Ojama Shimasu (毎度おジャマしまぁす) (1995 TBS)
 * Uchi ni Oideyo (部屋においでよ) (1995 TBS)
 * Maido Gomen Nasai (毎度ゴメンなさぁい) (1994 TBS)

Movies

 * The Man Who Won 320 Million Yen (xxxx)
 * Fly Boys, Fly! (1995)
 * Great Teacher Onizuka (1999)
 * Fulltime Killer (2001)
 * The Thirteen Steps (2003)
 * Yamato (2005)
 * The Blue Wolf: To the Ends of the Earth and Sea (2007) as Genghis Khan
 * The Liar and His Lover (2013)
 * Hot Gimmick: Girl Meets Boy (2019)
 * Mio's Cookbook (2020) as Mizuhara Tōzai

Anime

 * Doraemon (2018) as Wataru Kaburagi

Other singles

 * Poison (GTO Revival theme song) (Blue Encount feat. Takashi Sorimachi) (March 2024)

title: Takashi Sorimachi


text: User talk:85.210.11.99

title: User talk:85.210.11.99


text: Template:Campaignbox Japanese Left Army (1597)


text:
Revolution in Me

Revolution in Me is the debut solo album by Siobhán Donaghy, on 29 September 2003. The album debuted, and peaked, at #117 on the UK Albums Chart. Her forename is stylised as 'Siobhan' for this album, as opposed to the correct styling of 'Siobhán'. The album was reviewed well in European countries, including Sweden and Finland. The album was released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions. Two singles were released from the album: "Overrated" and "Twist of Fate".

A 20th anniversary edition of the album was released on 8 December 2023. It was preceded by the release of an album outtake, "Pop Illusion", as a promotional single.

Track listing
Notes
 * "Nothing but Song" contains a sample of "You Don't Know" by Bob Andy.

 * undefined signifies a co-producer
 * undefined signifies an executive producer
 * undefined signifies an additional producer and remixer

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of the 20th anniversary edition of Revolution in Me.

 * Recorded at Bear Studios (tracks 1, 9 and 11), Eastcote Studios (tracks 2–6, 10 and 12) and Mayfair Studios (tracks 7 and 8)
 * Track 1 mixed by Preetesh Hirji at Bear Studios; all other tracks mixed by Tom Elmhirst at Eastcote Studios (tracks 2–6, 9 and 11), Mayfair Studios (tracks 7 and 12) and Strongroom Studios (tracks 8 and 10)

Musicians and technical personnel
 * Siobhan Donaghy – vocals
 * Ben Allen – guitar on "Twist of Fate" and "Dialect"
 * Steve Barney – drums on "Overrated"
 * Keith Davey – 2023 reissue artwork
 * John Davies – mastering
 * Wendon Davis – percussion on "Dialect"
 * Olli Gardner – keyboards on "Dialect"
 * Chris Hanby – bass on "Dialect"
 * Preetesh Hirji – synthesizers on "Faces" and "Revolution in Me", strings on "Revolution in Me", production and mixing
 * Jodie Kent – programming and additional keyboards on "As You Like It", co-production on "Little Bits" and production on "Next Human (XY)"
 * Matt Kent – guitars on "Nothing but Song", "Man Without Friends", "Little Bits" and "As You Like It", keyboards and co-production on "Little Bits", programming on "As You Like It", production on "Next Human (XY)"
 * Shawn Lee – guitar, bass and drums on "Man Without Friends"
 * Jesper Matlsson – bass on "Twist of Fate"
 * Cameron McVey – beats on "Overrated", production and executive production
 * Marlon McVey (credited as "Mister") – backing vocals and beats on "Revolution in Me", bass, beats and drums on "Nothing but Song", percussion on "Faces", production and engineering
 * Luke Mornay – mixing and remixing on "Pop Illusion"
 * Tom Parker – mastering (2023 bonus disc); 2023 reissue project consultant
 * Andy Robertson – drums on "Dialect"
 * Jeremy Shaw – guitar on "Overrated", "Little Bits", "Twist of Fate" and "Iodine", bass on "Overrated" and "Twist of Fate", keyboards on "Overrated", "Little Bits" and "Iodine"
 * Paul Simms – beats and keyboards on "Overrated", production
 * Jeremy Stacey – drums on "Overrated" and "Twist of Fate"
 * Antti Uusimaki – engineering and mixing on "Those Anythings"
 * Rosie Wetters – cello on "Thus Far"

title: Revolution in Me


text:
Blondfire

Blondfire is an American indie pop band from Los Angeles, California, United States. It started as a duo of brother and sister Bruce and Erica Driscoll, under the name Astaire, and since 2015 has been a solo act with Erica Driscoll.

Early life
Erica Driscoll was born and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States to an American father and a Brazilian mother. She spent many summers in northern Brazil, and is a citizen of both countries. Erica and her brother and founding member Bruce Driscoll cite Antonio Carlos Jobim, Caetano Veloso, and Astrud Gilberto as musicians that they listened to often while growing up. In high school, Erica and her older sister Monica formed the band Nectar, along with Arland Nicewander, Ryan Butts, and Jason Drost. The band eschewed classes to tour nationally. In addition to that, their song In The Shadows was chosen to be used in WGRD Radioactiv 4 compilation series, which also includes Mustard Plug and Epic Records recording artists Papa Vegas and Getaway Cruiser.

Astaire
Erica and Bruce formed Astaire and toured locally behind songs recorded in the basement of their parents' home. During this time, the siblings were featured in many music and fashion publications, such as z!nk, America, YRB, College Music Journal, and Entertainment Weekly. The Driscolls relocated to New York City and recorded "Weightless" with Ivy's Andy Chase. They released their first EP, Don't Whisper Lies, on their own record label, Wax Divine.

The EP's single, "L-L-Love" became an iTunes Free Single of the Week and the band embarked on a national tour with Ivy, Robbers on High Street, and Stars.

Change to Blondfire, My Someday
In the middle of the tour, the Driscolls were contacted by the representatives of the estate of Fred Astaire, asking the band to stop using the name immediately. Facing expensive legal fees, the siblings changed the band's name to Blondfire. They announced the name change with the release of a new iTunes-exclusive acoustic live EP. It featured "L-L-Love" and three new songs, "Paper Doll", "Running Back", and "Fade to Pale".

In October 2006, Blondfire signed a record deal with EMI Records UK. Their debut album, My Someday, was released in 2008. Among the people thanked in the album liner notes was Fred Astaire. In a May 2008 interview, Bruce Driscoll stated that the band had parted ways with the label.

Young Heart
In November 2011, Blondfire released the single and accompanying video for "Where The Kids Are" to much critical acclaim.

In August 2012, Blondfire signed with Warner Bros. Records and Primary Wave Music.

In February 2013, Blondfire released a new music video for their song "Where the Kids Are". The track featured heavily in the 2012 Honda Civic television spots.

On 11 February 2014, Blondfire's second album, Young Heart, was released. It produced two singles, "Where the Kids Are" and "Waves".

Split, True Confessions
In 2015, Bruce left the band as a full-time member to focus on his band Freedom Fry. He continues to collaborate with Erica as a songwriter and on other creative projects.

Live show
Blondfire's live lineup consists of Erica singing and playing guitar backed by a group of hand-picked musicians.

Albums

 * My Someday (2008, Tender Tender Rush)
 * Young Heart (2014, Tender Tender Rush)
 * True Confessions EP (2016, WAX LTD)

Singles

 * "Don't Whisper Lies" (2004, Tender Tender Rush)
 * "Pretty Young Thing" (2008, Tender Tender Rush)
 * "Where The Kids Are" (2011, Tender Tender Rush)
 * "Waves" (2013, Tender Tender Rush)
 * "Young Heart" (2014, Tender Tender Rush)
 * "Pleasure" (2015, Tender Tender Rush)
 * "True Confessions" (2016, WAX LTD)
 * "Here And Now" (2017, WAX LTD)
 * "Black Hole Sun" (2017, WAX LTD)
 * "Climb" (2020, Bliss Productions)
 * "Marigold" (2020, Bliss Productions)
 * "Fearless (The Spark)" (2020, UPM-US)
 * "Starboy" (2020, Bliss Productions)
 * "Age of Innocence" (2023, Bliss Productions)
 * "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now (Cover)" (2023, Bliss Productions)
 * "Elated" (2023, Bliss Productions)
 * "Foolish" (2024, Bliss Productions)

Other appearances

 * "Liar Liar", from the album True (2013) by Avicii
 * "Glorious", from the album Glorious (2015) by Arty
 * "Something About You", from the album Something About You (2016) by Paris Blohm
 * "Golden (feat. Blondfire)" (SpinninRecords, 2021) by Sander van Doorn

title: Blondfire


text:
Talk:Jamal Muhammad Alawi Mar'i

Untitled
This article has been kept following this AFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:55, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Replaced transcluded image with inline image - npov tag as per dispute on Template talk:Combatant Status Review Tribunal trailer image and caption
Replaced transcluded image with inline image - npov tag as per dispute on Template talk:Combatant Status Review Tribunal trailer image and caption. Geo Swan 15:09, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Reformatting the Identity sections
You have been reformatting the identity sections of the Guantanamo captives articles.

I used bulleted points so that the names all began on the same vertical column. This makes the differences in the transliteration much more easy to notice. And your collapse of the the bulleted points obfuscates the differences in transliteration. I think those edits erode the value of those sections. I think this collapse is even more of a problem when the transliterations differ by only one or two characters.

Why did you think reformatting these sections was a good idea? Geo Swan (talk) 02:58, 20 December 2009 (UTC) (I moved this here - previously posted on my talk page IQinn (talk) 00:11, 21 December 2009 (UTC))

 * Yes of course i thought changing and reformatting this section was a good idea? And after reading you comment here i must say i still think it if a good idea and i fully disagree with your opinion that this would erode the value of this section.

 * Let's have a look at the version before i started editing it. To be honest and i have showed this section to other people they and i strongly believe that the old version not only erodes the value of the article. It also erodes the value of the whole Wikipedia project.

 * The article is biography of Jamal Muhammed Alawi Mari. To create a section called "Identity" and then seven times to repeat: "Captive 577 was named...", "Captive 577 was named...""Captive 577 was named...""Captive 577 was named...""Captive 577 was named...""Captive 577 was named...""Captive 577 was named..." just blows my mind. I do not question the good intention of the author and other people may think very different about this but i found it highly troublesome.

 * Sure to make people aware of minor misspelling in the documents has been brought forward for this but i do think when writing and BLP one should not lose the view on the overall implications.

 * To call this individual seven times in a row "Captive 577" is dehumanizing.

 * Furthermore the whole section is solely based on original research by the editor who created it. He took various questionable primary sources combined them and created a section "Identity". But this section did not describe the identity of Jamal Muhammed Alawi Mari Instead it reduced the various aspects of this individuals identity to that of the number 577. No secondary sources at all involved in this section.

 * I do believe that my version has fixed some problems. Go ahead and improve it further. But i have to tell you i do see strong arguments to rename this section. As well i see arguments to reduce this section to something that comes from secondary sources. The whole section is based on original research by evaluating primary sources. IQinn (talk) 04:16, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with Iqinn that we should use the prisoner's name, not "Captive 577" as often as possible, or it will have dehumanising effects. Sherurcij (speaker for the dead) 04:23, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, since there are only a handful of us working on this, I will accept the consensus to drop the "Captive Nnn" from the bulletted points. But I continue to believe using bulleted points -- so that the differences between the different versions of the names is easier to see, is important.  As I work on these articles, if I work on one that has an identity section, I will remove the "Captive Nnn" was known as" preamble.  I suggest that when we do this however, we preseve the bulleted points format, so the names line up.

 * User:Iqinn asserts "Furthermore the whole section is solely based on original research by the editor who created it." Well, that would be me.  I strongly disagree with the characterization that this is "original research".  This would be a lapse from original research by synthesis if I had inserted a novel conclusion between the referenced facts, that was not found in the original references.  I don't believe I did that.

 * Further, all of us who have worked on these articles have to be aware of how many different names get applied to the captives. Sometimes it is easy to recognize that the different names are alternate transliterations of one another.  And for some captives the different names bear little or no relationship with one another.  Our readers, and potential new contributors, really need to know all the variations of a particular captives name(s), and to know of the existence of other captives, and other individuals, when their names are so close that the various individuals could be confused with one another.
 * A couple of months after Time magazine published Mohammed al Qahtani's interrogation log I saw a contributor who I hadn't noticed working on the Guantanamo articles before adding material to the article about one of the half dozen other guys named some variation of "Al Qahtani", about his long period of sleep deprivation. Was it possible that two of the captives named Al Qahtani had been subjected to sleep deprivation?  Sure.  One of the other Al Qahtanis also faced charges before a military commission.  But I thought it was more likely that this contributor was mistakenly adding documentable material that belonged in ISN 63's article to an article about another guy with a similar name.  I asked them, and they confirmed this.
 * Shahzada is another name ripe for misidentification.

 * If I sat down and was methodical about this I could probably come up with a very long list of captives for whom the identity issue has been a real problem. Yes, the wot template has a field for aliases.  But that mechanism is insufficient to address what is a really large problem.  Geo Swan (talk) 21:10, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Good you both now agree not to use "Captive xxx" in any articles anymore.

 * For the original research - let me put is here again what i said: Furthermore the whole section is solely based on original research by the editor who created it. He took various questionable primary sources combined them and created a section "Identity". But this section did not describe the identity of Jamal Muhammed Alawi Mari Instead it reduced the various aspects of this individuals identity to that of the number 577. No secondary sources at all involved in this section.

 * I am sorry when i offended you in any way with this statement. That would have never been my intention. My phrasing could maybe have been better.

 * Have a look on the original version.

 * The section is called "Identity". I think you are implying a new idea.

 * Does this section say anything about the identity of "Jamal Muhammed Alawi Mari"?

 * As well i do not see a strong need for this section. What is the value of a long list of misspelling without any context? This context could only come from secondary sources. They draw conclusions. What ever conclusion. :) For example Guantanamo staff can not spell Arabian names. We do not have anything that could provide context.

 * And where you want to draw the line what is notable? One letter misspelling. Complete misspelling... I think it would be better to rely on secondary sources who figure out witch spelling versions are notable and add them mostly into the info box.

 * If we still have such sections in articles then i do see the need to rename this section. IQinn (talk) 09:55, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

 * We could rename the section "Variant spellings", although I would not have any problem leaving it how it is, or moving the one-letter variants type of differences to the talk page - while keeping the "at least one name different" on the article. I don't think it constitutes Original Research however. Sherurcij (speaker for the dead) 16:03, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

 * WRT your frequent descriptions of my contributions constituting "original research" -- reading information in verifiable, authoritative, WP:RS, is part of what wikipedia contributors are supposed to do. Covering information from WP:RS, in a neutral way, that does not introduce novel interpretations, is part of what wikipedia contributors are supposed to do.  Introducing new conclusions that aren't present in the WP:RS is what is proscribed.  I don't think I have done that.  I don't think Sherurcij has done that.

 * I think if you think Sherurcij, or I, or any other contributors is making a novel association or interpretation in an article, that was not present in the original references, that the most helpful thing you could do would be to spell out, spefically, the passage you think introduces the novel association or interpretation.

 * If I had supplemented the information that a captives' name had been rendered multiple incompatible ways, with a comment like, "this shows Guantanamo staff can not spell Arabic names...." and I didn't have a reference to back that up -- that would be original research. Geo Swan (talk) 21:07, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

rough work
These links to the page numbers within the OARDEC documents may be useful to other contributors. Geo Swan (talk) 20:53, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Another useful source is the The Guantanamo Docket it is an interactive database provided and updated by the New York Times. The database is searchable and has the Pentagon documents (CSRT and ARB) included. Additional documents and reliable New York Times research regarding the detainees at Guantanamo are also provided. This is the link to the documents and research regarding Jamal Muhammed Alawi Mari. IQinn (talk) 12:47, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jamal Muhammad Alawi Mar'i


text:
User talk:Babak205

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! CambridgeBayWeather 08:55, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Babak205


text:
User talk:AutumnSnow

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! CambridgeBayWeather 08:55, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Hello, CambridgeBayWeather. Thank you for the warm welcome and introduction. I am sorry for the late reply.

Sincerely,

AutumnSnow 07:31, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

List of Japanese people
Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. About the name orderings, Wikipedia is meant to be an English language encyclopedia, and, for example, Toshiro Mifune is known by that name in English, rather than 三船敏郎 or Mifune Toshirō. There is a style manual Manual of Style (Japan-related articles) which explains it. --DannyWilde 07:12, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi DannyWilde. Thank you for informing me of the manual page. I am going to watch the change of the article's talk page for a while. --AutumnSnow 05:27, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

List of Wikipedians by number of edits
Hi AutumnSnow, I noticed you updated List of Wikipedians... with March data. Before I actually thought about asking you directly I asked a question regarding data set for the list on associated talk page. I'd really appreciate if you could pop by and look at my questions. Thank you!--Pethr (talk) 05:42, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Regarding this update, first of all, thanks for doing it! Second of all, could you also update WP:WBRE? Gary King ( talk ) 21:59, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * FYI User:VoABot II, USer:XLinkBot, User:BetacommandBot, and a few other bots at WP:WBRE is a bot but is still ranked, by mistake? Gary King ( talk ) 15:48, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Hello. Thank you for the comments.

I updated List of Wikipedians by number of edits (WP:WBE), List of Wikipedians by number of recent edits (WP:WBRE), and Most frequently edited pages. Pethr, I hope that some of your questions are answered.

Gary King, it is not necessarily a mistake. They are unflagged bots. I can easily find flagged bots in  of the database dump with computer program. Some of unflagged bots are listed in WP:WBE/unflagged bots. I hesitate, for whether unflagged bots are ranked or not at WP:WBRE. I would like to continue to talk about this matter at the talk page of WP:WBRE since I want to listen to more people's opinions about the matter. --AutumnSnow (talk) 07:18, 1 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Any plans of updating WP:EDITS soon ? --  Tinu  Cherian  - 09:48, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Hello, would it be possible to update WP:EDITS? Otherwise, nobody seems to know who to ask. Thank you very much, Badagnani (talk) 05:46, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Hello. I am sorry for the late reply.

I updated the WP:EDITS on August 9, 2008[]. Nowadays someone else have updated the page. Thank you very much. --AutumnSnow (talk) 09:02, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Popular pages
Thanks for updating Popular pages, its and interesting read. I was wondering if the program (bot?) could be used to rank a specific group of pages by their popularity? Specifically, I would like to create a list of articles under the Aviation WikiProject's scope, sorted by popularity, in order to get an idea of where our project should work at improving things. The category with all the articles is Category:WikiProject Aviation articles, or alternately Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:WPAVIATION. A reply on my talk page would be greatly appreciated, thanks. - Trevor MacInnis (Contribs) 01:43, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

I replied on your talk page. I am sorry for the late reply.

Thank you very much. --AutumnSnow (talk) 09:02, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Most edits
Would it be possible to update this page again? --Kumioko (talk) 20:46, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * WP:WBRE too, as it places me way closer to the top of the list. I guess it could be done by anyone with a high speed connection (10+ Mbit/s), but I don't have enough space on my hard disk. Admiral Norton (talk) 20:33, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Hello. I am sorry for the late reply.

I updated the WP:EDITS on August 9, 2008[] and WP:WBRE on July 20, 2009[] and on May 8, 2011[].

Nowadays someone else have updated the pages. Thank you very much. --AutumnSnow (talk) 09:02, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Java question
Hi, can I ask you about this how-to? My question is located here about the java syntax. Thanks. Bennylin (talk) 14:19, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Hello, I replied there. I am sorry for the late reply. Thank you very much. --AutumnSnow (talk) 09:02, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

List
Are you planning on updating this list anytime soon? Kevin Rutherford (talk) 01:24, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

Hello. I am sorry for the late reply.

Not soon. I do not have enough resource to update the list so frequently.

I updated the list on May 8, 2011[].

Thank you very much. --AutumnSnow (talk) 09:02, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

list
Hi, I've seen you updated WP:WBRE, my bot do this automaticaly, so if you want to overtake its job, please inform me, otherwise it could colide with your edit. Petrb (talk) 19:57, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Hello, if your bot update the page automatically, I do not want to overtake its job. Thank you very much. --AutumnSnow (talk) 09:02, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Help Request (Kindly)
Dear AutumnSnow,

I have found that you have created this page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Most_frequently_edited_pages/How_to_generate_the_lists. I would really appreciate it if you might help me with generating lists of most frequently edited pages on Wikipedia.

Kindly appreciate your help.

Many thanks.

Kind regards, Salam (User:Salam Farid Aazam) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Salam Farid Aazam (talk • contribs) 11:15, 15 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:AutumnSnow


text:
User talk:Toddallen

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! CambridgeBayWeather 08:55, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Toddallen


text:
Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)

Viscount Inoue Masaru (井上 勝) was the first Director of Railways in Japan and is known as the "father of the Japanese railways".

Biography
He was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi, the son of Katsuyuki Inoue. He was briefly adopted into the Nomura family and became known as Nomura Yakichi, though he was later restored to the Inoue family.

Masaru Inoue was brought up as the son of a samurai belonging to the Chōshū fief. At 15, he entered the Nagasaki Naval Academy established by the Tokugawa shogunate under the direction of a Dutch naval officer. In 1863, Inoue and four friends from the Chōshū clan stowed away on a vessel to the United Kingdom. He studied civil engineering and mining at University College London and returned to Japan in 1868. After working for the government as a technical officer supervising the mining industry, he was appointed Director of the Railway Board in 1871. Inoue played a leading role in Japan's railway planning and construction, including the construction of the Nakasendo Railway, the selection of the alternative route (Tokaido), and the proposals for future mainline railway networks.

In 1891 Masaru Inoue founded Koiwai Farm with Yanosuke Iwasaki and Shin Onogi. After retirement from the government, Inoue founded Kisha Seizo Kaisha, the first locomotive manufacturer in Japan, becoming its first president in 1896. In 1909 he was appointed President of the Imperial Railway Association. He died of an illness in London in 1910, during an official visit on behalf of the Ministry of Railways.

Honors
Inoue and his friends later came to be known as the Chōshū Five. To commemorate their stay in London, two scholarships, known as the Inoue Masaru Scholarships, are available each session under the University College London 1863 Japan Scholarships scheme to enable University College students to study at a Japanese University. The value of the scholarships are £3000 each. His tomb is in the triangular area of land where the Tōkaidō Main Line meets the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in Kita-Shinagawa.

Chōshū Five
These are the four other members of the "Chōshū Five":
 * Itō Shunsuke (later Itō Hirobumii)
 * Inoue Monta (later Inoue Kaoru)
 * Yamao Yōzō who later studied engineering at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow, 1866-68 while working at the shipyards by day
 * Endō Kinsuke

title: Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Got-Next

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – Rich Farmbrough 20:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Got-Next
Alexa ranking of 209,689. Punkmorten 08:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Alexa rank. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:09, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
List of radio stations in Idaho

The following is a list of FCC-licensed radio stations in the U.S. state of Idaho, which can be sorted by their call signs, frequencies, cities of license, licensees, and programming formats.

Defunct

 * KDBI
 * KID
 * KLCW-LP
 * KMCL
 * KPCQ
 * KRSI
 * KSKI
 * KTSJ
 * KWAL

title: List of radio stations in Idaho


text: Talk:Triangle and Robert

title: Talk:Triangle and Robert


text:
Makoto (disambiguation)

Makoto is a Japanese given name.

Makoto may also refer to:

 * Makoto (game), a single-player aerobic electronic game
 * Makoto (Street Fighter), a fictional character in the Street Fighter series
 * Makoto, the name of one of the Megatokyo servers as well as one of the characters in the Megatokyo omake Grand Theft Colo: Otaku City

title: Makoto (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Linda McPheron

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. DS 21:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Linda McPheron

 * Delete per nomination. Vanity article. Aconnelly 08:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or speedy under A7. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:10, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Stu 19:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Gtabary 23:08, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete CSD:A7. MCB 23:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.