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Enoch Crowder

Major General Enoch Herbert Crowder, USA (April 11, 1859 – May 7, 1932) was an American Army lawyer who served as the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army from 1911 to 1923. Crowder is most noted for implementing and administering the United States Selective Service Act of 1917, under which thousands of American men were drafted into military service during World War I.

Early life and education
Enoch Crowder was born in Edinburg, Missouri in 1859. After graduating from Grand River College at 16, he taught at local schools until applying for the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York on the advice of his mother, Mary Crowder. He entered West Point in 1877, graduating in 1881. Lieutenant Crowder was assigned to the 8th Cavalry, stationed around Brownsville, Texas. During this tour he studied law and received a license to practice law in Texas in 1884. The same year, Crowder obtained a transfer to the Jefferson Barracks in Missouri.

In 1885, Lieutenant Crowder was assigned Professor of Military Science at the University of Missouri. Here he instructed two companies of cadets and created the first ROTC cadet band in the United States, which later became known as Marching Mizzou. While at Missouri, he obtained a law degree and became a member of the Zeta Phi chapter of Beta Theta Pi. Soon after graduating in 1886, Crowder was promoted to First Lieutenant and ordered to rejoin his regiment as a troop commander in the Geronimo campaign. Following the campaign's conclusion in September 1886, he resumed teaching at the University of Missouri until 1889.

Judge Advocate General
Upon completion of this detail, Lieutenant Crowder returned to the 8th Cavalry at Fort Yates, Dakota Territory, where he participated in the final campaign against Sitting Bull. In 1891, upon his promotion to captain he accepted a position as the acting Judge Advocate General of the Department of the Platte in Omaha, Nebraska. In January 1895, this temporary branch transfer became final and Crowder was promoted to major.

The beginning of the Spanish–American War marked his promotion to lieutenant colonel. From 1898 to 1901, while in the Philippines, he served as a judge advocate, and later served as secretary to the island governors, one of whom was Arthur MacArthur Jr., father of Douglas MacArthur. He also served on the commission which arranged the Spanish surrender of the Philippines. During his service in the Philippines, he filled many important posts in the military government of the Islands, specializing in military law. In 1899, he headed the Board of Claims, served on the Philippine Supreme Court, and drafted the new Philippine criminal code. While in the Philippines, Crowder impressed then Governor General William Howard Taft with his legal acumen. Taft had Crowder serve as a de facto advisor to the Vatican's counsel regarding the transfer of "friars' lands" to Philippine nationals in an attempt to create a system of indigenous land ownership in the hopes that the people of the Philippines would have a stake in their eventual independence.

Impressed with the ability Crowder had demonstrated in the Philippines, Judge Advocate General Davis in 1901 called him to Washington to serve as deputy judge advocate general. In this capacity, Crowder assisted in the prosecution of the then noteworthy Deming case in 1902, became a member of the general staff, and attained the rank of colonel. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was senior American observer with the Japanese Army. From 1906 to 1909, while serving on the staff of the provisional governors in Cuba, he oversaw the Cuban elections in 1908, and later helped draft a body of laws for Cuba.

In 1910, he represented the United States at the Fourth Pan American Conference in Buenos Aires and in that capacity made official visits to Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama. On February 11, 1911, after studying the military justice and penal systems of France and England on a European tour, he returned to Washington to be promoted to brigadier general and assume the duties as Judge Advocate General of the United States Army, a post he held for 12 years.

As Judge Advocate General, General Crowder initiated a number of innovations, including the regular publication of Judge Advocate General opinions; the issuance of a new digest (published in 1912) of all JAG opinions issued since 1862; and a program for the legal education of line officers at government expense. He additionally supervised the revision of the Articles of War for the first time since 1874, revised the Manual for Courts-Martial and took an active part in prison reform in the army.

Selective Service Act

On April 6, 1917, the United States officially entered World War I. As Provost Marshal of the Army, Crowder led the drafting of the Selective Service Act which was passed by Congress in May 1917. General Crowder, as he became known, was also responsible for directing of the Selective Service and supervised the draft – the registration, classification, and induction – of all American men who were 18–30 years of age into the armed services – over 2,800,000 men during the war.

The officers who served under General Crowder during this period are legion. Among these are the following: Major Hugh S. Johnson, Major Cassius Dowell, Lieutenant Colonel Allen W. Gullion, Major John H. Wigmore, Major Charles B. Warren, Captain M. C. Cramer, and Lieutenant Colonel E. A. Kreger. Although offered a promotion to the rank of lieutenant general in 1918, General Crowder, mindful of public and Congressional opposition to “swivel chair” generals, refused the promotion, seeking instead a field command.

In October 1917, Crowder was promoted to major general. As Judge Advocate General, he supervised the administration of military justice in the army during the period when the number of general courts-martial rose from 6,200 in 1917 to over 20,000 in 1918. In 1918, the offices of Secretary of War Newton D. Baker issued the "work or fight" order, and Crowder became in charge of executing the order which mandated that virtually every activity in the country support the war effort. Crowder was also instrumental in ensuring that the United States applied the laws of war to German prisoners of war, and he sought to limit military jurisdiction to uniformed personnel.

On September 26, 1918, in response to newspaper reports of military camps being overcome by the Great Influenza Pandemic, Crowder cancelled the military draft calls for October.

He wrote a book entitled The Spirit of Selective Service.

Post–World War I
After the war, General Crowder found himself, along with the entire military justice system, the center of a storm of controversy, stemming from charges that the military justice system was "un-American." Crowder, a perceptive critic of the system who had already commenced work on needed reform, now accelerated his efforts. The specific recommendations he submitted to Congress, most of which were subsequently adopted, included greater safeguards for the accused, changes in the composition and powers of special courts-martial, and the addition of an authority in the President to reverse or alter any court-martial sentence found to have been adjudged erroneously.

Ambassador to Cuba

In the spring of 1919, at the invitation of Cuban President Menocal, Crowder went to Cuba to advise on revisions to the election laws which he had helped write years earlier. He stayed for several years with the U.S. title Special Representative of the President and imposed reforms and appointments on the government of President Alfredo Zayas before a U.S. bank would make a critical loan to the Cuban government. Once the loan was made, Zayas undid those reforms and appointments. Nevertheless, Crowder retired from the army on February 14, 1923, and on the same day was appointed the first Ambassador from the United States to Cuba, a post which he held until 1927.

Retirement and death
From 1927 until his death in 1932, General Crowder was engaged in the private practice of law in Chicago. Crowder died in Washington, D.C., on May 7, 1932. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Awards and honors
Among his honors and decorations were the Distinguished Service Medal, the Cuban Order of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun, Knight Commander of the British Order of St. Michael and St. George, Commander of the Legion of Honor, and Commander of the Italian Order of the Crown. The citation for his Army DSM states the following:

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General Enoch Herbert Crowder, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I, as Provost Marshal General in the preparation and operation of the draft laws of the Nation during the war."

Legacy
Perhaps the most apt description of the service to his country by Enoch H. Crowder is contained in the words of the late Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of State in the cabinet of President Herbert Hoover and Secretary of War in the cabinets of Presidents William Howard Taft and Franklin D. Roosevelt, who said of General Crowder: "His record as Judge Advocate General and his later record as Provost Marshal General have constituted a page in the history of our Army upon which we can all look with deep satisfaction and admiration."

His name is memorialized in his home state of Missouri through the naming of a state park in his honor and through the designation of the World War II training center at Neosho, Missouri, as Camp Crowder. The ROTC building at the University of Missouri, Crowder Hall, is also named in his honor. He has been the subject of biographical studies.

title: Enoch Crowder


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Ian Wallace (ornithologist)

Donald Ian Mackenzie Wallace (14 December 1933 – 4 November 2021), known as Ian Wallace, D.I.M. Wallace,  or by his initials DIMW, was a British birder, author and artist.

Early life
Wallace was born on 14 December 1933 in Norfolk, England, to Scottish parents. He was educated at Loretto School, near Edinburgh. Early in the 1950s, he undertook National Service with the King's African Rifles in Kenya.

Career
Wallace was the second chairman of the British Birds Rarities Committee and was a contributing author to The Birds of the Western Palearctic.

In 1963, Wallace was among a party of birders, led by Guy Mountfort and including Julian Huxley, George Shannon and, James Ferguson-Lees, that made the first ornithological expedition to Azraq in Jordan. The expedition's recommendations eventually led to the creation of the Azraq Wetland Reserve and other protected areas. Papers from the expedition are in the United Kingdom's National Archives. He identified at least four species previously unknown in Nigeria.

He was the Honorary Life President of Flamborough Ornithological Group (since 2000), and of Flamborough Bird Observatory.

Wallace appeared as a guest on BBC Radio 4's Saving Species, discussing his October 1960 observations of the visible migration of birds over London, on their 50th anniversary.

He was described as "one of the very top ornithologists in the UK", "one of the great names of British bird-watching", by the BBC as "a pioneer of ornithology [in the United Kingdom]", and by Mark Cocker as both "one of the godfathers of modern birding" and "the grand old man of birds".

Wallace lived in Staffordshire. He died on 4 November 2021, at the age of 87. A five-page obituary was published in ''British Birds.

Contributions

 * A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe by Roger Peterson, Guy Mountfort, P.A.D. Hollom. Collins, 1965
 * new edition of 1954 work; revised and enlarged in collaboration with I.J. Ferguson-Lees and Wallace
 * 1971 impression: ISBN 0-00-212020-8
 * 2004 edition: ISBN 978-0-00-719234-2

Significant articles

 * Snipe and Grouse: English Bird Names in Birding World, Vol. 6 No. 4 pp. 164–5

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ian Wallace (ornithologist)


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Talk:Henry Gray

Suggestions and Analysis
I’m writing on this page to address some issues or concerns that I feel should be updated. I would like to start by analyzing the lead section of this page. It is written with little information. It is short and does not provide a lot of detail to whom Henry Gray was. I believe there is more to Henry Gray than just his publication of his anatomical book. This page does not stress the importance of his role in medicine and contributions to anatomy and physiology he made. In its entirety, it is structured well, but only references his biography and death, nothing in between. I think it would be a great feature to add his contributions to medicine, and other notable awards in a separate section, also I believe his first book should be a section by itself. Possibly introduce his personal life; introduce his family, his associations he was a part of, and any major figures in his life. Although, I know it will be hard to find that information, it has to be out there. The current references seem to be from articles and biographies. They need some work in gathering better sources. The biography is well written without bias, and was very neutral. This page did not seem to introduce any contentious ideas or biases. They kept the facts straight, and kept it straightforward. The improvements for this page should be in adding more detail. The information currently on the page is incredibly short. The detail can be expanded to provide more information about Henry Gray. This can be addressed by finding more resources and better information from credible sources. To improve the overall history of this man, more information will have to be dug up from past literature or journals online. There is a lot that can be done to improve this page, but the answers may be right in front of us. ETB44 (talk) 23:26, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

Date of election to the Royal Society
I have fixed confusing/contradictory information that suggested he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society at the ages of 25 and 34. Since it said he died when he was 34 it seemed reasonable he was elected when he was 25, however, I don't actually know this and I think someone should do the research and find out if this is right. --Animus9 09:03, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

The Royal Society's own website gives Henry Gray's date of election to their Fellowship as 3rd June 1852: when Gray would have been 25. NRPanikker (talk) 16:35, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Public Domain?
Is it right that Gray's anatomy, more than 70 years after his death, now has become public domain? Can its images thus be spread throughout the wikipedia to enhance articles on anatomy? --213.6.121.190 22:40, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * i saw somewhere here an image with the note that it's public domain - what speaks against copying the entire encyclopedia? looks great to me http://www.bartleby.com/107/ --Fairychild 13:25, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

This page is largely plaguarized from the introduction to Gray's Anatomy!!

Henry Vandyke Carter
I'm reading the book "the anatomist" by bill hayse. very excellent. anyway carter was more than a draftsman. could we at least get this guy a category so when you type in hvc's name there's at least a responce. Peace/69.122.62.231 (talk) 03:53, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

"List of Works" section?
Any ideas on where to start listing Gray's list of works? I've been searching for over an hour for a complete list of all 40+ editions of "Gray's Anatomy" publication dates. Timothyerton (talk) 05:24, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Gray


text: User talk:70.247.82.30

title: User talk:70.247.82.30


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Talk:Shifter (bicycle part)

Preliminary cleanup/expansion
I've done some merging/wikification here. Still needed is a discussion of friction vs. indexed shifting.

Here's an outline I wrote up a while back:

 * 1) Lead/intro
 * 2) Friction shifting
 * 3) Indexed shifting
 * 4) Twist shifters
 * 5) Trigger shifters - Shimano rapidfire
 * 6) Integration with brake levers - racing STI, Ergo; mountain Shimano dual-control on LX, XT, XTR

--Christopherlin 22:51, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shifter (bicycle part)


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Talk:Ahn Trio

Articles for Deletion debate
This article survived an Articles for Deletion debate. The discussion can be found here. -Splash talk 22:42, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

POV debate and "marketingish" text
POV used in several cases, generally through use of words with specific, subjective connotations. For example: "Lucia, Angella, and Maria thrive on dissolving the barriers between art forms.""A 1997 MTV appearance on Bryan Adams' "Unplugged" program led to the development of "Ahn-Plugged," which typifies the excitement and energy of the Ahn Trio. Mostly recently, they have created their own label, L.A.M.P (Lucia Angella Maria Productions), to allow them greater freedom to further explore the new, cutting edge projects they have always pursued. It is precisely this vitality and commitment to innovation that has the Ahn Trio continually drawing new audiences to classical music."88.153.51.205 (talk) 20:21, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Garkbit (talk) 17:33, 30 December 2008 (UTC) They are a great band. I do agree about POV about "the excitement and energy of the" "new, cutting edge projects they have always pursued" "precisely this vitality and commitment to innovation" and such things that seem generous but not **encylopedic** in nature. Update:: I have edited some of these accordingly.

This is closer to a publicity release than an objective article. There are very subjective pronouncements about the group's merit and no mention at all of negative reactions, of which there have been many and which should be cited for the purpose of balance to this fawning piece. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.181.189.193 (talk) 09:23, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Since there has been no new discussion on the matter, I'm going to remove the template on the article. I would suggest that editors that are concerned with the language of the article simply make good faith edits to correct it and improve the article. Unless there is an ongoing edit war, which I don't see evidence of, it would seem a much better idea to simply correct the problems that you see rather then add a template that calls the entire article into question. It is ALWAYS better to try making good faith edits FIRST. Michaelh2001 (talk) 19:51, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Follow up comment: I discussed this with an admin, and we both agree this article has problems that slant it toward promoting the subject of the article rather than it being neutral. Frankly, its puffery, but that template is being considered for deletion, so I used the next best one. Having seen them in concert but having no knowledge of the group beyond "original research", I would hope that some other editors with knowledge of the subject beyond my own will edit the article and balance it out. Michaelh2001 (talk) 07:02, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Ahn Trio. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20160113025637/https://myspace.com/ahntrio to http://www.myspace.com/ahntrio

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External links modified
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I have just modified 2 one external links on Ahn Trio. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Ahn Trio


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User talk:Madisondagrate

Regarding this edit to the Jennifer Lopez article: Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Hall Monitor 22:42, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Madisondagrate


text:
Shropshire Union Railways and Canal Company

The Shropshire Union Railways and Canal Company was a Company in England, formed in 1846, which managed several canals and railways. It intended to convert a number of canals to railways, but was leased by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) from 1847, and although they built one railway in their own right, the LNWR were keen that they did not build any more. They continued to act as a semi-autonomous body, managing the canals under their control, and were critical of the LNWR for not using the powers which the Shropshire Union Company had obtained to achieve domination of the markets in Shropshire and Cheshire by building more railways.

The company grew out of the amalgamation of the Chester Canal with its branch to Middlewich and the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal, which ran from Nantwich to Autherley. They took over the Eastern and Western branches of the Montgomery Canal, the Shrewsbury Canal and leased the Shropshire Canal. Although plans to convert them to railways had been dropped by 1849, the LNWR bought the Shropshire Canal outright in 1857, following severe subsidence, and used it as the route for a railway to Coalport, opened in 1861.

Most of the profits came as a result of the company acting as a carrier, rather than from tolls. In addition to running narrow boats on the canals, they had a thriving business carrying goods across the River Mersey, between Liverpool, Ellesmere Port, and Birkenhead. They made a healthy operating profit until the 1870s, but this then diminished during the next 30 years. They looked at upgrading the canal to take larger vessels in the 1890s, prompted by the opening of the Manchester Ship Canal, but this did not occur. They saw a brief improvement in their financial position in the early 20th century, but this collapsed with the onset of the First World War. Government subsidies sustained them until 1920, but rising wage costs and the 8-hour day resulted in them ceasing to act as a carrier, and the LNWR bought the company in late 1922. On 1 January 1923, the LNWR became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), with the passing of the Railways Act 1921 (Grouping Act). The Montgomery Canal closed in 1936 after a major breach, and most of the canals were closed under the provisions of an abandonment order obtained in 1944.

The Ellesmere Port to Autherley section and the branch to Middlewich remained open, and have since been named the Shropshire Union Canal. The branch to Llangollen, which was retained as a water feeder, has been reopened in the leisure age as the Llangollen Canal, and parts of the Montgomery Canal have been restored, with ongoing plans for a full restoration. A fledgling scheme to conserve and reopen the Shrewsbury Canal is having some success, and a small part of the Shropshire Canal is now part of the Ironbridge Gorge Museums. Part of the Stafford to Shrewsbury Line, the only railway built by a canal company, remains open from Shrewsbury to Wellington, and is served by Transport for Wales.

History
In 1844, the Ellesmere and Chester Canal Company, which owned the broad canals from Ellesmere Port to Chester and from Chester to Nantwich, with a branch to Middlewich, began discussions with the narrow Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal, which ran from Nantwich to Autherley, where it joined the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal. The two companies had always worked together, in a bid to maintain their profits against competition from the railways, and amalgamation seemed to be a logical step. An agreement was worked out by August, and the two companies then sought an Act of Parliament to authorise the takeover. This was granted on 8 May 1845, when the larger Ellesmere and Chester Canal Company was formed.

Reformation as a joint canal - railway company
Almost immediately, a committee was set up to look at options for converting all or part of the canals into railways, and extending the network. Although they had already tried using a steam tug to haul a train of boats, they realised that not all of their canals were suitable for such use, and that a locomotive on a railway with good gradients offered a better solution. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal were alarmed by the announcement that many of the canals might close, on the basis that removal of one would have a serious effect on another, and sought to oppose the action.

The committee met with the railway engineer Robert Stephenson on 24 July 1845, who suggested that various schemes should be joined together to avoid competition in Parliament. George Loch, who was on the board of the Ellesmere and Chester Canal, worked on the details for what would become the Shropshire Union, which involved amalgamation of several railway and canal companies. Among the canals to be included in the larger scheme were the Eastern and Western branches of the Montgomery Canal, the Shrewsbury Canal and the Shropshire Canal. While much of the canal network would be converted to railways, some 80 to 90 mi would be retained in water, including the Shrewsbury Canal, the Shropshire Canal, and the line from Ellesmere Port via Barbridge to Middlewich, which served the trade in salt.

Four new railways were proposed. The first would run from Crewe to Newtown, via Nantwich, Whitchurch, Ellesmere, Oswestry and Welshpool, with a branch from Whitchurch to Wem. At Newtown, it would meet with a projected railway to Aberystwyth. The second would run from the North Staffordshire Railway at Stone or Norton Bridge to Stafford, continuing through Newport, Donnington and Wellington to Shrewsbury. A third would follow the course of the River Severn from Shrewsbury to Worcester, with a branch from Ironbridge to Donnington and Wellington. The final one would connect Wolverhampton to the Chester and Crewe Railway, passing through Market Drayton and Nantwich. The proposed capital for the venture was £1.4 million, and the engineers were listed as William Cubitt, Robert Stephenson and W A Provis, the resident engineer for the Ellesmere and Chester Canal. The joint company obtained Acts of Parliament in 1846 to cover the first three of the four railways, and to reform itself as the Shropshire Union Railways and Canal Company (SUR&CC). The new company was authorised to take over the Shrewsbury Canal and to buy the Montgomery Canal and the Shropshire Canal. The intent behind the acts was to build railways at a reduced cost, by using the existing routes of the canals the company owned. New share capital of £3.3 million could be raised, with an additional £1.1 million if required. Holders of shares in the existing canal companies exchanged them for new shares. The Ellesmere and Chester was valued at £250,004, the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction at £150,000, and the Shrewsbury at £75,000. The company carried forward debts and liabilities of £800,207.

Takeovers
The Shropshire Union Company bought the eastern branch of the Montgomery Canal in February 1847, for £78,210. Three years later, on 5 February 1850, they paid £42,000 for the western branch. The Shropshire Canal had been valued at £72,500, but rather than buy it, the company decided to lease it from 1 November 1849, paying £3,125 per year. They also started work on the Shrewsbury and Stafford Railway, confident that it would not result in the canals losing revenue.

However, dealing with ever-expanding railway companies proved difficult. They had originally formed a contract with the Shrewsbury, Wolverhampton, Dudley and Birmingham project, which was subsequently leased to the London and Birmingham Railway. The London and Birmingham saw the Shropshire Union's fourth railway proposal, from Wolverhampton to Crewe, as an important part of their main line to Holyhead, and formed an alliance with the Crewe and Holyhead Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway. The three companies would support the Shropshire Union, against the Grand Junction Railway, who were proposing an alternative route between Wolverhampton and Crewe. The support was short-lived, as the London and Birmingham Railway, the Manchester and Birmingham Railway, and the Grand Junction Railway amalgamated on 1 January 1846, to become the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), and suddenly the Shropshire Union route was a threat.

By the autumn of 1846, the LNWR had offered to lease the Shropshire Union, and the directors felt that a guaranteed income from a powerful company was probably better than most other options. They agreed to the terms in December, and the LNWR obtained an Act of Parliament in June 1847 to authorise the arrangement. The Shrewsbury and Stafford Railway was opened on 1 June 1849, and lease payments began a month later on 1 July. The arrangement of the lease was not fully completed until 25 March 1857, but the LNWR, struggling with their own success, persuaded the Shropshire Union not to build any more railways, in exchange for a commitment to servicing the canal debts. The Shropshire Union thus lost its independence after a very short period, but continued to manage the canals under its control, and in this they had a remarkably free hand.

By 1849, the plan to turn the canals into railways had been dropped, and the Company were leasing the Shropshire Canal, which ran from Wrockwardine Wood where there was a junction with the Trench branch of the Shrewsbury Canal, to Coalport, on the River Severn. Following the Great Western Railway's take-over of the Shrewsbury and Birmingham's railway line through Oakengates and its branch from Madeley Wood to Lightmoor on 1 September 1854, the Shropshire Union manager, Robert Skey, recommended to the LNWR that the Shropshire Canal should be converted to a railway in January 1855, but no action was taken. However, after a series of breaches later that year and in 1856, the LNER were faced with spending £30,000 on repairing the canal. Instead, they obtained an Act of Parliament in 1857, which allowed them to buy the canal for £62,500, close the northern section from Wrockwardine Wood to the Windmill inclined plane, and build a railway line along its course. The closure was delayed until 1 June 1858, and the railway branch to Coalport opened in mid-1861.

Competition
The LNWR had sought to build a railway connecting Shrewsbury, Welshpool, Oswestry and Newtown in 1853, but had withdrawn the bill from Parliament after discussions with the Great Western Railway. The Oswestry and Newtown Railway was subsequently built by the Great Western, with support from former shareholders of the Montgomery Canal, who had hoped that selling the canal to the Shropshire Union would result in it being converted to a railway. It was completed in June 1861, and ran parallel to the Montgomery Canal. Another line opened in 1864, the Oswestry, Ellesmer and Whitchurch Railway, which was part of the Cambrian Railway. The Shorpshire Union negotiated with both companies on rates, and managed to keep the canal rates slightly lower than those on the railways.

At their annual meeting in September 1861, Robert Skey stated that the canals brought some £60,000 in trade to the LNWR each year. However, the relationship with the LNWR was not always smooth, who were castigated at the 1862 meeting for failing to use powers which the Shropshire Union already had, to gain control of Shropshire and Montgomeryshire through the construction of new railways. At that time, the Shropshire Union were busy converting and extending a tramway which ran from Pontcysyllte to Afon-eitha to allow locomotives to run on it. The work was finished in 1867, and ran for a time with a borrowed locomotive, until they bought their own from Crewe works in 1870. To save money on the maintenance of Trench Inclined Plane on the Shrewsbury Canal, the company leased Lubstree Wharf on the Humber Arm of the Newport Branch from 1870, and built a railway to Lilleshall Works, which provided most of the traffic on the Shrewsbury Canal.

By 1869, the Shropshire Union had a thriving business carrying goods from a base at Chester Basin, Liverpool, across the River Mersey to Ellesmere Port and Birkenhead. The LNWR was also involved in cross-river trade, using private carriers, and this was transferred to the Shropshire Union in 1870, after they had suggested it. The company bought out the lighterage business of William Oulton in 1870, moved their base from Chester Basin to Manchester Basin, and bought the Mersey Carrying Co in 1883. Under the terms of the lease with the LNWR, the company was limited in the types of goods they could carry, and although they made a healthy operating profit until the late 1860s, this did not cover the interest on debts or dividends. Between 1850 and 1870, receipts had risen from £104,638 to £145,976, but costs had risen much faster, and the average surplus had fallen from £45,885 to £11,717. Most of the income was generated by their carrying business, rather than by tolls for use of the canal network.

Haulage of their boats by horses had been contracted out to Bishtons until the mid-1860s, when the company took that function back, so that they could use steam haulage if that proved desirable, but in practice the only route where steam tugs were used was on the Ellesmere Port to Chester section. Horses were still thought to be cheaper, and remained in use until the carrying business ceased. In order to fulfill the carrying business, they owned 213 narrowboats in 1870, rising to 395 in 1889 and 450 in 1902. In 1888 they experimented with locomotive haulage, running on gauge tracks, at Worleston on the Middlewich Branch. Their engineer, G R Jebb, wrote a report on the experiment, but no further action was taken.

The next development was at Ellesmere Port, where the Manchester Ship Canal cut off the Port from the River Mersey. From 16 July 1891, all traffic from the port had to pass along the canal, and entered the river through Eastham Lock. Access to the river had previously been by a tidal basin, but this was fitted with double gates where it connected to the ship canal. The Shropshire Union spent £37,850 constructing a new quay next to the gates, 1800 ft long, and suitable for ships up to 4,000 tons. While the ship canal was under construction, the Shropshire Union investigated the cost of upgrading their line from Ellesmere Port to Autherley to take larger barges. Jebb estimated that it would cost around £13,500 per mile (£8,400 per km), so the total cost would have been £891,475. In the autumn of 1890, they were discussing plans for a large canal from the Mersey to Birmingham via the Potteries with the North Staffordshire Railway. Neither scheme came to fruition, but the Shropshire Union spent large amounts of money on building better wharves and warehouses at many of the Pottery towns.

Decline
For the final 30 years of the nineteenth century, the Shropshire Union network had made a small operating surplus, although it did not cover dividends or interest in its debts. The situation improved during the early years of the twentieth century, but collapsed again at the start of the First World War. Government subsidies propped up the operation when hostilities ceased, but wages had increased significantly, the eight-hour day had been extended to boatmen and rivermen, and raw materials were more expensive. When subsidies were withdrawn from 14 August 1920, the operation was no longer viable. Boating families who lived on 202 boats were told that all carrying would cease, although the waterways would stay open, in the hope that private boats might use them. The Ellesmere Port facilities were leased to the Manchester Ship Canal, for a period of 50 years, while the Great Western Railway took over those at Liverpool.

In late 1922, the LNWR bought out the company, under the provisions of the L&NWR (SUR&CC) Preliminary Absorption Scheme, by exchanging all remaining Shropshire Union stock for LNWR stock. A few days afterwards, at the start of 1923, the LNWR was absorbed into the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) as part of The Grouping, under which most of the railways of Britain were formed into four groups.

A period of steady decline set in, with reduced maintenance making it more difficult for boats to operate. The Weston Branch of the Montgomery Canal had closed in 1917, following a breach near Hordley, and most of the main line was closed in February 1936 when a breach occurred just to the north of the aqueduct over the River Perry, about a mile (1.6 km) from Frankton Junction.

Finally, the LMS obtained an Act of Abandonment in 1944, which resulted in the closure of 175 mi of canals under their control. For the Shropshire Union system, this included the Montgomery Canal, the Shrewsbury Canal, and the remaining short section of the Shropshire Canal, leaving only the main line from Ellesmere to Autherley, and the branch to Middlewich. The branch to Llangollen was also retained, but only as a feeder to supply water to the canal. The other main sources of water were the Belvide Reservoir, near the A5 road at Brewood, and the outflow from the Barnhurst Sewage Treatment Works at Autherley Junction.

Shropshire Union railways
The Shropshire Union Company constructed and ran one of the few railways in England which were built by a canal company. The railway was the Stafford to Shrewsbury Line, via Newport and Wellington. The Shropshire Union Company were solely responsible for the section from Stafford to Wellington, but the building and operation of the 10.5 mi long section between Shrewsbury and Wellington was shared with the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway.

After the LNWR take over of the Shropshire Union network, the Shrewsbury and Wellington Railway was operated as a Joint railway by the Great Western Railway and the LNWR. The Stafford to Shrewsbury Railway opened on 1 June 1849 and was 29.25 mi in length. The London and North Western Railway leased the line from July 1847, before it was complete.

Shropshire Union railways today
The Shrewsbury and Wellington section is still in use today by West Midlands Trains and Transport for Wales.

Passenger services on the Stafford to Wellington section ended on 7 September 1964. Goods services ceased between Stafford and Newport on 1 August 1966 and this branch from Wellington was cut back to Donnington on 22 November 1969.

In June 2009, the Association of Train Operating Companies, in its Connecting Communities: Expanding Access to the Rail Network report, which proposed a £500m scheme to open 33 stations on 14 lines closed in the Beeching Axe, including seven new parkway stations, identified the line from Stafford to Wellington as a potential link that could feasibly be re-opened.

The canals today
As of 2017, the main line from Ellesmere Port to Autherley and the branch to Middlewich are still open; they are known as the Shropshire Union Canal. The branch from Hurleston Junction to Llangollen has been reopened for navigation, having been promoted as suitable for pleasure boating from the mid-1950s, and has been re-branded as the Llangollen Canal.

The Montgomery Canal has been partially re-opened. The first section restored was at Welshpool, when the line of the canal was threatened by a bypass, and this isolated section was reopened in 1969. The section southwards from Frankton Junction has been restored and opened progressively since 1987, with additions in 1995, 1996, 2003, 2007 and the stretch from Redwith Bridge to Pryce's Bridge in July 2014. In 2023 an extension to Crickheath Wharf was opened allowing boats to navigate from Gronwen ,the previous limit of navigation. Also in 2023, work began on rebuilding Schoolhouse Bridge which had been filled in in the 1960's and is the last obstruction of the channel in Shropshire.There are ongoing efforts to complete the restoration of most of the remaining un-navigable sections. The Welsh Government have announced the spending of Levelling Up Fund money on removing two dropped bridges west of LLanymynech and other works.

A Trust has been set up to conserve the remains of the Shrewsbury Canal, with a view to reopening it in the longer term. A feasibility study and a detailed engineering report were commissioned and completed in 2004, and concluded that there were no major engineering obstacles to a full reopening.

A short section of the Shropshire Canal including the Hay Inclined Plane has been incorporated into the Ironbridge Gorge Museums. The canal contains water near the derelict Madeley Wood Brick and Tile Works, and the section at the bottom of the inclined plane at Coalport is also in water. The inclined plane was partially restored in the 1970s, and further restoration took place in the 1990s.


text: User talk:69.122.255.158

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User:Qirien

I'm a computer scientist-turned-homemaker, currently residing in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

title: User:Qirien


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Category:Geography of Catalonia

Articles related to the geography of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia.

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Category talk:British writers

Nature writers
What about a British nature writers category? Andy Mabbett 22:45, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This has been created. CalJW 00:32, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

English-language writers
Does anybody else think it is strange that in Category:Writers by language there is no subcategory for English-language writers? Ther current categorization scheme has these writers in American, Canadian, Australian, Irish, English, Welsh and Scottish categories, but these are not just English-language writers but also include many other languages. There is also no List of English-language writers. -- Samuel Wantman 07:39, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:British writers


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Talk:Kumm radio

Articles for Deletion debate
This article was redirected to KUMM as a result of an Articles for Deletion debate. The discussion can be found here. -Splash talk 22:46, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kumm radio


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Tetrazzini

Tetrazzini is an Italian-American dish made with diced poultry or seafood and in a butter, cream or milk and cheese sauce flavored with sherry or white wine, and combined with linguine, spaghetti, egg noodles, or other types of pasta, sometimes topped with breadcrumbs or cheese, and garnished with parsley or basil.

The dish is named after the Italian opera star Luisa Tetrazzini. The origins of tetrazzini are widely disputed. Some accounts ascribe tetrazzini as a creation of Auguste Escoffier. Other sources claim tetrazzini to be invented in the early 1900s by Ernest Arbogast, the chef at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, California, where Luisa Tetrazzini made her American debut at the Tivoli as Gilda in Rigoletto on January 11, 1905. However, other sources attribute the origin to the Knickerbocker Hotel in New York City.

In 1950s through the 1980s, upscale New York City restaurants including Mamma Leone's and Sardi's featured tetrazzini on the menu. The Sardi's tetrazzini recipe was featured in Vincent Price's cookbook A Treasury of Great Recipes, and mentioned in the Sue Kaufman novel Diary of a Mad Housewife. Tetrazzini frozen dinners were popular in the 1960s, as noted by Joan Didion in The Saturday Evening Post article "The Big Rock Candy Figgy Pudding Pitfall". Recipes for tetrazzini, both from-scratch and using convenience ingredients, were popular in the 1950s and 1960s, and the dish was featured in an episode of Mad Men. The Unofficial Mad Men Cookbook, a collection of vintage recipes featuring dishes featured in the run of the show. The cookbook included recipes drawn from various popular mid-century restaurants and cookbooks, including a recipe for tetrazzini originally published in Betty Crocker's Hostess Cookbook. In the 1960s, southern restaurants and Junior League cookbooks began featuring versions of tetrazzini (often referred to as chicken spaghetti throughout the south). In the 1960s, the famed Piccadilly Cafeteria in Baton Rouge introduced chicken tetrazzini to the menu, and it remains a customer favorite decades later. Foster's Market in Durham, North Carolina, introduced chicken spaghetti to their in-house dining and catering menus in the 1980s, with their version based upon the chicken spaghetti recipe featured in the Baton Rouge Junior League cookbook River Road Recipes. In the 1990s, tetrazzini and chicken spaghetti emerged as soul food classics.

In 21st century pop culture
Tetrazzini, specifically chicken tetrazzini, became an Internet meme after a woman on Maury accuses her friend of seducing her boyfriend by preparing his favorite meal, chicken tetrazzini. Clips from the episode were featured on the E! channel show, The Soup, in 2007. In 2020, Vice magazine food editor Farideh Sadeghin prepared chicken tetrazzini for their Munchies series, referencing the Maury episode as her inspiration for the dish.

title: Tetrazzini


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User:Aria Varasteh

'''A

title: User:Aria Varasteh


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Samurai Rebellion

Samurai Rebellion (上意討ち 拝領妻始末) is a 1967 Japanese jidaigeki film directed by Masaki Kobayashi. The film is based on a short story of the same name by Yasuhiko Takiguchi. Its screenplay was written by Shinobu Hashimoto.

Film historian Donald Richie suggests an approximate translation for its original Japanese title: Rebellion: Receive the Wife.

Plot
In 1725, during the Edo period of Japan, Isaburo Sasahara (Toshiro Mifune) is a vassal of the daimyo of the Aizu clan, Masakata Matsudaira. Isaburo is one of the most skilled swordsmen in the land, whose main rival is his good friend Tatewaki Asano (Tatsuya Nakadai). Isaburo is in a loveless marriage with a shrew of a woman. One day, one of the daimyo 's advisors orders Isaburo's elder son Yogoro (Go Kato) to marry the daimyo 's ex-concubine, Ichi (Yoko Tsukasa), even though she is the mother to one of the daimyo 's sons. With much trepidation, the family agrees. Ichi and Yogoro fall in love, marry, and give birth to a daughter, Tomi.

However, the daimyo 's primary heir dies, and he orders Ichi to rejoin his household to care for their son and heir. The family refuses, but Ichi is coerced to return by Isaburo's younger son, as otherwise her husband and father-in-law will be ordered to commit seppuku for their insolence and insubordination. Isaburo counters that he will comply only if the heads of the daimyo and his two primary advisors are brought to him first. Isaburo sends his younger son and wife away and dismisses his household servants.

The daimyo 's steward, accompanied by a platoon of 20 samurai, brings Ichi to the Sasahara house and tries to force her at spear point to renounce her marriage to Yogoro and join the daimyo's household. The daimyo also offers to commute Isaburo and Yogoro's sentences to life confinement in a shrine outside his castle. Instead of abandoning her husband and rejoining the daimyo, she throws herself onto a spear. Yogoro goes to her side and is killed with her in his arms. Enraged, Isaburo kills the steward's entire party, leaving the steward for last as he attempts to flee.

Burying the dead couple, Isaburo now decides to take his case to the shogun in Edo accompanied by Tomi. Tatewaki, who is guarding the gate, cannot permit Isaburo to pass, and a climactic duel follows with his good friend. Isaburo is the victor, but assassins hidden nearby cut Isaburo down with musket fire. As Isaburo dies, Tomi's wet nurse comforts the baby.

Cast

 * Toshiro Mifune as Isaburo Sasahara
 * Yoko Tsukasa as Ichi Sasahara
 * Go Kato as Yogoro Sasahara
 * Tatsuya Nakadai as Tatewaki Asano
 * Shigeru Koyama as Geki Takahashi
 * Masao Mishima as Sanzaemon Yanase
 * Isao Yamagata as Shobei Tsuchiya
 * Tatsuyoshi Ehara as Bunzo Sasahara
 * Etsuko Ichihara as Kiku
 * Tatsuo Matsumura as Masakata Matsudaira
 * Takamaru Sasaki as Kenmotsu Sasahara
 * Jun Hamamura as Hyoemon Shiomi

Music
The music was composed by Tōru Takemitsu, and is performed almost exclusively on traditional Japanese instruments, including shakuhachi, biwa, and taiko.

Release
Samurai Rebellion received a roadshow release in Japan on 27 May 1967 where it was distributed by Toho. The film received a wide theatrical release in Japan on 3 June 1967 and was released by Toho International in December 1967, with English-subtitles and a 120-minute running time. It has been released to home video as Samurai Rebellion.

Awards
Samurai Rebellion received awards in Japan. Kinema Junpo recognized it for Best Film, Best Director, and Best Screenplay (alongside Japan's Longest Day). Mainichi Film Concours awarded it as Best Film of the year. Along with China is Near, it won the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival.

Other adaptations
A TV movie remake starring Masakazu Tamura as Isaburo Sasahara and Yukie Nakama as Ichi Sasahara aired on TV Asahi in 2013. The screenplay was written by Shinobu Hashimoto.

 * Naoto Ogata as Yoichiro Sasahara
 * Masahiko Tsugawa as Kenmotsu Sasahara
 * Ren Osugi as Masakata Matsudaira
 * Takashi Sasano as Shobei Tanimura
 * Meiko Kaji as Suga Sasahara
 * Ken Matsudaira as Tatewaki Asano

title: Samurai Rebellion


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Talk:List of Mexican Jews

[Untitled]
Not every polish descendant is an ashkenazi. This list has a lot of people that are not jew (or they do not consider as such). I agree with the people that do not feel comfortable 'listing jews'. --Sarcle (talk) 16:03, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

learn some history some  hispanics are ladinos not just" mexicans "

Pancho Villa?
Hmmm... kind of uncertain, isn't it? –Hajor 22:46, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, indeed. His Austrian Jewish origin in a hypothesis. --Vizcarra 22:50, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

OK. Remove him or reword as "possible Jewish paternal grandfather", or something? –Hajor
 * Either or. --Vizcarra 23:03, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Adiós, mi general. –Hajor 23:14, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Title?
Could this be "Prominent Mexican Jews" or something else? I get nervous when people start keeping lists of Jews. Thanks. (unsigned on 18:43, 27 October 2005 by Davke)
 * All lists are named "List of ___ Jews". "Prominent" is not necessary, since no non-prominent person should be included anywhere in wikipedia. --Vizcarra 03:48, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

DUBIOUS ENTRIES
Julio Frenk, the Garzas, Jorge Castañeda, Tito Fuentes.... not Jewish. Castañeda went out with Adela Micha, but he never converted.

 * As far as i know Julio Frenk is Jew.  In case of Jorge Castañeda I'm not sure whether he profess Judaism or not but at least I know that he has a jewish mother.   The Garza Sadas may have some jewish ancestor (I dont know who?) but im sure that they dont profess Judaism.  I will put Julio Frenk back to the list.   I recommend you to sign your edits and to read article Who is a Jew?, there is a big discussion on this matter. --Abögarp 20:19, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, but you are wrong, my friend ABOGARP. Neither Frenk, nor Castañeda, nor the Garzas... are Jewish, neither by matrilineal nor by patrilineal descent. Of course, some of these people might have Jewish roots going back 3 or more generations... and

I am well aware of the debate for determining Jewishness.... I do not mean to enter a discussion here, but I think we should limit ourselves to people who:

a)have a proven Jewish mother (and I'll concede with having a Jewish father, in case the mother is not Jewish) b)self-identify as Jewish c)the Mexican Jewish Community recognizes them as such.

And neither Julio Frenk, nor Castañeda, nor Fuentes, nos the Garza family fulfill any of these criteria.

The reason why I became upset in the first place is because Vizcarra seems to consider himself the owner of this entry... I tried to add a known Mexican jewish intellectual (a true encyclopedist, a speaker in many cultural forums, Mr. Elias Jassan), and he deleted my entry, calling it "nonsense"... just because he does not know Mr. Jassan.

So, I was trying to defend my entry, by pointing out that the list of "prominent" Mexican Jews is faulty, inasmuch as it has non-Jewish members, and by including "non prominent" members.

I do not know how to sign my username here, I suppose I should look into this, but my name is SALOMON SHEIN, and I am a civil engineer living in Mexico City.

--Shein 99 21:07, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * You can sign by typing: --~ If you Google "Elías Jassan" on Google " you get 100 unique entries many of which talk about someone from Argentina with that name. If we remove "Argentina" from the result we get 71 results. Jassan is clearly non-prominent. I am sorry for doubting of your contributions but your first edits of today resulted in the continuous removel of information, including sources for the article, the "see also" section and the Category:Incomplete lists. --Vizcarra 21:08, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

The Google search notwithstanding, Mr. Jassan should indeed stay on the list. It's one of those things that you must know by living in Mexico City. I can point out at least 10 other members who in my view are not prominent... but I do not have the time now the inclination to go down that road. I suggest you respect my contributions (i will keep them serious and sustainable) and I will respect yours. --Shein 99 21:12, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Under the edit window you will see a remark that says "Content must not violate any copyright and must be verifiable. You agree to license your contributions under the GFDL. " Your addition is not Verifiable. The Google test fails if you don't provide the source to support your contribution somebody will keep removing it, just as you removed those you didn't not agree with being on the list. --Vizcarra 21:16, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Mariana Levi
How come Mariana Levi is not on this list.?

Maybe because she was not a prominent mexican jew, i guess.

She wasnt Jewish and practiced catholicism from born, her father Gerardo Levy is jewish but Talina Fernandez is Catholic, even she received a Catholic Funeral. So shes not jewish but deserves to appear in the list ??? there are some very secularized jews on the list... oh and sorry im not logged in but my username is faridsaavedra i make some contributions to this article recently

 * The de facto consensus among "lists" of Jewish people on wikipedia is to include persons who have a significant degree of Jewish ancestry, even if they are not practicing Jews. My personal preference would be to divide each list into two sub-lists, one for persons publicly self-identified as Jews, and the other for individuals of known Jewish ancestry, but that doesn't appear to be the consensus view.  For now, this list - and others like it - list just about anybody who has some claim - religious, cultural, national, or ancestral - to some semblance of Jewishness.  Perhaps when the lists get longer, we might be able to reassess the matter.  Who is a Jew? is a good article to start with.  David Cannon 22:44, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No, there is only one way to do X-American lists, and that is the way it is done in almost all X-American lists now (i.e. see List of French Americans for an example). It is completely irrelevant what your, mine or anyone else's definition of X-American, including Jews, is. If you have a source that says "Person X is Jewish", that is how we list them, regardless of whether their mother, father, etc. was Jewish. If you have a source that just says "Person X has Jewish father", they should not be listed at all until you have a source that says the person themselves is Jewish, regardless of the criteria that reliable source uses. This list, like many others, needs to be so sourced in accordace with WP:NOR and WP:V. Mad Jack 22:57, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Frida Kahlo
Was Jewish, and her father also. )

Sources ?
There's not so much online sources of who is jewish on mexico because not so much jewish mexicans like to recognize on a mainstream level they are jewish, it is very difficult to find online sources on spanish and virtualy impossible to find any on english, could we use online sources on spanish ???

-

There are many, many people here who are not Jewish, neither by matrilineal descent, nor by conversion (some not even by patrilineal descent)... So I have deleted them. Also, some entries are completely trivial.... such as Jacobo Jassan, the victim of the tsunami, or his wife, who has now moved on with her life, and despite her tragedy, she is not a kewy figure nor a famous Jew. Also, some entries are absolutely ridiculous, such as Sergio Skvirsky being a philosopher, and such.

-

Susana Moscatel is jewish, she constantly talk about of it

Daniel Vazquez Habif is jewish, he is cousin on a second degree of a jewish friend of mine so i could confirm it, but not with online sources, he even have at least five fan clubs and constantly appears on succesful tv dramas so hes jew, hes famous, he deserve to appear

I could remember Hector Aguilar Camil confirming he and Dehesea were jewish but cannot find an online source so i have my reservations with aguilar camin but not with dehesa who even was jury on the international jewish film festival of mexico city

Fey (Fernanda Blasquez Gil) is Jewish, i know some of her uncles and they are jewish, a friend of mine its a very close friend of mauri stern and even remixed a fey single, he confirmed it to me

Hugo Hiriart its jewish he is married with the film director Guita Schyfter and wrote the screenplay of the movie novia que te vea the first mexican jewish themed film, based on the novel by rosa nissan

I put the Zaga Family coz theres not only one single person on that family controlling all the capital and companys they own, they are one of the most important mexican jewish familys along with the Sacal, Saba, Schwartzman, Fastlicht, etc.

Faridsaavedra 02:51, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

---== These jew lists are great! ==

I notice there are no lists for members of any other races/religions. If someone wants to finish off the few remaining jews they just need to see Wikipedia and go through all the jew lists.
 * Are you kidding about there being no other lists? Start with Template:Americans, there's a list for just about any ethnicity you can think of. Mad Jack 03:43, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

-

Someone really needs to patrol this list, someone who is Mexican and/or lives in Mexico, and someone who is Jewish and/or knows the Jewish Community from within or up-close. I have just removed many entries, given that they are: a) not Jewish by matrilineal nor patrilineal nor conversion, b)do not consider themselves Jewish, c)are not "prominent" by any means, or c)are completely unknown and therefore unsubstantiated in their merit to appear.

By the way, I am Mexican, was born in Mexico City, and have lived here all my life, and I am also an active member of the Jewish Community, as well as an active monitor of cultural and political issues in Mexico and in the Community. --

Whos agree with our anonymous user changes ? we have 2 options a)protect the article agains vandalism or b) revet the article to an anterior revision every time he decides to edit our contributions without ask or argue why hes deleting each entry

By example The Dj's, those guys sell records were no other mexican performer sold before, those guys perform for crowds of 15,000 - 20,000 people at brazil, germany, mexico and israel didnt they are notable ??? If you look at the list of Israel Jews theres an apart for the notable israeli criminals, jacobo tagle dobin is jewish and mexican, hes notable why he didnt deserve to be in the list ??? Isaac Saba Raffoul deleted !!! no way ! so what we do ???

Im sorry if im beign rude, thats no my porpose if you want to keep editing the article make what you think is better at least im just a chilean jew living in mexico and you must knew ten tons of things i didnt, but please discuss the changes before make them bro, i promise ill going to ask you before make any new entry to the article =) as the mexican people says: sale carnal ???

Emilio Azcarraga and Christian castro are not Jewish. They have NOT converted, despite what some tabloid media have suggested. Neither has the Jewish Community acknowledged them as converts, nor have they ever said on record that they were converted. - Yeah when Emilio married Sharon he attended to some reunions with rabis, but left the idea of get converted soon

and Christian Castro... maybe he get converted, maybe no, who knows...?

So untill someone could proof that, he couldnt be part of this list Faridsaavedra 07:05, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

NOTABILITY

These people are not notabl.e William Landau, M.D alraedy had an article and it was deleted for not being notably BUT HE IS STILL ON THE LIST

Notable? Jewish?
The following names need to be confirmed for notability and Jewishness. Those that remain unsourced in one week will be moved to this talk page until this is done.

 * Ezequiel Farca, prominent industrial furniture designer
 * Alejandro Guillot Schiaffino, engineer, General Director of the National Polytechnic Institute IPN from 1950 to 1959
 * Simon Hamui, industrial designer
 * Ing. Kalmen Landau, chemical engineer
 * Alberto Kalach, architect
 * José Picciotto Cherem, architect
 * Samuel and Jaime Venguer, father and son architects in Mexico City
 * Luis Perelman, famous sexologist
 * Rina Riesenfeld, famous sexologist
 * Elias Turquie Minian, notable otorhinolaryngologist
 * Bernardo Tanur, Internist, Gastroenterologist
 * Deborah Dultzin-Hacyan, astrophysicis
 * Mauricio Fortes, physicist
 * Gloria Koenigsberger, astrophysicist
 * Raquel Druker Szniger, writer, historian, cathedratic of the Ibero-American University Universidad Iberoamericana
 * Shulamit Goldsmit Brindis, historian, cathedratic of the Ibero-American University Universidad Iberoamericana
 * Andrés Roemer Slomianski, politics analyst
 * Ilán Semo Groman, historian, journalist, politics analyst
 * Rodolfo Stavenhagen, sociologist
 * Monica Unikel Fasja, historian, specialist on the early days of the Mexican Jewish community
 * Leo Zuckermann Behar, politics analyst

Usedup 04:38, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Its very easy to confirm the notability on any of those persons but jewishness its not a popular threat in the Mexican society so there's not any online sources of some of them. what we do ? Faridsaavedra 15:47, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * We'd have to find a Mexican magazine or newspaper or something that says it. How did the person that added them to this list find out they were Jewish? Usedup 06:33, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

There's no need to rely on an online source - any reputable printed source should do.--20.138.246.89 12:27, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

notability
Using the approved google test

 * Ezequiel Farca, 10,900 results
 * Got 13,100

 * Alejandro Guillot Schiaffino, 39 results (he lived on the first half of the 20 century) obviously a general director of IPN its notable
 * Not necessarily. These, http://www.mexicomaxico.org/IPN/CronoIPNa.htm, other people don't have articles. Usedup 08:38, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Simon Hamui, 43 results
 * Got 44

 * Kalmen Landau, 0 results
 * Alberto Kalach Kichic, 15,700 results
 * 5 if you include all three names, 0 if just first and last.

Alberto Kalach projected the greatest cultural project of president Vicente Fox administration the Macro-Library Jose Vasconcelos that surely makes him notable, im pretty sure theres not more than 2 persons in Mexico with the name Alberto Kalach.
 * If that is true, he is notable, but he doesn't ring up many hits. Usedup 08:38, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * José Picciotto Cherem, 143 results
 * 24 for three names

 * Samuel and Jaime Venguer, Samuel 25 results, Jaime 0 rsults
 * Luis Perelman, 1,220 results
 * Got 1230

Luis Perelman works in a high administrative charge on the Israeli Tribune of Mexico, you cannot access to a charge like that not beign jewish, i just need to source the Israeli Tribune directory to make this entry valid isnt ?
 * Yup, he would make the first good addition. Usedup 08:38, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Rina Riesenfeld, 132 results
 * Got 128

 * Elias Turquie Minian, 15 results
 * Got 20

 * Bernardo Tanur Tatz, 101 results
 * Got 45

 * Deborah Dultzin Hacyan, 1,100 results
 * Got 332

 * Mauricio Fortes, 712 results
 * Got 716

 * Gloria Koenigsberg, 17 results
 * Raquel Druker Szniger, 56 results and 5 more as Raquel Drucker
 * Shulamit Goldsmit Brindis, 335 results and 16 more as Shulamit Goldsmith

Raquel Druker and Shulamit Goldsmit are the most important professors of the Judaic Studies section of the History department of the Ibero American University, the second most important apartment in Judaic Studies just before the Hebraic University in Mexico. If i source the directory that could be a valid entry ?
 * Just out of curiousity, why are Judaic Studies professors notable? Simply being a relatively popular professor doesn't make you notable. If it did, can you imagine how big the wikipedia database would get? www.ratemyprofessors.com would have a field day. Usedup 08:38, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Andrés Roemer Slomianski, 1,030 results
 * Only Got 35

Andrés Roemer is a very famous TV Host in Mexico
 * Can you back that up? If so, he's notable. Usedup 08:38, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Ilán Semo Groman, 508 results
 * Got 26

Ilan Semo constantly appears as expert in political issues in several journals, magazines and tv shows in Mexico, hes also an important History professor in the Ibero american University
 * Being an intellectual doesn't confirm notability. Few well-read journalists of the New York Times have wikipedia articles. Usedup 08:38, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Monica Unikel Fasja, 29 results and 11 more as Monica Unikel-Fasja
 * Leo Zuckermann Behar, 1,340 results
 * Got 1,400

Faridsaavedra 16:17, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Showed differences when I did the google test. Many of these results are either bibliographies or University staff pages (ie: http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/gente/Pag_Pers_Investigadores/DeboraDultizin/PageDeboraD.html). A significant portion are also wiki mirrors. Usedup 06:33, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Well, then we just need to source the Jewishness Faridsaavedra 15:19, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

People with no articles
Many of the people here don't have articles and never will. I'll leave this note here for several days, and then move them to the talk page, if no one has any objection. --Muhandes (talk) 06:49, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

Per WP:NLIST notability needs to be shown for every member of the list, as well as a source. I move here ones where notability isn't shown and mark with cn ones with no mentions of origin on their own page.

 * Liam Higgins, Writer and Historian
 * Franklin Eugene Sammons Israel Katzman architect, academic, author, photographer.
 * Michel Rojkind Halpert, architect, Mexico www.rojkindarquitectos.com
 * Rosario Friedman, mechanical engineer, robot architect
 * Tina Luebbeuson, English teacher
 * Sam Cukier, architect, Assoc. AIA, AIBC Affiliate Mexico, Vancouver BC www.kindredconstruction.com

--Muhandes (talk) 10:01, 25 July 2010 (UTC) Beauty pageants
 * Jacobo Grinberg Zylberbaum, psychologist and neuroscientist, creator of the neurosyntergic theory; he mysteriously disappeared during the 1990s.
 * Luis Perelman Javnozon, sexologist, co-owner of the first library specialized on sexuality books in Mexico, El Armario Abierto.
 * Rinna Riesenfeld, sexologist and co-owner of El Armario Abierto.
 * Carlo DeFrancoberg famous Cuban gynecologist, renouned for his revolutionary break-through in yeast infection treatment utilizing saliva from ferral Chihuahuas.
 * Yael Azses Halabe famous Gynecologyst who invented the Chin Manoeuver
 * Bernardo Fishleder famous Cardiologist author of many books on the subject,
 * Jaime Dorfsman, pioneer of Mexican neuroradiology and first Mexican to bring Computerized Axial Tomogragy to the country in 1975.
 * León Krauze, journalist, politics analyst, son of Enrique Krauze
 * Enrique Semo, historian, writer, activist, politician, Mexico City's Secretary of Culture; father of Ilán Semo Groman (La Jornada and Universidad Iberoamericana) and Alejandro Semo (Casa Talavera) and Alberto Semo Groman and Mariana Contreras
 * Mónica Unikel-Fasja, historian, specialist on the early days of the Mexican Jewish community
 * Samuel Carlos Gitler Hammer Algebraic Topology,  Member of " EL COLEGIO NATIONAL".
 * Monserrat Payan Director of Physical Measurement Dept.,  Member of " EL COLEGIO NATIONAL".
 * Deborah Dultzin-Hacyan,  astrophysicist, UNAM
 * Susana Alexander, actress
 * Ari Borovoy, singer, actor
 * Gabriela Goldsmith, actress
 * Mark Tacher, actor
 * Penny Tacoburg
 * Jeanine Acosta Cohen, 1965 Señorita México contest winner, 1965 Miss Universe Mexican representative
 * Erna Marta Baumann, 1956 Señorita México contest semi-finalist, 1956 Miss Universe Mexican representative
 * Gabriel Margolis Engelmayer, 2003 Mister Interlomas contest winner, 2003 Mister Universe Mexican representative

--Muhandes (talk) 06:26, 3 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Gillan D. Hoss, stickam entertainer
 * Raquel Pankowsky, impersonator
 * Devin Tracey, bassist
 * Jordan Ross, fresh rappa of da yurr- "They'd rather give me the ni-nigga-please award/But I'll just take the I-got-alotta-cheese award"
 * Erick Rubin, former singer of pop group Timbiriche
 * Javier Marcelo, fresh rasta/Jew music group LAHAIEM
 * Sabina Berman, playwright
 * Saul Bitrán, violinist
 * Arnoldo Kraus, author
 * Rosa Nissin
 * Travis Williams, African Canadian novelist

Entrepreneurs

 * Mauricio Achar Hamui, founder of Librerias Gandhi book stores chain
 * Rafael Sacal Micha, businessman, entrepreneur. Previoiusly the owner of Casa Aries Mexico, leather goods. Now owns the largest and most popular Talavera (pottery) company in the world, Uriarte Talavera. Cousin of Adela Micha.

Politicians

 * Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva was a Portuguese adventurer, slave-trader and governor of the state of Nuevo León in the 16th century.
 * Luis de Carvajal (Joseph Lumbroso), "The Young", was the nephew, namesake and heir designate of the first Governor of Nuevo Reino de León in the 16th century. He died burned at the stake in 1596 in Mexico City.
 * Baltasar de Carvajal (David Lumbroso), nephew of Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva, fled to Salónica and became rabbi.
 * Miguel de Carvajal (Abraham Lumbroso), nephew of Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva, fled along with his brother Baltasar to Salónica and became rabbi, too.
 * Mariana Rodríguez de Matos (Mariana Núnez de Carvajal y de la Cueva) died burned at the stake on March 25, 1601.
 * Anica Rodríguez de Matos (Anica de León Carvajal y de la Cueva) was burned at the stake on April 25, 1649.
 * Bernardo López de Mendizábal was Governor of New Mexico from 1659 to 1661.
 * Santiago Levy Algazi, director of the Mexican Social Security Institute from December 2000 to September 2005.
 * Isabel Rodríguez Carvajal, niece of Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva.
 * Antonio De La Cadena-Maluenda, conquistador 1525 New Spain (Mexico City) Mossen Truchas de Calatayud was his progenitor.

Prominent Jewish community members

 * Rosendo S. Gervitz, founder and "President for Life" of Centro Deportivo Israelita de México (CDI - Israeli Sport Center of Mexico, the largest of its kind in Latin America) and Club de Golf Bellavista (both enterprises were built so Mexican Jews that faced discrimination would have sports, golf, and community centers that were open to Mexicans of all denominations)
 * René Dayán, director of Tribuna Israelita (Israeli Tribune)
 * Mauricio Lulka, executive director of Comité Central de la Comunidad Judía en México (Central Committee of the Jewish Community in Mexico)
 * David Serur, president of Instituto Cultural México-Israel (Mexico-Israel Cultural Institute)

Journalism

 * Emilio Betech Rophie, writer and host of El Aleph a Jewish talk show on Radio Red a radio station of Grupo Radio Centro
 * Denise Maerker, tv, radio and newspaper journalist; companion of Lynn Fainchtein.
 * Ezra Shabot, journalist, historian and educator
 * Jose Gordon, writer and host of La Oveja Electrica and Imaginantes*

Radio

 * Ilan Arditti, radio broadcaster, TV host, producer & director of Escuchaz.com an internet based radio station. Recently produced Rockeando Por Haiti in Mexico City; a benefit concert to help Haitatians.

Broadcasters

 * Susana Moscatel, broadcaster.
 * Mariana Braun, broadcaster.

Sports Journalism

 * Enrique Burak, sports commentator.
 * Barak Fever, Sports commentator.
 * Miguel Gurwitz, sports anchorman
 * Eitan Benezra, Sports commentator

Sports
--Muhandes (talk) 19:40, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Isaac Mizrahi Smeke, former football soccer player and coach.
 * Michel Bauer, president of Mexican football soccer team Club America.
 * Simon Nizri Guasp, National equestrian team.
 * Galia Moss sailing
 * Allan Cukier- Goalie of U18 Mexican National Hockey Team
 * Julissa Andrade-Volleyball Player

I've found this on google books, but it looks fishy. Comments very welcome. --Muhandes (talk) 08:30, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of Mexican Jews


text:
Celebrity bond

A celebrity bond is commercial debt security issued by a holder of fame-based intellectual property rights to receive money upfront from investors on behalf of the bond issuer and their celebrity clients in exchange for assigning investors the right to collect future royalty monies to the works covered by the intellectual property rights listed in the bond. Typically backed by music properties, the investment vehicle was pioneered in 1997 by rock and roll investment banker David Pullman through his $55 million David Bowie bond deal.

Background
While a celebrity bond can cover any work of art whose future royalties are based in part on a widespread reputation of the creator of the work, celebrity bonds are usually music-based. For a music-based celebrity bond, the issuer seeks to put together intellectual property rights of one or various artists to "songs that have stood the test of time", typically "top-40 greatest hits across genres from jazz to rap to rhythm and blues". In addition to getting money upfront, artists additionally retain ownership of their work and do not have to pay tax on what the IRS considers a loan since yet-to-be received royalties are re-characterized by the bond agreement as loan interest and principal payments. The artists also pass on the risk to investors that the works backing up the celebrity bond will lose their appeal where the investors are in a better position than the artist to assess such a risk.

Bowie Bonds
Bowie Bonds are asset-backed securities of current and future revenues of the 25 albums (287 songs) that David Bowie recorded before 1990. Bowie Bonds were pioneered in 1997 by rock and roll investment banker David Pullman. Issued in 1997, the bonds were bought for US$55 million by the Prudential Insurance Company of America, or about $ in today's dollars. The bonds paid an interest rate of 7.9% and had an average life of ten years, a higher rate of return than a 10-year Treasury note (at the time, 6.37%). Royalties from the 25 albums generated the cash flow that secured the bonds' interest payments. Prudential also received guarantees from Bowie's label, EMI Records, which had recently signed a $30m deal with Bowie. By forfeiting ten years worth of royalties, Bowie was able to receive a payment of US$55 million up front; Bowie used this income to buy songs owned by his former manager. Bowie's combined catalog of albums covered by this agreement sold more than 1 million copies annually at the time of the agreement. Shortly after launching, however, the rise of MP3 sharing caused music piracy to rise, and music sales to drop, which was one of the factors that led Moody's Investors Service to lower the bonds from an A3 rating (the seventh highest rating) to Baa3, one notch above junk status. The downgrade was prompted by lower-than-expected revenue "due to weakness in sales for recorded music" and that an unnamed company guaranteed the issue. Despite this, the Bowie bonds liquidated in 2007 as originally planned, without default, and the rights to the income from the songs reverted to Bowie.

Other artist rights securitization
The Bowie Bond issuance was perhaps the first instance of intellectual property rights securitization, a financial practice of pooling various types of contractual debt such as residential mortgages, commercial mortgages, auto loans or credit card debt obligations and selling said consolidated debt as bonds, pass-through securities, or Collateralized mortgage obligation (CMOs), to various investors. The securitization of the collections of other artists, such as James Brown, Ashford & Simpson and the Isley Brothers, later followed.

In 1998, Pullman raised $30 million for Motown songwriting team Holland–Dozier–Holland, whose hits include Baby I Need Your Loving (1964) and Stop in the Name of Love (1965). Pullman then began putting together a package of works of various songwriters to sell them in a single deal rather than pitching the songs of a single artist. In September 1998, Pullman signed musician Jake Hooker to a celebrity bond. Hooker had co-written the 1982 Joan Jett hit song I Love Rock 'n' Roll. A month later in October, Pullman added to that same bond Duane Hitchings, a songwriter behind popular songs of diverse artists such as Rod Stewart, Tupac Shakur, and Kim Carnes.

The 2005 success of Apple's iTunes and other legal online music retailers has led to a renewed interest in celebrity bonds. However, a 2011 offering by Goldman Sachs for SESAC bonds based on, among others, Bob Dylan and Neil Diamond, was delayed and ultimately canceled due to lack of investor interest. More recently, a range of funds have appeared offering investors access to music royalty streams; examples include Kobalt Capital, Round Hill Music, publicly traded Hipgnosis Songs Fund, The Music Fund and Alignment Artist Capital.

Efforts of competitors in the small celebrity bond market often move towards overlapping. In the late 1990s, Pullman unsuccessfully sued former business partners, who began engaging in the royalty bond business, for misappropriation of what Pullman believed were his trade secrets in this area. Also, Pullman and competitor Parviz Omidvar  have filed at least 11 lawsuits and countersuits against one another related to songwriter clients. Pullman's efforts mostly were towards complex financial deals and Omidvar's efforts have been more akin to a pawnbroker offering secured loans to artists who offer intellectual property collateral, with the unwritten expectation that the commercial note be paid off within weeks.

As of 2012, Pullman himself assumes the risk for the stream of future royalties by purchasing royalties outright from artists who are looking to sell instead of packaging them for others to buy.

title: Celebrity bond


text:
Taltos

Taltos may refer to:

 * Táltos, in Hungarian tradition a human being similar to a shaman, or alternately the horse of such a person, called the Táltos Horse
 * Taltos (Brust novel), a 1988 novel by Steven Brust
 * Taltos (Rice novel), a 1994 novel by Anne Rice

title: Taltos


text:
User talk:TheClownTheClown

Welcome and Warning All in One From Private Butcher
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Not only a welcome but a warning, don't feel proud about that, and no more vandalising please. Thank you. Private Butcher 22:47, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. JesseW, the juggling janitor 22:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:TheClownTheClown


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stilted

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deleted. May have been a copyvio (though I'm not sure definitions can be copyrighted), but in any case, it's a dicdef, with no votes to keep. -R. fiend 22:38, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Stilted
dicdef Trovatore 22:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to wiktionary --Trovatore 22:48, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's been said many times before: good dictionary entries are hard to write. People who can write good dictionary entries but somehow submit them to the encyclopedia instead of the dictionary are exceedingly rare.  Always google good dictionary entries before trying to transwiki them, since, like this one, most are copyvios.  —Cryptic (talk) 07:21, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stilted


text: User talk:80.42.75.50

title: User talk:80.42.75.50


text: Category:Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom


text:
Malcolm Allison

Malcolm Alexander Allison (5 September 1927 – 14 October 2010) was an English football player and manager. Nicknamed "Big Mal", he was one of English football's most flamboyant and intriguing characters because of his panache, fedora and cigar, controversies off the pitch and outspoken nature.

Allison's managerial potential become apparent while in his youth at West Ham United, where he became a reliable defender and acted as a mentor to the younger players including future England World Cup winning captain Bobby Moore. His playing career was cut short in 1958 when he had to have a lung removed because of tuberculosis.

As a coach, he is remembered for assisting manager Joe Mercer in the transformation of the team he supported as a young boy – Manchester City. During the 1960s and early 1970s, Allison won six major trophies in seven years with Mercer. After Mercer left, he managed the club on two occasions whilst offering his managerial services for a third time in 1989. He also managed several more English clubs including Crystal Palace and Middlesbrough, as well as three in Portugal and the Kuwait national team.

Early life
Son of an electrical engineer, Allison was born in Dartford in September 1927. Allison was educated at secondary modern schools rather than grammar school after deliberately failing the 11-plus exam so he could play football, not rugby.

Playing career
Allison started his career with Charlton Athletic but struggled to make a difference on the pitch, playing just twice in six years. Matters off the pitch led to his transfer, after letting club coaches know that their training methods – which were normally nothing more than running up and down the terracing – were outdated.

Allison joined West Ham United in February 1951, after seven seasons at Charlton Athletic. Here he gained experience not only as a footballer but also as a future coach, and often stayed behind after training with anyone interested in football to discuss and devise new tactics.

A promising career as a centre-half was ended prematurely by a bout of tuberculosis as he fell ill after a game against Sheffield United on 16 September 1957 and had a lung removed in hospital. This turned out to be his last senior game for West Ham, and although he battled on in their reserve team he struggled with the inability to achieve full fitness. For a period he left football altogether, and worked first as a car salesman, then as a professional gambler and nightclub owner. He came back to football to play a final season for non-league Romford in 1963. He played briefly for Toronto City FC in May and June 1964 as the team's player-coach.

Managerial career
Allison's first taste of coaching was at West Ham, where – under Ted Fenton – he took charge of coaching sessions and acted as mentor to a young Bobby Moore and was a leading figure in the establishment of the academy principles at the club. After gaining further experience of coaching at Cambridge University, Allison moved into management at non-league Bath City. He replaced the veteran Bob Hewson, who had retired. One of his first moves was to double the number of training sessions. The players, who held full-time jobs outside football, were required to train four times every week. Allison's first season as a manager was a moderate success; he led the club to a third-place finish in the league, and to a third round F.A.Cup tie with First Division Bolton Wanderers. City were leading 1–0 at Twerton Park until a late equaliser from the penalty spot. They lost the replay 3–0.

At the end of the English season Allison accepted an offer to coach in North America over the summer, with Toronto City. After a matter of weeks he was back in England. His success at Bath had alerted a number of Football League clubs, and in May 1964 he joined Plymouth Argyle, where he had been offered a £3,000 per annum salary. He soon returned to Bath to sign full-back Tony Book. However, Allison knew the Argyle board would be reluctant to permit the purchase of a player with no League experience, who was approaching his thirtieth birthday. Allison encouraged Book to doctor his birth certificate, making him appear two years younger.

Manchester City
Joe Mercer was named Manchester City manager in July 1965. As ill health had hindered him in his previous job as manager of Aston Villa, Mercer sought a younger, energetic man to be his assistant. He offered the position to Allison, whom he knew from coaching courses at Lilleshall. Allison was due to meet Raich Carter to discuss a position at Middlesbrough, but Mercer was able to arrange a meeting the day before, and persuaded Allison to accept his offer.

The Mercer–Allison era is believed to be the strongest in Manchester City's history before the 2010s. They were surprise winners of the First Division in 1967–68 against the odds, some at a long 200–1 for City to win the league at the start of the season. In the following seasons they won the 1969 FA Cup, the 1970 League Cup and Cup Winners' Cup, with a team including Colin Bell, Mike Summerbee and Francis Lee. Allison turned down an offer to manage Juventus on the understanding that Mercer would move aside and let him become full-time Manchester City manager – however, Mercer steadfastly refused to stand down. Their relationship disintegrated and eventually Allison won the power struggle – Mercer was sidelined and quit to take over at Coventry City in the summer of 1972. Allison was left in sole charge at City, but the team struggled and in March 1973 he resigned.

Crystal Palace
On 31 March 1973, Allison was appointed manager of Crystal Palace. The club had struggled in the top flight throughout the 1972–73 season and he replaced Bert Head. Despite his arrival Palace were relegated, losing five out of their last seven games.

Allison immediately instigated a huge stylistic shift both on and off the field, raising Palace's profile with his charismatic media appearances, replacing the club's rather homely nickname 'The Glaziers' with 'The Eagles', and ending the 68-year association with claret-and-blue kits. Palace's highly recognisable red-and-blue striped home kit was introduced, and later, the all-white strip with red and blue sash, changes which still reflect in the character of the club today.

The following season, 1973–74, was even more disastrous because of a second successive relegation. Allison completely restructured the side in an attempt to halt the club's decline and he angered many fans with his decision to replace favourite John Jackson in the Palace goal. Allison's larger than life image was a mixed blessing in Division Three for it raised hopes and aspirations of supporters while also serving to motivate other clubs when they visited Selhurst Park. Palace defender Jim Cannon said: "Malcolm Allison put Palace on the map. No other man could single-handedly take a club from the First Division to the Third Division and still become an instant hero".

However 1975–76 ended up the most successful season for Allison at Selhurst Park as he spurred Palace on to an FA Cup semi-final appearance, after brilliant victories against higher league opposition in the shape of Leeds United, Chelsea and Sunderland. The eventual winners Southampton proved too strong in the semi-final which was played at Stamford Bridge. The FA Cup run was also notable for the first appearance of Allison's trademark fedora hat during a third-round game at Scarborough and his use of the sweeper system in football which, at the time, was a relatively new idea.

With the team failing to reach Wembley and win promotion (despite building up a big lead in the league table in the early part of the season) Allison resigned in May 1976. He returned to the club in 1980–81 for a two-month period in a doomed attempt to avoid relegation from the top flight.

Return to Manchester City
In 1979, Allison was offered the chance to return to Manchester City by then-chairman Peter Swales. City's only success since Allison left in 1972 was League Cup victory in 1976, although the club had been doing reasonably well under long-term manager Tony Book, finishing second in the league in the 1976–77 season and runners-up in the League Cup in 1974.

Allison was given a sizeable war chest to build his team — this time without Joe Mercer. Allison controversially sold crowd favourites Peter Barnes and Gary Owen and replaced them with players including Michael Robinson and Steve Daley – who became the British transfer record for £1,450,000m.

Daley turned out to be an expensive flop, and Allison always said that he had agreed a much lower fee with the Wolves manager for Daley. Allison later said Swales intervened on a chairman to chairman basis and secured the transfer instantly but at a much higher, possibly rip-off price. Allison later admitted on his first meeting with chairman Swales: "I looked at him, saw the comb-over, the England blazer and the suede shoes and thought 'this isn't going to work'". Allison left a year later in 1980 with City struggling in the league. He later got involved in a verbal scrap with his successor and fellow maverick manager, John Bond.

Overseas
Allison also managed overseas, in Turkey with Galatasaray (1976–1977), and in Portugal with Sporting. With the Lisbon club he won the league championship and the Portuguese Cup in 1981–1982. That would be the only Championship title won by Sporting until the 1999–2000 season, which meant that Allison is fondly remembered by Sporting fans.

Personality
Allison was remembered as one of the most exuberant characters in football. During his time as assistant to Joe Mercer at Manchester City, his reputation for unpredictability was well known. When Mercer was stopped by police in his car for erratic driving in the early hours of the morning after leaving a club function at Maine Road, upon winding down his window Mercer quipped to the police officers: "OK chaps, what's Malcolm done now?"

Whilst at City, Allison enjoyed winding up rivals Manchester United. At a reception, he called Matt Busby "Matt Baby" and when City beat United 4–1 in December 1970 he walked over to the Stretford End and held four fingers aloft to signify City's goal tally. Allison later said he had hired a steeplejack to lower the flag on top of Old Trafford's main stand to half-mast.

Allison's outspoken nature and womanising were of great interest to tabloid newspapers and it was reputed that he had relationships with Christine Keeler of the Profumo scandal, singer Dorothy Squires and two Miss UKs. In 1976, Allison received a Football Association disrepute charge after a News of the World photograph appeared showing him in the Crystal Palace players' bath with porn star Fiona Richmond whom he had invited to a training session. Then Crystal Palace player, Terry Venables later said of the incident, "I was in the bath with all the players and we heard the whisper that she was coming down the corridor. So far, so good. We all leapt out and hid, because we knew there'd be photos and that wouldn't go down too well. Malcolm and Fiona dropped everything and got in the bath."

After football
In 2001 it was revealed by his son that Allison was suffering from alcoholism and in 2009 that he had developed dementia.

In January 2007, Crystal Palace fans organised a tribute to Allison, which they named 'Fedora Day'. Fans set up a campaign on www.cpfc.org, an unofficial forum dedicated to the club, to mark the 31st anniversary of the famous FA Cup run which Allison masterminded. The date chosen was that of the game against Preston North End in the 4th Round of the FA Cup on 27 January 2007. Fans sporting Allison's favoured Fedoras smoked cigars and drank champagne while cheering on their side. This generated major national press coverage. Crystal Palace – managed by Peter Taylor, a star of the 1976 side – were unable to match their predecessors and were knocked out of the cup 2–0.

Allison died in a nursing home on 14 October 2010 at the age of 83. He had six children. His funeral took place on 27 October, with the cortege passing the City of Manchester Stadium on its way to a service at the Southern Cemetery. Around 300 people gathered to pay their respects and a round of applause from the assembled crowd greeted the arrival of the cars. A sky-blue Manchester City scarf was draped over his coffin next to an ice bucket containing a bottle of Moet et Chandon champagne.

Legacy
Allison was known as a great innovator in revolutionising training methods in English football.

Quotes

 * "A lot of hard work went into this defeat."
 * "You're not a real manager unless you've been sacked."
 * "John Bond has blackened my name with his insinuations about the private lives of football managers. Both my wives are upset." – Allison on his successor at Manchester City in 1980.
 * "A lot of people in football don't have much time for the press; they say they're amateurs."
 * "I think I'm one of the luckiest guys in the world because I had a job I loved doing."
 * "We'll terrify the cowards of Europe" – Allison following Manchester City's European Cup qualification in 1968.

Player
West Ham United
 * Football League Second Division: 1957–58

Coach
Manchester City (as assistant)
 * Football League First Division: 1967–68
 * Football League Second Division: 1965–66
 * FA Cup: 1969
 * League Cup: 1970
 * Charity Shield: 1968, 1972; runner-up: 1969
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1970

Sporting CP
 * Primeira Liga: 1981–82
 * Cup of Portugal: 1981–82

title: Malcolm Allison