text:
Talk:List of primary state highways in Virginia

naming articles on Virginia Secondary Roads
In Virginia, we have Interstate and Primary highways with unique numbers. But state maintained secondary routes have a numbering system which duplicates numbers from 600 up in various parts of the state. In WP, we are just now starting to get articles on some major secondary roads, such as Virginia Secondary Route 711, which is essentially as busy as and maintained like a primary highway, but isn't one because they want to keep it a scenic byway and discourage through traffic. This is an unusual situation with 711, but I see naming conflict on the horizon for others (i.e. there could be dozens of other roads which are also a Virginia secondary route numbered 711). The article List of Virginia numbered highways does a pretty good job of describing the conflicts we will have with names such as this one, but I don't know how else to name the article. Do we have a WP naming convention for situations such as this?
 * Mark in Historic Triangle Vaoverland 19:30, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not aware of any naming convention for Virginia secondary routes. Unless there is one that I've just overlooked, I'd like to propose the following, based with some modifications on the naming convention for California county routes.  Please feel free to suggest any improvements, and if I should be saying this elsewhere, please advise.

 * For secondary routes in a single county, Virginia Secondary Route 7900 (Fairfax County).

 * For secondary routes crossing county lines, I'm not quite sure. We could name the article after the most populous county and give other names as redirects, e.g., Virginia Secondary Route 620 (Fairfax County) with Virginia Secondary Route 620 (Loudoun County) as a redirect.  Alternatively, we could have a single name Virginia Secondary Route 620 (Fairfax-Loudoun counties).

 * Doctor Whom 23:25, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * This is indeed quite the quagmire. I feel that we should just have separate articles for each county route.  Virginia Secondary Highway 606 (Loudoun County) and Virginia Secondary Highway 606 (Fairfax County).  This will require a little bit of brainstorming and agreement.  I actually support something like "Route 606 (Loudoun County, Virginia)" because that's apparently what User:SPUI has inserted in a lot of the exit lists such as I-95 and so forth.  But if we're up to it, I'm up to it.  Check out my WikiProject on my userpage.  It's near the bottom.  --MPD01605 02:26, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I have no strong feelings either way as to whether we go with "Route 606 (Loudoun County, Virginia)" or "Virginia Secondary Highway 606 (Loudoun County)." I do believe that if a secondary route goes through more than one county, as is the case with Route 711 (Powhatan and Chesterfield Counties, Virginia), we should have a single article, with redirects as needed.  Of course, routes that are entirely separate except for having the same number should have separate articles.  Doctor Whom 02:09, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject
Please check this out and offer your support and ideas. I'd really like to see this happen soon. Virginia Highway Wikiproject Temporary Page (WikiProject Proposals VA Highways). --MPD01605 05:36, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

These numbers were eliminated or truncated in 1933 as they were concurrent with U.S. Routes
US 17 is confusing; I may finish that later. --NE2 06:37, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * State Route 10: U.S. Route 11, TN to Roanoke; needs details
 * State Route 11 needs details
 * State Route 12 needs details
 * State Route 13: U.S. Route 460, Farmville to Burkeville; U.S. Route 360, Burkeville to Callao; what about the western extension???
 * State Route 14: U.S. Route 501, Lynchburg to Buena Vista; needs details
 * State Route 18: U.S. Route 501, NC to Lynchburg
 * State Route 21: U.S. Route 211, New Market to DC
 * State Route 24: U.S. Route 301, NC to Petersburg
 * State Route 29: U.S. Route 17, Gloucester Point to Gloucester
 * State Route 31: U.S. Route 1, NC to DC
 * State Route 32: U.S. Route 15, NC to MD
 * State Route 33: U.S. Route 11, Roanoke to WV
 * State Route 34: U.S. Route 13, Cape Charles to MD
 * State Route 40: U.S. Route 17, NC to Portsmouth

Route or State Route?
I've seen both these terms used outside Wikipedia. Which one should we be using? --NE2 08:08, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

2 1/2% clause routes
The law allowed 100 extra miles per year.

1922
This is 78.1 miles total, and is the "remaining mileage". The other routes may be in the end of 1922; the November and December 1922 minutes have broken links. Numbers are not given in the minutes, but are from.
 *
 * State Route 373 (now part of State Route 55) Strasburg to Riverton 10.0
 * State Route 171 (now part of State Route 254) Staunton to near Christians 9.0
 * State Route 341 (now State Route 176) Parksley to the Alms House 2.5
 * State Route 4X, then State Route 342 (now State Route 126 and part of State Route 179) Tasley through Onancock 2.8?
 * part of State Route 9, then part of State Route 393 (now part of State Route 249) Bottoms Bridge to New Kent Court House 10.0
 * State Route 25 (now part of State Route 123) Chain Bridge by Tysons Corner towards Fairfax 12.0?
 * State Route 131 (now part of State Route 14) St. Stephens Church-King & Queen C.H. 18.0?
 * State Route 113 (now part of State Route 63) St. Paul to Dante 7.8?
 * State Route 116 (now part of U.S. Route 23) Big Stone Gap toward Natural Tunnel 6.0?

1923
30.0 miles:
 *
 * State Route 25 (now part of State Route 123) Chain Bridge Road for an additional 2.0
 * State Route 115 (now State Route 160) Appalachia to Kentucky 6.0
 * State Route 322 (now part of U.S. Route 60) Sprouses to Buckingham C. H. 5.0
 * State Route 338 in late 20s - what before??? (now State Route 39) Lexington through Goshen Pass to Goshen 17.0

[73.0] miles (makes more than 100!):
 *
 * State Route 325 (now part of State Route 7) Leesburg - Purcellville 11.0
 * State Route 374 (now part of State Route 20) Orange - Wilderness 10.0
 * State Route 109 (now part of State Route 100) Dublin - Popular Hill 10.0
 * unknown (now secondary) Morven to connect with Route No. 13 5.0
 * State Route 312 (now secondary) Gum Tree to Coatesville 9.0
 * State Route 143 (now State Route 311) Crows to the West Virginia Line, South 7.0
 * State Route 41 (now State Route 5) Charles City C.H. towards Richmond 18.5
 * Moccasin Gap to Tennessee Line 2.5 (doesn't make sense!)

Virginia Beach towards Fort Story for about 3 miles added - again not sure if it was part of the 2.5% system - State Route 101, now part of U.S. Route 60

1924

 * April 1924
 * part of State Route 26 (now part of U.S. Route 21) Wytheville towards Independence 2.0
 * part of State Route 26 (now part of U.S. Route 21) Independence towards Wytheville 2.0
 * State Route 1010 (now part of State Route 70) Jonesville towards Blackwater 2.0
 * part of State Route 105? (now part of State Route 91?) Plum Creek towards Liberty 6.5
 * part of State Route 26 (now part of U.S. Route 52) Bland towards Bastain 4.0
 * State Route 118 (now part of State Route 80) Council towards Honaker 6.0
 * part of State Route 17 (now part of U.S. Route 220) Eagle Rock towards Fincastle 9.0

There are lists in March 1924, March 1924, April 1924, July 1924, January 1925

Two-digit routes
Many routes that were added are only described in the table below. Here are some two-digit routes:
 * State Route 25 (now part of State Route 123) Fairfax - Tyson's Corner - Chain Bridge March 1923
 * State Route 39 (now part of State Route 54) "from Negrofoot in the general direction of Ashland, crossing the South Anna River at or near a point where the present Richmond-Washington Highway crosses and thence to or through Ashland to Route No. 1" March 1923
 * part of State Route 22 (now part of State Route 311) New Castle - WV May 1923
 * State Route 40 (now U.S. Route 17) Portsmouth - NC June 1923 (Route 12X in March 1923)
 * State Route 41 (now State Route 5) Charles City CH towards Richmond for about 18 miles June 1923
 * part of State Route 32 (now U.S. Route 15) Fluvanna County Line near New Canton, by way of Gold Hill, Dillwyn, Sprouces, Curdsville and Sheppards to the Buckingham County Line July 1923
 * part of State Route 36 (now U.S. Route 50) Chambersville - at or near Hayfield - Gore - Parishville - WV July 1923
 * part of State Route 10 (still Route 10) Surry County Line at Lawns Creek - near Ferguson's Wharf - Smithfield - Benns Church - Hammond County Line July 1923
 * part of State Route 29 (now U.S. Route 17) Gloucester CH - at or near Whitemarsh - at or near Hayes Store - Gloucester Point
 * part of State Route 21 (now U.S. Route 221) Luray - at or near Thornton Gap - Rappahannock Line July 1923
 * part of State Route 12 (now State Route 92) Chase City - near Emory's Mill - Boydton July 1923
 * part of State Route 17 (now State Route 42 and State Route 39) Harrisonburg - Warm Springs August 1923
 * part of State Route 36 (now U.S. Route 50) Middleburg - Chambersville August 1923
 * part of State Route 14 (now U.S. Route 60) Covington - Clifton Forge August 1923
 * part of State Route 12 (now U.S. Route 360 and State Route 360) Coleman's Ferry - Pittsylvania County August 1923
 * part of State Route 37 (now U.S. Route 522) Culpeper - Rappahannock County August 1923
 * part of State Route 37 (now State Route 7 and U.S. Route 340) Double Toll Gates - Winchester - Winchester-Berryville Turnpike - Berryville - coinciding with Route 361 through Gaylord to WV Route 50 October 1923
 * part of State Route 14 (now U.S. Route 60) Covington - WV December 1923
 * part of State Route 23 (now U.S. Route 460) Pearisburg - WV (WV 29) December 1923 (not established yet)

There's an interesting bit on Route 31 north of South Hill on December 1923 page 19.

Initial numbers for Interstates
These numbers were assigned to the Interstates in the late 1950s before the permanent numbers were assigned.
 * 401 I-95 (03-1957-01 page 23 at Emporia, 10-1957-02 page 1 at Woodbridge (to the south end of Route 350))
 * 402 I-81 (03-1957-01 page 22 at Buchanan, page 23 at Bristol, 05-1957-01 page 64 at Harrisonburg)
 * 403 I-64 (03-1957-01 page 24 at Covington/Clifton Forge)
 * 404 I-64 (05-1957-01 page 53 at Waynesboro, 09-1957-01 at Newport News, 12-1957-01 at Hampton)
 * 405 I-66 (05-1957-01 page 15 at Fairfax, 08-1957-01 at Centreville)
 * 406
 * 407 I-381 (03-1957-01 page 23 whole route - also included Route 381 to the state line)
 * 408 I-81??? (01-1959-01 page 2 "Int. Route 130, (Near Natural Bridge)-1.533 Miles N. of Int. Route 130, Rockbridge County" - might not be 408 (hard to read); 03-1955-01 page 9 lists a possibly related project as Route 11)
 * 409 I-564? (08-1958-01)
 * 410
 * 411
 * 412
 * 413 I-495 (07-1959-01 page 13 whole route; 03-1958-01 page 50 whole route, lists it as "413 (88)" - other Interstates are for instance "95 (1)" and "66 (55,17)" - 05-1957-01 page 17 calls it "Route 415 (Route 88)" - also see 07-1956-01 page 39 - "Metropolitan Circumferential")

10-1957-02 page 2 also includes the permanent two-digit numbers. 03-1958-01 page 12 lists the renumberings: 64 to 63, 66 to 65, 81 to 69, 85 to 102. 04-1958-01 22-23 lists the numbers again and the spurs (unnumbered). 11-1961-01 page 9 lists the renumbering caused by I-295: 295 to 215.

Another interesting fact - present US 11W in Bristol (State Street to Route 381) was temporarily designated Route 597! (04-1960-01 page 41) --NE2 00:16, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Other Interstates that could fit: --NE2 00:24, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I-77 - no, added later
 * I-195 - no, added in 1969
 * I-264 - not sure
 * I-295 - not sure
 * I-464 - not sure
 * I-564 - not sure
 * I-664 - no, added later

 * I believe the I-295 designation was done much later. The roadway we currently know as I-295 was originally intended to be I-95 and effectively bypass the Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike and run to the east of Richmond and Petersburg. The loss of the I-95 designation through each was of great concern to those two cities, and the redesignation of the newer routing as I-295 was a largely politically motivated decision well into the design and build process in the 1980s. I was a transportation-involved person for Petersburg at the time, and we feared great loss of tourism, motel traffic, etc. The Turnpike's routing through Richmond left that city with less opportunities to build service stations, restaurants, and motels along the roadway through the city, but the political muscle was still utilized to (successfully) avoid losing the I-95 designation. Scott Kozel's "Roads to the Future" website has a good explanation of much of this and other interesting background. Vaoverland 17:03, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * SR 295 was renumbered in 1961 because of the conflict with I-295. --NE2 18:09, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

08-1968-01 41 has some proposed Interstates, including SR 164. --NE2 15:04, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Details of the renumberings
04-1923-01 uses only old numbers for three-digit numbers, 05-1923-01 uses both, and 05-1923-02 uses only new numbers. But 06-1923-01 still uses both old and new for x/3x (possibly erroneously). 07-1923-01 uses only 3x.

08-1928-01 uses the old numbers. 08-1928-02 looks like the first to use the new numbers, but it also uses the old ones (without "old route" or anything). This dual usage continues through 01-1929-03; the first few in 1929 have funding tables with old and new columns. Other than that, 02-1929-01 seems to be the first one with only new numbers.

12-1932-01 page 1 talks about how and why they should study renumbering. The first relevant use af "new route" or "old route" seems to be 08-1933-01, but is incomplete. It appears that 10-1933-01 and on uses only new numbers.

10-1940-01 page 8 has a full table of the 1940 renumbering. --NE2 12:36, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

The following suffixed routes existed before the 1923 renumbering
--NE2 04:46, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 4-X (341): "Tasley to Onancock" 03-1923-01 page 8
 * 7-X (371): "Callao to a point at or near Hague, thence to connect with Route 7 at a point near Templeman's Cross Roads" 11-1922-02 page 6, "Warsaw, Templeman's Cross Roads, The Hague, Callao, Reedsville" 01-1923-01 page 5, "between Warsaw and Heathsville" 03-1923-01 page 9
 * 7-Y (372): "between Washington's Old Home and Intersection of Route 7" 11-1922-02 page 5
 * 9-X (30 or 393): "West Point to Richmond either via New Kent C.H. or King William C.H." 11-1922-01 page 4
 * 10-Y (112): "between Lebanon and Hansonville" 10-1922-01 page 11, 03-1923-02 page 7, page 17, 05-1923-01 page 6
 * 11-X (111?) "Grundy-Hanger" [Hanger is Keen Mountain?] 03-1923-02 page 12
 * 11-Z (1141, maybe also 114): "Clintwood toward Fremont" 10-1922-01 page 4
 * 12-W (103): "Suffolk to the North Carolina Line" 01-1923-01 page 9
 * 12-X (40): "Deep Creek to the N.C.State Line" 09-1922-01 page 7, 10-1922-01 page 9 [also talks about South Hill - probably a typo for South Mills, NC - or maybe there were two 12-X's? Earlier stuff does talk about South Hill south to NC, which became 122, but 08-1922-01 page 7 says they can't take it over until tolls are removed. 03-1923-01 page 15 says that tolls were still collected, but also calls it Route 122! But 10-1922-01 page 9 refers to a General Jervey, who is City Manager of Portsmouth - why would he care about 122? It has to be a typo for South Mills.], "from Portsmouth City limits to the intersection of the Deep Creek Boulevard" 03-1923-01 page 2
 * 12-Y (121): "between Franklin and Smith's Ferry" 01-1923-01 page 13, "Franklin to the North Carolina Line" 03-1923-01 page 8, 04-1923-01 page 3
 * 12-Z (15): "between Hillsville and the North Carolina Line... by way of Fancy Gap" 11-1922-01 page 11

Mentions of U.S. Highway planning
--NE2 00:51, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 01-1922-03 28 - not U.S. Highways, but mentions roads crossing the NC line
 * 07-1925-01 9 mentions tabling an auto trail proposal until the U.S. Highways are designated
 * 10-1925-02 5 - addition of US 401 and US 501
 * 12-1925-01 7 - adding state highways (Petersburg to Emporia and US 21)
 * 04-1926-01 7 - authorized to cooperate with other states

Acts that affected the system
Hopefully this will be added to the article if I get it all figured out.

The Governor appointed the Commission under Chapter 403, Acts of 1922.

All acts:
 * 184 1920 Robertson Act - peaple can advance money for certain projects
 * 403 1922 - created the new Commission, 2½% clause (04-1926-01 8)
 * 448 1924
 * 160 1928
 * 55 1930 - 1587 miles more per year (09-1930-01 22)
 * 64 1930 - town takeovers

Town takeovers:
 * 07-1930-02 12, 09-1930-01 4-5, 12-1930-01 5, 12-1930-03 8, 01-1931-01 7, 02-1931-01 8, 05-1931-01 12, 06-1931-01 12, 08-1931-01 02, 10-1931-01 21, 12-1931-01 3 - possibly more searching for "take over"

--NE2 13:05, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Complete list, 1933-present for three-digit numbers
I'm playing around with a new format. If it works, I'll replace the one on the article with this one. (moved to the article --NE2 14:46, 4 September 2006 (UTC))

I prefer this format here, and would like to see it used on the lsit of Virginia numbered highways. --Willy No1lakersfan (Talk - Contribs) 14:27, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I like the new format. I was looking at Oklahoma's and it was on my to-do list to table that all up.  Beat me to it. Looks good. --MPD01605 (T / C) 15:06, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Highways that end at state borders
Instead of just listing the state when a Virginia state highway ends at a border, what about listing the state and where it ends in Virginia? For example, US 1 begins in North Carolina at Mecklenberg County (or near South Hill) and ends in Washington D.C. at Arlington.Anderfreude 04:19, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It's possible. Are we taking about the lead paragraph?  If so, yeah that's fine.  "Virginina State Route 9 begins at West Virginia State Route 9 on the Jefferson County/Loudoun County border and ends at State Route 7 just east of Leesburg" bad example, but maybe something like "US 15 enters from North Carolina in Mecklenberg County near Clarksville and travels through central Virginia, ending at the Potomac River in Loudoun County and continues into Maryland."  Gramatically speaking, it should be "in" a county and "at" a city... for state routes "begin" and "end" are fine and should note the route that it begins and ends at (a different state's route, even), and yeah the Virginia county it ends in.  Likewise for U.S. and Interstate routes, except they don't necessarily "end"...so "enter" and "leave" could be better I guess.  As long as it makes sense, feel free to make it work however you think it does. :-) -- M PD T / C 04:32, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry to be unclear- I meant in the table, so US 1 North Carolina in Mecklenberg Co. Washington D.C. at Arlington. I put it in the table, so if people like it then we'll expand on it, if not then not.Anderfreude 23:29, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Put slightly different format in the table for space-saving reasons, want to know what you all think.Anderfreude 23:38, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * U.S. 1 in VA looks fine! Yeah, space was my main concern, but that one looks good! -- M PD T / C 06:05, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

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SR 248
I removed this highway from the current list (the former route remains listed) because I can find absolutely no reference to it anywhere. Anyone have a clue? Famartin (talk) 03:12, 23 June 2017 (UTC)


text: Talk:NetZero

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:NetZero


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Shchyolkovo

Shchyolkovo (Щёлково) is a city and the administrative center of Shchyolkovsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Klyazma River (Oka's tributary), 20 km northeast of Moscow. Population:  112,865 (2002 Census); 109,255 (1989 Census); 91,000 (1977).

History
It dates back to the 16th century. Town status was granted to it in 1925.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Shchyolkovo serves as the administrative center of Shchyolkovsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with seven rural localities, incorporated within Shchyolkovsky District as the City of Shchyolkovo. As a municipal division, the City of Shchyolkovo is incorporated within Shchyolkovsky Municipal District as Shchyolkovo Urban Settlement.

Transportation
The city is reachable in about one hour by suburban trains from the Yaroslavsky railway station in Moscow.

Twin towns – sister cities
Shchyolkovo is twinned with:

 * 🇸🇮 Celje, Slovenia
 * Gagra, Georgia
 * 🇧🇾 Grodno Region, Belarus
 * 🇩🇪 Hemer, Germany

 * 🇲🇩 Orhei District, Moldavia
 * 🇱🇻 Talsi, Latvia

title: Shchyolkovo


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California State Route 198

State Route 198 (SR 198) is an east–west state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs from U.S. Route 101 (US 101) south of King City to Sequoia National Park. It connects the California Central Coast to the mid–Central Valley through Hanford and Visalia, although the most developed portion is in the Central Valley itself. SR 198 intersects the major north–south routes in the Central Valley, including Interstate 5 (I-5), SR 33, and SR 99.

The highway that would become SR 198 was approved for construction in the 1910s through three bond issues, and was added to the state highway system in 1934. Parts of the highway were upgraded to freeway during the 1960s. Another portion was converted to an expressway in between Hanford and Visalia, and was completed in late 2012.

Route description
The road begins at a remote interchange with US 101 south of King City in the Salinas River Valley. Leaving US 101, SR 198 passes through the Priest Valley, climbs the Diablo Range as a two-lane road and crosses over an unnamed pass. It then descends along Warthan Canyon to the town of Coalinga in the agricultural Central Valley, where it briefly runs concurrently with SR 33. On both sides of Coalinga the road passes through the enormous Coalinga Oil Field.

SR 198 then intersects Interstate 5 (I-5) in Fresno County near the Harris Ranch Airport before becoming a freeway west of Lemoore. The landscape becomes a bit less rural as it goes through Hanford and passes near the Hanford Municipal Airport, where it continues as a four-lane expressway from the intersection with SR 43 until SR 198 encounters a freeway-to-freeway interchange with SR 99 as it enters Visalia, the largest city it passes through, and goes by the Visalia Municipal Airport. It remains a freeway until east of Visalia, intersecting SR 65 and passing by College of the Sequoias. SR 198 starts to climb the forested Sierra Nevada and ends at the Sequoia National Park boundary, near Lake Kaweah, where the road continues through the park as the Generals Highway. This is one of the main routes providing access to Sequoia National Park, the other being SR 180 to the north.

SR 198 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and east of I-5 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 198 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation.

History
All of SR 198 was added to the state highway system in the three bond issues floated to pay for the construction of the system. The first bond issue, approved by the state's voters in 1910, included the road from Visalia west to Hanford, connecting the two county seats with the central north–south highway (Route 4, now SR 99). As part of the 1916 bond issue, the route was extended west from Hanford through Coalinga to the coast trunk highway (Route 2, now US 101) near San Lucas, and assigned it the Route 10 designation. The third bond issue, passed in 1919, included a further extension east from Visalia to Sequoia National Park. The entire length of Route 10 was marked as Sign Route 198 in 1934, and this number was adopted legislatively in the 1964 renumbering. The portion east of Interstate 5 near Coalinga was added to the California Freeway and Expressway System in 1959, and parts of it have been built as such. The construction of the freeway east of Visalia to Road 192 was approved in January 1961, with the remainder of the freeway unplanned at that time as contingent on the routing of SR 65. The projected cost in 1958 of the entire freeway east of Visalia was $13 million (equivalent to $ in ) and was scheduled to be completed by 1964. The freeway through Visalia was completed by 1965, with an expressway connecting it to US 99. Also completed was the expressway heading west out of Hanford, with part of it access-controlled west of Lemoore.

Construction began in November 2009 on a project to widen a two-lane, 10 mi section of SR 198 between SR 43 and SR 99 into a four-lane expressway. The $60 million project was completed in December 2012.

Future
The Kings County Association of Governments has plans to improve the state highways within the county. Developers are interested in building distribution warehouses in Kings County because of its strategic location midway between the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas, but they are currently turned off by the lack of freeway access. For SR 198, the plan is to extend the freeway segment from Naval Air Station Lemoore to I-5. However, Kings County voters have shown little interest in passing any transportation taxes to fund these projects.

title: California State Route 198


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Talk:Derek and the Dominos

Name of the band
What is the origin of that name ? Why Derek and why the Dominos ?--Io Herodotus (talk) 08:31, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Read the "Concert Debut" section of the article. The different theories are in there. Bob Caldwell CSL (talk) 14:09, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

Discography
Discography is a little confusing. How many unique albums were issued as Derek and the Dominoes albums? "Live recordings" has 4 bullet items but "live at the Johnny Cash Show" was not an album, and then it says was "released as part of the deluxe edition of the reissue of their debut album." Maybe more directly it should say "as part of Layla 40th anniversary deluxe edition." In existing discography paragraph "Sessions for the second album, Olympic Studios, ..." we see that Crossroads box set and Layla album's 40th anniversary deluxe edition may contain "some" of the songs that are then listed. What songs are on which albums? Seems like the reissue/box set albums have unique additional music. I suggest reissue/box set albums should be listed as unique albums in the discography, so you can see for each of these albums what unique songs/tracks are in that album. Betweendust (talk) 01:22, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derek and the Dominos


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Operation Nimbus Spar

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy keep as bad-faith nomination. --Carnildo 23:01, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Operation Nimbus Spar
AfD because I don't like it. --69.204.183.132 19:32, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy keep bad faith nomination. C HAIRBOY (☎) 19:33, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  Keep. —Cryptic (talk) 18:34, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Christ, that's a bad faith nomination if I ever saw one -- at least he's being blatantly honest about it. Speedy keep, obviously. -- Captain Disdain 20:02, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Kamillerz

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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That was the standard welcome message. Here's a personal note. Good to have you in the project, Jeanne. It's always nice when younger people join up; your viewpoint will be valuable. DS 19:32, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kamillerz


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Equation of the center

In two-body, Keplerian orbital mechanics, the equation of the center is the angular difference between the actual position of a body in its elliptical orbit and the position it would occupy if its motion were uniform, in a circular orbit of the same period. It is defined as the difference true anomaly, $ν$, minus mean anomaly, $M$, and is typically expressed a function of mean anomaly, $M$, and orbital eccentricity, $e$.

Discussion
Since antiquity, the problem of predicting the motions of the heavenly bodies has been simplified by reducing it to one of a single body in orbit about another. In calculating the position of the body around its orbit, it is often convenient to begin by assuming circular motion. This first approximation is then simply a constant angular rate multiplied by an amount of time. There are various methods of proceeding to correct the approximate circular position to that produced by elliptical motion, many of them complex, and many involving solution of Kepler's equation. In contrast, the equation of the center is one of the easiest methods to apply.

In cases of small eccentricity, the position given by the equation of the center can be nearly as accurate as any other method of solving the problem. Many orbits of interest, such as those of bodies in the Solar System or of artificial Earth satellites, have these nearly-circular orbits. As eccentricity becomes greater, and orbits more elliptical, the equation's accuracy declines, failing completely at the highest values, hence it is not used for such orbits.

The equation in its modern form can be truncated at any arbitrary level of accuracy, and when limited to just the most important terms, it can produce an easily calculated approximation of the true position when full accuracy is not important. Such approximations can be used, for instance, as starting values for iterative solutions of Kepler's equation, or in calculating rise or set times, which due to atmospheric effects cannot be predicted with much precision.

The ancient Greeks, in particular Hipparchus, knew the equation of the center as prosthaphaeresis, although their understanding of the geometry of the planets' motion was not the same. The word equation (Latin, aequatio, -onis) in the present sense comes from astronomy. It was specified and used by Kepler, as that variable quantity determined by calculation which must be added or subtracted from the mean motion to obtain the true motion. In astronomy, the term equation of time has a similar meaning. The equation of the center in modern form was developed as part of perturbation analysis, that is, the study of the effects of a third body on two-body motion.

Series expansion
In Keplerian motion, the coordinates of the body retrace the same values with each orbit, which is the definition of a periodic function. Such functions can be expressed as periodic series of any continuously increasing angular variable, and the variable of most interest is the mean anomaly, $M$. Because it increases uniformly with time, expressing any other variable as a series in mean anomaly is essentially the same as expressing it in terms of time. Because the eccentricity, $e$, of the orbit is small in value, the coefficients of the series can be developed in terms of powers of $e$. Note that while these series can be presented in truncated form, they represent a sum of an infinite number of terms.

The series for $ν$, the true anomaly can be expressed most conveniently in terms of $M$, $e$ and Bessel functions of the first kind,
 * $$\nu = M + 2\sum_{s=1}^\infty \frac 1 s \left\{J_s(se) + \sum_{p=1}^\infty \beta^p\left[J_{s-p}(se) + J_{s+p}(se) \right]\right\}\sin sM,$$

where

 * $$J_n(se)$$ are the Bessel functions and

 * $$\beta=\frac{1}{e}\left(1-\sqrt{1-e^2}\right).$$

The result is in radians.

The Bessel functions can be expanded in powers of $x$ by,
 * $$J_n(x) = \frac{1}{n!}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^n\sum_{m=0}^\infty(-1)^m\frac{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^{2m}}{m!\prod_{k=1}^m (n+k)}$$

and $β^{m}$ by,
 * $$\beta^m = \left(\frac{e}{2}\right)^m\left[1+m\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{(2n+m-1)!}{n!(n+m)!}\left(\frac{e}{2}\right)^{2n}\right].$$

Substituting and reducing, the equation for $ν$ becomes (truncated at order $e^{7}$),
 * $$\begin{align}

\nu = M &+ \left(2e - \frac{1}{4}e^3 + \frac{5}{96}e^5 + \frac{107}{4608}e^7\right) \sin M\\ &{}+ \left(\frac{5}{4}e^2 - \frac{11}{24}e^4 + \frac{17}{192}e^6\right) \sin 2 M\\ &{}+ \left(\frac{13}{12}e^3 - \frac{43}{64}e^5 + \frac{95}{512}e^7\right) \sin 3 M\\ &{}+ \left(\frac{103}{96}e^4 - \frac{451}{480}e^6\right) \sin 4 M\\ &{}+ \left(\frac{1097}{960}e^5 - \frac{5957}{4608}e^7\right) \sin 5 M\\ &{}+ \frac{1223}{960}e^6\sin6M + \frac{47273}{32256}e^7\sin7M + \cdots \end{align}$$

and by the definition, moving $M$ to the left-hand side, $$ gives the equation of the center.

This equation is sometimes derived in an alternate way and presented in terms of powers of $e$ with coefficients in functions of $sin M$ (truncated at order $e^{6}$),
 * $$\begin{align}

\nu = M &{}+ 2e \sin M + \frac{5}{4}e^2\sin 2M\\ &{}+ \frac{e^3}{12}(13\sin 3M - 3\sin M)\\ &{}+ \frac{e^4}{96}(103\sin 4M - 44\sin 2M)\\ &{}+ \frac{e^5}{960}(1097\sin 5M - 645\sin 3M + 50\sin M)\\ &{}+ \frac{e^6}{960}(1223\sin 6M - 902\sin 4M + 85\sin 2M)+ \cdots \end{align}$$ which is identical to the above form.

For small $e$, the series converges rapidly. If $e$ exceeds 0.6627..., it diverges for some values of $M$, first discovered by Pierre-Simon Laplace.

title: Equation of the center


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File:MacIntroBrochurePage1.jpg

Page 1 of original "Macintosh Introduction" brochure/advertisement from 1984 editions of Newsweek magazine from November-December.

Source Page URL: http://macmothership.com/gallery/gallery3.html Source File URL: http://macmothership.com/gallery/Newsweek/p001.jpg

title: File:MacIntroBrochurePage1.jpg


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GK

GK or Gk may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * Gallien-Krueger, an instrument amplifier company
 * Gawad Kalinga, an anti-poverty movement based in the Philippines
 * Society for Orthodontic Dental Technology (German: Gesellschaft für Kieferorthopädische Zahntechnik), a professional body based in Germany
 * Jetstar Japan's IATA designator

Places

 * Geilenkirchen, a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, by vehicle registration code until 1971
 * Graham-Kapowsin High School, in Pierce County, Washington
 * Greater Kailash, New Delhi, India
 * Guernsey (FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code)

Sports

 * Goalkeeper
 * Goalkeeper (association football)
 * Goalkeeper (handball)
 * Goal keeper (netball)
 * Goalkeeper (water polo)
 * Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League

Other uses

 * G. K. Chesterton, a Roman Catholic novelist and author
 * GK Barry, English influencer and presenter
 * Glucokinase, an enzyme that facilitates phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
 * Gōdō gaisha, a type of Japanese business organization
 * GK, the gene encoding Glycerol kinase, a phosphotransferase enzyme
 * Guntur Kaaram, an 2024 Indian Telugu-language action drama film by Trivikram Srinivas

title: GK


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Ken Macha

Kenneth Edward Macha (born September 29, 1950) is an American former Major League Baseball third baseman and manager. He managed the Oakland Athletics from 2003 to 2006, including American League Western Division championships in both his first and final seasons with the team, and later managed the Milwaukee Brewers (2009–10).

Previously, Macha played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Montreal Expos and Toronto Blue Jays in a span of six seasons from 1974 to 1981. Macha also worked for Root Sports Pittsburgh (now Sportsnet Pittsburgh) as a Pirates postgame analyst in the mid-2010's.

Playing career
Macha is a graduate of Gateway High School in Monroeville, a suburb of Pittsburgh, and played college ball at the University of Pittsburgh. He was selected by Pittsburgh in the sixth round of the 1972 June draft. He was the Eastern League batting champion in 1974 with the Thetford Mines Pirates.

Macha made his major league debut on September 14, 1974, going 1-for-1 in a 17-2 Pirates loss to the Expos at Jarry Park. He is one of only a handful of players to play for both the Montreal Expos and Toronto Blue Jays, Canada's two major league franchises. His last major league appearance was on September 30, 1981, in a 3-0 Blue Jays loss to the Oakland Athletics. Macha hit a combined .258 in 180 Major League Baseball games.

Following his major league career, Macha spent four years playing in Japan with the Chunichi Dragons, from 1982 until 1985.

Coaching career
Macha retired as a player in 1985 and joined the Expos as a major league coach in 1986. He spent six seasons at Montreal before moving to coaching for the California Angels at bullpen and third base. He then joined the Boston Red Sox organization in fall 1994.

The 1997 season marked Macha's first as manager of the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox. In the previous two seasons he managed the Double-A Trenton Thunder to first-place finishes, including a league-best 86–56 record and another division crown in 1996. He was chosen to manage the American League affiliates in the Double-A All-Star Game.

Macha then joined the Oakland Athletics as bench coach, serving under former Pirates teammate Art Howe from 1999 through 2002. In March 2002, the A's denied permission for the Red Sox to contact Macha about their managerial vacancy. Boston then hired Grady Little, while Macha spent a final season as a coach until he was tapped to succeed Howe, who became manager of the New York Mets after the season ended.

In one of the most unusual contract moves ever, Macha's pact expired on October 8, 2005, and negotiations broke down between the two sides trying to reach a deal; eventually it broke apart and Macha was out of a job. Six days later—apparently after talking with the Pittsburgh Pirates, but either not being offered the managerial position there or deciding not to take it—Macha reached a deal with the Athletics and became manager once again. He would lead them to a division title and a sweep over the Minnesota Twins in the ALDS to advance to the American League Championship Series, which was the team's first playoff series victory since 1990. However, the Athletics would be swept by the Detroit Tigers. On October 16, 2006, he was fired by general manager Billy Beane, which occurred the same day that a report came out by ESPN that cited Macha having a tenuous relationship with the players, particularly with injured players (he referred to two placed on the disabled list as "non-entities"). The Athletics would not win another playoff series until 2020.

After he was dismissed from his managerial position in Oakland, the Seattle Mariners offered Macha a position as bench coach to manager Mike Hargrove, but Macha refused, citing his desire to take a year off. He was then offered a position as a senior adviser to Mariners GM Bill Bavasi. However, in April 2007, Macha accepted a part-time position as a pre- and post-game analyst for New England Sports Network, which telecasts Boston Red Sox games.

On October 30, 2008, the Milwaukee Brewers announced Macha as the Brewers' new manager. Macha's Brewers finished below .500 in both 2009 and 2010. On October 3, 2010, it was confirmed that Macha would not return for the 2011 season.

Personal life
Macha is a first cousin to Hal Newhouser. In the offseason, he lived in Murrysville, Pennsylvania, with his family.

As of 2020, Macha is retired and residing in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, near his hometown of Monroeville.

title: Ken Macha


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Saxe-Weimar

Saxe-Weimar (Sachsen-Weimar) was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine branch of the Wettin dynasty in present-day Thuringia. The chief town and capital was Weimar. The Weimar branch was the most genealogically senior extant branch of the House of Wettin.

Division of Leipzig
In the late 15th century much of what is now Thuringia, including the area around Weimar, was held by the Wettin Electors of Saxony. According to the 1485 Treaty of Leipzig, the Wettin lands had been divided between Elector Ernest of Saxony and his younger brother Albert III, with the western lands in Thuringia together with the electoral dignity going to the Ernestine branch of the family. Ernest's grandson Elector John Frederick I of Saxony forfeited the electoral dignity in the 1547 Capitulation of Wittenberg, after he had joined the revolt of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League against the Habsburg emperor Charles V, was defeated, captured and banned. Nevertheless, according to the 1552 Peace of Passau he was pardoned and allowed to retain his lands in Thuringia. Upon his death in 1554, his son John Frederick II succeeded him as "Duke of Saxony", residing at Gotha. His attempts to regain the electoral dignity failed: in the course of the 1566 revolt instigated by the robber baron Wilhelm von Grumbach, the duke was banned and imprisoned for life by Emperor Maximilian II.

Division of Erfurt
John Frederick II was succeeded by his younger brother John William at Weimar, who in a short time also fell out of favour with the emperor by his alliance with King Charles IX of France. In 1572 Maximilian II enforced the Division of Erfurt, whereby the Ernestine lands were divided among Duke John William and the two surviving sons of imprisoned John Frederick II. John William retained the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, while his minor nephews received the southern and western territories around Coburg and Eisenach.

This division was the first of numerous partitions; over the next three centuries the lands were divided when dukes had more than one son to provide for and re-combined when dukes died without direct heirs, but all of the lands stayed in the Ernestine branch of the Wettin family. As a result, the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar shrank and grew more than once. The Thuringian states throughout this period typically consisted of several non-contiguous parcels of territory of various sizes. Facing their lack of political power, the rulers of these petty states built up splendid monarchical households at their residences and pursued greater cultural achievements.

Duke John William, chafing under the loss, died in 1573, succeeded by his son Frederick William I. Upon his death in 1602 Saxe-Weimar was again divided among his younger brother John II and Frederick William's minor son John Philipp, who received the territory of Saxe-Altenburg. John's son Duke Johann Ernst I of Saxe-Weimar on occasion of the burial of his mother Dorothea Maria of Anhalt in 1617 established the literary Fruitbearing Society.

Thirty Years' War
At the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, Duke Johann Ernst I supported the Protestant Bohemian estates under the "Winter King" Frederick V of the Palatinate, who were defeated at the 1620 Battle of White Mountain. Stripped of his title by Emperor Ferdinand II, he remained a fierce opponent of the Catholic Habsburg dynasty and died on Ernst von Mansfeld's Hungarian campaign in 1626.

His younger brother Wilhelm, regent since 1620, assumed the dignities upon his death. At first also an advocate of Protestant concerns, after the death of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden he chose to accord with the 1635 Peace of Prague that his Albertine cousins had negotiated with the emperor – against the opposition of his younger brother General Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who entered into the French service under Cardinal Richelieu. Nevertheless, like many German estates, the Weimar lands were devastated by combat actions as well as by plague epidemics.

When in 1638 the Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg branch became extinct upon the death of Duke John Ernest, Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar inherited large parts of his estates. In 1640 however he had to involve his younger brothers Ernest I and Albert IV, thereby (re-)establishing the Duchies of Saxe-Gotha and the short-lived Saxe-Eisenach, which was again dissolved upon Duke Albert's death in 1644.

Another rearrangement of the Ernestine lands took place in 1672 after Duke Frederick William III of Saxe-Altenburg, descendant of Duke John Phillip, had died without heirs and his cousin Duke Johann Ernst II of Saxe-Weimar inherited parts of his duchy, which originally had been split off the Saxe-Weimar territory in 1602. Johann Ernst II immediately divided the enlarged Saxe-Weimar lands between himself and his younger brothers John George I and Bernhard II, who received the Duchies of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Jena, which reverted to Saxe-Weimar upon the death of Bernhard's son Duke Johann Wilhelm in 1690.

Weimar Classicism
Upon the death of John George's descendant Wilhelm Heinrich in 1741, Duke Ernest Augustus I of Saxe-Weimar also inherited the Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach. He then ruled both duchies in personal union and decisively forwarded the development of his estates by the implementation of the primogeniture principle.

His son Ernest Augustus II, who succeeded him in 1748, died in 1758, whereafter Empress Maria Theresa appointed his young widow, Duchess Anna Amalia, regent of the country and guardian of her infant son, Charles Augustus. The regency of energetic the Anna Amalia and the reign of Charles Augustus, who was raised by the writer Christoph Martin Wieland, formed a high point in the history of Saxe-Weimar. Both dedicated patrons of literature and art, Anna Amalia and Charles Augustus attracted to their court the leading German scholars, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller and Johann Gottfried Herder, and made their residence in Weimar an important cultural center in an era referred to as Weimar Classicism.

In 1804, Duke Charles Augustus entered into European politics by marrying his son and heir Charles Frederick to Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, sister of Emperor Alexander I of Russia. However, at the same time he joined Prussia in the War of the Fourth Coalition against the French Empire, and after the defeat at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, was forced to accede to the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. In 1809, Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach, which had been united only in the person of the duke, were formally merged into the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

Dukes of Saxe-Weimar

 * Johann Wilhelm (1554–73)
 * Frederick William I (1573–1602), son of Johann Wilhelm
 * Johann II (1602–05), brother
 * Johann Ernest I (1605–20), son of Johann
 * Wilhelm (1620–62), brother
 * Johann Ernest II (1662–83), son of Wilhelm
 * Wilhelm Ernest (1683–1728), son of Johann Ernest II
 * Johann Ernest III (1683–1707), son of Johann Ernest II
 * Ernest August I (1707–48), son of Johann Ernest III
 * Ernest August II (1748–58), son of Ernest August I
 * Karl August (1758–1809), son of Ernest August II

Merged with Saxe-Eisenach to form Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

title: Saxe-Weimar


text:
Talk:Daniel Craig

"English-American"?
Is there such a thing as an English citizen? Grassynoel (talk) 12:59, 21 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Daniel Craig is an English-American actor. He was born with English (more correct: British nationality) and gained American citizenship in 2019. In the page history on 3 January 2023; FrozenIcicle said "Born and raised in England and wasn't American when he first gained notability. He has American citizenship now and that's fine, but he is primarily known for being English/British". What matters is his current Citizenship which is both British and American. Craig also played American characters such as detective Benoit Blanc in the 2019 film Knives Out. "In 2018, Craig purchased a house in Brooklyn, New York, for an amount in excess of $6 million." So he partially lives in the United States. -Artanisen (talk) 17:53, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
 * He gained notability as an English/British actor, and was born and raised there. And even if he does hold American citizenship (which he recently obtained in his 50s), he is obviously more primarily known for being English.
 * Just because he has multiple passports does not mean we have to list everyone of them. Many notable BLPs are of people who have dual or triple citizenship and the general consensus tends to be that we do not list them all unless otherwise stated. If it's worth noting, his wife got U.S citizenship several years before he did, and that appears to have been motivated because of green card status, making travel/working in the U.S less of a hassle and voting in the election.
 * "I did it because I thought I would go back to England for a while, and lose my green card ... I’m not going back now, but being a citizen means I can vote here, which is exciting"
 * Clear Looking Glass (talk) 09:31, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Well officially there is no "English citizen", because there's only the British passport. He has 2 nationalities: British and American which is not a long list. He also has a house in the US and partially lives there. Thus both should be mentioned. He may identify primarily as British or English though. Maybe there's a reference about this. In that case, it should be added to the Infobox. For example the Infobox of actor Gérard Depardieu lists 4 citizenships. The article about Emily Blunt mentions she is a British-American actress. Craig is also a dual citizen of the UK and US. -Artanisen (talk) 03:08, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

Craig’s Narration
Article lacks any mention of Craig’s narration in select editions of Andrew Chater’s ‘History File’, a series of short historical documentaries that are shown in many secondary schools in the U.K Drpepper2004 (talk) 16:48, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 April 2024
Add reference to archangel movie to filmography. Back reference link already exists. 65.181.23.12 (talk) 10:04, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done Archangel is listed in the television table under filmography. Jamedeus (talk) 16:48, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniel Craig


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Nockebybanan

Nockebybanan is a tram line between Nockeby and Alvik in the western suburbs of Stockholm, Sweden. The 5.6 km long line is part of the Storstockholms Lokaltrafik public transport network, and connects with the Stockholm metro and Tvärbanan tram at Alvik metro station. The Nockebybanan, also known as line 12, is operated by Arriva.

History
The first part of the current line to Alléparken was opened in 1914, following the construction of a pontoon bridge across Tranebergssund. The line was then gradually extended westwards, reaching the current terminus at Nockeby in 1929. To the east, the line ran to Tegelbacken in central Stockholm.

The pontoon bridge was replaced in 1934 with the new Tranebergsbron. Planning for a Metro system started around this time, and in 1944 the Ängbybanan route was built from Alvik to Åkeshov (and later Islandstorget), operated initially with trams but designed as a grade-separated route for later conversion. Conversion happened in 1952, forming the western section of the present-day Stockholm metro Green Line. Consequently, the Nockebybanan was cut off from running into the city and became a feeder route for the Metro at Alvik.

Nockebybanan and Lidingöbanan were the only tram lines in the Stockholm region not to be withdrawn in conjunction with the switch to right-hand traffic in 1967. Since the line does not run on the street, and was simple and self-contained, and bi-directional rolling stock was available from the pre-metro tram lines, it was easier to convert to right-hand running than the rest of the network. Trams now run on the right from Nockeby to the penultimate station at Alléparken, where they cross over and run on the left into Alvik, permitting cross-platform interchange with the Metro.

By the 1990s, the line and rolling stock was in a poor state of repair and was widely expected to be dismantled and replaced with bus services. In 1975, the line had been re-numbered from 12 to 120, matching the numbering scheme used by local buses. The number was reverted back to 12 later. However, a concerted local campaign saved the line and from June 1997 to June 1998 the line was closed and renovated, and new Bombardier Flexity Swift (A32) trams were introduced from 1999.

A running race in the surrounding neighbourhoods, Tolvanloppet takes both name and distance (12 km) from the line number.

Lines

Nockebybanan has a single line (line 12) with ten stops, running from Nockeby to Alvik in Bromma borough. At Alvik metro station, passengers can use the cross-platform interchange provided to change to the Stockholm metro green line (lines 17, 18 and 19), or they can change to Tvärbanan (line 30 and 31) at lower level platforms. The tramway is separated from roads, but has some level crossings. The journey time from Alvik to Nockeby is 14 minutes, with service intervals varying between 6 minutes in the morning and evening peaks, and 20 minutes during the evening and weekend. Typical weekday traffic is around 11,800 boarding passengers (as of 2019).

The line is served by 30 meter long Flexity Swift trams. The depot and traffic control center at Alvik are shared with Tvärbanan. As of 2018, new CAF Urbos trams (A35) were ordered for the Tvärbanan extension to Solna. But after Tvärbanan modernisation (23/3 to 2/10, 2017) all A35 were put on whole Tvärbanan, 28% are A35 and 72% are A32.

Trams access the Brommadepån depot at Alvik via tracks to the west of the station. These are shared with the metro (which uses reversing sidings in the depot for trains terminating at Alvik), and therefore are electrified with both overhead lines for trams and third rail for the Metro.

title: Nockebybanan


text:
Matthew 5:39

Matthew 5:39 is the thirty-ninth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This is the second verse of the antithesis on the command: "eye for an eye". In one of the most famous verses in the New Testament, Jesus here rejects revenge and retaliation, instead telling his followers to turn the other cheek.

Content
In the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible the text reads: But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.

The World English Bible (WEB) translates the passage as: But I tell you, don't resist him who is evil; but whoever strikes you on your right cheek, turn to him the other also.

The Novum Testamentum Graece text is:
 * ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν μὴ ἀντιστῆναι τῷ πονηρῷ
 * ἀλλ’ ὅστις σε ῥαπίζει εἰς τὴν δεξιὰν σιαγόνα σου,
 * στρέψον αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην

Analysis
This verse opens with the standard "but I say unto you" phrase that heralds a reinterpretation of Mosaic Law. While the Old Testament quote in the previous verse was a reference to retributive punishment, here Jesus uses the word resist, which has been seen as far broader. This verse is often presented as advocating radical pacifism.

R. T. France rejects this view. He notes that the word translated as resist, anthistemi, has a far more restricted meaning in the original Greek. The word translates more accurately as "do not resist by legal means". Schweizer notes that this is how the word is used in and. To France, and many other scholars, this verse is just one part of a discussion of legal principles, similar to the previous and subsequent verses. The interpretation as a general rule of non-violent resistance is a misunderstanding of the original. For a full discussion of the debate and history of the phrase, see turn the other cheek.

Striking on the right cheek refers to a back-handed slap to the face. In Jesus's time, and still today in the Middle East, such a gesture is one of the highest forms of contempt. According to France, the gesture is a grave insult, not a physical attack, further distancing this verse from one espousing non-violence. Schweizer notes that this might be a reference to, and that this verse might thus be referencing the cheek slap specifically as something used on blasphemers. Jesus's followers might have been subject to these affronts by those who saw them as heretics.

This verse, as with Matthew 5:37, is vague on evil. It could be interpreted as a reference to the Evil One, i.e. Satan, the general evil of the world, as translated by the KJV, or the evil of specific individuals, as is translated by the WEB. The third interpretation is the one held by most modern scholars.

This verse is partially paralleled in.

Commentary from the Church Fathers
Pseudo-Chrysostom: For without this command, the commands of the Law could not stand. For if according to the Law we begin all of us to render evil for evil, we shall all become evil, since they that do hurt abound. But if according to Christ we resist not evil, though they that are evil be not amended, yet they that are good remain good.

Jerome: Thus our Lord by doing away all retaliation, cuts off the beginnings of sin. So the Law corrects faults, the Gospel removes their occasions.

Glossa Ordinaria: Or it may be said that the Lord said this, adding somewhat to the righteousness of the old Law.

Augustine: The things which are done by the Saints in the New Testament profit for examples of understanding those Scriptures which are modelled into the form of precepts. Thus we read in Luke; Whoso smiteth thee on the one cheek, turn to him the other also. (Luke 6:29.) Now there is no example of patience more perfect than that of the Lord; yet He, when He was smitten, said not, ‘Behold the other cheek,’ but, If I have spoken amiss, accuse me wherein it is amiss; but if well, why smitest thou me? (John 18:23.) hereby showing us that that turning of the other cheek should be in the heart.

Augustine: For the Lord was ready not only to be smitten on the other cheek for the salvation of men, but to be crucified with His whole body. It may be asked, What does the right cheek expressly signify? As the face is that whereby any man is known, to be smitten on the face is according to the Apostle to be contemned and despised. But as we cannot say ‘right face,’ and ‘left face,’ and yet we have a name twofold, one before God, and one before the world, it is distributed as it were into the right cheek, and left cheek, that whoever of Christ’s disciples is despised for that he is a Christian, may be ready to be yet more despised for any of this world’s honours that he may have. All things wherein we suffer any wrong are divided into two kinds, of which one is what cannot he restored, the other what may be restored. In that kind which cannot be restored, we are wont to seek the solace of revenge. For what does it boot if when smitten you smite again, is the hurt done to your body thereby repaid to you? But the mind swollen with rage seeks such assuagements.

Pseudo-Chrysostom: Or has your return blow at all restrained him from striking you again? It has rather roused him to another blow. For anger is not checked by meeting anger, but is only more irritated.

Augustine: But who that is of sober mind would say to kings, It is nothing of your concern who will live religiously, or who profanely? It cannot even be said to them, that it is not their concern who will live chastely, or who unchastely. It is indeed better that men should be led to serve God by right teaching than by penalties; yet has it benefitted many, as experience has approved to us, to be first coerced by pain and fear, that they might be taught after, or to be made to conform in deed to what they had learned in words. The better men indeed are led of love, but the more part of men are wrought on by fear. Let them learn in the case of the Apostle Paul, how Christ first constrained, and after taught him.

Augustine: Therefore in this kind of injuries which are wont to rouse vengeance Christians will observe such a mean, that hate shall not be caused by the injuries they may receive, and yet wholesome correction be not foregone by Him who has right of either counsel or power.

Jerome: Mystically interpreted; When we are smitten on the right cheek, He said not, offer to him thy left, but the other; for the righteous has not a left. That is, if a heretic has smitten us in disputation, and would wound us in a right hand doctrine, let him be met with another testimony from Scripture.

title: Matthew 5:39


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The Ophiuchi Hotline

The Ophiuchi Hotline is a 1977 science fiction novel by American writer John Varley. It was nominated for a Locus Award. Part of his Eight Worlds series, the novel opens in the year 2618.

Plot summary
Prior to the beginning of the story, humanity has been expelled from Earth by powerful aliens known as "the Invaders", and scattered across eight planets and satellites of the Solar System, the so-called Eight Worlds. The Invaders originate from a gas giant planet, and have occupied Jupiter, forbidding human access to it. Human expansion to the Eight Worlds has been aided by a broadcast of information from outside the Solar System, named "The Ophiuchi hotline" after the constellation from which it appears to originate. The information received from this includes extensive material on biological modification, and while sex changes and other modifications have become routine surgeries, experimentation with human DNA remains taboo and forbidden on penalty of death. Related to this, while technology has been developed to allow people to back-up their memories, this is only permitted for implantation within a cloned body in case of death. Due to resource scarcity, only one clone of a person is allowed to exist at any one time, and, similarly, reproduction is restricted to one child per person. An exception exists for those people who join the artificially-created symbionts that can live openly in the vacuum of space.

The protagonist, Lilo, has experimented with human DNA and, when discovered, is sentenced to death. However, the night before her execution, a powerful lunar politician named Tweed offers her the chance to escape her sentence by replacing her with a clone killed in her place. Lilo accepts and Tweed takes her into hiding.

Tweed is the leader of a movement that intends to expel the Invaders and recover Earth, and makes Lilo join this movement under the watch of Vaffa, a guard who has multiple illegal clones, both male and female. Lilo attempts to escape twice, but each time she is killed by Vaffa, and a clone is revived with her original memories.

The third clone of Lilo is sent to an outlying moon of Jupiter, Poseidon, within which Tweed pursues clandestine research performed by illegal clones. Lilo bonds with Cathay, the teacher of the colony's children, and they become lovers. She is given a null-field suit — a conforming forcefield with an air generator that protects her from the vacuum — and is tasked with researching how to kill creatures that live in Jupiter's atmosphere. She reveals to Cathay that, when she began her original experiments, she put a clone of herself and a backup of her memories in a secret base in Saturn's rings, to ensure her survival in the event that she was executed.

Tweed then acquires a micro black hole with the intention of passing it through Jupiter in an attack on the Invaders. Lilo and Cathay board the ship transporting the black hole and seize it. After a struggle, Lilo and a Vaffa clone fall towards Jupiter. Vaffa dies, but Lilo encounters an Invader and is taken to a future version of Earth almost devoid of humanity.

Tweed then awakens another version of Lilo and sends her with a clone of Vaffa to Pluto to research a new message coming from the Ophiuchi Hotline. This one has been translated as a payment demand for the information that humanity has received, but does not specify what form the payment is to take. Lilo and Vaffa find a second clone of Cathay, and the three of them are tasked to lease a ship from navigators dedicated to hunt for black holes, and go beyond the orbit of Pluto to analyze the message. They eventually hire Javelin, one of the most successful black hole hunters.

Once in space, Javelin reveals that the black hole hunters have discovered that the beam of the Hotline originates from a point only half a light-year away from the solar system, scrambled to seem to come from much farther, and she will take them to the source of the beam. However, since the trip will take 20 years Lilo, Vaffa and Cathay go in hibernation.

In the meantime, the first clone of Cathay uses the stolen ship to reach Lilo's base. There he meets Parameter/Solstice, a human-symbiont pair who also know the location of the base. They revive the clone and use the ship to attack Poseidon, taking it out of orbit and destroying its security systems. To do this they crash Lilo's base into a black hole held in a force field on the moon's surface. They carry out a plan to transform the asteroid into a ship to travel to Alpha Centauri, but reveal Tweed's dangerous activities to the Eight Worlds, forcing Tweed to go into hiding.

When Javelin's ship and its passengers reaches the source of the Hotline, they are greeted by seemingly-human extraterrestrials who have been expecting them. They explain that most races in the universe have experienced a similar history with the Invaders: they are expelled from their home planets by the Invaders; they attempt to recover their planets by force, much as Tweed has been doing; and in the ensuing conflict they are driven out of their solar systems entirely. The extraterrestrials have been broadcasting information via the Ophiuchi Hotline to give humanity the tools they need for survival, and the price they ask in exchange is to be allowed to live alongside and within the minds of humans, so that they can add humanity's experience and thoughts to their own pool of knowledge. They suggest that, if humanity does not comply, they will turn the symbionts into an army that will attack humanity on the Eight Worlds.

The clone of Lilo previously transported to Earth spends 25 years there. Because of her null-field suit which she can turn on at will, she is worshipped as a god by the surviving humans scratching out a living at a pre-industrial technological level. During a dive to hunt a whale, she encounters an Invader, somehow steals a silver cube from it and is instantaneously transported to the source of the Hotline. There she meets her clone, and they find that the memories and knowledge of all of their clones, including those killed by Tweed, are somehow mixed and shared between them.

Somewhat surprised by this turn of events, the extraterrestrials explain that the silver cube is a singularity that can be used for space propulsion by canceling inertia. They add that the Invaders only give such a "gift" to races when they're preparing to expel them entirely from their home planetary system. Confronted with this news, Javelin, Cathay, Vaffa and both clones of Lilo return to the solar systems to alert humanity.

As the novel concludes, the clone of Lilo traveling in the asteroid towards Alpha Centauri meditates on her shared memories, and realizes that when she arrives there her fellow clones, and most of humanity, will be already be there waiting for her, having used the singularity for faster travel.

Characters
In the novel, characters can be cloned and change sex. Memories can be recorded and played back into a new clone, allowing a kind of immortality. It is illegal for more than one copy of a person to exist. Certain crimes, including illegal cloning, result in "permanent death" where all clones and personality recordings must be destroyed. Criminals are tossed into the gravity well of a black hole that supplies the Lunar society with energy.

 * Lilo, an initially wealthy and successful bio-engineer. Sentenced to permanent death for experimenting with human DNA in foods such as "bananameat", she is cloned several times, killed in various ways, and plays a principal role in the novel.
 * Boss Tweed, a human politician, leader of the "Free Earth" party. "He" assumes the appearance of the original Boss Tweed, with period clothes and a body that has rolls of fat, in contrast to the sculpted and perfected bodies of the people around him.  Tweed runs a clandestine organization using illegal clones, who dare not betray him because they will be killed if discovered.  The object of his organization is to reclaim Earth for humanity.  He is ruthless with his captives, killing them if they escape or fail him, since he can revive another copy of them at will.  When exposed he goes underground by casting off all clothes and the fake body fat, revealing a nondescript individual with no gender at all.
 * Vaffa, an enforcer for Tweed. Many clones of Vaffa exist, in both male and female forms.  Sometimes the females are referred to as "Hygeia".  On the Jupiter moon, there are dozens of Vaffa's serving as guards for the kidnapped clones working there.  One Vaffa, a female, is sent to Pluto with a Lilo to investigate the new Hotline message.  Despite their almost psychotic devotion to Tweed, the Vaffa's can be persuaded to break free with enough indirect persuasion, as when Lilo on Pluto persuades Vaffa to let her go out into the beyond with Javelin.  Lilo comes to believe that the original Vaffa was Tweed's child.
 * Mari, a medical specialist. Body alterations are routine in the society, and can even be done with home kits.  Mari does personality recordings, revivals, and tissue grafts that allow Lilo and other clones to pass through society without being detected by their DNA.  Mari works with Tweed on Luna, and her clone works on Jupiter's moon Poseidon.  She seems totally committed to Tweed.  One of Lilo's early clones has to kill Mari during an escape attempt.  They had become close friends.  Mari is revived as a new clone, and then revives more clones of Lilo as Tweed's schemes develop.
 * Cathay, a teacher. Cathay is in disgrace as a teacher after the events of another story, "Beatnik Bayou", making him a perfect target for Tweed.  One Cathay is on Pluto, while another is on the Jupiter moon Poseidon, teaching children born there.  Meeting Lilo on Pluto and on Poseidon sparks instant attraction between them in each case.  The Lilo revived by Cathay with help from Parameter/Solstice spurns him at first.
 * Javelin, a "hole hunter". Hole hunters are solitary individuals who pilot their ships out beyond the edge of the Solar System looking for micro black holes.  Most space travelers use "peds", which are limbs ending in large hands, instead of legs.  Javelin has gone to extreme lengths, reducing herself to one arm, a much-reduced torso, and a single ped, allowing her to move in confined spaces where her passengers cannot go.
 * Parameter/Solstice, a symbiont pair living in Saturn's rings. Lilo entrusts them with the location of her emergency backup clone that she hid when she feared being arrested for illegal DNA experimentation.
 * Iphis, a pilot. There are two clones of Iphis, and two ships set up to look identical.  Tweed uses them in a complex deception that allows him to send people and cargo to Jupiter's moons, which would otherwise look suspicious, by having one ship reach Jupiter at the same time as the other leaves to go to the official destination.
 * Vejay, a scientist on Poseidon. Vejay has a plan to use the black hole that powers the clandestine colony as a rocket to propel Poseidon itself away from Jupiter.  However the plan means killing all the Vaffa's, which is impossible.  Returning from Saturn with Lilo's backup clone, Cathay jump starts the process by sending Lilo's capsule into the black hole.
 * The Hotline creators. Although apparently human, they cannot reproduce the necessary body language.  Their mannerisms are disturbing to the visitors.  One claims to be the product of a group mind millions of years old, and that in interstellar space cultures grow, fragment and absorb one another so that ideas like "species" become meaningless.

Related stories

 * Equinoctial : Parameter pairs with the symbiont she calls Solstice after her first symbiont partner, "Equinox", is taken from her by other pairs as part of a religious war in the rings of Saturn. The pair recover Parameter's lost children and escape the war by moving out to another ring.
 * Beatnik Bayou : Cathay educates a young male called Argus by becoming a child of the same age. A confrontation with a pregnant mother in search of a teacher leads to the end of Argus's idyll in a replica of a Louisiana swamp, and to Cathay's disgrace with the Teachers Association, preventing him from teaching more children.
 * Goodbye Robinson Crusoe : As a temporary escape from the economic war between Pluto and the rest of the Eight Worlds, the chief economist of Pluto retreats into a manufactured amphibious body with the personality of a young boy, experiencing adventures in a replica of a tropical ocean on Pluto. When the economy unexpectedly gets worse, he has to be found and his personality restored.

Locations

 * Luna. Earth's Moon is one of the most populous of the Eight Worlds.  Like most human colonies, it is a utopian society living in tunnels and artificial caverns, ruled by a benign artificial intelligence.  It is the most conservative in terms of fashion.  Reconstructions of Earth environments, known as "disneylands", allow the inhabitants to experience contact with weather, jungles, beaches, animals and plants.  The novel uses extracts of "news" to indicate that there are wide variations between educated, semi-literate, and illiterate people in the society.
 * Pluto. Luna's opposite, a wild frontier society where, at least in terms of body-modification, anything goes. Visitors find themselves surrounded by holograms advertising strange products.  They have to buy suppressors to kill the ads.  Because of the hours-long communication delay with the rest of the Solar System, Pluto is losing an economic war and undergoing hyperinflation.
 * Poseidon. One of Jupiter's retrograde moons, probably a captured asteroid, orbiting at a distance of tens of millions of kilometers.  The name "Poseidon" was commonly used at the time the novel was written.  It is now known as Pasiphae.
 * Saturn's rings. The two main rings are sparsely inhabited by human/symbiont pairs who need only sunlight and some trace elements to survive.  Other Eight Worlds stories describe how the pairs trade works of art for their needs.
 * Other locations mentioned include Saturn's moon Titan, and Mars.

title: The Ophiuchi Hotline


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Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge

The Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge is a protected wildlife refuge located in the Amargosa Valley of southern Nye County, in southwestern Nevada. It is directly east of Death Valley National Park, and is 90 mi west-northwest of Las Vegas.

In 1983 The Nature Conservancy purchased 12,613 acres that had been slated for development to protect Ash Meadows. The Nature Conservancy transferred the land to the Fish and Wildlife Service and the refuge was created on June 18, 1984, to protect this extremely rare desert oasis in the Mojave Desert.

Ash Meadows is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Geography
The 23000 acre Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge is part of the larger Desert National Wildlife Refuge Complex, which also includes the Desert National Wildlife Refuge, the Moapa Valley National Wildlife Refuge, and the Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge. Inside Ash Meadows is Devils Hole, a detached unit of Death Valley National Park.

Ash Meadows is within the Amargosa Desert, of the Mojave Desert ecoregion. The Amargosa River is a visible part of the valley hydrology, and has seasonal surface flow passing southwards adjacent to the preserve, to later enter Death Valley.

Natural history
Ash Meadows provides a valuable and unprecedented example of desert oases habitats, that have become extremely uncommon in the southwestern deserts. The refuge is a major discharge point for a vast underground aquifer water system, reaching more than 100 mi to the northeast. Water-bearing strata come to the surface in more than thirty seeps and springs, providing a rich, complex variety of mesic habitats.

Virtually all of the water at Ash Meadows is fossil water, believed to have entered the ground water system tens of thousands of years ago.

Numerous stream channels and wetlands are scattered throughout the refuge. To the north and west are the remnants of Carson Slough, which was drained and mined for its peat in the 1960s. Sand dunes occur in the western and southern parts of the refuge.

Endemic plants and animals
Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge was established to provide and protect habitat for at least twenty-six endemic plants and animals, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world. Four fish and one plant are currently listed as endangered species.

The concentration of locally exclusive flora and fauna that distinguishes Ash Meadows is the greatest concentration of endemic biota in any local area within the United States. It has the second greatest local endemism concentration in all of North America.

Endemic flora
There are many plants endemic to Ash Meadows, including:

 * Ash Meadows sunray (Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata)
 * Ash Meadows blazingstar (Mentzelia leucophylla)
 * Ash Meadows gumplant (Grindelia fraxino-pratensis)
 * Ash Meadows milkvetch (Astragalus phoenix)
 * Amargosa niterwort (Nitrophila mohavensis)
 * Spring-loving centaury (Zeltnera namophila)

Discoveries
In 2010, Utah State University announced that a team from the school had discovered two new bee species in the genus Perdita at Ash Meadows.

title: Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge


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Barbara Kopple

Barbara Kopple (born July 30, 1946) is an American film director known primarily for her documentary work. She is credited with pioneering a renaissance of cinema vérité, and bringing the historic french style to a modern American audience. She has won two Academy Awards, for Harlan County, USA (1977), about a Kentucky miners' strike, and for American Dream (1991), the story of the 1985–86 Hormel strike in Austin, Minnesota, making her the first woman to win two Oscars in the Best Documentary category.

Kopple gained acclaim for the film Bearing Witness (2005), a documentary about five women journalists stationed in combat zones during the Iraq War. She is also known for directing the documentary films Wild Man Blues (1997), A Conversation With Gregory Peck (1999), My Generation (2000), Running from Crazy (2013), Miss Sharon Jones! (2015), and Desert One (2019).

She received a Primetime Emmy Award for Fallen Champ: The Untold Story of Mike Tyson (1993), and directed episodes of television drama series such as the NBC police drama series Homicide: Life on the Street (1999) and the HBO prison drama series Oz (1999), winning a Directors Guild of America award for the former.

Kopple received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences on September 28, 2023.

Early life

Kopple was born in New York City, and grew up on a vegetable farm in Scarsdale, New York, the daughter of a textile executive.

Her uncle, Murray Burnett, was a co-author of Everybody Comes to Rick's, an unproduced play, that was the basis for the film, Casablanca. Her mother and maternal grandparents grew up in Peekskill, New York, the latter of whom publicly criticized the attempted censorship of singer Paul Robeson in 1949.

At Northeastern University, she studied political science and clinical psychology, and for a clinical psychology course, she made her first film, "Winter Soldiers," about Vietnam veterans, instead of writing a term paper. While working among lobotomy patients at Medfield State Hospital with Northeastern University, she decided she wanted to be a filmmaker instead.

"'I realized when I was studying psychology that nobody would probably ever read what I wrote' — Barbara Kopple"

Kopple's political involvement started in college with her participation in antiwar protests against the Vietnam War.

Career
Kopple attended the School of Visual Arts, where she met documentary filmmakers Albert and David Maysles through a classmate.

"'I really wanted to learn about documentaries, so I went to SVA (School of Visual Arts). I took this class in cinéma vérité. There was a woman in the class who said: 'I work for these people, the Maysles brothers. They're just finishing a film and they could use some help. Would you like to come?' So I said, 'Yes, are you kidding?' And I never went back into that class again. ' — Barbara Kopple"

She assisted them on their documentary Salesman, and then did camera work for their film on the Rolling Stones, titled Gimme Shelter. Reflecting on her time working with the Maysles, Kopple said “the wonderful thing about working for Alan and David Maysles was that they were the first company that treated women as equals...everybody attended all the meetings; everybody's opinion was important.”

She subsequently worked as an editor, camera operator, and sound operator on numerous documentaries and then started production on Harlan County, USA in 1972. She also created a production company in 1972, Cabin Creek Films, through which she would continue to direct and produce features and television projects, in addition to documentaries. Notable intern alums from her production company, Cabin Creek Films, include Jesse Moss, Kristi Jacobson, and Jan Ackerman.

Harlan County, USA
Kopple first became aware of the plights of the Appalachia miners while studying at Northeastern University. In 1972, Kopple started her own production company, Cabin Creek Films. It was during this time that miners walked off the job in Harlan County, and Kopple began the filming Miners for Democracy movement led by Arnold Miller. When Tony Boyle was ousted from the union leadership and miners began striking for union recognition, Kopple moved to Harlan with a crew of five and a loan of $12,000. Kopple and her crew lived with the miners, filming even when they ran out of film because the presence of a camera “kept down violence.”

"'In 1973, I went with Barbara Kopple to Harlan County, Kentucky as associate director and assistant camerawoman of Harlan County, U.S.A. That experience radically changed my approach to filmmaking. I had been working on the film syncing dailies and reviewing material. Then a call came from the United Mineworkers that they needed someone to film in Harlan County or there would be a killing. Barbara, Kevin Keating, Richard Warner (our local liaison who had owned a sock store in Knoxville, Tennessee), and I flew to Knoxville, loaded into a station wagon with all the 16 mm gear, and drove across 2 lane roads to the picket line. We arrived at 5 am. On one side of the road there were about 30 state troopers looking mean. On the other side, there were an equal number of tough-looking women with clubs. Within an hour, we were filming violent arrests and women being dragged....' — Anne Lewis"

"'The scene I love the best of me being in Harlan County was when [mine foreman] Basil Collins stopped his truck and said, 'Come over here, honey.' After I did, he said, 'Who do you work for?' And I said, 'United Press.' He said, 'Let me see your press card.' And I yelled for Anne Lewis to go in my purse and get my press card. I actually did have one. He had guns in the car, and I asked him questions like, 'Who are you and how do you feel about these people picketing up here?' I said, 'And what's your position?' And he said, 'Mine foreman.' And I said, 'Do you have any identification?' He said, 'Well, I may have lost mine.' And so he said, 'Well, where is your press card?' I said, 'Well, I may have misplaced mine.' Then he zoomed off. The people who were on the picket line said: 'Easy. He's the chief gun thug. He's the one who could take your life at any point.' But I wasn't afraid....' — Barbara Kopple"

Harlan County, USA took four years to make and cost over $200,000. Continuing production was financially demanding on Kopple and her small crew, who regularly moved back-and-forth between Harlan and New York to collect financial backing from grant proposals and odd jobs, even writing letters for money from miners’ homes. When she ran out of money, Kopple would “come back to New York and take whatever job I could, editing, sound, until I got enough to go back.” Kopple also accepted donated money from her parents, friends and others in order to continue financing the project; she eventually placed herself into great debt for the film, utilizing her personal credit card for many expenses.

Kopple was threatened by mine owners during filming, being told that “if I was ever caught alone at night I'd be killed.” She reportedly carried two pistols while filming in Harlan.

Harlan County, USA debuted at the New York Film Festival in October 1976, where it received a standing ovation. The film won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, Kopple accepting the award “on behalf of the miners of Harlan County who took us into their homes, trusted us, and shared their love with us.”

After Harlan County, USA, Kopple didn't finish another documentary until 1990. Kopple instead took her political focus on unions to television, directing the 90-minute television drama Keeping On.

American Dream
American Dream, Kopple's next feature-length documentary captured the 1985–86 Hormel strike, a two-year-long workers strike against Hormel Foods. Kopple was first turned onto the subject matter in the early 1980s while working on starting a different documentary project. While driving in Worthington, Minn., Kopple heard a new radio broadcast on developing strikes amongst workers in meatpacking plants of Austin. Kopple reportedly started driving towards Austin immediately; “that was the beginning,” said Kopple, “And I never left."

American Dream proved to be even more difficult for Kopple to produce than Harlan County, USA, despite her previous documentary's success. Budget for the film was tight, and Kopple found it difficult to obtain funding due to its subject matter. It took five years for Kopple to obtain financing for the film, and mentions her personal belief that her previous Oscar win hindered funding support.

Unlike Harlan County, which had Kopple very much on one side of the battle, Kopple intentionally aimed to be much more objective in depicting the differing perspectives of the Hormel Strike in American Dream. “I cared about the people in Austin, Minn., very much,” Kopple reflected, “but if we were ever to look back at [the film], we had to have the full story.”

American Dream premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 6, 1990. It eventually earned Kopple her second Academy Award the following year. Kopple continued to exclusively make documentaries for nearly the next decade and a half, exploring new subject matters such as crime procedurals and the lives of celebrities.

Shut Up and Sing
Directed and produced in tandem, Barbara Kopple and Cecilia Peck debuted Shut Up and Sing in 2006. The film follows musicians the Dixie Chicks as they face backlash for comments against the Bush administration and the invasion of Iraq. She was on tour with the Dixie Chicks when lead singer Natalie Maines criticized the Iraq War. The film, Shut Up and Sing, debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival. It went on to win a Special Jury Prize at the Chicago International Film Festival, and two Audience awards (Sydney Film Festival and Aspen Film Fest).

Kopple's style is evident in use of candid clips of the performers discussing the fallout combined with a focus on what their daily lives look like. While the musicians maintain grace whilst getting death threats for their remarks publicly, Kopple and Peck show the burden it places upon them at home. It is truly mimetic of a "fly on the wall," a trademark of Kopple's filmmaking. Critical reception of the film was mixed at the time. The left-leaning outlets praised the documentary and the Dixie Chicks for their bravery. Right-wing media continued to criticize the group and to criticize Kopple and Peck for their decision to cover such "traitors."

In years since the premiere, many news outlets (such as The Guardian and The New York Times) have come back to the documentary, writing about why it is such a landmark film for its political nature.

Other Films
Her first non-documentary feature film to play in theaters, Havoc, starred Anne Hathaway and Bijou Phillips as wealthy suburbanites who venture into East Los Angeles Latino gang territory, and was released straight to DVD in 2005. Kopple has recently ventured into advertising work that includes documentary-style commercials for Target Stores.

She was among the 19 filmmakers who worked together anonymously (under the rubric Winterfilm Collective) to produce the film Winter Soldier, an anti-war documentary about the Winter Soldier Investigation. She has also done films for The Working Group, directing the 30-minute short documentary Locked Out in America: Voices From Ravenswood for the We Do the Work series. (We Do the Work aired in the mid-1990s on the PBS television series "P.O.V.", and Kopple's segment was based on the book Ravenswood: The Steelworkers' Victory and the Revival of American Labor.)

In 2012 Kopple released two films. One is about Mariel Hemingway, the granddaughter of Ernest Hemingway, and the other is concerning the 150th Anniversary of The Nation magazine. The film on Hemingway, Running from Crazy, was shown at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival and on the Oprah Winfrey Network.

When beginning to make the film Harlan County, USA, Kopple was promised a $9,000 grant, then later was denied. This happened countless times before she eventually secured the necessary funds. The moving image collection of Barbara Kopple is held at the Academy Film Archive, which preserved Harlan County, USA.

Style and themes
Kopple is a documentary filmmaker and has validated her art form in response to criticism that documentaries seem past their prime: "people want to get a sense of truthfulness in terms of what's happening and what's going on. Documentaries do that."

She has noted her major influence to be director Lucy Jarvis, for her both her approach to life and prolificness. Kopple's documentaries are in the style of cinema vérité. Reflecting on her documentaries in 1991, Kopple said “the kind of films that influenced me have more to do with watching people, letting scenes come alive so you actually see people change through the course of the film...almost like you're right there.” Her work typically consist of observational footage, minimal voice-overs and intimate interviews with her subjects. She is quoted saying "I really love people, and I love telling their stories and I feel so excited when I get to do so" and "I try so hard to let the characters be the ones that carry the story and say the things they want to say." Thus she is humanist in her approach to storytelling. She has listed the Maysle brothers and D. A. Pennebaker as notable influences on her technique. “I absolutely loved Don't Look Back because he got so close to Dylan,” Kopple said of Pennebacker. “I wanted to make films that were as intimate as that.”

Kopple's work is often politically driven. She has made several films on U.S. labor issues, as well as worker's unions, and has been a longtime advocate for the American labor movement. Many of her documentaries revolve around political subject matters, but her more recent work has taken a shift towards music documentary and celebrity portraiture.

For her documentaries, Kopple works in small crews of two to five, almost always acting as her own sound operator.

Kopple embraces a collaborative approach to filmmaking, particularly in the editing process.The collaborative models of working originates from her internship with the Maysles Brothers in Gimme Shelter (1970) and later joining the film collective that would produce Winter Soldier (1972). While editing Harlan County, USA, Kopple sought multiple editors for the nine-month post-production process. She used the same process when editing Shut Up & Sing, stating, "We were working with so many different editors and different sensibilities but the discussions we had were sensational, because you couldn't say no. You had to explain how it moved the story forward or what it gave the characters so it was very egalitarian in the editing room."

Ethics
Past financial struggles influenced Kopple's embrace of commercial projects, her recent partnership was with YouTube's production of This is Everything: Gigi Gorgeous. She has partnered with studios such as ABC, NBC, Lifetime Television, Disney Channel and The Weinstein Company. Kopple responds to criticism surrounding lack of authenticity in commissioned films citing the conventions of cinéma vérité and direct cinema that she followed in her first films. She relies on a neutral outlook when approaching the subject matter of her films, some of whom were controversial figures such as Woody Allen and Mike Tyson.

She upholds the strength of women filmmakers citing Rory Kennedy, Mirra Bank, Liz Garbus, and Kristi Jacobson as both colleagues and inspirations. She notes also that there is a benefit to being a woman filmmaker in that "it's easier because people are not intimidated by you." She utilizes the underestimation of women as a positive bridge to understanding her subjects. When asked about the domination of men in the film industry she explains that, for better or for worse, this does not impact her; there are few men in her field as there is little money in documentary filmmaking.

Kopple actively participates in organizations that address social issues and support independent filmmaking.

Personal life
Kopple describes herself as a "filmmaker and mom." She is a niece of the American playwright Murray Burnett.

Filmography

 * 1972: Winter Soldier
 * 1976: Harlan County, USA
 * 1981: Keeping On
 * 1990: American Dream
 * 1992: Beyond JFK: The Question of Conspiracy
 * 1993: Fallen Champ: The Untold Story of Mike Tyson
 * 1994: Century of Women: Sexuality and Social Justice
 * 1994: Century of Women: Work and Family
 * 1997: Homicide: Life on the Street - The Documentary
 * 1997: Wild Man Blues
 * 1998: Homicide: Life on the Street - Pit Bull Sessions
 * 1999: A Conversation with Gregory Peck
 * 1999: Homicide: Life on the Street - Self Defense
 * 2000: My Generation
 * 2002: American Standoff
 * 2002: The Hamptons
 * 2004: Bearing Witness
 * 2004: Dance Cuba: Dreams of Flight
 * 2004: WMD: Weapons of Mass Deception
 * 2005: Havoc
 * 2006: Shut Up & Sing
 * 2010: 30 for 30: The House of Steinbrenner
 * 2011: Gunfight
 * 2013: Running from Crazy
 * 2015: Miss Sharon Jones!
 * 2016: Gigi Gorgeous: This is Everything
 * 2017: A Murder in Mansfield
 * 2018: New Homeland
 * 2019: Desert One
 * 2022: Gumbo Coalition

Awards and honors
Miscellaneous awards

 * 1994: American Film Institute, USA, Maya Deren Independent Film and Video Artists Award
 * 1998: Human Rights Watch International Film Festival, Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2006: Woman Film Critics Circle Awards, Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2006: Special Jury Prize for DocuFest Competition, Shut Up & Sing
 * 2011: Felix Award for Best Documentary, American Dream
 * 2011: Grand Festival Award for Documentary, Bagels, Borscht, and Brotherhood – Allen Ginsberg
 * 2018: Athena Film Festival, Laura Ziskin Lifetime Achievement Award

title: Barbara Kopple


text:
Talk:Operation Nimbus Spar

This AfD is bad faith (The reason given is 'Because I don't like it'). Any roving admins? - C HAIRBOY (☎) 19:35, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Operation Nimbus Spar