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New River (Mexico–United States)

The New River (Río Nuevo) flows north from near Cerro Prieto, through the city of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, into the United States through the city of Calexico, California, towards the Salton Sea. The river channel has existed since pre-historic times. The river as known today formed from a levee failure and massive flooding that filled the Salton Sea.

The river flow mostly consists of agricultural runoff, municipal discharge and industrial wastewater. The river has been called the most severely polluted river of its size in the United States. Several projects have begun to reduce and mitigate the levels of pollution in the river, including upgrades to sewage treatment infrastructure and enclosure of the river channel.

Flow
The New River channel begins at a volcanic lake near Cerro Prieto. Today this lake feeds the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power Station. The river flows north 15 mi through Baja California, and another 66 mi through California into the Salton Sea, the largest lake in California. Flow at the border is approximately 200 ft3/s, and about three times more at the Salton Sea because of agricultural runoff collected along the way.

The New River's flow is composed of agricultural and chemical runoff waste from farm industry irrigation in the U.S. (18.4%) and Mexico (51.2%), sewage from Mexicali (29%), and manufacturing plants operating in Mexico (1.4%). Where New River crosses the Mexico–U.S. border near Calexico, California, its channel contains a stew of about a hundred contaminants: volatile organic compounds, heavy metals including selenium, uranium, arsenic and mercury, pesticides (including DDT), and PCBs. The waterway also contains pathogens that cause tuberculosis, encephalitis, polio, cholera, hepatitis and typhoid; levels for many of these contaminants violate United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Cal/EPA standards by several hundredfold.

Fecal coliform bacteria have reached 100,000 to 16 million colonies per milliliter at the border checkpoint (possibly more, as this is the measuring capacity threshold), far above the U.S.–Mexico treaty limit of 240 colonies. In 2017 monthly samples from the New River ranged from 12,000 to more than 160,000 per 100 milliliters. California considers water safe for swimming at 400.

Highly polluted inflow to the New River and agricultural runoff has resulted in elevated bacterial levels and large algal blooms in the Salton Sea. Lacking an outlet for its water, the Salton Sea's salinity has increased by approximately 1% per year. Increasing water temperature, salinity and bacterial levels led to massive fish die-offs in 1992, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2006, and 2008, and created ideal breeding grounds for avian botulism, cholera and Newcastle disease, leading to massive avian epizootics 1992–2019.

The Salton Sea has a salinity of 4.4% (4.4 parts per 100), making it saltier than ocean water (3.5% for Pacific). Many fish species can no longer reproduce or survive in the Salton Sea. Tilapia may be the only fish species able to persist there for a limited time. Without restoration, the Salton Sea will likely increase in toxicity and remain an ecological trap for avian species.

Toxic levels of PCBs, DDT, and DDT byproduct DDE regularly appear in sediment samples taken between 2002 and 2012.

History
The modern courses of the New River and the Alamo River, and the creation of the Salton Sea, date from the autumn of 1904 when heavy rainfall and snowmelt caused the swollen Colorado River to overrun a set of headgates for the Alamo Canal. The resulting flood poured down the canal and breached an Imperial Valley dyke. The sudden influx of water and the lack of drainage from the basin formed the Salton Sea; the rivers had re-created a great inland sea in the Salton Sink, which had frequently flooded. Nearly two years passed before workers could control the Colorado River's flow and stop the flooding, but the river was effectively dammed in the early part of 1907 and returned to its normal course. The flood significantly enlarged the channels of the New and Alamo Rivers. Some water still flowed after the dyke was repaired, as the larger channels collected and carried agricultural runoff to the Salton Sea.

Although thorough documentation of the pollution before 1960 is not available, records show the New River has been identified as a significant water pollution problem since the late 1940s. Extremely high concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria caused a stench at its entry into the U.S. Under provisions of the 1944 Water Treaty with Mexico, the United States and Mexico agreed to solve border sanitation problems. The International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) was authorized by the two governments to study the pollution of the New River from Mexico.

Studies in 1947 and 1948 of the New River led the IBWC to recommend a joint treatment plant constructed in the United States to treat the sewage from Calexico and Mexicali.

As Mexicali's population exploded in the 1970s, pollution increased. Due to inadequate sewer infrastructure, the two nations attempted in the 1980s and 1990s to address pollution in this river, as documented by the International Boundary and Water Commission of the U.S. Department of State. The IBWC was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades, the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, bypassed by modern social, environmental, and political issues.

After the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in the 1990s, industrial manufacturing increasingly contributed to pollution. Mexico's relatively lax environmental regulations on manufacturing plants or maquiladoras, allowed these plants to use the New River as an industrial waste drainage system. Mexicali has become a bustling border city with over 180 maquiladoras.

In the 1990s, a joint project was implemented to improve Mexicali's wastewater infrastructure. The EPA paid 55% of a $50 million upgrade to Mexicali's sewage treatment facilities, but the improvements did not treat all waste discharges into the river. The residual pollution affects both Mexico and the Imperial Valley in California and is deposited in the Salton Sea.

In 2018, construction began on a bollard portion of the Mexico–United States barrier across the river. By 2018, most of the river in Mexicali was covered, but sometimes overflowed its covered riverbanks when it rained.

Environmental issues
The smell of the New River near the border is often overpowering, particularly at night and during the summer when temperatures can reach 120 °F. The New River is so heavily polluted that technicians usually wear two sets of gloves, aprons, and other protective clothing when testing the water. US Border Patrol agents have instructions to stay out of the river except in emergencies. In January 2019, chemicals, heavy metals, and raw sewage was found to be in the New River. Discarded trash, dead animals and other waste line the channel, whose foam blows into the streets of a Calexico residential area and its downtown. Mosquitoes and other pests thrive in the summer. All of these factors only serve to elevate the contagion risk.

In 2006, through another binational project, Mexicali finished building a second wastewater treatment facility to treat the 10 to 20 e6USgal per day of raw and partially treated sewage that was being discharged into the river. In May 2005, the New River was designated as one of two environmental justice water quality pilot projects for the State of California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) to try to address the various pollution sources collaboratively between the various stakeholders.

The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has issued a safe eating advisory for any fish caught in New River due to elevated levels of mercury, DDTs, PCBs, and selenium.

Legislative Changes: SB 387
On July 25, 2005, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger signed Senate Bill 387, introduced by Senator Denise Moreno Ducheny (D-San Diego), which provided funding for the New River Improvement Project. It involves four main components:
 * 1) A trash screen;
 * 2) Construction of an enclosed box culvert alongside the current river channel through the developed areas of Calexico so that normal flow can be re-routed into the culvert, thereby eliminating resident exposure and allowing for treatment of contaminated flows;
 * 3) Construction of wetlands to address overall pollution, including pollution from sources in the United States; and
 * 4) Construction of green belts and recreational facilities in a restored New River floodplain.

Outlook
According to the Colorado River Regional Water Quality Control Board, once the new wastewater treatment facility is fully operational, it will handle the 10 to 20 e6USgal per day of raw sewage currently being discharged into the New River. While this should result in measurably improved water quality of the New River at the border, particularly as it relates to pathogens and nutrients, the binational projects do not address the dumping of trash into the New River and its tributaries, the nutrients and pathogens from Mexicali's Zaragoza wastewater treatment lagoons, the untreated and partially treated discharges of industrial wastes, agricultural runoff from the Mexicali Valley, and urban and storm runoff from the municipality.

Mexico intends to reclaim effluent from the treatment plant for onsite green belts, resulting in a 20 e6USgal per day decrease in the flow of the New River at the border, in addition to the projected 10 e6USgal per day decrease in flow in the river at the border when the InterGen and Sempra Energy power plants reach capacity in Mexicali. The estimated decrease in flow due to projects pursuant to the terms of the Quantification Settlement Agreement, and water transfer between the Imperial Irrigation District and the San Diego County Water Authority, will have devastating water quality impacts on the Salton Sea.

According to the Imperial Irrigation District, although water pollution is a severe problem at the border, by the time the river enters the Salton Sea, the issue is "not significant"; water quality improves as the water makes its way north due to the addition of agricultural drain water and through natural cleansing occurring in the intervening 60 mi. Agricultural pesticides have never been detected in the Salton Sea at levels high enough to cause a public health concern.

title: New River (Mexico–United States)


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text: User talk:70.28.194.174

title: User talk:70.28.194.174


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Grub Street Journal

The Grub-Street Journal, published from 8 January 1730 to 1738,  was a satire on popular journalism and hack-writing as it was conducted in Grub Street in London. It was largely edited by the nonjuror Richard Russel and the botanist John Martyn. While he disclaimed it, Alexander Pope was one of its contributors, continuing his satire which he had started with The Dunciad.

After its end, The Literary Courier of Gruber Street succeeded it for a few months.

title: Grub Street Journal


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User talk:Adtrace

Intresting Ayyavazhi Family
Hai Adtrace, there are intresting articles about Ayyavazhi, a new religion on both mythology and religiosity. Wikipedia is rich with this topic in English, but poor in other languages. Since french is a leading language in Wikipedia it is better to translate the contents on this AYYAVAZHI family to french. - Paul Raj

Hi!
Hey. Good job adding information to the Thorold article. I've edited it a little bit and created links to existing articles we have. If you know anything similar about the other cities in Niagara, or more about Thorold, please do add the information. The formatting can always be fixed up, but without the information there's nothing to fix up in the first place. I've tried my best on the Welland article, and plan on working on Port Colborne and Fonthill/Pelham in the near future, but my knowledge is concentrated mostly south of the escarpment...

Also, you might want to add yourself to Category:Wikipedians in Niagara which I've created.

Once again, thanks for your contributions and please do add more! If you have any questions, drop by my talk page. --Qviri 02:46, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:BankofHamilton.gif
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Invitation to contribute to Julie Thompson Klein Article
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title: User talk:Adtrace


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Kettle Whistle

Kettle Whistle is a compilation album by alternative rock band Jane's Addiction, released November 4, 1997, on Warner Bros. Issued to coincide with the 1997 "Relapse" tour, the album – originally titled It's My Party – includes new, alternate, unreleased and live tracks.

Certified gold in the U.S., for sales in excess of 500,000, Kettle Whistle is the only Jane's release to feature Flea on bass (he plays trumpet on Nothing's Shocking). The liner notes feature an anecdotal article on the band by Henry Rollins.

Background
When asked about the material on the album in a November 1997 Guitar World interview, Dave Navarro stated, "Almost all of it was chosen by Stephen [Perkins] who is, like, the Jane’s Addiction archivist. He basically has every demo tape and every board tape from every show. He put together what he thought was a nice, well-rounded ensemble of live stuff, studio outtakes, remixes, demos and things that never made it to record. At this moment, some of it’s still open to debate. Given the amount of material, I don’t think the three of us are ever going to be totally in agreement about every single cut. But I feel proud of and stand behind every piece of music that we made."

Track information

 * "Kettle Whistle" was performed by the band in the late 1980s, and never recorded. The "Relapse" line-up of the band recorded the song in August of that year at Mount Mehru Studios in Venice, CA. This studio is owned by Farrell and Perkins' former band Porno for Pyros.
 * The version of "Ocean Size" included on this compilation is a demo the band recorded to show their producing abilities to Warner Bros. The track was recorded at Capitol Records Studios in 1988.
 * "My Cat's Name Is Maceo" is about Farrell's cat and was recorded in 1987 at Hully Gully Studios in Los Angeles with Maceo Parker guesting on alto sax.
 * The version of "Had a Dad" included was originally intended for Nothing's Shocking but was rejected by Warner Bros.
 * "So What!" is a new song recorded by the "Relapse" line-up.
 * The live version of "Jane Says" is from the first Lollapalooza, which was also the final tour before the band's initial breakup in 1991.
 * The version of "Mountain Song" that appears here originally appeared on the soundtrack for the film Dudes and was used to get the band signed to XXX Records.
 * "Slow Divers" was the opening track for the live show which was used as the basis for the band's debut album, Jane's Addiction.
 * "City", as it appears on this album, was played only by Farrell and Navarro. According to the liner notes, the other half of the band were lost in traffic at the time.

Personnel
Jane's Addiction
 * Perry Farrell – lead vocals (all tracks)
 * Dave Navarro – guitar (all tracks)
 * Eric Avery – bass guitar on 2–4, 6–7, 9–14
 * Flea – bass guitar on 1, 5, 8; trumpet on 5
 * Stephen Perkins – drums (all tracks)

Additional musicians
 * Maceo Parker – saxophone on 3
 * Dave Fridmann – keyboards on 5
 * Christine Cagle – backing vocals on 5

title: Kettle Whistle


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Sideshow Bob Roberts

"Sideshow Bob Roberts" is the fifth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on October 9, 1994. Kelsey Grammer returns in his fourth major appearance as Sideshow Bob, who, in this episode, wins the Springfield mayoral election through electoral fraud to get revenge on Bart. The episode received a favorable reception in the media, including a positive mention in I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide and Green Bay Press-Gazette. A review in Press & Sun-Bulletin placed the episode as the seventh best of the series.

The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein and directed by Mark Kirkland. Oakley and Weinstein drew inspiration for the episode from the Watergate scandal, and included many cultural references to political films and real-life events, among them All the President's Men and the 1960 United States presidential debates between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy. It marks the debut of Birch Barlow.

Plot
Sideshow Bob calls local right-wing talk show host Birch Barlow and complains about being unfairly imprisoned for attempted murder. Barlow incites Springfield's residents to pressure Mayor Quimby into releasing Sideshow Bob. After his release, Bob becomes the Republican candidate for the Springfield mayoral election. Bart and Lisa attempt to prevent Bob's election by aiding Quimby's campaign. However, after Quimby falls ill after a meet-and-greet with senior citizens and takes 'extra drowsy' cold and flu medicine, he loses a mayoral debate (hosted by Barlow) and Bob wins in a landslide.

Abusing his office, Bob proceeds to make the Simpsons' lives miserable, demoting Bart to kindergarten and threatening to demolish their house to build a new expressway. Bart and Lisa suspect the election was rigged but are unable to find any proof. Waylon Smithers, who worked for Sideshow Bob's campaign but fears Bob's ultraconservative views conflict with Smithers' "choice of lifestyle", tells them to find a voter named Edgar Neubauer. Having not found it in the library or the telephone directory, Bart finds the name on a tombstone at the cemetery. When he and Lisa check other names on voting rolls, they notice that most voters for Bob are long dead, including celebrities such as The Big Bopper and pets such as Lisa's deceased cat Snowball.

Sideshow Bob is put on trial for electoral fraud. He is tricked into confessing and providing incriminating evidence when Bart and Lisa say that Barlow committed the crime as Bob lacks the intelligence to plot it. Bob is found guilty, stripped of his position and sent to a minimum-security prison. With all of his mayoral decisions nullified and reversed, the Simpsons' house is saved, the expressway is put on hold, Bart returns to his proper grade, and Quimby reclaims his job as Springfield's rightful mayor.

Production
Although the episode primarily mocks the Republican Party, the writers included several jokes at the expense of the Democratic Party, liberal and conservative politics, to try to be as neutral as possible. Writers Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein were very interested in the Watergate scandal and based a lot of the second act on that. Mark Kirkland directed the episode.

The episode sees Kelsey Grammer, himself a supporter of the Republican Party, return as Sideshow Bob for his fourth appearance. Clips from previous episodes featuring Bob were used to remind viewers who he was and what he had done. Bob's Cape Fear musical cue from the episode "Cape Feare" is also reused. Showrunner David Mirkin found directing Grammer "a joy". Dr. Demento also guest-starred, as did Larry King for the second time, while Henry Corden voices Fred Flintstone on the Flintstones toy phone. One of the prisoners in Bob's campaign advert is a caricature of producer Richard Sakai. The "Les Wynan" joke was pitched by Mike Reiss. The episode does not feature a chalkboard or couch gag, cutting straight from the clouds to the TV. The 1994 original airing and some syndication edits have included a couch gag.

Cultural references
The title of the episode and several plot elements, including Bob entering Burns' meeting draped in an American flag, are references to the 1992 film Bob Roberts. Much of the episode is based on the Watergate scandal, as well as other real-life political events. The two Republicans who follow Bob around were based on H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, two of Richard Nixon's closest advisors during Watergate. Sideshow Bob's campaign advert was based on the famous Willie Horton and "Revolving Door" political advertisements used by George H. W. Bush during the 1988 United States presidential election. Birch Barlow's question to Mayor Quimby about whether his stance on crime would differ if it was his family being attacked is a reference to Bernard Shaw's similar question to Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis during the 1988 presidential debates. Quimby's appearance during the debate parodies Richard Nixon's appearance during his first televised debate with John F. Kennedy during the 1960 presidential election. Nixon sweated considerably throughout, which was detrimental to the impression he made in the debate.

The episode features several references to the film All the President's Men, which chronicled Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein's investigation of Watergate. These include the pull-out of Lisa looking over the voting records, the music, and the clandestine meeting with Smithers in a parking garage. The courtroom scene and Sideshow Bob's speech echo A Few Good Men (1992), including Jack Nicholson's speech with the line "You can't handle the truth!". Bob's sudden confession that he did rig the election was inspired by "every episode of Perry Mason".

Birch Barlow is a parody of American talk show host and political commentator Rush Limbaugh. Barlow mentions Colonel Oliver North, Officer Stacey Koon and advertising mascot Joe Camel as being "intelligent conservative[s], railroaded by our liberal justice system". The language spoken at Republican Party headquarters is inspired by Enochian, a language associated with occult and Satanic ceremonies.

The Springwood Minimum Security Prison is a parody of Allenwood Minimum Security Prison. When Lisa drives, she is listening to "St. Elmo's Fire" by John Parr, a choice David Mirkin found "very sad". Archie Comics characters Archie Andrews, Reggie Mantle, Moose Mason and Jughead Jones are shown throwing Homer on the Simpsons' lawn and warning him to "stay out of Riverdale!" Some of the deceased voters are Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper, who all died in a plane crash on February 3, 1959. The epitaph on The Big Bopper's gravestone is "Gooooodbye, Baby!" a reference to the opening line of his song "Chantilly Lace" – "Hellooo Baby!". The Simpsons' home being demolished to make way for the "Matlock Expressway" is a reference to the opening of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Sideshow Bob gives his acceptance speech underneath a giant poster with a picture of himself on it; this is a reference to the campaign speech scene in Citizen Kane.

Themes and analysis
In Leaving Springfield, David L.G. Arnold notes that the episode is a satire on "society's lazy, uninformed attitude about the electoral process", and "a comment on the role in society of a cadre of elites (the Republican party) who see themselves as naturally suited to lead". The episode also portrays Republicans as willing to break the law in order to achieve this; in this case, Bob commits electoral fraud. This is most displayed in Bob's line: "Your guilty conscience may force you to vote Democratic, but deep down inside you secretly long for a cold-hearted Republican to lower taxes, brutalize criminals, and rule you like a king. That's why I did this: to protect you from yourselves."

Matthew Henry writes in the same book that the episode "well illustrates the battle of [political] ideologies [...] and its engagement with the politics of sexuality". He refers to the scene where Smithers intimates that Bob rigged the election; his motivation for whistleblowing is Bob's conservative policies, which disagree with his "choice of lifestyle", namely his homosexuality. Henry concludes the scene shows that conservative politics and homosexuality "cannot coexist" and that the scene marks the point where Smithers' sexuality became "public and overtly political".

Erik Adams writes that the episode "saves its greatest reserves of comedic contempt for a single entity—but it’s an entity that represents multitudes. The subjects of the episode’s most effective political takedowns aren’t Republicans (though their local headquarters is portrayed as a dreamhouse from the Universal backlot circa Frankenstein) or Democrats (this in spite the fact that Springfield’s resident 'Spendocrat' dynamo, Mayor 'Diamond' Joe Quimby, willingly admits to all questions of his character save for illiteracy—and even that’s a recent development). No, the group that takes it on the chin most vigorously in this, The Simpsons’ finest half-hour of political satire, is the American voting public."

Reception
In its original broadcast, "Sideshow Bob Roberts" finished tied for 64th place in the weekly ratings for the week of October 3 to October 9, 1994, with a Nielsen rating of 8.6. It was the sixth highest rated show on the Fox network that week.

Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, in I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, noted the episode was: "A stunningly outspoken political satire that drew considerable disapproval from the Republican Party when it was aired."

Eric Reinagel, Brian Moritz, and John Hill of the Press & Sun-Bulletin named "Sideshow Bob Roberts" as the seventh best episode of the series. Thomas Rozwadowski of Green Bay Press-Gazette placed the episode among his list of the ten best episodes of the show which have lessons: "Corrupt politicians always get their comeuppance. Or not." He also highlighted Bob's campaign advert and Kent Brockman's line: "And the results are in. For Sideshow Bob, 100 percent. For Joe Quimby, 1 percent. And we remind you, there is a 1 percent margin of error."

Legacy
The episode has been used in a course at Columbia College Chicago. The course titled "The Simpsons as Satirical Authors" featured "Sideshow Bob Roberts" as one of the episodes screened for the "What's (Not) Wrong with America? Critiquing the U.S. Government" topic.

The episode contains the first use of the word "meh" on the show. Writer John Swartzwelder claims credit for introducing the word to the writers. "I originally heard the word from Howie Krakow, my creative director at Hurvis, Binzer & Churchill, in 1970 or 1971," Swartzwelder told The New Yorker in 2021. "He said it was the funniest word in the world. I don’t know when it was invented, or by who, but I got the impression it was already very old when Howie told it to me." The word, which was later included in the Collins English Dictionary, is credited as being popularized by the show, principally following its usage in the season twelve episode "Hungry, Hungry Homer". In "Sideshow Bob Roberts", the word is used by the librarian who provides Lisa with the town's voting records, in response to her questioning their unclassified nature.

In 2019, following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, many supporters of President Donald Trump attempted to excuse his attempted blackmail of Volodymyr Zelensky by arguing attempted crimes are not illegal. In response, many detractors quoted Sideshow Bob's line in the episode, "Hah! Attempted murder? Now honestly, what is that? Do they give a Nobel prize for attempted chemistry? Do they?" In an editorial for The Washington Post, Bill Oakley commented, "It’s hard to believe that the Sideshow Bob defense of Trump will be long-lived, as it fails to stand up to even the slightest scrutiny. It is literally a joke."

title: Sideshow Bob Roberts


text:
The Bard's Tale Construction Set

The Bard's Tale Construction Set is a computer game creation system that allows for the creation of dungeon crawl video games based on the Bard's Tale game engine. It was developed by Interplay Productions in 1991 and distributed by Electronic Arts. It was released for the Amiga and MS-DOS.

Unlike other similar engines, it was not required to own The Bard's Tale Construction Set in order to play games which were created with it, while also allowing designers to add in their own custom title screen. This made it possible for anyone to share and distribute their own constructed games using the system, and a number of freeware and shareware titles were developed using the system and released.

Sample scenario
Included with the software was a sample scenario for the purpose of playing and learning from, entitled Star Light Festival.

Set in the small rundown village of Isil Thania, a band of adventurers has traveled from afar to witness the annual Star Light Festival in which an eerie light comes down from a star for one night only making the night into day.

While awaiting the Festival at the Rainbow Bar, a small twisted man leads the characters into the sewers (which feature the same maps found in the original Bard's Tale game), and from there the characters engages upon a quest that takes them from one location in the city to the next, eventually to find the secret truths behind the Star Cult and the town of Isil Thania.

Created games
Various companies created commercial games using the program. The Bard's Quest was a three-part game series created by Alex Ghadaksaz of VisionSoft (PC, 1994) Flying Buffalo Inc. offered a game called The Buftale based on the company's offices and employees.

Reception
Computer Gaming World's Scorpia criticized the small number of graphics and damage spells, but still recommended the program to those interested in designing their own computer role-playing games. The game was reviewed in 1992 in Dragon No. 183 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars.

Reviews

 * Amiga World (July, 1993)
 * Amiga Joker (February, 1993)
 * Amiga Action (March, 1993)
 * CU Amiga (March, 1993)
 * Amiga Format (April, 1993)
 * Amiga Power (March, 1993)
 * Amiga Magazine (July, 1993)

Developers
Feargus Urquhart served as a play tester for The Bard's Tale Construction Set, and went on to found the game companies Black Isle Studios and Obsidian Entertainment.

title: The Bard's Tale Construction Set


text: User talk:156.110.58.146

title: User talk:156.110.58.146


text:
Talk:Doctor Faustus (play)

Untitled user comments
This whole thing was written by a Christard. Is there any possibility of getting an edit without so many value judgments? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.80.193.9 (talk) 14:47, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * This whole thing is abysmal, absolutely full of spelling mistakes. It is pretty horrifying that the wiki page for such an important play can be of this low level of quality.  I'm currently writing a paper on Faustus and once I get it back/graded/the course is over I'll try to have a go at improving this. Arianna (talk) 21:12, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Could someone add a reference to the John Chrysostom claim at the bottom; it's very interesting but a quick google search didn't show up any evidence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.94.6.30 (talk) 02:25, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

It should be pointed out that many 20th century Marlowe scholars thought that the 1616 version was closer to what Marlowe wrote, and the 1604 version is what Shakespeare scholars call a bad quarto, a truncated and corrupt version put together by a few of the leading actors or perhaps memorially reconstructed from performances.

 * That's a good point. But if Marlowe counted on the audience imputing a significance to the number thirteen (from the number of scenes in his play), the 1604 version would be the most authentic.  Good writers are keenly aware of the way they frame their arguments, and how they structure their plays.  As Marlowe was certainly a gifted writer, it would make sense to suggest a deeper meaning to the way the play was overall organized.

 * I'm no expert on Elizabethan drama, but I thought Dr Faustus was originally printed without scene divisions, which have been added by later editors? --Hors-la-loi 12:48, 7 January 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hors-la-loi (talk • contribs)

I disagree with the conclusion that Faustus is indeed damned. This is a faulty conclusion that the other characters in the play come to as a result of discovering Faustus' body parts strewn about the stage, but the pact that Faustus makes with Mephistopheles is that he will pledge himself "body and soul" to Lucifer? Why then does Lucifer not claim the body? Also, Mephistopheles threatens Faustus with being torn apart by demons if he does repent. There is no reason for Mephistophiles to render the doctor limb from limb if he is willingly accepting his damnation. Faustus, at the last, chooses to sacrifice his life and body for the sake of his soul, and the fact that he does so at thievery last moment of his life is very much in keeping with Christian tradition. In light of this textual evidence, as well as extra textual evidence of thematic importance, that we revise the discussion of Faustus' damnation in this article. Thoughts? --StarX 20:42, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * "No man is excluded from calling upon God, the gate of salvation is set open unto all men: neither is there any other thing which keepeth us back from entering in, save only our own unbelief."
 * John Calvin, from his commentary on Acts 2.
 * Remember that Reformed Theology/Synod of Dort was 54 years after John Calvin's death. The part on the debate on "Calvinism," in the article, may not be what John Calvin actually believed, rather more of a "TULIP"/Reformed Theological ideas. Easeltine (talk) 17:25, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

After meditating on the "Themes" section a bit, I propose making it something a little more descriptive and lest argumentative. Something like:

 * The nature of redemption.
 * The role of science ("natural philosophy") in society.
 * Original sin.
 * The corrupting influence of power.

Anyone have any input on this? --starX 14:18, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

The plot synopsis is only for the B text. It should be changed so that it can accommodate both (such as the scene w/ the scholars walking in on his dismembered body does not appear in the at text, which seems to say more definitively that he ends up in hell). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.98.29.48 (talk) 04:06, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I definitely agree with starX about the conclusion of damnation. Something more neutral might do it. Definitely will be changing that in the near future.--Fort.gnosis (talk) 22:50, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

I'm not sure - is it a tragedy if he still manages to achieve salvation? StarX's point is that Faustus is threatened to be torn limb from limb if he repents - ergo, as he is found torn limb from limb, he managed to repent. But the Good Angel tells Faustus that if he repents, the demons shall 'never raze thy skin'. 90.209.131.142 (talk) 19:36, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

Incorrect possession of Faustus
Reading through this page there are glaring inconstancies in the possession of Faustus, sometimes being "Faustus' handbag" and other times "Faustus's handbag".

With reference to this guide: http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/department/docs/punctuation/node22.html which is written by the same author of the published "Penguin Guide to Punctuation" (and includes the same content), because you pronounce an additional 's' when speaking of Faustus's handbag, you would write the additional 's'. For this reason I would suggest that all references to "Faustus'" without the additional 's' when relating to his possession should be replaced. Unless anyone has any objections to this I am happy to make this correction. Mattm591 (talk) 11:47, 20 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Please do: it would then comply with The Cambridge Guide to English Usage and the Chicago Style Manual as well. --Old Moonraker (talk) 12:49, 20 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Done Mattm591 (talk) 14:11, 20 January 2012 (UTC)
 * That's great—thanks for spotting this!--Old Moonraker (talk) 14:38, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

unsigned comment
how can the play have been based on Goethe's Faust when Goethe lived after Marlowe — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38.217.48 (talk) 03:49, 11 March 2014 (UTC)

Faustus' alma mater?
I didn't know there ever was a university at the little German town of Wittenburg: might this article mean Wittenberg? Hors-la-loi 13:11, 22 January 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hors-la-loi (talk • contribs)

Is there really a character called Little Richard' in this play, or has somebody inserted it as a joke? The link takes you to the page of the rock n roll singer Little Richard. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.4.23.121 (talk) 18:36, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

Poor article but not fixed?
Interesting that so many Wikipedia articles can be tagged with "this needs improvement; someone should fix this or it may be removed"... and those warnings hang around for 2, 5, 7 years.... Someone said in this Talk page, in 2009, that they "may" fix this. If I had the skill, I would. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.56.45.216 (talk) 00:06, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doctor Faustus (play)


text: User talk:72.240.112.205

title: User talk:72.240.112.205


text:
DREAM Act

The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act, known as the DREAM Act, is a United States legislative proposal to grant temporary conditional residency, with the right to work, to undocumented immigrants who entered the United States as minors—and, if they later satisfy further qualifications, they would attain permanent residency.

In April 2001, United States Senators Dick Durbin (D-Illinois) and Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) first introduced the bill in the Senate as, but it did not pass. The proposal has since been reintroduced several times, but has not been approved by majorities in either body of the United States Congress as of 2024.

Requirements
The beneficiaries of the proposed DREAM Act would have to meet the following requirements to qualify: During the first six years, qualifying people would be granted "conditional" status and would be required to (a) graduate from a two-year community college or (b) complete at least two years towards a four-year degree or (c) serve two years in the US military. After this six-year period, those who meet at least one of these three conditions would be eligible to apply for permanent resident status. During this six-year conditional period, they would not be eligible for federal higher education grants such as Pell grants but they would be able to apply for student loans and work study.
 * Not be inadmissible to or deportable from the United States, or be in Temporary Protected Status (Sec. 3(b)(1))
 * Have proof of having arrived in the United States before age 16 (Dream Act of 2017, S.1615, Sec.3(b)(1)(B), and HR3440, Sec.3(b)(1)(B)).
 * Have proof of residency in the United States for at least five consecutive years
 * If a male born in 1960 or later, have registered with the Selective Service
 * Be between the ages of 12 and 35 at the time of bill enactment
 * Have graduated from an American high school, obtained a GED, or been admitted to an institution of higher education
 * Be of good moral character

If they have met all of the conditions at the end of the 6-year conditional period, they would be granted permanent residency, which would eventually allow them to become U.S. citizens. It is not known how many of those eligible would go on to complete the further requirements. One organization estimated that only 7,000–13,000 college students nationally can fulfill the further obligations.

For conditional resident status
The individual must: After having obtained and held conditional resident status, permanent residency may be granted if the following requirements have been met in a period of six years.
 * have proof that they entered the United States before the age of 16 and must have continuously lived in the country for at least 5 years.
 * have graduated from a United States high school or obtained a GED in the US.
 * demonstrate good moral character.
 * pass criminal background checks

For permanent residency
The individual must:
 * Have attended an institution of higher learning or served in the United States military for at least two years and if discharged, have received an honorable discharge
 * Pass another series of background checks
 * Continue to demonstrate good moral character

If these requirements are not fulfilled the conditional resident will lose their legal status and be subject to deportation.

Background
Members of Congress have introduced several forms of this bill in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Members in the House passed one such bill on December 8, 2010, by a vote of 216–198; Senators debated a version of the DREAM Act on September 21, 2010. A previous version of the bill,, which required 60 votes to gain cloture, failed on a 52–44 vote in 2007, eight votes short of overcoming a filibuster by senators opposed to the bill.

The United States military faced challenges in enlistment, which in 2005 were described as a "crisis", though the economic downturn of 2007–2010 did away with many of the enlistment challenges. Immigrants without a United States Permanent Resident Card (also known as a green card) are not allowed to enlist. In 2007, several senior officials at the Department of Defense have spoken in favor of promising resident status to members of the military as a means of boosting recruitment.

The bill also restores the option for states to determine residency for purposes of higher education benefits by repealing Section 505 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) of 1996 (. The majority of states interpret this provision as disqualifying undocumented immigrant students from certain higher education benefits such as in-state tuition rates. Some states have enacted laws aimed at making undocumented state residents eligible for in-state tuition rates without violating this IIRIRA provision. However, some students paying out-of-state tuition have filed lawsuits in these states, claiming state education officials violated this federal law.

Legislative history
The original version of the DREAM Act was introduced on April 25, 2001, by Representative Luis Gutiérrez, Democrat from Illinois, as the "Immigrant Children's Educational Advancement and Dropout Prevention Act of 2001" during the 107th Congress. This bill received 34 cosponsors, and would have allowed undocumented immigrant students to first apply to be protected from deportation and then apply for and receive lawful permanent residency if they met the criteria.

One month later, on May 21, 2001, Gutiérrez's version of the bill was scrapped in favor of a more limited version entitled "Student Adjustment Act of 2001", introduced by Representative Chris Cannon, Republican from Utah. This version of the bill lowered age eligibility to 21 years of age and garnered 62 cosponsors. On August 1, 2001, a mirror bill to the "Student Adjustment Act of 2001" was introduced in the Senate by Senator Orrin Hatch, also a Republican from Utah. This legislation,, was the first bill given the short title of "Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act" or "DREAM Act." Since that time the DREAM Act has been introduced in both the Senate and the House at various times.

The text of the bill was placed in various other immigration-related bills, including the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 and the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007. With the failure of these comprehensive reform bills, Senator Richard Durbin, Democrat from Illinois, made its passage a top priority for 2007. In September 2007, Durbin filed to place the DREAM Act as an amendment to the 2008 Department of Defense Authorization Bill. In light of the criticism, Durbin tabled the amendment in favor of a rewritten DREAM Act amendment to the Defense Bill. In consideration of their opponents, all language regarding in-state tuition was removed from the amendment and an age cap of 30 was put in place for potential beneficiaries. Military leaders embraced the bill, which included the promise of resident status to members of the military, as a means of boosting recruitment.

On October 18, 2007, Durbin, along with Republican co-sponsors Charles Hagel of Nebraska and Richard Lugar of Indiana, introduced the DREAM Act as. Although nearly identical to the revised amendment to the Defense Bill, opponents continued to cite previous arguments. To bring the DREAM Act up for debate, a vote was scheduled on October 24 that would require a filibuster-proof count of 60 yes votes, but that failed. Senate opponents cited a variety of reasons for their opposition. Some labeled the DREAM Act as amnesty that would encourage chain migration and further undocumented immigration in anticipation of new versions of the DREAM Act. Others stated that the DREAM Act, though worthy legislation, should be enacted only as part of a comprehensive immigration reform.

Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, who had previously stated that she would oppose consideration of the DREAM Act, announced on the Senate floor that she had expressed reservations to Durbin and he had made a verbal commitment to work with her to make changes that she saw necessary to garner greater Republican support. In response, Durbin announced that the first amendment that would be considered, should debate of the DREAM Act begin, would completely re-write the bill in favor of the language that Hutchison suggested. According to her suggestions, undocumented immigrant students should be allowed to hold a temporary student visa with a renewable work permit instead of conditional permanent residency. Although 52 Senators voted in favor of considering the DREAM Act, this fell eight votes short of breaking filibuster and the legislation was not considered.

2009
The act was re-introduced in both chambers of Congress on Thursday, March 26, 2009, during the 111th Congress by Senators Dick Durbin (D-IL), Richard Lugar (R-IN), Harry Reid (D-NV), Mel Martinez (R-FL), Patrick Leahy (D-VT), Joseph Lieberman (I-CT), Ted Kennedy (D-MA), and Russ Feingold (D-WI) and U.S. Representative Howard Berman (D-CA). To date, 128 representatives and 39 senators (not including former Senator Edward Kennedy) co-sponsored the bill. Under this version of the DREAM Act, immigrants could qualify in part, by meeting the following requirements:
 * Be between the ages of 12 and 35 at the time the Law is enacted
 * Arrived in the United States before the age of 16
 * Resided continuously in the United States for at least 5 consecutive years since the date of their arrival
 * Graduated from a US high school or obtained a General Education Diploma
 * Good moral character

In addition to the temporary Residency, undocumented immigrant students who qualified would also be entitled to apply for student loans and work study but would not be eligible for Pell grants. In certain circumstances, the person could lose temporary immigration residency if he or she did not meet the educational or military service requirement within the six-year time period or if they committed any crimes (other than those considered non-drug related misdemeanors) regardless of whether or not they had already been approved for permanent status at the end of their six years. If an individual were convicted of a major crime or drug-related infraction, (except for a single offense of possession of 30 g or less of marijuana) they would automatically lose the six-year temporary residence status and be immediately subject to deportation.

2010
The 111th Congress continued to consider the DREAM Act bill throughout 2010. , a new version of the DREAM Act, includes numerous changes to address concerns raised about the bill. The DREAM Act, along with a repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell", was incorporated into the National Defense Authorization Act for the Fiscal Year 2011. On September 21, 2010, the Senate filibuster of the bill was maintained in a 56–43 vote; it would have taken 60 votes to stop the filibuster and continue the progress of the bill. The following day, Durbin introduced the bill once again along with Richard Lugar. Only two senators co-sponsored the bill and it was defeated again.

Less than a month later, on November 16, President Barack Obama and top Democrats pledged to introduce the Dream Act into the House by November 29. The House of Representatives passed the DREAM Act on December 8, 2010, but the bill failed to reach the 60-vote threshold necessary to end debate on the Senate floor (55-41—Motion to invoke cloture on the motion to concur in the House amendment to the Senate amendment No. 3 to H.R. 5281).

2011
On May 11, 2011, then Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid reintroduced the DREAM Act in the Senate. Some Republicans who had supported the bill in the past, including Sen. John Cornyn of Texas, Jon Kyl of Arizona, John McCain of Arizona, and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, withheld their votes, objecting that such a bill should not be granted without increasing immigration enforcement. Reid indicated that he would consider adding a workplace enforcement measure in the DREAM Act that would require every employer to use E-Verify, the government's Internet-based work eligibility verification system. President Obama supported the bill as one of his efforts to reform the US immigration system.

In July 2011, the state of California enacted the California DREAM Act, giving undocumented immigrant students access to private college scholarships for state schools. In August, the state of Illinois authorized a privately funded scholarship plan for children of immigrants both documented and undocumented.

2012
On June 15, 2012, Barack Obama announced that his administration would stop deporting undocumented immigrants who match certain criteria included in the proposed DREAM Act. On August 15, 2012, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) began accepting applications under the Obama administration's new Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program. Thousands applied for the new program. Because DACA was designed in large measure to address the immigration status of the same people as the DREAM Act, the two programs are often debated together, with some making little distinction between them and others focusing on the difference between the DREAM Act's legislative approach in contrast to the implementation of DACA through executive action. , 740,000 people have registered through DACA.

2017
On September 5, 2017, the Trump administration rescinded the program, while pushing Congress to enact a replacement to the legislation prior to the elimination of DACA protections. The Dream Act of 2017 was introduced on July 20, 2017, by Senators Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Dick Durbin (D-IL), Jeff Flake (R-AZ), and Chuck Schumer (D-NY). With potential to provide a direct process for gaining U.S. citizenship, this bipartisan act has been both championed and scrutinized, but again failed to pass. People eligible for citizenship are those who are undocumented, have DACA or temporary protected status (TPS) (people without lawful immigration status), and who graduate from U.S. high schools and attend college, enter the workforce, or enlist in the military. Several other bills were introduced in 2012 meant to protect undocumented youth, all similar to the Dream Act, but never becoming law.

The 2017 version of the Act would adapt the current law in several ways. It would give DACA beneficiaries permanent resident status and TPS beneficiaries the opportunity to apply for this status. The pathway to U.S. citizenship would be first conditional permanent resident status for 8 years, apply for and receiving LPR status, spending 5 years in LPR status, and lastly applying for and receiving U.S. citizenship. The Act would also terminate the deportation proceedings of anyone meeting the requirements of the Dream Act and those enrolled in elementary or secondary school over 5 years of age. It lastly would improve accessibility to college in-state tuition and financial aid for undocumented youth and immigrants.

Economic
In a December 2010 report, the federal Congressional Budget Office and the Joint Committee on Taxation estimated that the November 30, 2010, version of the DREAM Act would reduce (federal) direct deficits by about $1.4 billion over the 2011–2020 period and increase federal government revenues by $2.3 billion over the next 10 years. Indirect federal costs (about 80% of the federal budget) and state and local tax impacts were not considered. However, the same report also notes that the Act "would increase projected deficits by more than $5 billion in at least one of the four consecutive 10-year periods starting in 2021" (emphasis added). A study conducted by the Center for American Progress estimates that if passed, the DREAM Act would create 1.4 million jobs by 2030, primarily through the expected increase in educational attainment, earnings, and buying power for "DREAMers".

Luis Miranda, White House Director of Hispanic Media, has spoken in support of the 2010 version of the DREAM Act. He argues that passage of the Act would make the U.S. more competitive in the global economy by allowing undocumented immigrants "to live up to their fullest potential and contribute to the economic growth of our country." Miranda argues that the DREAM Act would not create an "amnesty program" because it requires a "lengthy and rigorous process" to be eligible for benefits, requiring, for example, a criminal background check and proof that the applicant has not committed any crimes that would make him ineligible for residency. Miranda also argues the Act would not encourage more students to immigrate because it only applies to undocumented immigrants who are already in the country. Furthermore, the Act would create a waiting period before DREAM Act applicants could sponsor green card applications for their relatives. Miranda also notes that Defense Secretary Robert Gates has stated that the DREAM Act would provide an expanded pool of military recruits.

A 2010 study by UCLA's North American Integration and Development Center, an advocacy and research group that focuses on "transnationalism and globalization through action research", conducting "interdisciplinary research concerning the economic integration process between the United States, Mexico and Canada", produced two estimates of the income that would be earned by undocumented immigrants who would be potentially eligible for the proposed DREAM Act benefits. The first estimate is based on analysis from a study by the Migration Policy Institute's National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy, an organization seeking to "advance the economic mobility and social inclusion of immigrants in the United States", which estimated that 38% of those eligible for the DREAM Act's benefits would actually obtain legal permanent resident status. In that scenario, the NAIDC estimates that DREAM Act beneficiaries would earn $1.4 trillion over a 40-year period. On the other hand, NAIDC estimates that if all those eligible for DREAM Act benefits successfully met the education or military service requirements and obtained legal resident status, they would earn $3.6 trillion over the same 40-year period. How many dollars they would use of available federal, state and local resources over the 40-year period was not estimated.

Education
Education is a major priority for The DREAM Act. In a research article written by Roger M. Mahony, it is stated that the DREAM Act aims to repeal a provision of law that penalizes states for offering these students in-state tuition rates. Depending on eligibility standards, the DREAM Act could benefit as many as 1.2 million young people in the United States, giving them an opportunity to reach their educational and economic potential.

DREAMers movement
The DREAMers movement emerged during the time that the DREAM Act was being pushed in Congress. The individuals that make up the group are primarily undocumented students/youth. The DREAMers movement has been seen tackling issues with regard to immigration, education, and citizenship. The DREAMers have partaken in many activists activities to demonstrate their support for the DREAM Act. On May 1, 2006, there was a demonstration that involved a collective group of students taking a stand to voice their concerns. There was an occasion on June 5, 2012, when DREAMers participated in a nonviolent civil disobedience which included picket-lines, sit-ins, hunger strikes, etc. There have been other scenarios throughout the country where undocumented youth have been actively involved in promoting the DREAM Act. Furthermore, the movement has had influence in other policies such as DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals), an Executive Branch memorandum made by then-Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano on June 15, 2012, entitled “Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children,” creating a non-congressionally authorized administrative program that permitted certain individuals who came to the United States as juveniles and meet several criteria—including lacking any current lawful immigration status—to request consideration of deferred action for a period of two years, subject to renewal, and eligibility for work authorization.

title: DREAM Act


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bibble

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:32, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Bibble
Dictdef for an obscure neologism. Could not find any use in this sense by Google. Delete or, if found to be in actual use, transwiki to Wiktionary. Ilmari Karonen 19:47, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable, (despite being 16 years old), neologism. Sonic Mew | talk to me 20:02, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete made-up word. -Splash talk 21:19, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bibble