text:
Prince of Transylvania

The Prince of Transylvania (erdélyi fejedelem, Fürst von Siebenbürgen, princeps Transsylvaniae, principele Transilvaniei ) was the head of state of the Principality of Transylvania from the last decades of the 16th century until the middle of the 18th century. John Sigismund Zápolya was the first to adopt the title in 1570, but its use only became stable from 1576.

Origins
The integration of Transylvania into the newly established Kingdom of Hungary began around 1003. The province became subject to intensive colonization, leading to the arrival and settlement of colonists of diverse origin, including the Hungarian-speaking Székelys and the Ethnic Germans. The territory of Transylvania was divided for administrative purposes into territorial units called "counties" and "seats".

The seven Transylvanian counties (Doboka, Fehér, Hunyad, Kolozs, Küküllő, Szolnok, and Torda County) were institutions primarily run by local noblemen. However, their heads or ispáns were subject to the authority of a higher official, the voivode who was appointed by the kings of Hungary. The Voivode of Transylvania had a number of administrative, military and judicial responsibilities. For instance, joint general assemblies of the seven counties were convoked and headed by the voivode or his deputy, customarily at Torda (today Turda). These assemblies primarily functioned as courts-of-justice, but judges for the counties were also elected by them.

Instead of counties, the Transylvanian Saxon community was primarily organized into seats and districts. They were independent of the authority of the voivodes. In 1469, King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary authorized all Saxons' seats to elect their own heads. Seven years later, the same monarch set up the "Saxon University" unifying all Saxon seats and districts in Transylvania, which was headed by the elected major of Nagyszeben (German: Hermannstadt, Romanian: Sibiu). Initially, the Székelys were likewise independent of the authority of the voivodes, since they were led by their own count, an official appointed by the sovereign.

Although the Saxons and the Székelys endeavoured to preserve their direct connection to the monarchs, "the first institutional contacts between the nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons were established through the voivode" from the early 14th century. For instance, the representatives of the Saxons and the Székelys were often present at the general assemblies of the noblemen headed by the voivodes. Furthermore, voivodes were also appointed Count of the Székelys by the monarch from the middle of the 15th century, thus the two offices were united by custom. In contrast with the representatives of the noblemen, the Saxons and the Székelys, Romanian cneazes were only twice (in 1291 and in 1355) invited to the general assemblies.

The leaders of the noblemen from the seven counties, the Saxons, and the Székelys formed an alliance against "all internal and external threat to the province" in the days of the Budai Nagy Antal Revolt in 1437. This formal alliance of the "Three Nations of Transylvania" was confirmed in 1459, aimed primarily against Michael Szilágyi, the regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary. During the rebellion of peasants led by György Dózsa in 1514, Voivode John Zápolya convoked the assembly of the Three Nations.

End of the independent Kingdom of Hungary
In 1526, in the Battle of Mohács, the Ottoman Empire defeated the royal army of Hungary and killed King Louis II. The Ottomans then withdrew.

The throne was claimed by Louis' brother-in-law Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, and by John Zápolya, both backed by factions of Hungarian magnates. Ferdinand drove John out of Hungary, whereupon John offered allegiance to Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in return for support. Suleiman invaded Austria while John regained his throne. Suleiman was repulsed from Austria, and by a treaty in 1538, Ferdinand became King of Hungary, holding the western parts, while John became King, holding the eastern parts, including Transylvania (called by historians the "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom").

Thus from being a fully sovereign kingdom, Hungary had become either a possession of the House of Habsburg or an Ottoman vassal state.

Separation of the Principality of Transylvania
In 1538, John named Ferdinand his successor as King. But he had a son, John Sigismund Zápolya, just before he died in 1540. The Hungarian Diet elected him King as John II Sigismund, and when Ferdinand invaded, the Regent Bishop Martinuzzi called on Suleiman to protect his vassal. Suleiman drove out Ferdinand, then put central Hungary under direct Turkish rule. He allocated Transylvania and eastern Royal Hungary to John II Sigismund.

In 1551, Bishop Martinuzzi arranged for John II Sigismund to abdicate his royal title in favor of Ferdinand, in return for being recognized as vassal lord of the "East Hungarian" lands.

All the territories of the Kingdom of Hungary which had remained free of direct Ottoman occupation were thus reunited under Ferdinand's rule in 1551. But Ottoman attacks continued, and Ferdinand could not protect "Eastern Hungary". In 1556, the Diet invited "King John's son" (that is, John II Sigismund) and his mother to resume the government of the territories east of the Tisza. John II Sigismund continued to style himself "elected king" of Hungary until 1570.

In 1570, John II Sigismund again abdicated as King in favor of Ferdinand's successor, Emperor Maximilian II. This was expressed in the treaty of Speyer. John II Sigismund adopted the new style "Prince of Transylvania and Lord of parts of Hungary".

John Sigismund's successor, Stephen Báthory, however, adopted the title the one-time royal governors of Transylvania used and styled himself voivode. Furthermore, he secretly swore allegiance to King Maximilian I of Hungary. Stephen Báthory only adopted the style Prince when he was elected King of Poland in 1576. Upon his death in 1586, his princely title was inherited by his nephew, Sigismund Báthory. The new style of the rulers of Transylvania and the Partium was also confirmed by King Maximilian I's successor, Emperor Rudolph II on January 28, 1595.

Style and titles
Transylvanian monarchs used the following style and titles: "His Excellency, by the grace of God, Prince of Transylvania, Lord of parts of Hungary, and Count of the Székelys". In addition, Sigismund Báthory adopted the title of "Prince of Wallachia and Moldavia" in 1595.

International status
From 1570 to 1699, the princes of Transylvania were not recognized as independent monarchs. At times they acknowledged Ottoman suzerainty, and at other times accepted the rule of the Kingdom of Hungary. According to the teachings of the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence, Transylvania was part of the "House of Agreement" (Dâr al ahd'), that is a territory with a transitory status between the lands fully integrated in the Ottoman Empire and independent states. Accordingly, when ascending the throne each prince received an official document from the sultan which described the prince's rights and obligations. These documents or ahidnâmes confirmed the right of the Transylvanian estates to elect their princes freely, "guaranteed the territorial integrity of the principality", and promised military assistance to the Prince in case of invasion by his enemies. On the other hand, the princes were obliged to pay a yearly tribute and to assist the Ottomans in their military operations.

End of the institution
After the Rákóczi's War of Independence the princes were effectively replaced with governors. The last prince Francis II Rákóczi spent the rest of his life in exile.

title: Prince of Transylvania


text:
Fairwater railway station

Fairwater railway station is a railway station serving the Fairwater area of Cardiff, Wales. Passenger services are currently operated by Transport for Wales.

The station was opened in 1987 when a passenger service was introduced to the City Line. The line on which it is situated on was originally goods only and was opened by the Taff Vale Railway in 1859 to serve the docks at Penarth.

Services
On Monday to Saturdays, two trains per hour in each direction serve Fairwater. Southbound services run towards Cardiff Central and continue to Coryton; northbound trains run to Radyr. There is no Sunday service. The station is unmanned.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fairwater railway station


text:
Amirbai Karnataki

Amirbai Karnataki (c. 1906 – 3 March 1965) was a famous actress/singer and playback singer of the early Hindi cinema and was famous as Kannada Kokila. Mahatma Gandhi was an ardent fan of her song Vaishnav Jan To.

Early life
Amirbai Karnataki was born in Bilgi town, Bijapur district, Karnataka into a middle-class family. Of all of her five sisters, Amirbai and her elder sister, Gauharbai, earned fame and fortune. Amirbai completed her matriculation and went to Bombay at the age of 25 in 1931.

Career
Amirbai was a talented singer and actress, who was fluent in Kannada (mother tongue) and Gujarati languages. "Mahre te gamray ek baar aawjo" is one of her famous Gujarati songs from the film Ranrakdevi, with music composer Avinash Vyas. A representative from HMV Label music company was so impressed by her singing talent that he made her sing a Qawwali, which became very popular. This qawwali song was for the film Zeenat (1945) by film producer-director Shaukat Hussain Rizvi. Her elder sister, Gauherbai, was an actress and helped Amirbai get a role in the film Vishnu Bhakti in 1934.

Initially, Amirbai sang songs in films, but they failed to attain the success she desired. In 1943, with the release of Bombay Talkies' Kismet (1943 film), she achieved popularity: the songs of Kismet became a rage and Amirbai became famous. The man behind the success was the composer Anil Biswas. She was initially known as a singing star, but at the decline of her career, she became a playback singer. She reached her career peak by 1947.

After 1947, Lata Mangeshkar became a rising star, so once again Amirbai switched over to acting. In her later years, she mostly played character roles. Amirbai also composed music for Wahab Pictures' film Shehnaaz (1948). In the same year she almost left Hindi Cinema for Gujarati and Marwari films. One of the famous film magazines "Film India" had mentioned in one of its articles that at that time in the 20th century, when other singers used to get Rs. 500 for singing a song, Amirbai used to get Rs. 1000 per recording.

Personal life
Amirbai's married life was full of ups and downs. Her first marriage was with the film actor Himalyavala (aka Afzal Qureshi). He was a well-known actor for playing villainous roles in the movies. He used to beat Amirbai frequently after their marriage, and spent most of her earnings for his personal leisure. Amirbai had to put a fake smile on her face while performing as an actress and even while singing in studios. Famous Gujarati writer Bhai Ranjan Kumar Pandaya has mentioned Amirbai's married life struggles in detail. He says that Amirbai's elder sister Ahilya Bai, yearning for justice, one late night went to the famous Gujarati lawyer Chelshankar Vyas. She told Vyas that Himalayavala took a handsome amount and Amirbai's car in return for a divorce. And the very next day, he had even kidnapped her publicly from a recording studio. He had imprisoned her in a room and was repeatedly beating her. Even the police were with Himalayavala. Chelshankar Vyas, taking into account all these allegations, decided to help her. He used his societal status and judicial understanding and finally got a divorce for Amirbai from her husband. In the year 1947, when India got partitioned between India and Pakistan, Himalayavala went to Pakistan and earned himself a good reputation as a talented actor. Here in India, Amirbai got married for the second time with Badri Kaanchwala, the editor of Paras, who was a better husband for her.

Selected songs

 * "O' Jaanay Waalay Balamwa Laut Kay Aa, Laut Kay Aa" Sung by Amirbai Karnataki and Shyam Kumar, lyrics by D. N. Madhok and music by Naushad Ali in the film Rattan (1944)
 * "Dheere Dheere Aa Re, Baadal", from the film Kismet (1943 film).
 * "Priya madhuvanadali", a Kannada song, sung by Amirbai, which is so popular all over Karnataka even today

Death
She had a paralytic attack in 1965, died just four days later on 3 March 1965, and was buried in her hometown. A cinema hall is still run in the name of "Amir Talkies" in the city of Vijayapura (Bijapur), by her family.

Biography

 * Amirbai Karnataki written in Kannada by Rahamat Tarikere

title: Amirbai Karnataki


text: Template:Departments of El Salvador

title: Template:Departments of El Salvador


text:
Love Somebody (1947 song)

"Love Somebody" is a pop standard recorded by Doris Day. The song was written by Joan Whitney and Alex Kramer and published in 1947.

Doris Day and Buddy Clark recorded the song on November 21, 1947. It was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38174, with the flip side "Confess". It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on May 28, 1948, peaking at #6 and lasting 24 weeks on the chart.

On the Billboard US Top 100 Pop chart, the song reached number one and remained there for five consecutive weeks, becoming a Gold record. The B-side, "Confess", was also a chart hit for Day and Clark, peaking at #16.

"Love Somebody" was the #16 pop song of 1948.

Cover versions
In 1963, Hong Kong female singer Chang Loo (張露) (1932–2009), covered this song, under title name of "Love Somebody / 我中意你", in alternate English and Cantonese language, on her album An Evening With Chang Loo with EMI Columbia Records.

In 2010, Australian singer Melinda Schneider recorded the song as a duet with David Campbell for her Doris Day tribute album Melinda Does Doris.

title: Love Somebody (1947 song)


text:
Talk:Waaq

Keep Forgettin' I'm Not in Love Anymore
The style of the third paragraph is inappropriate for Wikipedia, going as far as to tell the user what they "should" think and do. It's also reliant on a single source that may or may not establish the body of that paragraph. --IronMaidenRocks (talk) 20:20, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waaq


text:
Crestwood Secondary School

Crestwood Secondary School is a high school located at 1885 Sherbrooke Street West in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. It was established in 1963 and enrolled 1075 students in grades 9 through 12 in 2001. It is a member of the Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board.

Campus
Crestwood, named by its first principal, Warren W. Watt, opened in 1963 with extensions and the addition of the Learning Information Centre following within a few years. Crestwood sits on 22 acre of open land with a backdrop of dense woods of spruce and pine that are characteristic of the Kawartha district. It neighbors James Strath Public School, which is the largest feeder school for Crestwood. It contains a track just short of 400 metres, two baseball fields, a football field that doubles as soccer fields, a tennis court, a shot put area, and a triple jump area.

School community
The community surrounding Crestwood is evenly split between rural and urban, with approximately 61% of students travelling by bus to Crestwood.

Students that attend Crestwood reside in the west end of Peterborough, Ontario as well as Cavan, Springville, Millbrook, North and South Monaghan Townships, Mount Pleasant, Bailieboro, and Fraserville.

title: Crestwood Secondary School


text:
Jigoku

Jigoku may refer to:

 * Jigoku (film), a 1960 Japanese horror film
 * Jigoku: Japanese Hell, a 1999 Japanese horror film
 * Hell Girl (Jigoku Shōjo), a 2005 Japanese anime
 * Gate of Hell (film) (Jigokumon), a 1953 Japanese film
 * Hell's Paradise: Jigokuraku, a 2018 Japanese manga
 * Diyu, the hell of Chinese belief
 * Naraka, the hell of Buddhist belief
 * The hot springs of Beppu, Ōita, Japan
 * Hell Courtesan (Jigoku Dayu), Japanese folklore character

title: Jigoku


text:
Talk:French ensigns

References for Text and Unloaded Images
Before people (and you know who) start jumping on this, I have the references for the text, and the uploaded images. Please do not start any "Votes for Deletion" non-sense until I have typed them out, and you have checked them yourselves.

Thank you, respectfully,

ArmchairVexillologistDon 18:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Dispute of factuality
You've seen to have confused many different things together. The blue one was only ever used by governors and the white was a french naval ensign (i.e. used by the french navy) no longer used. The green and the red did not exist by themselves but were the backgrounds for specific flags: with 2 stars it was togo for the first, and with one voided green star it was morocco for the second. finaly, the yellow was only use (like this) for the flag of annam, it wasn't a general purpose ensign.

All this to say that there is no reason for this article to exist at least in its present form. If this is meant to be something you think you have discovered, no "original research" is supposed to be included on the wiki--Marc pasquin 03:00, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello Marc Pasquin,

 * I welcome your review of this article. You being a member and contributor to the Flags of the World site, I again thank you for your review of the French ensigns article that I contributed.

 * Flags of the World website

 * http://flagspot.net/flags/

 * First off, this is work in progress, so yes its present form was just a beginning, and I shall "up-grade" it as time permits. Next, as per your observation of me "confusing things", I assume that this may refer to the line  "as used currently in France's overseas possessions" .  This only applies to the French Red Ensign, and the French Blue Ensign, where as the French Ensign, French Ensign, and French Ensign, were used in past the but in the present not in use.  I cut-and-pasted the phrase  "as used currently in France's overseas possessions"  into the Five, but it should only apply to the first two (the Red and Blue), and not the last three (the White, Green, and Yellow).  The corrected phrase  "as used in France's overseas possessions"  (with the word currently removed) has been entering into the capitions of those Flags, and I hope this allays your fears of "my in-accuracy".

 * Now, with regard to each French Ensign,

 * (i). The French Red Ensign, is currently used in the French Colony/Possession of Wallis and Futuna Islands, and has been do so by the Local Population since 1985.  In the Field, a white-saltire is the charge (i.e., the main object of the centre of attention), and the four white triangles are used to represent the Islands in the Archepelago.  Now, the cases of past use of the French Resign, were in the French Colonies of French Morocco, the Province of Laos (in the Union of French Indo-China (l'Unione de l'Indochine-Francaise)), and French Tunisia.  The charges of each of these French Red Ensigns were, the green Star of Solomon, three white elephants standing in a stylised Buddist temple, and a red cresent moon and the Star of Islam on a white disk (a roundel).

 * l'Unione de l'Indochine-Francaise

 * http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochine_fran%C3%A7aise

 * French Red Ensign of Wallis and Futuna http://flagspot.net/flags/wf.html

 * French Red Ensign of French Morocco http://flagspot.net/flags/ma_fr.html

 * French Red Ensign of the Province of Laos http://flagspot.net/flags/la-1893.html

 * French Red Ensign of French Tunisia http://flagspot.net/flags/tn-fr.html

 * (ii). The French Blue Ensign, is currently used

 * http://flagspot.net/flags/sy-his.html#1918

 * http://flagspot.net/flags/sy-dam20.html

 * http://flagspot.net/flags/fr-coflg.html

 * (iii). The French White Ensign, was used

 * http://flagspot.net/flags/sy-alp20.html

 * http://flagspot.net/flags/sy-alw20.html

 * http://flagspot.net/flags/fr_revol.html

 * (iv). The French Green Ensign, was used

 * http://flagspot.net/flags/tg-1957.html

 * (v). The French Yellow Ensign, was used

 * http://flagspot.net/flags/vn_i-anm.html

(Interrupted ... I shall return).

(As well all TEN REFERENCES listed on the French ensigns article page back up and comfirm my French ensigns article, which by the way is not original research ).

ArmchairVexillologistDon 22:13, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The confusion I was refering to is the fact that these are not ensigns (red, green, etc..) defaced with some symbols (as the british ensigns were), these are flag that were created "as is", in other word, there is no such thing as a plain red french ensign (unlike the british equivalent). That you assume there is some pattern is the original research I was refering to.
 * --Marc pasquin 01:31, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Marc Pasquin,

A Request for Deletion could reasonably be interpreted as "very low opinion" of your own, towards this article. I hope that this is not the case. Next, some text has been added to allay your concerns of "my inaccuracies". It should be noted that the French Blue Ensign (Flag Ratio, Hoist:Fly (1:1)) plain (i.e., without a charge), and the plain French White Ensign are recorded as existing. Next the plain Yellow French ensign of the Province of Annam (in l'Unione de l'Indochine Francaise), is recorded as well as existing.

All the other French ensigns will be specifically referenced here (i.e., assigned specific references for the 10 references listed here). Additionally a note on the manufacture of the flags. During the process of production of these French ensigns, it would be reasonable that a plain (i.e., without a charge) French Ensign would be produced, and then the distinguishing French Colonial Symbol would be sown on. This is not original research, but merely a "helpful suggestion" on this talkpage. I am sure, Marc Pasquin, that you would not knowly and willfully attempt to crush a "fellow Vexillologists" contribution to Wikipedia out of malice or comtempt. I am certain that this is not the case for a member of the esteemed Flags of the World website.

Regards, ArmchairVexillologistDon 05:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Marc, perhaps you should try to rewrite the article with an eye to removing or correcting dubious information. Also, if "French ensigns" is an innaccrate title, could you suggest a new one? Homey 07:26, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * the problem has I mentioned before is that the basic concept (a set of plain ensigns used in the same way as the british) is simply wrong. 2 mentioned don't exist (plain red and green), 1 exist (blue) but is not used for the same purpose as the british, 1 (yellow) was the actual flag of an entity. the only thing that could stay is the white one which was used in the past by the french navy but then, it would probably make more sense on a "historical french flags" page. --Marc pasquin 12:21, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

I do not agree. The title of French ensigns is accurate, and illustrative. There is no need to change it. Next up, the text makes it clear what the purpose and usage of the French ensigns are. Lastly, Marc Pasquin, you are making a rather convoluted, and non sequitur objection.

ArmchairVexillologistDon 15:19, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Marc Pasquin wrote,

 * "the problem has I mentioned before is that the basic concept (a set of plain ensigns used in the same way as the british) is simply wrong."

Firstly, I said that the British Colonial Empire, and the Colonial Possessions of France used the same motifs, in this regard. I never said that the French explicitly set up Flag Regulations parallel to those of British. That would be inaccurate, and that is why I never stated that anywhere in my article. Marc Pasquin, from my point-of-view, it appears to me that you are ascribing incorrect information to the French ensigns article,  that is does not in fact contain.

ArmchairVexillologistDon 16:32, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

A Request of Clarification from Ground Zero: Where have I misquoted sources?
HOTR wrote this on the RfD for the French ensigns page,

 * Delete - the article is more about British Ensigns than French. Several French ensigns are illustrated and there is a claim that they are used by French Overseas Territories but no actual example is given (ie which territories). Given that AVD has a history of misusing sources (Ground Zero has looked up AVD's sources in the past only to find that they don't say what he claims they say) we should probably delete this. Homey 02:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Firstly, I do not ask HOTR to clarify "his comments", as they are pretty clear to me (i.e., "his meaning"). I do though ask you, Ground Zero, to respectfully comment on the past abuse/misquoting of references that you feel I am quilty of. I am certain that HOTR would not do you the dis-service of misquoting you, expressing your opinion that I have a history of misquoting sources.

Regards, ArmchairVexillologistDon 06:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Why do you think Ground Zero will see your plea above? You musn't assume that he is so interested in you as to seek out your comments wherever they are posted. If you have a question for Ground Zero, put it on his talk page. Homey 09:54, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * AVD, the French Colonial Flags page of the FOTW website makes mention only of the blue flag noting that it was used by colonial governors as their personal flags.

 * There is a white flag but it was used by senior French military officers. It doesn't seem to have been a colonial flag at all.

 * The French Naval Ensign was not at all what you are calling an ensign meaning the article (if it merits being an article at all) is mistitled.

 * The "red ensign" used in one colony is "unofficial but tolerated".

 * I can't find any other overseas territories that use what you call "ensigns" except as governor's flags.

 * The historical flag of Tahiti doesn't fit anything you have in the articel.

 * Togo briefly used a French tricolour in its canton but this seems at odds with your suggestion that the "green ensign" was some sort of template. Homey 13:34, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Hello HOTR, you are quite the "budding Vexillologist". First of all, please do not make broad statements concerning flags until you have studied the material at hand, and can back it up.

Secondly, the 10 references that I cited in the sources section of the French ensigns page, I actually bought, and I have sitting right in front of me. So yaa, any specific question that you could field, I can answer for you.

Lastly, the basic objection that you and Marc Pasquin have voiced is unsound. I have clearly stated in the text that only the French Blue Ensign, the French White Ensign, and the Yellow Ensign was used without a charge.

ArmchairVexillologistDon 15:08, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

User 217.123.4.108
Would user 217.123.4.108 please register at Wikipedia and sign your contribution?

For an obscure article, this certainly is getting quite a bit of attention.

Additionally, what does your comment "Light a candle?" mean?

ArmchairVexillologistDon 20:08, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * No, thanks, I'd rather not spread myself too thin.
 * It's not common practice on Wikipedia to sign article contributions, but now that I write on the talk page, I'll sign my contribution. This also links to my user page, should you really need to get in touch, do I do not visit it that often.
 * ``It's better to light a single candle than to curse the darkness!", is an English proverb stating that contributing only minutely to a solution is already better than to just complaining about the problem. Mysha (nl)

 * Hello Mysha, thank you for signing your name here in the talkpage. I appreciate that very much.  As per signing your name in article history, I am asking please that you do so.  This article is important to me, and it helps keep track of who added what, and when.  Please consider signing your stuff contributed to the article here.  Thanks again eh ArmchairVexillologistDon 21:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Use of the word template

 * Warning!

 *  217.123.4.108 stop editing this article. Please sign in first before adding your contribution.  Next up, the rearrangment, and use of the word "Template" is very presumptious.  This should be discussed here on the talkpage before entring it into the article proper.

 * ArmchairVexillologistDon 21:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see a problem with using the word "Template". What the page says is that what those French colonial Ensigns are based on, are not all real flags, isn't it? So, to make clear that the base design is not a flag, I used "template". Since the confusion over the use of "ensign" in this text is what is making the article harder to understand, and causes part of the protests, replacing it with a less ambiguous word improves the text, and will hopefully lead to an article anyone can agree with. Mysha (nl)

Hello Mysha, ok.

What you say does make alot of sense about clarifying the "terms" here on this page. I guess "template" is an un-mistakable description. Thanks alot for your help here, on this page. I appreciate it alot.

By the way, since you are Dutch, are you aware of W.G. Gordons Vexillological book (1929) that states that the first French Republican Tricolour (1790-1794), vertical red-white-blue, and the second French Republican Tricolour (post-1794), vertical blue-white-red, are just the Dutch Flag rotated to the left, and then later on to the right.

 * W.J. Gordon, Flags of the World Past and Present Their Story and Associations, Frederick Wayne and Co., Ltd., London, pp. 265, (1929).

 * Please see pp. 224-225, that is were he states the relationship to the Dutch Flag.

W.G. Gordon writes that the French Republic was just coping the Flag of the republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

Take care, and best wishes, ArmchairVexillologistDon 21:44, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Never saw the original, though I've seen him quoted now and again. Several authors commented on the relation between the flags, and the discussion at the time on whether or not is should be used at see, with the risk of confusion. I sometimes wonder where they got that information from. Does the 5th republic still have have report of the meetings of the 1st republic? Mysha (nl)

--

AVD, it's completely inappropriate and out of line for you to tell someone not to edit the article. Wikipedia is designed to allow people to edit without having a userid if they so wish. Homey 21:33, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please do not revert all change just because you disagree with the use of a single word. If you disagree, than discuss it here. If need be, change back just the one word, but don't undo all changes unless you have, and give, a good reason for that.

 * I've reapplied the changes, keeping in tact your level of the header of the British Ensigns. However, what is the function of that section on a page on the French Ensigns? Mysha (nl)

 * Please see above Mysha. I was cut off before I could post my response to you.  Thanks alot for helping with this article.  I sincerely appreciate it alot indeed.  Best wishes ArmchairVexillologistDon 21:44, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks. That leaves my question about the section: "The British ensigns of the British Commonwealth of Nations". While what it says there is information, it's mostly information about the British ensigns. Does it have a purpose on this page, or would it be better to move it to that page? Moving it would make this page focus more on the French ensigns. Mysha (nl)

Hello Mysha, alright. If you feel the section on "the British ensigns of the British Commonwealth" should go, then I shall abide by your good judgement. Please though, could some reference/linkage to the British ensigns remain? I feel that the British ensigns and French ensigns are linked. Thanks again for your kind input, and help with the French ensigns article. I personally feel that your contributions have improved this article alot. Thanks again ArmchairVexillologistDon 23:49, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've moved most of the information on the British ensigns out. I tried to include it on British ensigns, but all was already there. Likewise, I moved the focus of the comparison to France. It appears to clear up the text, but the drawback is that it has to state explicetely that there's no proven relationship. If the page on Colonial flags is indeed written, the comparing paragraphs probably should be moved there. Mysha (nl)

HOTR: By what right do you arbitrarily delete/hide mine and Mysha's Contributions?
HOTR: By what right do you arbitrarily delete/hide mine and Mysha's Contributions?

You seem to be unduely editing/suppressing this article.

ArmchairVexillologistDon 02:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, I don't actually regard them as my contributions. I found out long ago that in community projects, taking your changes too personal just gives you headaches. It's a bit like with children: You bring them into the world, and you try to do your best with them, but once they are accepted into the community you have to let go and assume the world will treat them well. Having said that, I do hope everyone reading this and editing the page is trying to improve the article. Mysha (nl)

Hello Mysha, thanks alot for your kind advice, and food-for-thought about articles becoming "your children". I will try to look at that way, but I admit that it will take time for me to come around to that. Flags are very important to me, and I thank you so much for your immeasurable help with this article. You have really improved this article by-leaps-and-bounds. Thank you so muc for that indeed.

Take care, and best wishes ArmchairVexillologistDon 16:40, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Ensign
While the similar pattern of design of various French colonial flags, and comparison of this pattern to British colonial flags and ensigns (both similarities and differences), is a very good topic to have on Wikipedia, I am bothered by the way it has been all lumped under the title "French Ensigns". It is a not uncommon mistake in places with a British flag history to think that "ensign" can be used to describe a flag with a national flag in a canton and a single coloured field possibly with a charge. However, "ensign" actually means a flag indicating nationality, especially in a nautical context. JPD 09:01, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * We are in working on making this page focus more on the French Ensigns. But you are right in saying that a page on Colonial flags would be a good addition. Comparing which countries assigned each colony a flag of a similar pattern, and which countries didn't, would then get a place there. So could the similarities of the systmes, and thepossible relations. I hope one of you has the time and sources to start writing about that. (Even when the French ensigns page is made more French focused, the older text is of course always available in the history for reference.) Mysha (nl)

Unblanked with changes
The changes that were introduced since I last edited this page are quite good; I hope we can keep them. I did unblank the rest of the page however, for two reasons:
 * 1) It's difficult for me to move the information from "The British ensigns of the British Commonwealth of Nations" to the British ensigns page if I can't see the information.
 * 2) It says explicitely at the top of the page that we shouldn't blank the page.

As can be seen under and under, the last issue commented on in the page is already being addressed. Everybody keep cool, together we're really improving this page. Mysha (nl)

 * Hiding information isn't the same as blanking the page, for the record. Homey 16:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

My apologies for the confusion. The Dutch Wikipedia does, of course, not use the English terms, and my interpretation was that blanking would be anything that made the text invisible to our readers. Mysha (nl)

List
I've moved some more information to the lists beside the flags. This puts all information on a flag of a colony together. It also allows us to list for each: I understand several readers have sources for this, so I hope this can be filled in quickly. Not only is this information that should be available in the article, it will also show more clearly whether we've listed flags which are/were not actually ensigns. Mysha (nl)
 * The charge
 * The type of each - flag and/or ensign.
 * The adoption date(s) and if so, the date is was replaced.

 * Mysha, several people have affirmed, particularly on the RFD page, that the flags being discussed in the part of the article that I hid are not ensigns per se, ie they are not naval or military banners or derived from French naval flags as, say the Canadian Red Ensign is - they just happen to look like British ensigns. I'd like to suggest that the second half of the article either be moved to the French flag article or to a new article called French colonial flags. What do you think?Homey 17:54, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

HOTR, the word "ensign" is not the sole properity of the British Commonwealth. The word ensign is a general term that usually applies to a Canton and Field design of a Flag. We can dwell on this point, and have this articles talkpage de-volve into a "nit-picking" of Vexillology terms, that will benefit no-one, or you can conceed that point that this term "ensign" has merit, and belongs in this article.

ArmchairVexillologistDon 18:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Helpful Note from FOTW: Attitude of French Administration to its Overseas Colonies
(Moved for above after first posting this section),

 * HOTR wrote,

 * Mysha, several people have affirmed, particularly on the RFD page, that the flags being discussed in the part of the article that I hid are not ensigns per se, ie they are not naval or military banners or derived from French naval flags as, say the Canadian Red Ensign is - they just happen to look like British ensigns. I'd like to suggest that the second half of the article either be moved to the French flag article or to a new article called French colonial flags. What do you think?Homey 17:54, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Why are you so ardent about moving the centre-piece of this article? Frankly, from my point-of-view I feel you are dogging every contribution that I try to make here at Wikipedia.  You claim that Ground Zero has stated that I have of history of misusing sources, yet I dispute your claim, and Ground Zero has not commented on it.  You successfully initiated and completely a VfD of my Republican Tricolour form of the Canadian Maple Leaf Flag page in under two hours, you demanded a "reference" for my explaination of Feudal Ranks and Feudal Domaines.  Just about everything that I write, you are there to trash it.  Frankly I feel that you are making a concerted effort to obliterate everything I try to contribute to Wikipedia.  I openly ask, Is this what you are trying to do?  If so, how do I get you to stop your behaviour?

 * ArmchairVexillologistDon 18:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

The British Colonies Flags (and its Dominions) were very clearly recorded and widely advertised. Some would say boastfully advertised (not me though, I love British Commonwealth Flags). However, a discussion at the Flags of the World (FOTW) of the French Adminstration towards its Colonial Possessions appears to be the reverse/opposite of the British mindset. The French Colonial Flags were not widely recorded, and publisized. The attitude of the French Republic regarding the Flags of her Colonial Empire was "it is none of your business, so we don't publish them much".

FOTW: Discussion of the French Colonial Authorities Lack of Flag Publication.'

http://flagspot.net/flags/tn-fr.html

 * This seems consistent with French custom in their overseas possessions, though it seems also that all these flags are very seldom well documented and that sometimes at least they are "wishful thinking" or are patterns very rarely used. I guess we should look forward to someone demystifying these "French ensigns".
 * Željko Heimer, 13 April 2003

This seems to be consistent with French administrative thinking: don't publicise it because it's nobody else's business. Books on railways are able to tell you when a particular class of locomotive was in use on a particular line - provided the colonial territory was British. But if the territory was French, you can discover that a particular class was in use in a certain territory in a given period, but they never say on what line, and if the territory covered more than one colony (like French West Africa) they don't even indicate which colony the locos were used in.
 * Mike Oettle, 15 April 2003

This makes this page, the French ensigns a topic that is general not touched on, and often overlooked. That is why I ardently believe this topic deserves its own separate page.

Sincerely ArmchairVexillologistDon 18:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

ensigns
Comments from the RFD on the "ensign" issue:

French_ensigns
the basic concept is based on flawed research, namely, that there exist a certain number of plain flag with the french flag in canton used to design colonial flag. some french posession do have a tricolore in canton but these are either pre-existing flag to which a tricolore was added or flags that were created in toto. --Marc pasquin 01:38, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge - Being told that using sources that are not correct is not a personal attack. That means that either you need to find the correct sources or just remove the non-factual information. Remember, me and Marc, David and Grutness are vexillologists, if you need information (or perhaps drawings) of flags, just let us know. But since, from reading this, I still personally believe that this article is nothing but original research. I strong suggest merging to Flag of France and perhaps have a gallery of various French ensign (which I could draw easily). Zach (Sound Off) 15:09, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge/Redirect with Flag of France for correct material and Delete for fictional material. Original research based on a flawed premise and a fundamental misunderstanding of vexillology. David Newton 12:09, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay - Marc's explained to me a bit more clearly what his beef is with the page, and I understand now. That there are flags like this in general is accepted, but their direct relation to British ones is questionable, especially given their usage. Also, some of the 'templates for flags" shown on the page in question never existed as flags in themselves. Many countries have used or do use flag designs similar to those probably first used by the British navy, either deliberately or coincidentally - and that is worthy of a Wikipedia article. The current article, though, is not that article. This needs a thorough rewrite, a split and a move to titles like Similarities in European colonial flag designs and Similarities in European naval ensign designs (or possibly something a bit more catchy). Grutness...  wha?  12:43, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There is no parallel -- none -- in the use of British and French ensigns. The British have a system: red for merchant vessels, blue for government, white for naval (I have somewhat oversimplified) that France never had. Please act along the lines of Marc Pasquin's and James Dignan's ("Grutness") arguments. The parent article is just plain wrong; I don't know where the author got his information. ASKirsch
 * Is everyone from FOTW on Wikipedia? Where's Antonio, Andre and Ron? :) Grutness...  wha?  10:06, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and cleanup, in the sense that the French Ensign is worthy of an article. Much of the page belongs elsewhere, if at all, but that is an issue for talk pages, not AfD. JPD 09:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Meaning of "ensign"
Don said:
 * HOTR, the word "ensign" is not the sole properity of the British Commonwealth. The word ensign is a general term that usually applies to a Canton and Field design of a Flag. We can dwell on this point, and have this articles talkpage de-volve into a "nit-picking" of Vexillology terms, that will benefit no-one, or you can conceed that point that this term "ensign" has merit, and belongs in this article.

I believe that Don must have missed my comment earlier on the page, so I will repeat it here and on his talk page, so that we can have a positive discussion about it. I believe that discussion on Vexillology terms is exactly the sort of thing this talk page is for, because we should be trying to get the terms right to make better articles.

I believe Don is mistaken about the meaning of ensign. I said earlier:
 * It is a not uncommon mistake in places with a British flag history to think that "ensign" can be used to describe a flag with a national flag in a canton and a single coloured field possibly with a charge. However, "ensign" actually means a flag indicating nationality, especially in a nautical context.

Don, it is correct to say that "ensign" is not the sole properity of the British Commonwealth. However, it is only in the British Commonwealth that the word is (mis)used in the way that you describe. In the rest of the world it is only used in its usual vexillogical meaning of a nautical, aeronautical, or possibly military banner indicating nationality. The only reason that flags such as the Canadian Red Ensign are called ensigns is because they are derived from the British Red Ensign, which is an ensign because of its use, not its design. JPD 08:38, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello JPD, thank you very for taking the time to post here attention. I appreciate that alot.  I apologise for not responding to your original post above.  In "the frenzee" I did not see it.  Sorry for that eh. I to hope for a constructive discussion on this issue of the word "ensign".  You have made your point very clear, and I have learned something today about Flags.  Thanks alot for that indeed.

 * I understand what you have said about the term ensign. Again I thank you for making that clear.

 * How about instead of French ensigns, the title of this page could be changed to  French ensigns of similiar form to British ensigns , would this satisfy the strict usage of the word "ensign"? Please let me know what you think, JPD.

 * Take care, ArmchairVexillologistDon 15:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * French ensigns of similiar form to British ensigns

1) they aren't ensigns so describing them as "French ensigns" in the title is incorrect - your "compromise" does not actually adddress the issue at all. 2) Does that really sound like the title of an encyclopedia article to you? 69.156.107.3 21:18, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * User 69.156.107.3,

 * Your objection is not valid.

 * As per JPDs definition of ensign,

 * ensign: In the rest of the world it is only used in its usual vexillogical meaning of a nautical, aeronautical, or possibly military banner indicating nationality.

 * France used BOTH, (i). the French Tricolour, and (ii). the Canton and Field design as ensigns.

 * Yep, that is what the definition says. All it requires is more clarification, and careful wording.  The basis of this French ensigns article is still a sound one, and deserves it own separate page for an article.

 * ArmchairVexillologistDon 21:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Reverting User 69.156.107.3 changes. Please stop your un-warranted deletions
I have just reverted User 69.156.107.3 un-warranted deletions. Please do not vandalise this article. Please use the talkpage here to discussion your views, and rationalise them, and back them up.

Note:

From 1790-1794, the French Republic used this Naval Ensign. It was requested by the French National Assembly and assented to by the King of France. It would seem the French did not execute King Louis, and Queen Marie-Antonniette, until after 1790.

Navy Ensign and Jack (1790-1794)

http://flagspot.net/flags/fr_revol.html

This corresponded directly with the '''British White Ensign (pre-1801, no St. Georges Cross on white background).

http://flagspot.net/flags/gb-enshs.html

You see their is some merit to this article (after all eh!).

(Note: the 1707-1720 date is incorrect. A pre-1801, and post-1801, plain white background British White Ensign variant, BOTH existed as well).

ArmchairVexillologistDon 22:22, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Suggestions for the title of this article
Since France has used BOTH, (i). the French Tricolour, and (ii). the Canton and Field design as ensigns, here are some suggestions for the current article,

(i). French ensigns (the current title),

(ii). French ensigns of similiar form to British ensigns,

(iii). French ensigns of the Tricolour, and the Canton and Field form,

all other sugesstions welcome.

The case for a separate page for this article (i.e., not to be deleted, and not to be merged with another page) I believe has been soundly made, and upheld. The French ensigns of the Canton and Field form have received little attention and are frequently overlooked in Vexillology. Their unique nature, within French Vexillology is deserveing of a separate page devoted to this topic, and it is provided here. There is nothing "dubious", "redundant", or of "questionable merit" here. This is all above board.

Sincerely ArmchairVexillologistDon 23:48, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It is quite true that the first part of the article should stay at the title "French Ensigns", however I don't think that the flags mentioned in the second half are actually ensigns. I don't quite understand why you say they fit my definition, Don. Personally, I think that except for the white ensign from that is already mentioned earlier in the page, they should moved to a page called "French colonial flags". It might be good to have a link on this page to that page, becase of the similarities with the white ensign with canton, and the similarities to British ensigns, but it isn't right to call them ensigns. JPD 10:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Hello JPD,

Nice to hear from you indeed. Ok, the first part French ensigns, can stay.

I wrote above,

 * As per JPDs definition of ensign,

 * ensign: In the rest of the world it is only used in its usual vexillogical meaning of a nautical, aeronautical, or possibly military banner indicating nationality.

Does this not indicate that France used BOTH, (i). the French Tricolour, and (ii). the Canton and Field design as ensigns?

Please let me know what you think.

Sincerely ArmchairVexillologistDon 16:00, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Ensigns: some definitions of the term
(i). In Heraldry they use the term Ensigns Armorial (basically means Coat-of-Arms).

http://historymedren.about.com/od/pimbley/a/pim_e_2.htm

Ensign - To distinguish by a mark or ornament, such as a crown, coronet, mitre, etc. A bishop, for instance, ensigns his arms with a mitre.

Prelates of the Roman Catholic Church ensign their shields with a hat, the tassels of which indicate their rank. A cardinal has four rows of red tassels, an archbishop four rows of green tassels, a bishop has three rows and an abbot two, the latter's hat being black. Prelates and legates place a patriarchal cross in pale behind their shield.

A staff is sometimes said to be ensigned with a flag.

Ensigned - [See ENSIGN.]

(ii). In Vexillology (Flags) they use

(FOTW reference) http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xf-glos.html

Ensign a flag flown at the stern of a ship, primarily for the identification of the nationality of the vessel. The ensign may be the same flag used as the national flag, or a specially designed version of the national flag. Nations may have one ensign or several different ensigns which may be used by various types of vessels (naval/war, state/government, civil/merchant) as well as specially designed flags for various organizations (yacht clubs, customs vessels, coastal authorities, etc.), or indicating a status of a ship's captain or crew (naval reserve). In some countries, the term ensign includes flags not intended to be hoisted on vessels. French - pavillon

Spanish - pabellón, enseña German - flagge

Russian - flag, kormovoi flag Italian - bandiera

Dutch - natievlag

Polish - bandera

Danish - flag

Portuguese - pavilhão

Ensign staff is the staff at the stern of a ship

Canton and Field Flag

Flag of the World (FOTW) Website.

http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xf-glos.html

Image by Željko Heimer, 21 May 1996 based on image from World Book Encyclopedia

JPD: How come you recent created a separate page called "French Colonial Flags" ?
Hello JPD.

How come you recent created a separate page called "French Colonial Flags" ? (i.e., within the last 24 hours). I thought we were discussing here the applicability of the term "French ensign", on this talk page. Now you have just created a new separate page called French Colonial Flags without discussin it with me.

Now, this gives HOTR a pre-text to keep moving the information that was originally here (IN ONE PLACE, and thus focussed), and spread it all over the map!  I don't like the arbitrary move. You still have not argued your point about the term "French ensigns" not applying to ''all the Flags originally posted in the body of this article (i.e., on ONE page, in ONE place).

Sincerely ArmchairVexillologistDon 16:57, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

JPD wrote above,

 * It is quite true that the first part of the article should stay at the title "French Ensigns", however I don't think that the flags mentioned in the second half are actually ensigns. I don't quite understand why you say they fit my definition, Don. Personally, I think that except for the white ensign from that is already mentioned earlier in the page, they should moved to a page called "French colonial flags". It might be good to have a link on this page to that page, becase of the similarities with the white ensign with canton, and the similarities to British ensigns, but it isn't right to call them ensigns. JPD 10:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Time Stamps from "JPD created French Colonial Flags" page (cur) (last) 10:48, 13 October 2005 JPD (info from French ensigns) (cur) (last) 11:01, 13 October 2005 JPD (→Template designs for the French colonial flags - more from French ensigns) (cur) (last) 17:04, 13 October 2005 HOTR

Now your above comment was Time Stamped: 10:25 today. You then (without waiting for me to respond) arbitrary moved information from this article, the French ensigns, and created a new page for it called "French Colonial Flags", and its creation was Time Stamped: 10:48 today. So you waited a whole 23 minutes for me to respond, at most, then moved it to a BRAND NEW PAGE. That is presumptious, and not very "polite". ArmchairVexillologistDon 17:15, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Don, I am sorry if I have been hasty in creating the page while we were still having the discussion. The main reason I did not wait was because an anonymous user had already moved the material (messily) into the middle of the page Flag of France, and I thought it would be better in a page of its own (with a few wording changes to make it uncontroversial). As I have said, I think it would be better with a title "French colonial flags" because most people would not consider them ensigns, and wouldn't look for them at this page. I thought this was a good reason to have that page, although I didn't delete anything from this page, until the discussion was finished, so that we could agree on what wording to replace it with.
 * In answer to your earlier comments, I agree that the canton and field pattern (with a white field) was used as a French ensign, as well as the current version. They both belong on this page. However, I don't think it is right to call the colonial flags (including the blue field governor's flag and the individual colonies' flags with charges) "ensigns", so they should be on a separate page, although they could be mentioned in a lot less detail here. Look at the page British ensigns - it does not include all the colonial flags, even though they have more reason to be called ensigns than the French ones do. JPD 17:18, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Hello JPD,

Ok. Sorry about that. I got very "jumpy". I have had alot of flak from people (and some people in particular) about this article. My nerves are quite frayed right now. Thank you for explaining the new "French Colonial Flags" page. If you strongly feel that it belongs on a separate page, I will abide by your good judgement. I do feel that once moved to a separate page there should be some paragraph, or something, directing the reader to the new French colonial flags page.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_flags

I hope that you and I, can have a fruitful discussion about this matter. By the way, thanks again for creating a new French Colonial Flags page, it makes me feel that you care about the information included there. I appreciate that very much, and for all your help indeed.

Sincerely ArmchairVexillologistDon 17:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Sun down
Gentlemen, and gentlewomen should they be present, as I mentioned before I do not want to stretch myself too thin, but it was nice cooperating with you all.

Regarding the problem of splitting up page: Entire encyclopeadiae have been designed around a chosen solution for this dilemma. The Brockhaus is famous for splitting its subjects into the tiniest possible articles. The Britannica is equally well-known for its page-spanning articles that treat all aspects of the topic. Fortunately, with Wikipedia we can have our cake and eat it: We can split topics into parts, yet in the introductions make clear in what way they are connected and link them together.

I'll therefore leave you with the suggestion to add to the introduction that "An ensign is also often understood to be a flag with union in corner (Concise Oxford Dictionary). On a seperate page this meaning is discussed for the French colonial flags.", or similar. This both addresses the issue of the multiple meanings, and links it to the older part of the article now on a new page with a less ambiguous title. The only thing left would be to add on that page a similar explanation of terms.

Wishing you all success on improving the articles further, and hoping you'll prefer merging changes over reverting them, Regards, Mysha (nl)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:54, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Proposed design for a flag of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.svg

title: Talk:French ensigns


text:
Pear (disambiguation)

A pear is a tree of the genus Pyrus and the fruit of that tree, edible in some species.

Pear or Pears may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Pear (Annoying Orange), a character in Annoying Orange
 * Pears' Cyclopaedia, a one-volume encyclopædia published in the United Kingdom

Brands and enterprises

 * Pear (company), a sponsorship and fundraising company
 * Pears (soap), a British brand of soap
 * Worcestershire County Cricket Club, traditionally nicknamed the "Pears", based on their badge of a pear tree or three black pears

Colors and shapes

 * Pear (color), a shade of green
 * Pear, a human female body shape

Cultures

 * Pear language, an endangered Mon-Khmer language of Cambodia
 * Pear people, an indigenous group in Cambodia and Thailand

Food & Taxonomy

 * Prickly pear (disambiguation)
 * Pyrus (disambiguation)
 * Avocado, a fruit that is referred to as "pear" in certain countries

Places

 * Pear (Užice), a village in the vicinity of Užice, Serbia
 * Pear, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the United States

Science and technology

 * PearPC, an open-source PowerPC emulator
 * PHP Extension and Application Repository (PEAR), a computer programming framework and distribution system for PHP code components
 * Polymerase-endonuclease amplification reaction (PEAR)
 * Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab (PEAR), a now disbanded program which attempted to study the paranormal

Other uses

 * Pears (surname)
 * Pear Tree House, a civil defence control centre in London
 * Choke pear (torture), or Pear of Anguish, an implement of torture
 * Province de L'Eglise Anglicane au Rwanda (PEAR), the French  name for the Anglican Church of Rwanda

title: Pear (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Smilingmoon

Wikipedia is not the place to advertise a barbeque cease now or you will be blocked. Jtkiefer T - 18:27, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Smilingmoon


text:
Jagst

The Jagst is a right tributary of the Neckar in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The source of this 190 km long river is in the hills east of Ellwangen, close to the Bavarian border. The Jagst winds through the towns of Ellwangen, Crailsheim, Kirchberg an der Jagst, Langenburg, Krautheim, Möckmühl and Neudenau. Near Bad Wimpfen, the Jagst flows into the Neckar, a few km downstream from the mouth of the river Kocher, that flows more or less parallel to the Jagst.

To the south of the river is the Harthausen Forest.

Tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries to the river Jagst (from source to mouth):

 * Left: Rotenbach, Orrot, Klingenbach, Steinbach, Speltach, Maulach, Grundbach, Ginsbach, Sindelbach
 * Right: Röhlinger Sechta, Rechenberger Rot (Rotbach), Reiglersbach, Gronach, Brettach, Rötelbach, Ette, Erlenbach, Kessach, Hergstbach, Seckach, Schefflenz, Tiefenbach

title: Jagst


title: File:Whirlpool1949.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alternative people

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Redirect to alternative lifestyle. --Jacquelyn Marie 05:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Alternative people
Too broad a classification to be useful. Dl yo ns 493  Ta lk  18:28, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete subject too vague. Wile E. Heresiarch 21:43, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to subculture Alternative lifestyle. I can imagine it as a search string.  Jkelly 23:00, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Alternative lifestyle --MacRusgail 13:12, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Wha? A broad term but more specific than "alternative culture", "alternative lifestyle", or "subcultures?. Redirect to Alternative lifestyle. MCB 22:37, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
James Vann

James Vann (c. 1762–64 – February 19, 1809) was a Cherokee leader, one of the triumvirate with Major Ridge and Charles R. Hicks, who led the Upper Towns of East Tennessee and North Georgia as part of the ᎤᏪᏘ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ (Uwet Tsalag Ayetl or Old Cherokee Nation). He was the son of ᏩᎵ (Wali) Vann and Indian trader Joseph John Vann. He was born into his mother's Clan, ᎠᏂᎪᏓᎨᏫ (Anigodagewi or Wild Potato Clan, also called Blind Savannah Clan).

Vann was among the younger leaders of the Old Cherokee Nation who thought its people needed to acculturate to deal with the European Americans and the United States government. He encouraged the Moravians to establish a mission school on Cherokee land, and became a wealthy plantation owner and slave owner.

Early life and education
James Vann was born the oldest of three children, most likely in South Carolina near his father-in-law's trading post on the Savannah River. By 1764 his family moved to the mouth of Little River, in Georgia. Wah-li was the daughter of a Cherokee woman of the Anigategawi or Wild Potato People clan, later referred to as "Mrs. Roe." James had two younger sisters, Nancy and Jennie.

The children grew up within the Cherokee culture and clan of their mother. As the Cherokee had a matrilineal system of property and hereditary leadership, the children traditionally gained their status in the tribe from their mother's people. Their maternal uncles were more important to the rearing of the children, especially the boy James, within the Cherokee nation than was their father. The Vann children were likely bilingual, learning some European-American culture from their father. Wah-li later married Clement Vann (brother of Joseph), who acted as a stepfather to the children. (Sources disagree about the identity of Vann's biological father: Gary E. Moulton of the University of Nebraska, suggests Clement Vann. William H. Vann Jr. in his self-published genealogy book, Vann Generations with Cherokee Origins from John Joseph Vann & James Clement Vann I of NC, SC, TN, GA ca 1750-1989, identified Joseph Vann. Virginia Vann Perry chooses another James Vann, and Belinda Pierce, a contemporary genealogy expert, thinks Joseph John Vann was the father. "According to the experts at the Vann House in Chatsworth, Georgia, Vann's father is unknown.")

Cherokee–American wars
A story was repeated about James Vann that indicates the violence of his times. As a young man, he helped lead the John Watts' 1793 offensive against the Holston River colonial settlements. They originally planned an attack against White's Fort, then capital of the Southwest Territory (as Tennessee was known). As the war party was traveling to the destination, Vann argued they should kill only men, against Doublehead's call to kill all the settlers. Not long after this, the war party of more than 1,000 Cherokee and Muscogee came upon a small settlement called Cavett's Station. Bob Benge, a leading warrior, negotiated the settlers' surrender, saying no captives would be harmed. But, Doublehead's group and his Muscogee Creek allies attacked and began killing the captives, over the pleas of Benge and the others. Vann managed to grab one small boy and pull him onto his saddle, only to have Doublehead smash the boy's skull with an axe. Another warrior saved another young boy, handing him to Vann, who put the boy behind him on his horse. Later he gave him to three of the Muscogee for safe-keeping; a few days later, a Muscogee chief killed and scalped the boy. Vann called Doublehead "Babykiller" for the remainder of his life.

The events were the start of a lengthy feud between the two men. This contributed to the confrontational politics between their respective Upper and Lower Towns of the early 19th-century Cherokee Nation.

Career
Vann became the richest man in the Cherokee Nation, and possibly in the entire eastern U.S. at the time. As a result of his favorable negotiations for access and land when the US government built the Federal Road, Vann built his Diamond Hill mansion, a two-story house constructed of brick in 1804, with access to the road, near present-day Chatsworth, Georgia. He also had a store and other facilities there. He donated land for the mission school of the Moravian Brethren, which he had encouraged the Cherokee National Council to permit. His father had earlier run a trading post on that site.

Vann created a ferry across the nearby Conasauga River, and built a tavern and store nearby to supply locals and travelers. He also owned Vann's ferry, which crossed the Chattahoochee River near present-day Atlanta on the road to the Lower Towns of the Muscogee (Creek). Later he opened up a trading post near present-day Huntsville, Alabama.

He held more than 100 slaves and hundreds of acres of plantation. He also owned land at the mouth of Ooltewah (Wolftever) Creek in present-day Hamilton County, Tennessee. His Vann's Ferry landing in Tennessee was the basis for Vann's Town. Later it became the county seat and was called Harrison.

A story was recounted about Vann's wealth. Return J. Meigs Sr., the US Indian agent to the Cherokee living at Cherokee Agency (now Calhoun, Tennessee), found the government had misrouted its annuity payment to the nation (for lands surrendered in treaty) to New Orleans. Meigs turned to Vann for help. Vann paid the annuity in full from his own funds and could wait for Meigs to pay him back after he had received the original annuity.

Politics
In national Cherokee politics, Vann led the so-called "young chiefs" of the Overhill Towns, who rebelled against the oligarchy of those, primarily from the Lower Towns, referred to as the "old chiefs," who were led by Doublehead. The Lower Town chiefs followed more traditional practices. Vann and Charles R. Hicks persuaded a reluctant National Council to permit the establishment of a school operated by the United Brethren (Moravians) of Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Vann furnished the land and building for the Moravian school next to his home at Spring Place, Georgia.

His feud with Doublehead ended in 1807. The Council ordered Doublehead executed for having secretly profited from the private sale of Cherokee land, a capital offense under tribal law. The council appointed Major Ridge and Alexander Saunders from the Nation to carry out the sentence. Vann was also appointed but was said to be too drunk to participate.

As part of changes in tribal practices, in 1808 Vann helped form the Cherokee Lighthorse Guard, a kind of police force to monitor the roads in the Nation to suppress horse stealing and other thefts. That same year, chiefs of the seven clans, plus Black Horse as chief and Pathkiller as his assistant, signed the Act of Oblivion on September 11, 1808, which ended the traditional clan blood law requiring vengeance killings.

While riding patrol, Vann was shot to death at Buffington's Tavern on February 19, 1809. Speculation was that his killer might have been someone related to someone he had wronged, or Alexander Saunders. Further speculation suggests his shooting was organized by his sister, who felt that his drunkenness threatened their family's safety.

Vann was buried in or near Blackburn cemetery, Forsyth County, Georgia. Charles Hicks replaced him on the council.

Legacy
Vann was a shrewd tribal leader and businessman. He owned taverns, ferry boats, grist mills, and livestock. His business activities included a cattle drive to Pennsylvania and a pack train of goods to South Carolina. Vann brought European-American education into the Cherokee Nation with his support of the Moravian mission school. He urged adoption of European-style "civilization" for the positive aspects he observed.

He was noted as having problems with alcohol, which became increasingly severe.

Vann fought a notable duel with his brother-in-law John Falling, with both armed with muskets and on horseback (Falling died). Vann was generous with his money to those in need, but ruthless to those who crossed him. He ordered a slave Isaac, caught stealing, to be burned alive. In the same incident, Vann had a teenaged girl slave hung by her thumbs to tell about the theft; the Moravian missionaries rescued her and tried to dissuade him from the murder of Isaac.

In his will, Vann left nearly all his property to Joseph Vann, his eldest son by Nannie Brown. This followed European-American practice, but differed from the traditional Cherokee matrilineal system of having property passed on through the maternal line. Joseph inherited the Spring Place plantation (Diamond Hill), and the property on the Tennessee River later known as Vann's Town. He became known as "Rich Joe" Vann. Because Vann had gone against tradition, the National Cherokee Council recognized the other children of Vann's nine wives or consorts as minor heirs, and they shared in the inheritance of lesser amounts of property.

His Nephew was David Vann (Cherokee leader) an ancestor of Will Rogers

Representation in other media
Dee Alexander Brown wrote a novel based on a fictionalized version of Vann's life, called Creek Mary's Blood (1981).

title: James Vann


text:
Talk:Chao

Same as Zhao
Can Chao has the same entry like Zhao? Chao could be a surname in Chinese too. Just different spelling but it has same history with Zhao. Stephenchao 17:48, 29 August 2006 (UTC)stephenchao
 * I included interarticle links on each so people will know about the other. Is that what you needed? ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e  19:37, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That's great. Thanks Nihonjoe. But I was talking about an entry like this: Zhao. See, it goes to an entry Zhao(surname), but there is no entry for Chao(surname). I was wondering if we could have an entry like (surname)Chao  Stephenchao 19:40, 2 September 2006 (UTC)stephenchao

Chao from STH?
Shouldn't the Chao from Sonic be here under Japan? Since Chao originated from Sonic Adventure which debuted in Japan?? SuperSonic12 (talk) 14:43, 16 June 2018 (UTC)

"Chao (Disambiguation)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Chao (Disambiguation) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 24 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 16:25, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chao


text:
Trout Pond

Trout Pond — formerly called Old Pond — located near Wardensville in Hardy County, West Virginia, USA, is the state's only natural lake. The small "lake" is situated in the Trout Pond Recreation Area (TPRA) of the George Washington National Forest. Formerly, the pond had fluctuated in surface area between 2 and 3 acres, but recently it has appeared to be disappearing due to underground structural changes.

History
Trout Pond was created by a sinkhole that filled with water from a series of mountain streams running off Long Mountain (3,130 ft). Much of the region surrounding Trout Pond lies on layers of limestone that have been slowly eroded away by rainfall, causing conical holes to open up within the ground. Many of these sinkholes grow quite large with significant depths like Trout Pond, but because of its unique location, it had, until recently, been able to maintain a permanent status as a pond. In July 2002, Forest Service officials suspected that a shift in the limestone cavern underneath the sinkhole had caused the water level to drop. Within a month, it had drained almost dry. It has regenerated several times since then, during long spells of wet weather, but as soon as the rains stop it empties again.

Geology
Trout Pond and its sinkhole are karst features. They are underlain by strata of Tonoloway Limestone and the Helderberg Formation.

TPRA
The facilities of the Trout Pond Recreation Area were constructed in the late 1970s. This National Forest campground has a designated swimming area, easy lakeside trails, and 50 campsites. The normal operating season is early May through the last Monday in October.

Trout Pond has long been stocked with trout, hence its current name. This was discontinued for a time, however, due to erosion of the banks caused by fishermen.

The Trout Pond Recreation Area Camping and Hiking Guide, the Great North Mountain Trail Guide, the Rockcliff Lake Stocking Schedule, and the Rockcliff Lake Sport Fish Identification can be found on Trout Pond WV - All of the Info on My Favorite Place.

title: Trout Pond


text: Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/John Williams (wrestler)


text:
User talk:SpookyFrank

Darren Shan WikiProject
I'm considering starting a Darren Shan WikiProject. There are so many article that need to be written and cleaned up. Would you be interested in joining? -Ationsong 18:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SpookyFrank


text:
2003 Salford City Council election

Elections to Salford Council were held on 1 May 2003. One third of the council was up for election. The Labour Party kept overall control of the council. Overall turnout was 40.7%.

After the election, the composition of the council was:
 * Labour 51
 * Liberal Democrat 5
 * Conservative 3
 * Independent 1

Election result

 * }

title: 2003 Salford City Council election


text:
Talk:Champollion (spacecraft)

Caption
The wording of the caption appears to make no sense. Could someone who knows what it is supposed to be saying please correct it?

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Champollion (spacecraft). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041209192715/http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov:80/st4/ to http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/st4/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:12, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Champollion (spacecraft)


text:
Skaga stave church

Skaga stave church is a twice rebuilt medieval stave church in Tiveden, Karlsborg Municipality, Sweden. The original chapel was built in the 1130s during the Christianization of Scandinavia, but it was demolished in 1826 to combat persistent pagan practices in the area. The locals wanted their church back and worked for it to be rebuilt. In 1960, a reconstruction was inaugurated, but it burnt down in 2000. The following year, the church was rebuilt once again.

History and legends
The original church has been dated to the 1130s. Over the course of centuries, folklore has produced many legends on Skaga stave church. One of the legends relates that a Viking warrior named Ramunder the Evil owned a homestead at lake Unden nearby. His daughter Skaga was so weak when she was born that he decided to leave her in the forest to be devoured by wild beasts, which was an old Scandinavian custom when children were not desired. However, one of Ramunder's dogs discovered her and carried her back home. The mother thought this to be a sign from the Norse gods and let her live. Some time later, Ramunder departed on a Viking expedition and one of the spoils he brought back from the South was a monk. The monk and Skaga became good friends, and he baptized her in secret. Later, when Skaga had inherited the homestead, she had the stave church built where people conducted their pagan sacrifices, in order to help the Christianization of the area. Eventually it became the church of its own parish.

In the 14th century, the Black Death arrived and killed the entire population in the parish. The forest reclaimed the pastures, the fields and the settlements. Generations later, when people settled anew in the area, the stave church was the only remaining building, and it was once again the centre of a parish. There are many traditions on how the chapel was rediscovered. One legend relates that a hunter spotted what he believed to be a mossy rock in the forest. On closer inspection he discovered that it was a building, and he passed through the verdant gate. In the darkness, he was frightened by discovering a sleeping bear, which he managed to kill.

Until 1774, there were services in the church four times per year: Lady Day, Ascension of Jesus, Midsummer and Michaelmas. Later, the clergymen refused to have anything to do with the church because of "its derelict condition", but it was likely that the aversion related to the sacrifices at the location. In 1779, the church forbade any services at the stave church in order to let the church rot away through disuse and disrepair, together with the local superstitions that surrounded the church.

Pagan rites and its destruction
The stave church was demolished by church authorities in 1826. The destruction was the result of the controversies surrounding the use of a nearby well for pagan sacrifices, a custom which likely predated the Christianization of the area. After the stave church had been built the pagan sacrifices were superficially Christianized and people said that they sacrificed to the "holy one in Skagen" who officially was John the Baptist, the patron of the stave church. Those who conducted the sacrifices were people who wanted help against an illness, but they could also want a better harvest or more luck when hunting and fishing. It is said that one man did not succeed in catching any bleaks in the nearby lake and so he had a silver fish crafted, which was hung above the pulpit.

The sacrifices were often given in recognition of having received help, and they were of various kinds: rings, clothes, hides, coins, etc. Throughout the years, the amassed wealth of offerings came to be very high, and people said "we should be able to raise the church on pillars of gold". The main church at nearby Undenäs benefited from the sacrifices and regularly reaped what people had left, but it kept the wealth for itself and allowed the old stave church to deteriorate. The clergymen of the Diocese of Skara appealed to the Parliament of Sweden for a crackdown on the sacrifices, and they wanted an end to the superstition that surrounded the "abomnable pagan shrine".

In spite of protests from the parishioners, the Diocese had the church demolished, but the destruction could not take place before the death of Pehr Tham, who actively protected the church and died in 1820.

Second construction
The contents of the church were sold at an auction but many objects were saved by the parishioners, who eventually began to work for a reconstruction of the church. In 1955, the Skaga foundation was formed and in the midsummer of 1960 a reconstructed church was inaugurated on the same spot. The new church had been designed based on old drawings, notes and preserved objects from the old church. Just as in the original church, a bear's hide constituted the mat, the pulpit was carved from a single large log, and a silver bleak hung above the pulpit. Finally, the locals had succeeded in fulfilling their dream of recreating their old stave church.

Third construction
In January 2000, the reconstructed stave church burnt down, but thanks to an insurance and private donations, the church could be rebuilt. The present construction was inaugurated at Midsummer 2001.

title: Skaga stave church


text: User talk:70.240.134.181

title: User talk:70.240.134.181


text:
Antonio Benedetto Carpano

Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764, Bioglio (Biella) – 1815, Turin) was an Italian distiller, famous for having invented vermouth and consequently the apéritif.

In 1786, Antonio Benedetto Carpano invented modern Vermouth in Turin, made from white wine added to an infusion of herbs and spices, in more than 30 varieties. It was sweetened with spirit, which he believed would be a more suitable beverage for ladies than the local red wines. Vermouth proved so popular that soon his shop was open 24 hours a day.

The Carpano brand is now produced and distributed by Fratelli Branca Distillerie of Milan, and includes: Carpano Classico Vermuth, Carpano Bianco, Carpano Antica Formula and the original aperitive "Punt e Mes".

title: Antonio Benedetto Carpano


text: User talk:82.3.238.43

title: User talk:82.3.238.43


text:
Reynaldo Parks

Reynaldo Parks Pérez (born December 4, 1974) is a Costa Rican former football defender.

Club career
He has played on different teams in Costa Rica, Mexico, and Guatemala. He started out in Costa Rica with his hometown team Limonense, and was later transferred to Herediano. Then he went on to play alongside compatriot Fernando Patterson with Municipal in Guatemala and Jaguares de Colima and Tecos UAG in Mexico, before coming back to Costa Rica to play for Saprissa and Universidad.

Parks was part of the team that played the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship Toyota Cup, where Saprissa finished third behind São Paulo and Liverpool.

In 2008, he moved to San Carlos and retired in November 2009.

International career
Parks made his debut for Costa Rica in a February 1993 UNCAF Nations Cup qualification match against Nicaragua and earned a total of 43 caps, scoring 1 goal. He represented his country in 15 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 1995 and 1999 UNCAF Nations Cups as well as at the 1993 and 2002 CONCACAF Gold Cups and the 2001 Copa América. Parks was a key member of the national team that qualified for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, serving as the captain. But just before the event started, a knee injury kept him away from participating and he was replaced by Pablo Chinchilla.

His final international was an October 2003 friendly match against South Africa.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Costa Rica's goal tally first.

Retirement
After retiring, Parks became chairman of the National Costa Rica Football Players Association but resigned from his post after 7 years in January 2014.

Personal life
Parks was married to Irma Loaiciga Martinez, and they had three sons: Launy, Rey Jr, and Alanie Raquel Parks Loaiciga. His cousin Winston Parks also played for the Costa Rica national team.

Honours

 * Primera División de Costa Rica
 * 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07

 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup
 * 2005

 * Copa Interclubes UNCAF
 * 2003

title: Reynaldo Parks


text:
Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board

Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board (known as English-language Public District School Board No. 14 prior to 1999 ) is a public, secular, English language school board headquartered in Peterborough, Ontario. It is the amalgamation of the former Peterborough County Board of Education and the Northumberland-Clarington Board of Education and serves the communities located in the Kawarthas to the north, and south to Lake Ontario. Hastings County is its eastern border and its western border extends to the City of Kawartha Lakes and to the edge of the City of Oshawa.

The Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board has 73 elementary schools, 13 secondary schools and three adult learning centres to serve its urban and rural communities.


text:
Aquila (TV series)

Aquila is a British children's television show which aired on the BBC from 1997 to 1998. An episode was aired once a week, and was based on the story of two boys, Tom Baxter and Geoff Reynolds, who find a spacecraft when digging in a field. The first series was based on the 1997 book Aquila by British author Andrew Norriss who novelised the second series though this was not published until 2010.

Synopsis
The two boys are on a weekend away with their mothers where they do some digging for treasure at a local moor. As Geoff is digging, he falls into a cavern followed cautiously by Tom. It is there they find the skeleton of a Roman Centurion, standing beside a large red object which looks like a giant boulder. One of the boys notices a hollowed out area in this 'boulder' which turns out to be a two-seat cockpit. The craft, which is called 'Aquila', soon turns out to be something more advanced than Roman technology, and by pressing the numerous coloured buttons in the cockpit the boys learn more about this strange craft and take off upwards into the sky.

The story becomes more tense and yet humorous as the boys try to think of ways to hide their amazing discovery, prevent doing damage with it, and communicating with it. Eventually, the boys manage to find a way of communicating with Aquila in English after initially only being able to in Latin, but even then the show managed to end each week with a dramatic cliff-hanger as a new problem arose.

The last ever line in the series came as the characters discover the source of Aquila, and the camera pans into outer space to see a massive abandoned spaceship orbiting the Sun. They realise the significance of this and exclaim "A battle cruiser! You could have some serious fun with a battle cruiser!".

The proposed third series would have seen a broader, more overtly humorous tone, to appease Children's BBC's changing demographic and focus on a slightly younger 6–11 age group. However, as part of Children's BBC's shake-up and rebranding in 1997, the third series was never made.

'Aquila'
'Aquila' is a liferaft from a larger ship, built by the Yrrillians from the planet Deneb. The ship can fly an almost infinite distance, and can fly in space without the need for crew spacesuits, but, due to damage sustained to the 'Oxygen Regeneration' system before Aquila was unearthed, the air inside the ship would only last for 6 hours which was featured in one of the episodes of the television series. Some other abilities of the ship include invisibility, a form of verbal remote control, lasers, a holographic interface and the Core Defence Wave Gun (capable of passing out everything in a 300 coleymort (a Yrrillian measurement, which the boys initially mistake for centimetres, equivalent to 0.637 meters) radius).

Aquila can be programmed to execute basic manoeuvres from the detection of certain signals. This feature was used when the boys program it to travel to the location of an inaudible dog whistle. The problem arose when a dog owner blew his own whistle when the craft was in invisible mode in the grounds of a stately home. This rendered the craft missing but luckily a friend of the boys, Dunstan, found it and brought it to them. He also discovers that Aquila can be connected to a computer and be contacted by email. In the case of the 2010 novelization Aquila can also be contacted using mobile phones, as Dunstan discovers, which the boys find more convenient than using the dog whistle and it can use the phones for verbal communication since its vocal generator was destroyed millennia ago though the software remained unharmed.

Aquila has the ability to demolish objects by flying directly through them. This ability was used by the boys when they flew it through a brick wall while discovering some of Aquila's capabilities. After inspection by the boys, the craft was found completely unharmed. Aquila stores everything it sees on egg shaped objects which can be played back on the holographic screen. It records approximately 1600 years of data. If the eggs are not replaced, then the ship starts recording over the start of the 'footage' – this occurs in an episode of the television series. Aquila is also equipped with a lie detector that can interpret conversations in its black box footage as well as immediately outside it.

'Aquila' is the Latin translation of the word eagle (see Aquila). The words inscribed on the Centurion's safety harness (formerly inside the ship),  'Licat volare si super tergum aquila volat', translates as 'A man can fly where he will, if he rides on the back of an eagle.' This proverb was derived from an ancient Greek story, where one day, the gods decided to elect the noblest bird of all by having them race to the top of Mount Olympus. The eagle appeared to be winning, but the tiny sparrow had been resting on the eagle's back for the entire race, and at the last moment leaped up and won the race.

The name of the craft is inscribed on its own exterior as 'AQVILA', since 'u' and 'v' were different letter-forms of the same grapheme in Latin: 'u' in minuscule (lower case) (not used in the early centuries A.D for inscriptions) and 'V' in majuscule (capital).

title: Aquila (TV series)


text:
Louis James Pesha

Louis James Pesha (August 11, 1868 – October 1, 1912) was a noted photographer of ships of the Great Lakes and early 20th century Michigan landmarks. Pesha died in an accident while operating his steam-powered automobile. He practiced his trade, owning the Pesha Postcard Company in Marine City, Michigan. Today, his photos are of highly sought by collectors of Great Lake memorabilia.

Early life
Pesha was born on August 11, 1868, at Euphemia, Ontario, Canada. He worked in farming in the Euphemia area until about 1895, when he learned the photography trade. For the next six years, he had studios in Oil Springs, Inwood, Alvinston and Brigden, Ontario.

His studio
In 1901, Pesha moved to the United States and settled in Marine City, Michigan. He opened a photography studio known as various variations of "The Pesha Postcard Company."

His primary focus was on photographing commercial ships as they passed in front of his studio, on the Saint Clair River. He also traveled around the Great Lakes Basin, photographing railroad stations and buildings in villages, towns, and cities in the United States and his native Canada. He would later print his photographs as postcards, selling them to stores and in classified ads in journals and magazines for the public to buy and use.

Pesha was also known for his trick photography. These postcards depicted impossible scenes and played on popular subjects of the time such as flight.

Following Pesha's death in 1912, his widow continued the business, in Marine City, until about 1920. She later moved the business to Detroit, but photopostcards passed out of fashion in the 1920s. The vast majority of his glass negatives were then destroyed.

His death
In 1910, Pesha purchased a White Motor Company steam-powered automobile. This was then considered the top of luxury steam cars and was the only one registered in Marine City. On October 1, 1912, while visiting his parents' farm in Euphemia, Ontario, he died when his car overturned and his skull was fractured. He is buried in a family plot in Shetland, Ontario.

Family
On August 29, 1892, Pesha married Lena E. Fancher of Santena, IL. They had one child, born in 1901, Lorraine Pesha.

title: Louis James Pesha


text:
Martyn Williams

Martyn Elwyn Williams, (born 1 September 1975) is a Welsh former professional rugby union player who played as a flanker. He earned 100 caps for the Wales national team, the most by a forward until he was surpassed by Gethin Jenkins in November 2013. He remains Wales's most-capped back-row forward. He also played for the British & Irish Lions, touring Australia in 2001, New Zealand in 2005 and South Africa in 2009. Overall, he played 17 times for the Lions across the 3 tours scoring 2 tries which included 4 test matches (NZ and SA*3).

Club career
Williams played club rugby for Pontypridd, with whom he won the 1996–97 Welsh league, then moved to Cardiff RFC in 1999. He was named captain in 2002, and retained the role when the Cardiff Blues regional team was established in 2003. Rhys Williams took over the role in 2005.

In the Heineken Cup semi-final match against Leicester Tigers on 3 May 2009, Williams missed a crucial kick in the penalty shootout after the game had finished level after extra time, allowing Jordan Crane to step up and score the winning kick. It was the first time that a professional rugby union match had been decided by a shootout.

In March 2012, Williams announced that he would retire at the end of the 2011–12 season.

Wales
After gaining international caps at every junior level he won his first Wales A cap in 1996 and then made the senior side against the Barbarians the same year. His first appearance in the Five Nations Championship was against England in 1998. He captained Wales for the first time against Scotland at Murrayfield in 2003.

He won his 50th Welsh cap against England in the first match of the 2005 Six Nations Championship and played a prominent part in Wales' Grand Slam that year, notably scoring two tries early in the second half against France in Paris when Wales had appeared to be heading for defeat. He was named RBS Six Nations player of the Championship (2005).

Williams announced his retirement from international rugby on 1 October 2007, following Wales' early exit from the 2007 Rugby World Cup only to make a surprise decision to return to international action when he was recalled by new Wales head coach Warren Gatland in January 2008. He was a key member of Wales Grand Slam winning side of 2008, and was considered by many to be one of the best players in the tournament.

Williams currently holds the Welsh record for most appearances in the Five and Six Nations championships, surpassing Gareth Edwards' record of 45 appearances in the third round of the 2009 Six Nations. He attained his 100th cap against the Barbarians on 2 June 2012.

British & Irish Lions
Williams was selected for the British & Irish Lions tours to Australia in 2001 and to New Zealand in 2005. He was also named as part of Ian McGeechan's 37-man British & Irish Lions squad to tour South Africa in the summer of 2009.He is now the Welsh Rugby Team Manager

Personal life
He played centre-back for the Welsh YMCA U16 football side.

Williams was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to rugby. In July 2012, Williams was made an honorary fellow of Cardiff University.

Publications
He re-released his autobiography Magnificent Seven in August 2008 after coming out of international retirement.

title: Martyn Williams