text:
1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)

Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division (1. Dywizja Piechoty Legionów) is a tactical unit of the Polish Army. Formed on February 20, 1919, partially of veterans of the I Brigade of the Polish Legions, the unit saw extensive action during the Polish-Bolshevik War and World War II. Regarded by the soldiers of the Wehrmacht as the Iron Division, it distinguished itself in the Invasion of Poland.

History
The 1st Legions Infantry Division tracks its origins to the 1919 establishment of the Polish state and was disbanded in 1944. After a 70-years long hyatus, the Division has been revived in the wake of the 2020s Polish rearmament.

1919-1944
As one of the most experienced and best equipped Polish divisions, it fought in many of the most notable battles of the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1919 and 1920. Among them was the operation of liberation of Wilno and Battle of Dyneburg in Daugavpils, Latvia (as part of Rydz-Śmigły's Third Army and under his personal command, although the actual commanding officer was Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski). During the Kiev offensive of spring of 1920, the division formed the core of Rydz-Śmigły Operational Group and took part in the battle of Zhytomyr (April 25), capturing the city of Kiev itself (May 7). After the Polish withdrawal, the unit took part in heavy retreat battles and shielded the retreat of the rest of the Polish forces. After several clashes with the 1st Cavalry Army, the division broke off and reached the area of the Wieprz River, from where it started the counter-offensive during the Battle of Warsaw (see Battle of Dęblin and Mińsk Mazowiecki). On the second day of the Polish offensive, August 16, the division managed to outflank the Bolshevik Mozyr Group by a forced march of over 56 kilometres. After that the division, commanded by Stefan Dąb-Biernacki, was attached to the Second Army and took part in the second biggest battle of the war, the Battle of the Niemen River. During the battle, the unit formed the core of the Wilno Group and took part in a successful outflanking manoeuvre of the Bolshevik forces centered on the city of Grodno.

After that the division was moved to the rear and took part in shielding the border with Lithuania during Lucjan Żeligowski's forming of the Central Lithuanian Republic (see Żeligowski's Mutiny). After the war, the division was partially demobilized and stationed in Wilno as an en cadre divisional core. In the Second Polish Republic, the division consisted of three infantry regiments (1st, 5th, and 6th; all garrisoned in Wilno), and other units, such as light and heavy artillery regiments, a company of cyclists, military engineers, and a mounted squadron.

Before the outbreak of World War II, the division, commanded by General Wincenty Kowalski, was partially mobilized in March 1939. As a part of the Wyszków Operational Group it was to shield the northern approaches of Warsaw from the German assault from East Prussia. After the outbreak of the Invasion of Poland, the division became fully mobilized and on 4 September 1939, it made contact with enemy troops in the forests around Długosiodło. On 7 September it took part in heavy fighting near Pułtusk, but was outnumbered 3 to 1 and ordered to retreat southwards to defend the Bug River line between Kamieńczyk and Wyszków. Reinforced by 98th Heavy Artillery Detachment and 61st Light Artillery Detachment, the division successfully repelled a German assault near Brańszczyk, after which it began delaying actions while retreating towards Kałuszyn. On 11 September that town was seized by German units and had to be retaken by force during heavy street fighting in the dark.

From there, General Wincenty Kowalski planned a counter-assault of his division. In what became known as the Battle of Kałuszyn, on 13 September, the division started an all-out assault on German positions in nearby villages. After heavy fighting, the division broke through the third line of German defences in the villages of Lipiny, Debowiec, Wola Wodyńska, and Oleśnica. It finally broke through the German lines at Jagodno, but also suffered heavy casualties and lost most of its artillery and logistical support. Dispersed units crossed the German lines and joined several different Polish units, some of them formed ad hoc. The biggest group was rallied by the division commander but now numbered only three infantry companies out of an original three regiments. These troops broke through the forests near Radzyń Podlaski to reach the units of Gen. Stefan Dąb-Biernacki and on 22 September took part in the successful Battle of Falków against parts of the German 8th Infantry Division. Shortly afterward the division effectively ceased to exist.

Order Of Battle

 * Polish 1st Legions Infantry Regiment – Col. Kazimierz Burczak
 * Polish 5th Legions Infantry Regiment – Lt.Col. Kazimierz Bąbiński
 * Polish 6th Legions Infantry Regiment – Col. Stanisław Engel
 * Polish 1st Legions Light Artillery Regiment – Lt. Col. Mieczysław Podlewski
 * 1st Heavy Artillery Detachment – Maj. Władysław Świderski
 * 1st Battalion of Engineers – Capt. Tadeusz Wejtko
 * 1st Motorized AA Battery – 1st Lieut. Stefan Osostowicz
 * Telephone company – Capt. Mika (?)
 * Organic cavalry squadron – Maj. Bronisław Kulik
 * 31st company of taczanka HMG – 1st Lieut. Stanisław Kasprzyk
 * 31st Bicycle company – 1st Lieut. Jerzy Niemcewicz
 * tabors and services

2022 - present
As a reaction to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine of 2022, the Polish Ministry of National Defense decided to revive the unit. On 9 January 2023 Minister of National Defense Mariusz Błaszczak announced that the 1st Legions Infantry Division will be revived as an addition to the 16th Mechanized Division, stationed in Warmia-Masuria and 18th Mechanized Division, stationed in Masovia. The 1DPLeg will be the fifth mechanized division of the Polish Armed Forces.

The headquarters of the revived 1DPLeg are in Ciechanów

Mission
The 1st Legions Infantry Division is tasked to complement the defence of the Belarus–Poland border alongside the 16th Mechanised Division and the 18th Infantry Division. Polish Defence Minister Mariusz Błaszczak stated that the formation is to "saturate" eastern Poland.

As an organised military formation, the 1st Legions Infantry Division is also tasked to support the Department for Civil Protection and Crisis Management in case of emergency.

Organisation 2024
The 1st Legions Infantry Division is to include a total of four Mechanised Brigades. Each of the Division's four Mechanised Brigades comprises four Mechanised Battalions and one Artillery Battalion. The division will be the largest Polish formation and equipped with Polish and South Korean equipment. As of 2023/24 the 1st Legions Infantry Division consists of the following units:

 * 1st Legions Infantry Division "Józef Piłsudski", in Ciechanów
 * 1st Command Battalion, in Ciechanów
 * 1st Legions Armoured Brigade, in Czerwony Bór
 * Command Battalion, in Czerwony Bór
 * 1st Legions Tank Battalion, in Czerwony Bór
 * 2nd Legions Tank Battalion, in Siemiatycze-Czartajew
 * 2nd Legions Mechanised Brigade, in Brodnica
 * Command Battalion, in Brodnica
 * 1st Legions Mechanised Battalion, in Brodnica
 * 3rd Legions Mechanised Brigade, in Ślubowo
 * Command Battalion, in Ślubowo
 * 1st Legions Mechanised Battalion, in Ślubowo
 * 1st Legions Motorised Brigade, in Kolno
 * Command Battalion, in Kolno
 * 1st Legions Motorised Battalion, in Kolno
 * 2nd Legions Motorised Battalion, in Grajewo
 * 1st Legions Artillery Brigade, in Iława
 * Command Battery, in Iława
 * 1st Legions Anti-Tank Regiment, in Wielbark (forming)
 * Command Company, in Wielbark
 * 1st Legions Anti-Aircraft Regiment, in Ostrołęka
 * Command Battery, in Ostrołęka
 * 1st Legions Anti-Aircraft Squadron, in Ostrołęka
 * 3rd Legions Sapper Regiment, in Chełmno
 * Command Company, in Chełmno
 * Legions Sapper Battalion, in Chełmno
 * 1st Legions Logistics Regiment (forming)
 * Command Company
 * 1st Legions Reconnaissance Battalion, in Białystok
 * 1st Legions Signal Battalion, in Ciechanów
 * 1st Legions Chemical Battalion, in Brodnica
 * 1st Division Training Center, in Czerwony Bór
 * 2nd Division Training Center, in Ślubowo

Equipment
The 1st Legions Infantry Division does not deploy Soviet equipment. The Mechanized Brigades are equipped with K2 Black Panther and M1A2 Abrams SEP V3 main battle tanks; the artillery units are equipped with K9 Thunder and AHS Krab howitzers.

The co-presence of M1 Abrams and K2 Black Panther main battle tanks is a departure from the equipment of both the 16th Mechanized Division, which relies on Korean tanks, and the 18th Mechanized Division, which is equipped with M1 Abrams.

The formation will also have the Gladius unmanned aerial reconnaissance and strike systems.

title: 1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)


text:
Talk:Histamine

nomenclature
The chemical structure is wrong. The hydrogen atoms should be shown on the ethylamine nitrogen atom and one of the ring nitrogen atoms.

From Gizzy:- Correct ... Well Done!!!

Imbalances
I can find absolutely no reference to histapenia or histadelia and the effects listed in any reputable medical sourcebook or database. None of the pharmacists I've worked with have heard of it, either, though I haven't spoken with my physician about it. What are the primary sources for this information? Archmage Brian 14:45, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

These words were coined in the early 1970s by Carl C. Pfeiffer, the director of the Brain Bio Center in Skillman (just north of Princeton), NJ (He'd been chief pharmacologist of the Navy for 20 years, and was both an MD and a PhD; his wife was also his colleague.) to indicate two of several postulated alternative mechanisms at work in "the schizophrenias". He wrote about four or five books for the general public and (I suspect) many scholarly papers. In particular, I recall them being discussed in _Mental and Elemental Nutrients_ and _Zinc and Other Micronutrients_ (?). Somebody else will have to look into this, though, since it's been many years since I read them. There is now another Brain Bio Center, located in Colorado, I think. Like Pfeiffer, they're continuing the work of the orthomolecular psychiatry school, founded by Abram Hoffer and Humphrey Osmond. If I recall correctly, histapenia is treated mainly with niacin and histadelia with pyridoxine, among numerous supporting nutrients and pharmaceuticals. --Marshall Price of Miami-- D021317c 12:09, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Incidentally, the words I was referring to above are "histadelia" and "histapenia". Pfeiffer is in the hall of fame at http://www.orthomolecular.org/history/index.shtml D021317c 22:07, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Just registering my opinion on the removal of histadelia and histapenia: of course it's not accepted by mainstream medicine. Neither is homeopathy, so you think we should delete the pages on that? I honestly think homeopathy, natural medicine, alternative medicine, etc etc are all total utter bullshit and yes, delusions. Same for pretty much all kook science. However, even if we assume that the piece of text that remains on the page (that histamine levels are linked to schizophrenia), it is even more ridiculous - and cocky - to blindly say "Nothing can possibly ever go wrong with histamine activity and we know absolutely everything about it."

Saying that there's been no research on it, therefore it can't exist, is possibly worse still. It is known for a fact that histamine activity through the h3 receptor messes with the activities of a number of neurochemicals, so it would be utterly ridiculous to claim that it's impossible for histamine abnormalities to cause, say, mood swings. Research is needed.

But yes, wikipedia is not about new research. It's about reporting what other people have found, which both the original text and the new text with this section removed both completely fail to do: what it SHOULD be saying, REGARDLESS of whether the disorder exists, is that some people believe histamine may play a role in certain disorders, though the mainstream medical community has not acknowledged any problems.

As for me? I know that anecdotal evidence is utterly useless (AFAIK it's all UFOlogy has, and we all know how ridiculous THAT is), but it makes a bit of an impression on you when you find the first google result for histadelia has a long list of seemingly completely unrelated symptoms and you have had every one of them for as long as you can remember. Never believed in a single piece of "alternative medicine" or such before or since. Oh, and no doctor I've seen has been able to explain why I become murderously irritable (literally) and get an itchy rash at the same time at seemingly random times. 144.132.96.24 07:21, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

I concur. Histamine imbalance is one area of alternative medicine that needs to be studied more. It is on MUCH firmer scientific footing than homeopathy, for instance. Which is more reasonable? That water has a "memory", or that histamine, which is a FRIGGING NEUROTRANSMITTER for Pete's sake, may have something to with moods. Considering the fact that modern medicine really is much further behind in the area of psychiatry than in other areas (why does lexapro work for some people, but not for others? No one knows why). Depression usually results in a low, or non-existant sex drive, but not for everyone. Histadelia is the perfect explanantion for why some people have depression with a (sometimes annoyingly) high sex drive. 71.222.142.147 18:26, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Uh, that was me. Also if someone says that's likely to be an allergic response: yes, histamine IS vital in the allergic response; if someone is having an allergic reaction their histamine levels WILL go up and that's something no sane doctor will deny. PianoSpleen 07:25, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

I don't know much about histapenia but histadelia sounds an awful lot like histamine intolerance, where the ratio between accumulated histamine and the enzymes required to metabolise histamine are unequal, either through excess histamine, or through a deficiency in the enzyme. This is not alternative medicine but a recognised medical condition more commonly associated with food intolerances and immunology than psychiatry (not because it involves the immune system directly, but because food intolerances are often confused with food allergies). The following article summarises some of the current information on histamine intolerance: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/5/1185

There is also a more general article in wikipedia on food intolerances which has more links: Food Intolerance

Personally I think it is very misleading to say that health issues caused by high levels of histamine is not accepted by the mainstream medical community, only by alternative medicine. I was diagnosed by the mainstream medical community, thank you very much, and the doctors at the Royal Prince Alfred Allergy Clinic in Sydney don't seem to have a problem with it at all. 202.67.91.36 (talk) 23:35, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

H substance
What is H substance? The article says it is "held to be similar to histamine; or possibly to be histamine itself" - is this a misconception or a mistake? In other articles it appears to be a synonym for Substance H, which redirects to Hh antigen system. --apers0n 09:16, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Angiogenesis
On the Histamine antagonist page there is mention that Histamine promotes angiogenesis. but there is no mention on this page. So I will add it in along with this reference. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7540412 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Haaaa (talk • contribs) 09:22, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

Histamine inactivation
Your skin is irritated, the mast cells release histamine, you itch, you scratch. But how long does it take for the histamine to inactivate? What modifies this time? Does scratching inactivate the histamine, or otherwise reduce the itch?-69.87.200.131 00:43, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I've found that scratching makes hives worse, if anything. Sure, it helps the itching feel a little better, but it must make the hives release more histamine or something - as a sufferer of about 83923 allergies, it seems to be the case (for me, at least). flod logic 01:41, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Scratching actually stimulates sensory neurons in the skin in the area of the itch, and in a sense overtakes the pathway the itch would travel down to the central nervous system. That's why the scratching only temporarily relieves the itching, and of course the scratching irritates the area further, and I imagine would release more histamine, like flod said. Anyway, I have no idea about histamine inactivation though... Ccroberts @   04:33, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

chemotaxis
Shown to have a role in white blood cell chemotaxis? I gotta read about this - hook a curious brother up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.119.168.188 (talk) 07:50, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Gastronintestinal and metabolization
For the TODO list: numerous people are selling "histamine pills", containing DAO as a treatment for food sensitivity. The claim/trend needs to be documented, along with any supporting/contradicting evidence -- likely on the page on DAO but there should be mention/crosslink here. Also perhaps worth mentioning foods with high histamine content. (71.192.212.78 (talk) 17:48, 14 November 2009 (UTC))

A hormone?
I've learned that histamine is a hormone, but the word "hormone" isn't even mentioned in this article. Am I wrong? --193.157.225.219 (talk) 09:37, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

Venom
Worth mentioning that histamine is an active component in various venoms? Off hand, I can think of stinging nettles and giant centipedes.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.152.255.106 (talk) 20:04, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Histamine intolerance
This was added by

There is also a condition known as Histamine Intolerance (HIT, not to be confused with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV) that results from the body's inability to break down histamine. This is caused by a low-activity version of the enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) reduced presence of this enzyme, or a combination of the two ( http://www.histamineintolerance.org.uk/About.aspx ).

The reference is a website (link) that is rather light on scientific information and is mostly built on the conclusions of (Am J Clin Nutr 2007). The concept, however, gets only <20 PubMed hits. Most of the literature is from Germany and focuses on a purposed deficiency of diamine oxidase. I have the feeling that this is not a concept that we should introduce without proper discussion, possibly supported with better proof. JFW | T@lk  16:41, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Hi there, I'm a little new to this. I added a citation yesterday to back up the histamine intolerance part of this entry. It's now gone. I would love to know why? Here are the studies:

http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/5/1185.full

full: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/5/1185.full

pdf from the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK www.nuh.nhs.uk/handlers/downloads.ashx?id=16965

While I personally question whether histamine intolerance is or is not a more complicated disorder (mast cell activation or mastocytosis), I believe it warrants at least adding the citation to what is already there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.139.252.62 (talk) 09:28, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

Properties section
The Properties section starts off with "Histamine forms color hygroscopic crystals that melt at 84°C". The way the word "color" is used in the sentence does not make grammatical sense. If this is a typographical error, such as omitting the past participle suffix "ed" from "colored", it needs to be changed to "Histamine forms colored hygroscopic crystals that melt at 84°C". If it is not a typo, then whatever variety of hygroscopic crystal a "color hygroscopic crystal" is needs to be explained. Linstrum (talk) 19:57, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

 * This article isn't getting written the right way. We have reams of unsourced data, and then people go back to fix "bad grammar" without checking....   so far as I know, histamine is white - the salts are white - but I so far haven't seen a citation you can even crystallize the base let alone what color it is.  I used some ad hoc references but really much more needs to be done here to put this into proper order.  Otherwise it's a game of telephone. Wnt (talk) 15:52, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

Suppressive effects --> Protective effects
"While histamine has stimulatory effects upon neurons, it also has suppressive ones that protect against the susceptibility to convulsion, drug sensitization, denervation supersensitivity, ischemic lesions and stress.[10] It has also been suggested that histamine controls the mechanisms by which memories and learning are forgotten.[11]"

After reading that, "suppressive effects" didn't seem to be a fitting title, and while I view "protective effects" as better, I don't think it adequately encompassses the last sentence. Thoughts? Erebusthedark (talk) 01:24, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

I know nothing about Histamine&Appetite regulation
And I think it would be great if someone proficient in this field could add some data to the article... Ben-Natan (talk) 06:36, 3 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Not prepared to take this on just now, but let me leave a pointer to as a good source. Looie496 (talk) 15:35, 3 January 2015 (UTC)
 * People? Ben-Yeudith (talk) 15:55, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

Atopic Dermatitis
A few sentences would seem warranted about the role histamine plays in eczema-related skin conditions, such as neuro-dermatitis or atopic-dermatitis. Release of histamine upon scratching (pruritis) and so forth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.102.230.155 (talk) 15:09, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

H1 receptor discrepancy
How can the same H1 type receptors cause both smooth cell constriction (bonchoconstriction) and smooth cell relaxation (vasodilatation)? Ca2+ signalling cause constriction. I think the vasodilatation is caused by the H2 receptors, so the vasodilatation should be removed from the H1 part of the table under 'Mechanism of action' part 193.6.168.249 (talk) 14:13, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

Vasodilation
Binding of histamine to endothelium causes contraction of the endothelial cells, leading to increased interendothelial spaces, increased vascular permeability, and leakage of plasma into the tissues. Histamine also stimulates endothelial cells to synthesize vascular smooth muscle cell relaxants, such as prostacyclin (PGI2) and nitric oxide, which cause vasodilation [...] (Abbas et al (2018). Cellular and molecular immunology p.447)

So it seems that histamin primarely increases vascular permeability via endothelial cells contraction and induces Vasodilation via smooth muscle relaxation.

Also In this article we can read that histamine strongly increases vascular permeability via disrupting endothelial barrier --Vardos (talk) 16:30, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

Histamine science
Where do scientists discover and creating histamine? 72.69.243.12 (talk) 06:27, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Missing information about female sexual dysfunction in the section Erection and sexual function
It's absurd to see that this section mentions sexual dysfunction in only males. The amounts of certain tissues always varies among individuals, but erectile tissues are usually present in all individuals since birth.

Examples of female erectile tissues include the clitoris and vestibular bulbs.

Input from reliable sources is needed. I found a paper with relevant discussion:
 * Histamine receptors in the female reproductive system. Part II. The role of histamine in the placenta, histamine receptors and the uterus contractility

— CrafterNova  [ TALK ] [ CONT ] 13:44, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Histamine


text:
Proudly South African

Proudly South African was established in 2001, born out of the 1998 Presidential Job Summit which was convened by the late former President Nelson Mandela. The country’s official buy local advocacy campaign is aligned to the government’s objective of combatting the triple challenges of poverty, inequality and above all, unemployment.

Proudly South African is a membership based organisation, and only companies that have been audited and approved are entitled to carry the logo, which is a sign that a product or service meets local content thresholds and above all, quality standards.

Proudly South African works with the public and private sectors to promote increased levels of local procurement through supply chain structures, and with consumers to change habits of every day store and online purchases.

Proudly South African’s clarion call is Buy Local to Create Jobs.

title: Proudly South African


text:
Wikipedia:Coherence (historical)

Wikipedia Coherence groups a series of guidelines that are neither neither neither neither neither
 * Central policies, as in category:wikipedia official policy and Five pillars
 * Wikipedia style guidelines, as in category:wikipedia style guidelines and Manual of Style
 * Wikipedia how-to guidelines, as in category:wikipedia how-to and how-to
 * Wikipedia naming conventions guidelines, as in category:wikipedia naming conventions and naming conventions
 * Wikipedia deletion guidelines, as in category:wikipedia deletion and deletion

So what is this idea about "Coherency" guidelines, are they in any way important?

 * The "coherence" guidelines are not important : in that you don't need to know anything about them to contribute to wikipedia

 * The "coherence" guidelines are extremely important : in that they give the basic philosophies behind many of the central policies, and help the composition of other wikipedia guidelines stay coherent

Examples of "coherence" guidelines

 * importance - how "importance" is defined is, yeah, important; even the central NPOV policy depends on how "importance" is defined, see NPOV tutorial. Nonetheless the importance guideline is, of course, less important than the NPOV policy itself (which usually can be applied with a merely intuitive understanding of "importance")
 * easy navigation - This guideline has few practical recommendations when you're writing wikipedia articles, its main objective is to sort out inconsistencies sometimes creeping into guidelines covering similar topics.

title: Wikipedia:Coherence (historical)


text:
User talk:CristiS

Welcome CristiS! Now that you've joined Wikipedia, there are users!

Hello, CristiS. Welcome to Wikipedia and thank you for your contributions! I'm Codrinb, one of the other editors here, and I hope you decide to stay and help contribute to this amazing repository of knowledge. Alternatively, leave me a message at my talk page or type  here on your talk page, and someone will try to help. Remember to always sign your posts on talk pages. You can do this either by clicking on the button on the edit toolbar or by typing four tildes   at the end of your post. This will automatically insert your signature, a link to this (your talk) page, and a timestamp. The best way to learn about something is to experience it. Explore, learn, contribute, and don't forget to have some fun! To get some practice editing you can use a sandbox. You can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mypage/sandbox&action=edit&preload=Template:User_Sandbox/preload create your own private sandbox] for use any time. Perfect for working on bigger projects. Then for easy access in the future, you can put  on your userpage.

 Sincerely, Codrin.B (talk) 04:01, 21 January 2012 (UTC)  [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Codrinb&action=edit&section=new&preload=Template:Welcome_to_Wikipedia/user-talk_preload (Leave me a message)]

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WikiProject Romania
--Codrin.B (talk) 04:01, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Cupa României
Can you help improving Cupa României on Wikipedia English ? We already started from the beginning and we are in 1963-64 season. You can start with 2003-04. Thanks !--Alexiulian25 (talk) 22:47, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:CristiS


text:
Cēsis District

Cēsis District (Cēsu rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in the Vidzeme region, in the country's north-east. It bordered the former districts of Valmiera and Valka to the north, Limbaži and Riga to the west, Gulbene to the east, Ogre and Madona to the south. It was organized into two cities, a municipality and twenty one parishes, each with a local government authority. The center of the district was the city of Cēsis.

Districts were eliminated during the administrative-territorial reform in 2009.

Cities, municipalities and parishes in the Cēsis District

 * Amata Municipality
 * Cēsis city
 * Drusti Parish
 * Dzērbene Parish
 * Ineši Parish
 * Jaunpiebalga Parish
 * Kaive Parish
 * Liepa Parish
 * Līgatne city
 * Līgatne Parish
 * Mārsnēni Parish
 * Nītaure Parish
 * Priekuļi Parish
 * Raiskuma Parish
 * Stalbe Parish
 * Straupe Parish
 * Rauna Parish
 * Skujene Parish
 * Taurene Parish
 * Vaive Parish
 * Vecpiebalga Parish
 * Veselava Parish
 * Zaube Parish
 * Zosēni Parish

title: Cēsis District


text:
Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 27

Misspelled words in quotes: [sic], (sic), or [sic]   ?
Is there a standard or consensus at WP?
 * From what I've seen, [sic] is certainly the most common. Imho it should only be italicised if the quote is also italicised - "WikiPaedia [sic] is an online encyclopaedia" and "WikiPaedia [sic] is an online encyclopaedia". Thryduulf 13:37, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that it's in italics because it's Latin. And it should be in square brackets rather than round ones to show that it's not part of the quotation. Ann Heneghan (talk) 14:32, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I've never seen this written down as a policy – well, I haven't looked for it either – but my observation has been that if you have a reason to put a particular word in italics (perhaps for emphasis), but the passage is already in italics, then, to get the same effect (i.e. of making the word stand out), you cancel the italics for that particular word. So, according to your example, it would be: "WikiPaedia [sic] is an online encyclopaedia". Ann Heneghan (talk) 14:46, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think you need italics. The wikipedia convention is not to italicize latin words that are commonly used in English. Also, its already in brackets, so it stands out. It should definitely be brackets, though. Parentheses serve a different role and, as far as I've ever noticed, brackets are always used where an editor adds comment or clarification to a quotes. Chuck 15:35, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

My instincts, the above arguments, and the general WP idea of keeping things simple, tell me that we should use brackets and plain text, and, when the whole quote is italicized, italicize the [sic] as well.

Thank you to all who played. paul klenk 16:08, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I strongly suggest keeping things simpler still. Normally there is no benefit in preserving the error (which in modern-day books is more likely to be an error made by a proof-reader rather than by the author), and so there is no need to use sic. It's only in the very rare cases where there is a particular need to quote something with a misspelling, or to quote something that, although right, looks as though it might be wrong, that sic is needed, jguk 17:53, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I've noticed that [sic] can also be used politically, to denigrate an opponent. So, for example, if you're writing about some religious, ethical, or political subject, and you make a grammatical or spelling error, it's quite likely that your opponent will quote your words exactly, with a little [sic] thrown in, to show that you're not very educated, and that therefore your views are unlikely to be of any relevance. It doesn't seem to happen so much when people are writing about uncontroversial subjects. Ann Heneghan (talk) 18:09, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * While [sic] can be used as a dig, and should not be so used in wikipedia, I think it has a place. I general i disagree with jguk's point above. I think when quoting explicitly one should quote exactly, and use ... or brackets to show any changes, including spelling corrections. One cannot safely assume what the source of an error in a printed work is, but i feel it is dishonest to correct silenetly in what purports to be a quote. DES (talk) 18:22, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. We should not be correcting quotes. Changes to quotes should be limited to, for example, changing verb tense to match the non-quoted part of a sentence. Any such change to a quote should be bracketed. Addressing Ann's point, I agree any "digs" within a WP article should be avoided, there's plenty of legitimate uses for [sic] though. Chuck 18:56, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Chuck completely here. Changing the text within quotes is not honest scholarship. Jonathunder 19:21, 2005 September 6 (UTC)

 * Wow, I opened up a can of worms. More issues than I imagined.  There are some interesting points here.  I just added a quote, directly copied (and credited) from a paper of a cultural anthropologist.  He misspelled Dalmatian as Dalmation, and DeVil as DeVille.  I [sic]ked him, but not as a dig -- but to show that it was his mistake, not mine.  I think that is the purpose of the [sic], to a] let the reader know that the author quoting the text is not making the mistake, b] but is aware of it, and c] keeping true to the original.  paul klenk 21:21, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Why is it important to preserve a typo? Surely good writing demands that you correct it? I know of no honest record that doesn't correct obvious and unintentional errors (unless preserving them actually adds to what is being reported), jguk 19:37, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, a minor typo, perhaps, but then where do you draw the line? Ann Heneghan (talk) 20:08, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

The question of [sic] was discussed at the Terri Schiavo talk page. Michael Schiavo testified in court that he had taken up nursing because he wanted "to learn how to take care of Terri." No Wikipedian was present to hear his testimony, so we relied on the official court transcript, which misspelled her name as Terry. The article had, "I want to learn how to take care of Terry [sic]." I removed the [sic], since we were quoting Michael's words (e.g. "Michael said", not "the court transcript said that Michael said"). I explained in the edit summary that Michael did not misspell his wife's name when he was giving oral testimony. The [sic] was replaced by another editor, on the grounds that we got our information from the transcript. I disagreed, but didn't feel it was worth squabbling over. Later, someone else removed it again, and we came to some agreement to leave it out. The discussion is now archived, but it can be seen at Talk:Terri_Schiavo/archive32. Ann Heneghan (talk) 20:15, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * That is a special case, where the original source was oral, and the error appears to ahve occured in making a transcript. As for "obvious" typos in a written source, i would either 1) leave them in possibly with [sic], 2) corrent them, with the corrected words in brackets, or 3) correct them, with a parenthetical note like "Obvious typos in source have been corrected" similar to the "My emphasis" note used when addign italics or bold to a quote that did not already contain them. What I would not do is to correct a written source in what purports to be an expclicit quotation with no indication that I had done so. DES (talk) 21:52, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Another alternative, especially if the errors are extensive and would be too distracting or make the passage difficult to read, would be to just paraphrase--still giving proper credit, of course. DES is right that an explicit quote should not ever be changed without alerting the reader. Doing so would be dishonest or sloppy, and Wikipedia should not have either. CDThieme 22:00, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I have to agree with DES here. Quotes alert readers that this is exactly what was said or written. The only exceptions to that I am aware of is quotes in translation and/or where it is explicitly stated how the quote was changed. The world is not the wikipedia, we don't correct quotes just because we can. Jguk, show me a style manual that allows changes to quoted items for any reason without alerting readers. Chuck 23:00, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Let me quote the entry from Fowler's Modern English Usage in full:

 * Latin for 'so, thus', is inserted (within brackets) after a quoted word or phrase to confirm its accuracy as a quotation, or occasionally after the writer's own word to emphasize it as giving his deliberate meaning. It amounts to 'Yes, he did say that', or 'Yes, I do mean that, in spite of your natural doubts'. It should be used only when the doubt is natural; but reviewers and controversialists are tempted to pretend that it is, because sic provides them with a`neat and compendious form of criticism. Examples: I probably have a different sense of morality to [sic] most people - Alan Clark as reported in the Chicago Tribune, 2 June 1994; Could she take Tatler, Vanity Fair and Health magazines that were laying (sic) around at home?- V.Grove, 1994 (reporting a Desert Island Discs interview with Britt Ekland); his [an inventor's] crudely written notice that it 'does [sic] the work of a press that would cost £10,000' - Spectator, 1994.

I suggest we shouldn't be reviewers or controversialists, jguk 23:08, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Which edition? Chuck 01:57, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I just read this quote again and realized two things. First, that there are citations from 1994, implying my question above is stupid. (Its clearly a recent edition.) Second, I found I do not quite understand the sentence "It should be used only when the doubt is natural; but reviewers and controversialists are tempted to pretend that it is, because sic provides them with a`neat and compendious form of criticism." Is there a missing word? Should it have been "pretend that it is ____"? Or does "it" refer to something besides "[sic]"?
 * Also, we've already addressed that [sic] shouldn't be used to condescend. Because I'm confused about that sentence, its not clear whether you think the cited paragraph supports not using [sic] at all, or whether it merely supports that [sic] shouldn't be used to condescend. Chuck 01:07, 10 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I read the sentance to say that "reviewers and controversialists" are tempted to pretend that there is a doubt or even an error when there is none, to allow them to use [sic] in an snide or pretentious way. Since we already agreed that it shouldn't be used in that way on wikipedia, and since many of the uses Fowleer is pointing to as dubious are when a writer inserts [sic] after the writer's own word, to say "Yes i was really smart enough to mean the more obscure use of this word", which we also shouldn't do on wikipedia, i don't think this caution from Fowler really applies. We should be clear that here [sic] should only be used when quoting an outside source, IMO. DES (talk) 15:01, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

I would suggest that we avoid sic altogether, which is another one of these pretentious Latin thingies best avoided (like i.e., e.g., ibid., op. cit., etc.) and stick to a standard English-language note after quotations. Something like (spellings as in original). However, given that, I don't see that there is anything "misleading" about correcting misspellings when quoting. Making sure that we use the original (incorrect) spellings seems about as important as making sure we use the original font. The message is the message, not the medium. Language is words, not a series of letters, and quotations are of language. Nohat 20:14, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

I feel strongly that we should be using 'sic' (ideally as '(sic)' rather than '[sic]' as the latter could be mistaken by an editor for an external link) for two reasons. Firstly that no encyclopedia should *ever* change a quotation / quoted source. If readers cannot trust us to report a quote correctly why should they trust us about anything we write? Secondly, because there is no better way to encode that we have provided the quote verbatim. "sic" means "spelling as in original" (not plural, btw) or "word choice as in original" and is much shorter / less obtrusive. It is also fairly common in reference materials. Now if we were to discuss the title of this section I'd rather see "Misspelt words ..." or "Misspelling of words ..."! --Vamp:Willow 20:23, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Further up this page, someone asked for even one style manual which permits changing letters inside litteral quotes. A passage from Fowler was given, but nothing in Fowler permits this, not in that passage or anywhere. No style manual I am aware of does, and the reason is this is regarded as dishonest, especially in the academic world. If I as a reader find that a source has changed something in literal quotes without alerting me somehow, I will not trust that source. Wikipedia should have a strong expectation that we are honest with our sources, even to the letter and punctuation mark, if we are to be regarded as worth serious consideration. CDThieme 20:36, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * If you do any modification of a quote, it's no longer a quote in my opinion. Quotes should not be changed! If there are spelling or grammar errors in the orginal printed source, they should stay. If there are grammar errors in a spoken word source, they should stay.

 * On the other hand, I've always HATED [sic] within quotes. It is so incredibly jarring and disruptive to reading the text. My personal opinion is that at the end of the quote, there should be a footnote reference. In the footnote itself, there should be a short note that says something like "spelling as in original source, WikiPaedia is usually spelled Wikipedia". Blank Verse   ∅  20:49, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * A footnote is another reasonable way of handling this. I have seen cases where handwriten documents were transcribed with footnotes that inconsistant spelling or punctuation had been regualrized. Certianly a footnote would be preferable to many uses of [sic] within the same passage. That said, [sic] is the standard academic method of indicating this, and is not IMO at all prtentious, nor do I find it any more intrusive than a footnote that requires me to look eslewher eand possibly then look back to see exactly what it is refering to, and that might be confused with a footnote present for citation purposes. I think that use of [soic] is perfectly acceptable, and indeed ought to be favored in appropriate situations in wikipedia. DES (talk) 21:02, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I find this slippery-slope argument ("If readers cannot trust us to report a quote correctly why should they trust us about anything we write") uncompelling. There is no reason that correcting misspelled words should necessarily imply that any semantic modification has taken place, and anyone who thinks otherwise is paranoid and mistaken, because many news organizations make much greater changes to quotations than correcting spellings all the time, to not great outcry. Again, language is words, not a particular series of letters. If the spellings aren't somehow relevant to the quotation, then pointing out errors is unnecessary and distracting, especially given that in most cases spelling errors aren't the author's fault, but the result of a careless copyeditor down the line of publication.

 * Furthermore, sic may mean "spelling(s) as in original", but to much fewer people than the English words "spellings as in original". Wikipedia need not be any more academic than necessary, because "academic" in this sense just means narrow in accessability. We should be writing in plain (but not necessarily "simple") English, not an obtuse combination of English and obscure Latin abbreviations. Since Wikipedia is not paper, I don't see that there is any compelling need to compact text at the expense of understandability. Nohat 21:08, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The writer's own word? Oh, please... Chuck, the implied word is "so", thus: "...reviewers and controversialists are tempted to pretend that it is so" ("is indeed natural"). Use of [sic] draws unnecessary attention to the editor, a vulgarism. Odd spellings and usages in quotes at Wikipedia are easily identified for future editors with, which invisibly serves the only legitimate purpose of [sic] while preserving an unruffled surface of the quoted text. Mere typos are silently corrected by everyone, unless the original writer's point is at issue. --Wetman 21:21, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The standard English for [sic] is [thus in original]. I'd dave thought everyone knew that. --Wetman 21:30, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The fact that not everyone knows that I think is reason enough for it to be avoided. Nohat 03:00, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree mostly with Nohat. AFAIK "sic" shouldn't be used to indicate spelling errors, instead it should point out cases which seem like misspellings, but aren't, or otherwise purposeFUL strange spelling. Not for trivial mistakes which are meaningless. "sic" means "thus" and I have a slight preference for "[sic]" or "[thus]" over "(sic)", since "(" and ")" are already used for clarification: He and his mubacher (a kind of dog) went for a walk. --MarSch 12:28, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * My view is that what is appropriate depends on the quote. So if you are quoting on English usage, or to demonstrate a point where there is some element of debate on right or wrong, then not correcting and highlighting this can be appropriate (if only to stop someone else blindly correcting). Using [sic] is a well-known convention (the point of some of these conventions only dawn over time) and it is easy enough for a reader, intrigued at this annotation, to find out about it. My view on the general case is that it does not require identical spelling to be a correct quote. You should be wary of changing words (e.g. "You should be careful of changing words") as you may change the subtleties of meaning - a good example of this is the technical difference between should and must, where should can be taken to mean must, but in law it infers a strong preference as opposed to an absolute requirement. Quoting Churchill, one would be very wary of changing anything - as the way that he said things was considered part of the point, but cleaning up some dodgy English from another website should be fair game if the point of the quote is purely the content.

 * The other advantage of [sic] as a convention is that it is clearly understood not to be part of the quote when used in situ (sigh, there goes another one) whereas use of English anotation has to be distinguished further, or risks being sucked into the quote. e.g. "blak is white" (as written) - soon becomes a cause for concern, what is the concern over: the annotation or the spelling? Using "blak[sic] is white" becomes clear that the only issue is the poor spelling not the contentious nature of the statement.

 * In the end it is a readability issue, it should fairly obvious when a change is uncontentious. In other words, the acid test should be - "Is this of relevance to the reader in the context of the article?" If it is not, then clean it up in a way that minimises the impact of the correction. Spenny 15:00, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Just to maybe try to move this forward a little, after being away for a while I think I've clarified my thoughts. This isn't a proposal, but I'm curious what people think about this as a framework for moving the discussion forward: Chuck 22:24, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Quotes should generally not be "corrected". We aren't the world's spell checkers or grammar checkers, we merely report what people say/write. An exception would be if the source we are relying on made a mistake in its quoting of the item (i.e. a newspaper misspells something someone says in an interview; see the Terri Shiavo example above.)
 * 2) If we do correct or change a quote (obvious typo, for example) then the correction should go in brackets. Frankly, any editor's addition or change within a quote should be in brackets, since parenthesis have other grammatical uses that might be confusing.
 * 3) We should explicitly note for readers where an apparent error is in the original. Its not enough to note it in comments for editors. Readers should have the information to know if an apparent error is ours or in the original, especially since sometimes an apparent error is not actually an error -- the vernacular used in Tom Sawyer comes to mind.
 * 4) We should figure out something besides [sic], since we generally have a policy to not use latin jargon, and there's no reason this should be an exception to that policy. Footnotes are extremely useful for providing meta-data such as this.
 * 5) Finally, there certainly seems to be consensus that pointing out misspellings or other errors should never be used as a method for people to slip POV into wikipedia.

 * I agree with all of the above except your number 4. i think [sic] is the perfect thing to use for this, and i plan to continue to use it. Those who hate it could use [thus in original] or some varient, but I don't expect ever to type that. DES (talk) 22:42, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I also agree with all but number 4. This is a a wiki, we have the perfect opportunity to wikify the (sic) and provide instant enlightenment. Hiding  talk 18:15, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Same argument could be used for any other latin jargon that, by consensus, we have decided not to use. I've got no problem with [sic] personally, I'm just looking for the result which doesn't require either adding contradictory guidance to the MoS or having to go back and revisit the latin jargon guidance. Also, because I was arguing that any addition to quotes should go in square brackets, wikifying [sic] could be clumsy. Its not immediately clear to me, for example, how one would wikify it and put it in square brackets. Finally, if I saw (sic) in an article, I would click it expecting to get further information on that specific quote, that might provide explanation as to why [sic] was necessary. I'd be surprised to merely reach the general sic page. Chuck 19:19, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * ". . .wikifying [sic] could be clumsy. Its not immediately clear to me, for example, how one would wikify it and put it in square brackets." FYI, [sic] = [sic] —Wayward 09:35, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * You might guess I am anti-number 4. I don't think it is Latin jargon per se[sic], it is a mechanism for swiftly highlighting a deliberate wording. The alternatives are cumbersome. There is a great danger of dumbing down. Should we ban the semi-colon as its use is not well understood; should we consider that the colon redundant, too? I do not agree with sic linking: it goes against the over-linking rules in my book.I'm happy about the other points as long as it is clear that they are guides not rules (which I don't think there should be an issue over). There are times when it is just too distracting to get concerned over irrelevant detail - and that has to be the key test, does it add to understanding and readability to highlight a minor typographical correction? Spenny 20:04, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

On a related note, how about depicting intentionally misspelled or abnormally used terms? The example I'm thinking of right now pertains to the Flying Spaghetti Monster, which Bobby Henderson's creation myth claims created a "midgit". Because this perceived misspelling is unintentional, standard English style seems to dictate putting it in quotes (or using [sic], which in this case I think is best avoided), much as would be done if using a word in an unconventional or unusual manner.—chris.lawson (talk) 06:25, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

I have never seen it written anyway but [sic] or [ sic ]. But, I don't believe it has a place in the Wikipedia. Editors of periodicals use it to show they know there is an error, but it is not their fault (not implicitly, but that's the general idea behind it). But in an encyclopedia it doesn't have a purpose. If there is an error in the text, it should be corrected. If it is a quote from a written source, it should remain true to the original source material. If it is from an oral transcription, it should be corrected in spelling, but not in grammar. [sic] is unnecessary in the encyclopedia because it doesn't add to the content. If you look at other encyclopedias, there is no [sic] in them at all. Not in Britanica, Encarta, encyclopedia.com, et al.glocks out 18:29, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Repeated Links
A question on style which I couldn't find. In an article like The Ashes you will see a mix of Australia and Australia. What is the convention? Personal opinion is that repeated links affect readability, though on a long page, the convention of first link only may be inappropriate. Not looking for hard and fast rule, but a guide here. Spenny 12:55, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, forget it, found the guide. Not easy to find, hidden on the link when it is a major topic, and perhaps there should be a stub paragraph which refers to the main links page. Spenny 14:30, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Time references, both hard and soft
All time references should include either a direct reference to either the time actually referenced or a direct reference to the time from which the relative time reference is made. Soft time references ("soon", "recent past", "a little while") should try to be avoided due to the ambiguity of the time referenced. If a soft time reference cannot be avoided, the time referenced from ("soon" from what time point?). For example, "now" should always be referenced to the time written, if that is what is intended.

To simplify the reading of the articles, it's possible that the time references can remain soft or ambiguous, but they should (must?) include a hard reference within the "meta data" such that the time referenced or the time relative anchor is shown as a rollover in a normal web browser.

The article that prompted this suggestion is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM64T where it references "soon" with no "time anchor".

My apologies if this is in the wrong location: this is my first ever post to wikipedia. GSmith 21:16, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * This is a good idea, IMO. Instead of "now" I generally say something like "as of 2005" or "as of September 2005". Of course, the page history provides metadata so one can always determnine when a "soon" was put in, but in a frequently edited page that can becoem quite tedious to uncover.
 * I think this discussion would be better at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style with the goal of putting this guideline into the MoS evnetually. DES (talk) 20:31, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I copied the above from Village pump (proposals) becauze I think it belongs here. DES (talk) 21:45, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

I'd agree that soft time references can be a problem and should be avoided where possible. Where it's not possible, context is vital. Another related word which can cause problems and always needs to be placed with unambiguous context is "contemporary", with its shift in meaning from "at the same time" to "modern". Grutness...  wha?  01:11, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

And one step better than "as of 2005" is "as of 2005". -- Jmabel | Talk 00:59, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Linking years seems to be a common cause of overlinking. Unless there is a strong context in the article that means that the year is highly relevant (historical impact) then it is unlikely to be appropriate to link to the year (and therefore should not be used as a technique to give the edit a time context as this technical use would not be distinguished by the reader).
 * This would be especially true of a comment that says words to the effect of "at the time of editing" where there is little link between the time of editing and the subject of the article, except to indicate that the article might become out of date. For example, discussing the latest Volkswagen Golf model might have a discussion of the current model, but is it then helpful to find out what else has been going on in 2005? Perhaps the test is that if you are doing a list of 2005 happenings, would this article be of interest? So hurricanes in 2005 might deserve a link due to notable events at the same time, whereas the latest Creative Labs MP3 player would not be worthy. Of course, the user is always able to conduct their own searches. Spenny 11:11, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, though, there are people who work off of the backlinks of the as of... pages to look for what can be updated. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:04, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Understood, my view on that is that it makes me uncomfortable subverting the use of a feature for another use. I'm not up on the wikibilities, but if this is the case it would be better to have a revision marker that was not a link to allow someone to scan for it. So, is it good style to present to the reader markup that is not for their benefit? Spenny 07:47, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Isn't this whole idea pretty non-controversial. I'd be pretty surprised to see an edit war where one person wrote "recently" and someone changed it to "early 2005" and the first guy wanted it changed back. Even if that does happen, I think it would be pretty hard to support using the more vague time, regardless of whether the Manual of Style includes an entry on the topic.Chuck 16:11, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Is "like shown" correct?
From the Use of punctuation in the presence of brackets section:

 * This means that bracketed clauses at the end of sentences do not include a full stop (like shown here).

The phrase "like shown here" is one I've never encountered before, and for reasons I can't quite articulate, not being sufficiently expert in grammar, it feels wrong.

I'd be inclined to use "as shown here". Is "like shown" considered incorrect, or is it just a particulary uncommon usage? Direvus 17:11, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Winston tastes good...? I think it's worth changing. –Hajor 17:41, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Like is a preposition and can be used to introduce a prepositional phrase. Like is not used to introduce a clause. Therefore, "as shown here" (an elliptical clause) is correct. —Wayward 04:49, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Like can also be used as a conjunction to introduce a clause. . Nohat 05:28, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * What's intended, I surmise, is a reference to an illustration that's, like, shown. Another form is simply (illustration) or (illustrated). Or even (illustrated above right)— for those articles where the illustrations are balanced, not lined up like matchheads in a matchbook. --Wetman 01:55, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * From Nohat's link (Merriam-Webster):

While the present objection to [like's conjunctive use] is perhaps more heated than rational, someone writing in a formal prose style may well prefer to use as, as if, such as, or an entirely different construction instead.

So there you have it. Your notion of correctness is better described as a notion of proper formal usage.


text:
St Ann's, Nottingham

St Ann's is a large district of the city of Nottingham, in the English ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire. The population of the district at the time of the United Kingdom census, 2011 was 19,316.

History
The name St Ann's is possibly derived from an ancient well in the area, once thought to have healing properties. It was recorded in 1301 as The Brodewell and in other historical references it was called the O[w]swell or Robin Hood's Well.

In 1500, the spring was appropriated by monks who built a chapel adjacent to the well and dedicated the site to St. Ann. There are several ancient names attached to the area; Peas Hill (1230), Hunger Hills (1304) and Clay Fields.

The development of the St Ann's perhaps began as early as 1750 when Charles Morley, Sheriff in 1737-8, manufactured brown earthenware very prosperously in a small factory in Beck Street, his speciality being his brown beer jugs.

In the 1830s, Clay Fields was divided into plots. Until the passing of the Nottingham Enclosure Act in 1845, the area was largely uninhabited and formed part of the Clay Fields area. After that date, the council was able to develop the land, and the area became known as St Ann's. An associated church, St. Ann's Church, was constructed in the 1860s to serve the community. The foundation stone was laid on 23 September 1863 by Sydney Pierrepont, 3rd Earl Manvers. The church was consecrated on 26 September 1864, and was a daughter church of St. Mary the Virgin, Nottingham.

The Enclosure Act of 1845 allowed the city to take 1068 acre of the Clay Fields. It was used for housing, and by 1880 the building of 'New Town' was complete. It was specifically built for the working poor. They were very basic cottages, with a butcher, a baker, a large number of public houses, a market place and, for the first time in Britain, allotments where the poor could grow their vegetables. The Public Health Act 1875 enabled local authorities to make byelaws to regulate such building. Here, all the houses were pre-Public Health Act terraced houses, on a gridiron plan arranged around courts of ten houses. These were later demolished under slum clearance legislation of the 1960s.

According to McKenzie (2015), the estate was a town within a town; the local constabulary refused to enter St Ann's estate, so policing was managed by the residents relying on 'family affiliation'. It was an area of hard work and low pay that culturally was separate from Nottingham. It was also an area of 10,000 houses where only 9% had an inside toilet, and 50% had no hot water system - many of the yards had shared toilets and open sewers leading to endemic dysentery and cholera. Infant mortality was three times the national average. Clearances of houses such as these started in 1930, but because of the war 'New Town' continued until 1970. The houses were flattened and the residents dispersed.

In 1970, the Victorian streets were replaced with a Radburn style estate. While this introduced a more modern housing stock, the confusing pattern of facing houses with differing street names and the maze of undistinguishable walk-ways made the new estate impenetrable to outsiders. The houses were built by Wimpey, using prefabricated techniques. The first residents were proud of the houses, but critical of the design of the estate. Radburn estates worldwide have since become widely unpopular, often referred to as an urban design layout that is typified by failure because of its laneways and interconnected green squares being used as common entries and exits to houses – helping to isolate communities and encourage crime, with roads and car courts poorly surveilled.

Government
St Ann's lies within the unitary authority of Nottingham, and so is governed by Nottingham City Council.

Geography
St Ann's lies east of Nottingham city centre, with Thorneywood to the north east and Carlton Road forming the unofficial boundary with Sneinton to the south.

Demography
In common with other parts of the city, the largely working-class population is still affected by the collapse of manufacturing industry and much of the area scores badly on government measures of deprivation. It is ethnically mixed with a strong sense of community. The population in 2005 was around 15,000.

St Ann's is home to people from all over the world, such as: Pakistan, Afghanistan, the West Indies, Iran, Romania, Greece, Portugal, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Brazil, Mexico, Guinea, Thailand, China, Japan and South Korea.

The area has a Pakistani Community Centre and the African Caribbean National Artistic Center (ACNA).

Economy
In the nineteenth century, the local industries were lace and textile manufacturing, like most of Nottingham.

As of 2023, the area suffers from a lack of pubs, restaurants and shops, with locals left with few places to gather or meet and no major supermarket chains in the area. There is a weekly market, the St Ann's Market, which takes place every Tuesday morning.

There are several ethnic supermarkets including Jamaican, Pakistani, Somali, Portuguese, Italian and Greek. The two main ethnic supermarkets are Murat (which is Kurdish/Turkish) and Asiana, which is the largest oriental retail outlet in the East Midlands.

Culture and community
The area takes its name from St Ann's Well, a spring once thought to have miraculous healing powers, at the junction of The Wells Road and Kildare Road. It was also known as The Brodewell, the Owswell, Robin Hood's Well, in records dating back to 1301. The people of Nottingham used to walk to St Ann's Well on Easter ('Black') Monday and celebrate with a party. It was covered by a spired structure from 1856 to 1887, which was demolished to make way for the railway and later built over by what became The Gardeners pub.

Stonebridge City Farm, which charges no admission fee, is an urban farm that is active in the community.

The last pub in the area was the Sycamore Inn, which closed in April 2014.

Landmarks
The terraces north of Victoria Park have been listed as representing a style of domestic architecture that was once widespread but has been largely lost to bomb damage and slum clearance.

The St Ann's Allotments is the oldest and largest allotment site in England, created in the 1830s and now Grade 2* listed as being of "Special Historic Interest". The allotments have received National Lottery funding for restoration, and were featured on the BBC's The One Show and Radio 4.

Transport
The Nottingham Suburban Railway ran through the area, connecting Trent Lane junction in Sneinton with Daybrook, but bomb damage closed the Sneinton end in 1941 and the line ceased operations completely in 1951.

Bus services
39: Nottingham → St Ann's (Beacon Hill Rise) → Thorneywood → Carlton Valley
 * Nottingham City Transport

40: Nottingham → St Ann's → Sherwood → City Hospital Campus

40B: Nottingham → St Ann's → The Wells Road Top

41: Nottingham → St Ann's

42: Nottingham → St Ann's

Education
Blue Bell Hill Primary School is on Gordon Road along with Our Lady & St. Edwards Primary. The Wells Academy provides secondary education, along with the new St Ann's Well Academy on Hungerhill Rd. There is also Sycamore Academy and Huntingdon Academy.

Religion
The parish church is St. Ann with Emmanuel; the RCCG Covenant Restoration Assembly St Anns meet in Blue Bell Hill Community Centre.

There are also two Mosques in the area with one in the Pakistani Centre and the Islamic Center.

Sport
There are few sports facilities actually in St Ann's, but across the ring road is the National Ice Centre, an Olympic-sized ice rink that is both home to the Nottingham Panthers, and also acts a major music venue of Nottingham. Nottingham Racecourse, the local horse racing track, and the Nottingham Greyhound Stadium are also nearby.

Media
Nottingham film-maker Shane Meadows used St Ann's for some scenes in the 2006 drama This Is England filmed in St Ann's.

Ray Gosling, broadcaster and writer, lived in St Ann's and wrote about it. He also introduced a film about poverty in the area by Thames Television.

Social issues
There have been three academic studies based on the working class community of St Anns:
 * Poverty: The Forgotten Englishman, by Ken Coates and Bill Silburn : University of Nottingham
 * Getting by: by Lisa McKenzie, LSE
 * Narratives From a Nottingham Council Estate: a Story of White Working-Class Mothers With Mixed-Race Children, Ethnic and Racial Studies, by Lisa McKenzie

title: St Ann's, Nottingham


text:
User:Vermorel

I am the the CEO and founder of Lokad, a software company that specializes in the predictive optimization of supply chains (i.e. enterprise software, predictive analytics). I run a video channel named Lokad TV dedicated to supply chain challenges. I have also a personal blog, dealing with software matters.

Link checking tool Wikipedia Link Checker

title: User:Vermorel


text:
Talk:Cēsis District

This sounds like a travel guide. -WindFish 11:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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Mark 3

Mark 3 is the third chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It relates a conflict over healing on the Sabbath, the commissioning of the Twelve Apostles, a conflict with the Jerusalem scribes and a meeting of Jesus with his own family.

Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 35 verses.

Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
 * Codex Vaticanus (325–350; complete)
 * Codex Sinaiticus (330–360; complete)
 * Codex Bezae (~400; complete)
 * Codex Alexandrinus (400–440; complete)
 * Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450; complete).

Healing on the Sabbath
Continuing the theme of the Sabbath from the previous chapter, Mark 3 opens with Jesus healing a man with a shriveled or withered hand on the Sabbath in the Synagogue. The word ἐξηραμμένην (exērammenēn) is translated as "paralyzed" in the International Standard Version. Mark uses the adverb πάλιν (palin, again), indicating this is the synagogue in Capernaum, the same as the one in, although the New American Standard Bible reads "a synagogue".

"Some people", probably the Pharisees, who were mentioned in Mark 2:24, 27, were there specifically waiting to see if Jesus would heal someone on the Sabbath, so that they could accuse him of breaking it. Rabbis of the time would allow healing on the Sabbath only if the person was in great danger, a situation his hand would not qualify for. The Jewish Encyclopedia article on Jesus notes: "... stricter rabbis allowed only the saving of life to excuse the slightest curtailment of the Sabbath rest (Shab. xxii. 6)". In Luke's parallel account, it is "the scribes and Pharisees" who "watch Him closely".

Jesus asks the people "Which is lawful on the Sabbath: to do good or to do evil, to save life or to kill?" They do not answer and he angrily looks around at the crowd and is "distressed at their stubborn hearts". Methodist founder John Wesley suggested that his adversaries were already seeking occasion to kill him. He tells the man to put out his hand which he does and then, seemingly instantaneously, it is healed. Many other stories of healing at the time involved the healer doing work in some way to effect a cure as compared to this quick almost effortless action here. Mark could be highlighting how great he viewed Jesus' powers as being. Jesus also equates not doing good with doing evil and says it is more important, even or perhaps especially, to not let evil and suffering occur through inaction.

According to Mark, this miracle is the spur which sets the Pharisees, as well as the Herodians, against Jesus, having them go out after this and plot to kill him. Thus the reaction of a substantial number of Jews has gone from being amazed to one of outright opposition. Mark has already begun to foreshadow Jesus' death, with this as well as the saying about the bridegroom and fasting in. Some find it improbable these two groups worked together, as the Pharisees opposed Rome and Herod was backed by and supported Rome, see also Iudaea Province. Mark however may be highlighting the dual nature and seriousness of the opposition to Jesus.

This also occurs in Matthew 12:9-14, although Jesus asks about how one would save a sheep on the Sabbath and how helping a person is more important than helping a sheep. Luke 6:6-11 is almost the same as this section of Mark although Luke does not state that they planned to kill him, only that they were "furious" and talked about what to do about Jesus.

Movement of the crowd
Jesus then "withdraws", ἀνεχώρησεν (anechōrēsen), and goes down by a lake, presumably the Sea of Galilee, and people follow him there. Some writers, such as the American commentator Albert Barnes, see the word as meaning flight, as it comes after Mark talks about the plot against Jesus, "... to the lonely regions which surrounded the sea, where he might be in obscurity, and avoid their designs against his life", but it could just as easily mean leaving Capernaum to go to the nearby sea. Mark says the people had come from "... Judea, Jerusalem, Idumea, and the regions across the Jordan and around Tyre and Sidon". Mark thus shows that people are coming from many areas, not just Galilee. Whether these people were non-Jews is unclear as the non-Jewish areas listed also contained Jewish populations. Another group of the time to consider is the Jewish Proselytes.

Protestant commentator Heinrich Meyer divides the movement of the crowds into two sections:
 * verse 7b: a great multitude from Galilee followed him (from Capernaum to the sea);
 * verses 7c and 8: a great multitude from Judea 8 and Jerusalem and Idumea and beyond the Jordan, and those (the Jews) about Tyre and Sidon, heard how many things He was doing, and came to him.

Jesus has the disciples prepare a boat for him to avoid "crowding", because "... he had healed many, so that those with diseases were pushing forward to touch him" and then he heals many of the sick. Evil (or unclean) spirits in the people brought before him fall down whenever they see him, or as soon as ever they catch sight of him, and call him the Son of God, but he tells them not to tell people who he is, continuing the theme of the Messianic Secret.

Choosing of the Twelve Apostles
After highlighting the growing crowd following Jesus, Mark says Jesus went up a mountain and called twelve, whom he appointed Apostles, with the power to preach and "drive out demons". Some manuscripts of Mark do not have Jesus call them Apostles in verse. Verse may be the only time he uses the word, which is most frequently (68 out of 79) used by Luke the Evangelist and Paul of Tarsus, see Strong's G652. It is perhaps symbolic that this occurs on a mountain, a height where people can be met by God in the Jewish tradition, such as Moses talking to God on Mount Sinai, see also the Sermon on the Mount. Mark pictures Jesus as drawing large multitudes to his teaching, and shifts from mountains to lakes to houses at will, creating an evocative landscape that some find lacking plausibility, although the area contains such geographic features.

Verse 16

 * And Simon he surnamed Peter;

He appoints Simon, called Peter, James, John, Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, a second James, Thaddaeus, Simon whom Mark calls a Zealot, and lastly Judas Iscariot.

Luke's lists in Luke and Acts  do not include a Thaddaeus, but instead list "Judas, son of James" or "Judas the brother of James" in the KJV, which some have asserted are two names for the same person, Jude Thaddaeus. Luke also has the story of the Seventy Disciples. Matthew's list is the same as Mark in, although a few western manuscripts of Matthew have a Lebbaeus. This might also indicate that by the time of the writing of the Gospels the exact recollection of the "minor" Apostles had become uncertain, and that there is no "Jude Thaddaeus", a creation of later hagiography. John's Gospel lists no Bartholomew, although John's Nathanael is usually equated with him.

Mark says that the brothers James and John were given the title Boanerges, which Mark tells us means "Sons of Thunder", although many modern scholars disagree with this translation. Many explanations have been given for this title but none commands a consensus. Mark does not explain why Jesus gave Simon the name Peter, meaning rock. has his naming in connection with the church and has it relate to his character. It could also have an ironic meaning, as even Peter denies Jesus in the end.

Philip and Andrew are both Greek names, also Thaddaeus and Lebbaeus. Some Jews, especially from places like Galilee where there were substantial non-Jewish populations, did have a Greek name as well as a Jewish name.

The second Simon is called a kananaios, probably derived from the Aramaic word qan'ānā, meaning a Zealot, which might mean he belonged to a political movement in rebellion against Rome, but might also mean he was religiously zealous. Luke uses the Greek term zēlōtēs.

Iscariot might be Judas' last name or might be a reference to where he came from, meaning "man of Kerioth" It may also be derived from sicarii. The fact that there are twelve Apostles is seen as being related to the Twelve tribes of Israel.

Jesus will "send them out", the Greek verb apostolien (Strong's G649) meaning to send out, to do the work he has been doing but without him being present. Many churches interpret this as his founding of the church, as he creates a special group to work in his name without him. See also the Great Commission.

A house divided
Jesus goes to someone's house (or "the house", possibly Peter's house, verse 19 in some versions, verse 20 in others), and a large crowd follows him there. According to Mark, this prevented Jesus and his disciples from being able to eat. "When his family (hoi par' autou) heard about this, they went to take charge of him, for they said, 'He is out of his mind'." , or "beside himself", exestē (Strong's G1839), which could be read as Jesus' family accusing him of being crazy or describing what others had said about Jesus. Either way they go to assert their control over him, perhaps to stop him from embarrassing the family. Hearing Jesus is being followed by so many people does not seem to accord with their view of him. Whether it was Jesus teaching and attracting large crowds or not eating that disturbs them so much is not clear. A few early manuscripts have "the scribes and the others" instead of his family, but these are usually seen as alterations perhaps designed to tone down the impression of Jesus' own family toward him.

Scribes from Jerusalem, who Matthew says were Pharisees, come and accuse him of something worse than being crazy, using Beelzebub, and/or the "prince of demons" to drive out demons. His power over the demons, they assert, comes from evil power itself. Beelzebub is thought to mean perhaps "lord of the flies" or "lord of dung" or "lord of the height or dwelling", but no certainty exists as to its exact meaning. They do not dispute that he did in fact drive out the demons. They seem to believe Jesus' power is beyond human capabilities and must be supernatural in origin. The charge of Jesus using evil powers was probably made against him to his followers for quite some time after his death. The Jesus Seminar feels the version in is "red" ("authentic") and calls it "the Beelzebul controversy". is determined to be "pink" ("a close approximation of what Jesus did") and is called "Jesus' relatives come to get him" as are, , and the Gospel of Thomas 99:1-3 where they are called "True relatives".

Mark often has Jesus using analogies, metaphors or riddles, called parables by Mark. Jesus replies:
 * How can Satan cast out Satan? And if a kingdom be divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. And if a house be divided against itself, that house cannot stand. And if Satan rise up against himself, and be divided, he cannot stand, but hath an end.

 * No man can enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods, except he will first bind the strong man; and then he will spoil his house.

 * Verily I say unto you, All sins shall be forgiven unto the sons of men, and blasphemies wherewith soever they shall blaspheme: But he that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness, but is in danger of eternal damnation.

If Jesus is working against what is evil, such as the demons, then this cannot be the work of Satan, as Satan would be working against himself. Jesus then compares himself to a thief going into a "strong man's house", and binding him to "spoil his house", i.e. to rob him. The “strong man” is Satan. Satan, says Jesus, is strong and must be restrained in order to be robbed. He is robbing Satan of the possession of the people, or the house could be seen as the world itself. The New Living Translation adds the interpretation that there is "someone even stronger". G. F. Maclear asserts that "the Stronger than the Strong is Christ".

Jesus thus implies what he has been doing is directly against Satan and that his motives are Satan's utmost ruin. His power, he asserts, is good and so must also come from a good source, God.

Jesus also makes the claim that all sins can be forgiven, except for an eternal sin, such as blasphemy against the Holy Spirit. Mark inserts his own explanation as to why Jesus said this, stating "He said this because they were saying, "He has an evil spirit.", thus Jesus according to Mark is saying that accusing him of using Satan for his power is in effect calling the work of God evil and failing to see the work of God in Jesus' actions. The parallels in  and  and the Gospel of Thomas 44 call this the unforgivable sin. Unforgivable sins are also listed in Hebrews  and  as well as 1 John . There is also a possible link with 1 Corinthians . His first answer to the charge, that a "house divided" cannot stand, has become a common piece of wisdom, the most famous modern example is Lincoln's use of this phrase during the 1858 senatorial election campaign against Stephen Douglas. Lincoln used the metaphor of a "house divided" to describe the situation of the United States on the eve of the Civil War.

Jesus' family
Jesus' mother and brothers arrive and send someone in to get him. He replies, speaking to the crowd around him, "Here are my mother and my brothers! Whoever does God's will is my brother and sister and mother".

Jesus' answer to his family, that those who follow him are his family is, according to Kilgallen, Jesus' way of underlining "... the fact that his life has been changed to such a degree that family ties no longer come before those whom he teaches about the kingdom of God". Jesus puts loyalty to God above loyalty to family. Family ties were considered very important in the society of the time, and some people even today are troubled by this seeming conflict between Jesus and his family. Jesus however states that his ties, and his respect and love due to his family, will go to those who obey God. Jesus' family is mentioned again in Mark. The story of Jesus and his family is also found in the Gospel of Thomas as saying 99. In Mark, Peter says they have left everything to follow Jesus and he lists the great rewards as well as persecutions they will get for following him.

These incidents occur in all the Synoptic Gospels. In Matthew they occur in 12:22-50, and in Luke they are split up between 8:19-21 and 11:14-28. Neither Matthew nor Luke though state that Jesus' family thought he was "... out of his mind". John, while mentioning none of these incidents, relates in chapter 7 how "... even his own brothers did not believe in him" because he would not go to the Feast of Tabernacles with them and perform miracles, although he later goes there in secret. says "many of his disciples turned back and no longer followed him". The negative view of Jesus' family may be related to the conflict between Paul and Jewish Christians.

There is much disagreement over whether these "brothers" referred to here are Jesus' actual brothers or merely stepbrothers or cousins. The official Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox doctrine is that Mary was a perpetual virgin, and so could not have had any other children besides Jesus, thus making these Jesus' half brothers, sons of Joseph from another, unrecorded, marriage, or cousins. Only Tertullian seems to have questioned this in the early Church. Islam also holds that Mary was a perpetual virgin, as did many of the early Protestants, although many Protestants today do not hold to the doctrine of perpetual virginity, and would thus believe that these are Jesus' full brothers. A few early manuscripts also have "and your sisters" in verse.

This section gives a clear example of Mark's sandwich technique, where one story is interspersed into the center of another. Mark has highlighted two reactions to Jesus and his teaching and acts: one of faith, such as that of his followers, and one of disbelief and hostility. Jesus explains the nature of the effect of his teachings on others in the Parable of the Sower in.

title: Mark 3


text: User:BCKILLa/Notes/Table of Contents

title: User:BCKILLa/Notes/Table of Contents


text:
Umlalazi Nature Reserve

The Umlalazi Nature Reserve is a coastal reserve situated 1 km from Mtunzini on the KwaZulu-Natal North Coast. Umlalazi was established as a protected area in 1948 and is 10.28 km2 in extent. Home of the palm-nut vulture, which is one of the rarest birds of prey in South Africa.

Lagoons can have crocodiles. There are three trails in the reserve. One of which passes examples of mangrove swamps in South Africa, where several species of mangrove can be found. Another walk leads through the dune forest where bushpig, bushbuck and red, grey and blue duiker may occasionally be seen.

The third trail leads through dune forest and mangrove swamp along the edge of the river. Wildflowers and a variety of bird life can be seen. There are also colonies of fiddler crabs and mud-skippers.

title: Umlalazi Nature Reserve


text:
Talk:Sezen Aksu

Turkish-Armenian-Greco collaborations
I don't see Turkish editors going to each Greek artist that has ripped off Turkish songs and promoting their music off the back of them. Stop being so childish. For example Sezen's "Işık Doğudan Yükselir" was almost completely ripped by a Greek artist. Go get a life. 82.145.231.101 18:48, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

The original music is documented and COPYRIGHTED by internation copyrights. Go do some research you brainwashed fanatic.

Just because a person buys a song to sing from a Greek person, why should we have to credit him when we haven't credited the composers of any other songs on the tracklistings? There are hundreds of Greek artists that have sung over 50 Aksu songs - so why don't you go to their pages and add Aksu's name to them all? What out of a career spanning four decades and a catalogue of over 500 songs you found three songs - and even them you know anything about?

* "Var Git Turnam" was written by Sezen Aksu and Armenian A.Isahkian who comes from Turkish region of BINGOL. * "Herşeyi Yak" was written specially for Aksu by close friend Haris Alexiou. * "Adı Bende Saklı" was composed for Sezen by this guy, but she didn't want it at first so he sang it and then when she heard it    it and decided to use it WITH MONEY.

You are not contributing to make this artist's page better - you are doing this for your own POV.

There is no need to write them. Go do your promotion elsewhere. 82.145.231.101 19:16, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

The Tarkan page is ABOUT THE SONG Şımarık and in the subject of it being covered worldwide by many artists and is not on the artist's page itself. 82.145.231.223 06:49, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism of Turkish Music Pages
Some persons are trying to falsely promote Arabic culture by vandalising Turkish music pages, of artists such as Tarkan, Sezen Aksu, Sertab and Mustafa Sandal by trying to create a whole new category of music in Turkish when no musicologist or encyclopedia verifies this - namely the "category" Arabesque-pop music. Please check the history - I have tried to fix it but the culprit still keeps reverting. He also tries to place Turksh pop performers as part of this fake genre. Arabesque music with pop influence is called Arabsque-fantazi (Fantasy) and none of the pop musicians named above are categorised in the fanatsy genre of Arabesque music. 82.145.231.188 14:27, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Removal of artists
I removed these artists:

 * maNga (band)
 * Kargo
 * Koray Candemir
 * Gulben Ergen
 * Hulya Avsar
 * Seda Sayan
 * Yildiz Kaplan
 * Ebru Gundes
 * Sibel Can
 * Tuba Ozerk

This is an artist page and not a category to list all other artists. I left Tarkan and Sertab Erener as they are relevant to the article. Deff6 13:05, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Expansion Clarified
Please check the Music of Turkey article.

Expansion
Could anybody expand a bit? In the Music of Turkey article it says: ''
 * The biggest pop star of the 20th century was probably Sezen Aksu, known for overseeing the Turkish contribution to the Eurovision Song Contest and was known both for her light pop music and her controversial stances on feminism, Serbia and the Cumartesi Anneleri.''

Ben T/C 11:22, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Me too I'd like to know something more about these issues. Desiphral देसीफ्राल 18:02, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Nightclub?
Does anyone know more this nightclub Aksu owns? I am so there next time I go to IStanbul. 38.2.108.125 20:17, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

To the one who mixed up the references
Please next time read what thre  tag means, ok? It is exclusively for wikilanguage and [2002] is not a wiki tag at all. Please stop mixing up the references, you wrote the same information twice! --Teemeah Gül Bahçesi  09:45, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Images
I have had to go through and tag every single image in the article as missing a fair use rationale. They are all copyrighted images and they cannot be used here unless there is a valid rationale. If it is desired to keep them in the article, someone needs to go through them and add fair use rationales for each one. Please see Fair use rationale guideline for more on what is needed in the rationale. Thanks --Spike Wilbury 18:57, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 04:20, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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Tan Howe Liang

Tan Howe Liang, (born 5 May 1933 in Shantou, Guangdong, China) is a Singaporean weightlifter who was the first Singaporean to win an Olympic Games medal. He did this in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome where he won the silver medal in the lightweight category. Tan also broke the oldest-standing world record in the lightweight category in the clean and jerk in 1958. He was the only Singaporean Olympic medalist until the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Early life
Tan was born on 5 May 1933, in Swatow, China, where he was the third of eight siblings. When he was four years old, he emigrated with his family to settle in Singapore, where he grew up in Chinatown. Tan's Teochew father died when Tan was 14. Tan left school after his first year at a secondary school.

Weightlifting career
Tan's weightlifting career started when he walked past the World Amusement Park and witnessed his first weightlifting competition and became interested in the sport. After one year of training on his own, Tan, then 20, won national junior and senior championship in the lightweight division in 1953.

Without any financial support, Tan worked as a clerk at Cathay Organisation and also as a mechanic to pay for his training. Despite the hardships, Tan continued his training.

During the 1956 Summer Olympics, in an attempt to lifting 241.75 pounds in the press, Tan fainted after lifting up the bar. After he was revived without injuries, he was advised to retire by the team manager, but refused. He went on to lift 220.75 pounds for the snatch and 314 pounds for the clean and jerk to earn ninth place.

In 1958, Tan established a world record with a lift of 347 pounds in the jerk for the lightweight division at the 6th British Empire and Commonwealth Games (now known as the Commonwealth Games), in Cardiff. He also won a gold at the 3rd Asian Games in Tokyo that year. In 1959, Tan won a gold medal at the inaugural Southeast Asian Peninsular Games (now known as the Southeast Asian Games) in Bangkok.

On 8 September 1960, Tan made another attempt at the Olympics in Rome. In the lightweight category (60–67.5 kg) competition held at the Palazetto Dello Sports Hall, the gold medal was won by Russia's Viktor Bushuev by breaking the world record. Tan had to compete with Iraq's Abdul Wahid Aziz for the silver medal. Tan had one final lift, the clean and jerk, left when he felt pain in his legs. He was advised by the doctors to receive treatment at the Athlete's Village but he had to withdraw from the competition and lose the silver medal. Tan refused to go for treatment and continued to compete. Tan lifted a total of 380 kg and won the silver medal.

Life after the Olympics
Tan tried to run a restaurant business but was unsuccessful. He worked as a taxicab driver for a short stint, before becoming a weight-lifting coach in 1974. After his retirement from competition, Tan was hired as a gym supervisor by the Singapore Sports Council at the Kallang Family ClubFit in November 1982.

Honours

Tan's Olympic medal made him the only Singaporean to have won a medal at all the major international games – the SEAP Games (predecessor of the SEA Games), the Asian Games, the Commonwealth Games and the Olympic Games for 48 years. He also became the first weightlifter in the world to be awarded the International Weightlifting Federation (national honour) Gold Award in 1984. In Singapore, Tan was the only athlete to be bestowed the Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Meritorious Service Medal) at the National Day awards.

On 26 June 1996, a commemorative medallion set by the Singapore Mint was launched to celebrate the 1996 Olympic Games at Atlanta. It features Tan on one side of the medallion, showing him getting ready to lift weights. When the image is tilted to a certain angle, the picture would show him having lifted the weights. Izzy, the official mascot of the Atlanta Olympics, is featured as a three-dimensional image on the other side of the medallion.

In 1999, Tan was nominated for the "Spirit of the Century" award. In the same year, he was also nominated for "Singapore's Greatest Athlete" award, but conceded the award to former badminton champion, Wong Peng Soon, who was a four-time winner in the All England Open Badminton Championships in the 1950s. Tan was featured in Time's "Millennium" series on Singapore sporting greats in 1999.

In 2000, McDonald's sponsored Tan's trip to the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, where he joined the Singapore contingent and attended the weightlifting competition. McDonald's also donated S$10,000 with the aim to help revive the sport of weightlifting in Singapore. McDonald's also featured a two-minute special television commercial, titled "We Can Do It", featuring Tan's silver medal-winning feat at the 1960 Rome Olympics. The commercial re-enacts the different stages of Tan's life, from childhood to his triumph at the Olympics.

Tan was given the honour of being the flagbearer at the closing ceremony of the National Stadium on 30 June 2007. The leotard and belt which Tan wore during his 10$1/2$-hour competition in Rome were put on display in a glass case in the Singapore Sports Council's Sports Museum at the National Stadium.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Singapore's table tennis players Feng Tianwei, Li Jiawei and Wang Yuegu won the silver medal in the women's team category, ending Tan's 48-year status of being the sole Singaporean Olympic medalist. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Feng's bronze medal in the women's singles table tennis event meant that Tan was no longer the only Singaporean with an individual Olympic medal.

title: Tan Howe Liang


text:
Talk:List of plant communities in the British National Vegetation Classification

Over-long links
Some of the red links here are very long. I wonder if they couldn't all be abbreviated in the form NVC-M29? Andy Mabbett 11:24, 7 October 2005 (UTC:)

 * I'd prefer the article titles themselves to be as complete as possible. However, I take your point - I assume the main issue is the need to avoid other editors fingers' wearing out? If so, I think redirects are probably the way forward. :)The form above seems a little too abbreviated (conceivably NVC-M29 could actually be something other than a plant community?X) "NVC Community M29" would be both brief and sufficiently unique. Open to suggestions though. SP-KP 11:53, 7 October 2005 (UTC:)

Expansion suggestion
Subcommunities could be added, as could subgroupings of the main groups (e.g. the different geographical groups of calcicolous grassland:) SP-KP 22:06, 2 May 2006 (UTC:)
 * ):D:P:O;)XDXPX)XO

Upward merging
Can we keep these to one article for each community type, listing just the communities of that type and their constant species, rather than having one article for each community with very little information on each and no hope of expansion? Chris cheese whine 03:03, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * As an example, see Woodland and scrub communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. The other community types should probably all be structured in this way.  Chris cheese whine 03:04, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Any progress on the upmerging yet? Chris cheese whine 23:57, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Salt Marsh
It now appears that you can download and use a chunk of volume 5, dealing with salt marsh, for free from the JNCC at. It appears that volume 5 is the only volume available as an ebook,. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Anon998877 (talk • contribs) 20:11, 12 May 2007 (UTC).

What does "Br.-Bl" mean?
I can't seem to find a description of this subscript, and I would think it valuable to define here. Anyone? Al Begamut (talk) 21:11, 19 March 2024 (UTC)


text: Category:Ghana geography stubs

title: Category:Ghana geography stubs


text:
Template talk:User de-0

I'm taking out "oder möchte lieber kein Deutsch sprechen". The template is supposed to indicate the user's ability, not their desire. --Angr/undefined 11:25, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:User de-0