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Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-4

The Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-4 is a family of high-performance FAI Open Class gliders designed by Klaus Holighaus and manufactured by Schempp-Hirth Flugzeugbau GmbH in Kirchheim, Germany. The Nimbus-4 first flew in 1990.

Design and development
The Nimbus-4 family is a direct derivative of its predecessors at the highest performance end of the Schempp-Hirth product range, the Nimbus-2 and Nimbus-3. In total, 44 single-seat and 100 two-seat models have been produced. The wing taper varies along the span, which is increased to 26.5 metres. The aspect ratio is 38.8. The fuselage is also lengthened and a larger rudder fitted.

The manufacturer claims this glider has a glide ratio of better than 60:1 at a best glide airspeed of 110 km/h (59 knots), meaning it can glide over 60 kilometres on course for every 1000 metres of altitude lost in still air.

There is a two-seat version, the 4D, and motor glider versions with either turbo engines (designation T) or self-launching engines (designation M).

Nimbus-4DM
The Nimbus-4DM is typical of the Nimbus-4 design, except for variations in cockpit and powerplant configuration and associated operating limitations. It is a 2-seat, high-performance motorized glider, constructed from fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composites, featuring full span flight controls and a T-tail (with fixed horizontal stabilizer and two-piece elevator). The manufacturing process uses a hand lay-up of composite material plies and epoxy resins.

The wing's 26.5-meter (87-foot) span consists of three sections per side, consisting of a wing tip, outboard section, and inboard section. The inboard sections mate at the fuselage and the outer wing sections mate with the inboard sections approximately 12.6 feet outboard of the fuselage root chord. The wing shells are a carbon fiber/foam core sandwich construction with one main spar constructed of a glass fiber/foam core shear web and carbon fiber spar flanges. A single-vane flap spans the entire inboard wing section. Three sections of ailerons (that is, inboard, center, and outboard) span the outboard wing section with a fourth aileron, used to minimize the effects of adverse yaw, attached to the wing tip.

The forward fuselage (cockpit) is constructed of Kevlar, carbon and glass fiber laminate, reinforced by a double skin on the sides with integrated surrounding canopy frame and seat pan mounting flanges. The single-piece canopy hinges sideways and opens to the right. The aft fuselage section is constructed of a pure carbon fiber monolithic shell, stiffened by carbon fiber/foam core bulkheads and glass fiber webs.

The horizontal stabilizer is constructed of glass fiber/foam core sandwich with carbon fiber reinforcements. The elevator halves are a hybrid composite (carbon and glass fiber) monolithic shell. The vertical stabilizer is carbon fiber/foam core sandwich construction. The single-piece rudder is constructed of glass fiber/foam core sandwich.

The flight controls are all push/pull tubes except for the rudder, which is controlled via cables.

The Nimbus-4DM is powered by a liquid-cooled 44 kW Bombardier Rotax 535C engine with a 3:1 belt reduction drive. The powerplant is housed in the fuselage immediately aft of the wing. An electrically driven spindle drive (jackscrew) extends the propeller pylon upwards and forward from the engine bay. When stowed, two doors mounted to the rear fuselage conceal the powerplant. The jackscrew is attached between the airframe and the upper forward end of the pylon such that when the jackscrew is retracted (shortened) the pylon is pulled upwards and forward into its flight position.

A 4DM holds the world record for speed over a 500 km course - 306.8 km/h (190.6 mph) which is in excess of its VNE. It was flown by Klaus Ohlmann and Matias Garcia Mazzaro on 22 December 2006.

Accident history
U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigators queried the German Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA), Germany's equivalent of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), regarding the accident history of the Nimbus-4DM in conjunction with a 1999 accident near Minden, Nevada where both occupants of the aircraft were killed. In this accident, the glider broke up in flight during the recovery phase after a departure from controlled flight while maneuvering in thermal lift conditions. Airborne witnesses in other gliders who saw the beginning of the accident sequence said the glider was in a tight turn, as if climbing in a thermal, when it entered a spiral. With a 45-degree nose-down attitude, the speed quickly built up as the glider completed two full rotations. The rotation then stopped, the flight stabilized on a northeasterly heading, and the nose pitched further down to a near-vertical attitude (this is consistent with the spin recovery technique specified in the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)). The glider was observed to level its attitude, with the wings bending upward and the wing tips coning higher, when the outboard wing tip panels separated from the glider, the wings disintegrated, and the fuselage dived into the ground. Several witnesses estimated that the wing deflection reached 45 degrees or more before the wings failed. Examination of the wreckage disclosed that the left and right outboard wing sections failed symmetrically at two locations.

In this case, the NTSB determined "that the probable cause of this accident was the pilot's excessive use of the elevator control during recovery from an inadvertently entered spin and/or spiral dive during which the glider exceeded the maximum permissible speed, which resulted in the overload failure of the wings at loadings beyond the structure's ultimate design loads."

At the time there were three previous accidents worldwide on file with the Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation (BFU), Germany's equivalent of the NTSB. The first was a non-injury long landing accident in Fayence, France, on 4 September 1994. The second involved a collision with the ground during takeoff in Fuentemilanos, Spain, on 27 July 1997, which resulted in two fatalities. The improper installation of the horizontal stabilizer led to the third accident in Lüsse, Germany, on 13 June 1999, in which two occupants were injured during an attempted takeoff when the stabilizer separated from the empennage just after liftoff.

NTSB investigators became aware of another accident involving a Nimbus-4DM that occurred in Spain shortly after the Minden, Nevada, accident. According to the Comisión de Investigación de Accidentes e Incidentes de Aviación Civil, Spain's equivalent of the NTSB, the glider broke up in flight following a high-speed excursion beyond Vne. According to preliminary information supplied by the Spanish authorities, the pilot stated they were in a turn when a heavy thermal caused the glider to enter a steep descending spiral. The pilot could not recover the aircraft from the spiral and the airspeed quickly exceeded Vne. The pilot then reported that the right wing failed and he bailed out.

The BFU has recorded four incidents/accidents with the single-seat versions. Three events are known of non-injury accidents during off-field landings, and one fatal accident was due to collision with a mountain.

Additionally, during training for the World Gliding Championships in New Zealand in 1995, a Nimbus-4 (owned by the French Air Force) was destroyed in a midair breakup accident. The glider entered a wave cloud, lost control, and broke up at a speed beyond 400 km/h (The never exceed speed, or "Vne" is 285 km/h, and the design dive speed, or "Vd", is 324 km/h). The pilot survived by bailing out.

According to the LBA, "As far as we know, none of the incidents/accidents recorded indicated a technical failure."

Variants
The Nimbus-4DM is a model of the "Nimbus-4 Family," which consists of single-seat and two-seat gliders and motor gliders. The engine in each motor glider retracts into the fuselage, behind the cockpit. The different models are (production data ):

 * Nimbus-4: a single-seat glider, type certified in Germany January 1, 1994. Total number produced: 11
 * Nimbus-4T: a single-seat self-sustaining motor glider, type certified in Germany June 15, 1993. Total number produced: 12
 * Nimbus-4M: a single-seat self-launching motor glider, type certified in Germany January 1, 1994. Total number produced: 10
 * Nimbus-4D: a two-seat glider, type certified in Germany February 24, 1995. Total number produced: 9
 * Nimbus-4DT: a two-seat self-sustaining motor glider, type certified in Germany May 5, 1995. Total number produced: 6
 * Nimbus-4DM: a two-seat self-launching motor glider, type certified in Germany November 7, 1995. Total number produced: 37
 * Nimbus-4DL: a two-seat glider with extended fuselage for tall people
 * Nimbus-4DLT: a two-seat self-sustaining motor glider and extended fuselage for tall people
 * Nimbus-4DLM: a two-seat self-launching motor glider and extended fuselage for tall people

title: Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-4


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Computer-assisted proof

A computer-assisted proof is a mathematical proof that has been at least partially generated by computer.

Most computer-aided proofs to date have been implementations of large proofs-by-exhaustion of a mathematical theorem. The idea is to use a computer program to perform lengthy computations, and to provide a proof that the result of these computations implies the given theorem. In 1976, the four color theorem was the first major theorem to be verified using a computer program.

Attempts have also been made in the area of artificial intelligence research to create smaller, explicit, new proofs of mathematical theorems from the bottom up using automated reasoning techniques such as heuristic search. Such automated theorem provers have proved a number of new results and found new proofs for known theorems. Additionally, interactive proof assistants allow mathematicians to develop human-readable proofs which are nonetheless formally verified for correctness. Since these proofs are generally human-surveyable (albeit with difficulty, as with the proof of the Robbins conjecture) they do not share the controversial implications of computer-aided proofs-by-exhaustion.

Methods
One method for using computers in mathematical proofs is by means of so-called validated numerics or rigorous numerics. This means computing numerically yet with mathematical rigour. One uses set-valued arithmetic and in order to ensure that the set-valued output of a numerical program encloses the solution of the original mathematical problem. This is done by controlling, enclosing and propagating round-off and truncation errors using for example interval arithmetic. More precisely, one reduces the computation to a sequence of elementary operations, say $$(+, -, \times, /)$$. In a computer, the result of each elementary operation is rounded off by the computer precision. However, one can construct an interval provided by upper and lower bounds on the result of an elementary operation. Then one proceeds by replacing numbers with intervals and performing  elementary operations between such intervals of representable numbers.

Philosophical objections
Computer-assisted proofs are the subject of some controversy in the mathematical world, with Thomas Tymoczko first to articulate objections. Those who adhere to Tymoczko's arguments believe that lengthy computer-assisted proofs are not, in some sense, 'real' mathematical proofs because they involve so many logical steps that they are not practically verifiable by human beings, and that mathematicians are effectively being asked to replace logical deduction from assumed axioms with trust in an empirical computational process, which is potentially affected by errors in the computer program, as well as defects in the runtime environment and hardware.

Other mathematicians believe that lengthy computer-assisted proofs should be regarded as calculations, rather than proofs: the proof algorithm itself should be proved valid, so that its use can then be regarded as a mere "verification". Arguments that computer-assisted proofs are subject to errors in their source programs, compilers, and hardware can be resolved by providing a formal proof of correctness for the computer program (an approach which was successfully applied to the four-color theorem in 2005) as well as replicating the result using different programming languages, different compilers, and different computer hardware.

Another possible way of verifying computer-aided proofs is to generate their reasoning steps in a machine-readable form, and then use a proof checker program to demonstrate their correctness. Since validating a given proof is much easier than finding a proof, the checker program is simpler than the original assistant program, and it is correspondingly easier to gain confidence into its correctness. However, this approach of using a computer program to prove the output of another program correct does not appeal to computer proof skeptics, who see it as adding another layer of complexity without addressing the perceived need for human understanding.

Another argument against computer-aided proofs is that they lack mathematical elegance—that they provide no insights or new and useful concepts. In fact, this is an argument that could be advanced against any lengthy proof by exhaustion.

An additional philosophical issue raised by computer-aided proofs is whether they make mathematics into a quasi-empirical science, where the scientific method becomes more important than the application of pure reason in the area of abstract mathematical concepts. This directly relates to the argument within mathematics as to whether mathematics is based on ideas, or "merely" an exercise in formal symbol manipulation. It also raises the question whether, if according to the Platonist view, all possible mathematical objects in some sense "already exist", whether computer-aided mathematics is an observational science like astronomy, rather than an experimental one like physics or chemistry. This controversy within mathematics is occurring at the same time as questions are being asked in the physics community about whether twenty-first century theoretical physics is becoming too mathematical, and leaving behind its experimental roots.

The emerging field of experimental mathematics is confronting this debate head-on by focusing on numerical experiments as its main tool for mathematical exploration.

Theorems proved with the help of computer programs
Inclusion in this list does not imply that a formal computer-checked proof exists, but rather, that a computer program has been involved in some way. See the main articles for details.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Computer-assisted proof


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Brize Norton

Brize Norton is a village and civil parish 1 mi east of Carterton in West Oxfordshire. The 2011 Census recorded the parish population as 938. The original part of RAF Brize Norton is in the parish.

Toponym
Around the time of Domesday Book in 1086 the village's toponym was Norton, being the north tun (Old English for village) of Bampton. In 1235, the form Suthnorton ("South Norton") was recorded, evidently to distinguish it from other Nortons further north in Oxfordshire such as Chipping Norton. By the 1260s, the form Norton Brun was in use, referring to the Brun or Brown family who were the parish's manorial lords. Further variants included Brunesnorton in 1297, Brimes Norton in 1303 and Brynes Norton in 1376, but the Norton Brun form outlived them and was still in use early in the 17th century. The form Brysenorton had appeared by 1523, and by the middle of the 17th century it had become the usual form of the name. However, Norton Brun had evolved into Norton Broyne and remained in use in church records until early in the 19th century.

Church and chapel
The Church of England parish church of Saint Britius is Norman. The south doorway with its decorative tympanum, a doorway in the south wall of the chancel and the font date from this time. The porch is in the Transitional style from Norman to Early English Gothic, suggesting it was added slightly later. Early in the 13th century, the north aisle was added, with a four-bay Early English Gothic arcade linking it with the nave. In the second half of the 13th century, the bell tower was added at the west end of the north aisle, and the present east window three lancets was inserted in the chancel. A chapel forms an eastward continuation of the north aisle. Two of its windows are original 13th-century lancets; two square-headed windows were added in the 14th century and the east window of the chapel is modern.

The Gothic Revival architect G.E. Street restored the building in 1868. The tower has a ring of six bells but they are now unusable. The tenor bell was cast by Edward Neale of Burford in 1679. Three more were cast by Mears and Stainbank of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 1873. The two youngest bells were cast by John Warner and Sons of Cripplegate in London: one in 1881 and the present treble bell in 1884. St. Britius also has a service bell cast by Naylor, Vickers and Company of Sheffield in 1860. Brize Norton's former Primitive Methodist chapel, built in 1908, is now a private house.

Economic history
In 1861, the East Gloucestershire Railway was built through the parish from Witney to Fairford. The company provided a railway station 1 mi south of the village on the road to Bampton, and called it Bampton station despite it being much nearer Brize Norton than Bampton. RAF Brize Norton was established in 1937. In 1944, the Great Western Railway renamed the station Brize Norton and Bampton to reflect the increasing importance of the RAF station. British Railways closed the line and station in 1962. The site of the station is now a small industrial estate.

Amenities
Brize Norton has two public houses: The Chequers and The Masons Arms. Brize Norton has a women's Football Club and a Women's Institute. Brize Norton has a village recreational ground, with football and cricket ground surrounded by the Elderbank Village Hall and Sports Pavilion. The Sports Pavilion opens as Humble Bumble Cafe - a unique community facility for this Domesday Book listed village, as well as an 'after match' sports bar. Brize Norton has a primary school which serves children both from the village and from nearby Carterton.

Transport
AW Ship Management arranged for civilians to board RAF flights to and from Brize Norton to RAF Ascension Island. The company had a package deal where passengers could travel in one direction on the RAF flights and the other on the RMS St Helena, which travelled between Saint Helena and Cape Town, South Africa until the opening of St Helena Airport to passenger flights.

title: Brize Norton


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Yer Bird Records

Yer Bird Records is a Calgary, Alberta-based independent record label. Founded by Morgan Galen King in 2004 in Charlottesville, Virginia before relocating to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. King partnered with photographer Benjamin Gallman and Yer Bird Records moved from Charlottesville to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and finally settled in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, in early 2010. The new label owners are Sandy & Judy Smith and Sandy also operates the music blog Slowcoustic.

Yer Bird's first released record was Sounds Like Fall's The Wolf is at the Door, which was released on July 7, 2005. Sounds Like Fall is the performing name of Iowan singer-songwriter Joe Young who had extensively toured the Midwest with Alternative country band Moonshine Radio. The album was distributed through Miles of Music and Carrot Top Records's CTD in the United States, and through Smart Choice in the United Kingdom.

The following year the label released North Dakotan songwriter Nic Garcia's third full-length album, The Desperate Ones, in January 2006. Prior to releasing on Yer Bird, Garcia had both self-released (The Blue Howl of 4 am (2003), Sheep & Wolf (2004)) and worked with notable Midwest labels Supermedic Records (5 Songs (2002)) and Abandoned Scout Camp (Great Distance, (2003)).

To help promote an expansion of the website Yer Bird hosted a free digital download of Sounds Like Fall's Early Recordings which was a collection of home recordings prior to the sessions for The Wolf is at the Door. In July 2006, Philadelphia songwriter Hezekiah Jones' (Raphael Cutrufello of StillWillis) first album, Hezekiah Jones Says You're A-Ok, was released.

Released in 2007 was a compilation album entitled Folk Music for the End of the World which features tracks by notable songwriters Matthew Ryan, J. Tillman, Hayden, The Hotel Ghost (who would go on perform as Cold Specks), as well as other songwriters, with a cover painted by Kathleen Lolley (My Morning Jacket's Z). Following that release, in April, Yer Bird released J. Tillman's fourth full-length album entitled Cancer and Delirium. The end of 2007 saw the first EP release, Hezekiah Jones' Come to Our Pool Party. Texan songwriter Blackbird Harmony released his second album, Hardwood Exits, in 2008 featuring harmony and duet vocals by Bosque Brown. In October that same year, Yer Bird released The Gunshy's new albums which included the new EP I Gave Too Much Time to the Wine as well as all of his previous EP releases. In 2009 the third release from the label from staple Hezekiah Jones Bread of Teeth alongside a limited CDR pressing of newcomer Luke Elliot entitled In Our Embrace.

Releases

 * Sounds Like Fall – The Wolf is at the Door (2005) YB001
 * Nic Garcia – The Desperate Ones (2006) YB002
 * Sounds Like Fall – Early Recordings (2006) YB000-D
 * Hezekiah Jones – Hezekiah Says You're A-Ok (2006) YB003
 * Folk Music for the End of the World – compilation (2007) YB004
 * J. Tillman – Cancer and Delirium (2007) YB005
 * Hezekiah Jones – Come to Our Pool Party (2007) YB006
 * Chauchat – Upon Thousands (2008) YB007
 * Blackbird Harmony – Hardwood Exits (2008) YB008
 * The Gunshy – I Gave Too Much Time to the Wine (2008) YB009
 * Hezekiah Jones – Bread of Teeth EP (2009) YB010
 * Luke Elliot – In Our Embrace (2009) YB011
 * Ghosts I've Met – Payphone Patience (2010) YB012
 * Folk Music For What Lies Ahead – compilation (2010) YB013
 * Caleb Coy – Wild Desert Rose (2010) YB000-D4
 * White Pines – The Falls (2010) YB014
 * Greater Pacific – "Rainfall" (2011) YB000-D5
 * Hezekiah Jones – "Have You Seen Our New Fort" (2011) YB015
 * Ghosts I've Met – "From A Spark" (2011) YB016
 * Pickering Pick – "Tiger Balm" (2011) YB000-D6
 * Pickering Pick – "(tropic)" (2013) YB022

The Yer Bird Aviary
On September 8, 2008, Yer Bird launched The Aviary, an early experiment with a subscription-based music service. Due to the label changing ownership and web hosting, the platform to support the Aviary project was closed on March 6, 2010.

title: Yer Bird Records


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San Francisco International Airport (TV series)

San Francisco International Airport is a television drama that was originally aired in the United States by NBC as a part of its 1970–71 wheel series Four in One.

The series starred Lloyd Bridges as Jim Conrad, the manager of the gigantic San Francisco International Airport, which at the time of the series aired was said to handle more than 15,000,000 passengers annually and have more than 35,000 employees. Bob Hatten (Clu Gulager) was his chief of security, an important role at a time when security was beginning to emerge as a real-life major issue in air transport. June (Barbara Werle) was Conrad's secretary. Airport situations drawn from real life were addressed, such as protesting demonstrators, mechanical malfunctions, and similar problems.

The show's pilot, also called San Francisco International Airport or simply San Francisco International, had aired as a TV movie and starred Pernell Roberts in the role of Jim Conrad. The network ordered six series episodes, but only with the stipulation that Bridges play the role instead of Roberts.

San Francisco International Airport was the second program in the Four in One rotation, following McCloud. The six episodes were first shown in order from late October until early December, 1970, and were then replaced in the Wednesday night 10 pm Eastern time slot by Night Gallery. Once Night Gallery and The Psychiatrist had completed their first runs, episodes of all four series were rerun interspersed with one another. Night Gallery was picked up for the next season as a stand-alone series and McCloud was renewed as an element in a new wheel series, NBC Mystery Movie, but San Francisco International Airport and The Psychiatrist were cancelled, with no more episodes ordered beyond the initial six.

The pilot, starring Roberts, got lukewarm reviews and was largely forgotten for years, but it was eventually rescued from obscurity by becoming the subject of a sixth-season episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 in 1994.

Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode
The Mystery Science Theater 3000 (MST3K) presentation of the series pilot first aired on November 19, 1994, as episode number 614. In The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Amazing Colossal Episode Guide, writer Paul Chaplin remarked on star Pernell Roberts's "astounding pomposity and self-absorption ... Pernell struts and preens like a balding cock-of-the-walk." Three of the episode's non-movie segments focus on host Mike Nelson's imitation of Urkel from the ABC sitcom Family Matters, which Chaplin admits many found to be "an odd decision".

The episode finished number 99 out of 177 episodes in a poll voted upon by MST3K season-11 Kickstarter backers. Writer Jim Vorel ranked the episode number 109 out of 191 MST3K episodes, saying, "The entire thing is a relentless barrage of wacky subplots. ... There’s so much going on the entire time that Mike and the Bots can barely keep up."

The MST3K version of the pilot for San Francisco International was included as part of the Mystery Science Theater 3000, Volume XXXII DVD collection, released by Shout! Factory on March 24, 2015. The other episodes in the four-disc set include Space Travelers (episode 401), Hercules (episode 502), and Radar Secret Service (episode 520).


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Thomas Rogers (locomotive builder)

Thomas Rogers (1792–1856) was an American mechanical engineer and founder of Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works of Paterson, New Jersey. Fellow locomotive designer and builder, Zerah Colburn said that "Thomas Rogers maybe fairly said to have done more for the modern American locomotive than any of his contemporaries."

Biography
Thomas Rogers was born in Groton, Connecticut, in 1792. He was the son of Jason Rogers. Before moving to Paterson in 1812, he studied carpentry and blacksmithing. In 1832 he partnered with Morris Ketchum and Jasper Grosvenor to form Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor, building agricultural and textile machinery as well as springs, axles and other small parts for the first railroads of America.

In 1837 Rogers built his first locomotive, Sandusky, which became the first locomotive to operate in Ohio. More importantly, it was the first to use cast iron driving wheels (wooden spokes were common before) and the first to feature counterweights in them to offset the force of the piston stroke and the combined weight of the axle, wheels and piston rod against the railroad track. Rogers filed a patent for the engine's counterbalance on July 12, 1837.

title: Thomas Rogers (locomotive builder)


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The Governor & J.J.

The Governor & J.J. is a television series that ran from September 1969 to December 1970 on CBS in the United States and in Canada, where it ran on CBC Television. Selected episodes were rerun by CBS during the summer of 1972. It was produced by Talent Associates and CBS Productions. CBS Television Distribution now owns the distribution rights to the program.

The series starred Dan Dailey and Julie Sommars. It focused on William Drinkwater (Dailey), a governor in an unnamed Midwestern state, who, in lieu of his late wife, had a "first lady" in his 20-something year-old daughter, Jennifer Jo (Sommars). J.J., as Jennifer Jo was called, had a regular job as an assistant curator at a zoo in the capital city and had a love for animals. She was bright and opinionated and could debate political issues with her father as well as anyone else. Despite their difference in opinions (she was more liberal, and he was more conservative), William really loved J.J., and she proved herself to be charming and efficient in her duties being "first lady" for her father. J.J. often gained support and advice from Maggie McLeod (Neva Patterson), the governor's secretary; George Callison (James T. Callahan), the governor's press secretary; and from Sara Andrews (Nora Marlowe), the housekeeper at the governor's mansion.

Trivia
The series won three Golden Globe Awards in 1970 for Best Comedy Series, Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical TV series for Sommars and Best Actor in a Comedy/Musical TV Series for Dailey.

Francis De Sales guest-starred as Senator Loomis in the 1970 episode "Charley's Back in Town".

The series sometimes featured guest appearances by then current governors, including Robert Docking of Kansas and Deane C. Davis of Vermont.

In real life, Sommars has been involved in politics, mostly behind the scenes with the Republican Party.

When the program was canceled by CBS, it was replaced in its Wednesday timeslot by To Rome with Love, which had moved from Tuesdays to make room for All in the Family. To Rome with Love was canceled at the end of the 1970-71 season. CBS aired reruns of the series in the summer of 1972.

title: The Governor & J.J.


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Greater Manchester Police

Greater Manchester Police (GMP) is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement within the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester in North West England.

, Greater Manchester Police employed 6,866 police officers, 3,524 members of police staff, and 560 police community support officers. Additionally, the force has 325 special constables. GMP is headquartered at Central Park, Northampton Road, Newton Heath, Manchester.

In December 2020, GMP was placed into special measures by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS), after a watchdog report found that GMP did not record one in five crimes between July 2019 and June 2020. They estimated the force failed to log around 80,100 crimes, a high proportion of which were violent offences. Following the announcement, Chief Constable Ian Hopkins resigned from his post.

History
Greater Manchester Police was directly created from two recently amalgamated city police forces, Manchester and Salford Police and parts of what were Lancashire Constabulary, Cheshire Constabulary and West Yorkshire Constabulary on 1 April 1974. The city forces were Manchester Borough Police, which formed in the late 1830s and Salford Borough Police, which began in 1844. Upon Manchester gaining city status in 1853, its police force changed its name to Manchester City Police to reflect its status. In 1926, Salford also became a city, resulting in Salford Borough Police becoming Salford City Police. These two city forces operated until 1968 when, as a result of compulsory amalgamation, as per the Police Act 1964, Salford City Police merged with Manchester City Police, resulting in the new force of Manchester and Salford Police. This new force lasted only six years, when in 1974 the Local Government Act 1972 created the Metropolitan County of Greater Manchester and with it, Greater Manchester Police. An increase of 284241 acre in terms of policing area and 2,267,090 people over the abolished Manchester and Salford Police.

Indirectly, GMP can also trace its heritage to a number of other borough forces, each with their own significant history, which had been abolished in the late 1960s (under the Police Act 1964) and which had been amalgamated into the county forces of Lancashire and Cheshire. These two county forces only policed these boroughs for around six years before Greater Manchester was created and GMP took over responsibility for providing police services. In the historic Lancashire county area these borough police forces were Bolton Borough Police (1839-1969), Oldham Borough Police (1849-1969), Rochdale Borough Police (1857-1969) and Wigan Borough Police (1836-1969). In the historic Cheshire county area this included Stockport Borough Police (at least 1835-1967).

The first chief constable of GMP was William James Richards. Richards had been the chief constable of the short lived Manchester and Salford Police (1968 to 1974) and before that chief constable of Manchester City Police (1966 to 1968). Following his retirement on 30 June 1976, James Anderton became the new chief constable on 1 July 1976. Anderton was a controversial figure during his 15 years in office due to his outspoken style of leadership and hardline views on crime, policing and morality.

In 1991, David Wilmot succeeded Anderton. In 2002, Michael J. Todd was appointed to chief constable until his death in 2008.

There was much press coverage of Todd's death in March 2008. Todd was seen as a man of action and got more "bobbies on the beat", with himself often doing so. GMP's Deputy Chief Constable became the acting chief constable until the appointment of Peter Fahy, previously head of Cheshire Police, as chief constable in September 2008.

Police constable Ian Rodgers was the first GMP officer to be killed in the line of duty in 1975. His death occurred in a railway incident at Stockport. Since the formation of GMP, 20 officers have been killed or died in the line of duty. GMP then assisted with the reconstruction of Manchester following the 1996 Manchester bombing.

In the 1990s, Manchester had gained the deriding tag of 'Gunchester', in reference to the city's high gun crime rate at the time. Greater Manchester Police faced the problem of gun crime in Manchester, particularly in the deprived districts in south Manchester. Key gang leaders were jailed for life in 2009. By 2011, the city had shaken off the tag.

On 14 October 2010, Greater Manchester Police posted details of all calls made to them in a 24-hour period on Twitter. The service posted details of every incident reported to its officers in 24 hours to demonstrate how much of their time is spent on what the chief constable called "social work" instead of fighting crime. They repeated this exercise on 14 October 2014.

GMP have used social media as a helpful force rather than a hindrance. In the 2011 England riots, with criticism of the role social media such as Twitter and Facebook had in instigating the riots, GMP stated that support on social media had resulted in many responses from members of the public in trying to catch suspects. GMP then naming and shamed any convicted individuals over the riots.

Chief constables

 * 1974–1976 : William James Richards
 * 1976–1991 : Sir James Anderton
 * 1991–2002 : Sir David Wilmot
 * 2002–2008 : Michael J. Todd
 * 2008–2015 : Sir Peter Fahy
 * 2015–2020 : Ian Hopkins
 * 2020–2021 : Ian Pilling (acting)
 * 2021–present : Stephen Watson

Officers killed in the line of duty
The following officers of Greater Manchester Police are listed by the Police Roll of Honour Trust as having died during the course of their duties:
 * PC Fiona Bone, 2012 (killed in firearm and grenade attack; cause of death gunshot wound to the chest)
 * PC Nicola Hughes, 2012 (killed in firearm and grenade attack; cause of death gunshot wounds)
 * PC Christopher Hart, 2010 (Died in a road traffic incident while on duty responding to a 999 call)
 * PC Ian Terry, 2008 (shot during a firearms training exercise)
 * PC Allan Shaw, 2006 (died as a result of a Motor Cycle RTC during a special escort training exercise)
 * DC Stephen Oake, 2003 (stabbed during anti-terrorism operation, posthumously awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal)
 * PC Alison Armitage, 2001 (run over by a car thief)
 * PC Raja Bashrat Ahmed, 1999 (Police motorcycle rammed into oncoming traffic by car thief)
 * PC Robert Nathans, 1999 (collapsed and died after pursuing a suspect)
 * Inspector Raymond Anthony Codling, 1989 (shot while questioning a suspect on car park at Birch Services M62)
 * DC John Sandford, 1982 (attacked while investigating reports of an indecent assault)
 * PC John Egerton, 1982 (stabbed during an arrest, posthumously awarded Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct)

Governance
From November 2012 to May 2017, the Greater Manchester Police and Crime Commissioner was Tony Lloyd. The police and crime commissioner was scrutinised by the Greater Manchester Police and Crime Panel, made up of elected councillors from the local authorities in the police area. Before November 2012 the Greater Manchester Police Authority was the police governance. However, under new plans for an elected Mayor of Greater Manchester announced by George Osborne in November 2014, the position of Police and Crime Commissioner was removed and its responsibilities subsumed into the mayoral office. The first Mayoral election took place in 2017, in which Andy Burnham was elected mayor.

Organisation
The area GMP polices is split into geographical divisions, with each Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester being assigned one. In 2021, GMP grouped some divisions together to form command areas, the divisions that remain on their own are also still referred to as a command area. Each command area is run by a chief superintendent, with each 'division' or 'cluster' being led by a superintendent.

, these are the six command areas:

 * South command area (Stockport (J) & Trafford (M) Divisions)
 * East command area (Tameside (G) & Oldham (Q) Divisions)
 * City of Manchester command area (City of Manchester (A) Division)
 * Salford command area (Salford (F) Division)
 * North command area (Bury (N) & Rochdale (P) Divisions)
 * West command area (Bolton (K) & Wigan (L) Divisions)

Manchester Airport (I) Division falls within the Specialist Operations branch.

Road Policing Unit
GMP also operates a Road Policing Unit (RPU) responsible for all traffic policing in the county, which includes over 280 mi of motorway. In 2009, the RPU's were divided into three strategic units, based at RPU 1 Leigh, RPU 2 Hyde & RPU 3 Chadderton. Due to the constraints on budgets and the latest review, the Road Policing Unit will lose a further 78 officers and in 2012 restructured/reduced to two RPU's based at Eccles and Chadderton. This has reduced the strength of the RPU to only 100 officers over a 5 shift system providing only 20 officers per shift to cover the police area. 2014 has seen this further reduced to 10-12 officers working the force area per shift as further cuts reduce officer numbers.

In response to a rise in vehicle-related crime across Greater Manchester in the early 1980s, GMP formed the Traffic Area Support Services (TASS) unit, which among other vehicles, operated using a fleet of marked Ford Capris, as well as unmarked Lotus Sunbeams, which were externally downgraded to appear as regular Talbot Sunbeams. By the early 1990s, TASS would be replaced by the Tactical Vehicle Crime Unit (TVCU), operating a majority-unmarked high-performance fleet which included Ford Escort XR3i's and Ford Sierra RS Cosworth's. This unit notably featured in the 1995 fly on the wall six-part BBC documentary X-Cars, albeit referred to as 'X Department', which attracted 12 million viewers on the series' first airing and resulted in the TVCU receiving an overwhelmingly positive reaction from the public.

In 2010, the TVCU was replaced by Vortex, which was based at Stretford Police Station. In June 2011, The Tactical Vehicle Crime Unit was reformed under the slightly different name of the Tactical Vehicle Intercept Unit. The unit continued to utilise a selection of high performance unmarked vehicles and officers worked alongside the ANPR Intercept Unit to combat serious and organised criminals using the road network.

In 2016, the unit merged with firearms, dogs and the Tactical Aid Unit to form the Specialist Operations Branch.

The Roads Policing Unit (RPU) and TVIU often work hand in hand in implementing certain tactics such as Tactical Pursuit and Containment for which the TVIU & RPU are the only departments trained in this field.

Air Support Unit

Aviation support has been provided to the GMP by the National Police Air Service (NPAS) since 2012. NPAS operates a EurocopterEC135 T2+ helicopter call sign NPAS 21 from City Airport Manchester, which provides support to all neighbouring police forces.

GMP had formed an Air Support Unit in 1989. GMP's first helicopter was a Eurocopter AS355 Twin Squirrel. In c. 2001, the GMP was operating a McDonnell Douglas MD 902 Explorer helicopter call sign India 99 which remained in service until 2008. The MD 902 Explorer flew more than 8,000 hours dealing with around 5,500 incidents and was involved in the arrest of more than 700 criminals. In 2008, a new MD Helicopters MD 902 Explorer entered service to replace the older helicopter.

Prior to the establishment of NPAS in 2012, the Air Support Unit had amalgamated with Cheshire Constabulary, North Wales Police and Lancashire Constabulary to form the North West Air Operations Group (NWAOG) in July 2011, operating four helicopters. The group was established to save money and provide flexibility with the closest helicopter able to be deployed to an incident and if there were two incidents in the same force area then two helicopters could be sent if necessary.

The Air Support Unit had also operated a fixed wing aircraft. In January 2002, GMP ordered a Britten-Norman Defender 4000 fixed wing aircraft for the Commonwealth Games in July. In July, GMP began operating the Defender call sign India 66 for the Games which flew on average seven hours a day. The Defender flew around 1,200 hours each year including targeting terrorists and major criminals. The Defender was decommissioned in December 2013. In the United Kingdom, two other police services have also operated the Defender 4000 – the Police Service of Northern Ireland and Hampshire Constabulary.

GMP also trialled a tethered blimp in 2010 to provide surveillance for major events and high crime locations. The blimp was only used on 18 occasions and was sold due to operational problems.

Tactical Aid Unit
GMP operates a Tactical Aid Unit which is deployed for crowd control and riot policing. The service has policed notable riots such as the 2001 Oldham race riots, the 2008 UEFA Cup final riots and the 2011 England riots which affected Salford and Manchester city centre in 2011.

Serious Crime Division
The SCD is a unit of GMP responsible for dealing with serious crimes and providing protection for vulnerable people.

Counter-terrorism
The GMP Counter Terrorism Unit was formed in April 2007 to prevent the spread of terrorism. The city has experienced incidents with the intention to spread terror, such as the 1996 Manchester Bombing and the Manchester Arena bombing. Most recently, the unit helped thwart the 2009 plot to launch terror attacks on the Trafford Centre, Arndale Centre and nearby St Ann's Square.

Tactical Firearms Unit
Officers of the GMP, as in the rest of Great Britain, do not routinely carry firearms. Instead, the GMP maintains a firearms unit to provide them with a capability to deal with armed criminals. The Greater Manchester Police, Tactical Firearms Unit maintains Armed Response Vehicles, which transport armed officers to the scene.

Mounted Unit
The GMP maintains a mounted policing capability. The mounted officers are employed to target crime hotspots and are also seen at many events including demonstrations and the region's football matches. Horses are also used to search inaccessible areas for missing or wanted people. The unit is made up of a team of specialist police officers, skilled grooms and trainers, and 35 horses. The mounted unit is based at Hough End, in Chorlton, and uses horseboxes to transport the horses for duties around Greater Manchester.

Special constabulary
GMP has over 183 special constables, who are assigned to each of the twelve divisions. Special constables work alongside their regular counterparts and are mainly assigned to divisions and work within local policing teams (LPTs), however some divisions still allow officers to work within response teams when LPT's are not on duty. Between 2009 and 2012, a small number of special constables were integrated into the Special Operations Department (X – Depart) working within the Road Policing Units (RPU's), undertaking a full and complete duties within the traffic department.

In addition there are a number of special constables engaged, with support of their employers in the Employee Supported Policing scheme. This is where the officers employer supports the officers duties, usually with paid time, 8 hours per month are commonly covered to undertake their special constabulary duties at their normal place of work.

Special constables are normally coordinated by the chief officer of the special constabulary, currently Michael Walmsley, and divisional commanders. Under the guidance of the chief constable, it was envisaged that the number of special constables within GMP would increase to 1,000 officers, within a three-year period from 2009, to date this target has not been achieved.

Video Intelligence Unit
This unit conducts overt surveillance of certain released prisoners and upload some footage onto YouTube of people that they believe have reoffended.

Major Incident Team
Greater Manchester Police has eight specialist Major Incident syndicates.

Transport Unit
The Transport Unit was created in November 2019. Its role involves proactively tackling crime and disorder across Greater Manchester's public transport system, including roads, buses, trams and interchanges. The unit consists of 56 police officers, replacing previous initiatives that saw PCSOs patrolling the transport network.

Collaborations
Greater Manchester Police is a partner in the following collaborations:
 * North West Police Underwater Search & Marine Unit
 * North West Motorway Police Group

Rank structure
The rank structure that the Greater Manchester Police use is the same as all other British territorial police forces, excluding London.

Insignia
The Greater Manchester Police also have a special constabulary with five ranks.

Workforce
These are the numbers of police officers for each rank:

Newspaper
Greater Manchester Police produce its own newspaper, Brief, which is distributed to thousands of officers, making it one of the largest in circulation. Each 20-page issue has a mix of news about police initiatives, policies and crime successes, in-depth articles on specialist units, social and sports news, and regular features.

Funding
In June 2017, less than a month after the Manchester Arena bombing, the Chief Constable of GMP, Ian Hopkins, said the force was under strain due to funding cuts. Mayor of Greater Manchester, Andy Burnham, intended to write to the Prime Minister claiming that the GMP was up to its limits "and probably beyond them". In March 2010 there was a total workforce of 13,189 staff, but projections suggested there would be only 10,108 by 2020. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) maintained that the number of police officers would reduce by 1,800 over the next ten years. Burnham feared that pressure on the GMP was increasing due to terrorism and also because of a rise in violent crime in the region. Burnham told The Guardian, "There’s no question about it: GMP needs more officers. They are at their limits, probably beyond them, in terms of what they are dealing with. The chief constable has described it as the low end of reasonable. Therefore, that’s borderline unreasonable."

PEEL inspection
His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS) conducts a periodic police effectiveness, efficiency and legitimacy (PEEL) inspection of each police service's performance. In its latest PEEL inspection, was rated as follows:

GMP incidents and investigations

 * Moors murders, 1960s – The investigation into the Moors murders was taken up by Cheshire Police. Since the Local Government Act 1972, Saddleworth Moors fall into Greater Manchester jurisdiction. GMP have attempted to search Saddleworth Moors without success to find the fifth victim, Keith Bennett.
 * The 1981 Moss Side riot began when 1,000 youths surrounded the police station in Moss Side, smashing all the windows and destroying 12 vehicles. It was followed by 48 hours of rioting.
 * Harold Shipman, 1998 – Shipman was a doctor by profession who murdered patients. Shipman's proven victims totalled 218 making him the most prolific serial killer in history. His victim count probably was higher, with 236 believed to be more accurate.
 * 1996 Manchester bombing, 15 June 1996 – A 3,300 lb. bomb was positioned in Manchester city centre on Corporation Street. The bomb was the largest bomb in the United Kingdom since World War II and the IRA admitted responsibility. Officers from Greater Manchester Police, assisted by other emergency services, evacuated over 80,000 people from the immediate vicinity of the bomb, from the first tip-off at approximately 10:00 a.m. to 11:16 a.m. when the bomb exploded. Hundreds were injured, many from shard of glass but there were no fatalities. As of 2012, the perpetrators have not been caught and GMP stated in 1996 that it is unlikely anyone will be charged in relation to the bombing.
 * Gun crime in south Manchester, 1995–2009 – Gun crime in south Manchester peaked in 1999 with forty-three gun-related injuries and seven fatalities and continued until the early 2000s. Manchester went a year without a gun related fatality from February 2008 to 2009 for the first time in over a decade. This reduction is attributed to the jailing of eleven members of the Gooch Gang in 2009 and the service operates Xcalibre unit which tackles gang and gun-related crime and violence in Greater Manchester – deterring individuals from joining gangs and prohibiting the availability of firearms. As of 2012, gun crime in south Manchester is now rare.
 * In 2001, Ethnic violence led to the Oldham riots, which saw 15 police officers injured and 32 police vehicles destroyed.
 * Operation Augusta, from 2003 – Following the death of a 15-year-old orphaned girl while in the care of Manchester social services, the police launched an operation which identified at least 57 children at risk of sexual abuse and up to 97 possible abusers, but which was prematurely closed down; a follow-up Operation Green Jacket, active in 2019, identified 53 potential victims.
 * 2008 UEFA Cup final riots (also known as the Battle of Piccadilly) – The 2008 UEFA Cup final on 14 May 2008. Some Rangers fans instigated scuffles and disorder before the match had started and when the video screen broke during the match, the disorder descended into riots.
 * 2011 England riots, August 2011 – The riots originally started in London on Saturday 6 August, and in response GMP sent 100 riot police officers on Tuesday 9 August. Riots with opportunist looting broke out in Manchester city centre on the evening of Tuesday 15.
 * Shooting of Anthony Grainger on 3 March 2012, an unarmed man was shot and killed by armed police during an operation. in 2017 a Public Inquiry was held. The report into Grainger's death was made public on 11 July 2019 which concluded that Greater Manchester Police were to blame for his death due to their failures.
 * Manchester Arena bombing, 22 May 2017 - An explosion occurred at the end of an Ariana Grande concert, killing 22 people, and injuring 59. GMP had a heavy police response, with many general duties officers and firearms officers descending on the scene.
 * GMP Placed into special measures, 18 December 2020 - Greater Manchester Police was placed into special measures following a 'damning inquiry has found one in five crimes were not recorded - and more than 80,000 hadn't been investigated properly'. Following the announcement, the Chief Constable, Ian Hopkins, resigned.

Controversy
In 2003, video evidence emerged documenting racist acts by police trainees and officers, including one member applauding Hitler and another donning a Ku Klux Klan outfit. Flagrant use of racist language to deride other police trainees was also reported.

title: Greater Manchester Police


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Hakan Utangaç

Hakan Utangaç (born 1965 in Istanbul) is the guitarist of heavy metal band Mezarkabul (known as Pentagram in Turkey). He is a founding member of the band.

title: Hakan Utangaç


text:
Curbridge, Oxfordshire

Curbridge is a village and civil parish immediately southwest of Witney, in the West Oxfordshire district, in the county of Oxfordshire, England. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 529. Since 2012 it has been part of the Curbridge and Lew joint parish council area, sharing a parish council with the adjacent civil parish of Lew.

Romano-British settlement
When the Witney Bypass was being built in the 1970s, the remains of a Romano-British settlement were found a short distance northeast of Manor Farm. Foundations were found of rectangular timber-framed buildings, some with limestone rubble foundations. A cemetery was found, containing 18 burials. There may have been more, but if so they are now beneath the bypass. Most of the bodies lay with their heads pointing east or north. Three of the adults had been beheaded, and were laid with their heads between their legs. This was a burial practice in the late Roman and early Anglo-Saxon eras. It is not known whether beheading was the cause of death or was done posthumously.

In a later phase of settlement, a midden covered the cemetery. Artefacts found included a whetstone made from local limestone, a copper alloy brooch, a copper finger ring, a bronze Roman coin from the reign of the Roman usurper Magnentius (AD 350–353), fragments of Romano-British pottery, and clusters of hobnails showing where leather footwear had rotted away in the ground.

History
Caswell Farm, 3/4 mi southwest of the village, is a moated farmstead that includes remnants of a 15th-century house. It is a Grade II* listed building. In the mid-1970s the Witney Bypass was built to allow the A40 trunk road to pass south of Witney. It was built through Curbridge parish only 100 - 200 yard north of the village. The bypass was made the new civil parish boundary, and that part of the parish north of it was transferred to Witney.

Parish church
A Church of England chapel was built in Curbridge in 1838 and the Gothic Revival architect CC Rolfe added an apse in 1874. In 1906 the chapel was demolished and replaced with the present Church of England parish church of Saint John the Baptist. Its parish is part of the Benefice of Witney, which also includes Hailey.

title: Curbridge, Oxfordshire


text: File:Le Pucheux 2005.jpg

title: File:Le Pucheux 2005.jpg


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Storefront Lawyers

Storefront Lawyers (also known as Men at Law) is an American legal drama that ran from September 1970 to January 1971 and February 1971 to March 1971 on CBS. The series starred Robert Foxworth, Sheila Larken, David Arkin, and A Martinez.

Plot
David Hansen (Foxworth) is a big-shot lawyer who grew tired of his important and expensive Los Angeles law firm Horton, Troy, McNeil, & Caroll. Hansen left his job to start a non-profit firm called Neighborhood Legal Services based in Century City, California. His associates were Deborah Sullivan (Larken) and Gabriel Kay (Arkin). Roberto (Martinez) is a law student who worked for them as a clerk.

After 13 weeks, CBS decided to take the series in a different direction so that the lawyers could take on rich clients as well. The network retitled the series as Men at Law as the three protagonists went back to work for their former law firm.

Main

 * Robert Foxworth as David Hansen
 * Sheila Larken as Deborah Sullivan
 * David Arkin as Gabriel Kaye
 * A Martinez as Roberto Alvarez

Recurring

 * Gerald S. O'Loughlin as Devlin McNeil

Critical response
In the book, The Cultural Lives of Cause Lawyers edited by Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold, "The Storefront Lawyers featured two men and one woman, all WASPS, but the presence of a woman was a departure at the time when women still constituted less than five percent of the profession." "The Storefront Lawyers emphasizes that passivity, suggesting lawyers do nothing unless called upon. Given anxiety over lawyers trolling for clients, this portrayal suggests there is nothing to worry about. From the viewer's perspective such things simply do not happen."

In his Time magazine interview, critic Richard Burgheim lumped the new CBS legal series together with another of the network's bids at "revelvance," noting "The Storefront Lawyers (CBS) and The Interns (CBS) both exploit Mod Squad's multihero angle, but neither one is genuinely mod or engrossing."

title: Storefront Lawyers


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Ainderby Quernhow

Ainderby Quernhow is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. The village is situated on the B6267 Thirsk to Masham road just east of the A1(M) and is about five miles west of Thirsk. The population of the civil parish was estimated at 70 in 2014.

The Quernhow at Ainderby is a small mound on the nearby Roman Road which marked the boundary between the parishes of Ainderby and Middleton Quernhow. The mound at Ainderby Quernhow was demolished to make way for the upgrading of the A1(M) and its history is commemorated in a stone laid down in the grounds of the Quernhow Café which now adjoins the A6055.

Ainderby Mires and Ainderby Steeple are also in the district, the latter refers to the local church spire, the former to marshy mires.

Ainderby is a place name originally meant village belonging to Eindrithi, a Viking whose name meant 'sole-ruler'. Quernhow, which has also been spelled Whernhowe and Whernou means mill-hill. The first element derives from the Old Norse word  kvern meaning a mill stone. How, deriving from the Old Norse word  haugr , means a hill. How is a common element in Yorkshire place names but rare in County Durham.

Popular culture
Ainderby Quernhow is twice mentioned in popular culture; once in Douglas Adams' The Meaning of Liff (as a word describing those who claim to miss using the word 'gay' in its historical sense) and by The Independent as sounding like an actor who 'specializes in playing vacuous tennis-playing aristocrats.'

title: Ainderby Quernhow


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Dolphin Air

Dolphin Air was a charter airline based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It operated charter services within the Middle East and Pakistan. Its main base was Dubai International Airport.

History
The airline started operations in 2002. It was a charter airline based in Dubai that was founded in 1996 as Santa Cruz Imperial Airlines in Liberia, acquired later by Flying Dolphin Airlines and relocated. It was reorganised by Arabian Devt Trading and Construction, taking over assets from Santa Cruz Imperial. It had 68 employees (at March 2007).

Fleet
The Dolphin Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft:
 * 2 Boeing 737-200

title: Dolphin Air


text: User talk:80.42.76.45

title: User talk:80.42.76.45


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Natural history of Scotland

Natural history of Scotland concerns the flora, fauna and mycota of Scotland.

Flora
The flora of Scotland is an assemblage of native plant species including over 1,600 vascular plants, more than 1,500 lichens and nearly 1,000 bryophytes. The total number of vascular species is low by world standard but lichens and bryophytes are abundant and the latter form a population of global importance. Various populations of rare fern exist, although the impact of 19th century collectors threatened the existence of several species. The flora is generally typical of the north west European part of the Palearctic realm and prominent features of the Scottish flora include boreal Caledonian forest (much reduced from its natural extent), heather moorland and coastal machair. In addition to the native varieties of vascular plants there are numerous non-native introductions, now believed to make up some 43% of the species in the country.

There are a variety of important trees species and specimens; a Douglas fir near Inverness is the tallest tree in the United Kingdom and the Fortingall Yew may be the oldest tree in Europe. The Shetland mouse-ear and Scottish primrose are endemic flowering plants and there are a variety of endemic mosses and lichens. Numerous references to the country's flora appear in folklore, song and poetry.

Fauna
The fauna of Scotland is generally typical of the north-west European part of the Palearctic realm, although several of the country's larger mammals were hunted to extinction in historic times. Scotland's diverse temperate environments support 62 species of wild mammals, including a population of wild cats and important numbers of grey and harbour seals.

Many populations of moorland birds, including blackcock and the famous red grouse, live here, and the country has internationally significant nesting grounds for seabirds such as the northern gannet. The golden eagle has become a national icon, and white-tailed eagles and ospreys have recently re-colonised the land. The Scottish crossbill is the only endemic vertebrate species in the British Isles.

Scotland’s seas are among the most biologically productive in the world; it is estimated that the total number of Scottish marine species exceeds 40,000. Included in the country's ocean inventory are the Darwin Mounds, are an important area of cold water coral reefs discovered in 1988. Inland, nearly 400 genetically distinct populations of Atlantic Salmon live in Scottish rivers. Of the 42 species of fish found in the country's fresh waters, half have arrived by natural colonisation and half by human introduction.

Only six amphibians and four land reptiles are native to Scotland, but many species of invertebrates live here that are otherwise rare in the United Kingdom (UK). An estimated 14,000 species of insect, including rare bees and butterflies protected by conservation action plans inhabit Scotland.

Mycota
Approximately 1,650 species of fungal species are found in Scotland. The rare Phelloden confluens is found in five or fewer 10 km squares.

Micro-organisms
Syringammina fragilissima is a xenophyophore found off the coast of Scotland, near Rockall. It is the largest single-celled organism known, at up to 20 cm across and was the first xenophyophore ever to be described after its discovery in 1882.

Conservation organisations
Conservation of the natural environment is well developed and various organisations play an important role in the stewardship of the country's flora and fauna. Many agencies in the UK are concerned that climate change, especially its potential effects on mountain plateaus and marine life, threaten much of the flora and fauna of Scotland.

Where to see Scottish wildlife
It is possible to view whales, dolphins, porpoise, and basking sharks in their natural environment on boat tours of the Hebridean waters. Other places which exhibit Scottish wildlife include:

 * Highland Wildlife Park
 * Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park
 * Cairngorms National Park
 * Forestry Commission (Scotland)
 * Central Scotland Forest Trust

title: Natural history of Scotland


text:
Talk:Tasty Sandwich Shop

Picture
Somebody has to have an old picture somewhere they could scan and post... Tfine80 18:16, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've asked FM by e-mail to see if he'll give us an image from the documentary. Sdedeo 06:36, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 11:19, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tasty Sandwich Shop


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Peter Hordern

Sir Peter Maudslay Hordern, DL, PC (18 April 1929 – 18 April 2024) was a British Conservative Party politician.

Early life
Hordern was born on 18 April 1929, and was the son of Captain Charles Hubert Hordern MBE and grandson of Rt. Rev. Hugh Maudslay Hordern (Bishop of Lewes). He was educated at Geelong Grammar School, Australia and Christ Church, Oxford. He served with the 60th Rifles from 1947 to 1949, joining the regiment of his father and great-uncle, Brig. General Gwyn Venables Hordern CB, CMG, JP. He then became a Member of the Stock Exchange.

Political career
Hordern served as member of parliament for Horsham from 1964 to 1974, for Horsham and Crawley from 1974 to 1983 and for Horsham once again from 1983 to 1997. He was appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1993. He was appointed a deputy lieutenant for West Sussex.

Hordern was a member of the Public Accounts Committee from 1970 to 1987, Chairman of the Finance Committee from 1970 to 1972 and Chairman of the Public Accounts Commission from 1988 to 1997. He was appointed to the Executive of the 1922 Committee in 1967, later becoming Secretary of the 1922 Committee and Chairman of the Conservative backbench Committee on Europe.

Colin Welch described Hordern as "the ablest Tory never to have been a minister". Andrew Roth's Parliamentary Profiles (1987–1991) describes him as "Widely respected, well-connected, principled Rightwing, monetarist City gent; a hard-headed long term thinker; a devout believer in sanctity of tight money" and as saying "I was not only one of the first in this House to be a monetarist...I confidently expect to be about the last." Ahead of the high inflation of the mid-1970s, he attacked (with some prescience) the Bank of England in 1970 for insufficient monetary restraint and (while Chairman of the Finance Committee) both publicly opposed Chancellor Anthony Barber's over-expansion of monetary supply in April 1971 and attacked the Heath Government's "absurd" proposals for a statutory prices and incomes policy.

Other work
Hordern was appointed a director of Petrofina UK PLC in 1973 and chairman in 1987. He was appointed a director of F&C Smaller Companies Investment Trust, plc in 1978, and as chairman in 1986. He was appointed a director of TR Technology Investment Trust in 1985 (formerly Atlas Electric and General Trust). In 1982 he was appointed a consultant to Fisons PLC and a consultant to House of Fraser PLC and Pannell Kerr Forster in 1984.

Personal life and death
Hordern married Elizabeth Susan Chataway (sister of Sir Christopher Chataway) in 1964. They had two sons and one daughter: Andrew Charles Hugh Hordern (1965–2009); James Peter Hordern (born 1967); and Sara Victoria Margaret (born 1971).

Hordern died on 18 April 2024, his 95th birthday.

title: Peter Hordern


text:
User:Sattyam

About Sattyam

 * Name: Sattyam --  from the Sanskrit word Satya. A yogi gave it to me.
 * Year Born: 1957
 * Occupation: Liberal Artist --  formerly a servile artist who designed fuel injection systems and carburetors.
 * Location: Dearborn, MI, USA (near Detroit)

title: User:Sattyam


text:
Shangani

Shangani may refer to:

 * Shangani District, central Mogadishu, Somalia
 * Shangani Patrol - also known as Wilson's Last Stand
 * Shangani River, Zimbabwe
 * Shangani language in Zimbabwe
 * Shangani, Zimbabwe, a farming settlement in Zimbabwe
 * Shangani people in Mozambique, Zimbabwe and South Africa
 * Shangani, Stone Town, a ward of Zanzibar City in Stone Town

title: Shangani


text:
Ainderby Steeple

Ainderby Steeple is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. Ainderby Steeple is situated on the A684 approximately 2.6 mi south-west of the County Town of Northallerton, and to the immediate east of Morton-on-Swale.

History
The village is mentioned twice in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Eindrebi. Some of the lands were part of the manor of Northallerton at the time of the Norman Conquest which was held by Edwin, Earl of Mercia. After Edwin's rebellion of 1071, it became Crown property (indeed, the only Crown property in the entire Land of Count Alan). Most of the other land was in the manor of Ellerton-on-Swale, with land held by Thorkil and Ulfkil before the Norman invasion, and Ansketil of Forneaux afterwards. The Funeaux family are recorded as lords of the manor thereafter until the early 14th century, when Geoffrey le Scrope bought the lands. The manor continued to be owned by his descendants, albeit with a couple of incidents when the Crown took possession, until 1517 when the eleventh Lord Scrope had no male heir. The manor was divided among his children, and ended up in the possession of Robert Roos by way of the Strangeway family. By the nineteenth century claims to the manor had fallen into abeyance.

The toponymy of the village is derived from the Old Norse personal name of Eindrithi and the word bi for farm with the addition of the Anglian word stēpel for steeple, giving Eindrithi's farm with a steeple.

Governance
The village lies within the Richmond UK Parliament constituency. It also lies within the Swale electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council and the Morton-on-Swale ward of Hambleton District Council.

The Parish boundary to the west of the village extends up to the outskirts of Morton-on-Swale and runs roughly north to south from a half mile north of the village to the south of Green Hills farm. The eastern boundary is formed by the River Wiske just one mile away and extends from just north of Barstow Hall farm to the outskirts of Warlaby. The northern boundary runs slightly north eastwards a half a mile from the A684. The neighbouring parishes consist of Yafforth, Romanby, Thrintoft, Morton-on-Swale and Warlaby.

Geography
The village lies on the A684 road between Northallerton and Bedale. It is situated less than a mile from the River Swale. How Beck, a tributary of the River Swale has its source on the southern outskirts of the village. The River Wiske lies 1.1 mi to the east of the village. The villages of Morton-on-Swale and Thrintoft are within a mile of the village. The highest point in the village is 141 ft. The Wensleydale Railway Association have extended their line, that currently runs from Redmire to Leeming Bar, to run just to the north of the village. This section was due to open to traffic in 2013 and will go as far the East Coast Main Line just to the west of Northallerton. This has meant the construction of two level crossings in the village.

2001 Census
The 2001 UK Census showed that the population was split 48.8% male to 51.2% female. The religious constituency was made of 82.1% Christian and the rest stating no religion or not stating at all. The ethnic make-up was 97.5% White British, 1.75% White other and 1.05% Indian British. There were 121 dwellings.

2011 Census
The 2011 UK Census showed that the population was split 48.7% male to 51.3% female. The religious constituency was made of 82.6% Christian, 0.3% Buddhist and the rest stating no religion or not stating at all. The ethnic make-up was 98.3% White British with the rest consisting of 0.3% each White Irish, White Other, Mixed White/Asian and Black British. There were 136 dwellings.

Community and culture
The village has a school, Ainderby Steeple CE Primary, which is within the catchment area of Northallerton School, which provides secondary education and sixth form facilities. The school is actually located on Station Road in neighbouring Morton-on-Swale. The village consists mainly of housing with one public house.

Religion
The Church of St Helen's, located in Ainderby Steeple, dates back to the fourteenth century. The parish registers start in 1668. It was Grade I listed in 1970 and was renovated in the 15th and 19th centuries.

Notable buildings
Howden Bridge over the River Wiske on the eastern boundary of the parish is a scheduled ancient monument.

title: Ainderby Steeple


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Category:Parasitic diseases

For more information, see the article on parasitic disease

For a list of human diseases broken down by type, see human parasitic diseases.

title: Category:Parasitic diseases


text:
Ducklington

Ducklington is a village and civil parish on the River Windrush 1 mi south of Witney in West Oxfordshire. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 1,581.

History
Ducklington is one of the earliest Saxon parishes to be recorded in Oxfordshire. In a charter of 958 King Edgar the Peaceful granted at Duclingtun to his Minister, Eanulf. An Anglo-Saxon charter from 1036 also records the toponym as Duclingtun, and another Anglo-Saxon document from 1044 records it as Ducelingdun. The Domesday Book of 1086 records it as Dochelintone and a charter from 1130 records it as Dukelindona. The name is derived from Old English. The first element may be from the name of a person called Ducca or Ducel. The element "-ing" most commonly means "people of". The element "-tūn" means an enclosure, homestead or village. The fact that the village has a duck pond with a population of ducks is purely incidental. After the Norman Conquest Ducklington was held by Robert D'Oyly, a Norman nobleman who took part in William I's conquest of England. The Dyve family then held the Lordship of Ducklington throughout the 13th and 14th centuries, living there until early in the reign of Edward III.

The Church of England parish church of Saint Bartholomew is 12th century. The Gothic Revival architect EG Bruton restored the building in 1871. The bell tower has a ring of six bells. William and Henry III Bagley of Chacombe in Northamptonshire cast the second, fourth and fifth bells in 1708. Robert Taylor & Sons cast the tenor bell in 1829, presumably at their then foundry in Oxford. Mears and Stainbank of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast the treble bell in 1889. The Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry of Asten in the Netherlands cast the third bell in 1988. The village had a Baptist Chapel until 2016, when it was converted into a private home. The former village schoolhouse was built in 1858. The modern Ducklington Church of England Primary School is across the village green from the original site.

Natural history
Ducklington is notable for the rare fritillary flower (mainly of the snake's head variety), many of which grow in a specially designated meadow just outside the village. Before the Second World War many fritillaries had grown on fields all over the Windrush Valley. However, the national drive for food production during the war meant that most meadows were intensively ploughed, the rivers dredged, and consequently the fritillaries were lost. Only the current fritillary field happened to be left unploughed. The flowers have survived with help from both locals and farmers. Once a year, the local community celebrates Fritillary Sunday when the field, parish church and hall are opened so that the public may walk among and enjoy the flowers.

Ducklington also has a duck pond that was notably devastated by Frank, a young outdoor cat who ate 23 ducklings in two months. The mayor requested that Frank leave immediately.

Amenities
Ducklington has a Morris dancing side and Mummers performances. It also has its own Morris Dance tradition; its own style of dance that was collected around the beginning of the 19th century. The Ducklington tradition is danced by many sides throughout Britain and the United States. Ducklington has one public house: The Bell, and a sports and social club. Ducklington has hosted several flower and garden shows. The former tithe barn is now the village hall, which has been renovated in the last few years. It is used by village groups including the Parish Council and is the parish polling station in local and national elections. Ducklington has a Women's Institute.

Sports
Ducklington Sports and Social Club has several cricket and football teams. They include three men's football teams that compete in the Witney and District League. Ducklington's football first XI is in the Witney and District Premier Division. The club has nine boys' teams. The cricket section has one adult teams and three youth teams.

title: Ducklington


text:
Bisomus

A bisomus is a tomb large enough to contain two bodies.

History
The ordinary tombs (loci) in the galleries of the Roman catacombs contained one body. It sometimes happened, however, that a space large enough to contain two bodies was excavated. Such a double grave is referred to in inscriptions as locus bisomus. An inscription from the catacomb of Callixtus I, for instance, mentions that a certain Boniface, who died at the age of twenty-three years and two months, was interred in a double grave which had been prepared for himself and for his father (Bonifacius, qui vixit annix XXII et II (mens) es, positus in bisomum in pace, sibi et patr. suo). A 4th century inscription tells of two women who had purchased, for their future interment, a bisomus in a "new crypt" which contained the body of a saint: ":IN CRYPTA NOBA RETRO SAN
 * CTUS EMERVM VIVAS BALER
 * RA ET SABINA MERUM LOC
 * V BISOM AB APRONE ET A
 * BIATORE"

"Balerra" and "Sabina" wished to be buried in the closest proximity to a martyr, retro sanctos, a privilege which, as another inscription says, "many desire but few receive" (quod multi cupiunt et rari accipiunt).

title: Bisomus


text: User talk:84.152.118.62

title: User talk:84.152.118.62


text:
Object pool pattern

The object pool pattern is a software creational design pattern that uses a set of initialized objects kept ready to use – a "pool" – rather than allocating and destroying them on demand. A client of the pool will request an object from the pool and perform operations on the returned object. When the client has finished, it returns the object to the pool rather than destroying it; this can be done manually or automatically.

Object pools are primarily used for performance: in some circumstances, object pools significantly improve performance. Object pools complicate object lifetime, as objects obtained from and returned to a pool are not actually created or destroyed at this time, and thus require care in implementation.

Description
When it is necessary to work with numerous objects that are particularly expensive to instantiate and each object is only needed for a short period of time, the performance of an entire application may be adversely affected. An object pool design pattern may be deemed desirable in cases such as these.

The object pool design pattern creates a set of objects that may be reused. When a new object is needed, it is requested from the pool. If a previously prepared object is available, it is returned immediately, avoiding the instantiation cost. If no objects are present in the pool, a new item is created and returned. When the object has been used and is no longer needed, it is returned to the pool, allowing it to be used again in the future without repeating the computationally expensive instantiation process. It is important to note that once an object has been used and returned, existing references will become invalid.

In some object pools the resources are limited, so a maximum number of objects is specified. If this number is reached and a new item is requested, an exception may be thrown, or the thread will be blocked until an object is released back into the pool.

The object pool design pattern is used in several places in the standard classes of the .NET Framework. One example is the .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server. As SQL Server database connections can be slow to create, a pool of connections is maintained. Closing a connection does not actually relinquish the link to SQL Server. Instead, the connection is held in a pool, from which it can be retrieved when requesting a new connection. This substantially increases the speed of making connections.

Benefits
Object pooling can offer a significant performance boost in situations where the cost of initializing a class instance is high and the rate of instantiation and destruction of a class is high – in this case objects can frequently be reused, and each reuse saves a significant amount of time. Object pooling requires resources – memory and possibly other resources, such as network sockets, and thus it is preferable that the number of instances in use at any one time is low, but this is not required.

The pooled object is obtained in predictable time when creation of the new objects (especially over network) may take variable time. These benefits are mostly true for objects that are expensive with respect to time, such as database connections, socket connections, threads and large graphic objects like fonts or bitmaps.

In other situations, simple object pooling (that hold no external resources, but only occupy memory) may not be efficient and could decrease performance. In case of simple memory pooling, the slab allocation memory management technique is more suited, as the only goal is to minimize the cost of memory allocation and deallocation by reducing fragmentation.

Implementation
Object pools can be implemented in an automated fashion in languages like C++ via smart pointers. In the constructor of the smart pointer, an object can be requested from the pool, and in the destructor of the smart pointer, the object can be released back to the pool. In garbage-collected languages, where there are no destructors (which are guaranteed to be called as part of a stack unwind), object pools must be implemented manually, by explicitly requesting an object from the factory and returning the object by calling a dispose method (as in the dispose pattern). Using a finalizer to do this is not a good idea, as there are usually no guarantees on when (or if) the finalizer will be run. Instead, "try ... finally" should be used to ensure that getting and releasing the object is exception-neutral.

Manual object pools are simple to implement, but harder to use, as they require manual memory management of pool objects.

Handling of empty pools
Object pools employ one of three strategies to handle a request when there are no spare objects in the pool.

 * 1) Fail to provide an object (and return an error to the client).
 * 2) Allocate a new object, thus increasing the size of the pool. Pools that do this usually allow you to set the high water mark (the maximum number of objects ever used).
 * 3) In a multithreaded environment, a pool may block the client until another thread returns an object to the pool.

Pitfalls
Care must be taken to ensure the state of the objects returned to the pool is reset back to a sensible state for the next use of the object, otherwise the object may be in a state unexpected by the client, which may cause it to fail. The pool is responsible for resetting the objects, not the clients. Object pools full of objects with dangerously stale state are sometimes called object cesspools and regarded as an anti-pattern.

Stale state may not always be an issue; it becomes dangerous when it causes the object to behave unexpectedly. For example, an object representing authentication details may fail if the "successfully authenticated" flag is not reset before it is reused, since it indicates that a user is authenticated (possibly as someone else) when they are not. However, failing to reset a value used only for debugging, such as the identity of the last authentication server used, may pose no issues.

Inadequate resetting of objects can cause information leaks. Objects containing confidential data (e.g. a user's credit card numbers) must be cleared before being passed to new clients, otherwise, the data may be disclosed to an unauthorized party.

If the pool is used by multiple threads, it may need the means to prevent parallel threads from trying to reuse the same object in parallel. This is not necessary if the pooled objects are immutable or otherwise thread-safe.

Criticism
Some publications do not recommend using object pooling with certain languages, such as Java, especially for objects that only use memory and hold no external resources (such as connections to database). Opponents usually say that object allocation is relatively fast in modern languages with garbage collectors; while the operator  needs only ten instructions, the classic   -   pair found in pooling designs requires hundreds of them as it does more complex work. Also, most garbage collectors scan "live" object references, and not the memory that these objects use for their content. This means that any number of "dead" objects without references can be discarded with little cost. In contrast, keeping a large number of "live" but unused objects increases the duration of garbage collection.

Go
The following Go code initializes a resource pool of a specified size (concurrent initialization) to avoid resource race issues through channels, and in the case of an empty pool, sets timeout processing to prevent clients from waiting too long.

C#
In the .NET Base Class Library there are a few objects that implement this pattern. is configured to have a predefined number of threads to allocate. When the threads are returned, they are available for another computation. Thus, one can use threads without paying the cost of creation and disposal of threads.

The following shows the basic code of the object pool design pattern implemented using C#. For brevity the properties of the classes are declared using C# 3.0 automatically implemented property syntax. These could be replaced with full property definitions for earlier versions of the language. Pool is shown as a static class, as it's unusual for multiple pools to be required. However, it's equally acceptable to use instance classes for object pools. In the code above, the PooledObject has properties for the time it was created, and another, that can be modified by the client, that is reset when the PooledObject is released back to the pool. Shown is the clean-up process, on release of an object, ensuring it is in a valid state before it can be requested from the pool again.

Java
Java supports thread pooling via  and other related classes. The executor service has a certain number of "basic" threads that are never discarded. If all threads are busy, the service allocates the allowed number of extra threads that are later discarded if not used for the certain expiration time. If no more threads are allowed, the tasks can be placed in the queue. Finally, if this queue may get too long, it can be configured to suspend the requesting thread.

title: Object pool pattern


text:
Georges Anderla

Georges Anderla (March 27, 1921 in Prague - April 26, 2005 in Antibes ) was a Czech-born French economist. While working for the OECD in 1973, he created a statistical model of the accumulation of human knowledge. He began by defining the known technology in 1 AD as a unit and showed that it had doubled in 1500, doubled again in 1750 and again in 1900. According to Anderla the next doubling only took fifty years, then ten, seven and finally six leading up to the year 1973. If Anderla is correct, the amount of human knowledge in 1973 was 128 times greater than in the year 1 AD.

title: Georges Anderla


text:
Pureland Industrial Complex

Pureland Industrial Complex is a 3000 acre industrial park located in Logan Township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. It borders the Delaware River and Raccoon Creek, and is located 12 mi south of the ports of Camden and Philadelphia. Interstate 295, U.S. Route 322 and U.S. Route 130 run through it and connect it to major truck routes. SMS Rail Lines connect to Penns Grove Secondary and the national rail network. It was opened in 1975 and is the largest industrial park in the state of New Jersey, and one of the largest in the world.

Companies
Companies or organizations with offices, warehouses, or manufacturing facilities in Pureland include:

 * Amazon.com
 * Mitsubishi
 * VWR Scientific
 * Mercedes-Benz
 * Mannington Mills
 * US Postal Service
 * Home Depot
 * Lockheed Martin
 * Nextel
 * Pep Boys
 * Flowserve
 * Target Corporation

title: Pureland Industrial Complex


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Ad quod damnum

Ad quod damnum or ad damnum is a Latin phrase meaning "according to the harm" or "appropriate to the harm". It is used in tort law as a measure of damage inflicted, and implying a remedy, if one exists, ought to correspond specifically and only to the damage suffered. It is also used in pleading, as the statement of the plaintiff's money loss or damages claimed. An ad damnum clause is also sometimes called a "prayer for relief."

Several U.S. states prohibit plaintiffs from demanding a specific amount of money in the ad damnum section of a complaint initiating a civil action for personal injury or wrongful death. This is to prevent unethical attorneys from gaining undue publicity for their cases (and trampling upon the due process rights of defendants) by demanding outrageous amounts that they cannot possibly prove at trial. This is why such complaints simply demand amounts "in excess of $[X]" (where X is the minimum amount in controversy necessary to get into the trial court of general jurisdiction), "pecuniary loss", or "monetary damages in an amount according to proof." Of course, at some point the defendant needs to get some idea of what amount of money the plaintiff actually wants, so the defendant can usually serve interrogatories directed to that issue or a formal request for a statement of damages as part of the discovery process.

title: Ad quod damnum


text: User talk:209.81.119.114

title: User talk:209.81.119.114