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Cranfield Airport

Cranfield Airport is an airfield just outside the village of Cranfield, in Bedfordshire, England. It is 7 NM south-west of Bedford and 5.5 NM east of Milton Keynes. It was originally a Second World War aerodrome, RAF Cranfield. It is now used for business aviation, private flights, and for research and development activities.

History
RAF Cranfield was built by John Laing & Son on 100 acre of farmland acquired by the Air Ministry in 1935 as Britain re-armed to face the growing threats on the continent. It was formally opened on 1 June 1937 and initially became the base for No. 62 Squadron RAF and No. 82 Squadron RAF of No. 1 (Bomber) Group, flying the already obsolete Hawker Hind biplanes.

Both squadrons converted to Bristol Blenheim Is in 1938. 62 Squadron was moved to Singapore in August 1939 where it was destroyed by the invading Japanese Imperial forces. RAF Cranfield's grass airstrip was replaced with three hardened runways in the winter of 1939 and spring of 1940 and became a target for enemy action in the late summer of that year, with mines, bombs and incendiaries dropped on it and the nearby village of Cranfield.

Aircraftsman Vivian Hollowday, serving at the airfield, won the George Cross for the attempted rescue of two crews which crashed there in July and August 1940.

August 1941 saw the fast developing station become a night fighter training centre with the arrival of No. 51 Night fighter Operational Training Unit. This was disbanded after the end of the war in Europe in May 1945 and the airfield became the site for a new College of Aeronautics (now Cranfield University). This college helped develop the highly successful Hawker Siddeley Harrier jump jet and has serviced the Hawker Hurricanes and Supermarine Spitfires of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight. The UK's sole remaining airworthy Avro Lancaster was based at Cranfield until 1964.

The following squadrons were here at some point: • No. 4 Squadron RAF (March 1943)

• No. 35 Squadron RAF (1939)

• No. 62 Squadron RAF (1937-39)

• No. 82 Squadron RAF (1937-39)

• No. 108 Squadron RAF (1937-38)

• No. 181 Squadron RAF (March 1943)

• No. 183 Squadron RAF (March 1943)

• No. 207 Squadron RAF (1939 & 1940)

• No. 239 Squadron RAF (1942)

The following units were also here at some point: • No. 1 Group Pool RAF (September 1939)

• No. 2 Aircraft Delivery Flight RAF (July 1943 - July 1944)

• No. 14 Service Flying Training School RAF (April 1940 - August 1941)

• No. 16 Air Crew Holding Unit RAF

• No. 23 Group Communication Flight RAF (March 1950 - September 1959)

• No. 51 Operational Training Unit RAF (August 1941 - June 1945)

• No. 2807 Squadron RAF Regiment

• AI Conversion Flight RAF (October 1943 - January 1946)

• Empire Test Pilots School (October 1945 - July 1947)

• Pilots Replacement Unit RAF (June - August 1944)

• Wellington Conversion Flight RAF (April 1944 - )

Description
Cranfield Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence (number P803) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Cranfield University) situated next to the site.

The airfield is used for a small number of university-related flights in addition to flying schools and private owners. One of the Met Office research aircraft (a BAE 146), operated under the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements, is usually based on the airfield.

Situated 3 mi to the northeast of the M1 motorway and Milton Keynes, the airfield has a large catchment area.

Although the length of the runway means that Cranfield can handle commercial aircraft (up to the size of a Boeing 757), the remaining infrastructure is not suitable for scheduled passenger flights or for the handling of such aircraft.

Navigation aids include:
 * NDB 'CIT' which is located 3.5 NM to the north-east of the aerodrome
 * ILS/DME equipment for runway 21
 * VDF
 * GNSS approaches to both runways

Current operations and planned developments
In September 2016, the press reported that until the end of March 2017, the airport would be closed at weekends while a new air traffic control officer (ATCO) was trained; during this period, there would be days when only a single ATCO was available, and on those days, reduced opening hours would operate. Planned and permanent redistribution of aircraft traffic (PPR) was introduced. During this period, runway rejuvenation work was also carried out.

In early 2018, the press reported plans to expand the airport's business aviation activities with a new terminal, a hotel and other improvements and to rename the airport 'London' Cranfield Airport. In April 2018, it was reported that Central Bedfordshire Council had granted planning permission for a new 'Air Park', expected to be completed in 2024.

Planned development
In May 2019, Marshall Aerospace and Defence Group (now called Marshall Group), owners of Cambridge City Airport, announced that their airport would be closed to all traffic by 2030 at the latest. The Group plans to redevelop their Cambridge site for housing and commercial uses. That announcement said that the Group would be deciding between three potential airfields for its continuing operations: Duxford and Wyton in Cambridgeshire, and Cranfield Airport in Bedfordshire. On 6 October 2020, Cranfield University and Marshall Group announced that they had signed an option agreement for the potential relocation of Marshall Aerospace to Cranfield Airport.

In October 2021, the Group announced that it had decided in favour of the Cranfield option and that "it will leave its current base at Cambridge Airport by 2030". The Group proposes to move its global group headquarters (as well as its Aerospace division) to Cranfield.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cranfield Airport


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Luther College (Victoria)

Luther College is a co-educational independent secondary school of the Lutheran Church of Australia located in the outer-eastern suburb of Croydon Hills in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It maintains a close relationship with the Outer Eastern Lutheran Church parish of the Lutheran Church of Australia, which congregates in the school's chapel facilities. It provides education for years 7–12.

History
Opened in 1964, Luther College is a school of the Lutheran Church of Australia, named for the father of the Lutheran Church, Dr. Martin Luther, a 16th-century German theologian.

Beginning as a boarding school with students from remote regional areas of Victoria making up a large percentage of its enrolment, the school grew to become popular with International students. However, after a decline in International enrolments and worries about the growth of the student body in relation to the school's facilities, the boarding program ended at the end of 2002, with the boarding house facilities being demolished or adapted into classrooms.

Religious education
As a school of the Lutheran Church of Australia, Luther College students participate in mandatory religious education classes in all years.

All students from all year levels attend a chapel service in the school's chapel three days out of the week, with one year level assembly and one day being an extended homegroup.

The school's campus contains a special Ministry Centre which contains the offices of the school's two chaplains as well as the school counsellor.

Involvement with Good Shepherd Lutheran Primary School
Both Luther College and The Good Shepherd Lutheran Primary School are private schools, as well as schools of the Lutheran Church of Australia. Both their campuses are located in Croydon Hills, separated by two sporting ovals.

The schools share many of their facilities, including the sporting ovals, as well as the Luther College chapel which is used by the primary school for special occasions. The schools have very similar uniforms, and until 2004 their physical education uniforms were almost identical.

As many as 80% of Good Shepherd students attend Luther College after the completion of year 6, due to the school's close proximity and affordable fees. Due to this, students of the schools share a close relationship. Many collegiates undertake work experience or voluntary service placements at Good Shepherd, and both schools often present chapel services for each other.

There has been speculation since Good Shepherd's inception that the schools will one day join to become one college that provides education for all students years prep-12, as other private church schools including Methodist Ladies' College and Yarra Valley Grammar have successfully done, but there has been no official acknowledgement of this proposal from either school at any time.

Sport
Luther is a member of the Eastern Independent Schools of Melbourne.

Houses
Luther College has six houses allocated by the school to each student upon entry. Each house is allocated into multiple homegroups, in which students are to attend every morning. These houses participate in sporting events such as cross country and athletics day and other social events such as public speaking.

EISM premierships
Luther has won the following EISM senior premierships.

Combined:

 * Athletics (16) – 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021
 * Cross Country (16) – 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019

Boys:

 * Athletics (9) – 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2018, 2019, 2021
 * Basketball (7) – 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 2004
 * Cricket (7) – 1971, 1988, 1990, 1996, 2013, 2014, 2018
 * Cross Country (16) – 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
 * Football – 1976
 * Handball – 2002
 * Hockey (6) – 1992, 1994, 1995, 2003, 2004, 2006
 * Indoor Soccer – 2008
 * Soccer (3) – 1987, 1995, 2002
 * Table Tennis (4) – 1978, 1982, 1984, 2015
 * Tennis (5) – 1972, 1974, 1994, 1999, 2001
 * Touch Rugby (4) – 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
 * Volleyball (7) – 1977, 1979, 1980, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2016

Girls:

 * Athletics (15) – 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021
 * Basketball (3) – 1977, 1978, 1986
 * Bowling (2) – 2005, 2006
 * Cricket – 2009
 * Cross Country (17) – 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
 * Indoor Cricket – 2014
 * Softball (2) – 1971, 1977
 * Swimming (7) – 2000, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2019, 2020, 2021
 * Tennis (9) – 1971, 1972, 1978, 1983, 1984, 1996, 2002, 2007, 2012
 * Touch Rugby - 2022
 * Volleyball (11) – 1977, 1989, 1992, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2015, 2016, 2017

Luther Year 9 EISM Premierships

Year 9 Boys:
 * Badminton (3) - 2014, 2016, 2017
 * Basketball (2) - 2014, 2019
 * Football (2) - 2010, 2011
 * Hockey (3) - 2013, 2014, 2017
 * Indoor Cricket - 2017
 * Lawn Bowls (4) - 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018
 * Netball (4) - 2010, 2011, 2013, 2022
 * Table Tennis (4) - 2011, 2013, 2017, 2019
 * Touch Rugby (3) - 2011, 2014, 2016
 * Soccer (3) - 2016, 2019, 2022
 * Softball (3) - 2016, 2017, 2019
 * Volleyball (6) - 2011, 2012, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019

Year 9 Girls:
 * Badminton - 2015
 * Basketball (2) - 2013, 2016
 * Football (2) - 2012, 2018
 * Hockey (4) - 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
 * Indoor Cricket (5) - 2010, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018
 * Indoor Soccer - 2021
 * Lawn Bowls (3) - 2016, 2017, 2018
 * Netball - 2014
 * Table Tennis (2) - 2016, 2017
 * Tennis (6) - 2010, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2020
 * Touch Rugby (5) - 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021
 * Soccer - 2015
 * Softball - 2013
 * Ultimate Frisbee (2) - 2015, 2017
 * Volleyball (6) - 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017

Notable alumni

 * 360 (Matthew Colwell) – hip hop artist
 * Sarah Blanck – sailor
 * Tom Boyd – former AFL player for the Western Bulldogs and the GWS Giants
 * Greig Fraser – Oscar winning, Emmy Award–winning cinematographer
 * Ash Grunwald – blues and roots artist
 * Kathleen O'Kelly-Kennedy – Paralympian (bronze medal, basketball, Beijing 2008)
 * Dan McStay, AFL footballer

title: Luther College (Victoria)


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User talk:Chelaan

Welcome to Wikipedia!
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If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf melmac 09:56, 15 October 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Chelaan


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Richard Wilson (footballer, born 1956)

Richard Hardie Wilson (born 8 May 1956) is a retired New Zealand association football player, who was a goalkeeper during the country's first successful campaign to qualify for the FIFA World Cup, in 1982. His international career spanned from 1979 to 1984, and he played in the National Soccer League in Australia until 1989. He returned to New Zealand in 1996 and was player-coach of minor-league side Avon United.

Despite being the only goalkeeper used during the 1982 World Cup qualifying campaign, he was replaced as starting goalkeeper for the finals tournament in Spain by Frank van Hattum. For a considerable time, Wilson held the record for most minutes without conceding a goal by a goalkeeper in any FIFA World Cup qualifying or finals tournament, having not conceded a goal in 921 minutes of football, including matches against Fiji (twice), Chinese Taipei (twice), Indonesia (twice), China (twice) and Australia (once).

His record clean sheet came to a dramatic end during a World Cup home qualifying fixture against Kuwait. Kuwait were controversially awarded a penalty by the Indonesian referee. Wilson spectacularly saved the spot kick only to have a further penalty awarded against New Zealand 10 minutes later. The second penalty found the back of the net bringing to an end Wilson's record. The taking of the second penalty was delayed for some minutes after an irate fan ran onto the field to remonstrate with the referee.

title: Richard Wilson (footballer, born 1956)


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Andres Oper

Andres Oper (born 7 November 1977) is an Estonian football coach and former professional player. He is currently an assistant manager of the Estonia national team.

Oper played as a forward for Lelle, Flora, Tervis Pärnu, AaB, Torpedo Moscow, Roda JC, Shanghai Shenhua, ADO Den Haag, AEK Larnaca, Nea Salamina and the Estonia national team. With 38 goals in 134 appearances, Oper is Estonia's all-time record goalscorer. Oper was named Estonian Footballer of the Year three times, in 1999, 2002 and 2005, and won the Estonian Silverball award twice; in 2001 and 2005.

Early life
Oper was born in Tallinn. He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No. 37. He started playing football with Tallinna Jalgpallikool (Tallinn Football Academy) under Aivar Tiidus, before moving to Taivo Uibo's Uibo Poisid and then LMSK/Pantrid, coached by Aavo Sarap.

Flora
In 1995, Oper signed for Flora. He won his first Meistriliiga title in the 1994–95 season. Oper soon became a first team regular and one of the team's leading goalscorers. He won two more league titles in the 1997–98 and the 1998 seasons, as well as the 1997–98 Estonian Cup and the Estonian Supercup in 1998.

AaB
On 2 July 1999, Oper signed for Danish Superliga champions AaB, on a five-year contract for a transfer fee of $1 million (EEK 15 million).

Torpedo Moscow
On 10 July 2003, Oper signed a two-year contract with Russian Premier League club Torpedo Moscow. Often inconsistent in Russia, scoring 8 goals in 53 appearances, Oper was placed on the transfer list after he suffered an injury to his right foot. In 2005, he was linked with a transfer to Sunderland in England, but the contract was never signed.

Roda JC
On 31 August 2005, Oper signed a one-year contract with Dutch Eredivisie club Roda JC for an undisclosed fee. He scored his first Eredivisie goal on 1 October 2005, in a 3–2 win against Vitesse Arnhem. Oper finished the 2005–06 Eredivisie season as the team's joint top scorer alongside Simon Cziommer with 8 goals and signed a contract extension for two more seasons. He was the team's top scorer in the 2006–07 Eredivisie season, scoring 12 goals in the league and 1 in the play-offs. On 16 May 2007, he signed another contract extension with Roda JC until summer 2009.

Shanghai Shenhua
On 19 July 2009, Oper signed a half-year contract with Chinese Super League club Shanghai Shenhua. He made his debut for the club on 2 August 2009, in an away match against Jiangsu Sainty. However, he suffered an injury and eventually terminated his contract with the club.

ADO Den Haag
After an unsuccessful spell in China, Oper returned to the Netherlands and on 21 January 2010, he signed a half-year contract with an option for another year with ADO Den Haag. He made his debut for the club on 13 February 2010 in a home match against Willem II. Oper scored his first goal for ADO Den Haag on 18 April 2010, in a 4–0 win against RKC Waalwijk. His contract extension stalled due to negotiations over personal terms, eventually no agreement was settled and the extension was cancelled. The contract expired in summer.

AEK Larnaca
On 9 September 2010, Oper signed a one-year contract with Cypriot First Division club AEK Larnaca. He scored on his debut against Ethnikos Achna.

Nea Salamina
In January 2012, Oper joined Cypriot First Division club Nea Salamina. He scored his first goal for the club on 3 March in a 2–0 win against Enosis Neon Paralimni.

International career
Oper made his international debut for the Estonia national football team on 19 May 1995, in a 0–2 1995 Baltic Cup defeat against Latvia. He scored his first goal for Estonia on 8 June 1997, in a 2–3 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification loss against Sweden. He won the Estonian Silverball award twice, in 2001 and 2005. On 2 September 2006, Oper played his 100th match for Estonia, a 0–1 UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying defeat against Israel. He ended his international career with a testimonial match on 26 May 2014, after a 1–1 friendly draw against Gibraltar at A. Le Coq Arena. With 38 goals in 134 international appearances, Oper is Estonia's all-time record goalscorer. He played for the Estonia national team for eighteen years in a row.

International

 * Scores and results list Estonia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Oper goal.

Honours
Flora
 * Meistriliiga: 1994–95, 1997–98, 1998
 * Estonian Cup: 1997–98
 * Estonian Supercup: 1998

Individual
 * Estonian Footballer of the Year: 1999, 2002, 2005
 * Estonian Silverball: 2001, 2005

title: Andres Oper


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Sophronia

Sophronia may refer to:

People

 * Sophronia Bucklin (1828–1902), American Civil War nurse
 * Sophronia Woodruff Dews, co-founder of Alpha Delta Pi sorority
 * Sophronia Farrington Naylor Grubb (1834–1902), American activist
 * Sophronia Smith (1803–1876), member of the Smith family (Latter Day Saints)
 * Sophronia Wilson Wagoner (1834–1929), pioneer missionary and leader in social work

Other uses

 * Cattleya syn. Sophronia, a genus of orchid
 * Sophronia (moth), a genus of moth
 * USS Sophronia (1861)

title: Sophronia


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Green Youth

Green Youth may refer to one of the following youth wings of Green political parties:
 * Green Youth (Germany)
 * Young Greens of Sweden

title: Green Youth


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Scuderia Toro Rosso

Scuderia Toro Rosso SpA (Toro Rosso lit. 'Red Bull'), commonly known as Toro Rosso or by its abbreviation STR, was an Italian Formula One constructor. It was one of two Formula One constructors owned by Austrian conglomerate company Red Bull, the other being Red Bull Racing. Toro Rosso functioned as a junior team to Red Bull Racing, with the aim of developing the skills of promising drivers for the senior team. The constructor made its racing début in the season, moving to complete independence from its sister team in. The team changed its name to Scuderia AlphaTauri in to promote parent company Red Bull's fashion label of the same name.

The team was established after Paul Stoddart sold his remaining interest in the Minardi team at the end of 2005 to Red Bull's owner, Dietrich Mateschitz, and Minardi was renamed Toro Rosso.

Mateschitz subsequently struck a 50/50 joint-ownership deal with former Formula One driver Gerhard Berger before the start of the season. In late November 2008, Red Bull regained total ownership of Toro Rosso after buying back Berger's share of the team.

From to, Toro Rosso used Ferrari V8 engines, taking over the contract that their senior team broke from at the end of 2006 to switch engine builders to Renault. For, Toro Rosso switching to Renault engines as well, but in returned to using Ferrari power. However, they switched back to Renault in (albeit under 'Toro Rosso' branding), then in  to Honda. The team principal was Franz Tost, formerly of BMW's motor sport division.

Vitantonio Liuzzi scored the team's first point in its first season at the 2006 United States Grand Prix. The team's first podium and only pole position and victory were scored by Sebastian Vettel at the 2008 Italian Grand Prix. Max Verstappen became the youngest driver to compete in Formula One, at 17 years and 166 days old, in a Toro Rosso at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix.

Origins
Minardi had competed in Formula One from 1985 to 2005. Despite having a large fan base, it had been one of the least competitive teams in the sport, never achieving a podium finish and only finishing as high as fourth in three races.

Minardi owner Paul Stoddart claimed to have had 41 approaches to buy the team, but preferred to sell it to someone who could 'take it further' than he could and who would maintain it in its traditional base in Italy. Included in the terms of the deal with Red Bull GmbH was the clause that the team must keep its headquarters in Faenza, Italy until at least the season.

Whilst Red Bull abandoned the Minardi name in line with their own sponsorship and marketing plans, the use of the Italian language in the name was intended to hint at the team's Italian heritage. Red Bull changed the name of the team immediately after taking control of the team on 1 November 2005. It was initially reported as 'Squadra Toro Rosso' (team Red Bull) but then changed because squadra in Italian depicts a 'squad' like a football team, to 'Scuderia Toro Rosso'. Scuderia is Italian for a stable reserved for racing horses, and is also commonly applied to Italian motor racing teams, such as Ferrari.

Many Minardi fans were upset by the name change to Scuderia Toro Rosso and over 15,000 signed an online petition to keep the Minardi name, but were unsuccessful.

Cosworth customer engines (2006)
Vitantonio Liuzzi and Scott Speed were the 2006 race drivers of the STR1, with Neel Jani filling the test/third driver role. Liuzzi had raced part-time for Red Bull Racing in 2005, while Speed entered F1 following the Red Bull Driver Search in the United States. Jani was the test driver for Sauber Petronas in 2004.

The 2006 chassis was a modified version of the 2005 Red Bull Racing RB1. Some teams felt that this infringed the Concorde Agreement as each team is expected to design their own car. Toro Rosso claim that this design was originally produced during 2004 by Jaguar Racing, Red Bull's predecessor, and that the intellectual rights had belonged to the Ford Motor Company, Jaguar Racing's parent company, with Toro Rosso inheriting the rights after Jaguar Racing was sold.

The team used Minardi's contracted supply of rev limited and air restricted 2005-spec Cosworth TJ2005-2 3.0-litre V10 engines instead of newly built Cosworth CA2006 2.4-litre V8 engines as CA2006 V8 naturally-aspirated engines were too expensive for smaller teams as well as transmission package from Red Bull Technology. This concession had been granted to assist less well funded teams by avoiding the cost of sourcing a new supply of V8 engines as required by the 2006 regulations. The continuation of this arrangement after the Red Bull takeover caused friction with other teams, in particular Super Aguri and Midland who felt that the engine conferred too much of an advantage. They contended that the concession to allow the team use a V10 engine was based on Minardi's poor financial situation, and should not have continued to apply after the team achieved a completely different financial footing. For tyre suppliers, Toro Rosso was reunited with Michelin tyres who had last supplied Faenza-based Minardi in the 2001 and 2002 seasons.

As the season progressed, the Toro Rossos began to struggle in qualifying as their competitors developed their new V8 engines to rev closer to 20,000 rpm to get more power. To try to balance the playing field, Toro Rosso asked for an extra 500 rpm for qualifying, however the FIA permitted them only 300 rpm.

2007
For the 2007 season, Toro Rosso began using the 2006-specification Ferrari 056 V8 engine rather than 2007 works spec due to cost reasons, taking over the contract that their senior team broke from by switching to customer Renault power.

At the launch of the STR2 on 13 February, Toro Rosso confirmed Liuzzi as a 2007 driver. In testing in Bahrain on 24 February, Scott Speed was confirmed as the team's second driver. Four-time Champ Car champion Sébastien Bourdais was an occasional test driver several times during the season.

The team appointed new technical director Giorgio Ascanelli to replace temporary stand-in Alex Hitzinger on 2 April.

The 2007 season was generally disappointing, with poor reliability and driver errors leading to a low finishing record. Following the, Speed was dropped under controversial circumstances and was replaced by BMW Sauber development driver Sebastian Vettel who was later confirmed for.

At the, Toro Rosso scored their best results, with Vettel finishing fourth and Vitantonio Liuzzi sixth, scoring eight points for the team. These were also the drivers' best finishes in Formula One to that point. It was a marked improvement over the preceding, where Vettel crashed into Mark Webber's Red Bull under safety car conditions while they were running second and third respectively, and Liuzzi lost a potential point after a 25-second penalty for overtaking Adrian Sutil's Spyker for eighth under waved yellow flags dropped him to ninth.

With the 2008 Concorde Agreement outlawing customer cars from onwards, Dietrich Mateschitz put the Toro Rosso team up for sale in March 2008. He aimed to secure a buyer by the end of, while the team continued in its present guise until then.

2008

Scuderia Toro Rosso's drivers for 2008 were Sebastian Vettel and Sébastien Bourdais. The team continue to utilize 2007-spec Ferrari engines in 2008. Bourdais earned his first career points with a 7th-place finish at the Australian Grand Prix. Vettel scored his first points of the season with a 5th-place finish at the Monaco Grand Prix. The team showed steady improvement throughout the season, leading up to a solid performance at the Belgian Grand Prix which saw both cars running in the top six for most of the race, and with Bourdais and Vettel running 3rd and 4th respectively on the final lap until cars on tyres better suited to the extreme wet conditions passed them, demoting Vettel to 5th and Bourdais to 7th. The double points finish moved STR above Honda and level with Williams in the Constructors' Championship.

The team pulled off a massive shock at the wet Italian Grand Prix, with Vettel claiming a first pole position and the first win for both himself and the team. This was the first win by a team based in Italy other than Ferrari since the 1957 German Grand Prix, which was won by Juan Manuel Fangio in a Maserati and also the first and only win for a Ferrari engine in a customer chassis. Vettel beat second-place Heikki Kovalainen by 12 seconds. Vettel was at it again in the next race, the Singapore Grand Prix, Formula One's first ever night race. Vettel qualified 7th and finished the race in 5th, while Bourdais could only manage 12th.

At the next race in Japan, Vettel again showed his class finishing 6th. Bourdais, meanwhile, was doing well, until Felipe Massa, who had been running in 8th, tried to overtake Bourdais. Massa had climbed up to 8th place after having dropped down to 13th as a result of his drive-through and his first pit-stop. Just after Bourdais left the pitlane after making his final stop, Massa attempted to pass him and the two cars collided at the first corner. Massa spun, but rejoined the track and eventually finished 8th. Bourdais finished the race in 6th place, but had 25 seconds added to his overall time as penalty for the incident, dropping him down to 10th place. This ultimately had the effect of promoting Massa to 7th place, and giving him an extra championship point. It was a controversial penalty, and Bourdais was adamant that he was not to blame.

Vettel's performances earned him a place at the senior Red Bull team for 2009. However, his final drive for Toro Rosso saw him almost play a crucial role in the world championship decider in Brazil. In mixed conditions, Lewis Hamilton needed 5th place to clinch the championship, and was running in this position when he was overtaken by Vettel with two laps remaining. Unable to keep up, Hamilton dropped back, and only took the title when he and Vettel both overtook Timo Glock on the final lap.

In the end, Vettel scored 35 of the team's 39 points, and in doing so, helped Toro Rosso to actually outperform their senior Red Bull team for the first and only time in team history.

2009
With Vettel moving to Red Bull Racing replacing the retired David Coulthard, Sébastien Buemi and Sébastien Bourdais led the team's assault in the 2009 World Championship. After the previous year's success, several drivers wanted to drive for Toro Rosso, including Takuma Sato (who even did three tests with the team) and Bruno Senna. Toro Rosso unveiled their new car last of all the teams taking part in the 2009 season, on 9 March 2009. Before the season started, the team's boss Franz Tost said that it would be "difficult" to do as well as they did in the season. On 16 July 2009, the team announced that Sébastien Bourdais' contract was to be terminated with immediate effect due to disappointing results. On 20 July 2009, the team announced that Jaime Alguersuari would replace him as official driver for the rest of the season. Multiple WRC Champion Sébastien Loeb had been quoted in the French sports-paper L'Equipe as being interested in replacing Bourdais. It had been stated that Loeb would not be available to race in F1 until after the end of the WRC season. He would've been available to make his F1 début at the 2009 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix in November. However, this was not to be as the FIA denied him a super licence which is required to drive in Formula One. The season ended with Toro Rosso finishing in tenth and last place in the championship after being overtaken by Force India after their podium finish in Belgium. However, Toro Rosso's form picked up towards the end of the season with Sébastien Buemi scoring points in the final two races. However, Jaime Alguersuari failed to score any points in the season.

2010
Scuderia Toro Rosso confirmed that they would keep Sébastien Buemi and Jaime Alguersuari, in the hope of achieving better results. On 10 November 2009, Toro Rosso announced that Sébastien Buemi would continue to race for them in 2010. No official announcement of the second driver had been made up to then, however Jaime Alguersuari was reported to take the second race seat, as published on 26 November 2009. On 22 January 2010, the team confirmed the signing of Alguersuari, and he scored the first points of his career by finishing ninth under the new points system at the. He finished tenth in Spain scoring a point thanks to Lewis Hamilton's penultimate lap crash. He also received a drive-through penalty in that race. At the next race in Monaco Buemi finished 11th and Alguersuari 12th, the last two runners at the end of the race. However, when Michael Schumacher received a 20-second penalty for a last turn overtake against Fernando Alonso, Buemi was moved up to tenth, scoring a point.

2011
Sébastien Buemi and Jaime Alguersuari were confirmed as drivers of the team's STR6 for 2011, Daniel Ricciardo would be the team's reserve and test driver, and would also take part in free practice at each of the Grands Prix. The STR6 was launched on 1 February in Valencia, Spain. At the beginning of the season in Australia, Buemi finished eighth and collected four championship points. The saw no points while China saw both cars in the top 10 for qualifying, Alguersuari in seventh and Buemi in tenth. However Alguersuari turned out to be the race's only retirement and Buemi finished way down the field. Turkey saw Buemi finishing ninth while Spain was another bad race for the team with Alguersuari again failing to score. Monaco saw Buemi in the points in tenth, ahead of Nico Rosberg whilst Alguersuari crashed out along with Vitaly Petrov in an incident that brought out the red flag to the race. In Canada, Alguersuari finished eighth, helped out by the retirements of Adrian Sutil, Nick Heidfeld and Paul di Resta. Buemi also finished in tenth for the team's first double score since the 2009 Australian Grand Prix when Buemi was seventh ahead of Sébastien Bourdais.

In the, Alguersuari scored a point with a tenth-place finish while Buemi collided with di Resta, which forced his retirement from the race. Neither driver finished in the points in Germany, but both drivers picked up points in Hungary; Buemi came from 23rd on the grid to finish eighth while Alguersuari added another point to his tally with tenth place. At the, Alguersuari qualified sixth, but retired on the first lap after contact with Bruno Senna. Buemi also retired after contact with Sergio Pérez. Both drivers picked up points at Monza, with Alguersuari a career-best seventh and Buemi tenth. In Singapore, Buemi finished 12th and Alguersuari was classified 21st after crashing in the closing stages.

At the, Alguersuari finished in fifteenth position, while Buemi retired with a loose tyre. The saw the team qualify in eleventh and thirteenth places. Due to their car's high straight-line speed, Buemi picked up points with ninth, while Alguersuari overtook Rosberg's Mercedes on the final lap to take the team's best race result in 2011, of seventh place. Alguersuari added an eighth place in India, while Buemi retired. In Abu Dhabi, Alguersuari again finished down in fifteenth; meanwhile Buemi had his third retirement in four races. Both drivers finished outside the points at the season-ending in eleventh and twelfth places.

2012
On 14 December 2011, it was announced that Daniel Ricciardo and Jean-Éric Vergne would drive for the team in 2012, replacing Sébastien Buemi and Jaime Alguersuari. Team principal Franz Tost later stated that the team had the make-up of a "rookie training school", with the prospect of bringing new talent to the team. After scoring points in the opening two rounds, Toro Rosso could not manage to maintain that pace and failed to finish in the points until the 12th race of the season, the Belgian Grand Prix.

On 6 September 2012, it was announced that James Key had joined the team as Technical Director, replacing Giorgio Ascanelli.

Despite some better results in the final races, Toro Rosso suffered a poor season which saw the team finish in ninth place in the Constructors' Championship, only ahead of Caterham, Marussia and HRT.

2013
On 31 October 2012, it was confirmed that Toro Rosso would retain its drivers Daniel Ricciardo and Jean-Éric Vergne for the 2013 season.

The team did not make the start they wanted at the after Vergne finished 12th and Ricciardo retired due to an exhaust problem. However, at the, Vergne managed to score the team's first point of the season with a respectable 10th place, while Ricciardo retired in 18th due to another exhaust problem. At the however, Ricciardo's fortunes turned around as he managed to finish in a career best 7th place while Vergne could only finish 12th. At the, Vergne suffered a puncture and had to retire from the race and Ricciardo finished 16th and ultimately a lap down. In Spain, Ricciardo managed to score another point via a 10th place but still a lap down while Vergne collided and ultimately had to retire from the race. In Monaco, fortunes turned around for Vergne as he managed to finish an impressive 8th and score 4 points while Ricciardo, like his teammate in Spain, suffered a collision and had to retire from the race.

The saw the team take their best qualifying result since the 2011 Chinese Grand Prix, with Vergne qualifying seventh and Ricciardo tenth on the grid in wet conditions. Vergne finished the race in sixth place picking up 8 points, Toro Rosso's best result since the 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix.

Red Bull driver Mark Webber announced he was to retire from Formula One at the end of the season, leaving a vacant seat at Toro Rosso's sister team. Both drivers were in the hunt for a drive with the most dominant team in Formula One at the time. At the next race in Britain, Daniel Ricciardo qualified 5th place on the grid, which he converted into an 8th-place finish in the race. Vergne retired after suffering a puncture 35 laps in while running in the points. Ricciardo continued his form into Germany where he qualified 6th with teammate Vergne struggling in 16th. Ricciardo just missed out on points in 12th while Vergne retired on lap 22.

In Hungary both cars were out of the points and in qualifying for the 2013 Belgian Grand Prix, both cars went out in Q1, starting 18th and 19th—the team's worst qualifying performance of the year. However, Ricciardo bounced back to take 10th and looked set for a move to Red Bull in 2014. Vergne came 12th for the second race in a row.

Before the following race in Italy it was announced that Ricciardo would replace Webber at Red Bull for the season. Ricciardo impressed his future employers with a strong 7th position in qualifying while teammate Vergne started 10th with a mistake in Q3 ruining his chancing of improving on his previous time. In the race, Ricciardo picked up more points with 7th to take 13th place in the Drivers' Championship from Vergne who retired on lap 14.

2014
Toro Rosso signed a long-term agreement with Renault to use their same-spec engines as it was used by Red Bull Racing, Lotus and Caterham teams from 2014. Unlike its sister team that usually received engines free of charge due to full-works partner basis, Toro Rosso's engine supply deal with Renault was on a customer basis, paying for its engines with a lease as well as limited factory support. On 21 October 2013, it was announced that Jean-Éric Vergne would remain with the team for a third successive season, and will be partnered by Daniil Kvyat, who was a race-winner in the GP3 Series and the FIA European Formula 3 Championship in 2013.

The team made an impressive start at the with Vergne qualifying 6th, Toro Rosso's best qualifying result since the 2013 British Grand Prix and Kvyat qualifying 8th. The drivers finished the race 8th and 9th respectively to score Toro Rosso's first points of the season, and his result, Kvyat had broken Sebastian Vettel's record as the youngest points scorer in Formula One history. At the, Vergne qualified 9th while Kvyat qualified 11th. The race was going well for them until on lap 18, Vergne suffered a power unit failure in his car, which has been a common occurrence in Renault powered cars at that point in the season. Meanwhile, Kvyat finished 10th and scored 1 point but was ultimately a lap down from the race winner.

At the, both Vergne and Kvyat qualified well down the field in 13th and 14th; Kvyat finished 11th while Vergne retired due to a collision. At the next race in China, Vergne qualified 9th and Kvyat 13th, but Kvyat was able to score a point in 10th place. At the, Kvyat once again qualified 13th while Vergne started 16th. Kvyat finished 14th, a lap down from the race winner while Vergne retired from the race due to an exhaust problem. At the, both cars qualified in the top ten, as Vergne was seventh while Kvyat qualified in ninth. However, with exhaust ailments inflicting both cars, neither driver was able to finish the race. At the, Vergne started 8th while Kvyat qualified in 15th; Vergne finished where he started, while Kvyat retired due to a driveshaft failure.

At the, Kvyat took his best qualifying position with 7th, while Vergne lined up from 15th position. The team suffered another double retirement, as Vergne retired due to an issue with his brakes, while Kvyat was sidelined with a suspension problem. At the, both cars once again qualified in the top ten, with Kvyat ninth and Vergne tenth. For the first time since Australia, both drivers scored points, as both Kvyat and Vergne finished precisely where they started. At the, Kvyat qualified eighth, five places ahead of his teammate. Vergne finished the race in 13th, while Kvyat retired from the race, after his car caught fire. At the, Vergne qualified 8th and Kvyat qualified 11th, with Vergne picking up 2 points for 9th position. Kvyat finished 14th, a lap down from race winner Daniel Ricciardo. One week prior to the, Toro Rosso announced the signing of then 16-year-old Max Verstappen to replace Vergne at the conclusion of the 2014 season to be partnered with Kvyat – meaning that Vergne would be without a seat with the team. In Belgium, Kvyat qualified 11th and Vergne qualified 12th, with Kvyat collecting 2 points after finishing 9th, while Vergne just missed out on the final points position, in 11th. At the team's home race in Italy, Kvyat once again outqualified Vergne, starting 11th to Vergne's 13th. Both drivers finished the race in the same position in which they started. At the, Kvyat lined up 10th while Vergne was 12th. Despite receiving a 5-second penalty for exceeding track limits, Vergne finished the race in 6th place, Kvyat finished in 14th place. At the, Vergne outqualified Kvyat as they started 11th and 13th respectively, and Vergne scored more points with a 9th-place finish, while Kvyat was just outside the points in 11th. Just before this race, Red Bull announced that Sebastian Vettel would leave their team at the conclusion of the season, and that Kvyat would be promoted to the senior team – giving Vergne a renewed chance to fight for his seat with Toro Rosso for the remainder of the season. Among the candidates being considered for the second seat were Vergne, as well as Red Bull Junior Team drivers Carlos Sainz Jr. and Pierre Gasly – who finished first and second in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series – and Alex Lynn, the GP3 Series champion.

Fortunes improved significantly for Kvyat as he qualified 5th for his home race in Russia, while Vergne qualified 10th. Both drivers finished outside the points, with Vergne 13th and Kvyat 14th. At the, Kvyat qualified 14th and Vergne was just behind in 15th. In the race, Vergne finished 10th while Kvyat finished a lap down, in 15th. At the penultimate race of the season in Brazil, Kvyat qualified 14th while Vergne was 16th; neither car finished in the points, with Kvyat 11th and Vergne 13th and both drivers were a lap down. At the final race of the season in Abu Dhabi, Kvyat matched his best qualifying position with 5th place, while Vergne was in 10th. Again, both cars failed to finish in the points; Kvyat retired due to a power unit failure while Vergne finished 12th. In 2014, Toro Rosso scored 30 points; Vergne scored 22 points while Kvyat scored 8.

2015

On 26 November 2014, Jean-Éric Vergne announced he would be leaving Toro Rosso after 3 seasons, and two days later, Toro Rosso confirmed that Carlos Sainz Jr. would partner Max Verstappen for the 2015 season.

At the, Sainz qualified 8th while his teammate Max Verstappen qualified 12th. Sainz finished ninth and collected two points on his début while Verstappen retired due to his car suffering an engine failure.

During the 2015 season, Toro Rosso enjoyed unexpected success on the grid; the break-out of Max Verstappen combined with many points finishes along with two 4th places, both by Verstappen, ensured that Toro Rosso enjoyed their most successful season in Formula One based on points. Verstappen scored 49 points while his teammate Carlos Sainz Jr managed to score 18 points.

2016
At the end of the season, after the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, it was announced that Toro Rosso would be reviving their customer partnership with Ferrari for the 2016 season, The only difference this time was that Toro Rosso would be provided with 2015 power units, as opposed to up-to-date 2016 power units used in previous seasons but without any direct factory support from Ferrari despite the partnership. Toro Rosso used Ferrari engines from 2007 through 2013 during the V8 normally-aspirated era. On 4 January 2016 it was announced that Toro Rosso would adopt a longer wheelbase for the all-new STR11 car due to the Ferrari 060 power unit and gearbox requiring a spacer to accommodate the MGU-K at the rear of the engine (similar to the Marussia MR03 which had a longer wheelbase: about 3,700 mm). After a controversial crash in Russia, Kvyat was brought back to Toro Rosso from Red Bull, with Max Verstappen taking his place.

2017
During the 2016 Monaco Grand Prix, it was announced that Scuderia Toro Rosso would be rekindling their customer engine partnership with Renault for. The team retained Sainz and Kvyat as their drivers. Despite the Renault partnership, the team opted to utilize Toro Rosso branding on its engine and thus no factory support.

On 26 September 2017, it was announced that Pierre Gasly would replace Kvyat for an unspecified number of races, beginning with the. At the, Sainz moved to Renault for the remaining rounds of the season, ahead of his previously announced move for , with Kvyat returning to the team. Gasly was absent in order to participate in the final round of the Japanese Super Formula Championship, so Brendon Hartley replaced him for this race. After the race, it was announced that Gasly would return to partner Hartley for the. After the 2017 Mexican Grand Prix, Helmut Marko said that Daniil Kvyat would not be returning to Toro Rosso and that the team would race with Brendon Hartley and Pierre Gasly for the remainder of the season.

2018
On 15 September 2017, it was announced that Toro Rosso would terminate Renault's remaining contract of customer engine partnership in order to sign the full-works Honda power unit partnership contract for 2018 onwards, after Honda had severed its ties with McLaren and thus Toro Rosso earned direct factory support from Honda as a flagship team that included free engines. In addition, the Toro Rosso-Honda partnership also included Japanese Honda staff would work at their Faenza base as well as official team vehicles and brand endorsements. On the following day, the team confirmed that they would retain their final 2017 driver line-up into 2018, with Pierre Gasly and Brendon Hartley. During pre-season testing, many were surprised at the speed and reliability of the Honda engine, which had gained a poor reputation during the past three years with McLaren. However, the first race in Australia was unspectacular, with Gasly retiring with an engine failure after qualifying in last place and Hartley finishing 15th. The following race in Bahrain would be far more successful, with Gasly starting 5th and finishing 4th in what would eventually become the team's best result of the season, albeit with Hartley suffering an incident-strewn race and being classified 17th.

Numerous reliability issues and poor luck plagued the team throughout the year, particularly for Hartley. He suffered a gearbox failure in China, the same race in which he and Gasly crashed at the hairpin on Lap 30, but scored his first point in Formula One with 10th place in Azerbaijan. Gasly was eliminated by a heavy first-lap collision with Romain Grosjean in Spain, but finished a respectable 7th at the following race in Monaco whilst Hartley retired after Charles Leclerc collided into his rear after a brake failure. Hartley retired again in Canada when he was forced into a wall on the first lap by Lance Stroll. Gasly was again eliminated in a collision on the opening lap at his home race in France. Two consecutive retirements for Hartley followed, a hydraulics failure in Austria and a power unit failure in Britain. He finished 10th in Germany, ending a four-race streak in which the team failed to score points. Two points finishes followed for Gasly, an impressive 6th place in Hungary and 9th place in Belgium. Hartley retired from the race in Italy after a first-lap collision, before both drivers suffered brake failures in Russia, coincidentally at almost exactly the same time. Both drivers impressed in Japan, qualifying in 6th and 7th, but both would finish outside the points. Two more points finishes came before the end of the season, 9th place for Hartley in the United States—the best result of his career—and 10th place for Gasly in Mexico.

The team finished the season in 9th place in the championship with 33 points, 29 for Gasly and four for Hartley.

2019

Pierre Gasly was promoted to Red Bull for 2019. His replacement at Toro Rosso was Daniil Kvyat—re-hired by the team after he was previously dropped in 2017. Brendon Hartley was replaced by 2018 Formula 2 third-place finisher Alexander Albon. Kvyat finished 10th at the opening race in Australia, keeping Red Bull's newly promoted Gasly behind him for much of the race. Albon scored his first Formula One points with a 9th place in Bahrain, before finishing 10th in China after starting from the pit lane. Kvyat suffered consecutive collision-related retirements in China and in Azerbaijan. Toro Rosso recorded a double points-finish in Monaco, the first time the team had done so in over two years since the 2017 Spanish Grand Prix. The team scored an excellent result at the rain-affected German Grand Prix, where clever strategy calls allowed Kvyat and Albon to finish 3rd and 6th respectively. This was Toro Rosso's first podium finish since their shock win at the 2008 Italian Grand Prix, and their best ever race result in terms of total points.

Prior to the Belgian Grand Prix, Albon left the team after being promoted to Red Bull, replacing Gasly who returned to Toro Rosso. A number of consistent points-finishes followed, as the STR14 demonstrated its ability to fight at the front of the midfield. This included 7th and 9th in Belgium and 7th and 10th in Japan. At the chaotic Brazilian Grand Prix, Toro Rosso claimed their third podium finish. Gasly took advantage of multiple incidents and held off Lewis Hamilton's Mercedes in a drag race to the finish line to finish 2nd. In the final race, Danill Kvyat finished ninth to give the team their 500th point.

Over the course of 2019, Toro Rosso only suffered a single reliability-related retirement, Kvyat's oil leak in Italy. This is in stark contrast to 2018, with seven such retirements. This consistency was rewarded as the team ended the season in 6th place in the championship with 85 points, their best ever points haul in the team's history.

Sponsorship
Sports sponsorship is a major part of Red Bull's marketing strategy, and Scuderia Toro Rosso is not the first sports team to be bought and completely re-branded: it has done the same for Red Bull Racing (formerly Jaguar Racing), the Austrian football club Red Bull Salzburg (formerly SV Austria Salzburg), German football club RB Leipzig (previously SSV Markranstädt), Austrian ice hockey team Red Bull Salzburg EC and MLS' Red Bull New York (previously Metrostars).

On 6 September 2011, the week before the, the team confirmed that they had received a sizeable investment from Spanish petroleum group Cepsa (only sponsorship but not de facto fuel and lubricant supplier) which ended after the 2015 season.

Between 2016 and 2019, Toro Rosso had an agreement with the Japanese watch manufacturer Casio (through its Edifice brand). In the 2019 season, the team secured Thai-based sponsors Moose Craft Cider and PTT Lubricants (only sponsorship but not de facto lubricant supplier) due to Alexander Albon's factor.

title: Scuderia Toro Rosso


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Category:Astronomical imaging

These are pages related to the generation of images from astronomical data.

title: Category:Astronomical imaging


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Frank van Hattum

Francesco van Hattum (born 17 November 1958 in New Plymouth) is a former New Zealand football player who was a goalkeeper during the country's first World Cup finals tournament in 1982. His international career started in 1980, and he played a total of 41 times for his country including unofficial matches.

Career
Van Hattum made his official All Whites debut in a 2–0 win over Fiji on 21 February 1980 and ended his international playing career with 28 A-international caps to his credit, his final cap an appearance in a 1–2 loss to Australia on 2 November 1986.

Controversially, van Hattum replaced Richard Wilson as goalkeeper for all three games at the finals tournament in Spain despite Wilson's having played in all fifteen of New Zealand's qualifying matches.

Van Hattum was rated 2nd behind Mark Bosnich of Australia in the Oceania Goalkeeper of the Century category in International Federation of Football History and Statistics' Century Elections.

Serving as a director on the New Zealand Football Board, van Hattum stood for re-election at the AGM for an expected board shake-up and was elected chairman of the seven person board on 25 June 2008. He also serves on the FIFA Associations Committee. On 23 January 2014 Van Hattum announced his intention to step down as chairman at the February board meeting.

Family
The son of a goalkeeper coach, Frits van Hattum, Frank comes from a sporting family with two of his sisters, Marie-Jose Cooper and Grazia MacIntosh, have also represented New Zealand with the New Zealand women's national football team, the Football Ferns, while nephew Oskar van Hattum is a New Zealand under-17 international.

His youngest sister, Stella Pennell, represented New Zealand with the New Zealand Karate Federation – first as competitor, then as Women's coach.

Club
Manurewa
 * Chatham Cup: 1978

title: Frank van Hattum


text: User talk:84.65.75.227

title: User talk:84.65.75.227


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Talk:Mizen Head

Untitled
Mizen Head was also the southern point of one branch of the O Mahony clan territory, which included a number of castles in the peninsula. All are now ruins. The last chief of this branch of the clan was living in the 1620's. [See the O Mahony clan website]

title: Talk:Mizen Head


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Talk:Scuderia Toro Rosso

Translation of Scuderia
While an Italian may tell you that 'scuderia' means 'stable', it has come to mean 'racing team' in recent years, and the appropriate translation here is 'racing' as it is intended to be translation of Red Bull's other team. I have changed it accordingly.

 * It is actually more like "Race Team". Racing would be Corse.

Regardless of what it has come to mean, it does indeed mean stable and should be stated as such.

Yes it IS stable and should remain so, but you could both sign your entries!--Amedeo Félix (talk) 22:21, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

 * This should probably be reverted back to "Red Bull Stable" then. "Team Red Bull" would have been "Squadra Toro Rosso", the original Red Bull's new name for Minardi, but they dropped that name (themselves) shortly after they renamed Minardi. So it is no longer meant to be a translation of "Team Read Bull". 141.151.141.178 (talk) 00:01, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Confusing sentance
When the sentance "Red Bull Racing is using Ferrari V8 engines in 2006 and a completely different chassis, so the two Red Bull teams have relatively little in common technically, although both use Michelin tyres." is read with the following paragraph "here has been controversy surrounding the team, as the STR-1 chassis that they are using may be infringing the Concorde Agreement as each team is expected to design their own car and components for it. However, the STR-1 was bought from Red Bull Racing, who are still a F1-entity (this was the same rule that stopped Super Aguri using the 2005 BAR chassis). The team state that RB1 was designed by Jaguar Racing, which is not an existing entity of F1 and is therefore not in breach of the agreement." It becomes very confusing and both statements nullify each other. Hopefully some one can come up with a good encyclopedia like comment. TheEnlightened 21:26, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Structure
Would anyone object if I restructured this article more on the lines of other team articles? Something like:

Lead
 * Origins
 * Racing History
 * 2006 season
 * 2007 season
 * Sponsorship
 * Relationship with Red Bull Racing
 * Results

The current structure isn't going to work going forward to a second season. 4u1e 20:34, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree with that restructuring - I was just about to make a comment about the need to update the page because it still talks as if late-2006 was current. Ian X490 10:45, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Sébastien Loeb
No mention of the stories of Sébastien Loeb driving for the team after the WRC season ends...--Amedeo Félix (talk) 22:49, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Test pilot undone
I've undone a change made by an IP, which also has made vandalism on another page, that setted a portuguese unknown pilot as test driver. This was my edit (sorry, don't know how to put an internal link). --Bigs slb (talk) 14:13, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Algersuary in 2010
Please, remove "No official announcement of the second driver..." —Preceding unsigned comment added by SEA99 (talk • contribs) 16:50, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

Minardi -> Toro Rosso
Shouldn't there be a link to Minardi in the Info box? Daniels Renault Sport (talk) 14:03, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

Engine naming scheme in 2017
Seems like there's some silent disagreements about the proper naming to use. As per WP:F1 it should be the official name, e.g. Red Bull Tag Heuer for RBR. However STR's officialwebsite lists Renault as their engine supplier and the same goes for F1's official website. Shouldn't Renault thus be listed as the supplier for 2017? Ironhead (talk) 10:06, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes --71.81.74.166 (talk) 19:42, 30 April 2017 (UTC)

Merge with Scuderia Alpha Tauri?
The new name is merely a rebrand. Alpha Tauri themsleves recognise Toro Rosso's achievements as their own, while they don't do so for Minardi (https://www.scuderiaalphatauri.com/en/our-history/). I really don't think they should be considered different teams with separated statistics. 82.58.187.151 (talk) 09:38, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * This is already as Talk:Scuderia AlphaTauri. Opening multiple discussions is disruptive and could be interpreted as WP:FORUMSHOPPING. Please retarget anything you have to say there. SSSB (talk) 09:40, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scuderia Toro Rosso


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User talk:Antoinebugleboy

Remove Antoine Bugleboy Article
The article Antoine Bugleboy doesn't appear Encyclopedia-worthy. I'd like to follow these vanity guidelines and remove the page. -Fitch 10:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Advertising Bank Industry Architecture Network
Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles. Advertising and using Wikipedia as a "soapbox" is strongly discouraged. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about Wikipedia. Exploding Boy (talk) 00:08, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, but for an article to survive it has to have at least some content as well as being notable. The page you created only had a website link, that's partly why it was deleted.  Exploding Boy (talk) 00:16, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, you could list it on Requested articles, or you could write an article yourself. By the way, don't forget to sign your posts by typing four tildes (~).  Exploding Boy (talk) 00:22, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Antoinebugleboy


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File:President's Last Bang Poster.jpg

Summary

 * Description: Theatrical poster for The President's Last Bang
 * Source: Cine21 (resized)
 * Copyright: © 2005 MK Pictures

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''Note: This rationale applies only to the use of this image in the article named above. Use of this image in other articles requires a separate rationale, which should be added below.''

title: File:President's Last Bang Poster.jpg


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Steve Wooddin

Stephen Wooddin (born 16 January 1955) is a New Zealand former association football player who was a striker during the country's successful campaign to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain.

Club career
Born in Birkenhead England, Wooddin started his club career at Tranmere Rovers in Birkenhead, where he made first team appearances before moving to New Zealand in 1977, joining Dunedin City. In 1981, he moved to Australia, playing three years for South Melbourne FC in the NSL, before returning to his adopted country with Christchurch United until his career was cut short by a recurring ankle injury in 1984. A Belgian First Division team had wanted to sign Wooddin after his capable performances at the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain, but already hampered by injury, he failed the medical.

International career
Wooddin was first selected for the New Zealand national football team the All Whites for a 16 May 1980, 1–1 draw against a Southern Region team in Christchurch. He retained his place in the team which lost 2–1 to a Central Region selection two days later in Wellington.

Despite the unconvincing results, Wooddin was selected for the next match, in August, against Mexico in Auckland. He scored the fourth goal in a 4–0 win that remains one of the most outstanding and unexpected results in New Zealand's international football history.

The following year saw New Zealand begin the long road to the 1982 FIFA World Cup. Wooddin was selected for all fifteen games in the ultimately successful campaign, scoring eight goals in the process, including trademark left foot shots into the bottom corner both home and away against Australia, against Kuwait in the controversial 1–2 home loss, and in Riyadh against Saudi Arabia when the team recorded a stunning 5–0 victory. This last result led to a play-off against China in Singapore in January 1982, in which Wooddin again scored with a left-foot shot to open the scoring in his side's 2–1 win.

Wooddin was one of New Zealand's only two scorers in the 1982 World Cup (along with Steve Sumner), scoring the second New Zealand goal in a 5–2 loss to Scotland. He also started the subsequent matches against the Soviet Union and Brazil.

In 1983 injuries reduced Wooddin to just two international appearances, against Australia and Fiji. He made his last two appearances for the All Whites against Fiji in October 1984, scoring the winner in the first of these matches, before being forced to retire due to injured ankle ligaments with 24 A-internationals and 11 goals to his credit.

title: Steve Wooddin


text:
Du'aine Ladejo

Du'aine Ladejo (born 14 February 1971, in Paddington, London, England) is an English-born athlete and television personality. In his sports career, he was best known for winning the 400 metres sprint gold medal at the 1994 European Championships and being a member of the United Kingdom and England 400-metre relay squads at the European Championships, Olympics and Commonwealth Games during the 1990s. Ladejo is of mainly Nigerian ancestry

Since retiring from athletics, he has appeared on several television shows including Gladiators, where he is known by his Gladiator alias Predator. Ladejo is also the founder of Du'aine's Fit4Schools, an organisation which raises funds to promote health and fitness in schools. He now works full time as the head of Track & Field at Knox Grammar School, Sydney.

Athletics career
At the 1994 European Championships, Ladejo won gold medals in both the 400 metres and the 4x400 metres relay. He won the individual sprint in 45.09 seconds, beating his compatriot and defending-champion Roger Black into second place. Ladejo also won the 400 metres gold medal at the European Indoor Championships in both 1994 and 1996. At the 1994 Commonwealth Games, he won a 400 metres silver medal (finishing runner-up to Kenya's Charles Gitonga) and a 4x400 metres relay gold medal. At the Olympic Games, Ladejo won two medals in the 4x400 metres relay – a silver medal in 1996 and a bronze medal in 1992.

Following the 1996 Olympics, Ladejo switched his focus to other athletics events, though he never enjoyed as much success as he did in the 400 metres. He tried his hand at the decathlon, in which he finished seventh at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, and also competed in the 400-metre hurdles.

During his athletics career, Ladejo trained with Birchfield Harriers.

Media career
For a period during his athletics career, Ladejo also presented a TV show, Du'aine's World, on London Weekend Television. In the early 2000s, Ladejo competed in the BBC TV sports show Superstars, winning the competition in 2004 and finishing runner-up to Alain Baxter in 2005. Ladejo also appeared on the ITV reality TV show Celebrity Love Island in 2005.

Ladejo is the creator and owner of the television show Australia's Greatest Athlete Australia's Greatest Athlete. It aired in 2009, 2010 and 2011 on Network television station Channel 9 and Channel 7 in Australia. It was repeated on Fox sports channel. He is also the owner of the brand and Trademark Greatest Athlete.

In 2008, Ladejo joined the Sky One revival of the TV show Gladiators, competing under the Gladiator alias "Predator".

Education
Ladejo started his education at Forest Grange School in West Sussex, before going on to King Edward's School, Witley. He completed his high school education in the United States at Medina High School in Medina, Ohio, where he graduated in 1988. He then went on to study radio, television and film at the University of Texas, graduating in 1993.

title: Du'aine Ladejo


text:
Lysandra

Lysandra (Greek: Λυσάνδρα, meaning "Liberator, Emancipator"; lived 281 BC) was a Queen of Macedonia, daughter of Ptolemy I Soter to Eurydice or Berenice.

She was married first to her maternal cousin Alexander, one of the sons of Cassander, King of Macedonia. After Alexander’s death, Lysandra married her other maternal cousin Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus and Nicaea of Macedon. By this second marriage (which took place, according to Pausanias, after the return of Lysimachus from his expedition against the Getae, 291 BC) she had several children, with whom and with Agathocles' paternal half-brother Alexander she fled to Asia after the murder of her husband by Lysimachus, at the instigation of Agathocles’ stepmother Arsinoe II, and besought assistance from Seleucus I Nicator. The latter in consequence marched against Lysimachus, who was defeated and slain in the Battle of Corupedium, 281 BC. From an expression of Pausanias, it appears that Lysandra must at this time have accompanied Seleucus I, and was possessed of much influence, but in the confusion that followed the death of Seleucus I a few months after there is no further record either of her or her children.

title: Lysandra


text:
User talk:Orfeo*

James Raphael was born in 1953 in Los Angeles from Jewish Sephardic parents (father born in Salonika, Greece and mother born in Paris, France from Boucharian ancestors). He began his piano studies at the age of eight in Brighton, England after having become intrigued by a 200 year-old piano in his father's antique shop. The family later moved to Athens, Greece where he studied at the Athens Conservatory of Music, and later to Rome, Italy. He received his diploma from the Conservatory of Santa Cecilia at the age of seventeen, and then continued his perfection studies at the Conservatory of Paris with Aldo Ciccolini and Nadia Boulanger, and then in Rome at the Academy of Santa Cecilia with Carlo Zecchi and Rina Rossi, from where he graduated with maximum points and highest possible honors. He also participated in the masterclasses of Nikita Magaloff and Stanislav Neuhaus whose school has produced pianists such as Richter and Ashkenazy. It was in Paris that he first attended a concert by the legendary Arthur Rubinstein and convinced the great pianist to listen to him play. Being profoundly touched, Rubinstein tutored James at various times over the next few years. James Raphael has embarked on a career of international dimension, performing solo and with orchestras throughout the world. He also competed in several international piano competitions such as the Tschaikovsky International Piano Competition in Moscow, the Liszt Piano Competition in Budapest and the first Arthur Rubinstein Piano Competition in Israel, greatly acclaimed by both public and jury. The Vatican Radio has globally transmitted his recordings, as well as his recently published composition “Thirteen Variations on the Theme HATIKVA,” dedicated to the victims of the Holocaust in special memory of his grandmother Julie, Uncle Victor and Aunt Beatrice, deported from Salonika to Auschwitz. The Los Angeles Times describes “Raphael's virtuosic, witty and sophisticated performance of Prokoviev's dynamic Third Piano Concerto inspired conductor and orchestra with stunning results”, while New York Times states, “James Raphael is a world-class pianist, a triumphant artist, a mesmerizing talent and he deserves a standing ovation wherever he plays.” He has appeared on the Disney Channel on Steve Allen's “Music Room” performing Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue. Mr. Raphael is also an expert gemologist and is well known for his unusual jewelry designs.

title: User talk:Orfeo*


text:
Barkeria

Barkeria, abbreviated Bark in horticultural trade, is a genus of orchids. It consists of about 17 currently recognized (May 2014) species native to Mexico and Central America. This genus was once considered part of Epidendrum. Type species is Barkeria elegans; this is now considered a synonym of B. uniflora yet retains its status as type per ICN.

These are deciduous orchids, which drop their leaves in early winter. They are found in dry scrub areas of Mesoamerica at intermediate elevations.

Species
Following species are accepted as of May 2014:

 * Barkeria archilarum Chiron - Guatemala
 * Barkeria barkeriola Rchb. f. - Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco
 * Barkeria delpinalii Archila & Chiron - Guatemala
 * Barkeria dorotheae Halb - Colima, Jalisco
 * Barkeria fritz-halbingeriana Soto Arenas - Oaxaca
 * Barkeria lindleyana Bateman ex Lindl.
 * Barkeria lindleyana var. lindleyana - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras
 * Barkeria lindleyana subsp. vanneriana (Rchb. f.) Thien - Puebla, Guerrero, Oaxaca
 * Barkeria melanocaulon A. Rich. & Galeotti - Oaxaca
 * Barkeria naevosa (Lindl.) Schltr. - Oaxaca, Guerrero
 * Barkeria obovata (C. Presl) Christenson - from central Mexico to Panama
 * Barkeria palmeri (Rolfe) Schltr. - Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa
 * Barkeria scandens (La Llave & Lex.) Dressler & Halb. - central Mexico
 * Barkeria schoemakeri Halb. - Sinaloa, Michoacan, Oaxaca
 * Barkeria skinneri (Bateman ex Lindl.) A. Rich. & Galeotti - Guatemala, Chiapas
 * Barkeria spectabilis Bateman ex Lindl. - El Salvador, Chiapas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
 * Barkeria strophinx (Rchb. f.) Halb. - Michoacán
 * Barkeria uniflora (La Llave & Lex.) Dressler & Halb. - central Mexico
 * Barkeria whartoniana (C. Schweinf.) Soto Arenas - Oaxaca

title: Barkeria


text:
Brian Turner (footballer, born 1949)

Brian Alfred Turner (born 31 July 1949 in England) is a New Zealand football former player, who was a prominent squad member during the country's first successful campaign to qualify for the FIFA World Cup, in 1982. He was assistant coach for the New Zealand national team that played in the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Clubs coached
Turner has served on the coaching staffs of Wellington Phoenix FC, Auckland Manukau United, Onehunga Sports, and Fencibles AFC 2013.

Club career
Turner was born in England and moved to New Zealand at an early age. He began his senior playing career in New Zealand with Ponsonby and Eden before returning to England in 1968 where he joined Chelsea FC for a season, but failed to make a 1st team appearance. He then moved to Portsmouth FC for a short stint and ultimately to Brentford FC where he spent $2 1/2$ seasons. Turner returned to New Zealand in 1972 where he spent 8 seasons with Mt Wellington. In 1981 Turner moved to Australia, playing first with Blacktown City then Wollongong Wolves before once again returning to his adopted country to play for Gisborne City, Papatoetoe and Mt Wellington again.

International career
He made his A-International debut in a 3–5 loss against trans-Tasman rival Australia on 5 November 1967 in the 1967 South Vietnam Independence Cup and went on to earn 59 A-international caps in which he scored a credible 21 goals. His international career spanned a then national record 102 appearances in the All White strip including unofficial matches.

Turner was an integral member of the New Zealand side that qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain, playing in all but 3 qualifying matches. However, his only appearance at the finals was as a late substitute in the 0–4 loss to Brazil. It was to be his last game for his adopted country, Turner announcing his international retirement after their elimination following group stage losses against Scotland, USSR and Brazil.

Turner continued to play domestically in New Zealand through his thirties before continuing his football involvement in coaching roles. Brian's achievements earned him three Player of the Year titles, and in 1995 he was inducted into the New Zealand Soccer Hall of Fame

Administration career
In 2013, Turner founded the independent group Friends of Football

Individual

 * New Zealand Player of the Year: 1974, 1979, 1980
 * NZSMA Hall of Fame: 1995
 * Friends of Football Medal of Excellence 2015

Club
Mt Wellington Brentford
 * National League: 1972, 1974, 1979, 1980
 * Chatham Cup: 1973, 1980
 * Football League Fourth Division third-place promotion: 1971–72

title: Brian Turner (footballer, born 1949)


text:
Talk:Shenley, Milton Keynes

shenley is a very interesting place to live, but shenley church end is known to b the most interesting,clean and happy place.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Denbigh, Buckinghamshire which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 23:30, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shenley, Milton Keynes


text:
Streetcarver

The BMW Street Carver (styled StreetCarver) was a skateboard created by BMW. It had an extremely stiff wood and fiberglass deck and a unique suspension system derived from parts from a BMW 5 Series car and was designed by DesignworksUSA. The Street Carver was produced from mid-2001 to 2004. Its original retail price was $495.

The Street Carver was notable for the striking appearance and its steering mechanism that gave it the ability to carve like a snowboard or surfboard. The Street Carver employed large, 110mm curved wheels, which were required because the axles roll in relation to the ground (i.e. change camber) as the board is turned (as opposed to traditional skateboarding axles, which remain parallel to the ground as the board is turned).

The Street Carver is a very smooth carving board at both low and high speeds. Due to its unique steering mechanism, the turning characteristics of the board are determined by the geometry of the swing lever arms, and cannot be modified (in contrast to the ability to adjust the bushings or kingpin on standard skateboard trucks).

Board dimensions: L 33.5" x W 11" x H 6.3" (L 85.09 cm x W 27.94 cm x H 16 cm)

title: Streetcarver


text:
Talk:Linearized gravity

Merge?
I propose that weak-field approximation be merged into linearized gravity, as the former is too technical to stand as an article in it's own right and would fit in nicely with the latter, which I can see as developing into a fairly comprehensive article. ---Mpatel (talk) 10:06, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the material so far could be merged, but there is a lot of ground to cover. I just added a preliminary todo list with some suggestions. ---CH 00:33, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * One other point: possibly linearized gravity should be a redirect to linearized general relativity since other theories also have their linearized approximations? Actually, weak-field theory (general relativity) might be a more standard name. ---CH 00:49, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * On the talk: Linearised Einstein field equations discussion, I just added a note I'm not sure why we have separate articles on Linearized Gravity and Linearised Einstein field equations; any reason not to merge them? Geoffrey.landis (talk) 16:07, 14 August 2008 (UTC) See note below. Geoffrey.landis (talk) 14:22, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

Todo list and student beware
As a courtesy, I have removed the "expert" items from todo list. I am leaving WP and doubt anyone else will know how to implement the suggested improvements since this was mostly a note to myself.

Sadly, I am now abandoning this article to its fate. See User:Hillman/Archive for the last version I edited. I emphatically do not vouch for anything you might see in more recent versions.

Unfortunately, I have reason to believe that at least some future versions of this article are likely to contain slanted information, misinformation, or disinformation, particularly regarding Be careful in following external links to outside websites, which may be cranky and which may do likewise.
 * 1) pseudoscience topics such as
 * 2) *anti-gravity
 * 3) *electrogravity
 * 4) *Podkletnov "effect" (sic)
 * 5) fringe physics topics such as
 * 6) *plasma cosmology
 * 7) *Felber "effect" (sic; actually a coordinate effect, not a physical effect)

Good luck to all students in your search for information, regardless!---CH 01:46, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Merged Linearised Einstein Field Equations
I merged the entire content of the (former) Linearised Einstein field equations article here. I didn't see any reason for two separate articles on Linearized Gravity, since they cover similar or identical ground, and nobody seemed to object when I proposed it on the talk page of both articles, so it's now done. (I inserted the text whole, making no changes; so there may be some rewriting needed to smooth it out). Geoffrey.landis (talk) 14:26, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

Effect on determinant of metric?
It would be very helpful to explain the effect on square root of the determinant when perturbing the metric.TonyMath (talk) 04:16, 30 May 2015 (UTC)

 * See Post-Newtonian expansion. To the first order,
 * $$ \sqrt{- g} \approx 1 + \tfrac12 h_{\alpha \beta} \eta^{\beta \alpha} \,.$$
 * OK? JRSpriggs (talk) 07:31, 30 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Nice but I am aware of a more general result: for $$g_{\mu \nu} = b_{\mu \nu} + h_{\mu \nu} $$ then $$ \sqrt{-g} = \sqrt{-b} ~(1 +

\tfrac12 h^{\mu}_{\mu} + \tfrac18 h^{\nu}_{\nu}  h^{\mu}_{\mu} - \tfrac14 h^{\mu}_{\nu} h^{\nu}_{\mu} \ldots ) $$.  This is valid for any background metric $$ b_{\mu \nu} $$ not just flat-space.  It was derived with Mathematica on this website forum but I'd love a reference.TonyMath (talk) 04:54, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I am glad that someone else has confirmed the formula I got. I cannot help you find a reference since I am no longer plugged into academia. JRSpriggs (talk) 04:16, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

Graviton within metric?
I have come across papers referring to the graviton as the transverse-traceless part of the metric $$ g_{\mu \nu} $$. Nowhere do I find mention of this, whether in the section on the graviton nor on gravitational radiation. Since this site mentions the metric per se, it might make sense to put some discussion here? In particular, I would like to know if this is the only manifestation of the graviton. TonyMath (talk) 15:21, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I do not think that it is possible in general to separate the metric into a static background and a perturbation in the form of radiation. However, if such a separation can be made, then I believe that it is true that the perturbation will be transverse (perpendicular to the direction of motion) and traceless relative to the background. JRSpriggs (talk) 04:23, 5 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you but I would like some clarification. There is a body of work out there which makes this type of separation, e.g. the Lecture Notes of GRT by S. Carroll in the weak field approximation - though I would like a book reference (anyone?).  My dumb question: in such a case why Transverse- Traceless (TT)? Is it because only the TT property allows such the graviton to be treated as perturbation? or are you perhaps making an analogy with Electromagnetic radiation?  At any rate, should a few additional text sentences be warranted on this subject? TonyMath (talk) 07:37, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

Overhauled the page
Hey all who are interested. I was unsatisfied with the page given it's rather overbearing equations with little to no detail or explanations, so I decided to provide more cleaner discussion on the topic using Carroll for reference. I also simplified the language and notation used to describe gauge symmetry in the linearized field equations since the section that existed used very obtuse notation and did little to connect to the underlying physics. Cjayross (talk) 05:17, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linearized gravity


text:
Song Qiang

Song Qiang is a co-author of China Can Say No, The Way Out For China: Under the Shadow of Globalization and Unhappy China. He keeps a Chinese language blog, 开花の身体, in which he intersperses musings on the culinary arts with nationalist-themed rhetoric.

title: Song Qiang


text:
Talk:BPO

 * njj

can you tell how does a BPO funcdbkgjshtions, why they r set up and why do most com[panies choose india?? reply me at preetinder_kitoo@yahoo.co.in dheers_121@yahoo.co.in

plz suggest the future of BPO and KPO sector in india.

number of employes
hi can any body tell me what exactly the BPO is ??? my id is sunil.raul15@gmail.com —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 61.16.175.59 (talk) 10:18, 16 May 2007 (UTC).

title: Talk:BPO


text:
Grace Crowley

Grace Adela Williams Crowley  (pr: as in "slowly"; 28 May 1890 – 21 April 1979) was an Australian artist and modernist painter.

Early life and education
Grace Crowley was born in May 1890 in Barraba, New South Wales. She was the fourth child of Henry, a grazier, and Elizabeth (née Bridger). By 1900, her family had relocated to a homestead in Glen Riddle, Barraba, where she spent her time drawing people, cats, dogs, kookaburras, and even her father's prize winning bullock. At about the age of 13 Crowley's parents sent one of her pen and ink drawings to New Idea magazine and she won a prize.

As a child, Crowley received an informal education from the governess of her homestead. When this arrangement finished, Crowley and her sister were sent to a boarding school in Sydney. It was at this time that her Uncle insisted she attend classes by Julian Ashton at The Sydney Art School, now the Julian Ashton Art School. Once a week she would attend a class with Ashton and practice her drawing skills, this was her first formal education in the arts. When Crowley returned to Glen Riddle her desire to create art had diminished, partly as a result of her family's expectations of her role in the household and she quickly took on a lot of the household duties. In 1909 Ashton visited Crowley at the family farm and encouraged her artistic practice. In 1915, Crowley became a full-time student at The Sydney Art School and from 1918 to 1923 worked as Ashton's assistant. During her time at the school Crowley studied alongside; Ralph Balson, John Passmere, Dorrit Black, Herbert Badham, Rah Fizelle, Gerald Lewars, Nancy Hall and John Tilam;  reckoned with Olive Crane and Myra Cocks as Ashton's "younger skilled brigade". In 1925 Crowley moved to France with her friend and fellow artist Anne Dangar. Crowley studied at the Académie Colarossi and then took private lessons with a Beaux-arts portrait painter Louis Roger. From 1927 to 1929 she was enrolled at L'académie André Lhote under André Lhote. Throughout the next few years she travelled throughout Europe and briefly studied under Amédée Ozenfant and Albert Gleizes. She moved back to Sydney in 1930.

Career
On her return to Australia, Crowley was one of the most experienced Modernist artists in Australia, with a sophisticated understanding of Cubism. In 1932 she briefly taught at the Black Modern Art Centre before it was closed down. She then went on to start her own school with Rah Fizelle, which was renamed as the Important Centre for Modern Art and was in existence for five years. After a relationship breakdown between Fizelle and Crowley, the school closed in 1937. Fizelle remained at 215a George Street, Crowley however set up a studio at her apartment at 227 George Street. In 1937, Grace Crowley, Ralph Balson, Margel Hinder, Rah Fizelle and Eleonore Lange began planning a group exhibition which later came into fruition with fellow painters and sculptors, Frank Medworth, Dadsworth and Gerald Lewers in Exhibition 1: paintings and sculptures . The exhibition was opened by HV Evatt in the David Jones' Art Gallery in August 1939. In the early 1940s she was one of the first Australians to move into pure abstraction.

With other participating artists including Rah Fizelle, Frank Hinder and Eleonore Lange, Balson and Crowley came together in the 1930s as leaders of the second phase of the modern movement in Australian art, developing the earlier ideas of Roland Wakelin, Roy De Maistre and others at the beginning of World War I.

In 1949, Crowley spent a brief period teaching a course in abstract art at East Sydney Technical College.

During this time and throughout the 1950s, Grace Crowley was most productive. Exhibiting regularly from 1944 and 1954 with the Society of Artists and Contemporary Art Society, Crowley also participated in multiple group exhibitions including; Abstract paintings drawings sculpture constructions, David Jones Art Gallery, 1948. Contemporary Art Society- Eleventh Annual Interstate Exhibition, 1949, and Abstract compositions, paintings, sculpture, Macquarie Galleries, 1951. In 1954 with Balson's retirement impending, Crowley purchased a house in High Hill, Mittagong, in which she resided alongside her 227 George Street Studio. Only two known paintings were created between 1955 and 59, an abandonment of geometric forms occurred in exchange for gestural brushwork. In 1960, Crowley and Balson travelled to galleries in England, France and America. A rapid turn in style occurred during this time of travel, notably in Devon where both Crowley and Balson turned to pouring paint in a similar fashion to Jackson Pollock. In August 1964 Balson died unexpectedly, marking the end of Crowley's art practice also. Crowley stayed at the High Hill residence until she purchased a unit in Manly.

In honour of the forerunners of the modern abstract movement, in 1966 the Art Gallery of New South Wales held an exhibition which included Crowley and her colleagues such as Balson, Fizelle and Hinder.

Shortly before her 85th birthday, in 1975 the Art Gallery of New South Wales opened its doors to the first retrospective of Crowley, comprising 25 paintings and 12 drawings. Elena Taylor, NGA's Curator of Australian Painting and Sculpture notes, "Crowley's long artistic journey over five decades from painter of traditional landscapes to avant-garde abstracts was extraordinary. While Crowley is still best known for her cubist paintings of the 1920s and 1930s, Grace Crowley: being modern includes works that have never before been exhibited and reveals the full extent of Crowley's contribution to Australian art." . Her Project 4 Exhibition followed shortly after. In January 1976, Crowley was made a Member of the Order of Australia  for her services to Art.

The National Gallery of Australia held a solo exhibition of her work in December 2006 to May 2007 called Grace Crowley - Being Modern. Crowley is represented by Australian National Gallery, Art Gallery of New South Wales, National Gallery of Victoria.

Death
Crowley died at her home in Manly, New South Wales on 21 April 1979 aged 89. She left a small body of works, three of which are held permanently in the Cruther's Collection of Women's Art in the University of Western Australia.

Selected exhibitions

 * 1930 A Group of Seven, with Dorrit Black, Roy de Maistre, Roland Wakelin, Enid Cambridge, Grace Cossington Smith and Frank Weitzel, Macquarie Galleries, March.
 * 1932 Solo Exhibition, Modern Art Centre, Sydney, June.
 * 1939 Exhibition I: Paintings and Sculptures. David Jones' Art Gallery, Sydney, August.
 * 1966 Balson Crowley Fizelle Hinder. Art Gallery of New South Wales, May.
 * 1975 Australian Women Artists, One Hundred Years: 1840–1940. Ewing and George Paton Galleries, Melbourne, September. Art Gallery of New South Wales, October. National Gallery of Victoria, January.

title: Grace Crowley