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Brunel Museum

The Brunel Museum is a small museum situated at the Brunel Engine House, Rotherhithe, London Borough of Southwark. The Engine House was designed by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel as part of the infrastructure of the Thames Tunnel which opened in 1843 and was the first tunnel to be built under a navigable river anywhere in the world. It comprises the Engine House and the Tunnel Shaft, with rooftop garden. Isambard Kingdom Brunel worked with his father on the project from 1823 and was appointed Resident Engineer in January 1827 at the age of 20.

Tunnel Shaft / Grand Entrance Hall
The museum site includes the Tunnel Shaft which was the world's first caisson. A tower of brick 3 ft thick and 50 ft in diameter was built above ground to a height of 42 ft. It was then sunk under its own weight to a depth of 40 feet. The remaining 20 ft of shaft necessary to achieve the correct level for digging the tunnel was constructed by under-pinning. The tunnelling was done by miners standing within an iron shield (or ambulating cofferdam) designed and patented by Marc Isambard Brunel.

Brunel Engine House
The Engine House was designed by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel to be part of the infrastructure of the Thames Tunnel. It held steam-powered pumps used to extract water from the tunnel. It was originally used as a boiler house during the construction of the Thames Tunnel between 1825 and 1843.

Since 1961 the building has been used as a museum, displaying information on the construction of the tunnel and the other projects by Marc and Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The museum houses a model of the tunnelling shield as well as images and artefacts from when the tunnel was in use as a pedestrian thoroughfare between Rotherhithe and Wapping.

The chimney and engine house are Grade II Listed since 1974. Structural decay was prevented in 1975 by a charitable trust named "Brunel Exhibition Rotherhithe". The building was restored in 1979.

In 2006 the museum changed its name from Brunel Engine House to Brunel Museum and expanded its exhibition to include a new mural on the shaft showing the tunnel shield, and other works by the Brunels, such as models of famous Brunel bridges incorporated into bench seating.

In 2018, the museum raised more than £200,000, including a major grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund, to buy an album including a collection of drawings of the Thames Tunnel, prepared or overseen by Marc Isambard Brunel (1769 –1849).

Open House Weekend
The Brunel Museum takes part in the Open House Weekend event every year and, until the East London Line's temporary closure in 2007, took parties of people through the tunnel on the Underground trains as part of a guided tour of the tunnel.

They also host a variety of other events through the year, especially during school holidays. There are also walks/tours in person and online.

Refurbishments
The museum underwent major building works in 2007. This entailed relocating the Rennie flat V steam engine to the Chatham Historic Dockyard to create a larger exhibition space, a cafe and improved toilet facilities. With the closure of the East London Line in December 2007 for extensive upgrading, the museum hoped that the access shaft into the tunnel (originally built to be the grand entrance hall to the tunnel) could be capped with a concrete shelf at the bottom, above the level of the trains.

In 2011, the construction of concrete floor at the bottom of the shaft was completed, sealing the shaft space off the train tunnels below it. After the completion, occasional tours were given access to the space. One such tours was on 14 February 2011 (a Valentine's tour) with ad-hoc stairwell to access the shaft.

The roof of the shaft was refurbished in 2012 to create Roof Garden on top of it. Since 2012, The Midnight Apothecary has run a cocktail bar within the roof garden, serving seasonal botanical drinks.

The shaft was extensively refurbished in 2016, with a staircase added to improve access. The refurbishment was done to minimize the impacts to the shaft structure including its walls. Although two test bors confirmed that the walls were made with 1.4 m thick solid brick without any cavities, a specially designed freestanding staircase would not be attached to the shaft walls. The only allowed modification was to cut a new access door at the top of a wall. This careful construction preserved many of the remnants to show the shaft's history. A barred entrance passage at the top of the shaft once was used by a foreman to drag Isambard Kingdom Brunel out to save his life after a tunnel construction collapse that flooded the shaft. The scarred walls showed the locations of the original staircases when it was used as the Grand Entrance Hall. The soot from smoke coming off steam engine locomotives showed years of its use as a ventilation shaft. The shaft is now used for events as a performance space and it is part of the Brunel Museum exhibits.

The Brunel Museum Reinvented project
In 2019, the museum received development funding from the Heritage Fund and other funders to transform their offer. If the next stage of the application is successful, this project will conserve the historic building, improve visitor facilities and provide a home for the recently acquired collection of Marc Brunel's Thames Tunnel watercolour designs. They will also be able to offer a wider range of events and activities for people. As of September 2020 this project is at the community consultation stage.

title: Brunel Museum


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Timmy Simons

Timmy Simons (born 11 December 1976) is a Belgian professional football coach and a former defensive midfielder who is the manager of Westerlo. He was known for his tireless work ethic and penalty-taking ability, having scored 48 competitive goals through penalties, missing only 5. In 2012, at age 36, Simons was both the outfield player with the most minutes and the most kilometres in the Bundesliga. Simons' former clubs include Lommel, Club Brugge, PSV Eindhoven and 1. FC Nürnberg. He captained both Club Brugge and PSV Eindhoven, and won the Belgian Golden Shoe in 2002 while playing for Club Brugge.

Early career
Simons' career started with KTH Diest, the team where he received his training. In 1998 he left for first division Lommel SK, where he quickly established himself in the first team. After a strong second season at Lommel, he moved to Club Brugge in 2000. Simons immediately forced a place in the first team in the 2000–01 season.

He grew into a fixture at this Belgian club in no time, quickly growing into the team's penalty taker and, after a few seasons, the captain. In 2002 he was also named as player of the season. With Club Brugge, he became a two-time Belgium national champion and won the Belgian Cup on two occasions.

PSV
Simons was signed from Club Brugge on 29 June 2005, succeeding Mark van Bommel, who left for Barcelona. Before Simons went to PSV, he also negotiated with Feyenoord, on the advice of Bart Goor. Feyenoord, however, found difficult to meet the asking price and moved the transfer on the long-term after the resignation of head coach Ruud Gullit. Club Brugge, therefore, stopped the negotiations. Simons immediately won a starting place at PSV. With PSV he became champion of the Netherlands in the 2005–06 season. Simons soon became the penalty taker of PSV, as he had previously at Club Brugge. In the Eredivisie match against NAC Breda, he missed one of his first penalties in his career. Simons commented: "It was good that it was a wrong penalty, I still have some peace with it".

In his second year at PSV, Simons was once again an integral part of PSV. Of the total 49 matches that PSV played in the domestic league, Champions League, Super Cup and Cup, Simons played 48. Each time, he played the full 90 minutes, becoming an important part of the 2006–07 championship-winning side. After the departure of Phillip Cocu, he was appointed the captain of PSV in the 2007–08 season.

In PSV's game against Willem II on 6 October 2007, the PSV fans showed their affection towards Simons. The entire West stand was wrapped in the Belgian flag and a banner was unfurled with the text: "Captain Simons: Our Lion of Flanders". Simons once again became champion of the Netherlands with PSV in the 2007/2008 season. His fourth title in a row. He scored four times in the 2007–08 season. Together with goalkeeper Heurelho Gomes, Simons played the most minutes for PSV, they both missed only one league game and played the other 33 from the beginning to the end. The defensive midfielder got a solitarily yellow card and not a red card, in the UEFA Cup match against Tottenham Hotspur, he received a yellow card, raising the total amount to six yellow cards in 140 official matches for PSV in his first three seasons.

In his last season at PSV, Simons lost his starting place to youngster Ibrahim Afellay. Since PSV was in financial trouble and he was one of the big earners of the team, PSV decided to sell Simons on a free transfer to 1. FC Nürnberg.

1. FC Nürnberg
With his new German team, Simons became very important, both with his leadership qualities and his great playing ability. For two seasons Simons was the player who played the most in the Bundesliga. In the 2010–11 season, he did not miss a minute. Because of his excellent results, he came to the attention of his old Club Brugge team but also of R.S.C. Anderlecht. Simons quieted those speculations by extending his contract until 2014. In three season with Nürnberg, he finished 6th, 10th and 10th in the Bundesliga.

Return to Brugge
On 12 June 2013, Simons signed a two-year contract with the option of staying in a technical position at Club Brugge. During the first match of the 2013–14 season, Simons made his comeback for the club. He got a questionable red card on matchday 1 after 21 minutes after a foul on Charleroi player Ederson. On 15 May 2016, as captain, he lifted the Belgian title in the air after a 4–0 victory against RSC Anderlecht. He played his 1000th match as a professional football player against AA Gent on 29 January 2017. The club lost that match 2–0.

On 13 May 2018, after receiving his seventh title as a player, Simons announced that he is putting an end to his active playing career. He received a wildcard from the board of Club Brugge, meaning he can take up a position in the future in the context of the club.

International career
Simons made his debut on 30 April 2001 for the Belgium national team in a friendly match away against the Czech Republic, alongside Peter Van der Heyden. He was a regular for the national team and under coach René Vandereycken he became captain. But under Dick Advocaat he was pushed aside. From his first team selection the "somewhat older" Simons was dropped. And the matches after that Advocaat did not call back Simons either. From 2001 to 2011, Simons collected 88 caps. He was recalled under national coach Georges Leekens and also under the reign of Marc Wilmots.

After not being selected for the 2014 World Cup, Simons' international career seemed over. Prior to the first international match after this World Cup (a friendly match against Australia) he was honoured alongside Daniel Van Buyten for their merits with the national team. On 13 November 2016 Simons was called for the international match against Estonia, after the injury of Kabasele. In that match, he came on for seven minutes. This made him. at 39 years, 11 months and 2 days the oldest Red Devil ever in an official competition.

He is the tenth-most capped player of all time in the Belgium national football team (after Jan Vertonghen, Axel Witsel, Toby Alderweireld, Eden Hazard, Dries Mertens, Romelu Lukaku, Thibaut Courtois, Kevin De Bruyne and Jan Ceulemans), having earned 94 caps. He became the oldest capped player when, at age 39, 11 months and 2 days, he played against Estonia on 13 November 2016.

Coaching career
On 1 July 2018, Club Brugge confirmed that Simons had been hired as assistant manager to Ivan Leko. In June 2019 Brugge confirmed, that Simons would continue at the club as head coach for the U16s.

On 19 April 2019 it was confirmed, that Simons had been hired as assistant coach for Zulte Waregem under manager Francky Dury from the upcoming season. On 17 December 2021, Dury was fired and Simons, assisted by former teammate Davy De fauw, was named manager for the rest of the season.

In February 2023, Simons was appointed manager of Challenger Pro League side Dender EH. At the end of the season, Simons signed a new two-year contract with the club. He won promotion with Dender in the 2023–24 season which saw the club's return to the Belgian Pro League for the first time since 2009. After clinching that historic promotion, Simons left Dender to take the role of manager at Westerlo on 23 May 2024.

Player
Club Brugge
 * Belgian First Division: 2002–03, 2004–05, 2015–16, 2017–18
 * Belgian Cup: 2001–02, 2003–04, 2014–15
 * Belgian Supercup: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2016
 * Bruges Matins: 2001, 2004
 * Jules Pappaert Cup: 2005

PSV Eindhoven
 * Eredivisie: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08
 * Johan Cruyff Shield: 2008

Belgium
 * FIFA Fair Play Trophy: 2002 World Cup

Individual
 * Man of the Season (Belgian First Division): 2000–01
 * Belgian Golden Shoe: 2002
 * Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year: 2002–03
 * Belgian Fair Play Award: 2002–03
 * Golden Shoe Lifetime Achievement Award: 2017

Manager
FCV Dender EH
 * Challenger Pro League runners-up: 2023–24

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Timmy Simons


text:
File:Dynamation.png

Summary
A crude self-made illustration of the Dynamation setup made in MSPaint.

title: File:Dynamation.png


text: User talk:82.12.125.165

title: User talk:82.12.125.165


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N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide

N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide (more correctly 4-methylmorpholine 4-oxide), NMO or NMMO is an organic compound. This heterocyclic amine oxide and morpholine derivative is used in organic chemistry as a co-oxidant and sacrificial catalyst in oxidation reactions for instance in osmium tetroxide oxidations and the Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation or oxidations with TPAP. NMO is commercially supplied both as a monohydrate C5H11NO2·H2O and as the anhydrous compound. The monohydrate is used as a solvent for cellulose in the lyocell process to produce cellulose fibers.

Solvent of cellulose
NMMO monohydrate is used as a solvent in the lyocell process to produce lyocell fiber. It dissolves cellulose to form a solution called dope, and the cellulose is reprecipitated in a water bath to produce a fiber. The process is similar but not analogous to the viscose process. In the viscose process, cellulose is made soluble by conversion to its xanthate derivatives. With NMMO, cellulose is not derivatized but dissolves to give a homogeneous polymer solution. The resulting fiber is similar to viscose; this was observed, for example, for Valonia cellulose microfibrils. Dilution with water causes the cellulose to reprecipitate, i.e. the solvation of cellulose with NMMO is a water sensitive process.

Cellulose remains insoluble in most solvents because it has a strong and highly structured intermolecular hydrogen bonding network, which resists common solvents. NMMO breaks the hydrogen bonding network that keeps cellulose insoluble in water and other solvents. Similar solubility has been obtained in a few solvents, particularly a mix of lithium chloride in dimethyl acetamide and some hydrophilic ionic liquids.

Dissolution of scleroproteins
Another use of NMMO is in the dissolution of scleroprotein (found in animal tissue). This dissolution occurs in the crystal areas which are more homogeneous and contain glycine and alanine residues with a small number of other residues. How NMMO dissolves these proteins is scarcely studied. Other studies, however, have been done in similar amide systems (i.e. hexapeptide). The hydrogen bonds of the amides can be broken by NMMO.

Oxidant

NMO, as an N-oxide, is an oxidant in the Upjohn dihydroxylation. It is generally used in stoichiometric amounts as a secondary oxidant (a cooxidant) to regenerate a primary (catalytic) oxidant after the latter has been reduced by the substrate. Vicinal syn-dihydroxylation reactions for example, would, in theory, require stoichiometric amounts of toxic, volatile and expensive osmium tetroxide, but if continuously regenerated with NMO, the amount required can be reduced to catalytic quantities.

title: N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide


text:
Sigma Arae

Sigma Arae (σ Ara, σ Arae) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern constellation of Ara. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.575. The distance to this star, based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.62 mas, is around 380 ly.

This is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A0 V. Unusually for an A-type star, X-ray emissions with a luminosity of 4.6 × 1029 erg s−1 have been detected from Sigma Arae. Normally this is explained by the presence of a lower mass orbiting companion star. However, such a scenario does not appear to hold true for this star. Instead, the signature of a surface magnetic field has been detected with a strength of roughly 128 ± 73 Gauss, indicating the source of the X-rays may be surface magnetic activity.

title: Sigma Arae


text:
Largest cities in the Americas

This is a list of the 50 largest cities in the Americas by population residing within city limits as of 2015, the most recent year for which official population census results, estimates, or short-term projections are available for most of these cities. These figures do not reflect the population of the urban agglomeration or metropolitan area which typically do not coincide with the administrative boundaries of the city. For a list of the latter, see List of metropolitan areas in the Americas by population. These figures refer to mid-2015 populations with the following exceptions:
 * 1) Mexican cities, whose figures derive from the 2015 Intercensal Survey conducted by INEGI with a reference date of 15 March 2015;
 * 2) Calgary, whose 2015 municipal census had a reference date of April 1.
 * 3) Brazilian cities, whose figures originate from the 2021 estimate given by the IBGE, with a reference date of July 1, 2021.

title: Largest cities in the Americas


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David J. Hanson

David Justin Hanson (born 1941) is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the State University of New York in Potsdam, New York. He has researched the subject of alcohol and drinking for over 30 years, beginning with his PhD dissertation investigation, and has written widely on the subject.

Professor Hanson investigates the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on health. He has amassed a large, robust body of evidence that shows the benefits of moderate drinking. Hanson is a critic of many groups that advocate the reduction of alcohol use as the solution to alcohol problems in society; he describes these groups as “neo-prohibitionist.”

Hanson criticizes what he calls the "temperance mentality" of many groups and claims that "their tactic is to establish cultural rather than strictly legal prohibition by making alcohol beverages less socially acceptable and marginalizing those who drink, no matter how moderately."

A critic of the 21-year age limit on legal drinking in the United States, he supports the acceptance of drinking learner permits for adults under the age of 21, analogous to driving learner permits.

Hanson has published books and over 300 other publications on alcohol and maintains three websites on the subject, none of which receives any support from the alcohol industry. His research and opinions have been reported in the New York Times and other newspapers; he has been quoted in Family Circle, Health magazine, Parade and other popular publications; and textbooks in 15 fields of study report his research.

Select publications

 * Congressional Temperance Society. In: Martin, S.C., et al. Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference Books, 2015.
 * Binge Drinking. In: Hanson, G.R., et al. Drugs & Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett, 13th ed., 2014.
 * Historical Evolution of Alcohol Consumption in Society. In: Boyle, P., et al. (eds.) Alcohol: Science, Policy and Public Health. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2013
 * Education on Drinking Responsibly Must Replace Neo-Prohibitionism. In: Kesbye, S. (ed.) Should the Legal Drinking Age be Lowered? Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2013.
 * The Effects of Substances on Driving. In: Miller, P. (ed). Principles of Addiction, Vol. 1. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Academic Press, 2012.
 * Living with Drugs. In: Wilson, H.T. (ed). Drugs, Society, and Behavior. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 27th ed., 2012.
 * Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). In: Barnett, G. (ed). Encyclopedia of Social Networks. London, England: Sage, 2011.
 * Responses to Arguments Against the Minimum Drinking Age. In: Channell, C. and Crusius, A. (eds). Engaging Questions: A Guide to Writing. NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
 * Thinking Like a Researcher. In: Korgen, K., et al. (eds.) Sociologists in Action, Social Change, and Social Justice. Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2011.
 * History of Alcohol and Drinking around the World. In: Wilson, H. (ed). Drugs, Society and Behavior, 25th ed. NY: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
 * The Extent of Teen Drinking is Exaggerated. In: Roleff, T. (ed). Alcoholism. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2010.
 * Alcohol Advertising. In: Esposito, R. (ed). Mass Media. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2010.
 * DWI Courts: Effectively Addressing Drunk Driving. In: Higgins, P. and MacKinem, M. (eds). Problem-Solving Courts: Justice for the Twenty-First Century. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2009.
 * Repeal of Prohibition in the U.S. In: Engdahl, S. (ed). Constitutional Amendments: Amendments XVIII and XXI -  Prohibition and Repeal. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Publishing, 2009.

Hanson's webpages

 * Alcohol: Problems and Solutions
 * Alcohol Facts
 * Find Alcoholism Help

Other

 * Mangled Drunk Driving Data? - Dr. David J. Hanson interview
 * Fox News: Lawsuits, Alcohol Advertising and Money
 * Los Angeles Times: Alcohol figures into some young Americans' European plans (may require registration)
 * About David J. Hanson

title: David J. Hanson


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Craig Wishart

Craig Brian Wishart (born 9 January 1974) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs for 10 years. He played domestic cricket for Mashonaland and Midlands as well as the Zimbabwean national team.

He was later self-employed in Zimbabwe and played social cricket there.

International career
Wishart made his Test debut in 1995 in Harare. He has a Test record batting score of 114, with a 22.40 batting average, and a one-day record batting score of 172 not out, achieved against Namibia in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, the sixth highest in World Cup history and the highest scored by a Zimbabwean player in ODIs.

Wishart retired in 2005, citing "stress from the problems in local cricket", and was one of many senior internationals to announce their retirements in protest against the local governing body's controversial decisions during the early 2000s.

title: Craig Wishart


text: User talk:130.215.224.44

title: User talk:130.215.224.44


text:
User talk:Mr. Xxxxxxxx

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Gamaliel 21:24, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires. Gamaliel 21:35, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mr. Xxxxxxxx


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Johann Leonhard Rost

Johann Leonhard Rost (12 February 1688 – 22 March 1727) was a German astronomer and author from Nuremberg. He wrote under the alias Meletaon.

The crater Rost on the Moon is named after him.

His brother Johannes Carolus Rost was a famous doctor from Nuremberg, he is mostly known to be the personal doctor of Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg.

title: Johann Leonhard Rost


text: User talk:69.223.156.136

title: User talk:69.223.156.136


text:
Lambda Arae

Lambda Arae (λ Ara, λ Arae) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern constellation of Ara. It is at a distance of 68 ly from Earth. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is 4.77, making it bright enough to be seen with the naked eye.

The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of F4 V, which places it among the category of F-type main sequence stars. It shines with 4.7 times the luminosity of the Sun. The outer atmosphere is radiating this energy at an effective temperature of 6,495 K, giving it the yellow-white hue of an F-type star. There is some evidence that this may be a binary star system consisting of two stars with identical masses.

Examination of Lambda Arae with the Spitzer Space Telescope shows an excess of infrared emission at a wavelength of 70 μm. This suggests it may be orbited by a disk of dust at a radius of more than 15 astronomical units

title: Lambda Arae


text:
Ramesh Ponnuru

Ramesh Ponnuru (born August 16, 1974) is an American conservative thinker, political pundit, and journalist. He has been a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute since 2012. He is the editor of National Review magazine, a contributing columnist for The Washington Post, and a contributing editor to the domestic policy journal National Affairs.

Ponnuru has written on a wide array of political and policy topics, appeared on numerous public affairs and news interview programs, reflecting his widely respected voice on conservative policy. In 2015, Politico Magazine listed both him and his wife, April Ponnuru, as two of the top "Politico 50" influential leaders in American politics. This was the first and only time that a husband and wife appeared on the list at the same time.

Early life and education
Ponnuru was raised in Prairie Village, Kansas, a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri, where he attended Briarwood Elementary School and Mission Valley Middle School. After graduating from Shawnee Mission East High School, at the age of 16, he attended Princeton University, where he earned a B.A. in history and graduated summa cum laude in 1995. He completed a 107-page long senior thesis, titled "Abortion in Nineteenth-Century America, in Brief", under the supervision of Robert P. George. Raised by a Hindu father and a Lutheran mother, Ponnuru is of Indian descent. Later in life, Ponnuru, once an agnostic, converted to Catholicism. He is married to April Ponnuru.

Journalism
Since 1999, Ponnuru has been either a senior fellow or senior editor, or both at the same time, at National Review, where he has frequently written and commented on such diverse topics as politics, public policy, economics, the law, and even his religious faith. In its pages, he has called for a revival of Republican policy thinking by applying conservative ideals to contemporary problems and emphasizing the concerns of the middle class.

Ponnuru has long been one of the nation's leading conservative voices in making the case for increasing the child tax credit to properly compensate parents for the cost of raising children, and won praise for finding common ground with progressives and Democrats on the issue. He has also been a regular co-author and leading voice with economist David Beckworth on the topic of monetary policy and market monetarism.

Ponnuru has frequently appeared on a diverse array of television programs about public affairs, among them Meet the Press, Face the Nation, C-Span, the PBS NewsHour, National Public Radio's All Things Considered, ABC News' This Week with George Stephanopoulos, ABC News. The Daily Show, and The Colbert Report.

He has also been a regular guest speaker on policy, politics, and constitutionalism at several of the nation's leading college campuses, In 2013, he was a fellow at the University of Chicago's Institute of Politics. The Institute's website has described "the Fellows" as "a dynamic and distinguished group of political practitioners and journalists who will lead seminars and interact with UChicago students and faculty."

In 2006, Ponnuru wrote The Party of Death: The Democrats, the Media, the Courts, and the Disregard for Human Life. The volume is Ponnuru's unique and argumentive exposition on such right-to-life issues as abortion and euthanasia, concentrating on the circumstances of the United States Democratic Party's shift from anti-abortion to abortion rights. Peggy Noonan celebrated the book as "the most significant statement of the need to protect human life in America since Ronald Reagan's Abortion and the Conscience of a Nation".

National Review Online Editor at Large Jonah Goldberg, wrote of the book: "Ponnuru scrupulously sticks to nonreligious arguments, accessible to everyone. But that hasn't stopped critics from charging that his motives are unacceptably 'religious,' while others have complained Ponnuru is too coldly rational. Again it seems Ponnuru's real sin isn't how he says things, but that he says them at all."

John Derbyshire wrote in The New English Review: "RTL is made as presentable as possible in Party of Death, with writing that is engaging and lucid.... (Right to Lifers) are welcoming Party of Death very joyfully, though, and they are right to do so, as it is an exceptionally fine piece of polemical writing in support of their... cause.... Party of Death is obviously inspired by religious belief. The philosophical passages strictly follow the Golden Rule of religious apologetics, which is: The conclusion is known in advance, and the task of the intellectual is to erect supporting arguments."

In a sharp, but measured response to accusations that Ponnuru had an overtly religious viewpoint in approaching the abortion issue, he forcefully addressed the issue himself head-on: "I have made a show of reasoning, but my conclusions have all rather conveniently lined up with the teachings of my church... For the record, my views on abortion have not changed since I was an agnostic... It is true that I am a Catholic. It is also true that I believe that my church's teaching on abortion is reasonable, sound, and correct. It is because I came to believe that Catholicism is true, after all, that I became a Catholic. If I didn't believe Catholic teachings were true, I wouldn't be a Catholic."

Ponnuru has also been the author of a highly influential monograph on Japanese industrial policy, published jointly by the American Enterprise Institute and Center for Policy Studies.

Ponnuru is a past contributor to Time and WashingtonPost.com. He has also written for other such national publications as The New York Times,    The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, Newsday, New York Post, The Weekly Standard, Policy Review, The New Republic, and First Things, an ecumenical and conservative religious journal.

Policy
Ponnuru has long been a much sought after speaker on conservative domestic policy and their political implications; he has regularly been a featured guest at retreats for congressional Republicans, including the party's leadership.

Ponnuru has often been identified as a leader of the "reform conservative" movement, and was prominently featured in a 2014 New York Times Magazine cover story as one of the foremost conservative intellectuals who comprise it. The Times' Sam Tanenhaus described Ponnuru as one of a small group of young conservative Republicans, who, each one, "was an intellectual prodigy in his 30s" who together had "become the leaders of a small band of reform conservatives, sometimes called reformicons, who believe the health of the G.O.P. hinges on jettisoning its age-old doctrine — orgiastic tax-cutting, the slashing of government programs, the championing of Wall Street — and using an altogether different vocabulary, backed by specific proposals, that will reconnect the party to middle-class and low-income voters."

In 2014, Ponnuru co-edited, with Yuval Levin, Room to Grow: Conservative Reforms for a Limited Government and a Thriving Middle Class, described as a reform conservative manifesto and policy agenda. (Ponnuru also contributed the book's concluding chapter, on constitutionalism. ) The book was widely praised; New York Times columnist David Brooks described it as a "policy-laden manifesto... which is the most coherent and compelling policy agenda the American right has produced this century."

Ponnuru's collaboration with Levin also won widespread praise for both men because of Levin's own high standing in the conservative movement and the prescient observations of both: Levin has been called "probably the most influential conservative intellectual of the Obama era" by Jonathan Chait of New York Magazine, while the left-leaning The New Republic has described Levin as "the conservative movement's great intellectual hope" and has said that "despite his youth, Levin had been anointed the next great neoconservative."

Books

 * Ponnuru, Ramesh (2006). The Party of Death: The Democrats, the Media, the Courts, and the Disregard for Human Life. Regnery Publishing.  ISBN 9781596980044. Description and contents, using up/down arrows.

title: Ramesh Ponnuru


text:
User:Phydaux

Details

 * Location: Cardiff, Wales
 * Profession: Web Development Consultant

title: User:Phydaux


text:
The Inspiration of Saint Matthew

The Inspiration of Saint Matthew (1602) is a painting by the Italian Baroque master Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Commissioned by the French Cardinal Matteo Contarelli, the canvas hangs in Contarelli chapel altar in the church of the French congregation San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome, Italy.

It is one of three Caravaggio canvases in the chapel: hanging between the larger earlier canvases of The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew, and The Calling of Saint Matthew. This was not an easy commission for Caravaggio, and at least two of the three paintings had to be either replaced or repainted to satisfy his patron, the Cardinal Del Monte.

Creation
In February 1602, following the installation of his first two pieces in the chapel, Caravaggio was contracted to create an altarpiece, to be delivered by Pentecost of that year. The first painting he created, Saint Matthew and the Angel, was rejected and later destroyed in World War II.

The Inspiration of Saint Matthew was finished rather quickly, with Caravaggio receiving payment by September 1602.

Description
In the work featured on the altar, the angel belongs to an aerial and sublime dimension, enveloped in an encircling rippled sheet. The restless Matthew leans to work, as the angel enumerates for him the work to come. All is darkness but for the two large figures. Matthew appears to have rushed to his desk, his stool teetering into our space. His expression is sober.

title: The Inspiration of Saint Matthew


text:
Talk:American Greetings

Initial comments
The reference to "Tom Wilson" points to the wrong Tom Wilson: the article it points to is about the record producer, not the Ziggy cartoonist. (I'm unsure how to correct this directly, or else I would.) 63.174.247.33 21:26, 10 October 2005

Merge
This article should be merged into Hallmark Cards because American Greetings appears to be a Public Subsidiary of Hallmark Cards. Let's talk about it. Miracleimpulse 05:19, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Where in the world are you getting that idea from? Care to produce a reliable source?  I don't know anything about the Greeting card industry, but a simple Google search doesn't produce any information that would support that.  You'd think there would be at least a passing mention in the WSJ or other business newspaper if one company had purchased the other.--Isotope23 17:30, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Unless you provide a source for this, there is nothing to discuss Miracleimpulse.--Isotope23 22:50, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I know that Miracleimpuse has been blocked for disruption, but for the record, American Greetings' SEC filings describe Hallmark as the company's largest competitor, and there are no Form 13D's on file as would be required if Hallmark (or anyone else) owned more than 5% of American Greetings' stock. Newyorkbrad 01:41, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Are you aware of how big American Greetings actually is? Look at thier corporate information and see all the characters they own; the companies they own, or acquired over the years. If anything, they would buy Hallmark! 142.167.166.206 (talk) 01:11, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

RFC
--Isotope23 17:09, 8 November 2006 (UTC) Isotope23, I see you've listed a request for comment, but you haven't set up the discussion here. The article for AG seems generally fine for what it is (a corp. entry) but it really could use some references. I don't think it should be merged with Hallmark unless someone can come up with some convincing reasons why - even if AG was owned as a Hallmark subsidiary, if it has an independent operation, branding and stock listing it seems pretty darn separate and would warrant it's own article. Robovski 05:58, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * As indicated above, I've checked the public SEC filings. The two companies are unaffiliated; unless someone comes up with some evidence of the "subsidiary" theory, there's nothing to talk about here. Newyorkbrad 07:07, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for adding the section Robovski, I got sidetracked between listing it on RfC and coming back here to add a section on this.--Isotope23 14:27, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * If there is going to be an RfC, please post the link to it? Thanks, Newyorkbrad 15:07, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Content dispute RfCs don't have to go any further than a link on the relevant RfC page - all discussion remains here, on the article talk page. If you're thinking about all that business with certifiers and responses, that's usually reserved for user and admin conduct RfCs. I think there are a few content RfCs where that approach was used, but it would be the minority where that was needed. --Sam Blanning(talk) 15:37, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * And this certainly isn't one of them. There's nothing to talk about. Hopefully this non-issue won't come up again, anyway. Thanks for the clarification. Newyorkbrad 15:55, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear, I opened this RfC as suggested by the WP:DE guideline to make sure we are establishing a clear consensus that there is no reason for a merge American Greetings to Hallmark Cards.--Isotope23 17:09, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. Newyorkbrad 17:51, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * As per the discussion on Talk:Hallmark Cards, I agree as well. The only "evidence" I've seen is a few presidents jumped from Hallmark to American Greetings, which doesn't prove anything (heck, you make a case that American Greetings is "stealing" employees).  Anyway, the whole "article merge" thing is the wrong approach - companies that have merged still have seperate articles (such as FleetBoston Financial and Bank of America, HP and Compaq, etc.)--Transfinite 18:45, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed the RfC because I think we've established a consensus here against any sort of merge. If anyone disagrees, let me know and I can relist it.--Isotope23 20:39, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

 * That the former president of Hallmark Brands USA is the current president of Carlton Cards is not speculation.

 * That the founding president of The Hallmark Channel is the current director of The Hatchery is not speculation.

 * That Hallmark now makes all Disney greeting cards is not speculation (Gibson has been sliced up like a piece of meat between American Greetings and Hallmark).

 * That the flagship American Greetings Carlton Store at Chicago's Merchandise Mart recently closed without notification and was replaced by a Hallmark Gold Crown Store is not speculation. (Note to Transfinite: Saw this one for myself.)

 * That American Greetings and Hallmark promote Sweetest Day using nearly identical verisimilitudes is not speculation.

 * That American Greetings and Hallmark are blocking nearly every patented new greeting card concept from the market is not speculation.

"All things being equal, American Greetings and Hallmark Cards are a Monopoly ." Miracleimpulse 07:44, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Um ... by definition, I don't think two competitors can be a monopoly. It may be true that between the two of them, they have the lion's share of the U.S. greeting cards market, though that could certainly be noted, if it is relevant to anything, without shrieking and insinuating some sort of conspiracy. But this fact certainly doesn't support your claim a few days ago that one of these companies is a subsidiary of the other. Newyorkbrad 13:13, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe you are correct Brad! Perhaps monopoly isn't the correct terminology. Is cartel a better choice? What about mafia? Subsidiary is a nice way of putting it; I was being polite. Which one fits best? Miracleimpulse 18:09, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Certainly not "mafia" which has highly defamatory and inflammatory overtones with no basis to support them. "Cartel" insinuates antitrust violations and therefore would also be inappropriate. An NPOV statement that "(name of company) controls about (number)% of U.S. greeting card sales" might be in order.
 * In general, you have to be much more careful how you put things. Your use of the word "subsidiary" to be "polite" was very misleading. Several editors, including me, took you as literally believing that American Greetings is a subsidiary of (meaning "is owned by") Hallmark and did time-consuming research to investigate your claim. Please don't do that to your fellow editors again.
 * It's been observed that you seem to be upset with the greeting card industry. If that's how you feel, it might be more productive for you to edit a different set of articles for awhile. You are functioning as a single purpose account on these articles and the way you are doing so is troublesome. Regards, Newyorkbrad 18:24, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * (Cross-posting from Talk:Hallmark Cards) Miracleimpulse what are your sources on the information you're using to show American Greetings and Hallmark Cards are a cartel? I'd like to look into this. --Transfinite 18:03, November 14, 2006
 * Indeed. I cannot find any evidence of this, as I stated above. I noticed this in my watchlist from the RfC from early November - is this still going on? Robovski 00:59, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * No, I don't think there's any pending issue at the moment. Newyorkbrad 01:16, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Of course the issue remains. Hallmark Cards and American Greetings are using Wikipedia for purposes of disinformation and mass deception on this page, the Hallmark Cards page and the Sweetest Day page. Wikipedia needs to do something about this, before their credibility goes straight down the tubes. Miracleimpulse 21:10, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Before you continue to make outlandish and unsubstantiated claims like that, you better have sources that back you up.—Ryūlóng (竜龍) 22:58, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * "Outlandish?" "Unsubstantiated?" "Sources?" Once again, the Hallmark Cards and American Greetings articles are completely unsourced articles. Many of the sources on the Sweetest Day page are dubious advertising websites at best. What a laughable double standard. Miracleimpulse 23:14, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * There's a difference between finding resources for article and substantiating claims for directly attacking two major American companies. You should do both.—Ryūlóng (竜龍) 23:21, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Miracleimpulse, you still haven't answered my question. What are your sources on your "American Greetings and Hallmark Cards are a cartel" theory? --Transfinite 01:58, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * There you go Transfinite. That took about 15 minutes. If you really want to investigate it, just use a Google search. Also, just for the record, I did not say that American Greetings and Hallmark were a cartel, although some aspects of the term seem to fit. Miracleimpulse 06:59, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Let's start with Thomas H. Johnston, president of Carlton Cards retail and Senior Vice President, Creative and Merchandising. You make it sound like he jumped ship from Hallmark straight to American Greetings, but that isn't the case.  According to American Greetings' 2006 SEC Form 10-K filing: "Thomas H. Johnston was Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Sutton Place Gourmet, a Gourmet food retailer, from July 1995 until July 2000, where he remained as Chairman until February 2001. He was Managing Director of Gruppo, Levey & Co., an investment banking firm focused on the direct marketing and specialty retail industries, from November 2001 until May 2004, when he became Senior Vice President and President of Carlton Cards Retail. Mr. Johnston became Senior Vice President, Creative and Merchandising in December 2004."  If Mr. Johnston had went directly from Hallmark to American Greetings, that may be suspious.  He hadn't worked for Hallmark in at least 9 years before he was hired on at American Greetings.  That isn't as fishy as you make it sound. --Transfinite 23:56, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AGLogo.gif
Image:AGLogo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:58, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Really in Cleveland?
The article lists AG as being in Cleveland, and AG's web page says it is in Cleveland. As far as I understand, though, the HQ is actually in Brooklyn, and the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce web page claims the headquarters. Shouldn't it say Brooklyn for the city? Cleveland is just a post office for AG.

This Has Got To Stop
A user named Fcirillo2010 keeps turning this article into blatant advertising for the company. If this doesn't stop, either I or somebody will need to request that this article be protected. Worst case scenario, we may need to have this user blocked. I'm going to be checking back periodically to make sure things are on the up and up.Brittany Ka (talk) 00:38, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

WE Simon LBO
William E. Simon's company took the company private in 1982 which means that Westray acquired the publicly traded shares. The firm was taken public again in 1984. The Edgar database does not go that far back so the details, including the financial impact on the company, are not generally available. If Gibson benefited from this transaction, that would be unique. Simon left behind a trail of destruction. David Cary Hart (talk) 15:57, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Gibson Greetings
Gibson Greetings has its own history and should have remained a stand alone page linked to American Greetings.RichardBond (talk) 18:21, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

Skyline Studio
This article is missing their involvement with Skyline Studio, which was a division of American Greetings Corp. OneSmallStepForMan (talk) 13:37, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Greetings


text:
Irish Hill, Louisville

Irish Hill is a neighborhood east of downtown Louisville, Kentucky USA. It is bounded by Baxter Avenue to the west, Lexington Road to the north, the middle fork of Beargrass Creek and I-64 to the east. Cave Hill Cemetery is located directly south of Irish Hill. It is in the inner Highlands area of Louisville.

History
Irish Hill was originally known colloquially as Billy Goat Hill after Whalen's goat farm. Anticipating development, the city annexed the area in 1854. Streets were laid out in 1859 by Benjamin Adams and John Hull in an area known as Adams and Hull's Addition. The rest of the community was developed five years later by Ward Payne.

Irish Hill acquired its name because it sits on a ridge above the Ohio River flood plain and was settled by Irish Catholics during the nineteenth century, although many German Catholics settled there as well. A sampling of the 1895 city directory lists the following occupations from Irish Hill occupants: huckster, carpenter, grocer, shoemaker, seamstress, railroad employee, saloon keeper, plumber and stock trader.

During the 1937 flood of Louisville, the waters never came up the hill, so the "pontoon bridge" was located along Baxter at Lexington Road to help people escape from the downtown water. Over 20,000 people passed through Irish Hill before moving onto the Highlands or Crescent Hill. The neighbors of Irish Hill provided food, water and temporary shelter to those in need and frightened during this trying time.

The Irish Hill Neighborhood Association (IHNA) formed in 1976 to address various problems with the neighborhood including abandoned houses. The Association dismantled and was once again reformed in 1996. IHNA has been going strong ever since and has successfully rid the neighborhood of a cell tower and slaughter house. The Association is currently working with a developer on the old scrap yards site located on Lexington Road to ensure that the new development will not involve rerouting Beargrass Creek.

Features
From the 1850s until it was demolished in 1968, the City Workhouse, which housed criminals convicted of minor crimes, was located at Payne and Lexington Streets, across from what is now called Distillery Commons. Breslin Park, a 9.74 acre site, was opened on the site of the old City Workhouse in 1974. Distillery Commons was originally the Old Kentucky Distillery which was the largest distillery in the world at its time of operation. Another early business was the Beargrass Slaughter House, but it was primarily a residential neighborhood. Other prominent businesses at the time included: Doll Lumber, Roppel's Grocery, Stottmann's Cafe, Otte's Grocery, Leibert Farm and Seitz's Drugstore.

St. Aloysius Catholic Church and School quickly became the cornerstone of Irish Hill. The church was dedicated on May 3, 1890, to a standing room only crowd. Father Joseph A. O'Grady lead the parish. It is rumored that the "A" for the middle initial of his name stood for Aloysuis, hence the name of the church. In 1996, the Archdiocese of Louisville decide to close the school and church, even though the parishioners and neighbors strongly objected. St. Aloysius will forever remain a part of Irish Hill and the reason why many generations of families have occupied this neighborhood for over one hundred years.

Other than the Shotgun houses, there are several larger historical houses in the area, such as the Valentine Schneikert house and the Nicholas Finzer house, built around 1869 and still the largest house in the neighborhood. Other historic sites are the St. Aloysius church and the old Rogers Street fire house (opened in 1893 and closed in 1977). All of these buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places.

Breslin Park
On May 16, 2012, Mayor Greg Fischer dedicated an array of major improvements and additions costing $500,000 at a Revitalized Breslin Park at Lexington Road and Payne Street. The recent improvements produced a total redevelopment of the corner park. Included are a new playground, a new 1,500-square-foot spray-ground, a new multi-use activity field, and a one-third mile walking path around the park, which is roughly 10 acres in size.

Demographics
As of 2000, the population of Irish Hill was 1,456, of which 93.5% are white, 3.2% are black, 1.9% are Hispanic, and 1.7% are listed as other. College graduates are 27.3% of the population, people without a high school degree are 31.6%. Females outnumber males 51.9% to 48.1%

title: Irish Hill, Louisville


text:
SoftRAM

SoftRAM and SoftRAM95 were system software products that claimed to increase or even double the available random-access memory in Microsoft Windows without the need for a hardware upgrade. However, it later emerged that the program did not have any actual compression algorithm.

In July 1996, the developer of SoftRAM, Syncronys Softcorp, agreed to settle charges by the Federal Trade Commission that the company "misrepresented and/or failed to substantiate the performance" of the products. As part of the settlement, Syncronys Softcorp offered $10 rebates for affected consumers. The primary owners of the company in 1996 were Daniel Taylor (41%), Rainer Poertner (16%), and Wendell Brown (10%), and Mobius Capital Corporation, which owned 40.8%.

In 2006, the product was rated the third "Worst Tech Product of All Time" by PC World behind AOL and RealPlayer (1999 version). Around 100,000 copies of SoftRam and 600,000 copies of SoftRam95 were sold overall.

SoftRAM
SoftRAM was designed for use with Windows 3.1. It was launched in March 1995 and sold more than 100,000 copies.

Most out-of-memory errors in Windows 3.x were caused by the first megabyte of memory in a computer, the conventional memory, becoming full. Windows needed to allocate a Program Segment Prefix (PSP) in this area of memory for each program started. Some utilities prevented DLLs from allocating memory here, leaving more space for user programs. This was a standard technique also used by other memory optimization tools. SoftRAM also claimed to increase the amount of virtual memory available by compressing the pages of virtual memory stored in the swap file on the hard disk, which has the added effect of reducing the number of swap file reads and writes. The software also increased the size of the Windows page file, something achievable by users who are aware of how to change relevant system settings, without the cost of additional software.

SoftRAM95
SoftRAM95 was designed for Windows 95 and was released in August 1995. The company sold over 600,000 copies of SoftRAM95 at a list price of USD $79.95, GBP £60, or 170 DM.

When Windows 95 was launched, it was widely reported that software for the operating system would be "memory hungry," requiring at least 4 megabytes of memory and preferably 8. Syncronys positioned SoftRAM as a cheaper alternative to buying more memory for those who would otherwise be unable to run Windows 95.

FTC investigation
In December 1995, the German computing journal c't disassembled the program and reported that it did not even attempt to do what was claimed. In fact, the data passed through the VxD completely unaltered so that no compression whatsoever could have taken place. The actual drivers were in fact slightly modified versions of code examples taken from Microsoft's "Windows Development Kit". Still, the program would try to pretend that it increased system resources, by silently increasing the size of the swap file on Windows 3.1 and by giving false information on the current state of the system. The program was reportedly compiled with the debug flag on, so it ran slower than the original driver from Microsoft. A further test by PC Magazine revealed that SoftRAM took the same amount of time to move through systems that contained varying amounts of RAM. Another study by Dr. Dobb's Journal came to the same conclusions.

The Federal Trade Commission began an investigation in late 1995, ultimately concluding that Syncronys' claims about SoftRAM were "false and misleading". They also asserted that "SoftRAM95 does not increase RAM in a computer using Windows 95; nor does the product enhance the speed, capacity, or other performance measures of a computer using Windows 95". The investigation prompted the company to recall both SoftRAM and SoftRAM95 from the market in December 1995. Several individual customers filed suit against the company as well. Syncronys settled with the FTC in July 1996. As part of the FTC settlement, Syncronys agreed to give US$10 rebates to any customers who requested them. Around that time, the software was called "placebo software", a program based on the placebo effect.

Bankruptcy
Syncronys filed for bankruptcy in July 1998 with $4.5 million of debt after releasing a dozen other poorly received tools. The company's final release, UpgradeAID 98, claimed to allow users to downgrade from Windows 98 to Windows 95, duplicating an existing feature of Windows 98 for $39.95 (equivalent to $ in dollars). A large number of its creditors were customers who had not received their rebates for SoftRAM.

Syncronys replaced its board and leadership and operated under Chapter 7 bankruptcy until 2002. In 2006, the SEC revoked its securities and placed Syncronys in default for failing to file any financial reports since their 1998 Chapter 11 bankruptcy event.

title: SoftRAM


text:
Talk:Act of Free Choice

earlier comments
After editing the articles Suharto and History of Indonesia and several others, I believe an effort needs to be made to refine existing articles on historical events in Indonesia, and to correct the omissions on English Wikipedia by creating new articles on major events/periods in Indonesian history (e.g. Pre-colonial, Colonial, Post-Independence, Confrontation, 65-66 Civil War etc.).

This would allow the article History of Indonesia be a more general summary-style page (for those who want a broad overview of the area's history), and allow those who wish for greater depth to examine the articles on historical eras/events. That is, those who wish to examine Indonesia under Sukarno could look at a Post-Independence Era page, without being burdened by having to navigate stuff on the Majapahit Empire.

I've started some work, creating an outline (as well as a template that can be applied to History of Indonesia related pages) that can be seen here: Template:History of Indonesia. For an idea of what I believe the target for quality and organization, please take a peek at History of Russia.

I understand this is a long task, and that no one person could be/should be in charge of all this. (Especially not me, since being born/raised in the United States, the sources I have tend to give the buleh view of things.) So I am posting this message on applicable Talk pages, and ask that folks think it over, and if possible offer any help. Especially appreciated would be any folks who could streamline the process by translating related Wikipedia Indonesia articles into English.

Please steer comments to Wikipedia_talk:Indonesia-related_topics_notice_board. --Daniel 21:29, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Sources and Lobby edits
The Wikipedia community needs to take more care with these subjects for which there are only a small number of 'experts', when the general community does not know the subject themselves; please DO ask for sources. Although those are also often limited, in this case we have some fine sources. e.g,.

First Indonesian promise

text of New York Agreement

Second Indonesian statement about West New Guinea voting rights

Interview with UN Rep. Ambassador Ortiz-Sanz

As noted in the article there are several U.S. telegrams that give fine understanding of the situation and the why the West Papuan people were trying to get the Indonesians to go back to Asia. For Americans a more important document may be the 1962 summary which explains why Kennedy thought he had to force the Netherlands to sign this New York Agreement, see 3rd paragraph of summary. The real reason Kennedy was being forced into this was that Standard Oil had found the world's richest gold and copper deposits in West Papua in 1936, and that neither the Dutch nor locals had any interest in selling mining rights. The gold deposit was kept secret but in March 1959 the Dutch revealed they had found alluvial gold and were searching for which mountain it was coming from. This was when Rockefeller got his Freeport Sulphur company to sign a deal with a Dutch East Borneo company to mine the 'copper' of West Papua (see P.45 1961 Report to UN), thereby stopping the discovery of the gold source until after the territory administration could be moved (Freeport was employing Bechtel to advise and later build the Grasberg and other mines) to Jakarta.58.107.10.239 08:09, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Apollo 11
Could somebody explain what the Apollo 11 flight had to do with the decision to advance the date of the plebiscite? Bever 213.10.149.151 21:15, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I was asking myself the same thing... --Againme (talk) 15:54, 15 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I think the suggestion is that the vote was moved forward to coincide with the moon landing to provide a distraction for the shifty vote they were planning to hold. Tigerman2005 (talk) 00:40, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

Extreme anti-Indonesian bias
I am amending this article to resolve the obvious slanted and biased language to more suitably neutral. The article deliberately misinforms the reader of several known document points of UN Law and Decisions making.Starstylers (talk) 15:50, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Yes, I agree. I planned to use this wiki entry as a reference for my blog, only to find this statement "Since the Indonesian invasion of West Papua in 1961, over 400,000 Papuans have been killed by the Indonesian military in a horrific genocide, many of whom protested about the "Act of Free Choice" were shot in the streets of Jayapura." without any proof or any shred of evidence. Apparently many Indonesia-related pages were turned into BS arena which only degrades the quality of Wiki. UUlum (talk)

...

I note the disappearance of the editors who describe accusations of genocide in (West) Papua as "extreme" anti-Indonesia sentiment. Use of the word "horrific" is a non-neutral term, and there is some substance to their complaint about a lack of references.

Such references exist in abundance, from reputable sources. However, rather than go to all the trouble of researching and formatting such references, I would like to seek assurances that such work won't just disappear into the ether.

Is there a way I can collate references and have them debated here, and someone more technically clued up edit the main article on agreed text?

Jason Brown Avaiki Nius Agency

Avaiki (talk) 13:09, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Act of Free Choice. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060717031422/http://www.freewestpapua.org:80/docs/saltford.htm to http://www.freewestpapua.org/docs/saltford.htm

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Number of votes
Hello, Just a minor point, in the first paragraph of the page, it mentions (what I believe is the incorrect number) 1025 Further into the article under "Process" it mentions (what i believe is the correct figure) 1026. Minor, I know, but accuracy is important. 1.132.105.214 (talk) 02:19, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Act of Free Choice


text:
Talk:Invasion of Java (1811)

Comments
After editing the articles Suharto and History of Indonesia and several others, I believe an effort needs to be made to refine existing articles on historical events in Indonesia, and to correct the omissions on English Wikipedia by creating new articles on major events/periods in Indonesian history (e.g. Pre-colonial, Colonial, Post-Independence, Confrontation, 65-66 Civil War etc.).

This would allow the article History of Indonesia be a more general summary-style page (for those who want a broad overview of the area's history), and allow those who wish for greater depth to examine the articles on historical eras/events. That is, those who wish to examine Indonesia under Sukarno could look at a Post-Independence Era page, without being burdened by having to navigate stuff on the Majapahit Empire.

I've started some work, creating an outline (as well as a template that can be applied to History of Indonesia related pages) that can be seen here: Template:History of Indonesia. For an idea of what I believe the target for quality and organization, please take a peek at History of Russia.

I understand this is a long task, and that no one person could be/should be in charge of all this. (Especially not me, since being born/raised in the United States, the sources I have tend to give the buleh view of things.) So I am posting this message on applicable Talk pages, and ask that folks think it over, and if possible offer any help. Especially appreciated would be any folks who could streamline the process by translating related Wikipedia Indonesia articles into English.

Please steer comments to Wikipedia_talk:Indonesia-related_topics_notice_board. --Daniel 21:29, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Article title and scope
This is an unusual title for what was a colonial conflict between the Batavian Republic (a client state of the French) and the United Kingdom as part of an ongoing war between the two during the Napoleonic Wars, rather than a separate war. I suggest a retitle to 'Invasion of Java (1811), similar to the Invasion of Martinique (1809), Invasion of Île Bonaparte, Invasion of Île de France. The Java Expedition can then be merged into this article. Benea (talk) 17:10, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Invasion of Java (1811)


text:
Kappa Arae

Kappa Arae (κ Ara, κ Arae) is the Bayer designation for a single star in the southern constellation of Ara. Based upon parallax measurements, it is approximately 460 ly distant from Earth, give or take a 30 light-year margin of error. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.21, this star is faintly visible to the naked eye.

This is a giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III; its outer envelope has expanded to about 14 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating energy into space at an effective temperature of 4,950 K. This is hot enough for it to shine with the golden-hued glow of a G-type star.

It has two 14th magnitude optical companions that are at an angular distance of 25 and 30 arcseconds.

title: Kappa Arae


text:
Talk:Kabul Province

Demographics of Kabul province
The population of Kabul province in 2006 was roughly 2,425,067. Here is a quote from Kabul' Provincial Profile - MRRD

"Around 19% of the population of Kabul lives in rural districts while 81% lives in urban areas. Around 51% of the population is male and 49% is female. Pashtu is spoken by around sixty percent of the population and Dari is spoken by around forty percent. A small number of people located in 5 villages speaks Pashaie."

Lets use the official numbers and percentages in wikipedia (Ketabtoon (talk) 17:58, 22 July 2009 (UTC))
 * This estimate of the number of speakers is not based on an official census. Thus, the crediblity of this estimate is not more than the credibility of other estimates by other organizations (and it is less credible, compared to the academic sources). Alefbe (talk) 14:20, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I willl quote user Bejnar in here:
 * "If you dispute the data about the languages spoken, and their percentages, please provide citations to reliable published sources, do not just change the data. At the present (2 August 2009) the data on languages that appears in the article is properly cited to a provincial report of the government of Afghanistan, which is based on data from their Central Statistics Office and the UNFPA."

 * How can an academic source be more credible than a UN+Afghan Government source? You are willing to trust the estimates given by an author of a book or a news agency, but not a governmnet organization? If you can find a much more reliable and accurate source, than we can discuss it here.  (Ketabtoon (talk) 14:57, 3 August 2009 (UTC))

POV: History
"On November 12, 2001, America finally took over Kabul City, and the Taliban forces fled from the city. Kabul was under a new Regime now, free from all the terror and war which destructed it for 20 years. Kabul is now in a Re-construction Era with new buildings, schools, universities and a new Government and is under the control of the new Afghan Government and the US Troops."

There is way too much personal bias in this statement. To describe a city which has been so horrifically decimated (it used to be a productive and modern place) by US troops as "free from all the terror and war" is absurd.

There is a lot of personal bias all over the article, not just in this statement, but I find this statement to be the most objectionable and offensive. I'm tagging it with a POV, to allow the main contributors (esp. whoever originally wrote it) to re-write. If it isn't changed or if no-one responds, I'll come back in a few days and spend some time writing it to be as objective and neutral as possible. For now I'm just going to fix the spelling. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Qirex (talk • contribs) of 10.10.2005

Population figures
Who is changing the statistic of the population box? In Aims it clearly states that most of those districts are majority Pashtun and Pashtun province. I advice you people to put on your glasses and read better.-- The preceding comment was made by IP editor 209.202.115.133 at 14:25, 23 November 2007 (UCT)
 * I restored the UNHCR figures for Khaki Jabbar District, and others, that had been vandalized by Anoshirawan on 26 July 2007. --Bejnar (talk) 21:30, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Recent edit
I have reverted the edits by User:Kingturtle because they were falsifying the attached sources. The source says: "... The Majority Ethnic Group in Kabul is Tajik, other groups include Hazara, Pashtuns, Turkmen, Uzbek, Baloch. ..." Tājik (talk) 03:54, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Demographics
I reverted a user who is adding distorted percentages which are not sourced, and removing sourced percentages. 119.152.247.228 (talk) 05:05, 15 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Now the user didn't add the (unsourced) distorted percentages, but deliberately removed the sourced percentages. 119.152.247.15 (talk) 09:45, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Since you are not a registered user I put back the demographics that Tajik put up because it is more neutral than your edits.--Inuit18 (talk) 21:32, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I have reverted your last edit for deleting sourced materials.
 * PS: An un-registered user is very welcome to contribute to wikipedia. There is a reason why wikipedia has enabled that function. Eventhough it is a good idea to use a registered username. (Ketabtoon (talk) 21:37, 17 August 2009 (UTC))

Yes, but since you agreed that Tajik's edits are neutral in this article we will keep his version of the demographic section of this article. If you disagree with the current version then you are contradicting yourself. And please stop calling my edits vandalism when you are well aware that I haven't anything new or unsourced in this article.--Inuit18 (talk) 21:41, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The source [provided http://www.mrrd.gov.af/nabdp/Provincial%20Profiles/Kabul%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf] clearly states that Pashto spoken by 60% of the population while Dari is spoken by the remaining 40% of the population. In that case, Pashtuns make up more than 60% of the population because among the Dari speakers, there are a lot of Pashtuns who speak Dari as their mother tongue.

 * The fact that you have deleted sourced material is clear vandalism. (Ketabtoon (talk) 22:04, 17 August 2009 (UTC))

your edits stay but I added this phrase in the paragraph

"followed by Persian-speaking Tajiks and Hazaras who are the majority in Kabul City."--Inuit18 (talk) 23:15, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Kabul city is ethnically varied, with large populations of all major ethnic groups in Afghanistan. The broader province however is dominated by Pashtun and Tajik groups. Kabul province’s population, excluding Kabul city, is around 500,000 people, with the majority (some 70% speaking Pashto has their first language, and 30% speaking Dari).http://cpau.org.af/manimages/publications/Kabul_Conflict_Analysis_Mar09_Final.pdf182.180.61.170 (talk) 08:31, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

NPS tribal map
I have reverted an edit by talk. When the government of Afghanistan has been sourced, we cannot add other estimates even if they are sourced. NPS can be used as a source only and only if there are not government or other reliable sources (like the United Nations) are not available. We have to keep in mind that NPS is an ordinary NGO. Again "Just because a source is reliable does not mean it should be included." Source. (Ketabtoon (talk) 02:25, 30 November 2009 (UTC))

There has never been a national census taken by the government of Afghanistan. so, even though it is from the government it is still approximations and estimates. Since both NPS and Afghanistan's government provides only estimates we should include both. your removal is against Wikipedia and it is your POV. NPS and other sources should be sourced because Afghanistan's government is not a neutral reference and these NGOs mostly have neutral views towards Afghanistan's ethnic groups.--Inuit18 (talk) 02:31, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

 * You are forgetting that the sources provided by the government of Afghanistan are the work of the government of Afghanistan and United Nations (UNHCR). There are hundreds of NGOs and other sources who have their own stats. We cannot add all the sources. Reliable or not, estimates provided by the Government of Afghanistan and the United Nations about the population of Afghanistan are the only official sources. We have already been over this discussion. You have to remember that NPS is an ordinary NGO. (Ketabtoon (talk))

 * If you still insist, than you are welcome to bring another neutral member and show them the so called tribal maps from NPS. That specific map totally contradicts other sources. By the way, http://www.cso.gov.af is CSO's web site. It was dead for a long time, but it is back again. In case you need it for future reference.   (Ketabtoon (talk) 02:52, 30 November 2009 (UTC))

Another major problem with the Tribal maps provided by the NPS. If you guys haven't noticed, it clearly writes "Kabul Province Tribal Map" & "Predominant Tribes by districts". Tribal Map, is not even a proper ethnographic map of the districts. These tribal maps are drawn to show which tribe dominates a district. While they have divided Pashtuns in tens of different tribes, they have put all Tajiks under one name. Now obviously there are more Tajiks in some of these districts compare to Wardak or Ghilzai Pashtuns. Wardak and Ghilzai Pashtuns are not the only Pashtun tribes living in these districts, but there are tens of other tribes as well. There are tribal maps for few other provinces as well; Helmand, Farah, Kandahar, Laghman. For example lets look at Laghman Province's tribal map. They have labeled the following tribal groups "Ashkunu, Spin Nasir Khel, Safi Pashtun, Pashtun, Sulaiman Khel, Tajik, Kata Nuristani". In that list they have color codes for Pashtun and Tajik ethnic groups, however, they have separate color codes for Spin Nasir Khel, Safi and Sulaimankhel Pashtuns. All these 3 tribes are Pashtuns as well.

These are not ethnic but more like tribal maps. The worst part is that any one can interpret them in any way they want. (Ketabtoon (talk) 19:30, 30 November 2009 (UTC))

 * It would be a good idea to quote this, "Material contained herein is made available for the purpose of peer review and discussion and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Navy or the Department of Defense." Source.   (Ketabtoon (talk) 19:41, 30 November 2009 (UTC))

NPS did not make this map. they made this map using different sources and they did use AIMS and a source from the US State department. You are clearly using a subjective argument and you have been changing the articles based on your POV. you use NPS for one article and then remove it in another article clearly shows your bias.--Inuit18 (talk) 23:53, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Like I have mentioned before, NPS should only be used when other sources are not available. At the moment, in any article (provincial & district) where MRRD/CSO/UN/AIMS can be sourced for demographics and population related content, it has been sourced. When sources like the government of Afghanistan (with the help of United Nations) is available for demographics related information, than there is no need to use a small time NGO as a reference. You should also try to read my last 2 replies to this topic (before this one). They are not ethnic but tribal maps. You should also try to read "Material contained herein is made available for the purpose of peer review and discussion and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Navy or the Department of Defense.".

 * First of all, the maps provided by NPS are tribal maps not ethnic maps. Even if they were ethnic maps, then you can hardly find another reliable source which will support those claims. All other sources go against NPS' map. For example, lets take a look at a real ethnographic map of Afghanistan (it is a large map with clear provincial boundries) provided by the "Institute For The Study of War" The Map.   (Ketabtoon (talk) 00:15, 1 December 2009 (UTC))

 * First of all I would like to thank TRANSPORTERMAN for taking his time and helping us solve this particular issue. We have tried to include the word "estimate" in some of the articles. However, we have not been very clear about the estimate and its source (we have sourced the information, but we haven't written the name of the source in the article). I like the idea of adding the following sentence "Like in the rest of Afghanistan, no exact population numbers are available. The Afghan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation & Development estimates that" or something very similar to the article. This way it will be more clear to the readers that no official census has taken place and the information provided are only estimates provided by the government of Afghanistan.   (Ketabtoon (talk) 05:08, 3 December 2009 (UTC))

Population
Can you please stop removing sourced information from the Kabul Province article.Ahmed shahi (talk) 19:48, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

 * It is you who is removing sourced and accurate information. Unlike Kabul, there should be no dispute over Kabul Province, because there is no urban or metropolitan areas that you are confusing the definitions of. The CSO is completely direct and specific about the figure: Kabul Province's population as of 2009 : 3.6 million. That's it! While you are adding sources from previous years such as 2006, 2007 and 2008.
 * I think you don't have enough knowledge about how to report the statistics. In statistical issue, you always write the latest data available. You don't go citing the outdated data and then writing in the article: "......is some where between 2.5 to around 3.5 million." This is absurd and scientifically wrong; you should be specific about the data (you should not say between this number and that number, unless the source says so). Go ask any editor and he/she will give you the same response. Ariana (talk) 20:28, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

Mediation
Following a recent thread at WP:ANI, I have offered to mediate in a dispute between editors.

I consider that the mediation process is open to everyone. In particular, it is open to editors who have not previously been involved in this dispute, and to editors who have never edited this article.

I will post this message at the talk pages of Kabul and Kabul Province, at WP:ANI, and on the talk pages of the editors who appear to be involved already.

You may, if you wish, re-post this message elsewhere. If you choose to do so I strongly recommend you post this message and not a new message. I would also strong recommend you read and understand WP:CANVAS before doing so!

The mediation process will take place at User:TFOWR/Kabul.

Thank you! TFOWRThis flag once was red 15:10, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Geological text
I have removed this from the geography section of the article as it makes no sense: In the Silurian time, at the end of ice era, the icebergs are melted gradually and the territory of this region was poured by water under heavy raining. However someone with some knowledge of the geological evolution of the city/region might wish to put something in its place. cheers Geopersona (talk) 06:52, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

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This page needs MAJOR updates.
Due to recent events of Taliban, this page requires a lot of updates, as it is nowhere near present day. MitochondriaIsThePowerhouse (talk) 19:05, 16 August 2021 (UTC)

hff
yttt 103.115.14.16 (talk) 18:21, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kabul Province


text:
1989 SEA Games

The 1989 Southeast Asian Games (Sukan Asia Tenggara 1989), officially known as the 15th Southeast Asian Games, was a multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 20 to 31 August 1989 with 25 sports featured in the games. It was officially opened by 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Azlan Shah. Although Cambodia did not participate, Laos returned to compete for the first time under the new federation name in this edition of the games, while Vietnam fields their own delegation to the event for the first time as a unified country.

The closing ceremony of this regional meet coincides with the 32nd anniversary of Malaysia's independence. This was the fourth time that Malaysia played as hosts to these games, the country had previously hosted the event in 1965 and 1971, when the event was still known as the Southeast Asian Peninsular (SEAP) Games at those times, and in 1977, in which this edition was the first to bear the games' present name, which reflects the admission of Brunei, Indonesia, and the Philippines to the Southeast Asian Games during that year.

The games was opened and closed by Sultan Azlan Shah, the King of Malaysia at the Stadium Merdeka. The final medal tally was led by Indonesia, followed by host Malaysia and Thailand.

Venues

 * Stadium Merdeka, Kuala Lumpur - Opening/Closing ceremony, Athletics, Football (final)
 * Stadium Negara - Basketball, Badminton
 * Cheras Aquatic Centre - Swimming
 * Cheras stadium - Football
 * Veledrome Rakyat - Cycling (track)
 * Subang Shooting Range - Shooting
 * BSN Stadium, Bangi - Football
 * Kent Bowl, Asiajaya, Petaling Jaya - Bowling

Sponsors

 * Panasonic
 * Coca-Cola
 * IBM Mesiniaga
 * Magnum Corporation
 * Milo
 * Malaysia Airlines
 * Fujifilm
 * Asics
 * Seiko
 * Genting Group
 * Telekom Malaysia
 * Aliph
 * Sports Toto

Mascot
The official 1989 SEA Games mascot was an anthropomorphic turtle named Johan.

Logo
The logo for the Games features 6 elliptical rings alternately colored red and blue to form a shape that resembles a spinning top, or locally called gasing.

Songs
"Reach for the sky" ("Kini Saatnya" in Malay) was the official theme song of the 1989 Southeast Asian Games. It was sung in English by Francissca Peter and in Malay by Jay Jay.

Participating nations

 * (Host)
 * (Host)
 * (Host)
 * (Host)

Sports

 * Aquatics

Medal table
A total of 957 medals, comprising 303 Gold medals, 302 Silver medals and 352 Bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The host Malaysia's performance was their best ever yet in Southeast Asian Games History and were placed only second to Indonesia as overall champion.
 * Key

title: 1989 SEA Games


text:
Rel

Rel or REL may mean:

Science and technology

 * REL, a human gene
 * the rel descriptor of stereochemistry, see Relative configuration
 * REL (Rassemblement Européen pour la Liberté), European Rally for Liberty, a defunct French far-right party active in the 1960s
 * Category of relations or Rel, a mathematical category of sets and relations
 * Rel attribute, an HTML attribute for indicating a semantic link
 * Recommended Exposure Limit, a recommended limit for occupational exposures published by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
 * Rights Expression Language, a machine-processable language used for digital rights management

People

 * Rel Dowdell, American screenwriter, film director, film producer, and English/screenwriting educator
 * Nickname of Arielle Gold, American world champion and Olympic bronze medalist snowboarder
 * Rel Hunt (born 1974), Australian actor
 * Nickname of Ariel Schulman (born 1981), American actor, film director, and producer
 * Robert E. Lee, Confederate general.

Other uses

 * Rel (TV series), a 2018 American television sitcom
 * Rel (time), a fictional Dalek unit of time measurement roughly equal to one second
 * Magic: The Gathering Organized Play Rules Enforcement Level
 * Reaction Engines Limited, a British aerospace company
 * Religare Enterprises Limited, an Indian holding company
 * Almirante Marcos A. Zar Airport IATA code
 * Rendille language ISO 639-3 language code, spoken in Kenya

title: Rel


text: User talk:66.195.207.106

title: User talk:66.195.207.106


text: User talk:69.245.129.34

title: User talk:69.245.129.34