text:
Backbone network

A backbone or core network is a part of a computer network which interconnects networks, providing a path for the exchange of information between different LANs or subnetworks. A backbone can tie together diverse networks in the same building, in different buildings in a campus environment, or over wide areas. Normally, the backbone's capacity is greater than the networks connected to it.

A large corporation that has many locations may have a backbone network that ties all of the locations together, for example, if a server cluster needs to be accessed by different departments of a company that are located at different geographical locations. The pieces of the network connections (for example: Ethernet, wireless) that bring these departments together is often mentioned as network backbone. Network congestion is often taken into consideration while designing backbones.

One example of a backbone network is the Internet backbone.

History
The theory, design principles, and first instantiation of the backbone network came from the telephone core network when traffic was purely voice. The core network was the central part of a telecommunications network that provided various services to customers who were connected by the access network. One of the main functions was to route telephone calls across the PSTN.

Typically the term referred to the high capacity communication facilities that connect primary nodes. A core network provided paths for the exchange of information between different sub-networks.

In the United States, local exchange core networks were linked by several competing interexchange networks; in the rest of the world, the core network has been extended to national boundaries.

Core networks usually had a mesh topology that provided any-to-any connections among devices on the network. Many main service providers would have their own core/backbone networks that are interconnected. Some large enterprises have their own core/backbone network, which are typically connected to the public networks.

Backbone networks create links that allow long-distance transmission, usually 10 to 100 miles, and in certain cases - up to 150 miles. This makes backbone network essential to providing long-haul wireless solutions to provide internet service, especially to remote areas.

Functions
Core networks typically provided the following functionality:
 * 1) Aggregation: The highest level of aggregation in a service provider network. The next level in the hierarchy under the core nodes is the distribution networks and then the edge networks. Customer-premises equipment (CPE) do not normally connect to the core networks of a large service provider.
 * 2) Authentication: The function to decide whether the user requesting a service from the telecom network is authorized to do so within this network or not.
 * 3) Call Control/Switching: call control or switching functionality decides the future course of call based on the call signalling processing. E.g. switching functionality may decide based on the "called number" that the call be routed towards a subscriber within this operator's network or with number portability more prevalent to another operator's network.
 * 4) Charging: This functionality of the collation and processing of charging data generated by various network nodes. Two common types of charging mechanisms found in present-day networks are prepaid charging and postpaid charging. See Automatic Message Accounting
 * 5) Service Invocation: Core network performs the task of service invocation for its subscribers. Service invocation may happen based on some explicit action (e.g. call transfer) by user or implicitly (call waiting). It's important to note however that service "execution" may or may not be a core network functionality as third party network/nodes may take part in actual service execution.
 * 6) Gateways: Gateways shall be present in the core network to access other networks. Gateway functionality is dependent on the type of network it interfaces with.

Physically, one or more of these logical functionalities may simultaneously exist in a given core network node.

Besides above-mentioned functionalities, the following also formed part of a telecommunications core network:
 * O&M: Operations & Maintenance centre or Operations Support Systems to configure and provision the core network nodes. Number of subscribers, peak hour call rate, nature of services, geographical preferences are some of the factors which impact the configuration. Network statistics collection (Performance Management), alarm monitoring (Fault Management) and logging of various network nodes actions (Event Management) also happens in the O&M centre. These stats, alarms and traces form important tools for a network operator to monitor the network health and performance and improvise on the same.
 * Subscriber Database: Core network also hosts the subscribers database (e.g. HLR in GSM systems). Subscriber database is accessed by core network nodes for functions like authentication, profiling, service invocation etc.

Distributed backbone
A distributed backbone is a backbone network that consists of a number of connectivity devices connected to a series of central connectivity devices, such as hubs, switches, or routers, in a hierarchy. This kind of topology allows for simple expansion and limited capital outlay for growth, because more layers of devices can be added to existing layers. In a distributed backbone network, all of the devices that access the backbone share the transmission media, as every device connected to this network is sent all transmissions placed on that network.

Distributed backbones, in all practicality, are in use by all large-scale networks. Applications in enterprise-wide scenarios confined to a single building are also practical, as certain connectivity devices can be assigned to certain floors or departments. Each floor or department possesses a LAN and a wiring closet with that workgroup's main hub or router connected to a bus-style network using backbone cabling. Another advantage of using a distributed backbone is the ability for network administrator to segregate workgroups for ease of management.

There is the possibility of single points of failure, referring to connectivity devices high in the series hierarchy. The distributed backbone must be designed to separate network traffic circulating on each individual LAN from the backbone network traffic by using access devices such as routers and bridges.

Collapsed backbone
A conventional backbone network spans distance to provide interconnectivity across multiple locations. In most cases, the backbones are the links while the switching or routing functions are done by the equipment at each location. It is a distributed architecture.

A collapsed backbone (also known as inverted backbone or backbone-in-a-box) is a type of backbone network architecture. In the case of a collapsed backbone, each location features a link back to a central location to be connected to the collapsed backbone. The collapsed backbone can be a cluster or a single switch or router. The topology and architecture of a collapsed backbone is a star or a rooted tree.

The main advantages of the collapsed backbone approach are
 * 1) ease of management since the backbone is in a single location and in a single box, and
 * 2) since the backbone is essentially the back plane or internal switching matrix of the box, proprietary, high performance technology can be used.

However, the drawback of the collapsed backbone is that if the box housing the backbone is down or there are reachability problem to the central location, the entire network will crash. These problems can be minimized by having redundant backbone boxes as well as having secondary/backup backbone locations.

Parallel backbone
There are a few different types of backbones that are used for an enterprise-wide network. When organizations are looking for a very strong and trustworthy backbone they should choose a parallel backbone. This backbone is a variation of a collapsed backbone in that it uses a central node (connection point). Although, with a parallel backbone, it allows for duplicate connections when there is more than one router or switch. Each switch and router are connected by two cables. By having more than one cable connecting each device, it ensures network connectivity to any area of the enterprise-wide network.

Parallel backbones are more expensive than other backbone networks because they require more cabling than the other network topologies. Although this can be a major factor when deciding which enterprise-wide topology to use, the expense of it makes up for the efficiency it creates by adding increased performance and fault tolerance. Most organizations use parallel backbones when there are critical devices on the network. For example, if there is important data, such as payroll, that should be accessed at all times by multiple departments, then your organization should choose to implement a Parallel Backbone to make sure that the connectivity is never lost.

Serial backbone
A serial backbone is the simplest kind of backbone network. Serial backbones consist of two or more internet working devices connected to each other by a single cable in a daisy-chain fashion. A daisy chain is a group of connectivity devices linked together in a serial fashion. Hubs are often connected in this way to extend a network. However, hubs are not the only device that can be connected in a serial backbone. Gateways, routers, switches and bridges more commonly form part of the backbone. The serial backbone topology could be used for enterprise-wide networks, though it is rarely implemented for that purpose.

title: Backbone network


text:
User talk:Squell

 ''Please post new messages at the bottom of my talk page. Please use headlines when starting new talk topics. Unless you request otherwise, I will reply here to comments made here. If I post on your talk page, I will notice any replies posted there. Thank you.''

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello Squell, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
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If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 10:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

CALNDR-L
Considering your edits of several calendar articles, I invite you to join CALNDR-L, an email calendar discussion list. We discuss all of the world's calendars, whether current, historical, or invented.

Wikpedia policy is to add new edits to the bottom, not the top, of talk pages—indeed, the software automatically posts comments at the bottom of any section with a ==Heading== when using that feature. — Joe Kress 02:30, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I subscribed to CALNDR-L 2 days ago, thanks! I'd prefer reading the threads sorted, the most recent on top - but since nearly nobody uses the template, I've changed it. squell 15:09, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Userbox
Just to let you know, I stole your userbox. Hail Eris! the wub  "?!"  00:21, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Appreciate the Heads Up
Thanks for the helpful information! Nice to see someone else who is new sending out the good tips as well as the old veterans :p. Hope to work with you in the future!

--Ali 14:36, 24 October 2005 (UTC)Ali Siddiqui

Eras
I can sort of understand why you might want to remove commentary from this page (although personally I find it helpful), but shouldn't you either remove everyone's commentary or remove no commentary rather than just mine? I'm a bit puzzled by your edit. I'd be grateful if you'd go back and either restore all my comments or alternatively remove everyone elses. I don't mind how the project page is played as long as it seems fair. All the best, jguk 18:51, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I only removed the bit in which you replied to someone. Right now it's supposed to be a head count, lest the page explode in discussion. I consider it impolite (and not my responsibility) to remove motivations, and you've already made your opinion crystal clear that way — but if you also start replying to others, a third party is bound to respond to you in return (you seem to have quite a "fan club"), and turn it into yet another tiring discussion. Preventing those is is exactly what the poll is about. — squell 20:18, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

You seem to have the wrong definition of fan:) Mind you, do bear in mind that once you deduct the sockpuppets, the number is smaller:) jguk 20:20, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

AYPS
I hardly consider myself to be taking it too seriously when Christianity is mocked as a spiritual pestilence. I don't care if it's a joke or not. It's rude and thoughtless to make fun of any religion and respond to a calling-out as an over-reaction. --Elliskev 17:58, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't create AYPS, I'm merely bringing it to attention. That aside; why can't people make fun of religion? Humans satirise everything else, including politics, war, death, and indeed, religion. In any case, my intent here is not to mock religion, but to ridicule some of the arguments used on Eras. — squell 19:28, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I saw that you were the one to bring it up for AfD, so I'm not accusing you of religious bigotry. I may have been a little strong with my choice of words. I do, however, feel that to perpetuate an offensive joke is offensive. Satire is fine. I understand gallows humor. I'm not at all humorless. I like Life of Brian and I like The Meaning of Life (at least some of it, not all of it - it goes overboard in some parts). The difference is that with Monty Python, it's (mostly) funny. Simply referring to Christianity as a spiritual pestilence is not funny. It's not witty and it's not clever. It's just mean-spirited. --Elliskev 19:54, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I may also have misjudged AYPS. Someone added it here, so I thought it was a parody of the arguments in that article. It may just have been unintentionally funny in that context, and (indeed) originally intended to bash christianity. We seem to be mostly in agreement on Eras, so let's not waste further energy on this. — squell 20:38, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. --Elliskev 20:47, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Marching Morons
Hey Squell,

I am new to Wikipedia. I assume that this is the proper way to communicate with you, if not please forgive me.

I noticed that you marked The Marching Morons article here at Wikipedia as a possible copyright violation. I wrote a new article: The Marching Morons/Temp. I am not sure how the Temp page replaces the main page. Should I make the replacement now? I just wanted to check with you since you marked the page as a possible copyright violation.

John DiMatteo 00:48, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I have replied here. — squell 02:09, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

VWN en WCN
Beste Squell,

Al enige tijd is er een Nederlandstalig chapter in oprichting, te vinden op http://nl.wikimedia.org. Dit wordt de Vereniging Wikimedia Nederland (VWN). Je kunt je interesse om lid te worden van deze vereniging hier aangeven.

Deze vereniging gaat eind augustus/begin september een Wikimedia Conferentie in Nederland (WCN) houden, volgend op Wikimania in Boston, gedeeltelijk erop inspelend middels een aantal discussiegroepen. Om iets dergelijks te organiseren is imput erg gewenst. Dus als je wilt meehelpen, of als je interesse hebt om bij een dergelijk evenement aanwezig te zijn, geef dat dan aan op nl.wikimedia. Ik hoop daar snel je imput tegemoet te zien! Met vriendelijke groet, effeietsanders 21:23, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Year 2038
Hello. I'm having a rather silly edit discussion on the year 2038 problem. You've weighed in on this issue in the past so I thought I would direct your attention to it. Sorry to bother you. ~a (user • talk • contribs) 16:54, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

AD/CE
Hi, Squell! I'm with you that the trolling is inappropriate and unnecessary (I'd be the last person to oppose secularizing the dating system), but do you think a revert is the best way to handle it? OK, obviously you do since you did the revert, but you get my drift. This could be seen as a heavy-handed response to an expression of opinion, and it is the talk page, after all. If that blither had gone on the actual article page, I'd have done the same thing, but I'd be a little inclined to give more leeway on the talk page. I'd have given the poster perhaps one chance, reminded him/her of the policy at the top of the page, then zinged the trolling too. Just my $.02.Hope I'm not coming across as heavy-handed. Septegram 22:39, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I noticed the edit on my watchlist, looked at previous edits, and reasoned that these are not serious attempts to use the talk page. You can of course put the drivel back if you take issue with that ;) — squell 16:52, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No worries. Looks like you've been at this Wiki thing long enough that I shouldn't be second-guessing you.  I'll leave the drivel alone.
 * Regards,
 * Septegram 17:06, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

the merge discussion is there now
The merge discussion has now started at the bottom of talk:Calendar era. I got a little ahead of myself, sorry. --Aervanath 21:26, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:ItsaNewday.ogg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:27, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * This is ridiculous; Bots go around speedy deleting things these days? squell\talk 07:07, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

File:ErisApple5.gif missing description details
Dear uploader: The media file you uploaded as File:ErisApple5.gif is missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors to make better use of the image, and it will be more informative for readers.

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File:ErisApple5.gif listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:ErisApple5.gif, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you.  S ven M anguard  Wha?  22:57, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Squell


text:
Talk:Daniel Pesina

Untitled
I've read that Daniel and his brother Carlos were fired from Midway for secretly helping Data East on the failed Tattoo Assassins project, which is why Johnny Cage and Raiden were not featured in MK3. The question is, is this true or did he get fired for the Johnny Cage dress-up for Bloodstorm? -Buzda

 * I heard that Dan Pesina and a bunch of other actors didn't get fired, but quit due to salary/royalties demands. The Bloodstorm ad happened AFTER the lawsuit. Jonny2x4 19:14, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Question has been answered by me on IMDB's Mortal Kombat II (VG) forum and has been added to Daniel's Wiki. -NeoVamp

Polygon article
http://www.polygon.com/2012/10/2/3444618/mortal-kombats-johnny-cage-20-years-later --Niemti (talk) 23:11, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Daniel Pesina


text: User talk:86.135.28.163

title: User talk:86.135.28.163


text:
User talk:Antonellaelia

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 10:20, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Antonellaelia


text:
Flammenwerfer 35

The Flammenwerfer 35, or FmW 35 (flame thrower) was a one-man German flamethrower used during World War II to clear out trenches and buildings. It could project fuel up to 25 meters from the user.

Description
It weighed 35.8 kg, and held 11.8 L of flaming oil, (Flammöl 19), petrol mixed with tar to make it heavier and to give it better range, which was ignited by a hydrogen torch providing about 10 seconds of continuous use. The firing device is activated at the same time with the Selbstschlussventil and is inside the protective pipe. The Flammenwerfer 35 was produced until 1941, when the lighter, slightly redesigned Flammenwerfer 41 began replacing it.

Use

This flamethrower, like all flamethrowers employed by the Wehrmacht, was exclusively used by sturmpionieres (assault pioneers); specialist pioneers who were to assist the infantry in an assault, by overcoming natural and man-made obstacles for the infantry, clearing enemy fortifications with flamethrowers and then destroying them with demolition charges. The sturmpionieres that exclusively used these flamethrowers played an important part in overcoming French fortifications blocking the German advance during the Battle of France. More specifically the Battle of Sedan (1940).

title: Flammenwerfer 35


text:
N-Acetylglucosamine

N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is an amide derivative of the monosaccharide glucose. It is a secondary amide between glucosamine and acetic acid. It is significant in several biological systems.

It is part of a biopolymer in the bacterial cell wall, which is built from alternating units of GlcNAc and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), cross-linked with oligopeptides at the lactic acid residue of MurNAc. This layered structure is called peptidoglycan (formerly called murein).

GlcNAc is the monomeric unit of the polymer chitin, which forms the exoskeletons of arthropods like insects and crustaceans. It is the main component of the radulas of mollusks, the beaks of cephalopods, and a major component of the cell walls of most fungi.

Polymerized with glucuronic acid, it forms hyaluronan.

GlcNAc has been reported to be an inhibitor of elastase release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (range 8–17% inhibition), however this is much weaker than the inhibition seen with N-acetylgalactosamine (range 92–100%).

Medical uses
It has been proposed as a treatment for autoimmune diseases and recent tests have claimed some success.

O-GlcNAcylation
O-GlcNAcylation is the process of adding a single N-acetylglucosamine sugar to the serine or threonine of a protein. Comparable to phosphorylation, addition or removal of N-acetylglucosamine is a means of activating or deactivating enzymes or transcription factors. In fact, O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation often compete for the same serine/threonine sites. O-GlcNAcylation most often occurs on chromatin proteins, and is often seen as a response to stress.

Hyperglycemia increases O-GlcNAcylation, leading to insulin resistance. Increased O-GlcNAcylation due to hyperglycemia is evidently a dysfunctional form of O-GlcNAcylation. O-GlcNAcylation decline in the brain with age is associated with cognitive decline. When O-GlcNAcylation was increased in the hippocampus of aged mice, spatial learning and memory improved.

title: N-Acetylglucosamine


text:
Foggy Highway

Foggy Highway is an album recorded by Paul Kelly and the Stormwater Boys and originally released in May 2005 on EMI in Australia and Capitol Records in the US. It peaked at #6 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) End of Year - 2005 Country chart. On 18 October 2005 it was re-released by Cooking Vinyl and included a four track bonus disc. In October 2010, the May 2005 version of Foggy Highway was listed in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums at No. 66, with Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls' album, Gossip (1986) at No. 7.

The album is similar in nature to Kelly's earlier album Smoke in that the songs were a mixture of new songs in addition to songs Kelly had recorded on previous albums, all performed here in a folk/bluegrass style. The songs to appear on previous albums were "Rally Round the Drum" and "Ghost Town" (appearing on Hidden Things), "Don't Stand So Close to the Window" (appearing on Under the Sun),  "Foggy Highway" (appearing on Live, May 1992), and "Cities of Texas" (appearing on So Much Water So Close to Home).

Track listing
All songs were written by Paul Kelly, except where noted.
 * 1) "Stumbling Block" – 4:06
 * 2) "Rally Round the Drum" (Kelly, Archie Roach) – 5:29
 * 3) "Ghost Town" – 3:23
 * 4) "Song of the Old Rake" – 2:48
 * 5) "Don't Stand So Close to the Window" (Kelly, Alex McGregor) – 2:58
 * 6) "Passed Over" – 3:25
 * 7) "They Thought I Was Asleep" – 3:36
 * 8) "You're Learning" (Charlie Louvin, Ira Louvin) – 2:26
 * 9) "Foggy Highway" – 3:03
 * 10) "Down to My Soul" – 3:57
 * 11) "Cities of Texas" – 5:49
 * 12) "Meet Me in the Middle of the Air" – 2:37

Limited edition bonus disc

 * 1) "Little Boy Don't Lose Your Balls" – 1:59
 * 2) "Rank Stranger" (Albert E. Brumley) – 3:22
 * 3) "Erina Valley Breakout" (Mick Albeck, James Gillard, Paul Kelly, Rod McCormack, Ian Simpson, Trevor Warner) – 2:04
 * 4) "Surely God Is a Lover" (Paul Kelly, John Shaw-Neilson) – 2:25

Personnel

 * Paul Kelly & the Stormwater Boys
 * Paul Kelly - vocals, guitar
 * Mick Albeck - fiddle
 * James Gillard - double bass
 * Rod McCormack - guitars
 * Ian Simpson - banjo
 * Trevor Warner - mandolin

Tracks 6 and 10
 * Jim Fisher - guitar
 * Gerry Hale - mandolin
 * Fred Kuhnl - double bass
 * Nigel McClean - fiddle
 * Ian Simpson - banjo

Track 4
 * Scott Owen - double bass

Track 8
 * Kasey Chambers - vocals

Credits

 * Engineered, Mastered and Mixed by Ted Howard
 * Engineered by Simon Polinski
 * Produced by Paul Kelly and Rod McCormack
 * Photography by Ted Howard and Rod McCormack
 * Cover by Reg Mombassa

title: Foggy Highway


text:
Talk:Monounsaturated fat

Since the article on monounsaturated fat is quite short and there was already a vote to merge (but on the talk page instead of the main article) I think that it should be merged with unsaturated fat. I will change my mind if this article is expanded. Freddie 04:36, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

i vote to merge them
The pages regarding

Fats that are saturated, mono-unsaturated, poly-unsaturated and unsaturated are relatively short and are not all structured the same way or contain similar information and references.

I vote to merge them if only to structure the presentation of the data more clearly as well as add missing data such as a list of sourced of polyunsaturated fat.

re: merge
I agree. Monounsaturated should be merged into unsaturated.

vote against merge
The properties of monosaturated fats are quite different from those of unsaturated fats and I think that the distinction should be maintained and explained. I agree that this article is short and needs to be expanded, which means that if I am against the merger that I should take responsibility for adding material. I will try to do this, but it may take me a week to find the time. This "debate" has been going on in slow motion for nearly two months, so perhaps I will have a week to do the elaboration. --Ben Best 23:58, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I fail to see how a monounsaturated fat's properties are all that much different than a polyunsaturated fat. If there is such a difference, perhaps pointing it out in the article would be a good idea. In any case, I'm for the merger, and I'll do it in a couple days if no one else has major objections. Isopropyl 05:36, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The differences should now be more clear. I have just done a substantial re-write of this page, which emphasizes the differences between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. From a catagorical point of view, it would be a mistake to merge the monounsaturated fats into unsaturated fats without also merging polyunsaturated fats into unsaturated fats. The category unsaturated fats includes both monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats. I will now do some revision of the pages for unsaturated fats and polyunsaturated (fats) --Ben Best 18:27, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The revisions on the page for unsaturated fat most strongly emphasizes differences between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat. --Ben Best 10:11, 5 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Sweet. Isopropyl 18:20, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, the differences are confined to one or two finer points, which may as well go into a general discussion of unsaturated fats. It's probably easier to have these three separate short descriptions on one page. Thank you for expanding the differences beyond "one has one double bond, the other has lots". Isopropyl 18:22, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I still contend that merging only unsaturated fats with monosaturated fats makes no sense. Your argument only makes sense if you are going to merge the three pages, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat and unsaturated fat. But this was not the proposed discussed merger. I won't complain if you merge the three, but I do complain if you only merge the two. Either merge the three or leave them independent. I realize that your statement implies you will merge the three, but this was not discussed previously. --Ben Best 20:06, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose merger. --Arcadian 20:52, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

'''The issue has been resolved. Monounsaturated Fat now has sufficient information to be a page on its own. Fr e ddie ''' 01:18, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Monounsaturated fat and insulin resistance
This article claimed that monounsaturated fat promotes insulin resistance while polyunsaturated fat reduces it. A source was cited but it does not seem to be making this claim or documenting research that supports it.

''monounsatuated fatty acids may promote insulin resistance, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids are protective against insulin resistance. ''

I am not a medic or biologist so I am not an expert in the field but to me the source cited seems to be saying that insulin resistance is accompanied by an increase in monounsaturated fat and a decrease in polyunsaturated fat in the blood stream of rats. This is not evidence for monounsaturated fat causing insulin resistance but evidence that insulin resistance causes higher levels of monounsaturated fat.
 * If you look at the bottom of the first paragraph of the introduction to that paper you will see the phrase "However, with all of these taken together, it can be concluded that MUFA may promote, whereas PUFA may protect against, the progression of insulin resistance", which is intended to summarize the first paragraph of the introduction. So the paper DOES support the original contention. --Ben Best 23:12, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

I have done a limited search of medical papers and found no papers supporting the claim that monounsaturated fat causes greater insulin resistance than other types of fat. I have found a study that shows evidence that when saturated fat is replaced with monounsaturated fat as part of a low fat diet insulin resistance is reduced. This seems to be evidence that monounsaturated fat is better than saturated fat as far as insulin resistance is concerned.

 * The fact that saturated fat does more to impare insulin sensitivity than monosaturated fat says more about the harmful effects of saturated fat that about the "beneficial" effects of monosaturated fat -- ie, not being as bad as saturated fat is not proof of benefit of monosaturated fat. --Ben Best 23:12, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

I did found a second article which shows evidence to support the claim that polyunsaturated fat reduces insulin resistance in rats compared to saturated fat.

 * Yes, this is well-known and supported by many papers. PUFAs increase membrane fluidity and this increases insulin sensitivity.--Ben Best 23:12, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Since the claim in the original article was not supported by the study it cited I removed it. I have not replaced it with any further comments on the effects of monounsaturated fat on insulin resistance because I feel that I do not know enough about this area to confidently comment on it. If someone else with a medical background reads this perhaps they could add something to the article about insulin resistance.

Sipos0 17:09, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I have made my comments above, but will not immediately restore the reference (it is an EXCELLENT reference which deserves to be read carefully by anyone interested in insulin sensitivity or the metabolic syndrome) so as to allow time for further discussion, if that seems to be required. --Ben Best 23:12, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * In the absence of further discussion I have restored the reference. --Ben Best 07:40, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Monounsaturated Fats Examples Suspect
According to the American Heart Association page http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=532 Oils such as Sesame are listed as Polyunsaturated fats. This article lists them as Monounsaturated. Is this in error, or should the text be revised to be more explicit?

 * Check out Essential_fatty_acid for places you can go online to get the fatty acid composition of whatever. Following the first link, page 734, shows that safflower oil comes in at least two types - 'high linoleic', which is high in PUFA, and 'high oleic' which  is high in MUFA.  In general, all vegetable fats and all animal fats have some saturated fat, some MUFA and some PUFA.  It's just a question of the proportions.
 * But yes, I'd agree that both the AHA and this article could use some revision. Be bold.  David.Throop 21:53, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

The article mention "Oleic and monounsaturated fatty acids [omega-9...] were positively associated with breast cancer risk. The SI [saturation index...] was inversely associated with breast cancer risk [declining with saturation increase]. [...] monounsaturated fats and SI in erythrocyte membranes are predictors of postmenopausal breast cancer. Both of these variables depend on the activity of the enzyme 9-d [delta 9 desaturase].[5]"

This paragraph is not clear to me whether Oleic and monounsaturated fatty acids is good or no good for breast cancer. There is probably too much medical jargons that is not clear to man on the streets.

Trans fat is also classified as unsaturated fats. Trans fat are bad. So does it means monounsaturated fats has the same "bad" qualities as trans fat if it is attributed from nature of "unsaturated fats" ?

== Health Benefits??== Nowhere in this article are the potential health benefits, such as a reduction in risk of cardiovascular diseases discussed. This information should easy double this article's length.

Merging this with unsaturated fats is a poor idea, given the distinction in structure/ nutritional properties of mono vs. poly unsaturated fats. -- Tymothy
 * I agree there needs to be more coverage of the health effects of SatFat/MUFA/PUFA.  But I suggest that it would be best to start the discussion out in a single article.  The benefit of MUFA or PUFA is only well-defined in comparison to some other nutrient.  I.e, if 100 kcal/d of oleic acid is added to your diet, without anything being taken away, you're likely to start gaining about a pound a month.  Not so good.  If you add that oleic acid and take away 100 kcal/d of PUFA, that probably won't be so good for you.
 * If you instead take away 100 kcal/d of corn syrup, probably pretty good. Etc.  But is the effect really due to the oleic acid?  or the decrease in fructose?  Further, since virtually all sources of MUFA also have some satfat and PUFA, most studies have confounded changes in all three at once.  For that reason, I'd prefer to see an article that reviews all the fats together.  And the first source to use is
 * (subscriber link)
 * There was a popular version of the same article in [The New York Times]. – David.Throop 22:53, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * After looking around, I realized there already is such an article at Diet and heart disease. I places a See.. link at the head of the article.  David.Throop 00:16, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Butter
I see references where butter is listed as having more MUFA than corn oil.

 * http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/03/12/FD87529.DTL&hw=trans+fats&sn=002&sc=699

Butter is relatively high in MUFA, but we tend to overlook this because of the even higher saturate content, whereas corn oil is chock-a-block with PUFAs, which carries its own set of issues concerning omega-3 / omega-6 dietary balance. MaxEnt 00:58, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Insulin resistance
In this study, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid were used. In terms of cholestrol, palmitoleic acid acts like a saturated fat. This may be true for insulin resistance, Oleic acid and other monounsaturated fats may actually prevent insulin resistance. Whatever it is, palmitoleic acid behaves like a saturated fat not a monounsaturated fat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Press olive, win oil (talk • contribs) 20:57, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

hi
hi —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.49.171.50 (talk) 09:25, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

Are the molecular images correct?
It looks like the molecule on the left is a trans configuration and the right a cis configuration. The left one looks nothing like the diagram at the top of the Oleic acid page. 72.49.69.30 (talk) 19:47, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

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Lede, + excessive Jargon & Lazy Links
The lede section is totally out of spec. Example: "In biochemistry and nutrition, monounsaturated fatty acids (abbreviated MUFAs, or more plainly monounsaturated fats) are..." but not one word about nutrition. That section should be a free-standing summery. Please see: MOS:LEDE.

Also see MOS:JARGON. ...in particular: "Minimize jargon, or at least explain it or tag it..." and: "Avoid excessive wikilinking (linking within Wikipedia) as a substitute for parenthetic explanations such as the one in this sentence.    Do not introduce new and specialized words simply to teach them to the reader when more common alternatives will do. When the notions named by jargon are too complex to explain concisely in a few parenthetical words, write one level down." For example, what is insulin resistance? And the red link? The list is long. — I'm thinking, "write one level down" is a snotty way of saying it might take more than parenthesis. Clear writing takes more effort.  --2602:306:CFCE:1EE0:8828:13F6:D568:E707 (talk) 07:56, 23 May 2020 (UTC) Just Saying

Molecular diagrams are misleading?
The molecular diagrams show the saturated parts of the chains as "straight zigzags" which look like straight knobby rods in the spacefilling versions. So, for example, the oleic acid molecule looks like two straight sticks with a sharp bend at the double bond. Are these pictures correct? It is my understanding that the two parts of the chain connected by a single bond are free to rotate, with very small barrier due to H-H repulsion; so that, at ambient temperatures, each single bond will be twisted by a largely random angle. If that is the case, at least a few ball-and-stick and space-filling images shuld show the molecule in a random conformation, to give the reader a slightly more accurate idea of the molecule's real shape. --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 01:06, 6 August 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 10 August 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Consensus that "monounsaturated fat" is the WP:COMMONNAME, especially given that the article focuses on the topic from a nutritional perspective above a chemical one. However, some support did emerge for splitting monounsaturated fatty acid into a separate article. (closed by non-admin page mover) ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 13:56, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

Monounsaturated fat → Monounsaturated fatty acid – Consensus at Talk:Polyunsaturated_fat. Crashed greek (talk) 06:02, 10 August 2023 (UTC) This is a contested technical request (permalink). Crashed greek (talk) 08:48, 10 August 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 18:34, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * There is no Polyunsaturated fat article, instead there is Monounsaturated fatty acid. So this move would bring uniformity. Crashed greek (talk) 08:50, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose Stating "there is no polyunsaturated fat article" is misleading at best, since it existed up until early this year when it was merged by the very nominator of this move discussion - perhaps they should mention that fact. Now in terms of the name itself, I would oppose both of the articles being located at "fatty acid" solely per WP:COMMONNAME. Wikipedia has seen countless attempts to move articles to their scientific name but we don't have aspirin at acetylsalicylic acid, just to give an example. It may also be possible that two separate articles are necessary to talk about each concept - I'm not a scientist so I wouldn't know the specifics, but overall simply "fat" seems to be what it is commonly referred to as in reliable sources, even other enyclopedias. If this is wrong or false in your opinion, Wikipedia is not the place to WP:RIGHTGREATWRONGS. WP:NOTRIGHT also goes into this in more detail, but ultimately, Wikipedia can be wrong if other sources are wrong, because it goes by verifiability over "truth". ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 19:09, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Then Polyunsaturated fatty acid article can be moved to Polyunsaturated fat as per WP:COMMONNAME. Crashed greek (talk) 03:54, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Chemistry has been notified of this discussion. Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 22:31, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Weak oppose. Given that the article is focused more on the topic from a nutritional/biochemical point of view rather than an organic chemistry point of view, the current title seems more appropriate, even though the molecules being discussed are in fact fatty acids rather than fats. There could be articles about both topics, but currently there is not enough content to justify separate articles. I agree, then, that polyunsaturated fatty acid should be moved back to polyunsaturated fat since the former was merged there, and per WP:TITLECON considerations. I am unclear from the history of that page why it exists at the fatty acid title. I would also be okay with a consensus that these should all be at the fatty acid versions, but that does not seem to be the current consensus, and would need to be established via RM. Mdewman6 (talk) 23:40, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose given the health and food sections. However I would support a split / fork off article on Monounsaturated fatty acid. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 23:55, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. I dont think that monounsaturated fat is a "thing".  If it is a thing (i.e., there is significant secondary content on this specific topic), then Graeme Bartlett's idea is good one.  What is a monounsaturated fat"?  I guess 99.9% would be fats with one oleic acid substituent and two saturated substituents.  That topic would be covered in unsaturated fat. --Smokefoot (talk) 02:49, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

Definition of MUF
The existing definition of MUF is somewhat inaccurate and misleading. An improved text for the lead section might read:

In biochemistry, nutrition and food composition data, monounsaturated fat (MUF) is fat consisting of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), a subclass of fatty acid characterized by having a double bond in the fatty acid chain with all of the remaining carbon atoms being single-bonded. By contrast, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have more than one double bond.

Most MUF in foods or other materials is present as MUFA esters, chiefly as triglycerides. The total of MUF is determined by extracting all the fatty acids, identifying and quantifying the individual fatty acids, and then summating the results for all individual MUFAs.

On the basis of this definition, the opening sentence of the Molecular description section is incorrect, as is the caption of the molecular structure diagram. Certainly this shows a monounsaturated triglyceride, but it is not a MUF. It contains two saturated fatty acids and one MUFA. Thus it contributes two parts saturated fat and one part MUF.

Also, the statement "Almost invariably that fatty acid is oleic acid (18:1 n−9)" may apply in some cases, but is wide of the mark for many foods. For example, using data from the UK tables, 100g of raw herring contains 1.06g 16:1, 1.50g 18:1, 1.26g 20:1 and 2.01g 22:1. Further, highlighting the values for MUF in red and green (why the difference?) in the table risks carrying an implication that is not intended. Douglian30 (talk) 13:13, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monounsaturated fat


text:
Order of chivalry

An order of chivalry, order of knighthood, chivalric order, or equestrian order is an order of knights, typically founded during or inspired by the original Catholic military orders of the Crusades (c. 1099–1291) and paired with medieval concepts of ideals of chivalry.

Since the 15th century, orders of chivalry, often as dynastic orders, began to be established in a more courtly fashion that could be created ad hoc. These orders would often retain the notion of being a confraternity, society or other association of members, but some of them were ultimately purely honorific and consisted of a medal decoration. In fact, these decorations themselves often came to be known informally as orders. These institutions in turn gave rise to the modern-day orders of merit of sovereign states.

Overview
An order of knights is a community of knights composed by order rules with the main purpose of an ideal or charitable task. The original ideal lay in monachus et miles (monk and knight), who in the order – – is dedicated to a Christian purpose. The first orders of knights were religious orders that were founded to protect and guide pilgrims to the Holy Land. The knightly orders were characterized by an order-like community life in poverty, obedience and chastity, which was linked with charitable tasks, armed pilgrimage protection and military action against external and occasionally internal enemies of Christianity. Examples are the Knights Templar, Knights of the Holy Sepulchre officially called The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, founded in 1090, the Order of St. John and the Order of Malta. These communities only became orders in the sense of canon law through papal recognition of their own binding rules of order and through the dissolution of ecclesiastical diocesan organizations.

In addition to the religious orders of knights, courtly orders of knights emerged in many European royal houses from the middle of the 14th century. This enabled the monarchs and princes to create a reliable household power independent of the church and to combine their court life with knightly virtues. During this time, the Burgundian court culture was leading and so the Order of the Golden Fleece, founded there in 1430, was for many a model in the sense of a princely order based on the ideals of Christian chivalry.

In the course of time, many orders of knights have been dissolved due to a lack of people or the field of activity has changed. So in many areas the charitable aspect and nursing came to the fore. There were also dissolutions for political reasons, such as the Knights Templar in 1312 or many orders of knights as opposition by Nazi Germany. While the Knights Templar was not re-established, some orders were reactivated after the end of World War II and the fall of the Iron Curtain.

There are repeated attempts to revive or restore old orders of knights. Often old, old knight orders are used today to honor personalities. For example, the British Queen Elizabeth II regularly appointed new members to the Order of the British Empire in the 21st century. In Central Europe, for example, the Order of St. George, whose roots also go back to the so-called "last knight" Emperor Maximilian I, was reactivated by the House of Habsburg after its dissolution by Nazi Germany. Meanwhile, to this day, deserved personalities in republican France are highlighted by being awarded the Knight of the Legion of Honour. In contrast, the knights of the ecclesiastical orders of knights such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Order of St. John mainly devote themselves to social tasks, nursing and care.

Holy See
The Secretariat of the State of the Holy See – medieval pioneer of the original military orders – distinguishes orders in the following manner:

 * State orders or orders of merit: order of a sovereign state, rewarding military or civil merits of citizens, legally based on the sovereignty of their states
 * Pontifical equestrian orders
 * collazioni diretti: conferred by the Pope
 * subcollazioni: under the protection of the Holy See (Teutonic Order and Order of the Holy Sepulchre)
 * Sovereign orders: the only extant one in this category is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, an international sovereign entity
 * Dynastic orders of a sovereign royal dynasty, either an active "dynastic state order" (e.g. Order of the Garter), otherwise a "non-national dynastic order", as the head of a formerly reigning royal house operating under ius collationis (right to confer), typically approved by Papal bulls in the case of older origins (e.g. Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus)

Sansovino
In Dell'origine dei Cavalieri (1566), the Italian scholar Francesco Sansovino (1521–1586) distinguished knights and their respective societies in three main categories:
 * "Knights of Collar", i.e. dynastic orders of knighthood
 * "Knights of the Cross", i.e. religious military orders
 * "Knights of Spur", i.e. knighted by the sovereign, later also by feudal lords and knights elderly (e.g. Knight Bachelor)

Over time, the above division became no longer sufficient, and heraldic science distinguished orders into: hereditary, military, religious and fees.

Boulton
In a more generous distribution proposed in The Knights in the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Late Medieval Europe (1987), the Canadian heraldist D'Arcy Boulton classifies chivalric orders as follows:
 * Monarchical orders (i.e. dynastic orders of knighthood)
 * Confraternal orders (as seen in military orders)
 * Fraternal orders
 * Votive orders
 * Cliental pseudo-orders
 * Honorific orders

Based on Boulton, this article distinguishes:
 * Chivalric orders by time of foundation:
 * Medieval chivalric orders: foundation of the order during the Middle Ages or the Renaissance
 * Modern chivalric orders: foundation after 1789
 * Chivalric orders by religion:
 * Catholic chivalric orders: membership exclusively for members of the Catholic Church
 * Orthodox chivalric orders: blessed by the heads of Orthodox churches
 * Protestant chivalric orders: blessed by the heads of Protestant churches
 * Chivalric orders by purpose:
 * Monarchical chivalric orders: foundation by a monarch who is a fount of honour; either ruling or not
 * Confraternal chivalric orders: foundation by a nobleman, either high nobility or low nobility
 * Fraternal chivalric orders: founded for a specific purpose only
 * Votive chivalric orders: founded for a limited period of time only by members who take a vow
 * Honorific chivalric orders: consist only of honorific insignia bestowed on knights on festive occasions, consisting of nothing but the badge
 * Self-styled orders: self-proclaimed imitation-orders without statutes or restricted memberships

Military orders by time
Another occurrent chronological categorisation is into:
 * Military-monastic orders (c. 1100–1291), beginning with the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem
 * Monarchical orders (c. 1330), beginning with the Order of Saint George (Kingdom of Hungary). Most military-monastic orders (except the Teutonic Order and the Order of Saint John) became parts of this category during the 15th and 16th century (e.g. the Order of Santiago)
 * Honorific orders (c. 1580–present), beginning with the Order of Saint Stephen (despite its military obligations) and the Order of the Holy Spirit. With the Order of Saint Louis, the time of proper orders of merit begun. The monarchical orders became de facto honours during the shift from feudalism to absolutism.

Monarchical orders

 * Late medieval monarchical orders (14th and 15th centuries) are orders of chivalry with the presidency attached to a monarch:
 * Order of Montesa founded by James II of Aragon (Spain) in 1317.
 * Order of Saint George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325
 * Order of the Band, founded by Alfonso XI of Castile in c. 1330
 * Order of the Sword (Cyprus), founded by Peter I of Cyprus in 1347 (allegedly)
 * Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III of England in 1348
 * Order of the Star, founded by John II of France in 1351
 * Order of the Knot, founded by Louis I of Naples in 1352.
 * Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, founded by Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy in 1362.
 * Order of the Ermine, founded by John V, Duke of Brittany in 1381: First order to accept Women.
 * Order of the Ship, founded by Charles III of Naples on 1 December 1381
 * Order of the Dragon, founded by Sigismund, as king of Hungary in 1408.
 * Order of the Golden Fleece, founded by Philip III, Duke of Burgundy in 1430
 * Order of the Tower and Sword, founded by Afonso V of Portugal in 1459
 * Order of Saint Michael, founded by Louis XI of France in 1469

 * Post-medieval foundations of chivalric orders:
 * Order of Saint Stephen (1561)
 * Order of the Holy Spirit (1578)
 * Blood of Jesus Christ (military order) (1608)
 * Order of the Thistle (1687)
 * Order of the Elephant (1693)
 * Order of Saint Louis (1694)
 * Order of the Seraphim (1748)
 * Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary (1764)
 * Order of St. Patrick (1783)
 * Order of Saint Joseph (1807)
 * Order of Guadalupe (1821)
 * Order of the Mexican Eagle (1865)
 * Order of Saint Charles (1866)

 * Monarchical orders whose monarch no longer reigns but continues to bestow the order:
 * Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italian House of Savoy)
 * Order of Merit of Savoy (Italian House of Savoy)
 * Order of the Golden Fleece (Austrian branch)
 * Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)
 * Order of the Holy Spirit
 * Order of Prince Danilo I of Montenegro
 * Order of Saint Peter of Cetinje
 * Order of Skanderbeg
 * Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception (Bavaria)
 * Order of the Crown (Romania)
 * Order of Carol I (Romania)
 * Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (Portugal)
 * Order of Saint Michael of the Wing (Portugal)
 * Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George (Two Sicilies)
 * Order of the Eagle of Georgia (Georgia)
 * Order of Queen Tamara (Georgia)
 * Order of the Crown of Georgia (Georgia)
 * Royal Order of the Crown of Hawai'i (Hawai'i)

Confraternal orders
Confraternal orders are orders of chivalry with the presidency attached to a nobleman:
 * Princely orders were founded by noblemen of higher rank. Most of these were founded in imitation of the Order of the Golden Fleece, after 1430:
 * Order of Saint Catherine, founded by Humbert II, Dauphin du Viennois around 1335
 * Order of Saint Anthony, founded by Albrecht I of Bavaria in 1384
 * Order of the Rüdenband, founded in Silesia, Upper Lusatia and Boehmia before 1389
 * Society of the Eagle, founded by Albrecht II von Habsburg in 1433
 * Society of Our Lady (Order of the Swan), founded by Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg in 1440
 * Order of Saint Hubert, founded by Gerhard V of Jülich and Berg in 1444
 * Order of the Crescent, founded by René d'Anjou in 1448
 * Society of Saint Jerome, founded by Friedrich II of Wettin in 1450
 * Order of Saint Joachim, founded by fourteen nobles in 1755

 * Baronial orders, founded by noblemen of lower rank:
 * Order of Saint Hubert (Barrois, 1422)
 * Noble Order of Saint George of Rougemont, also called Confraternity of Saint-Georges of Burgundy (Franche-Comté, 1440)

Fraternal orders
Fraternal orders are orders of chivalry that were formed off a vow & for a certain enterprise:
 * Compagnie of the Black Swan, founded by 3 princes and 11 knights in Savoy (1350)
 * Corps et Ordre du Tiercelet, founded by the vicomte de Thouars and 17 barons in Poitou (1377–1385)
 * Ordre de la Pomme d'Or, founded by 14 knights in Auvergne (1394)
 * Alliance et Compagnie du Levrier, founded by 44 knights in the Barrois (1416–1422), subsequently converted into the Confraternal order of Saint Hubert (see above)

Votive orders
Votive orders are orders of chivalry, temporarily formed on the basis of a vow. These were courtly chivalric games rather than actual pledges as in the case of the fraternal orders. Three are known from their statutes:
 * Emprise de l'Escu vert à la Dame Blanche (Enterprise of the green shield with the white lady), founded by Jean Le Maingre dit Boucicaut and 12 knights in 1399 for the duration of 5 years
 * Emprise du Fer de Prisonnier (Enterprise of the Prisoner's Iron), founded by Jean de Bourbon and 16 knights in 1415 for the duration of 2 years
 * Emprise de la gueule de dragon (Enterprise of the Dragon's Mouth), founded by Jean comte de Foix in 1446 for 1 year.

Cliental pseudo-orders
Cliental pseudo-orders are not orders of chivalry and were princes' retinues fashionably termed orders. They are without statutes or restricted memberships:
 * Ordre de la Cosse de Genêt (Order of the Broom-Pod), founded by Charles VI of France c. 1388
 * Order of the camail or Porcupine, created by Louis d'Orléans in 1394
 * Order of the Dove, Castile, 1390
 * Order of the Scale of Castile, c. 1430

Honorific orders
Honorific orders were honorific insignia consisting of nothing but the badge:
 * Order of the Stoat and the Ear, founded by Francis I, Duke of Brittany in 1448
 * Order of the Golden Spur, a papal order (since the 14th century, flourishes in the 16th century)

Together with the monarchical chivalric orders (see above) these honorific orders are the prime ancestors of the modern-day orders of knighthood (see below) which are orders of merit in character.

The distinction between these orders and decorations is somewhat vague, except that these honorific orders still implied membership in a group. Decorations have no such limitations and are awarded purely to recognize the merit or accomplishments of the recipient. Both orders and decorations often come in multiple classes.

Influence
The orders have influenced organizations which are completely separate and distinct from them. Since at least the 18th century, Freemasonry has incorporated symbols and rituals of several medieval military orders in a number of Masonic bodies, most notably, in the "Red Cross of Constantine" (derived from the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George), the "Order of Malta" (derived from the Sovereign Military Order of Malta), and the "Order of the Temple" (derived from the historical Knights Templar), the latter two featuring prominently in the York Rite.

Modern orders
Most orders created since the late 17th century were no longer societies and fellowships of knights who followed a common mission but were established by monarchs or governments with the specific purpose of bestowing honours on deserving individuals. In most European monarchies, these new orders retained some outward forms from the medieval orders of chivalry (such as rituals and structure) but were in essence orders of merit, mainly distinguished from their republican counterparts by the fact that members were entitled to a title of nobility. While some orders required noble birth (such as the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, established in 1764), others would confer a title upon appointment (such as the Military Order of Max Joseph, established in 1806) while in yet other orders only the top classes were considered knights (such as in the Order of St Michael and St George, established in 1818). Orders of merit which still confer privileges of knighthood are sometimes referred to as orders of knighthood. As a consequence of being not an order of chivalry but orders of merit or decorations, some republican honours have thus avoided the traditional structure found in medieval orders of chivalry and created new ones instead, e.g. the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria, or the Legion of Merit of the United States.

Current orders

 * Order of the Holy Sepulchre, one of the original military orders founded circa 1099, and its definite acceptance in 1103 by King Baldwin I.
 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta, one of the original military orders, founded as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in 1048, sanctioned by Pope Paschal II on 15 February 1113.
 * Teutonic Order, a Catholic religious order founded as a military order in 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
 * Order of Aviz founded by Afonso I of Portugal in 1146
 * Order of Calatrava founded by St. Raymond of Fitero (Spain) in 1164.
 * Order of Alcantara founded by Ferdinand II of León (Spain) in 1167.
 * Order of Santiago founded Ferdinand II of León (Spain) in 1170.
 * Order of Saint James of the Sword founded by Afonso I of Portugal in 1172.
 * Order of Montesa founded by James II of Aragon (Spain) in 1317.
 * Order of Christ (Portugal), founded by Denis of Portugal in 1319. This order considers itself successor of the Knights Templar.
 * Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III of England c. 1348
 * Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, founded by Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy in 1362, ceased to be a national order of Italy when the Kingdom became a Republic in 1946, but continues to be awarded by the heir of the last King as the head of the house of Savoy rules in fons honorum.
 * Order of the Golden Fleece, founded by Philip III, Duke of Burgundy in 1430
 * Knights of the Thistle of Bourbon, founded by Duke of Bourbon in 1370 where today is headed by the Seigneur of Fief Blondel and also includeds Order of Our Lady of the Thistle
 * Order of the Tower and Sword, founded by Afonso V of Portugal in 1459
 * Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus In 1572, Pope Gregory XIII united the Order of Saint Lazarus in perpetuity with the Crown of Savoy. Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, merged it with the Savoyan Order of Saint Maurice, and thenceforth the title of Grand Master of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus was hereditary in that house. 1572
 * Order of the Dannebrog, founded by King Christian V of Denmark in 1671
 * Order of the Thistle, founded by King James VII of Scotland in 1687
 * Order of the Elephant, founded by King Christian V of Denmark in 1693
 * Order of St. Andrew, founded by Tsar Peter the Great of Russia in 1698
 * Order of the White Eagle, founded by King Augustus II of Poland in 1705
 * Order of the Bath, founded by King George I of Great Britain on 18 May 1725
 * Order of the Seraphim, founded by Frederick I of Sweden in 1748.
 * Order of the Sword, founded by Frederick I of Sweden in 1748 [Dormant between 1974 and 2023].
 * Order of the Polar Star, founded by Frederick I of Sweden in 1748.
 * Order of St. George the Triumphant, founded by Catherine the Great of the Russian Empire in 1769.
 * Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Carlos III, founded by Charles III of Spain on 19 September 1771 (became a Spanish order)
 * Order of Vasa, founded by Gustav III of Sweden in 1772 (Dormant between 1974 and 2023).
 * Order of St Patrick, founded by George III of the United Kingdom in 1783 (Not awarded since 1936).
 * Order of Charles XIII, founded by Charles XIII of Sweden in 1811.
 * Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic, founded by King Ferdinand VII of Spain on 14 March 1815 (became a Spanish order).
 * Military William Order, founded by King William I of the Netherlands on 30 April 1815.
 * Order of the Netherlands Lion, founded by King William I of the Netherlands on 29 September 1815.
 * Order of St Michael and St George, is an order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George, Prince Regent, later George IV of the United Kingdom, while he was acting as Prince Regent for his father, George III.
 * Order of the Southern Cross, founded by Emperor Pedro I of Brazil on 1 December 1822.
 * Order of Leopold, founded by King Leopold I of the Belgians on 11 July 1832.
 * Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav, founded by King Oscar I of Norway on 21 August 1847.
 * Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg), Order founded in 1099 and refounded in 1852.
 * Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau, founded by King-Grand Duke William III of Luxembourg in 1858.
 * Order of the White Elephant is an order of Thailand. It was established in 1861 by King Rama IV of the Kingdom of Siam.
 * Order of the Mexican Eagle, a Mexican Imperial Order founded on 1 January 1865 by Maximilian I of Mexico, renamed the Order of the Aztec Eagle in 1933.
 * Order of the Crown of Italy, founded by Victor Emmanuel II, to celebrate the unification of Italy 1868
 * Order of Orange-Nassau, founded by the Queen regent Emma of the Netherlands, acting on behalf of her under-age daughter Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands on 4 April 1892.
 * Royal Victorian Order, founded by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom on 21 April 1896.
 * Order of the Crown, founded by King Leopold II of the Congo Free State on 15 October 1897 (became a Belgian order in 1908).
 * Order of Leopold II, founded by King Leopold II of the Congo Free State on 24 August 1900 (became a Belgian order in 1908).
 * Order of Monisaraphon (or Muni Isvarabarna): founded by King Sisowath of Cambodia on 1 February 1905.
 * Order of Michael the Brave, founded by King Ferdinand I of Romania on 26 September 1916.
 * Order of the British Empire, founded by King George V of the United Kingdom on 4 June 1917.
 * Knightly Order of Vitéz, founded by Miklós Horthy the Regent of Hungary in 1921.
 * Order of the Knights of the Southern Cross Australia, founded by the Catholic Bishops of Australia in 1919.
 * Order of Skanderbeg, founded by Zog I of Albania in 1925.
 * Order of Civil Merit, founded by King Alfonso XIII of Spain in 1926.
 * Order of the Sun, founded by Man Singh II, the Maharaja of Jaipur in 1947.
 * Royal Order of Sahametrei, founded by King Norodom Sihanouk of the Kingdom of Cambodia on 9 September 1948.
 * Order of the Knights of Rizal, granted a legislative charter by President of the Philippines Elpidio Quirino on 14 June 1951.
 * Order of Canada, founded by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada in 1967.
 * Sacred Military Order of the Most Holy Sacrament of the Annunciation of Nazareth (S.M.O.S.S.A.N.), founded by Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and Count of the Austrian Empire Rocco Agricola of San Severo in 1968.
 * Order of Saints Ermacora and Fortunatus O.S.E.F.), founded by Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and Count of the Austrian Empire Christian Agricola of Guardialfiera in 2020.
 * Order of the Legio Linteata O.L.L.), founded by Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and Count of the Austrian Empire Christian Agricola of Guardialfiera in 2020.
 * Order of Australia, founded by Queen Elizabeth II of Australia in 1975.
 * Order of Merit of Savoy, founded by Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples in 1988.
 * New Zealand Order of Merit, founded by Queen Elizabeth II of New Zealand in 1996.

Former orders

 * Order of Saint Lazarus, founded in 1098 at a leper hospital in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and is one of the lesser known orders.
 * Order of Saint Stanislaus, founded by King Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski of Poland in 1765
 * Ludwigsorden (Order of Louis) of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, founded 1807, abolished 1918
 * Order of the Iron Helmet of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (in present-day Germany), founded 1814, abolished 1866
 * Wilhelmsorden (Order of Wilhelm) of Hesse-Kassel, founded 1851, abolished 1875
 * Order of the Star of India, founded by Queen Victoria in 1861 and has not been awarded since the independence of India in 1947
 * Order of the Indian Empire, founded by Queen Victoria in 1878 and has not been awarded since the independence of India in 1947
 * Order of the African Star, founded by King Leopold II of the Congo Free State on 30 December 1888, which became a Belgian order in 1908 and has not been awarded since the independence of Congo in 1960
 * Royal Order of the Lion, founded by King Leopold II of the Congo Free State on 9 April 1891, which became a Belgian order in 1908 and has not been awarded since the independence of Congo in 1960
 * Order of the Norwegian Lion, founded 1904, abolished 1952
 * Order of Pahlavi, founded 1928 by Reza Shah, abolished 1979 after the Iranian Revolution. There were two classes. The first class, the Grand Collar, was worn by the Shah, crown prince, and awarded to heads of state. The second class, the Grand Cordon, was worn by princes and princesses.

Typical insignia and ranks
Following the example set by the French Legion of Honour, founded by Napoleon, most multi-level European orders comprise five ranks or classes. The highest is usually called the Grand Cross, then descending with varying titles. Alternatively, the ranks are referred to by number (for example "1st class" instead of "Grand Cross"). Typical rankings are:

Each of these ranks wear insignia, usually badge (often enamelled) on a ribbon. Typically these insignia are worn from a sash in the case of the senior ranks, around the neck for the middle ranks (see also neck decorations), and on the left chest for the lower grades. Many orders use insignia in the form of a cross, but there may also be stars, and military awards may have crossed swords added onto the insignias. Ladies may wear the badge on a bow on the left chest. In orders following the example set by the French Legion of Honour, the two highest classes also wear a star (or plaque) on the chest. In special cases the senior class may wear the badge on a collar, which is an elaborate chain around the neck.

In certain countries with feudal heritage the higher ranks (usually at least the Grand Cross) may have vestments proper to them, including a robe or mantle and a hat. An example of such a modern-day order is the Order of the British Empire.

The French Legion of Honour democratised the honour systems of orders of chivalry and merit in the sense of formally omitting both the expectations of nobility on admittees while also no further implying the same status on previously non-noble conferees. Yet some orders may still expect noble ancestry on the part of recipients, such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and those of the Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem. Others may continue to imply conferral of nobility on any admittee, whether hereditary or personal, such as in some of the cases of dynastic orders conferred by the House of Bavaria or the House of Imperial Russia.

Self-styled orders
Some organisations claim to be chivalric orders but are actually private membership organisations that have not been created by a state or a reigning monarch. The answer to the question of whether an order is legitimate or not varies from nation to nation, François Velde wrote an "order of knighthood is legitimate if it is defined as legal, recognized and acknowledged as such by a sovereign authority. Within its borders, a sovereign state does as it pleases. Most, if not all, modern states have honorific orders and decorations of some kind, and those are sometimes called orders of knighthood." Exactly what makes one order legitimate and another self-styled or false is a matter of debate with some arguing that any monarch (reigning or not) or even the descendants of such can create an order while others assert that only a government with actual internationally recognized authority has such power (regardless of whether that government is republican or monarchical in nature). Historically, nobility and knights have also formed Orders of Knighthood. The Noble Order of Saint George of Rougemont is a Baronial Order and the Ordre de la Pomme d'Or was founded by 14 knights in Auvergne in 1394.

title: Order of chivalry


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Customs House, Brisbane

Customs House is a heritage-listed customs house at 427 Queen Street, Brisbane CBD, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Charles H McLay and built from 1886 to 1889 at a cost of £38,346 by John Petrie & Son. It was originally used for the collection of customs duty and was opened in 1889, when Queensland was a British colony, replacing the original Customs House located at Petrie Bight. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.

The collection of custom duties on imported products was particularly important to Queensland where the manufacturing sector was slow to develop. Brisbane was declared a port city in 1846. In 1908, seven years after federation, the building was acquired by the federal government.

Customs House is within reach of the CityCat catamaran ferry service, as well as the Free Loop Bus.

History
The Brisbane Customs House was erected at the northern end of the Town Reach of the Brisbane River, near Petrie's Bight, between 1886 and 1889 to a design prepared by Charles McLay of the Queensland Colonial Architect's Office.

The 1880s building replaced an earlier and much smaller customs house on the site. The location had been chosen in 1849 following the declaration of Moreton Bay as a port of entry in 1846 and after considerable discussion as to the most suitable location for a customs house. At the time shipping activity was centred on the South Brisbane Reach and the decision to locate a customs house at the northern end of the Town Reach acted as an impetus for the development of wharves along this part of the river. A small building was erected for customs purposes in 1850 and in the following decades became increasingly inadequate as Brisbane emerged as the principal commercial centre and port of Queensland.

In 1884 the Queensland Government decided to construct a new customs house. In March 1886 a design by Charles McLay was selected from many proposals in the Colonial Architect's Office for a new Brisbane Customs House. McLay completed the specification in May 1886 and construction commenced in September that year.

Charles McLay was the major designer under the colonial architect George Connolly and was appointed Chief Draftsman in 1889. His works include the Bundaberg Post Office, probably the Fortitude Post Office and the Lady Norman Wing Brisbane Children's Hospital (with John James Clark), of which the Brisbane Customs House is by far the most ambitious and prominent design.

The contract was let to one of Brisbane's oldest and most respected contractors, John Petrie & Son, who tendered with a price of. The contract time was 30 months but because of difficulties with the supply of some materials, especially stone for the foundations, and alterations to the original plans, the building took longer than anticipated to complete and it was opened on 2 September 1889. Retaining walls, fencing, a double staircase down to the river and nearby earth closets were also constructed.

The completed building in the Victorian Free Classical style incorporated pedimented gables and a massive colonnade. The copper-sheathed dome was constructed by sub-contracted coppersmith and brass founder, William Smith Henderson, of Perry Street, Petries' Bight. Heraldic scenes in the pediments were precursors to the official Queensland coat of arms, which was not granted until 1893. A curved iron balustrade to the balconies included the royal cypher of the reigning sovereign, Queen Victoria, in the cast. Red cedar was used extensively for desks, counters, cabinets and tables as well as for a massive and elegant staircase.

The Brisbane Customs House was built during a period of economic prosperity and a construction "boom" in Queensland and was amongst the more impressive of a number of notable public and commercial buildings erected in Brisbane during the 1880s, which included the first stage of the Treasury Building (1886-1889). Public pride in the new customs house was considerable. On 7 September 1889, a few days after the building was opened for business, the local Brisbane Courier newspaper drew attention to "the handsome and imposing appearance, especially as seen from the river or from Petrie's Bight" and predicted that the Brisbane Customs House with its tall columns, pilasters and large copper-sheathed dome would "become one of the features of the city".

In 1891 stables, additional retaining walls and fencing, and more earth closets were erected at a cost of. By the mid-1890s gardens and a driveway had been developed. The mature fig tree now at the site was possibly planted about this time. Minor repairs were carried out throughout the 1890s, including some work in 1895 after 7 ft of water inundated the basement during the 1893 Brisbane River floods.

As a consequence of the Federation of Australia, the Brisbane Customs House, valued at ( for the structure and  for the site), was transferred to the Australian Government by December 1908.

In 1906 the inadequacies of the original flat roof were overcome by the installation of a new hipped roof. Rearrangement of counters and partitions in the Long Room was carried out in 1911 and again in 1919. Frequently minor repairs, cleaning and maintenance work was carried out to the interior of the building in succeeding decades. In 1947 major internal alterations were undertaken: all but two of the internal masonry walls were demolished; the timber floors were replaced by concrete slabs; the cedar staircase was removed and a new terrazzo one was installed at another location; mezzanine floors were erected in the Long Room; and the roof was replaced - without the original chimneys. In 1978 part of the exterior was cleaned, repaired and sealed and painted.

In the mid-1980s the Australian Customs Department moved out of the building to Australia House. The building became redundant when port facilities moved to the Port of Brisbane at the mouth of the Brisbane River, resulting in its closure in April 1988.

The building remained vacant from 1988 until leased by the University of Queensland. The university refurbished the building from 1991 to 1994 at a cost of A$7.5 million. At this period some of the interior masonry walls that had been removed in 1947 were replaced and the original timber stair was reconstructed. Non-significant partitions added after 1948 and parts of the 1940s fit out were removed except for some good quality intact 1940s office cabinetry which survived and part of the 1940s main stair which provided access to the basement. Two of the 1940s galleries added to the Long Room were removed and one, at the southwest end, retained and adapted. Timber window and door joinery was conserved and plaster mouldings reconstructed where they were missing.

Following the renovation, there is a restaurant and function centre within the building, and regular concerts and an art gallery occupies the lower floor. The Long Room was once the place customs business was transacted. Today the room is used various events, such as lectures and dinners.

In October 2015, it was announced that a 47-storey tower block would be built adjacent to the Customs House. Protests erupted over concerns that the tower would be too close to the Customs House causing over-shadowing and the likely destruction of the fig tree. University of Queensland announced it would lodge a legal challenge against the approval of the project by Brisbane City Council, stating that the tower would be only 2.6 m from the Customs House boundary, despite the council's own provisions in the City Plan 2014, which would require a 25 m setback. However, the university lost its court case in July 2016. In November 2016, the university reached agreement with the tower's designers to alter the tower's profile to preserve views, reduce external car parking and restrictions on the pruning of the fig tree.

Description
Construction was finished in three years at a cost of £38,346. The downstream end of the Brisbane central business district was selected to spur the development of wharves in the precinct known as Petrie Bight. The lower floor contained a secure warehouse where goods not having been passed customs were stored.

Customs House is a Brisbane landmark known for its distinctive copper dome. The building was designed by Charles McLay of the Queensland Colonial Architect's Office. Despite no government in the country having a coat of arms at the time, the building features a depiction on its facade of a shield between an emu and kangaroo. An iron balustrade was shipped from England with the royal cypher VR for "Victoria Regina" wrought on it in honour of Queen Victoria. Inside the structure features black and white marble with cedar fittings.

The Brisbane Customs House, located at the northern end of Queen Street and beside the Brisbane River at the northern end of the Town Reach, is an imposing two-storeyed rendered brick building in the classical style. The site is prominent due to the proximity to the river, the bend in Queen Street and the general topography which opens up many views to and from the building. A prominent feature is the large copper dome at the semi-circular northern end which is a focal point viewed from both directions along Queen Street and from the river for ships arriving from Moreton Bay. The architectural form of the building announces the northern edge of the city centre and is sympathetic to the landscape features of cliffs and river bends.

The architectural form clearly demonstrates the intended purpose of the building with the double entrance from both the city and the river, which is a response to the siting of the building between the river and the town. The riverside setting allows long views across and along the river to the building.

Other features of the Brisbane Customs House which demonstrate its former use are more characteristic of late 19th century customs houses in Australia, especially the general design and planning arrangement of the building to include an imposing masonry facade, an impressive public space (the former Long Room now used for functions), a secure bonded warehouse (the former Queens Warehouse, now converted to an art gallery), offices and a secure boundary fence. The Brisbane Customs House is a well proportioned and skilfully designed example of a Victorian building in the Renaissance mode executed to take best advantage of its dominant site and solve the practical problems of dual access from the town and from the river. It has considerable unity in its scale, form and use of materials.

The main structure of the building is of brick on a stone foundation. The columns, pilasters, balusters to the colonnade, the parapet and side entrances are of Murphy's Creek sandstone. There are cast iron balustrades on the recessed verandahs and external stairs. The main roof is clad with corrugated iron. Timber window and door joinery survives reasonably intact on the exterior walls.

The exterior of the building is very intact except for the loss of the original roof, which was replaced by the present steel trussed roof in the 1940s, the removal of chimneys and the widening of the northwestern end of the balconies in the 1940s.

The interior fabric is less intact due to the alterations and additions carried out during its use as a customs house and to the most recent refurbishment, which removed much of the 1940s fabric but recovered aspects of the 19th century form, including reconstruction of the original timber staircase.

Inside the building the most imposing space is that of the Long Room beneath the dome. Fluted Corinthian pilasters of painted plaster are below the coffered ceiling of the dome, which has a central glazed section. In the basement some of the original walls with arched openings remain. The 1890-91 Moggill sandstone retaining wall carries around the perimeter of the site reasonably intact and incorporates a wrought iron balustrade, masonry piers, stairs and rooms for the former underground privies at the river's edge. There is a small ground with a mature fig tree and sunken garden, which contribute to the building's riverside setting.

The view from the river and the secure wharf area has been compromised by the riverside walkway.

Heritage listing
The former Brisbane Customs House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The former Brisbane Customs House, constructed between 1886 and 1889 to a design prepared by Charles McLay of the Queensland Colonial Architect's Office, was in use by the customs service for nearly a century. It is important historically as an expression of the importance of the customs service to Queensland and to Australia and for its site, which relates to the establishment of Brisbane as a port of entry and the development of major wharfage along the Town Reach of the Brisbane River and Petrie's Bight. The Brisbane Customs House was built during a period of economic prosperity and a construction "boom" in Queensland and was amongst the more impressive of a number of notable public and commercial buildings erected in Brisbane during the 1880s. It is important in demonstrating part of the pattern of Queensland's history.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

The former Brisbane Customs House is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its class of cultural places: late 19th century masonry customs houses. These characteristics include: the imposing form; general arrangement of spaces to include Long Room, Bond Store and offices; and secure fencing. It is a fine example of the work of architect Charles McLay and a good example of one of a series of customs houses designed in the Queensland Colonial Architect's office and of the work of contractor John Petrie.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The Brisbane Customs House has aesthetic value as a well proportioned and skilfully designed Victorian building in the Renaissance mode, executed to take best advantage of its dominant site and solve the practical problems of dual access from the town and from the river. It has considerable unity in its scale, form and use of materials. With its copper dome and two storey colonnade it makes an imposing and important contribution the streetscape and to the townscape. Its location on the riverbank adds to its aesthetic values, allowing distant views from along and across the river.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The place has strong associations for the Brisbane community as a landmark and as a rare surviving marker of the Port of Brisbane before it moved to the mouth of the river.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

It has a special association with the Australian Customs Service, which occupied the building for nearly 100 years.

title: Customs House, Brisbane


text: User talk:203.91.150.194

title: User talk:203.91.150.194


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Conor McGinn

Conor Patrick McGinn (born 31 July 1984) is a British politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for St Helens North from 2015 to 2024.

Early life and education
Conor McGinn was born on 31 July 1984 in Camlough, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, and brought up in the nearby village of Bessbrook. The village was highly militarised during The Troubles. His mother was an NHS clerical officer, and his father was a Sinn Féin councillor.

McGinn went to St Paul's High School, Bessbrook. Before going to university, he worked for the African National Congress in South Africa on a fellowship for two months. He studied at Goldsmiths, University of London, but did not initially complete his degree, remaining in London working for a mental health charity for Irish immigrants, Immigrant Counselling and Psychotherapy, and later for the Irish Council for Prisoners Overseas. He later completed his history, politics and Irish studies degree part-time at London Metropolitan University.

Political career
McGinn was chair of the Young Fabians from 2006 to 2007, and was also vice-chair of Young Labour. He stood to be a councillor on Islington London Borough Council in 2006 and 2010 without success. He has been on the executive of the Fabian Society and until 2012 was chair of the Labour Party Irish Society. In 2011 he represented the socialist societies on the Labour Party National Executive Committee.

He worked as a public affairs and government relations consultant, before becoming an advisor to shadow Northern Ireland Secretary Vernon Coaker in 2011, and continued to work for Coaker when he became shadow defence secretary.

Parliamentary career
McGinn was elected to Parliament as MP for St Helens North with 57% of the vote and a majority of 17,291.

McGinn supported Andy Burnham's bid for the leadership of the Labour Party in 2015. He nominated Owen Smith in the 2016 leadership election.

In July 2016, he was involved in a Twitter spat with Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, in which McGinn claimed that Corbyn "said that he intended to ring my father", a former Sinn Féin councillor. Corbyn's spokesman said the claim was "untrue".

Following the October 2016 Shadow Cabinet reshuffle, and the replacement of Dame Rosie Winterton as Chief Whip, McGinn resigned as a whip.

At the snap 2017 general election, McGinn was re-elected as MP for St Helens North with an increased vote share of 63.7% and an increased majority of 18,406.

McGinn in July 2019 submitted and moved the successful House of Commons amendment to change the law to extend equal marriage for LGBT people to Northern Ireland.

At the 2019 general election, McGinn was again re-elected, with a decreased vote share of 52.3% and a decreased majority of 12,209.

In February 2020, McGinn supported the campaign for Helen's Law, working with Marie McCourt to successfully introduce a Private Members Bill and getting the Government to commit to introducing tougher penalties for murderers who refuse to reveal the location of their victims’ remains.

On 9 April 2020, McGinn was appointed as Shadow Minister for Security. In June 2021, he was appointed as Labour's deputy national campaign coordinator. In December 2021, he was appointed Shadow Minister without Portfolio.

In December 2022 McGinn was suspended by the Labour Party following an unspecified complaint. He left the party in order to withdraw from the process in October 2023, stating that he had done nothing wrong, there had been "no finding of any wrongdoing" and that the process was "flawed, protracted and prejudicial."

On 5 May 2023, McGinn announced he would be standing down at the 2024 general election.

Personal life
McGinn lives in Earlestown, Newton-le-Willows. He is a Roman Catholic. He married Kate Groucutt around 2009, and has a son and a daughter. McGinn holds both Irish and British citizenship.

title: Conor McGinn