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Maryland Route 135

Maryland Route 135 (MD 135) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Maryland Highway, the state highway runs 29.00 mi from U.S. Route 219 (US 219) in Oakland in Garrett County east to US 220 in McCoole in Allegany County. MD 135 is the main link between the towns of Oakland, Mountain Lake Park, Loch Lynn Heights, and Deer Park on the Appalachian Plateau and the communities of Bloomington, Luke, Westernport, and McCoole in the upper valley of the North Branch Potomac River. These groups of towns are separated by Backbone Mountain.

MD 135 was originally built in the early 1930s as a link between McCoole and Westernport. In the late 1930s, the state highway was extended west to Bloomington. In addition, a separate segment of MD 135 was completed around Swanton in the mid-1930s. These separate segments were unified in the early 1950s when the highway over Backbone Mountain was completed. In the late 1950s, MD 135 was extended west over a portion of MD 38 and all of Maryland Route 41 (MD 41) to Oakland, and was mostly rebuilt over its entire length, bypassing Bloomington, Swanton, Deer Park, and Mountain Lake Park. MD 135 remains notorious for the eastbound descent from Backbone Mountain, which has claimed many lives. The Maryland State Highway Administration has instituted many measures to get trucks down the mountain safely and to avoid the downgrade if possible.

Route description
MD 135 begins at an intersection with US 219 on the eastern edge of Oakland. Northbound US 219 (Oak Street) continues straight west into downtown Oakland, southbound US 219 (Garrett Highway) heads south toward Red House, and 9th Street (MD 219) heads north along the alignment of the future Oakland Bypass. MD 135 heads east through Mountain Lake Park as Maryland Highway, a two-lane undivided highway with partial control of access. Oakland Drive, which is unsigned MD 825B, splits to the northeast to serve residential areas on the north side of town. The old alignment rejoins MD 135 at G Street before access controls cease upon crossing the Little Youghiogheny River. The state highway intersects MD 560 (Paull Street), which heads south into Loch Lynn Heights. After crossing the river again, MD 135 leaves Mountain Lake Park. The state highway passes scattered residences, farms, and businesses before entering Deer Park. After passing Deer Park Hotel Road, which passes the Pennington Cottage, MD 135 intersects the old alignment of MD 38, which is Sand Flat Road to the north and Main Street to the south. The state highway passes the historic home Glamorgan and Edgewood Drive, part of the old alignment of MD 38, before leaving Deer Park. Upon reaching the hamlet of Altamont, MD 495 (Swanton Road) continues straight northeast toward Swanton while MD 135 turns to the southeast.

MD 135 heads straight southeast toward a grade-separated crossing of CSX's Mountain Subdivision railroad line very close to the railroad's crossing of the Eastern Continental Divide. The state highway curves to the northeast and gently ascends Backbone Mountain. A scenic overlook marks the highest point on MD 135 at 2969 ft shortly before the intersection with MD 38 (Kitzmiller Road). The state highway continues northeast along the ridgeline through Potomac-Garrett State Forest and intersects Swanton Road and a few roads on the south side of the highway that access Jennings Randolph Lake. Upon leaving the state forest, MD 135 begins to pass scattered residences ahead of the descent of Backbone Mountain, which has grades as steep as 9%. Trucks are required to stop at three different brake check locations and obey a posted speed limit of 10 mph. After Bloomington Hill Road splits to the north and the state highway passes the third brake check stop, a runaway truck ramp splits to the south. The downhill grade eases as MD 135 enters Bloomington, where the name of the highway changes to Bloomington Road. After passing through residential areas, the state highway crosses the Mountain Subdivision and the Savage River before meeting Savage Hillside Road at a T intersection in front of Franklin Hill.

MD 135 turns southeast into Allegany County and enters the town of Luke as Pratt Street. The state highway immediately intersects Masteller Road, which is unsigned MD 135D and meets the eastern end of the western segment of West Virginia Route 46 (WV 46) at the North Branch Potomac River. At a bend in the river, MD 135 makes a sharp turn to the north around the mountain and the road passes the large NewPage Corporation paper mill. The state highway turns east and its name changes to Church Street upon entering Westernport, where the highway intersects MD 36 (New Georges Creek Road), which crosses the North Branch Potomac River to become the eastern segment of WV 46. MD 135 crosses Georges Creek and meets the Georges Creek Railway at-grade before intersecting Main Street, which is unsigned MD 937. Upon leaving Westernport, the road's name changes to McCoole–Westernport Road. MD 135 parallels the North Branch Potomac River and Georges Creek Railway as it passes scattered residences and businesses. Upon reaching McCoole, the highway passes unsigned MD 135A, which provides an alternate access route to US 220 north. Shortly after, MD 135 reaches Paxton Street, which is officially MD 135B but is marked as MD 135. Paxton Street leads to a junction with US 220 (McMullen Highway). MD 135 itself continues east under the McCoole–Keyser bridge to its eastern terminus at the intersection of Queens Point Road and Golden Cross Street.

History
The present course of MD 135 consists of the original course of the state highway and its extensions westward, and assumption of a portion of MD 38 and all of MD 41. MD 135 also followed a segment of what is today MD 495. The original segment of MD 135 was under construction between McCoole and Westernport in 1930 and completed by 1931. The state highway was constructed between Bloomington and Luke in 1936 and 1937, including the bridge over the Savage River. This segment was connected to Westernport in 1940 by carving a roadbed out of the cliffs of Franklin Hill. MD 38 was paved from its original northern terminus to Altamont between 1924 and 1926 and to the top of Backbone Mountain by 1930. The present segment of MD 38 south to Kitzmiller was under construction by 1930 and completed by 1933. MD 41 included the first section of what is now MD 135 to be constructed; the segment of the state highway between Oakland and Mountain Lake Park was paved between 1916 and 1919. The state highway was extended past Loch Lynn Heights in 1933 and to MD 38 in Deer Park by 1938.

A second, disconnected segment of MD 135 was constructed in two sections between MD 38 in Altamont and Swanton that were completed in 1933 and 1935. This road was extended east to the top of Backbone Mountain in 1939. The discontinuous segments of MD 135 were unified in 1953 when the pre-existing Bloomington Road was reconstructed between the eastern end of the western MD 135 on top of Backbone Mountain and the western end of the eastern MD 135 in Bloomington. When the present US 220 bridge over the Potomac River was completed in 1951, MD 135 was extended east from its old intersection with US 220, which is today the intersection with MD 135A, to its present eastern terminus.

MD 135 attained its present alignment through several projects in the mid to late 1950s, concurrent with MD 135's extension west over part of MD 38 and all of MD 41 to Oakland in 1956. The segment of MD 38 in Deer Park was bypassed by the newly extended state highway in 1956. The state highway between McCoole and Westernport was relocated, and Bloomington Hill Road was bypassed with a straighter highway featuring a grade-separated crossing of the railroad in Bloomington in 1956 and 1957. The present section of MD 135 between MD 38 and Swanton Road was built in 1955 and 1956; MD 135 was then removed through Swanton and partially replaced by MD 495. The segment between Swanton Road and Bloomington Hill Road was upgraded between 1953 and 1956. Finally, the portion of MD 135 between Deer Park and Oakland, including the bypass of Mountain Lake Park, was rebuilt between 1957 and 1959.

Since the present alignment of MD 135 was completed west of Bloomington in the late 1950s, the descent of Backbone Mountain has become notorious due to its steep grade and the 90 degree turn at the bottom to avoid a mountain dead ahead. A retaining wall at the bottom of the mountain features white crosses in memoriam of those who lost their lives; there were 24 crosses painted as of 2009. After five people had been killed on the descent by 1965, the State Roads Commission responded in 1967 by enacting the truck speed limit of 10 mph, marking the three mandatory stopping areas, and installing ample warning signage, including the infamous "If Brakes Fail Ditch Truck Immediately" sign. In 1997, signs were installed on Interstate 68, US 219, and US 40 advising truckers to use MD 36 instead of MD 135 to access Luke and Westernport. The runaway truck ramp was installed by 2005 and supplemented with a runaway truck warning system and updated signage in 2007.

Auxiliary routes

 * MD 135A is the unsigned designation for the unnamed 0.78 mi connector between MD 135 in McCoole and US 220 north of McCoole. The state highway heads north from MD 135 on the western edge of McCoole and passes under US 220.  MD 135A curves northwest and intersects Burke Hill Road before reaching its northern terminus at an oblique intersection with US 220 opposite Red Rock Lane.  MD 135A is part of the original alignment of US 220 through McCoole prior to the completion of the present alignment in 1951.
 * MD 135B is the designation for Paxton Street and Chesapeake Avenue, a 0.11 mi connector between MD 135 and US 220 in McCoole. MD 135B is signed as MD 135.
 * MD 135C is the unsigned designation for an unnamed 0.03 mi connector between MD 135 and MD 825C, itself an unsigned and unnamed highway, on top of Backbone Mountain east of MD 38. MD 135C provides access to a salt dome.
 * MD 135D is the unsigned designation for Masteller Road, a 0.02 mi connector between MD 135 in Luke and the western segment of WV 46 across the Potomac River in Beryl.
 * MD 135E is the designation for Chesapeake Avenue, a 0.09 mi connector between MD 135 and US 220 in McCoole. MD 135E was designated in 2013.

title: Maryland Route 135


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Talk:Complex plane

Comment by Karl
I believe the following passage is incorrect: "The unit circle itself (|z| = 1) will be mapped onto the equator, and the exterior of the unit circle (|z| > 1) will be mapped onto the northern hemisphere,..."

Actually, I believe the equator is mapped onto |z| = 2. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.190.43.45 (talk) 20:20, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

Comment by User:The Anome
Whoops, confused Bode plots with Nyquist plots there for a moment. Fixed now. -- The Anome 22:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

The explications here do exceed the ones in complex numbers only in the relation given to control theory. I propose putting that part somewhere to control theory and replacing the rest by a redirect to complex numbers. D'accord? Hottiger 18:26, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Since when has the y-axis been imaginary and the x real? --HantaVirus 13:44, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

I suppose you're right, I'll change that back to how it originally was. --Neko18 00:32, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Just a little question, has it ever been postulated to have a 3-dimensional system wherein the x-axis represented the input to a function, the y-axis represented the real output, and the z-axis represented the imaginary output? -- ThatOneGuy

 * Wouldn't that just be a complex function of a real variable? They certainly have been considered and studied. Madmath789 18:24, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I've actually thought about that idea before as well, though I don't know enough about mathematics to form any sort of conclusion on that yet. --Neko18 00:34, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Magnitude of complex number
Does one really say magnitude of a complex number. I thought, modulus or absolute value is the correct term? Well, I am not a native.

Disambiguation needed
The complex field C is not the only complex plane. Split-complex numbers and dual numbers are also used in the same sense, a plane of numbers equipped with a product. Rgdboer 21:11, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Furthermore, Peter J. Olver notes another ambiguity:
 * ...as a complex vector space, C is one-dimensional and will therefore be referred to as the "complex line", with C2 being the "genuine complex plane".To minimize misunderstanding, we shall try to avoid using the term "complex plane" in this book.
 * Classical Invariant Theory', p. 18

Thus we have four different meanings for this term in general use, so some disambiguation is required.Rgdboer 19:32, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I do understand what you're driving at. The cardinality of C is clearly the same as the cardinality of R. So each of those sets is just an example of a "number line", since their elements can be placed in 1-1 correspondence.

 * But I've also read quite a bit of stuff from complex analysis, and I've looked at several Wikipedia articles. Historically the term "complex plane" as a synonym for C is quite old and, unfortunately, replacing "complex plane" with "Argand diagram" or "Argand plane" would be quite a lot of work. Would complex2 plane as a synonym for C×C work for you? DavidCBryant 19:09, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

New content
I've been adding quite a bit of new content to this article recently, in response to the "stub" tags. My general plan to complete the article looks like this. Can you think of anything important that I've left out? I've put in quite a few examples, because I think people who are curious but not really mathematicians might read this article. Are there too many examples? My aim was to introduce infinite products, infinite sums, and continued fractions within this one article, just to pique the reader's curiosity. Is that a good strategy? Or not?
 * 1) Explain the connection between the Cartesian plane and the (traditional) complex plane. (done)
 * 2) Explain the representation of the extended complex plane as a sphere. (done)
 * 3) Explain various motivations for "cutting" the plane. (done)
 * 4) Explain the process of "gluing" cut planes (sheets) together to form Riemann surfaces. (pending)
 * 5) Allude to alternative "complex planes", specifically C×C. (pending)

Your feedback is welcome, either on this talk page or on my user talk page. DavidCBryant 16:02, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * In response to your note on my talk page, and to the above, I do appreciate the new content. As for the relative prominence of the various planes, one might note from Euclidean geometry that the ordinary complex plane has great utility in geometry. Such utility for the other planes exists but needs communcation to the wider community of users of quatitative methods. The lack of departmental boundaries in WP gives me hope, for instance, that the split-complex number plane will become well enough known that the obscurantism practiced in the name of spacetime physical science can be overcome.Rgdboer 21:49, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The first two sentences in the article are excellent for motivating the alternative complex planes: the paragraph could be extended to say "If i represents the imaginary unit, then i2 ∈ {−1, 0, +1}. This article treats the case ii = −1 ; see dual numbers for ii = 0 and split-complex numbers for ii = +1."Rgdboer 04:59, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Real Coffee
Where does real Coffee fit in an Argand plane? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.211.73.34 (talk) 12:23, 1 February 2007 (UTC).

Weird redirects
Argand diagram redirects here, but Argand Diagram redirects to Complex Number. Surely they should both go to the same place?--Physics is all gnomes (talk) 14:14, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Other complex planes
The issue of other complex planes arose when Hartenberg and Denavit were preparing appendix A-1 (pp 370–9) of Kinematic Synthesis of Linkages. In the footnote on page 372 one reads
 * Rather, c = a + b i should be called the ordinary, or usual, complex number. There are others, for example c = a + ω b, where it is agreed that ω2 = 0. These are not our concern at this time.

The most immediate context in which the triple of canonical complex planes is necessary for comprehension is in the algebra of 2 × 2 real matrices. This reference has been posted here to backstop the footnote to the lead.Rgdboer (talk) 02:59, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

See also Anthony A. Harkin & Joseph B. Harkin (2004) Geometry of Generalized Complex Numbers, Mathematics Magazine 77(2):118–29 for more details on the alternative complex planes.Rgdboer (talk) 22:38, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Argand diagrams
This article mentions Argand diagrams (and indeed, it is the redirect for it) but it doesn't explain what they are or provide a labeled example. I can see how that might appear trivial but there should at least be a full definition or sample construction. 76.181.233.121 (talk) 18:37, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

Edit war about an image
added repeatedly (3 times) an image to the article, which I have reverted three times because the image appears to be not convenient for this article. The reasons of my revert follow. IMO, each of the following issues is sufficient for justifying my reverts. D.Lazard (talk) 13:45, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The choice of the colors is very poor and makes almost impossible to understand what is represented, even for an expert of the subject.
 * The image is confusing, and even misleading, since the complex plane is a 2D space and this is a 3D figure
 * The image is out of the scope of this article, since it seems to be about the use of complex numbers for modeling sinusoidal wawes.

 * I deeply disagree with the assessment. And thus (now a third time) I revert the removal.
 * • The representation of a 2D object in a 3D space is the most intuitive way to understand it.
 * • For anyone new to the subject who is not a mathematician, this is much easier to grasp than expressions.
 * • The image is uploaded in full HD and therefore it is incredibly easy to zoom in to get the details.
 * • The colors are oriented on the Euclidean coordinates represented in most CAD Programs.
 * • A hint of scope allows for a context to be applied to the rest of the theory. TimsDesigns (talk) 19:10, 26 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I find this image a bit out of place seeming as a basic representation of "complex numbers".
 * To begin with, I have serious issues with low-contrast colored labels that seem a bit hard to read, oriented in various 3d directions, and partially obscured by other elements, and with somewhat non-obvious/potentially confusing labels like "real (complex) cosine wave". I'm also concerned about low-contrast line elements whose spatial positions is a bit hard to figure out due to lack of context, and not immediately obvious spatial relationships between the different parts of the chart.
 * But leaving that aside, this image isn't trying to demonstrate the most basic features of complex number arithmetic (interpreted geometrically in a 2d plane), which is what I think we should be depicting in the top half or so of this page. Instead, the subject depicted is three orthogonal projections of a helix. This can be interpreted as a graph of the complex exponential of an imaginary parameter, but that interpretation is not at all self evident, and explaining the details to readers who have never heard of complex numbers before (and therefore are also unlikely to have thought deeply about the significant number of nontrivial prerequisites) is a pretty demanding task that our current page doesn't try to do and I don't think would be reasonable to do in the available space adjacent to the image. –jacobolus (t) 21:59, 26 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I share these concerns. Furthermore, I am puzzled by statements like The representation of a 2D object in a 3D space is the most intuitive way to understand it. Shouldn't a 2D object be represented in 2D? XOR'easter (talk) 17:27, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Aside: even ignoring the color contrast issue for readers with typical color vision, the use of green and red to indicate meaningful distinctions is a very bad idea in diagrams intended for a general audience, because a very significant part of the human population (especially among men) is red–green colorblind and will not be able to distinguish them. –jacobolus (t) 00:26, 28 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I have been trying to figure out how this image is helpful to that section or the article, and honestly I don't see it. The image, or a variation of it, might be helpful to some other article, though. So I would tend to side with D Lazard on this one. Dhrm77 (talk) 20:38, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Complex plane


text:
User talk:Mrtwolman

Possibly unfree Image:Nod_1_95.png
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title: User talk:Mrtwolman


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Borsod Brewery

Borsodi Brewery or Brewery of Borsod (Borsodi Sörgyár Rt.) is a brewery located in the village of Bőcs, near Miskolc, the capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county in northeastern Hungary.

History
Construction of a 22,000 m2 brewery began in 1969 in the village of Bőcs, Hungary. The brewery began producing beer in 1973 with initial production of 874,000 hl. In 1991 after the fall of communism, the brewery was privatized and in 1993 it was purchased by the Belgian Interbrew (now InBev). The purchase of the brewery led to significant improvements in several aspects of brewing including higher quality, use of improved technology, and better product development. Although the company has been under foreign ownership since 1993, it still produces a line of Hungarian beers in addition to some foreign beers brewed under license.

At the Borsodi Sörgyár Rt. plant in Bőcs, northern Hungary, another brewery with a capacity of 370 million liters per year for Ft 1.5 billion was put into operation in March 2005. The plant produces about 33% more beer than the old one. The huge boilers and vats imported from Korea are able to manage 28 tons of raw material at once. The process consumes 10% less energy.

In mid October 2009, private equity fund CVC Capital Partners bought all of Anheuser–Busch InBev's holdings in Central Europe (including Borsod) for €2.23 billion. They renamed the operations StarBev.

In 2012, the StarBev Group was taken over by Molson Coors Brewing Company, an American-Canadian brewing company which is the fifth biggest brewer in the world.

Borsodi is a market leader in Hungary. During the socialist period, all breweries in Hungary had defined regions, where they operated. There was no competition between the breweries for local markets. Borsodi was in charge of the eastern part of Hungary and supplied this market. After the privatization process in the early 1990s, all breweries became competitors as they fought for the largest possible share of the Hungarian market. Borsodi managed to remain competitive and strengthened its position on the Hungarian beer market by offering beer drinkers a wide range of brands. The brewery's main brand is “Borsodi Sör”. In order to maintain and improve the market position, the company is using marketing communication activities: The brewery regularly participates in the organization and sponsorship of various sports and music events. Borsodi collaborates with the university of Miskloc for market research projects. The university also has a post-graduate program in which Borsodi's staff is trained. The brewery is also collaborating with the Food and Agricultural University (Kertészeti Egyetem) located in Budapest, which trains food engineers.

Beers
As of October 2005, Borsodi Sörgyár produces 5 kinds of Hungarian beer. The beers are well known throughout Hungary.

 * Borsodi Sör (4.6% alcohol, pale lager) – The flagship of the brewery and best-selling beer brand in Hungary is a traditional golden-colored light beer.
 * Borsodi Bivaly (6.5% alcohol, Hungarian lager) – Introduced in 2004 as a stronger (both in taste and alcohol content) light-colored beer.
 * Borsodi Barna (6.7% alcohol, dark German style)
 * Borsodi Póló (0.5% alcohol, non-alcoholic beer) – A light, non-alcoholic beer introduced in 1996.
 * Borostyán (5.2% alcohol, amber) – A premium beer introduced in 2003 using a unique roasted malt which gives it an amber color, and a mildly bitter taste.
 * Borsodi Super Dry (4% alcohol)

Borsodi Sörgyár also produces Beck's and Stella Artois under license. In addition to the beers it brews on site, Borsodi Sörgyár sells and distributes Belle-vue Kriek, Hoegaarden, Leffe, and Staropramen in Hungary.

title: Borsod Brewery


text:
Come Sail Away – The Styx Anthology

Come Sail Away – The Styx Anthology is a greatest hits album by Styx, released on May 4, 2004. It is a compilation consisting of two compact discs and contains a thorough history of the band. The album encompasses many of the band's most popular and significant songs, ranging from the band's first single from their self-titled album, "Best Thing", through the song "One with Everything", a track included on Styx's most recent album at the time of release, Cyclorama.

In 2006, the album was re-released and repackaged as part of the Gold series.

Personnel

 * Dennis DeYoung - keyboards, vocals (all except disc 2, track 18)
 * Tommy Shaw - guitar, vocals (disc 1, tracks 10–17, disc 2 tracks 1–14 & 17–18)
 * James Young - guitar, vocals
 * Chuck Panozzo - bass, vocals (all except disc 2, track 18)
 * John Panozzo - drums (all except disc 2, tracks 17–18)
 * Lawrence Gowan - vocals, keyboards (disc 2, track 18)
 * Glen Burtnik - guitar, vocals (tracks 15–18)
 * Todd Sucherman - drums (disc 2, tracks 17–18)
 * John Curulewski - guitar, vocals (disc 1, tracks 1–9)

title: Come Sail Away – The Styx Anthology


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MSR

MSR may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Macrophage scavenger receptor, a receptor found in macrophages
 * Magnetic stripe reader, a device used to read magnetic stripe cards such as credit cards
 * M–sigma relation, in astrophysics
 * Mars sample return mission, a spaceflight mission to return rock and dust samples collected on Mars
 * Mirror self-recognition, in animals through the mirror test
 * Molten salt reactor, an advanced nuclear reactor design

Computing

 * Machine state register, a register used in PowerPC architectures
 * Model-specific register, a feature in x86 processors
 * Microsoft Reserved Partition, a space-management partition on a computer storage device
 * Mining software repositories, a field that analyzes the rich data available in software repositories

Entertainment

 * MSR Studios, a New York recording studio
 * The Most Serene Republic, a Canadian indie rock band
 * Metropolis Street Racer, a Dreamcast racing game
 * Mid-season replacement, a television series that premieres in the second half of a traditional season
 * Metroid: Samus Returns, a video game
 * Mulder Scully Romance, the relationship of the main characters of the television series The X-Files
 * March, Strathspey and Reel, common bagpipe tune set

Organizations and companies

 * Market Street Railway (nonprofit), a historic preservation organization in San Francisco, California, U.S.
 * Microsoft Research, the research division of Microsoft
 * Mountain Safety Research, a US company specializing in outdoor equipment
 * Mouvement social révolutionnaire, the French fascist party Revolutionary Social Movement
 * Movimiento Social Republicano, the Republican Social Movement political party in Spain
 * MSR - The Israel Center for Medical Simulation, Israeli institute for Simulation-Based Medical Education

Places

 * Most Serene Republic, a title in the name of various countries
 * Montserrat (ISO 3166-1 code)

Transportation

 * EgyptAir (ICAO designator), an Egyptian airline
 * Main supply route, a military operations supply route
 * Market Street Railway (transit operator), a defunct company in California, U.S.
 * Maserati, a luxury sports car company
 * Michigan Shore Railroad, US
 * Muar State Railway, a defunct railway formerly operating in the Johor Sultanate, British Malaya
 * Mumbai Suburban Railway, India
 * Muş Airport (IATA airport code), Turkey

Weapons

 * Modern sporting rifle or AR-15 style rifle
 * Modular Sniper Rifle, a sniper rifle produced by Remington Arms
 * Magnum Sniper Rifle or Accuracy International Arctic Warfare, a bolt-action sniper rifle

Other uses

 * Market Stability Reserve, a part of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme
 * Milan–San Remo, an annual bicycle race
 * Mortgage servicing rights, the rights to collect mortgage payments from a borrower for the benefit of the lender
 * Meyer Shank Racing, an American auto racing team

title: MSR


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pucci Petwear

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 11:26, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Pucci Petwear
Seems to be nothing but an advertisement for a non-notable company. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:53, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete (just to make things clear). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:53, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Undecided It's an ad, but they seem to get 54,000 Google hits. So I wonder (reluctantly) if it should just be cleaned up?   Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk  20:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ad --JAranda | yeah 03:42, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no assertion of notability. --fvw *  11:39, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Surface Network Modelling

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Already speedied by snowspinner. – Rich Farmbrough 20:34, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Surface Network Modelling
Maybe it's a notable topic... One would never know from this article, whose only content is to plug one researcher, and a link -- which is broken. Alai 05:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete doesn't really pass the Google test - it seems to be a term peculiar to this one researcher and his group at UCL, and there doesn't seem to be anything to say about it that wouldn't be a copyvio. Keithlard 05:30, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if re-written. I've fixed the link.  It's a reputable academic area about which quite a bit could be said.  I get close to 600 Googles for    Dl yo ns 493   Ta lk   12:26, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not worth to keep even as a stub. Somebody who's keen on this topic will write a new article about it eventually. -- Rune Welsh ταλκ 20:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Template:Non-free 2D art

title: Template:Non-free 2D art


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Compass church

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was already deleted. — J I P | Talk 07:44, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Compass church
Non-notable church. Sounds like the entire text has been copied from somewhere else. BorgQueen 01:30, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: article listed as copyvio. No longer AfD's jurisdiction. –ArmadniGeneral (talk • contribs) 01:37, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, so time isn't wasted trying to get permission or verifying that it is actually a copyvio. -- Kjkolb 09:42, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Geoff Dyer

Geoff Dyer (born 1958) is an English author. He has written a number of novels and non-fiction books, some of which have won literary awards.

Early life and education
Dyer was born and raised in Cheltenham, England, as the only child of a sheet metal worker father and a school dinner lady mother. He was educated at the local grammar school and won a scholarship to study English at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. After graduating from Oxford, he claimed unemployment benefits, and moved into a property in Brixton with other former Oxford students. He credits this period with teaching him the craft of writing.

Writing career
His debut novel, The Colour of Memory, is set in Brixton in the 1980s, the decade that Dyer lived there. The novel has been described as a "fictionalization of Dyer's 20s".

Dyer is the author of the following novels: The Colour of Memory (1989), The Search (1993), Paris Trance (1998) and Jeff in Venice, Death in Varanasi (2009). He wrote a critical study of John Berger – Ways of Telling – and two collections of essays: Anglo-English Attitudes and Working the Room. A selection of essays from these collections entitled Otherwise Known as the Human Condition was published in the U.S. in April 2011 and won the National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism.

Dyer has written the following genre-defying titles: But Beautiful (on jazz); The Missing of the Somme (on the memorialization of the First World War); Out of Sheer Rage (about D. H. Lawrence); Yoga For People Who Can't Be Bothered To Do It; The Ongoing Moment (on photography); Zona (about Andrei Tarkovsky's 1979 film Stalker); and Broadsword Calling Danny Boy (about Brian G. Hutton's 1968 film Where Eagles Dare). In 2019, Out of Sheer Rage was listed by Slate as one of the 50 greatest nonfiction works of the past 25 years. He is the editor of John Berger: Selected Essays and co-editor, with Margaret Sartor, of What Was True: The Photographs and Notebooks of William Gedney.

His 2014 book Another Great Day at Sea chronicles Dyer's experiences on the USS George H.W. Bush, where he was writer-in-residence for two weeks. It has been described by David Finkel as "'what we've all come to expect from Geoff Dyer—another great book. I loved everything about it. It's brilliantly observed, beautifully written, incisive, funny, and filled with stirring truths about life and the value of service.'"Billy Collins said: "'Geoff Dyer has managed to do again what he does best: insert himself into an exotic and demanding environment (sometimes, his own flat, but here, the violent wonders of an aircraft carrier) and file a report that mixes empathetic appreciation with dips into brilliant comic deflation. Welcome aboard the edifying and sometimes hilarious ship Dyer.'"

Dyer was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2005. In 2014, he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

In 2013, he served as the Bedell Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Iowa's Nonfiction Writing Program. He now teaches in the PhD program at the University of Southern California.

Personal life
Dyer is married to Rebecca Wilson, chief curator at Saatchi Art, Los Angeles. He currently lives in Venice, California. In March 2014, Dyer said he had had a minor stroke earlier in the year, shortly after moving to live in Venice.

Awards and honours

 * 1992: Somerset Maugham Award winner for But Beautiful
 * 1992: John Llewellyn Rhys Prize shortlisted for But Beautiful
 * 1998: National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism finalist for Out of Sheer Rage
 * 2003: Lannan Literary Fellowship
 * 2004: WH Smith Best Travel Book Award winner for Yoga For People Who Can't Be Bothered To Do It
 * 2005: Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
 * 2006: Winner of the E. M. Forster Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters
 * 2006: International Center of Photography (ICP) Infinity Award for Writing on photography for The Ongoing Moment
 * 2009: GQ Writer of the Year Award
 * 2009: Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize for Best Comic Novel for Jeff in Venice, Death in Varanasi
 * 2011: National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism winner for Otherwise Known as the Human Condition
 * 2015: Windham–Campbell Literature Prize (Non-Fiction) valued at $150,000

Books

 * U.S. edition:
 * U.S. edition:
 * U.S. edition:
 * U.S. edition:
 * U.S. edition:
 * U.S. edition:
 * U.S. edition:

title: Geoff Dyer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Project Reunion

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETED. -Doc (?) 23:17, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Project Reunion
This article starts with ''Project Reunion is the code name for the experiment being put together by Ish and Ceeraya, Saffi and Needa Sunzu, The Code, Apeh, Rothon, and Ojec. In essence, it is a social and political experiment to see if we have what it takes to start, run, and manage a company.'' Then it seems to turn into some sort of story about wood elves. I'm not sure exactly what this is, but I don't believe it belongs in Wikipedia. Joyous (talk) 03:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

The afd slug was deleted by User:Admiralq who also wrote the original page, so I put it back. Neier 06:08, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom. I think it may be scenario within the (unreleased) game which it links to at the bottom, but it doesn't seem like it belongs in a separate entry, no matter what.  The history shows it was also registered for speedy, and the speedy deletion was also deleted by the page creator.  Neier 06:08, 2 October 2005 (UTC) (italics appended) Neier 11:44, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've been trying to discuss the issue with the author of the article on the talk page. From what I've managed to understand, it's some kind of an experiment with their characters in a MMORPG game. Denis Kasak 08:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete OR. Xoloz 09:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Septentrio

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 05:04, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Septentrio
Advert. Michael Slone 05:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nomination. - Michael Slone 05:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete looks like an ad - Neier 06:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Folks, it has been tagged as a copyvio. Speedy. Zach (Sound Off) 00:28, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Hadrosaurids

title: Category:Hadrosaurids


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Redline (2006 video game)

Redline is a video game for Mac OS X developed by Jonas Echterhoff and published by Ambrosia Software. The game's primary features are its ability to simulate actual racing physics, online play, and support for the addition of third party content via plug-ins. The combination of these features have attracted numerous players and led to the creation of a seasonal racing league. Redline also has several modes of gameplay for those who prefer arcade style physics commonly found in other racing games. The game is now currently obsolete and an error message will be displayed upon opening the application as of OS X Snow Leopard and above. However, a fan-made patch allows the game to run on OS X Mavericks and above, but in single-player modes only.

Gameplay
Players may race in one of four modes: Time Trial, Quick Race, Challenge, or Multiplayer. In all of these modes, except for Challenge, the player may choose the track, their car, the weather, forward or reverse orientation, and the physics mode to race under. The modes available are: Simulation, Strict, Arcade, and Turbo Arcade. In Simulation, every car handles differently based on weight, drivetrain, horsepower, suspension setup, and other variables. Strict is a derivative of the Simulation mode, that was added in a later update that adjusts how car-scenery collisions are handled to help reduce the effectiveness of the "wall riding" technique. Arcade sacrifices realism for playability. Cars in Arcade differ less in performance than they do in Simulation or Strict. Turbo Arcade has the same physics as Arcade, but all cars much faster than normal, resulting in the least realistic method of play.

The main modes of gameplay are Quick Race and Multiplayer, the former a single player race between the player and up to eleven Artificial intelligence opponents, the latter a race of up to twelve human or A.I. racers over the internet. The host of the game chooses the track, weather, physics mode, and number of laps to be raced. Any cars a player has unlocked in the Challenge mode can be used, even if other players in the game have not unlocked them. However, if the host chooses, they can force all players to use the same car. Additionally, only plug-in cars and tracks that are had by all players may be used. If a player chooses a car or track which other players do not have, an error message is displayed and the race can not be started.

In the Time Trial mode, the player attempts to get the fastest lap time possible. They are able to compete locally on the host machine with stored scores and worldwide via an online time tracker. Times are submitted to the time tracker when a lap is completed and the rank, if any, of the time is returned. To simulate a rolling start, the player is placed some distance away from the starting line, allowing them to begin the first lap at the same speed as a normal race lap (versus Redline's usual standing start).

Challenge mode presents the player with specific car and track combinations, and a set of rules for completion. Some challenges require getting from start to finish under a certain time limit, and others call for avoiding obstacles that will disqualify the player if they are touched. Players are graded by how fast they complete the challenges with bronze, silver, or gold medals. Fast completion times can unlock new cars for use in any of the other modes. Additionally, like Time Trial, the player can compete for best times locally and worldwide.

Redline Racing League
The Redline Racing League (RRL) is a multi-race Simulation tournament (the Summer 2007 season was 20 races) held over the course of about 3 months. Three seasons of RRL have been held so far, and the last one, in the summer of 2007, attracted more than 30 racers from all over the globe.

Third party content
Redline has a now-inactive community of dedicated third party developers who once constantly released new cars, tracks, weather settings, challenges, and other plug-ins for the game. As of February 24, 2011, there are over 450 cars and tracks available for download.

Reception
Redline has received positive reviews from critics, including an 8/10 from Inside Mac Games. The game was praised for its accurate simulation of realistic physics as well as including arcade style physics. Macworld noted its multiple game modes, open architecture, and multiplayer, among other things. Many reviewers stated that, "the graphics, while certainly not PGR3 or Gran Turismo 4 quality, are completely adequate" and "allow Redline to run on almost any Mac." However, reviewers almost universally disliked the lack of a damage model in the simulation mode. ATPM stated that the controls, when played with a keyboard, felt like the driver was slamming the pedals and suddenly jerking the wheel.

title: Redline (2006 video game)


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Talk:Full Thrust

Status
updated to include the revisions in FB1 and 2.

What exactly is the issue with the sources on this page? It's been cited, but I'm not certain what exactly is being questioned? Roryhinnen 17:24, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

The references are too few (they should be given for paragraphs, not sections) and improperly located, see WP:CITE and WP:V.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:38, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Just getting used to Wikipedia. I assume then the issue is the first section, some of the "popular ruleset" statements and such. Roryhinnen 21:55, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Full-proof strategy is to reference each sentence at the end. Example: Operation Wilno.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:13, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Hiya, the actual problem is that the thing is being cited as a reference for itself. That is not a valid source.  This is one of the most important rules of wikipedia.  It's in this article: Verifiability

 * Here's the part that deals with this. Articles should rely on reliable, third-party published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. Sources should be appropriate to the claims made: exceptional claims require exceptional sources.

 * Citing the rules in an article about the rules is not a third party source.

 * This sounds pretty sucky because it means we can only write about things that other people have already written about. But the opposite side of the coin is, would you open a published encyclo and expect to see an article on Full Thrust?Jewish-wargamer 21:54, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The game is notable and yes, it should be covered by encyclopedia. While preferably sources like reviews, articles, books and so on should be used, note from Verifiability that FT publications can be used to describe it - in reasonable bounds.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:08, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Hiya, actually, a self-published source would be something like a website or a so-called "vanity book," not the subject of the article itself. So if you did a website about something, that's self-published.  You could cite it as long as it meets the criteria.
 * I have to disagree about this topic being something we would expect to see in an encyclopedia, though. I've never seen any specific hobby product in any of the many encyclopedias I've looked at.  However, hopefully there are some usable sources out there for this article so it's not deleted. Let's find them! Jewish-wargamer 20:59, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * But have you ever seen any encyclopedia as large as this one? :) WP:PAPER should always be kept in mind...--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 21:03, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * And I'm glad of it! :->  But that said, the idea of encyclopedic is pretty much reflected in what sorts of things might be in a paper encyclo.  Actually that page you directed me to has a very relevant provision on it, this one:

 * Wikipedia is not a publisher of original thought
 * Wikipedia is not a place to publish your own thoughts and analyses or to publish new information not heretofore published.

 * The substance of articles like these are all original thought -- the analyses of the rules are completely, entirely, created by the authors of the articles themselves. It's virtually impossible to find sources for these things, because people do not really write articles or books about them.  It's because they are hobby products, and therefore not really encyclopedic.  It's my hobby, I love it, and I'd love to see more articles, not fewer, but according to Wiki policy, we should probably have a lot fewer articles than we now have.  They are almost all the dreaded original research. Jewish-wargamer 21:51, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I think there should be reliable sources like reivews one could dig for most of that...--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:44, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I say, let's do it! Jewish-wargamer 20:13, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

As with some other articles, I find myself wondering exactly what references or sources are desired in this case. Aside from the statement about being one of the "most popular" games (which might require a source for verification), essentially the rest of the article is a description of the game rules. Where is the analysis of the rules? I don't see any. There's no opinions offered about the rules themselves, how good/bad, exciting, novel they are, etc. So again I ask (barring the initial claim of popularity) what sources are required/desired? (I know nothing about this game, but the way.) Craw-daddy 22:57, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, the rules have to be referenced (a rulebook and page numbers would be sufficient), per WP:V, on the assumption that otherwise there is no guarantee somebody is not making them up.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 03:56, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

References and notability
I inserted the tag into this article since it really needs third party references to demonstrate its notability. While I'm sure that those references exist, I don't know where they are and thought that those more familiar with the game would be better at locating them. I would imagine that at some point in the future another editor is going to push hard for a clear demonstration of notability, as this article has none to show this right now. At that point a response of "no it doesn't" to the statement "need independent sources" isn't going to satisfy them. I'm not planning to be that editor who pushes for this, but I thought you should be warned that right now this article fails the requirements for third party sources to satisfy WP:N. Cheers --Craw-daddy | T | 07:37, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know what you're reading, but it says nowhere on WP:N that an article HAS TO HAVE third party sources to be notable. It says "multiple sources are generally prefered" – that doesn't say it's required. As a major contributor to this article, I believe the best reliable sources for such an obscure game as "Full Thrust" is the rule books themselves. I've played the game numerous times, and even though it's not nearly as popular as other mini games like Warhammer 40K - it deserves mention on Wikipedia - even if the best info only comes from the books. If other info can be sourced then fine, but it hardly deserves a warning tag. Cyberia23 05:00, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

From WP:N: A topic is presumed to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject. The phrase "independent of the subject" is the important part here. The only references are to the rulebooks, which are fine when you discuss the rules, but for notability they don't satisfy that requirement. What is desired is to find reviews that talk about the game, awards won, etc, etc to show notability. --Craw-daddy | T | 07:14, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * 15 years later, the page is a bit better, citin a Pyramid review, and some award, but I am afraid it is still borderline when it comes to WP:GNG. We need need to find more rewards and such. Did anyone write, in a reliable source, about the importance of this game? Can we find more reliable reviews (ones that have some editorial control, and are not just user generated)? I've added some reviews to the Polish version of this article, but they are of mediocre reliability at best, IMHO. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 10:48, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
 * PS. I've added the same revews here to the review section. Still needs more. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:35, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

NSL Nazis?
Where actually do you have the information from, that the NSL falls under a "national-socialist core government"? According to Tufffley himself:

"One important note concerning the NSL: according to our background, they are NOT "Nazis in Space", so no swastika markings! Think in terms of noble Austro-Hungarian and Prussian aristocracy - use WWI/modern German crosses if you wish, though we prefer stylised eagle symbols." from http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Station/3565/ft-painting-faq.html#New%20Swabian%20League%20(NSL) (retrieved 11.11.07) 85.127.177.237 01:47, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Needs some context
I'd like to see a section that contrasts FT2.5 with other popular starship games, most notably Battlefleet Gothic. The games emphasize very different aspects of play. BFG, for example, places emphasis on the ships crew quality and leadership, while FT2.5 focuses on ship design. BFG feels very "naval" in its orientation, while FT2.5's vector movement system leads to a unique maneuver pattern all its own. On the other hand, both systems employ a balance of capital ships and small attack craft, with both used to provide power projection. 131.96.91.19 (talk) 17:13, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Full Thrust


text:
Tony Miller

Tony Miller may refer to:

Sportspeople

 * Tony Miller (basketball) (born 1973), American basketball coach and former player
 * Tony Miller (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 1960s and 1970s for Castleford
 * Tony Miller (rugby union) (1929–1988), Australian rugby union player
 * Tony Miller (footballer) (born 1937), retired English footballer
 * Tony Miller (sprinter), winner of the 1990 and 1991 4 × 400 meter relay at the NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships

Others

 * Tony Miller (California politician) (born 1948), Secretary of State of California
 * Tony Miller (government official) (born 1950), Hong Kong government official and collector of Chinese porcelain
 * Tony Miller (cinematographer) (born 1964), English cinematographer and documentary filmmaker

title: Tony Miller


text:
Metropolitan Borough of Stockport

The Metropolitan Borough of Stockport is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in England. It is south-east of central Manchester and south of Tameside. As well as the towns of Stockport, Bredbury and Marple, it includes the outlying villages and suburbs of Hazel Grove, Bramhall, Cheadle, Cheadle Hulme, Gatley, Reddish, Woodley and Romiley. In, it had a population of , making it the fourth-most populous borough of Greater Manchester.

History
The borough was created in 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, from the former area of the County Borough of Stockport and from the administrative county of Cheshire the urban districts of Bredbury and Romiley, Cheadle and Gatley, Hazel Grove and Bramhall and Marple.

Stockport became a county borough in 1889 and was enlarged by gaining territory from Lancashire, including Reddish in 1906 and the Four Heatons in 1913. The Marple Urban District of Cheshire, formed in 1894, gained parts of Derbyshire in 1936 including Mellor and Ludworth from Chapel en le Frith Rural District.

Prior to its creation, it was suggested that the metropolitan borough be named "Norchester", but this was rejected as "a concocted name", being beaten by "Stockport" by a vote of 16 to 5.

Geography

 * Adswood
 * Bramhall, Bredbury, Brinnington
 * Cale Green, Cheadle, Cheadle Heath, Cheadle Hulme, Compstall
 * Davenport
 * Edgeley
 * Gatley
 * Heaton Chapel
 * Heaton Mersey
 * Heaton Moor
 * Heaton Norris
 * Hazel Grove, Heald Green, High Lane
 * Marple, Mellor
 * Offerton
 * Portwood
 * Reddish, Romiley
 * Woodford, Woodley, Woodsmoor

Parliamentary constituencies
There are four parliamentary constituencies in the Stockport Metropolitan Borough: Stockport, Cheadle, Hazel Grove, and Denton and Reddish. Stockport has been represented by Navendu Mishra (Labour) since 2019. Mary Robinson (Conservative) has been MP for Cheadle since 2015. William Wragg (Conservative) has been MP for Hazel Grove since 2015. The constituency of Denton and Reddish bridges Stockport and Tameside; the current member is Andrew Gwynne (Labour).

Unparished Areas
Showing former status (prior to 1974), the entire district is unparished (note that Offerton Park, called "Offerton Estate" until 2006, existed from 2002 to 2011):

 * 1) Bredbury and Romiley (Urban District)
 * 2) Cheadle and Gatley (Urban District)
 * 3) Hazel Grove and Bramhall (Urban District)
 * 4) Marple (Urban District)
 * 5) Stockport (County Borough)

Council
There are 21 electoral wards in Stockport, each with 3 councillors, giving a total of 63 councillors.

From 2002 until 2014, the Liberal Democrats had a controlling majority on the council.

Following the 2014 Local Elections, no party had overall control. The Liberal Democrats remained the largest party, despite losing a seat, but decided not to form a minority administration and strongly refused any possibility of a coalition with the Conservatives.

Following the 2016 Local Elections, no party had overall control with the Liberal Democrat council leader Sue Derbyshire losing her seat and Labour taking over as largest party.

Following the 2022 Local Elections, the Liberal Democrats took control of the council and Mark Hunter became leader.

Demography
At the 2001 UK census, the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport had a total population of 284,528. Of the 120,456 households in Stockport: 38.0% were married couples living together, 30.3% were one-person households, 8.3% were co-habiting couples and 9.4% were lone parents.

The population density is 2257 /km2 and, for every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. Of those aged 16–74 in Stockport, 25.7% had no academic qualifications, lower than 28.9% in all of England. 5.0% of Stockport's residents were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%. The largest minority group was recorded as Asian, at 2.1% of the population.

Population change
The table below details the population change since 1801, including the percentage change since the last available census data. Although the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport has only existed 1974, figures have been generated by combining data from the towns, villages and civil parishes that would later be constituent parts of the borough.

Religion
The following table shows the religious identity of residents residing in Stockport.

Economy
The Co-operative Bank opened a telephone banking centre in the Stockport pyramid in 1994. In 1999, the Stockport pyramid became the administrative home of smile.co.uk, an internet bank owned by the Co-op. The Co-op moved out of the pyramid building in 2019 and it is now available to let. Experian ranked Stockport fifth in North West England for shopping. The Merseyway Shopping Centre underwent a £15m redevelopment. Other shopping centres in Stockport include the Grand Central Stockport and the Stockport Peel Centre.

Medical equipment and technology, financial and professional services, computer and internet based services, and creative industries have been identified as growth industries in Greater Manchester, all with concentrations in Stockport. With employment at 2.0%, Stockport has the lowest rate of unemployment of all Greater Manchester's boroughs. Average house prices in the Stockport are second out of all the metropolitan boroughs in Greater Manchester, 27.7% higher than the average for the county.

At the 2001 UK census, Stockport had 204,812 residents aged 16 to 74. 2.4% of these people were students with jobs, 3.3% students without jobs, 5.4% looking after home or family, 5.0% permanently sick or disabled and 2.4% economically inactive for other reasons. These figures were generally in line with the national averages, although the proportion of people looking after home and family and students without jobs was significantly lower than the national average.

In 2001, of 136,059 residents of Stockport in employment, the industry of employment was: 17.3% retail and wholesale, 14.7% manufacturing, 13.8% property and business services, 11.7% health and social work, 8.9% education, 7.7% transport and communications, 6.1% construction, 5.3% finance, 4.6% public administration and defence, 4.1% hotels and restaurants, 0.7% energy and water supply, 0.6% agriculture and 4.3% other. This was roughly in line with national figures, except for the proportion of jobs in agriculture which is less than half the national average, reflecting the town's suburban nature and its proximity to the centre of Manchester.

Landmarks
Stockport has 386 listed buildings.

There are six Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the borough. Two date to the Bronze Age, a cairn in Ludworth and the Brown Low bowl barrow. Two related to medieval halls, Peel Hall in Heaton Moor and Torkington Moat. The final two were both built at the start of the 19th century, Oldknows Limekilns and the Marple Aqueduct.

Stockport has 14 local nature reserves: Abney Hall Park, Carr Wood, Chadkirk Country Estate, Crookilley Woods, Etherow Country Park, Gatley Carrs, Heaton Mersey Common, Happy Valley, Mersey Vale Nature Park, Poise Brook, Reddish Vale Country Park, Tangshutts Fields, Woodbank Park and Wright's Wood.

Education
Overall, Stockport was ranked 21st out of all the Local Education Authorities in SATs performance in 2006 and was 2nd in Greater Manchester. Authorised and unauthorised absences from Stockport secondary schools in 2006-07 were 6.7% and 1.3% respectively, almost the same as the national average (6.8% and 1.3%). In 2007, the Stockport LEA was ranked 30th out of 148 in the country, and 2nd in Greater Manchester, based on the percentage of pupils attaining at least 5 A*-C grades at GCSE including Maths and English (50.0% compared with the national average of 45.8%).

In 2006, Cheadle Hulme School was the most successful school in Stockport at both GCSE and A-level; 99% of the pupils gaining five or more GCSEs at A*-C grade including Maths and English. At A-level, it was also the 72nd most successful school in the country.

Twin towns
The Borough of Stockport has formal twinning arrangements with two European places: Béziers was originally twinned with the County Borough of Stockport and became twinned with the Metropolitan Borough on its creation in 1974.

 * Béziers, France, 1972
 * Heilbronn, Germany, 1982

title: Metropolitan Borough of Stockport


text:
Howell Observatory

The Howell Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Mississippi State University's Astronomy and Physics department. It is located in Starkville, Mississippi.

Equipment

 * 14" Schmidt-Cassegrain
 * 8" Schmidt-Cassegrain
 * 10" Newtonian reflector

title: Howell Observatory


text:
Women's Stuttgart Open

The Stuttgart Open, also known by its sponsored name Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, is a women's tennis tournament held in Stuttgart, Germany (until 2005, in Filderstadt, a southern suburb of Stuttgart). Held since 1978, the tournament is the oldest women's indoor tournament in Europe. The event was part of the Tier II category from 1990 until 2008 and as of 2009 has been a Premier tournament on the WTA Tour. The singles champion receives prize money and a Porsche sports car. Until 2008 the tournament was played on hardcourt in autumn. Since 2009 it is played on clay court in spring, as a warm-up tournament to the French Open, making it the first indoor clay court event on the women's tour.

The players voted for the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix as their favourite Premier tournament in 2007, 2008, 2010–2012, 2014–2017.

The tournament has been won by many former number ones and Grand Slam champions. Martina Navratilova holds the record for most singles wins at the event, with six titles between 1982 and 1992, in addition to eight doubles titles. Tracy Austin and Martina Hingis both come second with four wins each in the singles event, with Austin winning four consecutive. This is followed by Lindsay Davenport and Maria Sharapova with three wins each.

Elena Rybakina is the current singles champion.

History
The tournament was founded by businessman Dieter Fischer who had organized a men's exhibition tournament in Filderstadt in 1977 to open his tennis centre. After failing to schedule a men's event in 1978 a license for a Tier II women's tournament was purchased for $100,000 and the first edition was held in October 1978, won by 15-year old Tracy Austin. In March 1979 a men's tournament was held, won by Wojciech Fibak, but this event was discontinued as it required too much effort to organize two tournaments annually with a volunteer force. In 1992 a request for promotion to the Tier I category was rejected by the WTA on the grounds that the tournament's centre court, with a 3,000-seat capacity, was too small. In 2002 Fischer sold the tournament licence to Porsche who had been the official sponsor since the first edition.

title: Women's Stuttgart Open


text:
Talk:GWR 4073 Class 4079 Pendennis Castle

Regarding article creation...
I thought individual engines got their own pages. William M. Connolley 22:24, 2 October 2005 (UTC).

 * Yes and no. If you don't provide any information on the engine (build date, withdrawal date), etc. (see http://www.greatwestern.org.uk/m_in_cas_castle4.htm and http://www.railuk.info/steam/getsteam.php?row_id=1572 ) or the fact that this engine was until quite recently Down Under or provide a decent photograph then it's best just to try to concentrate on writing the article on the class (which is also a stub.  We don't yet even have a list of their names).  The basic research is not hard, however until it's done, the reader is best served by looking at the class page.

Ah... the only other one that I can immeadiately find is GWR 4073 Class 5051 Earl Bathurst which... um... I created. OTOH DH edited it... William M. Connolley 22:33, 2 October 2005 (UTC).

 * There are others around, e.g. LMS Princess Coronation Class 6229 Duchess of Hamilton, BR standard class 9F 92220 Evening Star. It's possible, but do your research. Dunc|☺ 22:38, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * This would be an argument against creating any stubs. Please be a little less... abrupt. William M. Connolley 08:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC).

 * The guidelines specifically say "a good stub". This is not "a good stub".  I'd be embarassed by it and even more so by the photo.  Another one that falls into the "to get a job done properly you've got to do it yourself" box then I guess?  I love this place. Dunc|☺ 09:09, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it's your cruft you fix it. Dunc|☺ 15:55, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * If you love this place, then why not try to make it a nice place, instead of being gratuitously rude? William M. Connolley 15:13, 3 October 2005 (UTC).

Reverted back from the redir page. This appears to be a personal dispute between two users. Also it appears one user is an admin and has used his admin powers inapropriatly. The rollback button is for vandalism & such, not for personal disputes. A stub with an image would appear to be a good stub. If the image is too dark then adjust the brightness on your monitor, it is a good image. Vsmith 16:20, 3 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Mountain Safety Research

Mountain Safety Research, or MSR, is a producer of camping, hiking and mountaineering equipment, such as portable stoves, water filters, snowshoes, and tents. While specializing in lightweight and technical equipment, MSR's gear is designed for a wide range of outdoor enthusiasts from novice to expert mountaineers. It is located in Seattle, Washington and owned by Cascade Designs.

History
MSR began as a newsletter in 1969 that covered topics around mountaineering safety. In 1973, Larry Penberthy (1916–2001) developed the MSR Model 9 camp stove, a design which used white gas and was relatively fearsome in cold weather. He separated the stove burner from then small fuel tanks, and then pressurized auxiliary fuel bottles as the tank, and used a better wind screen. Cold weather mountaineers loved it because it was great for melting ice and snow into water. It roared, and was nicknamed Krakatoa. Not good for omelettes ... it did not simmer well. This evolved into the Whisperlite stove, a multi fuel stove capable of running on a wide range of liquid fuels. He also designed an ice axe that was supposed to dig into the ice better and stop a slide. Penberthy also introduced aluminum-shafted ice axes; metal axes have replaced earlier wooden-shaft designs.

The company was acquired by REI in 1981. In 2000, MSR merged with Edgeworks, the manufacturer of Moss, Walrus and Armadillo tents. Shortly afterwards, these brands were discontinued and all tents by the company sold as MSR. In August 2001, MSR was acquired by Cascade Designs.

title: Mountain Safety Research


text: User talk:81.56.58.41

title: User talk:81.56.58.41


text:
Ballyragget

Ballyragget is a small town on the river Nore in the north of County Kilkenny in Ireland. Ballyragget is on the N77 road, 18 km north of Kilkenny. As of the 2016 census, it had a population of 1,082 people.

Toponymy
The name 'Ragget' is Anglo-Norman in origin, and denotes a once-prominent Norman landowner Richard le Ragget who held these lands in the early part of the 13th century.

Older names of the settlement include Donoughmore (or Donaghmore; Domhnach Mór "large church") and the even more ancient Tullabarry (Tualach Bare) - the name of a Celtic or possibly pre-Celtic tribe which held their seat in the vicinity. There is some debate as to the meaning of Donoughmore. The very first issue of the Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society (January 1948), which has an article about Ballyragget and its environs, states a belief that Domhnach Mór means "big Sunday" and relates to the fact that thousands of people congregated at the now ruined church in Donoughmore for its opening on a Sunday and the name stuck.

History
The settlement of Ballyragget originally formed at a fording-point on the River Nore at this location. Originally named after the 13th century Anglo-Norman landowner Richard le Ragget, Ballyragget was later held by Mountgarret family. The town is dominated by a large medieval keep (known as Ballyragget Castle). It is five storeys in height and surrounded by a court or bawn which has round defensive towers in each of four corners. A moat originally surrounded the keep and bawn, but now this can only be seen outside the north wall. This tower was renovated in the late 15th century, and contains a late 16th century inscribed stone which commemorates Edmund Butler, 2nd Viscount Mountgarret.

Much of the town streetscape was laid out by George Butler and his grandson Robert Butler around the town's square in the mid-17th century. A large mid 19th-century Catholic church sits on a rise overlooking the town's central square.

Geography
The River Nore flows beside the town, which nestles in a wide alluvial valley between the Attanagh Plateau and several hills to the east, including 'Knockmannon' and 'The Balla boys'. The Nore passes by one of the most significant ancient sites in North Kilkenny 5 km south of Ballyragget at Rathbeagh. The statistical Ballyragget Geographical Area is recorded by the CSO as containing 26.67 km2.

To the north lies the town of Durrow in County Laois, to the south the River Nore flows on towards Kilkenny City.

The town is located in the townland of the same name which is in the civil parish of Donoghmore in the ancient barony of Fassadinin.

Demographics
Central Statistics Office reports indicate that Ballyragget's population increased by over 30% in the 20 years between the 1996 census and the 2016 census of Ireland, from 803 to 1,082 inhabitants.

The electoral division which surrounds the town had a population of 1,451 in the 2006 census.

The majority of residents in Ballyragget are nominally Roman Catholic, although there are minority Protestant and non-religious populations.

Economy
Agriculture and the agri-food industry are the largest employers, with the large Tirlán factory across the river dominating the town's industry for the past forty years. The plant at Ballyragget is the largest multi-purpose integrated dairy plant in Europe, and both Glanbia plc and Tirlán can trace their roots to the Avonmore co-operative founded in Ballyragget in the 1960s.

A percentage of the area's residents commute to work (or education) some distance from the town.

Education
Ballyragget is served by Ballyragget National School was opened following the amalgamation of Scoil Naomh Bhríde and Scoil Chiaráin Naofa in August 2018. There is no secondary school in the town.

Politics
At national level, Ballyragget, as part of the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency, is represented by five Teachtaí Dála in Dáil Éireann.

At a local level, the town is within the administrative area of Kilkenny County Council.

People

 * Mabel Cahill, a champion tennis player who won the U.S. Open and held the singles, doubles and mixed titles for 1891–1892, was born in Ballyragget

title: Ballyragget


text:
Talk:Geoff Dyer

Untitled
My first full large article. Is this small enough to qualify as a stub? Someone needs to flesh out his biography... The "He lives in London, where he.." line comes from his book jackets, I wasnt sure if it was appropriate. --Quiddity 22:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I removed the second half of the sentence. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 22:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

I don't think it's the jazz book that he's best known for. Most would say it's for Yoga and Out of Sheer Rage. Your thoughts? 72.241.103.162 (talk) 03:48, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Potential sources
These had been in the article as External links, but could possibly serve as references:
 * Biography
 * Interview with Geoff Dyer at Identity theory
 * Interview with Geoff Dyer at Absolutewrite.
 * Audio interview with Geoff Dyer at On Point
 * Geoff Dyer at the complete review
 * Analysis of But Beautiful with excerpts
 * Audio interview on Bookworm, National Public Radio
 * Video: Geoff Dyer at Adelaide Writers' Week. With J.M. Coetzee March 2010, SlowTV

Novaseminary (talk) 04:29, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Geoff Dyer


text:
User talk:Jonveit

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

--JAranda'' | yeah 22:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jonveit


text:
Hypacrosaurus

Hypacrosaurus (meaning "near the highest lizard" [Greek υπο-, hypo- = less + ακρος, akros, high], because it was almost but not quite as large as Tyrannosaurus) was a genus of duckbill dinosaur similar in appearance to Corythosaurus. Like Corythosaurus, it had a tall, hollow rounded crest, although not as large and straight. It is known from the remains of two species that spanned 75 to 67 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and Montana, United States, and is the latest hollow-crested duckbill known from good remains in North America. It was an obscure genus until the discovery in the 1990s of nests, eggs, and hatchlings belonging to H. stebingeri.

Discovery and history
The type remains of Hypacrosaurus were collected in 1910 by Barnum Brown for the American Museum of Natural History. The remains, a partial postcranial skeleton consisting of several vertebrae and a partial pelvis (AMNH 5204), came from along the Red Deer River near Tolman Ferry, Alberta, Canada, from rocks of what is now known as the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (early Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous). Brown described these remains, in combination with other postcranial bones, in 1913 as a new genus that he considered to be like Saurolophus. No skull was known at this time, but two skulls were soon discovered and described.

During this period, the remains of small hollow-crested duckbills were described as their own genera and species. The first of these that figure into the history of Hypacrosaurus was Cheneosaurus tolmanensis, based on a skull and assorted limb bones, vertebrae, and pelvic bones from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. Not long after, Richard Swann Lull and Nelda Wright identified an American Museum of Natural History skeleton (AMNH 5461) from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana as a specimen of Procheneosaurus. These and other taxa were accepted as valid genera until the 1970s, when Peter Dodson showed that it was more likely that the "cheneosaurs" were the juveniles of other established lambeosaurines. Although he was mostly concerned with the earlier, Dinosaur Park Formation genera Corythosaurus and Lambeosaurus, he suggested that Cheneosaurus would turn out to be composed of juvenile individuals of the contemporaneous Hypacrosaurus altispinus. This idea has become accepted, although not formally tested. The Two Medicine Procheneosaurus, meanwhile, was not quite like the other Procheneosaurus specimens studied by Dodson, and for good reason: it was much more like a species that would not be named until 1994, H. stebingeri.

Species
H. altispinus, the type species, is known from 5 to 10 articulated skulls with some associated skeletal remains, from juvenile to adult individuals found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. H. stebingeri is known from an unknown but substantial number of individuals, with an age range of embryos to adults. The hypothesis that H. altispinus and H. stebingeri form a natural group excluding other known hadrosaur species may be incorrect, as noted in Suzuki et al.'s 2004 redescription of Nipponosaurus; their phylogenetic analysis found that Nipponosaurus was more closely related to H. altispinus than H. stebingeri was to H. altispinus. This was rejected by Evans and Reisz (2007), though.

The new species Hypacrosaurus stebingeri was named for a variety of remains, including hatchlings with associated eggs and nests, found near the top of the late Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Two Medicine Formation in Glacier County, Montana, and across the border in Alberta. These represent "the largest collection of baby skeletal material of any single species of hadrosaur known".

Description
Hypacrosaurus is most easily distinguished from other hollow-crested duckbills (lambeosaurines) by its tall neural spines and the form of its crest. The neural spines, which project from the top of the vertebrae, are 5 to 7 times the height of the body of their respective vertebrae in the back, which would have given it a tall back in profile. The skull's hollow crest is like that of Corythosaurus, but is more pointed along its top, not as tall, wider side to side, and has a small bony point at the rear. Unlike other lambeosaurines, the passages for the airways do not form an S-curve in the crest (at least not in H. altispinus). The animal is estimated to have been around 9.1 m long, and to have weighed up to 4.0 tonnes (4.4 tons). As with most duckbills, its skeleton is otherwise not particularly remarkable, although some pelvic details are distinctive. Like other duckbills, it was a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore. The two known species, H. altispinus and H. stebingeri, are not differentiated in the typical method, of unique characteristics, as H. stebingeri was described as transitional between the earlier Lambeosaurus and later Hypacrosaurus.

Classification
Hypacrosaurus was a lambeosaurine hadrosaurid, and has been recognized as such since the description of its skull. Within the Lambeosaurinae, it is closest to Lambeosaurus and Corythosaurus, with Jack Horner and Phil Currie (1994) suggesting that H. stebingeri is transitional between Lambeosaurus and H. altispinus, and Michael K. Brett-Surman (1989) suggesting that Hypacrosaurus and Corythosaurus are the same genus. These genera, particularly Corythosaurus and Hypacrosaurus, are regarded as the "helmeted" or "hooded" branch of the lambeosaurines, and the clade they form is sometimes informally designated Lambeosaurini. Although Suzuki et al.'s 2004 redescription of Nipponosaurus found a close relationship between Nipponosaurus and Hypacrosaurus stebingeri, indicating that Hypacrosaurus may be paraphyletic, this was rejected in a later, more comprehensive reanalysis of lambeosaurines, which found the two species of Hypacrosaurus to form a clade without Nipponosaurus, with Corythosaurus and Olorotitan being the closest relatives.

The following cladogram illustrating the relationships of Lambeosaurus and its close relatives was recovered in a 2022 phylogenetic analysis by Xing Hai and colleagues. Unlike other modern analyses, they found the genus Magnapaulia to be within Hypacrosaurus, indicating it could be a potential third species.

Paleobiology
As a hadrosaurid, Hypacrosaurus would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating a variety of plants. Its skull permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing, and its teeth were continually replacing and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. Plant material would have been cropped by its broad beak, and held in the jaws by a cheek-like organ. Its feeding range would have extended from the ground to about 4 m above.

Crest functions
The hollow crest of Hypacrosaurus most likely had social functions, such as a visual signal allowing individuals to identify sex or species, and providing a resonating chamber for making noises. The crest and its associated nasal passages have also figured in the debate about dinosaur endothermy, specifically in discussions about nasal turbinates.

Turbinates are thin bones or cartilages that come in two types, with two functions. Nasal olfactory turbinates are found in all living tetrapods and function in smell. Respiratory turbinates function to prevent water loss through evaporation and are found only in birds and mammals, modern endotherms (warm-blooded animals) who could lose a great deal of water while breathing because they breathe more often than comparably sized ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) to support their higher metabolism. Ruben and others in 1996 concluded that respiratory turbinates were probably not present in Nanotyrannus, Ornithomimus or Hypacrosaurus based on CT scanning, thus there was no evidence that those animals were warm-blooded.

Thermoregulation
Examining the oxygen-isotope ratio from the bones from different parts of an extinct animal's body should indicate which thermoregulation mode an animal used during its lifetime. An endothermic (warm-blooded) animal should maintain a very similar body temperature throughout its entire body (which is called homeothermy) and therefore there should be little variation in the oxygen-isotope ratio when measured in different bones. Alternatively, the oxygen-isotope ratio differs considerably when measured throughout the body of an organism with an ectothermic (cold-blooded) physiology. Oxygen-isotope ratios calculated for Hypacrosaurus suggesting that the ratios varied little, indicating that Hypacrosaurus was a homeotherm, and likely was endothermic. This is in contrast to the Ruben et al. (1996) finding that Hypacrosaurus was not warm-blooded, which was based on the absence of nasal turbinates (see Crest functions subsection, above).

Nests and growth
Hypacrosaurus stebingeri laid roughly spherical eggs of 20 by, with embryos 60 cm long. Hatchlings were around 1.7 m long. Studies of lines of growth (i.e. lines of von Ebner) in the teeth of embryonic H. stebingeri suggests plesiomorphically long incubation times, with a minimum incubation time of 171.4 days for H. stebingeri. Young and embryonic individuals had deep skulls with only slight expansion in the bones that would one day form the crest. Growth was faster than that of an alligator and comparable to ratite growth, for several years, based on the amount of bone growth seen between lines of arrested growth (analogous to growth rings in trees). Research by Lisa Cooper and colleagues on H. stebingeri indicates that this animal may have reached reproductive maturity at the age of 2 to 3 years, and reached full size at about 10 to 12 years old. The circumference of the thigh bone at postulated reproductive maturity was about 40% that of its circumference at full size. The postulated growth rate of H. stebingeri outpaces those of tyrannosaurids (predators of hypacrosaurs) such as Albertosaurus and Tyrannosaurus; rapidly growing hypacrosaurs would have had a better chance to reach a size large enough to be of defensive value, and beginning reproduction at an early age would also have been advantageous to a prey animal. Secondary cartilage has been found in the skull of a hatchling specimen of H. stebingeri.

Cells
In 2020, Alida M. Bailleul and colleagues reported cartilage traces on a hatchling specimen of H. stebingeri. The team performed histological analyses on skull and limb bones of nestling individuals of the specimen MOR 548, a large nesting ground in the Two Medicine Formation attributed to H. stebingeri, and the results showed calcified cartilage within a supraoccipital bone, and upon microscopic magnification, chondrocyte-like structures were found. Several of these structures were preserved in the final stages of mitosis, with some preserving putative traces of celular nuclei. Bailleul and colleagues isolated some of these cells in order to be tested with DNA staining: stains DAPI and PI. They also exposed emu chondrocytes, and these tied up to DNA fragments. H. stebingeri cells tested positive to possible chemical markers of DNA, in a similar way to the emu cells, suggesting the potential preservation of this molecule. The team concluded that the find was not a product of fossil contamination, and DNA may last much longer than previously assumed.

Paleopathology
The discovery of tooth marks in the fibula of a Hypacrosaurus specimen inflicted by a bite from the teeth of a tyrannosaurid indicated that this, and other hadrosaurids were either preyed upon or scavenged by large theropod dinosaurs during the Late Cretaceous period.

Taphonomy
The large, monospecific assemblage of Hypacrosaurus stebingeri in Montana was interpreted as a group of dinosaurs that was killed by a volcanic ashfall. This assemblage is considered autochthonous, meaning that the remains are thought to have been buried on or near the same spot where the individuals died. The variety of ages in this group supports that this was a biocoenosis—an actual life assemblage of animals. The cause of death in a volcanic ashfall is suffocation by the ash and by the gases released from volcanic eruptions. The preservation of this diverse group of dinosaurs provides researchers with a growth series, which is a sequence of growth stages from juvenile to adult.

Environment
H. altispinus shared the Horseshoe Canyon Formation with fellow hadrosaurids Edmontosaurus and Saurolophus, hypsilophodont Parksosaurus, ankylosaurid Anodontosaurus, nodosaurid Edmontonia, horned dinosaurs Montanoceratops, Anchiceratops, Arrhinoceratops, and Pachyrhinosaurus, pachycephalosaurid Stegoceras, ostrich-mimics Ornithomimus and Struthiomimus, a variety of poorly known small theropods including troodontids and dromaeosaurids, and the tyrannosaurid Albertosaurus. The dinosaurs from this formation are sometimes known as Edmontonian, after a land mammal age, and are distinct from those in the formations above and below. The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is interpreted as having a significant marine influence, due to an encroaching Western Interior Seaway, the shallow sea that covered the midsection of North America through much of the Cretaceous. H. altispinus may have preferred to stay more landward.

The slightly older Two Medicine Formation, home to H. stebingeri, was also populated by another well-known nesting hadrosaur, Maiasaura, as well as the troodontid Troodon, which is also known from nesting traces. The tyrannosaurid Daspletosaurus, caenagnathid Chirostenotes, dromaeosaurids Bambiraptor and Saurornitholestes, armored dinosaurs Edmontonia, Oohkotokia, and Scolosaurus, hypsilophodont Orodromeus, hadrosaur Prosaurolophus, and horned dinosaurs Achelousaurus, Brachyceratops, Einiosaurus, and Rubeosaurus were also present. This formation was more distant from the Western Interior Seaway, higher and drier, with a more terrestrial influence.

title: Hypacrosaurus


text:
Královec

Královec (Königshan) is a municipality and village in Trutnov District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Etymology
The German name Königshan was derived from Königshain (meaning "king's grove") and referred to a village founded on the site of a forest owned by the king. The Czech name was derived from the German name (from král = 'king').

Geography
Královec is located about 13 km north of Trutnov and 52 km north of Hradec Králové. The municipality borders Poland on the north and east. It lies in the Broumov Highlands. The highest point is the hill Královecký Špičák at 881 m above sea level.

History
The first written mention of the village of Královec is from 1292, however, the woods in the area under the name Königshein were mentioned already in 1007. During its existence, the village was alternately part of the Žacléř estate, or it was owned by the town of Trutnov or by the Krzeszów Abbey.

Economy
There is a quarry in the municipal territory where solid volcanic rocks are mined.

Transport
The I/16 road connects the Czech-Polish border with Trutnov. On the Czech-Polish border is the railway border crossing and road border crossing Královec / Lubawka.

Královec is located on the railway line Trutnov–Sędzisław.

Sights
The main landmark of Královec is the Church of Saint John of Nepomuk. It was built in 1924–1928.

The only protected cultural monuments are a statue of St. John of Nepomuk dating from 1762 and a small medieval conciliation cross.

Notable people

 * Mathias Czwiczek (1601–1654), painter

title: Královec