text:
Talk:Twenty questions

Wooden vegetables

 * "This can produce some odd technicalities, such as a wooden table being classified as a vegetable."

That doesn't make sense 66.75.49.213

 * A wooden table is made of 99% wood, which comes from a tree, which is a vegetable. Sneaky?  Perhaps.  Technically accurate?  Yes. Calbaer 22:13, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) A tree is not a vegetable. Trees are perennial woody plants, and "vegetable" is not a botanical term. Ergo; insofar as "twenty questions" is concerned, a table made of carrots would be a "vegetable", but a table made of wood from an oak tree would not...at most, it could be "other", unless the term "vegetable" is used to describe anything that grows and is either alive or dead, which would seem to be stretching the limits of the definition. There are trees that can grow vegetables (such as the Moringa oleifera), but they are few and far between; and I doubt that furniture could be made from them.

 * 2) I question the inclusion of the link to "One: the movie" in External Links. I have not seen the film; but there is no mention on the website or in the movie trailers of any connection to 20 questions. It would seem to be a film about the interconnectedness, or "Oneness" of all people. --Weirdoactor 17:10, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but in this context, the Victorians used "vegetable" to refer to plant growths of any kind, not just carrots and peas... AnonMoos 02:15, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with AnonMoos. In games I've seen or played, everything falls under the major categories labeled "animal", "vegetable", "mineral", or "non-tangible" -- there is no "other" category.
 * A traditional question is "Was it ever alive?", which would be "yes" for our wooden table (since trees are alive), discriminating everything in the "animal" and "vegetable" groups from everything else in the "mineral" and "non-tangible" groups.
 * Since everything is forced to fit into those 4 categories, the traditional definitions must be stretched a lot.
 * While I agree with Weirdoactor that a wooden table is not usually considered a "vegetable", it fits even less well into the "animal", "mineral", or "non-tangible" categories. In a similar way, apples, mushrooms, maple syrup, cardboard boxes, and Yggdrasil all end up in the "vegetable" category. Mushrooms aren't even in the plant kingdom.--68.0.120.35 20:14, 17 January 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Yes, it does. Go look up "vegetable" in the OED. (To be highly pedantic, it is wrong; it should say a wooden table being classified as vegetable. But that entire sense of the word is so obsolete now that it's probable that players who still use those categories would phrase it that way.)

 * 2) They said it was a odd technicality. (That said, it's a Victorian convention and linguistic hold-over. Any game I've ever played hasn't offered players that gimme category information. They have to ask—in yes/no format—whether it has ever been living &c. In such a game "Is it a vegetable" for a wooden table would get a simple "No" answer.) — Llywelyn II   10:02, 2 October 2016 (UTC)
 * i love how you write so fast @LlywelynII 72.42.169.122 (talk) 19:11, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Always good to be appreciated. — Llywelyn II   07:47, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

Alternative names
Perhaps someone should gather the alternative names for Twenty Questions throughout the world. Alfr%C3%A9d R%C3%A9nyi noted the Hungarian "Barkochba game" in 1969, while Charles Dickens noted that the Victorian version was called "Yes and no." Calbaer 22:13, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

TV version
If the TV version began in the UK two years before the US version, surely the UK is the country of origin and did not buy the rights from the US. --92.15.51.199 (talk) 15:02, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

 * In actuality, as explained in the article, the American version began on Mutual Radio on February 2, 1946 – a year before the BBC version began. The Corporation did televise specials in 1947 and 1948 which predate the American series, but the American version is put first since its roots are earlier than the UK one. I hope you understand. Daniel Benfield (talk) 16:46, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

 * One thing I understand is that a game described by Charles Dickens in his writing cannot possibly have been invented in America in the 1940s. 91.107.169.238 (talk) 00:09, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

Use of the word "foreign"
I find the use of the word "foreign" unfortunate - I can see that this game was invented in America, but the word is exclusionary because it defines a point-of-view for the article which is only trivially relevant. To visualise how this is insulting, imagine the page were discussing a Scottish invention (they had plenty) and its spread across the States was headed "Use by Foreigners". As a US reader, would you not feel somewhat offended? I suggest a more inclusive term such as "worldwide versions" which do not carry an implicit point-of-view. 75.119.241.125 (talk) 19:00, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * It's not unfortunate. It's completely misinformed. It's a British or French game. It may even be Scottish.

 * . and
 * . both have it being played among the British upper class in 1786.

 * Shannon Selin's blog can point both to the origin of the lie that it was American (the dead Google link being used here on our page) and to the actual appearance of the game in America following a well-publicized round done by Prime Minister Canning.

 * The Critic of 1882, Vol II, p. 177, seems to have an article detailing its popularization in America but Google Books inanely only provides snippet view despite it being well out of copyright. From what I can get by repeated quote-searching:
 * In a tasteful dark blue cover adorned with a score of aggressive interrogation marks, and in all the ruddy glory of a rubricated title-page and foot-notes in crimson ink, comes 'Hotspur'’s essay on one of the foremost of our native sports, 'Twenty Questions', which disputes with Poker the credit of being the most characteristic and widely diffused of American games. Each affords full scope for the national gift of speculation, and each in its present form is a product of American ingenuity; for as Poker is the final development of the simple game of Gleek played in Ben Jonson's time, so is the purely scientific Twenty Questions, as we now know it, an evolution from a ruder game in which a score of queries were prepared, to be answered answered only with a Quaker-like 'Yea' or 'Nay'. The success of Twenty Questions in America is a beautiful instance of the survival of the fittest, and no game ever responded more heartily to the demands of its environment. For one thing, it affords a means of withdrawing the superabundant feminine curiosity of the watering-place from idle gossip; and for another, it satisfies the national liking for a combination of entertainment and instruction. We can afford a word of praise to the care and skill with which 'Hotspur' has drawn up a code of laws for a game which hitherto has relied for its government on a vague and varying common law of tradition. Would it not have been well to extend this thin volume by a few remarks on the cognate games of Clumps and Literati, neither of which as yet has any place in the American Hoyle?
 * — Llywelyn II   10:28, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

Why akinator is not mentioned?
Seriously, why? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.58.150.157 (talk) 20:26, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * What is it? — Llywelyn II   10:03, 2 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Ha..I had wondered, when glancing over the technology section if it might be mentioned. Akinator was (is?) a web site that was basically the questioner in a 20 questions style game, and would  try to guess any notable person (real or fictional, nonhumans included) that you think of. It was fun, the novelty of it wore off after not too long. the OP posted that here during the height of said novelty XD. Firejuggler86 (talk) 07:34, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

Connection with Situation puzzle
Connection with Situation puzzle should be explined in the article. Is Twenty Questions is a particular variant of a Situation puzzle? Or, are they basically the same game (in which case, the articles should probably be merged)? Maxal (talk) 18:01, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It's not the same game. Maybe they're variants of a more general kind of game. But Twenty Questions' goal is to guess what one of the players is thinking of. A situation puzzle involves seeking through questions for the explanation of a puzzling scenario posed at the start. The Tetrast (talk) 18:36, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * On review, I shouldn't have been so quick. I don't think that the two articles should be merged but the comparison not only is worth pursuing but arises naturally in Twenty Questions article. I've added about situation puzzles in a section now renamed to mention situation puzzles. The Tetrast (talk) 18:01, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Intro section too long?
I was thinking of putting the intro section's current 2nd & 3rd paragraphs into a separate new section "Rules and strategy". Or maybe I should just leave it alone. Comments? The Tetrast (talk) 02:05, 19 February 2011 (UTC).

Computer Science
"Mathematically, if each question is structured to eliminate half the objects, 20 questions will allow the questioner to distinguish between 2^20 or 1,048,576 objects." This might be correct if there is only one object for each trait or quality that is represented in a question. But it is a little misleading if there are more than one objects for each trait. For instance, if there are 1 Trillion red marbles and 1 Trillion blue marbles, then in one question, "Is it red?" I have distinguished 1 Trillion from 1 Trillion objects. 67.241.61.203 (talk) 13:38, 26 November 2013 (UTC)Scott
 * Then that would be the perfect opening question! This is describing a perfect situation where you are able to eliminate half of the remaining objects every time you ask a question, ultimately being able to distinguish the one sought item from the 1,048,575 others. Your "Is it red?" question distinguishes half of the marbles from the other half, but it doesn't distinguish Red Marble #63,382 from Red Marble #463,827. --McGeddon (talk) 13:58, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

History
When did people start playing this game? Surely not in the 20th century. Perhaps in the Victorian era? Or was it known in Samuel Johnson's time? 173.174.85.204 (talk) Eric —Preceding undated comment added 01:54, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Snakes and Ladders which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 20:46, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

 * You can't have "Twenty questions" in the title and "Twenty Questions" in the text, however. Which shall it be, "twenty questions" or "Twenty Questions"? If the former, the other game names in the article will have to be lowercased as well. I'll move to the latter if there are no objections. Thanks. –Roy McCoy (talk) 19:24, 2 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Er, I'm not sure it should be uppercased. I just think it should be one way or the other, even if only provisionally pending a discussion elsewhere. Is there anyone watching this page who cares and has an opinion? Thanks again. –Roy McCoy (talk) 19:29, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
 * It's the proper name of a game called "Twenty Questions", not an article about any given "twenty questions" generally: In the game Twenty Questions, one player answers up to twenty questions from the other players. Of course it should be uppercase unless (a) there's a specific separate convention in English or at Wiki since it's a parlor game or (b) it's specifically different in Britlish and in (American) English and the page already has a set style per . You could check on the policy pages, ngram, and the page history.

 * Regardless, if people do it both ways, the article should show both ways in the lede before settling down to one or the other through its running text. — Llywelyn II   07:54, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

Surprise Twenty Questions
According to my research, Wheeler himself never called his version of Twenty Questions "negative twenty questions", and the source cited for the paragraph does not refer to it by that label. Though some other sources use that label, they do not cite any writing by Wheeler actually using the label.

Wheeler referred to his version as "the surprise version of the game". See the book "Quantum Theory and Measurement" p.202 ( https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=L7r_AwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=%22quantum+theory+and+measurement%22&ots=7kLCrevnps&sig=YVlsmqfPoGJCp3xQCE7hgLu5ImQ#v=onepage&q=%22surprise%20version%22&f=false ). Accordingly, I am editing the entry to change "negative twenty questions to "surprise twenty questions". Nick (talk) 18:15, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Twenty questions


text:
Great Dixter

Great Dixter is a house in Northiam, East Sussex, England. It was built in 1910–12 by architect Edwin Lutyens, who combined an existing mid-15th century house on the site with a similar structure brought from Benenden, Kent, together with his own additions. It is a Grade I listed building. The garden, widely known for its continuous tradition of sophisticated plantsmanship, is Grade I listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

House
The original Northiam house, known as Dixter, dating from the mid-15th century, was acquired by a businessman named Nathaniel Lloyd in 1909. He had a 16th-century house in a similar style moved from Kent and the two were combined with new work by Lutyens to create a much larger house, which was rechristened Great Dixter. It is a romantic recreation of a medieval manor house, complete with great hall, parlour, solar and yeoman's hall.

Garden
Lloyd and Lutyens began the garden at Great Dixter, but it was Lloyd's son Christopher Lloyd, a well known garden writer and television personality, who made it famous. The garden is in the arts and crafts style, and features topiary, a long border, an orchard and a wild flower meadow. The planting is profuse, yet structured, and has featured many bold experiments of form, colour and combination. The garden is currently managed by Fergus Garrett, who worked closely with Lloyd up until his death in 2006 as Head Gardener and introduced a number of innovations into the planting scheme.

In the grounds of Great Dixter are three 18th-century oast houses, under a common roof, and a 15th-century barn. These are Grade II* listed.

Management
The house and garden are open to the public from the end of March to late October each year, while the nursery is open year-round. In 2003, the Great Dixter Charitable Trust was established by Christopher Lloyd to ensure the property was preserved after his death. Education is at the heart of the trust's work. A number of student placements and scholarships are offered every year to ensure that the skills of managing an intricate, complex garden are passed on. In addition, study days, week-long symposia, workshops and lectures are held frequently.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Great Dixter


text:
Viburnum opulus

Viburnum opulus, the guelder-rose or guelder rose is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae (formerly Caprifoliaceae) native to Europe, northern Africa and central Asia.

Description

Viburnum opulus is a deciduous shrub growing to 4 - 5 m tall. The leaves are opposite, three-lobed, 5 - 10 cm long and broad, with a rounded base and coarsely serrated margins; they are superficially similar to the leaves of some maples, most easily distinguished by their somewhat wrinkled surface with impressed leaf venation. The leaf buds are green, with valvate bud scales.

The hermaphrodite flowers are white, produced in corymbs 4 - 11 cm in diameter at the top of the stems; each corymb comprises a ring of outer sterile flowers 1.5–2 cm in diameter with conspicuous petals, surrounding a center of small (5 mm), fertile flowers; the flowers are produced in early summer, and pollinated by insects. The fruit is a globose bright red drupe 7–10 mm diameter, containing a single seed. The seeds are dispersed by birds.

Names
The common name 'guelder rose' relates to the Dutch province of Gelderland, where a popular cultivar, the snowball tree, supposedly originated. Other common names include water elder, cramp bark, snowball tree, common snowball, and European cranberrybush, though this plant is not closely related to the cranberry. Some botanists also include the North American species Viburnum trilobum as V. opulus var. americanum Ait., or as V. opulus subsp. trilobum (Marshall) Clausen.

Phylogeny
Viburnum opulus is a member of the Viburnum genus which contains 160 to 170 species. It is classified in the subsection Opulus, which usually contains five species. Phylogenetic analyses suggest the following relationship between those species:

Cultivation
Viburnum opulus is grown as an ornamental plant for its flowers and berries, growing best on moist, moderately alkaline soils, though tolerating most soil types well. Several cultivars have been selected, including 'Roseum', in which all the flowers are only of the larger sterile type, with globular flower heads.

The shrub is also cultivated as a component of hedgerows, cover plantings, and as part of other naturalistic plantings in its native regions.

It is naturalised in North America.

The cultivars 'Notcutt's Variety', 'Roseum' and the yellow-fruited 'Xanthocarpum' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Uses
The fruit is edible in small quantities, with a very bitter taste; it can be used to make jelly. It is however mildly toxic, and may cause vomiting or diarrhea if eaten in large amounts. The ripe fruit is often ignored by birds and avoided by humans due to a foul smell emitted when crushed, described by some as "musty socks" or "urine and vomit".

The term 'cramp bark' is related to the bark's use in traditional medicine for cramps, but there is no scientific evidence of its effectiveness for this use or any other.

Cultural meaning
Mentions of the viburnum can be found throughout Ukrainian folklore such as songs, decorative art, Ukrainian embroidery, and poetry. Its symbolic roots can be traced to the Slavic paganism of millennia ago. According to a legend, kalyna was associated with the birth of the Universe, the so-called Fire Trinity: the Sun, the Moon, and the Star. Its berries symbolize one's home and native land, blood, and family roots. Kalyna is often depicted on Ukrainian embroidery: ritual cloths and shirts. In Slavic paganism kalyna also represents the beauty of a young lady, which rhymes well in the Ukrainian language: ka-ly-na – div-chy-na.  The song "Chervona Kalyna" was the anthem of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen  and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army; along with these national liberating movements in 20th century guelder rose was established as a symbol of riflemen honor, and state independence.

In Russia the Viburnum fruit is called kalina (калина) and is commonly found in folklore. Kalina derived in Russian language from kalit' or raskalyat', which means "to make red-hot". The red fiery color of the berries represents beauty in Russian culture and together with sweet raspberries it symbolises the passionate love of a beautiful maiden, since berries were always an erotic symbol in Russia. The bitter side of the red fruit also symbolizes love separation in Russian folk culture. The name of the Russian song Kalinka is a diminutive of Kalina. Viburnum opulus is also an important symbol of the Russian national ornamental wood painting handicraft style called Khokhloma.

In Romanian, which has been influenced by East Slavic culture, Viburnum opulus is called călin. Călin is also used as both a given name and a surname.

title: Viburnum opulus


text:
Andrew Penn (cricketer)

Andrew Jonathan Penn (born 27 July 1974) is a New Zealand cricketer who played five One Day Internationals for New Zealand between 1997 and 2001. He played first-class cricket for Central Districts and Wellington from 1995 to 2003.

Penn made three overseas tours with New Zealand. This is the record for the most tours with a Test-playing team in a complete career without ever playing in a Test. Penn has also played for Wanganui in the Hawke Cup.

Penn works as a solicitor in property and commercial law. He is a principal at Whanganui law firm Treadwell Gordon.

title: Andrew Penn (cricketer)


text:
Hundred man killing contest

The hundred man killing contest (百人斬り競争) was a newspaper account of a contest between Toshiaki Mukai (3 June 1912 – 28 January 1948) and Tsuyoshi Noda (1912 – 28 January 1948), two Japanese Army officers serving during the Japanese invasion of China, over who could kill 100 people the fastest while using a sword. The two officers were later executed on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity for their involvement.

The news stories were rediscovered in the 1970s, which sparked a larger controversy over Japanese war crimes in China, particularly the Nanjing Massacre. The modern historical consensus is that the stories did not occur as they were described. The original accounts printed in the newspaper described the killings as hand-to-hand combat; however, historians have suggested that they were most likely a part of Japanese mass killings of Chinese prisoners of war.

Wartime accounts
In 1937, the Osaka Mainichi Shimbun and its sister newspaper, the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun, covered a contest between two Japanese officers, Toshiaki Mukai (向井 敏明) and Tsuyoshi Noda (野田 毅), in which the two men were described as vying with one another to be the first to kill 100 people with a sword. The competition supposedly took place en route to Nanjing, prior to the infamous Nanjing Massacre, and was covered in four articles from 30 November 1937, to 13 December 1937; the last two being translated in the Japan Advertiser.

Both officers supposedly surpassed their goal during the heat of battle, making it difficult to determine which officer had actually won the contest. Therefore, (according to the journalists Asami Kazuo and Suzuki Jiro, writing in the Tokyo Nichi-Nichi Shimbun of 13 December), they decided to begin another contest with the goal of 150 kills. The Nichi Nichi headline of the story of 13 December read Incredible Record' [in the Contest to] Behead 100 People—Mukai 106 – 105 Noda—Both 2nd Lieutenants Go Into Extra Innings".

Other soldiers and historians have noted the unlikelihood of the lieutenants' alleged heroics, which entailed killing enemy after enemy in fierce hand-to-hand combat. Noda himself, on returning to his hometown, admitted this during a speech that "I killed only four or five with sword in the real combat... After we captured an enemy trench, we'd tell them, 'Ni Lai Lai.' The Chinese soldiers were stupid enough to come out the trench toward us one after another. We'd line them up and cut them down from one end to the other."

Trial and execution
After the war, a written record of the contest found its way into the documents of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. In 1947, the two soldiers were arrested by the U.S. Army and detained at Sugamo Prison. They were then extradited to China and tried by the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal. On trial with the two men was Gunkichi Tanaka, a Japanese Army captain who personally killed over 300 Chinese POWs and civilians with his sword during the massacre. All three men were found guilty of atrocities committed during the Battle of Nanjing and the subsequent massacre, and sentenced to death. On 28 January 1948, the three were executed by shooting at a selected spot in the mountains of the Yuhuatai District. Mukai and Noda were both 35 years old; Tanaka was 42.

Modern assessment
In Japan, the contest was lost to the obscurity of history until 1967, when Tomio Hora (a professor of history at Waseda University) published a 118-page document pertaining to the events of Nanjing. The story was unreported by the Japanese press until 1971, when Japanese journalist Katsuichi Honda brought the issue to the attention of the public with a series of articles written for Asahi Shimbun, which focused on interviews with Chinese survivors of the World War II occupation and massacres.

In Japan, the articles sparked fierce debate about the Nanjing Massacre, with the veracity of the killing contest a particularly contentious point of debate. Over the following years, many authors have argued over whether the Nanjing Massacre even occurred, with viewpoints on the subject also being a predictor for whether they believed the contest was a fabrication. The Sankei Shimbun and Japanese politician Tomomi Inada have publicly demanded that the Asahi and Mainichi media companies retract their wartime reporting of the contest.

In a later work, Katsuichi Honda placed the account of the killing contest into the context of its effect on Imperial Japanese forces in China. In one instance, Honda notes Japanese veteran Shintaro Uno's autobiographical description of the effect on his sword after consecutively beheading nine prisoners. Uno compares his experiences with those of the two lieutenants from the killing contest. Although he had believed the inspirational tales of hand-to-hand combat in his youth, after his own experience in the war, he came to believe the killings were more likely brutal executions. Uno adds,

"Whatever you say, it's silly to argue about whether it happened this way or that way when the situation is clear. There were hundreds of thousands of soldiers like Mukai and Noda, including me, during those fifty years of war between Japan and China. At any rate, it was nothing more than a commonplace occurrence during the so-called Chinese Disturbance."

In 2000, Bob Wakabayashi weighed in with his own study which concluded that although "the killing contest itself was a fabrication" by journalists, it "provoked a full-blown controversy as to the historicity of the Nanking Atrocity as a whole." In turn, the controversy "increased the Japanese people's knowledge of the Atrocity and raised their awareness of being victimizers in a war of imperialist aggression despite efforts to the contrary by conservative revisionists." In a later book, Wakabayashi quotes Joshua Fogel as saying that "to accept the story as true and accurate requires a leap of faith that no balanced historian can make."

The Nanjing Massacre Memorial in China includes a display on the contest among its many exhibits. A Japan Times article has suggested that its presence allows revisionists to "sow seeds of doubt" about the accuracy of the entire collection.

The contest is depicted in the 1994 film Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre, as well as the 2009 film, John Rabe.

In April 2003, the families of Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda filed a defamation suit against Katsuichi Honda, Kashiwa Shobō, the Asahi Shimbun, and the Mainichi Shimbun, requesting ¥36,000,000 in compensation, and for Honda's publications to be retracted due to "inveracity". On 23 August 2005, Tokyo District Court Judge Akio Doi ruled against the plaintiffs. The court argued that as both soldiers were deceased, discussions over their wartime behavior do not infringe on their "honor and privacy rights". Instead, it could be claimed that a false narrative infringed on the plaintiffs' "affection for and admiration for the two lieutenants", but the court dismissed this claim as well. The judge noted that "the contents of the news article are... extremely questionable" but that second-hand discussions of the news story do not constitute slander; instead, it has become part of a historical discussion wherein "the evaluation as a historical fact is still in the undetermined situation." Some evidence of killing Chinese POWs (not hand-to-hand fighting) were shown by the defendants, and the court supported the possibility that the "contestants" killed POWs by sword, which in its view would suggest that the story is not "completely false in an important part". In December 2006, the Supreme Court of Japan upheld the decision of the Tokyo District Court.

title: Hundred man killing contest


text:
Chidlow, Western Australia

Chidlow is a small community in the Shire of Mundaring approximately 45 kilometres east of Perth, Western Australia.

History
The Chidlow townsite was originally known variously as Chidlow's Flat, Chidlow's Springs or Chidlow's Well after a well and stockyard on the old Mahogany Creek to Northam road. The well was sunk by William Chidlow, a pioneer of the Northam district, who originally established the Northam road. Chidlow arrived in the Swan River Colony in 1831. Settlement began in 1883 when it became known that Chidlow's Well was to be the terminus of the second section of the Eastern Railway, which was opened in March 1884. Chidlow's Well railway station and townsite were renamed Chidlow in 1920.

The railway station and yard were of significance in the operation of the Eastern Railway from the 1880s to the 1960s. Lake Leschenaultia was originally constructed to provide water for the steam trains. Various proposals have been put forward to rebuild the railway to Midland especially due to the restricted nature of public transport to the Chidlow area. Nowadays, the Railway Reserve Heritage Trail retraces the 70 kilometres of the old Eastern Railway, which was constructed from Fremantle to York in the 1880s.

Military history
During World War II, Chidlow was the location of a significant Army camp on the Old Northam Road near Haigh and Forge Roads. Erection of camp buildings at Chidlow was completed in March 1943.

Designated a brigade camp with three battalions, Chidlow's Army Camp was constructed to accommodate up to 1,000 troops in some 15 camp areas.

Attractions
Since the closure of the railway the Chidlow community has adjusted from being an important transport location to more of a rural retreat location. The Railway Reserve Heritage Trail has become one of the major recreational facilities in the Shire of Mundaring, and is suitable for walking, cycling and horse riding.

The Chidlow Tavern sits opposite the park where the Chidlow's Wells Station once stood.

Lake Leschenaultia is popular with both locals and visitors and provides safe swimming, canoe hire, walking trails and camping.

Bus

 * 328 Chidlow to Midland Station – serves Thomas Street, Memorial Avenue, Willcox Street and Elliott Road
 * 331 Wundowie to Mundaring – serves Old Northam Road, Thomas Street, Memorial Avenue, Willcox Street and Elliott Road

title: Chidlow, Western Australia


text:
Sydney Motorsport Park

Sydney Motorsport Park (known until May 2012 as Eastern Creek International Raceway) is a motorsport circuit located on Brabham Drive, Eastern Creek (40-kilometres west of the Sydney CBD), New South Wales, Australia, adjacent to the Western Sydney International Dragway. It was built and is owned by the New South Wales Government and is operated by the Australian Racing Drivers Club. The circuit is one of only two permanent tracks in Australia with an FIA Grade 2 license and is licensed for both cars and motorcycles.

History
The development of circuit was approved in 1989 and construction began soon after. However, construction was delayed by poor weather and debates over land ownership. A test race open to Superbikes was held in July 1990 and the circuit was officially opened by then-New South Wales Minister for Sport Bob Rowland-Smith on 10 November 1990 with the running of the Nissan Sydney 500 endurance race for Group A touring cars. In 1991, the consortium formed to fund the circuit suffered financial problems and the complex was purchased by the New South Wales Government. The pit facilities provide fifty garages with direct access to the paddock area and a covered 4,000-seat grandstand overlooks the finish line, providing a view of the majority of the circuit. Events are held at the circuit on most weekends during the year.

Redevelopment
On 11 August 2006, the Sydney Morning Herald reported that Ron Dickson, the A1 Grand Prix circuit designer who also designed the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit, suggested that Sydney Motorsport Park was not up to modern standards and needed to be upgraded. On 28 April 2008, it was announced that Apex Circuit Design Ltd. had been commissioned to perform a $350,000 feasibility study on upgrading the track to suit more purposes and hold larger events such as the Australian Formula One Grand Prix, however nothing came of this proposed upgrade.

In early 2011, the circuit received funding for a $9 million upgrade, with the New South Wales Government providing $7 million and the Australian Racing Drivers Club funding the other $2 million. The upgrade reconfigured the circuit into four layouts, with two able to be operated at the same time, with a total length of 4.500 km. The upgrade also included an additional pit lane facility to cater for the new configuration, a new race control tower and new amenities buildings. Work on the upgrades began in June 2011, with a new piece of road joining turns four and nine. This link road, finished in October 2011, created the new "Druitt Circuit", also known as the North Circuit. The 830-metre extension on the south-eastern part of the circuit was completed in May 2012 to create the new "Amaroo Circuit" (or South Circuit). On 21 May 2012, the circuit was renamed from Eastern Creek International Raceway to Sydney Motorsport Park. Construction of the new pit lane between turns four and five also began at this time.

Following the circuits' reconfiguration, a number of corners were named. At the circuits' re-opening, turn five was renamed "Brock's 05" in reference to Peter Brock and the number with which he was associated, whilst in October 2017 the first two corners were renamed "Moffat Corner" and "Bond Bend" respectively.

Motorcycling
After the first Australian motorcycle Grand Prix held at Phillip Island in 1989, there was a conflict over advertising between the Victorian Government and the tobacco industry, who were major sponsors of the Grand Prix teams. The New South Wales Government saw this as an opportunity to bring the race to Sydney and in October 1990, a deal was made for the Grand Prix to be held at what was then known as Eastern Creek International Raceway from 1991 to 1993. The race remained at the circuit until 1996 before returning to Phillip Island in 1997.

The circuit has also hosted rounds of the Australian Superbike Championship.

A1 Grand Prix
The Australian round of the A1 Grand Prix championship was held at Sydney Motorsport Park from the 2005–06 season to the 2007–08 season. During the 2006–07 event on 4 February 2007, German driver Nico Hülkenberg set the outright lap record for the original circuit layout with a 1:19.142 lap time in the A1 Team Germany prepared Lola-Zytek.

Touring cars
The first touring car event at the circuit was the 1990 Nissan Sydney 500, an endurance race which was the final round of both the 1990 Australian Endurance Championship and the 1990 Australian Manufacturers' Championship. In the early 1990s, the circuit also hosted the Winfield Triple Challenge, an event which featured Australian Touring Car Championship (ATCC) teams and drivers alongside Superbikes and drag racing.

The circuit first hosted a championship round of the ATCC (now known as V8 Supercars) in 1992 and held a round every year, excluding 1998 and 2006, until 2008. Further to this, the circuit hosted the season-ending Grand Finale in 2003 and 2004, with Marcos Ambrose winning the round and the championship title on both occasions. In 2009 the circuit was dropped in favour of the Sydney 500 on the Sydney Olympic Park Street Circuit. The circuit returned to the V8 Supercars calendar in 2012 after V8 Supercars failed to secure a second international event. After another year off the calendar in 2013, the circuit has returned to the calendar from 2014 onwards.

The official pre-season V8 Supercar test day was held at the circuit in 2011 and 2013 to 2015. The 2013 test day was the first time that the four Car of the Future manufacturers appeared together at a public event. The 2015 test day clashed with the 2015 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour, preventing V8 Supercars drivers from competing in the race.

ATCC / V8 Supercar round winners

 * Notes
 * – Sydney Motorsport Park hosted two rounds of the 2003, 2004 and 2020 V8 Supercar Championship Series.
 * – Sydney Motorsport Park hosted four rounds of the 2021 V8 Supercars Championship Series.

Winfield Triple Challenge
Between 1992 and 1995, the circuit hosted a non-championship Triple Challenge event in late January consisting of touring cars, Superbikes and drag racing. The event was backed by the Winfield cigarette brand, to promote their sponsorship of all three categories of racing. Glenn Seton Racing, sponsored by rival cigarette brand Peter Jackson, won the touring car element of the event in all four years, with eponymous team owner/driver Glenn Seton winning three. In practice for the 1995 event, the Winfield-backed entry of Mark Skaife had a major accident at Turn 1, hitting concrete drag racing barriers which resulted in injuries that forced him to miss the first round of the 1995 Australian Touring Car Championship. The event concluded with the ban of cigarette advertising in Australia at the end of 1995.

Muscle Car Masters
An event organised and promoted by Australian Muscle Car magazine, the Muscle Car Masters is held on Father's Day every year. The event includes races and demonstration laps featuring Australian muscle cars and ex-race cars from the 1950s to the 1990s. Regular racing classes include Group N, Group C, Group A and Touring Car Masters while different car clubs have their cars on display each year and take part in demonstration laps. Historically significant cars in Australian motorsport are also present and complete laps of the circuit. While the main focus is on the history of Australian touring car racing, other classes, such as Formula 5000, have also appeared.

Music venue
In the 1990s, the venue held a number of rock concerts and music festivals including Guns N' Roses, Bon Jovi, Pearl Jam, the Alternative Nation festival and the Colossus 2 dance festival. Music festivals returned to the circuit in 2009 and 2010 when it hosted the Soundwave Festival for both years.

Lap records
Daniel Ricciardo drove a Red Bull RB7 Formula One car during the Top Gear Festival at the circuit in March 2014 and set the unofficial lap time record with a time of 1:11.2330. However, as this time was not recorded during a race, it does not count as a lap record. As of July 2024, the fastest official race lap records at Sydney Motorsport Park are listed as:

title: Sydney Motorsport Park


text:
Talk:Lewis A. Coser

regarding published works
the section "Works" lists "Voices of Dissent" with Maurice Halbwachs 1992; I cannot find this resource. Halbwachs died in 1945, Coser did his major works from the 50s onwards. Coser translated and wrote an introduction for one of Halbwachs works, but its also not called "Voices of Dissent" but was published in 1992. Did some confusion happen here? Or can someone link the source for the work listed in the article? Coser also published a magazine called "Dissent"... it seems to me like a mistake an AI would have made... 129.70.6.184 (talk) 15:05, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

Sociology Through Literature: An Introductory Reader
https://archive.org/details/sociologythrough0000cose I'd add this link, but do as you wish. 91.146.26.53 (talk) 18:25, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lewis A. Coser


text:
Talk:Hundred man killing contest

Initial comments
not sure about the title. the japan times article i cited calls the event "hyakunin giri kyoso" (100 head contest); maybe "100 head contest would be a better title?" also be nice to get 百人... in complete kanji. (i currently cant display japanese text). Nateji77 07:58, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Watched. Polishing guns. -- Miborovsky U 00:47, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The title's naming should depend on its purpose, whether it is primarily meant to describe the activity or to document the Nichi Nichi Shimbun article. Re-naming would be more appropriate for the latter but not necessarily the former, in my view. Shawnc 01:25, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hm yes, "hyakunin-kiri kyoso" I think be a better name. Translated of course. -- Миборовский U 03:59, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 百人斬り競争 - Literally, 100 People Beheading Contest. 斬り means beheading in Japanese, it's a verb (well more accurately, a conjugation of 斬る, to behead).  Don't change the name of the article. 160.39.225.217 23:58, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * 斬る (kiru) means cutting something with a sword, which often implies killing a person. But beheading is obviously a wrong translation. There is no single verb for beheading in Japanese. The Japanese phrase for beheading would be 首を斬る (cutting (someone's) neck (with a sword)). You'll see the meanings of 斬る in this dictionary site. http://www.excite.co.jp/dictionary/japanese_english/?search=%E6%96%AC%E3%82%8B&match=beginswith&block=60067&offset=26&title=%E6%96%AC%E3%82%8B — Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.101.158.2 (talk) 04:03, 5 July 2011 (UTC)
 * English-language scholarship overwhelmingly uses "Hundred Man Killing Contest" or "100-Man Killing Contest." I've amended the title accordingly --Ash-Gaar (talk) 15:20, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

Is it really necessary to mention that some, a very small number of people, believe that this did not happen? This encourages readers to doubt this occurrence ever happened and is irrelevant. There is no such mention of deniers of the holocaust on that horrid event's page. There is a group of people who think the earth is flat. Should there be a disclaimer on every page regarding the earth or its geography? This is an attempt to raise doubt in the readers mind that this happened. It, and all other mentions or revisionism, must be deleted to truly educate people about this event. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.57.118.93 (talk) 06:17, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

Discredited source?
Article says:"Contest to Kill First 100 Chinese with Sword Extended When Both Fighters Exceed Mark--Mukai Scores 106 and Noda 105". - This quote is clearly stolen directly from Iris Chang's discredited book "The Rape of Nanking", which is not listed in the references. Either remedy this situation, or I will remove the quote in question, along with any others that have been plagiarized. Bueller 007 04:02, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Good catch on the plagiarized quote, but to call Chang's book "discredited" is gross hyperbole. Out of the dozens of historians both in the US and abroad who praised the book (Steven Ambrose for one), there have been maybe 3 or 4 who criticized it. Remember WP:POV, especially if it's wacky and unlikely to be supported. 24.29.58.38 20:00, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Dude, you seriously need to get a clue. Before that book was released in Japan, the "daigyakusatsu-ha" (the group of Japanese scholars who believe that the massacre was ~300,000 people) begged her not to release it because it was full of so much GARBAGE that had already been discredited in Japan.  They were afraid that the release of "The Rape of Nanking" was just going to set up a straw man that the Maboroshi-ha (the Nanjing-deniers) would have no problem knocking down.  As it turns out, that's EXACTLY what happened. I'm not saying there was no massacre, but her book was absolute GARBAGE. There's serious scholarship being done on the subject on all sides of the matter.  "The Rape of Nanking" for the most part just uses already-falsified propaganda. (Not to mention Chang's complete lack of any knowledge or cultural understanding of the Japanese, and her masking of the Chinese army's own scorched-earth program.) Bueller 007 13:15, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * "Dude, you seriously need to get a clue." I could try to match the disrespect for pretty much everyone and everything here, but I'll leave it at warning you that I will follow your writing and work to clean out your clear disrespect and bias on Japan-related issues.  This comment of yours is some years old.  Hopefully, you've improved. TheCryingofLot49 (talk) 11:23, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

Further, as is often the case with Nanjing, there is more material available in Japanese than there is in English. I will work on translating the Japanese page, and I will post what I find in the English article. If anyone here can speak Chinese, I invite them to do the same with the Chinese article. English scholarship in this field is particularly bad. Bueller 007 04:19, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Silly Bueller 007. 1. Japanese views on the matter don't count. It's as if a criminal who is convicted has his/her own views counted towards evidence which helps defend him/her. Convicted criminals do not get a say in their defense; or, if they do, nobody listens to them. The only GARBAGE that exists is any Japanese view which tries, in any way, to defend what they did during WW2. Notice how a majority supports the book, and a minority criticises it. I'm sorry to say, minority views are often of such poor quality that everyone can safely ignore them. Including yours. 2. There is absolutely NO propoganda in the book. You are confusing truth of what happened with propaganda against the Japanese. It's unfortunate that what the Japanese did was so indescribably horrible that attempts to describe it seem like propaganda against them, but they brought that upon themselves. The only propaganda comes from any Japanese trying to defend his/her nation. 3. You don't need to understand Japanese culture to describe what happened. If Japanese culture supports the killings, then Japanese culture is filthy and should be destroyed. You are saying the author's view on WHY the killings happened are garbage. Well to be honest, nobody really cares WHY the killings happened. WHY it happened doesn't justify anything. If irrelevant details are misreported, nobody cares. You are trying to discredit the book on the basis of the misreporting of irrelevant details. Nobody, therefore, should take you seriously. 4. The book is trying to describe what the JAPANESE MILITARY did in China. Why does it need to mention China's scorched-earth policy? How is that relevant in any way? Yes, it's a nice addition to the already myriads of things Japan borrowed from China. But totally irrelevant. And also, are you trying to say that, since the Chinese military commited the atrocities, that Japanese troops have the right to also? You are doing what Japanese people love to do so much; picking out pesky irrelevant small details. On one hand, it makes their products of such good quality. On the other hand, it's a total flaw in things like historical analysis; always missing out the bigger picture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.238.169.226 (talk) 06:34, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Bueller, you need to stop sucking up the Japanese propaganda like it's candy. Iris Chang's book is no more discredited than the Holocaust is. It's only "discredited" by people who like to believe the fantasy that the Japanese didn't commit horrible atrocities, just like the Holocaust is only denied by anti-semites and Nazis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.16.132.208 (talk) 20:49, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Iris Chang's book is a work of "popular history". There are many errors in her book that call into question her credibility as a historian. That doesn't mean that the Nanking Massacre never happened. It does mean that not everything in Iris Chang's book is gospel truth and one shouldn't assume it's true solely on the basis of it being in her book. That said, there has been a lot of scholarly research in Japanese and English on the topic. Some of it suggests that this contest was actually the invention of journalists as a bit of wartime propaganda. (cf. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi) If so, it's too bad since the two men in the contest were executed as war criminals largely on the basis of the newspaper accounts. It would be an incredible irony if they had been innocent, huh?

It's worthwhile to read Nanking Massacre controversy and denial. (NB: I am a major author of that article.) Some of it (especially towards the end) is heavily canted towards the denialist camp. (Hey, this is Wikipedia, it's not easy to control other editors.)

Nonetheless, the beginning part of that article provides a good overview of the range of scholarly debate about the Nanking Massacre. It seems the most reasonable estimates of the number killed in the massacre may be closer to the 40,000-100,000 range with 300,000 killed being considered implausible. Google "David Askew Nanking population" and look for his paper estimating that the total population of Nanking before the battle was in the range of 220,000 to 240,000. The article Nanking Massacre controversy and denial provides a summary why the estimates of the population vary (based on the particular area that is being estimated and the specific time of the estimate).

This is not to minimize the atrocity or exculpate the Japanese Army (although some Japanese do attempt to do that). 40,000 civilian deaths is still a lot. It's still a war crime or crime against humanity.

It's just that some of the "middle of the road" Japanese think the Chinese have locked into the 300,000 number and are willing to believe anything and everything bad that anybody has ever said about the Japanese Army's behavior in Nanking. They see that as excessive histrionics that only serves to fuel the arguments of the denialists. Their argument is that everyone should take a cold, hard look at the facts available in the historical record and determine what really happened rather than relying on wildly distorted accusations.

--Richard S (talk) 21:59, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Addition
Just a small addition. Thirty years after Japan's surrender, Yamamoto Shichihei wrote "Watashi no Naka no Nihongun" (私の中の日本軍) in which he dissected the original newspaper article that described the contest. It speaks of the Japanese officers "cutting straight through helmets" of over 100 Chinese soldiers with antique swords. The article also contained gross misuse of military jargon, suggesting that the original author had little understanding of military affairs.  219.163.12.72 11:54, 23 December 2006 (UTC) Oscar_the_Grouch
 * As for "antique" swords vs. modern ones, the katana used during WWII were mostly hand-made family relics of very high quality and strength. Modern Japanese swords for export are usually mass-machined in China from plain stainless steel, and are universally weaker and less structurally sound than the swords hand-made by Japanese artisans. There are no legitimate sources posted on "katana vs. helmet''", and I doubt if any exist. So I don't see how we can jump to judgement. 24.29.58.38 20:09, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * From Japanese Wikipedia: 日本刀の性能　日本刀で人間を100人斬ることは不可能だとの指摘がある. 当時の日本刀は指揮官用の指揮刀としての性格が強く、人を一人斬っただけでも刃がガタガタになってしまうものもあったが、軍刀は将校の通常装備品として多数戦場に存在し、「百人斬り」に必要な本数を調達するのは困難ではなかったとも言われている. しかし、わざわざ「百人斬り」の為に必要な本数を調達する事は現実問題としてありえないとも言われている.
 * And you're wrong about the studies. Although I've seen one study saying that it would in fact be possible to kill 100 people with one of those swords, I've also seen another saying that there was no chance in hell that they could have cut through an army helmet. I don't think it takes a genius to see that if this story had even the slightest bit of truth to it (which it may or may not), it was obviously exaggerated for the sake of "heroism". Like the guy standing in the hail of bullets at the end of the story.  Regardless of whether or not this contest took place, I don't think it's possible for someone to slice through a steel helmet and bring the sword straight down all the way through someone's body in one stroke. Bueller 007 13:45, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * And here you are again. Your personal credulity has no effect on anything.  If the article is "exaggerated" how many beheadings would make this a war crime, and an example of a mentality that would have led to others?  Again, I withold my personal opinion of your way of thinking in 2007. TheCryingofLot49 (talk) 11:44, 13 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Given the events at Nanjing, it is likely that their victims were largely Chinese peasants without helmets. Remember that one of the Japanese official justifications for the killing of civilians in Nanjing was that they claimed that Chinese soldiers had shed their uniforms and tried to disappear amongst the general populace.  --Torasap 15:39, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

The copy "In 2000, an academic study of the affair concluded that although "the killing contest itself was a fabrication" by journalists, it "provoked a full-blown controversy as to the historicity of the Nanking Atrocity as a whole."" should either cite or link the study or the paragraph removed as hyperbole. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Crbrown (talk • contribs) 16:50, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * its the same cite/link as the next sentence. Feel free to fix it yourself. Given the vociferous nationalism I had to deal with the last time, I'm sure no one will mind if I don't bother. -- Fullstop (talk) 21:59, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Contradiction
I added contradict template to the article because the lead makes no doubts that the contest happened, but last paragraphs make it convincing that it actually didn't happen. Nikola 05:05, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I removed it, then added it back because I realized it does belong.

 * What seems clear is that (a) the contest was reported in newspapers, and (b) the contest is notable, given the events that followed (executions for war crimes, controversy, lawsuit). So the questions are (c) how strong is the evidence as to whether it actually occurred or not, and (d) if fabricated, did the military and newspapers cooperate on the story (to improve military and civilian morale, to sell newspapers)?

 * It would be very helpful if the sentence that includes "the killing contest itself was a fabricated story" were elaborated on - Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi presumably had specific reasons to conclude this was a fabrication, and presumably why it was fabricated. In particular, that the story served as a positive influence in Japanese culture, making the Japanese more aware of some of the wartime atrocities appears to be a comment about events from 1971 onward; it offers no insight into the actual fabrication (if such was in fact the case).

 * It's perfectly okay to say, in the article, that the reality of the contest is disputed by historians, or (if this is true) that historians today generally agree that the contest never happened, despite the newspaper coverage. If the contest never took place, that makes the article more interesting to the reader, who would want to know why the military and newspapers would collaborate for such a thing.  (Speculation by editors, in the article, is not encouraged.)  -- John Broughton  (♫♫) 21:03, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've just cleaned it up, the contradiction that was rather obvious to me as well. A check of my cleanup would be appreciated.
 * I hope the idea that it was a fabrication is more evident now, but I don't think it would be kosher to speculate on why the fabrication occurred (even if the reasons for it might be plain).
 * This issue is unfortunately not directly addressed in Wakabayashi's article.
 * But perhaps it is mentioned in Powell's contemporaneous My Twenty-five Years in China, which is listed in the article's bibliography but is not referenced anywhere in the article itself.
 * -- Fullstop 20:17, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * -- Fullstop 20:17, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Significance
Isn't the significance of this event more directly related to the fact that the story of this "contest" (true or false) appeared in the official wartime media? It begs the question, "how aware was the average Japanese person of the atrocities being committed against Chinese civilians?". A similar controversy exists in Germany between those who maintain that the average German had no idea where all those Jews disappeared to and those who believe that most of them knew what was really going on. 60.242.126.65 (talk) 10:08, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Agreed. But the truth is that average japanese at that time thought that it was acceptable to kill as killing was the message from the japanese emperor to clean the racially inferior china. Until now, there are still people and historians in japan who try very hard to deny any atrocities committed by their ancestors. I am sad to see that the english version actually include the japanese arguments which deny the crimes. This is what some japanese are trying to do, as always,to pick up details or small mistakes or unknowns to deny the bigger crimes committed by their ancestors. --Gomeying (talk) 23:47, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

Agreed. We might as well say, hey, the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear bombings didn't happen. I'm almost certain that some people will deny the bombings, form their own little groups and try to deny any evidence that the bombings happened. Well that's what some Japanese are doing, denying/reducing the claims of the massacre. The filth are also actively fabricating evidence; it has been starting since the days surrounding the end of the war, where there were numerous attempts at destroying the human experimentation facilities by the Japanese to cover their tracks. In short, people should take the Japanese nationalists as seriously as Holocaust deniers. There are quite a few reasons why people still take Japanese nationalists seriously, as opposed to the equivalent Holocaust deniers: 1. The whole of the Nazi regime was either executed or mysteriously disappeared. The Japanese emperor at that time and some of his group, however, weren't. Their views therefore were able to survive into the present day. 2. The E.U. has made Holocaust denial illegal. No such law exists in Japan; therefore, the nationalists are constantly giving birth to myriads of garbage that some people are silly enough to believe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.238.169.226 (talk) 06:53, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Honda Katsuichi's articles were in the Asahi Shimbun, not the Mainichi. As to how the story was seen in Japan at the time: I think the idea was that these were men fighting with swords against guns. The odds were stacked against them and showed how brave they were! The stories appeared in the Osaka Mainichi and the Tokyo Nichinichi which were sister newspapers, not in any other Japanese language newspapers. It's questionable how many readers took them seriously.219.161.58.196 (talk) 12:40, 26 March 2009 (UTC)219.161.58.196 (talk) 12:39, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

How were they executed?
^Topic ScienceApe (talk) 06:56, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

not only how, but when were they executed?

the text about one of the officers admitting that he didn´t kill most of his "victims" during battle implies that he held that speech years after the war, yet it is stated that the were executed right after the it--62.154.195.115 (talk) 13:56, 30 August 2011 (UTC).

Chicken or the egg
I've left the assertions in place that it was the subject of the contest which caused the controversy and the Nanking Massacre controversy followed it, for the time being. But I really, really think that needs to be either sourced or removed, because 1) it's a rather counter-intuitive assertion and 2) it has the unfortunate implication that the credibility of the Nanking Massacre depends on the credibility of the contest. 76.22.25.102 (talk) 22:17, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

Motivation?
This is a good article, but nowhere can I find any information on the personal motivations of the accused. Even if historians have trouble attributing a specific motive, there still has to be some speculation on this topic. --67.184.93.111 (talk) 03:53, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

I don't deny that the Contest happened, but...
I've been doing alot of research lately with regard to Japans war crimes and while I highly believe that the contest was real i've heard that Japan back than had tight regulations with regard to censoring information to prevent people from knowing what was going on in China as mentioned here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_propaganda_during_World_War_II#Against_Atrocity_Claims http://www.nankingatrocities.net/Terror/terror_01.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Early_Sh.C5.8Dwa_Period_.281926.E2.80.931945.29

As mentioned before I believe the contest happened however it is questionable to believe Japanese newspapers where allowed to make artcles about stuff like this since such a photograph of the newspaper could be fake for the sake of extra evidence(again i'm not denying anything). I am aware of how brutal Japanese soldiers where(mainly due to the training) however I can't imagine Japanese civilians tolerating such a thing happening. I some how think a large edit might needs to be made to this page that removes the newspaper referances for the sake of continuity. However I strongly believe that it is only fair to discuss it first. Please comment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Graylandertagger (talk • contribs) 02:23, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

Year further up the article?
I think it would make more sense to give the purported date of the event in the lead, rather than leaving it to the body of the article somewhere. Do people agree?  It Is Me Here   t / c 11:46, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

"Quoting" of this "article"
Is there a reason for the quoting of "contest" and other words. It reads very unnaturally, and there's no doubt that this was an actual contest, despicable as that competition might have been. Richard W.M. Jones (talk) 14:58, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I was thinking the same thing, and as no-one has answered you in over a year, I've removed all scare-quotes around the word "contest". I've left other quotes in, as they appear to be represent actual quotes. Iapetus (talk) 20:26, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

The contest itself didn't take place. The argument at court was whether the newspaper were justified in reporting as they did. The judge said that since the two protagonists said what they did the newspaper wasn't unreasonable to print the story. Scare quotes around "contest" make good sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.98.234.36 (talk) 22:53, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

Doubt about the accuracy of Translation on the topic: Lawsuit
The topic Lawsuit includes some wrong translations which may cause great misunderstandings.

Actually, there were three major issues disputed.

1) The credibility of the original articles published in Nichi-Nichi-Shimbun

- Adjudgment (excerpts) :

A) It’s uncertain as to whether or not the hyakunin-giri actions were actually perpetrated like what were described as in the (original ) articles.

「本件日日記事にある「百人斬り競争」をその記事の内容のとおりに実行したかどうかについては，疑問の余地がないわけではない. 」　― 一審判決　第３争点に対する当裁判所の判断　４-ウ-(ア)の１ B) There is no reason to believe the contents of (original) articles, in terms of its reality (of the situation, of the methods, etc...) and of the number of killing, that is to say, it is rational to think that, the record described as the result of so-called hyakunin-giri action in the article, is woefully doubtful.

「[ 南京攻略戦当時の戦闘の実態や両少尉の軍隊における任務，1本の日本刀の剛性ないし近代戦争における戦闘武器としての有用性等に照らしても，] 本件日日記事にある「百人斬り競争」の実体及びその殺傷数について，同記事の内容を信じることはできないのであって，同記事の「百人斬り」の戦闘戦果は甚だ疑わしいものと考えるのが合理的である. 」―最高裁判決文　第３ 「争点に対する当裁判所の判断」　1-(12) より、 原判決文に対する、上記４-ウ-(ア)の１の訂正箇所 C) However, even if the actuality might be different from what were described in the articles, in light of the following points, it has to be considered like - one cannot yet completely deny the case that Noda and Mukai had a sort of competitive actions,  to/with which they did not seem to felt a sense of discomfort with their coverage on the paper, then-being described as so-called hyakunin-giri at that time(=when the original articles were published) , thus, one cannot regard the articles of Nichi-Nichi-Shimbun as just a fabrication made by the writer-side and completely false.

「しかしながら，その競争の内実が本件日日記事の内容とは異なるものであったとしても，次の諸点に照らせば，両少尉が，南京攻略戦において軍務に服する過程で，当時としては，「百人斬り貌争」として新聞報道されることに違和感を持たない競争をした事実自体についてまでは否定することはできず，本件日日記事の「百人斬り競争」を新聞記者の創作記事であり，全くの虚偽であると認めることはできないというべきである. 」―最高裁判決 ４-ウ-(ア) 続き

- [ case] : 「事実」in Japanese does not mean in this case whether or not it was a true story. Rather it means the item submitted by a defendant, which passed the fact-finding process in court, as a counterargument.

- [the following points] meant as followings (excerpts from the documents of court decision)

C-1) The articles were sparked by their (Noda and Mukai) telling the stories of so-called hyakunin-giri to the newsperson including Asakai (the writer of the article).

C-2) It can be gathered that Noda at least made some talks as admitting to so-called hyakunin-giri after the articles were published.

2) Wether if Honda’s writings in his books have a large inveracity (deviating from the norm of discussion upon the historical argument), either have some expressions that might cause the wrong social valuation upon Noda and Mukai :

- A demandant side claimed that, C-1, C-2 mentioned above and many other points introduced in Honda’s book were false, either or the exaggeration (as Honda used the words such as “Murder -Game”「殺人ゲーム」 or “Bloodshedding-Contest”「虐殺競争」) and represent a great departure from the scope of historical argument, and cause the wrong social valuation upon Noda and Mukai.

- Honda refuted like: His books don’t exceed the scope of historical argument, either they are not to directly pointing to the cases that Noda and Mukai actually did hyakunin-giri or killed the captive soldiers.

He also provided some documents (of interviews he made, other books) which he used as the basis for his writings.

- Adjudgment (excerpts) :

These stories (about the quotes Honda introduced) are not supported by solid objective documents, thus, there is no more but to say that may or may not be true. However, they can be still regarded as stories that have some details and specifics as spoken from his own experience, thus, one can not promptly consider them as just a false, neither can say that they go beyond the scope of discussion (upon the historical argument).

「これらの話も，客観的資料に裏付けられているものではなく，その真偽のほどは定かではないというほかないが，自身の実体験に基づく話として具体性，迫真性を有するものといえ，これらを直ちに虚偽であるとまではいうことはできない....論評の範囲を逸脱したものとまでいうことはできない. 」―最高裁判決 ４-ウ-(ア)

3) Libel decision- if Honda and Mainichi-Shimbun (old Nichi-Nichi-Shimbun) have to be charged in the libel and slander to injure Mukai and Noda’s reputations and their families lights.

-Judge concluded not to accept the plaintiff's case that insists the libel and slander cases with following reasons:

・It’s not possible to conclude yet that the original articles were all fabricated (as mentioned in 1)).

・Regarding the truth or falsehood of an assertion upon hyakunin-giri story, until today, there have been complicated arguments between affirmants and denials as many documents have been still published, thus, it is still in the situation where the precise evaluation,as a historical fact, is not yet established.

「「百人斬り競争」の話の真否に関しては，前記２(１)トで認定したものも含めて，現在に至るまで，肯定，否定の見解が交錯し，様々な著述がなされており，その歴史的事実としての評価は，未だ，定まっていない状況にあると考えられる. 」―最高裁判決 ４-ウ-(ア)

・Regarding the historical arguments, even if they might be taken as injuring the social reputations of the dead, when one deal with them after quite a long period of time, it has to be understood that the scrupulous attention to the freedom of historical investigation and to the freedom of expression is required as well.

「たとえ死者の社会的評価の低下にかかわる事柄であっても，相当年月の経過を経てこれを歴史的事実として取り上げる場合には，歴史的事実探求の自由あるいは表現の自由への慎重な配慮が必要となると解される. 」―最高裁判決 ４-ウ-(ア)

・The claims can be addressed only if it is immediately obvious that the content of the books of Honda’s apparently suggest the defamation (as mentioned in 2).

・The personal rights of the dead (privilege and privacy) were expired. / the bereaved’s names were not mentioned in the documents.

-Thus, judge dismissed the compensation claims and requirements for suspending Honda’s books.

--- You see that the adjudgment was just to reject the compensation claims and requirements for suspending Honda’s books, and does not say at all that judge admit that [ the contest of killing 100 people] actually happened.

Judge even said that these historical issues are still under the debates.

These translations in this article are not precise enough and very much biased, thus need to correct.

- Judge Akio Doi dismissed the suit on the grounds that "[the contest] did occur, and was not fabricated by the media"

< This is just one part of issues submitted by the defendant.

- the officers admitted that they had raced to kill 100 people and "it is difficult to say it was fiction."

< This is not true. The officers did not admit that it actually happened. The decision just said that “it is not possible to determine that they are apparently a fiction that may be taken as the actionable statement”

Sarbador 3 (talk) 07:48, 24 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Your objections appear well grounded. I've looked over the original ruling:

 * On your last objection specifically, this part of the ruling appears to be what was originally quoted in the Wikipedia article: 以上によれば，少なくとも，本件日日記事は，両少尉が浅海記者ら新聞記者に「百人斬り競争」の話をしたことが契機となって連載されたものであり，その報道後，野田少尉が「百人斬り競争」を認める発言を行っていたことも窺われるのであるから，連載記事の行軍経路や殺人競争の具体的内容については，虚偽，誇張が含まれている可能性が全くないとはいえないものの，両少尉が「百人斬り競争」を行ったこと目体が，何ら事実に基づかない新聞記者の創作によるものであるとまで認めることは困難である.

 * To paraphrase: Because the officers had, in fact, been interviewed by the journalists, "it is difficult to say that the story was entirely fictitious". Thus, it cannot be said that the story was "entirely made up" by a news reporter without access to facts.

 * The judge in the preceding section argued that "entirely false" standard should be used specifically for judging whether the books infringed on the plaintiffs' affection for and admiration for the two lieutenants. (It is implied by the court that in a defamation case brought directly by the defamed member, a different (harsher) standard would be used, in which some exaggerations would be sufficient for upholding a defamation claim.) The specific "entirely false" standard is reaffirmed later: "以上の諸点に照らすと，本件事実摘示に含まれる両少尉の社会的評価を低下させることとなる本件摘示事実が，その重要な部分において全くの虚偽であると認めることはできないというべきである"

 * IMO, the best short description of the judge's rationale is that "an infringement of the plaintiffs' rights" was rejected because the news account was "not entirely false". The original Wikipedia quote "it is not fiction" is certainly a poor translation. Ceconhistorian (talk) 04:08, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Contest to kill 100 people using a sword. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140806170836/http://www.47news.jp/CI/200705/CI-20070517-6456278.html to http://www.47news.jp/CI/200705/CI-20070517-6456278.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110225011506/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2005/08/japanese-court-rules-newspaper-didnt.php to http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2005/08/japanese-court-rules-newspaper-didnt.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:36, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

Malicious edits
This appears to have been a well-sourced article up to academic standards until it was butchered by a series of what can only be described as malicious edits from an (apparently) Chinese-nationalist account: User:Dbaba selectively removed sourced content (for example, the Honda book contained two quotes of Japanese soldiers; one quote was kept and the other was removed without explanation), added and deleted words from quotes, and made up new claims without adding a single supporting citation (instead, he simply moved sources around to give the perception that his claims were sourced). These are dreadful editing habits.

This series of edits can be viewed here.

Sensitive topics deserve careful editing and careful sourcing. These edits contain neither. It's bizarre that these edits were not spotted and reverted sooner. I've now attempted to revert the original content; others should help and notice if anything's missing. Ceconhistorian (talk) 02:58, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

 * User:Dbaba stopped editing in 2011, but their various edits in other topics should be examined for neutrality. Binksternet (talk) 03:58, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

 * There's more. This edit falls under the same strategy of "making shit up by moving shit around". The two Western academic sources cited in the article, Askew and Fogel, characterize "denialists" as those historians who have a low estimate of below 10,000 deaths. User:Dbaba instead moved the Fogel source after his self-written paragraph that "Many scholars have accepted the figure of 300,000 dead as an approximate total" and that any estimate below the 300,000 figure is "denialist". This is flat out absurd, considering both Askew and Fogel have rejected the 300,000 estimate as far too high, so they would be calling themselves "denialists" by that definition. Askew goes as far to say that no serious scholar accepts the 300,000 estimate, and that it is mostly a creation of Chinese propaganda. Askew's summary was curiously removed by User:Dbaba, though he kept a reference to it to support a different statement.
 * I'm not sure if I could go ahead and undo these edits without being flagged as a denialist myself. That is the genius of these Chinese propaganda efforts. It's hard to spot them and even harder to revert them.Ceconhistorian (talk) 04:47, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hundred man killing contest


text:
Takeshi Noda

Takeshi Noda (野田 毅) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), a former member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature).

Background and career
A native of Tokyo and graduate of the University of Tokyo he joined the Ministry of Finance in 1964. In 1972 when his father-in-law Takeo Noda died, he left the ministry to run for Takeo Noda's seat and was elected for the first time. Later, he served as the Minister of Construction in 1989 (Uno Cabinet), Minister of State for Economic and Fiscal Policy (Miyazawa Cabinet), Minister of Home Affairs (Obuchi Cabinet), Chairman, General Assembly of Party Members of the House of Representatives of LDP. Noda served in the House of Representatives for 16 terms, until he lost reelection in the Kumamoto 2nd district in 2021.

Positions regarding key issues
Noda gave the following answers to the questionnaire submitted to lawmakers by Mainichi in 2012:
 * in favor of the revision of the constitution
 * in favor of collective-self-defense (which implies a revision of the Article 9)
 * in favor of the reform to a unicameral legislative system
 * in favor of a strong stance versus China
 * the possibility of a nuclear-armed Japan should be considered in the future
 * in favor of the reactivation of nuclear plants, against the goal of zero-nuclear energy by 2030
 * against the reform of the Imperial Household that would allow women to retain their Imperial status even after marriage
 * in favor of relocating the US Marine Corps Air Station Futenma in Okinawa
 * against the Trans-Pacific Partnership

Noda was also the chairman of the pro-tobacco lobby in the Japanese Diet:

title: Takeshi Noda


text:
Giuseppe Venanzio Marvuglia

Giuseppe Venanzio Marvuglia (6 February 1729 – 19 December 1814) was an Italian architect.

Biography
Marvuglia received his first training in his native Palermo. This was followed by a stay in Rome from 1747 to 1759. By the end of his time there, a handful of progressive young architects and designers in the circuit of the French Academy in Rome were moving away from the ornate Baroque towards a simpler, more classical form of architecture under the influence of the antiquarian and architect Winckelmann, a protégé of Cardinal Alessandro Albani.

Marvuglia's design of a town square won the second prize in a contest organised by the Accademia San Luca. His entry had, at its centre, a circular domed building reminiscent of the Pantheon in Rome, but with Baroque features in its columns and statuary.

Following his return to Sicily, he worked on the rebuilding of the Monastery of San Martino delle Scale, in the mountains near Palermo; however, while Marvuglia's basic design was Baroque in style, the straight clean lines in the plan, as opposed to the curved facades and broken rooflines of typical Sicilian Baroque, are evidence that the tide of fashion was flowing towards Neoclassicism.

Though much of Marvuglia's work was in municipal architecture, two churches are credited to him. One, at the very start of his independent career, is San Filippo Neri (1769), rather than in high Baroque, it is built with a facade divided into three square divisions decorated with panels of bas-relief. The pilasters are flat and plain. The pediments are unbroken. The interior of the church has a gilded barrel vaulted ceiling, supported by great marble columns. What is unusual in the Sicilian Baroque tradition here is that the columns do not support an arcade, but a flat entablature. This church, which 18th-century English visitors much preferred to the ornate Sicilian Baroque, clearly shows the emerging migration from Baroque decoration towards a more sober order.

In his design for the church of San Francesco di Sales, located in Corso Calatafimi of Palermo (1772–76, consecrated 8 May 1818), Marvuglia interpreted a classicizing Palladian program of paired pilasters in the piers of an abbreviated arcade giving onto two pairs of side chapels, supporting an uninterrupted cornice carried entirely round the space, integrating the sober pedimented tabernacle of the high altar, all in a restrained tonality of white and cream that to an early viewer was "semplice e senza ornamenti" ("simple and without ornaments") as indeed it was in the context of Late Baroque Palermo.

As an architect, Marvuglia showed great understanding of proportion and mass. His Palazzo Constantino, a project he took over in 1787, shows a fusion of both the Neoclassical and Palladian. He had the palace decorated by Giuseppe Velasquez. His Palazzo Belmonte Riso (completed in 1784) clearly shows better than any other in Sicily the final days of Sicilian Baroque as it was transformed into Neoclassicism; the unbroken skyline and the plain almost severe pillars and unbroken window pediments, far outweigh the Baroque sentiments in internal arcaded courtyard.

Marvuglia designed two villas at the newly fashionable aristocratic enclave of Bagheria. The Villa Villarosa, while neoclassical in spirit is clearly influenced by the hôtels by Gabriel on the Place Louis XV in Paris. For Ferdinand IV of Naples, forced into temporary residence in Sicily by the republican revolution and the Napoleonic occupation, he designed a whimsical Casina Cinese in the royal park of La Favorita outside Palermo and at Ficuzza a long unbroken block of a severely classical villa with very little relief and an unbroken cornice.

As a teacher of architecture Marvuglia strongly supported the study of Sicily's Greek temples, however, in spite of his later reputation as a Neoclassical architect he never applied to his own work the strict rules and proportions he found in his studies of ancient Greek architecture.

He died in Palermo in 1814.

title: Giuseppe Venanzio Marvuglia


text:
Viburnum tinus

Viburnum tinus, the laurustinus, laurustine or laurestine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae, native to the Mediterranean area of Europe and North Africa. Laurus signifies the leaves' similarities to bay laurel.

Description
It is a shrub (rarely a small tree) reaching 2 - 7 m tall and 3 m broad, with a dense, rounded crown. The leaves are evergreen, persisting 2–3 years, ovate to elliptic, borne in opposite pairs, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, fine hairs persisting on the underside, with an entire margin.

The flowers are small, white or light pink, produced from reddish-pink buds in dense cymes 5–10 cm diameter in the winter. The fragrant flowers (some consider the fragrance offensive, especially after rain when it is very strong) are bisexual (monoecious — having both male and female parts on one plant) and pentamerous. The flowering period is in winter, or from October to June in the northern hemisphere. The five petals are tubular, with rounded, corolla lobes, pink in the bud but later white. There is only one whorl with five stamens. Pollination is by insects. The fruit is a dark blue-black drupe 5–7 mm long. A 2020 study of the fruit's metallic blue hue revealed microscopic globules of fat to be the cause, an example of structural color, which is unusual in plants.

The leaves have domatia where predatory and microbivorous mites can be housed.

Distribution and habitat
Native to the Mediterranean region, Viburnum tinus prefers shady, moist areas. It is most commonly found in the western Mediterranean due to a shorter drought season and is one of the dominant species of Mediterranean sclerophyllous shrubland. It has also been introduced to Australia, Pakistan, California, Oregon and Tajikistan.

Cultivation
Viburnum tinus is widely cultivated for its winter blooms and metallic blue berries. It is hardy down to -10 C. The cultivars 'Eve Price', 'French White' and 'Gwenllian' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Other uses
V. tinus has been used for its traditional medicinal properties, for example in Pakistan. The active ingredients are viburnin (a substance or more probably a mixture of compounds) and tannins. Tannins can cause stomach upset. The leaves when infused are said to have antipyretic properties. The fruits have been used as purgatives against constipation. The tincture has been used lately in herbal medicine as a remedy for depression. The plant also contains iridoid glucosides.

Pests
In south-east Britain Viburnum tinus is the principal host of the viburnum beetle (Pyrrhalta viburni), the country's "number one pest species" according to the Royal Horticultural Society.

Etymology
The generic name of the plant derives from Latin viburnum, referring to Viburnum lantana. The specific name derives from Latin tinus referring to the plant itself, Viburnum tinus.

title: Viburnum tinus


text:
Talk:String piano

Harmonics
How about adding something about harmonics (touching the string at a certain spot, then striking the key)? Badagnani 08:03, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Oh, I see this has already been discussed. Better add the term harmonics in there, as I've never heard the technique used to press the string and get a non-harmonic tone (except for Crumb's "chisel-piano" technique). Badagnani 08:06, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Piano harp player
Who was that experimental musician who I think died about 10 years ago, who played the insides of pianos which he called "piano harps," and even strung pianos with old wire recordings instead of normal piano wire? I can't remember his name but he might be worth mentioning. I'm not sure if he wrote his music down or just improvised, though. Badagnani 08:18, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

OK, I've found it. His name was P. W. Schreck. Alas, there's very little on the Internet about him. I'll look for more. Badagnani 03:50, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Open piano
Is that another name for the same thing? I believe I've heard it used before. You say few other composers used the term "string piano"; did they have other terms for it? Rigadoun 16:03, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Good reorganization. I'll check my sources to see what, if any, other terms the cited composers used for their string piano–like techniques. —DCGeist 17:17, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

TARDIS Sound effect
Wasn’t the sound of it taking off and landing produced by dragging a key on a piano string?

Ill see if I can find any sources later DogsRNice (talk) 08:01, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:String piano


text:
Paul Hitchcock

Paul Anthony Hitchcock (born 23 January 1975) is a former New Zealand cricketer, who played 14 One Day Internationals and single Twenty20 International for the New Zealand national cricket team. He was born at Whangārei in New Zealand's Northland Region in 1975.

Primarily a limited-overs player, Hitchcock played domestically for Auckland and Wellington between 1997 and 2010.

title: Paul Hitchcock


text:
MUFG Bank

MUFG Bank, Ltd. (株式会社三菱UFJ銀行) is a Japanese bank. Its headquarters is located in Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, and it has 772 domestic branches and 76 overseas branches. It was established on January 1, 2006 through the merger of the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd and UFJ Bank Limited. MUFG Bank, along with Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation and Mizuho Bank, is recognized as one of the three major megabanks in Japan.

The bank serves as the core retail, corporate, and investment banking arm of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group. Its traditional client base is made up of Japanese corporates, but overseas corporate lending increased 35% in the nine months to December 31, 2011.

As of June 23, 2019, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group / MUFG Bank was ranked as the largest bank in Japan and the third largest in the world.

The bank's head office is in Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, and it has 772 other offices in Japan and 76 offices overseas.

Formation
MUFG Bank is the product of three bank mergers that occurred between 1996 and 2006.

Mitsubishi Bank was founded in 1880 by a former samurai, Iwasaki Yatarō, and was a core member of the Mitsubishi Group of companies. It merged with The Bank of Tokyo in 1996 to form The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd. (株式会社東京三菱銀行), which at that point was the world's largest bank in terms of total assets. In 1998, upon merger of the then second and third largest Swiss banks, Union Bank of Switzerland and Swiss Bank Corporation, the newly created UBS AG became the second largest in the world at the time, behind only the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi. The Bank of Tokyo had historically focused on foreign exchange business since its foundation as the Yokohama Specie Bank in 1880, while Mitsubishi had had a stronger focus on domestic corporate and retail banking. Both banks were relatively healthy in the wake of the Japanese asset price bubble.

Until the Tokyo-Mitsubishi merger took place in 1996, Sanwa Bank, which was based in Osaka and was the anchor of the Sanwa Group keiretsu, had been considered the strongest bank in Japan, and it had aimed to be the world's largest bank during the "bubble era". By 2000, however, Sanwa was the fourth largest bank in Japan. It entered into merger talks with two other large banks, Asahi Bank and Tokai Bank, to create the world's third-largest bank by assets. Asahi (now part of Resona Holdings) pulled out of these talks later that year. By 2001, The Toyo Trust & Banking Co. had been added to the merger group and the combined company was to be called United Financial Holdings of Japan. The merger was completed in 2002 and the new bank was officially named UFJ Bank Ltd. (株式会社ユーエフジェイ銀行). UFJ was headquartered in Nagoya, the historical headquarters of Tokai Bank. During its short life, it was plagued by bad debt problems and by infighting between the employees of its predecessor companies.

The holding companies of BTM and UFJ agreed to merge in 2005, forming Japan's largest bank by assets and market capitalization. This led to litigation between BTM and Sumitomo Trust & Banking Co., which had previously agreed to an alliance with UFJ under which it would take over UFJ's trust banking operations. BTM and UFJ settled their dispute for 2.5 billion yen in late 2006. The merger of the two bank holding companies was completed on October 1, 2005, creating the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group. The core banking units of MTFG and UFJ Holdings, the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd. and UFJ Bank Ltd., respectively, continued to operate separately until January 1, 2006, when the two units combined to form The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. (BTMU)

Post-merger operations
Mitsubishi Bank and the Bank of Tokyo each had significant banking subsidiaries in California (Bank of California and Union Bank respectively) before their merger. At the time of the merger, these U.S. banks also merged to form UnionBanCal Corporation. BTM listed UnionBanCal on the New York Stock Exchange in 1999. In 2008, BTMU purchased all of the outstanding shares of UnionBanCal. BTMU moved its New York-based banking operations to Union Bank and renamed the company MUFG Union Bank in 2014.

BTMU was investigated by New York banking regulators over its role in routing payments for Iranian customers through its New York branch in violation of U.S. sanctions. BTMU settled with the state for $250 million in 2013. A second settlement was reached for $315 million in 2014 after it was found that PricewaterhouseCoopers had altered an investigation report on the issue; PwC itself was fined $25 million in relation to the matter.

On April 1, 2018, the bank was renamed to MUFG Bank Ltd. (三菱UFJ銀行). This name change aligned the bank name with the holding company name, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG), removing "Tokyo" from the name.

Holdings

 * UnionBanCal Corporation (approx 63% in Feb 2005; 68% in 2004; 100% in 2008)
 * Chong Hing Bank (9.66%)
 * Morgan Stanley (22.41%). On September 29, 2008, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group announced that it would acquire a shareholding in Morgan Stanley for US$9 billion. In the midst of the October 2008 stock market crash, concerns over the completion of the Mitsubishi deal caused a dramatic fall in Morgan Stanley's stock price to levels last seen in 1994. Morgan Stanley's share price recovered considerably after Mitsubishi UFJ closed the deal on October 14, 2008.
 * The payment from MUFG was supposed to be wired electronically; however, because it needed to be made on an emergency basis on Columbus Day when banks were closed in the US, MUFG cut a US$9 billion physical check, the largest amount written via physical check at the time. The physical check was accepted by Robert A. Kindler, Global Head of Mergers and Acquisitions and Vice Chairman of Morgan Stanley, at the offices of Wachtell Lipton.
 * Bank of Ayudhya (76.88% on January 5, 2015; 72% on December 19, 2013)
 * Bank Danamon (92.47%)

title: MUFG Bank


text:
User:DarbyAsh

After stumbling across Wikipedia a few months ago, and then it becoming my first port of call for information, I decided I had to become involved in its evolution. My natural pedantry has found an outlet - I can correct spelling and grammar all day!

I am a middle-aged health professional born and raised in Sydney, Australia. I now live in Canberra, the nation's capital.

title: User:DarbyAsh


text:
Blue Wave (mail reader)

Blue Wave is a file-based offline mail reader that was popular among bulletin board system users, especially users of FidoNet and other networks that generated large volumes of mail. It allowed users to download all of their mail and messages, read and edit them offline, and then upload any replies. This reduced the amount of time they spent on line. The name "Blue Wave" originally referred to the client software, but as new clients were written that supported the same file format, the name came to refer primarily to the format itself.

History
Blue Wave developed after Fred Rappuhn and George Hatchew met at a picnic arranged for local area sysops. The two developed the concept at the picnic and started development immediately. Rappuhn concentrated on the offline reader, while Hatchew concentrated on the BBS door program that would convert the BBS message system to a Blue Wave format. The first version was released to the public 20 September 1990, marketed via their company, Blue Wave Software. Doors for most PC BBS systems were made available over time.

Another offline mail packet format called QWK was created in 1987, but only ran on the commercial PCBoard system. It remained less widely used than Blue Wave until new QWK doors appeared covering many of the same BBS systems. The Blue Wave client software was then adapted to allow it to read and write QWK as well as Blue Wave files.

Rappuhn was hired as a programmer by Electronic Data Systems (EDS) in September 1991 and was unable to continue development for Blue Wave Software. Blue Wave Software dissolved and Hatchew started Cutting Edge Computing to continue development. Hatchew was later involved in a serious car accident, and was unable to continue development of the system past 1993.

Description
Like QWK, Blue Wave message files consisted of a selection of seemingly randomly named files. Messages themselves were stored in the main .DAT file, supported by an information file and a file containing the headers for each message, and a pointer to the body in the DAT.

The Blue Wave packet format has also been supported by other offline mail readers such as BlueMail, MultiMail, and Wolverine. A tool called bwave2mbox is also available to convert Blue Wave packets to mbox files.

Y2K
The Y2K date problem hit Blue Wave, like so many other programs. The Blue Wave Reader that the end users use to read their mail exhibited the problem by the addition of a numerical digit leading the TO: name in the header. The Blue Wave Door on the BBS' exhibited the problem by creating three digit years where there should have been a two digit year. Several fixes not directly related to Blue Wave were created but they worked on the actual messages after they had been imported into the local message bases.

In October 1999, Dale Shipp created a fix called BWREPFIX that corrects the problem on the users end. This solution uses a batch file in the archiver section rather than calling the archiver directly. In the batch file, the outbound message dates are fixed and then the batch file calls the archiver which then packs the messages for transmitting to the BBS.

Another Y2K fix was created and released in October 2005. This fix is a patch to the binary date library provided by the Borland International C++ libraries that the Blue Wave Door and Reader programs are compiled with. This fix is considered to be a cleaner solution to the problem because the actual library is repaired internally which means that this method doesn't require any external tools to perform the fixing of the dates.

title: Blue Wave (mail reader)


text:
Malaysian Bulk Carriers

Malaysian Bulk Carriers Berhad (myx: 5077) was incorporated on 19 November 1988. In 1995, it became the vehicle for a collaboration between Kuok Group and Global Maritime Ventures Berhad, a marine venture capital investment company funded by the Malaysian Government through Bank Industri & Teknologi Malaysia Berhad.

On 2 December 2003, MBC was listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia. The MBC Group is one of the largest shipping enterprises in Malaysia and one of a handful of Malaysian shipping companies engaged in international shipping using its own fleet of vessels. MBC presently owns and operates a fleet of vessels comprising dry bulk carriers and product tankers. Apart from shipowning and operation, MBC is also engaged in ship management and operates a container depot.

Subsidiaries

 * Pacific Ship-Managers Sdn Bhd
 * PSM Perkapalan Sdn Bhd

title: Malaysian Bulk Carriers


text:
User:Tinguru

Tinguru = Tingle in Japanese.

title: User:Tinguru


text:
User:Myashu

You Have Entered The page of Myashu on Wikipedia !!!!!!! My name is Shyam Chand Kalakat. I am a (Namboothiri) boy, hailing from the northern part of a state known as kerala, of the great country INDIA. My family name is KALAKAT, and this ancestral home name is well known in northern kerala as Kalakat Illam, for its services to people through Spirituality. ILLAM is the name given by the Brahmins of Kerala for their Homes. My father is Sri Kalakat Damodaran Namboothiri and mother : Pillanezhi Savithry Antharjanam. Have a brother : Naveen Kalakat

' The Kalakat Illam History and its generations !!!! ' 6 Generations of history known and documented

Members of the family who were/are actively practicing and preserving the sanctity of the Illam now: Brahmasree Kalakat Sreedharan Namboothiri (Late) Brahmasree Kalakat Narayanan Namboothiri Brahmasree Kalakat Madhusoodhanan Namboothiri Sandeep Namboodirippadu

Ancient stories ( like the contents of [Aithihyamala] ) related to Kalakat family

title: User:Myashu


text:
John Idington

John Idington (October 14, 1840 – February 7, 1928) was a Canadian justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.

Born in Puslinch, Upper Canada (now Ontario), the son of Peter Idington and Catherine Stewart, he received his LL.B degree from the University of Toronto and was called to the Ontario Bar, both in 1864. He practised law in Stratford, Canada West (now Ontario) for forty years.

He was created a provincial QC in 1876 and a dominion QC in 1885.

In 1904, he was appointed to the High Court of Justice of Ontario and he was appointed by Wilfrid Laurier to the Supreme Court on February 10, 1905. In 1924, following the death of Sir Louis Henry Davies, Idington was passed over for the position of Chief Justice of Canada, even though he was the senior Pusine Justice on the Court.

His notable decisions include his dissent in Quong Wing v. R., in which he disagreed with the effects of racist legislation, on the basis that the use of the term "Chinaman" could not have been meant to refer to naturalized Canadians of Chinese origin.

He retired on March 31, 1927, at age 86, after legislation was passed requiring a mandatory retirement age of 75.

title: John Idington