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Riley Smith

Riley Smith (born April 12, 1978 ) is an American actor. He is known for his roles on television, such as recurring roles in the series 24, Joan of Arcadia, 90210, True Blood and The Messengers, and starring roles on the television series Drive, Frequency, and Nancy Drew.

Early life and education
Smith's parents are Russ and Roxanne Smith. He was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and raised in Marion, Iowa on his parents’ horse ranch. He became an accomplished rider, competing in a horse show for the first time when he was 9 years old. When he was 15, he placed 4th in 3-Year-Old Mares division at the American Quarter Horse Youth World Championship, and at 16 won the American Quarter Horse Youth World Championship. When he was 17, he became president of the 50,000-member youth association, becoming the youngest person to serve as president of American Quarter Horse Youth Association.

He graduated from Alburnett Junior-Senior High School in 1997, and his original intention was to earn a college degree to complement his Equine interests, but he was "discovered" at the Westdale Mall in Cedar Rapids by a local talent scout and flew to New York City to compete at the International Modeling and Talent Association (IMTA) Convention. He was signed to a Tommy Hilfiger modeling campaign. He used the money he earned to pay for acting classes.

Television work
Three months after the Hilfiger campaign, Smith flew to Los Angeles to do a screen test for The WB's 1998 pilot Minor Threat, but the pilot was not picked up. Subsequently, he went on to do eight prime time network pilots, and more than a dozen guest-starring roles, and played recurring character roles in three television series.

Smith had recurring roles in the CBS series Joan of Arcadia, the Fox series 24 season 3 as Kyle Singer, the short-lived WB series Summerland and the Judd Apatow NBC series Freaks and Geeks. He was also a main cast member in the short-lived Fox show Drive. Smith played Dean Talon in the Disney Channel movie Motocrossed. He played a love interest and mentor to Andrea "Andy" Carson on the race track.

In 2008 Smith joined in collaboration with The Academy of Cinema and Television to create an online educational series for children and teens interested in the entertainment industry, and in 2009 he appeared in an episode of Ghost Whisperer, a paranormal television series starring Jennifer Love Hewitt. He appeared in seven episodes of the fifth season of 90210 as Riley Wallace, in 2012–2013.

In 2014 Smith played the role of Keith in the HBO series True Blood. In 2015, he played Markus Keen in the ABC musical drama series Nashville. In 2016, he starred as Frank Sullivan in the CW drama series, Frequency.

Film work
Smith has appeared in the film Eight Legged Freaks, Not Another Teen Movie, Radio, New York Minute, Bring It On, and the Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury nominee Weapons.

For the film New York Minute, he and co-star Jared Padalecki were hand-picked for their roles by stars Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen. After his role as Jim, the love interest for Ashley's character of Jane, he admitted that he could not tell the sisters apart.

In Radio, Smith had the role of Johnny Clay, team star and ringleader of the group pulling nasty pranks on Cuba Gooding, Jr.'s character of Radio. For their work in the film, key production members were awarded a 2005 CAMIE Award; These included executive producer Todd Garner, director Michael Tollin, screenwriter Mike Rich, and actors Cuba Gooding Jr., Ed Harris, Riley Smith, Alfre Woodard, Brent Sexton, S. Epatha Merkerson and Sarah Drew.

He played Russ, the love interest of Mary Elizabeth Winstead's character in the dancing film Make It Happen.

Music
Smith took up the guitar to fill downtime while on film sets, and in 2006, he and Henri O'Connor formed the band "The Life of Riley", of which he is guitarist and lead singer. His original idea was to write music that could be used in his films, but when he and his band had written 16 songs, they picked 11 and cut an album. As of August 2010, the Los Angeles–based group has released three CDs: The Life of Riley (2007), Long Way Home EP (2009) and Live in Hollywood at the Hotel Cafe (2010). They have also performed at such music festivals as the New Bohemia Music Festival.

Awards and nominations

 * 2005: CAMIE Award for Radio – Won

title: Riley Smith


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MathMartin\Newton polynomial

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 23:40, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

MathMartin\Newton polynomial
Appears to be a copy of Newton polynomial with a nonsensical title. Not even worth a redirect; no one is going to search for or link to "MathMartin\Newton polynomial". Psychonaut 22:57, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Failed attempt at creating a user subpage, moved to User:MathMartin/Newton polynomial. Ilmari Karonen 01:15, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ilmari Karonen is correct. The page was a failed attempt to create a user subpage. The page is no longer used and can be deleted. MathMartin 15:00, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Veitel Heine Ephraim

Veitel Heine Ephraim (1703 – 16 May 1775) was a jeweller, silk entrepreneur, mint master, and the chairman of the Jewish congregation in Berlin/Prussia. During the Seven Years' War, Frederick the Great devalued the Prussian coin five times in order to finance the war; debased coins were produced with the help from Ephraim and Daniel Itzig, and spread outside Prussia: in Saxony, Poland, and Kurland. Ephraim and his companion Itzig became infamous for adding copper, up to 70%, so as to debase the coins, which became known as Ephraimiten. Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann, Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky, and Leendert Pieter de Neufville also cooperated in the debasement policy. The king's coinage policy became a key element of war financing.

Life

Veitel Ephraim was the fifth child of Altona-born jeweller and elder of the Jewish Community Nathan Veitel Ephraim (1658–1748), who moved from Hamburg to Berlin. His mother came from Vienna. The Ephraim family lived in Spandauer Straße 30. Around 1744 or 1745, Ephraim became court jeweller of Friedrich II. They had known each other since 1738, when they met at Schloss Rheinsberg. Already as Crown Prince Friedrich was in debt to Ephraim. In 1748, Ephraim leased a factory in Potsdam for lace and had orphans taught in the production of it. Two years later, he was appointed by the King as the senior elder of the Berlin Jewry. In 1752 or 1754, Ephraim delivered silver to Johann Philipp Graumann, director of the Prussian mints.

Mint activities

After Graumann's fall in early 1755, Veitel Ephraim and his brother-in-law Moses Fränkel leased the Königsberger mint. They were successful, such that under similar conditions they were given the lease of the mint of Cleves, where one of Ephraim's sons took charge on 16 August. In October 1755, he leased the mint facility in Aurich. At some time Friedrich II. ordered that the old and new Louis d'or had to be changed (stamped) into Friedrich d'or in Aurich. The coins could be used by the Prussian East India Company in Asia where they were worth 20% more. On 21 November 1756, Ephraim offered the king a premium of 20% for leasing the Leipzig mint facility. In Poland, Russia, and Hungary, rogue traders traded the debased coins for the true coins circulating there, and sold them back to the mint.

They used their extensive business and relational foreign relations to acquire the necessary gold and silver in Holland, especially on the Amsterdam market, in England, and in Hamburg by means of Hamburg and Dutch exchange. Another way to raise money was to remelt gold subsidies received from England since the Anglo-Prussian Convention and to double and triple them by mixing them with other metals.

The revenue from the impact of the coin transactions from 1759 to 1762 exceeded 29 million Thaler and thus, for example, the amount of British subsidies. On 28 January 1764, Frederick the Great ordered Itzig and Ephraim that they invest the great assets they had earned in the Prussian economy. Ephraim left a fortune when he died; he is buried at the Jüdischer Friedhof (Berlin-Mitte).

Personal life
In 1727, Ephraim married to Elke Fraenkel. They had four sons: Ephraim (1729–1803), Joseph (1731–1786), Zacharias (1736–1779) and Benjamin (1742–1811) and two daughters: Edel (1728–1750) and Rosel (1738–1803), who married Heimann Fraenkel (1748–1824). Ephraim's great-granddaughter was Sara Grotthuis, a noted literary salon hostess in Berlin around 1800.

title: Veitel Heine Ephraim


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Classic Arts Showcase

Classic Arts Showcase (CAS) is a television channel in the United States promoting the fine arts. The television program content includes prepared media and recorded live performances. It is a 24-hour non-commercial satellite channel broadcasting a mix of various classic arts including animation, architectural art, ballet, chamber, choral music, dance, folk art, museum art, musical theatre, opera, orchestral, recital, solo instrumental, solo vocal, and theatrical play, as well as classic film and archival documentaries.

Description
Self-described on its web site as "Classical MTV", the channel features renowned artists, both professional and amateur, as well as many rare and independent performances and videos. An 8-hour mix of video clips is prepared weekly and broadcast three times daily. Text displayed on the screen provides details about the recording, and encourages viewers to gain inspiration and "...go out and feast from the buffet of arts available in your community." The explanation for not providing a schedule is they feel that surprise is an effective tactic to encourage the public to see that which is not familiar to them.

CAS launched on May 3, 1994 and is completely funded by the Lloyd E. Rigler – Lawrence E. Deutsch Foundation. It does not solicit any outside funding. Lloyd Rigler died in 2003, but left at least twenty years of funding to the channel. As of 2020, CAS states that there remains enough funding to maintain the channel "for decades to come." CAS is offered free to any broadcaster, or public, educational, and government access (PEG) channel on a cable television system that requests a feed, as well as direct-to-consumer via an Internet feed on the channel's Web site and through a Roku app. CAS is shown on more than 500 channels in the United States, as well as some in Canada. CAS does not publish information about channels in other countries.

Reception
The Kansas City Star television critic Aaron Barnhart has commented that "many of the selections are beyond the familiar – Pavarotti singing the Ave Maria,' I Musici belting out a 'Four Seasons' suite – but [...] there are no annoying commercials or announcers to disrupt the relaxing ambiance on this TV channel." He wrote further, "Classical-music lovers will find it hard not to get roped in by the mix of ballet, operatic singing and instrumental pieces, most of them culled from old film stock or European music videos."

American art critic Alan Klevit, in a chapter of his book The Art Beat, praises the programming available on Classic Arts Showcase, and, having the television channel in mind, explains that his "favorite show is not a show," but is, in fact, "a montage of videos spanning the arts." Klevit quips that CAS is "habit-forming", and confides that he is often "unwilling to turn the set off, for fear of missing a Buster Keaton vignette, or perhaps Lillian Gish, or Arturo Toscanini conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra, Rudolph Valentino as The Sheik, or some other classic [he] will treasure."

title: Classic Arts Showcase


text:
Seminole Soccer Complex (Sanford)

The Seminole Soccer Complex is a dedicated soccer park that includes over eleven fields and a soccer-specific stadium, located in Sanford, Seminole County, Florida. The facility is home to the Orlando City U-23 team (formerly known as the Central Florida Kraze). It has been used by the Central Florida Krush, and the Lake Mary High School football team.

Address: 1900 Seminole Soccer Loop Sanford, FL 32771

title: Seminole Soccer Complex (Sanford)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/(Dr)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE  Rob e  rt  23:36, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

(Dr)
non notable halo gaming clan -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 22:58, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Doctor -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 23:04, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Nah, just delete --Doc (?) 23:28, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not useful as a redirect. -Splash talk 23:34, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn nonsense Anetode 23:46, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Why do gamers act as if they belong in a reference work? These are the questions I ask myself.  Myself votes d3l33t3. - Lucky 6.9 23:50, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Kill it with fire, Nuke out of orbit, or anything else that can be translated as delete. Tito xd 00:09, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Frag it. Gaming clans have to meet the same notability standard as everything and everyone else. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 01:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and then delete. feydey 15:12, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/(Dr)


text:
EyeToy: Kinetic

EyeToy: Kinetic is an exercise program, or exergaming title developed in collaboration with Nike Motionworks. It has been designed to help the player improve their fitness and health using a variety of exercise games.

The game includes a wide angle "Full Vision Lens" attachment that fits over the Eye Toy lens. Without it, the player's image on the screen is too large to play this game properly. It is held in a foam insert in the standard memory card holder in the disc case. The lens attachment is not sold separately, so if it is broken or lost then the only recourse is to repurchase the entire game.

The game's sequel is titled EyeToy: Kinetic Combat.

Games
EyeToy: Kinetic is separated into four different sections, containing exercise games under the certain groups:

Cardio Zone
The 'Cardio Zone' contains games designed to improve cardiovascular fitness. These are:
 * Cascade: Touching the blue orbs, but avoiding the red ones.
 * Pulsate: Touching the blue discs before they change position.
 * Ricochet: Touching the blue targets while avoiding the orbs bouncing around the screen.
 * Arcburst: Moving the hands over the blue trails before they change.

Combat Zone
The 'Combat Zone' is designed to improve speed, physical strength and flexibility. These are:
 * Wildfire: Destroying the orbs that appear on screen.
 * Backlash: Destroying the incoming pads before they touch the circle in the centre of the screen.
 * Trespass: Destroying the yellow orbs before they reach the vent and go off screen.
 * Breakspeed: Destroying the walls on either side of the player.
 * Reflex: Destroying the walls by hitting the yellow orbs into them.
 * Protector: Destroying the incoming projectiles to protect the orb.
 * Sidewinder: Protecting the target from orbs and projectiles.

Toning Zone
The 'Toning Zone' contains games designed for body conditioning and exercise. These are:
 * Abdominal Exercises: Increase strength and toning of abdominal muscles and the lower back.
 * Upper Body Exercises: Increase strength of the upper body muscles.
 * Lower Body Exercises: Increase strength of the lower body muscles.

Mind and Body Zone
The 'Mind and Body Zone' is designed to improve breathing, posture and relaxation. These are:
 * Equilibrium: Break the beams of light to increase the score.
 * Reactivate: Copy the sequence before the next one appears.
 * Energyflow: Move the disc over the target as moves along the trail.
 * Outbreak: Capture the green orbs in a net before it vanishes.

The zone also contains three sequences besides the games above:
 * Yoga
 * Tai Chi
 * Meditation
 * Musics

Personal Trainer Mode
The game offers a personal trainer mode: a 12-week programme of various games from the four zones. Before the players begin, they are able to choose a trainer, Matt or Anna, who will guide them through the twelve-week workout. They will choose certain games from the four zones which the players change if they don't like them. The players have the option to perform a warm up and stretching sequence along with the routine.

At the end of every routine and every week, they are graded depending on own performance. These grades go from A+ (Master) to E (Beginner). If they miss five days of the workout, they will be asked if the players wish to do the entire twelve-week workout from the beginning.

Reception
The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

The Times gave it a score of all five stars, stating: "Each activity comes with a tutorial from a virtual instructor, and as you kick out at the falling balloons on the TV screen it's impossible not to smile. And how often do you see that down [at] the gym?" CiN Weekly gave it a score of 85 out of 100 and called it "a decent workout routine generator with fun games that will keep you interested and sweaty". Detroit Free Press gave it a score of three stars out of four: "Unlike other fitness games, EyeToy: Kinetic really sucks you in because you get immediate personal feedback. That's a real technological advancement -- something that might even make you want to jump up off that couch".

title: EyeToy: Kinetic


text:
Talk:Antti Aarne

Wikilinks to AT Divisions of Tales
Would it not be possible to include the whole list of AT-number entries as part of Wikipedia? The list could be one article with different AT-codes redirected to this article. The format of the references could be "AT 123".

I will start by redirecting AT 122E (Wait for the fat goat) to this article.

-- Petri Krohn 22:59, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The list would need a description of every code number involved, and not only this type of organization must be given if there others they must be used too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.121.144.52 (talk • contribs) 10 October 2006

AT
This article has more about the Aarne-Thompson classification that about Aarne. The redirect that points here ought to be turned into a full-blown article and contain that info. Goldfritha 18:20, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. How do we go about this? Martijn Faassen 00:51, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antti Aarne


text: User talk:71.36.230.165

title: User talk:71.36.230.165


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 October 1

Politics

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename all. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 03:08, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Here are the categories in category:Politics by country which are not in the "Politics of X" form, apart from one or two which have been nominated separately and category:Roman Curia which should surely stay as it is, as the political arrangements of the Vatican State itself are only a tiny part of its signficance: Rename all It looks a lot but it's only a small fraction of the total. CalJW 23:58, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Åland politics --> category:Politics of Åland
 * Category:Albanian politics --> category:Politics of Albania
 * Category:Austrian politics --> category:Politics of Austria
 * Category:Bolivian politics --> category:Politics of Bolivia
 * Category:Canadian politics --> category:Politics of Canada (added)
 * Category:Chilean politics --> category:Politics of Chile
 * Category:Danish politics --> category:Politics of Denmark
 * Category:Finnish politics --> category:Politics of Finland
 * Category:Georgian politics --> category:Politics of Georgia (country)
 * Category:Israeli politics --> category:Politics of Israel
 * Category:Japanese politics --> category:Politics of Japan
 * Category:Latvian politics --> category:Politics of Latvia
 * Category:Mexican politics --> category:Politics of Mexico (added)
 * Category:Nigerian politics --> category:Politics of Nigeria
 * Category:Norwegian politics --> category:Politics of Norway
 * Category:Portuguese politics --> category:Politics of Portugal
 * Category:Slovak politics --> category:Politics of Slovakia
 * Category:South African politics --> category:Politics of South Africa
 * Category:Spanish politics --> category:Politics of Spain
 * Category:Swedish politics --> category:Politics of Sweden
 * Category:Uruguayan politics --> category:Politics of Uruguay
 * Category:Venezuelan politics merge into category:Politics of Venezuela
 * Category:Ukrainian politics --> category:Politics of Ukraine
 * Rename and merge all as suggested. -- Reinyday, 02:24, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename and merge as suggested. I believe the other two (nom'd separately) are Category:Brazilian politics and Category:French politics and that Category:Canadian politics and Category:Mexican politics should be added to this list. -- Rick Block (talk) 04:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:French government to category:Government of France

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename, see closure note. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 03:12, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to standard form category:Government of France as per nearly all the others in category:Government by country. CalJW 23:37, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename. -- Reinyday, 02:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename (could be speedied per criterion #4). Also rename Category:Hong Kong Government similarly. -- Rick Block (talk) 04:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Don't think standard form is necessary. If a government prefers to call itself Foo Government or Fooian Government, what's the point to rename its category as category:Government of Foo? — Instantnood 09:15, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * These categories are about all government in the country, not just the national government. The name of the national government isn't relevant, indeed I don't think most government have an "official name", and if the French government did it would be in French. 11:38, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Right. However in some smaller countries there are only one tier of governments. — Instantnood 12:12, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The Vatican city maybe? Even Andorra has subdivisions. And in any case that doesn't make the standard form inappropriate. CalJW 11:24, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose renaming category:Hong Kong Government. — Instantnood 13:46, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you please explain why you oppose this? -- Rick Block (talk) 18:42, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * RenameCarina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Closing note cat:Hong Kong Govt will not be renamed, if this were a speedy it had an oppose vote, which would require further discussion. No other voters specified specifically to rename all. Please submit it as a Cfd on its own. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  03:12, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Industry of Hungary

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 02:41, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Vague, somewhat old-fashioned and most importantly non-standard. It contained an entry about a car, which I have moved to the Technology category mentioned below, and an article about a manufacturing company, which was already in category:Manufacturing companies of Hungary, which in turn is in the companies category, which is in the economy category, in line with usual practice for other countries. Delete CalJW 22:12, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep where would the coal industry/oil industry/mining industry/refining industry go? Arnie587 23:56, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In the economy section until there were enough articles to justify subcategorisation, but there aren't any articles at all, so please consider amending your vote. There are a few countries with categories for mines or oilfields. CalJW 01:47, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Bhoeble 13:16, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Technology of Hungary to category:Science and technology in Hungary

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 03:13, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to standard form category:Science and technology in Hungary to agree to the other categories in category:Science and technology by country. CalJW 21:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 02:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Politics of the Northwest Territories

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Reverse merge. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 03:15, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Just want to remove redundant category. The other similar category is Category:Northwest Territories politics Cloveious 18:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose Category:Northwest Territories politics should be merged into this one. Bhoeble 19:11, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I will point out that the rest of the Canadian provinces with the exception of Nunavut use the naming convention above, example Category:Alberta politics, Category:British Columbia politics, Category:Yukon politics. Category:Ontario politics, Category:Quebec politics etc. --Cloveious 00:54, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose I have nominated the other categories for renaming above. CalJW 01:49, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Bhoeble. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 02:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support No sense in renaming all other provincial categories, see discussion above Luigizanasi 03:14, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a clear Wikipedia policy set in this matter, and it favours keeping the category that's proposed for deletion and deleting the one that's proposed for keeping. Whether we like it or not, we cannot simply ignore the policy that's been determined. Parent categories do not each get to define their own individual standard which needs to be respected even if they're the opposite of defined policy on Wikipedia-as-a-whole. As per Bhoeble, oppose deletion of the category proposed for deletion here, and merge the other way. Bearcat 05:34, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Reverse Merge/Rename as suggested by Bearcast, CalJW, others. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Reverse Merge/Rename as suggested by Bearcast, CalJW, others. Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Reverse Merge/Rename as suggested by Bearcast, CalJW, others. maclean25 02:06, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - reverse merge and rename as suggested by Bearcat et al. Mindmatrix 19:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Bhoeble. siafu 02:10, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

subcats of Category:Theme parks

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename, Naming conventions candidate. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 03:06, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

There aren't very many or these, but I suggest we rename as follows and establish "Theme parks in foo" as the convention for (by country) subcats of Category:Theme parks at Naming conventions (categories). -- Rick Block (talk) 17:56, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Australian theme parks → Category:Theme parks in Australia
 * Category:British theme parks → Category:Theme parks in the United Kingdom

 * Rename CalJW 21:43, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 02:12, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

subcats of Category:Universities and colleges by country

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was RENAME per revised list. At least several of the pre-revision comments lean quite clearly towards supporting the revised list which effectively takes account of local usage and fixes 'of'→'in'. -Splash talk 15:11, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Per Naming conventions (categories), subcats of Category:Universities and colleges by country follow "X in foo" format, but does not specify "Universities in foo" or "Universities and colleges in foo". I suggest we standardize on "Universities and colleges in foo", which would require the following renames (and merges). -- Rick Block (talk) 16:27, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Category:Australian universities → Category:Universities and colleges in Australia
 * Oppose Category:Universities in Australia would be more suitable. College in Australia is generally used for the last two years of high school, not universities. Martyman 01:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:British universities merge into Category:Universities and colleges in the United Kingdom
 * Oppose This is a legitimate subcategory. Nominator shows no awareness of non-U.S. usage. CalJW 21:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Commment It was, however, incorrectly categorised in both Universities and colleges by country and Universities and colleges of the UK. Or at least, as far as I understand how the categorisationsystem works. Hiding  talk 04:42, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 02:27, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Chinese universities → Category:Universities and colleges in China
 * Hold until disagreements around the use of the term "mainland China" (which means the PRC minus Hong Kong and Macao) on Wikipedia is settled. The China category can be soft redirect (categoryredirect) to the mainland China category, or as parent category or disambiguation to the categories of the four territories/regions/entities within the territory known as China. — Instantnood 18:39, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Cuban universities → Category:Universities and colleges in Cuba
 * Category:Dutch universities → Category:Universities and colleges in the Netherlands
 * Category:German universities → Category:Universities and colleges in Germany
 * Oppose: In germany there are Universities and "Universities of applied sciences" (polytechnic). The term "college" is usually used as translation for schools that enable the pupils to study (only) at polytechnics (11th & 12th grade). Those colleges exist in many of the > 2,000 german towns. -- 217.237.149.162 19:00, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Category:Iranian universities → Category:Universities and colleges in Iran
 * Category:Japanese universities → Category:Universities and colleges in Japan
 * Category:New Zealand universities → Category:Universities and colleges in New Zealand
 * Category:South Korean universities merge into Category:Universities and colleges in South Korea
 * Category:Swiss universities → Category:Universities and colleges in Switzerland
 * Category:Thai universities → Category:Universities and colleges in Thailand
 * Category:Universities and Colleges in Taiwan → Category:Universities and colleges in the Republic of China
 * Category:Universities and colleges of Egypt → Category:Universities and colleges in Egypt
 * Category:Universities and colleges of Sri Lanka → Category:Universities and colleges in Sri Lanka
 * Category:Universities and colleges of the UK → Category:Universities and colleges in the United Kingdom
 * Category:Universities in Bangladesh → Category:Universities and colleges in Bangladesh
 * Category:Universities in Chile → Category:Universities and colleges in Chile
 * Category:Universities in Greece → Category:Universities and colleges in Greece
 * Category:Universities in Hong Kong → Category:Universities and colleges in Hong Kong
 * Category:Universities in Iceland → Category:Universities and colleges in Iceland
 * Category:Universities in Israel → Category:Universities and colleges in Israel
 * Category:Universities in Lithuania → Category:Universities and colleges in Lithuania
 * Category:Universities in Macau → Category:Universities and colleges in Macau
 * Category:Universities in Palestine → Category:Universities and colleges in Palestine
 * Category:Universities in Peru → Category:Universities and colleges in Peru
 * Category:Universities in Portugal merge into Category:Universities and colleges in Portugal
 * Oppose The Category:Universities and colleges in Portugal already exists. The Category:Universities in Portugal is a subcategory of the first. So, I disagree with the merge, it could stay as a subcategory inside the other larger category. Armindo 20:09, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Universities in Romania → Category:Universities and colleges in Romania
 * Oppose - it might lead to confusion as college in Romania may refer to a type of high-school (tertiary education) bogdan | Talk 17:12, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Err, high schools are secondary education. Is this what you meant? James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Presumably. It seems a perfectly clear comment to me. CalJW 11:44, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Category:Universities in Singapore → Category:Universities and colleges in Singapore
 * Category:Universities in Ukraine → Category:Universities and colleges in Ukraine
 * Category:Universities in the Czech Republic → Category:Universities and colleges in the Czech Republic
 * Category:Universities of Belarus → Category:Universities and colleges in Belarus
 * Category:Universities of Belgium → Category:Universities and colleges in Belgium
 * Category:Universities of Brazil → Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil
 * Category:Universities of Finland → Category:Universities and colleges in Finland
 * Category:Universities of Morocco → Category:Universities and colleges in Morocco

 * Comment: Don't think it's necessary to standardise all subcategories. In North America universities are often called colleges, but this may not be the same case elsewhere. — Instantnood 18:39, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * But there will usually be some colleges as well. Subcategories can be created for specific types where there are enough articles. Bhoeble 19:09, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just for the record, this is not the case in North America as a whole -- it's only the case in the United States. In Canada, colleges and universities are two distinct things which are never interchangeable with each other. But category-wise, we still use the Category:Universities and colleges in Canada naming format, and where appropriate we simply divide universities and colleges into distinct subcategories. The proposed change is consistent with Wikipedia naming policy, and does not at all have to create any of the problems raised here. Rename all. Bearcat 05:42, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The proposed change most certainly does create problems. In the case of the UK the proposal is to abolish the subcategory for universities, and the implication is that no other country should have a sub-category for universities either, including Canada. CalJW 11:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose all apart from those which merely change "of" to "in". I've changed my mind as there are already problems with 2 categories. There may be many others where there are complications which no one has commented on yet. There are many countries where "college" is used for some schools and Oxbridge colleges for example do not belong here either. Defer to local usage and nominate those where change is appropriate one at a time after researching local usage. Bhoeble 19:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all except those which are just format tidying where college and university already appear. In almost every country in the world except the U.S. universities are formally defined and never referred to as colleges. There are many types of colleges around the world (including lots which are schools). Universities should be a subcategory of "Universities and colleges". I suggest that the nominator goes through all of these and creates "universities and colleges" parent categories if he wishes to standardise these. CalJW 21:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose artificially adding the term "college" where not justified by local usage. In many of these places colleges are more like High Schools in the U.S. and not at all comparable to Universities. No problems with changing "of" to "in" though. FYI, there has been related discussion on this point previously Categories for deletion/Universities and colleges by nationality older≠wiser 23:16, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all which merely change "of" to "in". Oppose all others. Hiding  talk 04:42, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename only those where university and college are synonymous (that is, almost none ;-)) - same as Hiding, as it were. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose in line with everyone else, except for changing "of" to "in". Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

OK. Here's an amended list. -- Rick Block (talk) 16:27, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Fooish universities → Universities [and colleges] in foo
 * Category:Australian universities → Universities and colleges in Australia
 * Category:British universities → Universities and colleges in the United Kingdom
 * Category:Chinese universities → Universities and colleges in China (Note: This category includes universities in both the PRC and the Republic of China and it includes some institutions named "colleges".)
 * Hold. This category, like many others titled Chinese, has been mainland China-specific for a long time. — Instantnood 08:00, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Category:Cuban universities → Universities and colleges in Cuba
 * Category:Dutch universities → Universities and colleges in the Netherlands
 * Category:German universities → Universities and colleges in Germany
 * Category:Iranian universities → Universities and colleges in Iran
 * Category:Japanese universities → Category:Universities and colleges in Japan (Note: includes a "college")
 * Category:New Zealand universities → Universities and colleges in New Zealand (Note: includes a subcat of colleges)
 * Category:South Korean universities merge into Category:Universities and colleges in South Korea
 * Category:Swiss universities → Universities and colleges in Switzerland
 * Category:Thai universities → Universities and colleges in Thailand

miscapitalized, Taiwan → Republic of China
 * Category:Universities and Colleges in Taiwan → Category:Universities and colleges in the Republic of China (Note: the current category name is miscapitalized. This rename fixes the capitalization and uses the proper country name.)

Universities and colleges of foo → Universities and colleges in foo
 * Category:Universities and colleges of Egypt → Category:Universities and colleges in Egypt
 * Category:Universities and colleges of Sri Lanka → Category:Universities and colleges in Sri Lanka
 * Category:Universities and colleges of the UK → Category:Universities and colleges in the United Kingdom

No change
 * Category:Universities in Bangladesh → Category:Universities and colleges in Bangladesh (Note: includes colleges)
 * Category:Universities in Chile → Category:Universities and colleges in Chile
 * Category:Universities in Greece → Category:Universities and colleges in Greece (Note: includes colleges)
 * Category:Universities in Hong Kong → Category:Universities and colleges in Hong Kong
 * Category:Universities in Iceland → Category:Universities and colleges in Iceland
 * Category:Universities in Israel → Category:Universities and colleges in Israel
 * Category:Universities in Lithuania → Category:Universities and colleges in Lithuania (Note: includes a college)
 * Category:Universities in Macau → Category:Universities and colleges in Macau
 * Category:Universities in Palestine → Category:Universities and colleges in Palestine
 * Category:Universities in Peru → Category:Universities and colleges in Peru
 * Category:Universities in Romania → Category:Universities and colleges in Romania
 * Category:Universities in Singapore → Category:Universities and colleges in Singapore
 * Category:Universities in Ukraine → Category:Universities and colleges in Ukraine
 * Category:Universities in the Czech Republic → Category:Universities and colleges in the Czech Republic

dup category
 * Category:Universities in Portugal merge into Category:Universities and colleges in Portugal

Universities of foo → Universities in foo
 * Category:Universities of Belarus → Universities and colleges in Belarus
 * Category:Universities of Belgium → Universities and colleges in Belgium
 * Category:Universities of Brazil → Universities and colleges in Brazil
 * Category:Universities of Finland → Universities and colleges in Finland
 * Support revised list. CalJW 01:14, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support revised list too Hiding talk 19:15, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support revised list Martyman 01:29, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Terrorists

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The result of the debate was No consensus (no change). ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 02:58, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete this is far to POV one man's Freedom Fighter is another man's terroist. This is just an attempt at labeling.--Son of Paddy's Ego 14:15, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete or create a main category Terrorist organizations proscribed by the government of the United States and then create sub categories for these organizations, and then further sub categories Members of ***** Arnie587 17:28, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Bhoeble is correct if you read the description on the page, it is thorough and very clear that only those that use terrorist tactics should be included, freedom fighters may also use terrorist tactics so then they are also terrorists and should be listed in a terrorist and also freedom fighter category Arnie587 23:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The usage is defined appropriately. Bhoeble 19:55, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Another inherently POV category! Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 23:18, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * surely it is obvious what a terrorist act is so surely it is not POV to describe people who use terrorist tactics as terrorists? Arnie587 23:53, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It is entirely opaque what a terrorist act is (not all violence, obviously; not all non-military violence; basically, it's whatever "the other guy" does). And it's no less unclear what type of involvement in an allegedly terrorist act qualifies one as its actor (does funding an act? does advocating it abstractly? does providing instructions for the act? etc). No group has ever called itself terrorist (as opposed to guerrilla, insurgent, revolutionary, freedom fighters, etc); and virtually every group has called its opponents terrorist.
 * Delete POV-pushers will salivate when they find this category and use it as a tool to push their agenda. Just moments ago I had to remove it from Henry Kissinger. 172 | Talk 01:06, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Now it's Ronald Reagan. 172 | Talk 01:08, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * But Reagan and Kissinger unambiguously meet the criteria stated on the category page (unlike a number of others listed). Of course, the term is pejorative, not NPOV, but if you look at the "definition" given.  I think especially of Reagan and the anti-Sandinista terrorism, and Kissinger and the bombing of Cambodia, but there are other examples. Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 05:25, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Where are all these so-called POV-pushers? There are just NINE articles currently listed in the Category:Terrorists. All seem to me to be properly categorized. Therefore, the question is: if this category has previously been listed for deletion, and been voted to be retained, why are we re-running the debate now?Phase1 13:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This has survived one nomination already. If we removed things because they might attract vandalism our coverage of contemporary politics would be fulls of gaps. Counteracting it is just part of the normal maintenance routine. CalJW 02:14, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV-label. Shanes 04:26, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Thought we'd deleted this a year ago or so. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as an objectively-defined category. Then argue on the respective talk page about the individuals thus categorized.Phase1 11:14, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per CalJW. TexasAndroid 14:51, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Marginal keep. Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - all categories are "attempts to label", that is their purpose. I agree with Phase1, keep the controversy to the individual articles. Sherurcij 05:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Even if an "objective" definition of terrorism can be agreed on, deciding who it applies to is too difficult as the facts surrounding such issues are often disputed. I think it would be easier to create "bad guys (according to somebody)" category. --Yodakii 07:45, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep with a disclaimer stating that the category only contains things widely and objectively considered terrorists, but it may still be subjective and POV-loaded to some. — Instantnood 13:45, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * DELETE wasn't this category deleted already? 132.205.45.110 19:05, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, see category talk:terrorists. Nth cycle of trying to do the same. Did the proposer of this 5th or 6th vote on the same topic ever read categorisation of people? Upon every vote cycle the keep consensus grows stronger. --Francis Schonken 09:34, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

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category:Rivers in Ireland or category:Rivers of Ireland

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The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 02:46, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to standard form category:Rivers of Ireland as per the other categories in category:Rivers. CalJW 09:18, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename and do so also with Category:Rivers in Northern Ireland. - Darwinek 11:46, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename both (could be speedied per criterion #4). -- Rick Block (talk) 17:59, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename both as per Darwinek Bhoeble 19:51, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename both as suggested. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename both as suggested Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Does this mean the Northern Ireland category is nominated? Is it tagged? If that's not the case, then, procedurally, it has to be separately nominated. — Instantnood 13:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The Northern Ireland category is not tagged. In that case, rename category:rivers in Ireland, and nominate category:rivers in Northern Ireland separately as speedy. — Instantnood 07:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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category:Croatian military to category:Military of Croatia

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The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 02:38, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to standard form category:Military of Croatia as per the other categories in category:Militaries. CalJW 08:09, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 02:37, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

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National symbols

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The result of the debate was Rename to "Fooish cultural icons", see closure note. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 03:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

I have some doubts about this set of categories, but they do relieve some clutter from the main culture categories. I suggest that the best convention would be "National symbols of X" and it is the favoured from in practice, though there aren't many categories yet. Therefore I suggest renaming: CalJW 06:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC) Comment: the proposed new category category:British and English national symbols is a recipe for disaster. All the supposedly "British" symbols are actually English ones, so let's just apply the correct heading.--Mais oui! 16:35, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * category:Croatian symbols --> category:National symbols of Croatia
 * category:National Symbols of Greece --> category:National symbols of Greece
 * category:National Symbols of Scotland --> category:National symbols of Scotland
 * category:National emblems of Singapore --> category:National symbols of Singapore
 * Category:Basque symbols --> category:National symbols of the Basque Country (but there may be some cultural/political reason why that won't do)
 * While going through to mark them cfru I was reminded that the Scottish one is marked for renaming to "Scottish cultural icons" (and I voted for it!) and the Singapore category is also in category:National emblems, which also contains categories for the US and Ireland. There is also category:British cultural icons. It is a frightful muddle. I really think we need to have just one name and one category type or there will be constant confusion and conflicting usage from one country to another. "National symbols" lies in the middle ground. It would require some recategorisation, but not a huge amount. The national emblem article defines that term so narrowly that there is little to categorise, and the "cultural icon" is rather broad. If we can agree to use it, I will go through and start categories for the top 20 or so biggest national categories with a few items each to create a stronger prededent and make this a more familiar category for users of the national menus. It's still rather hard to see how to prevent the other category types from popping up from time to time, but we could create a convention that any such categories should be renamed or merged. CalJW 07:04, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Renaming category:British cultural icons presents a real problem. category:National symbols of the United Kingdom would be a seriously inaccurate description of the current contents, or any worthwhile set of content. Many relevant articles are not symbols of the whole political entity of the UK at all. I suggest category:British and English national symbols. I know it is awkward, but then relationship between the two identities is awkward itself. If it gets renamed along these lines I will add a brief blurb to explain the reason for the non-standard name.CalJW 07:17, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Finally so that everything I have tagged is listed (I haven't retagged the Scotland category, but I have linked the discussion below to this one), here are the other two:
 * category:National emblems of the Republic of Ireland --> Category:National symbols of the Republic of Ireland
 * category:National emblems of the United States --> Category:National symbols of the United States
 * This is not correct. There are plenty which apply to the whole of the UK, starting with the Union Jack. Bhoeble 19:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In which case the very obvious solution is to have two categories: a Category:British national symbols and a Category:English national symbols. Why create artificial confusion with the conflated name? Equating England with the United Kingdom is bound to cause endless, needless grief; it is also un-encyclopaedic. Personally I think I prefer the cultural icons tag, but I'm open to persuasion.--Mais oui! 21:57, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I proposed to have only one because I don't fancy trying to decide which is which, but I suppose it could be done - with a lot of dulpication. So amend proposal to: rename Category:British cultural icons --> Category:National symbols of the United Kingdom, no that just doesn't sound right, make it category:British national symbols, and if that happens I will create Category:National symbols of England. CalJW 02:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename all category:National symbols of Foo as proposed with exception for Britain, which rename as proposed. Bhoeble 19:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: Would "cultural icons" be a better choice than "national symbols"? — Instantnood 19:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That's the question. What do you think and why? I am willing to support either of those options if we can obtain consensus for it as the only one to be used, but I marginally prefer "symbols" as I think it will reduce the risk of these categories becoming too baggy, with lots of marginal items. CalJW 21:46, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I like "Cultural icons" much more than "national symbols" (it's much more flexible, at the very least). James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: "Cultural icons" is my preference too. Grinner 11:50, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Make them consistent I marginally favour cultural icons, but I'm not really fussed. Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote for consistency, to which I too prefer "cultural icons". However, I'm puzzled as to why it should be British cultural icons rather than cultural icons of the United Kingdom. I would prefer the latter. Hiding  talk 19:15, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Amendment Okay, I'll go along with "cultural icons" - and please don't let the disagreement over the British category lead to all this effect being wasted by a "no consensus" conclusion when there seems to be a consensus on the main issue. Let's just go along with the majority preference on that specific point, whatever it may be at the end of the voting period. It tied go for "British" (ie. not my preference) as it is more standard. CalJW 05:51, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe we're already past this problem by now, but calling the new category "British and English" is probably the silliest idea I've seen in my time at Wikipedia. England is a part of Britain: it's not England, with 'the rest' as an inferior addition. Ben davison 23:35, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Closing note all listed categories will be renamed to "Fooish cultural icons". No specific preference was given except that of consistency, which is currently and . However this leaves the parent cat  and the remaining subs inconsistent.  ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  03:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Croatian legal system to category:Croatian law

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The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 02:33, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename to standard form category:Croatian law. CalJW 06:36, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename. -- Reinyday, 02:26, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Croatian companies to category:Companies of Croatia

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The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 02:32, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Rename category:Companies of Croatia in line with all the other national categories in category:Companies by country. CalJW 06:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename. -- Reinyday, 02:26, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * REname Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

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Category:FSM music to category:Music of the Federated States of Micronesia

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The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 02:30, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Let's deprive this one of its mysteriousness by renaming it category:Music of the Federated States of Micronesia. CalJW 06:03, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 07:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Carina22 16:28, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Hiding talk 19:12, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 October 1

Guide to deletion


text:
Elly Beinhorn

Elly Beinhorn (30 May 1907 – 28 November 2007) was a pioneering German female aircraft pilot.

Early life
She was born in Hannover, Germany on 30 May 1907.

In 1928, she attended a lecture by famed aviator Hermann Köhl, who had recently completed a historic east–west Atlantic crossing. This lecture is described as the spark that ignited her interest in aviation.

At just 21 years old, with funds from a small inheritance (against the wishes of her parents) she moved to Spandau in Berlin where she took flying lessons, at Berlin-Staaken airport, under the tutelage of instructor Otto Thomsen. She soon made her solo flight in a small Klemm KL-20. With her money running out, it was suggested that she give aerobatic displays on the weekends. She found this financially rewarding, but personally unsatisfying.

Long-distance flights
Long-distance flying was her real passion and in 1931 she seized the opportunity to fly to Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) West Africa on a scientific expedition. On the return journey, engine failure resulted in a crash-landing in the Sahara. With the help of nomadic Tuareg tribesmen, Beinhorn joined a camel caravan to Timbuktu. She subsequently returned to the crash site to recover parts of the plane. Word of her plight reached the French authorities and they sent a military two-seater plane to collect her.

In April 1931, fully recovered, she flew back to Berlin to a warm reception from the crowds.

Soon after this, she embarked on another flight, but her Klemm monoplane developed mechanical problems near Bushire, Persia. She found Moye Stephens, another pilot, in Bushire, who helped her fix the Klemm. Stephens and travel-adventure writer Richard Halliburton were flying around the world in a Stearman C-3B biplane that they called the "Flying Carpet". She accompanied them on part of their flight, including the trip to Mount Everest. She flew on to Bali, and eventually Australia. In the process, she became the second woman to fly solo from Europe to Australia, after Amy Johnson. The foreword of her book, Flying Girl (1935), was written by Richard Halliburton (whose English publisher, as hers, was Geoffrey Bles); it includes a photo of Moye Stephens repairing her plane. Barbara H. Schultz' Flying Carpets, Flying Wings – The Biography of Moye Stephens (2011) contains Stephens' own account of their meeting which was first introduced in Halliburton's bestselling The Flying Carpet (1932).

Having landed in Darwin, Northern Territory of Australia, she continued to Sydney, arriving in March 1932. Her plane was dismantled and shipped to New Zealand, then Panama where it was reassembled. There she resumed her flight, following the western coast of South America. She was presented with a medal in Peru. An ill-advised trip across the Andes followed. The plane was dismantled once more in Brazil and shipped to Germany. Beinhorn arrived in Berlin in June 1932.

Now famous but with a debt of 15,000 marks or more, she was pleasantly surprised to be awarded the Hindenburg Cup, 10,000 marks and several other monetary awards from the German aeronautical industry which enabled her to continue her career. She continued to write articles and sell photographs of her travels to raise funds.

Free of debt, she departed for Africa in a Heinkel He 71, flying along the east coast, then back via the west coast.

The following year, Beinhorn shipped the plane to Panama, then flew through Mexico and California before crossing the United States to Washington DC and Miami. She and the plane returned to Germany by ship, arriving in January 1935.

Bernd Rosemeyer
On 29 September 1935 Elly attended the Czechoslovakian Grand Prix, in Brno, Czechoslovakia, at the invitation of Auto Union (she was in the country on a lecture tour). She congratulated the winner, Bernd Rosemeyer, who seemed smitten with her. They were married on 13 July 1936. A celebrity couple – an adventurous aviator and the fearless racing driver – they were the toast of Nazi Germany. Bernd later became a member of the SS.

They had a son, Bernd Jr., in November 1937. Ten weeks after his birth his father was killed while attempting a speed record in his Auto Union Streamliner. As a national hero he was mourned by much of Germany. Elly received condolences from prominent Nazis, including Adolf Hitler, but requested a simple, non-political funeral ceremony. These wishes were ignored and several Nazis gave speeches at the graveside. Some accounts suggest that Elly walked off in protest at the Nazis claiming Bernd as their own and taking over what was a personal occasion.

Second marriage and post-war life
In 1941 Elly married Dr. Karl Wittman and they had a daughter, Stephanie.

After World War II she briefly took up gliding due to the ban on powered flight in Germany. She soon moved to Switzerland to continue flying planes.

In 1979, at the age of 72, she surrendered her pilot's licence.

Later years and death
In her later years, Elly Beinhorn lived in Ottobrunn, Bavaria, near Munich. Her son, Dr. Bernd Rosemeyer, lives in the same area and has enjoyed a successful career as an orthopaedist. He married Countess Michaela von Castell-Ruedenhausen, who died 8 August 2011, and they have two children.

Elly Beinhorn died on 28 November 2007, at the age of 100.

Publications

 * Beinhorn, Elly Alleinflug: Mein Leben. Herbig, 2007, ISBN 978-3776625226
 * Probst, Ernst Königinnen der Lüfte: Biographien berühmter Fliegerinnen wie Elly Beinhorn, Hanna Reitsch, Amelia Earhart, Jacqueline Auriol und Valentina Tereschkowa. Diplomica Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3842872967
 * Alt, John H. Don't Die in Bed: The Brief, Intense Life of Richard Halliburton. Atlanta: Quincunx Press, 2013. Chapters on Elly Beinhorn.
 * Chris Nixon & Elly Beinhorn-Rosemeyer: "Rosemeyer!", Transport Bookman Publications 1989, ISBN 0-85184-046-9
 * Beinhorn, Elly, Flying Girl (Geoffrey Bles, London, 1935).
 * Halliburton, Richard, The Flying Carpet (Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis and New York, 1932).
 * Max, Gerry, Horizon Chasers – The Adventures of Richard Halliburton and Paul Mooney (McFarland Publishers, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2007).
 * Schultz, Barbara H., Flying Carpets, Flying Wings – The Biography of Moye Stephens (PlaneMercantile, 2011).
 * Frilling, Christoph: Die Pilotin und der Rennfahrer – Elly Beinhorn und Bernd Rosemeyer auf Gratwanderung im Nationalsozialismus. Verlag W. Dietrich, Reinhardtsgrimma 2009, ISBN 978-3-933500-10-6.
 * Laurence Arthur Rickels: Into Africa. In: Nazi Psychoanalysis – Vol. 2. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 2002, ISBN 978-0-8166-3698-3, p. 82–87.
 * Commire, Anne: Beinhorn, Elly (1907–). In: Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Gale, 2000, ISBN 978-0-7876-4061-3.
 * Dimitrova-Moeck, Svoboda: Women travel abroad 1925-1932 : Maria Leitner, Erika Mann, Marieluise Fleisser, and Elly Beinhorn : women's travel writing from the Weimar Republic. Weidler, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-89693-534-2, p. 209–243.

title: Elly Beinhorn


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Edwards Run Wildlife Management Area

Edwards Run Wildlife Management Area is located on 397 acre two miles (3 km) north of Capon Bridge on Cold Stream Road (County Route 15) near Cold Stream in Hampshire County, West Virginia. Edwards Run WMA is owned by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources.

Edwards Run WMA primarily consists of low hills with steep slopes covered in forests of various species of oaks and hickories plus approximately 17 acre of scattered clearings and brushy areas. White-tailed deer, turkey, quail, squirrel, rabbit, and grouse hunting opportunities are available in the wildlife management area. A section of Edwards Run and a 2 acre lake, Edwards Pond, provide fishing for smallmouth and largemouth bass, sunfish, bluegill, and channel catfish. Edwards Run and Pond are also stocked with trout February through March and in October. The stream on the WMA is a designated catch and release trout stream. A primitive camping area is in proximity to Edwards Pond and pit toilets and trash receptacles are provided. A nominal camping fee is charged by the WVDNR.

title: Edwards Run Wildlife Management Area


text: User talk:24.49.116.174

title: User talk:24.49.116.174


text:
George Finkel

George Finkel (July 29, 1936 – April 17, 2019) was an American television sports producer and director. He was the son of architect Maurice Herman Finkel. He graduated from University of Michigan in 1958.

Finkel worked for NBC Sports from August 1971 to February 1990 and won three Emmys, for producing Super Bowl XIII, for 1982 Baseball World Series, and for producing gymnastics at the 1988 Olympics.

He also produced the highest-rated basketball game in television history; the NCAA Final Game in 1979, which featured Michigan State, with Magic Johnson, over Indiana State, with Larry Bird.

title: George Finkel


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Venturi Fétish

The Venturi Fétish was an early-2000s two-seat limited-production electric sports car. It was built by Venturi in Monaco, and the design of the car was done by the Parisian designers Sacha Lakic. It holds the title of being the first electric sports car in history. It was first unveiled in 2002 and was sold for the first time in November 2004 in the Japanese market. Only 25 units have been produced. Production of the car was stopped in 2007, with a new version being launched in 2010.

Overview
Before its electric version, a petrol version of the same vehicle (fitted with a Renault petrol engine) was introduced in concept form at the 2002 Geneva Motor Show, and was also shown at the 2002 Paris Motor Show and the 2003 North American International Auto Show. First sold in the year 2004, a new version of the car was launched in 2010. It is not a mass-produced vehicle. Only 25 units have been produced. The production of this electric sports car was stopped in the year 2007.

Technical specifications
The original electric Fétish used a 180 kW electric motor in place of the internal combustion engine fitted to most sports cars. This electric motor reportedly had a maximum torque output of 162 lbft, which could be applied nearly instantaneously. Venturi claimed that the Fétish could accelerate from 0 - 100 km/h in 4.5 seconds, and that it was restricted to a top speed of 106 mph.

For 2011, the 180 kW motor was replaced by a 220 kW motor, and the updated Fétish was claimed to be capable of 200 km/h and to be able to accelerate from 0 - 60 mph in four seconds.

title: Venturi Fétish


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Allfon

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 23:17, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Allfon
Spam Dl yo ns 493  Ta lk   23:02, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — advertisement. — RJH 19:37, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Allfon


text:
Richard Paul Russo

Richard Paul Russo (born 1954) is an American science fiction writer.

He attended the Clarion Workshop in 1983; his first story, "Firebird Suite", appeared in Amazing Stories in 1981 and his first novel, Inner Eclipse, was published in 1988. His second novel, Subterranean Gallery, won the Philip K. Dick Award for 1989. He won that award again in 2001 for Ship of Fools. Subterranean Gallery was also a finalist for the Arthur C. Clarke Award.

As of 2010 he lives in Seattle, Washington with his wife Candace, four cats and two dogs.

Novels

 * Inner Eclipse (1988)
 * Subterranean Gallery (1989)
 * Ship of Fools (2001)
 * The Rosetta Codex (2005)

Carlucci series

 * 1) Destroying Angel (1992)
 * 2) Carlucci's Edge (1995)
 * 3) Carlucci's Heart (1997)
 * Carlucci - omnibus collection (2003)

Short story collection

 * Terminal Visions (2000)

Online stories

 * The Dread and Fear of Kings

Reviews

 * Short story collection - Nick Gevers
 * Ship of Fools - John Grant
 * Ship of Fools - Claude Lalumière

Interviews

 * Interview at Infinity plus
 * Interview at scifi.com

title: Richard Paul Russo


text:
Ban Liang

The Ban Liang (Traditional Chinese:  ; Pinyin: bàn liǎng) was the first unified currency of the Chinese empire, first minted as early as 378 BCE and introduced by the first emperor Qin Shi Huang as China's first unified currency around 210 BC (although coins with this inscription already circulated in the State of Qin prior to unification). It was round with a square hole in the middle. Before that date, a variety of coins were used in China, usually in the form of blades (knife money, spade money) or other implements, though round coins with square holes were used by the State of Zhou before it was extinguished by Qin in 249 BCE.

The Ban Liang corresponds to a "half tael" (半兩), or twelve zhu (, about 0.68 grams). It typically weighs between ten and six grams, roughly corresponding to the Greek stater.

The standardization of currency with this round coinage was part of a broader plan to unify weights and measures during the Qin empire. Ban Liang coins continued to be used under the Western Han dynasty until they were finally replaced by the Wu Zhu cash coins in 118 BC.

State of Qin
The Ban Liang coins predate the Chinese Empire and were originally cast during the Warring states period by the State of Qin; these coins circulated alongside cloth money. Qin State coins were inscribed with the Chinese characters "Zhu zhong yi liang" (珠重一兩, "pearls (round coins) heavy one liang"), which might have been kind of lot numbers, while other early State of Qin weighed half a tael or one zi {中冖田} (甾, 錙), which was six zhu. 1 tael coins tended to have a round centre hole, and half tael coins a square hole. The reverse side of all of these early round coins were blank.

The Ban Liang cash coins of the Warring States period typically have a diameter between 32 and 34 millimeters and weight of 8 grams. The Ban Liang cash coins produced by the State of Qin have rectangular centre holes, as opposed to later cash coins which have square holes and many earlier Huanqian which had round holes.

Ban Liang cash coins during this era were cast in two-piece moulds and these moulds could produce 6 cash coins at a time. This casting method left only one sprue on the coins.

State of Qin era Ban Liang cash coins generally have inscriptions that are written in small seal script, with a small number in large seal script. The characters on the State of Qin Ban Liang cash coins are vertically elongated and the top horizontal stroke of the "Liang" (兩) character is short. A seal script evolved further over the centuries, the top horizontal line became longer as is seen in Ban Liang cash coins produced during the time of the Han dynasty.

Qin dynasty
Emperor Qin Shi Huang conquered the various "warring states" and unified China in the year 221 BC forming the Qin dynasty. In order to consolidate central power of the new Qin dynasty, Qin Shi Huang proceeded to standardise the various scripts, weights, and measures that existed among the various states. In order to centralise and standardise the Chinese monetary system, Qin Shi Huang had abolished the existing forms of money. He then stipulated that the new monetary system of the Qin dynasty would consist of a two tier system with a "higher" form of currency (上幣) made of gold and a "lower" form of currency (下幣) made of bronze, which was the Ban Liang.

The Qin dynasty's Ban Liang cash coin was introduced as a way to standardise all forms of currency and its name reflected this as it would always weigh half a tael; these coins were mostly made from bronze, though a silver Ban Liang variant is known to exist. According to the standard "weights and measures" (度量衡) of Qin, one tael was 24 zhu (equivalent to about 14.4 grams). A "Ban Liang" cash coin, which means "half liang" or "half tael", would therefore be about 7.2 grams in weight. The Ban Liang cash coins further introduced the tradition of stringing coins together with a rope for convenience; this was because of its round shape with a square hole, something future Chinese coins would continue to do until the early days of the Republic of China in the 1910s AD.

The inscription written on Qin dynasty era Ban Liang cash coins are all written in seal script with long and narrow characters that were written in a primal freehand style. Early Ban Liang cash coins tended to not be well finished, furthermore these coins tended to not be quite round as their rims were often not filed smooth.

Han dynasty
During the Han dynasty Ban Liang coins continued to be produced, but the golden currency established under the Qin would switch from being measured in taels to being measured in "Jin", which made a single Jin-denominated gold coin worth around 10.000 Ban Liang coins. As the general populace found inconvenience in using the heavy Ban Liang coins the Han government allowed for the private production of smaller Ban Liang coins known as "elm seed" Ban Liang coins. The design of the Ban Liang coins would also change as Han dynasty Ban Liangs would later add rims while all Qin dynasty versions were rimless.

In the year 186 BC, or the 5th year of Empress Lü, the government officially set the weight of the Ban Liang at 8 zhu and the inscription was now written in clerical script.

In the year 182 BC, or the sixth year of Empress Lü, the government of the Han dynasty began cast Ban Liang cash coins with a weight of 2.4 zhu. These cash coins had a diameter that was only about 20 millimeters, and they were distinguished by a large square centre hole. Because in reality they were only worth one-fifth of an earlier Ban Liang coin, they are usually referred to as "5 parts Ban Liang cash coins" (五分半兩錢).

In the year 175 BC, or the fifth year of Emperor Wen, the government of the Han dynasty set the weight of the Ban Liang cash coins at 4 zhu. These cash coins typically have a diameter between 23 and 25 millimeters and they tend to have a weight of 3 grams or less. Some 4 zhu Ban Liang cash coins have an outer rim, while a far fewer number of this type of Ban Liang have both an outside rim as well as an inside rim located around the square centre hole.

Eventually the private production of coinage led to a major disruption in the economy forcing the government to produce larger Ban Liang; eventually, the Han government continue to change the size and weight of the Ban Liang weighing as light as 2.4 Zhu to 4 Zhu. In 119 BC Emperor Wu ordered the Ban Liang coins to be deprecated in favour of "San Zhu" cash coins, which in turn were superseded by the "Wu Zhu" series of coins in 118 BC. Despite being superseded by cash coinages with other inscriptions, the Ban Liang would continue to circulate in the Han dynasty.

Variants
During their period of production many types of Ban Liang coins were cast, ranging largely in weight and size, some had extra holes, while other were written in different fonts such as the Han dynasty coins cast under Empress Lü written in Regular script, or a rare Ban Liang made from silver in the Qin dynasty, an iron variant, and a lead variant in the Han dynasty. A variant with a reverse inscription known as “Liang Ban” (兩半) coins were also cast, cash coins with reverse inscriptions are known as chuan xing (傳形).

During the Warring states period Ban Liang coins from the State of Qin generally had 8 gram Ban Liang coins from between 32 and 34 millimeters in diameter, while during the Qin dynasty all Ban Liang coins generally had a weight of 6 grams and were about 31.7 millimeters in diameters. Han dynasty era Ban Liang coins are generally smaller than Qin Ban Liang coins, this is due to the Han dynasty government constantly changing weight standards for the coins many variants from that era exist.

Western Han dynasty variants
Western Han dynasty variants include:

Silver Ban Liang cash coins
During the 1950s, a number of Ban Liang cash coins were unearthed at a site somewhere near the city of Xi'an, Shaanxi. Among the excavated cash coins was one notable silver specimen, this cash coin notably has a diameter of 66 millimeters, a thickness of 7 millimeters, and a weight of 96.15 grams, compared to most State of Qin Ban Liang cash coins made from bronze which typically have a diameter between 32 and 34 millimeters and weigh only 8 grams.

This silver Ban Liang cash coin was acquired by Ma Dingxiang, a person notable for being one of the most famous 20th-century Chinese coin collectors. Ma Dingxiang had acquired this specimen from a friend and fellow numismatist in the city of Xi'an. This is the only known specimen of this type of coin and it was sold at auction in the year 2011 for the equivalent of $334,103 (or 2,070,000 yuan).

Among those who had the chance to admire this silver Ban Liang cash coin during the life of Ma Dingxiang were some other famous and notable Chinese numismatists of the time, including Luo Bozhao, Sun Ding , and Li Weixian.

Guan Hanheng wrote in his book Ban Liang Huobi Tu Shuo, after carefully examining the known photographs and rubbings of this unique silver Ban Liang cash coin, that this specimen has clearly been buried for around two millennia due to the oxidation and present on the cash coin as well as some minor cracks on its reverse which he claims cannot have been artificially added. Furthermore, Guan Henheng adds that despite the production of the Ban Liang cash coins having persisted into the early Han dynasty, he notes that because of the way that it has been cast that it must have been created during the Warring States period because the specimen only has a single sprue and would have been cast using a two-piece mould. The sprue of this specimen is 17 millimeters and is located at the bottom of the coin, meaning that it must have been one of the two cash coins located at the top of the casting mould. Another reason why this silver Ban Liang is likely to have been cast by the State of Qin is that both its shape and its appearance are consistent with the Ban Liang cash coins from the time period, for example its centre hole is shaped like a rectangle as opposed to square as was the rule during the Han period, and the top and bottom horizontal lines of this specimen have bent corners also typical for Qin Ban Liang.

Possible functions of the silver variant

 * It may be possible that this silver Ban Liang cash coin was cast to serve as an official weight to be used with a scale to confirm that indeed 14 regular Ban Liang cash coins would meet the required weight of about 100 grams (100/14 = 7.14). While today this silver coin has a weight of 96.15 grams, it might have been closer to 100 grams in weight when it was cast, but the coin may have lost some of its weight due to wear and oxidation. This proposed original weight would have been the equivalent of 14 government minted cash coins of standard weight. It is entirely possible that an official coin weight like this could very well have been cast in silver in order to signify its importance.

 * Guan Hanheng proposes that this silver coin may have been a commemorative issue. Guan claims that there were two important events that took place during the early Qin era that could have resulted in the issuance of a commemorative coin. The first event proposed by Guan Hanheng occurred in the year 336 BC which was the second year of the reign of King Huiwen of Qin and the first year that Ban Liang cash coins were ever issued. And the second event proposed by Guan Hanheng that could have inspired the issuance of commemorative coinage was the unification of China under Emperor Qin Shi Huang in the year 221 BC establishing the Qin dynasty. However, no known historical records have ever mentioned that Emperor Qin Shi Huang had ordered the casting of any type of special commemorative Ban Liang cash coin to mark this occasion. Because of the unlikeliness that it was cast to commemorate the establishment of the Qin dynasty and the fact that Ma Dingxiang during all the years that he had owned this silver Ban Liang cash coin had never personally suggested or proposed that it may have been made cast as a commemorative issue, Guan Hanheng assumes that it is more likely to have been issued in 336 BC. It is furthermore worthy to note that throughout Chinese history, when a new imperial reign had started or a new dynasty was founded, or a new government mint was established, a special cash commemorative coin (開爐錢) would frequently be produced to mark the occasion. These commemorative cash coins tended to be bigger in size than normal issue cash coins and they were often very well-crafted and tended to be made of very good metal alloys.

"Drilled holes" Ban Liang cash coins
Some Ban Liang cash coins have been discovered that have drilled holes, some of these cash coins have only one additional holes drilled into them while others have two. These cash coins were first documented in the Volume One 2010 edition of "China Numismatics", which has an article entitled "Zhangjiachuan Prefecture Excavates 'Drilled Hole' Ban Liang". In this article the author explains that in the summer of the year 2006 he had purchased about two-hundred recently discovered and unearthed Ban Liang cash coins. These cash coins were excavated in the Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County of the Gansu Province in located in northwest China. These Ban Liang cash coins were quite notable because they have never been documented in any prior Chinese numismatic literature.

According to the author of the article, these "drilled hole" Ban Liang cash coins were produced by the State of Qin somewhere around the middle to the end of the Warring States period. These "drilled holes" are mostly found outside of the areas where the Chinese characters are located and the authors of the 2010 article assumes that they have been drilled into them after they have already been cast, meaning that these holes were not the result of a poor manufacturing process.

According to the author of the 2010 article these Ban Liang cash coins were not meant to be used as an ornament or as a pendant because the inconvenient off-centre placement of these additionally drilled holes would not allow the cash coin to be hung correctly.

According to Gary Ashkenazy of the website Primaltrek, it is likely that these Ban Liang cash coins could have been used as burial objects, since coins were associated with wealth in traditional Chinese culture. Furthermore, Gary Ashkenazy hypothesises that these drilled holes might have been a precursor to the "stars" (星, dots), "moons" (月, crescents), and "suns" (日, circles) found on some Ban Liang cash coins during the Western Han dynasty, which were a primitive form of Chinese numismatic charms, as these symbols gradually developed to become more and more complex until they would finally developed into true Chinese numismatic charms and amulets during the Han dynasty period.

The "drilled hole" Ban Liang cash coins range in diameter from 23 to 33 millimeters and in weight from 1 gram to 8 grams.

Privately cast Ban Liang cash coins
During the early Han dynasty period (200–180 BC), the emperor had ordered the rich and powerful to privately cast Ban Liang cash coins. These privately produced cash coins tended to be diminutive in size and light in weight, they are referred to as "Elm Seed Ban Liang cash coins" (榆荚半兩錢). Some of these "Elm Seed" cash coins were as small as 10 millimeters in diamer and weighing only about 0.4 gram.

Some privately produced Ban Liang cash coins had the Chinese characters for "twenty" (二十) incused or engraved above the square centre hole. Current speculation on this variant is that numbers like this did not in fact refer to the "value" (or denomination) of the cash coin, but that these numbers would rather refer to some still unknown "quantity" or "measure".

Deng Tong (鄧通) was a wealthy businessman who had a close personal relationship with Emperor Wen of the Han dynasty. During a period of 3 years, Emperor Wen had allowed Deng Tong to privately produce Ban Liang cash coins. In order to differentiate his cash coins from those that were officially cast by the imperial government, Deng Tong added extra metal above and below the square centre hole of these Ban Liang cash coins. Since there was "more" metal (or value), these privately produced Ban Liang cash coins by Deng Tong were believed to bring more "happiness" (多福).

Iron Ban Liang cash coins
It is possible that China first began using iron cash coins (鐡錢, tieqian) during the Western Han dynasty, this was concluded after a number of iron Ban Liang cash coins were unearthed in Western Han era tombs in the Hunanese cities of Hengyang and Changsha between the years 1955 and 1959. Other specimens of iron Ban Liang cash coins were also unearthed in the province of Sichuan.

Numismatics
Historically Ban Liang coins were very rare in the numismatic community, but as many of them were excavated and exported from China in the 1990s they have become extremely common today with their prices having been dramatically decreased as a result.

title: Ban Liang


text:
Talk:WRFK (defunct)

The tone is inappropriate? The only thing I could think of in re-reading it was about the seminary selling the frequency, which was only a reasonable move considering the fiduciary responsibilities of the trustees. Please elaborate about what is wrong, so it can be modified in response. Thanks Vaoverland 23:04, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Vaoverland - the tone looks fine to me. What is wrong here? Calliopejen 23:01, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

I concur with the above two posters, when reading through it I only had to make some clarification, punctuation, and organization edits. The tone seemed fine. I am removing the tone cleanup template. However, I think that the last sentence in the article seems somewhat out of place. IMHO, it either needs to be expanded, moved to another part of the article, or removed. Since I'm unsure about it, I'm just going to leave it be. -- John Wyandson 03:34, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:WRFK (defunct)


text: User talk:72.20.156.250

title: User talk:72.20.156.250