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Electrocoagulation

Electrocoagulation (EC) is a technique used for wastewater treatment, wash water treatment, industrially processed water, and medical treatment. Electrocoagulation has become a rapidly growing area of wastewater treatment due to its ability to remove contaminants that are generally more difficult to remove by filtration or chemical treatment systems, such as emulsified oil, total petroleum hydrocarbons, refractory organics, suspended solids, and heavy metals. There are many brands of electrocoagulation devices available, and they can range in complexity from a simple anode and cathode to much more complex devices with control over electrode potentials, passivation, anode consumption, cell REDOX potentials as well as the introduction of ultrasonic sound, ultraviolet light and a range of gases and reactants to achieve so-called Advanced Oxidation Processes for refractory or recalcitrant organic substances.

Water and Wastewater Treatment
With the latest technologies, reduction of electricity requirements, and miniaturization of the needed power supplies, EC systems have now become affordable for water treatment plants and industrial processes worldwide.

Background
Electrocoagulation ("electro", meaning to apply an electrical charge to water, and "coagulation", meaning the process of changing the particle surface charge, allowing suspended matter to form an agglomeration) is an advanced and economical water treatment technology. It effectively removes suspended solids to sub-micrometre levels, breaks emulsions such as oil and grease or latex, and oxidizes and eradicates heavy metals from water without the use of filters or the addition of separation chemicals

A wide range of wastewater treatment techniques are known, which includes biological processes for nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal, as well as a range of physico-chemical processes that require chemical addition. The commonly used physico-chemical treatment processes are filtration, air stripping, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, carbon adsorption, ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis, volatilization, and gas stripping.

Benefits

 * Mechanical filtration addresses only two issues in wash rack wash water: suspended solids larger than 30 μm, and free oil and grease. Emulsified oil and grease cause damage to the media filters, resulting in high maintenance costs. Electrocoagulation does not use particle size to provide physical separation.
 * Chemical treatment addresses suspended solids, oil and grease, and some heavy metals, but may require the addion of various flocculants and coagulants as well as pH adjustments for proper treatment. This technology requires the addition of chemicals which can be expensive, messy, hazardous and labor-intensive treatment. This process also requires addition of compressed air for flotation of coagulated contaminants. Generally filtration is used only as a post-treatment phase for polishing.

Technology
Treatment of wastewater and wash water by EC has been practiced for most of the 20th century with increasing popularity. In the last decade, this technology has been increasingly used in the United States, South America and Europe for treatment of industrial wastewater containing metals. It has also been noted that in North America EC has been used primarily to treat wastewater from pulp and paper industries, mining and metal-processing industries. A large one-thousand gallon per minute cooling tower application in El Paso, Texas illustrates electrocoagulations growing recognition and acceptance to the industrial community. In addition, EC has been applied to treat water containing foodstuff waste, oil wastes, dyes, output from public transit and marinas, wash water, ink, suspended particles, chemical and mechanical polishing waste, organic matter from landfill leachates, defluorination of water, synthetic detergent effluents, and solutions containing heavy metals. Electrocoagulation is not typically used for domestic wastewater treatment.

Coagulation process
Coagulation is one of the most important physio-chemical reactions used in water treatment. Ions (heavy metals) and colloids (organic and inorganic) are mostly held in solution by electrical charges. The addition of ions with opposite charges destabilizes the colloids, allowing them to coagulate. Coagulation can be achieved by a chemical coagulant or by electrical methods. Alum [Al2(SO4)3.18H2O] is such a chemical substance, which has been widely used for ages for wastewater treatment.

The mechanism of coagulation has been the subject of continual review. It is generally accepted that coagulation is brought about primarily by the reduction of the net surface charge to a point where the colloidal particles, previously stabilized by electrostatic repulsion, can approach closely enough for van der Waals forces to hold them together and allow aggregation. The reduction of the surface charge is a consequence of the decrease of the repulsive potential of the electrical double layer by the presence of an electrolyte having opposite charge. In the EC process, the coagulant is generated in situ by electrolytic oxidation of an appropriate anode material. In this process, charged ionic species—metals or otherwise—are removed from wastewater by allowing it to react with an ion having an opposite charge, or with floc of metallic hydroxides generated within the effluent.

Electrocoagulation offers an alternative to the use of metal salts or polymers and polyelectrolyte addition for breaking stable emulsions and suspensions. The technology removes metals, colloidal solids and particles, and soluble inorganic pollutants from aqueous media by introducing highly charged polymeric metal hydroxide species. These species neutralize the electrostatic charges on suspended solids and oil droplets to facilitate agglomeration or coagulation and resultant separation from the aqueous phase. The treatment prompts the precipitation of certain metals and salts:

"Chemical coagulation has been used for decades to destabilize suspensions and to effect precipitation of soluble metals species, as well as other inorganic species from aqueous streams, thereby permitting their removal through sedimentation or filtration. Alum, lime and/or polymers have been the chemical coagulants used. These processes, however, tend to generate large volumes of sludge with high bound water content that can be slow to filter and difficult to dewater. These treatment processes also tend to increase the total dissolved solids (TDS) content of the effluent, making it unacceptable for reuse within industrial applications."

"Although the electrocoagulation mechanism resembles chemical coagulation in that the cationic species are responsible for the neutralization of surface charges, the characteristics of the electrocoagulated flock differ dramatically from those generated by chemical coagulation. An electrocogulated flock tends to contain less bound water, is more shear resistant and is more readily filterable."

Description
In its simplest form, an electrocoagulation reactor is made up of an electrolytic cell with one anode and one cathode. When connected to an external power source, the anode material will electrochemically corrode due to oxidation, while the cathode will be subjected to passivation.

An EC system essentially consists of pairs of conductive metal plates in parallel, which act as monopolar electrodes. It furthermore requires a direct current power source, a resistance box to regulate the current density and a multimeter to read the current values. The conductive metal plates are commonly known as "sacrificial electrodes." The sacrificial anode lowers the dissolution potential of the anode and minimizes the passivation of the cathode. The sacrificial anodes and cathodes can be of the same or of different materials.

The arrangement of monopolar electrodes with cells in series is electrically similar to a single cell with many electrodes and interconnections. In series cell arrangement, a higher potential difference is required for a given current to flow because the cells connected in series have higher resistance. The same current would, however, flow through all the electrodes. In contrast, in parallel or bipolar arrangement the electric current is divided between all the electrodes in relation to the resistance of the individual cells, and each face on the electrode has a different polarity.

During electrolysis, the positive side undergoes anodic reactions, while on the negative side, cathodic reactions are encountered. Consumable metal plates, such as iron or aluminum, are usually used as sacrificial electrodes to continuously produce ions in the water. The released ions neutralize the charges of the particles and thereby initiate coagulation. The released ions remove undesirable contaminants either by chemical reaction and precipitation, or by causing the colloidal materials to coalesce, which can then be removed by flotation. In addition, as water containing colloidal particulates, oils, or other contaminants move through the applied electric field, there may be ionization, electrolysis, hydrolysis, and free-radical formation which can alter the physical and chemical properties of water and contaminants. As a result, the reactive and excited state causes contaminants to be released from the water and destroyed or made less soluble.

It is important to note that electrocoagulation technology cannot remove infinitely soluble matter. Therefore, ions with molecular weights smaller than Ca+2 or Mg+2 cannot be dissociated from the aqueous medium.

Reactions within the electrocoagulation reactor
Within the electrocoagulation reactor, several distinct electrochemical reactions are produced independently. These are:

 * Seeding, resulting from the anode reduction of metal ions that become new centers for larger, stable, insoluble complexes that precipitate as complex metal ions.
 * Emulsion Breaking, resulting from the oxygen and hydrogen ions that bond into the water receptor sites of emulsified oil molecules creating a water-insoluble complex separating water from oil, driller's mud, dyes, inks, fatty acids, etc.
 * Halogen Complexing, as the metal ions bind themselves to chlorines in a chlorinated hydrocarbon molecule resulting in a large insoluble complex separating water from pesticides, herbicides, chlorinated PCBs, etc.
 * Bleaching by the oxygen ions produced in the reaction chamber oxidizes dyes, cyanides, bacteria, viruses, biohazards, etc. Electron flooding of electrodes forced ions to be formed to carry charge into the water, thereby eliminating the polar effect of the water complex, allowing colloidal materials to precipitate and the current controlled ion transport between the electrodes creates an osmotic pressure that typically ruptures bacteria, cysts, and viruses.
 * Oxidation and Reduction reactions are forced to their natural end point within the reaction tank which speeds up the natural process of nature that occurs in wet chemistry, where concentration gradients and solubility products (KsP) are the chief determinants to enable reactions to reach stoichiometric completion.
 * Electrocoagulation Induced pH swings toward neutral.

Optimizing reactions
Careful selection of the reaction tank material is essential along with control of the current, flow rate and pH. Electrodes can be made of iron, aluminum, titanium, graphite or other materials, depending upon the wastewater to be treated and the contaminants to be removed. Temperature and pressure appear to have only a minor effect on the process. In the EC process the water-contaminant mixture separates into a floating layer, a mineral-rich flocculated sediment, and clear water. The floating layer is generally removed by means of an overflow weir or similar removal method. The aggregated flocculent mass settles either in the reaction vessel or in subsequent settling tanks due to gravitational force.

Following removal to a sludge collection tank, it is typically dewatered to a semi-dry cake using a mechanical screw press. The clear, treated (supernatant) water is typically then pumped to a buffer tank for later disposal and/or reuse in the plant's designated process.

Advantages

 * EC requires simple equipment and is easy to operate with sufficient operational latitude to handle most problems encountered on running.
 * Wastewater treated by EC gives palatable, clear, colorless and odorless water.
 * Sludge formed by EC tends to be readily settable and easy to de-water, compared to conventional alum or ferric hydroxide sludges, because the mainly metallic oxides/hydroxides have no residual charge.
 * Flocs formed by EC are similar to chemical floc, except that EC floc tends to be much larger, contains less bound water, is acid-resistant and more stable, and therefore, can be separated faster by filtration.
 * EC can produce effluent with less TDS content as compared with chemical treatments, particularly if the metal ions can be precipitated as either hydroxides or carbonates (such as magnesium and calcium). EC generally has little if any impact on sodium and potassium ions in solution.
 * The EC process has the advantage of removing the smallest colloidal particles, because the applied electric field neutralises any residual charge, thereby facilitating the coagulation.
 * The EC process generally avoids excessive use of chemicals and so there is reduced requirement to neutralize excess chemicals and less possibility of secondary pollution caused by chemical substances added at high concentration as when chemical coagulation of wastewater is used.
 * The gas bubbles produced during electrolysis can conveniently carry the pollutant components to the top of the solution where it can be more easily concentrated, collected and removed by a motorised skimmer.
 * The electrolytic processes in the EC cell are controlled electrically and with no moving parts, thus requiring less maintenance.
 * Dosing incoming waste water with sodium hypochlorite assists reduction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and consequent chemical oxygen demand (COD) although this should be avoided for wastewater containing high levels of organic compounds or dissolved ammonia (NH4+) due to formation of trihalogenated methanes (THMs) or other chlorinated organics. Sodium hypochlorite can be generated electrolytically in an E cell using platinum and similar inert electrodes or by using external electrochlorinators.
 * Due to the excellent EC removal of suspended solids and the simplicity of the EC operation, tests conducted for the U.S. Office of Naval Research concluded that the most promising application of EC in a membrane system was found to be as pretreatment to a multi-membrane system of UF/RO or microfiltration/reverse osmosis (MF/RO). In this function the EC provides protection of the low-pressure membrane that is more general than that provided by chemical coagulation and more effective. EC is very effective at removing a number of membrane fouling species (such as silica, alkaline earth metal hydroxides and transition group metals) as well as removing many species that chemical coagulation alone cannot remove. (see Refractory Organics)

Medical treatment
A fine wire probe or other delivery mechanism is used to transmit radio waves to tissues near the probe. Molecules in the tissue are caused to vibrate, leading to a rapid increase in temperature, causing coagulation of the proteins in the tissue and effectively killing the tissue. At higher-powered applications, full desiccation of tissue is possible.

title: Electrocoagulation


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Mel Hague

Mel Hague (20 January 1943 – 15 January 2023) was an English country music singer and author.

Early life
Hague's parents realised something was wrong with their son when he was 12 months old and still unable to sit up unaided. After visiting many specialists he was diagnosed with "infantile paralysis" though his condition is now known to be cerebral palsy. With the help of a toy railway engine made by his father, Hague learned to walk when he was three and half years old. At nine years of age, Hague went to Canada with his parents, where he received treatment at the Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children. The treatment was not successful, and the family returned to England after two and half years. Unable to settle, they returned to Canada, where they lived for about six years.

In his teens, while at school in Oakville, Ontario, Hague took part in and won a mock election to "replace" the local mayor. It was at this time he discovered an ability to entertain people. Another achievement while in Canada was when Hague's father taught him to drive.

Music career
On his return to England at the age of 18, Hague soon started singing with various bands. At this stage it was mostly rock and roll with some country and western. He decided that the latter was his main interest. In 1964 he formed his own country trio called The Westernaires. In 1966, Hague turned professional and made his first recording, called "Mule Train", and married Ivy. They now have two children.

"Mule Train" carried three tracks: the title song, a Hank Williams song and a self-penned song called "Don't Say a Word". Since then Hague has made 15 albums and a video. He has won numerous music and song writing awards at both club and national level. His most important award was as Country Music Entertainer of the Year in the 1981 Aria/Daily Mirror Golden Guitar Awards. In his act he covered Hank Williams, Johnny Cash, Jim Reeves, Don Williams, Waylon Jennings, Bobby Bare, Randy Travis, Alan Jackson, Confederate Railroad, The Tractors and The Mavericks.

Hague's last public performance was on 9 July 2004. He was suffering from pain through the gig and in the following days things got worse. He was diagnosed as having a problem with four of his intervertebral discs. He was told that it would be a long road to recovery, so he decided to retire from musical performance. Doctors were not confident that he would walk again given his cerebral palsy, but he has made significant progress and is now able to get around using walking sticks.

Writing and broadcasting
Hague spent ten years with BBC Radio Sheffield presenting a weekly one-hour country music programme. He was with Great Yorkshire Radio for a year, presenting a weekly three-hour show.

Hague was also a journalist and contributed to the Country Music Round Up, a weekly column for the South Yorkshire Times which ran for two years, and CD and book reviews for The New Entertainer in Doncaster, as well as a fortnightly column for the Doncaster Free Press. He also wrote book reviews for The Goole Courier, and CD reviews for Traditional Music Maker and Country Music & Dance in Scotland along with X Country.

In 1998, he set out to realise a lifelong ambition to become a novelist and has since written three westerns, To Hell with the Badge, Death on a Rope and Twisted River, and a horror novel, The Grey Man.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mel Hague


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Romanians in Serbia

Romanians in Serbia (Румуни у Србији; Românii din Serbia) are a recognized national minority in Serbia. The total number of self-declared Romanians according to the 2022 census was 23,044, while 21,013 people declared themselves Vlachs; there are differing views among some of the Vlachs over whether they should be regarded as Romanians or as members of a distinctive nationality. Declared Romanians are mostly concentrated in Banat, in Vojvodina, while declared Vlachs are mostly concentrated in the Timok Valley, in eastern Serbia.

History
As Daco-Romanian-speakers, the Vlachs have a connection to Roman heritage in Serbia. Following Roman withdrawal from the province of Dacia at the end of the 3rd century, the name of the Roman region was changed to Dacia Aureliana, and (later Dacia Ripensis) spread over most of what is now called Serbia and Bulgaria. Strong Roman presence in the region persisted through the end of Justinian's reign in the 6th century.

The region where Vlachs predominantly live later on was part of the Second Bulgarian Empire, whose first rulers, the Asens, are considered Vlachs. King Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia had most of Timok after his conquering of rival King Stephen Dragutin's lands. The chroniclers of the crusaders describe meeting Vlachs in the 12th and 13th century in various parts of modern Serbia. Serbian documents from the 13th and 14th century mention Vlachs, including Emperor Dušan the Mighty, in his prohibition of intermarriage between Serbs and Vlachs. 14th and 15th century Romanian (Wallachian) rulers built churches in NE Serbia. 15th century Turkish tax records (defters) list Vlachs in the region of Braničevo in NE Serbia, near the ancient Roman municipium and colonia of Viminacium.

Starting in the early 18th century NE Serbia was settled by Romanians (then known by their international exonym as Vlachs) from Banat, parts of Transylvania, and Oltenia (Lesser Walachia). These are the Ungureni (Ungurjani), Munteni (Munćani) and Bufeni (Bufani). Today about three quarters of the Vlach population speak the Ungurean subdialect. In the 19th century other groups of Romanians, originating in Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia), also settled south of the Danube. These are the Ţărani (Carani), who form some 25% of the modern population. The very name Ţărani indicates their origin in Țara Românească, i.e., "The Romanian Land", that is, Wallachia (Oltenia and Muntenia). From the 15th through the 18th centuries large numbers of Serbs also migrated across the Danube, but in the opposite direction, to both Banat and Ţara Româneasca. Significant migration ended with the establishment of the kingdoms of Serbia and Romania, respectively, in the second half of the 19th century.

The lack of detailed census records and the linguistic effects of the Ungureni and Ţărani on the entire Vlach population make it difficult to determine what fraction of the present Vlachs can trace their origins directly to the ancient south-of-the-Danube Vlachs. The Vlachs of NE Serbia form a contiguous linguistic, cultural and historic group with the Romanians in the region of Vidin in Bulgaria, as well as the Romanians of Banat and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).

In a Romanian-Yugoslav agreement of November 4, 2002, the Yugoslav authorities agreed to recognize the Romanian identity of the Vlach population in Central Serbia, but the agreement was not implemented. In April 2005, many deputies from the Council of Europe protested against the position of this population in Serbian society. In August 2007, they were officially recognized as a national minority, and their language was recognized as Romanian.

Culture

In Vojvodina, Romanian enjoys the status of official language and Romanians in this province receive a wide range of minority rights, including access to state-funded media and education in their native language. Most of the Romanians of Serbia are Eastern Orthodox by faith, belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church (Romanians in Vojvodina) and Serbian Orthodox Church (Vlachs of eastern Serbia). The relative isolation of the Vlachs has permitted the survival of various pre-Christian religious rites that are frowned upon by the Eastern Orthodox Church. They are known in Serbia as "Vlach magic".

The language spoken by one major group of Vlachs is similar to the Oltenian variety spoken in Romania while that of the other major group is similar to the Romanian variety of Banat.

Demographics
Of the total number of 29,332 self-declared Romanians in the 2011 census, 22,353 live in Banat and 1,826 live in eastern Serbia. Of the total number of 35,330 self-declared Vlachs, 32,805 live in Eastern Serbia, and 134 in Banat. The largest concentration of Romanians in Banat are to be found in the municipalities of Alibunar (24.1%) and Vršac (10.4%). According to the U.S. Census Bureau figures from 2015, there were 552 ethnic Romanians born in Serbia living in the United States of America, including some individuals who had declared that they were Vlachs in Serbia.

Banat
[[Image:Romanian and Vlach language in Serbia.png|thumb|right|[[Romanian language|Romanian]] in Serbia, census 2002 After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles, which defined the borders between Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, left a Romanian minority of 75,223 people (1910 census in Vojvodina) inside the borders of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In the 1921 census in Vojvodina, Romanian-speakers numbered 65,197 people. According to the 2011 census, there were 42,391 Romanians in Vojvodina (2.2% of the population of Vojvodina).

Settlements in the Serbian Banat (Vojvodina) with a Romanian majority or plurality (2002 census data):
 * Uzdin (Kovačica municipality),
 * Jankov Most (Zrenjanin municipality),
 * Torak (Žitište municipality),
 * Lokve (Alibunar municipality),
 * Nikolinci (Alibunar municipality),
 * Seleuš (Alibunar municipality),
 * Grebenac (Bela Crkva municipality),
 * Barice (Plandište), (Plandište municipality),
 * Straža (Vršac municipality),
 * Orešac (Vršac municipality),
 * Vojvodinci (Vršac municipality),
 * Kuštilj (Vršac municipality),
 * Jablanka (Vršac municipality),
 * Sočica (Vršac municipality),
 * Mesić (Vršac municipality),
 * Markovac (Vršac municipality),
 * Mali Žam (Vršac municipality),
 * Malo Središte (Vršac municipality),
 * Ritiševo (Vršac municipality).

Timok Valley
It is likely that a part of the Timok Vlachs can trace their ancient roots to this region. The present geographic location of the Vlachs is near a former location of the medieval Second Bulgarian Empire (also called the Empire of Vlachs and Bulgars) of the Asens, suggesting their continuity in the area. In addition, a Vlach population in the regions around Braničevo (near the ancient Roman city of Viminacium) is attested by 15th-century Ottoman defters (tax records). The modern Vlachs occupy the same area where in antiquity the Romans had a strong presence for many centuries: Viminacium and Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad).

However, some of the Vlachs of north-eastern parts of Central Serbia settled there from regions north of the Danube by the Habsburgs at the beginning of the 18th century. The origins of these Vlachs are indicated by their own self-designations: "Ungurean/Ungureni" (serb. Ungurjani), i.e. those who came from Hungary (that is, Banat and Transylvania) and "Ţărani" (serb. Carani), who are either an autochthonic population of the region (their name means "people of the country" or "countrymen"), either they came from Wallachia (Ţara Românească – "Romanian Country").

The area roughly defined by the Morava, the Danube and the Timok rivers where most of the Vlachs live became part of modern Serbia. Until 1833 the eastern Serbian border was the Homolje-Mountains (the slopes of the Serbian Carpathians) and the state had no common border with Wallachia. Prior to that, the land was part of the Ottoman Empire (Pashaluk of Vidin and Pashaluk of Smederevo) and Habsburg monarchy (Governorate of Serbia).

The second wave of Vlachs from present-day Romania came in the middle of the 19th century. In 1835 feudalism was fully abolished in the Principality of Serbia and smaller groups from Wallachia came there to enjoy the status of free peasants. (1856: 104,343 Romanians lived in Serbia, 1859: 122,593 Romanians)

According to the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1919, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes annexed from Bulgaria also a small section along the Timok River in the municipality and District of Zaječar, composed by 8 localities (7 populated by Romanians and 1 populated by Bulgarians).

In 2009, during an interview for Politika, Živoslav Lazić, president of the Vlach National Council of Serbia, called the efforts by "some in Serbia" to prove that the Romanians and the "Vlachs" are a separate minority as "xenophobic". He also argued that claims about Romanianization of the Timok "Vlachs" come from people whose real aim is the assimilation of the Timok Romanians.

Notable people

 * Bojan Aleksandrović (Boian Alexandrovici, born 1977), Romanian Orthodox priest
 * Predrag Balašević (Predrag Balașevici, born 1974), politician and leader of the Vlach National Party
 * Paun Es Durlić, ethnologist
 * Raimond Gaita (born 1946), German-born Australian philosopher and author of Romanian descent
 * Maria (1900–1961), Queen consort of Yugoslavia
 * Miletić Mihajlović (born 1951), politician
 * Natalie (1859–1941), Queen consort of Serbia
 * Safet Pavlović (born 1965), politician and mayor of Žagubica
 * Dușan Pârvulovici (born 1966), minority rights activist
 * Emil Petrovici (1899–1958), linguist
 * Vasko Popa (1922–1991), poet
 * Lazăr Sfera (1909–1992), Romanian footballer
 * Marinika Tepić (born 1974), politician
 * Ilija Lupulesku (born 1967), table tennis player

title: Romanians in Serbia


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Planet X (disambiguation)

Planet X may refer to:

Astronomy

 * Planet X, a disproved hypothetical planet proposed in 1906 by Percival Lowell to have existed beyond the planet Neptune.
 * Colloquially, and by extension, any hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, in particular Planet Nine.

Science fiction

 * Planet X, the home planet of Marvel Comics character Groot and other flora colossi
 * "Planet X" (comics), a 2004 X-Men comic book story-line
 * Planet X (Star Trek), a 1998 novel depicting a crossover between The X-Men and Star Trek
 * The name for several fictional planets of the Solar System
 * The planet Daffy Duck seeks in the 1953 Merrie Melodies cartoon Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century
 * The home planet of the Xiliens, a fictional alien race featured in the 1965 kaiju film Invasion of Astro-Monster
 * A planet in David Ossman's 1973 sci-fi comedy album How Time Flys

Music

 * Planet X (Derek Sherinian album), 1999
 * Planet X (Helios Creed album), 1994
 * Planet-X, an album by bassist Jimmy Johnson
 * Planet X (band), a progressive metal band founded by Derek Sherinian
 * Plan-It-X Records, a DIY punk rocks record label

Other uses

 * Nibiru cataclysm, a supposed impending disastrous encounter between Earth and a large astronomical object
 * Operation Planet X, a military operation during the Iraq War in 2003
 * Packages from Planet X, a 2013-14 animated television series created by Jeff Harter and aired on Teletoon
 * Planet X Limited, a British bicycle company
 * Planet X Television, an action sports TV show

title: Planet X (disambiguation)


text: User talk:69.79.248.78

title: User talk:69.79.248.78


text: User talk:158.103.0.2

title: User talk:158.103.0.2


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List of Interstate Highways in California

This is a list of Interstate Highways in the U.S. state of California that have existed since the 1964 renumbering. It includes routes defined by the California State Legislature but never built, as well as routes entirely relinquished to local governments.

Each state highway in California is maintained by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and is assigned a Route (officially State Highway Route ) number in the Streets and Highways Code (Sections 300-635). Under the code, the state assigns a unique Route X to each highway and does not differentiate between state, US, or Interstate highways.

Overview
Lengths for each state route were initially measured as they were during the 1964 state highway renumbering (or during the year the route was established, if after 1964) based alignment that existed at the time, and do not necessarily reflect the current mileage. Portions of some routes have been relinquished to or are otherwise maintained by local or other governments, and may not be included in the length listed below. Several routes are broken into non-contiguous pieces, and their lengths may not reflect the overlaps that would be required to make them continuous. Some routes may also have a gap because it is either explicitly defined in the California Streets and Highways Code or due to an unconstructed portion, and the listed length may or may not reflect the gap. Additionally, if a route was renumbered, the old or new number is given in the "notes" column. Years shown are when legislative action was taken, not when real-world changes were made.

Concurrences are not explicitly codified in the Streets and Highways Code; such highway segments are listed on only one of the corresponding legislative route numbers—for example, the I-80/I-580 concurrency, known as the Eastshore Freeway, is only listed under Route 80 in the highway code while the definition of Route 580 is broken into non-contiguous segments. When a highway is broken into such segments, the total length recorded by Caltrans only reflects those non-contiguous segments, and does not include those overlaps that would be required to make the route continuous.

Since the 1990s, a number of piecemeal relinquishments have been made. These are generally reflected in the length but not the termini. Former termini are not shown if they are along the current route, meaning that the route was simply extended.

One Interstate Highway—Interstate 305—is defined only federally; the state calls it part of US 50. It was signed as part of Business Interstate 80, the only state-maintained Interstate business route in California.


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Melora Walters

Melora Walters (born October 21, 1959) is an American actress and filmmaker, best known for her starring roles as Wanda Henrickson on HBO's Big Love (2006–2010) and Kathy Kone on Hulu's PEN15 (2019–2021). She frequently collaborates with Paul Thomas Anderson, earning two Screen Actors Guild nominations for her work in Boogie Nights (1997) and Magnolia (1999), respectively. Her other film credits include Dead Poets Society (1989), Eraser (1996), Matchstick Men, Cold Mountain (both 2003), The Butterfly Effect (2004), Short Term 12 (2013), Cam, Venom (both 2018), and Offseason (2021). Walters' directorial credits include Waterlily Jaguar (2018) and Drowning (2019), both of which she wrote and co-produced.

Film
Walters made her screen debut with a small part in the 1988 film Underground, which she followed with the more substantial role of Gloria, a school student, in Peter Weir's critically acclaimed Dead Poets Society (1989). Following roles in various features throughout the early-mid 1990s, such as Beethoven (1992), Tim Burton's Ed Wood (1994), and the commercially successful Eraser (1996), Walters began a professional partnership with Paul Thomas Anderson when she appeared in his directorial debut, the 1996 crime drama Hard Eight. She earned praise for her work in his subsequent films Boogie Nights (1997) and Magnolia (1999), with Variety critic Emanuel Levy describing her portrayal of drug addict Claudia in the latter as "superlative". For her performance in Doubting Thomas (2018), Walters was named Best Supporting Actress at the Golden Door Film Festival.

Television
On television, Walters has appeared in guest roles on series such as Roseanne, Seinfeld, NYPD Blue, CSI, Desperate Housewives, Californication, The Mentalist, NCIS, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and American Gigolo. She also starred as Felicity on L.A. Doctors (1998–1999), Wanda Henrickson on Big Love (2006–2010), and Kathy Kone on PEN15 (2019–2021).

Personal life
Walters has two children from her marriage to Dylan Walsh; they divorced in 2003. She was previously married to actor Christopher Scotellaro between 1990 and 1994. Walters married cinematographer Alex Vendler on June 21, 2008. She filed for divorce from Vendler in 2010, citing irreconcilable differences.

title: Melora Walters


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Summer's Best

Summer's Best is a Food Network Canada show hosted by Julie Zwillich.

Julie Zwillich travels around vacation country in Ontario visiting local artisans and preparing seasonal recipes at high-end vacation homes. Every episode revolves around a local ingredient(s) and the activities in the area. Many of the episodes involve barbecuing and outdoor dining. Since much of "cottage country" exists near lakes, water sports such as water skiing, wakeboarding, sailing, cliff jumping and snorkeling are often featured.

Summer's Best was created and produced by Tony Armstrong for Cottage Life Television.

title: Summer's Best


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Talk:Instrumentality of Mankind

old talk (2005-2006
Upon reading this article and the attached link, I feel as if its author(s) and myself have read from two entirely different sets of books. Having read: The Best of Cordwainer Smith and Norstrila, I made the following observations:

 * The Instrumentality is neither intelligent nor wise. Its members are highly stupid and make terrible decision.
 * Members are chosen, at best, at random, and in any case, without much pre-planning.
 * The Instrumentality's mistakes serve the goals of mankind far better than its conscious policies. This is evident in the gradual humanization of the underpeople.

In short, I saw the Instrumentality as farce, as comic relief, and as a parody of the organizations it is compared to in this article.

I know I'm not insane, so I hope to see some responses here. --L. 22:57, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm. I'd say that over the course of their history, they've shown signs of significant foolishness and extraordinary cleverness.  Also, even at any particular time, it would appear that some of the Lords are useless or counterproductive but others are almost alarmingly competant.  As examples of the latter, we have Jestecost, Sto Odin, and argubly Redlady. 21:22, 16 November 2005 24.241.121.216

 * I have to agree. The Instrumentallity showned in various moments their celverness.  Take "The Golden Ship was Oh! Oh! Oh!".  When Earth was threatened, the Lords actually decided to protect Earth using a very effective way.  22:16, 23 November 2005 143.200.225.101

I removed the comparison to the "Plan of Man", since I don't find much resemblance, but I don't see them as merely humorously farcical parodies either. I've addded a lot of material to the page; see what you think of it now. AnonMoos 20:47, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Removing templates, since no comments here on talk page for almost two weeks. AnonMoos 02:29, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Just a small trivia: The name Femtiosex is actually Swedish for fifty-six, literally. I propose that this be added to the article, or replaced for the Danish Fem-Seks. Added by Jalumar (Dynamic IP, not a registered user) 02:50, 29 October 2006 (GMT+1) (not Summer-time)

OR
Whole page seems to be original research. No sources, lots of assertions and speculations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.178.50.46 (talk) 02:28, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

 * There's a big quote sourced to the short story "Drunkboat". Most of the info in the "Origin and history" and "Individual members subsections is fairly obvious if you've read the Cordwainer Smith stories... AnonMoos (talk) 04:05, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

 * My comment applies particularly to the section on possible sources of inspiration, which is totally unsourced, completely speculative, an an excellent example of original research. Glad you read all of Mr. Linebarger's stories so carefully and thought about them so much. You should publish a book. Then you can use yourself as a source, more-or-less legitimately. Don't forget your daily devotional reading of Smith Wigglesworth, but seriously, Moos, the fact that they both use the term "instrumentality" proves absolutely nothing and in any case you'd have to find a published source asserting the connection if there were one. Sorry to disappoint you. Clearly you want to bring your theological beliefs into the picture but it just won't fit and it wouldn't matter if it did if it all comes out of your own head. Ciao, and don't forget to put the cat out. If you're strong enough to deal with the separation, that is.68.178.50.46 (talk) 00:17, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I didn't write the "Possible sources of inspiration" section, and it doesn't reflect my "theological beliefs" (which you mostly have no way of knowing), and I don't care too much whether that subsection is deleted... AnonMoos (talk) 03:21, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

Done. OK that still leaves the source problem. You say it's all good because there is a source listed for a story the page does not link to and anyway it doesn't matter because the "info" in two of the subsections "is fairly obvious if you've read the Cordwainer Smith stories." In other words, the parts of the page you wrote are geared toward Smith fans who are already familiar with the material and not toward the general reader and therefore nothing on it requires a source. Am I stating your position clearly?68.178.50.46 (talk) 15:51, 23 March 2015 (UTC) And who exactly provided the name-meanings in the "Individual Members" subsection? Surely not some random editor who came up with them through (gasp!) Original Sin, oops,I mean Original Research!68.178.50.46 (talk) 17:53, 23 March 2015 (UTC)

2019
Still no sources for anything, entire article seems to be original research at best, and opinion, at most (e.g. no references in the "influences" bits, and the whole first/old bit of this duscission-page in itself certainly seems to throw the entire article into question...). Total rewrite or deletion, I find. 82.196.109.58 (talk) 04:26, 27 June 2019 (UTC)

 * There's a big quote sourced to the short story "Drunkboat". Most of the info in the "Origin and history" and "Individual members subsections is fairly obvious if you've read the Cordwainer Smith stories... AnonMoos (talk) 04:05, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

Notability?
In addition to the WP:OR issues above, this article seems to have issues meeting WP:GNG. What reliable sources discuss this topic in detail? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 12:13, 20 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Answering myself: a review of sources in GScholar suggests the topic (book series/fictional universe) is likely notable. The problem is this article originated in the early days of Wikipedia, was WP:ORish and still is. Someone needs to rewrite it with reliable sources that go beyond plot summary and ORish speculations. PS. While I think the topic is likely notable, the current mess of an article does little to show this to the reader, and the tag should remain until this is addressed. OR tag is probably not warranted since most of the content is a plot summary, outside of the cultural references section which indeed needs citations or removal as OR. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 12:21, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Instrumentality of Mankind


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Christian Barnekow (1556–1612)

Christian Barnekow (24 January 1556 – 21 February 1612) was a Danish nobleman, estate holder and diplomat. He was noted for his extensive travels. He is remembered for sacrificing his own life in an effort to save that of Christian IV in the Battle of Skillingehed at Varberg in Halland. He is thus credited with giving his horse to the king with the words "I give my horse to the king, my life to the enemy and my soul to God". His holdings included Birkholm (now Løvenborg) and Tølløsegård at Holbæk. The street Kristen Bernikows Gade in Copenhagen is named after him. It is located on the site of his former city home.

Early life and education
Barnekow was a son of Pomeranian nobleman Hans Mortensen Barnekow of Birkholm (d. 1559) and Mette Johansdatter Oxe (d. 1582), sister of Danish finance minister and Steward of the Realm, Peder Oxe (1520–1575). His father had acquired Birkholm (now Løvenborg) from the Crown in 1547 at which time he was also ennobled.

Barnekow spent nearly 16 years of his early life travelling throughout Europe and the Middle East, including a three-year journey in the Holy Land and Egypt. He spent six years at the Universities of Jena and Ingolstadt and two years at the University of Padua.

Career
After his return to Copenhagen he became a diplomat for the Danish king, with further travels in Scotland, England, Poland and Brandenburg. Queen Elizabeth gave him gifts of gilt plate weighing 850 ounces.

Probably in 1591 he gave his autograph to Dietrich Bevernest, writing a Spanish proverb, Qui no ci cança, nunca alcança, meaning "those who never grow weary will achieve".

On 12 July 1594 he came to Scotland with Danish envoy Steen Bille (1565-1629) for the baptism of Prince Henry at Stirling Castle. When they arrived Queen Anne left Edinburgh for Falkland Palace because Holyrood Palace was not magnificent enough. King James VI had an audience with them on 15 July, and after a few days arranged for them to lodge in private houses in Lothian because he could not afford to host them. Barnekow and his colleague Steen Bille brought necklaces for Queen Anne and Prince Henry, and King James gave them gold chains, which were heavier than those made for the ambassadors from the dukes of Mecklenburg and Brunswick.

In March 1595, the Scottish Jesuit Father James Myreton, brother of the Laird of Cambo, was detained at Leith and brought to King James VI. He said he was sent from Pope Clement VIII and Cardinal Cajetan. He brought a jewel from the Cardinal that depicted the Crucifixion made of gold, crystal, and bone, which King James gave to Queen Anne. The incident was of some significance and was reported to Barnekow, who commented that James VI did not have strong links with Rome.

In September 1597, Barnekow and Arild Huitfeldt (1546–1609) were envoys to London and lodged in Fenchurch Street in the house of Alderman Houghton or the Customer Master Smith. Their mission concerned the Sound tolls. They returned the insignia of the Order of Garter that had belonged to King Frederick II of Denmark. At Theobalds, Queen Elizabeth made a joke at their expense on her birthday, 7 September. After their audiences in London they came to Scotland.

Christian Barnekow came to London with Christian IV in June 1606, and King James gave him a gold chain and a gold medallion.

Barnekow was present at the Battle of Skillingehed at Varberg in Halland. He was killed during the battle supposedly after giving his horse to the king with the words: "I give my horse to the king, my life to the enemy and my soul to God".

Personal life and property
Christian Barnekow inherited Birkholm after the death of his elder brother Johan Barnekow Birkolm in 1603. Barnekow acquired Vittskövle Castle (Vittskövle Slot) in Scania following his marriage to Margareta Brahe (1584-1617), daughter of Henrik Brahe who had completed the castle in 1577. He acquired Tølløsegård (Tølløse Slot) jointly with his brother Jens Barnekow, in 1592 from the estate of Mette Rosenkrantz (1533-1588), widow of Peder Oxe.

Christian Barnekow died in 1612 during the Kalmar War against Sweden after which his widow, Margrethe Brahe, took over his estates together with their two still underage sons Hans Barnekow (b. 1601) and Ove Barnekow (b. 1608). Hans Poulsen Resen (1561-1638), Bishop of the Diocese of Zealand  held the funeral session for Barnekow on 26 March 1612 in Elsinore. He noted in his writings that Barnekow brought back with him many rare things, which he had found in foreign countries; unfortunately they have all disappeared.

Other Sources

 * Olsen, Gitte Hou (2006) Danish castles and manors (Gudrun Publishing) ISBN 9788779761308

title: Christian Barnekow (1556–1612)


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Yogi Tea

Yogi Tea is an American brand offering organic herbal, green and black tea blends. The company is privately held and operated in North America by East West Tea Company, LLC and YOGI TEA GmbH for Europe.

History
Yogi Tea was established in 1984 by Yogi Bhajan, a Kundalini yoga instructor and purported sexual assailant whose students named the tea brand. Bhajan formulated the tea blend's original recipe which is based on Ayurvedic medicine. It consists of cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, cloves and black pepper.

East West Tea Company, LLC currently owns Yogi Tea.

U.S. operations
In 2018, the brand moved its American manufacturing operations from Springfield, Oregon, to a new LEED-certified facility in Eugene, Oregon. The brand also has a satellite sales and marketing office in Portland, Oregon. Yogi Tea is a sponsor of NPR programs.

European operations
In Europe, the company manufactures in Imola, Italy, and has offices in Hamburg, Germany. In Europe, the company name is YOGI TEA GmbH.

title: Yogi Tea


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Rigor Mortis (song)

"Rigor Mortis" is a song by American funk band Cameo, released on April 20, 1977 as a single from their debut studio album, Cardiac Arrest. In the US, the song peaked at number 33 on the Hot Soul Singles chart. In this instance "Rigor Mortis" is a euphemism for being lonesome on the dance floor.

Reception
Barry Michael Cooper of Spin wrote, "The first time I heard Cameo's song "Rigor Mortis", I knew there was something different about the guys that sang it. They didn't have that West Coast studio glitz nor a midwestern twang in their vocals. They were gritty, raw, alley-honed, and street sharp."

In the media

 * "Rigor Mortis" was sampled in Brand Nubian's song "Brand Nubian".
 * DJ Quik sampled "Rigor Mortis" for his song "Get at Me".

title: Rigor Mortis (song)


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Russo-American Treaty of 1824

The Russo-American Treaty of 1824 (also known as the Convention of 1824) was signed in St. Petersburg between representatives of Russia and the United States on April 17, 1824, ratified by both nations on January 11, 1825 and went into effect on January 12, 1825. The accord contained six articles. It gave Russian claims on the Pacific Northwest coast of North America south of parallel 54°40′ north (over what Americans had known as the Oregon Country) to the United States.

The Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1825 between Russia and Great Britain then fixed the Russian Tsar's southernmost boundary of Alaska at the line of 54°40′N, the present southern tip of the Alaska Panhandle, but Russian rights to trade in the area south of that Iatitude remained. The Oregon dispute between the United States and Britain over jurisdiction in the region was already underway as a result of the Adams–Onís Treaty between the U.S. and Spain over the latter's former claims north of the 42nd Parallel (today's Oregon-California boundary).

The 1824 treaty was signed by Karl Nesselrode (mentioned in the treaty as "Charles de Nesselrode", Russia's then foreign minister), Henry Middleton representing the U.S., and Pyotr Ivanovich Poletika (mentioned in the document as "Pierre de Poletica") representing the Russian Empire.

title: Russo-American Treaty of 1824


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Talk:Window screen

Untitled
This article is comdfghjfdsxcvbjkoiusmall>—Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.6.178.220 (talk) 00:28, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Do you know of any window and screen manufacturer's that would advise a screen with a 1/2 inch gap between the screen and house, letting lizards, flys, mosquitos, etc easily enter the window? The gap is on the left and right sides of all the screens in this new home I am considering buying. The builder has told me that this is the manufacturer recommendation for these pre-fab windows.12.5.207.254 (talk) 17:19, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

== I wish this article was more ! For example, I'd like to know if "Monticello", the home designed by Thomas Jefferson, had window screens.

Secondly, I'd like to know, when I'm watching Alfred Hitchcock's "Rear Window", were screens done away with for visual clarity? Surely all windows had screens by 1954?

David Pearce, Washington, D.C.

P.S.  I'd like to know the earliest American house that had window screens; And I'd also like to know the earliest house, bar none, that had window screens. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alpine Joy (talk • contribs) 01:06, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

anything on the actual design intention, goal, function?
Are window screens designed with a specific goal in mind? Surely, something widespread in utilizzation has a goal in mind. And that goal publicly disseminated. The goal of 18x16 screen mesh most commonly used ought to be small enough to keep out the most common insects and especially those most dangerous/problematic. So they keep out houseflies and mosquitoes. That's obvious. But what about termites? These can damage the wood fixtures and furniture in a home. Where is the design intent/goal of the manufacture of the most common screen found in home windows? Does it exist? Anywhere? Why not here? Rtdrury (talk) 20:02, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Looking at your other edits, you seem to have a propensity for asking open-ended questions that aren't relevant or focused enough on the subject matter to actually be useful.
 * "It serves to keep leaves, debris, insects, birds, and other animals from entering a building or a screened structure such as a porch, without blocking fresh air-flow"

 * Try avoiding questions that start with "what about..." unless you are ready to answer them in an encyclopaedic manner yourself. François Robere (talk) 20:02, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Window screen


text: File:The Sky at Night.jpg

title: File:The Sky at Night.jpg


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Josiah Quincy III

Josiah Quincy III (February 4, 1772 – July 1, 1864) was an American educator and political figure. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1805–1813), mayor of Boston (1823–1828), and President of Harvard University (1829–1845). The historic Quincy Market in downtown Boston is named in his honor. A panel of 69 scholars in 1993 ranked him among the ten best mayors in American history.

Early life and education
Quincy was born February 4, 1772, in Boston, on the part of present-day Washington Street in Boston then known as Marlborough Street. He was the son of Josiah Quincy II and Abigail Phillips. He was a descendant of the Rev. George Phillips of Watertown, the progenitor of the New England Phillips family in America.

Quincy's father traveled to England in 1774, partly for his health but mainly as an agent of the Patriot cause to meet with the friends of the colonists in London. Josiah Quincy II died off the coast of Gloucester, England on April 26, 1775, when Josiah was a little over three years old.

Josiah Quincy III entered Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, when it opened in 1778, and graduated from Harvard University in 1790. After his graduation from Harvard, he studied law for three years under the tutorship of William Tudor. Quincy was admitted to the bar in 1793, but was never a prominent advocate.

Career

In 1798, Quincy was appointed Boston's Town Orator by the Board of Selectmen, and in 1800 he was elected to the School Committee.

Massachusetts Senate
Quincy became a leader of the Federalist Party in Massachusetts, was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States House of Representatives in 1800,. and served in the Massachusetts Senate from 1804 to 1805. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1803.

U.S. House of Representatives
From 1805 to 1813, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives where he was one of the small Federalist minority. In the dark days of the Embargo in the second term of President Thomas Jefferson, he suggested his impeachment. In Congress, he attempted to secure the exemption of fishing vessels from the Embargo Act, urged the strengthening of the United States Navy, and vigorously opposed the admittance of Louisiana as a state in 1811. In this last matter he stated as his "deliberate opinion, that if this bill passes, the bonds of this Union are virtually dissolved; that the States that compose it are free from their moral obligations; and that, as it will be the right of all, so it will be the duty of some, to prepare definitely for a separation, amicably if they can, violently if they must." This was probably the first assertion of the right of secession on the floor of Congress. Quincy left Congress because he saw that the Federalist opposition was useless.

In 1812, Quincy was a founding member of the American Antiquarian Society.

State legislator
After leaving Congress, Quincy served as a member of the Massachusetts Senate until 1820. In 1821–22, he was a member and speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Quincy resigned from the legislature to become judge of the municipal court of Boston.

Mayor of Boston
Quincy was a candidate for mayor of Boston in Boston's first election under a city charter, held on April 8, 1822. The votes of this first election were evenly split between Quincy and Harrison Gray Otis, with a few votes to others. Neither Quincy nor Otis had a majority, so neither was elected. They both withdrew their candidacies, and John Phillips was elected Boston's first mayor. In 1823 Quincy was elected as the second mayor of Boston; he served six one-year terms from 1823 to 1828. During his terms as mayor, Quincy Market was built, the fire and police departments were reorganized, and the city's care of the poor was systematized.

Quincy was responsible for leading the shutdown of the Boston High School for Girls in 1826. In 1871, a report of the Commissioner of Education was published and on page 512 an account of the organization of the Boston High School for Girls was written. Isabel Bevier's publication of The Home Economics Movement recounts that, "On September 25, 1825, the city council appropriated $2,000 for a high school for girls. The school was instituted January 13, 1825, and before the end of the second year had become so popular, the applicants for admission were so numerous, so many parents were disappointed that children were not received, the demand for larger and better accommodations involved such additional expenditures, that the school committee, under the lead of the mayor, Josiah Quincy, met the emergency by abolishing the school and pronouncing it a failure. For a period of twenty-three years no attempt was made to revive the subject in either branch of the city council." A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists, and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois Chicago ranked Quincy as the tenth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993.

In 1829, Quincy was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

15th President of Harvard University
From 1829 to 1845, he was President of Harvard University. He had been an overseer of the university since 1810, when the board was reorganized. At a time when college presidents were chosen for their intellectual achievements, Quincy's past experience as a politician and not an academic made him an unusual choice. He has been called "the great organizer of the university." He gave an elective (or "voluntary") system an elaborate trial; introduced a system of marking (on the scale of 8) on which college rank and honors, formerly rather carelessly assigned, were based; first used courts of law to punish students who destroyed or damaged college property; and helped to reform the finances of the university. During his term Dane Hall (for law) was dedicated, Gore Hall was built, and the Astronomical Observatory was equipped. Quincy House, one of the university's twelve upperclass residential houses, is named for him.

In 1856, Quincy gave an address concerning the then upcoming American presidential election. Quincy endorsed the Republican candidate, John C. Fremont, and denounced how "for more than fifty years, the Slave States have subjugated the Free States." This speech is cited in Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power, by Garry Wills.

Personal life
In 1797, Quincy married Eliza Susan Morton of New York City, the younger sister of Jacob Morton. They had seven children: Eliza Susan Quincy, Josiah Quincy, Jr., Abigail Phillips Quincy, Maria Sophia Quincy, Margaret Morton Quincy, Edmund Quincy, and Anna Cabot Lowell Quincy.

Death
Quincy spent his final years principally on his farm in Quincy, Massachusetts, where he died on July 1, 1864.

Works

 * A Municipal History of the Town and City of Boston During Two Centuries from September 17, 1630 to September 17, 1830, Boston: Charles C. Little & James Brown, 1852.
 * History of Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1840.
 * The History of the Boston Athenæum, with Biographical Notices of its Deceased Founders. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Metcalf and Company, 1851.
 * Essay on the Soiling of Cattle. 1852.
 * Address Illustrative of the Nature and Power of the Slave States and the Duties of the Free States (Ticknor and Fields, 1856)
 * The Duty of Conservative Whigs in the Present Crisis: A Letter to the Hon. Rufus Choate, Boston: William A. Hall, 1856.

Notes and references

 * Attribution

title: Josiah Quincy III


text: User talk:72.226.117.21

title: User talk:72.226.117.21


text:
Josiah Quincy II

Josiah Quincy II (February 23, 1744 – April 26, 1775) was an American lawyer and patriot. He was a principal spokesman for the Sons of Liberty in Boston prior to the Revolution and was John Adams' co-counsel during the trials of Captain Thomas Preston and the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre.

Family
Quincy was the son of Col. Josiah Quincy I and the father of the Harvard president and Boston mayor Josiah Quincy III. He was a descendant of Edmund Quincy, who emigrated to Massachusetts in 1633. His first cousin once removed was Dorothy Quincy, wife of Governor John Hancock. He was also a distant relative of John Quincy Adams through the sixth President's mother, Abigail Smith Adams.

Life
Quincy was born in Boston in 1744, to Col. Josiah Quincy and Hannah Sturgis Quincy. In 1756, shortly after the death of his mother, he moved with his father and other siblings to their ancestral homestead in Braintree. In 1763, he graduated Harvard, and began studying law in the office of Oxenbridge Thacher (died 1765), a top Boston attorney, whose practice he would take over in 1765. A gifted orator, in 1766 he delivered an impassioned address in English "on liberty," or as others would recall it, on the meaning of being "a patriot," at Harvard's commencement upon receiving his Masters. The speech caught the attention of Boston's patriot leadership, and by 1767, he was contributing regularly to Samuel Adams' Boston Gazette.

Published initially under the name "Hyperion", his essays were notable for their colorful rhetoric and denouncement of British oppression.

On February 12, 1770, he published in the Gazette a call to his countrymen "to break off all social intercourse with those whose commerce contaminates, whose luxuries poison, whose avarice is insatiable, and whose unnatural oppressions are not to be borne

He used the signatures Mentor, Callisthenes, Marchmont Needham, Edward Sexby, &c., in later letters to the Boston Gazette.

After the Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770) he and John Adams defended Captain Preston and the accused soldiers and secured their acquittal. Prosecuting the case were Robert Treat Paine and Josiah's older brother Samuel Quincy, who shortly after was named solicitor general.

He traveled for his health in the South in 1773, and left in his journal an interesting account of his travels and of society in South Carolina; this journey was important in that it brought Southern patriots into closer relations with the popular leaders in Massachusetts.

Perhaps seeking to enhance his standing in advance of the selection of delegates to the First Continental Congress, in May 1774 he published Observations on the Act of Parliament, commonly called The Boston Port Bill, with Thoughts on Civil Society and Standing Armies, in which he urged patriots and heroes to form a compact for opposition and for vengeance.

In September 1774 he secretly left for England, where he argued the American cause to British politicians who were sympathetic to the colonies.

On March 16, 1775, he started back, but he died of tuberculosis on April 26, 1775, on a boat within sight of the Massachusetts shore.

title: Josiah Quincy II


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Super Smash Brothers. Revolution

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 11:46, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Super Smash Brothers. Revolution
Was originally planning on speedying but in regards to CSD better safe than sorry, this article is baseless internet speculation and wikipedia is not a crystal ball. Jtkiefer T - 22:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete speculation, crystal-ball --Revolución (talk) 23:34, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination Qaz  ( talk ) 23:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Reason: Articles for deletion/Mario Baseball Revolution. It is pure speculation. Revolution is right now a "codename" for the upcoming console system. --J. Nguyen 03:43, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * While Revolution is a codename, it is the official codename. It may infact be the actual name of the console, and that may be likely (the Nintendo DS was the second codename, and the first announced codename, and became the name of the system. Yes, it's speculation to say that the name of the system will be the Revolution, it is likely speculation. Just like it's speculation to say that Bill Gates will eat tomorrow). In any case, Thinking a game will come out in this typoed name, is extremely unlikely ("Super Smash Bros. Revolution", and "Super Smash Brothers Revolution" are still too much speculation, I would vote delete on any of the threeMcKay 18:51, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as speculation. I'm pretty sure the system is going to be called the Revolution when it's released, but there's no evidence this game will be named anything like this, or that anything in the article is actually true. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 05:38, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete until Nintendo release some actual info about the game. Sonic Mew | talk to me 17:31, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I would be fully for a comprehensive article on this page as soon as Nintendo releases another information on their new game system and on the new game so that we can make a good comprehensive article on the subject. Jtkiefer  T - 03:39, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 October 3

Guide to deletion