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Matenadaran

The Matenadaran (Մատենադարան), officially the Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts, is a museum, repository of manuscripts, and a research institute in Yerevan, Armenia. It is the world's largest repository of Armenian manuscripts.

It was established in 1959 on the basis of the nationalized collection of the Armenian Church, formerly held at Etchmiadzin. Its collection has gradually expanded since its establishment, mostly from individual donations. One of the most prominent landmarks of Yerevan, it is named after Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet, whose statue stands in front of the building. Its collection is included in the register of the UNESCO Memory of the World program.

Name
The word matenadaran is a compound composed of matean, ("book" or "parchment") and daran ("repository"). Both words are of Middle Persian origin. Though it is sometimes translated as "scriptorium" in English, a more accurate translation is "repository or library of manuscripts." In medieval Armenia, the term matenadaran was used in the sense of a library as all books were manuscripts.

Some Armenian manuscript repositories around the world are still known as matenadaran, such as the ones at the Mekhitarist monastery in San Lazzaro, Venice and the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Manuscript Depository at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. To distinguish it from others, it is often referred to as the Matenadaran of Yerevan, the Yerevan Matenadaran, or the Mashtots Matenadaran (Մաշտոցյան Մատենադարան).

Historic predecessors
The earliest mention of a manuscript repository in Armenia was recorded in the writings of the fifth century historian Ghazar Parpetsi, who noted the existence of such a repository at the Etchmiadzin catholicosate in Vagharshapat, where Greek and Armenian language texts were kept. Sources remain silent on the fate of the Etchmiadzin matenadaran until the 15th century, when the catholicosate returned from Sis in Cilicia. Manuscript repositories existed at major monasteries in medieval Armenia, such as at Haghpat (Haghpat matenadaran), Sanahin, Saghmosavank, Tatev, Geghard, Kecharis, Hromkla, and Bardzraberd. In some cases, monastic complexes have separate structures as manuscript repositories. Sometimes manuscripts would be transferred to caves to avoid destruction by foreign invaders. Thousands of manuscripts in Armenia were destroyed over the course of the tenth to fifteenth centuries during the Turkic and Mongol invasions. According to the medieval Armenian historian Stepanos Orbelian, the Seljuk Turks were responsible for the burning of over 10,000 Armenian manuscripts in Baghaberd in 1170.

Background

As a result of Armenia being a constant battleground between two major powers, the Matenadaran in Etchmiadzin was pillaged several times, the last of which took place in 1804, during the Russo-Persian War. Eastern Armenia's annexation by the Russian Empire in the early 19th century provided a more stable climate for the preservation of the remaining manuscripts. Whereas in 1828 the curators of the Matenadaran catalogued a collection of only 1,809 manuscripts, in 1863 the collection had increased to 2,340 manuscripts, and in 1892 to 3,338 manuscripts. Prior to World War I, in 1914, the collected had reached 4,660 manuscripts. The collection was sent to Moscow for safekeeping since Etchmiadzin was close to the war zone.

Thousands of Armenian manuscripts were destroyed during the genocide in the Ottoman Empire.

Modern Matenadaran
On December 17, 1920, just two weeks after the demise of the First Republic of Armenia and Sovietization of Armenia, the new Bolshevik government of Armenia issued a decree nationalizing all cultural and educational institutions in Armenia. The decree, signed by Minister of Education Ashot Hovhannisyan, declared the manuscript repository of Etchmiadzin the "property of the working peoples of Armenia." It was put under the supervision of Levon Lisitsian, an art historian and the newly appointed commissar of all cultural and educational institutions of Etchmiadzin. In March 1922 the manuscripts from Etchmiadzin that had been sent to Moscow during World War I were ordered to be returned to Armenia by Alexander Miasnikian. 1,730 manuscripts were added to the original 4,660 manuscripts held at Etchmiadzin once they returned to Armenia.

In 1939 the entire collection of manuscripts of Etchmiadzin were transferred to the State Public Library in Yerevan (what later became the National Library of Armenia) by the decision of the Soviet Armenian government. In the same year there were 9,382 catalogued manuscripts at the Matenadaran. On March 3, 1959, the Council of Ministers of Soviet Armenian officially established the Matenadaran as an "institute of scientific research with special departments of scientific preservation, study, translation and publication of manuscripts" in the current building. It was named after Mesrop Mashtots, the creator of the Armenian alphabet, in 1962.

A branch of the Matenadaran was established next to the monastery of Gandzasar in the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) in 2015.

Main building
The Matenadaran rises 18 m above street level, situated on a slope at the northeastern end of Mashtots Avenue, the main thoroughfare in central Yerevan. It was constructed with gray basalt between 1945 and 1958, however, construction experienced a pause from 1947 to 1953 due to a shortage of skilled laborers. Designed by Yerevan's chief architect Mark Grigorian, it is influenced by medieval Armenian architecture. Specifically, its rectangular façade is inspired by the eastern façade of the 12th century southern gavit (narthex) of the Church of the Holy Apostles (Arakelots) of Ani, the grand capital of Bagratid Armenia. Grigorian himself noted that the façade design (a tall central entrance flanked by two decorative niches on both sides) has ancient roots, appearing on the ancient Egyptian Temple of Edfu, and then at Ani's Apostles Church and the Baron's Palace that also incorporate a decorative frame. The shallow niches draw inspiration from those in the monastery of Geghard.

The building has been described as monumental, grandiose, stern, solemn and solid-looking. Vartan Gregorian suggested that it is "perhaps by design, the most imposing building in Yerevan." Several authors have likened its appearance that of a temple or a church, while others have compared it to a palace, especially in its style and proportions. Rouben Paul Adalian suggested that it was "designed as a modern temple to Armenian civilization." Andrei Bitov called it the most remarkable piece of modern Armenian architecture.

It has been listed as a national monument of Armenia, and was last renovated in 2012.

Statues and open-air exhibition
The statue of Mesrop Mashtots and his disciple Koryun by Ghukas Chubaryan was erected in 1962 below the terrace where the main building stands. From 1963 to 1967, the statues of six medieval Armenian scholars, Toros Roslin, Grigor Tatevatsi, Anania Shirakatsi, Movses Khorenatsi, Mkhitar Gosh, and Frik, were erected in front of the building. They represent manuscript illumination, philosophy, cosmology, history, jurisprudence, and poetry, respectively.

Since the 1970s an open-air exhibition is located in the colonnades on both sides of the entrance. On display there are khachkars from the 13th-17th centuries; a tombstone from the Noratus cemetery; a vishap dated 2nd-1st millennia BC; a door from Teishebaini (Karmir Blur), a Urartian archaeological site.

Interior
The building has a total floor area of 28,000 m2. Grigorian's design of the entrance hall was inspired by the gavit (narthex) of Sanahin Monastery. Three murals, created by Van Khachatur (Vanik Khachatrian) in 1959, depict three periods of Armenian history—Urartu, Hellenism, and the Middle Ages—surrounding the steps leading to the main exhibition hall. Another mural by Khachatur, created in 1960, depicts the Battle of Avarayr (451) and is located in the entrance hall.

A large ivory medallion with a diameter of 2 m with the portrait of Vladimir Lenin by Sergey Merkurov was previously hung in the lecture hall. In the 1970s American archivist Patricia Kennedy Grimsted noted that Matenadaran is one of the few places in Soviet Armenia with air conditioning.

New building

The new building of the Matenadaran was designed by Arthur Meschian, an architect better known as a musician, to accommodate the growing collection of manuscripts. This five-story structure surpasses the size of its predecessor, providing three times the space. One of its features is a state-of-the-art laboratory, dedicated to the preservation, restoration, and digitization of the manuscripts. Meschian's design seamlessly extends the legacy of the old structure without overshadowing it. It was initially planned to be constructed in the late 1980s, but was not realized because of the 1988 Armenian earthquake, the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and the economic crisis that ensued. Financed by Moscow-based Armenian businessman Sergei Hambartsumian ($10 million) and Maxim Hakobian, director of the Zangezur Copper and Molybdenum Combine ($4 million), it was built from May 2009 to September 2011. It was inaugurated on September 20, 2011, on the eve of celebrations of the 20th anniversary of Armenia's independence in attendance of President Serzh Sargsyan, Catholicoi Karekin II of Etchmiadzin and Aram I of Cilicia, Artsakh President Bako Sahakyan, and others.

Museum
The Matenadaran has become one of the landmarks and major tourist attractions of Yerevan since its establishment. Mikhail Tikhomirov wrote in 1961 that it attracts a large number of tourists. It has been described as Armenia's most important museum, and Yerevan's most important and most popular tourist attraction. John Brady Kiesling described it as a "world-class museum," and Aleksey Levykin, director of Russia's State Historical Museum, called it legendary.

It attracted some 89,000 visitors in 2016, and around 132,600 in 2019.

Many foreign dignitaries have visited the Matenadaran, including Leonid Brezhnev (1970), Indira Gandhi (1976), Vladimir Putin (2001), José Manuel Barroso (2012), Prince Charles (2013).

Collection
Currently, the Matenadaran contains a total of some 23,000 manuscripts and scrolls—including fragments. It is, by far, the single largest collection of Armenian manuscripts in the world. Furthermore, over 500,000 documents such as imperial and decrees of catholicoi, various documents related to Armenian studies, and archival periodicals. The manuscripts cover a wide array of subjects: religious and theological works (Gospels, Bibles, lectionaries, psalters, hymnals, homilies, and liturgical books), texts on history, mathematics, geography, astronomy, cosmology, philosophy, jurisprudence, medicine, alchemy, astrology, music, grammar, rhetoric, philology, pedagogy, collections of poetry, literary texts, and translations from Greek and Syriac. The writings of classical and medieval historians Movses Khorenatsi, Yeghishe and Koryun are preserved here, as are the legal, philosophical and theological writings of other notable Armenian figures. The preserved writings of Grigor Narekatsi and Nerses Shnorhali at the Matenadaran form the cornerstone of medieval Armenian literature.

The manuscripts previously held at Etchmiadzin constitute the core of the Matenadaran collection. The rest came from the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages in Moscow, the Nersisian Seminary and the Armenian Ethnographic Society, both in Tbilisi, and the Yerevan Museum of Literature.

When it was established as a distinct institution in 1959, the Matenadaran had around 10,000 Armenian manuscripts and 4,000 fragments (partial volumes or isolated pages) dating as early as the 5th century. At the time there were some one thousand manuscripts in other languages, such as Persian, Syriac, Arabic, Greek, Georgian, Russian, Hebrew, Hindi, Tamil, Latin, Ethiopic (Geʽez), and other languages. Some originals, written in other languages, have been saved only in their Armenian translations.

There has been steady growth in the number of manuscripts preserved at the Matenadaran, mostly from gifts from private individuals from the Armenian diaspora. In 1972 there were already 12,960 Armenian manuscripts and nearly two thousand manuscripts in other languages. Among the major donors of the Matenadaran include Harutiun Hazarian from New York (397 manuscripts), Varouzhan Salatian from Damascus (150 manuscripts), Rafael Markossian from Paris (37 manuscripts). Rouben Galichian from London has donated old maps. In 1969 Tachat Markossian, 95, from the village of Gharghan, near Isfahan, in central Iran, donated a 1069 manuscript to the Matenadaran. Written at Narekavank monastery, it is a copy of a Gospel written by Mashtots.

Notable manuscripts

Among the most significant manuscripts of the Matenadaran are the Lazarian Gospel (9th century), the Echmiadzin Gospel (10th century) and the Mughni Gospel (11th century). The first, so called because it was brought from the Lazarian Institute, is from 887 and is one of the Matenadaran's oldest complete volumes. The Echmiadzin Gospel, dated 989, has a 6th-century, probably Byzantine, carved ivory cover. The Cilician illuminated manuscripts by Toros Roslin (13th century) and Sargis Pitsak (14th century), two prominent masters, are also held with high esteem.

Three manuscripts are allowed to leave the Matenadaran on a regular basis. The first is the Vehamor Gospel, donated to the Matenadaran by Catholicos Vazgen I in 1975. It probably dates to the 7th century and is, thus, the oldest complete extant Armenian manuscript. The name refers to the mother of the Catholicos (vehamayr), to whose memory Vazgen I dedicated the manuscript. Since Levon Ter-Petrosyan in 1991, all president of Armenia have given their oath on this book. The other two, the Shurishkani Gospel (1498, Vaspurakan) and the Shukhonts' Gospel (1669) are taken to the churches of Mughni and Oshakan every year to be venerated.

Other items
Besides manuscripts, the Matenadaran holds a copy of the Urbatagirk, the first published Armenian book (1512, Venice) and all issues of the first Armenian magazine Azdarar ("Herald"), published in Madras, India from 1794 to 1796. The first map printed in Armenian—in Amsterdam in 1695—is also kept at the Matenadaran.

Catalogs
The first complete catalog of the Matenadaran manuscripts («Ցուցակ ձեռագրաց») was published in two volumes in 1965 and 1970 with a supplementary volume in 2007. These three volumes listed 11,100 manuscripts kept at the Matenadaran with short descriptions. Since 1984, a more detailed catalog has been published, titled The Main List of Armenian Manuscripts («Մայր ցուցակ հայերէն ձեռագրաց»). As of 2019, ten volumes have been published.

Banber Matenadarani
The Matenadaran publishes the scholarly journal Banber Matenadarani (Բանբեր Մատենադարանի, "Herald of the Matenadaran") since 1941. The articles are usually devoted to the manuscripts and editions of texts contained in the collection. The journal has been praised for its high quality of scholarship.

Significance and recognition

The Matenadaran collection was inscribed by the UNESCO into the Memory of the World Register in 1997. In 2011 Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan called the Matenadaran a "national treasure which has become the greatest citadel of the Armenian identity." , director of the Etchmiadzin Museums, called the Matenadaran one of the holiest sites of Armenian identity, along with Mount Ararat and Etchmiadzin.

According to Nora Dudwick, in the Soviet period, the Matenadaran "symbolized the central values of Armenian culture [and signified] to Armenians the high level of culture and learning their ancestors achieved as early as the fifth century." Thomas de Waal notes that alongside several other institutions (e.g. the Opera, National Gallery) the Matenadaran was central in the Soviet efforts to make Yerevan a "repository of Armenian myths and hopes." Levon Abrahamian argues that the secular Matenadaran continued the traditions of medieval monasteries within an atheist state.

Patrick Donabédian and Claude Mutafian characterized it as a "modern, secular, and urban monastery." Gevorg Emin called it the "chief temple" of Armenian manuscripts, while Silva Kaputikyan suggested that it "evokes the same reverent feeling" as Saint Hripsime Church and the monastery of Geghard. Abrahamian suggests that the Matenadaran has become a sanctuary and temple for Armenians, where manuscripts are treated not only with scientific respect, but also adoration. An American delegation headed by Glenn T. Seaborg that visited in 1971 noted the "loving care with which the people obviously regarded" the "tremendous wealth" of the Matenadaran.

In the Soviet era, it was featured on a 1978 stamp and a 5 ruble commemorative coin released in 1990. The Communist Party's official newspaper, Pravda, wrote in 1989 that no educated Soviet citizen can "imagine spiritual life without the capital's Tretyakov Gallery, the Leningrad Hermitage, and the Yerevan Matenadaran." In 1984, Karen Demirchyan, the Soviet Armenian leader, expressed that there was no longer a necessity to safeguard Armenian books and manuscripts from potential destruction through constant migrations, as they were safeguarded at the Matenadaran, which he called the "temple of priceless creations of the people's mind and talent."

In post-Soviet Armenia, it appeared on a 1,000 dram banknote circulated from 1994 to 2004. Additionally, it was depicted on uncirculated commemorative coins in 2002 (gold) and 2007 (silver), as well as on a stamp issued in 2007. In 2015 the Central Bank of Russia issued a silver commemorative coin dedicated to the Eurasian Economic Union, which depicted symbols of the capitals of the member states, including the Matenadaran.

Directors

 * Gevorg Abov (1940–1952)
 * Levon Khachikian (1954–1982)
 * Sen Arevshatyan (1982–2007)
 * Hrachya Tamrazyan (2007–2016)
 * Vahan Ter-Ghevondyan (2018–2023)
 * Arayik Khzmalyan (2023–)

Notable researchers

 * Gevorg Emin, poet. He worked briefly at the Matenadaran in the 1940s.
 * Rafael Ishkhanyan, linguist, political activist and MP. He worked at the Matenadaran from 1961 to 1963.
 * Nouneh Sarkissian, First Lady of Armenia (2018–2022). She worked at the Matenadaran in the 1980s.
 * Levon Ter-Petrosyan, the first president of Armenia (1991–98). He worked at the Matenadaran from 1978 to 1991. He was initially a junior researcher, but became a senior researcher in 1985.
 * Asatur Mnatsakanian, philologist and historian. He worked at the Matenadaran from 1940 until his death in 1983.

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Talk:Atkins

Should this disambiguation page exist?
Although I edited this page in an attempt to Wikify, I don't think a disambiguation page is necessary for Atkins. It is not the title of any article, other than the disambiguation page. None of the individuals is widely referred to solely by surname. In my opinion, the Disambiguation guidelines do not requires disambiguation of Atkins.

There is, and should be, a separate disambiguation page for Robert Atkins, since Wikipedia has articles for 2 people with that name.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Finell (talk • contribs) 02:40, September 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Please sign your edits, Finell; I have done so for you above. You can sign with four tildes ( ~ ). Second, I did not create this page, but I agree with the creators of this page that this disambiguation page is necessary. —Lowellian (reply) 18:37, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Gabriel Baccus Matthews

Gabriel Bacchus Matthews (1948 – September 7, 2007) was a Liberian politician. He is considered one of the leaders in developing a multi-party system in Liberia, long dominated by the True Whig Party. He founded the Progressive Alliance of Liberia (PAL) in 1975, the first active opposition party since the demise of the Republican Party.

It was succeeded by the Progressive People Party (PPP) and later the United People's Party. Matthews twice served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Liberia, under Samuel K. Doe (1980–1981) and later under Amos Sawyer (1990–93).

Biography
As a young man, Matthews joined the dissident movement against President William R. Tolbert. He worked to create an opposition party, as the True Whig Party had been in power for more than 100 years. In 1975 he and many among the Liberian diaspora formed the Progressive Alliance of Liberia (PAL), the first legal opposition party to be recognized in decades.

After the April 1980 coup in which Tolbert was overthrown and Samuel K. Doe came to power, Matthews was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs for the first time. Matthews served as Foreign Minister until 1981. He later fell out of favor with Doe, he had his own personal desires to become Head of State and felt superior to Doe and the other PRC members.

Matthews achieved reorganization of the party as the Progressive People's Party (PPP) and legal recognition.

It reorganized again as United People's Party (UPP). During the 1980s, Matthews was the main opposition politician in Liberia. Roland Trobeh described him as the father of multi-party democracy in the nation.

After Doe's death, in 1990, Matthews again was appointed as Foreign Minister, serving under President Amos Sawyer. He was instrumental in bringing the ECOMOG Peacekeeping force to Liberia. He remained foreign minister until 1993, when he was replaced in a cabinet reshuffle.

At the end of the civil war, Matthews stood unsuccessfully as the candidate of the United People's Party in the 1997 presidential election.

In 2005, Matthews announced his support for George Weah in the 2005 presidential election.

He taught many youths how to stage non-political advocacy using his practical experience generated from social, political engagement of social institutions. Some of his students were: Frank Awode, Liberia's Child Rights advocate, Trokon Monghah, and the list goes on.

Knowing that he was ill, and rejected by some politicians, Matthews told his wife, then in the United States, to ask Monsignor Father Robert Tikpor of the Catholic Church to give his eulogy. Matthews had been barred from his home Providence Baptist Church since opposing President Tolbert. He died on September 7, 2007, after a brief illness.

title: Gabriel Baccus Matthews


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Gornaya Shoriya

Gornaya Shoria, Mountainous Shoria, or Mountain Shoria (Горная Шория, Gornaya Shoriya, Тағлығ Шор, Tağlığ Şor) is a territory in southern Siberia, Russia, east of the Altay Mountains. It is the southern part of Kemerovo Oblast. The indigenous population of the region are the Shors.

The territory is mountainous: spurs of Abakan Range, Salair Ridge and Kuznetsk Alatau. It is rich in ores, and it is also part of the Kuznetsk Coal Basin. Other industries include logging, fur hunting, pine nut harvesting and tourism (ski resort in Sheregesh).

title: Gornaya Shoriya


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Talk:Idealized cognitive model

This article should probably be moved to Cognitive model or something like that (I note that Cognitive model already hosts another article). In Women, fire and dangerous things, Lakoff seems to use the terms interchangeably but he isn't very clear about it. ICMs mainly figure in his accounts of categorization and color perception, and further on in the book (p281-91 for example) he's often using cognitive model instead. I'm not sure which of the two Fauconnier uses, though I think Lakoff cites him as saying that 'cognitive models structure mental space'. Anyone? — mark ✎ 07:42, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I think Lakoff and some other linguists can be quite sloppy with the terminology. In my experience, ICM is the standard term, used by Fauconnier. Frankly, both articles could also be merged with Framing (communication theory), which is simply the application of ICMs in discourse.--Wiglaf 11:23, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I dont't agree with you in merging the article with Framing (communication theory). In fact, I don't agree with the definition proposed in this article, where ICMs are said to be the same as Frames. Moreover, this article seems quite short for me. What can we do? --Betomg88 (talk) 14:56, 18 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Hold on. --81.202.136.71 (talk) 20:49, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

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User:Miyagisan

Miyagisan is Benjamin Lee (b. 1969), more popularly known as MrMiyagi for his blog My Very Own Glob: Curiosa Felicitas, and is a frequent contributor to the Singaporean internet scene. He is one of the editors of the metablog tomorrow.sg.

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List of heads of state of South Sudan

This article lists the heads of state of South Sudan since the establishment of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region within Sudan in 1972.

The president of the Republic of South Sudan is the head of state and head of government of South Sudan. The president leads the executive branch of the Government of South Sudan and is the commander-in-chief of the South Sudan People's Defence Forces. The official residence of the president is State House, J1.

History of the office
The region of Southern Sudan (currently the independent republic of South Sudan) became autonomous for the first time, within Sudan, in 1972, through the Addis Ababa Agreement meant to end the First Sudanese Civil War, and its local government had five presidents until 1983, when the Sudanese central government revoked the autonomy. Autonomy was gained again in 2005, through the Comprehensive Peace Agreement meant to end the Second Sudanese Civil War, and the position of president of Southern Sudan was restored. Then, on 9 July 2011, South Sudan became independent and a new constitution was adopted.

Term limits
Salva Kiir's term as elected president ended in 2015, but constitutional amendments of 2018 and Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity (RTGoNU) formed in 2020 extended his mandate until 2023.

Titles of heads of state

 * 1972–1983: President of the High Executive Council
 * 2005–2011: President of the Government
 * 2011–present: President

Heads of state of South Sudan (1972–present)
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan=2| No. ! rowspan=2| Portrait ! rowspan=2| Name (Birth–Death) ! colspan=3| Term of office ! rowspan=2| Political party ! rowspan=2| Elected ! Took office ! Left office ! Time in office
 * colspan=8|
 * colspan=8|

Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)

 * colspan=8| Autonomy abolished (5 June 1983 – 9 July 2005)
 * colspan=8|
 * colspan=8|
 * colspan=8|

Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)

 * colspan=8|
 * colspan=8|

Republic of South Sudan (2011–present)

 * }

Note: The President of South Sudan was also First Vice President of the Sudanese national government until 9 July 2011.

title: List of heads of state of South Sudan


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Kienzle Computer

Kienzle Computer was a German manufacturer of data processing equipment. Its official name was Kienzle Apparate GmbH (Kienzle precision equipment), whose main products were instrumentation for commercial vehicles (particularly taximeters and tachographs). It was spun off from the Kienzle clock factory (Kienzle Uhrenfabriken AG) in 1929. In the 1980s it was merged with Mannesmann as Mannesmann-Kienzle, and in 1991 it was sold to the Digital Equipment GmbH and was renamed Digital-Kienzle Computer Systeme.

title: Kienzle Computer


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Sons of God

Sons of God (, literally: "the sons of Elohim" ) is a phrase used in the Tanakh or Old Testament and in Christian Apocrypha. The phrase is also used in Kabbalah where bene elohim are part of different Jewish angelic hierarchies.

Genesis 6
The first mention of "sons of God" in the Hebrew Bible occurs at Genesis 6:1–4.

"1 And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, 2 That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose. 3 And the LORD said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years. 4 There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown."

- Genesis 6:1–4

That the "sons of God" were separate enough from the "daughters of men" that they warranted such a distinction, has spawned millennia's worth of debate regarding the meaning of the term. Historically, in Jewish thought, this passage has had many interpretations. Here are three:

 * 1) Offspring of Seth: The first references to the offspring of Seth rebelling from God and mingling with the daughters of Cain are found in Christian and rabbinic literature from the second century CE onwards e.g. Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Origen, Augustine of Hippo, Julius Africanus, and the Letters attributed to St. Clement. It is also the view expressed in the modern canonical Amharic Ethiopian Orthodox Bible. In Judaism "Sons of God" usually refers to the righteous, i.e. the children of Seth.
 * 2) Angels: All of the earliest sources interpret the "sons of God" as angels. From the third century BCE onwards, references are found in the Enochic literature, the Dead Sea Scrolls (the Genesis Apocryphon, the Damascus Document, 4Q180), Jubilees, the Testament of Reuben, 2 Baruch, Josephus, and the book of Jude (compare with 2 Peter 2). This is also the meaning of the only two identical occurrences of bene ha elohim in the Hebrew Bible (Job 1:6 and 2:1), and of the most closely related expressions (refer to the list above). In the Septuagint, the interpretive reading "angels" is found in Codex Alexandrinus, one of four main witnesses to the Greek text.
 * 3) Deified kings/Tyrant judges: There is also a large consensus within the scholarly community, that the "sons of God" were simply the deified kings of the various Canaanite city-states. These would be the same Canaanite city-states that the later proto-Israelites would eventually flee, before resettling in the Judean highlands.

Ugaritic text
Claus Westermann claims that the text of Genesis 6 is based on an Ugaritic urtext. In Ugaritic, a cognate phrase is bn 'il. This may occur in the Ugaritic Baal Cycle.

 * KTU² 1.40 demonstrates the use of bn il to mean "sons of gods".
 * KTU² 1.65 (which may be a scribal exercise) uses bn il three times in succession: il bn il / dr bn il / mphrt bn il "El, the sons of gods, the circle of the sons of gods / the totality of the sons of gods."

The phrase bn ilm ("sons of the gods") is also attested in Ugaritic texts,    as is the phrase phr bn ilm ("assembly of the sons of the gods").

Elsewhere in the Ugarit corpus it is suggested that the bn ilm were the 70 sons of Asherah and El, who were the titulary deities of the people of the known world, and their "hieros gamos" marriage with the daughters of men gave rise to their rulers. There is evidence in 2 Samuel 7 that this may have been the case also in Israel.

Late text
J. Scharbert associates Genesis 6:1–4 with the Priestly source and the final redaction of the Pentateuch. On this basis, he assigns the text to later editorial activity. Rüdiger Bartelmus sees only Genesis 6:3 as a late insertion.

Józef Milik and Matthew Black advanced the view of a late text addition to a text dependent on post-exilic, non-canonical tradition, such as the legend of the Watchers from the pseudepigraphic version of the Book of Enoch.

Translations
Different source versions of Genesis 6:1–4 vary in their use of "sons of God". Some manuscripts of the Septuagint have emendations to read "sons of God" as "angels". Codex Vaticanus contains "angels" originally. In Codex Alexandrinus "sons of God" has been omitted and replaced by "angels". This reading of Angels is further confirmed by Augustine in his work City of God where he speaks of both variants in book 15 chapter 23. The Peshitta reads "sons of God". Furthermore the Vulgate goes for the literal filii Dei meaning Sons of God. Most modern translations of Christian bibles retain this whereas Jewish ones tend to deviate to such as Sons of Rulers which may in part be due to Shimon bar Yochai who cursed anyone who translated this as "Sons of God" (Genesis Rabbah 26:7).

Beyond this in both the Codices Job 1:6 and Deuteronomy 32:8 when the phrase "angels of God"  is used in place of where the Hebrew says "sons of God". For the verse in Deuteronomy the Masoretic Text does not say "sons of God" but "sons of Israel" however in 4Q37 the term "sons of God" is used. This is probably the root reading for the reading we see in the Septuagint.

Other mentions
The phrase "sons of the Elohim" also occurs in:

 * Job 1:6 bənê hāʼĕlōhîm (בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים) the sons of Elohim.
 * Job 2:1 bənê hāʼĕlōhîm (בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים) the sons of Elohim.
 * Job 38:7 bənê ĕlōhîm (בְּנֵי אֱלֹהִֽים) without the definite article - sons of Elohim.
 * Deuteronomy 32:8 both bənê hāʼĕlōhîm (בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים) and bənê ĕl (בני אל) the sons of Elohim or sons of El in two Dead Sea Scrolls (4QDtj and 4QDtq); mostly "angels of God" (αγγελων θεου) in the LXX (sometimes "sons of God" or "sons of Israel"); "sons of Israel" in the MT.

Closely related phrases include:
 * Psalms 29:1 bənê ēlîm (בְּנֵי אֵלִים) without the definite article - sons of elim (a similar expression).
 * Psalms 82:6 bənê elîon (בְּנֵי עֶלְיוֹן) without the definite article and using ‘Most high’ instead of ēl.
 * Psalms 89:6 bənê ēlîm (בְּנֵי אֵלִים) - sons of elim
 * A closely related Aramaic expression occurs in Daniel 3:25: bar elahin - בַר אֱלָהִֽין - son of gods.

Second Temple Judaism (c. 500 BCE – 70 CE)
The Book of Enoch, the Enochic Book of Giants, and the Book of Jubilees refer to the Watchers who are paralleled to the "sons of God" in Genesis 6. The Epistle of Barnabas is considered by some to acknowledge the Enochian version.

Christian antiquity
Christian writers such as Justin Martyr, Eusebius, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Commodianus believed that the "sons of God" in Genesis 6:1–4 were fallen angels who engaged in unnatural union with human women, resulting in the begetting of the Nephilim. Some scholars view Jesus' comment in that angels in heaven do not marry, as a refutation to this view.

Other early Christians believed that the "sons of God" in Genesis 6:1–4 were the descendants of Seth. Augustine of Hippo subscribed to this view, based on the Chronographiai of Julius Africanus in his book City of God, which refer to the "sons of God" as being descendants of Seth (or Sethites), the pure line of Adam. The "daughters of men" are viewed as the descendants of Cain (or Cainites). Variations of this view were also received by Jewish philosophers.

Medieval Judaism
Traditionalists and philosophers of Judaism in the Middle Ages typically practiced rational theology. They rejected any belief in rebel or fallen angels since evil was considered abstract. Rabbinic sources, most notably the Targum, state that the "sons of God" who married the daughters of men were merely human beings of exalted social station. They have also been considered as pagan royalty or members of nobility who, out of lust, married women from the general population. Other variations of this interpretation define these "sons of God" as tyrannical Ancient Near Eastern kings who were honored as divine rulers, engaging in polygamous behavior. No matter the variation in views, the primary concept by Jewish rationalists is that the "sons of God" were of human origin.

Most notable Jewish writers in support for the view of human "sons of God" were Saadia, Rashi, Lekah Tob, Midrash Aggada, Joseph Bekor Shor, Abraham ibn Ezra, Maimonides, David Kimhi, Nachmanides, Hizkuni, Bahya Ashur, Gersonides, Shimeon ben Yochai, and Hillel ben Samuel.

Ibn Ezra reasoned that the "sons of God" were men who possessed divine power, by means of astrological knowledge, able to beget children of unusual size and strength.

Jewish commentator Isaac Abrabanel considered the aggadot on Genesis 6 to have referred to some secret doctrine and was not to be taken literally. Abrabanel later joined Nahmanides and Levi ben Gerson in promoting the concept that the "sons of God" were the older generations who were closer to physical perfection, as Adam and Eve were perfect. Though there are variations of this view, the primary idea was that Adam and Eve's perfect attributes were passed down from generation to generation. However, as each generation passed, their perfect physical attributes diminished. Thus, the early generations were mightier than the succeeding ones. The physical decline of the younger generations continued until the Flood, to the point that their days were numbered as stated in Genesis 6:3. It was immoral for the older generations to consort with the younger generations, whereby puny women begot unusually large children. Nephilim was even considered a stature.

Jacob Anatoli and Isaac Arama viewed the groups and events in Genesis 6:1–4 as an allegory, primarily for the sin of lust that debased man's higher nature.

title: Sons of God


text:
Spur (disambiguation)

A spur is a metal instrument fastened to the heel of a horse rider.

Spur or Spurs may also refer to:

Medicine

 * Bone spurs, a skeletal disorder forming small bony outgrowth along joint margins
 * Heel spur, a thin spike of calcification in the human foot

Organizations

 * San Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research Association, a non-profit research, education, and advocacy organization
 * Gruppe SPUR, a German artistic collaboration, and their journal of the same name
 * Spur Steak Ranches, a chain of steakhouses in South Africa
 * Spur gas, North American gas stations operated by Murphy Oil

Routes

 * Spur line, a short railway (railroad) branching from a main line
 * Spur route, a short road branching from longer, more important route
 * Spur trail, a shorter trail which branches from a longer route

Science

 * Spur (botany), an elongated appendage of certain sepals
 * Spur (geology), a ridge, often one that is subordinate to a larger ridge
 * Interlocking spur, one of any number of ridges extending alternately from the opposite sides of the wall of a young, V-shaped valley
 * Spur (stem), a short flower- and fruit-bearing stem on some fruit trees
 * Spur (zoology), an outgrowth of bone covered in a sheath of horn
 * Spur (chemistry), a region of high concentration of reaction product

Sports

 * Witbank Spurs, an association football club from South Africa
 * Tottenham Hotspur F.C., a football team based in London, England
 * San Antonio Spurs, a National Basketball Association team based in San Antonio, Texas, US
 * Spurs Sports & Entertainment, the company that owns the San Antonio Spurs and other sports-related assets
 * Chancellor's Spurs, a traveling trophy awarded to the winner of the college football game between Texas Tech University and the University of Texas at Austin

Other uses

 * Spur (architecture), the ornament carved on the angles of the bases of early columns
 * Spur (horse), an American thoroughbred racehorse
 * Spur (lunar crater)
 * "Spurs" (short story), a short story by Tod Robbins that served as the basis of the film Freaks
 * Spur (topography), a mountain ridge projecting laterally from a main mountain or mountain range
 * Spur (typography), a small continuation of part of a printed letter, especially an uppercase G
 * Spur (vine), one-year-old wood of a grapevine that is pruned back to leave just one or two buds to be used for next year's crop of grapes
 * Spur, Texas, United States
 * Spur Award, an annual literary prize awarded by the Western Writers of America
 * Spur Gasoline Station, a historic building in Cynthiana, kentucky
 * Spur gear, a type of gear
 * SPURS National Honor Society, a collegiate sophomore honor-service society in the United States
 * Spurious tone or spur, a tone in an electronic circuit which interferes with a signal
 * The Spur, a collection of Arts and Crafts bungalows in Clifton, Christchurch, New Zealand
 * The Spurs, a Canadian country music group 1999–2000
 * Truncated spur

title: Spur (disambiguation)


text:
Sean Conlon

Sean Kieran Conlon (born 20 May 1981) is an English singer and songwriter. He is best known as a member of boy band Five.

Early life
Conlon was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire, of Irish and Trinidadian descent and has four siblings. He grew up in Horsforth and attended St Mary's RC Primary School and St. Mary's Catholic High School, Menston. As a child his interests lay in becoming a record producer of soul music or playing rugby. He had his very first recording session aged eleven and, at the age of thirteen, performed for Harvey Goldsmith, Richard Skinner and Phil Collins after winning Yamaha's Young Composer Competition.

1997–2002: Five
In 1997, Conlon auditioned for Five, a new boy band-style group with "attitude and edge". Robinson was eventually selected to be part of the band along with Abz Love, Ritchie Neville, Scott Robinson and Jason "J" Brown. Five subsequently were signed by Simon Cowell and BMG/RCA for a six-album deal. Five went on to enjoy massive success worldwide, selling over 20 million records in their four years. During the release of the third album, Kingsize, Conlon had a mental breakdown from stress and depression. Two weeks after the release of Kingsize, the band announced Conlon's departure. Conlon later admitted that having originally been "very confident and very outgoing" when the band started, he "became the insecure one" and "let the external environment destroy [him]".

In 2002 Conlon briefly signed with Sony BMG as a solo artist, but his debut album was never released and he was fired. Afterwards, Conlon took a long hiatus from his artistic career.

2012–present: Five return
In March 2012, Conlon auditioned for the first series of The Voice UK, but he did not make it through to the next round as no coach chose him. In January 2013, Five returned to star the ITV2's reality show The Big Reunion. Brown didn't want to rejoin the group and Five announced that they were considering a new fifth member for the comeback, but withdrew to continue with the original four-member lineup. The band eventually decided to continue as a four-piece and they have been performing live touring Europe ever since.

Personal life
In Five's earlier days, Conlon was briefly engaged to dancer Suzanne Mole, who toured with the group. He is now married to a woman who prefers to remain anonymous. On 15 January 2014, it was announced that they were expecting their first child "any time soon". The following week, they welcomed their first child, a daughter.

title: Sean Conlon


text:
Talk:Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices

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title: User talk:141.154.140.63


text:
Folke Rabe

Folke Rabe (28 October 1935 – 25 September 2017 ) was a Swedish composer. He was born in Stockholm and studied at the Royal College of Music, Stockholm, where his teachers included Karl-Birger Blomdahl, Ingvar Lidholm, György Ligeti and others. He died in Stockholm, aged 81.

His works include the electronic drone pieces What?? (also translated as "Was??") (1968), Basta for solo trombone (1982), Escalations for brass quintet (1988), Concerto for trombone: "All the Lonely People" (1989) featuring quotes from The Beatles' "Eleanor Rigby", and With Love No. 1 and 2 for piano (1988). A more extensive list is given below.

Orchestral music

 * Hep-Hep for symphony orchestra (1966)
 * All the Lonely People..., concert for trombone and chamber orchestra (1989)
 * Naturen, flocken och släkten (”Nature, Herd and Relatives”), concert for French horn and string orchestra (1991)
 * Sardine Sarcophagus, concert for trumpet and sinfonietta (1995)
 * Så att denna sång inte dör (”So That this Song Will Not Die”) for symphony orchestra (1998)
 * L'Assiuolo caprese, concert for brass quintet and orchestra (2002)

Works for band

 * Henry IV (1964)
 * Altiplano (1982)

Works for radio

 * ISNOT, music dramatic work for radio, text by Björner Torsson (2004–05)

Choral works

 * 7 poems by Nils Ferlin for mixed chorus (1958)
 * Pièce for speaking chorus, with Lasse O'Månsson (1961)
 * Rondes for mixed chorus (also a version for male chorus) (1964)
 * OD for male chorus (1965)
 * Joe's Harp for mixed chorus (1970)
 * Två strofer (Two Stanzas””) for mixed chorus, text by Göran Sonnevi (1980)
 * to love for mixed chorus, text by E.E. Cummings (1984)
 * Hövisk pålslagarmadrigal for OD, 150 (”Courteous Piledrivers' Madrigal for O.D., 150”) for male chorus (2003)

Vocal music

 * Havets hand 1 and 2 for voice and piano, text by Elmer Diktonius (1958)
 * Notturno for mezzo-soprano, flute, oboe and clarinet, text by Edith Södergran (1959)
 * Två sånger till Rune Lindström på Svenska Flaggans Dag (”Two Songs for Rune Lindström on the Day of the Swedish Flag”) for voice and piano, text by the composer (1964–65)
 * SJU 7 – Lättjan ("SEVEN 7 – The Laziness") for tenor solo, mixed chorus, 3 percussionists and string quartet, text by Carl Jonas Love Almqvist (2005)

Chamber music

 * Suite for two clarinets (1957)
 * Divertimento for Solo Clarinet (1958)
 * Bolos for 4 trombones, with Jan Bark (1962)
 * Impromptu for clarinet/bass clarinet, trombone, cello, piano and percussion (1962)
 * Souvenirs for speaker, hammond organ and rhythm group (1963)
 * Pajazzo for 8 jazz musicians (1964)
 * Polonaise for 4 trombones, lighting & movement, with Jan Bark (1966)
 * Basta for solo trombone (1982)
 * Shazam for trumpet solo (1984)
 * Escalations for brass quintet (1988)
 * Tintomara for trumpet and trombone (1992)
 * Jawbone Five for trombone and 6 percussionists (1996)
 * A Chaser for flute, violin, cello and piano (2004)

Music for organ

 * Sebastian (2001)

Music for piano

 * 7 Variations for Piano (1957–60)
 * With Love (1984)

Film music

 * Mannen som övergav bilar (”The Man Who Abandoned Cars”), with Ken Dewey (1963–66)
 * På månen blåser ingen hambo (”No Hambones on the Moon”), with The Culture Quartet (1971)
 * Pank (”Broke”) for trombones and keyboards, with Olle Eriksson (1980)

Electronic music

 * ARGH!, electroacoustic music (1965)
 * Va?? Was?? What??, electroacoustic music (1967)
 * To the Barbender, electroacoustic music (1982)
 * Narrskeppet (”Ship of Fools”), intermedia performance (1983)
 * Cyclone, electroacoustic music (1985)
 * Älskade lilla gris (”Beloved Little Pig”) for narrator, electroacoustic music and slide projections, text by Ulf Nilsson (1986)
 * Världsmuséet (”World Museum”), indermedia performance, with The New Culture Quartet (1987)
 * Narragonien (”Narragonia”), indermedia performance, with The New Culture Quartet (1990)
 * Swinee River, electroacoustic music (2005)

Selected discography

 * What?? (1997, Dexter's Cigar 12). Reissued with an added half-speed version, formerly on Wergo.

title: Folke Rabe


text:
Allan Hancock College

Allan Hancock College is a public community college in Santa Maria, California.

History
In 1920 Allan Hancock College was started by the Santa Maria High School District. Originally called Santa Maria Junior College, classes were held until eventually a bond was passed that allowed them to build a wing specifically for the college. Due to rising enrollment numbers in 1954, the college was moved to the former site of Allan Hancock Field. Named after G. Allan Hancock, Santa Maria's Hancock College of Aeronautics was the primary training center for fighter pilots during World War II. Soon after it was moved the name was changed to Allan Hancock College in honor of George Allan Hancock. In 1958 another bond was passed that allowed the college to buy the site they were on, and start a building program.

A large business education building was opened in 1964, and a new fine arts building in 1965. The industrial technology building, gymnasium, administration and student services were all completed in 1967, and the performing arts center in 1968. A remodel of the Learning Resource Center, one of the original campus buildings, was finished in 2007. A community education building was opened in 2007, which currently contains modern computers and offices, along with a new two-story science building. In June 2006 a $180-million bond measure was passed, allowing additional new facilities to be completed over a period of 10 years.

Lompoc Valley Center
The Lompoc Valley Center (LVC) is located at the north end of the city of Lompoc at the intersection of Cabrillo Highway and "H" Street. The center opened in 1999, and has three main buildings plus a utility structure totaling 58388 sqft. All of the buildings are designed to be multifunctional as needs expand and change. The LVC is situated on 23 acre of a 156 acre parcel that includes portions of Davis Creek. All three main buildings are multifunctional. Building 1 is mostly for administrative purposes. Across from Building 1 is the Library. Upstairs from the Administration office is the Cafe, where students can play games, watch a movie, get food. Vending Machines are also available outside of the Cafe. Building 2 will have mainly General Education classes, but also includes, CNA, Student Job Placement/Career Services, Computer Labs, and the University Transfer Center. Building 3 across from the patio area and will consists of mostly Arts, Science Labs, Physical Education, and some General Education classes. Building 4 is on the side of Building 1 and its main purpose is for utilities. No unauthorized personnel can access the utilities building. Scheduled to open in 2013, the Public Safety Training Complex is one of Allan Hancock College's most anticipated Measure I-funded projects and promises to change the future of public safety training in the region and across the state. The $37.9 million facility will house the college's police, fire, emergency medical services, and environmental technology programs. The state-of-the-art complex will include a six-story fire tower, one-mile Emergency Vehicle Operations course, a ‘scenario’ village, shooting range, fitness track, obstacle course and much more.

Some buildings on the north side of the Santa Maria campus date from the original airfield.

Organization and administration
The college is part of the California Community Colleges System. The college president is Kevin G. Walthers, Ph.D.

Academic profile
There are forty-eight major categories of programs offered by the college, ranging from accounting to wildland fire technology. Many of these categories are also divided into sub-categories, each of which offers its own degree or certificate.

University Transfer Center
The University Transfer Center is responsible for providing students four-year university and college information, including admission requirements and major and department information for the California State University, University of California, and California Independent Colleges and University systems.

The University Transfer Center maintains a reference library of university catalogs including out-of-state and study abroad programs. Academic counseling is available to assist transfer students in researching majors, campus selection, transcript evaluations, certification of general education patterns, scheduling of campus visits, and meeting with four-year university representatives.

The University Transfer Center is responsible for providing students four-year university and college information, including admission requirements and major and department information for the California State University, University of California, and California Independent Colleges and University systems. Allan Hancock College provides all the lower-division courses, while the universities provide all the upper-division courses required to complete a bachelor's degree.

Listed below are the universities that offer transfer admission guarantees to Allan Hancock College students (as of 12/11). Students planning to transfer must work closely with an AHC counselor in order to complete the specific criteria for that university's guaranteed transfer program.

The following colleges and universities are included within AHC's Transfer Admission Guarantee Program:

CSU Monterey Bay (guarantee) UC Santa Barbara (guarantee) UC Riverside (guarantee) UC Davis (guarantee) UC Santa Cruz (guarantee) UC Irvine (guarantee) UC San Diego (guarantee) UC Merced (guarantee) Brandman University/Chapman University System (guarantee) University of LaVerne - Central Coast Center (guarantee) Antioch University, Santa Barbara* Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - VAFB* Columbia College - San Luis Obispo Center*

 * Admits all eligible AHC transfer students

The college has several partnerships with Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, through its STEM programs science, technology, engineering and mathematics, that provide internships and a direct path to transfer to CP and other universities.

Vandenberg Air Force Base Center
The Allan Hancock College Vandenberg Air Force Base Center (formerly known as Camp Cook) opened in 1952 and is part of the base education center shared with the U.S. Air Force Education Office and three private four-year universities. Vandenberg Air Force Base Center offers academic courses and provides different support services such as registration (including adds/drops and processing on-demand transcripts); counseling, health services, issues financial aid including BOG and assists with GI Bill guidelines. Active duty military personnel receive in state rates and may qualify for 100 percent tuition assistance and health fee coverage. Active duty student and Veterans (with two year of separation) may be eligible for priority registration.

The center offers mainly general education classes through traditional semester and eight week Fast Track classes. AHC VAFB offers classes to help airman achieve their associate degree including the Community College of the Air Force degree. With education becoming more critical in the work place today, AHC partnered with Vandenberg recognizes and accommodates for such a need and can assist in providing opportunities for military members, spouses, base contractors and the local community to pursue higher education. Credits can be earned and applied to a Fire Science degree awarded by the college The Vandenberg Interagency Training Facility is located on South Vandenberg Air Force Base.

Student life
Events include:

The Bulldog Bow-WOW! event occurs in the beginning of the spring and fall semesters. This particular event introduces the college's student services, academic programs, and student organizations to new and current students.

Transfer Day is an event for students interested in transferring to universities. This also ties with free field trips to nearby colleges such as University of California, Santa Barbara; California Polytechnic State University; and California State University, Monterey Bay that Allan Hancock provides for students.

Art exhibitions are frequent, usually held in the Ann Foxworthy Gallery.

There are a wide variety of dances performed, such as Dimensions in Dance, held every fall semester in the Marian Theatre on the Santa Maria campus. There are usually 10-12 original dances performed and choreographed by faculty and students.

Athletics
AHC athletic teams are known as the Bulldogs. The athletic program at Allan Hancock College contains fourteen men's and women's varsity teams. The college competes as a member of the California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) in the Western State Conference (WSC) for all sports except football, which competes in Southern California Football Association (SCFA). Men's sports are baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, swimming and diving, soccer, and track and field; women's sports are basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, track and field, and volleyball. The sports facilities on the Allan Hancock college campus include a physical fitness lab, swimming pool, soccer field, baseball field, track and tennis courts and softball field.

State championship appearances
In 1999, AHC advanced to the CCCAA Championship Game, ultimately falling to eventual nationally-crowned City College of San Francisco, 22-14 at Ratcliffe Stadium.

Bowl game victories
Allan Hancock owns seven bowl game wins all-time:

 * 1960 Orange Show Bowl
 * 1995 Producers Daily Bowl
 * 1999 Western State Bowl
 * 2000 Western State Bowl
 * 2011 Western State Bowl
 * 2018 American Bowl
 * 2019 Western State Bowl

NCAA Division I transfers
As of 2020, more than 64 former Bulldogs since the 2004 season had continued their football careers playing at various NCAA Division I-level programs. Following a resumption of full competition after a COVID-19 hiatus, AHC's Max Stineman added to the list in December 2021, signing a National Letter of Intent with Eastern Illinois.

Notable people

 * Cameron Artis-Payne, Carolina Panthers running back
 * Brian Asselstine, Retired major league baseball player, Atlanta Braves.
 * Kathy Bates, a motion picture star who won an Academy Award for her portrayal in the motion picture Misery, also won an Obie Award for her performance in the original off-Broadway production of Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune. A PCPA alumnus, she also has received a Los Angeles Drama Critics Award for Best Actress in a Mark Taper Forum production.
 * Mike Bratz, former NBA player with the Phoenix Suns, Cleveland Cavaliers, Golden State Warriors and Sacramento Kings.
 * Sheldon Canley, former running back in the NFL, played for the San Francisco 49ers and New York Jets.
 * Jeffrey Combs, actor, stage, screen and television (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine).
 * Gunther Cunningham, assistant head coach-linebackers for the NFL's Tennessee Titans; former head coach of the NFL's Kansas City Chiefs.
 * Ted Davidson, former MLB pitcher with the Cincinnati Reds and Atlanta Braves.
 * Carlos Diaz, former MLB player with the Atlanta Braves, New York Mets and Los Angeles Dodgers
 * Zac Efron, actor and singer.
 * Boyd Gaines, 3-time Tony award-winning actor, stage, screen and television (The Heidi Chronicles, Cabaret, Contact, Heartbreak Ridge, Evergreen).
 * Johnnie Gray, retired American safety in the National Football League.
 * Harry Groener, 3-time Tony-nominated stage actor (Oklahoma, Cats, Crazy for You).
 * Harry Hamlin, actor, stage, screen and television (L.A. Law, Clash of the Titans).
 * Mark Harelik, playwright (The Immigrant) and actor, stage, screen and television (Prison Break, Wings, The Hollow Lands, The Heidi Chronicles).
 * Winifred Hervey, Emmy and Golden Globe award-winning television producer and writer (The Steve Harvey Show, Golden Girls, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air); selected as an AACC Alumni of the Year (2001).
 * Tim Kring, television executive producer and writer (Heroes, Providence, Chicago Hope, Crossing Jordan).
 * John Madden, Pro Football Hall of Famer and Super Bowl-winning coach. After he suffered a knee injury while training for the Philadelphia Eagles, Madden went back to college at Cal Poly to receive his master's degree in education, later becoming an assistant coach at Allan Hancock College. In 1962, Madden was promoted to head coach at Hancock, where he spent two years. During his coaching at Hancock, he led them to a record of 12–6.
 * John Marshall, assistant coach-defensive line, NFL's Detroit Lions; former assistant head coach/defensive coordinator, NFL's Carolina Panthers.
 * Jeff McCarthy, Broadway and movie actor whose roles have included the "Beast" in Disney's Beauty and the Beast.
 * Kelly McGillis, award-winning film and stage actress (Top Gun, Witness, A Seagull, Twelfth Night).
 * Chuck Negron, American singer-songwriter, best known as one of the three lead vocalists in the band Three Dog Night, which he helped to form in 1968.
 * Leslie Parsons, Emmy-nominated production designer and art director (Murder, She Wrote; Falcon Crest; Star Trek: Voyager).
 * George Perry, Alzheimer's disease researcher and dean at the University of Texas at San Antonio.
 * John Rudometkin, star college basketball player at USC and then professionally for the New York Knicks and San Francisco Warriors
 * Owen W. Siler (deceased), former Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard; member of Joint Chiefs of Staff under Presidents Nixon, Ford and Carter; received California Community College Distinguished Alumni Award for 2002 from the California Community College League; Siler died July 17, 2007, at the age of 85.
 * Bryn Smith, retired major league pitcher for the Colorado Rockies, Montreal Expos, and St. Louis Cardinals.

title: Allan Hancock College


text:
Lunar underwing

The lunar underwing (Omphaloscelis lunosa) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1809. It has a scattered distribution in western Europe including Spain, Scandinavia and Algeria.

This is a variable species, the forewings ranging from pale buff to dark brown although the paler forms are generally more common. The forewings are usually marked with two dark stigmata and a black streak near the apex. The hindwings are whitish marked with a dark moon-shaped crescent on the hindwing is partially diagnostic and which gives the moth its English name.

Description
The wingspan is 32–38 mm. Forewing varying from pale greyish ochreous to rufous and dark purple brown, the veins generally pale; upper stigmata distinct and filled up with dark, with distinct pale outlines; inner and outer lines double with paler centres, the inner obliquely curved out, the outer simply sinuous; submarginal line pale, preceded by a row of dark spots, and on costa by a black blotch or bar; hindwing whitish, suffused with grey, especially in the female, with large grey cell spot and interrupted submarginal band. The type form is dull red without pale veins; the red forms with pale veins are ab. rufa Tutt;the palest form of all is obsoleta Tutt without pale nervures; a somewhat darker, more brownish form, with the veins pale is humilis H. & Wwd.; brunnea Tutt has the ground colour deep red-brown with pale veins; in subjecta Dup. it is dark grey brown, the extreme development of which, agrotoides Guen., is blackish grey; — olivacea Vasq., from Spain, has the forewing pale olive ochreous, and rubra Vasq., also from Spain, has it pale reddish ochreous. . The larva is light brownish with dark warts, each with a short brush.

Biology
This moth flies at night from August to October and is attracted to light and flowers. The habitat is grasslands, damp pastures, downland and parks and gardens. The larva feeds on all parts of various grasses, overwintering in this form.

 * 1) The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

title: Lunar underwing


text:
Talk:World Socialist Party of the United States

NPOV
About 90% of the article is accurate, given the free indirect quoting of the WSPUS itself - I'd suggest perhaps excising the last pareagraph (or at least altering it) because that does give a partisan impression. I'll have a wee edit this afternoon.--Red Deathy 07:55, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hopefully a bit better now - I'll give it another crack later.--Red Deathy 16:19, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

I'd say that this was written by someone at the WSPUS. It's very transparent. DeeKenn (talk) 05:11, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

 * That's doubtlessly true, and also understandable. As long as NPOV is maintained, there's no great issue. I've toned down a few things here and there and I'm sure the ideology section could use a helping hand from an outsider, but the fact of authorship is neither here nor there as long as things are truthful, verifiable, and written neutrally. Carrite (talk) 16:53, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

There's multiple problems with this page. The Canadian SPC paper was called the Western Clarion for most of the time period. The link to Pritchard is to the wrong Pritchard. I don't believe the real pritchard has a wikipedia page. Does someone know how to fix this through disambiguation?Rmalhotr (talk) 22:45, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

"Pelle" spamed the wspus post with his own political views. Hardly objective. Fnbrill (talk) 01:22, 1 May 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fnbrill (talk • contribs) 00:54, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

_______________ The part about "anarchist activism" being reformist is obviously factually unsound and just sectarian slandering of anarchism by some overzealous WSMer. Someone should correct it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.71.109.147 (talk) 05:56, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Removal and revert of word press cite
Can you explain why wordpress is a reliable source? (for citing to https://bataillesocialiste.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/wsp-us-the-ussr-and-leninism-this-is-not-socialism.pdf) --Obsidi (talk) 17:34, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Nobody is citing Wordpress itself; the citation you're referring to is an official publication of the WSP(US) which happens to be reproduced on someone's blog. Though that publication certainly doesn't say anything about the WSP(US) being "libertarian socialist", so it can't be used to support the claim in the article. —Psychonaut (talk) 20:20, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * That may be true (I looked, but couldn't find it saying anything about "libertarian socialist", but its a long document I assumed I missed something until I could go over it completely. If its an official publication, you would think they would have a website somewhere where they would host it themselves.  Anyone could potential edit that document and then host it on their own site otherwise (we cant verify if it is actually there words if it isn't from them or a reliable source).  --Obsidi (talk) 02:39, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * There's also:
 * * Anarchy Magazine, Volume 3, page 178 (1963) which explicitly calls them "non-state libertarian socialists"
 * * Center for a Stateless Society which describes them as one of the "quasi-anarchistic libertarian socialist models"
 * * The "International Libertarian Socialist Alliance" page that calls them a "movement for global libertarian socialism"
 * ... to name a few. fi (talk) 04:39, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Fine, then some or all of these sources could be used to support the claim instead. (I don't know anything about their reliability, though unlike the WSP(US) publication at least they actually use the proposed wording.)  However, it would probably also be good to mention and cite the WSP(US)'s own denials that it is a "libertarian socialist" or "libertarian communist" organization, which can be found in its various publications.  (I don't have access to these at the moment, and their website is currently down, though their opposition to libertarian socialist/communist movements is alluded to on the page "What We Are Not" on a rather ancient version of their website which is still archived online.) —Psychonaut (talk) 09:22, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * If they reject the label then I think you could make a case for either including it or not. The point is, it deserves discussion. fi (talk) 09:35, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

an editor readded libertarian socialism without discuss and with a source. no where in the source does it mention libertarian, without objection i will tag and eventually remove the ideology unless a source with the actual term is presented. Darkstar1st (talk) 12:26, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Did you perhaps overlook the previous section, where said editor is discussing the claim and has proposed various sources? Your contribution to that discussion would be welcome. —Psychonaut (talk) 12:44, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * i did and have offered no debate as none of the sources above were inserted into the article. of the 3 sources above, i could find none that mentioned world socialist party of the u s and libertarian socialism. perhaps an editor could provide the exact text, if so i would be happy to improve the source. Darkstar1st (talk) 13:09, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I've merged this section with the one above. Now that I've read the citations provided by User:Finx, I can confirm that none mentions the WSP(US) by name.  Two of them mention the party's umbrella organization, the World Socialist Movement, and one of them (contrary to his claim of an "explicit" mention) doesn't appear to name the WSP(US) or WSM at all.  In case I have overlooked something, User:Finx, could you please provide the full quotations from each source which mention both the WSP(US) itself and the "libertarian socialist" descriptor?  —Psychonaut (talk) 13:31, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No, and I'm short of caring. If one is an extension of the other then it makes sense that a reference "explicitly" applying to one applies to the other the same. Anarchy, I just misread because I was in a hurry while reverting a POV-warrior's little crusade. I generally don't edit Marxist articles because I don't know enough about Marxism. Speaking of which, can you elaborate on your bizarre claim earlier that these self-proclaimed Marxists categorically denied being Marxists? Haven't seen a source on that. If I had to guess, impossibilism is probably the most correct label, but they actually do deny that one. fi (talk) 19:11, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * As I recall, your argument that the WSP(US) describes itself as "Marxist" rests solely on the existence of an article they had published about Marxism. Do you really profess to see no distinction between writing about something and claiming to be something? —Psychonaut (talk) 20:08, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Then I suppose you should correct this article, as well as the one on the WSM as a whole, since they both describe the group, above all else, as Marxists. fi (talk) 21:04, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Neither article states that the groups describe themselves as Marxist, so there's nothing to correct here apart from your own misconception about how the groups identify themselves. If reliable third parties call them Marxist, then according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, that's how they ought to be described in their respective articles. (Though as I mentioned upthread, their published objections or qualifications concerning this characterization should probably be noted as well.) —Psychonaut (talk) 22:22, 23 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Both articles describe them as classical Marxists, in political philosophy/ideology/lead sections. My "misconceptions" aside, it seems rather worth noting that they do not agree. fi (talk) 00:38, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

For the record, I'm undoing User:Darkstar1st's latest edit because the edit summary is just plain false (which probably says something the for editor's sincerity and diligence on this whole crusade). I have nothing at all invested in whether the WSM gets labeled libsoc, or anything else for that matter. If consensus is that a label is a bad fit, or that they weren't impossibilists, or somehow only ironically Marxist, or that they were really staunchly conservative anticommunists, or whatever, that's perfectly fine by me. There's no need to say that references weren't given when requested. They were. fi (talk) 06:36, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Darkstar1st's edit summary says the reference is being removed because the "source does not mention libertarian socialist". He is correct, and two further users here (myself and User:Obsidi) have independently confirmed that the term appears nowhere in the source.  Having read this discussion yourself, you must have known this as well, and yet you reinserted the reference anyway.  When people knowingly introduce false information into articles, this is considered vandalism, and engaging in this behaviour repeatedly can lead to a loss of editing privileges.  Please either undo your edit, or else replace the spurious reference with a correct one. —Psychonaut (talk) 08:50, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Again, there's references up above calling the WSM libsoc, provided on your and User:Darkstar1st's request. You're welcome. Insert them if you want, or discount and ignore them if you want, with an edit that notes what you've actually decided to do, instead of some made-up nonsense about there not being a source given in discussion. That's the only bullshit here. Please don't waste any more of my time with these blathering, irrelevant temper tantrums, as you have done repeatedly both on article talk pages and on ANI. If you believe I'm guilty of vandalism, take it to the noticeboards. I will not be undoing my edit. User:Darkstar1st's nonsense edit statement was either the product of gross incompetence or dishonesty, and I really don't care which. I have made myself perfectly clear and if you want a slap-fight, go take it to a message board. fi (talk) 09:55, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * To be perfectly clear, then, you will allow User:Darkstar1st's edit to stand as long as he explicitly states that he is discounting the sources you proffered above? —Psychonaut (talk) 11:09, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * To be blunt, I'm absolutely baffled how the user hasn't been permanently blocked or at least topic banned yet for repeated wingnutty histrionics on the same political topics again and again, without showing hardly any serious interest in contributing to Wikipedia; but apart from that, like I said, I'm not dropping in sources to interfere with consensus. I did it on the naive assumption that somebody involved with this topic might be interested in writing a better article. If libsoc is not appropriate, okay then. If they're not really Marxists, then they're not Marxists. So, in a word, yes. I have this offbeat opinion that "discussion" involves some level of consideration or at least acknowledgement when you make non-rhetorical "requests" and others actually answer them. fi (talk) 11:22, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * While you're at it, I would also strongly recommend marking "Classical Marxist" and "Impossibilist" (an exclusively Marxist tendency) with a "dubious" or "citation needed," as you've stated emphatically (though, of course, unsurprisingly, without a shred of evidence) that the left communists described in all of these articles in fact adamantly rejected the Marxist label while handing out pamphlets titled "GUIDE TO MARXISM." It would also follow to remove this section of the article on impossibilism. Best of luck. fi (talk) 10:28, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

Regarding "bogus" sources
User:Darkstar1st - please elaborate, for the benefit of future editors, why you've judged the sources "bogus" as ruled in your last edit. fi (talk) 11:41, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * bogus 1, you struckthru, this means you agree your source is invalid.
 * bogus 2, this blog post/?RS? was written by the obscure writer Kevin Carson  the day before the tagged category was reverted. not scholarly or peer reviewed, the piece is opinion citing no sources nor mentioned in secondary sources.
 * bogus 3, both 2 and 3 refer to the world socialist movement, not the us party specifically. the WSM does not mention the term libertarian on their site. the http://www.wspus.org/ is offline, so maybe we can use that as a source when the account is reinstated? Darkstar1st (talk) 01:48, 28 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Okay, just some comments. On the first, the source is perfectly valid and in no way "bogus" (it's a well known anarchist journal), but the passage says something different pertaining to something else (as far as I can tell, the global and historical socialist movement, not the WSM specifically), so that's out. On the second, it may have popped up high in search results because it was recent, but Carson's a pretty well known and notable commentator (probably the most widely known Mutualist today), so I'm not sure why you're trying to delete that BLP article. Do a quick search, and you'll quickly find it's not just a random guy with a twitter account. You seem very eager to wholly erase any material you disagree with from WP the very moment you discover it. On the third, the larger political group includes the smaller one, so it seems valid. So, I'm not sure how calling any of the sources "bogus" is appropriate, but I still have no firm opinion on the label one way or the other. Would you mind posting an RfC? If you want to remove it after that's posted, I'll leave that be, though I think the tag is probably more appropriate in the meantime. fi (talk) 06:15, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

libertarian socialism
the category has been challenged and tagged. the tag was removed without discussion and no source was added to the article. the party does not claim to be libertarian socialist. the ideology should be removed, or a source added to the article. Darkstar1st (talk) 07:27, 17 March 2015 (UTC)


text:
Brett Kebble

Roger Brett Kebble (19 February 1964 – 27 September 2005) was a South African mining magnate with close links to factions in the ruling political party, the African National Congress. Known to be personally eccentric, he became a major player in South African gold and diamond mining from the mid-1990s, especially through black economic empowerment deals, but was embroiled in allegations of corporate fraud and misconduct, the extent of which was revealed only after his death. He was shot dead on 27 September 2005 in Johannesburg. The investigation into his death, involving several prominent businessmen and politicians, received significant public attention. His name was also prominent in media coverage of Jackie Selebi's 2009 corruption trial. 2010 court testimony revealed that Kebble was killed by hit men hired by his security chief, allegedly at his own request – an apparent suicide-by-murder. However, the complete circumstances surrounding his death remain unclear.

Life and career
Kebble was born in the mining town of Springs, on the East Rand. He matriculated from St. Andrew's School, Bloemfontein, and earned a law degree from the University of Cape Town in 1986. He was an articled clerk at Mallinicks thereafter. He entered mining in 1991, when he and his father, a former mining engineer, acquired a controlling stake in Rand Leases Gold Mining and later acquired leadership of Randgold & Exploration through a hostile takeover. In partnership with Mzi Khumalo as part of a black economic empowerment deal, Kebble bought a controlling stake in JCI in 1995, though his and Khumalo's relationship later soured. At one point or another, he had a substantial interest in several other mid-size mining companies, including Randex, Randgold Resources, Consolidated African Mines, Harmony, Western Areas, and Durban Deep; and he was involved in numerous black economic empowerment deals.

Under his leadership, and to finance its R4-billion acquisition of the South Deep gold mine, Western Areas sold a half-interest in South Deep to a rival firm and hedged production forward at a low price, to disastrous consequences when the gold price increased. Subsequently, Kebble's reputation declined. On 30 August 2005, he was deposed from the companies he controlled – Western Areas, JCI, and Randgold & Exploration – as a condition of loans to keep the companies afloat, and amid concerns about financial irregularities and corporate governance lapses. At that point, 14.4 million shares in Randgold Resources were missing – Kebble claimed that they had been loaned out – and Randgold & Exploration had been suspended from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and delisted from Nasdaq for failing to publish its 2004 financial results. The South African National Prosecuting Authority later said that, at the time of his death, Kebble had been facing prosecution for fraud and contravention of the Stock Exchanges Control Act.

Ties to the ANC
Kebble was reported to be a member of the African National Congress (ANC), and was certainly one of its major financiers, especially in the Western Cape. He was reportedly allied with the ANC Youth League and with Jacob Zuma, who, during the early 2000s, led an internal faction of the ANC which opposed President Thabo Mbeki. After his death, party members honoured him in the media and at his funeral, and Essop Pahad gave the eulogy.

Death
He was shot dead near a bridge over the M1 in Abbotsford, Johannesburg at around 9 p.m. on 27 September 2005, aged 41, while driving to a dinner engagement with his business associate, Sello Rasethaba. He was shot several times while in the driver's seat of his Mercedes. Forensic scientist Dr David Klatzow's investigation was the first to suggest that Kebble had been shot by people known to him with a pistol using 'low-velocity' ammunition used by bodyguards and security operatives. The purpose of such bullets, which require a specially adapted pistol, was to hit assassins and terrorists without passing through their bodies and hitting bystanders or hostages. Despite the closer range, the gunpowder burns in general were not severe, providing further evidence that the ammunition was of a special "reduced charge". Klatzow was also first to suggest that Kebble had committed assisted suicide.

Trial of Glen Agliotti
On 16 November 2006, businessman Glenn Agliotti was arrested in connection with Kebble's murder. Agliotti, a convicted drug-dealer, was a personal friend of Jackie Selebi, the National Commissioner of the South African Police Service. Agliotti admitted, and Selebi confirmed, that he had called Selebi shortly after Kebble's death, from near the scene of the murder. Although Kebble's family denied that he would have committed suicide, Agliotti claimed that his death had been an "assisted suicide." In its indictment of Kebble on 27 October 2008, the National Prosecuting Authority gave credence to this claim: it recognised that Kebble had orchestrated his own murder, and sought to prosecute Agliotti for his involvement in the plot. In 2009, while Agliotti was awaiting trial, Selebi was prosecuted for corruption, accused of accepting bribes and gifts from Kebble, Agliotti, and businessman Billy Rautenbach in exchange for information and preferential police treatment. During that trial, Agliotti testified that Kebble's security chief, Clinton Nassif, had, at Kebble's request, hired three hit men – Mikey Schultz, Nigel McGurk, and Faizel Smith – to shoot and kill him.

Agliotti was ultimately charged with Kebble's murder; conspiracy to murder Kebble; the attempted murder of Stephen Mildenhall, an Allan Gray fund manager; and conspiracy to murder three other executives, Danie Nortier, Mark Bristow, and Mark Wellesley-Wood. When his trial began in the South Gauteng High Court, following several delays, in July 2010, Agliotti pleaded not guilty to all charges. Early in the trial, one of the hit men, Mikey Schultz, confirmed Kebble's claim that he, McGurk, and Smith had been hired by Nassif – at a fee of R2 million – to assist Kebble in his own suicide. Schultz said that he had himself pulled the trigger and had shot Kebble five times.

Schultz also testified that all of his instructions had come from Nassif, and thus admitted that he could not directly implicate Agliotti in the planning or execution of Kebble's death. In November 2010, Agliotti was acquitted when the court ruled that the state had not made a prima facie case against him. The Scorpions, the elite unit of the National Prosecuting Authority which pursued Agliotti's prosecution before it was disbanded, was criticised for having indemnified Nassif, Schultz, and others implicated in the murder. Some called it a "botched prosecution."

Alleged criminal activities
During the Selebi trial, it emerged that Agliotti had acted as middleman between Selebi and Kebble at a fee of $1 million, paid from the JCI books. Kebble employees had offered holidays to Selebi's family and, through Selebi, had provided equipment to the police, and Selebi had attended dinners at the Kebbles' Johannesburg home and intervened in matters on their behalf. The Scorpions also investigated accusations that Kebble made millions of rands in disguised payments to the ANC and its affiliates.

During the Agliotti trial, Schultz testified that Kebble, through John Stratton, ordered the murder of several people, including Martin Welz, the editor of Noseweek. Smith, another of the hit men hired by Nassif, said that he had paid two men to shoot an Allan Gray fund manager, Stephen Mildenhall, in August 2005, shortly after Kebble had been required to resign from his companies as a condition for a R500 million loan from Allan Gray.

Randgold Resources fraud
After Kebble's death, his companies submitted to forensic investigations. It transpired that Kebble and other directors at JCI appropriated and sold 21.8 million shares of Randgold Resources – worth some R2 billion – held by Randgold & Exploration. Some of the proceeds were channeled into Western Areas, the other mining company controlled by Kebble. Legal action has since been ongoing to resolve the issue of the missing Randgold Resources shares. On 21 January 2010, a revised settlement agreement was signed between the JCI Group and the Randgold & Exploration Group. In 2019, Randgold & Exploration claimed it was owed R2.7 billion by Kebble's estate.

Sale of art collection
His art collection went under the hammer on 6 May 2009. Bidders from as far as Australia, New Zealand and Pennsylvania were at the auction. One hundred and thirty-three pieces of art were sold for ZAR53.90 million. This falls short of the one billion rand that he was said to have squandered.

The Brett Kebble Art Awards
Kebble was the controversial patron of the Brett Kebble Art Awards (BKAA) which he established in 2003 to provide a showcase for established artists, and to help those less known to attain recognition. It was also meant to build a non-racial bridge into the 21st century.

The Kebble as it became known, was the most inclusive award of its kind (often criticized for including a "craft" category to be judged on par with the other mediums like painting, sculpture, printmaking and photography) in South Africa. Adding to this, it was also the richest, having a total purse of R620 000 (roughly $98 000) with a grand prize of R200 000 (roughly $32 000).

After Kebble's murder, his family decided to cancel the 2006 awards.

In February 2006, artist Deborah Weber opened a solo exhibition in Johannesburg called Art Media Media Art on the same day that the BKAA were to open at the Cape Town International Convention Centre. She explored the time trajectory from being selected as an artist for the 2004 Kebble Art Awards, to working on the awards in 2005, and ending with Brett Kebble's death in September 2005.

title: Brett Kebble


text:
Khumulwng

Khumulwng is a town in the West Tripura district in the Indian state of Tripura. It is the headquarters and the largest town of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.

History
Khumulwng was established in 1991. The TTAADC headquarters was shifted to the town from 1996 onwards.

Geography
It is situated 18 km from Agartala.

Kokchap Nok
The most beautiful landmark of the town is the Kaunsil Nok (Council House) located right in the heart of the town. This structure houses the legislative body of the TTAADC (Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council).

Demographics
The ethnic population of the town are the Tripuri people formed about 99% in the area, rest are others. The predominant language is Kokborok. The other most used language is Bengali which is also used as a lingua franca.

Culture
Various socio-cultural clubs are coming up to develop the local culture, flora and fauna. The cultural beauty and abundance in Khumulwng is invaluable. The town is a blend of Tipra culture and the Christian influence. We see people celebrating the Goria Ter as well as the Christmas with much joyfulness. Most of the people, by profession, here are either government employees and their families or business oriented.

Churches
There are many Churches in and around the town area, most notably

St.Thomas Believers Eastern Church:- Believers Eastern Church Tripura was established by Rev.Anil Kumar Debbarma, who is now known as Bishop Anil Mor Philemon, the first Ordained Bishop of BEC among the tripuri community, in the month of February 1996 (his wife Suchitra Debbarma was also present throughout the journey of BEC Tripura). It started as Gospel for Asia (GFA) Bible training center with only 30 students. Gospel for Asia Bible training center (now known BEC minor seminary) is the first Bible college in Tripura. At present, the BEC church campus in Khumulwng stays as the headquarter for the four mission dioceses under Believers Eastern Church Tripura. This church and the seminary was established while Khumulwng was still a forest area with very less people living there. Being the first Bible college of Tripura, it was not easy for the pioneers to not face any troublesome days.

On every December a fair is organized by the group of local churches where people of all walks of life and from all faith participate to show their brotherhood.
 * Khumulwng Baptist Church:- This church was established on 22 March 1998. Rev.Chuanshekhor Debbarma, Dn. Bhupendra Debbarma, Dn. Hemchandra Debbarma and many Christians of Khumulwng area had faced many barriers to established the Church at Khumulwng. At that time the church had a thatch roofed prayer house. It has now a beautiful Church building which was designed by Er. Dhaniram Debbarma and Er. Ranjit Debbarma and built during his 10 years tenure(2001–2010) as Secretary of the Church. This church has 471 members(AS per census 2010).
 * Zion Baptist Church
 * Joygobin Baptist Church
 * Khakchangma Baptist Church
 * Dashram Baptist Church
 * Galili Baptist Church
 * Immanuel Baptist Church
 * Rangchak Baptist Church
 * Mwichwnghar Baptist Church
 * Presbyterian Church

Khumulwng Museum and Heritage Centre
Khumulwng Museum and Heritage Centre is a popular destination for tourist who visits the scenic town. It houses the indigenous Tiprasa culture and folk art. It also have collections of rare Tiprasa jewelleries, crafts, instruments and paintings. The museum exhibits the Indigenous Tiprasa cultures related to dresses, cloths, real life sized sculptures and inscriptions. Annually, it gets a visitors above thousand.

Economy
Khumulwng act as the junction of transportation and business for the interior villages. It is fast emerging as the local business hub amongst the TTAADC.

Banks
The banks present in the town are:

 * State Bank of India

 * United Bank of India
 * Tripura Gramin Bank

Markets
There are some markets in the town area catering to the growing needs of the town population. They are:
 * Dukmali Hati, the main central market of the town
 * Khumulwng Super Market
 * Salka Hati Multicomplex

Schools
There are three important schools in Khumulwng. They are:
 * Yakhili Academy, a privately run school by Sadar North Baptist Association.
 * Khumpui Academy, school run by TTAADC.
 * Khumpui Academy Annexe, an adjacent branch of the Khumpui Academy established in 2021.
 * Eklayva High School, a central government school.
 * Sal Sampili (SASA) Academy, a private English Medium school.

Colleges

 * Government General Degree College, Khumulwng
 * Government Polytechnic Institute, Khumulwng
 * Industrial Training Institute, Khumulwng
 * NIELIT, Khumulwng
 * Tripura Tribal Folk Music College
 * TTAADC Polytechnic Institute, Khumulwng
 * Borok Paramedical Institution & Technology, Khumulwng

Government
Khumulwng is the capital and the headquarter of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Government. Presently, the council is led by the Tipra Motha Party since the 2021 election.

Transport
Khumulwng can be accessed through road with the Assam-Agartala National Highway 44. The nearest stop on the highway is in Jirania (3 km) and the newly developing junction of Madhob Kami (2 km).

Khumulwng Motor Stand
It is located in the center of the town and is a place for motor vehicles running to neighbouring towns of Agartala, Jirania and Jampuijala.

Railway station
The nearest railway station is Jirania Railway Station, 3 km away from the town across the river Haora.

Airport
The nearest airport is Agartala Airport located about 35 km away.

Town hall
Khumulwng has a Town-Hall situated near the Kaunsil Nok which is used by the people of the town for organizing various programs and functions.

Park
Across the Town-Hall is a park, used often as a picnic spot which is surrounded on three sides by a man-made lake.

Hospital
There is a government run hospital named as Kherengbar Hospital to serve the needs of the town and the surrounding population.

Stadium
There is a stadium in the town constructed by the Government which hosts many events and parades.

Kokborok Library
The Kokborok Language Library is situated in Khumulwng near the stadium and is run by the TTAADC administration.

Festival of Indigenous Tiprasa (FIT)
The Festival of Indigenous Tiprasa or FIT is a musical festival organised by Sports and Youth Affairs Department of the TTAADC Government in Khumulwng. It was first held in 2021 for three days long. Famous artists that performed in FIT are Borkung Hrangkhawl, Bollywood singer Papon and Lucky Ali.

TBYF
A huge gathering called Tripura Baptist Youth Fellowship was organized on 28–30 January 2005 in Khumulwng Baptist Church. The total delegation crossed 1500 strength. Delegates came from all over Tripura and even from Mizoram. Executives of TBCU, Zoram Baptist Mission and Evangelical Church of Maraland also took part in the fellowship. Different tribes of Tripura came and mingled with each other as if all were the same, like all in one, in Christ. The fellowship included Musical Meet, Discussions and Bible Classes.

title: Khumulwng


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User:Gergyl

Glen Fergus, Brisbane, Australia...

Images:

 * Birds
 * Mammals
 * Glaciers
 * Places
 * Climate
 * Machines

Scratch:

 * User:Gergyl/Scratch
 * User:Gergyl/PT

title: User:Gergyl


text:
Talk:Venado Middle School

AFD
This article has been kept following this AFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:56, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Including Classes and Other Things
I'm in the process of adding classes. And I plan to add the staff and other school information(such as location, principal, colors). Is anything I have done completely wrong? In my opinion, I have been NPOV, but take out/change whatever you think is not. I have been "bold" in my editing as Wikipedia says, I guess. Is the adding of classes that important, or should I take it out? Lime 02:11, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Howdy, Lime. I've deleted the classes section on the basis that it falls under WP:NOT. Comparisons to a paper encyclopedia are not perfect, but think of it this way: would you look in the Encyclopedia Brittanica for a class listing at this school? This information is easily available at the school's website or from the school itself. Cheers. --F a ng Aili 16:14, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

I realized that a while ago, but didn't have the time to delete it. Thank you. Lime 03:02, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Cha Cha Rumba!

title: Talk:Venado Middle School


text:
User talk:Tcgem

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Academic Challenger 07:56, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tcgem


text:
Danseys Pass

Danseys Pass (often incorrectly referred to as Dansey's Pass or Dansey Pass) (el. 935 m.) is a mountain pass located in the Kakanui Range in the South Island of New Zealand.

The pass itself is located at the boundary of the Waitaki and the Central Otago districts. In this location, it is also the boundary between the Canterbury and Otago regions. The road lies between the Maniototo plain (part of the Taieri River water catchment) and the northern foothills of the Kakanui Mountains (part of the Waitaki River catchment). Much of the road going over Danseys Pass is unsealed and is occasionally cut directly from the Haast Schist bedrock. The road was built for the owners of large sheep runs, the brothers Allan McLean and John McLean.

Though not a major arterial road, the pass is a fairly well-used link between the towns of Naseby and Ranfurly in the south and Duntroon, in North Otago. Also, if State Highway 1 between Hampden and Moeraki is closed, it is the closest detour, despite adding over 100 km to the journey.

The locality of Danseys Pass is located approximately halfway between the pass and Duntroon on the eastern side within the Waitaki District. The historic Danseys Pass Coach Inn/Danseys Pass Hotel is located on the western side within the Central Otago District, at the locality known as Kyeburn Diggings or Upper Kyeburn, north of Kyeburn.

The pass and road are named after William Heywood Dansey. He was the lessee of the Otekaike run from 1857 to 1871 who, in 1855 with three companions, was the first European to cross the pass in search for land in the Maniototo district.

title: Danseys Pass


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