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Wikipedia:WikiProject Neuroscience

Welcome to  WikiProject Neuroscience, a project that aims to create and improve all Wikimedia neuroscience and brain-related resources. Welcome also Society for Neuroscience members! Please see here for information on how to get started.

Don't forget to add User Neuroscience to your userboxes!

Article alerts

Comprehensive, Understandable, Accurate
The goal of this project is to help Wikimedia provide comprehensive, understandable, and accurate resources on neuroscience-related topics. We aim to ensure that all neuroscience-related articles on Wikipedia are clear, well-referenced, and include proper use of media, and that all neuroscience-related resources on other Wikimedia projects are comprehensive. The end product should be resources with in-depth, qualitative information that are accessible enough to be encyclopedia articles but well-referenced enough for academic use.

To fulfill these aims, the project will initially focus on articles covering broad ideas and concepts. The project will then develop more detailed, specific articles as well as other types of resources. This top-down approach will allow Wikipedia to serve immediately as a useful resource that becomes more detailed over time, with other Wikimedia projects following suit.

This project's approach is to cover the brain from a cross-species, multidisciplinary perspective. This should provide detailed information about the distinct differences between species, and explain some possible evolutionary/ecological reasons for such differences. We aim to integrate information from the cellular/molecular level all the way up to the cognitive/clinical level.

The history of neuroscience will also be an area of focus. The progress of theories and ideas is important to understanding current scientific thinking. This includes "History" sections in articles, biography articles, articles on refuted theories, and articles about historical institutions. For people interested specifically in contributing to the history of neuroscience content, visit this page.

Simplicity and depth
Basic questions should have simple answers. A major goal of this project is to ensure that neuroscience resources are not only comprehensive enough for a specialist, but should be engagingly presented and simple enough for laymen and children alike.

Areas of coverage
The following is a list of areas which this project hopes to cover. There will, no doubt, be overlap with existing and related projects but this can only help.

(Statistics on most-viewed neuroscience pages.)

Wikipedia

 * Cognitive neuroscience
 * Cognitive psychology
 * Cognitive psychophysiology
 * Computational neuroscience
 * Cultural neuroscience
 * Developmental cognitive neuroscience
 * Neural development
 * Neural engineering
 * Neuroanatomy
 * Neuroanthropology
 * Neurobiology
 * Neurochemistry
 * Neuroethics
 * Neuroimaging
 * Neurolinguistics
 * Neurology
 * Neurophilosophy
 * Neuropsychology
 * Neuroscience
 * Philosophy of mind
 * Psychiatry
 * Psychopharmacology
 * Social Neuroscience
 * Social cognitive neuroscience
 * Systems neuroscience

Wikiversity

 * Neuroscience
 * Fundamentals of Neuroscience

How you can help
Anybody can help! Some things to do include:

 * 1) Identify target articles-particularly covering fundamental concepts and ideas.
 * 2) Improve and discuss the proposed structures of articles.
 * 3) Improve articles yourself!
 * 4) Assess article quality and article importance in relation to neuroscience (see WikiProject Neuroscience/Assessment)
 * 5) Leave comments on the WikiProject Neuroscience talk page for feedback.
 * 6) Upload images related to neuroscience
 * 7) *Our greatest need at the moment is for images, such as photos, figures, or drawings, that convey scientifically important messages. We currently lack good illustrations for many of the most basic concepts in neuroscience; for example, we don't have a good electron micrograph of an ordinary synapse.  If you are the owner of any graphics that might be useful, and are willing to make them available under a license that makes them usable in Wikipedia (you can require attribution, but can't forbid commercial use or modification), please donate them to Wikimedia Commons.  Artistic merit is always nice, but scientific value is more important.  Image donations will be very much appreciated even if you don't make any other contribution to Wikimedia.  If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on the WikiProject Neuroscience talk page.

Focus articles
This section lists relatively complete articles which are fundamental to neuroscience which should be worked on to meet Featured Article criteria. This section emphasizes the general before the specific.
 * Neuroscience/Neurobiology: This really should be a better article. We need images, history, etc. We can borrow some history from brain.
 * Brain: Underway! Note: much being put in the brain article belongs in the human brain article.
 * Human brain
 * Autonomic nervous system
 * Central nervous system
 * Neuron

Lists of other content to work on include:
 * List of neuroscience topics
 * Popular WP:Neuroscience-tagged pages
 * ...and pretty much everything in Category:Neuroscience stubs.

Participants
To add yourself to this list, please edit this page and follow the instructions, taking care to maintain alphabetical order.

 * 1) Achaea (talk) 20:25, 27 December 2019 (UTC); Neuroscience PhD student studying place cell in hippocampus.
 * 2) Aeffenberger (contribs); PhD student studying neurodegenerative diseases. Interested in neuroimmunology.
 * 3) Alex Tan (contribs); A medical officer currently working emergency department shifts - will do copyedits and basic checks for correctness and consistency.
 * 4) Amygdalian; Neuroscientist now working in science administration / management
 * 5) Andorin (contribs); (Soon to be) Grad Student in mathematics. Interested in dendritic computation, neurodynamics, parameter estimation and mean field theories. Will do what I can, when I can.
 * 6) Arcadian (contribs); BS computers and psychology, MS computers, currently med student
 * 7) Benjamin Svejgaard; Grad student, pursuing MD and BSc in Cognitive Psychology. New to Wikipedia, eager to contribute.
 * 8) BillO'Slatter (talk); Survivor of many tertiary courses.
 * 9) Brad English; Aspiring neural engineer currently taking Human Physiology, Bioinformatics, Programmed Cell Death and Medical Neuroscience at Coursera.org. On a quest to discern whether or not biological immortality is obtainable within my lifetime.
 * 10) Brainist (talk); Medical student interested in anything related to the brain.
 * 11) Constantine Michailidis (contribs); Medical student interested in Applied Neuroscience and Brain-Computer Interfacing.
 * 12) Claire; Brain bee competitor, working at the crossroads of computer science and neuroscience (especially artificial intelligence).
 * 13) CFCF (contribs); Medical student and cognitive science student.
 * 14) Cffisac (talk); PhD student working in neural engineering.
 * 15) CopperKettle (contribs); Just an amateur, interested in psychiatry and neuroscience, more specifically - in the brain development (Reelin pathway) and the mechanisms of schizophrenia. I try to contribute both to Russian and English wikipedias. --CopperKettle 06:33, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 16) D15724C710N (talk) (contribs); Neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and psychology are my main interests, though my background is in computer science.
 * 17) Dailysampler (talk); Currently studying a BSc Medical Science. Also a volunteer research assistant in computational neuroscience.
 * 18) danielkueh (talk) I study neural development.
 * 19) DaringDonna (talk);  Interested layperson
 * 20) David Iberri (contribs); I'm a grad student in physiology and make most of my neuroscience edits while studying for exams.
 * 21) Di4gram (talk) BSc Psychology, minor biology, academic focus on behavioral neuroscience and hoping to enter graduate school next year. Finishing my Honours thesis on fear conditioning and the impact it has on social behavior in Zebrafish because rats are too expensive for undergrads. Specific interest in NMDA antagonism and hippocampal neuroplasticity, as well as translational neuroscience. 22:48, 28 April 2017 (UTC)
 * 22) delldot (contribs); I'm working on an undergraduate thesis on excitotoxicity in traumatic brain injury and I'm interested in contributing to articles related to those and other topics.
 * 23) Didiogiorgio (contribs); I am a PhD student focused on computational neuroscience, I am willing to help updating references and adding new concepts I find from new articles.
 * 24) Dr Peter James Chisholm (Talk to me about anything) 13:47, 12 January 2019 (UTC) B Med Sc in impulsivity, MBBS, broad general expereince, significant experience in infectious diseases, addiction and ADHD specialist effectively if my countries medical system allowed me to prescribe, which is currently under legal consideration. --Dr Peter James Chisholm (Have a chat, I think quite laterally) 13:47, 12 January 2019 (UTC)
 * 25)  Demonic Party Hat  talk ; Student interested in medicine, pharmacology, and neuroscience. Future MD, MPH, possibly also with an MS in neuroscience.
 * 26) Dr.Ashlesh.P (talk) (contribs); I am Physiologist with special interest in cognitive neurosciences.
 * 27) Falk; master student in computational neuroscience at ETH Zurich.
 * 28) Famousdog (talk); BSc in Psychology, PhD in vision science.
 * 29) Fernandahansen (talk); --> BSc in Medical Physics, PhD candidate in Translational Medicine/Neuroscience.
 * 30) Hypoplectrus (contribs) M.D., interested in consciousness, psychoanalysis, psychology, psychiatry
 * 31) Iztwoz (contribs)
 * 32) JeremyA (contribs)
 * 33) John Schmidt (contribs); "I just noticed this project. Thanks for a good excuse for me to pay more attention to neuro articles. I have a special interest in learning and memory".
 * 34) JonathanWilliford (talk) (contribs); BS and (Almost) MS in Computer Science with focus on Machine Learning. (Soon to be) PhD Student in Neuroscience.
 * 35) Kenneth Ricciardi; Hospital Teacher in Neuroradiology, Expert in Diffusion tensor Tractography, with special interest in Corticospinal Tract and presurgical planning.
 * 36)  Keziah Chow; Undergrad student in Neuroscience and Biochemistry interested in neural plasticity and its role in memory, learning, and human psychological development, especially in children.
 * 37) Kim van der Linde Post-doc in neurobiology, specifically relation between circadian clock, neuroanatomy and circadian modulation of alcohol sensitivity.
 * 38) Kku (talk) (contribs) Ph.D. in Physiology. Thesis on EEG, neuroscience and cybernetics, biopsychology.
 * 39) Laboz125 (talk) Bsc in chemistry, currently pursuing a master's degree in neurochemistry and molecular neurobiology. I am interested in the neuroscience of addiction, anxiety, and depression.
 * 40) Laurenschneider210 (talk) Science communicator with a bachelors degree in neuroscience and research experience in neurodegeneration.
 * 41) Lenov (talk) (contribs); Ph.D. specializing in computational neurobiology, synaptic plasticity, addiction.
 * 42) Looie496 (talk) (contribs); Ph.D. specializing in computational neuroscience of learning and memory.
 * 43)  Lova Falk   talk  (contribs) Psychologist. Works clinically with assessment of ADHD / ASD in children.
 * 44) Mark viking (talk); (contribs;) I did a postdoc in computational neuroscience and machine learning. I have interests in neurophysics and neurogenetics, too.
 * 45) Michael Naunton (contribs) Compsci/AI, now focused on the hippocampus/medial entrorhinal cortex.
 * 46) MTHarden (talk); (contribs;)PhD Candidate in behavioral neuroscience interested in expanding coverage of animal models in the behavioral sciences.
 * 47) Mysteriumen (talk contribs) ; Student of Pharmacy
 * 48) Neurogeek (contribs); "PhD, 2006; Occasional editor."
 * 49) Neurofreak (contribs); "Graduate student; Master's in Clinical Neuroscience."
 * 50) Nrets (contribs); "My main area of specialization is cellular neuroscience and electrophysiology."
 * 51) Oldak Quill (contribs); "A neuroscience undergraduate with a wide range of interests within and without neuroscience. My interests cover a wide range within the field: neuroanatomy, cognitive neuroscience, neuropathology and so-called "neurophilosophy" (including future studies considering arifical intelligence and brain-computer interfacing). I am, apart from this, a general Wiki(pedia) enthusiast and will thus also hope to improve the prose and structure of articles as well as their referencing and scientific worth".
 * 52) Paul Wicks (contribs); Postdoc in Parkinson's disease, PhD on motor neuron disease. Trained in psychology, specialise in neurodegenerative movement disorders, more of a neuropsychologist really.
 * 53) PeaceBoA (contribs); Neurologist/researcher, have an interest in neurology, dysautonomia and multiple system atrophy.
 * 54) PhonologicalLooper (talk) 21:01, 29 November 2022 (UTC)PhonologicalLooper ; neuropsych. student interested in dementia and related disease
 * 55) Prof. Dr. Neuroscientist; University professor
 * 56) Pushpa Ramakrishnan (talk) 06:25, 23 April 2018 (UTC)Pushpa Ramakrishnan
 * 57) Quasihuman (contribs); Undergraduate student in neuroscience. Can help with drawing diagrams, copy editing, etc. Broad interests.
 * 58) R500Mom (talk) (contribs); Mom to 4 year old identical twins with super rare Niemann Pick Type C, often called the "Childhood Alzheimer's." Speak daily with many neuroscientists and need help to get their info. onto Wikipedia.
 * 59) RaptorChief (talk) (contribs)
 * 60) razorbelle (talk) (contribs)
 * 61) Renaissancee (contribs) Layperson
 * 62) Revanchist317 (talk); Undergrad, main interest in circadian neuroscience and methods development (optogenetics)
 * 63) Richard☺Decal (talk); Computational neuroscientist.
 * 64) SR (contribs) Graduate student working towards PhDs in clinical neuropsychology & neuroscience. Focus on cortical & subcortical language networks, white matter, and aging.
 * 65) Saintfevrier(talk) Electrical engineer with interest in medicine and neuroscience. Attending a Medical Neuroscience MOOC and translating neuroscience Wikidata items to Greek along the way.
 * 66) Saintlosermisery; PhD candidate in cognitive neuroscience with a research focus on changes in functional connectivity in aging and Alzheimer Disease.
 * 67) Sallison (contribs); neurology and affective neuroscience.
 * 68) PhD student working on early visual processing in mice
 * 69) ScholarBlue (contribs); Biomedical scientist specialising in neuroscience, with an interest in the aetiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, psychiatric disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases; particularly Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease.
 * 70)  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢);
 * 71) Shari Garland (talk) 22:18, 8 February 2022 (UTC) - translator.
 * 72) Shashank Reddy.P {contribs} Im a student pursuing my Bachelors in Pharmacy
 * 73) Shushruth (contribs); Graduate student in visual neuroscience. Created the Neuroscience Portal and maintain it as schedule permits.
 * 74) Srobodao84; Clinical, graduate student, researcher; topics body image, body image disturbance, interoception.
 * 75) SJTatsu (talk) 17:31, 24 October 2018 (UTC)
 * 76) Skiingmalamute (talk) 03:36, 30 May 2019 (UTC)
 * 77) SkrikerandTrash (talk): Trained in veterinary science with a specialty in behavior, as well as in machine learning.
 * 78) Tea with toast (talk); Neuropharmacology
 * 79) Teemu08 (contribs); I'm a junior at the UIUC focusing on neuroimaging. I also have major depression, so I research that a lot as well.
 * 80) TjeerdB (talk) (contribs); PhD in human movement science. Thesis on neural dynamics of motor control.
 * 81) Tryptofish (contribs); Ph.D. biochemistry, many years tenured faculty in pharmacology and neuroscience, expertise in ion channels, happy to help with copyediting.
 * 82) Tycho (contribs)
 * 83) Vaughan (contribs); Good to see the group becoming active. I look forward to reading (and editing!) the results...
 * 84) WikiEditCrunch (contribs); Interested in general Neuroscience and  Neurochemistry.
 * 85) Xttina.Garnet (contribs) I am neuroscience master's student.
 * 86) Yuniebear (contribs) B.S in Neuroscience
 * 87) Yileying (talk) (contribs) Biophysics student, doing a neuronscience project at the moment.
 * 88) CyberTroopers (talk) 07:11, 22 October 2020 (UTC) : Medical students who are interested in everything related to the brain - anatomy, physiology, psychology, disease, medicine etc (mostly brain surgery). Founder of WikiProject Medicine in Malay Wikipedia. Interested in becoming a brain surgeon.
 * 89) Vuara (talk) Researcher in Neuroscience of Human Consciousness, Qualia.

Inactive users
''Users inactive since 2014. If you resume activity, please feel free to move your listing back up!''
 * 1) AFriedman (talk) (contribs) I am a researcher who operates an open-access laboratory on Wikiversity.
 * 2) Alan Cone (contribs); BS Biology and Neuroscience, currently a graduate student pursuing a PhD in Biology with a focus in Neuroscience. Working towards being a full-time Neuroscience Researcher and Professor.
 * 3) Anjely9 (contribs); BS Neuroscience, grad student pursuing PhD in Neuroscience
 * 4) BrianMSweis (contribs); BS Biology & Psychology, minors in Neuroscience & Philosophy expected in 2012, pursuing M.D./Ph.D. in Neuroscience beginning Fall 2012.
 * 5) David Adler(contribs) BSc Neuroscience undergraduate student with previous laboratory experience and an interest in computing
 * 6) Devon Ryan (contribs); I'm a grad student working on a novel Kir channel and a periodic paralytic disorder. I'll be making a lot of edits to the relevant pages.
 * 7) Ed Hubbard (contribs); Experimental psychologist/cognitive scientist (PhD, 2004). My research uses fMRI to explore high level perception, numerical cognition and synesthesia.
 * 8) Jean-Francois Gariepy (contribs); Ph. D. candidate in neurological sciences at the Université de Montréal, I'm mainly interested in contributing to History of Neuroscience.
 * 9) Kathryn Thomas (contribs); BS in Biomedical Engineering from Georgia Tech.
 * 10) Kernsters (contribs) Expanding neuroscience-related resources on both wikipedia and wikiversity
 * 11) Phineas G. (contribs); Grad student studying development of the cortex.
 * 12) Rhegium (contribs) Hopefully a soon-to-be Ph.D. student in neuroscience. I am particularly interested in molecular neuroscience.
 * 13) Roy Stanley (contribs); works on bioregenerate neuroscience and chemical regenerate articles. student of biogerentology.
 * 14) Selket (contribs); Doctoral student in neuroscience. Thesis focus on proprioception and BMIs.
 * 15) Shirleybayer {contribs} I am a retired Professor with a research specialty in developmental neuroscience at the cell, tissue, and organ level. I have done extensive work in rat brain development and human brain development.
 * 16) The.Filsouf (talk) (contribs) Cognitive Neuroscientist, various interests.
 * 17) Wojder (talk) (contribs) MD, PhD specialized in: neurology,  neuroanatomy,  neurophysiology.
 * 18) Xurtio (contribs); B.S. physics, theoretical neuroscience grad student, neurodynamic research.
 * 19) Crusio (talk); I'm a behavioral neurogeneticist.
 * 20) Fu Hung Shiu; Underg georgia tech student. Hopefully can contribute to wikipedia
 * 21) Jim Schwoebel (talk); BS in Biomedical Engineering - Georgia Tech. Working on a wikipedia article related to microsleeps Fall 2013.
 * 22) Travza (talk) Undergraduate psychology student with a minor in biology.
 * 23) Subkot (talk)
 * 24) Srobodao84 (talk) Topics: interoception, body image, active inference
 * 25) CatherineGCC (talk) Undergraduate Neuroscience student at Rice University

Parent WikiProject

 * WikiProject Science
 * WikiProject Biology (see Directory)

Similar WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Medicine - Neurology task force
 * WikiProject Anatomy - Category:Anatomy articles about neuroanatomy

 * WikiProject Philosophy of Mind

Related Portals

 * Science
 * Biology
 * Neuroscience
 * Mind and Brain
 * Psychology
 * Medicine

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Useful links

 * Statistics on most-viewed neuroscience pages
 * Neuroanatomy Lab Resource Appendices
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title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Neuroscience


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Talk:Shabda

The Holy Spirit, Logos and...
I removed a boldly misleading phrase from this article that is so dishonest that I simply could not leave it in. Apparently, according to the person who composed the section and without any documentation or reference to support his assertions - "Word" and "Holy Spirit" and Logos are all the same. The author furthermore equates all three of these factors with Naam. I removed this as it is not true. It may appear very entertaining to collapses rich and complicated elements of extremely divergent religious traditions into one single concept. However in order to accomplish this the process should be ethical and factually based. I would like to see some documentation inserted by the author to support his radical theses. It should also be set forth as something to be proven and not part of a list of given facts. This is very manipulative of the reader and very misleading. The Holy Spirit is a facet of the Supreme God in the Christian faith and can not be likened to Naam. Jesus, the Holy Spirit and God are all one single Being. This can be likened to the three sides of a cube which although distinct from one another are all integral parts of the cube. Or it can likened to the three roles of a man, father, son and husband. Although these are distinct roles, yet they can all remain part of one single being. Since the Holy Spirit is inseparable from God or from Jesus, how can he be Naam? Although it is the Holy Spirit which imparts the manifold gifts which can lead to sainthood, miracles and spiritual gifts such as the speaking of tongues, the Holy Spirit is not primarily associated with sound, (whether originating from within or without) with prayer or with chanting. So I don't see the connection to Naam or Shabd. Since He IS God Himself, He can not be likened to the mere heightened states of awareness brought on by spiritual practices of other religions, however transcendental or favorable such states may be. In theory, he may be the originator of such states in other religions. But that is not what the author of the article has asserted. As regards the author's comments on the Word, in Christianity, the Word refers to Jesus, who is identified as the incarnation of the Word of God. The Book of John tells us: In the beginning was the Word... Such statements that have been proposed in this article reflect a serious lack of investigation into the other religions which the author has attempted to synthesize.

Merge Inner Sound into Shabd
The term Shabd is in widespread usage among several historical and contemporary Light and Sound Paths, e.g., Sant Mat and Surat Shabd Yoga, to represent the spiritual principle of "the Essence of the Absolute Supreme Being." The term Inner Sound is one of several English synonym phrases, along with "Sound Current" and "Audible Life Stream." Consequently, I propose merging the Inner Sound article into the Shabd article with a redirect from there to here. — RDF talk 15:00, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Done.   — RDF talk 04:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

This article is making good progress; thanks to RDF. 01:10, 5 October 2005 (UTC) Sevadar.

 * Thanks. Usually, only the first reference to an article is wikilinked.  Also, an article usually is not added to the "See also" list if it is wikilinked in the body.    — RDF talk 02:39, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:27, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Shabda


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Helene Kottanner

Helene Kottanner (née Wolfram; Kottanner Ilona or Kottanner Jánosné; c. 1400 – after 1470) was a Hungarian courtier and writer. Her last name is spelled variously as Kottanner, Kottanerin, or Kottannerin. She is primarily known to history as the author of memoirs about the years 1439 and 1440, when king Albert II of Germany died and his son Ladislaus the Posthumous was born. Kottanner, who dictated her life story in German, was a kammerfrau to Queen Elizabeth of Luxembourg (1409–1442). She also assisted Queen Elisabeth in a royal succession plot.

Early life
Helene née Wolfram was born in the 1400s into a minor noble family of German ancestry from the region of Sopron County. Her father was Peter Wolfram, who was still alive in 1435. Her unidentified mother lived in Sopron and was last mentioned as a living person by contemporary records in 1442. Helene understood, but did not speak Hungarian.

Kottanner married twice and bore three children. Her first husband was Peter Székeles (or Gelusch), a notable patrician in Sopron. He was already a member of the local magistrate in 1402. He served as mayor of the town from 1408 until at least 1421. He died in 1430 or 1431. They had a son, William, who lived in Austria and was involved in a lawsuit over a meadow in Sopron in 1435. Because of his illness, he did not present before the court personally, but represented by his stepfather and maternal grandfather. William was still alive in 1437.

After Székeles' death, Helene married Johann Kottanner, a burgher from Vienna, in 1432. During that time, Johann was chamberlain of the St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. According to historian Karl Uhlirz, he has reached the age of majority only in 1426, thus Helene was approximately six years older than her second husband. Their marriage produced more children, including a daughter Catherine. By 1436, both Kottanner and her second husband were servants of Albert II of Germany, the then Duke of Austria, and his wife Elizabeth. Kottanner's role in this royal Habsburg household was nanny to princesses Anne and Elizabeth, the children of Albert and Elizabeth. Note that, according to the contemporary German custom of calling a wife or sometimes daughter, the alternative names ending in "-in" amount to adding a feminine suffix to her husband's name.

Theft of the Hungarian Crown
Kottanner, later a member of Elizabeth's court, wrote a memoir around 1451 entitled Denkwürdigkeiten (= Reminiscences) in which she provides a first-person account of the theft of the Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen on 20 February 1440. This was an action in which she participated at the request of Queen Elisabeth, widow of King Albert. This crown was considered holy by the Hungarian people. It was then stored at the Hungarian stronghold of Visegrád.

Kottanner noted in her memoir that she exposed herself and her family to great danger by assisting the queen in her efforts to obtain the crown. In an atmosphere of political intrigue, where death was a common punishment for many crimes, Kottanner apparently had reservations concerning the advisability of the queen's request: "The queen's request frightened me, for it meant great danger for me and my little children." In her writing she describes how she prayed for success and promised to make a barefoot pilgrimage to Zell. At least two assistants accompanied Helene, who did the breaking in while Kottanner kept watch. After they got the crown without attracting attention, they locked the doors again and fixed the queen's seal.

The crown was smuggled out of Visegrád inside a pillow. Kottanner took the crown with her in her sledge and she described worrying about the ice on the Danube breaking as she crossed it. The golden cross on top of the crown was however bent as they fled, and is still visible in this condition today.

Kottanner then brought the crown secretly to Elizabeth, who was hiding from her enemies at the castle of Komorn. She witnessed the birth of Ladislaus the Posthumous, who in her eyes was the natural heir to the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia.

Kottanner noted in her memoir that the timing had been close: "Within the same hour in which the Holy Crown arrived from Plintenburg in Komorn, within that same hour King Laszlo was born." She further stated in her memoir that she thought that this was clearly God's will at work.

A new king is crowned
Elizabeth promised Kottanner a reward in return for her actions in obtaining the Holy Crown of Saint Stephen. At this time, only the owner of the royal insignia was considered legitimate king of Hungary. This was an important distinction since the Hungarian nobles voted for the coronation of Vladislaus I, the 16-year-old king of Poland. With his help they hoped to defend themselves better against the Turks' attacks against the Hungarian kingdom. Kottanner was present at the coronation of the infant Ladislaus V in Székesfehérvár on 15 May 1440; during the ceremony, she held the weeping baby in her hand while Archbishop Dénes Szécsi crowned him.

When finally both attendants were crowned kings of Hungary at the same time, the Polish king gathered his forces against Ladislaus the Posthumous. The royal family now separated for their own safety: While the queen tried to rescue the holy crown from the approaching Polish army, Kottanner fled with the infant king.

Later life
Helene Kottanner and her husband were granted the village of Kisfalud (present-day Vieska, Slovakia) and its accessories by Regent John Hunyadi in March 1452, for their loyal service of Ladislaus V. Hunyadi's son, King Matthias Corvinus confirmed the land donation in November 1466, and also in February 1470. Helene Kottanner died thereafter.

Memoir
According to Károly Mollay, Kottanner wrote her memoirs or ordered a transcript of her narration under title Denkwürdigkeiten ("Reminiscences") around 1451, because she claimed reward herself for her services to Ladislaus V. Iván Kis considered Kottanner, by writing the memoirs, wanted to support Ladislaus' legitimate claim to the Hungarian throne, beside the preservation of her own merits. Kis refused the connection between the completion of the diary and the reward of 1452. The theft of the Holy Crown caused a decade-long civil war in Hungary and Regent John Hunyadi was considered a partisan of Vladislaus I during the conflict. Károly Mollay argued Kottanner's act was considered a sin until the representatives of the Austrian and Hungarian Estates, and the Bohemian Catholic lords aimed to force Frederick III to resign the guardianship and hand over Ladislaus V to them in 1451. The former lady-in-waiting could only claim a reward afterwards. Iván Kis argued John Hunyadi was the foremost beneficiary of the political situation in which the Holy Crown and the crowned monarch Ladislaus were taken abroad, and this may have been the motivation for the reward.

Maya Bijvoet Williamson, who translated her memoirs into English, described Kottanner as "a smart, trustworthy, common-sense, energetic, courageous, quick-witted woman", while the lady reveals extremely little about herself and her personal life. Sabine Schmolinsky argued Kottanner's diary cannot be considered an autobiography, but in addition to the history of political events, it is also an important source from a psychological and mental history point-of-view. Kottanner makes no secret of her fears, worries, compunction and religiosity. Albrecht Classen considered the memoirs as autobiography, which contains the sincere manifestations of the author. In contrast, Andreas Rüther regarded the genre of the memoirs as a memorandum, in which the real person of Kottanner does not really appear, instead the author displays herself as an exemplary, constructed figure.

In her memoirs, Kottanner frequently puts herself at the center of major political events, exaggerating her involvement and emphasizing Queen Elizabeth's confidence towards her. Constant voicing of this can be described as a rhetorical tool to highlight her participation in the events. In addition, Kottanner often complains that her role in the events required huge personal sacrifices. For instance, her court service forced her to leave her husband and minor children behind. Despite its reality content, however, the ceaseless voicing and embossing of these seems like a rhetorical tool too. Kottanner puts the narration of events in the context of the struggle between Good and Evil, placing God behind her own actions, while the impediments are attributed to the work of the Devil. Barbara Schmid emphasized the sites of divine will (e.g. Visegrád) during the narration. In this context, she presents her own party, Elizabeth, the infant Ladislaus, and herself as subjects to the grace of God, while presents their opposition, Vladislaus' party, as evil and as the enemy of God's will. In connection with this, Kottanner sought to emphasize the validity of the infant Ladislaus' legitimacy to the Hungarian throne (crowned with the Holy Crown; chosen by God; his royal aptitude and physical strength, which appeared during the coronation despite being a few weeks old). Kottanner also declared the distant ancestor King Saint Ladislaus I of Hungary as a prefiguration and role modell to Ladislaus V.

title: Helene Kottanner


text: User talk:82.70.98.166

title: User talk:82.70.98.166


text:
Weapons company

A weapons company, sometimes called a manoeuvre support company, is a company-sized military unit attached to an infantry battalion to support the rifle companies of the battalion. It usually possesses some combination of machine-guns, mortars, anti-tank missiles, anti-aircraft missiles, reconnaissance vehicles and, sometimes, assault pioneers (infantrymen specially trained in the assault role).

British Army

In the British Army, the manoeuvre support company possesses an Anti-Tank platoon armed with 8 Javelin missile launchers, a reconnaissance platoon, a mortar platoon (with eight L16 81mm mortars), an assault pioneer platoon, and, in the case of Light Role battalions, a machine gun platoon (with nine FN MAG general purpose machine guns).

United States Marine Corps
In the United States Marine Corps, the infantry battalion weapons company is tasked with providing supporting fire for the three rifle companies that (along with the battalion's headquarters and service company) make up the remaining balance of the battalion. The weapons company provides organic fire support coordination, mortar, anti-armor, and heavy machine gun support.

The company is often organized into four distinct elements: company headquarters, mortar platoon (utilizing the M252 81mm mortar), anti-armor platoon (utilizing the FGM-148 Javelin and BGM-71 TOW missile systems), and a heavy machine gun platoon (equipped with the 12.7 mm M2 .50 caliber machinegun, and MK-19 40mm automatic grenade launcher).

The company headquarters consists of the company commander (CO), executive officer (XO), first sergeant, operations chief, property NCO, and two drivers.

The mortar platoon is organized with a five-man platoon headquarters (platoon commander, platoon sergeant, ammunition technician, and two ammunition men) and two 32-man mortar sections. Each mortar section contains an eight-man section headquarters, which includes a section leader, two ammunition men, a fire direction center with two forward observers (FOs), and four six-man mortar squads. Each mortar squad includes a squad leader, a gunner, an assistant gunner, and three ammunition men. The platoon's two sections are often placed in direct support of one of the two forward rifle companies (using the Marine Corps' standard "two up, one back" tactical disposition doctrine, which places two maneuver elements forward with one maneuver element behind, allowing for exploiting an attack or reinforcing a defense). The FOs are attached (along with a radio operator from the mortar party in the battalion's communication platoon) to one of the battalion's rifle companies or rifle platoons.

The anti-armor platoon contains a small platoon headquarters (platoon commander, platoon sergeant, and driver), an anti-armor (Javelin missile system) section, and a TOW (heavy anti-tank missile system) section. The anti-armor section is usually dismounted and consists of a section leader and two eight-man anti-armor squads, each divided into two four-man teams equipped with two missile launchers each. The anti-armor section is usually attached by squad to one of the two forward rifle companies, with one team attached to each of the two forward rifle platoons. The TOW section consists of a section leader and driver/radio operator and four five-man TOW squads. Each TOW squad has a squad leader, two gunners, and two assistant gunners/drivers and is equipped with two TOW launchers and two vehicles.

In addition to a small platoon headquarters (platoon commander, platoon sergeant, and two ammunition men/drivers), the heavy machine gun platoon has three eight-man heavy machine gun sections, each consisting of two four-man squads consisting of a squad leader, gunner, assistant gunner, and an ammunition man/driver. Each machine gun squad is equipped with one heavy machine gun (either 12.7 mm or 40 mm) and a vehicle.

Often, assets from the anti-armor and heavy machine gun platoons are used to form one or several Combined Anti-Armor Teams (CAAT). A CAAT platoon is highly mobile, utilizing Humvees and occasionally a few Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles. A typical organization would have three squads with five vehicles each, three armed with machine guns and two vehicles with the TOW. The remaining anti-armor unit is often trained as an ad hoc assault, demolitions, and breaching unit.

With the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the need for specific Anti-Armor capabilities often became negligible given the lack of up-armored threats from Insurgents. As such, CAAT platoons were at times deemed inefficient by Commanders. These CAAT Platoons at times were then reorganized into Mobile Assault Platoons.

The 81mm mortar platoon also gives the battalion a heavier organic "artillery", as it supplements the smaller M224 60mm mortars found in each rifle company. Company commanders can often expect to receive organic mortar support in less time than artillery would normally take to receive orders, plot position, target guns, and fire. The heavier machine guns also allow the commander heavier fire (in both volume and caliber) than is possible with the M240 machine gun and the M249 squad automatic weapon found in the machine gun section of the rifle company weapons platoon, and in the rifle squads of the rifle platoons, respectively.

US Army Weapons Company in WWII
A February 1944 Table of organization and equipment on a US Army WWII weapons company:

 * 28-man Company Headquarters, two Machine Gun platoons and a Mortar platoon.
 * The Company HQ was armed with a single .50 caliber M2 Browning heavy machine gun
 * The Machine Gun platoons were each made up of a six-man HQ and two 15-man Machine Gun sections, each section armed with two .30 caliber M1919 Browning machine guns. Each platoon would be armed with four .30 caliber machine guns, for a total of eight .30 caliber machine guns in the whole company. A total of 36 men in each machine gun platoon.
 * The Mortar Platoon was made up of a six-man HQ and three 18-man mortar sections, each section armed with two 81mm M1 mortars. A total of six mortars and 60 men. A significant proportion of these 60 men were ammunition bearers.
 * The HQs for the three platoons were also armed with two Bazooka rocket launchers each. A total of six Bazookas in the whole company.
 * A full-strength Weapons Company had 160 men in total, including eight officers. Apart from the special weapons, 82 of the men were issued with the light M1 carbine and 44 being issued the heavier M1 Garand rifle. 30 of those armed with the M1 rifle were also issued with the M7 and M8 grenade launcher. The remaining 34 men were armed with the M1911 pistol as their sidearm.

Wehrmacht Heavy Weapons Company in WW2
A May 1944 Table of organization and equipment show the following details about a German WW2 Heavy Weapons Company:

Changes were made to the company after Normandy:
 * A Heavy Weapons Company was made up of a 20-man Company Headquarters, a Heavy Machine Gun Platoon, an 8-cm Mortar Platoon and a 12-cm Mortar Platoon.
 * The Heavy Machine Gun Platoon was made up of a 10-man HQ and three 15-man Machine Gun Squads, each squad armed with two 7.92mm MG 34 or MG 42 machine guns. A total of 6 machine guns and 55 men in the platoon.
 * The 8-cm Mortar Platoon was made up of a 12-man HQ and three 18-man Mortar Squads, each squad armed with two 8 cm Granatwerfer 34 mortars. A total of six 8-cm Mortars and 66 men in the platoon.
 * The 12-cm Mortar Platoon was made up of a 17-man HQ and four six or seven-man Mortar Teams, each team armed with a single 12-cm Granatwerfer 42 mortar. A total of four 12-cm Mortars and 47 men in the platoon.
 * A full-strength Heavy Weapons Company had 205 men in total, including three officers. Apart from the special weapons, 129 men were issued either the Gewehr 98 rifle or Karabiner 98k carbine. 29 men were armed with the MP 40 submachine gun. The remainder of the men were issue with either the Walther P38 or Luger pistol as sidearms.
 * The company was also issued with 2 bicycles and 51 horses.
 * In Infantry Battalions, the Heavy Weapons Company replaced the Machine Gun platoon with an Anti-tank platoon consisting of soldiers armed with Panzerschreck or Panzerfaust anti-tank rockets.
 * In Grenadier Battalions, the 12-cm Mortar Battalion was removed and replaced by a second Heavy Machine Gun platoon. An infantry support gun platoon was also added, armed with four 7.5 cm le.IG 18 infantry guns.

title: Weapons company


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blagger

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 22:54, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Blagger
This is a neologism, and reeks of vanity. I'd say it almost qualifies for a speedy; unfortunately, not quite. Ashenai 15:03, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - vanity. Stupid vanity. CLW 15:24, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Also see Alex Blagg.  Friday (talk) 15:46, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merely going by Google hits for "Alex Blagg" and "Blagg Blogg", the guy actually seems notable (though I do realize that bloggers generally get inflated Google hits). I actually considered listing Alex Blagg on AfD, but refrained for this reason. --Ashenai 15:48, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Alex Blagg and merge contents. --Marco ✉ 12:24, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blagger


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Albanian Affairs Party

Albanian Affairs Party (in Albanian: Partia e Çështjeve Shqiptare) is a political party in Albania, led by Bujar Shurdhi.

title: Albanian Affairs Party


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User:Amadameus

Hey all, this is Amadameus talking, so you best shut up and pay attention!

Thank you. That is all.

title: User:Amadameus


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Talk:5 Colours in Her Hair

Video sighting
Just checking here: did the video to Five Colours In Her Hair release in the United States? I think I saw it last year on MTV, but I'm not sure. Can someone check for me? --Akira123323 15:04, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Having 5 colours in her hair is hardly something to write a song about... I doubt it would be a very difficult task to accomplish either.

Fair use rationale for Image:5CIHH2.JPG
Image:5CIHH2.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:13, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:5CIHH.JPG
Image:5CIHH.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:26, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.mcflyofficial.com/home/
 * In I'll Be OK on 2011-04-23 15:14:07, 404 Not Found
 * In 5 Colours in Her Hair on 2011-06-19 20:23:59, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 20:24, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on 5 Colours in Her Hair. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130407043205/http://www.mcflyofficial.com/ to http://www.mcflyofficial.com/

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:39, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:5 Colours in Her Hair


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User talk:Kingfoot

Hello poeple, I am doing a project for school, I need to know what animals and plants live in the area around mt. st. helens, either before or after the eruption. thank you.

title: User talk:Kingfoot


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Talk:Squat

2007
Squat is the technical term for the interaction between a moving ship and the seabed in shallow water. As the water passes under the ship it accelerates and its pressure falls. The ship sinks deeper into the water and in extreme cases can be sucked down until it touches the bottom. Squat can cause difficulty in manoeuvring and has been the cause of many accidents. See refereences in the journals of the Royal Institute of navigation, among many others. Posted by Bill Cooper, Shipmaster.

Squatter's Rights
Hi Bkonrad I take your point about WP:PARTIAL but I feel it's good to re-include Squatter's Rights since Squatter's rights goes to adverse possession Mujinga (talk) 13:05, 30 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I would appreciate a discussion instead of you simply reverting. Especially since that last revert was rather inconsistent. Mujinga (talk) 16:05, 30 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Should be a hatnote to the film at adverse possession rather included here. Seems a rather circuitous route to expect reader to somehow get to this page from adverse possession in order to find the film. older ≠ wiser 16:11, 30 April 2020 (UTC)
 * And there was already a hatnote there pointing to the film. No reason to include here unless perchance the film is also known as simply "squatter" or one of the other terms covered by this page. older ≠ wiser 16:13, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

(Edit conflict) Well there is already a hatnote. You seem to be looking at it the wrong way round. "Squat, squatter or squatting may refer to:" is a good start. In any case it seems worthwhile to disambig Squatter's Rights and Squatter's rights. Seems better to do that here than at a separate squatter's rights page, what do you think? Regarding your latest edit, with the summary "rm partial title matches, entries covered as subtopics of squatting" I am struggling to understand: Cheers! Mujinga (talk) 16:22, 30 April 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) why you would remove Squat elimia but keep Squatter pigeon?
 * 2) why remove a lot of squatting pages but leave Squatting (Australian history), which is also mentioned at squatting?
 * 3) where the MoS backs up removing "entries covered as subtopics of squatting"?
 * Why include squatter's rights here? Are either the film or the legal concept known as squat, squatter or squatting? Why would we expect anyone looking for either squatter's rights article to come to this disambiguation page to find it?
 * It's conceivable that a squatter pigeon might be referred to elliptically as simply a "squatter"; it is hard to imagine circumstance where anyone would reference the snail as simply a "squat".
 * Yes, the Squatting (Australian history) seems to be something of an aberration. I'm not sure why that and squatting in Australia require separate articles, but it appears that it was a significant enough of a thing in Australian history to be a distinct topic by that name, similar to how Reconstruction is a distinct topic in U.S. history. All the Squatting in X articles though are however clearly subtopics of the main squatting article.
 * WP:MOSDAB indicates partial title matches should not be included: or WP:DAB
 * older ≠ wiser 16:48, 30 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the answers. To reply to them in turn:
 * This disambig page says "Squat, squatter or squatting may refer to" and if things like "squatting position", "squatting attack" and "cybersquatting" are included you are still not persuading me that "squatter's rights" should not be, particularly since the same title covers two very different pages
 * I see what you mean about the difference between Squatter pigeon and Squat elimia. Not sure why that justifies putting it in an other uses section though. I'm still not really seeing consistency regarding names generally. What do you think about Squatter's Row and Squatter's Cabin? (Both are presently not added)
 * (To combine the last two). Yes I am also reading MOSDAB but I didn't see where it says pages that are "clearly subtopics of the main squatting article" should not be added. Surely as disambig page this should be covering all eventualities. In the hierarchy of pages about squatting as occupation on wikipedia, I see Squatting as the umbrella page, then Squatting in Australia describing the Australian situation (as well as the other country pages) then Squatting (Australian history) as describing the historical phenomenon in detail. That's why I am confused by the deletion of one Australian link and not the other. I think it's there from when it was called Squatter (pastoral). I'm fine with it being there by the way, but then the other pages should be too. Mujinga (talk) 10:12, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * The question to ask is whether a topic is known or referenced by the term(s) covered by the disambiguation page. Are Squatter's Row and Squatter's Cabin ever referenced as simply "squatter's"? I'd say it's unlikely. As such these are unambiguous partial title matches. A disambiguation page is not an index. older ≠ wiser 10:18, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * OK you seem to want to have a strict definition. I disagree, some looseness is fine in my opinion, but in any case we need above all to be consistent so i will edit the page accordingly. Mujinga (talk) 13:10, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Squat


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Astoria Bydgoszcz

Astoria Bydgoszcz, also known as simply Astoria, is a Polish multi-sports club most known for the professional men's basketball team, based in Bydgoszcz. Currently playing in the I Liga and in the past in the FIBA Korać Cup.

History
In the 2018–19 season, Astoria defeated Śląsk Wrocław in the finals of the play-offs, thus crowning itself I Liga champions. The accomplishment gained the club promotion to the Polish Basketball League (PLK), for the first time in 13 years. Astoria Bydgoszcz also has a reserve team that plays in Polish third-tier level II Liga. The Astoria U-18 team won the Polish Championship in 1987 and became 2nd in 1988. The U-16 team won the Polish Championship in 1985 and became 2nd also in 1988.

Honours
I Liga
 * Gold medal with cup.svg Winners (3): 1988–89, 2002–03, 2018–19

Team names

 * Weltinex Astoria Bydgoszcz (1990–1991)
 * Polfrost Astoria Bydgoszcz (1991–1992)
 * Domar Astoria Bydgoszcz (1994)
 * Samsung Astoria Bydgoszcz (1994–1995)
 * BFM Astoria Bydgoszcz (1995–1996)
 * Kujawiak-Astoria Bydgoszcz (1997–2000)
 * Astoria Bydgoszcz (2000–2002)
 * Wody Mineralne Ostromecko Astoria Bydgoszcz (2002)
 * KPSW Astoria Bydgoszcz (2007)
 * Enea Astoria Bydgoszcz (2017–2021)
 * Enea Abramczyk Astoria Bydgoszcz (2021–present)

Seasons in the Polish Basketball League

 * 1989–1990 - 12th place (relegation)
 * 1991–1992 - 7th place (withdrawn)
 * 2003–2004 - 8th place
 * 2004–2005 – 5th place
 * 2005–2006 – 9th place (withdrawn)
 * 2019–2020 – 11th place
 * 2020–2021 – 11th place
 * 2021–2022 – 9th place
 * 2022–2023 – 16th place (relegation)

Former notable players

 * 🇵🇱 Filip Dylewicz
 * 🇱🇹 Kęstutis Marčiulionis
 * 🇱🇹 Andrius Jurkūnas
 * 🇱🇹 Augenijus Vaškys
 * 🇺🇸 Dante Swanson
 * 🇺🇸 Ed O'Bannon
 * 🇺🇸 Dennis Mims
 * 🇺🇸 Kevin Fletcher
 * 🇱🇹 Arvydas Čepulis
 * 🇺🇸 J. P. Prince
 * 🇺🇸 Kris Clyburn

Retired numbers

 * 4 Dorian Szyttenholm
 * 6 Sebastian Laydych
 * 7 Przemysław Gierszewski

Former coaches

 * 🇵🇱 Zygmunt Weigt
 * 🇵🇱 Henryk Pietrzak
 * 🇵🇱 Aureliusz Gościniak
 * 🇵🇱 Roman Haber
 * 🇵🇱 Hilary Gierszewski
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Mackiewicz
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Nowakowski
 * 🇧🇾 Alexander Krutikov
 * 🇵🇱 Ryszard Mogiełka
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Ziemiński
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Krajewski
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Herkt
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Chudeusz
 * 🇵🇱 Jarosław Zawadka
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Borkowski
 * 🇵🇱 Przemysław Gierszewski
 * 🇵🇱 Konrad Kaźmierczyk
 * 🇵🇱 Artur Gronek
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Popiołek

Boxing

 * Jerzy Adamski
 * Aleksy Kuziemski

Canoeing

 * Dariusz Białkowski
 * Zdzisław Szubski
 * Sebastian Szubski

Swimming

 * Alicja Pęczak
 * Zbigniew Januszkiewicz

In past

 * Association football
 * Athletics
 * Disabled sports
 * Fencing
 * Gymnastics
 * Ice skating
 * Table tennis
 * Tennis
 * Volleyball

title: Astoria Bydgoszcz


text:
User:Swmeyer

Perspective

 * I hold to a critical realist perspective about most things (in fact, all things at this point, but I reserve the right to qualify)
 * I am usually sympathetic to most people and positions, at least I try to give a proponent the benefit of the doubt (by the way, this means it takes me longer to consider things, so be patient with me)
 * I'm curious about everything

title: User:Swmeyer


text:
British campaign medals

British campaign medals are awarded to members of the British Armed Forces, Allied forces and civilians participating in specified military campaigns. Examples include the Defence Medal, for homeland defence in World War II, and the Atlantic Star for World War II sea service in the Atlantic.

18th century

 * Naval General Service Medal 1847 BAR.svg Naval Gold Medal (1794)

19th century

 * Waterloo Medal BAR.svg Army Gold Cross (1810)
 * Waterloo Medal BAR.svg Army Gold Medal (1810)
 * Ribbon bar, Waterloo Medal.png Waterloo Medal (1815)
 * Ghuznee Medal BAR.svg Ghuznee Medal (1839)
 * Kabul to Kandahar Star ribbon.png Candahar, Ghuznee, Cabul Medal (1842)
 * Kabul to Kandahar Star ribbon.png Jellalabad Medals (1842)
 * Kabul to Kandahar Star ribbon.png Medal for the Defence of Kelat-I-Ghilzie (1842)
 * China War Medal 1842 BAR.svg China War Medal (1842)
 * Kabul to Kandahar Star ribbon.png Scinde Medal (1843)
 * Kabul to Kandahar Star ribbon.png Gwalior Star (1843)
 * Sutlej Medal BAR.svg Sutlej Medal (1846)
 * Naval General Service Medal 1847 BAR.svg Naval General Service Medal (1847)
 * Military General Service Medal 1847 BAR.svg Military General Service Medal (1847)
 * Punjab Medal BAR.svg Punjab Medal (1849)
 * Army of India Medal BAR.svg Army of India Medal (1851)
 * India General Service Medal 1854 BAR.svg India General Service Medal (1854)
 * South Africa Medal (1854).png South Africa Medal (1854)
 * Crimea Medal BAR.svg Crimean War Medal (1854)
 * Baltic Medal BAR.svg Baltic Medal (1856)
 * Indian Mutiny Medal BAR.svg Indian Mutiny Medal (1858)
 * Second China War Medal BAR.svg Second China War Medal (1861)
 * New Zealand Medal BAR.svg New Zealand War Medal (1869)
 * Abyssinian War Medal BAR.svg Abyssinian War Medal (1869)
 * Canada General Service Medal BAR.svg Canada General Service Medal (1866–70)
 * Ashantee War Medal BAR.svg Ashantee Medal (1873–74)
 * South Africa Medal (1880).png South Africa Medal (1880) (1877–1879)
 * Afghanistan Medal BAR.svg Afghanistan Medal (1878–1880)
 * Kabul to Kandahar Star ribbon.png Kabul to Kandahar Star (1880)
 * Egypt Medal BAR.svg Egypt Medal (1882–1889)
 * Royal Niger Company's Medal, ribbon bar.png Royal Niger Company’s Medal (1886–1897)
 * British South Africa Comany Medal Ribbon.JPG British South Africa Company Medal (1890–1897)
 * Ashantee War Medal BAR.svg East and West Africa Medal (1892)
 * Central Africa Medal ribbon bar.png Central Africa Medal (1895)
 * India Medal BAR.svg India Medal (1896)
 * Ashanti Star BAR.svg Ashanti Star (1896)
 * Queens Sudan Medal BAR.svg Queen's Sudan Medal (1899)
 * East and Central Africa Medal BAR.svg East and Central Africa Medal (1899)
 * Queens South Africa Medal BAR.svg Queen's South Africa Medal (1899)
 * Queens South Africa Medal BAR.svg Queen's Mediterranean Medal (1899) (South African War)

Pre World War I

 * Third China War Medal BAR.svg China War Medal (1900)
 * Ashanti Medal BAR.svg Ashanti Medal (1901)
 * Kings South Africa Medal BAR.svg King's South Africa Medal (1902)
 * Africa General Service Medal BAR.svg Africa General Service Medal (1902)
 * Transport Medal BAR.svg Transport Medal (1902) (for South Africa or China)
 * Tibet Medal BAR.svg Tibet Medal (1905)
 * Ribbon - Natal Native Rebellion Medal.gif Natal Native Rebellion Medal (1906)
 * India General Service Medal 1909 BAR.svg India General Service Medal (1909)

World War I
During World War I (1914–1918) the following campaign medals were issued:
 * Ribbon - 1914 Star & Rosette.png 1914 Star
 * Ribbon - 1914 Star.png 1914–15 Star
 * British War Medal BAR.svg British War Medal
 * Mercantile Marine War Medal BAR.svg Mercantile Marine War Medal
 * Victory Medal ribbon bar.svg Victory Medal
 * Territorial Forces War Medal BAR.svg Territorial Force War Medal

The most frequent combinations are "trios" of either the 1914 or 1914–15 Star, the British War Medal and Victory Medal; and "pairs" of the British War and Victory Medals, these generally for servicemen who joined the war after 1915. A Memorial Plaque was issued to the next-of-kin of deceased service personnel.

Inter World War

 * General Service Medal 1918 BAR.svg General Service Medal (1918)
 * Naval General Service Medal 1915 BAR.svg Naval General Service Medal (1915)
 * India General Service Medal 1936 BAR.svg India General Service Medal (1936)

World War II
During World War II (1939–1945) the following were issued (with authorised Clasp or Emblem (if awarded) in brackets)—the first eleven are listed in the authorised Order of Wearing:

 * Ribbon - 1939-45 Star.png 1939–1945 Star (Battle of Britain or Bomber Command)
 * Ribbon - Atlantic Star.png Atlantic Star (Air Crew Europe or France and Germany)
 * Arctic Star bar.png Arctic Star
 * Ribbon - Air Crew Europe Star.png Air Crew Europe Star (Atlantic or France and Germany)
 * Ribbon - Africa Star.png Africa Star (8th Army or 1st Army or North Africa 1942–43)
 * Pacific Star BAR.svg Pacific Star (Burma)
 * Ribbon - Burma Star.png Burma Star (Pacific)
 * Ribbon - Italy Star.png Italy Star
 * France and Germany Star BAR.svg France and Germany Star (Atlantic)
 * Defence Medal ribbon.png Defence Medal (Silver laurel leaves (King's Commendation for brave conduct; civil))
 * Canadian Volunteer Service Medal BAR.svg Canadian Volunteer Service Medal (Overseas or Dieppe or Hong Kong or Bomber Command)
 * Newfoundland Volunteer War Service Medal BAR.svg Newfoundland Volunteer War Service Medal
 * War Medal 1939–1945 (UK) ribbon.png War Medal 1939–1945 (Oak leaf)
 * Ribbon - Africa Service Medal.png Africa Service Medal
 * Ribbon India Service Medal.png India Service Medal
 * New Zealand War Service Medal 1939-1945 BAR.svg New Zealand War Service Medal
 * Southern Rhodesia Medal for War Service BAR.svg Southern Rhodesia Medal for War Service
 * Australia Service Medal 1939-1945 BAR.svg Australia Service Medal

Post World War

 * Korea Medal.svg Korea Medal (1951)
 * Nuclear Test Medal ribbon (UK).jpg Nuclear Test Medal (1952–1967)
 * General Service Medal 1962 BAR.svg General Service Medal (1962)
 * Rhodesia Medal Ribbon.svg Rhodesia Medal (1980)
 * South Atlantic Medal BAR.svg South Atlantic Medal (1982)
 * Gulf Medal BAR.svg Gulf Medal (1991)

21st century

 * OSM for Sierra Leone BAR.svg Operational Service Medal for Sierra Leone (2000)
 * OSM for Afghanistan BAR.svg Operational Service Medal for Afghanistan (2002–2021)
 * OSM for Congo BAR.svg Operational Service Medal for the Democratic Republic of Congo (2003)
 * Iraq Medal BAR.svg Iraq Medal (2004–2011)
 * Iraq Reconstruction Service Medal Ribbon 100px.png Iraq Reconstruction Service Medal (2004–2013)
 * Civilian Service Medal (Afghanistan).png Civilian Service Medal (Afghanistan) (2011–present)
 * Ebola medal ribbon.png Ebola Medal for Service in West Africa (2014–2016)
 * General Service Medal 08 ribbon.png General Service Medal (2008) (2009–present)
 * OSM Iraq and Syria.png Operational Service Medal for Iraq and Syria (2016–present)
 * UK Humanitarian Medal.png Humanitarian Medal (2023–present)
 * WSMribbon_1.png Wider Service Medal (2024–present)

title: British campaign medals


text:
Talk:Emicho

Untitled
"Leiningen is the name of an old German family, whose lands lay principally in Alsace and Lorraine. The first count of Leiningen about whom anything certain is known was a certain Emicho (d. 1117)...."

According to Marlyn Lewis, The Ancestry of Elizabeth of York (Arvada, CO: HT Communications, 1999), Emich or Emicho was born circa 1054 at Alt-Leiningen [sic], Rheinland-Pfalz, Bavaria, the son of Emicho (d. 5 MAY 1072) and Kunigunde von Stromberg (d. after 1097), daughter of Berthold. He married Hizecha (d. by 1138) and died in battle in 1117. He had a brother, Berthold von Stromberg (d. 3 MAR 1110). He had a daughter surnamed von Flonheim zu Leiningen. She married a Goswin von Sponheim (born in Kyrburg, Rheinland, Prussia) and bore Gerlach I von Vendenz (died before 1146) and Emich II (born ca. 1089 and died after 1139).

 * Just to inform you: Your source says: "Emich I (?) was born circa 1054 at of Alt-Leiningen, Pfalz, Bavaria.1" - That means Alt-Leiningen is in the Pfalz (Palatinate), which from 1777 to 1945 belonged to Bavaria, but now is part of the state of Rheinland-Pfalz, founded in 1945. Str1977 19:29, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Good point. "Bavaria" seems irrelevant here. Then one question is: what was the Leiningen area considered to be part of toward the end of the 11th century? Another question concerns Flonheim: how does that come into the picture? Thirdly, there seems to have been, around 780, a possible (Frankish?) ancestor named Amicho; but is "Emicho" the best appelation for the crusader, or is "Emich" more accurate? Myron 11:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The later Leiningen area (near Bad Dürkheim, there are more places in Germany named Leiningen) was in the 11th/12th century part of the de:Wormsgau, the region around Worms, Germany.
 * Concerning Flonheim (later about it's place in the puzzle): It was part of the de:Nahegau, the area along the river Nahe.
 * Appellation: Amicho (perhaps) and Emicho (the crusader) were members of the Emichons (Emichonen), so Emicho ist the right name. About 1100 the form of the name changes to Emich - all known members of the House of Leiningen are called Emich. --jergen 12:57, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Another source states that Emich II was the son (rather than the grandson) of the crusader Emich I Graf von Leiningen and Graf in Nahegau and Wormsgau by Adelheid (not Hizecha) and that Emich I was the son of Emich von Leiningen (d. 1108), himself the son of Emich, Graf von Nahegau (d. by 1072)

An "Emicho de Liningen" is mentioned in a 1086 document. A "Graf (Count) Emich II" aka "Graf Emicho II, comes de Liningen" built a castle in Liningen/Leiningen from around 1100 until its completion in 1110. There is no extant record of any "Count Emich I". The "Alt" prefix in the castle's name was added around 1242 to distinguish it from a newly-built neighboring castle named Neuleinigen.

The upshot of this confusion seems to support crusader Emicho's claim to dominion over Leiningen as well as Flonheim. Most histories of the 1st Crusade seem to attribute Leiningen to Emicho. Suppressing Leiningen and asserting Flonheim in the Wikipedia article may confuse readers absent an explanation... but what exactly is the support for flat-out denial that Emicho held the title Graf von Leiningen?

Myron 15:06, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Newer studies identify Emicho as an member of the Emichons (german: Emichonen) and not of the Leiningers (which were possibly related to the Emichons); most sencondary writings (and internet sites) use older literature and are 25 years or more behind the actual state of Diplomatics.
 * The Emichons were a house of counts in the Nahegau; the house of Leiningen seems to be related to this family, but there are no clear evidences. Toussaint attributes Emicho (the crusader) to Flonheim (a small village near Mainz) and not to the castle Altleiningen (build around 1110), which is about 60 km away.
 * In older studies Emicho was attributed to Leiningen following the misreading of an hebrew source (the only known document with an attribution concerning the crusader of 1096), which attibutes Emicho to Mem, Vav, Lamed, Nun, He, Yod, Mem. Following Toussaint, Mem means of. The rest reads Vlnhjm (older scholars read this as Leiningen, which is nearly impossible, the -heim part is very clear). Another document (dated 1098) mentions as witness comes emicho de Vlanheim (Count Emicho of Flonheim). Only a few years later Flonheim was a center of the territory of the Wildgrafen, who were descendants of the Emichons.
 * If you understand german, I propose for further reading:
 * Ingo Toussaint: Die Grafen von Leiningen. Studien zur leiningischen Genealogie und Territorialgeschichte bis zur Teilung von 1317/18. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen 1982. ISBN 3-7995-7017-9
 * Concerning the different webpages:
 * Genelogical webpages are most of no value, they don't give sources and cite usually other webpages. I exclude (seems ok), but it shows a lot of questionmarks.
 * These pages, , mention only an Emicho of Leiningen, but don't connect him to the german crusade. The year 1068 in this pages is very questionable, since the first mention of Leiningen was 1128 (cf Toussaint).
 * The britannica dates from 1911 - it is just outdated.
 * Newer english literature also uses Emicho of Flonheim instead of Emicho of Leiningen, cf. (2004) . --jergen 14:06, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

I'm sorry I missed this discussion, apparently the talk page didn't show up on my watchlist after the article was moved. Can the article be moved again, to "Emich of Flonheim" or some such name? If "Emich of Leiningen" is not accurate, it seems a step backwards to simply use his given name, which could be anybody (since there are so many Leiningens called Emich, for example). At this point of the Middle Ages we should feel more comfortable assigning important people to a specific place, I think. Adam Bishop 02:30, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * As it goes, people in first half of the Middle Ages had only given names. Even if newer English literature uses "Emicho of Flonheim", this is rejected by Toussaint. Emicho is mainly known only by his name, only one document attributes him to Flonheim; but it is known, that this village was part of the Nahegau, which was hold by the Emichonen.
 * If you feel that a move is necessary, I propose Emicho (crusader). It avoids the problems of medieval naming. --jergen 08:16, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * "Emicho (crusader)" is an excellent solution. For nearly all users, "Emicho" is of interest only as a crusader, naming the man with a specific location is anachronistic, searches for "Emicho of Flonheim" and "Emicho of Leiningen" inspired in the user by material in existing non-Wikipedia writings may misfire, and there is little prospect that scholarship will turn up substantially more information about the crusader's name, origins and possessions. Myron 10:11, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

ARTICLE NEEDS REWORK
This article should be seriously reworked for it is almost wholly a POV article deriving it's entire source from Ingo Toussaint: Die Grafen von Leiningen. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen 1982. ISBN 3-7995-7017-9, which itself has been attacked in several midieval journals for it's lack of scholarly sources. Additionally, as the succeeding discussions show, there is an entire history of Emicho and is family which isn't discussed and has as much importance on German history as the 1st Crusade. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.231.9.66 (talk • contribs). March 1, 2006.

Wikipedia's naming conventions demand inclusion of name Count Emicho of Leiningen
As all the books that I have encountered that mention Emicho call him Count Emicho of Leiningen this name should be included as per Naming conventions that state:
 * (emphasis added)"Generally, article naming should prefer to what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making linking to those articles easy and second nature.
 * "This is justified by the following principle:Names of Wikipedia articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists.
 * "In a few cases of naming conflicts, editors have been unable to reach a strong consensus to support one name above another name. In these instances, both names are allowed."

I don't have a problem calling the article Emicho, Count Emicho, or Emicho (crusader) I'm just saying that the phrase Count Emicho of Leiningen must be included in the introductory paragraph as its the most widely used name to describe him. When I first came here from the link at the German Crusade page, I was certain this was someone else and that the link needed to be altered and a new page established for Count Emicho of Leiningen. I have never seen anyone call him anything but Count Emicho of Leiningen.
 * --Wowaconia 14:45, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

I second this. The article should be amended to be titled Count Emicho of Leiningen.
 * --Maximib 22:54, 30 August 2008 (EST)

mentioned as Bishop?
see Radulphe. I think there was a Bishop Emicho of Leiningen. This may be the root of the confusion. -- 146.115.58.152 15:16, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emicho


text: User talk:154.20.139.198

title: User talk:154.20.139.198


text:
Cricket-spitting

Cricket-spitting is a sport wherein contestants place a dead cricket in their mouth, and then spit it as far as they can. The contestant who can spit the cricket the farthest is declared the winner.

Cricket-spitting was developed in 1996 by entomologist Tom Turpin at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, as a competition for their annual Bug Bowl event, which brings over 30,000 people per year to their campus for a series of insect-related events and competitions. Since its creation, other universities have begun their own competitions, such as Pennsylvania State University who have hosted their own 'spit-off' since 1998. A Scottish spin off of Cricket-Spitting is Wasp Waving, where contestants throw frozen wasps at a target while blind folded.

World record
The Guinness World Record for cricket-spitting is 32 ft and is held by Dan Capps, from Madison, Wisconsin, and was set in June 1998 in front of a live television audience. Robert Tony Ferrell, from Hoopeston, Illinois, held the title/record in the 1997 Bug Bowl Games until upset by Dan Capps. Unofficial records of over 38 feet have been noted at competitions.

Rules
Note: The ruleset is not fixed, and is subject to change or modification by organizations hosting their own competitions.

 * The crickets are to be brown house crickets (Acheta domesticus), weighing between 45 and 55 milligrams.
 * Crickets should be previously frozen, then thawed for the record attempt.
 * Contestants must spit within 20 seconds of placing the cricket in their mouth.
 * The distance will be measured from the center of the edge of the spitting circle, to where the cricket comes to rest, using a measuring tape.
 * Contestants must not step outside of the red circle they stand in.
 * The cricket must be fully intact, and held fully in the mouth before the contestant may enter the spitting circle.
 * The cricket must remain intact, and an official must check the spat cricket for six legs, four wings, and two antenna before the spit can be counted.

title: Cricket-spitting


text:
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Harris was a member of the New Zealand team that toured South Africa in 1961–62 and drew the series two-all. He was New Zealand's top scorer, with 101 and 30, in the Third Test at Cape Town, which was New Zealand's first overseas Test victory.

Harris had two sons who played first-class cricket: Chris Harris, who went on to represent New Zealand, and Ben Harris who played for Canterbury and Otago. The unusual name of Zinzan – thought to be of Indian origin – is shared by several members of the Harris and related families: both Chris and Ben Harris have Zinzan as a middle name.

title: Zin Harris


text: User:Deanos/pos/template

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title: Eric Hicks (basketball)