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Robert Armstrong (actor)

Robert William Armstrong   (November 20, 1890 – April 20, 1973) was an American film and television actor noted for playing Carl Denham in the 1933 version of King Kong by RKO Pictures. He delivered the film's famous final line: "It wasn't the airplanes. It was beauty killed the beast."

Early years
Born in Saginaw, Michigan, Armstrong lived in Bay City, Michigan until about 1902 and moved to Seattle. He attended the University of Washington, where he studied law, and became a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity.

Career
Armstrong first started acting in the stage in 1919 with the production of Boys Will Be Boys. Armstrong's silver screen career began in 1927 when he appeared in Pathé's silent drama The Main Event. He appeared in 127 films between 1927 and 1964; very prolific in the late 1920s and early 1930s, he made nine movies in 1928 alone. He is best known for his role as filmmaker Carl Denham in King Kong. Months later, he starred as Denham again in the sequel, Son of Kong, released the same year. Armstrong resembled King Kong producer and adventurer Merian C. Cooper, and Cooper used him in several films as more or less a version of himself. The Most Dangerous Game was filmed at night on the same jungle sets as King Kong, which was shot during the day, with Armstrong and Fay Wray simultaneously starring in both pictures. In 1937, Armstrong starred in With Words and Music (also referred to as The Girl Said No), released by Grand National Films Inc. He also worked throughout the 1930s and 1940s for many film studios. Prior to World War II, in 1940, Universal Pictures released Enemy Agent, about countering a Nazi spy ring. In the film, Armstrong co-starred with Helen Vinson, Richard Cromwell and Jack La Rue. In 1942, he was reteamed with Cromwell in Baby Face Morgan, a notable B movie for PRC (Producers Releasing Corporation). Later in that decade, Armstrong played another Carl Denham-like leading character role as "Max O'Hara" in 1949's Mighty Joe Young. This film was another stop-motion animation giant gorilla fantasy, made by the same King Kong team of Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack.

In the 1950s, he appeared as Sheriff Andy Anderson on Rod Cameron's syndicated western-themed television series, State Trooper. Armstrong made four guest appearances on Perry Mason during its nine-year run on CBS: in 1958, he played as Walter Haskell in "The Case of the Sardonic Sergeant"; in 1961 he played the title character and murder victim Captain Bancroft in "The Case of the Malicious Mariner"; in 1962 he played defendant Jimmy West in "The Case of the Playboy Pugilist"; and in 1964 he played murderer Phil Jenks in "The Case of the Accosted Accountant."

Marriages

 * Peggy Allenby (August 1920 - April 17, 1925; divorced) (died 1966)
 * Ethel Virah Smith (June 12, 1926 - July 27, 1931; divorced) (died 1950)
 * Gladys Dubois (January 10, 1936 - December 31, 1939; divorced) (died 1971)
 * Claire Louise Frisbie (January 1, 1940 - April 20, 1973; his death) (died 1990)

Death
Armstrong died of cancer in Santa Monica, California. He and King Kong's co-producer, Merian C. Cooper, died within sixteen hours of each other.

Filmography

 * The Main Event (1927) as Red Lucas
 * The Leopard Lady (1928) as Chris
 * A Girl in Every Port (1928) as Bill / Salami
 * Square Crooks (1928) as Eddie Ellison
 * The Cop (1928) as Scarface Marcas
 * The Baby Cyclone (1928) as Gene
 * Celebrity (1928) as Kid Reagan
 * Show Folks (1928) as Owens - Promoter
 * Ned McCobb's Daughter (1928) as Babe Callahan
 * The Shady Lady (1928) as Blake
 * The Leatherneck (1929) as Joseph Hanlon
 * The Woman from Hell (1929) as Alf
 * Big News (1929) as Steve Banks
 * Oh, Yeah! (1929) as Dude Cowan
 * The Racketeer (1929) as Mahlon Keane
 * Be Yourself! (1930) as Jerry Moore
 * Dumbbells in Ermine (1930) as Jerry Malone
 * Danger Lights (1930) as Larry Doyle
 * Big Money (1930) as Ace
 * Paid (1930) as Joe Garson
 * Iron Man (1931) as George Regan
 * Ex-Bad Boy (1931) as Chester Binney
 * The Tip-Off (1931) as Kayo McClure
 * Suicide Fleet (1931) as Dutch
 * Panama Flo (1932) as Babe Dillon
 * The Lost Squadron (1932) as Woody
 * Radio Patrol (1932) as Bill Kennedy
 * Is My Face Red? (1932) as Ed Maloney
 * The Most Dangerous Game (1932) as Martin Trowbridge
 * Hold 'Em Jail (1932) as The Radio Announcer
 * The Penguin Pool Murder (1932) as Barry Costello
 * The Billion Dollar Scandal (1932) as Fingers Partos
 * King Kong (1933) as Carl Denham
 * Fast Workers (1933) as Bucker Reilly
 * I Love That Man (1933) as Driller
 * Blind Adventure (1933) as Richard Bruce
 * Above the Clouds (1933) as Scoop Adams
 * Son of Kong (1933) as Carl Denham
 * Palooka (1934) as Pete Palooka
 * Search for Beauty (1934) as Larry Williams
 * She Made Her Bed (1934) as 'Duke' Gordon
 * Manhattan Love Song (1934) as Tom Williams
 * The Hell Cat (1934) as Dan Collins
 * Kansas City Princess (1934) as Dynamite 'Dynie' Carson
 * Flirting with Danger (1934) as Bob Owens
 * The Mystery Man (1935) as Larry Doyle
 * Gigolette (1935) as Chuck Ahearn
 * Sweet Music (1935) as 'Dopey' Malone
 * G Men (1935) as Jeffrey "Jeff" McCord
 * Little Big Shot (1935) as Steve Craig
 * Remember Last Night? (1935) as Flannagan, the Milburns' mechanic
 * Dangerous Waters (1936) as 'Dusty' Johnson
 * The Ex-Mrs. Bradford (1936) as Nick Martel (bookie)
 * Public Enemy's Wife (1936) as Gene Ferguson
 * All American Chump (1936) as Bill Hogan
 * Without Orders (1936) as 'Wad' Madison
 * Nobody's Baby (1937) as Scoops Hanford
 * Three Legionnaires (1937) as Sergeant Chuck Connors
 * It Can't Last Forever (1937) as Al Tinker
 * The Girl Said No (1937) as Jimmie Allen
 * She Loved a Fireman (1937) as Captain Smokey Shannon
 * The Night Hawk (1938) as Charlie McCormick
 * There Goes My Heart (1938) as Detective O'Brien
 * The Flying Irishman (1939) as Joe Alden
 * Man of Conquest (1939) as Jim Bowie
 * Unmarried (1939) as Pins Streaver
 * Winter Carnival (1939) as Tiger Reynolds
 * Flight at Midnight (1939) as Jim Brennan
 * The Roaring Twenties (1939) as Hatted Passerby before Nightclub (uncredited)
 * Call a Messenger (1939) as Kirk Graham
 * Framed (1940) as Skippy
 * Forgotten Girls (1940) as Grover Mullins
 * Enemy Agent (1940) as Gordon
 * Service with the Colors (1940) as Sergeant Clicker
 * The Bride Wore Crutches (1940) as Pete
 * Behind the News (1940) as Vic Archer
 * The San Francisco Docks (1940) as Father Cameron
 * Mr. Dynamite (1941) as Paul
 * Sky Raiders (1941) as Lieutenant Ed Carey
 * Citadel of Crime (1941) as Cal Fullerton
 * Dive Bomber (1941) as Art Lyons
 * Gang Busters (1942) as Detective Tim Nolan
 * My Favorite Spy (1942) as Harry Robinson
 * It Happened in Flatbush (1942) as Danny Mitchell
 * Let's Get Tough! (1942) as Pop Stevens
 * Baby Face Morgan (1942) as 'Doc' Rogers
 * Wings Over the Pacific (1943) as Pieter Van Bronk
 * Adventures of the Flying Cadets (1943) as Arthur Galt, alias The Black Hangman
 * The Kansan (1943) as Malachy
 * The Mad Ghoul (1943) as Ken McClure
 * Around the World (1943) as General (uncredited)
 * Action in Arabia (1944) as Matthew Reed
 * The Navy Way (1944) as Chief Petty Officer Harper
 * Mr. Winkle Goes to War (1944) as Joe Tinker
 * Belle of the Yukon (1944) as George
 * Blood on the Sun (1945) as Colonel Hideki Tojo
 * Gangs of the Waterfront (1945) as Peter Winkly and Dutch Malone
 * The Falcon in San Francisco (1945) as De Forrest Marshall
 * Arson Squad (1945) as Fire Captain Joe Dugan
 * The Royal Mounted Rides Again (1945) as Jonathan Price
 * Gay Blades (1946) as McManus
 * Blonde Alibi (1946) as Williams
 * G.I. War Brides (1946) as Dawson
 * Decoy (1946) as Frankie Olins
 * Criminal Court (1946) as Vic Wright, Club Circle Owner
 * The Sea of Grass (1947) as Floyd McCurtin (Brewton's attorney)
 * Fall Guy (1947) as Mac McLaine
 * Exposed (1947) as Inspector Prentice
 * The Fugitive (1947) as Police Sergeant
 * Return of the Bad Men (1948) as 'Wild Bill Doolin' / Wild Bill Doolin
 * The Paleface (1948) as Terri
 * The Lucky Stiff (1949) as Inspector Von Flanagan
 * The Crime Doctor's Diary (1949) as George 'Goldie' Harrigan
 * Streets of San Francisco (1949) as Willard Logan
 * Mighty Joe Young (1949) as Max O'Hara
 * Sons of New Mexico (1949) as Pat Feeney
 * Captain China (1950) as Keegan
 * Destination Big House (1950) as Ed Somers
 * The Pace That Thrills (1952) as J.C. Barton
 * Las Vegas Shakedown (1955) as Doc
 * Double Jeopardy (1955) as Sam Baggott
 * The Peacemaker (1956) as Sheriff Ben Seale
 * The Crooked Circle (1957) as Al Taylor
 * Girl with an Itch (1958) as Ben Cooper
 * Johnny Cool (1963) as Gang Member
 * For Those Who Think Young (1964) as Norman Armstrong, Cronin's Business Associate (final film role)

title: Robert Armstrong (actor)


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Steve Sumner

Steven Paul Sumner (2 April 1955 – 8 February 2017) was an English-born, New Zealand footballer who played as a midfielder. He was captain of the national team during the country's first successful campaign to qualify for the World Cup, in 1982. He is also the first New Zealander to score in the World Cup, doing so in the 54th minute in New Zealand's 1982 opening game against Scotland.

Club career
Sumner began his football as an apprentice at Blackpool before moving to New Zealand in 1973 to play for Christchurch United, winning the National League in his first year. Sumner went on to win 6 Chatham Cups and 5 league titles. He is the only player to have won six Chatham Cup winners medals.

International career
His international career spanned from 1976 to 1988, including a record 105 appearances for New Zealand (beating the record previously held by Brian Turner), 58 of which were A-internationals.

An active and attacking midfielder, Sumner scored a national record six goals during New Zealand's 13–0 defeat of Fiji during the 1982 World Cup qualifying campaign. He was also one of New Zealand's only two scorers in the 1982 World Cup Finals tournament in Spain (along with Steve Wooddin), in New Zealand's 5–2 loss to Scotland. He was the first player of the FIFA Oceania zone to score in a World Cup.

In 1991, he was inducted into the New Zealand Soccer Media Association Hall of Fame and was then awarded FIFA's top award, the FIFA Order of Merit, before the opening of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, along with Johan Cruyff and former South African president Thabo Mbeki.

Later life and death
After retiring Sumner maintained his involvement in football, being employed by TVNZ as a media personality. More significantly he sat on the executive board of the Wellington Phoenix bringing much needed professional playing experience to the table. In August 2015, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, from which he died on 8 February 2017, aged 61.

Steve Sumner Trophy
In 2018 New Zealand Football named the Man of the Match trophy for the New Zealand Football Championship final after Sumner, calling it the "Steve Sumner Trophy". It was first awarded to Callum McCowatt after he scored the only goal in Auckland City 1–0 win over Team Wellington in the final. McCowatt won it a second time the following year, this time while playing for Eastern Suburbs, where he scored a hattrick in the finals, again against Team Wellington.

Individual

 * Player of the Year: 1983
 * Golden Boot: 1983
 * FIFA Centennial Award in 2004
 * FIFA Order of Merit: 2010
 * Friends of Football Medal of Excellence 2015
 * Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit (for services to football), 2016 Queen's Birthday Honours
 * IFFHS Oceania Men's Team of All Time: 2021

Club
Christchurch United
 * National League: 1973, 1975, 1978, 1988
 * Chatham Cup: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1989

Manurewa
 * National League: 1983
 * Chatham Cup: 1984

Gisborne City
 * Chatham Cup: 1987

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Steve Sumner


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John Peters (chess player)

John (Jack) Peters (born 1951 ) is an American International Master of chess. He currently teaches at University of Southern California and is known for his weekly Los Angeles Times chess column which ran from September 19, 1982, to November 28, 2010.

title: John Peters (chess player)


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Ernest B. Schoedsack

Ernest Beaumont Schoedsack (June 8, 1893 – December 23, 1979) was an American motion picture cinematographer, producer, and director. Schoedsack worked as a cameraman in World War I, where he served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. At the conclusion of the war, he stayed in Europe to further his career. He worked on several films with Merian C. Cooper including King Kong, Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness, and The Most Dangerous Game. He also collaborated with screenwriter and actress Ruth Rose, whom he later married. Schoedsack died on December 23, 1979, at age 86.

Early life
Ernest B. Schoedsack was born in Council Bluffs, Iowa, on June 8, 1893. He ran away from home at age fourteen and worked with road gangs. He went to San Francisco, where he worked as a surveyor. He grew to be 6ft 5in, and his friends called him "Shorty".

Film career
Schoedsack began his career thanks to his brother Felix that helped him get a job as a cameraman in films in 1914 for Mack Sennett. He continued working as a cameraman in World War I. He served in the Signal Corps of the U.S. Army in France in 1918. He also flew in combat bombing missions. After the war, he stayed in Europe furthering his career as a cameraman. His eyesight was severely damaged in World War I, yet he continued to work in films afterward. In 1920, Schoedsack helped refugees in Poland escape the Polish–Soviet War. He worked with the American Red Cross. During 1921 and 1922, he also helped refugees from the Greco-Turkish War. After training at the Columbia University School of Military Cinematography, he was hired by The New York Times as a cameraman on an expedition around the world.

Chang and early films
Schoedsack began as a co-director with Merian C. Cooper. He first met Cooper in 1918 in Vienna. They both later worked for The New York Times, but decided to make their own films. Their first collaboration was on Grass, which was produced in 1925. That same year, Schoedsack met screenwriter and former actress Ruth Rose, and would later marry her in 1926. They met on an expedition to the Galapagos Islands, where Schoedsack was the cameraman, and Rose was the official historian.

In 1927, Cooper and Schoedsack produced the film Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness together, which depicts a man's survival in the Northern Siamese jungle. Schoedsack and Cooper spent 18 months in the jungle in order to produce the film and photograph certain scenes. While producing the film, stampeding elephants that are featured in the movie almost ran over Schoedsack and his crew. The risk was worth it, however, and Chang was later nominated for Best Picture at the first Academy Awards show. Schoedsack kept a print of a Bengal tiger pouncing with its jaws open in his office. When asked by a reporter about the photo, Schoedsack said that the tiger had sprung and he shot it.

In 1929, the duo worked to create The Four Feathers film. It was the first fiction film that Schoedsack and Cooper collaborated on. It was also one of the last silent films of Hollywood.

King Kong and early 1930s films
While Schoedsack and Cooper made several other films together, they are most known for directing the 1933 film King Kong. After finishing production on The Most Dangerous Game, Schoedsack joined Cooper in the production of King Kong. Schoedsack focused on scenes with human actors, while Cooper headed the special effects. Schoedsack, Cooper, and Rose inspired the characters of John Driscoll, Carl Denham, and Ann Darrow, respectively. The script was co-written by Schoedsack's wife, Ruth Rose. This film marked a transition in the working relationship of Schoedsack and Cooper. After the film, Schoedsack only directed films, while Cooper produced them. Their partnership ended, however, in the late 1930s.

In 1933, after filming King Kong, Schoedsack worked on shooting for a film that was never completed called Arabia. For this project, Schoedsack went to shoot on location in Syria. Another film was made in the King Kong franchise. Rose wrote the screenplay for the next film, Son of Kong, which was released in 1933 by RKO. Schoedsack was the sole director of the film. Also in 1933, Rose and Schoedsack collaborated on the film Blind Adventure.

Later work
Schoedsack directed several other films in the 1930s including The Last Days of Pompeii, Trouble in Morocco, and Outlaws of the Orient. In 1940, Schoedsack directed Dr. Cyclops, which was Hollywood's first science fiction film in technicolor. In 1949, the film Mighty Joe Young was released by RKO and directed by Schoedsack. It was a reunion film of the main King Kong creative team of Cooper, Schoedsack, and Ruth Rose. This would be the last film that Schoedsack would direct due to eye injuries received in World War II from testing photography equipment.

Later life
Ruth Rose died on Schoedsack's birthday on June 8, 1978. Schoedsack died on December 23, 1979, in Los Angeles. They are interred together at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

title: Ernest B. Schoedsack


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Right-socialism

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep — the vote fell 3:2 delete. However, this does not seem to match the criterion of WP:OR, and those who voted keep raised valid points against deletion. --Gareth Hughes 20:05, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Right-socialism
nom&vote delete. I may be totally off-base on this one, but looks like a bunch of original research to my eye. At best, this is a woefully inadequate encylopedia article in need of serious attention. Any experts in the audience please comment. Gaff talk 10:12, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep looks like a woeful article to me, i've heard the term mentioned before, even if this particular article started out as OR it can be improved.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 10:18, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: the term gets very few original Google results past the first page, except for irrelevant ones, like "right, socialism" or "right. Socialism". Also, there are no matches on Google News. It's probably a very non-notable neologism and/or original research. I'd reconsider if someone can find a few instances of mainstream usage or a scholarly paper on it. -- Kjkolb 14:25, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete OR --Rogerd 09:28, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Stub created because needed to illuminate Japanese militarism articles. If there is a more standard scholarly description of this aspect of fascism, let's move the page. There are Google hits for "right-socialism", "right-socialist" showing this is not a neologism. (Nominator has been a WPdian for all of a week, BTW, and already has one of those sillier barnstars ... and they wonder why AfD has a lousy rep. A stub is a stub, and WP is founded on them.) Charles Matthews 09:44, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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HMS Tuscan (R56)

HMS Tuscan was a T-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy that served during the Second World War and was scrapped in 1966.

Second World War service
On 7 October 1944, she and the destroyer HMS Termagant (R89) sank the German torpedo boat TA37, the subchaser UJ210 and the harbour patrol boat GK32.

Post-war service
Between 1946 and 1952, Tuscan was held as part of the reserve fleet in Portsmouth. In 1949 and 1950, she had a refit at Cammell Laird in Birkenhead. Between May 1952 and September 1953, she was converted into a Type 16 fast anti-submarine frigate by Mount Stuart Dry Docks, Cardiff and was allocated the new pennant number F156.

In 1953, she was held as part of the Devonport Reserve, and in 1954 the Portsmouth Reserve. In 1960, she was part of the Chatham reserve and between 1961 and 1963 was part of the Portsmouth Operational Reserve. She was eventually sold to McLellan for scrap and arrived at Bo'ness for breaking up on 26 March 1966.

title: HMS Tuscan (R56)


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Pownoll Pellew, 2nd Viscount Exmouth

Pownoll Bastard Pellew, 2nd Viscount Exmouth (1 July 1786 – 3 December 1833) was an English peer and officer of the Royal Navy.

Life
He was the eldest son of Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth and his wife Susan Pellew (nee Frowde). Like his father, and his younger brother Fleetwood Pellew, he served in the Royal Navy and attained the rank of Post Captain in 1806. He did not achieve great success in the Navy despite the influence of his father.

Pellew first served as a midshipman in 1798 under his father, Sir Edward Pellew, in the 74-gun ship of the line Impétueux. He was described at this time by his father as "clever and quick, but idle and unmanageable." This was just after the Spithead and Nore mutinies and the ship's company was still restive. A mutiny was put down and the participants were court martialled and hanged at the yard arm or flogged round the fleet in Port Mahon.

Pellew was made a lieutenant well before he had served the mandatory seven years at sea, as Sir Edward had considerable influence with the authorities. Favours in parliament ensured Pownoll's promotion to commander at the very early age of seventeen. His first command was the 18-gun HMS Fly (1804) in the West Indies under Admiral Dacres. Unfortunately Fly was lost on a reef in 1805, though the crew were saved. Pellew underwent the mandatory court martial for the loss of his ship and was found not guilty of negligence. He rejoined his father now at Madras. Admiral Pellew was by this time Commander in Chief of the Navy in the East Indies. Pownoll was immediately made acting-captain of the frigate HMS Sir Francis Drake (1805), and was given HMS Terpsichore (1785) upon his father promoting him to post-rank in 1806.

Both father and son were becoming wealthy with the prize money to be won in the East Indies. After his first marriage in 1808, Pellew returned to England and started building the new family seat of Canonteign in Devon. He did not stay in the Navy but became involved in politics, serving as Member of Parliament for Launceston from 1812 to 1830. His father's friendship with the Duke of Northumberland was important in his gaining the seat.

His father became Lord Exmouth in 1814 and Viscount Exmouth in 1816. When he died in January 1833, Pownoll became the second Viscount Exmouth, a title he enjoyed for just eleven months. He died at age 47 and was succeeded by his eldest son Edward Pellew.

He is buried in Christow church with a monument by Thomas Gaffin.

Marriages and children
On 1 October 1808, he married Eliza Harriet Barlow, eldest daughter of Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet, the Governor of Madras, but they divorced in 1820. She was born in 1789 and died in 1833. They had two sons and one daughter. These children were:
 * Edward Pellew (14 February 1811 – 11 February 1876); he would become the 3rd Viscount Exmouth.
 * Percy Taylor Pellew (15 April 1814 – 31 December 1848); officer in Madras Cavalry.
 * Juliana Sarah Pellew (16 June 1816 – 31 August 1891)

On 15 April 1822, he married Georgina Janet Dick, eldest daughter of Mungo Dick, Esq. She was born circa 1800 and died 15 February 1870. They had three sons and two daughters. These children were:
 * Pownoll Fleetwood Pellew (26 July 1823 – 25 December 1851); lieutenant in the Royal Navy.
 * Caroline Emma Pellew (24 February 1825 – 2 March 1832)
 * a daughter (September 1827; died in infancy)
 * Fleetwood John Pellew (6 November 1830 – 2 August 1866), father of the 4th Viscount.
 * Barrington Reynolds Pellew (18 April 1833 – 6 December 1858); major in the 2nd Battalion, Rifle Brigade.

title: Pownoll Pellew, 2nd Viscount Exmouth


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Data conversion

Data conversion is the conversion of computer data from one format to another. Throughout a computer environment, data is encoded in a variety of ways. For example, computer hardware is built on the basis of certain standards, which requires that data contains, for example, parity bit checks. Similarly, the operating system is predicated on certain standards for data and file handling. Furthermore, each computer program handles data in a different manner. Whenever any one of these variables is changed, data must be converted in some way before it can be used by a different computer, operating system or program. Even different versions of these elements usually involve different data structures. For example, the changing of bits from one format to another, usually for the purpose of application interoperability or of the capability of using new features, is merely a data conversion. Data conversions may be as simple as the conversion of a text file from one character encoding system to another; or more complex, such as the conversion of office file formats, or the conversion of image formats and audio file formats.

There are many ways in which data is converted within the computer environment. This may be seamless, as in the case of upgrading to a newer version of a computer program. Alternatively, the conversion may require processing by the use of a special conversion program, or it may involve a complex process of going through intermediary stages, or involving complex "exporting" and "importing" procedures, which may include converting to and from a tab-delimited or comma-separated text file. In some cases, a program may recognize several data file formats at the data input stage and then is also capable of storing the output data in several different formats. Such a program may be used to convert a file format. If the source format or target format is not recognized, then at times a third program may be available which permits the conversion to an intermediate format, which can then be reformatted using the first program. There are many possible scenarios.

Information basics
Before any data conversion is carried out, the user or application programmer should keep a few basics of computing and information theory in mind. These include:

 * Information can easily be discarded by the computer, but adding information takes effort.
 * The computer can add information only in a rule-based fashion.
 * Upsampling the data or converting to a more feature-rich format does not add information; it merely makes room for that addition, which usually a human must do.
 * Data stored in an electronic format can be quickly modified and analyzed.

For example, a true color image can easily be converted to grayscale, while the opposite conversion is a painstaking process. Converting a Unix text file to a Microsoft (DOS/Windows) text file involves adding characters, but this does not increase the entropy since it is rule-based; whereas the addition of color information to a grayscale image cannot be reliably done programmatically, as it requires adding new information, so any attempt to add color would require estimation by the computer based on previous knowledge. Converting a 24-bit PNG to a 48-bit one does not add information to it, it only pads existing RGB pixel values with zeroes, so that a pixel with a value of FF C3 56, for example, becomes FF00 C300 5600. The conversion makes it possible to change a pixel to have a value of, for instance, FF80 C340 56A0, but the conversion itself does not do that, only further manipulation of the image can. Converting an image or audio file in a lossy format (like JPEG or Vorbis) to a lossless (like PNG or FLAC) or uncompressed (like BMP or WAV) format only wastes space, since the same image with its loss of original information (the artifacts of lossy compression) becomes the target. A JPEG image can never be restored to the quality of the original image from which it was made, no matter how much the user tries the "JPEG Artifact Removal" feature of his or her image manipulation program.

Automatic restoration of information that was lost through a lossy compression process would probably require important advances in artificial intelligence.

Because of these realities of computing and information theory, data conversion is often a complex and error-prone process that requires the help of experts.

Pivotal conversion
Data conversion can occur directly from one format to another, but many applications that convert between multiple formats use an intermediate representation by way of which any source format is converted to its target. For example, it is possible to convert Cyrillic text from KOI8-R to Windows-1251 using a lookup table between the two encodings, but the modern approach is to convert the KOI8-R file to Unicode first and from that to Windows-1251. This is a more manageable approach; rather than needing lookup tables for all possible pairs of character encodings, an application needs only one lookup table for each character set, which it uses to convert to and from Unicode, thereby scaling the number of tables down from hundreds to a few tens.

Pivotal conversion is similarly used in other areas. Office applications, when employed to convert between office file formats, use their internal, default file format as a pivot. For example, a word processor may convert an RTF file to a WordPerfect file by converting the RTF to OpenDocument and then that to WordPerfect format. An image conversion program does not convert a PCX image to PNG directly; instead, when loading the PCX image, it decodes it to a simple bitmap format for internal use in memory, and when commanded to convert to PNG, that memory image is converted to the target format. An audio converter that converts from FLAC to AAC decodes the source file to raw PCM data in memory first, and then performs the lossy AAC compression on that memory image to produce the target file.

Lost and inexact data conversion
The objective of data conversion is to maintain all of the data, and as much of the embedded information as possible. This can only be done if the target format supports the same features and data structures present in the source file. Conversion of a word processing document to a plain text file necessarily involves loss of formatting information, because plain text format does not support word processing constructs such as marking a word as boldface. For this reason, conversion from one format to another which does not support a feature that is important to the user is rarely carried out, though it may be necessary for interoperability, e.g. converting a file from one version of Microsoft Word to an earlier version to enable transfer and use by other users who do not have the same later version of Word installed on their computer.

Loss of information can be mitigated by approximation in the target format. There is no way of converting a character like ä to ASCII, since the ASCII standard lacks it, but the information may be retained by approximating the character as ae. Of course, this is not an optimal solution, and can impact operations like searching and copying; and if a language makes a distinction between ä and ae, then that approximation does involve loss of information.

Data conversion can also suffer from inexactitude, the result of converting between formats that are conceptually different. The WYSIWYG paradigm, extant in word processors and desktop publishing applications, versus the structural-descriptive paradigm, found in SGML, XML and many applications derived therefrom, like HTML and MathML, is one example. Using a WYSIWYG HTML editor conflates the two paradigms, and the result is HTML files with suboptimal, if not nonstandard, code. In the WYSIWYG paradigm a double linebreak signifies a new paragraph, as that is the visual cue for such a construct, but a WYSIWYG HTML editor will usually convert such a sequence to , which is structurally no new paragraph at all. As another example, converting from PDF to an editable word processor format is a tough chore, because PDF records the textual information like engraving on stone, with each character given a fixed position and linebreaks hard-coded, whereas word processor formats accommodate text reflow. PDF does not know of a word space character—the space between two letters and the space between two words differ only in quantity. Therefore, a title with ample letter-spacing for effect will usually end up with spaces in the word processor file, for example INTRODUCTION with spacing of 1 em as I N T R O D U C T I O N on the word processor.

Open vs. secret specifications
Successful data conversion requires thorough knowledge of the workings of both source and target formats. In the case where the specification of a format is unknown, reverse engineering will be needed to carry out conversion. Reverse engineering can achieve close approximation of the original specifications, but errors and missing features can still result.

Electronics
Data format conversion can also occur at the physical layer of an electronic communication system. Conversion between line codes such as NRZ and RZ can be accomplished when necessary.

title: Data conversion


text:
Talk:China Can Say No

Title of book

 * The title of the Chinese book (and of this Wiki article) is translated incorrectly. The Western media uses at least three different translation of the book title, making it extremely difficult to google the title.
 * The correct, literal translation is "China Can Say No". It is simple, straightfoward, and one the most commonly used translations for the book.  Therefore, we should use it. 22:34, 6 August 2005 User:Ktchong

Continued after cut-and-paste page move

 * It was already debated on the old "The China That Can Say No" page and agreed that the new title of this page will be "China Can Say No" as this is the more literal and more accurate translation. Please stop changing it. --220.245.178.134 10:19, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * While this may be irrelevant, where can I order this book from in Canada? I'd be interested in reading it. 23:16, 5 January 2007 [User:24.202.74.133]]

Broken Links
I've just removed the 'external links' section, because all the links in it were dead. Here's what they were, in case anybody more adventurous wants to track down linkable versions:
 * China's Answer is Still No - analysis in Asiaweek
 * Review Sinorama magazine
 * 2nd review Sinorama —Preceding unsigned comment added by Danohuiginn (talk • contribs) 19:45, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

criticizes

 * It specifically criticizes physicist Fang Lizhi and journalist Liu Binyan.

Doesn't say why these in particular. RJFJR (talk) 13:47, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:China Can Say No


text:
Caularthron

Caularthron Raf. (1837), abbreviated Cau. in the horticultural trade, is a genus of orchids with 4 species. They are epiphytic orchids with specialized hollow pseudobulbs that house ants. The genus is exclusively found in the tropical regions of southern Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and northern South America.

List of species
Species accepted as of May 2014:

title: Caularthron


text:
User talk:Rachel Cakes

 ''Please post new messages at the bottom of my talk page. Please use headlines when starting new talk topics. Thank you.''

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello Rachel, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed nobody had said hi yet... Hi!

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

You might like some of these links and tips:
 * some General guidance.
 * Tutorial and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf melmac 10:19, 15 October 2005 (UTC).

Hello Alf!! I'm Rachel. :) thanks for the introduction to wikipedia! where did you find me by the way? i havent been around very long- about an hour :oP i don't have knowledge with html but i am passionate about topics (mainly tv shows and toys) that i remember from my childhood that no one else remembers!- so i do have knowledge :) can you tell me what you think of my sea monkeys page? is it ok?

--Rachel Cakes 10:27, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm watching Recent changes this morning to greet newbies! I think The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys is a quality stub. I'll look to see what categories and stub marker it might take : ) Alf melmac 10:45, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks! You're a champ!!! --Rachel Cakes 10:47, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem! Alf melmac 10:59, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Hello
I noticed a cleanup tag on your Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (video game) and thought this link might help. It helped me in the begining. Good article by the way.-Dak ota  04:32, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi Dakota (cool name btw),

Thanks for the link- I shall read it through and get some advice. I am good at starting stubs but as for finishing them... ^_^ I added the picture and the first paragraph but I need to clean up the paragraph with all of the capital words which someone else did. I think they copied and pasted it from another website...

Question: I want to start a page about 'Golden Tickets' and I want the name page to be 'Golden Ticket' but that page is already taken, and all it does is redirect to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. help please? thanks in advance. :) --Rachel Cakes 09:51, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

JESSICA SIMPSON
It isn't nonsense. Have you seen her? Jim16 05:25, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Hi Back
Your article is Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (video game) and is about the video game. The other on Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is about the book and it is not copied and pasted but it does have a spoiler warning which some like and some don't. Golden Tickets can refer to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and it also has some use in sports and Zelda (I googled it). Perhaps you could use it in your article on Charlie which would expand it. You could try that anyway. Dakota is my real first name and nickname but the last of my user name isn't. Your doing great by the way. Don't hesitate to ask for help. Some will reply some won't. The help link is always good. By the way I don't know if you've used the sandbox yet but you can form your own if you wish. If you want I will show you how because the first time I tried I made a booboo which got quickly deleted.Thanks.--Dak ota  21:06, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi Dakota,

thanks for replying back :) Here is my page about Golden Tickets. What do you think of it?

I have thought about just merging it with the Charlie and the Chocolate Factory article but I feel that since it is both a fictional (the book and films) and non-fictional item (there were some actually released for a competiton), that it deserves it's own article. Maybe people will want it merged with something else but I'll see how I go. The article should be long enough to deserve it's own article and therefore, not be deleted but we'll see... :)

--Rachel Cakes 06:00, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (video game)
Sorry about not explaining what needed cleaning up. But it does look much better now, and I've taken off the cleanup tag. Nice work! tregoweth 15:07, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Re hi
The Golden Tickets article is nice. Sorry about not getting back. Did you enjoy your wikibreak? I took one due to morning sickness that lasted most of the day but has subsided somewhat. If you reply could you do on it my page because I will know that you have left, will forget otherwise. Keep up the good work.-- Dak ota   t    e  ''' 01:33, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Wet'n'Wild
Hi Rachael, just noticed you'd changed Wet'n'Wild back to Wet 'n' Wild on the Gold Coast page. The official name and spelling is "Wet'n'Wild Water World", but I'd noticed the Wikipedia article Wet 'n' Wild refers to the incorrect name, so I guess that's why you reverted my change on the Gold Coast Page. I'm new to this whole thing, so how do you go about actually changing the name of the existing article? E-CBD 05:56, 30 November 2005 (UTC)E-CBD

Hi there,

Thanks for the message. I just try to do the right thing and fix mistakes here and there but thanks for catching that one...

Yes, you are right it is called "Wet'n'Wild Water World". Feel free to fix the mistake- click here. That should help you with moving the page.

I hope that helps. :) --Rachel Cakes 05:23, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Yep, got it... I made the change — thanks for the tip :) E-CBD 13:27, 6 December 2005 (UTC)E-CBD

Golden Ticket text
Rachel, I do think it is a good idea to put the text of the Golden Tickets up, as they are different (and also to share some continuity since we have the different versions of the kids' songs). I'll try to put up the movie versions, but the novel one could take some time.- JustPhil 20:20, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Neat! I'm sure people will find that interesting to read- I know I did. Thanks for trying to improve the page. :) --Rachel Cakes 04:37, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

CATCF images
Hello again. I'm trying your advice on capturing images from the DVD onto my computer. I have not been successful yet, but I'll get it right soon. What do you think of images from the Oompa-Loompa dances? That's one thing I will try to put onto the bad kids' pages. Thank for your advice.- JustPhil 18:00, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Hi. Umm, you should have a button on your dvd program (that plays the dvd's) and it will say something like "screencap" or something similar. Maybe you could someone more computer literate to help you. ;) They can be a bit hard to figure out sometimes, I know.

You should get an image of each of the bad children's consequences for their behaviour, from the CATCF dvd. augustus in the pipe, veruca and the squirrels etc. i'm not sure about the oompa loompa dances maybe you could put that in the children's song's section. i'm not sure. i'll give you my opinion when it is done and finished, so keep me updated on those pictures. :) And i just love your picture of the wonka bar that you uploaded. i was trying to find a good picture like that. great work!

regards, --Rachel Cakes 06:16, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Veruca Salt image
Hey. Weird request. I really loved the photo you uploaded of Veruca Salt (from the 1970s film). I noticed it's not up anymore, and wondered if there was any way I could get a copy? BigGuy219 08:32, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks. I'm glad you like it. :) Here it is:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Veruca1971.jpg

--Rachel Cakes 05:13, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Happy Holidays
May this be a great holiday season for you and your family. -- Dak ota   ?    e   01:01, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Hey Rachel. I just want to wish you a very Merry Christmas and happy 2006!- JustPhil 01:13, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Dappled Cities Fly vegans?
Do you have a source for your categorisation of Dappled Cities Fly as vegans? Is everyone in the band vegan? See Talk:Dappled Cities Fly 61.68.51.72

Here is my source for adding the band to the vegan category:

...It is hard being four fundamentalist, vegan, non smoking, tee totalling, west end hippies...

Taken from the Dappled Cities Fly tour diary from the official website. I hope this clears things up.

Source

--Rachel Cakes 08:53, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

web-screenshot tag
I've noticed you've uploaded some images tagged with web-screenshot. This tag is not meant to be used for images that came from Web pages; it's meant to be used for images of Web pages (such as Image:Wikipedia.PNG, for example). I've retagged the images below as having no license information. Please edit the image description pages to include information about the licenses these images are under. —Bkell 06:03, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Image:Caramellokoala.jpg

Adelaide Airport
Hi Rachel, you hit a real nerve of mine when you mentioned Adelaide Aiport! The frustration and embarrassment with the fuel pipes is reaching epic proportions. There are rumours they may have to dig up the tarmac and start all over again! How could the builders do such a shoddy job? Am I making too much of this? Auswide 10:25, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Wow Rachel, they did it! Adelaide Airport was fully opened on 17 February 2006. About time! Auswide 13:13, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi there Auswide. Sorry I didn't reply to your first message. I didn't see it, for some odd reason. You know what technology can be like.

 * Hooray! The airport is open. Yes, it was such an embarassment. We were the laughing stock of the rest of Australia!

 * At least it is open now, though. But I heard that yesterday (Tues.) the Virgin airlines system crashed and everyone had to wait ages to board the planes and check in.

 * Have you seen it yet? I have. I had to go there on the Saturday (the second day it was open) because my grandpa had a flight. It really is beautiful. Nothing at all like the little tin shed before. It isn't really that big but it is really nice, and big enough for Adelaide, at least. I'm so glad we are on par with the other capital cities now. You should really go and have a look at it.

 * I took some photos while I was there. Might add them later. If you go could you possibly take a photo of the new airport from the outside? I forgot to do this. Thanks. --Rachel Cakes 02:55, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

CATCF
Hey Rachel. I noticed some of the new images you have uploaded from Charlie; good work by the way. Sorry, but I still have no idea about how to upload images from the DVD to my computer. But, here is what I think some images we should upload: Augustus in the pipe during the synchronized swimming part; Veruca with the squirrels (and maybe the Oompa-Loompas dancing); and perhaps the Oompa-Loompa rock band. I would do these myself, but my Dad didn't get some advice yet. I did try your advice, but when I paste the image from clipboard to paint, the image isn't frozen (I can't explain it). But I think we should get some new images of the characters.- JustPhil 23:05, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Phil. I don't have the DVD right now as someone is borrowing it but I should have it back by next Monday. I will screencap those scenes then.

 * I know what you mean about the image not being frozen when you paste it into Microsoft Paint. It has something to do with layers of the DVD. Here is a link (link) that explains the situation. I found it very helpful. If you do figure out how to screencap feel free to do the pictures yourself. Or I can do them. Either way I don't mind. :) Hope that helps. --Rachel Cakes 00:43, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello again. I did find that site when I was trying to find how to capture images. But since then, I have forgotten about it; so thanks for reminding me about it (I'll try again tomorrow). Additionally, we need an image of Grandpa Joe from both the original and from the new film, to keep the continuity of the character pages.
 * One more thing: someone created an article called "Scarlett Beauregarde" (Violet's mother). But, the character isn't mentioned on the credits or on the imdb list. Do you think someone found it on some fan fiction page and accepted it as fact?- JustPhil 01:57, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I have the Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory DVD so I'll get a few images of Grandpa Joe for you.

 * I googled "Scarlett Beauregarde" and it seems as if that is her real name. In Charlie, anyway. You know the scene where Mrs. Beauregarde is showing the reporters her trophies for Baton? Well, apparently there is a plaque with her name on it. link Feel free to view the movie and tell me whether this is true or not. I would do so but as I said, I won't get the DVD back until next Monday. --Rachel Cakes 03:19, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

You're right. I checked that scene and her name does appear on the plaque.- JustPhil 13:38, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Images
Hello again. I really like those images you uploaded. If you could get stuff from the new film, that would also be nice. I might be able to scan images from the book and upload them; that I can do.- JustPhil 13:43, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

I like those images from Charlie you uploaded. You asked if I could upload images from the book, but I think some users doen't want them. I was also wondering if you could get some images of the Oompa-Loompa dances; if you don't want to, I won't mind. Good work!- JustPhil 12:21, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

test warning
great to see you using them but can i make 1 request, plz subst them like this because it reduces server load or etc happy vandal whacking!Benon 08:49, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Ok. :) --Rachel Cakes 08:55, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Seamonkeys-tv-show.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Seamonkeys-tv-show.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. -- Carnildo 08:22, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Hello
Hi, Rachel. I just wanted to say hello...all the way from Germany. (my birthday is Friday)- JustPhil 19:32, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Phil. You're in Germany? Lucky you. :) I was wondering why you hadn't updated the Charlie pages in a few days... ;) Happy birthday for Friday/Freitag :). --Rachel Cakes 06:23, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Ich weiß nicht ob JustPhil da etwas vorschnell war, aber eigentlich braucht Doco am dringendsten jemanden, der Konstruktion übersetzt, weil es Doco da etwas an der englischen Fachterminologie mangelt - wenn du aber z.B. bei Dingen wie History:Class 628.2 oder History:Class 628.4 in die Bresche springen könntest, würde Doco das auch schon sehr helfen. Myrtone@Rachel Cakes.com.au

PS I wonder why you havn't responded to that German text.

I didn't understand any of that German gibberish. --Rachel Cakes 06:27, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello Rachel. I did receive a query from Myrtone about the above comment and I'd have to agree that it isn't the most diplomatic way of referring to another's language system. Of course, I can see you didn't mean any harm, but it would be good to use more sensitive language rather than off-the-cuff stuff. Thanks, Blnguyen | rant-line 00:47, 17 July 2006 (UTC).

It is not gibberish, Ich weiß nicht means 'I don't know' and ß is pronounced like 'ss'. 'ei' is the vowel is 'aisle,' the 'w' is pronounced like "our" 'v,' in German 'v' sound like "our" 'f'. Btw the name Hahndorf means 'rooster village.' Mytone
 * PS I have noticed that you have a lot of chatter on you userpage, you could do this via email, either by specifying your email adress in your preferences or by adding it to your userpage.

hi
hello rachel you write this in black eyed peas: ''Does this article mention how Fergie pissed herself on stage at a concert earlier this summer?.. picture proof and everything.'' please link me that picture of it.i want to see it. thanks. --Farshads 15:44, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Umm that wasn't me who said that. It was said by someone who didn't add a signature to their sentence. But if you really want to see the picture, just google it. --Rachel Cakes 10:03, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

"Does this article mention how Fergie pissed herself on stage at a concert earlier this summer?"

"Lower class" word in this question.Myrtone (the strict Australian wikipedian):-(

 * I didn't write that question. An unsigned user did. --Rachel Cakes 05:00, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Hi
Welcome back. I'm sure if you have noticed, but they deleted the images of Veruca Salt you uploaded. Also, on the Charlie page, they list several actors who they considered for Grandpa Joe. Several of them (like Peter Cushing and Alec Guinness) have been dead for years. Do you by any chance know how long they were working on this film?- JustPhil 19:20, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi. I didn't actually notice that you deleted the Veruca Salt images. May I ask, why you did, though? I thought that it would be beneficial to have a picture of the characters on the page for illustration or comparison, if not anything else.

 * I think the script was thrown around for a while between directors before Burton got his hands on it and casted Depp and Highmore. According to the screenwriter, John Augustus' website (link), he has worked on the movie ever since 14/04/2004 (March 14th). But as I said, I'm sure that the idea was thrown around for a good few years before then. --Rachel Cakes 02:55, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, I myself did not delete those images. Someone else did, possibly because of source or copyright info was needed. I do think we should have some images of Veruca.- JustPhil 15:53, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok then. That's ok. Hmmm. I did provide a source for the screencaps. Maybe I need to provide more? Usually, someone will leave a message letting me know that my pictures that I uploaded are going to be deleted. That's a bit weird. --Rachel Cakes 11:43, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Easter
Happy Easter, Rachel!- JustPhil 16:12, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thankyou! Happy (belated) Easter to you to. :) --Rachel Cakes 08:29, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Reminder..
When using template tags on talk pages, don't forget to substitute with text by adding subst: to the template tag. For example, use {{subst:test}} instead of {{test}}. This reduces server load and prevents accidental blanking of the template. — Ian Manka Talk to me‼ 21:26, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Meetup on 24th August 2006
Apologies if you're already aware of this, but the Inaugural Adelaide Meetup will take place on Thursday 24th of August at Brougham Place Uniting Church, thanks to Alex Sims. Please indicate if you will attend or not.

This message left by May the Force be with you! Shr e shth91 ($ |-| ŗ 3 $ |-| ţ |-|) on behalf of [ælfəks], 10:07, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Hello
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year.- JustPhil 21:32, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

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Age category
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 * Using an age group category, such as Category:Wikipedians in their 30s
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Meetup on 23rd April 2007
Hi Rachel Cakes,

Apologies if you're already aware of this, but I'd like to let you know that the second Adelaide Meetup will take place on Monday 23rd of April at ZUMA Caffe, 56 Gouger Street, Adelaide. The meeting is at 7:30am for breakfast with Wikipedia founder Jimbo Wales. Please see Meetup/Adelaide/Meetup 2 for more details and indicate if you might attend.

Thanks,–cj | talk 13:50, 23 March 2007 (UTC) NB: The above message is being delivered to users who are listed at WikiProject Adelaide or in Category:Wikipedians in South Australia with AutoWikiBrowser.

Image:Peterostrum.jpg
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Better source request for Image:BertieBeetleShowbag.jpg
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The Panda Band
As a contibutor to the above article would appreciate your feedback as to whether the articles on The Panda Band's album This Vital Chapter should be deleted - your feedback is important as to whether the item is retained or deleted. Dan arndt 09:50, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:PandaBandPromo.jpg
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Charlie1971film.jpg)
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Fair use rationale for Image:GrandpaJoe1971.jpg
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Glengelg image
Hello, I corrected the image levels using GIMP on the "On This Day" image that you took (Image:OldGumTreeGlenelg.jpg) - I wanted to check that it was OK by you to replace your version with the corrected version.

Thanks User A1 (talk) User A1 (talk) 07:34, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

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Fair use rationale for Image:Catcfgamexboxcover.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Seamonkeystvshow.jpg
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Adelaide Wikimeetup 3
Hi Rachel - we're planning a third meetup in Adelaide sometime in the coming weeks, and would love to have you there. If you can, please help decide a location, a date and a time here. Thanks!

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Adelaide Wikimeetup 3
Hi Rachel Cakes - after some planning we've decided to hold the third Adelaide Wikimeetup on Sunday, 17th February, 2008. The meeting will be held at Billy Baxter's in Rundle Mall at 11:30AM. Further details and directions are available on the meetup page. Please RSVP here by 20:00UTC on 15th February 2008 (that's 6AM Saturday for our time zone) so that we can inform the restaurant about numbers. Hope to see you there!

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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:TheBoatPeople.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:BertieBeetleShowbag.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Dappled01.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:GoldenTicketWWatCF.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Goldenticketintro.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Goldenticketintro.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Miketeavee1971.jpg
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The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys
Hi Rachel, I got a message about this and after I answered I eventually figured they maybe meant the question for you -

Rachel, Do you happen to have any of these shows? I would gladly pay you! I cannot find them anywhere....It would be the best Christmas gift ever for my daughter. Please let me know. Thanks!

madamechase AT yahoo DOT com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.204.80.218 (talk) 23:06, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

I've answered saying not commercially released and not torrented, know any different?--Alf melmac 23:34, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

File:Bertiebeetlexmas.jpg
I have tagged File:Bertiebeetlexmas.jpg as orphaned fairuse. In order for the image to be kept at Wikipedia, it must be included in at least one article. Otherwise, it will be deleted in seven days. Calliopejen1 (talk) 02:00, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

File:Bertienormal.jpg
I have tagged File:Bertienormal.jpg as orphaned fairuse. In order for the image to be kept at Wikipedia, it must be included in at least one article. Otherwise, it will be deleted in seven days. Calliopejen1 (talk) 03:00, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of File:Racheldoll.jpg

The file File:Racheldoll.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned image with no foreseeable encyclopedic use."

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title: User talk:Rachel Cakes


text:
Battle of Isonzo (489)

The Battle of the Isonzo, the Battle of the Aesontius, or the Battle of the Isontius, is the name given to the battle fought on August 28, 489, on the banks of the Isontius River, not far away from Aquileia. This river is now known as the Isonzo in Italian, and Soča in Slovene.

Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, in 489 opened his first campaign against Odoacer to wrest Italy from him. On 28 August, the two armies met on the banks of the Isontius. Theodoric defeated Odoacer, who retreated. A second battle was fought at Verona.

Background
In 476, The barbarian warlord Odoacer founded the Kingdom of Italy as the first King of Italy, initiating a new era over Roman lands. Unlike most of the last emperors, he acted decisively. At the beginning of his reign he "slew Count Bracila at Ravenna that he might inspire a fear of himself among the Romans."He took many military actions to strengthen his control over Italy and its neighboring areas. He achieved a solid diplomatic coup by inducing the Vandal King Gaiseric to cede to him Sicily. Noting that "Odovacar seized power in August of 476, Gaiseric died in January 477, and the sea usually became closed to navigation around the beginning of November", F.M. Clover dates this cession to September or October 476. When Julius Nepos was murdered by two of his retainers in his country house near Salona (May 480), Odoacer assumed the duty of pursuing and executing the assassins, and at the same time established his own rule in Dalmatia. As Odoacer's position improved, Zeno, the Eastern Emperor, increasingly saw him as a rival. According to John of Antioch, Odoacer exchanged messages with Illus, who had been in revolt against Zeno since 484. Thus Zeno sought to destroy Odoacer and promised Theodoric the Great and his Ostrogoths the Italian peninsula if they were to defeat and remove Odoacer. Theodoric had his own reasons to agree to this offer, as he had enough experience to know (or at least suspect) that Zeno would not, in the long term, tolerate his independent power. When Theodoric rebelled in 485, he had in mind Zeno's treatment of Armatus. Armatus defected from Basiliscus to Zeno in 476, and was made senior imperial general for life. Within a year, Zeno had him assassinated.

Battle and aftermath
In 489, Theodoric led the Ostrogoths across the Julian Alps and into Italy. On 28 August, Odoacer met him at the Isonzo, only to be defeated. He withdrew to Verona, reaching its outskirts on 27 September, where he immediately set up a fortified camp. Theodoric followed him and three days later defeated him again. While Odoacer took refuge in Ravenna, Theodoric continued across Italy to Mediolanum, where the majority of Odoacer's army, including his chief general Tufa, surrendered to the Ostrogothic king. Theodoric had no reason to doubt Tufa's loyalty and dispatched his new general to Ravenna with a band of elite soldiers, "but Tufa changed sides, the Gothic elite force entrusted to his command was destroyed, and Theodoric suffered his first serious defeat on Italian soil.” Theodoric recoiled by seeking safety in Ticinum. Odoacer emerged from Ravenna and started to besiege his rival. While both were fully engaged, the Burgundians seized the opportunity to plunder and devastated Liguria. Many Romans were taken into captivity, and did not regain their freedom until Theodoric ransomed them three years later.

title: Battle of Isonzo (489)


text:
User talk:Wainwra

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed nobody had said hi yet... Hi!

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

You might like some of these links and tips:
 * some General guidance.
 * Tutorial and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf melmac 10:19, 15 October 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Wainwra


text:
Elater

An elater is a cell (or structure attached to a cell) that is hygroscopic, and therefore will change shape in response to changes in moisture in the environment. Elaters come in a variety of forms, but are always associated with plant spores. In many plants that do not have seeds, they function in dispersing the spores to a new location. Mosses do not have elaters, but peristomes which change shape with changes in humidity or moisture to allow for a gradual release of spores.

Horsetail elaters
In the horsetails, elaters are four ribbon-like appendages attached to the spores. These appendages develop from an outer spiral layer of the spore wall. At maturity, the four strips peel away from the inner wall, except at a single point on the spore where all four strips are attached.

Under moist conditions, the elaters curl tightly around the spore. The wet spores tend to stick to each other and to nearby surfaces because of surface tension. When conditions are dry, the spores no longer stick to each other and are more easily dispersed. At that time, the elaters uncoil to extend out from the spore and will catch air currents. The fact that they are extended only when conditions are dry means that successful spore dispersal is more likely.

Liverwort elaters
In the liverworts also known as hepaticopsida [example Riccia,Marchantia], elaters are cells that develop in the sporophyte alongside the spores. They are complete cells, usually with helical thickenings at maturity that respond to moisture content.

In most liverworts, the elaters are unattached, but in some leafy species (such as Frullania) a few elaters will remain attached to the inside of the sporangium (spore capsule).

Hornwort pseudo-elaters
In the hornworts, elaters are branched clusters of cells that develop in the sporophyte alongside the spores. They are complete cells, usually without helical thickenings (except in the Dendrocerotaceae).

title: Elater


text:
Talk:The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys

hi! i really hope no-one has made a page about TALSM television series already, but i searched for it and nothing came up so... i will add more info later... --Rachel Cakes 10:20, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys


text: Template:Provinces of Bulgaria

title: Template:Provinces of Bulgaria