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Chris Burke (baseball)

Christopher Alan Burke (born March 11, 1980) is an American former Major League Baseball player, playing primarily for the Houston Astros, though he also played for the Arizona Diamondbacks and San Diego Padres. He is best remembered for hitting a series-ending walk-off home run in Game 4 of the 2005 National League Division Series.

College
Burke played baseball at St. Albert the Great Elementary School and St. Xavier High School in Louisville, Kentucky, and the University of Tennessee, where he was named to three All-America teams. In 1999, Burke was selected as a Freshman 2nd team All-American at second base. In 2000, in addition to being named a 3rd team All-American, he was named to the All-Southeastern Conference team at second base.

In 2001, his junior year, Burke moved to shortstop and helped the Volunteers make an appearance in the College World Series by hitting .435 with 20 home runs and 49 stolen bases, being named to the CWS all-tournament team. He was a 1st team All-American shortstop, and was the unanimous choice as the 2001 SEC Player of the Year. He was also a finalist for the 2001 Rotary Smith Award.

Professional career
Burke was the Houston Astros' first round pick in the 2001 MLB Draft as the 10th overall selection. In 2003, Burke was named Round Rock's Team MVP and a Texas League All-Star after batting .301 with 3 home runs and 41 RBI. He played on the USA Baseball Olympic qualifying team and was named the starting second baseman for the All-Star Futures Game.

In 2004, Burke was named the Pacific Coast League Rookie of the Year and the New Orleans Zephyrs' team MVP in addition to being named to the All-PCL and AAA All-Star teams after hitting .315 with 16 home runs, 52 RBI, and 37 steals. He played in the All-Star Futures Game for the second straight year.

Houston Astros
Burke made his MLB debut on July 4, 2004, against the Texas Rangers. He recorded his first Major League hit with a pinch-hit single on September 14 against the St. Louis Cardinals.

Entering 2005, Burke was rated as the top prospect in the Astros system by Baseball America. He made the Astros' Opening Day roster, but was optioned to Round Rock on May 6. He batted .311 there before being recalled to the Astros on June 1.He finished the season batting .248 with 5 home runs and 26 RBI in 108 games. Burke had an 11-game hitting streak from June 27 to July 6, tied for the third-longest streak among NL rookies in 2005 and the longest for an Astros rookie since Julio Lugo's 14-game streak in 2000.

Burke hit the series-winning walk-off home run off Joey Devine of the Atlanta Braves' that ended Game 4 of the 2005 National League Division Series (NLDS). The game, which lasted 18 innings, took 5 hours and 50 minutes to play, and stands as the second-longest playoff game in Major League postseason history.

Burke began the 2007 season on the Astros' Opening Day roster, but was optioned to Round Rock on May 11. Burke did not hit particularly well (.242 BA) there, but with outfielder Jason Lane struggling, Burke was recalled on June 3.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On December 14, 2007, he was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks along with Chad Qualls and Juan Gutiérrez for José Valverde.

Burke was non-tendered following the 2008 season and became a free agent.

San Diego Padres
On January 13, 2009, he signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres. After not making the team in Spring Training, Burke was traded to the Seattle Mariners for cash considerations. However, on April 21, 2009, Burke was traded back to the Padres and was added to the Major League roster.

Atlanta Braves
On June 19, 2009, Burke signed a minor-league contract with the Atlanta Braves.

Cincinnati Reds
Burke signed a minor league contract on December 10, 2009, with the Cincinnati Reds. In the first week of Spring Training, Burke broke his finger.

Post-playing career
After Burke's alma mater The University of Tennessee relieved Todd Raleigh of his duties as the Vols baseball coach in May 2011, Burke's name had been at the top of the Tennessee wish list to become the next Head Coach of the Tennessee baseball program. He interviewed for the job, but the school decided to hire Dave Serrano from Cal State Fullerton.

Broadcasting career
ESPN hired Burke in 2012 as a color analyst for college baseball coverage on ESPN and SEC Network.

title: Chris Burke (baseball)


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User talk:Puppet Therapist

Please post messages on User talk:Evil Therapist instead of here, if you are an administrator; if not, then post at User:Evil Therapist/Puppet talk. Thank you.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Puppet Therapist


text:
Talk:St. John the Baptist Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine

Movie Set
Should it be mentioned that the exterior was used extensively in the movie Descending Angel?150.203.110.116 (talk) 02:48, 18 August 2010 (UTC)


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Talk:St. Matthew's Anglican Church (Ottawa)

Excessive detail
This article is becoming overburdened with tons of unnecessary detail, especially in the gifts section. This is an encyclopedia and therefore is not meant to be a complete exposition of all possible details. For instance, who cares that Mildred Woods gave the church some white ribbons in 1930; this is ridiculous. This whole section should probably be removed. Other sections have similar detail that are not needed. I've tagged the article accordingly.-- BC talk to me  22:10, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

Architecture section
I removed this section since after comparing several passages from this section with the source: http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/48460195/, it's obvious that most of the section has been lifted word for word from the source. Granted the OCR text is a bit difficult to decipher, but I saw enough to come to this conclusion. Perhaps the original writer who probably has complete access to this source can distill this stuff down and properly paraphrase the content. From the nature of the writing in other sections, I suspect lots of other text has also been lifted or very closely paraphrased.-- BC talk to me  23:45, 15 September 2015 (UTC)


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Talk:St Patrick's Basilica (Ottawa)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090422224220/http://www.jgcooke.com:80/MCooke.shtml to http://www.jgcooke.com/MCooke.shtml

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External links modified
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title: Talk:St Patrick's Basilica (Ottawa)


text:
Talk:St. Paul's Eastern United Church

Image copyright problem with File:United Church of Canada.png
The image File:United Church of Canada.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --22:41, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Porn
Please someone fix the website link when I clicked on it, it brought me to a porn site

Thank you 2607:FEA8:BD20:450:C840:4C79:F204:D58E (talk) 04:30, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

Church activity
As of today, 06/09/2022 the church has disbanded and doesn’t have a congregation. This should probably be mentioned 2605:B100:D38:9F96:9426:D32:EE41:8C75 (talk) 00:44, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Paul's Eastern United Church


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Virginia Is for Lovers

"Virginia is for Lovers" is the tourism and travel slogan of the U.S. commonwealth of Virginia. Used since 1969, it has become a well-recognized and often imitated part of American jargon. In 2012, Advertising Age magazine called "Virginia is for Lovers" "one of the most iconic ad campaigns in the past 50 years."

History
A team led by David N. Martin and George Woltz of Martin and Woltz Inc. of Richmond, Virginia created the slogan after winning the Virginia State Travel account in 1968. Originally, they had come up with history ads, "Virginia is for History Lovers"; beach ads, "Virginia is for Beach Lovers"; and mountain ads, "Virginia is for Mountain Lovers". This approach was eventually discarded as too limiting, and the qualifiers were dropped. Martin and Woltz Inc. eventually gained prominence and grew to become The Martin Agency. The Martin Agency says that, contrary to some claims, the slogan is not a reference to the United States Supreme Court's 1967 ruling in Loving v. Virginia, which legalized interracial marriage in the United States.

In 1969, the Virginia State Travel Service (now the Virginia Tourism Corporation) adopted the "Virginia is for Lovers" slogan and the first ad campaign using the tagline appeared in March 1969, in an issue of Modern Bride.

Accolades
In 2009, "Virginia is for Lovers" was inducted into the Madison Avenue Advertising Walk of Fame, a creation of Advertising Week, the largest collection of advertising, marketing and media professionals in North America. These inductees were also included in the Advertising Icon Museum. Also in 2009, "Virginia is for Lovers" was acknowledged as one of the top ten tourism marketing campaigns of all time by Forbes.com. In 2016, the Virginia Tourism Corporation began selling apparel with a rainbow-colored heart in the logo as part of an LGBT tourism promotion campaign. The slogan began appearing on the state's license plates in 2014 and the state's welcome signs in 2015.

In popular culture
The slogan has been mentioned by a variety of artists over the years. In 2005, post-hardcore band Hawthorne Heights alluded to the phrase in the title of their single "Ohio Is for Lovers", which would become widely regarded as an anthem of the early 2000’s emo music scene. American Idol winner Jordin Sparks recorded a song called "Virginia is for Lovers" in 2007, which was featured as a bonus track on her self-titled debut album. The slogan is mentioned in The Hold Steady song "Killer Parties", and Willie Adler, guitarist for Lamb of God, has the slogan printed on the neck of his custom guitars. The slogan is also mentioned in the Kenny Chesney song "Get Along". The slogan is also mentioned in the Fountains of Wayne song "I-95", from their 2007 album Traffic and Weather, singing "They've got most of / the Barney DVDs / and coffee mugs and tees / that say Virginia is for lovers, but it's not." Virginia Beach-based rap group Clipse include the slogan in their song "Virginia," from their 2002 album Lord Willin', proclaiming: "Virginia's for lovers, but trust there's hate here / For out-of-towners, who think they're gon' move weight here." Space travel company Rocket Lab launched their first US based space flight in the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) LC-2 launch pad (the first use of that launch pad overall) on Wallops Island, Virginia in 2023. The slogan was referenced by Rocket Lab with the title they gave the launch "Virginia Is For Launch Lovers" which used the Rocket Lab developed Electron rocket.

title: Virginia Is for Lovers


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kaleidoscopic fractal

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete · Katefan0(scribble) 20:21, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Kaleidoscopic fractal
The term "kaleidoscopic fractal" appears to be a neologism with no precise definition, and the current loose definition is difficult to apply. All fractals have symmetry, and can be drawn with rich color. Use of the term "kaleidoscope" seems to imply that the fractal has a point symmetry group, but no examples are given. In google, almost all of the hits seem to be to this WP page, or its copies in places like answer.com, etc. linas 23:07, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: do any of these search results help? I modified it to exclude most of the mirrors. It seems to be used as "Kaleidoscopic fractal art" on several pages. Here's a definition from one of the results: A design that can be described in two words as kaleidoscopic, "a constantly changing set of colors, shapes, phases or events", and fractal, "a non-linear geometric figure sensitive to it's initial conditions." Is this any better? If not, delete as per linas. -- Kjkolb 08:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, but I didn't find anything usable there. linas 00:06, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Term is very loosely defined (so probably not encyclopaedic) and seems to be only used by Willow Hemphill (so probably original research). Best reference I could find is http://www.kaleido.us/coloring/coloringbook.pdf (9 MB), which is very similar to the definition cited by Kjkolb. Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:07, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as nonverifiable. Paul August ☎ 03:26, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:71.243.50.30

title: User talk:71.243.50.30


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User:Zaqarbal

Zaqarbal collaborates since October 2005 on articles about History, Sociology, Political Science, Art, Cinema and Sport.

ca:Usuari:Zaqarbal de:Benutzer:Zaqarbal es:Usuario:Zaqarbal fr:Utilisateur:Zaqarbal it:Utente:Zaqarbal

title: User:Zaqarbal


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Chicago Medical School

The Chicago Medical School (CMS) is a private medical school of Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science in North Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1912 and obtained approval from the American Medical Association in 1948.

Founding
Chicago Medical School was founded as a night school in 1912, The Chicago Hospital-College of Medicine. The nonprofit Chicago Medical School originally operated on the principle that admission should be based on merit alone. In particular, "Chicago Med" admitted women and minority applicants decades earlier than most professional schools. The school's 1912–13 bulletin stated that "It is the firm belief of the Faculty of this school that there are deserving men and women, who, if given a second opportunity, will soon 'catch up' with and even surpass those students who have had earlier opportunities and advantages."

In 1917, the Chicago Hospital College of Medicine absorbed the Jenner Medical College which had been in existence since 1893 and the name was changed officially to The Chicago Medical School.

Sheinin administration
In 1935, John J. Sheinin became Dean of Medicine. Prior to Sheinin, and partly due to CMS's lack of affiliation with a hospital, the school had been struggling financially. The school became accredited in 1948.

Also under Sheinin, an educational program called the American Plan was developed, which included admission solely based on merit. Eleanor Roosevelt praised the plan in an article of her nationally syndicated My Day column series: The American Plan...is simply a plan of nondiscrimination. Only two considerations govern the admission rules of [Chicago Medical School] – character and scholarship merit. One wishes that more schools and colleges and universities throughout the county would have the courage to set their standards high, but to eliminate two questions that all too often one finds on a request for admission: What is your race and what is your religion? It seems to me that these questions have no bearing on one's right to an education in whatever field of learning one has chosen to follow. They should have no bearing, either, on one's success in whatever profession that he or she is preparing for.

Growth
In 1967, the institution expanded into a university, the University of Health Sciences. The Chicago Medical School became just one of several constituent schools of the university (albeit the core and original foundation) in 1968 with the establishment of the School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. A School of Related Health Sciences (later named the College of Health Professions) was added in 1970. From this point, the history of Chicago Medical School is inextricably intertwined with the history of the university as a whole. The university's name was changed to Finch University of Health Sciences in 1993, and in 2004 to Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. The university acquired the Dr. William M. Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine (coincidentally also founded in 1912) in 2001 and opened a College of Pharmacy in 2011.

Accreditation
The MD Program at Chicago Medical School is accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME). Most recently, the school was awarded with the maximum eight-year accreditation term in March 2021.

CMS had accreditation issues in 2004 and again in 2013, when it was placed on probation by the LCME. In February 2014, the LCME assessed the areas of concerns to have been brought into compliance.

Community service
Historically, students were required to perform community service at the Medical Clinic Free Dispensary and the Chicago Maternity Center. In the view of former Dean Arthur J. Ross, III, "The current generation of students is the most altruistic, service-oriented generation ever to come through health care training- including generations older than me. It's the icing on the cake for them to study in a place that supports their service."

Interprofessional Community Clinic
In 2013, members of the class of 2016 established the Interprofessional Community Clinic, a free clinic that provides limited healthcare services to low-income and underserved residents of the area. The clinic is staffed by volunteer students and licensed healthcare professionals and is held after hours at the Rosalind Franklin University Health System's North Chicago location. Interprofessional teams of students evaluate, treat, and refer patients under physician supervision.

Curriculum
Students spend the first two years learning basic medical sciences and the last two years participating in clerkships at affiliate hospitals. The educational program combines lectures, labs, small-group discussions, team-based learning, and opportunities for peer-to-peer learning. There are eight required clerkships to be completed in the third year: medicine, surgery, family medicine/primary care, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, pediatrics, neurology, and emergency medicine. The senior requirements include four weeks in an internal medicine, emergency medicine, family medicine/primary care, or pediatrics sub-internship.

The medical school is an interprofessional health sciences university; thus, M.D. candidates take courses alongside students in other health professions, including podiatry and pharmacy.

Student life
Students host traditions such as Field Day on the first Saturday after classes begin.

House system
Incoming students are assigned to one of four learning communities, each led by a practicing physician who mentors the students for all four years of school. Each learning community is assigned to a house that connects students of all four years. The houses are named after four distinguished CMS alumni:
 * Fannie Emanuel, class of 1915, CMS's first African American female graduate. She remained in Chicago for her career as a family practitioner and founder of a settlement house for all races.
 * Caesar Portes, class of 1928, a proctologist and surgeon. He was a pioneer in cancer screening and early detection services. He was the cofounder and medical director of the George and Anna Portes Cancer Prevention Center of Chicago.
 * Herbert Lipschultz, class of 1948, a family physician in the northern Chicago suburbs. He was a role model and CMS professor who served as President of Skokie Board of Health.
 * Marion Finkel, class of 1952, an internist and pharmaceutical researcher who directed the Office of Orphan Product Development of the Food and Drug Administration.

Teaching hospital affiliations
Chicago Medical School is community-based, giving students an opportunity to rotate through many hospitals and hospital systems in the Chicago metropolitan area.

title: Chicago Medical School


text:
CleanFlicks

CleanFlicks was a company founded in Utah in 2000 that rented and sold commercially-released DVDs and VHS tapes from which they had edited content which the company considered inappropriate for children or that viewers might otherwise find offensive. CleanFlicks removed sexual content, profanity, some references to deity, and some violence from movies, either by muting audio or clipping entire portions of the track.

A group of major film productions studios sued CleanFlicks in 2002, arguing that their service constituted copyright infringement. A 2006 court ruling closed the company. On March 13, 2007, CleanFlicks reopened its website with "Movies You Can Trust." While legally enjoined from offering edited movies, an email sent by the company on that date indicated that they had reviewed "tens of thousands" of movies and compiled over 1000 that meet their "family-friendly criteria" for sale and rent. In January 2013, the CleanFlicks.com website was no longer online.

Directors Guild lawsuit
An announcement (August 20, 2002) of intention on the Directors Guild of America website (on behalf of the guild and 12 directors) to sue seven entities that engage in the video-editing practice, caused CleanFlicks to preemptively file a lawsuit in Denver Federal Court in August 2002. Robert Huntsman, an attorney and inventor affiliated with Cleanflicks who had a DVD-editing patent pending, was named as the lead plaintiff, so the original short caption for the case was Huntsman v. Soderbergh. Robert Huntsman had been advising Corey Smitheram, former operator of four Idaho and Colorado Cleanflicks franchises, In their suit, Cleanflicks sought a judgment stating that edited content was legal under federal copyright law. In addition to director Steven Soderbergh, named defendants included Hollywood figures Steven Spielberg, Robert Redford, Sydney Pollack, Robert Altman, John Landis, and Martin Scorsese. Although the chain had been operating for two years, the issue was brought to the spotlight when MovieMask made a series of demonstrations around Hollywood in March of that year. The directors' counter-suit soon followed, but the legal battle stretched on for years.

CleanFlicks and Huntsman preemptively filed suit against the DGA on August 29, naming 16 renowned directors as defendants in U.S. District Court for the district of Colorado, seeking the Court's determination as to whether their editing practices are protected under federal copyright law. Also, the preemptive filing ensured the impending legal battle would play out in Colorado courts rather than in California.

As the case made national headlines, its short byline read "Huntsman v. Soderbergh". The docket header read:

ROBERT HUNTSMAN and CLEAN FLICKS OF COLORADO, L.L.C., Plaintiffs, v. STEVEN SODERBERGH, ROBERT ALTMAN, MICHAEL APTED, TAYLOR HACKFORD, CURTIS HANSON, NORMAN JEWISON, JOHN LANDIS, MICHAEL MANN, PHILLIP NOYCE, BRAD SILBERLING, BETTY THOMAS, IRWIN WINKLER, MARTIN SCORSESE, STEVEN SPIELBERG, ROBERT REDFORD and SYDNEY POLLACK

On July 6, 2006, a federal judge in Denver ruled that CleanFlicks' editing violated U.S. copyright laws. The judge ordered the company to "stop producing, manufacturing, creating, and renting" edited movies, and to hand all inventory to movie studios within five days of the ruling. The court gave the company more time than the ruling's initial five-day deadline for turning over the stock of edited movies, since CleanFlicks needed more time to receive movies which were still out on rental.

CleanFlicks had planned to appeal the ruling, but informed its customers by email on July 28, 2006:

 * It is with great regret that we write to inform you that CleanFlicks is going out of business soon. As you may have heard or read, after three long years of legal struggles, a judge in Colorado has ruled that we cannot sell or rent edited DVDs anymore. While we thought very strongly about appealing the decision, the potential costs and risks to the company, its customers and shareholders was just too great. Accordingly, we have agreed to close our doors after a brief winding-up period.

 * ...We want to offer our sincerest apologies for not being able to provide you with edited DVDs...We appreciate your support of our efforts to provide high-quality, family-friendly movies, and we will try to make this difficult process of closing our operations as painless as we can for all our loyal customers."''

The decision not to appeal the ruling became primarily a financial one. Having won the initial court battle, the directors and studios were in a position to collect significant damages for copyright infringement from the editing companies. Although the companies would almost certainly receive a stay of judgment pending appeals, the risk was much higher now. Since the inventory of edited movies had no value to the studios, a deal was offered whereby the companies would be allowed to sell off all of their inventory and keep the profits if they agreed not to appeal the ruling and the studios would not pursue damage claims. Thus, the companies, and their investors, would collect further revenue and be protected from damages and the studios would have a significant court ruling stand and the legal precedent would be set. After discussions with their legal teams and investors, the decision was made to accept the offer. The companies were then given additional time to clear out their inventory but no more films could be edited during that time. All unsold inventory was then sent to the studios as defined by the ruling.

CleanFlicks discontinued offering edited movies on August 31, 2006.

Robert Huntsman
Robert Huntsman (born March 9, 1955, Idaho Falls, Idaho) is an American copyright attorney, engineer, and inventor. He first entered the national spotlight for his association with CleanFlicks during their legal battle with the Directors Guild of America. Huntsman continues practicing law as principal of a small firm located in Boise, Idaho. He operates a litigation practice that includes a Federal Court litigation practice, an Idaho State Court litigation practice, and a Public Interest litigation practice. Huntsman is also a registered patent attorney, licensed to prepare and prosecute patent applications before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. A former Hewlett-Packard software engineer, his website claims Huntsman to be one of few patent attorneys with significant software development experience.

Huntsman had registered the domain "qq.com" as early as 1995, which was sold to Asian internet giant Tencent whose primary product is the online messaging service known simply as "QQ".

Relaunch
In March 2007, CleanFlicks announced by email to former customers that they were relaunching their rental services based on a new business model. Earlier in 2007, CleanFlicks had explored by email to, and online polling of, former customers the possibility of relaunching based on an unedited movie-rental business model. As a result, rather than renting content-edited DVDs, CleanFlicks now offers DVD releases of unedited modern and classic movies.

CleanFlicks' inventory now contains "ONLY Movies You Can Trust". Movies rented from the company "will contain no nudity, no graphic violence, and no sexual content."

Former customers' accounts have been retained in the CleanFlicks database, allowing those customers as well as the general public to resume their patronage of CleanFlicks using a "movies-out-at-a-time" tiered structure as before.

title: CleanFlicks


text:
User talk:Pipodv~enwiki

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers such as yourself:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Spinboy 23:10, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pipodv. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pipodv~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:25, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:37, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pipodv~enwiki


text:
Shotton railway station

Shotton railway station serves the towns of Shotton and Connah's Quay, Flintshire, Wales. It is situated where the Borderlands Line crosses the North Wales Coast Line. All passenger services are operated by Transport for Wales, which manages the station.

Shotton is split into two sections: Shotton High Level is above street level and serves the Borderlands Line; Shotton Low Level serves the North Wales Coast Line. Each level has two side platforms and both are double tracked. The tracks of the high and low levels cross each other at right angles.

There is a ticket office on the high level Bidston-bound platform. The station is staffed on weekdays and Saturday mornings only.

History
The town gained its first railway as early as 1848 with the opening of the Chester and Holyhead Railway, but the railway company did not provide a station to serve it. The town had to wait until 1890 for its first station, when one was built by the Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway as the northern end of their Hawarden Loop line from Buckley. This station opened on 1 October 1891 as Connah's Quay & Shotton and became Shotton High Level on 15 September 1952. It connected there to the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway's line from Chester Northgate via Hawarden Bridge. The link to Bidston was added by the North Wales and Liverpool Railway in 1896, whilst the LNWR built two wooden platforms on the main line to Holyhead in 1907 to give the town access to trains along the coast to Crewe, Rhyl, Llandudno and Holyhead and to allow interchange with the Wrexham line.

The Beeching cuts of the 1960s saw the low level platforms closed on 14 February 1966 and services to Chester Northgate withdrawn on 9 September 1968, leaving only the Wrexham - Bidston line to serve the high-level platforms. The loss of the link to Chester proved unpopular however and BR eventually agreed to restore it by re-opening the low level platforms, partly funded by the Hawarden Rural District Council which had lobbied for re-opening. Trains began calling again on 21 August 1972 after new platforms had been built (the slow lines that served the original platforms having been removed in the late sixties as an economy measure). There was an opening ceremony on 17 August.

Between 2009 and 2010, both sets of platforms were refurbished as part of a £1.5 million modernisation scheme. This work (which commenced in March 2009) included platform resurfacing, the installation of new waiting shelters & ticket vending machines, improved signage and a new ticket office. The scheme was completed in early November 2010 with the official opening of the new ticket office by former Alyn & Deeside MP Lord Jones.

Facilities
The ticket office is located on the northbound high level platform and is staffed on weekday mornings (07:30 - 10:30) and on Saturdays (08:45 - 13:45) as noted. At other times, intending passenger should purchase their tickets from the ticket machine or prior to travel (pre-paid tickets can also be collected from the machine). Train running information on all platforms are provided by CIS screens, timetable poster boards and automatic announcements; there is also a customer help point on the high level platform 4 and a payphone on platform 3. No wheelchair access is available to platforms 1, 3 or 4 - the former is only accessible via footbridge, whilst the latter two both have steep ramps unsuitable for wheelchairs and mobility-impaired users. Platform 2 can be reached via a shallow ramp from the small car park at the end of Alexandra Street.

Shotton High Level
The high level of the station is on the Borderlands Line and consists of two platforms: 3 & 4. Services operate every 45 minutes in each direction (Monday-Saturday daytime) between Wrexham Central and Bidston (where passengers can change for Liverpool). The frequency drops to two-hourly in the evenings and is every 90 minutes on Sundays. To the north of the station on the Borderlands line is Hawarden Bridge over the River Dee.

Shotton Low Level
Trains operate approximately every hour on the North Wales Coast Line. Services travel between Llandudno and Manchester Piccadilly/Manchester Airport via Chester and Warrington Bank Quay. A number of morning & evening services between Holyhead and either Shrewsbury/Birmingham New Street or Crewe also stop here. There is also a direct Transport for Wales service from Birmingham International (Airport) to Holyhead, calling at Birmingham New Street, Wolverhampton, Shrewsbury, Wrexham, Chester and the North Wales coast stations including Shotton.

Sunday services are infrequent during the morning and early afternoon, but between 1600 and 20:00 the Crewe - Holyhead service calls hourly in each direction.

Future
In March 2015 Network Rail published the draft version of their Welsh Route Study. It contained a proposal to build a new interchange station that would replace the existing High and Low Level stations, allowing for greater connectivity between the North Wales Coast Main Line and the Borderlands Line. The document recommended a transport planning study to establish the cost, feasibility and benefits of the proposed scheme.

title: Shotton railway station


text:
George Tsontakis

George Tsontakis (born Astoria, Queens, New York City, October 24, 1951) is an American composer and conductor.

Early life and education
He was born in New York City, and is of Greek descent. Tsontakis studied composition with Hugo Weisgall and Roger Sessions at the Juilliard School from 1974 to 1978, and later with Franco Donatoni at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome.

Career
His music has been performed and broadcast by major orchestras, chamber ensembles, and festivals throughout North and South America, Europe and Japan.

Tsontakis was honored with the "Academy Award" in 1995 from the American Academy of Arts and Letters and was the fourth recipient of the coveted Ives Living Fellowship, in 2007. Pianist Stephen Hough's recording of Tsontakis's "Ghost Variations" on Hyperion Records was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition, and was the only classical recording among Time magazine's 1998 Top Ten Recordings. Tsontakis received the Berlin Prize from the American Academy in Berlin in 2002, and the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition for his Violin Concerto No. 2 in 2005.

A proficient conductor of orchestral and choral music, Tsontakis has been a composer-in-residence with the Aspen Music Festival and conductor and the founding director of the Aspen Contemporary Ensemble at the Aspen Music School, where he teaches composition. He was an assistant professor at the Brooklyn College Conservatory of Music, and has served on the faculty of Sarah Lawrence College. He is Distinguished Faculty, Composer-in-Residence of the Bard College Conservatory of Music in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. He was a Weil fellow at Auburn University Montgomery.

Tsontakis's music has been recorded by Hyperion, Koch, Innova, and Naxos.

In 2008, his Violin Concerto No. 2, recorded by violinist Steven Copes and the SPCO, was nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Classical Contemporary Composition, but lost to John Corigliano's Mr. Tambourine Man: Seven Poems of Bob Dylan. He is Distinguished Composer-in-Residence at the Bard College Conservatory.

title: George Tsontakis


text:
User talk:Henmj

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Pharos 23:12, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Henmj


text:
Logan Leistikow

Logan Leistikow (born February 25, 1984, in Nacogdoches, Texas) is an American filmmaker known for his documentary, The Comedy Garage. Leistikow also produced and directed Tom Green Live and several behind-the-scenes videos and promos for NBC.

Early short films
In August 2006, Leistikow was "Featured Director" on the second episode of IFC's show Media Lab Uploaded. The program consisted of an interview with Leistikow interspersed with footage from his short video works of the time (the Bittersweet music video, Michael Jordan's Phobia Clinic), followed by his viral video, Mostache Montage, in full.

Leistikow has composed music for many of his own films, as well as other films and even video games. His now defunct "Public Music Project" had become a valuable resource for artists looking for quality royalty-free music.

In the autumn of 2006, Reader's Digest and The Little River Zoo commissioned Leistikow to film the world's only painting capuchin monkey, Bailey. The resulting video was featured on their website and was linked to from the November 2006 print issue of Reader's Digest.

Tom Green Live
Leistikow produced and directed comedian Tom Green's live internet talk show, Tom Green Live, during the spring and summer months of 2007. He was rarely seen on-camera, but Tom would often talk to Logan during the show.

On the July 26, 2007, episode LA Ink's Kat Von D suggested that Tom give her a tattoo live on air. She'd brought her own equipment for the process and after deliberating for several minutes, Tom agreed to tattoo "Logan" on her arm. This was Logan's last week working at the show.

The Yellow Mic
The Yellow Mic is a syndicated series of short-form man-on-the-street videos produced and hosted by Logan Leistikow. The series trademark is a hand-held microphone with a yellow windscreen that always makes an appearance. The videos range from mindless humor to entertainment news and interviews; labeled "guerilla variety" by Leistikow.

A notable episode of The Yellow Mic is "WGA Strike 2007" wherein Leistikow and Feigh interview WGA writers such as Chuck Lorre (Dharma & Greg, Two and a Half Men), and Joe Medieros (The Tonight Show with Jay Leno) picketing outside of NBC Studios in Burbank, California. Actors Jon Cryer (Two and a Half Men) and Erin Tietsort (Sunset Tan) have also made guest appearances on The Yellow Mic.

The show highlights awkward silences and pregnant pauses. A red carpet episode entitled "Streamy Awards 2009" opened with an awkward exchange involving Lisa Kudro and Yellow Mic correspondent Corbin Ross. The 'pilot' episode was in fact a video of Leistikow attempting to flirt with reality TV star Erin Tietsort and ending up interviewing a local homeless woman.

NBC.com
From 2010 to 2011 Leistikow worked at NBC.com as a video producer and editor. He worked on several behind-the-scenes and promotional projects for NBC shows Last Comic Standing, The Apprentice, Parenthood, Days of Our Lives, Minute to Win It, and The Marriage Ref, among others.

The Comedy Garage
In March 2011 Leistikow's first feature documentary, The Comedy Garage, was released by distributor indieflix. It was soon released by Hulu on August 6, 2011.

title: Logan Leistikow


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Voula

Voula (Βούλα) is a southern suburb of Athens along the Athens coast and former municipality in East Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Vari-Voula-Vouliagmeni, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 8.787 km2.

Geography
Voula is a southern suburb of Athens, 16 km south of the city centre. It is located on the Saronic Gulf coast, at the southwestern foot of the Hymettus mountain. Adjacent coast towns are Glyfada to the northwest and Vouliagmeni to the south. The Greek National Road 91 (Athens center - Sounio) passes through Voula. One of the largest hospitals in the Athens conurbation, "Asklipieio", lies in the northern part of Voula. It is served by the southern terminus of the Athens Tram line T7, Asklipieio Voulas.

Climate
Voula has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), bordering on a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). Voula experiences hot, dry summers and mild, wetter winters. The table below refers to the climate of the nearby weather station of Elliniko.

Sports
Voula hosts the football club Aris Voulas, founded in 1952, the basketball club Proteas Voulas, founded in 1980 and the women's volleyball team Thetis founded in 2000.

title: Voula


text: User talk:88.109.59.134

title: User talk:88.109.59.134


text:
Talk:USS Knight

What is this: As of 1 September 1967 Knight is scheduled to be used as a target off San Diego.

I checked on Hazegray.org, and it's copied from the DANFS project there. The thing is, on the bottom of the DANFS page it says:

Reproduction, reuse, or distribution without permission is prohibited.

Does wikipedia have any kind of agreement with them? bjelleklang 23:13, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you show me the exact URL where is says Reproduction, reuse, or distribution without permission is prohibited.? The thing about the DANFS is that all of its entries are technically public domain because they are produced by the United States Government.  Wikipedia certainly has no special agreements, and the info that you posted above is just part of the ships entry in the DANFS, so since it is public domain, there is no problem with displaying it here.  my guess is that someone else either on hazegray.com site, or another site might be claiming a copyright on their other material or images.  But I assure you that these DANFS entries are public domain, and hence people cannot claim a copyright on this material.  -- Malo 22:09, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Knight


text:
Broome railway station

Broome railway station serves the villages of Broome and Aston on Clun in Shropshire, England. It is on the Heart of Wales Line 22+3/4 mi south west of Shrewsbury. Trains that serve the station are operated by Transport for Wales.

History
Originally opened as "Broom and Aston". Broome station was built by the Knighton Railway company on their branch line between Craven Arms and Knighton, opening with the line in 1861. In 1895 a wind engine was erected at the station for the London and North Western Railway by John Wallis Titt.

The line was double track and the station had two platforms until the 1960s, but the line was singled in 1965 and the station now has a single platform. The station buildings have since been demolished and replaced with a bus shelter structure.

Facilities
The station has no permanent buildings aside from a single timber waiting shelter, though it does have a CIS display and a timetable poster board. However, it has no public telephone or customer help point. Step-free access is provided via a steep gravel ramp and steel gate from the entrance and car park, which has been proven to be unsuitable for wheelchair users.

Services
There are five trains a day in each direction from Monday to Saturday (plus an extra northbound service to Shrewsbury for commuters on Mondays to Fridays), and two services on Sundays. This is a request stop and passengers intending to board must make a clear signal to the driver whilst alighting passengers must request the stop from the train guard.

title: Broome railway station


text:
Talk:James Alexander Lougheed

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on James Alexander Lougheed. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:James Alexander Lougheed


text:
Category talk:Comedy

We should make a comedy stub. (unsigned comment from anon)

 * Stubs are split by type of medium, so there would need to be one for comedy books, another for comedy television, one for comedy films, one for comedians... (BTW, some of these already exist:  and ). A pure and simple  doesn't fit in very well with the stub hierarchy. See WP:WSS/P for any further responses (BTW, I moved your proposal to the proper place on the page - you had put it immediately under the big notice which said "don't put new proposals down here". Grutness...  wha?  00:04, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Then we could just make a supercategory for comedy-oriented stubs without the template. --SuperDude 18:38, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup request
There are lots of articles here which should be sorted into subcategories. -- Beland 01:35, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Comedy


text:
Wrottesley

Wrottesley may refer to:

 * Baron Wrottesley, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom (and any member of the Wrottesley family holding that title)
 * John Wrottesley (disambiguation)
 * Wrottesley (crater), an impact crater on the Moon
 * Wrottesley Hall, Staffordshire
 * Wrottesley Polytechnic, fictional establishment created by Howard Jacobson in his Coming from Behind

title: Wrottesley


text:
Street harassment

Street harassment is a form of harassment, primarily sexual harassment that consists of unwanted sexualised comments, provocative gestures, honking, wolf-whistlings, indecent exposures, stalking, persistent sexual advances, and touching by strangers, in public areas such as streets, shopping malls and public transportation. Besides actions or comments that contain a sexual connotation, it often includes homophobic and transphobic slurs, and hateful comments referencing race, religion, class, ethnicity and disability. The practice is rooted in power and control and is often a reflection of societal discrimination, and has been argued to sometimes result from a lack of opportunities for expression of interest or affection (e.g. an inability to have social interaction).

Recipients include people of both genders, but women are much more commonly victims of harassment by men. According to Harvard Law Review (1993), street harassment is considered harassment done primarily by male strangers to females in public places.

According to the founder of Stop Street Harassment, it can range from physically harmless behavior, such as "kissing noises", "stares", and "non-sexually explicit comments", to "more threatening behavior" like stalking, flashing, grabbing, sexual assault, and rape.

History
There is no definitive beginning of street harassment.

Street harassment in history
In the 19th century London, street harassment came into the spotlight as a social issue. The emergence of new shopping districts near the West End caused many middle-class women to walk through traditionally male-dominated neighborhoods to purchase the latest goods. Women sometimes found themselves questioned and followed by men who worked in the area. The men's behaviors resembled contemporary working-class courtship rituals. In such rituals, a young man would show his preference for a woman by "glad-eyeing" her in the street, and the woman would respond by slowing down her pace.

According to Walkowtiz, the public's perception of street harassment was shaped by the middle-class women who were the new subjects of this courtship practice, which was perceived to be far too casual and informal to be proper. Their experience was given a greater weight by the society than those of working class women. Leading ladies' journals of the era contained advice on how to avoid being "spoken to" by men when going about their business.

Modern anti-street-harassment movements
The modern discussion regarding the subject began in 1944 with the rape of Recy Taylor. Rosa Parks was commissioned to investigate the crime in which Taylor, a black woman, was kidnapped and gang-raped in Abbeville, Alabama. Parks responded by starting what was later dubbed the "strongest campaign for equal justice to be seen in a decade."

Prevalence
Worldwide:

 * 80% of women endure at least occasional street harassment
 * 45% (at least monthly) avoids going alone to public spaces after dark
 * 50% (at least monthly) have to find alternate routes to their destinations
 * 80% (at least monthly) feel the need to be constantly alert when traversing local streets
 * 9% have had to switch careers to escape the area in which harassment occurred.

This problem is not only transnational, but also transcultural and affects people of all identities, races, and ages—every day.

The Canadian government sponsored a large survey in 1993 called the Violence Against Women Survey. In the sample of over 12,000 women, 85% said they were victims of harassment by a stranger. In a 2002 survey of Beijing residents, 58% cited public buses as a common location for sexual harassment.

A study done in Australia shows that almost 90% of women have experienced verbal or physical harassment in public one or more times in their lives. In Afghanistan, research done in the same year indicates that the prevalence of harassment was 93%. Canadian and Egyptian studies show that the rate of incidence is approximately 85% of women experiencing street harassment in the past year. In U.S.-based research, it was reported that women experienced stranger harassment on a monthly basis (41%), while a large minority reported experiencing harassment once every few days (31%). These statistics are given to show a sense of the phenomenon as widely construed, not taken as representative of the same phenomenon comparable across contexts.

United States
A survey of 2,000 Americans was commissioned in 2014 by activist group Stop Street Harassment and conducted by GfK. 25% of men and 65% of women reported having been the victims of street harassment in their lives. 41% of women and 16% of men said they had been physically harassed in some way, such as by being followed, flashed, or groped. The perpetrators are lone men in 70% of cases for female victims and 48% of cases for male victims; 20% of men who were harassed were the victims of a lone woman. For men, the most common harassment was homophobic or transphobic slurs, followed by unwanted following, then catcalling and comments on body parts. For women, the most common harassment was catcalling, followed by comments on body parts, unwanted touching or brushing up against, and then sexual slurs like "bitch" or "slut".

For women, most harassment is performed by a total stranger. This comes from a 1990s study from the American Midwest. It was found that numerous women have experienced street harassment on numerous occasions. Another 50% were physically harassed or followed by such strangers. Half of those surveyed revealed this harassment occurred by their 17th birthday. In 2014, researchers from Cornell University and Hollaback! conducted the largest international cross-cultural study on street harassment. The data suggests that the majority of females have their first street harassment experience during puberty. According to Stop Street Harassment, "In 2014, nationally representative survey of street harassment in the USA, half of the harassed persons were harassed by age 17." They also state that, "In an informal international online 2008 study of 811 women conducted by Stop Street Harassment, almost 1 in 4 women had experienced street harassment by age 12 (7th grade) and nearly 90% by age 19".

Egypt
A 2008 survey found that 83% of Egyptian women said they had experienced sexual harassment, as did 98% of women from overseas while in Egypt. A 2013 study in Egypt by UN Women found that 99.3% of female respondents said they had been sexually harassed.

Five hundred cases of mass sexual assault in Egypt were documented between June 2012 and June 2014.

Spain
In 2020, the Catalan government found out that 17% of all violent activities in the territory occur on public transport, with women accounting for 60% of the victims. 91.6% of women aged 16 to 25 reported being harassed on public transit.

LGBT community
66% of LGBT respondents in a 2012 European Union survey said that they avoid holding hands in public for fear of harassment and assault. 50% said they avoid certain places or locations, and the places they listed as most unsafe to be open about their sexual orientations were "public transport" and "street, square, car parking lot, or other public space."

According to the Stop Street Harassment national survey, LGBT men are 17% more likely to experience physically aggressive harassment and 20% more likely to encounter verbal harassment than heterosexual men. In a separate survey, verbal harassment was cited as the most common form of abuse. However, there were also a significant number of people who were harassed by being denied service or being physically harassed.

Research from Patrick McNeil at George Washington University in 2014 showed that 90% of participants in his survey of gay and bisexual men said that they felt "unwelcome in public because of their sexual orientation." 73% said that they experienced specific homophobic and biphobic comments targeted towards them in the past year. Almost 70% reported that by age 19 they had experienced "negative public interactions", and 90% said that they had experienced these negative interactions by age 24. Some members of the LGBTQ+ community are strongly impacted by street harassment. 5% of the group surveyed said that they had moved to different neighborhoods in response to interactions they had experienced, and 3% reported a change in job in response to being harassed in the area of their job.

In a national survey in the United States done by the Human Rights Campaign, women were found to be more likely to experience street harassment, and 60% of women reported being harassed at some point in their lives. "Among LGBT youth, 51 percent have been verbally harassed at school, compared to 25 percent among non-LGBT students."

A Harvard study published in 2017 found that in a group of 489 LGBTQ+ Americans, 57% of them had been subjected to slurs. It was also found that 53% of those surveyed had experienced offensive comments. In addition to this, most of those surveyed mentioned a friend or family member who was also a part of the LGBTQ+ community that had been harassed. 57% said their friend or family member was threatened or harassed, 51% said their friend or family member had been sexually harassed, and 51% reported that they had someone in their lives who had experienced physical violence because of their sexuality or gender. The study also found that LGBTQ+ people of color are twice as likely to be harassed on the street or elsewhere than their white counterparts.

A sample survey of 331 LGBTQ men in 2014 indicated the phenomena occurs worldwide. 90% of them claimed to be harassed in public spaces for their perceived differences. It was mainly their lack of traditionally masculine features that singled them out for abuse. This abuse was mainly aimed at how they did not fit typical gender roles while in public.

In a municipality near Barcelona, called Santa Coloma de Grammet, awareness days were planned for 400 staff who have regular interactions with passengers. This was part of an initiative known as puntos violetas (purple points), to enable the staff to respond to situations of harassment of LGBTIQ+ phobia. On peak days for travel, purple spots will be installed in seven metro stations.

Effects of street harassment
Physical responses, physical safety, emotional reactions, and psychological symptoms are the effects of street harassment. Physical effects can also be discussed in terms of the physical safety of a woman. Recipients of harassment describe physical symptoms as muscle tension, having trouble breathing, dizziness, and nausea. Street harassment evokes from its targets emotional responses that range from moderate annoyance to intense fear. Two themes repeatedly appear in women's responses to inquiries about the experience of harassment: the intrusion upon privacy and the fear of rape. Some scholars deem that comments and conduct of a harasser reduce women to sexual objects and force this perception upon his target. Harassment may also teach women to be ashamed of their bodies and to associate their bodies with fear and humiliation through reflections of self-blame. A study published in 2010 reported that the experience of street harassment is directly related to a greater preoccupation with physical appearance and body shame, and is indirectly related to heightened fears of rape. Women who self-blame are likely to experience distressing symptoms in the form of body shame, body surveillance, and self-objectification. Not only does this result harm a woman's self-esteem, but it may also interfere with her ability to be comfortable with her sexuality.

Street harassment severely restricts the physical and geographical mobility of women. It not only diminishes a woman's feelings of safety and comfort in public places, but also restricts her freedom of movement, depriving her of liberty and security in the public sphere. Women assess their surroundings, restrict choices of clothing, wear headphones, choose to exercise inside, and avoid certain neighborhoods or routes as proactive measures to reduce the chance of being harassed. In recent studies, street harassment was linked to indirect consequences that decrease the quality of women's lives. The decrease in quality of life is contributed to avoidant behaviors.

A study in 2011 was aimed at recording the health effects of street harassment on women and girls. It was found that they were mentally stressed after experiencing street harassment. Poor mental health has been found to be linked to street harassment caused by paranoia that certain spaces are not safe. The main way the women and girls put a stop to this was reducing the amount of time they spent on the street. However, this negatively impacted their ability to hold down a job or go to where they could receive healthcare. Stranger harassment reduces feelings of safety while walking alone at night, using public transportation, walking alone in a parking garage, and while home alone at night.

A 2000 article, based on Canada's Violence Against Women Survey, showed that past exposure to harassment from strangers is an important factor in women's perceptions of their safety in public. Harassment from a stranger, as opposed to an acquaintance, is more likely to induce fear of sexual victimization.

Motivation
According to a study of street harassment in Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, and Palestine cited in an 2017 NPR article, men who are more educated are more likely to street harass. The researchers explain that "young men with secondary-level education were more likely to sexually harass women than their older, less-educated peers". The researchers for this study explain that the main reason that men street harass is to assert their power. They do this because they have stressors in their life such as providing for their families, high unemployment rates, and political instability in their country. The NPR article states that the men "have high aspirations for themselves and aren't able to meet them, so they [harass women] to put them in their place. They feel like the world owes them". The study found that many men street harass simply for their entertainment; it is a way to release their stress: "When the men in the survey were asked why they sexually harassed women in public, the vast majority, up to 90 percent in some places, said they did it for fun and excitement".

In some cases, men may enjoy the thrill of doing something illegal or taboo, and some may experience sexual gratification from groping, flirting, or sexual humiliation. Negative remarks can also be the result of transphobia or homophobia.

According to Dr. Joe Herbert, a neuroscience professor at Cambridge, harassment also comes from a biological need to find a mate. Unlike animals, the human brain can cognitively recognize that power dynamics and psychological and physical manipulation can be forcefully used on other humans to coerce them into becoming mates. Because of societal structures and laws, it is more attractive to most people to use psychological methods, which manifests in different forms of harassment. According to Dr. Herbert, street harassment is another form of sexual coercion to encourage reproduction that is not widely socially acceptable.

Australian reporter Eleanor Gordon-Smith recorded interactions in the 2010s in Kings Cross, New South Wales, and found that men who catcalled women enjoyed getting attention, flirting, and the public performance. The men were also under the impression that the women who were the subject of their remarks and gestures enjoyed the attention and believed they were helping the women have a good time or were giving a compliment about physical appearance that would be appreciated. The vast majority of women in the area, in contrast, found such conduct degrading, wished they could avoid it, and worried that it could escalate into a physical assault. In conversation with one man in particular who perceived his catcalling to be welcome based on his experience, Gordon-Smith pointed out that women may feel pressured to play along and pretend to enjoy the attention as a means of de-escalating the situation, fearing the response their honest reaction could provoke.

Public attitudes
Female recipients of street harassment react differently to both innocent and uncivil attitudes they receive from men. However, in the context of cultural differences, many women's responses to street "remarks" are seen as favorable compliments. Author Elizabeth Arveda Kissling's research reveals that many female tourists traveling in different countries witness forms of street harassment that are seemingly less severe such as wolf-whistling and following and they consider those actions as ego-boosters rather than an inconvenience. Whether street harassment is read as flattering or offensive, some researchers say it is considered an arbitrary action that dehumanizes people.

YouGov conducted a poll of about 1,000 Americans in August 2014. In their findings, 72% said it was never appropriate to make a "catcall", 18% said it was sometimes appropriate to catcall, and 2% said it was always acceptable. The majority (55%) labeled catcalling "harassment", while 20% called it "complimentary". Americans in the 18–29 age range were the most likely to categorize catcalling as complimentary.

The vast majority of women in the Kings Cross area study found such conduct degrading, wished they could avoid it, and worried that it could escalate into a physical assault. In a more representative sample, a 2014 U.S. survey found that 68% of harassed women and 49% of harassed men were "very or somewhat concerned" the situation would escalate. As mentioned above, Gordon-Smith pointed out a reason for the difference may be that pretending to enjoy the attention was one way to avoid provoking an escalation which could lead to a physical attack. The U.S. survey found 31% of women responded by going out with other people instead of alone, and 4% of all victims made a major life change to avoid harassment, like moving or quitting a job.

Many theorists see the female's positive reaction to street harassment as a form of gender discrimination and how male hierarchy is being forced upon females. Mild street harassment is likely to be seen harmless and welcoming to some women; thus some theorists evaluate these women as the "victims of false consciousness" who lack self-value and feminism within them.

Cultural factors
Cultural factors are flexible; therefore, different nationalities can have different reactions regarding street harassment. In much of South Asia, public sexual harassment of women is called "eve teasing". The Spanish term piropos most widely used in Mexico holds a similar effect. Studies show that what is considered street harassment is similar around the globe. Many perpetrators of these actions would not characterize them as harassment, though most recipients would. Hostile environments can be interpreted differently depending on cultural norms. Studies show that the US holds "discriminatory nature" views, whereas Europe holds "violation of individual dignity" meaning that the United States focuses on the prejudiced side of harassment and Europe focuses on the invasion of personal space. In the bigger picture, the US tends to emphasize social rules, and Europe highlights the ethical and moral elements of street harassment. Cross-cultural research of sexual harassment contrasts individualist countries such as the United States, Canada, Germany, and the Netherlands with collectivist countries such as Ecuador, Pakistan, Turkey, the Philippines, and Taiwan, and says people in individualist countries are more likely to experience and be offended by sexual harassment than those from collectivist countries. Brazilians see sexual tendencies as an innocent, friendly and harmless romantic behavior, while Americans view it as a form of aggression, hierarchy, and abuse. Harassment is also disproportionately directed at people who are perceived by passers-by as having a marginalised gender identity or sexual orientation.

Representation in media
The mainstream media has been criticized for representing sexual and street harassment using overly simplified narratives, framing issues as a reflection of individual aberration, usually highlighting aspects of misconduct by one party against another. While humanities and feminist scholarship identify any degree of sexual harassment as a manifestation of gendered oppression and discrimination in society, seldom do mainstream media sources report that harassment derives from systemic gender inequality or introduce dialogue in the context of broader issues.

Mainstream media has also been criticized for the overuse of invalidating rhetoric in their description of harassment. As with other forms of oppression against women, the language presented by media sources commonly undermines the validity of street harassment complaints. The particular overuse of the words, "alleged," "supposed," "expected," immediately create a sense of uncertainty toward claims of harassment and assault, therefore imposing a sense of responsibility and/or guilt on to the victim.

Activism
Public activism against street harassment has grown since the late 2000s. A group called Stop Street Harassment began as a blog in 2008 and became incorporated as a non-profit organization in 2012. The organization provides tips for dealing with street harassment in safe and assertive ways, as well as provide opportunities to "take community action". In 2010, Stop Street Harassment started the annual "International Anti-Street Harassment Week". During the third week in April, people from around the globe participated in "marches, rallies, workshops, and sidewalk chalkings" in an effort to gain attention for the issue. Another group called Hollaback! was founded in 2010.

Activists have made use of viral videos to publicize the frequency of unsolicited comments that women receive in public areas.

One American street artist used Kickstarter to raise money for a campaign called "Stop Telling Women to Smile." The artist posts portraits of herself and other young women accompanied with messages against street harassment.

A Minneapolis woman created a set of printable "Cards Against Harassment" (in homage to the game Cards Against Humanity) that she distributes to street harassers. The cards are meant to explain to street harassers why their comments are unwanted.

The Safe Cities Global Initiative created by UN-Habitat in 1996 is an approach to address harassment in public places through partnerships with cities’ communities, local organizations, and municipal governments. Actions taken to address this include improved street designs and lighting in urban areas. The United Nations Commission of the Status of Women (CSW), a subcategory under UN Women, is committed to empowering women and advocating for gender equality. For the first time, it included multiple clauses into their "Agreed Conclusions" that focused on sexual harassment in public places in March 2013.

A 2016 study in The British Journal of Criminology examines the extent to which online sites serve as a form of informal justice for street harassment victims. The results show that individuals experience "validation" or "affirmation" after self-disclosing their experiences online and may receive acknowledgment or support by doing so. Notably, some individuals feel re-victimized or experience re-traumatization. It was found that online justice is limited, but in particular for street harassment, it is possible that victims achieve some form of justice.

Plan International UK launched a campaign in 2018 called #ISayItsNotOk to stop the street harassment of girls and raise public awareness of the issue. This campaign has gotten a lot of public attention and has made girls and women in the UK share their stories of street harassment. In 2019, another group in the UK called Our Streets Now has launched a campaign to make street harassment of girls, women, and transgender individuals a criminal offense and to educate students in schools about street harassment so "girls will learn how to avoid it and boys never become perpetrators of it". Plan International UK and Our Streets Now partnered in late November 2020 to create the #CrimeNotCompliment campaign and make public sexual harassment a crime.

Legal status
In some jurisdictions, some forms of street harassment are illegal.

France
In 2018, France outlawed street sexual harassment, passing a law declaring catcalling on streets and public transportation is subject to fines of up to €750, with more for more aggressive and physical behavior. The law also declared that sex between an adult and a person of under 15 can be considered rape if the younger person is judged incompetent to give consent. It also gives underage victims of rape an extra decade to file complaints, extending the deadline to 30 years from their turning 18. This law came about after many people were outraged at a man attacking a woman (Marie Laguerre) due to her response to his harassment of her.

Netherlands
In 2017, the Dutch cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam introduced a local ban (Algemene Plaatselijke Verordening, APV) on street harassment (known as the sisverbod or 'hissing ban' in the media). In 2018, a 36-year-old man from Rotterdam was convicted to paying two fines of 100 euros by a district judge (kantonrechter) for sexually harassing 8 women on the street. In December 2019, the Court of Appeals in The Hague considered that sexual harassment had been proven, but was not illegal because the local laws were unconstitutional per Article 7 (Freedom of Expression) of the Dutch Constitution. Only the House of Representatives and the Senate are allowed to make laws (on a national level) that restrict parts of the Constitution; the municipalities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam did not have that authority, and so the earlier ruling was overturned. Several politicians were disappointed by the overturning (with MP Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius arguing the approach is best locally customised rather than nationally standardised), and stated their intention to adopt national legislation on street harassment.

Peru
Peru has had anti-street harassment laws since March 2015.

Philippines
Quezon City in the Philippines, which has a high rate of street harassment, implemented an ordinance against street harassment, such as cat-calling and wolf-whistling, on May 16, 2016. Penalties for acts of street harassment were set at fines of Php 1,000 to Php 5,000 and a 1-month jail term. In 2019, Republic Act 11313, known as the Safe Spaces Act, became law in the Philippines; it punishes misogynistic acts, sexist slurs, wolf-whistling, catcalling, intrusive gazing, cursing, and persistent telling of sexual jokes in public or online. It also includes Any conduct that is unwelcome and pervasive and creates an intimidating, hostile, or humiliating environment for the recipient.

Punishments include imprisonment or fines depending on the seriousness of the crime.

United States
Across the United States, laws regarding street harassment are under the jurisdiction of individual states. In Illinois there are laws that relate to street harassment. Despite being a potential precursor to physical assault and even murder, offensive speech and hate speech are protected under the First Amendment. Although a perpetrator is legally allowed to shout obscenities, other acts such as public indecency and sexual assault are blatant violations of the law. Offensive speech and hate speech as forms of street harassment are frequently used as evidence against repeat offenders.

The public's rejection of criminalizing offensive speech and hate speech in view of the First Amendment poses a challenge for the legal system. Contrary to popular belief, it is not just those who are unaffected by street harassment that hold this ideal; victims and survivors of offensive speech and hate speech are reluctant to advocate against this First Amendment right. Adversely, the public is hesitant to rely on the law in their daily lives as they prefer autonomy, regardless of how grave the situation may be.

In a series of interviews conducted by Laura Beth Nielson in 2000, regarding the attitudes of the public in relation to the law and street harassment, four paradigms were offered. The freedom of speech paradigm is based on the ideal of allegiance to the First Amendment's ideology. The autonomy paradigm is based on the desire for self-governance. The impracticality paradigm is based on the impossibility of regulation in regards to offensive speech and hate speech. Lastly, the distrust of authority paradigm is based on the lack of faith in legal officials to enforce laws. These four paradigms exemplify the reasoning behind the lack of criminalization for street harassment.

title: Street harassment


text: User talk:80.41.200.195

title: User talk:80.41.200.195


text:
Lomé Peace Agreement

The Lomé Peace Agreement was a peace agreement signed on 7 July 1999 between the warring parties in the civil war that gripped Sierra Leone for almost a decade. President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah signed with the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) leader, Foday Sankoh and granted Sankoh a position in the transitional government as well as amnesty for him and all combatants. The accord is named for Lomé, the capital of Togo, where the negotiations took place and the agreement was signed.

Context
The conflict had been dragging on since a RUF coup attempt against Kabbah in 1997. Sierra Leonean politicians at home and abroad were ready to negotiate with the rebels, including Omrie Golley and Pallo Bangura (AFRC/RUF junta's "foreign minister"). At the same time, President Kabbah was worn down from the fighting, the coup attempt, the siege of Freetown (Sierra Leone's capital), and the weakening support of the Nigerians in ECOMOG, a peacekeeping force in the country. Kabbah wanted peace, and was willing to make sacrifices. Sankoh wanted power, and was willing to fight for it. On 18 May, in the presence of United States special envoy Jesse Jackson and Togolese president Gnassingbé Eyadéma, Kabbah and Sankoh signed an initial cease-fire in Lomé. As a result, Sankoh, along with a negotiation team consisting of field commanders and allies, went to Lomé for negotiations with Kabbah's delegation, headed by Attorney General Solomon Berewa. After delays, the negotiations began in Lomé on 26 May.

Negotiations
The RUF wanted a four-year Transitional Government of National Unity to be formed with Sankoh as its vice president. Berewa conceded some seats for RUF members in the transitional government and that the RUF could form a political party in elections to be held in 2001 but would not grant the vice-presidency. Four cabinet posts and four deputy-ministerial positions were eventually granted to the RUF, subject to approval by the Parliament of Sierra Leone, and on the RUF side, on the agreement of senior rebel commander Sam Bockarie, as well as some other field commanders.

A RUF team headed by People's War Council chairman Soloman Y. B. Rogers returned to Sierra Leone to garner the support of rebel command. Bockarie pushed for more seats but rescinded after Charles Taylor intervened. Finally, Kabbah and Sankoh signed the agreement in Lomé on 7 July 1999. The Parliament unanimously ratified the accord on 16 July.

Contents of the agreement
The Lomé Peace Agreement contained thirty-seven articles and five annexes. It was largely a rehash of the Abidjan Peace Accord. It included commitments to end hostilities, reestablish the Commission for the Consolidation of Peace, provide for demobilization and disarmament, and aid in the reintegration of combatants into civil society. It also granted amnesty to Sankoh and all rebel combatants (Article IX) and allowed for the RUF to become a political party. To achieve these goals, it called for the UN observer Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) and ECOMOG to form a neutral peacekeeping force, and all mercenaries to leave the country, as well as a creation of a new Sierra Leone Army.

Sankoh was offered chairmanship of the Commission for the Management of Strategic Resources, National Reconstruction, and Development (Article V), which was to have the status of vice president, answerable only to the president.

Aftermath of the agreement
Immediately after the signing of the agreement, thousands of civilians and rebels made their way into the cities from the countryside searching for food and overwhelming aid agencies capabilities. However, with government hired mercenaries (especially Executive Outcomes) out of the country, the second highest member of the RUF, Sam Bockarie, refused to disarm. Rebel activity continued (notably that of new group, the West Side Boys), and Freetown was again under siege by May 2000. Disarmament of rebel forces finally began in earnest in May 2001.

Criticism
The granting of amnesty was highly objectionable from the perspective of the UN. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mary Robinson, instructed UN representative Francis Okelo not to sign the agreement. However, Okelo was able to convince the UN that his signature was necessary for peace, and he signed with the caveat that the UN would not recognize amnesty for acts of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other serious violations of international humanitarian law, as per the request of the United Nations Security Council.

title: Lomé Peace Agreement