text:
Bryan brothers

The Bryan brothers, identical twin brothers Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan, are retired American professional doubles tennis players and the most successful duo of all time. They were born on April 29, 1978, with Mike being the elder by two minutes. The Bryans have won multiple Olympic medals, including the gold in 2012 and have won more professional games, matches, tournaments and Grand Slams than any other men's pairing. They held the World No. 1 doubles ranking jointly for 438 weeks (Mike has been ranked Men's Doubles World No. 1 for a total of 506 weeks), which is longer than anyone else in doubles history, and have also enjoyed that World No. 1 ranking together for a record 139 consecutive weeks. They have finished as the ATP year-end number 1 doubles team a record 10 times. Between 2005 and 2006, they set an Open Era record by competing in seven consecutive men's doubles Grand Slam finals.

They are also well known for celebrating winning points by chest-bumping each other. Some of their success is attributed to their particular brand of twinship: the Bryans are "mirror twins", where one is right-handed (Mike) and the other left-handed (Bob). This is advantageous for their court coverage. They were coached by David Macpherson between 2005 and 2016. In January 2017 they reunited with coach Phil Farmer, who previously trained them to their first grand slam title, the French Open men's doubles. In October 2017, Macpherson and Dr. Dave Marshall assumed coaching duties, with Marshall handling day-to-day responsibilities, until the duo retired.

Turning pro in 1998, the brothers retired in August 2020, having played (and won) their final match as a team in March of that year.

Records and achievements
On October 28, 2016, they recorded their all-time record 1000th match win, as a team, by defeating Pablo Cuevas and Viktor Troicki in the quarter-finals of the 2016 Erste Bank Open, in Vienna, Austria. Following their triumph at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, the Bryans became the only doubles pairing in the Open Era to hold all four major titles at once (but not in a single season). They also won Olympic Gold during this period. They are also the only doubles team in history to have won every major title, having won all four Grand Slams, Olympic Gold, every (12 versions of the 9 tournaments) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 title, the ATP World Tour Finals and the Davis Cup during their careers.

The two have won a record 119 tour titles, surpassing The Woodies (Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde) who won 61, and have been finalists on 59 other occasions. They have a career "Super Slam" with 16 Grand Slam titles overall, which is more than any men's team in the Open Era. These include victories at the Australian Open (2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013), the French Open (2003, 2013), Wimbledon (2006, 2011, 2013), and the US Open (2005, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014). They are the only doubles pairing in history to have completed the "Double Career Grand Slam", having won all four Grand Slam titles at least twice as a team. They won the ATP World Tour Finals doubles tournament four times (2003, 2004, 2009 and 2014).

They won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and the bronze medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. They won the 2007 Davis Cup, along with Andy Roddick and James Blake. The brothers were named ATP Team of the Decade for 2000–2009 and for 2010–2019.

The twins were part of the United States Davis Cup team, with a 25–5 record in doubles matches, the most wins ever by a USA doubles team. Both brothers have played Davis Cup singles matches (Bob is 4–2 and Mike is 0–1).

Doubles records

 * These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis.
 * Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements.

Professional awards

 * ITF World Champion: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
 * ATP World Tour Fans' Favorite Team: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Mike with Jack Sock, 2019
 * Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year: 2015

Other achievements

 * Played in front of the second largest crowd, at an official match, in tennis history (27,200 at the Davis Cup final in Seville, Spain – December 4, 2004)
 * Won a record 25 Davis Cup World Group matches for the United States
 * Davis Cup Commitment Award

Junior career
Bob and Mike won their first doubles tournament at age 6, in a 10-and-under event. They attended Mesa Union School (Somis, California) for elementary and junior high school, then Rio Mesa High School in Oxnard, California. They had an outstanding junior career, winning well over a hundred junior doubles titles together. They won the 1991 USTA National Boys' 14 Doubles Championships, the 1992 USTA National Boys' 14 Clay Court doubles title, the 1994 USTA National Boys' 16 Clay Court doubles title, the 1995 USTA National Boys' 18 Clay Courts doubles title, the 1995 USTA National Boys' 18 doubles title, and the first-ever Easter Bowl boys' 18 doubles title. The duo won four consecutive doubles titles at the Ojai Tennis Tournament from 1993 to 1996, including twice in the boys' 16s and twice in the CIF Interscholastic division.

The brothers won the USTA National Boys' 18 Clay Court Championships again in 1996, becoming the first team in 30 years to repeat as doubles champions at that event. Bob and Mike became the first repeat doubles champions in 50 years at the 1996 USTA National Boys' 18 Championships in Kalamazoo, Michigan, defeating Michael Russell and Kevin Kim in the final. The Bryans then won the 1996 US Open junior boys' doubles title, defeating Daniele Bracciali of Italy and Jocelyn Robichaud of Canada 5–7, 6–3, 6–4 in the final. They won the bronze medal in men's doubles at the 1999 Pan American Games held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, where they represented the United States for the first time as professionals.

Both were awarded full-ride tennis scholarships to Stanford University in fall 1996, and played there through 1998, helping the team to an NCAA team title both years. They won the NCAA doubles title in 1998, defeating Kelly Gullet and Robert Lindstedt of Pepperdine University in the final, becoming the first brothers to win the NCAA doubles title since Robert and Tom Falkenberg of USC in 1946. They finished the year ranked No. 1 in the collegiate doubles rankings.

Early career
The Bryans made their Grand Slam debut at the 1995 US Open, where they lost in the first round to Grant Connell and Patrick Galbraith. Their first tour win came in 1998, at the ATP Washington, D.C. and won two Challenger tournaments, at Aptos and Burbank.

In 1999, the twins reached their first ATP final at Orlando, falling in the finals to Jim Courier and Todd Woodbridge. They reached the semi-finals at Scottsdale, and the quarter-finals at Indian Wells and Key Biscayne. The brothers were successful on the Challenger Circuit, winning three tournaments (Amarillo, Birmingham, Burbank), and reaching the finals in four others.

The next season saw the brothers win their first match at a Grand Slam when they reached the quarter-finals of the US Open (1st round, beat David Adams and John-Laffnie de Jager). They reached three ATP semi-finals (San Jose, Orlando, Newport), and two other quarter-finals (Queen's Club, Washington, D.C.). On the Challenger Circuit they won the title at Aptos and were losing finalists at San Antonio, Burbank and Rancho Mirage.

The brothers have only played each other in three professionally recognized matches, once each in 1998, 1999, and 2000, playing at U.S.A. F12, Hong Kong, and Armonk, respectively. Mike leads the series 2–1, coming back after losing to Bob in the 1998 match. Each match was played in the Best of Three Sets format, and each was won in straight sets. The ATP classified all three of these matches as "Qualifying, Challenger And Futures Matches," meaning they do not count towards their overall singles records, but the matches were still recorded. Bob won the first match 6–4, 6–3; Mike won the second and third matches 6–4, 6–4, and 6–3, 6–4, respectively.

2001–2002: First titles and Slam semifinals
2001 was the first really successful season for the Bryans as they captured four titles (Memphis, Queen's Club, Newport, Los Angeles) in five finals (were finalists at Washington losing to Martin Damm and David Prinosil). The first ATP doubles title came at Memphis, by defeating Alex O'Brien and Jonathan Stark in the final. They became the first brothers combination to win four titles in a season (Tim and Tom Gullikson won three in 1978 and 1982). They reached their first Grand Slam semi-final at Wimbledon and finished the year at No. 7 in the ATP Doubles Race, with a 45–23 match record.

The next season saw the Bryans win a career-high five ATP doubles titles, including their first ATP Masters Series title. They won that AMS title at Toronto, where they beat Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor in the final. They won titles at Acapulco, Scottsdale, Newport, and Basel, and were runners-up at Adelaide, Memphis and Washington. They advanced to the semi-finals at Wimbledon for the second straight year. Also, the brothers reached the semi-finals at the US Open (where they lost to Mahesh Bhupathi/Max Mirnyi), Washington, and the Madrid Masters. They finished the season with a 54–19 match record and in third place in the doubles race. The brothers faced each other at the US Open mixed doubles final, with Mike and Lisa Raymond defeating Bob and Katarina Srebotnik.

2003–2006: Breakthrough and dominance
2003 was a landmark season for the Bryans. They reached their first Grand Slam final at Roland Garros, where they also won their first Grand Slam title, beating Paul Haarhuis and Yevgeny Kafelnikov in the final, and did not drop a set all through the tournament. They won five titles for the second successive year (Barcelona, Roland Garros, Nottingham, Cincinnati Masters, Tennis Masters Cup).

With their win at Roland Garros, the Bryans set the record for most doubles titles by a brothers team, breaking Tim and Tom Gullikson's mark of 10. They reached the finals of three other tournaments, including the US Open, became the first brothers duo to finish number 1 in the ATP race, and closed the season by winning the title at Tennis Masters Cup, Houston. They also made their Davis Cup debut' for the United States in 2003, in the World Group Playoff tie in Slovak Republic, beating Karol Beck/Dominik Hrbatý in straight sets and helping the US to a 3–2 victory.

In 2004, they won a career-best seven titles, the victories coming at Adelaide, Memphis, Acapulco, Queen's Club, Los Angeles, Basel and Tennis Masters Cup Houston. They also reached four other finals. They were part of the US Tennis Team at the Athens Olympics in 2004, where they lost in the quarter-finals to eventual gold medalists Fernando González and Nicolás Massú of Chile. They finished another successful season by winning the Tennis Masters Cup for the second year running.

In 2005, the Bryans reached all four Grand Slam finals, and though they lost in the first three (Australian Open, Roland Garros and Wimbledon), they won the second Grand Slam of their career at the US Open in front of cheering home fans. They also won tournaments at Scottsdale, Queen's Club and Washington, and made it to the finals at Memphis, Monte Carlo TMS and Rome TMS. In 2006, the twins won the first Grand Slam of the season, the 2006 Australian Open, where they beat Leander Paes of India and Martin Damm of the Czech Republic in the final. They completed the career slam a few months later at Wimbledon, beating Fabrice Santoro and Nenad Zimonjić in four sets in the final.

2007: Davis Cup Champions
2007 saw the Bryans win 11 titles. They started losing in the first round of their first tournament, but entered the 2007 Australian Open and won it defeating Jonas Björkman and Max Mirnyi in the final. Björkman and Mirnyi had defeated the Bryans for two years running in the French Open finals. The brothers only lost one set. Their second title of the season came in Las Vegas where the outstanding team beat Jonathan Erlich/Andy Ram. At the 2007 Miami Masters, the twins won the Masters Series title, defeating Martin Damm and Leander Paes. Their fourth title came without a set's loss in Houston, defeating Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor in the final. The pair won their fifth title on the 2007 ATP Tour and second Masters Series title of the year at the Monte-Carlo Masters- they missed Indian Wells. The team defeated Julien Benneteau and Nicolas Mahut in the final. At the Rome Masters, however, the brothers lost to Fabrice Santoro and Nenad Zimonjić. It was the first Masters Series match that the Bryans lost in 2007.

The Hamburg Masters saw the Bryans beat Paul Hanley and Kevin Ullyett in the final for a sixth title on the 2007 ATP Tour and third Masters Series event of the year. The brothers lost to Lukáš Dlouhý and Pavel Vízner at the 2007 French Open and to Knowles and Nestor at Queen's Club. They lost in the Wimbledon finals to Arnaud Clément and Michaël Llodra, but did avenge Dlouhý/Vízner in the quarter-finals and Santoro/Zimonjić in the semi-finals. The seventh title of their season came in Los Angeles when the tandem defeated Scott Lipsky and David Martin in the final. In Washington, D.C., the team defeated Erlich/Ram in the final. The brothers did not reach the finals in the 2007 Rogers Masters, which is the second time that the Bryans did not reach a 2007 Masters Series final. They lost in the finals of the 2007 Cincinnati Masters to Erlich/Ram and their next event was the 2007 US Open, which the brothers lost in the quarter-finals to Simon Aspelin and Julian Knowle. Each brother lost in the second round of mixed doubles competition. The brothers' ninth title came at the 2007 Madrid Masters, beating Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski in the final. Their tenth title of the season came in Basel, where they beat James Blake and Mark Knowles. The brothers won their eleventh title in 2007 at the 2007 Paris Masters, defeating second seeds Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić in the final.

The Bryans earned the No. 1 spot in the ATP doubles race and thus were entered into the 2007 Tennis Masters Cup. However, Mike had an elbow injury and could not compete.

The brothers won the third rubber in the 2007 Davis Cup finals, defeating Igor Andreev and Nikolay Davydenko of Russia, thereby clinching the Davis Cup title over the country that was the reigning title holder. Andy Roddick prevailed over Dmitry Tursunov and James Blake defeated Mikhail Youzhny. Bob lost his first Davis Cup singles match in the 4th dead rubber, falling to Andreev; and Blake defeated Tursunov in the 5th dead rubber to end the tie at 4–1. Thus, the United States earned its record 32nd title.

2008
The brothers started their season on the 2008 ATP Tour by entering the 2008 Medibank International in Sydney. They survived a quarter-final match against Jonathan Erlich and Andy Ram and later entered the final, falling to Richard Gasquet and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. The Bryans again made a good appearance at the 2008 Australian Open. The team breezed through their first three rounds before losing to Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles. Soon afterwards, the Bryans beat Austria's Julian Knowle and Jürgen Melzer in the first round of the 2008 Davis Cup. Mike had to retire against Stefan Koubek in singles, while Bob Bryan defeated Werner Eschauer in three sets for the US to win the tie.

The Bryans lost to Max Mirnyi and Jamie Murray in the 2008 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships final, and to fellow Stanford Alumni Scott Lipsky and David Martin in the final of the 2008 SAP Open in San Jose, California. The Bryans made it to the final of the Tennis Channel Open in Las Vegas, producing wins over Xavier Malisse and Hugo Armando, Chris Guccione and Lleyton Hewitt, and Marcos Baghdatis and Konstantinos Economidis, but went down in the final to Julien Benneteau and Michaël Llodra. The brothers lost in the quarter-finals of the 2008 Indian Wells Masters to Mirnyi and Murray once more.

The brothers captured their first title of the season at the 2008 Miami Masters, beating Bhupathi and Knowles. After this, they lost in their Davis Cup match to Arnaud Clément and Llodra. They lost to Jeff Coetzee and Wesley Moodie at the 2008 Monte-Carlo Masters, however, they then claimed a second title on the 2008 ATP Tour in Barcelona at the 2008 Torneo Godó, beating Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski to win the final. At the Rome Masters, they beat Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić to claim the title. This made the Indian Wells Masters as the only ATP Masters Series to have escaped them.

The brothers moved on to the 2008 Hamburg Masters, where they only lost one set before reaching the final. However, Nestor and Zimonjić claimed the title. Then, two weeks later, the brothers entered the 2008 French Open. Their second Grand Slam of the year looked to be a strong one, however they fell to Pablo Cuevas and Luis Horna in the quarter-finals. Again, they lost at the 2008 Queen's Club Championships to Marcelo Melo and André Sá, whom they had beaten in Hamburg. Another Grand Slam setback occurred for them at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, when the twins lost in the semi-finals in a tight match against Jonas Björkman and Kevin Ullyett. They played opposite each other at the Wimbledon mixed doubles final. Bob and Samantha Stosur defeated Mike and Katarina Srebotnik. The brothers played their way into tournaments, as they reached the final of the 2008 Canada Masters, where they lost to Nestor and Zimonjić. Their losses ended at the 2008 Cincinnati Masters, when they came from behind to beat Bhupathi and Knowles. They won the title with a comeback against Israel's Erlich and Ram, earning themselves two successive wins coming back from the loss of the first set.

The brothers combined at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. After losing to singles specialists and eventual gold medalists Roger Federer and Stanislas Wawrinka, they beat Clément and Llodra 3–6, 6–3, 6–4 to win the bronze medal. The brothers did not appear again until the 2008 US Open, where they won the title. They then lost in the quarter-finals of the 2008 Madrid Masters to Björkman and Ullyett. At the 2008 Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, they reached the final, only to be defeated by Nestor and Zimonjić and so to lose their positions as world Number 1s for the first time in three years.

2009
In January, the brothers entered the Medibank International, in Sydney, Australia, defeating Simone Bolelli and Andreas Seppi, and in the quarter-final, Tommy Robredo and Feliciano López in straight sets. They survived a semi-final match against Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles. They avenged their Tennis Masters Cup doubles final loss with a win over Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić to win their first Medibank International doubles title in 10 years. At the season's first Grand Slam, in Melbourne, the Australian Open, the brothers won the men's Doubles final, on Saturday, January 31, defeating India's Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles from the Bahamas in three sets. The outcome was historical in that it was the first time in tennis history that siblings had won both categories of Doubles titles – men's and women's – at a Major, as Venus and Serena Williams had won the Women's Doubles title at the Australian Open the previous night. At the Delray Beach International Tennis Championships, they defeated second seeds Marcelo Melo and André Sá for their third title of the year and to win the tournament for the first time ever.

The broke the US record for most wins in Davis Cup doubles as a pair with 15 wins when they beat the Swiss team of Stanislas Wawrinka and Yves Allegro in the 2009 Davis Cup 1st round. Mike Bryan got one more win in Davis cup doubles (total 16) with Mardy Fish when his brother Bob was out of play due to injury in the 2008 semi-finals. At the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships in Houston, they beat fellow Americans Jesse Levine and Ryan Sweeting to win their fourth title of the year. At the Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell and Internazionali BNL d'Italia, they failed to defend their titles as they lost to Bhupathi and Knowles and to Nestor and Zimonjic in the semi-finals and final respectively. They exited the French Open in the semi-finals to South African-Belgian pair Wesley Moodie and Dick Norman after losing three match points. They were seeded first at Wimbledon, where they reached the final without dropping a set. however, they lost the final against arch-rivals Nestor and Zimonjic in four sets. They started their US Open Series and North American hard-court season by winning the LA Tennis Open over Benjamin Becker and Frank Moser of Germany. They were the defending champions at the 2009 US Open and lost in the quarter-finals to Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes in a re-match of the 2008 final despite saving five match points.

The brothers won their next ATP World Tour 500 title in Beijing. The next week, they competed at the eighth Masters 1000 tournament of the year, the Shanghai Masters, but lost in the quarter-finals. They then competed in Basel as a warm-up tournament before Paris and London. They reached the final but lost to Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić. At Paris, they lost at the quarter-finals. However, they captured the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals to end the year as the World No. 1 Doubles Team for the fifth time and capture the Year-end championships for the third time. The year 2009 was the first year since 2004 where the brothers did not win any ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments.

2010
The brothers began 2010 playing at the 2010 Heineken Open in Auckland. However, the pair lost in the first round. They then went on successfully defending their title at the 2010 Australian Open, beating Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić in the final, thus claiming their fourth Australian Open title and eighth major title. They also defended their titles at the 2010 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships (where they earned their 600th victory as a team) and the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships in Houston. The brothers participated in the first round of Davis Cup, where they were drawn to face Serbia in Belgrade on clay courts. Mike had to withdraw due to food poisoning and was replaced by John Isner. Bob and Isner won the doubles rubber in five sets against Janko Tipsarević and Zimonjić. However, the US lost the tie 3–2 (with the last rubber being a dead rubber). The brothers then won two back to back Masters Series titles during the European clay tour at the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome and the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open. They defeated compatriots Isner and Sam Querrey in Rome, and co-world No. 1s Nestor and Zimonjić in Madrid. This ended their ATP World Tour Masters 1000 title drought since August 2008 and equalled The Woodies' record of 61 doubles titles.

Seeded first at the 2010 French Open, the Bryans suffered their earliest exit at a Grand Slam since the 2001 US Open by losing to Marcelo Melo and Bruno Soares in the second round. They did not compete in any of the warm-up tournaments before Wimbledon. At Wimbledon, however, the defending champions Nestor and Zimonjić made an early exit, creating the possibility for the brothers to regain the No. 1 doubles teaming, but lost to Wesley Moodie and Dick Norman in the quarter-finals.

To start their 2010 North American summer hard-court swing, the brothers won their 62nd career doubles title at their hometown tournament in Los Angeles, where they were the defending champions. They reached the final and became the first team in the Open Era to reach 100 doubles finals. The win surpassed the Woodies record of 61 wins as a team. Their next target is the all-time record of 79 set by Pam Shriver and Martina Navratilova. They next participated in the 2010 Legg Mason Tennis Classic in Washington, D.C., where they lost in the quarter-finals to Rohan Bopanna and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi.

The brothers continued their ATP World Tour Masters 1000 winning streak by capturing their 63rd title at the 2010 Rogers Cup in Toronto, adding to their titles in 2002 and 2006 and their 64th title at the 2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in Cincinnati, adding to their titles in 2003 and 2008. This ensured their return to the No. 1 spot in the team rankings. This marked their wins in four consecutive Masters 1000 tournaments. Their winning streak continued as they won the 2010 US Open, giving the brothers a ninth major title, just two shy from the Woodies, by beating Bopanna and Qureshi in the final. On September 6, 2010, they were ranked number one in doubles based on the ATP ranking system for 205 weeks, surpassing Todd Woodbridge's previous record of 204 weeks.

Playing in the 2010 China Open in Beijing to start their Asian hard-court swing, their first tournament after their Flushing Meadows victory, they extended their winning streak to 18–0 with a victory in the final over Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski. It was noted that they won their tenth title of the season on October 10, 2010. After this successful title defense, their next tournament was the 2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters where their winning streak ended at 20 after losing to Jürgen Melzer and Leander Paes in the semi-finals. The Bryans then participated at the 2010 Davidoff Swiss Indoors where the clinched the year-end no.1 ranking by reaching the semi-finals. They ended up winning their 11th title of the year in their 11th final by beating defending champions Nestor and Zimonjić in the final. They capped up their season by losing to Mark Knowles and Andy Ram in the semi-finals of the 2010 BNP Paribas Masters in Paris, and to Nestor and Zimonjić in the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals.

2011
The brothers began 2011 at the 2011 Medibank International Sydney where they reached the final. The pair lost to first-time pairing of Lukáš Dlouhý and Paul Hanley, marking their first final loss since March 2008 to a team other than Nestor/Zimonjic. They next traveled to Melbourne and successfully defended their 2011 Australian Open title, beating Indian duo Mahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes in the final. This was the Bryans' third straight title at the Australian Open (and their fifth overall), and their tenth Grand Slam title (just one shy from the Woodies).

They suffered early exits in Acapulco, Indian Wells and Miami but bounced back to win their 69th title in Houston. They followed this victory with their 70th title in Monte Carlo the week after. This was their 18th Masters 1000 title, tying them with Todd Woodbridge and six shy of all-time Masters 1000 leader Daniel Nestor. Their next tournament was the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell, where they ended as runners-up to first time pairing of Santiago González and Scott Lipsky after missing four match points in a closely fought final. They continued their clay court dominance by winning (and defending) their fourth Madrid Masters title beating Michaël Llodra and Nenad Zimonjić in the final. It was the Bryans' 19th Masters title.

Their next tournament was the Rome Masters, where they lost in the quarter-finals to compatriots Mardy Fish and Andy Roddick. They lost in the 2011 French Open semi-finals to first-time pairing of Juan Sebastián Cabal and Eduardo Schwank. They bounced back, clinching their fourth Queen's Club title, beating fellow Australian Open finalists Bhupathi/Paes in the final in a tough three-setter. They followed this up winning Wimbledon on July 2, defeating Robert Lindstedt and Horia Tecău in straight sets. This was their second Wimbledon title and tied The Woodies' record of 11 Grand Slam titles.

The brothers failed to defend their title at the Rogers Cup although they reached the final and lost to Llodra and Zimonjic in three sets. Their next stop was at the Cincinnati where they again failed to defend their title by falling to Bhupathi/Paes in the semi-finals. Their late season struggles continued at the US Open, losing in the first round. This was their first first round exit since the 2001 Australian Open. At the 2011 China Open in Beijing they were, again, unable to defend their title as they were beaten in the semi-finals by Llodra and Zimonjic in three sets. They lost the 2011 Shanghai Rolex Masters quarter-finals to Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski.

The brothers played their next tournament at the Erste Bank Open in Vienna (their first appearance there since 2002) where they re-gained some form by saving a match point in a tight first round before going on to reach the final where they defeated Max Mirnyi and Daniel Nestor in straight sets to claim their first Vienna title and their 7th title of the year (which was also their first title since Wimbledon).

They then competed in the Valencia Open 500 event in the very next week and rode their momentum without dropping a set into their first final there against Eric Butorac and Jean-Julien Rojer. They went on to win the final in straight sets to earn their first Valencia title and 8th title of the season. However, they were unable to make it three titles in three weeks at the 2011 BNP Paribas Masters as they were upset in the second round by Julien Benneteau and Nicolas Mahut. The brothers looked to finish their season strongly at the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals but lost in the semi-finals to Mirnyi and Nestor.

2012: Record breakers
The brothers began 2012 by participating at the 2012 Apia International Sydney where they reached the final. They went on to win the final by defeating wild cards Matthew Ebden and Jarkko Nieminen to claim their second title in Sydney and their 76th overall without dropping a set. The brothers then aimed to win their sixth Australian Open and reached their eighth final at the event after three consecutive three-setters which included saving a match point and overcoming a 2–5 deficit in the final set tie-break in an epic semi-final against Robert Lindstedt and Horia Tecău. However, the brothers played Leander Paes and Radek Štěpánek in the final and were upset in straight sets.

They were forced to withdraw from Indian Wells at the quarter-final stage with illness and were beaten in Miami at the semi-final stage by Paes and Štěpánek for the second time in 2012. They skipped Houston despite being the defending champions and instead secured a doubles rubber point in the USA-France Davis Cup tie at Monte-Carlo by defeating Julien Benneteau and Michaël Llodra. They then went on to win their 20th Masters 1000 title and 77th title overall at Monte Carlo without dropping a set. They had thrashed Paes and Štěpánek in the quarter-finals and comfortably beaten Max Mirnyi and Daniel Nestor in the final. However, their momentum was halted at the 2012 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell, with their withdrawal due to illness. They took to the new blue clay of the Madrid Masters as the defending champions but lost early. Their next tournament was the Rome Masters, where they lost in the quarter-finals.

Keen to regain some momentum, the brothers played the 2012 Open de Nice Côte d'Azur – Doubles tournament which they won for the first time by beating Oliver Marach and Filip Polášek in the final. It was their 78th title and third of the year. They then enjoyed a good run at the 2012 French Open before losing in the final to Mirnyi and Nestor. They immediately found form on the grass, reaching the final at the Queen's Club but failed to defend their title and were again defeated by Mirnyi and Nestor. The brothers reached the semi-finals of Wimbledon but, after a tight match, were defeated by eventual first-time wildcard titlists Jonathan Marray and Frederik Nielsen. After winning the Olympic gold medal at the Summer Olympics in London (see the '2012 Olympics' section below), the brothers played the 2012 Rogers Cup in Toronto. They maintained their fine form by winning their 21st Masters 1000 title and their 80th title overall after saving a match point in a closely fought final against Spaniards Marcel Granollers and Marc López.

The brothers went on to the 2012 Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati, where they lost in the semi-finals to Lindstedt and Tecău. They went on to win the 2012 US Open over Paes and Štěpánek (who had beaten the Bryans in the final of the Australian Open earlier in the year). This was the brothers' 12th major title, which meant they had surpassed the Woodies' record of 11, giving the brothers the most major titles in men's doubles in the Open Era. In November, Bob Bryan, who had missed a Davis Cup match due to the birth of his daughter, during which Mike had played with Mardy Fish, slipped behind Mike in the world rankings. This was the first time since August 2003 that the pair had had different rankings. This meant Mike Bryan finished 2012 as world No. 1 on his own.

2012 Olympics
They returned to Wimbledon for the Summer Olympics Tennis Tournament. They beat Bellucci/Sa of Brazil in the first round, Davydenko/Youzhny of Russia in the second round, Erlich/Ram of Israel in the quarterfinals, and Benneteau/Gasquet of France in the semi-finals. They entered the Gold Medal Match assured of at least a silver medal, but defeated Llodra/Tsonga of France to win the Olympic gold medal on August 4, 2012. This completed the career Golden Slam in men's doubles for the brothers, having won the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, US Open and the Olympic gold medal.

2013: Non-calendar Golden Slam
The brothers started 2013 by participating at the 2013 Apia International Sydney which they won by defeating Max Mirnyi and Horia Tecău in the final to claim their third title in Sydney and their 83rd overall. The Bryans then aimed to win their sixth Australian Open. They did just that by emerging victorious in their ninth final at the event by beating the Dutch team of Robin Haase and Igor Sijsling. This gave the brothers an all-time record 13 Grand Slam titles. They surpassed the pre-Open Era record of 12 titles held by John Newcombe and Tony Roche.

The brothers participated in the first round of the Davis Cup, where they were drawn to face Brazil in Jacksonville on indoor hard-courts. For only the third time in their career, the Bryans lost a Davis Cup doubles match when they lost in five sets to Marcelo Melo and Bruno Soares. It was their first loss of the season. However, the US would go on to win the tie 3–2 when Sam Querrey won the deciding rubber. They then played at the 2013 SAP Open in San Jose, California. It was the final edition of the tournament and therefore, the Bryans' last chance to win this tournament which had so far eluded them. However, they lost in the quarter-finals to the Australian pairing of Lleyton Hewitt and Marinko Matosevic. They bounced back immediately at the 2013 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships in Memphis. They won their third title of the season without dropping a set winning an all-American final against James Blake and Jack Sock. Following this win, Bob rejoined Mike as World No. 1.

Their next tournament was the first Masters 1000 of the year at Indian Wells. This was the only Masters 1000 tournament that the Bryans had yet to win. The brothers rode their momentum and won the tournament after prevailing in super-tiebreakers in the quarter-final, the semi-final, and in the final against first-time pairing Treat Huey and Jerzy Janowicz. This was their 22nd Masters 1000 title, their 4th title of the year, and their 86th title as a team. Their next tournament was the 2013 Sony Ericsson Open in Miami, Florida where they lost in the first round to Max Mirnyi and Mikhail Youzhny.

The brothers then played in Boise, Idaho in the Davis Cup quarter-finals against Serbia on indoor hard-courts. However, the twins lost in five sets (15–13 in the fifth) to Nenad Zimonjić and Ilija Bozoljac. It was the first-time in their career that they had lost back-to-back Davis Cup doubles rubbers and it was their fourth loss overall in the competition. This defeat put the US 2–1 behind in rubbers. They were unable to recover and lost the tie 3–1 when Novak Djokovic beat Sam Querrey in the first reverse singles match.

Their next tournament was Houston where they were defending champions and on a 16 match winning streak. However, their streak came to an end in the final where, despite having a match point, they were defeated by Jamie Murray and John Peers. Their next event was Monte Carlo where again, they were the defending champions. However, once again, they lost in the final after squandering seven match points against Julien Benneteau and Nenad Zimonjić. Their next event was the Madrid Masters which had reverted to red clay. The brothers reached the final against Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares. There were no missed match points this time as the Bryans closed out a comfortable win to earn their 23rd Masters 1000 title and 5th title of the year. They continued their fine run at the Rome Masters defeating Indians Mahesh Bhupathi and Rohan Bopanna in the final. It was their 88th team title, their 6th title in 2013, and their 24th Masters 1000 title.

The brothers' clay-court form culminated in a 14th Grand Slam title at the 2013 French Open. They defeated the all-French pairing of Michaël Llodra and Nicolas Mahut in a third-set tiebreak to claim their second French Open title and 7th title of the year. It was their 89th team title and 3rd consecutive Grand Slam title.

On June 10, it was announced that the twins had qualified for the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals for the 12th time. The brothers got their grass-court campaign underway at the Queen's Club. They won their fifth Queen's Club title by defeating Peya and Soares in the final. It was their 8th title of the season and 90th title overall. They were on an 18 match winning streak going into Wimbledon.

On July 6, the brothers achieved a historic Golden Slam as they won their 15th Grand Slam title and third Wimbledon. The twins became the second doubles team in history to hold all four majors at the same time (the only other team was the Australian duo of Ken McGregor and Frank Sedgman who achieved the Calendar Grand Slam in 1951). By defeating Ivan Dodig and Marcelo Melo in the final, they became as well as the first team to hold all four major titles and the Olympic gold medal at the same time.

The brothers withdrew from the 2013 BB&T Atlanta Open and the 2013 Citi Open in Washington citing an injury to Bob's shoulder. Their next event was the 2013 Rogers Cup in Montreal where they were the defending champions. However, their 25 match winning streak came to an end in the quarter-finals, losing to Robert Lindstedt and Daniel Nestor. At the 2013 Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati they saved a match point in the semi-finals before defeating Spaniards Marcel Granollers and Marc López in the final. It was the brothers' 10th title of 2013 and 25th Masters 1000 title. With this victory, the twins were guaranteed the year-end No. 1 team ranking for a record 9th time on August 19.

However, at the 2013 US Open, the Bryans were defeated in the semi-finals by Leander Paes and Radek Štěpánek in a rematch of the previous year's final. This loss prevented them from achieving the Calendar Grand Slam. Their next event was the Japan Open. It was the twins' first time competing in this tournament but things did not go as planned as they were defeated in their opening match by Nicolás Almagro and Pablo Cuevas. Their next tournament was the 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters where they were beaten in the semi-finals by Dodig and Melo. The brothers played the Valencia Open where they were defeated in the final by Peya and Soares despite having 4 match points. The brothers beat Peya and Soares in the final of the 2013 BNP Paribas Masters for their 26th Masters 1000 title. Their final event was the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals where they saved a match point en route to the final before being defeated by Spaniards David Marrero and Fernando Verdasco. This loss brought to a close the greatest season of the brothers' career where they reached 15 finals, won 11 titles (including 3 majors and 5 Masters 1000 titles), and finished world No. 1 for the 9th time.

2014: Six Masters titles
The Bryan brothers began 2014 attempting to defend their title at the 2014 Apia International Sydney. However, they were upset in the quarter-finals by Lukáš Rosol and João Sousa. The brothers aimed to defend their Australian Open crown but were shocked in the third round by eventual finalists, Eric Butorac and Raven Klaasen. The twins participated in the first round of the Davis Cup where they were drawn to face Great Britain in San Diego on outdoor clay. They secured a point for the United States by winning the doubles rubber against Colin Fleming and Dominic Inglot. For Mike, it was the 35-year-old's 23rd doubles victory in the competition – the most by an American.

The brothers reached the final of the 2014 U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships in Memphis, Tennessee but were unable to defend their title, losing again by Butorac and Klaasen. They bounced back at the 2014 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships which they won without dropping a set to claim their first title of the season. Their next tournament was the first Masters 1000 of the year at Indian Wells where the brothers successfully defended their title by defeating Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares in the final. The twins immediately followed this up by winning Miami. They defeated Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah in the final to claim their first Indian Wells-Miami double, their 28th Masters 1000 crown, and 96th title overall.

The brothers got their clay-court campaign off to a flying start by claiming their fifth Houston title defeating Spaniards David Marrero and Fernando Verdasco in a closely fought final. At Monte Carlo, the brothers won their 29th Masters 1000 crown and 4th consecutive Masters 1000 tournament by beating Ivan Dodig and Marcelo Melo in the final. This title marked their 98th title as a team and Mike's 100th doubles title. The twins had now won five consecutive tournaments and were on a 21 match winning streak. However, this streak came to an end in the final of the Madrid Masters where they were defeated by Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić. The twins' next event was the Rome Masters, where they were beaten again by Nestor and Zimonjić in the semi-finals. The brothers tried to defend their title at the 2014 French Open but were defeated in the quarter-finals by Marcel Granollers and Marc López.

The brothers began their grass-court campaign attempting to defend their title at Queens. However, they were defeated in the second round by Jamie Murray and John Peers. At Wimbledon, the Bryan brothers reached the final, where they were beaten in five sets by the doubles team of Vasek Pospisil of Canada and Jack Sock of the United States.

The brothers were then defeated in the quarter-finals of the 2014 Citi Open in Washington by Steve Johnson (tennis) and Sam Querrey. At the 2014 Rogers Cup in Toronto, they were beaten in their opening match by Marin Čilić and Santiago González. They then went on to avenge their Wimbledon final loss by defeating Pospisil and Sock in the final of the 2014 Western & Southern Open to claim their 30th Masters 1000 crown and 99th team title. The Bryans continued their winning streak at the 2014 US Open where they won their 16th major title, a record 5th US Open, and a ground-breaking 100th doubles title as a team. The twins defeated the all-Spanish pairing of Granollers and López in the final to ensure that they have now won at least won one major title per year for a record 10 consecutive years.

Having kept the United States in the World Group of the Davis Cup by beating Norbert Gombos and Lukáš Lacko in a play-off against Slovakia, the Bryan brothers did not begin the Asian swing well. Like last year, the twins were defeated in their opening match at the Japan Open- this time, by lucky losers and eventual champions Pierre-Hugues Herbert and Michał Przysiężny. However, the Bryans responded in style by winning the 2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters for the first time after defeating Roland Garros champions Julien Benneteau and Édouard Roger-Vasselin in the final. This was the twins' 31st Masters 1000 title and 101st title overall. However, most significantly, the victory meant that the Bryan brothers became the first doubles team to achieve a "Career Golden Masters" as they have now won all nine current ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments. The victory meant the brothers had secured the year-end No. 1 team ranking for the sixth consecutive year and 10th time overall (both records). The Bryans continued their fine run by defeating Marcin Matkowski and Jürgen Melzer in the final of the 2014 BNP Paribas Masters to capture their 32nd Masters 1000 title. The win meant that the twins became the first players in singles or doubles to win six Masters 1000 crowns in a single season (Novak Djokovic would go on to equal this feat in the 2015 season).

At the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals, the Bryans lost their opening group match to Australian Open champions Łukasz Kubot and Robert Lindstedt. However, they rebounded by beating Jean-Julien Rojer and Horia Tecău, and Peya and Soares to qualify for the semi-finals. The twins then thrashed the all-French pairing of Benneteau and Roger-Vasselin to reach the final. In the last match of the year, the Bryans defeated Dodig and Melo to claim their fourth World Tour Finals crown and 10th title of another hugely successful season.. They would finish as the year-end No. 1 team for a 6th consecutive year and 10th overall, both records.

2015: Decline
The Bryan brothers began their year at the Heineken Open in Auckland where they were beaten in their opening match by Andre Begemann and Robin Haase after a disputed line-call when the twins were match point up. The Bryans' early season struggles continued as they were upset in the third round of the 2015 Australian Open by Dominic Inglot and Florin Mergea. It was the first time that the Bryan brothers had made consecutive pre-quarter-final exits at a major since Roland Garros (2000–2001).

They responded by successfully defending their title at the 2015 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships by defeating Raven Klaasen and Leander Paes in the final. However, their momentum was stalled in the quarter-finals of the 2015 Dubai Tennis Championships where they were beaten again by Inglot and Mergea. The twins participated in the first round of the Davis Cup where they were drawn to face Great Britain in Glasgow on indoor hard-court. Although it proved to be in vain, they kept the tie alive by winning the doubles rubber in five sets against Jamie Murray and Dominic Inglot.

The next tournament for the brothers was the first Masters 1000 of the year at Indian Wells where they were the two-time defending champions. However, their streak at the tournament was snapped in the quarter-finals by eventual champions Vasek Pospisil and Jack Sock. However, at the Miami Open they defeated Pospisil and Sock in the final to defend the title and claim their second title of the season.

The brothers got their clay-court campaign off to a slow start by losing in the quarter-finals of Houston to eventual champions Teymuraz Gabashvili and Ričardas Berankis. This was their earliest defeat at this ATP World Tour 250-level tournament since losing in the same round in 2006.

However, the Bryans responded well by successfully defending their title in Monte Carlo by defeating Australian Open champions Simone Bolelli and Fabio Fognini in the final. However, their inconsistent year continued with back-to-back second round exits at the Madrid Masters and the Rome Masters. Despite these early losses, the twins reached the final of the 2015 French Open. However, despite leading by a set and a break at one stage, the Bryans were ultimately defeated in three tight sets by Ivan Dodig and Marcelo Melo.

At Wimbledon, the Bryans were beaten in the quarter-finals by Rohan Bopanna and Florin Mergea. The Bryans began the North American hard court season in fine fashion by winning their first title in Atlanta, defeating Colin Fleming and Gilles Müller in the final. The Bryans followed this with a triumph at the 2015 Citi Open over Dodig and Melo in the final. Their momentum continued at the 2015 Rogers Cup in Montreal where they defeated Daniel Nestor and Édouard Roger-Vasselin in the final to claim a 5th title in Canada, 35th Masters 1000 title and 6th title of the season.

However, Nestor and Roger-Vasselin would defeat the Bryans in the quarter-finals of the 2015 Western & Southern Open the following week. The Bryan Brothers were stunned in the first round of the 2015 US Open by countrymen Steve Johnson and Sam Querrey. It was only their second loss in the first round of a major since 2001 and marked the first season since 2004 in which the Bryans had not won at least one major title.

The Bryan brothers began the Asian swing poorly. For the third consecutive year, they were defeated in their opening match at the Japan Open- this time, by Juan-Sebastian Cabal and Robert Farah. The twins would lose to Cabal and Farah again in their opening match at the 2015 Shanghai Rolex Masters.

On November 2, their record streak of 139 consecutive weeks at number 1 as a team came to an end as they were surpassed by Melo. It marked the first time since 9 September 2012 that neither brother had reigned in the top spot. The twins were then beaten in the quarter-finals of the 2015 BNP Paribas Masters by Pospisil and Sock.

At the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals, the Bryans lost their opening group match to Bopanna and Mergea. However, they rebounded by beating Bolelli and Fognini, and Jamie Murray and John Peers (after saving 5 match points) to qualify for the semi-finals. They then faced Jean-Julien Rojer and Horia Tecău in a match that would decide the year-end No. 1 team ranking – the Bryans were defeated in straight sets.

2016
The brothers began their year at the 2016 Apia International Sydney where they were beaten in their opening match by Jonathan Erlich and Colin Fleming. The Bryans were then upset in the third round of the 2016 Australian Open by Raven Klaasen and Rajeev Ram. The twins were beaten in their opening match at the 2016 Memphis Open by Austin Krajicek and Nicholas Monroe. The brothers reached the final of the 2016 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships but squandered six championship points before losing to Oliver Marach and Fabrice Martin. The Bryans competed in the first round of the 2016 Davis Cup World Group and gave the United States a 2–1 edge over Australia after a five-set win over Lleyton Hewitt and John Peers on the grass in Melbourne.

The brothers were beaten in the quarter-finals of Indian Wells by Édouard Roger-Vasselin and Nenad Zimonjić. The Bryans were up 9–2 in the Match Tie-break, but squandered seven match points in a row (and eight overall) before losing. The twins were unable to defend their title at the 2016 Miami Open as they were beaten in the semi-finals by eventual champions Pierre-Hugues Herbert and Nicolas Mahut.

The brothers saved two match points in their opening match and went on to defeat Víctor Estrella Burgos and Santiago González in the final to claim their sixth Houston title. This was their first title of the year and 110th overall.

Coming off their win in Houston, they looked to build on momentum. However, they failed to defend their title in Monte Carlo, losing in their opening match to Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah. The Bryans bounced back by defeating Pablo Cuevas and Marcel Granollers in the final of the 2016 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell to claim their third Barcelona title.

At the Madrid Masters, the twins were beaten in the quarter-finals by the in-form Herbert and Mahut. Having saved three match points in their opening match, the Bryan Brothers went on to win the Rome Masters by beating Vasek Pospisil and Jack Sock in the final. This was their 36th Masters 1000 title and 112th title overall. The brothers saved one match point en route to the final of the 2016 French Open. However, they were defeated in the final by the all-Spanish pairing of Feliciano López and Marc López.

The brothers began their grass-court season at the 2016 Stuttgart Open where they were defeated in the semi-finals by Marach and Martin. At the 2016 Gerry Weber Open, the Bryans were beaten in the semi-finals by defending and eventual champions Klaasen and Ram. At Wimbledon, the twins were beaten once again by Klaasen and Ram in the quarter-finals. The Bryans began the North American hard court season attempting to defend their title at the 2016 Rogers Cup. However, they were beaten in the quarter-finals by Florin Mergea and Horia Tecău. The brothers withdrew from the Rio Olympics because of concerns over the zica virus. The twins reached the semi-finals of the 2016 Western & Southern Open where they were defeated by Jean-Julien Rojer and Horia Tecău. The Bryans were defeated in the quarter-finals of the 2016 US Open by Feliciano López and Marc López, in the last match ever played at the old Louis Armstrong Stadium.

2019–2020: Retirement
On November 13, 2019, the brothers announced that they would retire from professional tennis after the 2020 season, concluding with the US Open. The Bryans ultimately retired a fortnight earlier than expected, due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the North American hardcourt swing.

Parents
The Bryan brothers' mother, Kathy Bryan (née Blake), is a former women's circuit player. She is a four-time participant at Wimbledon and made the mixed doubles quarter-finals in 1965. She still teaches tennis. Their father, Wayne, is a lawyer, musician, and tennis instructor. Both their parents are involved in various ATP Kids' Days and clinics on tour. Wayne also wrote a book about his sons, titled The Formula: Raising Your Child to be a Champion.

Personal life
The Bryan brothers are identical twins born on April 29, 1978, with Mike the elder by two minutes. Mike is 6ft 3in and right-handed. Bob is 6ft 4in and left-handed.

In their early days as junior players, they were forbidden to play each other in tournaments by their parents. If they were set to play each other in a tournament, they would alternate defaulting to the other. They graduated from Rio Mesa High School in Oxnard, California in 1996 and attended Stanford University (1996–98).

In 1998, Bob became the first player since Alex O'Brien in 1992 to win the college "Triple Crown" of NCAA singles, doubles (with Mike) and team titles. Both Bob and Mike are members of Sigma Alpha Epsilon.

The Bryans guest-starred on 8 Simple Rules and were on the Jan/Feb 2010 cover of Making Music Magazine.

title: Bryan brothers


text:
Chali

The Chali, the Latinized form of Khaloi or Chaloi (Χάλοι), were identified by Ptolemy in his Geography as a Germanic tribe in Jutland. Nearly all of the Germanic tribes identified by Ptolemy have left traces of their existence beyond their mention in Geography, such as through medieval traditions or place names, however, no such traces have been identified for the Chali.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chali


text:
Wanneroo Road

Wanneroo Road is a 44 km arterial highway in the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia linking Joondanna and Yokine in the south with Wanneroo and Yanchep in the north. As part of State Route 60, it begins from Charles Street in the inner city and becomes Indian Ocean Drive up to Dongara.

Originally a narrow and often country road with a single lane in each direction it has been periodically widened and (particularly north of Wanneroo) straightened. Around the Carabooda area the road has been realigned. Short sections of the original, narrow road remain providing access to properties and businesses along the road.

The road is also multiplexed with State Routes 81 and 83 for short lengths.

Route description
Wanneroo Road is part of State Route 60, as an alternative route to the Mitchell Freeway (State Route 2) in Perth's northern suburbs. The road's southern terminus is London Street (State Route 61) in Joondanna, where it continues southwards as Charles Street, and its northern terminus is at Yanchep Beach Road in Yanchep, where it continues northwards as Indian Ocean Drive. Maintained by Main Roads Western Australia, the road is mostly a four-lane dual carriageway (except within Balcatta where it is six lanes), namely south of Dunstan Road as well as a short section in Carabooda between Trian Road and Bernard Road South, with the remainder in the outer rural northern suburbs a two-lane single carriageway.

The speed limit is predominantly 70 km/h; however, it is 60 km/h south of Royal Street in Tuart Hill and within the Wanneroo Town Centre, 80 km/h north of Neerabup Road in Neerabup, and then 90 km/h north of Hester Avenue until its terminus in Yanchep.

From its southern terminus to Beach Road, the road is within the City of Stirling local government area (LGA), after which it forms the boundary between the City of Joondalup and Wanneroo LGAs — this remains as such until Whitfords Avenue, where it is exclusively within the City of Wanneroo for the remainder of its length.

Joondanna to Wanneroo
Wanneroo Road starts as the continuation of Charles Street from the south at the traffic light Y-intersection at London Street. Commencing within the City of Stirling, it straddles along the suburbs of Joondanna, Tuart Hill, and Yokine, encountering traffic light controlled intersections of Cape and Royal Streets. The first intersection with a major road is with Morley Drive, 2.5 km later.

North of Morley Drive, it travels through the suburbs of Balcatta, Westminster, and Nollamara, during which it encounters traffic light controlled intersections at Nollamara Avenue, Amelia Street, Main Street, Balcatta Road, and Victoria Road/Halley Road, eventually reaching a diamond interchange with Reid Highway following a 3.5 km run along the aforementioned suburbs. Reid Highway runs uninterrupted under Wanneroo Road, where both ramp junctions are controlled by traffic lights.

Wanneroo Road travels along the suburbs of Hamersley to the west of the road and Balga to the east, reaching a traffic light controlled intersection with Beach Road 1.9 km later. Following this intersection the road forms the boundaries of both the City of Joondalup and Wanneroo LGAs. Wanneroo Road then travels through numerous residential suburbs, including Girrawheen and Madeley, for 4.8 km on approach to the industrial suburb of Wangara, intersecting with traffic lights at Warwick Road, Marangaroo Drive, Hepburn Avenue (near the Kingsway City Shopping Centre), Kingsway, Gnangara Road and Whitfords Avenue. Because the T-junctions at Warwick Road and Marangaroo Drive are located within a close distance of each other, Wanneroo Road also carries State Route 81 between those two roads. A similar situation exists with Gnangara Road and Whitfords Avenue, except the short stretch between the two intersections carries State Route 83.

After Whitfords Avenue, the road is exclusively within the City of Wanneroo, travelling along the industrial suburb of Wangara to the east and Woodvale to the west for around 2 km, where there is evidence of new residential developments. Within Wangara a traffic light controlled T-junction with Prindiville Drive is encountered, before reaching Ocean Reef Road, which is a grade-separated interchange with Wanneroo Road free-flowing over traffic light junctions at Ocean Reef Road.

North of Ocean Reef Road, Wanneroo Road travels along the residential suburbs of Pearsall and Hocking for around 2.5 km before entering the Wanneroo town centre. Running within the town centre for 1.7 km it intersects with Conlan Avenue/Hastings Street (providing access to Wanneroo Central Shopping Centre) and Dundebar Road. The road then travels through the residential suburbs of Sinagra, Ashby, and Tapping for 4.1 km, during which it intersects with Pinjar Road and Wallawa Street at traffic light T-junctions, and eventually reaches Joondalup Drive. Like Ocean Reef Road, this is a grade-separated interchange, but in a roundabout interchange configuration and Joondalup Drive free-flowing over the Wanneroo Road roundabout.

North of Wanneroo
After Joondalup Drive, development starts to become more sparse, and transitions from a suburban to rural landscape. Wanneroo Road travels through predominantly bushland in Neerabup (and along some residential development in Carramar) before reaching a traffic light controlled intersection with Flynn Drive and Neerabup Road 3.5 km later. The road continues to travel through Neerabup for 3.1 km before reaching a traffic light controlled T-junction with Hester Avenue, which is the northernmost signalised intersection on Wanneroo Road, as well as the northernmost link to both the Mitchell Freeway and fellow arterial road Marmion Avenue. Within that stretch, alongside the road are portions of the original, narrow road that are now access roads for businesses and properties along the route. Now within the suburb of Nowergup, the road reduces to a two-lane single carriageway 2.6 km north of that intersection, which continues as such until Trian Road in Carabooda, where a four-lane single carriageway reappears and continues as such for 3 km until Bernard Road South, reducing to a single carriageway once again. After about 4 km, Wanneroo Road terminates at a T-junction with Yanchep Beach Road, with the road (and State Route 60) continuing northwards as Indian Ocean Drive to coastal localities beyond the northern limit of the Perth metropolitan area (namely in the Wheatbelt region), such as Lancelin, Cervantes, and Jurien Bay. Indian Ocean Drive would eventually reach Brand Highway as the main route northwards to Geraldton.

History
After the enactment of the Road Districts Act 1871, the Perth Road Board requested that the Legislative Council proclaim eight public thoroughfares through its territory, and on 4 June 1872, Road No.3, intended as a route from Perth to Champion Bay (now Geraldton) via Wanneroo, was published in the Government Gazette. However, the act of proclaiming the road was not contiguous with its development, and progress on surfacing the track occurred at a slow rate.

A proposal to rename the road as "Yanchep Highway" was made in November 1940. The Perth Road Board (now City of Stirling) was in favour of the proposal, subject to the Wanneroo Road Board (now City of Wanneroo) renaming their portion of Wanneroo Road, but the Wanneroo Road Board indicated that they would support a name change if it included Charles Street, in the Perth City Council area. No agreement was reached.

The road represented the western terminus of the eastern section of Reid Highway between 1994 and 1996, when Reid Highway's missing link eventually made it continuous in 1996.

In 2008, the intersection with Ocean Reef Road (SR84) was upgraded. A second left turn lane was added for drivers entering Ocean Reef Road westbound from Wanneroo Road from the north, a second right turn lane to enter Ocean Reef Road westbound, and a second left and right turn lane at Ocean Reef Road westbound.

During 2010, Wanneroo Road was duplicated from Wallawa Street to Joondalup Drive. In 2013, traffic lights were installed at Hester Avenue, which was later duplicated in 2017 as part of the Mitchell Freeway extension works.

In December 2010, the state's Geographic Names Committee, on behalf of the Shire of Gingin, requested that the City of Wanneroo rename the northern section of Wanneroo Road to Indian Ocean Drive. A motion was put forward at the 14 December 2010 council meeting to rename the section from Yanchep Beach Road north to the intersection of Gingin Brook Road, reasoning that terminating Wanneroo Road at Yanchep National Park would "be good for tourism". However, Mayor Jon Kelly considered the proposal a "futile and worthless exercise that was tantamount to heresy". Other councillors called it "offensive to the pioneers" of Wanneroo, and wished to retain the name Wanneroo in the area's only main road. An alternative motion stating that the council "does not agree" to renaming the road was passed instead. However, a subsequent renaming request was passed and the name Indian Ocean Drive was extended down to Yanchep Beach Road in 2011.

During 2016 and 2019, significant portions of the road north of Joondalup Drive were duplicated: the section between Flynn Drive and north of Hall Road during 2016 and 2017 as part of the Mitchell Freeway extension works, and then the section between Joondalup Drive and the Flynn Drive/Neerabup Road intersection between 2018 and 2019. Work also started in 2018 to convert the existing traffic light intersections with Ocean Reef Road and Joondalup Drive to grade-separated interchanges, with both works completed by 2020.

title: Wanneroo Road


text:
Casuarina (disambiguation)

Casuarina is a genus of plants from the family Casuarinaceae

Casuarina can also refer to:
 * Casuarina, New South Wales
 * Casuarina, Northern Territory
 * Electoral division of Casuarina, an electoral division of the Northern Territory
 * Casuarina, Western Australia
 * Casuarina Islets, a pair of islets in South Australia.
 * Casuarina Prison, a prison in Western Australia.
 * Westin Casuarina Las Vegas Hotel, Casino & Spa
 * Casuarina (band), a Brazilian samba and choro band
 * Casuarina Square, an shopping mall in Darwin, NT, Australia

title: Casuarina (disambiguation)


text:
DESOTO patrol

DESOTO patrols (DeHaven Special Operations off TsingtaO) were patrols conducted by U.S. Navy destroyers equipped with a mobile "van" of signals-intelligence equipment used for intelligence collection in hostile waters. The USS De Haven (DD-727) became the namesake for these patrols. De Haven performed the first patrol off the coast of China in April 1962. The USS Agerholm (DD-826) carried out the first patrol to target North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin in December 1962. These patrols were initially a response to the Chinese Communists' unexpected re-definition of their territorial waters to include all waters shoreward from lines drawn tangentially to, and between, twelve-mile circles drawn around their offshore islands. Such a declaration represented a huge expansion of their claims. This inhibited the lawful navigation of international waters as defined by US interests and increased the likelihood and frequency of formal diplomatic "serious warnings" issued by Beijing when any Seventh Fleet units navigated through these areas. This became a situation to which Commander Seventh Fleet felt compelled to respond.

These types of patrols had previously been conducted off the coasts of the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea, but are perhaps of greatest significance for their role in the Vietnam War. There were three components to the purpose of these patrols. First, they would establish and maintain the presence of the U.S. Seventh Fleet in the international waters off the China coast and later the Vietnamese coast. Second, they would serve as a minor Cold War irritant to the Chinese Communists. Third, they would collect as much intelligence as possible during the patrols.

Tactically, the patrols off Vietnam aimed to intercept North Vietnamese Army intelligence and to relay it to South Vietnamese Army forces. With the intercepted communications, the South Vietnamese were able to more effectively coordinate their raids. The aircraft carrier USS Ticonderoga (CV-14) provided destroyers taking part in the DESOTO patrols off Vietnam with air support.

The DESOTO patrols off Vietnam from 1963 onwards formed part of a larger scheme known as Operation 34A. Run by the Department of Defense at the time, Operation 34A, or "OPLAN 34Alpha" was a top-secret program consisting primarily of covert actions against the North Vietnamese.

Patrols and SIGADs
The naval Direct Support Units (DSUs) based out of the U.S. Naval Communication Station, Philippines, in San Miguel, Philippines (SIGAD USN-27) used the SIGAD USN-467 as a generic designator for their missions. Each specific patrol received a letter suffix for its duration. The subsequent mission would receive the next letter in an alphabetic sequence.

Declassified SIGADs
The following table lists the patrols that have been declassified.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident
SIGAD USN-467N specifically designates the DSU aboard USS Maddox (DD-731) during the patrol involved with the Gulf of Tonkin incident. This patrol was 18th DESOTO type patrol (each with a Naval Security Group detachment embarked) conducted since 1962. On August 2, 1964, the destroyer Maddox, engaged three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats of the 135th Torpedo Squadron. A sea battle resulted, in which Maddox expended over two hundred and eighty 3 in and 5 in shells, and in which four USN F-8 Crusader jet fighter bombers strafed the torpedo boats. One US aircraft was damaged, one 14.5 mm round hit the destroyer, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats were damaged, and four North Vietnamese sailors were killed and six were wounded; there were no U.S. casualties.

Post Gulf of Tonkin Engagement
Even after the Gulf of Tonkin incident, the DESOTO patrols continued. On 11 September 1964 the Director of the Naval Security Group, Pacific (DIRNAVSECGRUPAC) informed the Director of the NSA (DIRNSA) of plans for an intercept team, SIGAD USN-467P, to be aboard USS Morton (DD-948). The patrol was conducted by USS Morton and USS Richard S. Edwards (DD-950) approximately one month after the Gulf of Tonkin incident. During this patrol Morton fired upon five fast closing targets, but was unable to confirm the targets visually. Based on radar surveillance the patrol claimed hits on three of the targets.

title: DESOTO patrol


text: User:Neo Mithrandil

title: User:Neo Mithrandil


text: User talk:81.157.3.136

title: User talk:81.157.3.136


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wade McInerney

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 16:17, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Wade McInerney
Non-notable founder of a student group. -- Kjkolb 12:46, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - nn, probably vanity (who else would have saved the newspaper clipping referred to?) CLW 15:37, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity.--Alhutch 16:43, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN --Rogerd 12:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. - Gimboid13 11:16, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Graham 00:49, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral. I doubt it's vanity - he's one of the most notoriously corrupt student politicians in the country, and has made the national news quite a few times. But then again, he's a student politician. Ambi 08:00, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete All of the above and a very biased opinion of him. I should know, I used to live with the guy. He think's he's a big gun but clearly isn't. Nothing but a renegade right wing nutjob playing bush league student politics. Just thought I'd add a few truths about this guy incase the page stays (seeing as he wants everyone to know how cool he is). Inspirational and admired? Hardly. If the page stays, the whole "Wade story" should be told. Including his notorious past at Macquarie University (from which he was also expelled from for electoral misconduct).
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Hero (TV channel)

Hero (also known as Hero TV and visually rendered in all capital letters) was a 24-hour Philippine pay television channel created by ABS-CBN's narrowcast arm Creative Programs Inc. from 2005 to 2018. The programming was composed primarily of Filipino-dubbed Japanese anime series. It was dubbed as "The First and All Tagalog-dubbed Anime Channel in the Philippines."

In February 2018, Hero was relaunched as a digital web portal operated by ABS-CBN Digital Media, providing news content on anime, pop culture and gaming. However, the website later became inactive.

Background
Much of the content in the channel is attributed to the fact that Creative Programs' parent company ABS-CBN Corporation (through its main network) has produced numerous dubs of anime series many years before the launch of Hero, as well as maintained an Animax airing block for quite sometime. Aside from those, the channel also airs anime that have not yet seen in any terrestrial or cable channel shown in the Philippines prior to its first showing in the channel, such as Mirmo de Pon!.

The channel also once featured anime series dubbed by Telesuccess, Inc., the supplier for most of the anime series aired on GMA Network, before transferring them all to TeleAsia. Some of these are Love Hina, Rune Soldier, and Shaman King. Others seen in the channel were previously shown in English on Cartoon Network's Philippine feed (i.e. Crush Gear Turbo) or, in the case of Zettai Muteki Raijin-Oh, on government-controlled RPN.

Furthermore, Hero TV featured re-dubs (i.e. producing its own dubbed version of a previous anime series which was already dubbed in Tagalog). Examples of these are Mon Colle Knights, Metal Fighter Miku, Zenki, The Slayers, and Voltes V.

In 2011, undubbed anime was introduced to the channel with accompanying Filipino-language subtitles, in the form of Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light and the Initial D Extra Stage OVA. The reason for airing these two anime features in their original Japanese audio is unknown.

Ever since its launch in 2005, Hero TV operated on a daily 18-hour-a-day schedule from 6 AM to 12 midnight during the first months of their operation. In April 2006, the channel expanded its operating hours to 20 hours, thus signing off at 2 AM of the following day. On January 3, 2011, Hero TV finally transitioned into a full 24-hour cable TV service.

In the summer season of 2012, Hero TV starts to greatly increase its lineup of new anime titles beginning with Yu-Gi-Oh! 5Ds, Toaru Kagaku no Railgun, Naruto Shippūden, Hanasaku Iroha, and Shiki; as well as airing the first two series of the Sailor Moon franchise, and a more complete version of the Aniplex-produced Jigoku Shoujo. Except for Sailor Moon, Jigoku Shoujo and Toaru Kagaku no Railgun, all of these titles have never been aired on Animax before (Animax airs Railgun and Sailor Moon in other countries).

Closure and migration to digital media
On December 23, 2017, an Anime Pilipinas article stated that Hero TV will end its broadcast operations on January 31, 2018, due to lack of advertising support and change in business direction which was later announced on January 1. This was further confirmed through a commercial that aired on the channel on January 16, 2018.

During the final day of broadcast on January 31, 2018, Hero TV aired a Facebook live broadcast where its hosts and staffs shared great memories and thanked supporters. After airing a tribute video showing the past anime titles, local programs and events produced or sponsored by the channel, Hero TV signed off for the last time on February 1, 2018, at 12:04 AM, ending with a farewell message and the words "Hero Now Signing Off." Few seconds later, cable providers still receiving Hero TV would see the modified EBU test card reading "ABS-CBN TOC SD" before shutdown until the provider can replace it or automatically scan with another channel, while Sky Cable have replaced Hero TV with Liga, a sports channel that complements the programming of S+A with international and local sports events.

On February 7, 2018, Hero relaunches, and demoted into a digital web portal handled by the Lifestyle team from ABS-CBN Digital Media, but will not carry anime titles nor establish an anime video-on-demand service. It will provide limited news content on anime, pop culture and gaming.

In March 2018, Jeepney TV featured the Hero Zone (a former anime block of ABS-CBN's main channel in 2006) as a two-hour weekend morning anime block, beginning with Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V and KonoSuba. The block was later discontinued in July 2018 to focus on local programming.

Yey! channel's All YeY! Anime programming block
Yey!, a defunct ABS-CBN TVplus digital channel from 2015 to 2020, had aired some of the newest anime series originally aired first on the channel, including Ace of Diamond (season 1), My Hero Academia (seasons 1 and 2), One-Punch Man (season 1), Doraemon (2005 version), the final two seasons of Naruto Shippūden, and the first 51 episodes of Boruto: Naruto Next Generations (season 1). The channel closed in 2020, the final anime series broadcast on Yey! was Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card; the anime series would later resume airing in 2021, on A2Z.

title: Hero (TV channel)


text: Template:Lang-pl

title: Template:Lang-pl


text:
User talk:Kimbo 1992

Welcome!

Hello there Kim and welcome to Wikipedia. I'm Banes. Thank you for joining this project. I sincerely hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian (trust me, being a Wikipedian can be great fun)! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or feel free ask me on my Talk page. You are most welcome to drop me a line anytime! Again, welcome! Its good to have you here!  Ban e  s  12:51, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Kimbo 1992


text:
Talk:Extra high tension

Limit of the voltage?
Can anyone check if the limit of the voltage is 25000 or 380000 volts? The one I encountered in high-school only goes to 5000 volts as maximum. Thanks. --Lemontea 12:51, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Answer from Lucian Toma (Romania) - Assistant Professor, at University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, in the field of Power Systems

 * It is not correct to say tension for voltage. Tension is used for mechanical force and voltage for electromotive force.

 * The voltage levels are classified as follows:

 * low voltage : less than 1000 V

 * medium voltage : it depends from country to country; the nominal voltages in Romania are: 6 kV, 10 kV, 20 kV and 35 kV. The limits of 35 kV for overhead electrical lines and 6-10 kV for underground electrical lines are specific for networks with isolated neutral. However, due to the expanding of distribution networks, grounded neutral networks via resistor or arc-suppression coil have been developed.
 * So, in Romania medium voltage ranges from 1 kV to 35 kV

 * High voltage : from 35 kV up to 275 kV, including the nominal voltages 110 kV and 220 kV (differs from country to country)

 * Extra high voltage : higher than 275 kV (in Romania the nominal voltages are 400 kV and 750 kV, and in UCTE - Europe - the common voltage is 380 kV)

 * Thanks for your answer, two things: a)Correct me if I'm wrong, but my physics textbook did use the term "Extra High Tension" (New Physics at Work, Book 2-Electromagnetism and Atomic Physics, Oxford University Press), though I admit I feel odd upon seeing that and attempted to check the fact here. Anyway to confirm that? b)How're we going to merge this information into the article? --Lemontea 10:35, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Evidence that, according to the US Dept. of Agriculture, EHV is 345 - 765 kV with UHV (Ultra HIgh Voltage) beyond that:.
 * Andy G 18:18, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Removed
Contributed 12 October 2006 by 61.10.12.224:

 * It is an apparatus in laboratory.

Contributed 10 November 2006 by 59.93.240.220:

 * needs of EHT
 * EHT is needed in colour and B/W tv.eht is applied at a point on the aquadag's coating at the output of picture tube.this EHT (18kv for B/W & 25kv for colour tv) provides electron beams from electron gun enough speed to strike and excite phosphor dot.
 * EHT is needed in colour and B/W tv.eht is applied at a point on the aquadag's coating at the output of picture tube.this EHT (18kv for B/W & 25kv for colour tv) provides electron beams from electron gun enough speed to strike and excite phosphor dot.

CRTs?
I don't believe CRTs should be classified as EHV/EHT device. I've never heard them described that way, and they violate the definition of a EHV supply as given in the article, that is, they do not put out more than 275 KV.

24.18.249.218 04:27, 11 October 2007 (UTC) Shane

 * EHT is the normal acronym for the accelerator supply to a television or CRO CRT. Agree it doesn't conform to the power engineering usage. Andrewa (talk) 22:59, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Reinstated
Not sure whether to mark this as a stub or as a DAB. Either way it needs work, but the merge that saw it made a redirect didn't work and valuable material just disappeared. Andrewa (talk) 23:13, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Merge proposal

 * Support - But only if all information is included in the merge, so other editors can then use it in the new article (i.e. - add references, expand, improve). Northamerica1000 (talk) 13:50, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Extra high tension


text: User talk:84.195.201.235

title: User talk:84.195.201.235


text:
Talk:Marcia Clark

Comments
JustinM 13:15, 9 October 2005 (UTC) JustinM

Is this part correct?

"Her only other notable case the prosecution of one Michael Harmon, arrested for an incident in which he was convicted of having murdered another hockey player on the ice."

I think it was a fictious case used for competitions between law schools. Some joker probably added it.

"Her only other notable case the prosecution of one Michael Harmon, arrested for an incident in which he was convicted of having murdered another hockey player on the ice."

Okay I removed the above -- it is a fake case. It was added by a joker. Check this out from the Columbi, Missouri COLUMBIAN (newspaper) written by By C.J. CAMPEAU and dated March 11, 2004:

It was not Professor Plum in the billiard room with the candlestick this time, but rather Michael Harmon in the ice arena with a hockey stick. Harmon, a pro hockey player, was angry in the days leading up to playoff game in which he would face rival player and rising star Tony Sturmanis, the same man he had learned was having an affair with his wife. Tension during the game was so thick one could cut it with an ice skate blade. Sturmanis scored, and Harmon checked him into the glass. When Sturmanis came after him, Harmon could control his rage no longer. In an explosion of fury, he swung his stick at Sturmanis’ head. The young star collapsed, and his head smashed into the ice. He was later pronounced dead. Harmon was indicted on suspicion of homicide, setting the stage for “State of Midlands v. Michael W. Harmon,” one of the most dramatic court cases since the O.J. Simpson trial. The case, however, is entirely fictional, created by the American Mock Trial Association for college mock-trial teams across the country. An MU team of six students has earned the right to try the case in the National Intercollegiate Mock Trial Tournament this weekend at Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond.

--JustinM 13:44, 9 October 2005 (UTC) JustinM

Removing McMartin Reference
I had never heard of Marcia Clark's involvment in the McMartin Pre-School Sexual Abuse case. However, I decided to Google it to see if I was wrong. However, when googling it, all references go back to Wikipedia, even some independent sites that give credit to pulling this info from Wikipedia. Unless someone can independently verify that, I think it should stay removed, which is what I did. Seems like an "urban legend" that's getting a bit too big.

However, what is NOT an Urban Legend is that she was the prosecutor of the guy who murdered actress Rebecca Schaefer, who starred in "My Sister Sam." Asc85 01:40, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

This entry is pretty short.
It has less information about Marcia Clark than the O.J. trial entry. I have too much POV to do it, but I would like to mention she decided to argue with the Judge, and often, leading to evidence dismissal. Important evidence wasn't even introduced. Prosecutors arguing with judges is like drunk drivers arguing with the cop pulling them over.

She whiffed a fat pitch with her prickly attitude and made millions off it because millions of white Americans viewed her incompetence as a 'black jury' thing.

At least mention Bugliosi's Outrage.

Or at least mention that she changed her hairstyle during the trial. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.193.21.50 (talk) 09:09, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Gender Neutrality.
She is not a former prosecutrix. She is a former prosecutor. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.14.156.164 (talk) 17:41, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

no mention of scientology?
her book 'without a doubt' leaves no doubt about it. also some more references to her ex-husband horowitz and to her second husband.

http://www.bkgm.com/articles/MarciaClark/HorowitzAndRoman.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.172.122.94 (talk) 01:21, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

So when was the Simpson trial?
Lots of inconsequential dates listed--Clarks marriages, etc.--but one that's missing is when the O. J. Simpson trial took place. 1952? 1992?  2002?  I have no idea, though I lived through it. To me, it was...well, awhile ago.173.62.11.254 (talk) 22:45, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Is the underwear anecdote really so important?
I am removing it, as it seems exploitative and unverifiable. It may be that it has some merit -- but there MUST be more relevant and verifiable information that should be expanded before these kinds of anecdotes leak onto this page. Peryeat (talk) 19:03, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

I agree Correctioner12345 (talk) 02:21, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Marcia Clark. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090300/http://www.wmeentertainment.com/marcia_clark/summary/ to http://www.wmeentertainment.com/marcia_clark/summary/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:30, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

Portrayals
I think media portrayals should be added, Eg: Sarah Paulson did an excellent job in the netflix miniseries on OJ Simpson murder trial. Correctioner12345 (talk) 02:24, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * They are already mentioned at Marcia_Clark.— TAnthonyTalk 03:39, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

BLP VIOLATION?
Article smears Clark as following:

 * In his book Outrage: The Five Reasons Why O.J. Simpson Got Away with Murder, Vincent Bugliosi blames the acquittal of O. J. Simpson on the lack of trial preparation by Clark and Christopher Darden, prosecutorial incompetence, and lack of a trial work ethic.

Could it be that by attributing the judgmental smear to Bugliosi, this is a tactic used to insert a smear into an article while avoiding responsibility for the smear? Is this proper for our Wikipedia encyclopedia? Do we want pejorative opinions from sources which are not presenting objective facts, but negative opinions?(PeacePeace (talk) 23:47, 23 February 2020 (UTC))

title: Talk:Marcia Clark


text:
Fire bar danio

The fire bar danio, Maetaeng danio, or tiger danio (Devario maetaengensis), is a small freshwater fish in the minnow family found in the Ping River basin. Its description includes:
 * Maximum length: 2 inches
 * Colors: Brown, yellow, green, red
 * Temperature preference: Unknown
 * pH preference: 6 to 7
 * Hardness preference: Soft to medium
 * Salinity preference: Low to medium
 * Compatibility: Good but fast like most danios
 * Lifespan: Unknown, probably three to four years
 * Ease of keeping: Moderate
 * Ease of breeding: Moderate to hard

title: Fire bar danio


text:
Shannon Sullivan

Shannon Sullivan is chair and Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. She teaches and writes on feminist philosophy, critical philosophy of race, American pragmatism, and continental philosophy.

Sullivan is the author of Living Across and Through Skins: Transactional Bodies, Pragmatism and Feminism (2001), Revealing Whiteness: The Unconscious Habits of Racial Privilege (2006), Good White People: The problem with middle-class white anti-racism (2014) and White Privilege (2019).

She is co-editor of several books, including Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance (2007).

Sullivan's recent work on the physiology of experience within oppressive structures, for example how racist or sexist encounters affect the physical body, draws on affect theory. She cited Friedrich Nietzsche, whom she called "an affect theorist before affect theory became popular," and his thinking about guilt, as having a large influence on her work. She also counted William James as a significant influence.

title: Shannon Sullivan


text: Template:Lang-de

title: Template:Lang-de


text:
Spy Cave

Spy Cave (Grotte de Spy) is located in Wallonia near Spy in the municipality of Jemeppe-sur-Sambre, Namur Province, Belgium above the left bank of the Orneau River. Classified as a premier Heritage site of the Walloon Region, the location ranks among the most significant paleolithic sites in Europe. The cave consists of numerous small chambers and corridors.

Excavations
Since the first amateur investigations during the late 19th century numerous amateur and professional archaeologists have carried out excavations and removed all sediment deposits of the cave. In 1886 Neanderthal fossils of excellent quality were discovered, which contributed to the 19th century scientific community to occasion the paradigm shift and recognize the existing fossils Engis 2 and Neanderthal 1 and embrace the notion of the mutability of species in an evolutionary context. The excavation was conducted by Liège-based archaeologist Marcel de Puydt and geologist Max Lohest. Paleontologist and zoologist Julien Fraipont published the specimen description in the American Anthropologist journal.

The assemblages of the oldest excavations have been mixed, that makes the interpretation of the palaeoenvironment difficult. In addition publications of de Puydt, Lohest and Fraipoint disagree on the number of layers of knapped flints. Nonetheless, it is assumed that there existed seven, possibly more, Paleolithic occupation sequences, three are attributed to Neanderthals and the Mousterian culture and four to Modern human Upper Paleolithic presence.

The hominid skeletons discovered during the first excavations have been named Spy I, thought to be a female, and Spy 2, a young male. These were dated to around 36,000 years BP (34,000 BC), although a Bayesian analysis in 2014 concluded that they were probably more than 40,000 years old. The identification of the remains of a Neanderthal child, Spy VI, was published in 2010. The identification was made from an analysis of the mandibular remains and the child is thought to have died at about 18 months, "making the Spy Neandertal remains the youngest ever directly dated in northwest Europe." A paper in Anthropologica et Præhistorica states that the original excavators at Spy did not believe that the remains were deliberately buried in graves but that this hypothesis is "now widely accepted".

Archaeogenetics
In 2018, researchers succeeded in extracting DNA from Spy94a, an upper right molar that has been directly dated to around 39,150-37,880 BP. Researchers believe that Spy94a belongs to Spy 1. DNA analysis reveals that Spy94a was male. Compared to other Neanderthals for which nuclear DNA has been extracted, Spy94a is genetically closest to Goyet Q56-1 from Goyet Caves and groups closest with other Late European Neanderthals.

Mammoth Consumption
Almost 12,000 faunal remains of the Pleistocene were discovered, including mammoth, horse, cave hyena, woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, and cave bear bones.

All levels contained mammoth remains, including an unusual (compared to other sites) number of molars. It has been suggested that the Neanderthal occupants brought mammoth heads to the site and ate the brains. Because many of the molars were unworn, these would have been very young or newborn calves, "killed in early spring, when plant food would not yet have been available."

Anatomically modern humans
Evidence of occupation by Upper Paleolithic anatomically modern humans has also been found at Spy. A report published in 2013 states that "Based on cut-marked bones, remains with ochre traces and an Aurignacian spear point, it seems that AMH visited Spy at least three times: at around 34,500 BP, 33,000 BP and 26,000 BP." Pendants and perforated beads made from mammoth ivory, presumably by modern humans, were found in the cave.

title: Spy Cave


text:
User:Piggypigwidgeon

Welcome!

Hello there Piggypidwidgeon and welcome to Wikipedia. I'm Banes. Thank you for joining this project. I sincerely hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian (trust me, being a Wikipedian can be great fun)! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or feel free ask me on my Talk page. You are most welcome to drop me a line anytime! Again, welcome! Its good to have you here!  Ban e  s  12:57, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User:Piggypigwidgeon


text: Template:Lang-es

title: Template:Lang-es


text:
Temporary variable

In computer programming, a temporary variable is a variable with short lifetime, usually to hold data that will soon be discarded, or before it can be placed at a more permanent memory location. Because it is short-lived, it is usually declared as a local variable, i.e., a variable with local scope. There is no formal definition of what makes a variable temporary, but it is an often-used term in programming.

A typical example would be that of swapping the contents of two variables. Temporary variables, along with XOR swaps and arithmetic operators, are one of three main ways to exchange the contents of two variables. To swap the contents of variables "a" and "b" one would typically use a temporary variable temp as follows, so as to preserve the data from a as it is being overwritten by b:

temp := a a := b  b := temp

Temporary variables are usually named with identifiers that abbreviate the word temporary, such as temp, tmp or simply t, or with common metasyntactic variable names, the most common of which are foo, bar, baz (see also foobar).

Computer hardware is designed to exploit the behaviour of temporary data: a cache or register file may contain temporaries internally to a microprocessor, such that they never need to be committed to main memory (hence consuming no external memory bandwidth).

title: Temporary variable