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Central Bank of India

The Central Bank of India (CBI) is an Indian public sector bank based in Mumbai. Despite its name, it is not the central bank of India. The Indian central bank is the Reserve Bank of India.

History
The Central Bank of India was established on 21 December 1911 by Sir Sorabji Pochkhanawala with Sir Pherozeshah Mehta as chairman, and the first commercial Indian bank completely owned and managed by Indians.

Early-20th century
By 1918 Central Bank of India had established a branch in Hyderabad. A branch in nearby Secunderabad followed in 1925.

In 1923, it acquired the Tata Industrial Bank in the wake of the failure of the Alliance Bank of Simla. The Tata bank, established in 1917, had opened a branch in Madras in 1920 that became the Central Bank of India, Madras.

Central Bank of India was instrumental in the creation of the first Indian exchange bank, the Central Exchange Bank of India, which opened in London in 1936. However, Barclays Bank acquired Central Exchange Bank of India in 1938.

Also before World War II, Central Bank of India established a branch in Rangoon. The branch's operations concentrated on business between Burma and India, and especially money transmission via telegraphic transfer. Profits derived primarily from foreign exchange and margins. The bank also lent against land, produce, and other assets, mostly to Indian businesses.

Post-World War II
In 1963, the revolutionary government in Burma nationalized Central Bank of India's operations there, which became People's Bank No. 1.

In 1969, the Indian Government nationalized the bank on 19 July, together with 13 others.

Central Bank of India was one of the first banks in India to issue credit cards in the year 1980 in collaboration with Visa.

On its 108th Foundation day, Central Bank of India launched its first step towards robotic banking, a robot named "MEDHA".

CBI is one of twelve public sector banks in India that was recapitalised in 2009.

As on 31 March 2021, the bank has a network of 4,608 branches, 3,644 ATMs, ten satellite offices and one extension counter. It has a pan-India presence covering all 28 states, Seven out of eight union territories and 574 district headquarters out of all districts in the country.

RBI's prompt corrective action (PCA) came out last in the public sector in 2022. The PCA framework blocked large loans, restricted dividend payments and restricted expenses.

In 2024, Central Bank of India Governor MV Rao became chairman of the Indian Banks Association.

Controversies
In the 1980s the managers of the London branches of Central Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, and Union Bank of India were caught up in a fraud in which they made dubious loans to the Bangladeshi jute trader Rajender Singh Sethia. The regulatory authorities in England and India forced all three Indian banks to close their London branches.

Cited sources

 * Turnell, Sean (2009) Fiery Dragons: Banks, Moneylenders and Microfinnance in Burma. (NAIS Press). ISBN 9788776940409

title: Central Bank of India


text:
User talk:RaulMiller

I moved 99 Bottles of Beer computer program J Writeup to User:RaulMiller/99 Bottles of Beer computer program J Writeup. It's really not an encyclopedic page, and presents no context at all (not even links to J Programming language). If you need to make draft pages, you should do so under your own userspace (for instance User:RaulMiller/Sandbox).

Also, computer source code is generally not considered suitable content for Wikipedia, it would usually go to Wikisource instead. -- Curps 16:08, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm... that was just a stub, which I was in the process of fleshing out. In the future, I'll use my own area for such things.  For now, I'm mildly concerned because the subsequent edit seems to have been lost without a trace.

 * As an aside, I'm not sure that it's computer source, since I'd intended it as a narrative describing the nature of the J program on the bottles of beer page. Anyways, I'll hold off on making any further changes to it until I get a better idea of what should be done.  RaulMiller 16:32, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Since articles can be edited by more than one person, the Wikipedia software usually detects edit conflicts. When you try to save a page that someone else has edited in the meantime, you get a notice that announces the edit conflict. The top edit window shows the current contents (after the other person's edits), while below, your changes appear. You can then (manually) incorporate your edits into the top edit window before re-saving. However, if you don't do so, your edit remains unsaved.

Similarly, if you try to save a page that someone else has deleted in the meantime, the software should warn you and ask if you really want to save the page, but let you proceed and save it if you wish. I believe the software does so, although I've never personally encountered this situation.

Can you describe exactly what happened when you tried to save the page... what error messages or warning pages did you see, and what action you took at that point? -- Curps 18:18, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

I tried this: I created a test page, then opened it up for editing, then used another browser window to delete it, then tried to save in the first window.

I got an error window that said:

User Curps (talk) deleted this article after you started editing with reason:

 * content was: 'yadda yadda yadda...' (and the only contributor was 'Curps')

Please confirm that really want to recreate this article.

<<<checkbox>>> Recreate

Edit summary: <<<text input>>> -

When I clicked on the Save page button without checking the "Recreate" checkbox, it came back with the same window. I then checked the "Recreate" chckbox and clicked on Save page again, and the page got saved correctly. -- Curps 18:30, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I did not save the window where this happened, and I'm not completely sure I trust my memory. However, I think I remember that I wound up on the redirected page.  My original impression was that I'd saved the changes, but then been redirected by the redirect on that page.  But when tried to retrieve the edit history on the page where I thought the edit had been made, I didn't see anything.  Anyways, thanks for the feedback! -- RaulMiller 18:29, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

I guess it depends on when exactly you tried to save. I redirected the page at 16:06 UTC, left a note on your talk page at 16:08, and deleted the redirection pointer at the original page at 16:09.

By the way, with respect to my original message above, I did nominate the page 99 Bottles of Beer computer program to be moved to Wikisource using Wikipedia's standard "articles for deletion" procedure. If you disagree, you can add your comments at Articles for deletion/99 Bottles of Beer computer program, and over the next week or so other folks will probably weigh in with their assessments and opinions. -- Curps 18:48, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I definitely tried to save after you left the note on my talk page. I remember looking at the note prior to saving.  But I don't know the precise time I tried to save.  (And note that my primary concern here is understanding the nature of the save mechanism.)

 * And, while I'm not completely sure what I think about moving the main bottles of beer computer program page to Wikisource, for the most part I think moving it is a good idea -- it's not really encyclopedic in character as it currently stands (except as an illustration). RaulMiller 19:03, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Remarks about style
Thank you for your addition to cross product. I moved it at the bottom, to make it appear more integrated. If you disagree, we can discuss. And some remarks about style. One should make variables italic, so n instead of n. Also, when making links, there is no need to write parity. Simply parity is enough. Enjoy! Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 17:23, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:RaulMiller


text: Category:Ricky Martin albums

title: Category:Ricky Martin albums


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Albanian Democratic Union Party

The Albanian Democratic Union Party (Partia Bashkimi Demokrat Shqiptar, PBDSH) is a political party in Albania led by Ylber Valteri. The party was founded in 1993. In the 2009 parliamentary elections the party received 0.08%.

title: Albanian Democratic Union Party


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Watch Hill (Whitehaven)

Watch Hill is a small hill lying on the western fringe of the Lake District in England, north east of Whitehaven. It should not be confused with another Watch Hill some 19 km to the north-east, near Cockermouth, which is classified as a Marilyn and is one of Wainwright's Outlying Fells.

title: Watch Hill (Whitehaven)


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Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14

The ZZR1400 or Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14  and ZX-14R (2006–present), is a motorcycle in the Ninja sport bike series from the Japanese manufacturer Kawasaki that was their most powerful sport bike as of 2006. It was introduced at the 2005 Tokyo Motor Show and released for the 2006 model year as a replacement for the Kawasaki ZZ-R1200 (2002-2005). The ZZR1400 is capable of accelerating from 0–60 mph in 2.5 seconds. The top speed is electronically limited to 186 mph as a result of an agreement between the major Japanese and European motorcycle manufacturers.

The motorcycle was in season 10 of Fifth Gear on October 30, 2006.

Motorcycle USA road tested the bike in its October 10, 2006 issue and posted the following stock results:
 * 60 ft: 1.713 seconds
 * 330 ft: 4.349 seconds
 * 1/8 mi: 6.447 seconds, achieving 117.39 mph
 * 1/4 mi: 9.783 seconds, achieving 147.04 mph

2008 saw a minor update. The launch of the 2012 ZX-14R saw a second-generation revision with the R designation. This included a displacement increase to produce more horsepower along with two variable power modes, Kawasaki traction control, and an ignition-management system that was lifted from the ZX-10R. It received cosmetic updates, incremental chassis upgrades, suspension revised internals and a slipper clutch added for the first time. The new engine had cylinder heads with polished ports and cams with more lift and longer duration. Pistons were lighter with added compression, cooled by a new oil jet system. Connecting rods and crankshaft were strengthened, as were the tensioner and cam chain, while the transmission got heat-treated surface gears. In an effort to make the motorcycle run cooler and be more durable, they added a second radiator fan. Larger head pipes and larger, less restrictive mufflers improved response. Motorcyclist recorded Rickey Gadson's quarter mile time of 9.64 seconds at 149.83 mph from a bone-stock bike, on a 50-degree morning, at an altitude of 2100 feet. Cycle World recorded a quarter-mile time of a record 9.47-seconds (corrected) at 152.83 mph, and also hit 60 mph in just 2.6 sec.

title: Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eric Hicks

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consensus, keep. Rx StrangeLove 02:46, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Eric Hicks
nn bio. vanity. 202.156.6.60 16:10, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. He appears to be an NCAA basketball player, that seems like borderline notoriety.  - C HAIRBOY  (☎) 16:13, 30 September 2005 (UTC) Now Delete per Barno, good points, I change my mind. - C HAIRBOY  (☎) 03:13, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep unless there is a precedent for deleting articles about NCAA players. Hall Monitor 18:22, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no indication of encyclopedic importance. At WP:BIO, the guideline for inclusion of athletes requires something like being outstanding, not just participating.  There's no consensus about whether a routine professional player (as compared to an All-Star, All-Pro, league Most Valuable Player, etc.) should be kept.  In general, one of the thousands of college basketball players is not notable, unless thousands of non-basketball-fans have heard of him.  Article doesn't suggest anything close to meeting WP:Importance.  Barno 20:39, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I would note that WP:Importance doesn't require that non-fans have heard of him, only that "it is at least well-known in a community." While this individual may not be well-known on his own merits, I think that keeping his article because of his relationship with the University of Cincinnati is akin to keeping the article for a single episode or season of a television show because of their relationships with the overall program. ESkog 21:35, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * An interesting test of consensus. I would also go keep for members of major NCAA Division I sports teams. The University of Cincinnati is in the Big East conference and receives perennial national attention - this is a topic that many may look up, and it's verifiable. We don't require that thousands of non-Pokemon fans have heard of Snorloridiculomagon III or whoever. ESkog 21:33, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, professional athlete. Kappa 23:05, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Kappa, did you read the article? He's not a professional. He plays for a U.S. college team. NCAA athletes are prohibited from being paid. Quale 01:34, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh ok. Kappa 03:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I change my mind back to keep since NCAA athletes seem to get a lot of media attention. Kappa 08:29, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Barno, he's not even in the NBA. He can be added later when he at least turns pro. -- Kjkolb 02:38, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Agree with above. as per Barno.  Not even a professional.  Also, not a super-star collegiate.  Wait until he has a few more medals and badges, then get him an article (10 yrs down the road or so...)--Daniel Lotspeich 08:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please this is not vanity and kappa is right people might want to find this information on wikipedia and disk space is cheap so why erase it Yuckfoo 15:50, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/99 Bottles of Beer computer program

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. Woohookitty 10:37, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

99 Bottles of Beer computer program
Computer source code which should be transwikied to Wikisource. We already have a 99 Bottles of Beer page, which is encyclopedic, but this content should not be merged there. -- Curps 16:11, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * copyvio from . — mendel ☎ 20:32, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no transwiki, no merge. Not encyclopedic topic, just a dozen examples of a frequently-seen and undistinguished exercise in simple programming.  Wouldn't be Wikisource material even if it weren't lifted from a non-GFDL source.  Barno 20:43, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikisource has a whole repository of source code at Wikisource:Wikisource:Source code. See  for what happened to an article similar to this.  Uncle G 16:00, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikisource has a repository of noteworthy source code, as I understand it, which can be used in Wikimedia projects to illustrate something important to that subject as a somewhat authoritative reference. I agree that an example of flood-fill code in such a common language is useful for an article on flood fill as a (minor) data processing technique.  I don't think I agree that a bunch of mini-programs to count down "99 bottles of beer on the wall" in various programming languages provides any useful illustration of any important concept.  (If comparison of simple looping structures were critical to an article, I'd change my mind.)  But I see this as a collection of minutiae, related only by a trvial detail, that probably won't help Wikisource support WP or a related reference.  I didn't mean to suggest that no source code should be in Wikisource.  Barno 18:03, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The "what links here" function reports only the 99 Bottles of Beer page, the "see also" section of the similar (but at least expanded with some quasi-history) Hello world program page, and non-articles such as user pages and this AfD.  If this page gave real context to a discussion in some other page about programming techniques, I'd be more inclined to see it as belonging here or at least in Wikisource.  Barno 18:09, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Nice comparison of basic programming techniques to do something a little more complex than print "Hello world" on your monitor. I don't believe this constitutes a copyvio either - most of these programs are so generic that they could not be considered copyrightable, and this article does not bear any resemblance to the site which it is claimed is being violated. Denni ☯  03:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The basis of this Afd is that the content is not encyclopedic and should be transwikied to Wikisource. -- Curps 06:49, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * From What Wikipedia is not: "Wikipedia articles are not [...] collections of source material [...] such as source code". Uncle G 16:00, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or transwiki to Wikisource, assuming Denni is correct about the copyright issue. This is a nifty comparison. Crypticfirefly 04:48, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've transwikied it to Wikisource. Wikipedia is not a repository of source code. Delete. Uncle G 16:00, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree this might be useful, but doesn't belong on Wikipedia. Delete since Uncle G has transwikied it to Wikisource. I tend to feel that code should appear in Wikipedia only if tightly integrated with an encyclopedia article; otherwise an external link to Wikisource is probably more appropriate.---CH  (talk) 02:18, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete once Uncle G's transwikification is complete. (I couldn't find it at Wikisource:Transwiki:99 Bottles of Beer computer program or 99 Bottles of Beer computer program) --Angr/undefined 08:29, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge with something other. But its a good example after the Hello World one. helohe 16:30, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete A transwiki having been done, leaving only a dicdef, the redundancy of keeping it here fails a cost/benefit analysis. The Literate Engineer 02:58, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Hypogammaglobulinemia

Hypogammaglobulinemia is an immune system disorder in which not enough gamma globulins are produced in the blood (thus hypo- + gamma + globulin + -emia). This results in a lower antibody count, which impairs the immune system, increasing risk of infection. Hypogammaglobulinemia may result from a variety of primary genetic immune system defects, such as common variable immunodeficiency, or it may be caused by secondary effects such as medication, blood cancer, or poor nutrition, or loss of gamma globulins in urine, as in nonselective glomerular proteinuria. Patients with hypogammaglobulinemia have reduced immune function; important considerations include avoiding use of live vaccines, and take precautionary measures when traveling to regions with endemic disease or poor sanitation such as receiving immunizations, taking antibiotics abroad, drinking only safe or boiled water, arranging appropriate medical cover in advance of travel, and ensuring continuation of any immunoglobulin infusions needed.

Types
The following lists types of "agammaglobulinemia" catalogued in the OMIM. Hypogammaglobulinemia can have other types; see sections "Causes" and "Etymology" below.

Symptoms and signs
The presenting feature of hypogammaglobulinemia is usually a clinical history of recurrent, chronic, or atypical infections. These infections include but are not limited to: bronchitis, ear infections, meningitis, pneumonia, sinus infections, and skin infections. Such infections can potentially damage organs, leading to severe complications. Other symptoms of hypogammaglobulinemia include chronic diarrhea and complications from receiving live vaccines. Certain symptoms of chronic damage may be related to recurrent infection. For example, shortness of breath, chronic cough, and sputum production may indicate the presence of bronchiectasis. Sinus pain, nasal discharge, and postnasal drip may indicate the presence of chronic sinusitis. Diarrhea and steatorrhea may indicate malabsorption. Another sign or symptom that may occur in patients is blotchiness of the skin color, especially noticed above the waist, on the arms, neck, and upper chest areas, however, it may occur anywhere on the skin.

Babies with transient hypogammaglobulinemia (THI) usually become symptomatic 6 to 12 months after birth, with the symptoms usually consisting of frequent ear, sinus, and lung infections. Other symptoms include respiratory tract infections, food allergies, eczema, urinary tract infections, and intestinal infections.

Causes
Hypogammaglobulinemia can be caused by either a primary or secondary immunodeficiency. Primary immunodeficiencies are caused by a mutation or series of mutations to the genome. For example, a study from 2012 found that a compound heterozygous deleterious mutation in the CD21 gene is associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. Genetic analysis revealed the patient was heterozygous for CD21, with the paternally inherited allele (also shared with one sister) having a disrupted splicing donor site at exon 6, while the maternally inherited allele had a mutation resulting in a premature stop codon in exon 13. Neither mutation was found in 100 healthy control subjects, showing the rarity of the mutations.

Around 300 different genes have been identified which account for different forms of primary immunodeficiency (PID). These different forms can affect different parts of the immune system, including immunoglobulin production. Primary immunodeficiencies usually have a delay of several years between initial clinical presentation and diagnosis. Some primary immune deficiencies include ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia (ARA), common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), hyper-IgM syndromes, IgG subclass deficiency, isolated non-IgG immunoglobulin deficiencies, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), specific antibody deficiency (SAD), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, or X-linked agammaglobulinemia. CVID is the most common form of primary immunodeficiency. SCID is considered a medical emergency and suspected cases require immediate specialist center referral for diagnosis and treatment.

It is more often that hypogammaglobulinemia develops as a result of another condition, which are called secondary or acquired immune deficiencies. These include blood cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphoma, or myeloma, HIV, nephrotic syndrome, poor nutrition, protein-losing enteropathy, getting an organ transplant, or radiation therapy. This also includes medications which can cause hypogammaglobulinemia, such as corticosteroids, chemotherapy drugs, or antiseizure medication.

Screening
Screening of immunoglobulin levels in relatives of CVID and IgA patients finds a familial inheritance rate of 10% to 20%. In cases where a carrier of such a mutation would like to have children, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been offered. PGD is defined as the testing of pre-implantation stage embryos or oocytes for genetic defects. It requires in vitro fertilization, embryo biopsy, and either fluorescent in situ hybridization or polymerase chain reaction on a singular cell, making it a complex procedure. While some question the ethicality of such artificial selection, it is generally seen as an important alternative to prenatal diagnosis. Prevention of secondary immunodeficiency involves monitoring patients carefully with high risk of developing hypogammaglobulinemia. This entails measuring immunoglobulin levels in patients with hematologic malignancy, or those receiving chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy such as rituximab.

Treatment
Protocols for different forms of primary immunodeficiency vary significantly. The aim of treatments implemented by specialist centers is usually to reduce the risk of complications. One method of treatment is by parenteral administration of gamma globulins, either monthly intravenously, subcutaneously, or more recently, by weekly self-administered hypodermoclysis. In either case, mild allergic reactions are common, and are usually manageable with oral diphenhydramine. Evidence comparing immunoglobulin replacement with no treatment is limited, and guidelines for treatment are therefore mainly derived from observational studies. Antibiotics are also frequently used as treatment. Other standard forms of treatment include a form of enzyme replacement therapy called PEG-ADA, and antibiotic treatment given for the prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia.

One emerging therapy is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which has been considered standard treatment for many combined primary immunodeficiencies including SCID, CD40 deficiency, CD40 ligand deficiency, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, but has been extended to secondary immunodeficiencies over the last two decades. Another emerging therapy is gene therapy, which has been used to treat X-linked SCID, SCID due to adenosine deaminase deficiency, and chronic granulomatous disease.

Prognosis
Early detection and treatment of hypogammaglobulinemia is known to reduce rates of morbidity and the chance of long-term pulmonary complications. Evidence shows that there is an association between achieving higher IgG levels and reduced infection frequency. If hypogammaglobulinemia remains undetected and untreated, outcomes are generally poor, especially if chronic lung damage or bronchiectasis has occurred. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of hypogammaglobulinemia is often significantly delayed.

Research
In 2015, a journal article by McDermott et al. reported on a case in which chromothripsis, normally a catastrophic event in which chromosomes undergo massive deletion and rearrangement within a single stem cell's DNA, cured a patient with WHIM syndrome, a primary immunodeficiency disease. WHIM is autosomal dominant and is caused by a gain-of-function mutation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. The mutation in CXCR4 increases signaling because it disrupts negative regulatory elements usually present, creating exaggerated functions of the receptor. The term "WHIM" is an acronym for the main manifestations of the disease: warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections, and myelokathexis. Myelokathexis is impaired escape of mature neutrophils from bone marrow, causing neutropenia. Patients with WHIM syndrome have severely reduced peripheral blood B cells and some reduction in peripheral blood T cells and monocytes (McDermott). The cured patient, designated WHIM-09, is a white female presented at age 58. She also presented with her two daughters, WHIM-10 (age 21) and WHIM-11 (age 23). Both daughters fulfilled all of the clinical criteria for WHIM syndrome, while WHIM-09 did not. She reported that she had had many serious infections from childhood until age 38 but had had none in the past 20 years. She has fulfilled none of the criteria for WHIM syndrome except for mild hypogammaglobulinemia since then. WHIM-09 was the first patient ever described with myelokathexis, the "M" in WHIM syndrome, and her parents and siblings showed no sign of the syndrome. Therefore, the evidence is compatible with a WHIM mutation occurring de novo in patient WHIM-09, an autosomal dominant transition to two of her three daughters, and a spontaneous and complete remission in WHIM-09. This provides the first evidence that chromothripsis may result in clinical benefit, in particular, the cure of a genetic disease. If a cell with chromothripsis dies, it is clinically undetectable, making the true frequency of its occurrence hard to determine. Therefore, it is only detected if it acquires a strong selective advantage creating a clinically apparent clonal population harboring the same pattern of deletions and arrangements. This results in either cancer, or if the location is fortuitous, the cure of a genetic condition as occurred in patient WHIM-09.

Effect on viral evolution
One study of the genomic variation in the hepatitis C virus in patients with and without hypogammaglobulinemia found that patients with hypogammaglobulinemia had fewer nucleotide substitutions per year than the control patients, suggesting that in the absence of selective pressure caused by the immune system, the frequency of the occurrence of genetic variation in the major viral species is reduced. They used five control patients and four patients with CVID, a particularly severe form of hypogammaglobulinemia. The control patients had a mean nucleotide rate-of-change of 6.954 nucleotide substitutions per year while the patients with CVID had 0.415 nucleotide substitutions per year. While the mutations still occur in the patients with CVID, they tend to remain as a minor species in the absence of immune selection.

Terminology
"Hypogammaglobulinemia" is largely synonymous with "agammaglobulinemia". When the latter term is used (as in "X-linked agammaglobulinemia") it implies that gamma globulins are not merely reduced, but completely absent. Modern assays have allowed most agammaglobulinemias to be more precisely defined as hypogammaglobulinemias, but the distinction is not usually clinically relevant.

"Hypogammaglobulinemia" is distinguished from dysgammaglobulinemia, which is a reduction in some types of gamma globulins, but not others.

title: Hypogammaglobulinemia


text:
Rich Galichon

Richie Alan (born Richard Alan Galichon; 1968 in NY) is an independent studio drummer. He grew up in Valley Stream, New York and attended Valley Stream Central High School. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science from Queens College, City University of New York and pursued a Master of Business Administration degree specializing in Information Systems Management at The George Washington University School of Business. He later founded a successful Information Technology Consulting Services corporation.

During his earlier years, Richie Alan took weekly lessons at the Downs School of Music for 4 years. While studying there, Richie Alan emerged as a three-time gold medalist and one-time silver medalist in the Long Island Drum Teachers Association. Years later, he expanded his studies with legendary jazz drummer Joe Morello (Dave Brubeck Quartet) and classic-rock drummer Simon Kirke (Bad Company).

Mostly known in the underground New York music scene, Richie Alan's drumming achieved a modest following, garnering praise from well-established drummers including Tommy Aldridge (Ozzy Osbourne, Whitesnake), Bill Bruford (Yes, King Crimson), and Jonathan Mover (Fuel, Everlast, Alice Cooper)

Legendary guitarist Les Paul presented Richie Alan with an autographed custom Gibson Les Paul guitar at a Beacons in Jazz award gala in 2003.

Richie Alan performed on drums and percussion with John Ford of the Strawbs and is on Ford's 2014 "No Talkin'" album. Richie Alan has also performed with Ian Lloyd (Stories), Simon Kirke (Bad Company) and Southern Rock tribute band Southern Exposure. Richie Alan has also performed on dozens of independent albums as an "Internet Session Drummer".

He cites the following as his influences: John Bonham, Neil Peart, Steve Smith, Dave Weckl and Lee Kerslake.

Richie Alan plays Saluda cymbals live and in the studio.

title: Rich Galichon


text:
Toqui

Toqui (or Toki) (Mapudungun for axe or axe-bearer) is a title conferred by the Mapuche (an indigenous Chilean and Argentinian people) on those chosen as leaders during times of war. The toqui is chosen in an assembly or parliament (coyag) of the chieftains (loncos) of various clans (Rehues) or confederation of clans (Aillarehues), allied during the war at hand. The toqui commanded strict obedience of all the warriors and their loncos during the war, would organize them into units and appoint leaders over them. This command would continue until the toqui was killed, abdicated (Cayancaru), was deposed in another parliament (as in the case of Lincoyan, for poor leadership), or upon completion of the war for which he was chosen.

Some of the more famous Toqui in the Arauco War with the Spanish introduced tactical innovations. For example, Lautaro introduced infantry tactics to defeat horsemen. Lemucaguin was the first Toqui to use firearms and artillery in battle. Nongoniel was the first Toqui to use cavalry with the Mapuche army. Cadeguala was the first to successfully use Mapuche cavalry to defeat Spanish cavalry in battle. Anganamón was the first to mount his infantry to keep up with his fast-moving cavalry. Lientur pioneered the tactic of numerous and rapid malóns into Spanish territory.

The greatest of the Toqui was the older Paillamachu, who developed the strategy, patiently organized and trained his forces and then with his two younger Vice Toqui, Pelantaro and Millacolquin, carried out the Great Revolt of 1598–1604 which finally expelled the Spanish from Araucania.

List of Mapuche Toquis
The following Mapuche leaders were at some time named as toquis:
 * Malloquete 1546 †
 * Ainavillo, Aynabillo or Aillavilú 1550 †
 * Lincoyan 1551–1553
 * Caupolicán 1553–1558 ††
 * Lautaro Vice Toqui 1553–1557 †
 * Turcupichun 1557–1558 ††
 * Lemucaguin or Caupolicán the younger 1558 †
 * Illangulién, Quiromanite, Queupulien or Antiguenu 1559–1564 †
 * Millalelmo or Millarelmo or Antunecul 1562–1570
 * Loble or Lig-lemu or Lillemu Vice Toqui 1563–1565
 * Paillataru 1564–1574
 * Llanganabal 1569
 * Paineñamcu or Paynenancu, originally Alonso Diaz 1574–1584 ††
 * Cayancaru or Cayeucura 1584
 * Nongoniel or Mangolien 1585 †
 * Cadeguala or Cadiguala 1585–1586 †
 * Guanoalca or Huenualca 1586–1590
 * Quintuguenu 1591 †
 * Paillaeco 1592 †
 * Paillamachu 1592–1603
 * Pelantaro Vice Toqui
 * Millacolquin Vice Toqui
 * Huenecura or Huenencura 1604–1610
 * Aillavilu, Aillavilú II, Aillavilu Segundo 1610–1612
 * Anganamón, Ancanamon or Ancanamun 1612–1613
 * Loncothegua 1613–1620
 * Lientur 1621–1625
 * Levipillan Vice Toqui
 * Butapichón or Butapichún 1625–1631
 * Quepuantú or Quempuante 1631–1632 †
 * Butapichón or Butapichún 1632–1634
 * Huenucalquin 1634–1635 †
 * Curanteo 1635 †
 * Curimilla 1635–1639 †
 * Lincopinchon 1640–1641
 * Clentaru 1655
 * Mestizo Alejo or Ñancú 1656–1661 @
 * Misqui 1661–1663 †
 * Colicheuque 1663 †
 * Udalevi 1664–1665 †
 * Calbuñancü vice toqui 1664–1665 †
 * Ayllicuriche or Huaillacuriche 1672–1673 †
 * Millalpal or Millapán 1692–1694
 * Vilumilla 1722–1726
 * Curiñancu 1766–1774
 * Lebian Vice Toqui

† Killed in battle or †† executed for rebellion or @ assassinated.

title: Toqui


text:
Jef Mermans

Josephus Antoon Louisa "Jef" Mermans (16 February 1922 in Merksem – 20 January 1996 in Wildert), nicknamed "The Bomber", was a football striker from Belgium, who played much of his career at Anderlecht, with whom he won seven Belgian Championship titles and finished top scorer of this competition three times. He played 405 games and scored 369 goals for Anderlecht, making him the club's all time topscorer.

Mermans played 56 matches with the Belgium national football team, 2 of which were in the 1954 FIFA World Cup. He is also the 6th top scorer ever for the Belgium national team with 27 goals.

Early career
In the early 1930s, the young Mermans, along with a couple of friends, could not afford to become members of FC Antwerp. Eventually, the boys tried their luck at Tubantia F.A.C., a small club in the Antwerp suburb, and forced themselves into the youth team.

Five years later, Mermans entered the first team. His progress caught the attention of the federal coach and Jef was selected for a Belgium B squad match against Luxembourg in January 1939. At this point, he received a proposal to play in the Beerschot team twice in two years, but Tubantia Borgerhout refused.

A member of the Anderlecht staff arrived at Borgerhout in 1942 with a blank check that was filled in with the record sum of 125,000 Belgian francs in a quarter of an hour.

Anderlecht career
On his arrival at Anderlecht, the Championship was quite erratic due to the World War II, but he helped Anderlecht in becoming a regular team. In 1947, Mermans was the key player in the conquest of the first Anderlecht title in first division as he scored 38 goals (succeeding to Bert De Cleyn as top scorer). He was top European goalscorer of the season 1949-1950 netting 37 goals. At the peak of his career, Anderlecht received offers from A.S. Roma, Torino Calcio, Atalanta Bergamo, Real Madrid, S.S. Lazio and Atlético Madrid but refused them all.

Late career
In 1957, the Bomber, as he was called for his powerful strikes, left Anderlecht for the small K. Olse Merksem club in his native town. With him, the club promoted from 3rd to 2nd division and even finished 4th in 1960 for its first season at this level. Later on, the club was renamed Olse Mermans to celebrate the player.

Club
Source: Note: The goals that Mermans scored in the games of the uncompleted 1944-45 season are not taken into account.

Honours
RSC Anderlecht

Olse Merksem Individual
 * Belgian First Division: 1946–47, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1950–51, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1955–56; runners-up: 1943–44, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1956–57
 * Belgian Third Division: 1958–59
 * Belgian First Division top scorer: 1946–47 (39 goals), 1947–48 (23 goals), 1949–50 (37 goals)
 * European topscorer: 1949-1950 (37 goals)
 * World League topscorer: 1949–50
 * Belgian Silver Shoe: 1954
 * Belgian Bronze Shoe: 1955
 * Golden Medal of Sports Merit: 1955
 * Belgian Golden Shoe of the 20th Century (1995): 9th place
 * A stadium, Jef Mermansstadion in Merksem.

Books

 * Mijn voetbal en ik by Jef Mermans in 1952, Uitgeverij STADION 126 p. (Dutch)
 * Joseph Mermans - L Anderlechtois aux ... 50 capes! by Marcel Grosjean in 1954, 36 p. (French)
 * Eeuwige 25: Anderlecht: van Jef Mermans tot Vincent Kompany by Raf Willems in 2019, Willems Uitgevers, 107 p. (Dutch, French) ISBN 9789492419651
 * Jef Mermans. Bombardier: de voetballer die Anderlecht naar de top loodste by Stefan van Loock in 2022, Willems Uitgevers, 276 p. (Dutch) ISBN 9789493242586

title: Jef Mermans


text:
Liberal Democratic Alliance Party of Albania

Liberal Democratic Alliance Party of Albania (in Albanian: Partia Aleanca Liberal Demokrate e Shqipërisë) is a political party in Albania, led by Pirro Prifti.


text:
Talk:Djerba

Untitled
culture and religion jews and Muslims like happily together in Djerba. but we need more on this topic.

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Allmeyer2021.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:38, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

consistant spelling
I think the spelling of the name "Djerba" should be consistant throughout the article.

Star Wars
I can't understand which Star Wars episode was made here? The 1st or the 4th? When somebody knows something about that, please write me on my own, Hungarian discussion, because I have been translating the article into Hungarian (Magyar), and I don't know which is the real data. Thank you: Ferike333

I think I soved the problem. You may think me silly, but I knew that not so soon. The first Star Wars film was the New Hope, and what’s now called first episode is The Phantom Menace, but that’s made later than the New Hope. I hope you understood me (I'm not a perfect English-speeker, but I'm a good English learner xD). Thank you: Ferike333 Discussion (in Hungarian)

Jewish History
I have a source that says this island was home to a Jewish colony for almost 2000 years after the Roman invasion of Palestine. Is this really true because I'd think this article's history section would mention at least something about it.--$1LENCE D00600D (talk) 23:29, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

History section needs more work
(1) What is the name of the city or town on the island when it was under control of the Carthaginians prior to there take over by Romans?69.208.14.60 (talk) 01:00, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

(2) Please mention the feat of corsair Turgut Reis, who in October 1550, "had all his ships dragged overland through hastily dug canals and on a heavily greased boardway to the other side of the island." The Wikipedia article states that, "Turgut Reis was repairing his ships at the beach of Djerba. On October, [pirate hunter] Andrea Doria appeared with his fleet at Djerba and blocked the entrance of the island's lagoon with his ships, trapping the beached galleys of Turgut Reis inside the Channel of Cantera." I cannot find further information about Channel of Cantera. Based upon a modern topographic map, one would conclude it is only the water from the Gulf of Boughrara east to the larger Mediterranean, passing by the city of El Kantara. However, another map Turgut Reis likely used, portrays the waterways south of Djerba more like a channel than of a gulf with two outlets to the sea. Thus I think Andrea Doria anchored his ships in the northern outlet, between the islands of Guettaietel Baharia and Guettaia Gueblia, while Turgut Reis escaped via the lagoon on the southeastern side of Djerba island.

Djerba in Roman era
What is the three major town's name in Roman era? Are they Meninx, Tipasa and Girba as the first external link says? Many Roman era maps show Girba in this location. Is Girba the largest town in the island in that time? Djeba is called Meninx until the third century. Then what's the name of this island between third century to Arab conquest? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Qijiang ok (talk • contribs) 18:42, 19 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Djerba


text:
Dynamic covalent chemistry

Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) is a synthetic strategy employed by chemists to make complex molecular and supramolecular assemblies from discrete molecular building blocks. DCvC has allowed access to complex assemblies such as covalent organic frameworks, molecular knots, polymers, and novel macrocycles. Not to be confused with dynamic combinatorial chemistry, DCvC concerns only covalent bonding interactions. As such, it only encompasses a subset of supramolecular chemistries.

The underlying idea is that rapid equilibration allows the coexistence of a variety of different species among which molecules can be selected with desired chemical, pharmaceutical and biological properties. For instance, the addition of a proper template will shift the equilibrium toward the component that forms the complex of higher stability (thermodynamic template effect). After the new equilibrium is established, the reaction conditions are modified to stop equilibration. The optimal binder for the template is then extracted from the reactional mixture by the usual laboratory procedures. The property of self-assembly and error-correcting that allow DCvC to be useful in supramolecular chemistry rely on the dynamic property.

Dynamic systems
Dynamic systems are collections of discrete molecular components that can reversibly assemble and disassemble. Systems may include multiple interacting species leading to competing reactions.

Thermodynamic control
In dynamic reaction mixtures, multiple products exist in equilibrium. Reversible assembly of molecular components generates products and semi-stable intermediates. Reactions can proceed along kinetic or thermodynamic pathways. Initial concentrations of kinetic intermediates are greater than thermodynamic products because the lower barrier of activation (ΔG‡), compared to the thermodynamic pathway, gives a faster rate of formation. A kinetic pathway is represented in figure 1 as a purple energy diagram. With time, the intermediates equilibrate towards the global minimum, corresponding to the lowest overall Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), shown in red on the reaction diagram in figure 1. The driving force for products to re-equilibrate towards the most stable products is referred to as thermodynamic control. The ratio of products to at any equilibrium state is determined by the relative magnitudes of free energy of the products. This relationship between population and relative energies is called the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.

Thermodynamic template effect
The concept of a thermodynamic template is demonstrated in scheme 1. A thermodynamic template is a reagent that can stabilize the form of one product over others by lowering its Gibb's free energy (ΔG°) in relation to other products. cyclophane C2 can be prepared by the irreversible highly diluted reaction of a diol with chlorobromomethane in the presence of sodium hydride. The dimer however is part of series of equilibria between polyacetal macrocycles of different size brought about by acid catalyzed (triflic acid) transacetalization. Regardless of the starting material, C2, C4 or a high molar mass product, the equilibrium will eventually produce a product distribution across many macrocycles and oligomers. In this system it is possible to amplify the presence of C2 in the mixture when the transacetalisation catalyst is silver triflate because the silver ion fits ideally and irreversibly in the C2 cavity.

Synthetic methods
Reactions used in DCvC must generate thermodynamically stable products to overcome the entropic cost of self-assembly. The reactions must form covalent linkages between building blocks. Finally, all possible intermediates must be reversible, and the reaction ideally proceeds under conditions that are tolerant of functional groups elsewhere in the molecule.

Reactions that can be used in DCvC are diverse and can be placed into two general categories. Exchange reactions involve the substitution of one reaction partner in an intermolecular reaction for another with an identical type of bonding. Some examples of this are shown in schemes 5 and 8, in an ester exchange, and disulfide exchange reactions. The second type, formation reactions, rely on the formation of new covalent bonds. Some examples include Diels–Alder and aldol reactions. In some cases, a reaction can pertain to both categories. For example, Schiff base formation can be categorized as a forming new covalent bonds between a carbonyl and primary amine. However, in the presence of two different amines the reaction becomes an exchange reaction where the two imine derivatives compete in equilibrium.

Exchange and formation reactions can be further broken down into three categories:
 * 1) Bonding between carbon–carbon
 * 2) Bonding between carbon–heteroatom
 * 3) Bonding between heteroatom–heteroatom

Carbon–carbon
Bond formation between carbon atoms forms very thermodynamically stable products. Therefore, they often require the use of a catalyst to improve kinetics and ensure reversibility.

Aldol reactions
Aldol reactions are commonly used in organic chemistry to form carbon-to-carbon bonds. The aldehyde-alcohol motif common to the reaction product is ubiquitous to synthetic chemistry and natural products. The reaction utilizes two carbonyl compounds to generate a β-hydroxy carbonyl. Catalysis is always necessary because the barrier of activation between kinetic products and starting materials makes the dynamic reversible process too slow. Catalysts that have been successfully employed include enzymatic aldolase and Al2O3 based systems.

Diels–Alder
[4+2] cycloadditions of a diene and an alkene have been used as DCvC reactions. These reactions are often reversible at high temperatures. In the case of furan–maleimide adducts, the retro-cycloaddition is accessible at temperatures as low as 40 °C.

Metathesis
Olefin and alkyne metathesis refers to a carbon–carbon bond forming reaction. In the case of olefin metathesis, the bond forms between two sp2-hybridized carbon centers. In alkyne metathesis it forms between two sp-hybridized carbon centers. Ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) can be used in polymerization and macrocycle synthesis.

Carbon–heteroatom
A common dynamic covalent building motif is bond formation between a carbon center and a heteroatom such as nitrogen or oxygen. Because the bond formed between carbon and a heteroatom is less stable than a carbon-carbon bond, they offer more reversibility and reach thermodynamic equilibrium faster than carbon bond forming dynamic covalent reactions.

Ester exchange
Ester exchange takes place between an ester carbonyl and an alcohol. Reverse esterification can take place via hydrolysis. This method has been used extensively in polymer synthesis.

Imine and aminal formation
Bond forming reactions between carbon and nitrogen are the most widely used in dynamic covalent chemistry. They have been used more broadly in materials chemistry for molecular switches, covalent organic frameworks, and in self-sorting systems.

Imine formation takes place between an aldehyde or ketone and a primary amine. Similarly, aminal formation takes place between an aldehyde or ketone and a vicinal secondary amine. Both reactions are commonly used in DCvC. While both reactions can initially be categorized as formation reactions, in the presence of one or more of either reagent, the dynamic equilibrium between carbonyl and amine becomes an exchange reaction.

Heteroatom–heteroatom
Dynamic heteroatom bond formation, presents useful reactions in the dynamic covalent reaction toolbox. Boronic acid condensation (BAC) and disulfide exchange constitute the two main reactions in this category.

Disulfide exchange
Disulfides can undergo dynamic exchange reactions with free thiols. The reaction is well documented within the realm of DCvC, and is one of the first reactions demonstrated to have dynamic properties. The application of disulfide chemistry has the added advantage of being a biological motif. Cysteine residues can form disulfide bonds in natural systems.

Boronic acid
Boronic acid self-condensation or condensation with diols is a well-documented dynamic covalent reaction. The boronic acid condensation has the characteristic of forming two dynamic bonds with various substrates. This is advantageous when designing systems where high rigidity is desired, such as 3-D cages and COFs.

Applications
Dynamic covalent chemistry has allowed access to a wide variety of supramolecular structures. Using the above reactions to link molecular fragments, higher order materials have been made. These materials include macrocycles, COFs, and molecular knots. The applications of these products have been used in gas storage, catalysis, and biomedical sensing, among others.

Dynamic signaling cascades
Dynamic covalent reactions have recently been used in Systems chemistry to initiate signaling cascades by reversibly releasing protons. The dynamic nature of the reactions provides a suitable "on-off" switch-like nature to the cascade systems.

Macrocycles
Many examples exist that demonstrate the utility of DCvC in macrocycle synthesis. This type of chemistry is effective for large macrocycle synthesis because the thermodynamic template effect is well suited to stabilize ring structures. Furthermore, the error-correcting ability inherent to DCvC allows large structures to be made without flaws.

Covalent organic frameworks
All current methods of covalent organic framework (COF) synthesis use DCvC. Boronic acid dehydration, as demonstrated by Yaghi et al. is the most common type of reaction used. COFs have been used in gas storage, catalysis,. Possible morphologies include infinite covalent 3D frameworks, 2D polymers, or discrete molecular cages.

Molecular knots
DCvC has been used to make molecules with complex topological properties. In the case of Borromean rings, DCvC is used to synthesize a three ring interlocking system. Thermodynamic templates are used to stabilize interlocking macrocycle growth.

title: Dynamic covalent chemistry


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Factory zero

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 22:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Factory zero
Notability not asserted in article. Simply stating subject is an architecture firm in Los Angeles. Willing to change vote if notability/significance is demonstrated. Hurricane111 16:14, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete G1, G2, A1. Vegaswikian 06:15, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Hilary Bevan Jones

Hilary Bevan Jones is a British television producer. In 1994 she started Endor Productions, choosing the name from that of the novel The Road to Endor by E. H. Jones, her grandfather. Endor has produced series such as Deep State and Vienna Blood.

Career
Bevan Jones started work as an floor assistant at the BBC in 1979; she had previously worked as a teacher in Essex, after trying without success to get work in theatre. She worked on comedy programmes such as Not the Nine O'Clock News and Blackadder.

She left the BBC in 1990. She worked on Cracker for Granada Television, where she first worked with the writer Paul Abbott. After she again worked with Abbott on State of Play in 2003, they together started Tightrope Pictures, which produced the Richard Curtis piece The Girl in the Café, starring Bill Nighy and produced by Bevan Jones.

She was chairman of BAFTA from 2006 to 2008, the first woman in that position.

title: Hilary Bevan Jones


text:
Portal:Venezuela/Ephemerides

 * May 2, 1816 – The Battle of Los Frailes is fought around the Los Frailes Archipelago.
 * May 2, 1952 – The Sierra Nevada National Park is founded.
 * May 3, 1502 – In present-day Venezuela, the Spanish conquistadors led by Alonso de Ojeda founded the village of Santa Cruz de Coquibacoa, the first European settlement in the Americas.
 * May 5, 1883 – Birth of Eleazar López Contreras, soldier and politician, President of Venezuela (d. 1973)
 * May 6, 1873 – Death of José Antonio Páez, politician and independence leader, three-time President of Venezuela (b. 1790)
 * May 13, 1958 – During a visit to Caracas, Venezuela, US Vice President Richard Nixon's car is attacked by anti-American demonstrators.
 * May 14, 1777 – In Madrid, Carlos III created the Protomedicato de Caracas by royal decree, thus beginning medical studies in Venezuela.
 * May 18, 1499 – Alonso de Ojeda sets sail from Cádiz on his voyage to what is now Venezuela.
 * May 21, 2014 – Death of Jaime Lusinchi, physician and politician, President of Venezuela (b. 1924)
 * May 24, 1813 – South American independence leader Simón Bolívar enters Mérida, leading the invasion of Venezuela, and is proclaimed El Libertador ("The Liberator").
 * May 27, 1924 – Birth of Jaime Lusinchi, physician and politician, President of Venezuela (d. 2014)
 * May 27, 2007 – Hugo Chávez controversially closes the private television station Radio Caracas Television (RCTV); the next day he replaces it with a state-run television service.

title: Portal:Venezuela/Ephemerides


text:
Night Raven

Night Raven is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character appears primarily in Marvel UK Comics, a division of Marvel Comics.

Night Raven first appeared in Hulk Comic #1 (March 7, 1979).

Creation
Creator Dez Skinn spoke on the creation of the character stating, "Chicago has gangsters of every hue and I felt wouldn't it be great to relive the pulps of the American 1930s where you had The Spider, The Shadow, characters who, in a pre-comics world, would beat the crap out of the bad guys, so at the end of the 1970s brought back the pre-comics era of the early 1930s with a character called Night Raven, he had a brand on his hand, and he would brand people on the forehead if they were bad guys...then he would leave them a little note...that would say "WHERE BROODING DARKNESS SPREADS ITS EVIL WINGS THE NIGHT RAVEN STINGS !", because I thought that sounded a bit classical, its stolen from Milton from L'Allegro, but it doesn't matter and it sounds good...but what was interesting the artist I chose to draw Night Raven, a guy called David Lloyd, came up with this really good sort of classical shaped chest emblem, because after all comics characters have to have chest emblems and it was a symbolic looking raven which was basically a V-shape in a circle"

David Llyod publicly discussed the look of the character stating "It was not specifically meant to evoke the raven but to be generally bird-like and scary-looking to those who should be scared by it."

Publication history
Originally created by editors Dez Skinn and Richard Burton, the early Night Raven stories were written by Steve Parkhouse, with art by David Lloyd.

Night Raven was one of the few original characters created for Marvel UK in the 1980s, and quickly became a fan favorite, with his appearance in Hulk Weekly #2 being voted "Favourite Single Story" in the British section of the 1980 Eagle Awards. The character was also nominated for British section Eagle Awards in 1980 for "Favourite Character" and "Character Most Worthy of Own Book." Night Raven was again nominated for favourite British character in the 1981 Eagle Awards.

During the decade, Night Raven appeared in various Marvel UK titles, including a run of text stories beginning in Savage Action by Alan McKenzie and continued in Marvel Super Heroes (#382-386) by Alan McKenzie and The Daredevils (#6-11) by Alan Moore and Jamie Delano, later switching to Savage Sword of Conan and finally Captain Britain volume two. The plot device of having him appear to be immortal and indestructible but in constant pain and gradually losing his sanity as a result, due to the schemes of his equally immortal arch-foe, the Oriental female crime lord Yi Yang, caused his time setting to be gradually moved from the 1930s up to contemporary times.

In the 1990s the character had only a handful of appearances, most prominent of which was a graphic novel, Night Raven: House of Cards. The character's first American appearance was in a supporting role in the graphic novel Fury/Black Widow: Death Duty. In Death Duty, it is revealed that he is unable to die. Night Raven's immortality was contradicted later in the 1995 Marvel US miniseries Nocturne, in which it was revealed that the original Night Raven had died after being poisoned in the 1950s. One of his last acts was to create a battlesuit which was later donned by Graham "Gray" Poldark to become a new hero known as Nocturne. It has since been confirmed that the Nocturne story did not take place in the main Marvel comics reality.

Night Raven is glimpsed in the first issue of The Twelve, where he is one of many costumed heroes pictured in Berlin in a scene dated April 25, 1945.

Powers and abilities
Upon first appearance, Night Raven had no powers, but was a highly trained fighter and marksman who wielded two guns. He was exposed to a chemical toxin by Yi Yang, which made him nearly indestructible, but deformed him and left him with chronic pain. He has a reputation for immortality, but the accuracy of this belief is unclear.

title: Night Raven


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Argentina

Welcome to WikiProject Argentina, a WikiProject created to better organize, coordinate, expand and present information in articles related to Argentina. Our mission is to develop and improve all Argentina-related articles in order to make Wikipedia an accurate and reliable resource for Argentina-related information. If you would like to help, please join us or inquire on the talk page. Alternatively, if you simply want to see how Argentina is doing in Wikipedia, or perhaps look for other users interested in Argentina, feel free to check out the notice board.

[[Image:Nuvola apps kate.png|20px|Things to do]] Things to do
Please see the To do list for our current activities and wanted articles. Remember to be bold! How can you help us:
 * Work with the Popular pages
 * Create one of the Requested articles
 * Advertise the project. Use  on talk pages to show that you're working specifically for this project.
 * Maintain our WikiPortal.

[[Image:Nuvola apps krfb.png|20px|Sub projects]] Sub projects

 * List of
 * Geography of Argentina.
 * Cinema of Argentina.
 * To do list.
 * Importance and classification of Argentina-related articles.
 * Argentine regional notice board.
 * Argentina-related resources (see also this note on copyright issues for presidential pictures).
 * User:AlexNewArtBot/ArgentinaSearchResult - new articles related to Argentina, identified automatically by InceptionBot; these need checking, including for categorisation and project tagging.
 * Unreferenced BLPs

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[[Image:Nuvola apps korganizer.png|20px|Great articles]] Articles
Please see the Assessment Department, WP:Article development and WP:The perfect article for guidelines on how to write a great article. Our WikiProject currently has three lists about this:

Image requests
Requests for images are located at Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Argentina. To add pages to it, add the template to the talk page; do not categorize directly.

In addition to posting your image requests here, on the talk page(s) of the subject(s), and on the Wikimedia Commons (Commons:Commons:Picture requests), please also post them at es:Wikipedia:Imágenes solicitadas on the Spanish Wikipedia. If you do not know Spanish, you can ask someone at es:Wikipedia:Embajadas to help you.

Project

 * For more templates see WikiProject Argentina/Resources, including a list of stub templates

Resources

 * BBC News on Latin America
 * Buenos Aires Herald
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 * MercoPress

[[Image:Nuvola_filesystems_www.png|20px|Related WikiProjects]] Related WikiProjects
Cooperation and coordination with other WikiProjects are key objectives of the WikiProject Argentina, and as such, critical policies like NPOV and CIV must be respected and followed by all members, regardless of the situation or the behavior of others.

See also:
 * WikiProject Deletion sorting, Argentina.
 * WikiProject Films, List of missing Argentine films.

Tools

 * Main tool page: toolserver.org

 * Reflinks - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
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title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Argentina


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Objectnotfound.org

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  23:00, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Objectnotfound.org
Google knows of 6 pages linking to this site. It is non-notable. C HAIRBOY (☎) 16:18, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. C HAIRBOY (☎) 16:18, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This article is nothing but an advetizement for the website. MJMyers2
 * Delete, per above. -- BD2412 talk 04:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Yellowikis

Failed experiment?
I went nosing around over there and Willy has hit them hard. EVERYTHING in the recent changes log was a page move to the "on wheels!" version (with a few moves to "...on wheels! on wheels!" or even 3x) I saw no signs of anyone trying to counteract it. Where am I going with this? It's possible this idea will fail, despite the interest it garnered in the media. If it does, the article will probably want to delve into that because this is a notable idea even if it doesn't succeed. IMHO. ++Lar: t/c 04:35, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Legal threat from yell.com
Interesting breaking news here: Legal threat to wiki listing site and from the yellowikis site: Yell Limited have accused Yellowikis of "Passing Off" --George100 09:04, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Broken at the moment
www.yellowikis.org is broken at the moment. It seems to be trying to redirect to 'owikis.org.uk'. Weird. I guess this is just some kind of mistake by the webmaster. Or did yell succeed in shutting them down? -- Nojer2 14:46, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

If you are based in the UK you get redirected to a blank owikis.org.uk page. This is the new name for Yellowikis in the UK. The rest of the world sees Yellowikis as normal--Payo 23:22, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Shouldn't this article perhaps be deleted now? Given that the web site is still not functioning, nor is owikis, it seems to suggest the site itself was always minor & crummy and hence non-notable other than the legal dispute with Yell. And such legal disputes can be very minor (large companies send out legal letters to potential trademark infringers all the time however tiny they are) - i.e. the dispute itself needn't make the site notable. Ben Finn 13:51, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Site Inactive This site is currently offline. This holding page can appear for a number of different reasons including:-

The site may still be under development, and due to appear soon.

The domain name may be in the process of transfer and awaiting DNS updates.

The site may have been taken offline due to non payment or breach of Positive Internet terms and conditions. The site owner may need to remove or replace this standard index.html file with one of their own.

Doesn't look like a UK problem to me - the entire site is gone. The Owikis site is the holding page you'd expect though. Digifiend (talk) 10:49, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

5th Afd - kept again
See - Articles for deletion/Yellowikis (5th nomination) of 22 May 2008. No consensus to delete for the 5th time - Peripitus (Talk) 11:22, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Site down?
Doesn't seem to exist at current URL.. -- œ ™ 07:24, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Yellowikis. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://yellowikis.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:02, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yellowikis


text:
User:Sindreman

Sindreman is a 23 year old male wikipedian.

title: User:Sindreman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Whiteley Film Co

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 23:15, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Whiteley Film Co
an "amateur film company". They have a website, but there's nothing to suggest they've made any significant films. I can't confirm existance of them, other than by their own website and their myspace page. Friday (talk) 16:21, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An "amateur film company" really needs to show why it is notable.  Vegaswikian 06:17, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Everyone has to start somewhere.Plus we get, on average, 1,000 hits a month. Nuff said WFCO 11:14, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please do not use Wikipedia to promote yourself. Friday (talk) 20:39, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You need help. Wikipedia is meant to be a useful resource for people to find out anything they want to know and yet people like you are going round unnecessarily deleting articles for no other reason than to exert some sort of power over people. Wikipedia aren't exactly short on server space, Get a life. WFCO (talk) 20:39, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that Wfco (improperly signed above) appears to be a primary maintainer of this article. I doubt it's coincidence that the initials in his username happen to be the same of those of this film company.  Friday (talk) 16:16, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: I'm re-listing this to get more input.  Friday (talk) 18:59, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as there's no claim of notability. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 19:06, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence given of notability such as films distributed or participation in film festivals. Capitalistroadster 19:11, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no independent news coverage, no company history, no books, and no articles relating to this company. The only things that research turns up are Wikipedia, its mirrors, and self-promotion by the company itself.  Wikipedia is not an advertising billboard, and this company fails to satisfy any of the WP:CORP criteria. Delete. Uncle G 21:53, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Contrary to User:Wfco's claims, Wikipedia is not "for people to find out anything they want to know"; there is a whole list of information that Wikipedia is not here to provide at WP:WIN.  It is also not the correct place for people who "have to start somewhere" to start; Wikipedia is here to reflect notability, not to create it. -- Antaeus Feldspar 23:59, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Uncle G. As far as the web site, 1000 hits/month is pretty much immeasurably small. My (totally non-notable) home page gets about 4x that. MCB 00:21, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Anteus. Wikipedia is about writing articles about notable people, things and concepts. It is not about advertising for non-notable things to help them become notable. --Johntex\talk 09:47, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Claudine at School

Claudine at School (Claudine à l'école) is a 1900 novel by the French writer Colette. The narrative recounts the final year of secondary school of 15-year-old Claudine, her brazen confrontations with her headmistress, Mlle Sergent, and her fellow students. It was Colette's first published novel, originally attributed to her first husband, the writer Willy. The work is assumed to be highly autobiographical and includes lyrical descriptions of the Burgundian countryside, where Colette grew up.

Plot
Claudine, a fifteen-year-old girl, lives in Montigny, with her father, who is more interested in mollusks than in his daughter. Claudine attends the small village school, which is the primary location of her many adventures, presented as an intimate journal. The journal begins with the new school year, marked by the arrival of the new headmistress, Miss Sergent, and her assistant, Miss Aimée Lanthenay, as well as the boys' instructors, Mr. Duplessis and Mr. Rabastens. Although Claudine begins an affair early on with Miss Lanthenay, Miss Sergent soon discovers the liaison and discourages Miss Lanthenay, ultimately taking her on as her own lover. Claudine feels betrayed and causes trouble for the two women with the help of her friends, cynical Anaïs and childlike Marie Belhomme. Miss Lanthenay's sister Luce arrives at school, and Claudine mistreats her, but Luce idolizes Claudine nonetheless. Some major events of the school year documented in the novel are the final exams, the opening of the new school, and a ball to mark the visit of an important political minister to the town.

At the end of the book, everyone is at the ball when Miss Sergent's mother suddenly throws a man's shoe downstairs into the parlor from the living quarters upstairs. Everyone is silent downstairs as the elder Sergent yells at her daughter for disgracing the family by sleeping with the superintendent of the school district. Miss Sergent's attraction to the man had been mentioned earlier by Claudine, who dismissed it when Sergent stole Aimée away from her. Publicly humiliated, Miss Lanthenay runs off crying while Luce and Claudine laugh.

Major themes
Claudine at School as well as being a coming of age story is an example of homoerotic fiction in the tradition of Gertrude Stein's Fernhurst (1904), Ivy Compton-Burnett's More Women than Men (1934), Christa Winsloe's The Child Manuela (1933), or Dorothy Bussy's Olivia (1949).

Reception
Upon its publication in 1900, Colette's novel was heralded by Charles Marras for its "maturity of language and style". It was immediately successful, yet it brought Colette scandal as well.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
Claudine at School has had several French film adaptations.
 * Claudine à l'école (1917)
 * Claudine at School (1937)
 * Claudine à l'école (1978 – made for TV)

On August 7, 1910, the New York Times reported: "Paris, Aug. 6. – G. P. Centenini, in conjunction with Gabriel Astruc, has obtained from Rudolph Berger the right of representation in the United States of Berger's operetta Claudine, the libretto of which is based on a series of lively French novels by Willy, which have had considerable vogue. Berger is a Viennese and Parisian combined. He has written many popular waltzes, of one of which 2,000,000 copies were sold in a year. Claudine will be produced in Paris at the Moulin Rouge." The Actors' Charitable Trust in London has an A4 coloured poster (by Clérice Frères) for the Moulin Rouge production of Claudine which does mention Colette: "Opérette en 3 Actes de Willy, d'après les Romans de Willy & Colette Willy."

title: Claudine at School


text:
Diana Barrymore

Diana Blanche Barrymore Blythe (March 3, 1921 – January 25, 1960), known professionally as Diana Barrymore, was an American film and stage actress.

Early life
Born Diana Blanche Barrymore Blythe in New York, New York, Diana Barrymore was the daughter of actor John Barrymore and his second wife, poet Blanche Oelrichs.

Her parents divorced when she was four years old. Educated in Paris and New York City, Barrymore had little contact with her father.

Career

While in her teens, Barrymore decided to study acting and enrolled at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Because of the prominence of the Barrymore name in the world of theatre, her move onto the stage began with much publicity including a 1939 cover of Life. At age 19, Barrymore made her Broadway debut and the following year made her first appearance in movies with a small role in a Warner Bros. production. In 1942, she signed a contract with Universal Studios who capitalized on her Barrymore name with a major promotional campaign billing her as "1942's Most Sensational New Screen Personality." However, alcohol and drug problems soon emerged and negative publicity from major media sources dampened her prospects. After less than three years in Hollywood, and six significant film roles at Universal, Barrymore's personal problems ended her career.

Her father John died in 1942 from cirrhosis of the liver after years of alcoholism. Diana Barrymore's life became a series of alcohol- and drug-related disasters marked by bouts of severe depression that resulted in several suicide attempts and extended sanitarium stays. She squandered her movie earnings and her inheritance from her father's estate, and when her mother died in 1950, Diana was left with virtually nothing from a once-vast family fortune. In 1949, she was offered her own television talk show titled The Diana Barrymore Show. The show was prepared for broadcast, but Barrymore didn't show up, and the program was immediately canceled. Had she gone through with the show, it would have been the first talk show in television history, predating Joe Franklin by two years. In the early 1950s, she and her third husband toured Australia and upon returning to the United States, she expressed her dislike for the continent.

After three bad marriages to addicted and sometimes abusive men, in 1955 Barrymore had herself hospitalized for nearly a full year of treatment. In 1957, she published her autobiography, Too Much, Too Soon, with help and encouragement from ghostwriter Gerold Frank, which included her portrait painted by Spurgeon Tucker. In July 1957, she promoted the book by appearing on Mike Wallace's TV show The Mike Wallace Interview. Her statements included: “At the moment, I don’t drink. I hope to be able, one day, in perhaps the near future [or] the very distant future, to be able to drink like a normal human being. That may never be possible.”

The following year, Warner Bros. released a movie version of Too Much, Too Soon starring Dorothy Malone as Barrymore and Errol Flynn as her father. The film was not a success with critics or moviegoers.

Personal life and death
Barrymore was married to, and divorced from, actor Bramwell Fletcher and tennis player John Howard. Her last marriage was to actor Robert Wilcox. The marriage to Wilcox ended in June 1955 when he died of a heart attack at the age of 44, while traveling by train.

Barrymore died on January 25, 1960, and she is interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York, next to her mother. Her death has been attributed to a drug overdose, but her autopsy failed to find a cause of death and found no indication of overdose.

Television

 * The Diana Barrymore Show (1949) (*cancelled as she didn't show up)
 * The Ed Sullivan Show (1950?)
 * The Mike Wallace Interview (1957)
 * New York Noir: Entertainment Press Conference (1957)
 * The Ben Hecht Show (1958)
 * Irv Kupcinet Show (1959)

title: Diana Barrymore


text:
Topanga Fire

The Topanga Fire was a wildfire that ignited on September 28, 2005, in the Santa Susana Mountains, to the northwest of Chatsworth and the San Fernando Valley in Southern California.

History
The Topanga Fire burned a total of 24175 acre, injured 31 people, and cost $15.8 million to fight. The wildfire grew to more than 16,000 acres (65 km2) in 2 days, threatening homes, natural resources, power lines, and communications equipment in the Simi Hills, in eastern Ventura County, as well as the Conejo Valley region north of the Santa Monica Mountains.

Experts foresaw the problem as Southern California entered the hottest part of the fire season, with the land covered in brush that grew after the heaviest rains in over 100 years. Although the wind, dry conditions, and steep terrain made the work of firefighters difficult, the loss of property had been low (as of early October); according to news reports from Friday, September 30, one home and handful of outbuildings had been lost. Mandatory evacuations were in place, involving at least 1,500 residents of the area.

On October 2, 2005, over 17,000 acres (69 km2) were burned. Furthermore, only 5% of the blaze was estimated to have been contained by the approximately 3,000 firefighters battling it. On October 6, the Topanga Fire was 100% contained, after it had expanded to 24175 acre.

title: Topanga Fire


text:
Lützow-Holm Bay

Lützow-Holm Bay is a large bay, about 120 nmi wide, indenting the coast of Queen Maud Land in Antarctica between Riiser-Larsen Peninsula and the coastal angle immediately east of the Flatvaer Islands. It was discovered by Captain Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen in two airplane flights from his expedition vessel, the Norvegia, on February 21 and 23, 1931. The name honours Commander Finn Lützow-Holm of the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service, a pilot for Captain Riiser-Larsen on the Aagaard in 1935.

Named features
Several features in and around Lützow-Holm Bay have been charted and named by various expeditions and survey groups, particularly a number of smaller bays indenting its shores. Unless otherwise specified, the following features were mapped and given Norwegian language names by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition (LCE) of 1936–37. Many other features were given Japanese language names by personnel from Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition headquarters, following the JARE expeditions of 1957–62.

West shore
The Riiser-Larsen Peninsula is a large rocky peninsula forming the western portal to Lützow-Holm Bay. It also marks the separation of the Princess Ragnhild Coast from the Prince Harald Coast, which encompasses the entire bay, ending at its east entrance. The peninsula was named after Captain Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen, who discovered the peninsula in a flight from the Norvegia on February 21, 1931. JARE applied names to two large rocks and a point on the peninsula: Kita-karamete Rock ("north back gate rock"), Minami-karamete Rock ("south back gate rock"), and Karamete Point ("back gate point").

Fletta Bay ("the braid") is a smaller bay which indents the southwest shore of Lützow-Holm Bay. Nearby Innhovde Point ("inner knoll") is a lone bare rock point within it. On the east side of the bay stands Såta Nunatak ("the haystack"), with Kista Nunatak just 0.5 nmi south.

Southeast of Fletta is ice-covered Botnneset Peninsula ("bottom promontory"). Its rocky western portion is called the Vesthovde Headland ("west knoll"), and its elevated eastern portion is called Austhovde Headland ("east hillock"). At the base of Botnneset Peninsula are two exposed rocks called the Kattaugo Rocks ("cat's eyes"). At the centre of the peninsula is an isolated nunatak, Veslestabben Nunatak ("little stump").

Djupvika ("deep bay") deeply indents the western shore between Botnneset and, to the east, Djupvika Point and Djupvikneset Peninsula. The rocky Berrnabbane Crags ("bare crags") line its southeast side. High, ice-covered Djupvikneset Peninsula ("deep-bay ness") is named in association with the bay. On its north side are the four Yotsume Rocks ("rock with four eyes"), named by JARE.

Southern shore
The narrow southernmost portion of Lützow-Holm Bay is another smaller bay, called Havsbotn, meaning "sea bottom". South of the head of Havsbotn is a rock summit, Botnnuten. On the eastern shore of Havsbotn, the Ystekleppane Rocks ("outermost lumps") protrude through the ice. Shirase Glacier enters the bay at this point. Along the east side of Havsbotn is Insteodden Point ("innermost point").

A low series of bare rock hills called Strandnebba, "the shore beak," extends along the south shore of Lützow-Holm Bay for 1.5 mi. One nautical mile (1.9 km) northeast stands Vesleknausen Rock ("tiny crag"), 110 m high. 3 nmi northeast, a headland called Rundvågs Head stands 160 m high, marking the southwest margin of Rundvåg Bay. Rundvåg Bay is a rounded embayment, the south part of which is occupied by a glacier tongue. On the east side of the bay are the Rundvågs Hills, a group of bare rock hills. Both the Hills and the Head are named for their association to the Rundvåg Bay, Rundvåg meaning "round bay". A bare rock headland called Berr Point ("bare point") sits 4 nmi northeast of the hills.

The next major group of features begins with Sudare Rock, a coastal rock whose name, meaning "bamboo blinds rock", was issued by JARE. To the east is Skallevik Point, which marks the northwest end of the Skallevikhalsen Hills, a line of bare rock hills that fringe the southeast shore of Lützow-Holm Bay for 4 nmi. Just east lies Skallevika, a small bay. Continuing east, Kado Point, named "corner point" by JARE, marks the western extremity of the Skallen Hills, an area of bare rock coastal hills. On the northeast side of the hills is Oshiage Beach ("raised beach"), named by JARE. East of the Skallen Hills, Magoke Point, named by JARE, projects into an inlet separating the hills from Skallen Glacier, which flows into the bay. Skallen Hills was presumably named by LCE personnel because the outline of the feature on a Norwegian map was suggestive of a skull. These remainder of the nearby features were all named descriptively in association with the hills, such as Skallevika, meaning "skull bay", and Skallevikhalsen, meaning "skull bay neck".

East shore
On Lützow-Holm Bay's east coast, the bare rocky hill Telen Hill ("frozen crust") stands between Skallen Glacier and Telen Glacier. Kjukevåg Bay indents the coast between the seaward projection of Telen Glacier and the coast just northward, Kjuka Headland ("the lump"), which stands 300 m high. Trilling Bay ("triplet bay") sits just north of this.

The extensive Skarvsnes Foreland, surmounted by bare rock peaks and indented by several coves, protrudes into the east part of the bay north of Trilling Bay. The Honnør Glacier flows into the sea east of it, north of the Byvågåsane Peaks.

North of that, still on the east shore, a small bight called Breidvåg Bight ("broad bay") indents the coast just west of Breidvågnipa Peak. Its north point, just southwest of Mount Hiroe, is called Hiroe Point ("broad bay point"). Continuing north, a bare rock headland called Hamnenabben Head ("harbor crag") marks the south shore of Hamna Bay, with the Systerflesene Islands to the west in the water. Immediately east of Hamnenabben Head, Hamna Icefall descends to the south end of Hamna Bay. The icefall was named by JARE in association with Hamna Bay.

Continuing east, the next major feature is the Langhovde Hills, bordered on the west by Hamna Bay and the east by Hovde Bay. The Langhovde Glacier flows north from the east side of the hills into Hovde Bay.

Islands
Islands and island groups within Lützow-Holm Bay:

 * Azuki Island
 * Benten Island
 * East Ongul Island
 * Einstødingen Island
 * Flatvaer Islands
 * Flein Island
 * Hjart Island
 * Indrehovdeholmen
 * Kaname Island
 * Minamo Island
 * Mitsudomoe Islands
 * Nabbøya
 * Nesholmen Island
 * Nøkkelholmane Islands
 * Oyayubi Island
 * Padda Island
 * Revsnes Island
 * Rumpa Island
 * Sigaren Islands
 * Systerflesene Islands
 * Trilling Islands
 * Ungane Islands
 * Ytrehovdeholmen Island

title: Lützow-Holm Bay


text:
User:Stev0

Stev0 is Steve Berlin (no relation to the Steve Berlin in Los Lobos).

title: User:Stev0


text:
Time Reading Program

The Time Reading Program (TRP) was a book sales club run by Time–Life, the publisher of Time magazine, from 1962 through 1966. Time was known for its magazines, and nonfiction book series' published under the Time-Life imprint, while the TRP books were reprints of an eclectic set of literature, both classic and contemporary, as well as nonfiction works and topics in history. The books were chosen by National Book Award judge Max Gissen, the chief book reviewer for Time from 1947 until the TRP began in 1962.

The books themselves were published by Time Inc. and followed a specific format across their widely varying subject matter. The editions were trade paperbacks, with covers constructed of very stiff plastic-coated paper, for durability. The books were eight inches tall, just less than an inch taller than a standard mass-market or "rack" paperback. Each book had a wraparound cover with a continuous piece of artwork across both covers and the spine, generally a painting by a contemporary artist, commissioned specifically for the TRP edition. The TRP covers attracted a measure of acclaim at the time. According to Time, 19 TRP covers were cited in 1964 for awards from The American Institute of Graphic Arts, Commercial Art Magazine and the Society of Illustrators guild. Typography and other printing credits were given in a colophon on the end pages, in the manner of sophisticated publishing houses like Alfred A. Knopf. The William Addison Dwiggins typeface Caledonia was typically used. The logo for the series was in format of a monogram, " R T P ", enclosed in a rounded slightly rectangular box.

While not, strictly speaking, original publications, most of the TRP books had unique introductions written by various scholars specifically for the TRP edition. In a few cases, the texts had also been revised by the authors to create a definitive edition, and did not constitute abridgement.

Subscribers to the TRP typically received four books a month, though some books arrived as multi-volume sets. Included with shipments was a small newsletter describing the books and why they were chosen.

Time revived the program in the early 1980s, with many of the same titles.

==Series bibliography ==

(Books listed by year of reprint publication. Original publication date not given. Authors who provided their own introductions are indicated with an "‡")

1962

 * The American Character, D. W. Brogan
 * The Power and the Glory, Graham Greene‡
 * Reveille in Washington, Margaret Leech
 * The Worldly Philosophers, Robert L. Heilbroner
 * Mister Johnson, Joyce Cary, introduction by V.S. Pritchett, cover by James Spanfeller
 * King Solomon's Ring, Konrad Lorenz, foreword by Julian Huxley
 * The Reason Why, Cecil Woodham-Smith, Introduction by Gordon A. Craig
 * The Crime of Galileo, Giorgio de Santillana
 * The Ox-Bow Incident, Walter Van Tilburg Clark
 * Walden, Henry David Thoreau, cover by James Spanfeller
 * The River and the Gauntlet, S. L. A. Marshall
 * Admiral of the Ocean Sea a life of Christopher Columbus, vol 1 and 2, Samuel Eliot Morison
 * The Plague, Albert Camus
 * Burmese Days, George Orwell
 * Shakespeare, Ivor Brown
 * Notre Dame of Paris, Allan Temko
 * The Great Crash 1929, John Kenneth Galbraith
 * Lanterns and Lances, James Thurber
 * The Universe and Dr. Einstein, Lincoln Barnett
 * The Trial of Dr. Adams, Sybille Bedford
 * Darkness at Noon, Arthur Koestler
 * The Immense Journey, Loren Eiseley
 * The Story of Philosophy, Will Durant

1963

 * Karl Marx: His Life and Environment, Isaiah Berlin, introduction by Robert Heilbroner
 * The Martian Chronicles, Ray Bradbury, introduction by Fred Hoyle
 * Apes, Angels, and Victorians, William Irvine, introduction by Sir Julian Huxley, cover design by Richard Rosenblum
 * The Late George Apley, John P. Marquand
 * The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, B. Traven
 * The Devil in Massachusetts, Starkey
 * The Lost Weekend, Charles Jackson
 * The Bridge of San Luis Rey, Thornton Wilder
 * Lions, Harts, Leaping Does and Other Stories, Powers
 * The Greek Way, Edith Hamilton
 * In Defense of Women, H.L. Mencken
 * The Screwtape Letters, Lewis
 * One Day In the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
 * Out of Africa, Dinesen
 * The True Believer, Hoffer
 * Brave New World, Aldous Huxley
 * A High Wind in Jamaica, Hughes
 * All the King's Men, Robert Penn Warren
 * The American Presidency, Clinton Rossiter
 * In Flanders Fields, Leon Wolff

1964

 * Mistress to an Age: A life of Madame de Staël, J. Christopher Herold
 * Christ Stopped at Eboli, Carlo Levi
 * The Bridge Over the River Kwai, Pierre Boulle and Xan Fielding
 * Eastern Approaches, Fitzroy Maclean
 * The Big Sky, A. B. Guthrie
 * Saints and Strangers, George F. Willison
 * The Sea And The Jungle, H.M. Tomlinson
 * The Sword in the Stone, White
 * A Preface to Morals, Lippmann
 * A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce
 * Memento Mori, Muriel Spark
 * Murder for Profit, Bolitho
 * The Beast of the Haitian Hills, Marcelin
 * The Roots of Heaven, Romain Gary
 * Elizabeth the Great, Jenkins
 * Bend Sinister, Vladimir Nabokov‡
 * The Forest and the Sea, Marston Bates
 * John Paul Jones, Morison
 * Three Men in a Boat, Jerome K. Jerome
 * Three Who Made a Revolution, Volume 1, Bertram D. Wolfe
 * Three Who Made a Revolution, Volume 2, Bertram D. Wolfe
 * The Education of Henry Adams, Volume 1, Henry Adams
 * The Education of Henry Adams, Volume 2, Henry Adams
 * Doctor and the Devils, Dylan Thomas

1965

 * I, Claudius: From the autobiography of Tiberius Claudius, born B.C. 10, murdered and deified A.D. 54, Robert Graves
 * The Edge of Day: A Boyhood In The West of England, Laurie Lee, drawings by John Ward
 * Attending Marvels: A Patagonian Journal, George Gaylord Simpson
 * Logbook For Grace:Whaling Brig Daisy 1912-1913, Robert Cushman Murphy
 * The Wapshot Chronicle, John Cheever
 * Three Came Home, Agnes Newton Keith
 * Napoleon's Russian campaign, Philippe-Paul Seìoui
 * Animal Farm, George Orwell
 * Kabloona, Gontran de Poncins
 * Disraeli, Maurois
 * Bread and Wine, Ignazio Silone
 * Fancies and Goodnights, John Collier
 * The Member of the Wedding, Carson McCullers
 * The Great Rehearsal, Carl Van Doren
 * The Horse's Mouth, Joyce Cary
 * Delilah, Goodrich
 * The Day of the Locust, Nathanael West
 * The Voice at the Back Door, Spencer
 * Naked to Mine Enemies: Volume 1, Ferguson
 * Naked to Mine Enemies: Volume 2, Ferguson
 * The Sea of Grass, Conrad Richter
 * Bring Out Your Dead, Powell
 * Wind, Sand and Stars, Saint-Exupéry
 * Man and the Living World, Von Frisch
 * Cider With Rosie, Laurie Lee

1966

 * The Decline of Pleasure, Walter Kerr, introduction by Phyllis McGinley
 * The Natural, Bernard Malamud, cover design by Karl W. Stücklen, introduction by Roger Angell
 * Wickford Point, John P. Marquand, introduction by Edward Weeks
 * Watchers at the Pond, Franklin Russell, illustrations by Robert W. Arnold, introduction by Gerald Durrell
 * Till We Have Faces, Lewis
 * When the Cheering Stopped: The last years of Woodrow Wilson, Gene Smith
 * Cross Creek, Rawlings
 * The Man of the Renaissance, Roeder
 * The Financial Expert, R.K. Narayan
 * Stalingrad, Theodor Plievier
 * The New Meaning of Treason, Rebecca West
 * Richer by Asia, Edmond Taylor
 * Poet's Choice, edited by Paul Engle and Joseph Langland
 * In Hazard, Hughes
 * The Leopard, Giuseppe di Lampedusa
 * A Coffin for King Charles, Wedgwood

title: Time Reading Program


text:
Freund

Freund (German for friend) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Family names

 * August Freund, an Austrian chemist
 * Freund reaction, discovered in 1881 by August Freund
 * Bernhard II. Erich Freund, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1800–1882)
 * Carl (William Freund) Walther (1858–1915), a German gunsmith
 * Caroline Freund, American economist
 * Christine Freund, a shooting victim
 * Christoph Freund, Austrian football manager and former footballer
 * Deborah Anne Freund, president of Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, California
 * Don Freund (born 1947, Pittsburgh), an American composer and Professor of Composition
 * Ðuro Freund, a Yugoslav Olympic fencer
 * Ernst Freund (1864–1932), American legal scholar
 * Etelka Freund (1879–1977), a Hungarian pianist
 * Lawrence Joseph "Frank" Freund (1875–1933), a Major League Baseball catcher
 * Gisèle Freund (1912–2000), photographer
 * Hildegard Freund (1883–1933), Austrian politician and social campaigner
 * Hugo Freund Sonnenschein, a prominent American economist and educational administrator
 * James Freund (1946–1976) American unsolved murder victim
 * Jacob Lincoln Freund (1918–2010), an American stage-, television- and film actor
 * Jim Freund, a radio personality
 * John Christian Freund (1848–1924), co-founder of Music Trades magazine in New York City
 * Jonas Charles Hermann Freund (1808–1879), Austrian-British physician
 * Jules T. Freund (1890–1960), immunologist
 * Karl Freund (1890–1969), cinematographer and film director
 * Kurt Freund (1914–1996), physician and sexologist
 * Leopold Freund (1868–1943), a Jewish Austrian radiologist
 * Marya Freund (1876–1966), French soprano
 * Michael Freund (disambiguation):
 * Michael Freund (historian)
 * Michael Freund (activist), founder and chairman of the Jewish organization Shavei Israel

 * Moshe Aryeh Freund (1894–1996), the Chief Rabbi (av beis din) of the Edah HaChareidis in Jerusalem
 * Otto Kahn-Freund (1900–1979), professor of comparative law
 * Oliver Freund (born 1970), German footballer
 * Paul A. Freund (1908–1992), American jurist and law professor
 * Petra Schürmann-Freund (1933–2010), a German model, TV announcer, and actress
 * Renate Freund (born 1939), German author
 * Severin Freund, German ski jumper
 * Steffen Freund (born 1970), German footballer
 * Steve Freund (born 1952, Brooklyn), a blues guitarist, vocalist, bandleader and record producer
 * Tom Freund, American singer-songwriter
 * Wilhelm Freund (1806–1894), German philologist and lexicographer
 * Wilhelm Alexander Freund (1833–1917), a German gynecologist
 * Wilhelm Salomon Freund (1831–1915), a Jewish German lawyer and politician
 * Yoav Freund, a researcher and professor at the University of California

Freundt

 * Tracy Freundt, a Peruvian model

Other

 * Freund's adjuvant, an immune system booster used in some vaccines
 * Der Amerikanische Freund, a 1977 film by Wim Wenders
 * Der Freund ("The Friend"), a literary magazine published by Axel Springer AG
 * Lied für einen Freund ("Song For A Friend"), the German entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1988
 * Andy mein Freund, the debut single by German singer Sandra (released in 1976)
 * Freund-Heintz House, a registered historic building in Cincinnati, Ohio
 * Freund Publishing House, a publishing company
 * Freund–Rubin compactification
 * Killinger and Freund Motorcycle, an attempt in 1935 by a group of 5 German engineers

title: Freund


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Talk:Democratic Party (Albania)

Here's a piece explaining the PD - PDr - PDSH confusion:. Apparently PD-r had registered the name PD, and PD had to take PDSH. Now it seems PDSH is running elections as PD and PD-r as PDR. --Soman 17:42, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Democratic Party (Albania)