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Five Boroughs of the Danelaw

The Five Boroughs or The Five Boroughs of the Danelaw were the five main towns of Danish Mercia (what is now the East Midlands) under Danelaw. These were Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford. The first four later became county towns.

Establishment and rule
Viking raids on England began in the late 8th century, and were largely of the "hit and run" variety. However, in 865 various Viking armies combined and landed in East Anglia, not to raid but to conquer the four Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. The annals described the combined force as the "Great Heathen Army". In 871, the Vikings' campaign was reinforced when the Great Summer Army arrived from Scandinavia.

In 874, following their winter stay in Repton (in present-day Derbyshire), the Great Heathen Army drove King Burgred of Mercia into exile and conquered Mercia; the Vikings replaced the exiled Mercian king with King Ceolwulf II of Mercia. According to Alfred the Great's biographer, Asser, the Vikings then split into two bands. Halfdan led one band north to Northumbria. The Vikings returned in 877 to partition Mercia: the west of the kingdom went to Ceolwulf II, whilst in the east the Five Boroughs began as the fortified burhs of five Danish armies who settled the area and established the Danelaw, the area where their native law and customs prevailed.

Each of the Five Boroughs was ruled as a Danish jarldom, controlling lands around a fortified burh, which served as the centre of political power. The rulers were probably initially subject to their overlords in the Viking Kingdom of Jorvik (or York) and operated their armies sometimes independently but often in alliance with the rulers of their neighbours. In addition to the Five Boroughs there were also a number of very large Danish settlements to the south, including Northampton and Bedford, which existed in a similar fashion.

Derby
Old Norse: Djúra-bý. Although the area was settled by Danes from 877, it was not under English threat until 913 when Lady Aethelflaed of Mercia campaigned deep into Danish territory and established a burh at nearby Tamworth. In 917 Aethelflaed launched her first offensive foray and selected the fortress at Derby as her target. At that time the local ruler had probably joined with the armies from Northampton and Leicester in a number of raids to attack Mercia. Aethelflaed took advantage of the weakened burh, and successfully assaulted the town in July 917; the whole region subsequently being annexed into English Mercia.

The Danes might well have established their military headquarters on the former Roman fort of Derventio. This 6 acre rectangular fort would have given the burh the equivalent of c. 500 hides. The Vikings had camped at nearby Repton in 874, and had abandoned it a year later after suffering significantly from disease during their stay (leading to the discovery of a grave containing 245 bodies).

Leicester
Leicester became one of the more formidable Danish burhs; the local ruler combined his army with that of Northampton and raided the West Saxon territories of Bedfordshire and Oxfordshire in 913, and defied King Edward the Elder to besiege the West Saxon burh of Hertford. This provoked Aethelflaed to move her armies up to the fringes of Danish-occupied territory around Leicester in 914 and to construct a burh at Warwick. In July 917, as part of a three-pronged assault, the combined forces of Leicester and Northampton, and possibly Derby, laid siege to the Mercian burh at Towcester. Though isolated by the loss of Derby and Northampton later that year, the Mercian army returned in early 918 to ravage the local countryside, and as a result the fortress surrendered peacefully to Aethelflaed's troops.

Relieved of English rule by King Olaf of York in 941, the King of the English, Edmund I besieged the Viking army at Leicester the same year. Olaf and his advisor Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York, both escaped and the siege was lifted after a peace negotiation ceded the Five Boroughs to the Kingdom of York. Jarl Orm, the likely ruler of Leicester at the time (and who attested charters between 930 and 958) married his daughter Aldgyth to King Olaf later that year to cement the alliance. The burh might have made use of the walls of the Roman Leicester (Ratae Corieltauvorum), of approx 7800 ft (c. 1900 hides).

Lincoln
The burh at Lincoln guarded the route between Wessex and York, and was protected from much of the Anglo-Danish fighting due to its isolated location. The Lincoln Danes settled the area formerly occupied by the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey, where the Vikings had previously overwintered in the nearby fortress of Torksey in Lindsey from 873 to 874. Lincoln probably surrendered in 918 following the capitulation of all the Danish territories on the border of Mercia and Wessex. As a former Roman legionary town, the burh probably based its walls on the old fortress of 41 acres (c.1300 hides).

Nottingham
The Viking army under Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson first occupied Nottingham in 868 and subsequently set up winter quarters there. Burgred and his West Saxon allies laid siege, but made peace and allowed the Vikings to retreat after little serious fighting in 869. Danish reoccupation and settlement began in 877, and lasted until the assault by King Edward of Wessex in the summer of 918. Edward constructed a second burh on the opposite side of the Trent in 920 to further fortify the area from Danish attack. Saxon Nottingham was known to have covered about 39 acres, which may have put the burh at c. 1300 hides.

Stamford
The West Saxon Ealdorman Aethelnoth invaded the area around Stamford in the summer of 894, but the town was not besieged and Danish rule remained unaffected. The end came when King Edward assaulted Stamford in late May 918 and the burh soon fell to the army of Wessex. Later that year Edward built a second burh on the south side of the River Welland. From Roffe, the ramparts of the northern burh might have been of approx 3100 ft (c. 750 hides), and the Edwardian burh of around 2700 ft (c. 650 hides).

The Danish burhs to the south
The following burhs were not part of the Five Boroughs, but were Danish settled towns with large armies and ruled in a similar manner. These Danes often acted in alliance with those of the Five Boroughs and the Danish King of East Anglia.

Northampton
First recorded invading newly ceded Mercian territories with their allies in 913, the Northampton Danes were initially very successful. However, on their return they were defeated by local Mercian forces near Luton, losing many horses and weapons. In December 914, their strength was further depleted when a number of Northampton Danes submitted to Edward at Bedford. With the loss of Derby and East Anglia and the advance of King Edward, their ruler, Jarl Thurferth, and the men of Northampton and Cambridge submitted to the West Saxons in 917. Thurferth remained the client ruler, and attested four charters of King Æthelstan dated between 930 and 934.

Northampton was later incorporated in the enlarged Earldom of East Anglia under Æthelstan Half-King in the 930s. In 941, then in the hands of the Mercians, Northampton faced an unsuccessful siege by King Olaf of York. The 'army' of Northampton was still in existence in 984 when they were recorded witnessing the sale of land. The size of the Anglo-Danish burh at Northampton has been estimated to have ramparts 3000 ft in length (equivalent to c. 700 hides), making it one of the smaller Danish burhs.

Bedford
The Danish burh was first under threat from the advance of the West Saxon army in 914. In November that year Bedford was surrounded in a pincer movement by Edward, and the ruling Jarl Thurketel submitted with all of his followers. Edward returned in November 915 to the Danish-held fortress, this time taking direct control of it and building a second burh on the south bank of the River Ouse. Thurketel then became Edward's client, until he permitted the Danish ruler to leave with his followers for France in the summer of 916. In July 917 the Danish East Anglian army advanced to Tempsford and launched an attack to recover Bedford. The Danish army was defeated and put to flight. It was later incorporated into the enlarged Earldom of East Anglia in the early 10th century.

Huntingdon
The Danes of Huntingdon were allies with the East Anglian Danes when they advanced to Tempsford and built a new fortress in July 917. From here, the joint army attempted to recover the recently fallen burh at Bedford, but were severely defeated and put to flight by the English garrison. The burh was occupied by the Edward's West Saxon army shortly afterwards.

Cambridge
Cambridge was first occupied by the Danes under kings Guthrum, Osketel and Anwend in 875, whose armies took up quarters there over the winter. In 911 it was first threatened by Edward, who built an opposing burh at Hertford. With the fall of Huntingdon, it left Cambridge the last independent host on which Danish East Anglia could rely, however the tide had turned and the Danes of Cambridge submitted to Edward in late 917.

Anglo-Saxon and Danish reconquest
Danish rule of the Five Boroughs was lost following the English reconquests under Æthelflæd of Mercia and Edward the Elder of Wessex during 916 and 917. The area was subsequently ruled by the Earls of Mercia until King Olaf of York reoccupied the five former Danish burhs following a major offensive in 941, perhaps assisted by local Danish leaders. Danish rule was not restored for long before King Edmund recovered the Five Boroughs in 942.

It is at this time the Five Boroughs are first recorded in an English poem known as the Capture of the Five Boroughs. For many years afterwards the Five Boroughs were a separate and well defined area of the country where rulers sought support from its leaders, including Swein Forkbeard who gained the submission of the Five Boroughs in 1013, before going on to attack London.

In 1015 there is a unique reference to the 'Seven Boroughs', which might have been included Torksey and York.

Earldom of the Five Boroughs
Following Danish conquest in 1016, Earl Sired succeeded to the newly created Earldom of the Five Boroughs under King Canute in 1019. By 1035 the Earldom had been subsumed into that of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, and it was to form a formal administrative unit long into the future.

title: Five Boroughs of the Danelaw


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TVOKids

TVOkids (stylized as tvokids) is the brand for most of the children's programming aired by TVO (formerly TVOntario) in Canada. It was launched on April 1, 1994, and runs from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. daily. The brand also operates two 24-hour online live streams, one that features regular TVOkids programming (simulcast with broadcast television), and another dedicated to its original series PAW Patrol. These channels are targeted at ages from 2 to 11.

Hosts
Since its inception in 1994, TVOKids has had numerous hosts. In chronological order, the hosts of TVOKids were: Patty Sullivan, Kevin Brauch, Joseph Motiki, Rekha Shah, Gisèle Corinthios, Julie Zwillich, Phil McCordic, Julie Patterson, Nicole Stamp, Milton Barnes, Jackie English, Mark Sykes, Ryan Field, Kara Harun, Drew Dafoe, Dalmar Abuzeid, Cassius (Cass) Crieghtney, Melissa Peters, Daniel Fernandes, Mickeey Nguyen, Lucas Meeuse, Laura Commisso, Greg Liow, Monica Brighton, Matt Nethersole and Maryanne Oketch.

The current hosts are Monica Brighton, Matt Nethersole, Maryanne Oketch and Laura Commisso.

That TVO Kids Show
That TVO Kids Show launched on August 26, 2019. It was hosted by Laura and Lucas. It broadcasts live daily. During each episode, a different code is given to the audience then going to live stream via webcam or phone for the day's topics or feature showcase.

That TVO Kids Show ended on April 8, 2022, replaced with reruns of various shows from TVO's library.

In October 2022, That TVOKids Show was replaced by digital-first series KnowBrainers.

School Age
School Age (formerly known as The Crawlspace and The Space) is the name of the afterschool programming block. It airs nonstop episodes of various series with a host block between each episode. The Crawlspace launched on April 4, 1994, and was originally hosted by Patty Sullivan and Kevin Brauch. School Age airs daily. It is hosted by Matt Nethersole, Laura Commisso, and Monica Brighton.

Preschool
TVOKids' preschool block, (formerly The Nook and Gisèle's Big Backyard), airs weekdays. It includes interstitial segments hosted by Gisèle Corinthios and several puppets, including Sticks the Squirrel (Jason Hopley), Jay the Blue Jay (Ali Eisner), Melvin the Skunk (Marty Stelnick), This (Ryan Field), That (Frank Meschkuleit), and Polkaroo. Polkaroo's trio of "Polka Dot Door Friends" Dumpty, Humpty, and Marigold also appear in smaller-than-human doll size rather than larger-than-human suits. This is their first re-appearance since Polka Dot Shorts ended in 2001.

TVO ended production of new Gisele's Big Backyard segments in May 2016.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: TVOKids


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Peanut allergy

Peanut allergy is a type of food allergy to peanuts. It is different from tree nut allergies, because peanuts are legumes and not true nuts. Physical symptoms of allergic reaction can include itchiness, hives, swelling, eczema, sneezing, asthma attack, abdominal pain, drop in blood pressure, diarrhea, and cardiac arrest. Anaphylaxis may occur. Those with a history of asthma are more likely to be severely affected.

It is due to a type I hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system in susceptible individuals. The allergy is recognized "as one of the most severe food allergies due to its prevalence, persistency, and potential severity of allergic reaction."

Prevention may be partly achieved through early introduction of peanuts to the diets of pregnant women and babies. It is recommended that babies at high risk be given peanut products in areas where medical care is available as early as 4 months of age. The principal treatment for anaphylaxis is the injection of epinephrine.

A 2021 study found that prevalence of peanut allergy was 1.4–2% in Europe and the United States, increasing 3.5-fold over the past two decades. Among children in the Western world, rates of peanut allergy are between approximately 1.5% and 3% and have increased over time. It is a common cause of food-related fatal and near-fatal allergic reactions.

Signs and symptoms

Most symptoms of peanut allergy are related to the action of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and other anaphylatoxins which act to release histamine and other mediator substances from mast cells (degranulation). In addition to other effects, histamine induces vasodilation of arterioles and constriction of bronchioles in the lungs, also known as bronchospasm. Symptoms can also include mild itchiness, hives, angioedema, facial swelling, rhinitis, vomiting, diarrhea, acute abdominal pain, exacerbation of atopic eczema, asthma, and cardiac arrest. Anaphylaxis may occur.

Cross-reactivity with other food allergies
People with confirmed peanut allergy may have cross-reactivity to tree nut, soy, and other legumes, such as peas and lentils and lupinus. The cause of cross-reactivity results from similarity in the structures of storage proteins between the food sources. Allergenic proteins are grouped by protein families: cupins, prolamins, profilin and others. Peanuts and soybeans have proteins in the cupin, prolamin, and profilin families, while lentils contain cupin proteins. Reviews of human clinical trials report that 6–40% of people with a confirmed peanut allergy will have allergic symptoms when challenged with tree nuts or legumes.

Causes
Oral consumption is the most common route of exposure, but topical (skin) and inhalation can also trigger minor allergic reactions. There are at least 11 peanut proteins identified as allergenic. The condition is associated with several specific proteins categorized according to four common food allergy superfamilies: Cupin (Ara h 1), Prolamin (Ara h 2, 6, 7, 9), Profilin (Ara h 5), and Bet v-1-related proteins (Ara h 8). Among these peanut allergens, Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 and Ara h 6 are considered to be major allergens which means that they trigger an immunological response in more than 50% of the allergic population. These peanut allergens mediate an immune response via release of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody as part of the allergic reaction.

Some of the peanut allergens can undergo enzymatic and non-enzymatic modifications which makes them more likely to bind to ligands on antigen-presenting cells. Ara h 1 can undergo glycosylation modifications which have been shown to induce immunomodulatory responses; it stimulates lectin receptors MR and DC-SIGN on dendritic cells which further propagate cytokines and bias the immune system towards a Th2 type response. Peanut proteins that undergo non-enzymatic changes through Maillard reactions when cooked or exposed to room temperature have an increase in AGE modifications on their structure. These changes have been shown to stimulate RAGE receptors and SR-AI/II on dendritic cells and thus lead to an increase in IL-4 and IL-5-releasing Th2 cells.

Peanut allergies are uncommon in children of undeveloped countries where peanut products have been used to relieve malnutrition. The hygiene hypothesis proposes that the relatively low incidence of childhood peanut allergies in undeveloped countries is a result of exposure to peanuts early in life, increasing immune capability. A possibility of cross-reaction to soy was dismissed by an analysis finding no linkage to consumption of soy protein, and indicated that appearance of any linkage is likely due to preference to using soy milk among families with known milk allergies.

Desensitization through exposure
In infants with a family history of peanut allergy, consuming peanut proteins at 4 to 11 months old has been shown to reduce the risk of developing an allergic response by 11–25%. From these results, the American Academy of Pediatrics rescinded their recommendation to delay exposure to peanuts in children, also stating there is no reason to avoid peanuts during pregnancy or breastfeeding. A later study by the National Institutes of Health provided further evidence supporting this. The study involved giving children diagnosed as "high allergic" small portions of peanut flour daily for several years, with some children randomly assigned placebo flour. The results were 71% of the children receiving peanut flour became desensitized to peanuts, while 2% receiving placebo flour became desensitized.

Diet during pregnancy
There is conflicting evidence on whether maternal diet during pregnancy has any effect on development of allergies due to a lack of good studies. A 2010 systematic review of clinical research indicated that there is insufficient evidence for whether maternal peanut exposure, or early consumption of peanuts by children, affects sensitivity for peanut allergy.

Routes of exposure

While the most obvious route for an allergic exposure is unintentional ingestion, some reactions are possible through external exposure. Peanut allergies are much more common in adults who had oozing and crusted skin rashes as infants. Sensitive children may react via ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact to peanut allergens which have persistence in the environment, possibly lasting over months.

Airborne particles in a farm- or factory-scale shelling or crushing environment, or from cooking, can produce respiratory effects in exposed allergic individuals. Empirical testing has discredited some reports of this type and shown some to be exaggerated. Residue on surfaces has been known to cause minor skin rashes, though not anaphylaxis. In The Peanut Allergy Answer Book, Harvard pediatrician Michael Young characterized this secondary contact risk to allergic individuals as rare and limited to minor symptoms. Some reactions have been noted to be psychosomatic in nature, the result of conditioning, and belief rather than a true chemical reaction. Blinded, placebo-controlled studies were unable to produce any reactions using the odor of peanut butter or its mere proximity.

Rarely, allergic reactions have been triggered by exposure from kissing and sexual contact, especially if the partner has eaten peanuts within the last hour. In 2005, a "kiss of death" was misreported as being due to peanut allergy; instead, the person died of an asthma attack after smoking.

Pathophysiology
The allergy arises due to dendritic cells recognizing peanut allergens as foreign pathogens. They present the antigens on MHC class II receptors and these antigens are recognized by cell receptors on T cells. The contact along with the release of the cytokine IL-4 induces their differentiation into CD4+ Th2 cells. The Th2 cells proliferate and release pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which can be bound to receptors on undifferentiated B cells or B cells of the IgM subtype. The receptor-cytokine binding causes their differentiation into IgE which can then be bound onto FcεRI on mast cells, eosinophils and basophils. This elicits degranulation of the aforementioned cells which release potent cytokines and chemokines, thus triggering inflammation and causing the symptoms characteristic of allergy.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of food allergies, including peanut allergy, begins with a medical history and physical examination. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) guidelines recommend that parent and patient reports of food allergy be confirmed by a doctor because "multiple studies demonstrate 50% to 90% of presumed food allergies are not allergies."

Skin prick testing
Skin prick tests can be used to confirm specific food allergies. Skin prick tests are designed to identify specific IgE bound to cutaneous mast cells. During the test, a glycerinated allergen extract drop is placed on the patient's skin. The patient's skin is then pricked through the drop. This procedure is repeated with two controls: a histamine drop designed to elicit an allergic response, and a saline drop designed to elicit no allergic response. The wheal that develops from the glycerinated extract drop is compared against the saline control. A positive allergic test is one in which the extract wheal is 3mm larger than the saline wheal. A positive skin prick test is about 50% accurate, so a positive skin prick test alone is not diagnostic of food allergies.

Oral food challenge
The "gold standard" of diagnostic tests is a double-blind placebo-controlled oral food challenge. At least two weeks prior to an oral food challenge, the person is placed on an elimination diet where the suspected allergen is avoided. During the oral food challenge, they are administered a full age-appropriate serving of a suspected allergen in escalating size increments. They are continuously monitored for allergic reaction during the test, and the challenge is stopped and treatment administered at the first objective sign of allergic reaction.

Oral food challenges pose risks. In a study of 584 oral food challenges administered to 382 patients, 48% (253) of challenges resulted in allergic reactions. 28% (72) of these challenges resulted in "severe" reactions, which were defined by the study as a patient having: lower respiratory symptoms; cardiovascular symptoms; or any four other, more minor, symptoms. Double-blind placebo-controlled oral food challenges are also time-consuming and require close medical supervision. Because of these drawbacks to the double-blind placebo-controlled oral food challenge, open food challenges are the most commonly used form of food challenge. Open food challenges are those in which a patient is fed an age-appropriate serving of a suspected food allergen in its natural form. The observation of objective symptoms resulting from ingestion of the food, such as vomiting or wheezing, is considered diagnostic of food allergy if the symptoms correlate with findings from the patient's medical history and laboratory testing such as the skin prick test.

Prevention
In 2017, the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases published revised guidelines for lowering the risk or preventing peanut allergies by creating separate ways to assess childhood allergies and guide parents with infants at high, moderate or low risk. The guidelines discussed how to introduce peanut foods to infants as early as 4 to 6 months of age, with the goal of preventing peanut allergy.

For high-risk children, the guide recommended that an allergy specialist assess a child's susceptibility, possibly involving peanut allergy testing, followed by gradual introduction of peanut foods under the supervision of an allergy specialist. Peanut allergy is confirmed only if there is a history of reactions to peanut consumption and by a positive allergy test. Moderate-risk children – who display an allergic reaction to peanut products with mild to moderate eczema – are typically not assessed in a clinic, but rather have peanut foods gradually provided to them at home by their parents, beginning at around age 6 months. The Learning Early About Peanut Allergy (LEAP) study supported by NIAID established that early introduction of peanut products into a child's diet can prevent – rather than only delay – the development of childhood peanut allergies, and that the effect is beneficial and lifelong.

Treatment

Treatment for accidental ingestion of peanut products by allergic individuals varies depending on the sensitivity of the person. An antihistamine such as diphenhydramine may be prescribed. Sometimes prednisone will be prescribed to prevent a possible late phase Type I hypersensitivity reaction. Severe allergic reactions (anaphalaxis) may require treatment with an epinephrine pen, which is an injection device designed to be used by a non-healthcare professional when emergency treatment is warranted.

As of 2021, there is no cure for peanut allergy other than strict avoidance of peanuts and peanut-containing foods. Extra care is needed for food consumed at or purchased from restaurants.

Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy involves attempts to reduce allergic sensitivity by repeated exposure to small amounts of peanut products. Evidence as of 2019, however, has found that it increases rather than decreases the risk of serious allergies. None of these are considered ready for use in people outside of carefully conducted trials. A 2012 Cochrane Review concluded that more research was needed. Sublingual immunotherapy involves putting gradually increasing doses of an allergy extract under a person's tongue. The extract is then either spat or swallowed. As of 2014, the evidence did not show that this was safe or effective. Epicutaneous immunotherapy involves giving the allergen through a patch and has also been researched.

In September 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted fast track designation, and in June 2015, granted breakthrough therapy designation to AR101 for peanut allergy in ages 4–17. AR101 was studied in the PALISADE international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

In September 2019, the Allergenic Products Advisory Committee (APAC) of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) voted to support the use of peanut allergen powder (Palforzia) for peanut allergy. The price has not been set as of September 2019, but is proposed to be between US$3,000 and US$20,000 per year.

In January 2020, peanut allergen powder was approved in the United States to mitigate allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, that may occur with accidental exposure to peanuts. Treatment with peanut allergen powder may be initiated in individuals ages four through 17 years with a confirmed diagnosis of peanut allergy and may be continued in individuals four years of age and older. Those who take peanut allergen powder must continue to avoid peanuts in their diets.

On 15 October 2020, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) issued a favourable opinion for Palforzia. This medicine will be available as an oral powder in capsules (0.5, 1, 10, 20 and 100 mg) and as an oral powder in sachets (300 mg).

Prognosis
Peanut allergies tend to resolve in childhood less often than allergies to soy, milk, egg, and wheat. Accordingly, re-evaluation of peanut allergy is recommended on a yearly basis for young children with favorable previous test results, and every few years or longer for older children and adults. A 2001 study showed that peanut allergy is outgrown in 22% of cases for people aged 4 to 20 years.

Epidemiology
The percentage of people with peanut allergies is approximately 0.6% in the United States. In a 2008 study, self-reported incidence of peanut allergy was estimated to affect 1.4% of children the United States, triple the 0.4% rate found in a 1997 study. In England, an estimated 4,000 people are newly diagnosed with peanut allergy every year, 25,700 having been diagnosed with peanut allergy at some point in their lives.

Peanut allergy is one of the most dangerous food allergies, and one of the least likely to be outgrown. In Western countries, the incidence of peanut allergy is between 1.5% and 3%. There has been a sudden increase in number of cases in the early 21st century.

It is one of the most common causes of food-related deaths. A meta-analysis found that death due to overall food-induced anaphylaxis was 1.8 per million person-years in people having food allergies, with peanut as the most common allergen. However, there are opinions that the measures taken in response to the threat may be an over-reaction out of proportion to the level of danger. Media sensationalism has been blamed for anxiety outweighing reality.

Frequency among adults and children is similar—around 1%—but one study showed self-reports of peanut allergy are on the rise in children in the United States. The number of young children self-reporting the allergy doubled between 1997 and 2002. Studies have found that self-reported rates of food allergies is higher than clinically observed rates of food allergies. The rates in self-reported incidence of the allergy, previously thought to be rare, may not be correlated with medical data confirming the self-reported incidence.

Society and culture
The high severity of peanut allergy reactions, as well as the increasing prevalence of peanut allergy in the Western world have led to widespread public attention. However, the perceived prevalence of food allergies in the public view is substantially higher than the actual prevalence of food allergies. Because peanut allergy awareness has increased, there are impacts on the quality of life for children, their parents and their immediate caregivers. In the United States, the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 causes people to be reminded of allergy problems every time they handle a food package, and restaurants have added allergen warnings to menus. The Culinary Institute of America, a premier school for chef training, has courses in allergen-free cooking and a separate teaching kitchen. School systems have protocols about what foods can be brought into the school. Despite all these precautions, people with serious allergies are aware that accidental exposure can still easily occur at other people's houses, at school or in restaurants. Food fear has a significant impact on quality of life. Finally, for children with allergies, their quality of life is also affected by actions of their peers. There is an increased occurrence of bullying, which can include threats or acts of deliberately being touched with foods they need to avoid or having their allergen-free food deliberately contaminated.

Labeling

In response to the risk that certain foods pose to those with food allergies, some countries have responded by instituting labeling laws that require food products to clearly inform consumers if their products contain major allergens or byproducts of major allergens among the ingredients intentionally added to foods. Nevertheless, there are no labeling laws to mandatory declare the presence of trace amounts in the final product as a consequence of cross-contamination, except in Brazil.

Ingredients intentionally added
In the United States, the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA), which became effective 1 January 2006, requires companies to disclose on the label whether a packaged food product contains any of these eight major food allergens, added intentionally: cow's milk, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, fish, tree nuts, soy and wheat. This list originated in 1999, from the World Health Organisation Codex Alimentarius Commission. To meet FALCPA labeling requirements, if an ingredient is derived from one of the required-label allergens, then it must either have its "food sourced name" in parentheses, for example "Casein (milk)," or as an alternative, there must be a statement separate but adjacent to the ingredients list: "Contains milk" (and any other of the allergens with mandatory labeling). The European Union requires listing for those eight major allergens plus molluscs, celery, mustard, lupin, sesame and sulfites.

FALCPA applies to packaged foods regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which does not include poultry, most meats, certain egg products, and most alcoholic beverages. However, some meat, poultry, and egg processed products may contain allergenic ingredients. These products are regulated by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), which requires that any ingredient be declared in the labeling only by its common or usual name. Neither the identification of the source of a specific ingredient in a parenthetical statement nor the use of statements to alert for the presence of specific ingredients, like "Contains: milk", are mandatory according to FSIS. FALCPA also does not apply to food prepared in restaurants. The EU Food Information for Consumers Regulation 1169/2011 – requires food businesses to provide allergy information on food sold unpackaged, for example, in catering outlets, deli counters, bakeries and sandwich bars.

In the United States, there is no federal mandate to address the presence of allergens in drug products. FALCPA does not apply to medicines nor to cosmetics.

Trace amounts as a result of cross-contamination
The value of allergen labeling other than for intentional ingredients is controversial. This concerns labeling for ingredients present unintentionally as a consequence of cross-contact or cross-contamination at any point along the food chain (during raw material transportation, storage or handling, due to shared equipment for processing and packaging, etc.). Experts in this field propose that if allergen labeling is to be useful to consumers, and healthcare professionals who advise and treat those consumers, ideally there should be agreement on which foods require labeling, threshold quantities below which labeling may be of no purpose, and validation of allergen detection methods to test and potentially recall foods that were deliberately or inadvertently contaminated.

Labeling regulations have been modified to provide for mandatory labeling of ingredients plus voluntary labeling, termed precautionary allergen labeling (PAL), also known as "may contain" statements, for possible, inadvertent, trace amount, cross-contamination during production. PAL labeling can be confusing to consumers, especially as there can be many variations on the wording of the warning. PAL is regulated only in Switzerland, Japan, Argentina, and South Africa. Argentina decided to prohibit precautionary allergen labeling since 2010, and instead puts the onus on the manufacturer to control the manufacturing process and label only those allergenic ingredients known to be in the products. South Africa does not permit the use of PAL, except when manufacturers demonstrate the potential presence of allergen due to cross-contamination through a documented risk assessment and despite adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice. In Australia and New Zealand there is a recommendation that PAL be replaced by guidance from VITAL 2.0 (Vital Incidental Trace Allergen Labeling). A review identified "the eliciting dose for an allergic reaction in 1% of the population" as ED01. This threshold reference dose for foods (such as cow's milk, egg, peanut and other proteins) will provide food manufacturers with guidance for developing precautionary labeling and give consumers a better idea of might be accidentally in a food product beyond "may contain." VITAL 2.0 was developed by the Allergen Bureau, a food industry sponsored, non-government organization. The European Union has initiated a process to create labeling regulations for unintentional contamination but is not expected to publish such before 2024.

In Brazil, since April 2016, the declaration of the possibility of cross-contamination is mandatory when the product does not intentionally add any allergenic food or its derivatives, but the Good Manufacturing Practices and allergen control measures adopted are not sufficient to prevent the presence of accidental trace amounts. These allergens include wheat, rye, barley, oats and their hybrids, crustaceans, eggs, fish, peanuts, soybean, milk of all species of mammalians, almonds, hazelnuts, cashew nuts, Brazil nuts, macadamia nuts, walnuts, pecan nuts, pistachios, pine nuts, and chestnuts.

title: Peanut allergy


text: User talk:66.166.4.238

title: User talk:66.166.4.238


text:
Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin

Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin (4 September 1891 – 9 January 1963) was a general in the army of Nazi Germany during World War II.

Biography
Fridolin Rudolph von Senger und Etterlin was born on 4 September 1891, in Waldshut near the Swiss border. In 1912, he became a Rhodes scholar at Oxford and acquired fluency in French and English. World War I interrupted his education in August 1914, and he was commissioned a lieutenant in the reserves. Senger remained in the postwar Reichswehr as a cavalry officer. Senger studied for two years at the Cavalry School in Hannover, spent four years with the cavalry inspectorate in Berlin, and by 1938 was promoted Colonel.

World War II
Senger took part in the Battle of France in 1940. In October 1942, he was given command of the 17th Panzer Division in Southern Russia. In June 1943, during the Battle of Sicily he was German Liaison Officer to the Italian 6th Army (General Alfredo Guzzoni), and commanded the German units on the island until 17 July 1943 when General Hans-Valentin Hube assumed control of all Axis troops on the island. In August 1943, Senger took command of the German forces on the islands of Sardinia and Corsica. He conducted the evacuation when the German positions became untenable. On 8 October 1943 he received the command of the XIV Panzer Corps in Italy.

During the Battle of Monte Cassino, Senger fought at the Gustav Line, which included Monte Cassino. The German position was only broken by the Allies in May 1944.

When the German forces in Italy surrendered 4 May 1945, General Heinrich von Vietinghoff feared Italian partisans would attempt to kill him if he made the trip to the Allied headquarters in Florence, so he sent Senger in his place. Senger came close to being killed by partisans himself on the journey had not a group of American officers intervened. After presenting himself to General Mark W. Clark and asking for orders, he was about to depart when a reporter noticed Senger still had his pistol in his holster. Clark called him back and ordered Senger, "Get rid of that gun." Senger removed his belt and flung it at the base of a tree.

Later life
After the war he wrote his memoirs, entitled Krieg in Europa (War in Europe) (which were translated into English as Neither Fear nor Hope), and he continued to write on military matters and theory. He was invited to the Königswinter conferences by Lilo Milchsack. These annual conferences helped to heal the bad memories after the end of the Second World War. At the conference he worked with the politician Hans von Herwath, future German President Richard von Weizsäcker and other leading German decision makers as well as British politicians like Denis Healey, Richard Crossman and the journalist Robin Day.

In 1950, Senger was one of the authors of the Himmerod memorandum which addressed the issue of rearmament (Wiederbewaffnung) of the Federal Republic of Germany after World War II. Senger was introduced by B. H. Liddell Hart to the military historian Michael Howard. Howard, who had fought in Italy during the war, recalls him saying, "May I give you a word of advice? Next time you invade Italy, do not start at the bottom." He was the father of Bundeswehr General and military author Ferdinand Maria von Senger und Etterlin (1923–1987).

Awards

 * German Cross in Gold on 11 October 1943 as Generalleutnant and commander of the German Wehrmacht on Corsica
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 * Knight's Cross on 8 February 1943 as Generalmajor and commander of the 17. Panzer-Division
 * Oak Leaves on 5 April 1944 as General der Panzertruppe and commanding general XIV. Panzerkorps

title: Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin


text: User talk:84.107.18.20

title: User talk:84.107.18.20


text: User talk:216.186.6.10

title: User talk:216.186.6.10


text: User talk:69.138.226.142

title: User talk:69.138.226.142


text:
Ritz Theatre (Haddon Township, New Jersey)

The Ritz Theatre is a theater located in Haddon Township, New Jersey. The venue is owned and operated by The Ritz Theatre Company, a nonprofit organization. The theater was added to the New Jersey and National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

History
The Ritz Theatre was built in 1927 by William E. Butler for an estimated $400,000 and designed by the architectural firm Hodgens and Hill with 800 seats. It was named after the Ritz hotel in Paris. The groundbreaking ceremony in February 1927 was attended by Oaklyn, New Jersey, borough officials. It was built in a Classical Revival architectural style as a movie theater and opened on September 12, 1927, with the film Tillie the Toiler. Vaudeville acts also performed alongside movie showings. The auditorium walls feature neo-classical canvas murals with gilt trimmed columns and velvet draped balconies enclosed by classic carved balustrades.

The ceiling of the theater collapsed in the 1930s and after the repairs were made, the seating capacity changed to 600. By 1948, the theatre was operated by the Peerless Corporation. Starting in March 1954 with The Lavender Hill Mob, through the 1960s, the Ritz showed fine art and foreign films. In the 1970s, the Ritz became an adult movie theater operated by a company that operated another pornographic movie theater. The theater closed in early 1985.

On October 7, 1985, a theatre company led by producing artistic director Bruce A. Curless, Puttin' on the Ritz, Inc., rented the Ritz Theatre and renamed it the Ritz Vaudeville Theater. The stage was expanded over existing rows of seating, reducing the capacity to 400 seats. Actors hired to perform in the first season of shows were unpaid. The company produced its first season of theatre performances beginning in January 1986 with a production of The Boy Friend. In 1990, the theatre's production of Children of a Lesser God began a commitment to American Sign Language. This initiative later turned into having Shadow Interpreters for the theatre's annual Christmas tradition of Scrooge in 2006 and 2008, as well as mainstage shows such as Arsenic and Old Lace in 2010.

The Ritz Theatre Company, Inc. presents six mainstage productions and eight children's productions each season. They serve more than 73,300 patrons annually. Also offered are holiday shows, special events, summer theatre camp, dramatic workshops and outreach programs. The Theatre building also boasts The Gallery at the Ritz, an in-house art gallery that offers professional monthly art exhibits.

In 2001, the board of directors purchased the 466-seat theatre, making it the permanent home of the ensemble. On December 26, 2002, the Ritz was added to the New Jersey and National Register of Historic Places.

During a renovation, the roof was replaced, the electrical system was upgraded, and sprinklers were installed. The lobby was renovated with new carpeting and paint, and work had begun on restoring the front of the building and the classic marquee as well as the classical Greek interior murals.

In April 2014, the Ritz held its first fundraiser to keep the building and theatre going. The first annual "Rock The Ritz" fundraiser brought in over $11,000 to help the organization.

Notable people

 * Cristin Milioti: Ritz productions include Carousel, Romeo and Juliet, as well as the Christmas tradition of Scrooge


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User:Mahanga

Hello there. Go to my talk page to send me a message if you have any questions or comments. Cheers.

I spend most of my time working on software development articles and improving Wikipedia's poor coverage of Mexico-related topics. 20,000 edits and counting...

 * Specific things to do
 * Review Good article candidates
 * Run Link Checker on popular pages and contentious articles
 * Add free images and videos to articles on places, events, sports, and musicians

Major contributions

 * Gabriel Flores
 * Denton, Texas
 * Antarctica
 * Cantinflas
 * Cinema of Mexico
 * Holland, Michigan
 * Okkervil River
 * Images and videos uploaded (~200)

Article creations
40+ articles

 * Latin-American / Spanish topics
 * Gabriel Flores
 * "México Lindo y Querido"
 * Latin American Economic System
 * 1814 Constitution of Mexico
 * Duelo
 * Grupo Límite
 * Los Fugitivos
 * Leo Dan
 * Chucho Monge
 * M-Clan
 * Avalanch
 * Joselito (singer)
 * José Gómez Ortega
 * Raphael (singer)
 * WarCry
 * Barricada
 * Les Cayes
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 * Vaca Frita

 * Other topics
 * Denton Record-Chronicle
 * Ray LaMontagne
 * 35 Conferette
 * Running on the Sun: The Badwater 135
 * Sarah Jaffe
 * John B. Denton
 * Shearwater (band)
 * List of portable software
 * BioMetal
 * Okkervil River albums
 * Fiction Plane
 * Homeboy Industries
 * Scott Guthrie
 * Black River Public School
 * Chemistry World
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 * The Jed Foundation

Dozens of short articles for:
 * Articles requested for more than a year
 * Missing Encarta articles
 * List of notable albums

 * Todo
 * List of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
 * Los Leos / Johnny Dynamo (translate
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 * Gabriel Leyva Solano (translate)
 * Emilio José (translate)
 * Mario Pintor
 * Yaco Monti

title: User:Mahanga


text: User talk:24.151.20.143

title: User talk:24.151.20.143


text:
Talk:Winchester Castle

Date of construction
Just a question, how could the castle have been the seat of English government in the 10th and early 11th century if it was built in 1067? Was there a castle at the site prior to the Norman one (as was the case at Old Sarum)? If not then wouldn't it be more proper to say that the city of Winchester was the seat of English or at least West Saxon government in the 10th and early 11th centuries? Josh 17:24, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Castle use as courtroom?
The current article refers to a trial that once took place there. However, when I was taken to see the Table in the summer of 1956, an "important" trial was going on in the room where the Table was displayed. It was though this was frequently used as a courtroom. The history of its use as a court should be documented. Student7 (talk) 03:38, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Infobox inclusions: Listed buildings
Should the listed building status be included in the infobox? It is in by default in a number of infobox templates for historic buildings and is an important piece of informaton about the subject. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 09:40, 9 June 2018 (UTC)
 * No. Histories and other articles on Winchester Castle make very little, if any, reference to its listed building status, nor the date that it was given that status; it doesn't therefore appear to be a "key feature" of the article, which is the requirement described for inclusion under MOS:INFOBOX. Hchc2009 (talk) 18:17, 9 June 2018 (UTC)
 * The book I was using to expand the history sections does refer to the listed status of the Great Hall. Listing a building is, of itself, notable. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 18:58, 9 June 2018 (UTC)
 * What does the guidebook say about the listed status? Hchc2009 (talk) 19:10, 9 June 2018 (UTC)
 * It says it is a listed building. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 19:13, 9 June 2018 (UTC)
 * What I was trying to determine is whether it presents it as a key fact for the reader (e.g. in the first few paragraphs) or towards the back of the piece. I note that the official website doesn't consider it worth mentioning at all - nor does Biddle and Badham's academic work on the site, or survey works like Pounds. I'm not saying we shouldn't mention it in passing in the main text, but the reliable sources and our MOS suggests it isn't a "key feature" for the infobox. NB: worth considering that the castle isn't significant because it's got legal protection; the castle has been given legal protection because its significant. Hchc2009 (talk) 07:28, 10 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Your latter point is precisely the reason I feel the information is suitable for the infobox. Worth also considering that Wikipedia encourages the documenation and recording of listed buildings, including the annual photographic contest to get as many pictures of listed structures as possible.  There's even a listed bulding link template. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 10:18, 10 June 2018 (UTC)
 * As nobody else seems to be worried about this I will reinstate the listing information in a week's time Murgatroyd49 (talk) 11:55, 24 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree with on the (non)inclusion of this material (essentially a factoid). Our guidelines are quite clear—MOS:INFOBOX states that to summarize (and not supplant) key facts that appear in the article...The less information it contains, the more effectively it serves that purpose. This is clearly not, to the sources, a "key fact", and we should not make it one when they do not. Note also Hchc2009's point about the listing stemming from the notability of the castle, not causing it: WP:NOTINHERITED applies. Incidentally, it is generally il-behoved for an editor to lay down deadlines for inclusion (particularly arbitrary ones that they have chosen for themselves), as it implies a degree of unwarranted ownership of the article. And, of course, there is no deadline.   —SerialNumber54129  paranoia / cheap sh*t room 19:21, 13 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Not mean to be a claim of ownership, just that as no further discussion was taking place it seemed to suitable to assume that there were no further objections than the original. Just left some time for anyone watching the page who hadn't had a chance to comment to do so. If you feel that is unreasonable then I shall take no further part in this dicussion Murgatroyd49 (talk) 20:57, 13 July 2018 (UTC)
 * It's better to have the discussion than to leave it,  :)   —SerialNumber54129  paranoia / cheap sh*t room 21:05, 13 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that sounded worse than I meant, I will just withdraw from the discussion as I think my point has already been made. For discussions about my methods then feel free to visit my user page. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 08:16, 14 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Winchester Castle


text:
Richard E. Cunha

Richard Earl Cunha (March 4, 1922 – September 18, 2005) was an American cinematographer and film director. Cunha's father was Albert "Sonny" Cunha, an American songwriter.

Career
During World War II, Cunha served as an aerial photographer for the military, and then was transferred to Hal Roach Studios in Los Angeles, where he made military training films, newsreels and documentaries.

After the war, Cunha worked as a TV photographer, eventually working his way to up director of photography for the TV shows Death Valley Days and Branded.

Cunha wrote and directed only a handful of films, with his four best-known ones all being low-budget, sci fi-horror B-movies released in 1958 by Astor Pictures -- Giant from the Unknown, She Demons, Missile to the Moon, and Frankenstein's Daughter.

In an interview with The Astounding B Monster Archive, Cunha said his low-budget films had "budgets [that] were under $80,000, and we tried very hard to bring them in for approximately $65,000 or less," that the "shooting schedules were always six days," and "you don't run over on these low-budget films - you shoot the opening scenes and the end scenes, and then fill in the picture in between."

As cinematographer

 * Red Rock Outlaw  1950
 * Death Valley Days (TV) 1952
 * Giant from the Unknown 1958
 * Bloodlust! 1961
 * The Silent Witness 1964
 * Le Proscrit (TV) 1965

As director

 * She Demons with Irish McCalla, Ted Griffin, Victor Sen Yung, Rudolph Anders. 1958
 * Giant from the Unknown with Ed Kemmer, Sally Fraser, Buddy Baer 1958
 * Missile to the Moon with Richard Travis, Cathy Downs, K.T. Stevens, Tommy Cook. 1958
 * Frankenstein's Daughter with John Ashley, Sandra Knight, Donald Murphy, Sally Todd, Harold Lloyd. 1958
 * Girl in Room 13. 1960
 * Dog Eat Dog. 1964

As writer

 * She Demons. 1958
 * Girl in Room 13. 1960

title: Richard E. Cunha


text:
User:Weijola

Stefan Weijola

title: User:Weijola


text:
Calling Elvis

"Calling Elvis" is a song written by Mark Knopfler and performed by British rock band Dire Straits. It first appeared on the final studio album by the band, On Every Street (1991). It was released in August 1991 by Vertigo and Warner Bros. as the first single from that album, peaking at number 21 in the United Kingdom, and reaching the top 10 in numerous other countries. It was included on the 2005 compilation The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations. A live version of the song also appears on the 1993 live album On the Night.

Content
The song is about an Elvis fan who believes Elvis Presley is still alive, making references to many of his songs, including "Heartbreak Hotel", "Love Me Tender", "Love Me (Treat Me Like a Fool)", "Don't Be Cruel" and "Return to Sender", as well as the expression "Elvis has left the building". Mark Knopfler has been quoted as saying the idea came to him one day when he left his phone off the hook and his brother-in-law tried repeatedly to get hold of him. Upon finally doing so, the brother-in-law remarked Mark was harder to get hold of than Elvis.

Music video
The music video for "Calling Elvis" was jointly directed by Gerry Anderson of Thunderbirds fame and Steve Barron. It includes several members of the band represented in marionette form, as well as various Thunderbirds characters and a woman.

Track listings

 * 7-inch and cassette single
 * A. "Calling Elvis"
 * B. "Iron Hand"

 * 12-inch and CD single
 * 1) "Calling Elvis"
 * 2) "Iron Hand"
 * 3) "Millionaire Blues"

 * US 7-inch single and Japanese mini-CD single
 * A. "Calling Elvis" – 6:25
 * B. "Millionaire Blues" – 4:23

title: Calling Elvis


text:
John, Duke of Randazzo

John, Duke of Randazzo (1317–1348) was duke of Randazzo, Athens, and Neopatria, Count of Malta and regent of Sicily (1342–1348).

The fourth son of Frederick III of Sicily and Eleanor of Anjou, he was the most powerful nobleman in Sicily during the reigns of his brother Peter and his nephew Louis, during whose minority he was regent.

He kept the peace during regency, though he supported the Catalan party over the local Italian nobility. Thus he appointed Blasco II de Alagona, a Catalan, as his successor. War broke out upon his death during the Plague.

He married Cesarea, daughter of Peter Count of Castalnasetta and had three recorded children: Frederick I who succeeded him as Duke of Athens and Neopatria; and two daughters Eleanor and Constance.

He died of the Black Plague in 1348 and was buried next to his father and nephew in the cathedral of Catania.

title: John, Duke of Randazzo


text:
Samuel Dinsmoor

Samuel Dinsmoor (July 1, 1766 – March 15, 1835) was an American teacher, lawyer, banker and politician from New Hampshire. He served as the 14th governor of New Hampshire and as a member of the United States House of Representatives.

Early life
Born in 1766 in Windham in the Province of New Hampshire, Dinsmoor was the son of William and Elizabeth (Cochran) Dinsmoor. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1789, worked as a teacher, studied law and was admitted to the bar. He established a law practice in Keene, New Hampshire, where he was appointed as Postmaster in 1808. He helped organize the Keene light infantry and was the infantry commander.

Political career
Elected as a Democratic-Republican, Dinsmoor represented New Hampshire in the United States House of Representatives during the Twelfth Congress, serving from March 4, 1811, to March 3, 1813. Dinsmoor was an 1820 presidential elector, and served on New Hampshire Governor's Council in 1821. He was a commission member that negotiated and established the boundary line between Massachusetts and New Hampshire in 1825. He also served as state court judge in New Hampshire from 1823 to 1831.

Securing the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, Dinsmoor was elected Governor by a popular vote in 1831. He was reelected to a second term in 1832, and to a third term in 1833, serving from 1831 to 1834. During his tenure, new manufacturing businesses were incorporated, railroads and banks flourished, and the first free public library in the United States was established in Peterborough.

During his governorship, he also made the first official recommendation to establish a state asylum for the insane to remove the insane from prisons, dungeons, and cages. In 1838, a bill for the establishment of an asylum was finally passed by the state. He retired from political life and entered the private sector, serving as the first president of the Ashuelot Bank in Keene. He served in that position until his death.

Death
Dinsmoor died in Keene, Cheshire County, New Hampshire, on March 15, 1835 (age 68 years, 257 days). He is interred at Washington Street Cemetery in Keene, New Hampshire.

Personal life
Dinsmoor was the grandson of Robert and Margaret (Orr) Dinsmoor who settled in Nutfield in 1723. In 1798, he married Mary Boyd Reid, daughter of General George Reid and Molly (Woodburn) Reid.

His son was Samuel Dinsmoor Jr., the 22nd Governor of New Hampshire.

title: Samuel Dinsmoor


text:
Roberts Dambītis

General Roberts Dambītis (May 2, 1881 - March 27, 1957 in Trikāta parish near Strenči, Latvia) was a Latvian soldier and politician.

A founder of the National Soldiers' Union as a Latvian Rifleman in World War I, Dambītis formally became the first soldier in the Latvian Army by placing volunteer units under the command of the People's Council of Latvia when it proclaimed Latvia's independence on November 18, 1918. He was subsequently appointed Deputy Minister of Defense during the Independence War. After the war he served in various high-ranking posts in military supply and administration, culminating in his appointment as Deputy Chief of the General Staff in 1935 and his retirement in 1939.

In 1940, during the first year of Soviet Rule of Latvia, Dambītis joined the puppet government as Minister of War and oversaw the conversion of the Latvian Army to a Red Army Corps. He remained in Latvia after the retreat of the Red Army in 1941, was arrested by the Gestapo and interned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp until 1945. After the war he returned to Trikāta, where he spent the remainder of his life.

title: Roberts Dambītis


text:
California State Route 26

State Route 26 (SR 26) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California, running from State Route 99 in Stockton in San Joaquin County to State Route 88 near Pioneer in Amador County. The highway is routed to serve Mokelumne Hill and West Point in Calaveras County.

Route description
The route begins at an interchange with SR 99 in eastern Stockton. SR 26 then exits Stockton after crossing a canal and heads eastward. After crossing Jack Tone Road, the direction of the highway turns slightly more northeasterly. The road then briefly enters the city of Linden, before intersecting Escalon-Bellota Road. Following another intersection with Jenny Lind Road, the route enters the city of Rancho Calaveras. It turns slightly more northeastward as it passes through the area. The highway passes by the New Hogan Lake before entering Valley Springs. Here, the route makes an abrupt right turn onto SR 12. The route run concurrent and turn back northeastward as they exit Valley Springs. Shortly after exiting the city limit, SR 26 veers away from SR 12 and heads north. East of Paloma, the roadway meets Paloma Road and again turns northeastward. At Mokelumne Hill, the route intersects SR 49, taking a slightly more winded path. SR 26 enters and exits the city of West Point before making an extremely long hairpin turn. Heading westward, the route enters Amador County to its terminus at SR 88.

SR 26 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and in the Stockton city limits is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. The segment between the community of Mokelumne Hill and West Point is named the Stephen P. Teale Highway, after the state senator. The bridge crossing the Middle Fork of the Mokelumne River, near West Point, is named the Tom Taylor Bridge, after a Calaveras County Supervisor.

History
CA 26 was formerly known as California State Route 8 in 1934–1964. It bears no relation to the pre-1964 highway in Southern California that today is Interstate 10.

title: California State Route 26


text:
Pick Withers

David "Pick" Withers (born 4 April 1948) is an English rock and jazz drummer. He was the original drummer of the rock band Dire Straits and played on their first four albums, which included hit singles such as "Sultans of Swing", "Romeo and Juliet" and "Private Investigations". Withers was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Dire Straits in 2018.

Biography
Taught by childhood friend Richard Storer, Withers first played a drum in the Boys' Brigade in his home city of Leicester. He became a professional musician at the age of 17, in an Italian band called The Primitives. This was followed by a band called Spring who had a record contract but little success; they released one album on the RCA label. In the mid-1970s Withers was a house drummer at Rockfield Studios near Monmouth, Wales. He played on records by Dave Edmunds, Hobo, the John Dummer Band and the Gary Fletcher Band, amongst others.

His nickname has been subject to some variations in spelling. During his time with Spring, he was billed as "Pique Withers". He is billed as "Pic Withers" on the second Brewers Droop album.

Withers has also studied at Drumtech drum school in London.

Dire Straits
He met Mark Knopfler c. 1976 in North London. Knopfler called around to the house Withers was living in to borrow Simon Cowe's reel-to-reel tape recorder, and recorded some music with Withers that same day. Withers was briefly a member of folk-rock outfit Magna Carta in 1977, but once Dire Straits gained a recording contract, turned to drumming for that band full-time.

His style with Dire Straits is distinctive for being restrained, favouring sparse snare drum and hi-hat combinations rather than heavy beats, speed and technical flourishes. He played on the Dire Straits albums Dire Straits (1978), Communiqué (1979), Making Movies (1980) and Love Over Gold (1982).

Withers left Dire Straits in the summer of 1982, soon after completing the Love Over Gold sessions. In a 2021 interview in which he was asked why he left, Withers said that the band was becoming too loud, he was tired of the treadmill, and he wanted to try new things. His replacement in Dire Straits was Terry Williams, who like Withers had been a Dave Edmunds sideman.

Later career
In 2021, Withers re-surfaced with a new rhythm and blues band called 'Slim Pickin's', later re-named 'Pick's Pocket'.

With others

 * Spring, Spring
 * How Long Is Forever, Prelude
 * Slow Train Coming, Bob Dylan
 * Giant From The Blue, Gary Fletcher Band
 * Sleepwalking, Gerry Rafferty
 * A Rare Conundrum, Bert Jansch
 * The Booze Brothers, Brewers Droop

title: Pick Withers


text: Category:Forts in India

title: Category:Forts in India


text:
2004–05 UEFA Champions League

The 2004–05 UEFA Champions League was the 50th season of UEFA's premier European club football tournament, and the 13th since it was rebranded as the UEFA Champions League in 1992. The competition was won by Liverpool, who beat Milan on penalties in the final, having come back from 3–0 down at half-time. Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard was named as UEFA's Footballer of the Year for his key role in the final and throughout the Champions League season. The final, played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, is often regarded as one of the best in the history of the tournament.

As it was their fifth European Cup title, Liverpool were awarded the trophy permanently, and received the UEFA Badge of Honour. A new trophy was made for the 2005–06 season.

Porto were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Milan's cross-city rival Internazionale in the first knockout round.

Association team allocation
A total of 72 teams from 48 of the 52 UEFA member associations participated in the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league, Andorra and San Marino). Kazakhstan also did not participate this year as none of their clubs were able to obtain UEFA license. The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
 * Associations 1–3 each have four teams qualify.
 * Associations 4–6 each have three teams qualify.
 * Associations 7–15 each have two teams qualify.
 * Associations 16–49 (except Liechtenstein) each have one team qualify.

Association ranking
For the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, the associations are allocated places according to their 2003 UEFA country coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 1998–1999 to 2002–03.

Apart from the allocation based on the country coefficients, associations may have additional teams participating in the Champions League, as noted below:

Distribution
Since the title holders (Porto) qualified for the Champions League group stage through their domestic league, and the group stage spot reserved for the title holders is vacated, while no team from Kazakhstan was admitted, the following changes to the default access list are made:
 * The champions of association 10 (Turkey) are promoted from the third qualifying round to the group stage.
 * The champions of association 16 (Austria) are promoted from the second qualifying round to the third qualifying round.
 * The champions of associations 26, 27 and 28 (Romania, Hungary and Cyprus) are promoted from the first qualifying round to the second qualifying round.

Teams
League positions of the previous season shown in parentheses (TH: Champions League title holders).

 * Notes

Round and draw dates
The schedule of the competition is as follows (all draws are held at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise).

 * Notes

First qualifying round

 * }

Second qualifying round

 * }

Third qualifying round

 * }

Group stage
16 winners from the third qualifying round, 10 champions from countries ranked 1–10, and six second-placed teams from countries ranked 1–6 were drawn into eight groups of four teams each. The top two teams in each group will advance to the Champions League play-offs, while the third-placed teams will advance to the third round of the UEFA Cup.

Tiebreakers, if necessary, are applied in the following order:
 * 1) Points earned in head-to-head matches between the tied teams.
 * 2) Total goals scored in head-to-head matches between the tied teams.
 * 3) Away goals scored in head-to-head matches between the tied teams.
 * 4) Cumulative goal difference in all group matches.
 * 5) Total goals scored in all group matches.
 * 6) Higher UEFA coefficient going into the competition.

Maccabi Tel Aviv made their debut appearance in the group stage.

Round of 16

 * }

Quarter-finals

 * }

Semi-finals

 * }

Final
As winners of the competition, Liverpool went on to represent UEFA at the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup.

Statistics
Statistics exclude qualifying rounds.

Top goalscorers

 * Source: Top Scorers – Final – Wednesday 25 May 2005 (after match)

title: 2004–05 UEFA Champions League


text:
Coatbridge and Airdrie (UK Parliament constituency)

Coatbridge and Airdrie was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) from 1950 until 1983.

It was then replaced by the Monklands West constituency.

Boundaries
The constituency location is in northern Lanarkshire, to the north of Bothwell and to the east of Glasgow. From 1885 until 1983 Coatbridge and Airdrie were linked for parliamentary purposes. The seat was named Coatbridge and Airdrie after 1950.

In the 1885-1918 period the area formed the county constituency of Coatbridge. In the 1918 redistribution the burgh constituency of Coatbridge was created. The seat was defined in 1918 as comprising the burghs of Airdrie and Coatbridge.

The change in the constituency name in 1950 did not affect the boundaries. Apart from a small boundary change to Airdrie, which took effect for parliamentary purposes in 1955, its boundaries did not alter until the areas parliamentary representation was remodelled in 1983.

From the 1983 general election the area was divided between two new seats. It provided the majority of the electorate for both Monklands East and Monklands West. 34,802 electors in the old seat were included in the new East constituency (57.1% of the old seat and 72.2% of the new one). 26,148 voters found themselves in Monklands West (42.9% of the old seat and 53.4% of the new one).

Elections in 1980s

 * Death of James Dempsey


text:
Geevor Tin Mine

Geevor Tin Mine (from Whel an Gever, meaning "mine of the goats"), formerly North Levant Mine is a tin mine in the far west of Cornwall, England, between the villages of Pendeen and Trewellard. It was operational between 1911 and 1990 during which time it produced about 50,000 tons of black tin. It is now a museum and heritage centre left as a living history of a working tin mine. The museum is an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage. Since 2006, the mine has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape.

History
Tin and copper have been mined from the general area of Geevor since the late 18th century. It was originally a small enterprise known as Wheal an Giver, "a piece of ground occupied by goats". The area was worked under the name of East Levant Mine until 1840 and then as North Levant from 1851 to 1891 when it closed. During the 1880s as many as 176 workers were employed at the mine, but in the ten years after North Levant's closure the site saw only intermittent activity by a few miners.

At the turn of the 20th century a group of St Just miners who had emigrated to South Africa were forced to return by the outbreak of the Second Boer War. They leased the area and conducted more thorough prospecting, being encouraged enough to set up a company called Levant North (Wheal Geevor) in 1901. This was acquired by the West Australian Gold Field Company Ltd. in 1904 which brought together various mines under the name of Geevor Tin Mines Ltd. in 1911, not long after the price of tin had rapidly risen to £181 a ton in 1906 from a low of £64 in 1896.

The Wethered shaft (named after Oliver Wethered, one of the founders of the mine) was begun in 1909 and initial development occurred around it. By 1919, the works were moving west toward the coastline and the Victory shaft (named to celebrate the end of the First World War) was sunk about 540 metres to the north-west. The mine suspended operations in 1921 and again for 12 months during the tin crisis in 1930 that permanently closed many other Cornish mines. In 1944 working through Wethered shaft was discontinued, but the Victory shaft continued in use.

From the end of World War II until the early 1960s both Geevor and South Crofty found it hard to raise capital and to recruit skilled miners. Both mines took on Polish and Italian miners at this time. New investment, forward-looking management and rising tin prices in the 1960s improved matters and at this time around 270 staff were employed by the mine. During the 1960s there was much underground exploration; this included extending into the undersea workings of the Levant mine that had closed in 1930, work that was complicated by a hole in the seabed that first had to be plugged before the workings could be drained.

By the 1970s Geevor's sett covered an area of about three square miles and included Boscaswell Downs mine, Pendeen Consols and Levant mine. In 1985 the International Tin Council failed and there was a dramatic fall in the price of the metal. The mine struggled on for a few years, but closed in 1990, and the pumps were switched off in May 1991 allowing the workings to flood. The mine is not geologically exhausted of tin, but it is exhausted of tin that is recoverable economically.

During the 20th century Geevor drove over 85 mi of tunnels from which it produced around 50,000 tons of black tin and made a profit of over £7 million. On average over a million gallons of water, a quarter of which was sea-water, was pumped from the mine daily.

Geology
The mine's lodes were located in an outer zone of coarse-grained biotite granite of Carboniferous age, intruded into surrounding Devonian age "killas" - a series of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks, visible to the north west of the mine around the cliffs. As the influence of the granitic emplacement increases toward the contact zone, the killas becomes spotted with cordierite, then mica-rich phyllites and finally at the contact, banded hornfels and tourmaline schist.

The tin appears as cassiterite (with around 65-70% tin), within veins associated with quartz, tourmaline, metal sulphides and fluorite. The veins are predominantly in a north west - south east orientation and the cassiterite itself forms around 1% of the vein material.

Tourist attraction
Through the commitment of the local community and local bodies, notably Cornwall County Council and Pendeen Community Heritage, the site has remained accessible to the public. Geevor Tin Mine is now a museum and heritage centre, covering an area of 67 acre which makes it the largest preserved tin mining site in Great Britain. It is an important part of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape and was recognised by UNESCO in 2006. It has been the subject of a £3.8 million improvement programme funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, Objective One, Cornwall County Council and Penwith District Council.

Geevor's new Hard Rock museum is part of the final stage of this improvement programme. The museum tells the story of tin mining in Cornwall and Geevor in particular, showing what happened on the surface and underground and what life was like for those who worked there, including oral history recordings. Visitors can also walk through the mine buildings to see the original machinery and there is a guided underground tour into Wheal Mexico, an 18th-century mine. The site has a souvenir shop and a cafe that overlooks the Atlantic Ocean. There are interactive activities e.g. panning for gold and gemstones.

Mineral Statistics
From Robert Hunt's Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom.

title: Geevor Tin Mine


text:
Talk:Open D tuning

d a f# d a d Not d a f#

Started improving
I added some hyper links. I also broke the 1 long paragraph into smaller ones for easier reading. Hope this helped.--Guitarist6987876 20:39, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Cheers. Was my first article and was really a trial run. Didnt read any instructions and was suprised it appeared! Am going to read the "how to" pages before I do another. user:DanG 6/10/05

Re: Merging this article
Re: Merging this article. Absolutely not! Each tuning is important enough to have its own section. Entire schools of musical tradition orbit these things - one entry for all open tunings is too general. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.141.113.171 (talk • contribs) 16:31, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I quite agree. The 'suggest merge' banner has been at the top of the article now for over two months, since 10th December; I propose removing it in a week or so, unless someone can come up with a compelling reason to the contrary. R Lowry 19:23, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree as well. --RobHutten 02:42, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Re: Retitling the Open tuning article
Hi there. I recommend consolidating the various "open tuning" articles under a heading such as "guitar, alternative tunings." This is because some "open" tunings aren't actually open at all -- DADGBE is a good example of this, as is DADGAD. Additionally, chord shapes have been adapted to the various truly open tunings (i.e. those which form a major chord when barred at any fret) to create non-open chords that are able to take an open tuned instrument into the various minor, seventh or other chord types, making the open tuning more useful. --63.26.116.40 08:34, 3 January 2006 (UTC)user Ned F.

 * I certainly disagree with merging all the articles together -- it would be far too unwieldly -- but I take your point about the discrepancy re: 'alternative' / 'open' terminology. Effectively, you are saying that 'open tuning' is actually a subcategory of 'alternative tuning'. My suggestion would be to rename the current Open tuning article as Alternative tuning (guitar) and then have subheadings within that article dealing briefly with the different types of alternative tuning: open; modal; etc, which can obviously then be used as jumping-off points for the more detailed articles on the individual tunings theemselves. I am going to copy this suggestion to the Talk: Open tuning page and see what people think. R Lowry 10:28, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge Open Tuning + Open D tuning + Alternate Guitar Tunings
Even though I was not here to argue for the merging of the guitar tuning articles, I will do so now. I believe that the guitar tuning article should cover every type of guitar tuning briefly, and they should link to these other guitar tuning articles, which explain in further detail. However, the main guitar tuning article doesn't have all of the tunings as shown in the open tunings article, neither does it have the open Dmaj7 tuning (which I would add to the article if I knew it).

 * Please sign your posts on talk pages. I'll make the point that the material here and in the related articles is already excellent IMO. Some rearranging may be a help, but we're likely to run into the twin problems I've run into at resonator guitar and slide guitar:

 * The terminology is not standard across genres.

 * People can be quite expert in their favourite genres and still a little naive about very similar ones - and that's even apart from the various inherent POVs (which haven't been a problem AFAIK - for which I'm relieved, thankful and impressed).

 * eg many bluegrass Dobro players seem honestly surprised to find out that some people play (round neck) Dobro in atandard spanish guitar tuning and style, and even more surprised to find that tricone and biscuit resonators still sell rather well!

 * FWIW, I tend to use open tuning to mean any alternate tuning. They are all some open chord after all, and for example the standard 8+8 string steel guitar tunings are named after the open chords they represent, despite the fact that these full 8-note chords are very seldom played. Andrewa 03:05, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Who is Brady Clark, and why does he deserve a mention here?
I had this page mentioned to me by friends who thought I had vandalized the page; I am a musician myself, but do not use Open D often, certainly not often enough to warrant a mention (even if I were better-known). Brady Clark's article does not mention any musical prowess, and neither Google nor MySpace have turned up anybody significant. If somebody does not provide some evidence of his significance, his name will be removed from the article. Brady Clarke 03:59, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Since nobody else contributed, I have removed the reference to Brady Clark. 203.59.116.41 made no further edits to Wikipedia apart from that; it seems to have merely been advertising for somebody who had nothing to advertise, perhaps. Brady Clarke 14:14, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

List the string tunings explicitly
There was no actual listing of what each string should be tuned to, so I added it.Gregsinclair (talk) 19:59, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

"Variations" section
Classifying Open Dm as merely a "variation" of Open D tuning is inconsistent with the article's premise, which qualifies Open D as a corollary of the D major chord. Ordinarily I might recommend removing the subcategory, but the article offers so little information as it is. Kevin Casey, film critic (talk) 07:18, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

Mark Tremonti
I just wanted to mention that Creed's song "Weathered" is also an Open D 5 Song. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.228.194.128 (talk) 21:02, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Open D tuning


text: User talk:144.137.22.230

title: User talk:144.137.22.230


text:
Talk:Dick Marty

Untitled
Sources: personal webpage of Dick Marty, Swiss parliament webpage, COE webpage. --Irmgard 20:40, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Edit request from Djtrifun, 18 December 2010
Please add the external link to the Dick Marty's draft report "Inhuman treatment of people and illicit trafficking in human organs in Kosovo":

http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/APFeaturesManager/defaultArtSiteView.asp?ID=964

Thank you.

Please don't hide that those organs were taken from Serbian prisoners. 93.86.165.88 (talk) 03:42, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Djtrifun (talk) 13:22, 18 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Thank you. --Whitehorse1 02:36, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dick Marty


text:
Samuel Dinsmoor (disambiguation)

Samuel Dinsmore may refer to:

 * Samuel Dinsmoor (1766–1835), American politician, U.S. Congressman and Governor of New Hampshire
 * Samuel Dinsmoor Jr. (1799–1869), American banker, Governor of New Hampshire
 * Samuel P. Dinsmoor (1843–1932), eccentric American sculptor and landscape designer

title: Samuel Dinsmoor (disambiguation)


text:
Millennium People

Millennium People is a novel by British writer J. G. Ballard, published in 2003. The novel is the story of a rebellion in the middle classes in an enclave of Greater London.

Plot summary
When a bomb explodes on a baggage carousel at Heathrow Airport, killing his ex-wife, psychologist David Markham tries to unravel the mystery surrounding her seemingly pointless death. But with unresolved questions about himself, his job, and his loving but adulterous wife, Sally, he soon finds himself immersed in the deeper waters of middle-class revolution originating from the gated community of Chelsea Marina, an upper middle-class enclave of salaried professionals.

When a protest at a cat show turns ugly and he is beaten up by angry cat lovers, then arrested and tried, Markham enlists in the cause of the rebellious Chelseans – imagining he will uncover the persons and causes responsible for his ex-wife's murder. Slowly, he succumbs to the call of subversion and gradually finds himself a terrorist functionary, planting smoke bombs, participating in firebombing and clashing with police at protests.

Other characters include Markham's wife, who continues to use her arm canes though her leg injuries from an accident with a tram have completely healed; Kay Churchill, a sociopathic college film studies lecturer who has become a terrorist cell leader (she takes Markham for a lover and he lives in her home); a troubled priest and his Chinese girlfriend; a former MI5 bombmaker and scientist turned revolutionary, and Richard Gould, a seemingly kindly pediatrician who is the terrorist mastermind behind the whole revolution.

Ultimately, as Markham gets closer to the pediatrician, Markham uncovers clues explaining his former wife's murder. While Markham had previously thought the bombing to be a random attack, he finds that the Heathrow bomb did have an intended target. As police and security forces close in on Chelsea Marina, Markham joins the other protesters on the barricades and he crosses over from infiltrator to member of the revolution.

Reception
Upon release, Millennium People was generally well-received among the British press.

title: Millennium People


text:
User:Rtmullins

R.T. Mullins
Ryan Mullins (July 26th, 1983 to present) is currently a student at Atlanta Christian College. Mullins has been a student at Atlanta Christian College from 2004 to the present. He is working on a dual major in Humanities and Biblical Studies with a minor in Philosophy. Mullins is a youth minister at Northside Christian Church in Columbus, GA.

Education
During Mullins’ teenage years he attended Brownsburg Jr. High in Brownsburg, IN. Eventually his parents, Tom and Jan Mullins, sent Ryan to Covenant Christian High School due to Ryan’s poor academic standing. There Mullins developed an understanding of the Christian Worldview and was able to turn his life from an ignorant teenager into an enlightened individual.

Following High School, Mullins had a desire to study film with the hopes of one day making horror movies. This, however, was not to be. He went to the University of Indianapolis in 2002 to study Communications. While there Ryan learned the art of Television News, and quickly grew bored of his studies. He grew to hate the school and everything related to Communications. He also had several contentions with the Theology and Philosophy of the school, but stayed there to continue his education.

Mullins eventually changed his major to English Education after a year of studying Communications. He stuck with this major for a semester, but eventually came to despise the University of Indianapolis and sought to go elsewhere. Mullins also came to the conclusion that he could only teach Theology and the Bible and thus desired to go to a Christian College. In the mean time he went to IUPUI for a semester while he looked for a school.

Eventually he came to Atlanta Christian College. The first time that Mullins saw the school was during the summer of 2003 when his grandfather, John Mullins, died and the funeral was held at the school’s campus. In 2004 he asked several of his family member who had previously attended the school if it was worthwhile and applied. He was quickly accepted and moved down to Atlanta where he presently resides.

Music
During Ryan’s early teenage years, he learned to play guitar and desired to join a band. This dream went on for many years and finally came to fruition in February 2004 when he joined an unknown emo band called To Die Alone. Upon joining the band lost their second guitarist. This left the band with a show in two weeks and no songs. Ryan quickly wrote several black metal/hardcore songs and the band found a new guitarist just in time for the show. The band made a small following in Indianapolis and eventually released a six song demo. They even played one show with the somewhat well known hardcore band Figure Four. Shortly after the release of the demo Ryan left the band to go to school in Atlanta, Georgia.

Apart form Mullins’ brief moment in the lime light, he enjoyed the hardcore music scene. He went to shows all over Indiana and the surrounding states, but in more recent times has withdrawn from the scene. He grew tired of the pseudo-politics of the hardcore scene and the false claim of open-mindedness that scene promotes.

title: User:Rtmullins


text:
Rebop Kwaku Baah

Anthony "Rebop" Kwaku Baah (1944 – 12 January 1983) was a Ghanaian percussionist who worked with the 1970s rock groups Traffic and Can.

Biography
Baah was born in 1944 in Konongo, Gold Coast. In the Akan culture of Ghana, Kwaku is a name meaning "male born on Wednesday".

In 1969, Baah performed on Randy Weston's album African Rhythms. In the same year he worked with Nick Drake on the song "Three Hours", posthumously released in 2004 on the compilation album Made to Love Magic. He then joined the English band Traffic in 1971, having met them in Sweden during a tour. He appeared on the albums Welcome to the Canteen, The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys, Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory, On the Road, and When the Eagle Flies.

In 1973 he performed in the all-star Eric Clapton's Rainbow Concert. After Traffic disbanded in 1974, he played on Steve Winwood’s self-titled debut solo album, which was released in 1977. Also in 1977, he joined the German band Can along with former Traffic bassist Rosko Gee, playing with them until their breakup in 1979, appearing on the albums Saw Delight, Out of Reach and Can.

In 1982 Baah recorded an album with Zahara. Baah died of a cerebral hemorrhage during a performance in Stockholm, Sweden in January 1983, where he was on tour with Jimmy Cliff. His final album, Melodies in a Jungle Man's Head, was released in its unfinished state.

Solo

 * 1972 Reebop
 * 1973 Anthony Reebop Kwaku Baah
 * 1977 Trance (with Ganoua)
 * 1983 Melodies in a Jungle Man's Head

With Traffic

 * 1971 Welcome to the Canteen
 * 1971 The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys
 * 1973 Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory
 * 1973 On the Road
 * 1974 When the Eagle Flies (initially uncredited. Credited in remastered edition booklet. Plays congas on tracks 3 & 7)

With Can

 * 1977 Saw Delight
 * 1978 Out of Reach
 * 1979 Can

With others

 * 1968 Wynder K. Frog, Out Of The Frying Pan
 * 1969 Randy Weston, African Cookbook
 * 1972 Jim Capaldi, Oh How We Danced
 * 1973 Eric Clapton, Eric Clapton's Rainbow Concert
 * 1973 Free, Heartbreaker, (played congas on "Wishing Well")
 * 1973 Rolling Stones, Goats Head Soup
 * 1974 Vivian Stanshall, Men Opening Umbrellas Ahead
 * 1975 Jim Capaldi, Short Cut Draw Blood
 * 1975 Billy Cobham A Funky Thide of Sings
 * 1977 Steve Winwood, Steve Winwood
 * 1983 The Unknown Cases, "Masimbabele" (12" 45)
 * 1983 The Unknown Cases, Cuba
 * 1983 Dunkelziffer, Colours and Soul
 * 1984 Wally Badarou, Echoes (played on the track "Jungle")
 * 1985 Free, "Wishing Well" 12" remix (played congas)

title: Rebop Kwaku Baah


text:
Franken

Franken may refer to:

Places

 * Franken, Haut-Rhin, a commune of the Haut-Rhin département of France
 * Franconia (wine region), or "Franken", one of the 13 wine regions of Germany
 * Franconia, or "Franken", a region situated in northern Bavaria and adjacent parts of Baden-Württemberg and Thuringia, Germany

People with the name

 * Franken (surname), a Dutch patronymic surname
 * The Francken family of Flemish painters is sometimes (rarely) written as "Franken"
 * Franken Fran, a Japanese manga and a fictional character
 * Franken Stein, a Japanese manga/anime fictional character

Other uses

 * Franken, an alternative name used in Germany for wine made from the Silvaner grape (Frankenriesling or Frankentraube)
 * Franc, or "Franken", a currency unit, its German name (Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and formerly Belgium and Luxembourg)
 * Franks, or "Franken", medieval Germanic tribes

title: Franken


text: User talk:81.159.125.112

title: User talk:81.159.125.112


text:
Theodore Tilton

Theodore Tilton (October 2, 1835 – May 29, 1907) was an American newspaper editor, poet and abolitionist. He was born in New York City to Silas Tilton and Eusebia Tilton (same surname). On his twentieth birthday, October 2, 1855, he married Elizabeth Richards. Tilton's newspaper work was fully supportive of abolitionism and the Northern cause in the American Civil War.

Theodore Tilton was present at The Southern Loyalist Convention held in Philadelphia in September 1866. Frederick Douglass writes of him in his autobiography:

There was one man present who was broad enough to take in the whole situation, and brave enough to meet the duty of the hour; one who was neither afraid nor ashamed to own me as a man and a brother; one man of the purest Caucasian type, a poet and a scholar, brilliant as a writer, eloquent as a speaker, and holding a high and influential position—the editor of a weekly journal having the largest circulation of any weekly paper in the city or State of New York—and that man was Mr. Theodore Tilton. He came to me in my isolation, seized me by the hand in a most brotherly way, and proposed to walk with me in the procession.

From 1860 to 1871, Tilton was the assistant of Henry Ward Beecher. He gave the 1869 commencement speech for the Irving Literary Society.

In 1874 Tilton filed a complaint against Beecher for "criminal conversation" (adultery) with Elizabeth Richards Tilton and sued for a $100,000 (~$ in ) judgment.

The Beecher-Tilton trial ended in a deadlocked jury. Afterwards, Tilton moved to Paris, where he lived for the rest of his life. In the 1880s, Tilton frequently played chess with fellow American exile (but ex-Confederate) Judah Benjamin, until the latter died in 1884. As a poet, Tilton is famous for his masterpiece 'Even This Shall Pass Away', a poem that talks about how everything in life is limited and will end.

Work referenced
Robert Plant put Tilton's 1858 poem "The King's Ring: Even This Shall Pass Away" to music, a recording of which is on Band of Joy.

Principal works

 * Victoria C. Woodhull. A Biographical Sketch. 1871
 * Tempest-Tossed A Romance. 1874.
 * The Complete Poetical Works of Theodore Tilton in One Volume With a Preface on Ballad-Making and an Appendix on Old Norse Myths & Fables. 1897.

title: Theodore Tilton