text:
User talk:Private Hudson

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Merovingian (t) (c) 13:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
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Celtic F.C History

 * Regarding the Celtic page. The History section was moved to the article History of Celtic F.C. because the article was becoming too big. What's wrong with splitting the page into parts? It's not as if it's difficult to click on the link if you want to read the full history. Please don't make large unilateral changes without discussing on the talk page. [[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|20px]]Camillus[[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|20px]] (talk) 00:30, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Deleted page "Big Roch Podcasting Project"
Hi. A page you created, or image you uploaded, Big Roch Podcasting Project, has been [ deleted] in accordance with our speedy deletion policy, as it meets one or more of our criteria for speedy deletion. The relevant criterion is:

 * Unremarkable people, groups, companies and web content. An article about a real person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content that does not assert the importance or significance of its subject.

You are welcome to rewrite your contribution to comply with our content policies and any applicable notability guidelines (you may find this page useful). However, please do not simply re-create the page with the same content; it will be deleted again and may be protected from re-creation. You may also wish to read our introduction to editing and guide to writing your first article. If you have any questions, please contact an administrator for assistance. Thank you – Gurch 07:59, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Private Hudson! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 18:03, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Jonny Ross -

File source and copyright licensing problem with File:2010 Invitation Fours Winners.jpg
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File source and copyright licensing problem with File:2010 Invitation Fours Winners.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:2010 Invitation Fours Winners.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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Proposed deletion of Pollokshaws Bowling Club

The article Pollokshaws Bowling Club has been proposed for deletion. The proposed deletion notice added to the article should explain why.

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title: User talk:Private Hudson


text:
Catholic University of Ireland

The Catholic University of Ireland (CUI; Ollscoil Chaitliceach na hÉireann) was a private Catholic university in Dublin, Ireland. It was founded in 1851 following the Synod of Thurles in 1850, and in response to the Queen's University of Ireland and its associated colleges which were nondenominational; Cardinal Cullen had previously forbidden Catholics from attending these "godless colleges".

Establishment
After the Catholic Emancipation period of Irish history, the Archbishop of Armagh attempted to provide for the first time in Ireland higher-level education both accessible to followers of the Catholic Church and taught by such people. The Catholic Hierarchy demanded a Catholic alternative to the University of Dublin / Trinity College, whose Anglican origins the Hierarchy refused to overlook. The Hierarchy also wanted to counteract the "Godless Colleges" of the Queen's University of Ireland – established in the cities of Galway, Belfast and Cork. The University of Dublin had since the 1780s admitted Catholics to study; a religious test, however, hindered the efforts of Catholics in their desire to obtain membership of the university's governing bodies. Thus, in 1850 at the Synod of Thurles, it was decided to open in Dublin – especially for Catholics – a new institution. The Synod findings were supported by Pope Pius IX and the Holy See gave approval in 1852, and then issued a papal encyclical on 20 March 1854 supporting the establishment of the university.

On 18 May 1854 the Catholic University of Ireland was formally established, with five faculties – of law, letters, medicine, philosophy and theology – with John Henry Newman (later Cardinal) as the Rector. Lectures commenced on 3 November 1854, with the registration of seventeen students, the first being Daniel O'Connell, grandson of the notable Catholic politician Daniel O'Connell.

In 1856 the University Church opened.

As a private body, the Catholic University was never given a royal charter, and so was unable to award recognised degrees, and suffered from chronic financial difficulties. Newman left the university in 1857, after which the school went into a serious decline. Bartholomew Woodlock was appointed Rector in 1860 and served until he became Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise in 1879.

In 1861, Dr Woodlock tried to secure land for a building near Holy Cross College Clonliffe, the establishment to be known as St. Patrick's University. Plans were drawn up by an architect, J. J. McCarthy, and a foundation stone laid. Cardinal Cullen was against the idea of educating lay and clerical students on the same premises. However this plan was shelved because of the expansion of the railway line, and a church and monastery was built on the site. Under the name St. Patrick's University night classes were advertised by the university, under Dr. Woodlock's name

Some feeder secondary schools were established for the CUI. The nearby Catholic University School was joined by St. Flannan's College, Ennis in County Clare (in 1862) and Catholic University High School in Waterford.

In 1863 the CUI awarded its first Doctorate of Divinity to James Vincent Cleary (Professor and later President of St. John's College, Waterford, and future Bishop of Kingston, Canada), using its papal charter to award theological degrees.

In 1880, the Royal University of Ireland was established. The Royal University's charter entitled all Irish students to sit the Universities examinations and receive its degrees. The university was renamed as University College – Dublin in 1882.

Recognition
The Catholic University was neither a recognised university so far as the civil authorities were concerned, nor an institution offering recognised degrees. Newman had little success in establishing the new university, though over £250,000 had been raised from the laity to fund it. Though they held the foundation money as trustees, the hierarchy in 1859 sent most of it to support an Irish Brigade led by Myles O'Reilly to help defend Rome in the Second Italian War of Independence.

Newman left the university in 1857. According to Lytton Strachey "Eventually he realised something else: he saw that the whole project of a Catholic University had been evolved as a political and ecclesiastical weapon against the Queen's Colleges of Peel, and that was all. As an instrument of education, it was simply laughed at ; and he himself had been called in because his name would be a valuable asset in a party game. When he understood that, he resigned his rectorship and returned to the Oratory."

Subsequently, the school went into a serious decline; in 1879 only three students had registered. The situation changed in 1880 when the recognised Royal University of Ireland came into being and students of the Catholic University were entitled to sit the Royal University examinations and receive its degrees.

After the 1880 reforms the Catholic University consisted of a number of constituent colleges, including St Patrick's College, Maynooth and Cecilia St. Medical School (see below), with much of the original university then merging into another of its colleges, University College, Dublin. Following the 1879 Act all Catholic Colleges including Carlow College, Holy Cross College and Blackrock College (The French College) came under the Catholic University. Subsequently, other schools/seminaries such as St. Kieran's College, Kilkenny, St Ignatius College SJ Temple St., Dublin, and the Carmelite College, Terenure became affiliated to the Catholic University and hence the new Royal University.

University College was passed to the control of the Jesuits in 1883, when it housed the faculties of the Catholic University except for medicine.

Catholic University Medical School
The Catholic University Medical School commenced lectures for medical students in November 1855 (one year after the Catholic University of Ireland was founded), in Cecilia Street, Dublin. The recognition of its graduates by chartered institutions (the RCSI) ensured its success, unlike the associated Catholic University. This ensured that the medical school became the most successful constituent college of the Catholic University and by 1900 the medical school had become the largest medical school in Ireland. In 1880 it formally became part of the Catholic University of Ireland, (students now sitting examinations with the Royal University of Ireland) when Francis Quinlans MD(Univ. Dubl.), F.R.C.P.I., Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy, was also Dean of the Faculty at Cecilia Street, the CUI was renamed University College Dublin in 1882.

The 1908 reforms reconstituted the Catholic University Medical School as the Faculty of Medicine of University College Dublin, with Dr. D. J. Coffey, M.B.(RUI), a graduate of the medical school and Professor of Physiology, Catholic University Medical School, succeeded William Delany SJ becoming the first president of UCD following the creation of National University of Ireland. In 1931 the School moved to Earlsfort Terrace.

Sir Christopher Dixon served as Dean from 1900 to 1905 when he was succeeded by Dr. Coffey.

In 1897 Dr. Eva Jellett a member of the Church of Ireland attended lectures in Cecilia Street, since Trinity College (of which her father was Provost) did not admit women to study, she transferred to Trinity in 1904 when women were allowed to study there. Similarly the Doctor and Anglican missionary Marie Elizabeth Hayes was studied in Cecilia St.

National University of Ireland, 1909
In 1909, the Catholic University essentially came to an end with the creation of the National University of Ireland, with University College Dublin as a constituent; however, the Catholic University of Ireland remained a legal entity until 1911. In 1915, the NUI awarded honorary doctorates to a number of former students of the CUI.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Catholic University of Ireland


text:
Dog (disambiguation)

The dog is a domesticated canid species, Canis familiaris.

Dog(s), doggy, or doggie may also refer to:

Animals

 * Species in the family Canidae called "dogs" as a part of their common name:
 * African wild dog, Lycaon pictus, of Africa
 * Bush dog, Speothos venaticus, of South America
 * Indian wild dog, also known as the Dhole, Cuon alpinus, of Asia
 * Raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides, of Asia
 * Short-eared dog, Atelocynus microtis, of South America
 * Dog, a male canine, fox, or wolf as opposed to a bitch, or female dog
 * Non-canid, animals, e.g.:
 * Prairie dogs, Cynomys, a genus of North American social ground squirrels

Places

 * Dog Crossing, Georgia, an unincorporated community, United States
 * Dog Hollow (Illinois), a valley in Illinois, United States
 * Dog Island (Florida), a barrier island in the Gulf of Mexico, United States
 * Dog Islands, an island group in the British Virgin Islands
 * Dog River (disambiguation)
 * Isle of Dogs, a peninsula in East London, United Kingdom
 * The Dogs, Wincanton, house in Wincanton, Somerset, England
 * Dog Dome

Name

 * He Dog (1830–1930), an Oglala Sioux leader
 * Mary Crow Dog (1954-2013), a Dakota Sioux author and activist also known as Mary Brave Bird

Nickname

 * Al Jourgensen, Cuban-American musician
 * Alexandr Dolgopolov, Ukrainian tennis player
 * Clive Barker (soccer), South African football coach
 * Diogenes of Sinope, Ancient Greek philosopher
 * Doggie (artist), Danish artist
 * Duane Chapman, American television personality
 * Michael Artiaga, American Tetris player

Science and astronomy

 * Dog (zodiac), the Chinese zodiac sign
 * Hurricane Dog (disambiguation), three tropical cyclones in 1950, 1951 and 1952
 * Sirius, the Dog Star, brightest star in Canis Major, the big dog constellation
 * Sun dog, an atmospheric phenomenon that consists of a bright spot to the left and right of the Sun

Tools and engineering

 * Bench dog, a removable clamp inserted into a workbench to hold an item fast
 * Dog, a form of pawl used to secure a chain, as on an anchor windlass
 * Dog clutch, a clutch that couples two rotating shafts or components by interference or clearance fit
 * Dog (engineering), a tool or part of a tool, such as a pawl, that prevents or imparts movement through physical engagement
 * "Dog irons" or "fire dogs", a form of andiron for holding wood in a fireplace, or skewers in place for cooking over a fire
 * Feed dogs, movable plates which pull fabric through a sewing machine in discrete steps between stitches
 * Lathe dog, a dog which clamps on a work piece to allow it to be revolved by a lathe face-plate

Food and beverages

 * Dog, the nickname for Newcastle Brown Ale, an English brand of dark brown beer
 * Corn dog (also spelled corndog), a sausage or hot dog on a stick that has been coated in a thick layer of cornmeal batter and deep fried
 * Hot dog, a cooked sausage served in a bun

Arts and entertainment

 * The Dog (franchise), a franchise created by Artlist in Japan in 2000
 * The Dog (Goya), a painting by Francisco Goya
 * Dulwich Outdoor Gallery (DOG)

Books

 * Dogs (manga), by Shirow Miwa, subtitled "Bullets & Carnage"
 * The Dogs, novel by Ivan Nazhivin 1931

Film

 * Dogs (1976 film), a natural horror film
 * The Dogs (1979 film), a French film
 * The Dog (1992 film), a short experimental film
 * Dog (2001 film), an animated short film by Suzie Templeton
 * The Dog (2013 film), a documentary about the real story behind Dog Day Afternoon
 * Dogs (2016 film), a Romanian film
 * Dog (2022 film), an American film starring Channing Tatum

Television

 * Dog, a television ident for BBC Two, first aired in 1993 (see BBC Two '1991–2001' idents)
 * "The Dog" (Seinfeld), an episode of the television series Seinfeld
 * Dogs (TV series), a 2018 Netflix documentary series
 * "Dogs", a Series D episode of the television series QI (2006)

Characters

 * Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, television cartoon characters
 * The main character in the comic strip Footrot Flats
 * A minor character in the television show Red Dwarf
 * Dog (Half-Life 2), from the video game Half-Life 2
 * Dog, in the Nickelodeon TV series CatDog
 * Dog, in the 1998 film Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels
 * Dog, Daryl Dixon's pet dog introduced in The Walking Dead season 9, episode 7: "Stradivarius"
 * Dog, from the Emmy Award-winning children's animation show WordWorld

Music

 * Dog, a fad dance

Groups

 * Dogs (British band), a British punk music band
 * Dogs (French band), a French rock music band
 * The Dogs (US punk band), a Michigan proto-punk band
 * The Dogs (US hip-hop band), an American hiphop band
 * The Dogs, the Finnish band Ile Kallio
 * The nickname of rapper DMX

Albums

 * Dog (album), a 2010 album by Sow
 * Dogs (Beware of Safety album), 2009
 * Dogs (Nina Nastasia album), 2000
 * Dogs, a 2011 album by The Parlor Mob

Songs

 * "Dogs" (Damien Rice song), 2007
 * "Dogs" (Pink Floyd song), 1977
 * "Dogs" (The Who song), 1968
 * "Dogs", a song by British heavy metal band Motörhead from Rock 'n' Roll (1987)
 * "Dogs", a song by Sun Kil Moon from Benji (2014)
 * "Dog", a song by Sly and the Family Stone from their 1967 debut A Whole New Thing
 * "The Dog", song by Rufus Thomas
 * "Dog", a song by C418 from Minecraft – Volume Alpha

Sports

 * Greyhound racing
 * "The Dogs" or "The Doggies", nickname for Bulldogs Rugby League Football Club, an Australian football club

Other uses

 * Dog, a non-standard hand in the card game poker
 * Dog, in some British spelling alphabets, the letter "D"
 * Dog, in the strategic planning matrix, an enterprise that in a low-growth, low-profit sector
 * Dog soldiers, or Dog Men (Cheyenne: Hotamétaneo'o), one of six Cheyenne military societies
 * Dog Latin, English made to resemble Latin

Acronyms

 * Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, or DOG, the German Oriental Society
 * Difference of Gaussians, or DOG, in mathematics
 * Digital on-screen graphic, or DOG
 * Deployable Operations Group, or DOG, U.S. Coast Guard command

title: Dog (disambiguation)


text: File:Sipp-memory.jpg

title: File:Sipp-memory.jpg


text:
User talk:DeStroker

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Merovingian (t) (c) 13:28, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:DeStroker


text:
User talk:Alexfb

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Merovingian (t) (c) 13:30, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Alexfb


text:
Hanwha Vision

Hanwha Vision, founded as Samsung Techwin, is a video surveillance company. It is a subsidiary of Hanwha Group. The company employs 1,822 people and is headquartered in South Korea. Its total sales in 2020 were 529.8 billion South Korean won.

Before the acquisition by Hanwha, Techwin also developed and sold automation, aeronautics, and weapons technology products. These businesses have since been spun off into dedicated Hanwha subsidiaries – Hanwha Precision Machinery, Hanwha Aerospace, and Hanwha Land Systems.

History
The company was founded as Samsung Precision in 1977, later renamed Samsung Techwin. Under Samsung, the company established a precision instrument laboratory in 1978, and started making cameras in 1979. In technical cooperation with General Electric, it started manufacturing jet engines for Korean aircraft in 1980. Manufacture of 155 mm self-propelled artillery began in 1984.

It changed its name to Samsung Aerospace (SSA) in 1987 and started to make helicopters. It acquired Rollei, a German camera manufacturer, and Union Optics of Japan, a manufacturer of semiconductor equipment. In 1996 it developed the SB427 helicopter with Bell and began selling digital cameras branded as "Samsung Kenox" in 1997. The same year, it made the first KF-16 fighter jet in Korea.

It handed over the firm's aircraft business to Korea Aerospace Industries in 1999 and changed its name to Samsung Techwin in 2000.

It exported the K-9 155 mm self-propelled artillery to Turkey. In 2005, the company marked first place in Korean digital cameras market share and started a technical co-operation with Pentax.

Samsung Techwin directly entered the European and North American closed-circuit television/surveillance market in 2008 under its own name, featuring a line of true day/night cameras and digital video recorders (DVRs). In 2009, the company introduced a new series of digital IP-based cameras and network video recorders.

Samsung Techwin and its bigger sister company Samsung Electronics announced in October 2009 that in 2010 Samsung Electronics CCTV camera division would be unified with Samsung Techwin's CCTV camera division. In recent years both companies appeared on the CCTV market with lineups that shared some technological underpinnings but in many ways differed (including incompatible PTZ control protocols), and in many markets they were direct competitors with overlapping distribution channels. Although some earlier speculation existed in specialty literature that the new company would appear under the name Samsung Security, official announcement stated that the CCTV division from Samsung Electronics will be transferred to Samsung Techwin.

In February 2014, Samsung Techwin presented its new portfolio of IP cameras for vertical markets at the International Security, Safety and Fire Exhibition (SICUR).

In December 2014, Samsung Electronics announced the sale of its holding stake in its security division, Samsung Techwin, to South Korean conglomerate Hanwha Group.

On June 29, 2015, Hanwha completed the takeover and renamed it as Hanwha Techwin.

In 2017, Hanwha Techwin has spun off its SMT pick-and-place machine business as Hanwha Precision Machinery.

In 2018, Hanwha Techwin took part in the Korea International Boat Show 2018, which is one of Asia's top boat shows. Hanwha Techwin was the only global security corporation to participate at the marine leisure industry exhibition held in Goyang, South Korea at KINTEX. Hanwha Techwin exhibited the importance of safety at sea and demonstrated maritime security solutions.

In November 2020, a new app for system integrators was announced. The app can be run on mobile devices and can be downloaded from Google Play and Apple App Store. It makes verifying that all devices are installed more conveniently and creates a Bill of Materials to verify that an order has been fulfilled.

On July 2, 2021, Hanwha Techwin announces five new models of the P Series AI Cameras. The Hanwha P Series AI Camera are a model of security cameras with video analytic technology. This technology is capable of detecting objects, such as people, vehicles, license plates, and faces, as well as classifying objects into categories such as age groups, gender, and colour.

On March 1, 2023, Hanwha Techwin changed its name to Hanwha Vision.

Products

 * Surveillance: CCTV (Surveillance) systems, modules, Presenter, FRID, DVR, optical instruments, etc.

Defense Industries – transferred to Hanwha Defense

 * K9 Thunder self-propelled artillery, K10 Ammunition Resupply Vehicles, sub-systems for K2 Black Panther, sentry gun robot SGR-A1.

Transferred to Hanwha Aerospace

 * Power Systems: Gas Turbines, Engines for helicopters, Refrigerant Compressors, Overhaul, etc.
 * Transportations: Samsung Techwin operates a few helicopter routes inside South Korea.

Consumer electronics – transferred to Samsung Electronics

 * Digital still cameras: Samsung Digimax line (e.g. Samsung Digimax A7)

title: Hanwha Vision


text:
Erna Petermann

Erna Petermann (born 1912, date of death unknown) was a high-ranking female overseer at two Nazi concentration camps during the closing months of World War II.

Biography
Little is known about Erna Petermann, other than that she trained at the men's camp at Mittelbau-Dora sometime in 1944. The Schutzstaffel (SS) promoted Petermann to the rank of Lagerführerin (Female Camp Commandant) under a male commandant. Later, Petermann was transferred as Female Camp Commandant to the Großwerther subcamp in the Harz Mountains.

Disappearance
When Großwerther was liberated by the Allies, Petermann fled the camp and went into hiding. Her whereabouts were not discovered and therefore it was not possible to question her regarding possible involvement with war crimes. Her subsequent history and post-war activities remain unknown.

title: Erna Petermann


text:
User talk:Radiobuzzer

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Radiobuzzer


text:
User talk:Gregzeng

Gregzeng, please do not add nonsense paragraphs to already well defined articles.

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Merovingian (t) (c) 13:32, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
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Please Use Edit Summaries
Hello. Please remember to always provide an edit summary. Thanks and happy editing. ¡Dustimagic! ( T / C ) 06:11, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

YAVIS- Young Attractive Verbal Intelligent Successful
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Your edits to NTFS-3G
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Speedy deletion nomination of Acronis Drive Monitor

A tag has been placed on Acronis Drive Monitor, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Business for more information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion," which appears inside of the speedy deletion tag (if no such tag exists, the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate). Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. Who needs names? talk the talk 15:07, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

A brownie for you!
Wikipedia still has major flaws. There seems to be no easy editor for freelance editors to edit Wikipedia entries. Still looking. Perhaps Libre-office has tutorials & scripts?

Obviously Wikipedia will always be out-of-date with reality. Reality is moving so fast, hat any "recording" will need a very biased, limited reporting version of the actual realities. "Medium is the message", etc. My previous Wikipedia entries (some listed above) are in fact still in Wikipedia, after my pioneering entries. Pioneers like myself have our arrows in our backs. It is very discouraging being a pioneer in Wikipedia.

My "Zheng He" entry attempts are very well known facts, outside of the USA. Perhaps an organized group effort is needed to correct Wikipedia's hatred of reality, especially by pioneer historians like myself.

Problem with your custom signature
You have a custom signature set in your account preferences. A change to Wikipedia's software has made your current custom signature incompatible with the software.

The problem: Your preferences are set to interpret your custom signature as wikitext. However, your current custom signature does not contain any wikitext.

The solutions: You can reset your signature to the default, or you can fix your signature.

 * Solution 1: Reset your signature to the default:
 * Find the signature section in the first tab of Special:Preferences.
 * Uncheck the box (☑→☐) that says "Treat the above as wiki markup."
 * Remove anything in the text box.  (It might already be empty.)
 * Click the blue "" button at the bottom of the page. (The red "" button will reset all of your preference settings, not just the signature.)
 * Solution 2: Fix your custom signature:
 * Find the signature section in the first tab of Special:Preferences.
 * Uncheck the box (☑→☐) that says "Treat the above as wiki markup."
 * Click the blue "" button at the bottom of the page.

More information about custom signatures is available at Signatures. If you have followed these instructions and still want help, please leave a message at Wikipedia talk:Signatures. Thank you. 18:03, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gregzeng


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Edge Side Includes

Edge Side Includes (ESI) is a small markup language for edge level dynamic web content assembly. The purpose of ESI is to tackle the problem of web infrastructure scaling. It is an application of edge computing.

It is fairly common for websites to have generated content. It could be because of changing content like catalogs or forums, or because of personalization. This creates a problem for caching systems. To overcome this problem a group of companies (Akamai, Art Technology Group, BEA Systems, Circadence Corporation, Digital Island, Inc., Interwoven, Inc., Open Market, whose ESI-related technology is now owned by FatWire Software, Oracle Corporation and Vignette Corporation) developed the ESI specification and submitted it to the W3C for approval. The proposal editor was Mark Nottingham.

ESI Language Specification 1.0 was submitted to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for approval in August 2001. The W3C has acknowledged receipt, but has not accepted the proposal.

ESI is implemented by some content delivery networks, such as Akamai, and by some caching proxy servers such as Varnish, Squid and Mongrel ESI, although many do not implement the complete specification. Akamai also adds additional features to the version they support.

Syntax
ESI element tags are inserted into HTML or other text based content during creation. Instead of being displayed to viewers, these ESI tags are directives that instruct an ESI processor to take some action. The XML based ESI tags indicate to the edge-side processing agent the action that needs to be taken to complete the page's assembly. One simple example of an ESI element is the include tag which is used to include content external to the page. An ESI include tag placed in-line within an HTML document would look like:

In this case the ESI processor would retrieve the src URL, or failing that the alt URL, or if that failed do nothing. The ESI system is usually a caching proxy server so it may have a local copy of these files which it can insert without going back to the server. Alternatively the whole page with the ESI tags may be cached, and only the ESI requests may be made to the origin server. This allows different caching times for different parts of the page, or different degrees of personalisation.

Features
There are four main features in ESI:
 * inclusion of page fragments, as illustrated above;
 * variables which can be set from cookies or HTTP headers and then used in other ESI statements or written into markup;
 * conditions so that different markup can be used based on variables, for example if a cookie is set or not;
 * error handling, so that a failover can be used if an origin server is unavailable.

Alternatives
The main alternatives to ESI are
 * to do assembly on the origin server using Server Side Includes and many types of server-side scripting.
 * to use client-side scripting and techniques collectively known as Ajax (see: Dynamic web page) in the browser
 * to establish a protocol between origin and edge such that recurring content will be included on the edge automatically, as with Cloudflare's Railgun protocol
 * to do assembly in the browser using web components.

title: Edge Side Includes


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User talk:Alejos

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Merovingian (t) (c) 13:33, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image:Hacking Democracy-card.jpg
Can you please change the licensing information on this image, its not a poster nor was it created as one by the films creators or HBO. Thank you. --Nuclear Zer0 14:43, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You are at least half right. Now I can't find a way to remove the image. Alejos

List of countries by External Debt
Hi, Alejos, Yesterday I have reverted a change made by Chad Hennings that resulted in incorrect data being in the debt-per-person column for almost all countries starting from the 5th row down (for instance, the external debt-per-Chinese increased by factor 10 with that change. Same applies to external-debt-per-Russian). Somehow you decided to revert my change back. I would appreciate if you either return back the original data that were there before Chad Hennings made his change or fix the page properly. Thanks very much. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.217.106.17 (talk) 09:45, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 386
You added this edit which was recently deleted for lack of a citation. Can you find one? LeadSongDog (talk) 19:42, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alejos


text:
User talk:Daydreams~enwiki

Image license
Hello,

I noticed your Image:Scilab screenshot 1.png has no license. You should give one otherwise it might be deleted, see Image copyright tags (I personnaly suggest GFDL).

By the way, have you considered the upload on commons ? I also loaded some (commons:Image:Scilab exemple 3d.png and commons:Image:Scilab exemple 3d 2.png, far much simpler than yours).

Best regards

Cdang| write me 13:33, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Scilab screenshot 1.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:Scilab screenshot 1.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 05:48, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Daydreams. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Daydreams~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:22, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:00, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Tian.jpg
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Tian.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you object to the listing for any reason. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 18:43, 11 October 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daydreams~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Haircut jokes

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was snip snip. Rob Church Talk 23:29, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Haircut jokes
snip, snip WP:NOT something or other....--Doc (?) 13:35, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd like a cue-ball (Delete). And I've got a better joke than any of those ones: Christ, boy! Did that hurt?. GarrettTalk 15:23, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, or open the door to articles or lists of jokes by topic (which would be wikiquote stuff anyway). BD2412  talk 06:29, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Relisting. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:27, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete --Merovingian (t) (c) ( e ) 00:33, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I don't see this ever becoming properly referenced. --fvw *  00:33, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. - Sensor 01:53, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. not even funny jokes. — Gaff  ταλκ 01:59, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic. -Greg Asche (talk) 02:02, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ah, wikipedia.  Molotov   (talk)  [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]]   15:59, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NE --Rogerd 00:32, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to jokebook it anyone finds it funny and delete. WP:NOT a jokebook; that's what Wikibooks is for. Alphax τεχ 18:24, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Sarah Parish

Sarah Parish (born 7 June 1968) is an English actress. She is known for her work on television series including The Pillars of the Earth, Peak Practice, Hearts and Bones, Cutting It, Doctor Who, Mistresses, Merlin, Atlantis, Monroe, HBO's Industry, Stay Close, Trollied, W1A and, as the titular character, Bancroft.

Early life
Parish was born in Yeovil, Somerset, to Bill and Thelma Parish; she has a sister, Julie, and a brother, musician John Parish. She was educated at the local Preston School and Yeovil College. She began acting at an early age and believes her first stage appearance was aged two in a pantomime in the village of Tintinhull playing the pearl in an oyster. She later attended Yeovil Youth Theatre.

Career
After training at the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts in London, her appearance in a cult advert for Manchester-based Boddingtons bitter in 1994 (as Vera, who likes nothing better than "a good rub down with chip fat"), led to a series of roles as Northern women, including Dawn Rudge in Peak Practice (1993), Allie Henshall in Cutting It (2002), Annie Naylor in Trust and Natalie Holden in Blackpool (2004). She starred alongside Debra Messing in the movie The Wedding Date, had a small role in The Holiday, which starred Jude Law, and appeared as the Empress of the Racnoss in the Christmas 2006 Doctor Who episode "The Runaway Bride".

Parish appeared in the one-off drama Recovery. She also starred in the BBC series ShakespeaRe-Told in which she played Beatrice. She returned as GP Katie Roden in series two and three of Mistresses, which debuted on BBC One in February 2009. She played Lady Catrina in the BBC television series Merlin.

In 2011 Parish co-starred in ITV's medical drama Monroe, alongside James Nesbitt. From 2013 to 2015 she appeared in the BBC TV series Atlantis, playing one of the main characters, Pasiphaë. From 2014 to 2017 she played the role of Anna Rampton in three series of the BBC TV comedy W1A. Since November 2015 Parish has portrayed Cheryl Fairweather in Sky One sitcom Trollied.

In December 2017 she played Supt Elizabeth Bancroft in the ITV miniseries Bancroft. The second series was broadcast in January 2020.

In December 2019 she appeared in The Cockfields as Melissa, girlfriend of Nigel Havers' character, Larry. In 2020 she appeared in the HBO/BBC drama Industry. In December 2021 Parish appeared in the Netflix original Stay Close as Lorraine.

Co-stars
She has frequently co-starred opposite David Tennant — in the 2004 musical serial Blackpool; the Tony Marchant drama Recovery; the 2006 Doctor Who Christmas special episode, "The Runaway Bride"; in the third series of the ITV crime drama Broadchurch; and in the 2017 film You, Me and Him. She has joked: "We're like George and Mildred – in 20 years' time we'll probably be doing a ropey old sitcom in a terraced house in Preston."

Personal life
Parish married James Murray on 15 December 2007 in Hampshire. It was announced in January 2008 that she was pregnant with their first child, due on Parish's 40th birthday. Their daughter Ella-Jayne was born with Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome and died in 2009. In her memory, Parish and Murray raise funds for the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at Southampton General Hospital. As of December 2019, they had raised £5.2 million towards the PICU. Their second daughter, Nell, was born on 21 November 2009.

When asked about her hobbies and interests, Parish cites her vegetable garden.

On 2 March 2018, Parish sustained an accident, breaking her leg when sledging in the snow. She commented: "Note to self: cheap plastic sledges are for sitting in and gently trundling down primary slopes-- NOT a substitute for a stand up snowboard".

Filmography

 * Television

 * Film

title: Sarah Parish


text:
Talk:965

[Untitled]
I think that there is a mistake in this article. Pope Benedict V is put in place of Pope Leo VIII at 964 and in March 1 965 pope Leo has restored.

title: Talk:965


text:
Talk:Hen

I don't agree at all that a HEN is the female of a CHICKEN. In reality is the female of a ROOSTER!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.123.44.173 (talk • contribs)

 * A hen is the female of any bird. You are free too disagree and make corrections, but please don't shout.--83.245.19.84 17:03, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

What is the plural form of the noun "hen" kjevle

Can anybody get the referral to the Hen manga to work? I've tried, and it didn't work, and before I tried to get it to work it linked back to the same page. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_%28manga%29 is the page it needs to be linked to. If you can help me with this, thank you.(Vassago-DemonOfProphecy 16:57, 4 May 2007 (UTC))

http://www.geocities.com/ostrichwonderland/characteristic.htm says a female ostrich is a hen. www.emusupply.com/basic_habits.htm   says a female emu is a hen. 202.92.40.8 14:30, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

What we call "chicken eggs" are actualy fowl   eggs. What we call chicken (for eating) is the meat (or whole body) of young fowl. Any of various birds of the order Galliformes. The common, widely domesticated chook, Gallus gallus, are in the category of fowl. SO if you really want to refer to the common chicken stock, you might say "Gallus Gallus", or perhaps the breed of gallus gallus as per http://www.ithaca.edu/staff/jhenderson/chooks/chooks.html ... there are a lot of breeds ! ) 202.92.40.8 14:30, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

ɔممكن أن أخد برنامج الاتصال المجاني [[Media
 * Example.ogg]] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.6.179.215 (talk) 08:45, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

hens laying eggs
how old are hens when they begin to lay eggs? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lpvining (talk • contribs) 02:04, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * First off, please note that talk pages are for discussion of improvements to the article. Not general discussion of the topic. But most hens start to lay around 4-6 months of age. Steven Walling (talk) 02:45, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Sure, this is for improving the article.. If the answer to the question wasn't in the main article, then its probably a request to add it. 121.218.83.239 (talk) 02:46, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hen


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Take a Bow (Madonna song)

"Take a Bow" is a song by American singer Madonna from her sixth studio album, Bedtime Stories (1994). It was released as the album's second single on December 6, 1994, by Maverick Records. It is a midtempo pop ballad written and produced by Madonna and Babyface. Following the sexually explicit persona portrayed by Madonna on her previous album, Erotica, she wanted to tone down her image for Bedtime Stories. Experimenting with a new musical direction and a more radio-friendly sound, Madonna decided to collaborate with Babyface, whose work with other musicians had impressed her. "Take a Bow" was developed after she listened to the basic beat and chords of a piece of music composed by him.

Recorded at The Hit Factory Studios in New York, "Take a Bow" was backed by a full orchestra. It was also the first time that Babyface had worked with live strings, per Madonna's suggestion. "Take a Bow" lyrically talks about unrequited love and Madonna saying goodbye. It received favorable reviews from music critics, who praised its soulful, poetic lyrics. The single topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for seven weeks, becoming Madonna's 11th chart-topper. She broke Carole King's three-decade-long record as the female songwriter with the most number-one songs, a record which was later broken by Mariah Carey. "Take a Bow" also reached number one in Canada and the top ten in Finland, Switzerland, and New Zealand. However, it became her first single to miss the UK top ten since 1984, peaking at number 16.

The music video for "Take a Bow" was directed by Michael Haussman, and was filmed in Ronda, Spain. The video depicts Madonna as a bullfighter's (played by real-life Spanish bullfighter Emilio Muñoz) neglected lover, yearning for his love. It won the Best Female Video award at the 1995 MTV Video Music Awards. Journalistic and academic analysis of the video included its plotline, usage of religious iconography, themes and motifs of feminism and submission, as well as its impact on contemporary music videos. In order to promote Bedtime Stories, Madonna performed "Take a Bow" on a few occasions, including live with Babyface at the 1995 American Music Awards. The song was later included in her compilation albums Something to Remember (1995), GHV2 (2001), and Celebration (2009). She also performed the song to the setlist of her Rebel Heart Tour (2015-2016), her one-off concert Madonna: Tears of a Clown (2016), and on The Celebration Tour (2023-2024).

Background and release
Following the release of Madonna's first book publication, Sex, the erotic thriller, Body of Evidence, her fifth studio album, Erotica, as well as her infamous TV interview with David Letterman in the early-to-mid 1990s, the media and public's backlash against Madonna's overtly sexual image was at a peak. Madonna wanted to tone down her explicit image. Her first attempt was to release the tender ballad "I'll Remember" from the soundtrack of the film With Honors. Musically, she wanted to move in a new musical direction and started exploring new-jack R&B styles with a generally mainstream, radio-friendly sound. This would eventually become her sixth studio album, Bedtime Stories, released in October 1994. In author Fred Bronson's The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, Madonna explained: The idea going in was to juxtapose my singing style with a hardcore hip-hop sensibility and have the finished product still sound like a Madonna record. I began the process by meeting with the hip-hop producers whose work I most admired. It was important, if I were to use a variety of collaborators, that the end product sound cohesive and thematically whole. I wasn't interested in the variety pack approach. After searching for prospective collaborators, Madonna chose to work with Babyface, whose previous work with artists like Whitney Houston, Boyz II Men, and Toni Braxton had resulted in successful smooth R&B songs. She was also fond of Babyface's song, "When Can I See You" from his third studio album For the Cool in You (1994). The singer's management called Babyface to set up a meeting and see if they wanted to work together. Once met, both were surprised by their camaraderie and wanted to write songs. Madonna came over to Babyface's house and after a couple of days they came up with two songs. One of them was based on a piece of music composed by Babyface, but he was not sure about its musical direction. He made Madonna listen to the composition, and she found a way to take the song forward. Babyface clarified that "[i]t was just a beat and the chords. From there we collaborated and built it up... I was living in Beverly Hills and I created a little studio in my house, so she came over there to write." Together they agreed that the first line of the song should be its title, and "Take a Bow" was written. The words were never repeated in the track again.

"Take a Bow" was released as the second single from Bedtime Stories on December 6, 1994, following "Secret". The maxi single release of the song included two remixes. According to Jose F. Promis of AllMusic, the first remix, known as the "In Da Soul" mix, gives the ballad a funkier, more urban feel while the second remix, known as the "Silky Soul Mix", is a little more "quiet storm" and "melancholy" than the first.

On December 17, 2021, Madonna released the "Take a Bow" EP to all digital and streaming outlets.

Recording and composition
"Take a Bow" was recorded at The Hit Factory studios, New York, and was mastered and mixed at Sterling Sound Studios, New York. Babyface recalled that he was nervous about recording with Madonna, since he feared that Madonna was a "perfectionist" in the studio, and that would ultimately be time-consuming for the whole process. However, it was one of the fastest recording and mixing, each brought lyrics and melodies, singing them back and forth. The song was backed by full orchestral strings and was also the first time that Babyface had worked with live strings. He recalled that using strings in the song was "[Madonna's] suggestion, and it was Nellee Hooper who actually [arranged the strings]. She had worked with them before but for me it was a new experience". Along with Hooper, Jessie Leavey, Craig Armstrong and Suzie Katayama also worked on the strings and conducting.

"Take a Bow" was written and produced by Madonna and Babyface, and is a midtempo pop, R&B, and soul ballad with Japanese musical influences, like that of Kyu Sakamoto's 1961 song, "Sukiyaki". It begins with sounds of oriental pentatonic strings, giving the impression of Chinese or Japanese opera. The verses consist of a descending chord sequence, containing twists at the end. Madonna's vocals are in a "sleepy languid mood" that is characteristic of the songs from Bedtime Stories. The lyrics during the chorus talk about Madonna saying goodbye to a lover, who had taken her for granted. The title plays upon the verse in the song "all the world is a stage and everyone has their part", a reference to a line by William Shakespeare in his play As You Like It, "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women mere players".

In his book Madonna: An Intimate Biography, author J. Randy Taraborrelli describes the song as a "somber, sarcastic, all-the-world's-a-stage song about unrequited love... [about a subject] whose phoniness might have fooled everyone else, but not her." He goes on to say that in the song Madonna tells the subject of her unrequited love to take a bow for "rendering a great, transparent performance in life and love." Alongside the betrayal of her lover, the lyrics also talk about Madonna trying to understand the reasons behind adultery. As the song progresses, the listener realizes that through the lyrics the singer was talking about herself—"One lonely star and you don't know who you are". According to the sheet music published by Alfred Music at Musicnotes.com, the song has a moderate calypso feel and is set in the time signature of common time and progresses in 80 beats per minute. This song is in the key of A♭ major with Madonna's vocal ranging from E♭3 to C5. "Take a Bow" contains a basic sequence of A♭–B♭m7/E♭–A♭–F♭maj7 during the opening strings, and A♭–A♭/G♭–Fm7 during the verses as its chord progression.

Critical reception
Upon release, "Take a Bow" received general acclaim from critics. Peter Calvin from The Advocate praised the lyrical flow of the song, saying that the "effect is truly heartbreaking. The song... shows that ultimately Madonna... is just like you and me". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic referred to "Take a Bow" as "tremendous", listing it as one of the best songs from Bedtime Stories and stating that it "slowly works its melodies into the subconscious as the bass pulses". He goes on to say that it "offer[s] an antidote to Erotica, which was filled with deep but cold grooves". Louis Virtel, from The Backlot, placed "Take a Bow" at number 27 of his list "The 100 Greatest Madonna Songs". He wrote, "Madonna's most successful single to date is a melancholic evisceration of a lover's artifice, and its hopeless plain-spokenness makes it one of the finest examples of 90s balladry". J. D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun stated that the song, about "innocent romance" has a "gently cascading melody". In his review of Bedtime Stories, Billboard's Paul Verna called it a "holiday feast for Top 40, rhythm crossover, and AC". Reviewing the single, Billboard gave the single a particularly positive review; "The follow-up to the top five smash 'Secret' [...] is as perfect as top 40 fare gets. This single has a delightful, immediately memorable melody and chorus, engaging romance-novel lyrics and a lead vocal that is both sweet and quietly soulful. A lovely way for [Madonna] to kick out '95".

In his 2011 review of Bedtime Stories, Brett Callwood of the Detroit Metro Times called the song "spectacular". Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Chuck Arnold called it "one of the most elegant, most un-Madonna-sounding things she’s ever done". While ranking Madonna's singles in honor of her 60th birthday, Jude Rogers from The Guardian placed the track at number 38, calling it a "compellingly cinematic orchestral drama". Matthew Jacobs, from The Huffington Post, placed it at number 19 of his list "The Definitive Ranking Of Madonna Singles", calling it her "most poetic ballad". Bianca Gracie from Idolator noted it as a "timeless ballad", adding that it "has warm strings and soaring harmonies with a hint of tragedy from Madonna’s somber vocals, which makes the end result all the more beautiful." Music writer James Masterton said it is "arguably one of Madonna's best records for ages". Pan-European magazine Music & Media deemed it "an elegant ballad, a perfect alternative to prosaic lullabies." They added, "The intro could be mistaken for jingle bells and fits in well with the season." A reviewer from Music Week gave it five out of five, calling it "an old-fashioned ballad, full of sweeping violin and vaguely oriental sounds. A natural single for Christmas." John Kilgo from The Network Forty described it as "sexy and smooth". Stuart Bailie from NME viewed it as "a return to the True Blue era of boss tunes, a swooning, goose-feather production that's clearly in awe of KD Lang's Ingenue. Maddy paraphrases Shakespeare and rewrite 'Send In the Clowns'; another curtain call beckons." Another NME editor, Alex Needham, opined it was a "gorgeously constructed song by any standards".

NPR Multimedia senior producer Keith Jenkins gave a positive review of the song, stating that it "washes over you and gets your blood boiling. You may not walk on water after hearing it, but you may want to get your focus back by walking on broken glass". Enio Chiola of PopMatters, included the song on his list of "Top 15 Madonna Singles of All Time". He opined that "['Take a Bow'] features a more demure Madonna, confident in her termination of a doomed relationship, and the music is accented by characteristically Asian orchestration and lovely poetic lyrics", concluding that "[Madonna] quickly learned that the way back into the public's collective hearts was to focus more attention on the music than on the frankness of her sexual image". Encyclopedia Madonnica writer Matthew Rettenmund called it a "sentimental ballad with showbiz theme" while finding similarities in the song to that of "Superstar" by The Carpenters. Rikky Rooksby, author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna, was less impressed with the track. Although he felt that it sounded "shockingly normal" after the "ambient 'Bedtime Story'", he found the song's length as over-long and deduced it to be "communica[ting] no sense whatsoever of the pain of a real goodbye." Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani, called it "syrupy and bittersweet". In his book, Madonna: An Intimate Biography, J. Randy Taraborrelli called it a "melancholy and beautifully executed ballad". James Hunter from Vibe deemed it "a New Soul masterpiece". Author Chris Wade wrote in his book The Music of Madonna that "Take a Bow" was a standout from the album. He complimented Madonna and Babyface's vocals, while calling the music "stunning". He declared it as one of the singer's "purest songs, totally free of any gimmicks, self-consciousness or knowing sexual references; a graceful end to the album."

Chart performance
"Take a Bow" was a commercial success in the United States, topping the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was Madonna's second number-one single since Billboard started using Nielsen SoundScan and Nielsen BDS data to tabulate its charts; the first being "This Used to Be My Playground". Topping the chart for seven weeks, it is her longest-running number-one on this chart. It was her 11th single to top the Billboard Hot 100 and her 23rd top five entry; both records for a female artist. With the song reaching number one, she ranked fourth on the list of artists with the most number ones on the chart, behind the Beatles, Elvis Presley and the jointly ranked Michael Jackson and the Supremes. With a writing credit in nine chart-toppers, Madonna became the female songwriter with the most number-one songs at that time, overtaking Carole King, who had held the record for more than 30 years. It charted for a total of 30 weeks, tying with "Borderline" as Madonna's longest-running song on the Hot 100. In 2013, Billboard allocated "Take a Bow" the number four spot on its list of "Madonna's Biggest Billboard Hits", declaring it her second most successful single of the 1990s after "Vogue".

"Take a Bow" became Madonna's fifth number-one on the Adult Contemporary chart in the United States, following "Live to Tell", "La Isla Bonita", "Cherish", and "I'll Remember". It was number one for nine weeks. The song is also notable as Madonna's last single to make the top 40 of the US R&B chart. It also topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart, and reached number four on the Rhythmic chart. On February 27, 1995, the single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and according to Billboard, it was one of the best selling singles of 1995, selling 500,000 copies that year. With "Take a Bow"'s certification, Madonna ranked with Janet Jackson as the female artists with the most gold certified singles. In Canada the song debuted at number 85 on the RPM Singles Chart, and reached the top after 11 weeks, becoming Madonna's 12th number-one single in that country. "Take a Bow" charted for 25 weeks and placed at number three on the RPM year-end ranking. It also reached number one on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart.

"Take a Bow" peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart. This ended Madonna's record-holding string of 35 consecutive top-ten singles on the chart, from "Like a Virgin" (1984) to "Secret" (1994). According to the Official Charts Company, the single has sold 102,739 copies in the United Kingdom, as of August 2008. "It should be a source of shame akin to Britain's poisonous beef and pathetic railways that the dreadful 'Hanky Panky' was purchased in such droves that it reached Number 2"," grumbled Stuart Maconie, "whilst only buying sufficient of the wonderful 'Take a Bow' to propel it to a measly Number 16." In Australia, "Take a Bow" debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 21 on December 25, 1994, eventually peaking at number 15. It remained on the chart for 17 weeks. The song peaked at number two on the Italian Singles Chart; number eight on the Swiss Singles Chart; and number nine on the New Zealand Singles Chart, spending 13 weeks on the latter chart.

Background and release
The music video for "Take a Bow" was directed by Michael Haussman and is a lavish period-style piece, filmed November 3–8, 1994, in Ronda and in the bullring of Antequera, Spain. In the video, Madonna wore a fitted, classic suit by British fashion designer John Galliano. The costumes worn by Madonna in the video were created by stylist Lori Goldstein, who received the VH1 Fashion and Media award for best styling. Other designers who provided clothing included Donatella Versace and a then-unknown Christian Louboutin. Madonna had a 1940s style on her, with tight corset, silk dresses and a black-veiled hat. The plot of the video was set in the 1940s, depicting Madonna as a neglected lover of a bullfighter, played by real-life Spanish actor and bullfighter Emilio Muñoz. Madonna's character yearns for the bullfighter's presence, with erotic heartbreak. In an interview with MTV's Kurt Loder on the set of the music video, Madonna said that when she was initially writing "Take a Bow" the inspiration for the song was an actor, but she wanted the male character in the video to be a matador instead because she wanted the video to be about an "obsessive, tragic love story that doesn't work out in the end" and a matador would be more visually effective in expressing the emotion of the song.

Madonna arrived in Ronda in November 1994 with a team of 60 people and wanted to shoot at the bullrings in the city. However, her request was rejected by the Real Maestranza de Caballería of Ronda (Royal Cavalry Brotherhood of Ronda), who considered it as a desecration of the arenas if Madonna would have filmed there, since her name at that time was associated with provocative imagery. Also, Madonna had to give up shooting around the city's square due to high economic demands of its owner, former bullfighter Antonio Ordóñez who demanded ₧17 million (US$122302 in 1994). Later it was clarified that Madonna was refused due to unknown moral reasons from the Brotherhood, who accused the media of making free publicity on the singer's behalf. The refusal generated controversy in Ronda, whose political groups believed that allowing the video to be shot within its precipices would be great promotion for the city. Madonna later obtained permit to shoot inside the palace of the Marquis of Salvatierra. Bullfighting scenes were shot at the Plaza de Toros de Ronda (The Toros Plaza of Ronda), where Muñoz acted alongside three fighting bulls. The actor was paid ₧7 million (US$50360 in 1994) for participating in the video.

The music video was released on November 22, 1994, on MTV. It was also part of VH1's relaunching promotional campaigns, where the channel used the video in its trio of 30 second commercials titled "The New VH1". The commercial showed a couple in a vintage porsche pulling in front of an ATM cash machine. The man makes a transaction while the woman looks at VH1 playing at a store, showing "Take a Bow". When the man turns back to the car, the woman is gone and can be seen inside the video alongside Madonna, while the singer appears in the car, and utters the tagline: "The new VH1... It'll suck you in". According to Abbey Konowitch, who worked on Madonna's Maverick Records, the singer had a long history with MTV and VH1, and hence was eager to participate in the campaign when asked by VH1 president John Sykes. For filming the commercial, the clothes worn in the video had to be flown in from the different designers. Madonna was also impressed by the technology used in the commercial for transposing the woman and herself together.

Synopsis and reception
The music video begins showing Madonna, the torero (Muñoz), and the townspeople preparing for, then attending, a bullfight. A secondary staging in the video presents Madonna standing or sitting near a television set in a room (lit by a single light source from above), while a third staging depicts Madonna writhing around on a bed in her underwear as she watches Muñoz on the television. In the bullring, the torero kills the bull and then comes home and physically and emotionally abuses Madonna. The video can be viewed as a statement on classism, supposing the bullfighter feels threatened and angered by the aristocrat's station, resulting in his physically abusing and then coldly abandoning her.

The style of the music video has been compared to Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar's 1986 film Matador, starring Antonio Banderas. Madonna requested that Haussman give the video a Spanish theme because, at the time, she was lobbying for the role of Eva Perón in the film version of Evita. She subsequently sent a copy of the video to director Alan Parker as a way of "auditioning" for the role. Madonna eventually won the role of Perón. The music video for Madonna's 1995 single "You'll See" is considered a follow-up to the "Take a Bow" music video, as Madonna and Emilio Muñoz reprise their roles. In that video Madonna's character walks out on Munoz's (bullfighter) character, leaving him behind in despair. Madonna's character is then seen on the train and later on a plane, while Munoz's character tries to catch up with her in vain.

The video generated controversy with animal rights activists who accused the singer of glorifying bullfighting. In Australia, music video program Video Hits ran a ticker along the bottom of the screen when the video was playing, stating that the producers of the program did not endorse the glorification of the sport portrayed in the video, while ABC TV video program Rage simply refused to play the video at all during their G-rated Top 50 program. Madonna won Best Female Video honors at the 1995 MTV Video Music Awards for the "Take a Bow" music video. It was also nominated for Best Art Direction in a Video, but lost to Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson's "Scream". The video also came in at number 27 on VH1's 50 Sexiest Video Moments. In 2012, the television program Extra included "Take a Bow" on their list of "The 10 Sexiest Madonna Music Videos." It can also be found on the Madonna compilations, The Video Collection 93:99 (1999) and Celebration: The Video Collection (2009).

Analysis and impact
Like some of Madonna's previous music videos, such as "La Isla Bonita" and "Like a Prayer", religious imagery plays a big role in the music video. In the book Madonna's Drowned Worlds the use of Catholic imagery in the video is discussed. Author Santiago Fouz-Hernández points out that unlike Madonna's previous music videos, much of the religious imagery is associated with the torero, not Madonna, due to the fact that religious images are a strong part of the bullfighting ritual. It has also been argued that in the video Madonna "subverts the gender structure and masculine subjectivity implicit in traditional bullfighting." This is achieved through the "feminization of the matador and the emphasis on Madonna's character" and also through Madonna's "dominant gaze" as she watches the matador perform."

Roger Beebe, one of the authors of Medium Cool: Music Videos from Soundies to Cellphones, noted that the video was an example of "how music, image, and lyrics of a song possesses their own temporality". He explained that the "graceful" nature of the song was contrast to the repetitive scenes in the video, which he felt indicated that the protagonist has long been engaging in the activities, including the "demoralizing sex scenes". In Madonna as Postmodern Myth, author Georges-Claude Guilbert felt the video "defied feminists of the Marilyn Frye and Adrienne Rich variety, who see in the video a disgusting example of passé female submissiveness", and Madonna responded by stating "I don't believe that any organization should dictate to me what I can and cannot do artistically." Guilbert also noted the usage of religious iconography in the video, especially dubious representation of the Virgin. He explained that most of the times Madonna and the torero make love through the television screen, implying that "one of their purity had to be maintained always".

When discussing "Take a Bow", NPR Multimedia senior producer Keith Jenkins said the music video, with its "rich, sensually framed sepia tones", doesn't leave much to the imagination but rather, it becomes your imagination, with Madonna's vision "drill[ed] into your brain, unlocking your waking eye." Carol Vernallis, author of Experiencing Music Video: Aesthetics and Cultural Context, noted that the video exemplified the lyrics of the song. She clarified that the scenes featuring Madonna and Muñoz dressing up and putting on their gloves pointed to storyline and lyrics that appeared later, the lyrics being "all the world loves a clown". During that line Muñoz as the torero is seen with a fatuous expression, which Vernallis deduced as "the beginning of the story of possession and fame" in the video. When Madonna sings "I've always been in love with you", she appeared in the video as sometimes adolescent and sometimes middle-aged. For Vernallis it was not clear if the imagery was literal or figurative of the lyrics, "embodying a lasting affection, as separate parts of Madonna's psyche, or as the exaggerated claims of a groupie." The author also noted that the scene where Madonna pricks her hand with a needle makes her relationship with the torero as more ambiguous. The costumes and melody in the video reminded Vernallis of the 1904 opera Madame Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini although with an inverted plotline. The scenes showing Madonna in an enclosed room with a single light bulb also drew comparisons to Glenn Close's character in the 1987 psychological thriller film, Fatal Attraction. Another observation by Vernallis was about the power struggle it showed in the video, with Madonna gradually losing and relegated to one corner of the room.

The "Take a Bow" video was a source of inspiration for Justin Timberlake's music video for his 2006 single, "SexyBack". According to Timberlake, he decided to work with director Michael Haussman on his "SexyBack" video because "Take a Bow" is one of his favorite Madonna videos. He went on to say "Even today, I still remember the visuals, the images, how he captured her. A lot of times, Madonna seems like she's the person in control, and in that video, she seemed vulnerable. It was a cool thing to see." According to director Dave Meyers, the music video for Britney Spears' 2009 single "Radar" is a "tribute" to Madonna's "Take a Bow" video. When speaking of Spears and the "Radar" video, Meyers explained, "[we were] looking for a way to take her into a contemporary, classy environment. I felt empowered by referencing Madonna's ['Take a Bow'] video. Britney hasn't done anything like that."

Live performances, covers and usage in media
On January 30, 1995, Madonna performed "Take a Bow" in a cheongsam on the American Music Awards of 1995, accompanied by Babyface and full orchestral strings. Babyface said the performance was terrifying for him: "I was nervous as hell. But you couldn't actually see my legs shaking under the suit. When we finished, she told me she had never been that nervous before. That was crazy to me -- I was thinking, 'You're Madonna, you're on stage all the time!'". On February 18, 1995, Madonna arrived in Europe to promote Bedtime Stories; that same day, she appeared on German TV show Wetten, dass..?, where she was interviewed and performed "Secret" and "Take a Bow". On February 22, 1995, Madonna and Babyface sang the song at the Sanremo Music Festival 1995 in Sanremo, Italy. At the end of the performance, she thanked the audience in Italian, and received a standing ovation. Madonna did rehearse the song for 2004's Re-Invention World Tour, but it was ultimately cut from the setlist and not included in the show.

Madonna had never performed "Take a Bow" on any of her concert tours until February 4, 2016, when she performed the song during the Taipei stop of her Rebel Heart Tour. After the performance, she exclaimed "That was fun! First time ever. Hit a few bad notes, but it felt good to sing it." The singer subsequently performed the song in the other cities during the Asian and Oceanian legs of the Rebel Heart Tour. The live performance of the song was released as a bonus track on the Japanese DVD/Blu-ray edition of Rebel Heart Tour (2017). An acoustic version of "Take a Bow" was performed on Madonna's one-off concert in Melbourne, Madonna: Tears of a Clown. Madonna also performed the song as part of the setlist of The Celebration Tour (2023-2024).

Hong Kong pop singer Sandy Lam recorded a version of the song for her 1997 English language covers album "Wonderful World (美妙世界)". Serbian pop singer Bebi Dol released Serbian language-cover literally titled "Pokloni se", on her 1995 album Ritam srca. Philippine bossa nova singer Sitti recorded a cover of this song for her second album My Bossa Nova. Korean rock band Jaurim covered the song on their album The Youth Admiration. Trisha Yearwood and Babyface covered the song on CMT's Crossroads, which aired on September 21, 2007. Melissa Totten did a Hi-NRG cover for her 2008 dance album Forever Madonna. American pop folk singer Matt Alber plays an acoustic cover on his 2011 album Constant Crows. "Take a Bow" was featured in the final episode of the first season of Friends, "The One Where Rachel Finds Out", when Rachel goes to the airport to tell Ross that she knows he is in love with her. "Take a Bow" was used in promos for the final season of Beverly Hills, 90210.

Track listings and formats

 * US 7-inch single
 * 1) "Take a Bow" (Album Version) – 5:20
 * 2) "Take a Bow" (InDaSoul Mix) – 4:57

 * Japan (Remixes CD single)
 * 1) "Take a Bow" (InDaSoul Mix) – 4:57
 * 2) "Take a Bow" (Album Edit) – 4:31
 * 3) "Take a Bow" (Silky Soul Mix) – 4:11
 * 4) "Take a Bow" (InDaSoul Instrumental) – 4:56
 * 5) "Take a Bow" (Silky Soul Instrumental) – 4:11
 * 6) "Take a Bow" (Album Instrumental) – 5:20
 * 7) "Bedtime Story" (Album Edit) – 4:08
 * 8) "Bedtime Story" (Junior Wet Dream Mix) – 8:33

 * US and Australian maxi single
 * 1) "Take a Bow" (InDaSoul Mix) – 4:57
 * 2) "Take a Bow" (InDaSoul Instrumental) – 4:56
 * 3) "Take a Bow" (Album Version) – 5:20
 * 4) "Take a Bow" (Album Instrumental) – 5:20
 * 5) "Take a Bow" (Silky Soul Mix) – 4:11

 * UK, European, and Australian CD single
 * 1) "Take a Bow" (Edit) – 4:25
 * 2) "Take a Bow" (Album Version) – 5:20
 * 3) "Take a Bow" (Album Instrumental) – 5:20

 * Digital single (2021)
 * 1) "Take a Bow" (Edit) – 4:28
 * 2) "Take a Bow" (InDaSoul Edit) – 4:03
 * 3) "Take a Bow" (Silky Soul Mix) – 4:11
 * 4) "Take a Bow" (InDaSoul Mix) – 4:58
 * 5) "Take a Bow" (Album Version) – 5:21
 * 6) "Take a Bow" (InDaSoul Instrumental) – 4:58
 * 7) "Take a Bow" (Silky Soul Instrumental) – 4:12
 * 8) "Take a Bow" (Instrumental) – 5:21

Credits and personnel
Credits and personnel are adapted from the Bedtime Stories album disc liner notes.

 * Madonna – songwriter, record producer, vocals
 * Babyface – songwriter, producer, background vocals, drum programming, synthesizer
 * Brad Gilderman – recording engineer
 * Jon Gass – audio mixing
 * Nellee Hooper – strings, conductor
 * Jessie Leavey – strings, conductor
 * Craig Armstrong – conductor
 * Suzie Katayama – conductor
 * Fabien Baron – art director
 * Patrick Demarchelier – cover art photographer

title: Take a Bow (Madonna song)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for mediation/Cberlet and Nobs01

This project page is 70 KB long. I suggest leaving a condensed statement of the issues on the project page, and put the bulk of the discussion on the talk page. Uncle Ed 13:37, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, I'd prefer that it stay on the page. I'll just remove the transclusion of this page from WP:RfM and just put a link to the page. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk | WS 13:59, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, FL. That's better than what I proposed. And that's just one more reason I'm glad to have you on board. Please keep up the good work, while I take some rest. Uncle Ed 14:02, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Notification: I wish to humbly appologize for my use of the term "nonsense" in this mediation, or other terms which may have been misinterpreted to deride a worthy fellow participants postings. It was simply an attempt to counter the tenor and tone of discussion, and a departure from my own usual dry wit. I intend to fully return to my customary dark sense of humor (please, not to be mischaracterize as "sarcastic"). My thanks to all, and God bless. nobs 18:17, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Request
Jmabel recently posted at Talk:Venona project, "...the following citation was removed, ibid pg. 146-47; "Hiss was indeed a Soviet agent and appears to have been regarded by Moscow as its most important." Was the removal deliberate and agreed upon?"

Rtrev added, "... I am sure we can find it ..."

KarlBunker responds, "it may have been me that messed up that reference when I merged in a "Significance of Venona" article some months ago..."

The original citation is from Requests_for_mediation/Cberlet_and_Nobs01, this Mediation page.

Can we please have the corresponding subpages restored,

 * Requests_for_mediation/Cberlet_and_Nobs01/Workshop

 * Requests_for_mediation/Cberlet_and_Nobs01/A3

as User:Flcelloguy stated, "deleted until conclusion of ArbCom case". Thank you. Nobs02 20:41, 4 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
Songs from Liquid Days

Songs from Liquid Days is a collection of songs composed by composer Philip Glass with lyrics by Paul Simon, Suzanne Vega, David Byrne and Laurie Anderson. Glass began the project scoring lyrics by Byrne and then thought to collaborate with additional songwriters.

Details
The album was conceived in 1983, but mostly written and recorded in 1985. Glass said, "I was curious. The question I asked myself was: 'If I, a person from the world of concert music and opera, wrote a song, what would it sound like?'"

On the project, Glass said:
 * The words come first. From these I fashioned a set of six songs which, together, form a cycle of themes ranging from reflections on nature to classic romantic settings. After the music was written, I — along with producer Kurt Munkacsi and conductor Michael Riesman — began the long and difficult process of 'casting' singers for the individual songs. We felt that the interpretation a singer brings to a song is an immense contribution to its character — contributing their own personality to the work perhaps more than any other performer.

The recording features performances by Bernard Fowler, the Kronos Quartet, Janice Pendarvis, Douglas Perry, The Roches, Linda Ronstadt, and the Philip Glass Ensemble, directed by Michael Riesman. The recording was released in 1986 by CBS Records. The song "Lightning" was performed by the Philip Glass Ensemble on Saturday Night Live, March 22, 1986.

The title comes from a lyric written by Byrne. Glass said, "It had a feeling of how the songs flowed into each other, as if each song were a day and the liquidity was the flow of the songs from one to the other. There’s no break between the songs. The end of one becomes the introduction to the next."

Reception
Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote in 1986,
 * The album's six songs are short, oracular reflections on time and love, with imagery that explicitly evokes mystical connections between people and objects ...

 * The cycle begins with Paul Simon's Changing Opinion, a mock-solemn meditation on the possible sources of an electrical hum in a room ...

 * Mr. Byrne's Open the Kingdom resolves the distance between the commonplace and the mystical in a Zen-like lyric whose abbreviated phrases imagine death as a rush into eternity in which sounds become words – a distant roar, turning to speak, turning to hear.

Holden concludes, "But with all its charms, Songs From Liquid Days is still minor Glass."

Freddy Stidean for AllMusic, wrote that "Songs From Liquid Days became Philip Glass' most popular and successful recording," and concluded that "Songs From Liquid Days may be their [the minimalist composers'] single greatest achievement."

Track listing

 * 1) Changing Opinion (Glass, Paul Simon; Bernard Fowler, vocals) – 9:57
 * 2) Lightning (Glass, Suzanne Vega; Janice Pendarvis, vocals) – 6:42
 * 3) Freezing (Glass, Suzanne Vega; The Kronos Quartet; Linda Ronstadt, vocals) – 3:16
 * 4) Liquid Days (Glass, David Byrne; The Roches, vocals) – 4:45
 * 5) Open the Kingdom (Liquid Days, Part Two) (Glass, David Byrne; Douglas Perry, vocals) – 6:59
 * 6) Forgetting (Glass, Laurie Anderson; The Kronos Quartet; Linda Ronstadt, vocals; The Roches, backing vocals) – 8:10

All songs feature the Philip Glass Ensemble under direction of Michael Riesman.

Artwork
Cover photo of Philip Glass is by Robert Mapplethorpe.

title: Songs from Liquid Days


text:
Category:European Parliament constituencies

 * Constituencies of the European Parliament