text:
Talk:Fowl

Untitled
"FOwl, or Fowl is a shortcut for Fried Owl, a delicious delicacy"

This sentence does not only sound wierd [delicious delicacy], it also reflects a subjective point of view; Should be changed, but unfortunately i don't know anything about Fried Owls.
 * Owls are neither usually used as food nor are they fowl, apparently because they taste fairly foul rather than like chicken. Dysmorodrepanis 04:24, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Sadly, this particular exchange is my favorite of all the many I have read in this gigantic work. Thankyou. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.129.55.1 (talk) 23:11, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

Fowl - Galloanserae
It is better to separate the article into Fowl and Galloanserae. Pigeons and doves are also Fowl but not part of the Galloanserae. Fowl is a term from the food customer, Galloanserae from zoological systematics. --Haplochromis (talk) 14:24, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree, the current setup is confusing. I came from a search on the corresponding Dutch page on Galloanserae and was redirected to "Fowl". Which is quite useless if your looking for scientific information. "Fowl" can mean anything while Galloanserae is a scientific name with an exact definition. That is not the same. 86.107.204.50 (talk) 14:51, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

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Unstable taxonomy enshrined in taxobox
The terms for the various clades in this group are not stable because the underlying concepts are adjusted as new fossils are found and new molecular studies are done. Further I don't think that the article is current, not that the sources are definitive.

What's worse the taxobox format gives pride of place to one particular set of terms on which I don't think there is a consensus. This is one thing that concerns me about Wikidata too. DCDuring (talk) 14:10, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

Monogamy
I am not sure why it is stated that Galloanserae are heavily polygamous: This applies to Galliformes only. Monogamy is rather the rule in Anseriformes, although Anatini has serial (seasonal) monogamy. Simon Gadbois 17:36, 13 March 2023 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ysgadbois (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Fowl


text:
Existentiell

Existentiell and existential are key terms in Martin Heidegger's early philosophy. Existentiell refers to the aspects of the world which are identifiable as particular delimited questions or issues, whereas existential refers to Being as such, which permeates all things, so to speak, and can not be delimited in such a way as to be susceptible to factual knowledge. In general it can be said that "existentiell" refers to a "what", a materially describable reality, whereas "existential" refers to structures inherent in any possible world. In other words, the term "existentiell" refers to an ontic determination, whereas "existential" refers to an ontological determination.

Etymology
Heidegger did not coin the term "existentiell". The common German word "existenziell" is usually translated into English as "existential". However, in Heidegger's works, he coined the German word "existenzial", giving it a meaning distinct from the common German word "existenziell". In English translations of Heidegger, then, the German "existenziell" is transliterated as "existentiell" in English, and the German word "existenzial" is transliterated as "existential", each word having its own technical meaning specific to Heidegger.

Definition
An existentiell understanding is an ontic understanding or characterization of existence, whereas an existential understanding is an ontological one. Nevertheless, the two terms are related in that an ontic determination is inherently ontological. In Heidegger's terminology, the being-there of the world (Dasein) cannot be essentially defined "by ascribing to it a 'what' that specifies its material content”. The ontological or existential thus have priority over the ontic and the existentiell. In fact, the essence of Dasein directly evokes the question of Being, and likewise "what is primarily interrogated in the question of the meaning of being is that being which has the character of Da-sein.”. This means that, for any particular being or area of study, "the ontological analysis of this being always requires a previous glimpse of existentiality.” Nevertheless, Dasein can relate to it in an ontic-existentiell or in an ontological-existential manner.

The second relation regards the “theoretical transparency of the ontological structure of existence ... [and] aims at the analysis of what constitutes existence”. Its understanding is rather existential. It is important to note that “Because these explications are defined in terms of existentiality, we shall call the characteristics of being of Da-sein existentials. They are to be sharply delimited from the determinations of being of those beings unlike Da-sein which we call categories.”. The above understanding is limited to Dasein alone due to its qualitative distinction from other beings. It cannot be used to describe an ontic understanding of beings in the world nor it addresses the facts about things in the context of the world. They are limited to Dasein and Dasein alone. It should be kept in mind that “Existentials and categories are the two fundamental possibilities of the characteristics of being. The being which corresponds to them requires different ways of primary interrogation. Beings are a who (existence) or else a what (objective presence in the broadest sense).”

Relation
Being and Time notes that "the roots of the existential analysis, for their part, are ultimately existentiell -they are ontic". This means that an existential analysis derives its directives from an existentiell and it is itself grounded in an existentiell character of Dasein.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Existentiell


text:
Västgöta Nation, Lund

The Västgöta Nation, colloquially known as VG's, is one of thirteen student nations at Lund University in Sweden. With its 2,751 members, it is the fifth-largest nation in Lund - ranking behind Malmö but ahead of Kalmar Nation.

History
The nation traces its history to 28 January 1669, exactly one year after the founding of Lund University.

Due to the Scanian War from 1675 to 1679, the university's and the nation's activities were halted until 1685 for the nation's part. Since 1685, its traditions have followed an unbroken succession, although it merged with Östgöta Nation and Kalmar Nation as the united Götiska Nationen ("the Gothic Nation"), between 1767 and 1821 as a result of low student numbers at the university.

Since its founding, the purpose of the nation was to offer social support and a meeting place for students who came from Västergötland. Membership numbers remained low, however, hovering around only 20-30 students up until the 1900s. During its first centuries of existence the nation had no house of its own. The primary meeting spot tended to be the home of the Inspektor. The founding of the Academic Society in the mid-1800s allowed for the nation to operate out of the society's Castle.

Around a hundred years later, during a looming shortage of student housing, plans for a Västgöta nation house were put into motion, with Västgötagården being inaugurated in 1954. Sports, culture and dance parties were the core tenets of the nation's activities. By the 1990s, the nation had around 500 members.

With student union and nation membership for students in Lund and Uppsala becoming voluntary in 2010, all nations had to reorganize their activities to attract students. On Västgöta's part, food and cooking was made the nation's staple along with its Metro nightclub.

The nation is commonly referred to as a restaurant and bar, as well as a nightclub; it is one of many venues to host "sittnings" (formal dinners) and events.

title: Västgöta Nation, Lund


text:
Doubly stochastic matrix

In mathematics, especially in probability and combinatorics, a doubly stochastic matrix (also called bistochastic matrix) is a square matrix $$X=(x_{ij})$$ of nonnegative real numbers, each of whose rows and columns sums to 1, i.e.,

 * $$\sum_i x_{ij}=\sum_j x_{ij}=1,$$

Thus, a doubly stochastic matrix is both left stochastic and right stochastic.

Indeed, any matrix that is both left and right stochastic must be square: if every row sums to 1 then the sum of all entries in the matrix must be equal to the number of rows, and since the same holds for columns, the number of rows and columns must be equal.

Birkhoff polytope
The class of $$n\times n$$ doubly stochastic matrices is a convex polytope known as the Birkhoff polytope $$B_n$$. Using the matrix entries as Cartesian coordinates, it lies in an $$(n-1)^2$$-dimensional affine subspace of $$n^2$$-dimensional Euclidean space defined by $$2n-1$$ independent linear constraints specifying that the row and column sums all equal 1. (There are $$2n-1$$ constraints rather than $$2n$$ because one of these constraints is dependent, as the sum of the row sums must equal the sum of the column sums.)  Moreover, the entries are all constrained to be non-negative and less than or equal to 1.

Birkhoff–von Neumann theorem
The Birkhoff–von Neumann theorem (often known simply as Birkhoff's theorem ) states that the polytope $$B_n$$ is the convex hull of the set of $$n\times n$$ permutation matrices, and furthermore that the vertices of  $$B_n$$ are precisely the permutation matrices. In other words, if $$X$$ is a doubly stochastic matrix, then there exist $$\theta_1,\ldots,\theta_k \ge 0, \sum_{i=1}^k \theta_i = 1$$ and permutation matrices $$P_1,\ldots,P_k$$ such that

 * $$X = \theta_1 P_1 + \cdots + \theta_k P_k. $$

(Such a decomposition of X is known as a 'convex combination'.) A proof of the theorem based on Hall's marriage theorem is given below.

This representation is known as the Birkhoff–von Neumann decomposition, and may not be unique. It is often described as a real-valued generalization of Kőnig's theorem, where the correspondence is established through adjacency matrices of graphs.

Other properties

 * The product of two doubly stochastic matrices is doubly stochastic. However, the inverse of a nonsingular doubly stochastic matrix need not be doubly stochastic (indeed, the inverse is doubly stochastic iff it has nonnegative entries).
 * The stationary distribution of an irreducible aperiodic finite Markov chain is uniform if and only if its transition matrix is doubly stochastic.
 * Sinkhorn's theorem states that any matrix with strictly positive entries can be made doubly stochastic by pre- and post-multiplication by diagonal matrices.
 * For $$n=2$$, all bistochastic matrices are unistochastic and orthostochastic, but for larger $$n$$ this is not the case.
 * Van der Waerden's conjecture that the minimum permanent among all n × n doubly stochastic matrices is $$n!/n^n$$, achieved by the matrix for which all entries are equal to $$1/n$$. Proofs of this conjecture were published in 1980 by B. Gyires and in 1981 by G. P. Egorychev and D. I. Falikman; for this work, Egorychev and Falikman won the Fulkerson Prize in 1982.

Proof of the Birkhoff–von Neumann theorem
Let X be a doubly stochastic matrix. Then we will show that there exists a permutation matrix P such that xij ≠ 0 whenever pij ≠ 0. Thus if we let λ be the smallest xij corresponding to a non-zero pij, the difference X – λP will be a scalar multiple of a doubly stochastic matrix and will have at least one more zero cell than X. Accordingly we may successively reduce the number of non-zero cells in X by removing scalar multiples of permutation matrices until we arrive at the zero matrix, at which point we will have constructed a convex combination of permutation matrices equal to the original X.

For instance if $$X=\frac{1}{12}\begin{pmatrix} 7 & 0 & 5 \\ 2 & 6 & 4 \\ 3 & 6 & 3 \end{pmatrix}$$ then $$P=\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$, $$\lambda = \frac{2}{12}$$, and $$X-\lambda P=\frac{1}{12}\begin{pmatrix} 7 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & 6 & 4 \\ 3 & 4 & 3 \end{pmatrix}$$.

Proof: Construct a bipartite graph in which the rows of X are listed in one part and the columns in the other, and in which row i is connected to column j iff xij ≠ 0. Let A be any set of rows, and define A' as the set of columns joined to rows in A in the graph. We want to express the sizes |A| and |A'| of the two sets in terms of the xij.

For every i in A, the sum over j in A of xij is 1, since all columns j for which xij ≠ 0 are included in A, and X is doubly stochastic; hence |A| is the sum over all i ∈ A, j ∈ A' of xij.

Meanwhile |A| is the sum over all i (whether or not in A) and all j in A of xij ; and this is ≥ the corresponding sum in which the i are limited to rows in A. Hence |A'| ≥ |A|.

It follows that the conditions of Hall's marriage theorem are satisfied, and that we can therefore find a set of edges in the graph which join each row in X to exactly one (distinct) column. These edges define a permutation matrix whose non-zero cells correspond to non-zero cells in X.

Generalisations
There is a simple generalisation to matrices with more columns and rows such that the ith row sum is equal to ri (a positive integer), the column sums are equal to 1, and all cells are non-negative (the sum of the row sums being equal to the number of columns). Any matrix in this form can be expressed as a convex combination of matrices in the same form made up of 0s and 1s. The proof is to replace the ith row of the original matrix by ri separate rows, each equal to the original row divided by ri ; to apply Birkhoff's theorem to the resulting square matrix; and at the end to additively recombine the ri rows into a single ith row.

In the same way it is possible to replicate columns as well as rows, but the result of recombination is not necessarily limited to 0s and 1s. A different generalisation (with a significantly harder proof) has been put forward by R. M. Caron et al.

title: Doubly stochastic matrix


text:
Lucrezia de' Medici

Lucrezia de' Medici was the name for several women from the Medici family:

 * Lucrezia di Piero de' Medici (1447–1493), best known as Nannina de' Medici.
 * Lucrezia di Lorenzo de' Medici (August 4, 1470 – between November 10 and November 15, 1550), the elder daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici and Clarice Orsini, and the grandmother of Pope Leo XI. In 1485 she married Jacopo Salviati. She was mother to cardinal Giovanni Salviati and Maria Salviati.
 * Lucrezia di Cosimo de' Medici (June 7, 1544 – 1562)
 * Lucrezia di Francesco de' Medici (November 7, 1572 – April 14, 1574), the daughter of Francesco I de' Medici and Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany. She died as an infant.

title: Lucrezia de' Medici


text:
Talk:St Jude Children's Research Hospital

© 2005. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.

The http://stjude.org/ clearly states above, shouldn't this article be marked for deletion?


text:
Talk:Hawaiian Renaissance

Comment
To be encyclopedic, the article needs citations, references, links to corroborating sources to support what is said. -- IslandGyrl 16:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Merged
I merged material here from the old Hawaiian Rennaissance (spelled wrong). See that page's history for GFDL requirements. Mahalo. --Ali'i 15:21, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hawaiian Renaissance


text:
Acidity regulator

Acidity regulators, or pH control agents, are food additives used to change or maintain pH (acidity or basicity). They can be organic or mineral acids, bases, neutralizing agents, or buffering agents. Typical agents include the following acids and their sodium salts: sorbic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, and propionic acid. Acidity regulators are indicated by their E number, such as E260 (acetic acid), or simply listed as "food acid".

Acidity regulators differ from acidulants, which are often acidic but are added to confer sour flavors. They are not intended to stabilize the food, although that can be a collateral benefit. Acidity regulators are also important for food safety, as incorrect pH can result in bacteria growth.

title: Acidity regulator


text:
Template talk:Vw2a

TfD debate
This template was redirected as a result of this TfD debate. -Splash talk 20:55, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Vw2a


text:
User talk:ErikNY/AOLBroadcastFan

Some suggestions:

 * 1) Move the page to something a little less derogatory, such as AOLBroadcastFan, and delete this one
 * 2) Try to see if there is any pattern to the edits (day of the week, time of day)
 * 3) Try to track back through the edits to see if you can identify some of hte earliest edits by this editor. That may give a clue as to where they are from.
 * 4) Question: Do they only edit radio (& TV?) station articles? In no, what other articles do they edit?
 * 5) Since the info that is added is pretty detailed, do you have any idea where they are getting the data?

For some of this editor's LA area edits, look for the ones that I tagged with wikify and cleanup templates. Blank Verse  ∅  16:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I got the name from another case last year in which an anon user, under the same circumstances, created one-liners about not-so-well-known actors. Your suggestions are good, and I'll change the name, although I can't really tell anything else about this poster's habits, since other people use these IP's as well. I do remember first hearing about him here, in which it was suggested Ronald20 was using an AOL proxy. ErikNY 16:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, from what I've observed, he tends to make several edits at once, while posting from either the same IP or several IP's with very similar addresses. This might mean that he makes one edit, logs off, logs on again, and makes another edit. I've seen him edit in one period during a day, taking up to an hour to complete his intended edits. In addition, he tends to simply add on to existing pages which already have histories. And I have absolutely no idea where he gets his info a lot of the time. ErikNY 20:02, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

A case of enthusiasm over accuracy (and if someone wishes to do all the fiddly work...).

More info
User:Pentawing is another editor who has done some tracking/reverting of the edits of the AOLBroadcastFan. I did some analysis on the edits on a number of broadcast articles that can be found here. Blank Verse  ∅  07:24, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I already linked to a link to that article above, and that's where I first heard about this user. I didn't think much about him until he started to edit NYC radio articles. If you look at the talkpage for WABC (AM), this is where I first get really suspicious of his activities. ErikNY 12:52, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

moved to Charter?
Has the AOLBroadcastFan moved to Charter Communications, or do we have a new broadcast fan doing odd edits? See this edit to the KCOP-TV article. I tried to find something on the internet about this expected change to KCOP, but couldn't. If it can't be verified, it should be removed. Blank Verse  08:04, 3 November 2005 (UTC)
 * This isn't the first time I've seen someone try to say that the UPN affiliation is changing in L.A.. From searching, this was a rumor back when KCAL was purchased by Viacom, they would switch to UPN. This is probably someone else, as his style is different from the AOL Broadcast Fan.ErikNY 13:35, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Anything new?
This hasn't been updated since November. Is this an archive? Is this user active anymore? Anything? Just wondering. -- WC  Quidditch  ☎   ✎  01:41, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess he stopped posting. I did find a cut and paste insertion just yesterday at WIOQ, but otherwise, it's been quiet. ErikNY 17:12, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Listed for deletion
I have listed page for deletion --Zeraeph 15:56, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:ErikNY/AOLBroadcastFan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cranus

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Rob Church Talk 01:31, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Cranus
Apparent vanity page featuring a NN cartoon character. I considered doing a speedy delete, but decided to AFD instead on the off chance someone knows otherwise. 23skidoo 16:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Vanity page for SourSulk's Xanga Site Coolgamer 19:03, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cranus


text:
Bridal shower

A bridal shower is a gift-giving party held for a bride-to-be in anticipation of her wedding.

The history of the custom is rooted not necessarily for the provision of goods for the upcoming matrimonial home, but to provide goods and financial assistance to ensure the wedding may take place.

History
The custom of the bridal shower is said to have grown out of earlier dowry practices, when a poor woman's family might not have the money to provide a dowry for her, or when a father refused to give his daughter her dowry because he did not approve of the marriage. In such situations, friends of the woman would gather together and bring gifts that would compensate for the dowry and allow her to marry the man of her choice.

The earliest stories about these events have been known to originate in Brussels, Belgium around 1860. A frequently quoted legend traces the origin of this practice to the 16th or 17th Century Netherlands. However, there are also parallels with many dowry practices and the United States colonial or hope chest (trousseau) custom.

A related custom practised in medieval England was the Bride Ale: in Langland's Piers Plowman (§ B.II.45) there is a reference to a bruydale. This was a feast held before the wedding day, at which the bride made beer and sold it to the guests at a high price.

In the United States, bridal showers started in urban areas in the 1890s mainly among the upper middle classes. By the 1930s, bridal showers had spread to rural America.

The earliest use of this sense of the word in print may be in the Grand Rapids Michigan Evening Press 22 June 4, 1904: "The ‘shower parties’ that through mistaken hospitality the wedded couple are forced to attend ..." and may derive from the custom in Victorian times for the presents to be put inside a parasol, which when opened would "shower" the bride-to-be with gifts.

Customs and gift-giving
Many different customs have developed in different regions and social groups, but the basic format has been relatively unchanged for generations, and emphasizes traditional gender roles. Sociologists like Beth Montemurro write that the ritual of the bridal shower "socializes women into the hyper-feminized traditional wife role," with its emphasis on the future role of the bride-to-be as family cook, homemaker, and sexual partner. Historian Elizabeth Pleck echoes this dynamic in pointing out that traditional shower gifts were "for the bedroom or the kitchen." But this role is more of an homage to the mothers and grandmothers than a reflection of how the bride-to-be will actually behave in the marriage.

Although the format has remained relatively consistent, there have been some significant changes. An etiquette guide from the 1920s suggested showers should be "purely spontaneous and informal," with guests arriving unannounced at the bride-to-be's home, while a planning guide from the 1950s suggests more complex themes and games.

Showers are often held during the afternoon or evening, but not generally as luncheons or dinner parties. They commonly take place four to six weeks before the wedding.

Due to the prior history of showers being "purely spontaneous and informal", showers have not developed the same formal etiquette that has developed with respect to weddings. Invitations may be issued informally, by mail, telephone, or e-mail.

As showers are explicitly a gift-giving occasion, everyone who attends the shower is expected to bring a small gift. People who decline the invitation for any reason are not expected to send a gift or otherwise participate in the party. The hosts are expected to hand over gifts, or favors. These can be small gifts like chocolate coins that have been personalized with the name of the bride and the date of the event or a simple thank-you message.

Food can be served at bridal showers. Treats such as cake and candy buffets can also be served for guests.

Hosts
Hosting the bridal shower falls to one or more close friends of the bride, often one or more of the bridesmaids. Close family members traditionally did not host bridal showers, however, it has become commonplace for mothers of the bride and groom or other members of the family to host or contribute to the event. Some organizations, such as social clubs or religious groups, host bridal showers for every member who is being married.

Guests
Guests are chosen from among the bride's personal friends, family, and other well-wishers.

The number of guests and their relationship to the bride varies widely. In Canada, among some immigrant communities parties in community halls with upwards of 300 guests were normal, while other cultures emphasized intimate parties with only close friends and relatives.

Global prevalence and alternatives
Though many cultures have events before the wedding, bridal showers are most common in the United States and Canada.

In the United Kingdom, bridal showers have been described as a "consumerist American idea" with "limited acceptability". In the UK, wedding presents are normally selected from a list provided by the couple, and delivered either at the wedding or by the shop, and sometimes displayed at the wedding. Nonetheless, bridal showers are sometimes held, and shower-planning services are frequently offered by wedding planners.

In Australia and New Zealand, a custom related to the North American bridal shower, known as a Kitchen Tea, was traditionally held before the wedding. During a Kitchen Tea, female friends and family members would gather at the bride's family home for an afternoon tea, where they would give kitchen-related gifts to the bride. Recently, the influence of American culture has seen a rise in the prevalence of American-style bridal showers as opposed to the traditional Kitchen Tea.

In India, Mehndi is a bridal-centric pre-wedding event where the bride's female friends and family gather to prepare the bride for the wedding. In the event the bride's traditional henna tattoos are made.

In Denmark and Germany, the only pre-wedding events commonly held is a bachelorette party for the bride and a bachelor party for the groom.

title: Bridal shower


text:
California State Route 44

State Route 44 (SR 44) is a state highway in the U.S. State of California that travels in an east–west direction from State Routes 273 and 299 in Redding to Lassen Volcanic National Park before ending at State Route 36 west of Susanville. This final portion, between the park and its terminus, is part of the Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway, a National Scenic Byway.

Route description

Route 44 starts in Redding, at the junction of Route 273 (Market Street) and Route 299. This is because in 1998, Route 299's definition was changed. It previously ran on Tehama Street to I-5, but this portion was transferred to Route 44 in 1998 (SR 44 had ended at I-5 at that time). Existing postmile markers do not normally change, so the Route 44/I-5 interchange is still marked as 0.00, and instead the western extension of Route 44 to Route 299 has postmiles with an "L" prefix to signify an overlap due to a correction or change.

After running through one-way pairs through Downtown Redding, SR 44 departs SR 273 onto Tehama Street. After a few blocks, it becomes a freeway as it crosses I-5 and changes back to a two-lane highway at the Redding city limits. Heading eastward, Route 44 passes through a number of small, rural communities (Palo Cedro, Millville, Shingletown, to name a few) before it reaches the north-west entrance to Lassen National Park and the southern Cascades. After this, the only community it passes through is Old Station, which is also the only location for travel services until Susanville.

From the Park entrance, Route 44 joins the Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway. Route 44 is part of a circular portion of the Scenic Byway, so at the junction with Route 89, the Byway continues along both 89 to the north and on 44 to the east. When Route 44 reaches its terminus at Route 36, the byway heads southwest to continue its circular path.

Between the Route 89 intersection and Route 36 is only one rest area, called Bogard.

SR 44 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 44 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation.

title: California State Route 44


text:
Talk:Laquna Blanca National Park

Please correct the typo! Incorrect spelling. It should be laguna both in this page and in the template:

title: Talk:Laquna Blanca National Park


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for adminship/rd232

Just to note that I would have voted support, had I been in time :-(

William M. Connolley 16:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:Theatre in Cuba

title: Category:Theatre in Cuba


text:
Talk:Walter Heitler

DIAS years
According to http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HFC6utzTuV4C&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=%22+Helen-Sophie+heintze%22&source=bl&ots=5pF3crYxGQ&sig=rGivIYnhN-P7hbHqPXujaiS6yss&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6R_5UJ-mDaeOiALXloDYBQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22%20Helen-Sophie%20heintze%22&f=false, he became Director of the DIASKdammers (talk) 10:30, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Walter Heitler


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Talk:California State Route 44

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title: Talk:California State Route 44


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Soviet cruiser Krasny Kavkaz

Krasny Kavkaz (from Russian: "Красный Кавказ" – "Red Caucasus") was a cruiser of the Soviet Navy that began construction during World War I, but was still incomplete during the Russian Revolution. Her design was heavily modified by the Soviets and she was completed in 1932. During World War II she supported Soviet troops during the siege of Odessa, siege of Sevastopol, and the Kerch–Feodosiya operation in the winter of 1941–42. She was awarded the Guards title on 3 April 1942. She was reclassified as a training ship in May 1947 before being expended as a target in 1952.

Service history
Laid down on 18 October 1913 at the Rossud Dockyard as Admiral Lazarev for the Imperial Russian Navy as a cruiser of the Svetlana-class cruiser, she was launched on 8 June 1916. Construction was abandoned in 1917 during the October Revolution when the ship was 63% complete. In the second half of 1918, the Marine Department of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi was engaged in completion of ship. On 25 January 1919, the ship was formally renamed in "Hetman Petro Doroshenko", but Mykolaiv was captured shortly afterward by the Entente. The hull was relatively undamaged and the Soviets decided to finish the ship to a modified design. She was renamed Krasny Kavkaz on 14 December 1926, and completed to a modernized design, being commissioned on 25 January 1932. Krasny Kavkaz was initially intended to accommodate eight 8 in guns in four twin turrets, but this was impossible given her small and lightly constructed hull. Three twin turrets mounting the new 57-caliber 180 mm B-1-K gun under development also proved impracticable and the Soviets had to settle for four MK-1-180 single 180 mm gun turrets, two at each end. Her superstructure was massively revised to accommodate these turrets and all of the original casemated 130 mm B7 Pattern 1913 guns were removed. As completed her secondary armament was only four 30-caliber 76.2 mm Lender AA guns mounted between her funnels. Her original internal torpedo tubes were replaced by four triple 533 mm torpedo mounts mounted on each side of the main deck abaft the forecastle break. She was given an aircraft-handling crane, but a catapult wasn't installed aft of her rear funnel until 1935 when a Heinkel catapult was imported from Germany. She was also fitted for mine rails with a capacity of up to 120 mines.

The light cruiser SOVIET CRUISER Komintern collided with her in May 1932, shortly after her commissioning, and badly damaged her bow. It was extensively rebuilt and increased her overall length by over 11 m. In 1933 she made port visits in Turkey, Greece and Italy.

She was refitted before Operation Barbarossa, probably about 1940, her catapult was removed, and her anti-aircraft armament was greatly increased. Her four 76.2 mm Lender AA guns were exchanged for four Italian Minizini twin gun 100 mm 47 caliber guns and she received four single mounts for the semi-automatic 76.2 mm 34-K guns as well as six 12.7 mm AA machine guns. Two single mounts for 34-K guns were also fitted, one on each side of the quarterdeck just aft of the rearmost main gun turret. Some of these guns may have been received earlier, the sources are unclear. While under repair at Poti in late 1942 she landed her aft pair of torpedo tubes and received two more Minizini mounts salvaged from the sunken cruiser SOVIET CRUISER Chervona Ukraina. Ten single mounts for the naval version of the 37 mm AA gun was also fitted. By 1944 she was also carrying one quadruple Vickers .50 machine gun MK III mount on top of each of her superfiring main gun turrets and she may have been using Oerlikon 20 mm cannon.

World War II
Krasny Kavkaz, in company with the cruisers Chervona Ukraina, Komintern and a number of destroyers, laid down a defensive mine barrage protecting the Black Sea Fleet base at Sevastopol on 22 June. She provided gunfire support to Soviet forces defending Odessa and escorted convoys bringing the 157th Rifle Division into Odessa during the month of September 1941. She also transported one battalion of the 3rd Marine Regiment from Sevastopol in a successful amphibious assault behind Romanian lines to destroy Romanian coastal batteries near Fontanka and Dofinovka. She escorted convoys from 3–6 October that evacuated the 157th Rifle Division from Odessa to Sevastopol and escorted the final evacuation convoy during the night of 15–16 October. During the siege of Sevastopol she provided gunfire support and evacuated cut-off troops from elsewhere in the Crimea into Sevastopol and brought in reinforcements from Caucasian ports. She helped to transport the 388th Rifle Division from Novorossiysk and Tuapse to Sevastopol between 7 and 13 December and the 354th Rifle Division between 21 and 22 December, bombarding German positions in the interim. During the Kerch–Feodosiya operation, Krasny Kavkaz sailed into the harbor of Feodosiya on 29 December 1941 and disembarked reinforcements and provided gunfire support for Soviet troops already ashore. She was hit seventeen times by Axis artillery and mortar fire in retaliation. On 1 and 3 January she ferried supplies and reinforcements for the Soviet bridgehead on the Kerch Peninsula. On the return voyage she was severely damaged by German Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers from II./StG 77. Four near-misses close to her stern damaged her steering, her left propeller shaft, blew off one propeller and put enough holes in her stern that flooding caused her draft to increase by 5 m. She made it to Novorossiysk, escorted by the destroyer SOVIET DESTROYER Sposobny, where she was patched up enough to make to Poti where more permanent repairs could be made. These took until October 1942 and the opportunity was taken to reinforce her anti-aircraft armament.

She was awarded the Guards title on 3 April in recognition of her performance. Between 20 and 23 October, Krasny Kavkaz, her half-sister SOVIET CRUISER Krasny Krym, and three destroyers ferried 12,600 men of the 8th, 9th and 10th Guards Rifle Brigades from Poti to Tuapse to reinforce the defenses there. On the night of 4 February 1943 the Soviets made a series of amphibious landings to the west of Novorossiysk, behind German lines. Krasny Krym, Krasny Kavkaz, and three destroyers provided fire support for the main landing, but the Soviet troops there were wiped out by 6 February, although one secondary landing was successful. The loss of three destroyers attempting to interdict the German evacuation of the Taman Bridgehead on 6 October 1943 caused Stalin to forbid the deployment of large naval units without his express permission and this meant the end of Krasny Kavkaz's active participation in the war.

Post-war history
Little is known about her activities after the end of the war other than she was redesignated as a training ship on 12 May 1947. Krasny Kavkaz was assigned as a target ship for testing of KS-1 Komet (AS-1 Kennel) anti-shipping missile in 1951.

Since spring 1952, Krasny Kavkaz was tested against Komet missiles with an inert charge, resulting in three neat little holes, one on the aft and two on the weights on the marine fenders, however, there was also a massive 10 m² exit hole. During these tests, Krasny Kavkaz managed to stay afloat, continuing on course. On 21 November 1952, she was put out to sea at 18 knots (33.3 km/h) and without crew to allow for the testing of a Komet anti-ship missile with a proper warhead. During testing, she sank almost instantaneously, splitting into two and sinking within three minutes. Her estimated wreck location is roughly 15 miles (24.14 km) south of Cape Chauda, on the southern tip of Feodosia Gulf.

title: Soviet cruiser Krasny Kavkaz


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Category:Archers at the 1980 Summer Olympics

This category includes archers at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union.


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Category:Archers at the 1976 Summer Olympics

This category includes archers at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada.


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Talk:Pinus contorta

Images, formatting
Various version of the caption formatting for Image:Pinus_contorta_map.png and Commons:Image:Pinus contorta map.png are given below. (The displayed versions have sizepx, left and right deleted from the image format.) I think all are acceptable except Revision as of 23:07, 26 September 2005. It does not format properly on some browsers. The line breaks occur after the each color name. The last one may be objectionable on browsers that do not display colored text properly, but otherwise is the one I prefer because the reader can match the colors of the caption to those on the map directly without having to translate the word blue to the color blue. Additionally, I think it fine to include subsp. in each line. I didn't because I think it is unnecessarily verbose for a caption where brevity is a virtue and because the text color sets off the subspecies name from the species name.
 * Nice idea on the colour captions; the word "subsp." should however be included as indication of rank is required in plant infraspecific taxa (ICBN Article 24). The captions have however made me realise I did the map badly in the first place, as red-green colourblind people will have trouble seeing the map; maybe I'd better re-do it in new colours - any suggestions for better colours? - MPF 21:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I took advantage of a feature of my graphics editor that I've wanted to try. Commons:Image:Pinus contorta map.png has been modified with different textures as well as colors to distinguish the regions. Please revert this experiment once you've had a chance to see it; I'm not that pleased with it, but it might help the discussion. -Walter Siegmund 23:20, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This morning, I had coffee with a friend with red-green (deuteranomaly?) color blindness, the most common form of color blindness. I was able to try different color schemes for Commons:Image:Pinus contorta map.png with him. The one I uploaded, i.e., the current version, is the one that was easiest for him to distinguish. He said that the textures that I tried in the previous version were not very helpful. The rule seems to be to use only one color in the red/yellow/green range since these look similar to someone with deuteranomaly and similar conditions. Shades between green and dark blue are perceived normally so the remaining colors should be chosen from that pallet, despite it being very restrictive. He can easily distinguish between the cyan and blue (of the new map). Finally, ensure that the text suffices to convey the information even if the colors do not. I think that the article, as written does that. The color blindness article has links to graphics design web sites with much more information. Walter Siegmund 23:31, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll have a look at the color blindness talk page sometime soon; I find the cyan a bit glaring (and hard to read the cyan text), but that's a small price to pay for clarity for all. - MPF 22:37, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with your comments about the colorblind version. We could have both versions and put the colorblind version in a thumbnail. -Walter Siegmund 00:33, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Revision as of 15:55, 27 May 2005

 * Revision as of 22:22, 26 September 2005

 * Revision as of 23:07, 26 September 2005

 * Revision as of 08:10, 14 October 2005

-Walter Siegmund 16:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Help identifying pine species
Hi. I'm hoping one of you tree expert-types can help me identify the species in this picture http://www.cayoosh.net/pix/cleven/bridgecanyon99.jpg - not sure if it's a Ponderosa or Lodgepole or maybe something else. The area this is from has a lot of such snag-type pines - I was looking for another picture or two from other locations, and maybe one with a closeup of the needles; I know I don't have a closeup of the bark for sure. The location is on the inland side of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia, about 20 mi W of Lillooet, British Columbia, which is in Ponderosa Pine range as well as Lodgepole.Skookum1 21:40, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't tell. The foliage and bark do not look like Ponderosa Pine to me. You've ruled out Douglas Fir? That probably would have been my first guess. Walter Siegmund (talk) 23:35, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Gee, it could be, but it hadn't occurred to me as I've always associated that type of gnarliness with pines. I'll be up there next week and will try to find/photograph some other examples - some are definitely pine, but I haven't been up close and personal with that one (it's a telephoto shot; that cliff in the background is ~3000', about 1/4 mile away. Depends on where I'll get to but I'll take some pics of the various trees in that area - very interesting bioregion, BTW - and get back here once they're developed and scanned.  The type of pine I'm thinking of has large jigsaw-piece "plates" in its bark and long needles; can't remember the cones.Skookum1 23:58, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks like douglas-fir. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.5.74.146 (talk) 23:51, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Edit to improve sort order in Category Pinus
I edited this to change the sort order on the page for the Category:Pinus. It had been set to alphabetize under Pine. That might make sense for categories where there are a lot of trees and a few of them are pines; then all the pines group together. But on the page where everything is a pine, it made more sense to alphabetize under Lodgepole. 140.147.236.194 (talk) 16:18, 13 April 2010 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Whitebark Pine which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 03:29, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved per request. Favonian (talk) 17:41, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

Lodgepole pine → Pinus contorta – Several common names, including differing names for subspecies. Most unambiguous would be to locate plant at scientific name. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 13:02, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Support In general, I'm in favour of using the scientific name, so support a move. "Lodgepole pine" does seem to be a genuinely 'common' name rather than a made-up English name, so its use is somewhat better justified than some other English names of pines, although the confusion as to whether the name refers to the species as a whole or just one subspecies means that it fails the precision test of WP:AT. (The Flora of North America treats them as varieties, not subspecies; it uses "lodgepole pine" for the species and for var. latifolia but not for the other varieties.) Peter coxhead (talk) 13:36, 12 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support While lodgepole pines are culturally significant (i.e., they are used to make tipis), this Google ngram link shows that the majority of the usage in English books is still scientific. Therefore, both WP:COMMONNAME and WP:FLORA guide us to using Pinus contorta. —hike395 (talk) 13:45, 12 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose – Hike395's n-gram link omits the overwhelming most common capitalization of the common name; see this correction. Dicklyon (talk) 16:51, 12 August 2013 (UTC)
 * You're right --- my mistake. I suspend my !vote until I can do more analysis. —hike395 (talk) 14:43, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Support' – The scientific name is the best one that precisely describes the species. Lodgepole pine appears to be a common name for two of the subspecies, but not the central subspecies, the one that includes the type, which is called shore pine. The species overall seems to have relatively obscure common names twisted pine and contorta pine, which are English translations of the Latin name. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 17:22, 12 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The alternative names are quite rare. Dicklyon (talk) 01:35, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Support - the article covers both "shore pine" and "lodgepole pine", which are well distinguished in common usage (people in the western US would never call P. contorta trees growing on the coast "lodgepole pine", nor would they call trees growing inland "shore pine"). Move to scientific name which covers both vars./subsps. Plantdrew (talk) 19:16, 12 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. There may be different names with different shades of possible meaning--if those differences are big enough that separate articles could be written, then split, but otherwise it's fine to just pick one and roll with it. Dicklyon's evidence is quite compelling. Red Slash 23:01, 12 August 2013 (UTC)
 * To "pick one and roll with it", twisted pine is the one to chose (or contorta pine, which is less English). Lodgepole pine is not what this page is about, it is about two things, lodgepole pine and shore pine. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 13:29, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Support For the coastal subspecies, "Lodgepole pine" fails the recognizability, naturalness, and precision criteria. Because human populations are concentrated near coasts, our readers are as likely to encounter the coastal subspecies as the inland subspecies. --Walter Siegmund (talk) 03:48, 13 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support This article is on the species so it should be at the taxonomic address, the scientific name Pinus contorta. Opposing !votes suggesting that if there's no split of the article then it's just fine to keep it at one of the subspecies' vernacular names reveals a lack of understanding of the hierarchy in taxonomy. Lodgepole pine ≠ all Pinus contorta; it is, instead, a subset of this taxon and thus this article. Given that logic, in the early days of Wikipedia when there wasn't enough information to split Pinus from Pinus contorta and since the latter is a subset of the former, you could have easily argued in the same manner to move pine to lodgepole pine. What Sminthopsis84 articulates above is that the species as a whole has no clear and widely used vernacular name; the subspecies do, but unless the subspecies articles are split, none of the vernacular names applied to the subspecies can unambiguously apply to the entire taxon Pinus contorta at the rank of species. Cheers, Rkitko (talk) 03:26, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support re Rkitko --- common name is much less precise than scientific name. It's not clear to me that common name is more recognizable than the scientific name, so the trade off doesn't seem worth it. —hike395 (talk) 16:29, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment About your comment, Hike395, like Douglas fir and others, lodgepole pine is part of the lumber industry nearly anywhere it grows.  I submit that the people most in contact with these trees and refer to them in their own common speech not by the Latin name but as "lodgepole pine".  I can guarantee you if a logging truck goes by with a stack of fresh-cut lodgepole pines someone's not gonna say "yep, he's carrying a load of pinus contorta".  In truth in that phrase they'd just say pine - unless there were two possibilities, e.g. yellow pine.  What's common in printed sources is not what is most common in English-as-she-is-spoke.  Particularly around those in daily contact with the subject; suggest a search on that basis would be at the BC Ministry of Forests Library website or its equivalent in Washington, Idaho, Montana etc.  The Latin name will be there, but not in the way and with the primary use that "lodgepole pine" would have.  In the same light, as those for whom these are a commodity; the forest companies.  Their reports will mention the Latin name only by way of introduction and use the vernacular term.Skookum1 (talk) 17:51, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah but in my neck of the woods, the logging and building industry pretty well unanimously refers to Eucalyptus regnans as Tasmanian oak....Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 20:29, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
 * No, they will only be referring to the infraspecific taxon latifolia whether variously reported as a subspecies or a variety as "lodgepole pine." If they encounter, log, or admire the infraspecific taxon contorta, the autonym also variously reported at the rank of subspecies or variety, they could refer to it as "shore pine." Neither of these names apply to the entire taxon Pinus contorta at the rank of species. As it stands, the article is currently mislabeled for the subject matter it covers. Rkitko (talk) 02:34, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support per Sminthopsis84.--Melburnian (talk) 13:04, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support The common name is sometimes used for the species as a whole, see USFS reports. However, this is unusual, as the common name is not typically used for the pygmy subspecies. Most articles using this name describe a tree with a diameter much greater than the height of the Bolander pine. -AfadsBad (talk) 17:57, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support because the scientific name for the species is unambiguous. However, the common name of this species truly is "lodgepole pine". In most of the range of this tree species, this is a forest tree that grows tall and straight, and the common name of "lodgepole" is widely known. The gnarled version of the tree that is found on windswept coastal sites is far less widely known than the forest interior version, but the species has the "contorta" name because it was first described by botanist David Douglas, who saw it along the coast. --Orlady (talk) 17:58, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support There are so many subspecies and subspecies vernacular names that this article could appear under many vernacular names besides this one. And if the article were split into subspecies articles, the scientific names would be even more important to distinguish them from each other, and still connect them as the same species. First Light (talk) 15:37, 17 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Uses in popular culture section?
A suggestion by Prax (a horticultural expert) leads to the Rocinante, on The Expanse (TV series), being renamed after this. ELSchissel (talk) 19:02, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

Clarify the subspecies
The text is a bit garbled, sometimes using 'lodgepole' and 'shore' interchangeably, and other times using those names to (apparently) distinguish the coastal variety from the interior variety. This needs clarification, as the average reader is just going to be confused. also, you can't say, as the text does, that varieties of the same species 'hybridize' - surely that can only be applied to different species (as mentioned regarding Jack Pine). I think the word you want is 'mingle' or 'interbreed'. 2A01:CB1D:2E:3500:11DE:2DC4:5B20:2CC0 (talk) 10:03, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

"Lodgepole" name
In the article, it says this type is called "lodgepole" because it grows tall and straight. However, the example photos show trees that are relatively short and very twisted. I wonder if there's a good picture of a stand of tall, straight lodgepole pines that could be added... TooManyFingers (talk) 01:12, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pinus contorta


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Talk:California State Route 36

Peanut Road?
Peanut Road redirects here, however Peanut Road is not mentioned in this article. Is the redirect valid? Kevink707 (talk) 23:49, 6 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:California State Route 36


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Talk:Radical nationalism in Russia

Renaming
Moved from Portal:Russia/New article announcements:
 * Should we move it to Nationalism in Russia? --83.142.184.86
 * Support. Fascism in Russia is a Russophobic fantasy. Don't forget to sign you comments with four tildas, BTW. --Ghirlandajo 16:31, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever you say. Please only keep in mind that the terms "russian facsicm" and "fascism in Russia" are in circulation, so they must be explained as a POV of a certain category of people. mikka (t) 16:54, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * An additional thought: Nationalism in Russia should merge both russophobic articles: Fascism in Russia and Racism in Russia. mikka (t) 16:56, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You re-named the article. Congrats. Now it looks even more ridiculous. The current article talks only about the fringe extremists like Eduard Limonov and Alexander Barkashov, but not about mainstream Russian nationalism. i.e. Rodina and Nashi (Ours) the ideology of Ivan Ilyin and Aleksei Balabanov etc. rather than National-Bolshevism or neo-Nazism. Fisenko 04:38, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

National-Bolshevik Party
National-Bolshevik Party is not nazi, they are commie and stalinists! 213.228.80.151 06:54, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I support the proposed merge of this article in Russian Nationalism. As a stand alone article, this one is a loser. Joe Bodacious (talk) 21:19, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
 * This article has only one inline source, and the link is broken. The external links are all to articles about Russian Nationalism, not to any specifically "radical" variety. Accordingly, I have simply made this article a redirect to Russian Nationalism. Joe Bodacious (talk) 08:03, 3 January 2013 (UTC)
 * No, this has been previously discussed at talk page of article Russian nationalism, and it was decided to keep these two sub-subjects separately. I personally do not mind against merging, but here is the problem: all materials currently on this page were not included in Russian nationalism and therefore get lost. Hence I have to restore this page right now. My very best wishes (talk) 05:13, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Radical nationalism in Russia


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Category:Archers at the 1972 Summer Olympics

This category includes archers at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.


text: User talk:131.178.47.105

title: User talk:131.178.47.105